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Translating----geekpi
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20 Unix Command Line Tricks – Part I
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================================================================================
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Let us start new year with **these Unix command line tricks** to increase productivity at the Terminal. I have found them over the years and I'm now going to share with you.
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### Deleting a HUGE file ###
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I had a huge log file 200GB I need to delete on a production web server. My rm and ls command was crashed and I was afraid that the system to a crawl with huge disk I/O load. To remove a HUGE file, enter:
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> /path/to/file.log
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# or use the following syntax
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: > /path/to/file.log
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# finally delete it
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rm /path/to/file.log
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### Want to cache console output? ###
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Try the script command line utility to create a typescript of everything printed on your terminal.
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script my.terminal.sessio
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Type commands:
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ls
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date
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sudo service foo stop
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To exit (to end script session) type *exit* or *logout* or press *control-D*
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exit
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To view type:
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more my.terminal.session
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less my.terminal.session
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cat my.terminal.session
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### Restoring deleted /tmp folder ###
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As my journey continues with [Linux and Unix shell, I made a few mistakes][1]. I accidentally deleted /tmp folder. To restore it all you have to do is:
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mkdir /tmp
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chmod 1777 /tmp
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chown root:root /tmp
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ls -ld /tmp
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### Locking a directory ###
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For privacy of my data I wanted to lock down /downloads on my file server. So I ran:
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chmod 0000 /downloads
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The root user can still has access and ls and cd commands will not work. To go back:
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chmod 0755 /downloads
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### Password protecting file in vim text editor ###
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Afraid that root user or someone may snoop into your personal text files? Try password protection to a file in vim, type:
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vim +X filename
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Or, before quitting in vim use :X vim command to encrypt your file and vim will prompt for a password.
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### Clear gibberish all over the screen ###
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Just type:
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reset
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### Becoming human ###
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Pass the *-h* or *-H* (and other options) command line option to GNU or BSD utilities to get output of command commands like ls, df, du, in human-understandable formats:
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ls -lh
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# print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
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df -h
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df -k
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# show output in bytes, KB, MB, or GB
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free -b
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free -k
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free -m
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free -g
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# print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
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du -h
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# get file system perms in human readable format
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stat -c %A /boot
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# compare human readable numbers
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sort -h -a file
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# display the CPU information in human readable format on a Linux
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lscpu
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lscpu -e
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lscpu -e=cpu,node
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# Show the size of each file but in a more human readable way
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tree -h
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tree -h /boot
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### Show information about known users in the Linux based system ###
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Just type:
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## linux version ##
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lslogins
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## BSD version ##
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logins
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Sample outputs:
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UID USER PWD-LOCK PWD-DENY LAST-LOGIN GECOS
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0 root 0 0 22:37:59 root
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1 bin 0 1 bin
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2 daemon 0 1 daemon
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3 adm 0 1 adm
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4 lp 0 1 lp
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5 sync 0 1 sync
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6 shutdown 0 1 2014-Dec17 shutdown
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7 halt 0 1 halt
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8 mail 0 1 mail
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10 uucp 0 1 uucp
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11 operator 0 1 operator
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12 games 0 1 games
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13 gopher 0 1 gopher
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14 ftp 0 1 FTP User
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27 mysql 0 1 MySQL Server
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38 ntp 0 1
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48 apache 0 1 Apache
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68 haldaemon 0 1 HAL daemon
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69 vcsa 0 1 virtual console memory owner
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72 tcpdump 0 1
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74 sshd 0 1 Privilege-separated SSH
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81 dbus 0 1 System message bus
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89 postfix 0 1
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99 nobody 0 1 Nobody
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173 abrt 0 1
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497 vnstat 0 1 vnStat user
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498 nginx 0 1 nginx user
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499 saslauth 0 1 "Saslauthd user"
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### How do I fix mess created by accidentally untarred files in the current dir? ###
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So I accidentally untar a tarball in /var/www/html/ directory instead of /home/projects/www/current. It created mess in /var/www/html/. The easiest way to fix this mess:
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cd /var/www/html/
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/bin/rm -f "$(tar ztf /path/to/file.tar.gz)"
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### Confused on a top command output? ###
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Seriously, you need to try out htop instead of top:
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sudo htop
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### Want to run the same command again? ###
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Just type !!. For example:
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/myhome/dir/script/name arg1 arg2
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# To run the same command again
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!!
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## To run the last command again as root user
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sudo !!
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The !! repeats the most recent command. To run the most recent command beginning with "foo":
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!foo
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# Run the most recent command beginning with "service" as root
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sudo !service
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The !$ use to run command with the last argument of the most recent command:
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# Edit nginx.conf
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sudo vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
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# Test nginx.conf for errors
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/sbin/nginx -t -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
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# After testing a file with "/sbin/nginx -t -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf", you
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# can edit file again with vi
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sudo vi !$
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### ###Get a reminder you when you have to leave
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If you need a reminder to leave your terminal, type the following command:
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leave +hhmm
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Where,
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- **hhmm** - The time of day is in the form hhmm where hh is a time in hours (on a 12 or 24 hour clock), and mm are minutes. All times are converted to a 12 hour clock, and assumed to be in the next 12 hours.
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### Home sweet home ###
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Want to go the directory you were just in? Run:
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cd -
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Need to quickly return to your home directory? Enter:
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cd
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The variable *CDPATH* defines the search path for the directory containing directories:
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export CDPATH=/var/www:/nas10
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Now, instead of typing cd */var/www/html/* I can simply type the following to cd into /var/www/html path:
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cd html
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### Editing a file being viewed with less pager ###
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To edit a file being viewed with less pager, press v. You will have the file for edit under $EDITOR:
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less *.c
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less foo.html
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## Press v to edit file ##
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## Quit from editor and you would return to the less pager again ##
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### List all files or directories on your system ###
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To see all of the directories on your system, run:
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find / -type d | less
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# List all directories in your $HOME
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find $HOME -type d -ls | less
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To see all of the files, run:
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find / -type f | less
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# List all files in your $HOME
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find $HOME -type f -ls | less
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### Build directory trees in a single command ###
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You can create directory trees one at a time using mkdir command by passing the -p option:
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mkdir -p /jail/{dev,bin,sbin,etc,usr,lib,lib64}
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ls -l /jail/
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### Copy file into multiple directories ###
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Instead of running:
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cp /path/to/file /usr/dir1
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cp /path/to/file /var/dir2
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cp /path/to/file /nas/dir3
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Run the following command to copy file into multiple dirs:
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echo /usr/dir1 /var/dir2 /nas/dir3 | xargs -n 1 cp -v /path/to/file
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[Creating a shell function][2] is left as an exercise for the reader
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### Quickly find differences between two directories ###
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The diff command compare files line by line. It can also compare two directories:
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ls -l /tmp/r
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ls -l /tmp/s
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# Compare two folders using diff ##
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diff /tmp/r/ /tmp/s/
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[][3]
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Fig. : Finding differences between folders
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### Text formatting ###
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You can reformat each paragraph with fmt command. In this example, I'm going to reformat file by wrapping overlong lines and filling short lines:
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fmt file.txt
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You can also split long lines, but do not refill i.e. wrap overlong lines, but do not fill short lines:
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fmt -s file.txt
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### See the output and write it to a file ###
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Use the tee command as follows to see the output on screen and also write to a log file named my.log:
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mycoolapp arg1 arg2 input.file | tee my.log
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The tee command ensures that you will see mycoolapp output on on the screen and to a file same time.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/open-source/command-line-hacks/20-unix-command-line-tricks-part-i/
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|
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作者：[nixCraft][a]
|
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||||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
|
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
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||||||
|
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||||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
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||||||
|
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||||||
[a]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/about-us
|
|
||||||
[1]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/my-10-unix-command-line-mistakes.html
|
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||||||
[2]:http://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Writing_your_first_shell_function
|
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||||||
[3]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/open-source/command-line-hacks/20-unix-command-line-tricks-part-i/attachment/differences-between-folders/
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305
translated/tech/20150115 20 Unix Command Line Tricks--Part I.md
Normal file
305
translated/tech/20150115 20 Unix Command Line Tricks--Part I.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
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20个Unix命令技巧 - 第一部分
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================================================================================
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让我们用**这些Unix命令技巧**开启新的一年，提高在终端下的生产力。我已经找了很久了，现在就与你们分享。
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|
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||||||
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|
### 删除一个大文件 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我在生产服务器上有一个很大的200GB的日志文件需要删除。我的rm和ls命令已经崩溃，我担心这是由于巨大的磁盘IO造成的，要删除这个大文件，输入：
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||||||
|
|
||||||
|
> /path/to/file.log
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|
# or use the following syntax
|
||||||
|
: > /path/to/file.log
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|
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|
# finally delete it
|
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|
rm /path/to/file.log
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||||||
|
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||||||
|
### 如何缓存终端输出？ ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
尝试使用script命令行工具来为你的终端输出创建typescript。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
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||||||
|
script my.terminal.sessio
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||||||
|
输入命令：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ls
|
||||||
|
date
|
||||||
|
sudo service foo stop
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
要退出（结束script绘画），输入*exit* 或者 *logout* 或者按下 *control-D*
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
exit
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
要浏览输入：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
more my.terminal.session
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less my.terminal.session
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||||||
|
cat my.terminal.session
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||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 还原删除的 /tmp 文件夹 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我在文章[Linux和Unix shell，我犯了一些错误][1]。我意外地删除了/tmp文件夹。要还原它，我需要这么做：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
mkdir /tmp
|
||||||
|
chmod 1777 /tmp
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||||||
|
chown root:root /tmp
|
||||||
|
ls -ld /tmp
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 锁定一个文件夹 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
为了我的数据隐私，我想要锁定我文件服务器下的/downloads文件夹。因此我运行：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
chmod 0000 /downloads
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
root用户仍旧可以访问，但是ls和cd命令还不可用。要还原它用：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
chmod 0755 /downloads
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 在vim中用密码保护文件 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
害怕root用户或者其他人偷窥你的个人文件么？尝试在vim中用密码保护，输入：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
vim +X filename
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
或者，在退出vim之前使用:X 命令来加密你的文件，vim会提示你输入一个密码。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 清除屏幕上的输出 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
只要输入：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
reset
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 成为人类 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
传递*-h*或者*-H*（和其他选项）选项给GNU或者BSD工具来获取像ls、df、du等命令以人类可读的格式输出：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ls -lh
|
||||||
|
# 以人类可读的格式 (比如： 1K 234M 2G)
|
||||||
|
df -h
|
||||||
|
df -k
|
||||||
|
# 已字节输出如： KB, MB, or GB
|
||||||
|
free -b
|
||||||
|
free -k
|
||||||
|
free -m
|
||||||
|
free -g
|
||||||
|
# 以人类可读的格式打印 (比如 1K 234M 2G)
|
||||||
|
du -h
|
||||||
|
# 以人类可读的格式获取系统perms
|
||||||
|
stat -c %A /boot
|
||||||
|
# 比较人类可读的数字
|
||||||
|
sort -h -a file
|
||||||
|
# 在Linux上以人类可读的形式显示cpu信息
|
||||||
|
lscpu
|
||||||
|
lscpu -e
|
||||||
|
lscpu -e=cpu,node
|
||||||
|
# 以人类可读的形式显示每个文件的大小
|
||||||
|
tree -h
|
||||||
|
tree -h /boot
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 在Linux系统中显示已知用户的信息 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
只要输入：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## linux 版本 ##
|
||||||
|
lslogins
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## BSD 版本 ##
|
||||||
|
logins
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
示例输出：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
UID USER PWD-LOCK PWD-DENY LAST-LOGIN GECOS
|
||||||
|
0 root 0 0 22:37:59 root
|
||||||
|
1 bin 0 1 bin
|
||||||
|
2 daemon 0 1 daemon
|
||||||
|
3 adm 0 1 adm
|
||||||
|
4 lp 0 1 lp
|
||||||
|
5 sync 0 1 sync
|
||||||
|
6 shutdown 0 1 2014-Dec17 shutdown
|
||||||
|
7 halt 0 1 halt
|
||||||
|
8 mail 0 1 mail
|
||||||
|
10 uucp 0 1 uucp
|
||||||
|
11 operator 0 1 operator
|
||||||
|
12 games 0 1 games
|
||||||
|
13 gopher 0 1 gopher
|
||||||
|
14 ftp 0 1 FTP User
|
||||||
|
27 mysql 0 1 MySQL Server
|
||||||
|
38 ntp 0 1
|
||||||
|
48 apache 0 1 Apache
|
||||||
|
68 haldaemon 0 1 HAL daemon
|
||||||
|
69 vcsa 0 1 virtual console memory owner
|
||||||
|
72 tcpdump 0 1
|
||||||
|
74 sshd 0 1 Privilege-separated SSH
|
||||||
|
81 dbus 0 1 System message bus
|
||||||
|
89 postfix 0 1
|
||||||
|
99 nobody 0 1 Nobody
|
||||||
|
173 abrt 0 1
|
||||||
|
497 vnstat 0 1 vnStat user
|
||||||
|
498 nginx 0 1 nginx user
|
||||||
|
499 saslauth 0 1 "Saslauthd user"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 我如何删除意外在当前文件夹下解压的文件？ ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我意外在/var/www/html/而不是/home/projects/www/current下解压了一个tarball。它混乱了/var/www/html下的文件。最简单修复这个问题的方法是：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
cd /var/www/html/
|
||||||
|
/bin/rm -f "$(tar ztf /path/to/file.tar.gz)"
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 对top命令的输出感到疑惑？ ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
正经地说，你应该试一下用htop代替top：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
sudo htop
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 想要再次运行相同的命令 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
只需要输入!!。比如：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
/myhome/dir/script/name arg1 arg2
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 要再次运行相同的命令
|
||||||
|
!!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
## 以root用户运行最后运行的命令
|
||||||
|
sudo !!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
!!会运行最近使用的命令。要运行最近运行的“foo”命令：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
!foo
|
||||||
|
# 以root用户运行上一次以“service”开头的命令
|
||||||
|
sudo !service
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
!$用于运行带上最后一个参数的命令：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 编辑 nginx.conf
|
||||||
|
sudo vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 测试 nginx.conf
|
||||||
|
/sbin/nginx -t -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 测试完 "/sbin/nginx -t -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf"你可以用vi编辑了
|
||||||
|
sudo vi !$
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 在你要离开的时候留下一个提醒 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
If you need a reminder to leave your terminal, type the following command:
|
||||||
|
如果你需要提醒离开你的终端，输入下面的命令：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
leave +hhmm
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
这里：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- **hhmm** - 时间是以hhmm的形式，hh表示小时（12时制或者24小时制），mm代表分钟。所有的时间都转化成12时制，并且假定发生在接下来的12小时。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 甜蜜的家 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
想要进入刚才进入的地方？运行：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
cd -
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
需要快速地回到家目录？输入：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
cd
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
变量*CDPATH*定义了含有这个目录的搜索目录路径：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
export CDPATH=/var/www:/nas10
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
现在，不用输入cd */var/www/html/ ，我可以直接输入下面的命令进入/var/www/html：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
cd html
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 编辑一个用less浏览的文件 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
要编辑一个用less浏览的文件，按下v。你就可以用变量$EDITOR下的编辑器来编辑了：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
less *.c
|
||||||
|
less foo.html
|
||||||
|
## 下载v编辑文件 ##
|
||||||
|
## 退出编辑器，你可以继续用less浏览了 ##
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 列出你系统中的所有文件和目录 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
要看到你系统中的所有目录，运行：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
find / -type d | less
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 列出$HOME 所有目录
|
||||||
|
find $HOME -type d -ls | less
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
要看到所有的文件，运行：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
find / -type f | less
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
# 列出 $HOME 中所有的文件
|
||||||
|
find $HOME -type f -ls | less
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 用一条命令构造命令树 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你可以用mkdir加上-p选项一次创建目录树：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
mkdir -p /jail/{dev,bin,sbin,etc,usr,lib,lib64}
|
||||||
|
ls -l /jail/
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 复制文件到多个目录中 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
不必运行：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
cp /path/to/file /usr/dir1
|
||||||
|
cp /path/to/file /var/dir2
|
||||||
|
cp /path/to/file /nas/dir3
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
运行下面的命令来复制文件到多个目录中：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
echo /usr/dir1 /var/dir2 /nas/dir3 | xargs -n 1 cp -v /path/to/file
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
留下[创建一个shell函数][2]作为读者的练习。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 快速找出两个目录的不同 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
diff命令会按行比较文件。它也可以比较两个目录：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
ls -l /tmp/r
|
||||||
|
ls -l /tmp/s
|
||||||
|
# Compare two folders using diff ##
|
||||||
|
diff /tmp/r/ /tmp/s/
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[][3]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
图片： 找出目录之间的不同
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 文本格式化 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你可以用fmt命令重新格式化每个段落。在本例中，我要用分割超长的行并且填充短行：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
fmt file.txt
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你也可以分割长的行，但是不重新填充，也就是说分割长行，但是不填充短行：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
fmt -s file.txt
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 看见输出并写入到一个文件中 ###
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
如下使用tee命令在屏幕上看见输出并同样写入到日志文件my.log中：
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
mycoolapp arg1 arg2 input.file | tee my.log
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
tee可以保证你同时在屏幕上看到mycoolapp的输出和写入文件。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/open-source/command-line-hacks/20-unix-command-line-tricks-part-i/
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
作者：[nixCraft][a]
|
||||||
|
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||||
|
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[a]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/about-us
|
||||||
|
[1]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/my-10-unix-command-line-mistakes.html
|
||||||
|
[2]:http://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Writing_your_first_shell_function
|
||||||
|
[3]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/open-source/command-line-hacks/20-unix-command-line-tricks-part-i/attachment/differences-between-folders/
|
||||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user