From e84846cf7b1eef7028fb5330650bc94565b9382d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zhengsihua Date: Fri, 16 Jan 2015 11:45:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] translated --- ...115 20 Unix Command Line Tricks--Part I.md | 305 ------------------ ...115 20 Unix Command Line Tricks--Part I.md | 305 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 305 insertions(+), 305 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20150115 20 Unix Command Line Tricks--Part I.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20150115 20 Unix Command Line Tricks--Part I.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20150115 20 Unix Command Line Tricks--Part I.md b/sources/tech/20150115 20 Unix Command Line Tricks--Part I.md deleted file mode 100644 index cbb8971497..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20150115 20 Unix Command Line Tricks--Part I.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,305 +0,0 @@ -Translating----geekpi - -20 Unix Command Line Tricks – Part I -================================================================================ -Let us start new year with **these Unix command line tricks** to increase productivity at the Terminal. I have found them over the years and I'm now going to share with you. - -![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/cms/2015/01/unix-command-line-tricks.001.jpg) - -### Deleting a HUGE file ### - -I had a huge log file 200GB I need to delete on a production web server. My rm and ls command was crashed and I was afraid that the system to a crawl with huge disk I/O load. To remove a HUGE file, enter: - - > /path/to/file.log - # or use the following syntax - : > /path/to/file.log - - # finally delete it - rm /path/to/file.log - -### Want to cache console output? ### - -Try the script command line utility to create a typescript of everything printed on your terminal. - - script my.terminal.sessio - -Type commands: - - ls - date - sudo service foo stop - -To exit (to end script session) type *exit* or *logout* or press *control-D* - - exit - -To view type: - - more my.terminal.session - less my.terminal.session - cat my.terminal.session - -### Restoring deleted /tmp folder ### - -As my journey continues with [Linux and Unix shell, I made a few mistakes][1]. I accidentally deleted /tmp folder. To restore it all you have to do is: - - mkdir /tmp - chmod 1777 /tmp - chown root:root /tmp - ls -ld /tmp - -### Locking a directory ### - -For privacy of my data I wanted to lock down /downloads on my file server. So I ran: - - chmod 0000 /downloads - -The root user can still has access and ls and cd commands will not work. To go back: - - chmod 0755 /downloads - -### Password protecting file in vim text editor ### - -Afraid that root user or someone may snoop into your personal text files? Try password protection to a file in vim, type: - - vim +X filename - -Or, before quitting in vim use :X vim command to encrypt your file and vim will prompt for a password. - -### Clear gibberish all over the screen ### - -Just type: - - reset - -### Becoming human ### - -Pass the *-h* or *-H* (and other options) command line option to GNU or BSD utilities to get output of command commands like ls, df, du, in human-understandable formats: - - ls -lh - # print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) - df -h - df -k - # show output in bytes, KB, MB, or GB - free -b - free -k - free -m - free -g - # print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G) - du -h - # get file system perms in human readable format - stat -c %A /boot - # compare human readable numbers - sort -h -a file - # display the CPU information in human readable format on a Linux - lscpu - lscpu -e - lscpu -e=cpu,node - # Show the size of each file but in a more human readable way - tree -h - tree -h /boot - -### Show information about known users in the Linux based system ### - -Just type: - - ## linux version ## - lslogins - - ## BSD version ## - logins - -Sample outputs: - - UID USER PWD-LOCK PWD-DENY LAST-LOGIN GECOS - 0 root 0 0 22:37:59 root - 1 bin 0 1 bin - 2 daemon 0 1 daemon - 3 adm 0 1 adm - 4 lp 0 1 lp - 5 sync 0 1 sync - 6 shutdown 0 1 2014-Dec17 shutdown - 7 halt 0 1 halt - 8 mail 0 1 mail - 10 uucp 0 1 uucp - 11 operator 0 1 operator - 12 games 0 1 games - 13 gopher 0 1 gopher - 14 ftp 0 1 FTP User - 27 mysql 0 1 MySQL Server - 38 ntp 0 1 - 48 apache 0 1 Apache - 68 haldaemon 0 1 HAL daemon - 69 vcsa 0 1 virtual console memory owner - 72 tcpdump 0 1 - 74 sshd 0 1 Privilege-separated SSH - 81 dbus 0 1 System message bus - 89 postfix 0 1 - 99 nobody 0 1 Nobody - 173 abrt 0 1 - 497 vnstat 0 1 vnStat user - 498 nginx 0 1 nginx user - 499 saslauth 0 1 "Saslauthd user" - -### How do I fix mess created by accidentally untarred files in the current dir? ### - -So I accidentally untar a tarball in /var/www/html/ directory instead of /home/projects/www/current. It created mess in /var/www/html/. The easiest way to fix this mess: - - cd /var/www/html/ - /bin/rm -f "$(tar ztf /path/to/file.tar.gz)" - -### Confused on a top command output? ### - -Seriously, you need to try out htop instead of top: - - sudo htop - -### Want to run the same command again? ### - -Just type !!. For example: - - /myhome/dir/script/name arg1 arg2 - - # To run the same command again - !! - - ## To run the last command again as root user - sudo !! - -The !! repeats the most recent command. To run the most recent command beginning with "foo": - - !foo - # Run the most recent command beginning with "service" as root - sudo !service - -The !$ use to run command with the last argument of the most recent command: - - # Edit nginx.conf - sudo vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf - - # Test nginx.conf for errors - /sbin/nginx -t -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf - - # After testing a file with "/sbin/nginx -t -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf", you - # can edit file again with vi - sudo vi !$ - -### ###Get a reminder you when you have to leave - -If you need a reminder to leave your terminal, type the following command: - - leave +hhmm - -Where, - -- **hhmm** - The time of day is in the form hhmm where hh is a time in hours (on a 12 or 24 hour clock), and mm are minutes. All times are converted to a 12 hour clock, and assumed to be in the next 12 hours. - -### Home sweet home ### - -Want to go the directory you were just in? Run: - - cd - - -Need to quickly return to your home directory? Enter: - - cd - -The variable *CDPATH* defines the search path for the directory containing directories: - - export CDPATH=/var/www:/nas10 - -Now, instead of typing cd */var/www/html/* I can simply type the following to cd into /var/www/html path: - - cd html - -### Editing a file being viewed with less pager ### - -To edit a file being viewed with less pager, press v. You will have the file for edit under $EDITOR: - - less *.c - less foo.html - ## Press v to edit file ## - ## Quit from editor and you would return to the less pager again ## - -### List all files or directories on your system ### - -To see all of the directories on your system, run: - - find / -type d | less - - # List all directories in your $HOME - find $HOME -type d -ls | less - -To see all of the files, run: - - find / -type f | less - - # List all files in your $HOME - find $HOME -type f -ls | less - -### Build directory trees in a single command ### - -You can create directory trees one at a time using mkdir command by passing the -p option: - - mkdir -p /jail/{dev,bin,sbin,etc,usr,lib,lib64} - ls -l /jail/ - -### Copy file into multiple directories ### - -Instead of running: - - cp /path/to/file /usr/dir1 - cp /path/to/file /var/dir2 - cp /path/to/file /nas/dir3 - -Run the following command to copy file into multiple dirs: - - echo /usr/dir1 /var/dir2 /nas/dir3 | xargs -n 1 cp -v /path/to/file - -[Creating a shell function][2] is left as an exercise for the reader - -### Quickly find differences between two directories ### - -The diff command compare files line by line. It can also compare two directories: - - ls -l /tmp/r - ls -l /tmp/s - # Compare two folders using diff ## - diff /tmp/r/ /tmp/s/ - -[![Fig. : Finding differences between folders](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/cms/2015/01/differences-between-folders.jpg)][3] - -Fig. : Finding differences between folders - -### Text formatting ### - -You can reformat each paragraph with fmt command. In this example, I'm going to reformat file by wrapping overlong lines and filling short lines: - - fmt file.txt - -You can also split long lines, but do not refill i.e. wrap overlong lines, but do not fill short lines: - - fmt -s file.txt - -### See the output and write it to a file ### - -Use the tee command as follows to see the output on screen and also write to a log file named my.log: - - mycoolapp arg1 arg2 input.file | tee my.log - -The tee command ensures that you will see mycoolapp output on on the screen and to a file same time. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/open-source/command-line-hacks/20-unix-command-line-tricks-part-i/ - -作者：[nixCraft][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/about-us -[1]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/my-10-unix-command-line-mistakes.html -[2]:http://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Writing_your_first_shell_function -[3]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/open-source/command-line-hacks/20-unix-command-line-tricks-part-i/attachment/differences-between-folders/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20150115 20 Unix Command Line Tricks--Part I.md b/translated/tech/20150115 20 Unix Command Line Tricks--Part I.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b178a61db9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20150115 20 Unix Command Line Tricks--Part I.md @@ -0,0 +1,305 @@ +20个Unix命令技巧 - 第一部分 +================================================================================ +让我们用**这些Unix命令技巧**开启新的一年，提高在终端下的生产力。我已经找了很久了，现在就与你们分享。 + +![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/cms/2015/01/unix-command-line-tricks.001.jpg) + +### 删除一个大文件 ### + +我在生产服务器上有一个很大的200GB的日志文件需要删除。我的rm和ls命令已经崩溃，我担心这是由于巨大的磁盘IO造成的，要删除这个大文件，输入： + + > /path/to/file.log + # or use the following syntax + : > /path/to/file.log + + # finally delete it + rm /path/to/file.log + +### 如何缓存终端输出？ ### + +尝试使用script命令行工具来为你的终端输出创建typescript。 + + + script my.terminal.sessio + +输入命令： + + ls + date + sudo service foo stop + +要退出（结束script绘画），输入*exit* 或者 *logout* 或者按下 *control-D* + + exit + +要浏览输入： + + more my.terminal.session + less my.terminal.session + cat my.terminal.session + +### 还原删除的 /tmp 文件夹 ### + +我在文章[Linux和Unix shell，我犯了一些错误][1]。我意外地删除了/tmp文件夹。要还原它，我需要这么做： + + + mkdir /tmp + chmod 1777 /tmp + chown root:root /tmp + ls -ld /tmp + +### 锁定一个文件夹 ### + +为了我的数据隐私，我想要锁定我文件服务器下的/downloads文件夹。因此我运行： + + chmod 0000 /downloads + +root用户仍旧可以访问，但是ls和cd命令还不可用。要还原它用： + + chmod 0755 /downloads + +### 在vim中用密码保护文件 ### + +害怕root用户或者其他人偷窥你的个人文件么？尝试在vim中用密码保护，输入： + + vim +X filename + +或者，在退出vim之前使用:X 命令来加密你的文件，vim会提示你输入一个密码。 + +### 清除屏幕上的输出 ### + +只要输入： + + reset + +### 成为人类 ### + +传递*-h*或者*-H*（和其他选项）选项给GNU或者BSD工具来获取像ls、df、du等命令以人类可读的格式输出： + + ls -lh + # 以人类可读的格式 (比如： 1K 234M 2G) + df -h + df -k + # 已字节输出如： KB, MB, or GB + free -b + free -k + free -m + free -g + # 以人类可读的格式打印 (比如 1K 234M 2G) + du -h + # 以人类可读的格式获取系统perms + stat -c %A /boot + # 比较人类可读的数字 + sort -h -a file + # 在Linux上以人类可读的形式显示cpu信息 + lscpu + lscpu -e + lscpu -e=cpu,node + # 以人类可读的形式显示每个文件的大小 + tree -h + tree -h /boot + +### 在Linux系统中显示已知用户的信息 ### + +只要输入： + + ## linux 版本 ## + lslogins + + ## BSD 版本 ## + logins + +示例输出： + + UID USER PWD-LOCK PWD-DENY LAST-LOGIN GECOS + 0 root 0 0 22:37:59 root + 1 bin 0 1 bin + 2 daemon 0 1 daemon + 3 adm 0 1 adm + 4 lp 0 1 lp + 5 sync 0 1 sync + 6 shutdown 0 1 2014-Dec17 shutdown + 7 halt 0 1 halt + 8 mail 0 1 mail + 10 uucp 0 1 uucp + 11 operator 0 1 operator + 12 games 0 1 games + 13 gopher 0 1 gopher + 14 ftp 0 1 FTP User + 27 mysql 0 1 MySQL Server + 38 ntp 0 1 + 48 apache 0 1 Apache + 68 haldaemon 0 1 HAL daemon + 69 vcsa 0 1 virtual console memory owner + 72 tcpdump 0 1 + 74 sshd 0 1 Privilege-separated SSH + 81 dbus 0 1 System message bus + 89 postfix 0 1 + 99 nobody 0 1 Nobody + 173 abrt 0 1 + 497 vnstat 0 1 vnStat user + 498 nginx 0 1 nginx user + 499 saslauth 0 1 "Saslauthd user" + +### 我如何删除意外在当前文件夹下解压的文件？ ### + +我意外在/var/www/html/而不是/home/projects/www/current下解压了一个tarball。它混乱了/var/www/html下的文件。最简单修复这个问题的方法是： + + cd /var/www/html/ + /bin/rm -f "$(tar ztf /path/to/file.tar.gz)" + +### 对top命令的输出感到疑惑？ ### + +正经地说，你应该试一下用htop代替top： + + sudo htop + +### 想要再次运行相同的命令 ### + +只需要输入!!。比如： + + /myhome/dir/script/name arg1 arg2 + + # 要再次运行相同的命令 + !! + + ## 以root用户运行最后运行的命令 + sudo !! + +!!会运行最近使用的命令。要运行最近运行的“foo”命令： + + !foo + # 以root用户运行上一次以“service”开头的命令 + sudo !service + +!$用于运行带上最后一个参数的命令： + + # 编辑 nginx.conf + sudo vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf + + # 测试 nginx.conf + /sbin/nginx -t -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf + + # 测试完 "/sbin/nginx -t -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf"你可以用vi编辑了 + sudo vi !$ + +### 在你要离开的时候留下一个提醒 ### + +If you need a reminder to leave your terminal, type the following command: +如果你需要提醒离开你的终端，输入下面的命令： + + leave +hhmm + +这里： + +- **hhmm** - 时间是以hhmm的形式，hh表示小时（12时制或者24小时制），mm代表分钟。所有的时间都转化成12时制，并且假定发生在接下来的12小时。 + +### 甜蜜的家 ### + +想要进入刚才进入的地方？运行： + + cd - + +需要快速地回到家目录？输入： + + cd + +变量*CDPATH*定义了含有这个目录的搜索目录路径： + + export CDPATH=/var/www:/nas10 + +现在，不用输入cd */var/www/html/ ，我可以直接输入下面的命令进入/var/www/html： + + cd html + +### 编辑一个用less浏览的文件 ### + +要编辑一个用less浏览的文件，按下v。你就可以用变量$EDITOR下的编辑器来编辑了： + + less *.c + less foo.html + ## 下载v编辑文件 ## + ## 退出编辑器，你可以继续用less浏览了 ## + +### 列出你系统中的所有文件和目录 ### + +要看到你系统中的所有目录，运行： + + find / -type d | less + + # 列出$HOME 所有目录 + find $HOME -type d -ls | less + +要看到所有的文件，运行： + + find / -type f | less + + # 列出 $HOME 中所有的文件 + find $HOME -type f -ls | less + +### 用一条命令构造命令树 ### + +你可以用mkdir加上-p选项一次创建目录树： + + mkdir -p /jail/{dev,bin,sbin,etc,usr,lib,lib64} + ls -l /jail/ + +### 复制文件到多个目录中 ### + +不必运行： + + cp /path/to/file /usr/dir1 + cp /path/to/file /var/dir2 + cp /path/to/file /nas/dir3 + +运行下面的命令来复制文件到多个目录中： + + echo /usr/dir1 /var/dir2 /nas/dir3 | xargs -n 1 cp -v /path/to/file + +留下[创建一个shell函数][2]作为读者的练习。 + +### 快速找出两个目录的不同 ### + +diff命令会按行比较文件。它也可以比较两个目录： + + ls -l /tmp/r + ls -l /tmp/s + # Compare two folders using diff ## + diff /tmp/r/ /tmp/s/ + +[![Fig. : Finding differences between folders](http://s0.cyberciti.org/uploads/cms/2015/01/differences-between-folders.jpg)][3] + +图片： 找出目录之间的不同 + +### 文本格式化 ### + +你可以用fmt命令重新格式化每个段落。在本例中，我要用分割超长的行并且填充短行： + + fmt file.txt + +你也可以分割长的行，但是不重新填充，也就是说分割长行，但是不填充短行： + + fmt -s file.txt + +### 看见输出并写入到一个文件中 ### + +如下使用tee命令在屏幕上看见输出并同样写入到日志文件my.log中： + + mycoolapp arg1 arg2 input.file | tee my.log + +tee可以保证你同时在屏幕上看到mycoolapp的输出和写入文件。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/open-source/command-line-hacks/20-unix-command-line-tricks-part-i/ + +作者：[nixCraft][a] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/about-us +[1]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/my-10-unix-command-line-mistakes.html +[2]:http://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Writing_your_first_shell_function +[3]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/open-source/command-line-hacks/20-unix-command-line-tricks-part-i/attachment/differences-between-folders/ \ No newline at end of file