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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (robsean)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (How to Update Grub on Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions)
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[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/update-grub/)
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[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
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How to Update Grub on Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions
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======
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In this tutorial, you’ll learn to update grub on Ubuntu or any other Linux distribution. You’ll also learn a thing or two about how this grub update process works.
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### How to update grub
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Ubuntu and many other Linux distributions provide a handy command line utility called update-grub.
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To update grub, all you have to do is to run this command in the terminal with sudo.
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```
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sudo update-grub
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```
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You should see an output like this:
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```
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[email protected]:~$ sudo update-grub
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[sudo] password for abhishek:
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Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub'
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Generating grub configuration file ...
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Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.0.0-37-generic
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Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.0.0-37-generic
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Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.0.0-36-generic
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Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.0.0-36-generic
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Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.0.0-31-generic
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Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.0.0-31-generic
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Found Ubuntu 19.10 (19.10) on /dev/sda4
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Found MX 19 patito feo (19) on /dev/sdb1
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Adding boot menu entry for EFI firmware configuration
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done
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```
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You may see a similar command called update-grub2. No need to be alarmed or confused between update-grub and update-grub2. Both of these commands do the same action.
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Around ten years ago, when grub2 was just introduced, update-grub2 command was also introduced. Today, update-grub2 is just a symbolic link to update-grub and both update grub2 configuration (because grub2 is the default).
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#### Can’t find update-grub command? Here’s what to do in that case
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It’s possible that your Linux distribution might not have update-grub command available.
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What do you do in that case? How do you update grub on such a Linux distribution?
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There is no need to panic. The update-grub command is simply a stub for running ‘grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg’ to generate grub2 config file.
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Which means that you can update grub with the following command on any Linux distribution:
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```
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sudo grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
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```
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Of course, remembering update-grub command is a lot easier than the above command and this is the reason why it was created in the first place.
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### How does update-grub work?
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When you install a Linux distribution, it (usually) asks you to install the [grub boot loader][1].
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Part of grub is installed on the MBR/ESP partition. Rest of the grub lies in /boo/grub directory of the Linux distributions.
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As per its [man page][2], update-grub works by looking into the /boot directory. All the files starting with [vmlinuz-][3] will be treated as kernels and they will get a grub menu entry. It will also add initrd lines for [ramdisk][4] images found with the same version as kernels found.
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It also looks into all disk partitions for other operating systems with [os-prober][5]. If it finds other operating systems, it adds them to the grub menu.
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![Representational image of Grub Menu][6]
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### Why would you need to update grub?
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There could be a number of scenarios when you need to update grub.
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Suppose you changed the grub config file (/etc/default/grub) to [change the default boot order][7] or reduce the default boot time. Your changes won’t take into effect unless you update the grub.
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Another scenario is when you have multiple Linux distributions installed on the same system.
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For example, on my Intel NUC, I have two disks. The first disk had Ubuntu 19.10 and then I installed Ubuntu 18.04 on it. The second OS (Ubuntu 18.04) also installed its own grub and now the grub screen is controlled by Ubuntu 18.04 grub.
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On the second disk, I installed MX Linux but I didn’t install grub this time. I want the existing grub (controlled by Ubuntu 18.04) to handle all the OS entries.
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Now, in this scenario, the grub on Ubuntu 18.04 needs to be updated so that it can see [MX Linux][8].
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![][9]
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As you can see in the image above, when I update the grub, it finds various Linux kernels installed on 18.04 along with Ubuntu 19.10 and MX Linux on different partition.
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If I want MX Linux to control the grub, I can install grub on MX Linux with [grub-install][10] command and then the grub on MX Linux will start controlling the grub screen. You get the gist, right?
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Using a GUI tool like [Grub Customizer][11] is a simpler way to make changes in grub.
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**In the end…**
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Initially, I had intended to keep it a short article as a quick tip. But then I thought of explaining a few things associated with it so that (relatively) new Linux users could learn more than just a simple command.
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Did you like it? Do you have some questions or suggestions? Please feel free to leave a comment.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://itsfoss.com/update-grub/
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作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB
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[2]: https://manpages.debian.org/testing/grub-legacy/update-grub.8.en.html
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[3]: https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/blogs/mhhaque/entry/anatomy_of_the_initrd_and_vmlinuz?lang=en
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[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_ramdisk
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[5]: https://packages.debian.org/sid/utils/os-prober
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[6]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/grub_screen.png?ssl=1
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[7]: https://itsfoss.com/grub-customizer-ubuntu/
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[8]: https://mxlinux.org/
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[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/update_grub.png?ssl=1
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[10]: https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub/html_node/Installing-GRUB-using-grub_002dinstall.html
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[11]: https://itsfoss.com/customize-grub-linux/
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@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (robsean)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (How to Update Grub on Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions)
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[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/update-grub/)
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[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
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如何在 Ubuntu 和其它 Linux 发行版上更新 Grub
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======
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在这篇文章中，你将学习在 Ubuntu 或任何其它 Linux 发行版上更新 grub 。你也将学习一个或两个关于如何更新这个 grub 过程的工作的事情。
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### 如何更新 grub
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Ubuntu 和很多其它的 Linux 发行版提供一个易使用的称为 update-grub 命令行实用程序。
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为更新 grub ，你所要的全部工作就是使用 sudo 在终端中运行这个命令。
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```
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sudo update-grub
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```
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你应该看到一个像这样的输出：
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```
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[email protected]:~$ sudo update-grub
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[sudo] password for abhishek:
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Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub'
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Generating grub configuration file ...
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Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.0.0-37-generic
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Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.0.0-37-generic
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Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.0.0-36-generic
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Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.0.0-36-generic
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Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.0.0-31-generic
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Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.0.0-31-generic
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Found Ubuntu 19.10 (19.10) on /dev/sda4
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Found MX 19 patito feo (19) on /dev/sdb1
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Adding boot menu entry for EFI firmware configuration
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done
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```
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你可能看到一个类似的称为 update-grub2 的命令。不需要在 update-grub 和 update-grub2 之间感到害怕或不知所措。这两个命令执行相同的动作。
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大约在10年前，当 grub2 刚刚被引进时，update-grub2 命令也被引进。现在，update-grub2 只是一个链接到 update-grub 的符号，它们都更新 grub2 配置(因为 grub2 是默认的)。
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#### 不能找到 update-grub 命令？这里是在这种情况下该做什么
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它可能是，你的 Linux 发行版可能没有可用的 update-grub 命令。
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在这种情况下你该做什么？你如何在这样一个 Linux 发行版上更新 grub ？
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在这里不需要惊慌。update-grub 命令只是一个存根，用于运行 ‘grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg’ 来生成 grub2 配置文件。
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这意味着你可以在任意 Linux 发行版上使用下面的命令更新 grub ：
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```
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sudo grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg
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```
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当然，记住 update-grub 命令比上面的命令容易很多，这是为什么它在一开始被创建的原因。
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### update-grub 是如何工作的？
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当你安装一个 Linux 发行版时，它(通常)要求你安装 [grub 启动引导程序][1]。
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grub 的一部分安装在 MBR/ESP 分区上。grub 的剩余部分保留在 Linux 发行版的 /boo/grub 目录中。
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依据它的 [man 页面][2]，update-grub 通过查找 /boot 目录来工作。所有以 [vmlinuz-][3] 开头的文件将被作为内核来对待，并且它们将得到一个 grub 菜单项。它也将为与所找到内核版本相同的 [ramdisk][4] 镜像添加 initrd 行。
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它也使用 [os-prober][5] 为其它操作系统查找所有磁盘分区。如果找到其它操作系统，它添加它们到 grub 菜单。
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![Representational image of Grub Menu][6]
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### 为什么你需要更新 grub ？
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当你需要更新 grub 时，可能有很多方案。
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假设你更改 grub 配置文件 (/etc/default/grub) 为 [更改默认启动顺序][7] 或减少默认启动时间。除非你更新 grub ，否则你的更改将不会生效。
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另一种情况是，你在同一个电脑系统上安装多个 Linux 发行。
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例如，在我的 Intel NUC 上，我有两个磁盘。第一个磁盘有 Ubuntu 19.10 ，并且我在其上面安装了 Ubuntu 18.04 。第二个操作系统 (Ubuntu 18.04) 也安装其自己的 grub ，现在 grub 启动屏幕由 Ubuntu 18.04 grub 控制。
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在第二个磁盘上，我安装了 MX Linux ，但是这次我没有安装 grub 。我希望现有的 grub (由 Ubuntu 18.04 控制) 来处理所有的操作系统项目。
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现在，在这种情况中，在 Ubuntu 18.04 上的 grub 需要更新，以便它能够看到 [MX Linux][8] 。
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![][9]
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如上图所示，当我更新 grub 时，它在 18.04 上找到很多安装的 Linux 内核, 以及在不同的分区上 Ubntu 19.10 和 MX Linux 。
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如果你想 MX Linux 控制 grub ，我可以使用 [grub-install][10] 命令来在 MX Linux 上安装 grub，然后在 MX Linux 上的 grub 将开始控制 grub 启动屏幕。你已经明白这点，对吧？
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Using a GUI tool like使用一个像 [Grub Customizer][11] 的 GUI 工具是在 grub 中进行更改的一种简单的方法。
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**最后…**
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最初，我打算保持它为一篇短文作为一种快速提示。但是后来我想解释一些与之相关的东西，以便(相对地)新的 Linux 用户能够学到更多，而不仅仅是一个简单命令。
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你喜欢它吗？你有一些问题或建议吗？请随意发表评论。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://itsfoss.com/update-grub/
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作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
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[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
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[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU_GRUB
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[2]: https://manpages.debian.org/testing/grub-legacy/update-grub.8.en.html
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[3]: https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/community/blogs/mhhaque/entry/anatomy_of_the_initrd_and_vmlinuz?lang=en
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[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_ramdisk
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[5]: https://packages.debian.org/sid/utils/os-prober
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[6]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/grub_screen.png?ssl=1
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[7]: https://itsfoss.com/grub-customizer-ubuntu/
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[8]: https://mxlinux.org/
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[9]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/update_grub.png?ssl=1
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[10]: https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub/html_node/Installing-GRUB-using-grub_002dinstall.html
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[11]: https://itsfoss.com/customize-grub-linux/
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