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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (A data transmission revolution is underway)
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3429610/a-data-transmission-revolution-is-underway.html)
[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/)
A data transmission revolution is underway
======
Two radical data transmission ideas are being developed. One uses trions instead of electrons to transmit information, and the other replaces the silicon in semiconductors with other compounds.
![Getty Images][1]
Radical data communications technologies are in development in a slew of academic scientific labs around the world. While we’ve already seen, and gotten used, to a shift from data sent being over copper wire to light-based, fiber-optic channels (and the resulting capacity and speed increases), much of the thrust by engineers today is in the area of semiconductor improvements, in part to augment those pipes.
The work includes [a potential overall shift to photons and light, not wires on chips][2], and even more revolutionary ideas such as the abandonment of not only silicon, but also the traditional electron.
**[ Also read: [Who's developing quantum computers?][3] ]**
### Electrons aren’t capacious enough
“Most electronics today use individual electrons to conduct electricity and transmit information,” writes Iqbal Pittalwala [on the University of California at Riverside news website][4]. Trions, though, are better than electrons for data transmission, the physicists at that university claim.
Why? Electrons, the incumbents, are subatomic particles that are charged and have a surrounding electrical field. They carry electricity and information. However, gate-tunable trions from the quantum family are a spinning, charged combination of two electrons and one hole, or two holes and one electron, depending on polarity, they explain. More, in other words, and enough to carry greater amounts of information than a single electron.
A trion contains three interacting particles, allowing it to carry much more information than a single electron, the researchers say.
“Just like increasing your Wi-Fi bandwidth at home, trion transmission allows more information to come through than individual electrons,” says Erfu Liu in the article. Liu is the first author of the [research paper][5] about the work being done.
The researchers plan to test dark trions (harder to do than light trions, but with more capacity) to transport quantum information. It could revolutionize information transmission, the group says.
### Dump silicon
Separately, scientists at Cardiff University’s Institute for Compound Semiconductors are adopting an alternative approach to speed up and gain capacity at the semiconductor level. They aim to replace silicon with other variants of atom combinations, the team explains in a press release.
The compound semiconductors they’re working on are like silicon, but they come from elements on either side of silicon on the periodic table, the institute explains in a video presentation of its work. The properties on the wafer are different and thus allow new technologies. Some compound semiconductors are already used in smartphone and other newer technology, but the group says much more can be done in this area.
“Extremely low excess noise and high-sensitivity avalanche photodiodes [have] the potential to yield a new class of high-performance receivers,” says Diana Huffaker, a professor at Cardiff University’s Institute for Compound Semiconductors, [on the school’s website][6]. That technology is geared towards applications in fast networking and sensing environments.
The avalanche photodiodes (APDs) that the institute is building create less noise than silicon. APDs are semiconductors that convert light into electricity. Autonomous vehicles’ LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is one use. LIDAR is a way for the vehicle to sense where it is, and it needs very fast communications. “The innovation lies in the advanced materials development to ‘grow’ the compound semiconductor crystal in an atom-by-atom regime,” Huffaker says in the article. Special reactors are needed to do it.
Players are noticing. Huffaker says Airbus may implement the APD technology in a “future free space optics communication system.” Airbus is behind the design and build-out of OneWeb’s planned internet backbone in space. Space laser systems, coming in due course, will have the advantage of performing a capacious data-send without hinderance of interfering air or other earthly environmental limitations—such as digging trenches, making NIMBY-prone planning applications, or implementing latency-increasing repeaters.
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][7] and [LinkedIn][8] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3429610/a-data-transmission-revolution-is-underway.html
作者：[Patrick Nelson][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2018/11/3_industrial-iot_solar-power-panels_energy_network_internet-100779353-large.jpg
[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3338081/light-based-computers-to-be-5000-times-faster.html
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3275385/who-s-developing-quantum-computers.html
[4]: https://news.ucr.edu/articles/2019/07/09/physicists-finding-could-revolutionize-information-transmission
[5]: https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.123.027401
[6]: https://www.cardiff.ac.uk/news/view/1527841-cardiff-in-world-beating-cs-breakthrough
[7]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
[8]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world

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sources/talk/20190808 Scrum vs. kanban- Which agile methodology is better.md Normal file
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Scrum vs. kanban: Which agile methodology is better?)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/8/scrum-vs-kanban)
[#]: author: (Taz Brown https://opensource.com/users/heronthecli)
Scrum vs. kanban: Which agile methodology is better?
======
Learn the differences between scrum and kanban and which may be best for
your team.
![Team checklist and to dos][1]
Because scrum and kanban both fall under the agile methodology umbrella, many people confuse them or think they're the same thing. There are differences, however. For one, scrum is more specific to software development teams, while kanban is used by many kinds of teams and focuses on providing a visual representation of an agile team's workflow. Some argue that kanban is about getting things done, and scrum is about talking about getting things done.
### A history lesson
Before we get too deep into scrum and kanban, let's talk a little history. Before scrum, kanban, and agile, there was the waterfall model. It was popular in the '80s and '90s, especially in civil and mechanical engineering where changes were rare and design often stayed the same. It was adopted for software development, but it didn't translate well into that arena, with results rarely as anyone expected or desired.
In 2001, the [Agile Manifesto][2] emerged as an alternative to overcome the problems with waterfall. The Manifesto outlined agile principles and beliefs including shorter lead times, open communication, lighter processes, continuous training, and adaptation to change. These principles took on a life of their own when it came to software development practices and teams. In cases of irregularities, bugs, or dissatisfied customers, agile enabled development teams to make changes quickly, and software was released faster with much higher quality.
### What is agile?
An agile framework (or just agile) is an umbrella term for several iterative and incremental software development approaches such as kanban and scrum. Kanban and scrum are also considered to be agile frameworks on their own. As [Mendix explains][3]:
> "While each agile methodology type has its own unique qualities, they all incorporate elements of iterative development and continuous feedback when creating an application. Any agile development project involves continuous planning, continuous testing, continuous integration, and other forms of continuous development of both the project and the application resulting from the agile framework."
### What is kanban?
[Kanban][4] is the Japanese word for "visual signal." It is also an agile framework or work management system and is considered to be a powerful project management tool.
A kanban board (such as [Wekan][5], an open source kanban application) is a visual method for managing the creation of products through a series of fixed steps. It emphasizes continuous flow and is designed as a list of stages displayed in columns on a board. There is a waiting or backlog stage at the start of the kanban board, and there may be some progress stages, such as testing, development, completed, or abandoned.
![Wekan kanban board][6]
Each task or part of a project is represented on a card, and the cards are moved across this board as they progress across the stages. A card's current stage must be completed before it can be moved to the next stage.
Other features of kanban include color-coding (to identify different stages or types of tasks visually) and Work in Progress ([WIP][7]) limits (to restrict the maximum number of work items allowed in the different stages of the workflow).
Wekan is [similar to Trello][8] (a proprietary kanban application). It's one of [a variety][9] of digital kanban tools. Teams can also use the traditional kanban approach: a wall, a board, or a large piece of paper with different colored sticky notes for various tasks. Whatever method you use, the idea is to apply agile effectively, efficiently, and continuously.
Overall, kanban and Wekan offer a simple, graphical way of monitoring progress, sharing responsibility, and mitigating bottlenecks. It is a team effort to ensure that the final product is created with high quality and to the customers' satisfaction.
### What is scrum?
[Scrum][10] typically involves daily standups and sprints with sprint planning, sprint reviews, and retrospectives. It establishes specific release days and where cards can move across the board. There are daily scrums and two- to four-week sprints (putting code into production) with the goal to create a shippable product after every sprint.
![team_meeting_at_board.png][11]
Daily stand-up meetings allow team members to share progress. (Photo credit: Andrea Truong)
 
Scrum teams are usually comprised of a scrum master, a product owner, and the development team. All must operate in synchronicity to produce high-quality software products in a fast, efficient, cost-effective way that pleases the customer.
### Which is better: scrum or kanban?
With all that as background, the important question we are left with is: Which agile methodology is superior, kanban, or scrum? Well, it depends. It is certainly not a straightforward or easy choice, and neither method is inherently superior. The type of team and the project's scope or requirements influence which is likely to be the better choice.
Software development teams typically use scrum because it has been found to be highly useful in the software lifecycle process.
Kanban can be used by all kinds of teams—IT, marketing, HR, transformation, manufacturing, healthcare, finance, etc. Its core values are continuous workflow, continuous feedback, continuous change, and stir vigorously until you achieve the desired quality and consistency or create a shippable product. The team works from the backlog until all tasks are completed. Usually, members will pick tasks based on their specialized knowledge or area of expertise, but the team must be careful not to reduce its effectiveness with too much specialization.
### Conclusion
There is a place for both scrum and kanban agile frameworks, and their utility is determined by the makeup of the team, the product or service to be delivered, the requirements or scope of the project, and the organizational culture. There will be trial and error, especially for new teams.
Scrum and kanban are both iterative work systems that rely on process flows and aim to reduce waste. No matter which framework your team chooses, you will be a winner. Both methodologies are valuable now and likely will be for some time to come.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/scrum-vs-kanban
作者：[Taz Brown][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/heronthecli
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/todo_checklist_team_metrics_report.png?itok=oB5uQbzf (Team checklist and to dos)
[2]: https://www.scrumalliance.org/resources/agile-manifesto
[3]: https://www.mendix.com/agile-framework/
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanban
[5]: https://wekan.github.io/
[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/wekan-board.png (Wekan kanban board)
[7]: https://www.atlassian.com/agile/kanban/wip-limits
[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/productivity-tool-wekan
[9]: https://opensource.com/alternatives/trello
[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)
[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/team_meeting_at_board.png (team_meeting_at_board.png)

2
sources/tech/20190709 How to install Elasticsearch and Kibana on Linux.md
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( ) [#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( ) [#]: url: ( )

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sources/tech/20190805 4 cool new projects to try in COPR for August 2019.md
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (4 cool new projects to try in COPR for August 2019)
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-new-projects-to-try-in-copr-for-august-2019/)
[#]: author: (Dominik Turecek https://fedoramagazine.org/author/dturecek/)
4 cool new projects to try in COPR for August 2019
======
![][1]
COPR is a [collection][2] of personal repositories for software that isn’t carried in Fedora. Some software doesn’t conform to standards that allow easy packaging. Or it may not meet other Fedora standards, despite being free and open source. COPR can offer these projects outside the Fedora set of packages. Software in COPR isn’t supported by Fedora infrastructure or signed by the project. However, it can be a neat way to try new or experimental software.
Here’s a set of new and interesting projects in COPR.
### Duc
[Duc][3] is a collection of tools for disk usage inspection and visualization. Duc uses an indexed database to store sizes of files on your system. Once the indexing is done, you can then quickly overview your disk usage either by its command-line interface or the GUI.
![][4]
#### Installation instructions
The [repo][5] currently provides duc for EPEL 7, Fedora 29 and 30. To install duc, use these commands:
```
sudo dnf copr enable terrywang/duc
sudo dnf install duc
```
### MuseScore
[MuseScore][6] is a software for working with music notation. With MuseScore, you can create sheet music either by using a mouse, virtual keyboard or a MIDI controller. MuseScore can then play the created music or export it as a PDF, MIDI or MusicXML. Additionally, there’s an extensive database of sheet music created by Musescore users.
![][7]
#### Installation instructions
The [repo][8] currently provides MuseScore for Fedora 29 and 30. To install MuseScore, use these commands:
```
sudo dnf copr enable jjames/MuseScore
sudo dnf install musescore
```
### Dynamic Wallpaper Editor
[Dynamic Wallpaper Editor][9] is a tool for creating and editing a collection of wallpapers in GNOME that change in time. This can be done using XML files, however, Dynamic Wallpaper Editor makes this easy with its graphical interface, where you can simply add pictures, arrange them and set the duration of each picture and transitions between them.
![][10]
#### Installation instructions
The [repo][11] currently provides dynamic-wallpaper-editor for Fedora 30 and Rawhide. To install dynamic-wallpaper-editor, use these commands:
```
sudo dnf copr enable atim/dynamic-wallpaper-editor
sudo dnf install dynamic-wallpaper-editor
```
### Manuskript
[Manuskript][12] is a tool for writers and is aimed to make creating large writing projects easier. It serves as an editor for writing the text itself, as well as a tool for organizing notes about the story itself, characters of the story and individual plots.
![][13]
#### Installation instructions
The [repo][14] currently provides Manuskript for Fedora 29, 30 and Rawhide. To install Manuskript, use these commands:
```
sudo dnf copr enable notsag/manuskript
sudo dnf install manuskript
```
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-new-projects-to-try-in-copr-for-august-2019/
作者：[Dominik Turecek][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/dturecek/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/4-copr-945x400.jpg
[2]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/
[3]: https://duc.zevv.nl/
[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/duc.png
[5]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/terrywang/duc/
[6]: https://musescore.org/
[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/musescore-1024x512.png
[8]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/jjames/MuseScore/
[9]: https://github.com/maoschanz/dynamic-wallpaper-editor
[10]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/dynamic-walppaper-editor.png
[11]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/atim/dynamic-wallpaper-editor/
[12]: https://www.theologeek.ch/manuskript/
[13]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/manuskript-1024x600.png
[14]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/notsag/manuskript/

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (How to manipulate PDFs on Linux)
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3430781/how-to-manipulate-pdfs-on-linux.html)
[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
How to manipulate PDFs on Linux
======
The pdftk command provides many options for working with PDFs, including merging pages, encrypting files, applying watermarks, compressing files, and even repairing PDFs -- easily and on the command line.
![Toshiyuki IMAI \(CC BY-SA 2.0\)][1]
While PDFs are generally regarded as fairly stable files, there’s a lot you can do with them on both Linux and other systems. This includes merging, splitting, rotating, breaking into single pages, encrypting and decrypting, applying watermarks, compressing and uncompressing, and even repairing. The **pdftk** command does all this and more.
The name “pdftk” stands for “PDF tool kit,” and the command is surprisingly easy to use and does a good job of manipulating PDFs. For example, to pull separate files into a single PDF file, you would use a command like this:
```
$ pdftk pg1.pdf pg2.pdf pg3.pdf pg4.pdf pg5.pdf cat output OneDoc.pdf
```
That OneDoc.pdf file will contain all five of the documents shown and the command will run in a matter of seconds. Note that the **cat** option directs the files to be joined together and the **output** option specifies the name of the new file.
**[ Two-Minute Linux Tips: [Learn how to master a host of Linux commands in these 2-minute video tutorials][2] ]**
You can also pull select pages from a PDF to create a separate PDF file. For example, if you wanted to create a new PDF with only pages 1, 2, 3, and 5 of the document created above, you could do this:
```
$ pdftk OneDoc.pdf cat 1-3 5 output 4pgs.pdf
```
If, on the other hand, you wanted pages 1, 3, 4, and 5, we might use this syntax instead:
```
$ pdftk OneDoc.pdf cat 1 3-end output 4pgs.pdf
```
You have the option of specifying all individual pages or using page ranges as shown in the examples above.
This next command will create a collated document from one that contains the odd pages (1, 3, etc.) and one that contains the even pages (2, 4, etc.):
```
$ pdftk A=odd.pdf B=even.pdf shuffle A B output collated.pdf
```
Notice that the **shuffle** option make this collation possible and dictates the order in which the documents are used. Note also: While the odd/even pages example might suggest otherwise, you are not restricted to using only two input files.
If you want to create an encrypted PDF that can only be opened by a recipient who knows the password, you could use a command like this one:
```
$ pdftk prep.pdf output report.pdf user_pw AsK4n0thingGeTn0thing
```
The options provide for 40 (**encrypt_40bit**) and 128 (**encrypt_128bit**) bit encryption. The 128 bit encryption is used by default.
You can also break a PDF file into individual pages using the **burst** option:
```
$ pdftk allpgs.pdf burst
$ ls -ltr *.pdf | tail -5
-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 22933 Aug 8 08:18 pg_0001.pdf
-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 23773 Aug 8 08:18 pg_0002.pdf
-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 23260 Aug 8 08:18 pg_0003.pdf
-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 23435 Aug 8 08:18 pg_0004.pdf
-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 23136 Aug 8 08:18 pg_0005.pdf
```
The **pdftk** command makes pulling together, tearing apart, rebuilding and encrypting PDF files surprisingly easy. To learn more about its many options, I check out the examples page from [PDF Labs][3].
**[ Also see: [Invaluable tips and tricks for troubleshooting Linux][4] ]**
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3430781/how-to-manipulate-pdfs-on-linux.html
作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2019/08/book-pages-100807709-large.jpg
[2]: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL7D2RMSmRO9J8OTpjFECi8DJiTQdd4hua
[3]: https://www.pdflabs.com/docs/pdftk-cli-examples/
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3242170/linux/invaluable-tips-and-tricks-for-troubleshooting-linux.html
[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Sending custom emails with Python)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/8/sending-custom-emails-python)
[#]: author: (Brian "bex" Exelbierd https://opensource.com/users/bexelbie)
Sending custom emails with Python
======
Customize your group emails with Mailmerge, a command-line program that
can handle simple and complex emails.
![Chat via email][1]
Email remains a fact of life. Despite all its warts, it's still the best way to send information to most people, especially in automated ways that allow messages to queue for recipients.
One of the highlights of my work as the [Fedora Community Action and Impact Coordinator][2] is giving people good news about travel funding. I often send this information over email. Here, I'll show you how I send custom messages to groups of people using [Mailmerge][3], a command-line Python program that can handle simple and complex emails.
### Install Mailmerge
Mailmerge is packaged and available in Fedora, and you can install it from the command line with **sudo dnf install python3-mailmerge**. You can also install it from PyPI using **pip**, as the project's [README explains][4].
### Configure your Mailmerge files
Three files control how Mailmerge works. If you run **mailmerge --sample**, it will create template files for you. The files are:
* **mailmerge_server.conf:** This contains the configuration details for your SMTP host to send emails. Your password is _not_ stored in this file.
* **mailmerge_database.csv:** This holds the custom data for each email, including the recipients' email addresses.
* **mailmerge_template.txt:** This is your email's text with placeholder fields that will be replaced using the data from **mailmerge_database.csv**.
#### Server.conf
The sample **mailmerge_server.conf** file includes several examples that should be familiar. If you've ever added email to your phone or set up a desktop email client, you've seen this data before. The big thing to remember is to update your username in the file, especially if you are using one of the example configurations.
#### Database.csv
The **mailmerge_database.csv** file is a bit more complicated. It must contain (at minimum) the recipients' email addresses and any other custom details necessary to replace the fields in your email. It is a good idea to write the **mailmerge_template.txt** file at the same time you create the fields list for this file. I find it helpful to use a spreadsheet to capture this data and export it as a CSV file when I am done. This sample file:
```
email,name,number
[myself@mydomain.com][5],"Myself",17
[bob@bobdomain.com][6],"Bob",42
```
allows you to send emails to two people, using their first name and telling them a number. This file, while not terribly interesting, illustrates an important habit: Always make yourself the first recipient in the file. This enables you to send yourself a test email to verify everything works as expected before you email the entire list.
If any of your values contain commas, you _**must**_ enclose the entire value in double-quotes (**"**). If you need to include a double-quote in a double-quoted field, use two double-quotes in a row. Quoting rules are fun, so read about [CSVs in Python 3][7] for specifics.
#### Template.txt
As part of my work, I get to share news about travel-funding decisions for our Fedora contributor conference, [Flock][8]. A simple email tells people they've been selected for travel funding and their specific funding details. One user-specific detail is how much money we can allocate for their airfare. Here is an abbreviated version of my template file (I've snipped out a lot of the text for brevity):
```
$ cat mailmerge_template.txt
TO: {{Email}}
SUBJECT: Flock 2019 Funding Offer
FROM: Brian Exelbierd <[bexelbie@redhat.com][9]>
Hi {{Name}},
I am writing you on behalf of the Flock funding committee.  You requested funding for your attendance at Flock.  After careful consideration we are able to offer you the following funding:
Travel Budget: {{Travel_Budget}}
<<snip>>
```
The top of the template specifies the recipient, sender, and subject. After the blank line, there's the body of the email. This email needs the recipients' **Email**, **Name**, and **Travel_Budget** from the **database.csv** file. Notice that those fields are surrounded by double curly braces (**{{** and **}}**). The corresponding **mailmerge_database.csv** looks like this:
```
$ cat mailmerge_database.csv
Name,Email,Travel_Budget
Brian,[bexelbie@redhat.com][9],1000
PersonA,[persona@fedoraproject.org][10],1500
PèrsonB,[personb@fedoraproject.org][11],500
```
Notice that I listed myself first (for testing) and there are two other people in the file. The second person, PèrsonB, has an accented character in their name; Mailmerge will automatically encode it.
That's the whole template concept: Write your email and put placeholders in double curly braces. Then create a database that provides those values. Now let's test the email.
### Test and send simple email merges
#### Do a dry-run
Start by doing a dry-run that prints the emails, with the placeholder fields completed, to the screen. By default, if you run the command **mailmerge**, it will do a dry-run of the first email:
```
$ mailmerge
>>> encoding ascii
>>> message 0
TO: [bexelbie@redhat.com][9]
SUBJECT: Flock 2019 Funding Offer
FROM: Brian Exelbierd <[bexelbie@redhat.com][9]>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Date: Sat, 20 Jul 2019 18:17:15 -0000
Hi Brian,
I am writing you on behalf of the Flock funding committee.  You requested funding for your attendance at Flock.  After careful consideration we are able to offer you the following funding:
Travel Budget: 1000
<<snip>>
>>> sent message 0 DRY RUN
>>> No attachments were sent with the emails.
>>> Limit was 1 messages.  To remove the limit, use the --no-limit option.
>>> This was a dry run.  To send messages, use the --no-dry-run option.
```
Reviewing the first email (**message 0**, as counting starts from zero, like many things in computer science), you can see my name and travel budget are correct. If you want to review every email, enter **mailmerge --no-limit** to tell Mailmerge not to limit itself to the first email. Here's the dry-run of the third email, which shows the special character encoding:
```
>>> message 2
TO: [personb@fedoraproject.org][11]
SUBJECT: Flock 2019 Funding Offer
FROM: Brian Exelbierd <[bexelbie@redhat.com][9]>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Date: Sat, 20 Jul 2019 18:22:48 -0000
Hi P=E8rsonB,
```
That's not an error; **P=E8rsonB** is the encoded form of **PèrsonB**.
#### Send a test message
Now, send a test email with the command **mailmerge --no-dry-run**, which tells Mailmerge to send a message to the first email on the list:
```
$ mailmerge --no-dry-run
>>> encoding ascii
>>> message 0
TO: [bexelbie@redhat.com][9]
SUBJECT: Flock 2019 Funding Offer
FROM: Brian Exelbierd <[bexelbie@redhat.com][9]>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
Date: Sat, 20 Jul 2019 18:25:45 -0000
Hi Brian,
I am writing you on behalf of the Flock funding committee.  You requested funding for your attendance at Flock.  After careful consideration we are able to offer you the following funding:
Travel Budget: 1000
<<snip>>
>>> Read SMTP server configuration from mailmerge_server.conf
>>>   host = smtp.gmail.com
>>>   port = 587
>>>   username = [bexelbie@redhat.com][9]
>>>   security = STARTTLS
>>> password for [bexelbie@redhat.com][9] on smtp.gmail.com:
>>> sent message 0
>>> No attachments were sent with the emails.
>>> Limit was 1 messages.  To remove the limit, use the --no-limit option.
```
On the fourth to last line, you can see it prompts you for your password. If you're using two-factor authentication or domain-managed logins, you will need to create an application password that bypasses these controls. If you're using Gmail and similar systems, you can do it directly from the interface; otherwise, contact your email system administrator. This will not compromise the security of your email system, but you should still keep the password complex and secret.
When I checked my email account, I received a beautifully formatted test email. If your test email looks ready, send all the emails by entering **mailmerge --no-dry-run --no-limit**.
### Send complex emails
You can really see the power of Mailmerge when you take advantage of [Jinja2 templating][12]. I've found it useful for including conditional text and sending attachments. Here is a complex template and the corresponding database:
```
$ cat mailmerge_template.txt
TO: {{Email}}
SUBJECT: Flock 2019 Funding Offer
FROM: Brian Exelbierd <[bexelbie@redhat.com][9]>
ATTACHMENT: attachments/{{File}}
Hi {{Name}},
I am writing you on behalf of the Flock funding committee.  You requested funding for your attendance at Flock.  After careful consideration we are able to offer you the following funding:
Travel Budget: {{Travel_Budget}}
{% if Hotel == "Yes" -%}
Lodging: Lodging in the hotel Wednesday-Sunday (4 nights)
{%- endif %}
<<snip>>
$ cat mailmerge_database.csv
Name,Email,Travel_Budget,Hotel,File
Brian,[bexelbie@redhat.com][9],1000,Yes,visa_bex.pdf
PersonA,[persona@fedoraproject.org][10],1500,No,visa_person_a.pdf
PèrsonB,[personb@fedoraproject.org][11],500,Yes,visa_person_b.pdf
```
There are two new things in this email. First, there's an attachment. I have to send visa invitation letters to international travelers to help them come to Flock, and the **ATTACHMENT** part of the header specifies which file to attach. To keep my directory clean, I put all of them in my Attachments subdirectory. Second, it includes conditional information about a hotel, because some people receive funding for their hotel stay, and I need to include those details for those who do. This is done with the **if** construction:
```
{% if Hotel == "Yes" -%}
Lodging: Lodging in the hotel Wednesday-Sunday (4 nights)
{%- endif %}
```
This works just like an **if** in most programming languages. Jinja2 is very expressive and can do multi-level conditions. Experiment with making your life easier by including database elements that control the contents of the email. Using whitespace is important for email readability. The minus (**-**) symbols in **if** and **endif** are part of how Jinja2 controls [whitespace][13]. There are lots of options, so experiment to see what looks best for you.
Also note that I extended the database with two fields, **Hotel** and **File**. These are the values that control the inclusion of the hotel text and provide the name of the attachment. In my example, PèrsonB and I got hotel funding, while PersonA didn't.
Doing a dry-run and sending the emails is the same whether you're using a simple or a complex template. Give it a try!
You can also experiment with using conditionals (**if** … **endif**) in the header. You can, for example, have an attachment only if one is in the database, or maybe you need to change the sender's name for some emails but not others.
### Mailmerge's advantages
The Mailmerge program provides a powerful but simple method of sending lots of customized emails. Everyone gets only the information they need, and extraneous steps and details are omitted.
Even for simple group emails, I have found this method much more effective than sending one email to a bunch of people using CC or BCC. A lot of people filter their email and delay reading anything not sent directly to them. Using Mailmerge ensures that every person gets their own email. Messages will filter properly for the recipient and no one can accidentally "reply all" to the entire group.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/sending-custom-emails-python
作者：[Brian "bex" Exelbierd][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bexelbie
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/email_chat_communication_message.png?itok=LKjiLnQu (Chat via email)
[2]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/council/fcaic/
[3]: https://github.com/awdeorio/mailmerge
[4]: https://github.com/awdeorio/mailmerge#install
[5]: mailto:myself@mydomain.com
[6]: mailto:bob@bobdomain.com
[7]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/csv.html
[8]: https://flocktofedora.org/
[9]: mailto:bexelbie@redhat.com
[10]: mailto:persona@fedoraproject.org
[11]: mailto:personb@fedoraproject.org
[12]: http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/latest/templates/
[13]: http://jinja.pocoo.org/docs/2.10/templates/#whitespace-control

105
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (4 cool new projects to try in COPR for August 2019)
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-new-projects-to-try-in-copr-for-august-2019/)
[#]: author: (Dominik Turecek https://fedoramagazine.org/author/dturecek/)
COPR 仓库中 4 个很酷的新项目（2019.8）
======
![][1]
COPR 是个人软件仓库[集合][2]，它不在 Fedora 中。这是因为某些软件不符合轻松打包的标准。或者它可能不符合其他 Fedora 标准，尽管它是自由而开源的。COPR 可以在 Fedora 套件之外提供这些项目。COPR 中的软件不受 Fedora 基础设施的支持，或者是由项目自己背书的。但是，这是一种尝试新的或实验性的软件的一种巧妙的方式。
这是 COPR 中一组新的有趣项目。
### Duc
[Duc][3] 是磁盘使用率检查和可视化工具的集合。Duc 使用索引数据库来保存系统上文件的大小。索引完成后，你可以通过命令行界面或 GUI 快速查看磁盘使用情况。
![][4]
#### 安装说明
[仓库][5] 目前为 EPEL 7、Fedora 29 和 30 提供 duc。要安装 duc，请使用以下命令：
```
sudo dnf copr enable terrywang/duc
sudo dnf install duc
```
### MuseScore
[MuseScore][6] 是一个处理音乐符号的软件。使用 MuseScore，你可以使用鼠标，虚拟键盘或 MIDI 控制器创建乐谱。然后，MuseScore 可以播放创建的音乐或将其导出为 PDF，MIDI 或 MusicXML。此外，它还有一个由 Musescore 用户创建的含有大量乐谱的数据库。
![][7]
#### 安装说明
[仓库][5] 目前为 Fedora 29 和 30 提供 MuseScore。要安装 MuseScore，请使用以下命令：
```
sudo dnf copr enable jjames/MuseScore
sudo dnf install musescore
```
### Dynamic Wallpaper Editor
[Dynamic Wallpaper Editor][9] 是一个可在 GNOME 中创建和编辑随时间变化的壁纸集合的工具。这可以使用 XML 文件来完成，但是，Dynamic Wallpaper Editor 通过其图形界面使其变得简单，你可以在其中简单地添加图片、排列图片并设置每张图片的持续时间以及它们之间的过渡。
![][10]
#### 安装说明
[仓库][11] 目前为 Fedora 30 和 Rawhide 提供 Dynamic Wallpaper Editor。要安装 Dynamic Wallpaper Editor，请使用以下命令：
```
sudo dnf copr enable atim/dynamic-wallpaper-editor
sudo dnf install dynamic-wallpaper-editor
```
### Manuskript
[Manuskript][12] 是一个给作者的工具，旨在让创建大型写作项目更容易。它既可以作为编写文本的编辑器，也可以作为组织故事本身、故事人物和单个情节的注释的工具。
![][13]
#### 安装说明
[仓库][14] 目前为 Fedora 29、30 和 Rawhide 提供 Manuskript。要安装 Manuskript，请使用以下命令：
```
sudo dnf copr enable notsag/manuskript
sudo dnf install manuskript
```
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/4-cool-new-projects-to-try-in-copr-for-august-2019/
作者：[Dominik Turecek][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/dturecek/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/4-copr-945x400.jpg
[2]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/
[3]: https://duc.zevv.nl/
[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/duc.png
[5]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/terrywang/duc/
[6]: https://musescore.org/
[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/musescore-1024x512.png
[8]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/jjames/MuseScore/
[9]: https://github.com/maoschanz/dynamic-wallpaper-editor
[10]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/dynamic-walppaper-editor.png
[11]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/atim/dynamic-wallpaper-editor/
[12]: https://www.theologeek.ch/manuskript/
[13]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/manuskript-1024x600.png
[14]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/notsag/manuskript/