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How to Defragment Linux Systems
================================================================================
![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-featured.png)
There is a common myth that Linux disks never need defragmentation at all. In most cases, this is true, due mostly to the excellent journaling filesystems Linux uses (ext2, 3, 4, btrfs, etc.) to handle the filesystem. However, in some specific cases, fragmentation might still occur. If that happens to you, the solution is fortunately very simple.
### What is fragmentation? ###
Fragmentation occurs when a file system updates files in little chunks, but these chunks do not form a contiguous whole and are scattered around the disk instead. This is particularly true for FAT and FAT32 filesystems. It was somewhat mitigated in NTFS and almost never happens in Linux (extX). Here is why.
In filesystems such as FAT and FAT32, files are written right next to each other on the disk. There is no room left for file growth or updates:
![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-fragmented.png)
The NTFS leaves somewhat more room between the files, so there is room to grow. As the space between chunks is limited, fragmentation will still occur over time.
![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-ntfs.png)
Linux’s journaling filesystems take a different approach. Instead of placing files beside each other, each file is scattered all over the disk, leaving generous amounts of free space between each file. There is sufficient room for file updates/growth and fragmentation rarely occurs.
![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-journal.png)
Additionally, if fragmentation does happen, most Linux filesystems would attempt to shuffle files and chunks around to make them contiguous again.
### Disk fragmentation on Linux ###
Disk fragmentation seldom occurs in Linux unless you have a small hard drive, or it is running out of space. Some possible fragmentation cases include:
- if you edit large video files or raw image files, and disk space is limited
- if you use older hardware like an old laptop, and you have a small hard drive
- if your hard drives start filling up (above 85% used)
- if you have many small partitions cluttering your home folder
The best solution is to buy a larger hard drive. If it’s not possible, this is where defragmentation becomes useful.
### How to check for fragmentation ###
The `fsck` command will do this for you – that is, if you have an opportunity to run it from a live CD, with **all affected partitions unmounted**.
This is very important: **RUNNING FSCK ON A MOUNTED PARTITION CAN AND WILL SEVERELY DAMAGE YOUR DATA AND YOUR DISK**.
You have been warned. Before proceeding, make a full system backup.
**Disclaimer**: The author of this article and Make Tech Easier take no responsibility for any damage to your files, data, system, or any other damage, caused by your actions after following this advice. You may proceed at your own risk. If you do proceed, you accept and acknowledge this.
You should just boot into a live session (like an installer disk, system rescue CD, etc.) and run `fsck` on your UNMOUNTED partitions. To check for any problems, run the following command with root permission:
fsck -fn [/path/to/your/partition]
You can check what the `[/path/to/your/partition]` is by running
sudo fdisk -l
There is a way to run `fsck` (relatively) safely on a mounted partition – that is by using the `-n` switch. This will result in a read only file system check without touching anything. Of course, there is no guarantee of safety here, and you should only proceed after creating a backup. On an ext2 filesystem, running
sudo fsck.ext2 -fn /path/to/your/partition
would result in plenty of output – most of them error messages resulting from the fact that the partition is mounted. In the end it will give you fragmentation related information.
![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-fsck.png)
If your fragmentation is above 20%, you should proceed to defragment your system.
### How to easily defragment Linux filesystems ###
All you need to do is to back up **ALL** your files and data to another drive (by manually **copying** them over), format the partition, and copy your files back (don’t use a backup program for this). The journalling file system will handle them as new files and place them neatly to the disk without fragmentation.
To back up your files, run
cp -afv [/path/to/source/partition]/* [/path/to/destination/folder]
Mind the asterix (*); it is important.
Note: It is generally agreed that to copy large files or large amounts of data, the dd command might be best. This is a very low level operation and does copy everything “as is”, including the empty space, and even the junk left over. This is not what we want, so it is probably better to use `cp`.
Now you only need to remove all the original files.
sudo rm -rf [/path/to/source/partition]/*
**Optional**: you can fill the empty space with zeros. You could achieve this with formatting as well, but if for example you did not copy the whole partition, only large files (which are most likely to cause fragmentation), this might not be an option.
sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=[/path/to/source/partition]/temp-zero.txt
Wait for it to finish. You could also monitor the progress with `pv`.
sudo apt-get install pv
sudo pv -tpreb | of=[/path/to/source/partition]/temp-zero.txt
![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-dd.png)
When it is done, just delete the temporary file.
sudo rm [/path/to/source/partition]/temp-zero.txt
After you zeroed out the empty space (or just skipped that step entirely), copy your files back, reversing the first cp command:
cp -afv [/path/to/original/destination/folder]/* [/path/to/original/source/partition]
### Using e4defrag ###
If you prefer a simpler approach, install `e2fsprogs`,
sudo apt-get install e2fsprogs
and run `e4defrag` as root on the affected partition. If you don’t want to or cannot unmount the partition, you can use its mount point instead of its path. To defragment your whole system, run
sudo e4defrag /
It is not guaranteed to succeed while mounted (you should also stop using your system while it is running), but it is much easier than copying all files away and back.
### Conclusion ###
Fragmentation should rarely be an issue on a Linux system due to the the journalling filesystem’s efficient data handling. If you do run into fragmentation due to any circumstances, there are simple ways to reallocate your disk space like copying all files away and back or using `e4defrag`. It is important, however, to keep your data safe, so before attempting any operation that would affect all or most of your files, make sure you make a backup just to be on the safe side.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/defragment-linux/
作者：[Attila Orosz][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/attilaorosz/

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如何在Linux中整理磁盘碎片
================================================================================
![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-featured.png)
有一神话是linux的磁盘从来不需要整理碎片。在大多数情况下这是真的，大多数因为是使用的是优秀的日志系统（ext2、3、4等等）来处理文件系统。然而，在一些特殊情况下，碎片仍旧会产生。如果正巧发生在你身上，解决方法很简单。
### 什么是磁盘碎片 ###
碎片发生在不同的小块中更新文件时，但是这些快没有形成连续完整的文件而是分布在磁盘的各个角落中。这对于FAT和FAT32文件系统而言是这样的。这在NTFS中有所减轻，在Linux(extX)中几乎不会发生。下面是原因。
在像FAT和FAT32这类文件系统中，文件紧挨着写入到磁盘中。文件之间没有空间来用于增长或者更新：
![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-fragmented.png)
NTFS中在文件之间保留了一些空间，因此有空间进行增长。因为块之间的空间是有限的，碎片也会随着时间出现。
![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-ntfs.png)
Linux的日志文件系统采用了一个不同的方案。与文件之间挨着不同，每个文件分布在磁盘的各处，每个文件之间留下了大量的剩余空间。这里有很大的空间用于更新和增长，并且碎片很少会发生。
![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-journal.png)
此外，碎片一旦出现了，大多数Linux文件系统会尝试将文件和块重新连续起来。
### Linux中的磁盘整理 ###
除非你用的是一个很小的硬盘或者空间不够了，不然Linux很少会需要磁盘整理。一些可能需要磁盘整理的情况包括：
- 如果你编辑的是大型视频文件或者原生照片，但磁盘空间有限
- if you use older hardware like an old laptop, and you have a small hard drive
- 如果你的磁盘开始满了（大约使用了85%）
- 如果你的家目录中有许多小分区
最好的解决方案是购买一个大硬盘。如果不可能，磁盘碎片整理就很有用了。
### 如何检查碎片 ###
`fsck`命令会为你做这个 -也就是说如果你可以在liveCD中运行它，那么就可以**卸载所有的分区**。
这一点很重要：**在已经挂载的分区中运行fsck将会严重危害到你的数据和磁盘**。
你已经被警告过了。开始之前，先做一个完整的备份。
**免责声明**: 本文的作者与Make Tech Easier将不会对您的文件、数据、系统或者其他损害负责。你需要自己承担风险。如果你继续，你需要接收并了解这点。
你应该启动到一个live会话中（如安装磁盘，系统救援CD等）并运行`fsck`卸载分区。要检查是否有任何问题，请在运行root权限下面的命令：
fsck -fn [/path/to/your/partition]
您可以检查一下运行中的分区的路径
sudo fdisk -l
有一个（相对）安全地在已挂载的分区中运行`fsck`的方法是使用‘-n’开关。这会让分区处在只读模式而不能创建任何文件。当然，这里并不能保证安全，你应该在创建备份之后进行。在ext2中，运行
sudo fsck.ext2 -fn /path/to/your/partition
会产生大量的输出-- 大多数错误信息的原因是分区已经挂载了。最后会给出一个碎片相关的信息。
![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-fsck.png)
如果碎片大于20%了，那么你应该开始整理你的磁盘碎片了。
### 如何简单地在Linux中整理碎片 ###
你要做的是备份你**所有**的文件和数据到另外一块硬盘中（手动**复制**他们）。格式化分区然后重新复制回去（不要使用备份软件）。日志系统会把它们作为新的文件，并将它们整齐地放置到磁盘中而不产生碎片。
要备份你的文件，运行
cp -afv [/path/to/source/partition]/* [/path/to/destination/folder]
记住星号（*）是很重要的。
注意：通常认为复制大文件或者大量文件，使用dd或许是最好的。这是一个非常底层的操作，它会复制一切，包含空闲的空间甚至是留下的垃圾。这不是我们想要的，因此这里最好使用`cp`。
现在你只需要删除源文件。
sudo rm -rf [/path/to/source/partition]/*
**可选**：你可以将空闲空间置零。你也可以用格式化来达到这点，但是例子中你并没有复制整个分区而仅仅是大文件（这很可能会造成碎片）。这恐怕不能成为一个选项。
sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=[/path/to/source/partition]/temp-zero.txt
等待它结束。你可以用`pv`来监测进程。
sudo apt-get install pv
sudo pv -tpreb | of=[/path/to/source/partition]/temp-zero.txt
![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2015/07/defragment-linux-dd.png)
这就完成了，只要删除临时文件就行。
sudo rm [/path/to/source/partition]/temp-zero.txt
待你清零了空闲空间（或者跳过了这步）。重新复制回文件，将第一个cp命令翻转一下：
cp -afv [/path/to/original/destination/folder]/* [/path/to/original/source/partition]
### 使用 e4defrag ###
如果你想要简单的方法，安装`e2fsprogs`，
sudo apt-get install e2fsprogs
用root权限在分区中运行 `e4defrag`。如果你不想卸载分区，你可以使用它的挂载点而不是路径。要整理整个系统的碎片，运行：
sudo e4defrag /
在挂载的情况下不保证成功（你也应该保证在它运行时停止使用你的系统），但是它比服务全部文件再重新复制回来简单多了。
### 总结 ###
linux系统中很少会出现碎片因为它的文件系统有效的数据处理。如果你因任何原因产生了碎片，简单的方法是重新分配你的磁盘如复制所有文件并复制回来，或者使用`e4defrag`。然而重要的是保证你数据的安全，因此在进行任何可能影响你全部或者大多数文件的操作之前，确保你的文件已经被备份到了另外一个安全的地方去了。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/defragment-linux/
作者：[Attila Orosz][a]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/attilaorosz/