mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2024-12-26 21:30:55 +08:00
Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
This commit is contained in:
commit
df7e6c9e03
@ -1,25 +1,24 @@
|
||||
sevenot translated
|
||||
10大帮助你获得理想的职业的需求分布
|
||||
10 大帮助你获得理想的职业的操作系统技能
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
我们用了5篇系列文章,来让人们意识到那些可以帮助他们获得理想职业的顶级技能。在这个充满竞争的社会里,你不能仅仅依赖一项仅能,你需要在多个职业技能上都有所涉猎。我们并不能权衡这些技能,但是我们可以参考这些几乎不变的惯例和统计数据。
|
||||
|
||||
下面的文章和紧跟其后的内容,是针对全球各大IT公司上一季度对员工技能要求的详细调查报告。统计数据真实的反映了需求和市场的变化。我们会尽力让这份报告保持时效性,特别是有明显变化的时候。这五篇系列文章是:
|
||||
|
||||
-10大帮助你获得理想的职业的需求分布
|
||||
-[10大帮助你获得职位的著名 IT 技能][1]
|
||||
-10大帮助你获得理想职位的项目技能
|
||||
-10大帮助你赢得理想职位的网络技能
|
||||
-10大帮助你获得理想职位的个人认证
|
||||
- 10大帮助你获得理想的职业的需求分布
|
||||
- [10大帮助你获得职位的著名 IT 技能][1]
|
||||
- [10大帮助你获得理想职位的项目技能][2]
|
||||
- [10大帮助你赢得理想职位的网络技能][3]
|
||||
- [10大帮助你获得理想职位的个人认证][4]
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Windows ###
|
||||
|
||||
微软研发的windows操作系统不仅在PC市场上占据龙头地位,而且从职位视角来看也是最枪手的操作系统工作,不管你是赞成还是反对。有资料显示上一季度需求增长达到0.1%.
|
||||
微软研发的windows操作系统不仅在PC市场上占据龙头地位,而且从职位视角来看也是最抢手的操作系统技能,不管你是赞成还是反对。有资料显示上一季度需求增长达到0.1%.
|
||||
|
||||
最新版本 : Windows 8.1
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Red Hat Enterprise Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 是一个商业发行版本的企业级Linux,它由红帽公司研发。它是世界上运用最广的Linux发行版本,特别是在生产环境和协同工作方面。上一季度其整体需求上涨17%,位列第二。
|
||||
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 是一个商业的Linux发行版本,它由红帽公司研发。它是世界上运用最广的Linux发行版本之一,特别是在生产环境和协同工作方面。上一季度其整体需求上涨17%,位列第二。
|
||||
|
||||
最新版本 : RedHat Enterprise Linux 7.1
|
||||
|
||||
@ -50,9 +49,10 @@ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 是一个商业发行版本的企业级Linux,它由
|
||||
### 7. Ubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
排在第7的是Ubuntu,这是一款由Canonicals公司研发设计的Linux系统,旨在服务于个人。上一季度需求率上涨11%。
|
||||
|
||||
最新版本 :
|
||||
|
||||
- Ubuntu 14.10 (9 months security and maintenance update).
|
||||
- Ubuntu 14.10 (已有九个月的安全和维护更新).
|
||||
- Ubuntu 14.04.2 LTS
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Suse ###
|
||||
@ -63,19 +63,16 @@ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 是一个商业发行版本的企业级Linux,它由
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Debian ###
|
||||
|
||||
The very famous Linux Operating System, mother of 100’s of Distro and closest to GNU comes at number nine.
|
||||
排在第9的是非常有名的 Linux 操作系统Debian,非常贴近GNU。其上一季度需求率上涨9%。
|
||||
排在第9的是非常有名的 Linux 操作系统Debian,它是上百种Linux 发行版之母,非常接近GNU理念。其上一季度需求率上涨9%。
|
||||
|
||||
最新版本: Debian 7.8
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. HP-UX ###
|
||||
|
||||
The Proprietary UNIX Operating System designed by Hewlett-Packard comes at number ten. It has shown a decline in the last quarter by 5%.
|
||||
排在第10的是Hewlett-Packard公司研发的专用 Linux 操作系统HP-UX,上一季度需求率上涨5%。
|
||||
|
||||
最新版本 : 11i v3 Update 13
|
||||
|
||||
注:表格数据--不需要翻译--开始
|
||||
<table border="0" cellspacing="0">
|
||||
<colgroup width="107"></colgroup>
|
||||
<colgroup width="92"></colgroup>
|
||||
@ -133,7 +130,6 @@ The Proprietary UNIX Operating System designed by Hewlett-Packard comes at numbe
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
注:表格数据--不需要翻译--结束
|
||||
|
||||
以上便是全部信息,我会尽快推出下一篇系列文章,敬请关注Tecmint。不要忘了留下您宝贵的评论。如果您喜欢我们的文章并且与我们分享您的见解,这对我们的工作是一种鼓励。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -143,9 +139,12 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/top-distributions-in-demand-to-get-your-dream-job/
|
||||
|
||||
作者:[Avishek Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者:[sevenot](https://github.com/sevenot)
|
||||
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/top-distributions-in-demand-to-get-your-dream-job/www.tecmint.com/famous-it-skills-in-demand-that-will-get-you-hired/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/famous-it-skills-in-demand-that-will-get-you-hired/
|
||||
[2]:https://linux.cn/article-5303-1.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/networking-protocols-skills-to-land-your-dream-job/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/professional-certifications-in-demand-that-will-get-you-hired/
|
@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
|
||||
GNU、开源和 Apple 的那些黑历史
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
> 自由软件/开源社区与 Apple 之间的争论可以回溯到上世纪80年代,当时 Linux 的创始人称 Mac OS X 的核心就是“一堆废物”。还有其他一些软件史上的轶事。
|
||||
|
||||
![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2015/05/untitled_2.png)
|
||||
|
||||
开源拥护者们与微软之间有着很长、而且摇摆的关系。每个人都知道这个。但是,在许多方面,自由或者开源软件的支持者们与 Apple 之间的争执则更加突出——尽管这很少受到媒体的关注。
|
||||
|
||||
需要说明的是,并不是所有的开源拥护者都厌恶苹果。从各种轶事中,我已经见过很多 Linux 的黑客玩耍 iPhone 和iPad。实际上,许多 Linux 用户是十分喜欢 Apple 的 OS X 系统的,以至于他们[创造了很多Linux的发行版][1],都设计得看起来像OS X。(顺便说下,[北朝鲜政府][2]就这样做了。)
|
||||
|
||||
但是 Mac 的信徒与企鹅的信徒——即 Linux 社区(不包括别的,仅指自由与开源软件世界中的这一小部分)之间的关系,并不一直是完全的和谐。并且这绝不是一个新的现象,在我研究Linux和自由软件基金会历史的时候就发现了。
|
||||
|
||||
### GNU vs. Apple ###
|
||||
|
||||
这场战争将回溯到至少上世纪80年代后期。1988年6月,Richard Stallman 发起了 [GNU][3] 项目,希望建立一个完全自由的类 Unix 操作系统,其源代码将会免费共享,[强烈指责][4] Apple 对 [Hewlett-Packard][5](HPQ)和 [Microsoft][6](MSFT)的诉讼,称Apple的声明中说别人对 Macintosh 操作系统的界面和体验的抄袭是不正确。如果 Apple 流行的话,GNU 警告到,这家公司“将会借助大众的新力量终结掉为取代商业软件而生的自由软件。”
|
||||
|
||||
那个时候,GNU 对抗 Apple 的诉讼(这意味着,十分讽刺的是,GNU 正在支持 Microsoft,尽管当时的情况不一样),通过发布[“让你的律师远离我的电脑”按钮][7]。同时呼吁 GNU 的支持者们抵制 Apple,警告虽然 Macintosh 看起来是不错的计算机,但 Apple 一旦赢得了诉讼就会给市场带来垄断,这会极大地提高计算机的售价。
|
||||
|
||||
Apple 最终[输掉了这场诉讼][8],但是直到1994年之后,GNU 才[撤销对 Apple 的抵制][9]。这期间,GNU 一直不断指责 Apple。在上世纪90年代早期甚至之后,GNU 开始发展 GNU 软件项目,可以在其他个人电脑平台包括 MS-DOS 计算机上使用。[GNU 宣称][10],除非 Apple 停止在计算机领域垄断的野心,让用户界面可以模仿 Macintosh 的一些东西,否则“我们不会提供任何对 Apple 机器的支持。”(因此讽刺的是 Apple 在90年代后期开发的类 UNIX 系统 OS X 有一大堆软件来自GNU。但是那是另外的故事了。)
|
||||
|
||||
### Torvalds 与 Jobs ###
|
||||
|
||||
除去他对大多数发行版比较自由放任的态度,Linux内核的创造者 Liuns Torvalds 相较于 Stallman 和 GNU 过去对Apple 的态度和善得多。在他 2001 年出版的书”Just For Fun: The Story of an Accidental Revolutionary“中,Torvalds 描述到与 Steve Jobs 的一次会面,大约是 1997 年收到后者的邀请去讨论 Mac OS X,当时 Apple 正在开发中,但还没有公开发布。
|
||||
|
||||
“基本上,Jobs 一开始就试图告诉我在桌面上的玩家就两个,Microsoft 和 Apple,而且他认为我能为 Linux 做的最好的事,就是从了 Apple,努力让开源用户去支持 Mac OS X” Torvalds 写道。
|
||||
|
||||
这次会谈显然让 Torvalds 很不爽。争吵的一点集中在 Torvalds 对 Mach 技术上的藐视,对于 Apple 正在用于构建新的 OS X 操作系统的内核,Torvalds 称其“一堆废物。它包含了所有你能做到的设计错误,并且甚至打算只弥补一小部分。”
|
||||
|
||||
但是更令人不快的是,显然是 Jobs 在开发 OS X 时入侵开源的方式(OS X 的核心里上有很多开源程序):“他有点贬低了结构的瑕疵:谁在乎基础操作系统这个真正的 low-core 东西是不是开源,如果你有 Mac 层在最上面,这不是开源?”
|
||||
|
||||
一切的一切,Torvalds 总结到,Jobs “并没有太多争论。他仅仅很简单地说着,胸有成竹地认为我会对与 Apple 合作感兴趣”。“他一无所知,不能去想像还会有人并不关心 Mac 市场份额的增长。我认为他真的感到惊讶了,当我表现出对 Mac 的市场有多大,或者 Microsoft 市场有多大的毫不关心时。”
|
||||
|
||||
当然,Torvalds 并没有对所有 Linux 用户说起过。他对于 OS X 和 Apple 的看法从 2001 年开始就渐渐软化了。但实际上,早在2000年,Linux 社区的领导角色表现出对 Apple 及其高层的傲慢的深深的鄙视,可以看出一些重要的东西,关于 Apple 世界和开源/自由软件世界的矛盾是多么的根深蒂固。
|
||||
|
||||
从以上两则历史上的花边新闻中,可以看到关于 Apple 产品价值的重大争议,即是否该公司致力于提升其创造的软硬件的质量,或者仅仅是借市场的小聪明获利,让Apple产品卖出更多的钱而不是创造等同其价值的功能。但是不管怎样,我会暂时置身讨论之外。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/051815/linux-better-os-x-gnu-open-source-and-apple-
|
||||
|
||||
作者:[Christopher Tozzi][a]
|
||||
译者:[wi-cuckoo](https://github.com/wi-cuckoo)
|
||||
校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi
|
||||
[1]:https://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/773516-the-mac-ifying-of-the-linux-desktop/
|
||||
[2]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/010615/north-koreas-red-star-linux-os-made-apples-image
|
||||
[3]:http://gnu.org/
|
||||
[4]:https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull5.html
|
||||
[5]:http://www.hp.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.microsoft.com/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.duntemann.com/AppleSnakeButton.jpg
|
||||
[8]:http://www.freibrun.com/articles/articl12.htm
|
||||
[9]:https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull18.html#SEC6
|
||||
[10]:https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull12.html
|
@ -1,47 +1,46 @@
|
||||
使用去重加密工具来备份
|
||||
使用这些去重加密工具来备份你的数据
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
在体积和价值方面,数据都在增长。快速而可靠地备份和恢复数据正变得越来越重要。社会已经适应了技术的广泛使用,并懂得了如何依靠电脑和移动设备,但很少有人能够处理丢失重要数据的现实。在遭受数据损失的公司中,30% 的公司将在一年内损失一半市值,70% 的公司将在五年内停止交易。这更加凸显了数据的价值。
|
||||
|
||||
随着数据在体积上的增长,提高存储利用率尤为重要。In Computing(注:这里不知如何翻译),数据去重是一种特别的数据压缩技术,因为它可以消除重复数据的拷贝,所以这个技术可以提高存储利用率。
|
||||
无论是体积还是价值,数据都在不断增长。快速而可靠地备份和恢复数据正变得越来越重要。社会已经适应了技术的广泛使用,并懂得了如何依靠电脑和移动设备,但很少有人能够面对丢失重要数据的现实。在遭受数据损失的公司中,30% 的公司将在一年内损失一半市值,70% 的公司将在五年内停止交易。这更加凸显了数据的价值。
|
||||
|
||||
数据并不仅仅只有其创造者感兴趣。政府、竞争者、犯罪分子、偷窥者可能都热衷于获取你的数据。他们或许想偷取你的数据,从你那里进行敲诈,或看你正在做什么。对于保护你的数据,加密是非常必要的。
|
||||
随着数据在体积上的增长,提高存储利用率尤为重要。从计算机的角度说,数据去重是一种特别的数据压缩技术,因为它可以消除重复数据的拷贝,所以这个技术可以提高存储利用率。
|
||||
|
||||
所以,解决方法是我们需要一个去重加密备份软件。
|
||||
数据并不仅仅只有其创造者感兴趣。政府、竞争者、犯罪分子、偷窥者可能都热衷于获取你的数据。他们或许想偷取你的数据,从你那里进行敲诈,或看你正在做什么。因此,对于保护你的数据,加密是非常必要的。
|
||||
|
||||
对于所有的用户而言,做文件备份是一件非常必要的事,至今为止许多用户还没有采取足够的措施来保护他们的数据。一台电脑不论是工作在一个合作的环境中,还是供私人使用,机器的硬盘可能在没有任何警告的情况下挂掉。另外,有些数据丢失可能是人为的错误所引发的。如果没有做经常性的备份,数据也可能不可避免地失去掉,即使请了专业的数据恢复公司来帮忙。
|
||||
所以,解决方法是我们需要一个可以去重的加密备份软件。
|
||||
|
||||
对于所有的用户而言,做文件备份是一件非常必要的事,至今为止许多用户还没有采取足够的措施来保护他们的数据。一台电脑不论是工作在一个合作的环境中,还是供私人使用,机器的硬盘可能在没有任何警告的情况下挂掉。另外,有些数据丢失可能是人为的错误所引发的。如果没有做经常性的备份,数据也可能不可避免地丢失,即使请了专业的数据恢复公司来帮忙。
|
||||
|
||||
这篇文章将对 6 个去重加密备份工具进行简要的介绍。
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
### Attic ###
|
||||
|
||||
Attic 是一个可用于去重、加密,验证完整性的用 Python 写的压缩备份程序。Attic 的主要目标是提供一个高效且安全的方式来备份数据。Attic 使用的数据去重技术使得它适用于每日备份,因为只需存储改变的数据。
|
||||
Attic 是一个可用于去重、加密,验证完整性的压缩备份程序,它是用 Python 写的。Attic 的主要目标是提供一个高效且安全的方式来备份数据。Attic 使用的数据去重技术使得它适用于每日备份,因为只需存储改变的数据。
|
||||
|
||||
其特点有:
|
||||
|
||||
- 易用
|
||||
- 可高效利用存储空间,通过检查冗余的数据,数据块大小的去重被用来减少存储所用的空间
|
||||
- 可选的数据加密,使用 256 位的 AES 加密算法。数据的完整性和可靠性使用 HMAC-SHA256 来检查
|
||||
- 可高效利用存储空间,通过检查冗余的数据,对可变块大小的去重可以减少存储所用的空间
|
||||
- 可选的数据加密,使用 256 位的 AES 加密算法。数据的完整性和可靠性使用 HMAC-SHA256 来校验
|
||||
- 使用 SDSH 来进行离线备份
|
||||
- 备份可作为文件系统来挂载
|
||||
|
||||
网站: [attic-backup.org][1]
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
### Borg ###
|
||||
|
||||
Borg 是 Attic 的分支。它是一个安全的开源备份程序,被设计用来高效地存储那些新的或修改过的数据。
|
||||
Borg 是 Attic 的一个分支。它是一个安全的开源备份程序,被设计用来高效地存储那些新的或修改过的数据。
|
||||
|
||||
Borg 的主要目标是提供一个高效、安全的方式来存储数据。Borg 使用的数据去重技术使得它适用于每日备份,因为只需存储改变的数据。认证加密使得它适用于不完全可信的目标的存储。
|
||||
Borg 的主要目标是提供一个高效、安全的方式来存储数据。Borg 使用的数据去重技术使得它适用于每日备份,因为只需存储改变的数据。认证加密使得它适用于存储在不完全可信的位置。
|
||||
|
||||
Borg 由 Python 写成。Borg 于 2015 年 5 月被创造出来,为了回应让新的代码或重大的改变带入 Attic 的困难。
|
||||
Borg 由 Python 写成。Borg 于 2015 年 5 月被创造出来,是为了解决让新的代码或重大的改变带入 Attic 的困难。
|
||||
|
||||
其特点包括:
|
||||
|
||||
- 易用
|
||||
- 可高效利用存储空间,通过检查冗余的数据,数据块大小的去重被用来减少存储所用的空间
|
||||
- 可选的数据加密,使用 256 位的 AES 加密算法。数据的完整性和可靠性使用 HMAC-SHA256 来检查
|
||||
- 可高效利用存储空间,通过检查冗余的数据,对可变块大小的去重被用来减少存储所用的空间
|
||||
- 可选的数据加密,使用 256 位的 AES 加密算法。数据的完整性和可靠性使用 HMAC-SHA256 来校验
|
||||
- 使用 SDSH 来进行离线备份
|
||||
- 备份可作为文件系统来挂载
|
||||
|
||||
@ -49,36 +48,32 @@ Borg 与 Attic 不兼容。
|
||||
|
||||
网站: [borgbackup.github.io/borgbackup][2]
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
### Obnam ###
|
||||
|
||||
Obnam (OBligatory NAMe) 是一个易用、安全的基于 Python 的备份程序。备份可被存储在本地硬盘或通过 SSH SFTP 协议存储到网上。若使用了备份服务器,它并不需要任何特殊的软件,只需要使用 SSH 即可。
|
||||
|
||||
Obnam 通过将数据数据分成数据块,并单独存储它们来达到去重的目的,每次通过增量备份来生成备份,每次备份的生成就像是一次新的快照,但事实上是真正的增量备份。Obnam 由 Lars Wirzenius 开发。
|
||||
Obnam 通过将数据分成数据块,并单独存储它们来达到去重的目的,每次通过增量备份来生成备份,每次备份的生成就像是一次新的快照,但事实上是真正的增量备份。Obnam 由 Lars Wirzenius 开发。
|
||||
|
||||
其特点有:
|
||||
|
||||
- 易用
|
||||
- 快照备份
|
||||
- 数据去重,跨文件,生成备份
|
||||
- 数据去重,跨文件,然后生成备份
|
||||
- 可使用 GnuPG 来加密备份
|
||||
- 向一个单独的仓库中备份多个客户端的数据
|
||||
- 备份检查点 (创建一个保存点,以每 100MB 或其他容量)
|
||||
- 包含多个选项来调整性能,包括调整 lru-size 或 upload-queue-size
|
||||
- 支持 MD5 校验和算法来识别重复的数据块
|
||||
- 支持 MD5 校验算法来识别重复的数据块
|
||||
- 通过 SFTP 将备份存储到一个服务器上
|
||||
- 同时支持 push(即在客户端上运行) 和 pull(即在服务器上运行)
|
||||
|
||||
网站: [obnam.org][3]
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
### Duplicity ###
|
||||
|
||||
Duplicity 持续地以 tar 文件格式备份文件和目录,并使用 GnuPG 来进行加密,同时将它们上传到远程(或本地)的文件服务器上。它可以使用 ssh/scp, 本地文件获取, rsync, ftp, 和 Amazon S3 等来传递数据。
|
||||
Duplicity 以 tar 文件格式增量备份文件和目录,并使用 GnuPG 来进行加密,同时将它们上传到远程(或本地)的文件服务器上。它可以使用 ssh/scp、本地文件获取、rsync、 ftp 和 Amazon S3 等来传递数据。
|
||||
|
||||
因为 duplicity 使用了 librsync, 增加的存档高效地利用了存储空间,且只记录自从上次备份依赖改变的那部分文件。由于该软件使用 GnuPG 来机密或对这些归档文件进行进行签名,这使得它们免于服务器的监视或修改。
|
||||
因为 duplicity 使用了 librsync, 增量存档可以高效地利用存储空间,且只记录自从上次备份依赖改变的那部分文件。由于该软件使用 GnuPG 来加密或对这些归档文件进行进行签名,这使得它们免于服务器的监视或修改。
|
||||
|
||||
当前 duplicity 支持备份删除的文件,全部的 unix 权限,目录,符号链接, fifo 等。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -101,39 +96,36 @@ duplicity 软件包还包含有 rdiffdir 工具。 Rdiffdir 是 librsync 的 rdi
|
||||
|
||||
网站: [duplicity.nongnu.org][4]
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
### ZBackup ###
|
||||
|
||||
ZBackup 是一个通用的全局去重备份工具。
|
||||
|
||||
其特点包括:
|
||||
|
||||
- 存储数据的并行 LZMA 或 LZO 压缩,在一个仓库中,你还可以混合使用 LZMA 和 LZO
|
||||
- 对存储数据并行进行 LZMA 或 LZO 压缩,在一个仓库中,你还可以混合使用 LZMA 和 LZO
|
||||
- 内置对存储数据的 AES 加密
|
||||
- 可选择地删除旧的备份数据
|
||||
- 能够删除旧的备份数据
|
||||
- 可以使用 64 位的滚动哈希算法,使得文件冲突的数量几乎为零
|
||||
- Repository consists of immutable files. No existing files are ever modified ====
|
||||
- 仓库中存储的文件是不可修改的,已备份的文件不会被修改。
|
||||
- 用 C++ 写成,只需少量的库文件依赖
|
||||
- 在生成环境中可以安全使用
|
||||
- 可以在不同仓库中进行数据交换而不必再进行压缩
|
||||
- 可以使用 64 位改进型 Rabin-Karp 滚动哈希算法
|
||||
- 使用 64 位改进型 Rabin-Karp 滚动哈希算法
|
||||
|
||||
网站: [zbackup.org][5]
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
### bup ###
|
||||
|
||||
bup 是一个用 Python 写的备份程序,其名称是 "backup" 的缩写。在 git packfile 文件的基础上, bup 提供了一个高效的方式来备份一个系统,提供快速的增量备份和全局去重(在文件中或文件里,甚至包括虚拟机镜像)。
|
||||
bup 是一个用 Python 写的备份程序,其名称是 "backup" 的缩写。基于 git packfile 文件格式, bup 提供了一个高效的方式来备份一个系统,提供快速的增量备份和全局去重(在文件中或文件里,甚至包括虚拟机镜像)。
|
||||
|
||||
bup 在 LGPL 版本 2 协议下发行。
|
||||
|
||||
其特点包括:
|
||||
|
||||
- 全局去重 (在文件中或文件里,甚至包括虚拟机镜像)
|
||||
- 全局去重 (在文件之间或文件内部,甚至包括虚拟机镜像)
|
||||
- 使用一个滚动的校验和算法(类似于 rsync) 来将大文件分为多个数据块
|
||||
- 使用来自 git 的 packfile 格式
|
||||
- 使用来自 git 的 packfile 文件格式
|
||||
- 直接写入 packfile 文件,以此提供快速的增量备份
|
||||
- 可以使用 "par2" 冗余来恢复冲突的备份
|
||||
- 可以作为一个 FUSE 文件系统来挂载你的 bup 仓库
|
||||
@ -145,7 +137,7 @@ bup 在 LGPL 版本 2 协议下发行。
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20150628060000607/BackupTools.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者:[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc)
|
||||
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
监控 Linux 系统的 7 个命令行工具
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**这里有一些基本的命令行工具,让你能更简单地探索和操作Linux。**
|
||||
|
||||
![Image courtesy Meltys-stock](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-1-100591899-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### 深入 ###
|
||||
|
||||
关于Linux最棒的一件事之一是你能深入操作系统,来探索它是如何工作的,并寻找机会来微调性能或诊断问题。这里有一些基本的命令行工具,让你能更简单地探索和操作Linux。大多数的这些命令是在你的Linux系统中已经内建的,但假如它们没有的话,就用谷歌搜索命令名和你的发行版名吧,你会找到哪些包需要安装(注意,一些命令是和其它命令捆绑起来打成一个包的,你所找的包可能写的是其它的名字)。如果你知道一些你所使用的其它工具,欢迎评论。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 我们怎么开始 ###
|
||||
|
||||
![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-2-100591901-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
须知: 本文中的截图取自一台[Debian Linux 8.1][1] (“Jessie”),其运行在[OS X 10.10.3][3] (“Yosemite”)操作系统下的[Oracle VirtualBox 4.3.28][2]中的一台虚拟机里。想要建立你的Debian虚拟机,可以看看我的这篇教程——“[如何在 VirtualBox VM 下安装 Debian][4]”。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Top ###
|
||||
|
||||
![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-3-100591902-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
作为Linux系统监控工具中比较易用的一个,**top命令**能带我们一览Linux中的几乎每一处。以下这张图是它的默认界面,但是按“z”键可以切换不同的显示颜色。其它热键和命令则有其它的功能,例如显示概要信息和内存信息(第四行第二个),根据各种不一样的条件排序、终止进程任务等等(你可以在[这里][5]找到完整的列表)。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### htop ###
|
||||
|
||||
![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-4-100591904-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
相比top,它的替代品Htop则更为精致。维基百科是这样描述的:“用户经常会部署htop以免Unix top不能提供关于系统进程的足够信息,比如说当你在尝试发现应用程序里的一个小的内存泄露问题,Htop一般也能作为一个系统监听器来使用。相比top,它提供了一个更方便的光标控制界面来向进程发送信号。” (想了解更多细节猛戳[这里][6])
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Vmstat ###
|
||||
|
||||
![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-5-100591903-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
Vmstat是一款监控Linux系统性能数据的简易工具,这让它更合适使用在shell脚本中。使出你的正则表达式绝招,用vmstat和cron作业来做一些激动人心的事情吧。“后面的报告给出的是上一次系统重启之后的均值,另外一份报告给出的则是从前一个报告起间隔周期中的信息。其它的进程和内存报告是那个瞬态的情况”(猛戳[这里][7]获取更多信息)。
|
||||
|
||||
### ps ###
|
||||
|
||||
![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-6-100591905-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
ps命令展现的是正在运行中的进程列表。在这种情况下,我们用“-e”选项来显示每个进程,也就是所有正在运行的进程了(我把列表滚动到了前面,否则列名就看不到了)。这个命令有很多选项允许你去按需格式化输出。只要使用上述一点点的正则表达式技巧,你就能得到一个强大的工具了。猛戳[这里][8]获取更多信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### Pstree ###
|
||||
|
||||
![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-7-100591906-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
Pstree“以树状图显示正在运行中的进程。这个进程树是以某个 pid 为根节点的,如果pid被省略的话那树是以init为根节点的。如果指定用户名,那所有进程树都会以该用户所属的进程为父进程进行显示。”以树状图来帮你将进程之间的所属关系进行分类,这的确是个很有效的工具(戳[这里][9])。
|
||||
|
||||
### pmap ###
|
||||
|
||||
![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-8-100591907-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
在调试过程中,理解一个应用程序如何使用内存是至关重要的,而pmap的作用就是当给出一个进程ID时显示出相关信息。上面的截图展示的是使用“-x”选项所产生的部分输出,你也可以用pmap的“-X”选项来获取更多的细节信息,但是前提是你要有个更宽的终端窗口。
|
||||
|
||||
### iostat ###
|
||||
|
||||
![](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-9-100591900-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
Linux系统的一个至关重要的性能指标是处理器和存储的使用率,它也是iostat命令所报告的内容。如同ps命令一样,iostat有很多选项允许你选择你需要的输出格式,除此之外还可以在某一段时间范围内的重复采样几次。详情请戳[这里][10]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.networkworld.com/article/2937219/linux/7-command-line-tools-for-monitoring-your-linux-system.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者:[Mark Gibbs][a]
|
||||
译者:[ZTinoZ](https://github.com/ZTinoZ)
|
||||
校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.networkworld.com/author/Mark-Gibbs/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.virtualbox.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.apple.com/osx/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.networkworld.com/article/2937148/how-to-install-debian-linux-8-1-in-a-virtualbox-vm
|
||||
[5]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/top
|
||||
[6]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/htop
|
||||
[7]:http://linuxcommand.org/man_pages/vmstat8.html
|
||||
[8]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/ps
|
||||
[9]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/pstree
|
||||
[10]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/iostat
|
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
FSSlc Translating
|
||||
|
||||
7 communities driving open source development
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Not so long ago, the open source model was the rebellious kid on the block, viewed with suspicion by established industry players. Today, open initiatives and foundations are flourishing with long lists of vendor committers who see the model as a key to innovation.
|
||||
@ -83,4 +85,4 @@ via: http://www.networkworld.com/article/2866074/opensource-subnet/7-communities
|
||||
[4]:http://www.openstack.org/foundation/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.opendaylight.org/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.apache.org/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.opencompute.org/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.opencompute.org/
|
||||
|
@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
|
||||
How to Configure Swarm Native Clustering for Docker
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Hi everyone, today we'll learn about Swarm and how we can create native clusters using Docker with Swarm. [Docker Swarm][1] is a native clustering program for Docker which turns a pool of Docker hosts into a single virtual host. Swarm serves the standard Docker API, so any tool which can communicate with a Docker daemon can use Swarm to transparently scale to multiple hosts. Swarm follows the "batteries included but removable" principle as other Docker Projects. It ships with a simple scheduling backend out of the box, and as initial development settles, an API will develop to enable pluggable backends. The goal is to provide a smooth out-of-box experience for simple use cases, and allow swapping in more powerful backends, like Mesos, for large scale production deployments. Swarm is extremely easy to setup and get started.
|
||||
|
||||
So, here are some features of Swarm 0.2 out of the box.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Swarm 0.2.0 is about 85% compatible with the Docker Engine.
|
||||
2. It supports Resource Management.
|
||||
3. It has Advanced Scheduling feature with constraints and affinities.
|
||||
4. It supports multiple Discovery Backends (hubs, consul, etcd, zookeeper)
|
||||
5. It uses TLS encryption method for security and authentication.
|
||||
|
||||
So, here are some very simple and easy steps on how we can use Swarm.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Pre-requisites to run Swarm ###
|
||||
|
||||
We must install Docker 1.4.0 or later on all nodes. While each node's IP need not be public, the Swarm manager must be able to access each node across the network.
|
||||
|
||||
Note: Swarm is currently in beta, so things are likely to change. We don't recommend you use it in production yet.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Creating Swarm Cluster ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now, we'll create swarm cluster by running the below command. Each node will run a swarm node agent. The agent registers the referenced Docker daemon, monitors it, and updates the discovery backend with the node's status. The below command returns a token which is a unique cluster id, it will be used when starting the Swarm Agent on nodes.
|
||||
|
||||
# docker run swarm create
|
||||
|
||||
![Creating Swarm Cluster](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/creating-swarm-cluster.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Starting the Docker Daemon in each nodes ###
|
||||
|
||||
We'll need to login into each node that we'll use to create clusters and start the Docker Daemon into it using flag -H . It ensures that the docker remote API on the node is available over TCP for the Swarm Manager. To do start the docker daemon, we'll need to run the following command inside the nodes.
|
||||
|
||||
# docker -H tcp://0.0.0.0:2375 -d
|
||||
|
||||
![Starting Docker Daemon](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/starting-docker-daemon.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Adding the Nodes ###
|
||||
|
||||
After enabling Docker Daemon, we'll need to add the Swarm Nodes to the discovery service. We must ensure that node's IP must be accessible from the Swarm Manager. To do so, we'll need to run the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# docker run -d swarm join --addr=<node_ip>:2375 token://<cluster_id>
|
||||
|
||||
![Adding Nodes to Cluster](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/adding-nodes-to-cluster.png)
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: Here, we'll need to replace <node_ip> and <cluster_id> with the IP address of the Node and the cluster ID we got from step 2.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Starting the Swarm Manager ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now, as we have got the nodes connected to the cluster. Now, we'll start the swarm manager, we'll need to run the following command in the node.
|
||||
|
||||
# docker run -d -p <swarm_port>:2375 swarm manage token://<cluster_id>
|
||||
|
||||
![Starting Swarm Manager](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/starting-swarm-manager.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Checking the Configuration ###
|
||||
|
||||
Once the manager is running, we can check the configuration by running the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# docker -H tcp://<manager_ip:manager_port> info
|
||||
|
||||
![Accessing Swarm Clusters](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/accessing-swarm-cluster.png)
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: We'll need to replace <manager_ip:manager_port> with the ip address and port of the host running the swarm manager.
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Using the docker CLI to access nodes ###
|
||||
|
||||
After everything is done perfectly as explained above, this part is the most important part of the Docker Swarm. We can use Docker CLI to access the nodes and run containers on them.
|
||||
|
||||
# docker -H tcp://<manager_ip:manager_port> info
|
||||
# docker -H tcp://<manager_ip:manager_port> run ...
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Listing nodes in the cluster ###
|
||||
|
||||
We can get a list of all of the running nodes using the swarm list command.
|
||||
|
||||
# docker run --rm swarm list token://<cluster_id>
|
||||
|
||||
![Listing Swarm Nodes](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/listing-swarm-nodes.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
Swarm is really an awesome feature of docker that can be used for creating and managing clusters. It is pretty easy to setup and use. It is more beautiful when we use constraints and affinities on top of it. Advanced Scheduling is an awesome feature of it which applies filters to exclude nodes with ports, labels, health and it uses strategies to pick the best node. So, if you have any questions, comments, feedback please do write on the comment box below and let us know what stuffs needs to be added or improved. Thank You! Enjoy :-)
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/configure-swarm-clustering-docker/
|
||||
|
||||
作者:[Arun Pyasi][a]
|
||||
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunp/
|
||||
[1]:https://docs.docker.com/swarm/
|
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
translation by strugglingyouth
|
||||
|
||||
How to collect NGINX metrics - Part 2
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
![](http://www.datadoghq.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/NGINX_hero_2.png)
|
||||
@ -234,4 +236,4 @@ via: https://www.datadoghq.com/blog/how-to-collect-nginx-metrics/
|
||||
[21]:https://www.datadoghq.com/blog/how-to-monitor-nginx-with-datadog/
|
||||
[22]:https://www.datadoghq.com/blog/how-to-collect-nginx-metrics/#sign-up
|
||||
[23]:https://github.com/DataDog/the-monitor/blob/master/nginx/how_to_collect_nginx_metrics.md
|
||||
[24]:https://github.com/DataDog/the-monitor/issues
|
||||
[24]:https://github.com/DataDog/the-monitor/issues
|
||||
|
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
translating wi-cuckoo
|
||||
How to monitor NGINX with Datadog - Part 3
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
![](http://www.datadoghq.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/NGINX_hero_3.png)
|
||||
|
@ -1,188 +0,0 @@
|
||||
zpl1025
|
||||
Howto Configure FTP Server with Proftpd on Fedora 22
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
In this article, we'll learn about setting up an FTP server with Proftpd running Fedora 22 in our machine or server. [ProFTPD][1] is a free and open source FTP daemon software licensed under GPL. It is among most popular FTP server among machines running Linux. Its primary design aims to have an FTP server with many advanced features and provisioning users for more configuration options for easy customization. It includes a number of configuration options that are still not available with many other FTP daemons. It was initially developed by the developers as an alternative with better security and configuration to wu-ftpd server. An FTP server is a program that allows us to upload or download files and folders from a remote server where it is setup using an FTP client. Some of the features of ProFTPD daemon are as follows, you can check more features on [http://www.proftpd.org/features.html][2] .
|
||||
|
||||
- It includes a per directory ".ftpaccess" access configuration similar to Apache's ".htaccess"
|
||||
- It features multiple virtual FTP server with multiple users login and anonymous FTP services.
|
||||
- It can be run either as a stand-alone server or from inetd/xinetd.
|
||||
- Its ownership, file/folder attributes and file/folder permissions are UNIX-based.
|
||||
- It can be run as standalone mode in order to protect the system from damage that can be caused from root access.
|
||||
- The modular design of it makes it easily extensible with modules like LDAP servers, SSL/TLS encryption, RADIUS support, etc.
|
||||
- IPv6 support is also included in the ProFTPD server.
|
||||
|
||||
Here are some easy to perform steps on how we can setup an FTP Server with ProFTPD in Fedora 22 operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Installing ProFTPD ###
|
||||
|
||||
First of all, we'll wanna install Proftpd server in our box running Fedora 22 as its operating system. As yum package manager has been depreciated, we'll use the latest and greatest built package manager called dnf. DNF is pretty easy to use and highly user friendly package manager available in Fedora 22. We'll simply use it to install proftpd daemon server. To do so, we'll need to run the following command in a terminal or a console in sudo mode.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo dnf -y install proftpd proftpd-utils
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Configuring ProFTPD ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now, we'll make changes to some configurations in the daemon. To configure the daemon, we will need to edit /etc/proftpd.conf with a text editor. The main configuration file of the ProFTPD daemon is **/etc/proftpd.conf** so, any changes made to this file will affect the FTP server. Here, are some changes we make in this initial step.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/proftpd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Next, after we open the file using a text editor, we'll wanna make changes to the ServerName and ServerAdmin as hostname and email address respectively. Here's what we have made changes to those configs.
|
||||
|
||||
ServerName "ftp.linoxide.com"
|
||||
ServerAdmin arun@linoxide.com
|
||||
|
||||
After that, we'll wanna the following lines into the configuration file so that it logs access & auth into its specified log files.
|
||||
|
||||
ExtendedLog /var/log/proftpd/access.log WRITE,READ default
|
||||
ExtendedLog /var/log/proftpd/auth.log AUTH auth
|
||||
|
||||
![Configuring ProFTPD Config](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/configuring-proftpd-config.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Adding FTP users ###
|
||||
|
||||
After configure the basics of the configuration file, we'll surely wanna create an FTP user which is rooted at a specific directory we want. The current users that we use to login into our machine are automatically enabled with the FTP service, we can even use it to login into the FTP server. But, in this tutorial, we'll gonna create a new user with a specified home directory to the ftp server.
|
||||
|
||||
Here, we'll create a new group named ftpgroup.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo groupadd ftpgroup
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll gonna add a new user arunftp into the group with home directory specified as /ftp-dir/
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo useradd -G ftpgroup arunftp -s /sbin/nologin -d /ftp-dir/
|
||||
|
||||
After the user has been created and added to the group, we'll wanna set a password to the user arunftp.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo passwd arunftp
|
||||
|
||||
Changing password for user arunftp.
|
||||
New password:
|
||||
Retype new password:
|
||||
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, we'll set read and write permission of the home directory by the ftp users by executing the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo setsebool -P allow_ftpd_full_access=1
|
||||
$ sudo setsebool -P ftp_home_dir=1
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll wanna make that directory and its contents unable to get removed or renamed by any other users.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo chmod -R 1777 /ftp-dir/
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Enabling TLS Support ###
|
||||
|
||||
FTP is considered less secure in comparison to the latest encryption methods used these days as anybody sniffing the network card can read the data pass through FTP. So, we'll enable TLS Encryption support in our FTP server. To do so, we'll need to a edit /etc/proftpd.conf configuration file. Before that, we'll wanna backup our existing configuration file to make sure we can revert our configuration if any unexpected happens.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf.bak
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll wanna edit the configuration file using our favorite text editor.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/proftpd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll wanna add the following lines just below line we configured in step 2 .
|
||||
|
||||
TLSEngine on
|
||||
TLSRequired on
|
||||
TLSProtocol SSLv23
|
||||
TLSLog /var/log/proftpd/tls.log
|
||||
TLSRSACertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/proftpd.pem
|
||||
TLSRSACertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/proftpd.pem
|
||||
|
||||
![Enabling TLS Configuration](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/tls-configuration.png)
|
||||
|
||||
After finishing up with the configuration, we'll wanna save and exit it.
|
||||
|
||||
Next, we'll need to generate the SSL certificates inside **/etc/pki/tls/certs/** directory as proftpd.pem. To do so, first we'll need to install openssl in our Fedora 22 machine.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install openssl
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll gonna generate the SSL certificate by running the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /etc/pki/tls/certs/proftpd.pem -out /etc/pki/tls/certs/proftpd.pem
|
||||
|
||||
We'll be asked with some information that will be associated into the certificate. After completing the required information, it will generate a 2048 bit RSA private key.
|
||||
|
||||
Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
|
||||
...................+++
|
||||
...................+++
|
||||
writing new private key to '/etc/pki/tls/certs/proftpd.pem'
|
||||
-----
|
||||
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
|
||||
into your certificate request.
|
||||
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
|
||||
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
|
||||
For some fields there will be a default value,
|
||||
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
|
||||
-----
|
||||
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:NP
|
||||
State or Province Name (full name) []:Narayani
|
||||
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Bharatpur
|
||||
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:Linoxide
|
||||
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Linux Freedom
|
||||
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:ftp.linoxide.com
|
||||
Email Address []:arun@linoxide.com
|
||||
|
||||
After that, we'll gonna change the permission of the generated certificate file in order to secure it.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo chmod 600 /etc/pki/tls/certs/proftpd.pem
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Allowing FTP through Firewall ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now, we'll need to allow the ftp ports that are usually blocked by the firewall by default. So, we'll allow ports and enable access to the ftp through firewall.
|
||||
|
||||
If **TLS/SSL Encryption is enabled** run the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
$sudo firewall-cmd --add-port=1024-65534/tcp
|
||||
$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-port=1024-65534/tcp --permanent
|
||||
|
||||
If **TLS/SSL Encryption is disabled** run the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-service=ftp
|
||||
|
||||
success
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll need to reload the firewall configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo firewall-cmd --reload
|
||||
|
||||
success
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Starting and Enabling ProFTPD ###
|
||||
|
||||
After everything is set, we'll finally start our ProFTPD and give it a try. To start the proftpd ftp daemon, we'll need to run the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl start proftpd.service
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll wanna enable proftpd to start on every boot.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl enable proftpd.service
|
||||
|
||||
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/proftpd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/proftpd.service.
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Logging into the FTP server ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now, if everything was configured and done as expected, we must be able to connect to the ftp server and login with the details we set above. Here, we'll gonna configure our FTP client, filezilla with hostname as **server's ip or url**, Protocol as **FTP**, User as **arunftp** and password as the one we set in above step 3. If you followed step 4 for enabling TLS support, then we'll need to set the Encryption type as **Require explicit FTP over TLS** but if you didn't follow step 4 and don't wanna use TLS encryption then set the Encryption type as **Plain FTP**.
|
||||
|
||||
![FTP Login Details](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/ftp-login-details.png)
|
||||
|
||||
To setup the above configuration, we'll need goto File which is under the Menu and then click on Site Manager in which we can click on new site then configure as illustrated above.
|
||||
|
||||
![FTP SSL Certificate](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/ftp-ssl-certificate.png)
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we're asked to accept the SSL certificate, that can be done by click OK. After that, we are able to upload and download required files and folders from our FTP server.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, we have successfully installed and configured our Fedora 22 box with Proftpd FTP server. Proftpd is an awesome powerful highly configurable and extensible FTP daemon. The above tutorial illustrates us how we can configure a secure FTP server with TLS encryption. It is highly recommended to configure FTP server with TLS encryption as it enables SSL certificate security to the data transfer and login. Here, we haven't configured anonymous access to the FTP cause they are usually not recommended in a protected FTP system. An FTP access makes pretty easy for people to upload and download at good efficient performance. We can even change the ports for the users for additional security. So, if you have any questions, suggestions, feedback please write them in the comment box below so that we can improve or update our contents. Thank you ! Enjoy :-)
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/configure-ftp-proftpd-fedora-22/
|
||||
|
||||
作者:[Arun Pyasi][a]
|
||||
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunp/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.proftpd.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.proftpd.org/features.html
|
@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
|
||||
FSSlc translating
|
||||
|
||||
How To Manage StartUp Applications In Ubuntu
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
![Manage startup applications in Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Manage-Start-up-apps-in-Ubuntu.png)
|
||||
|
||||
Ever felt the need to **control startup applications in Ubuntu**? You should, if you feel that your Ubuntu system is very slow at the boot time.
|
||||
|
||||
Every time you boot in to an operating system, a number of applications start automatically. These are called ‘startup applications’ or ‘start up programs’. Over the time, when you have plenty of application installed in your system, you’ll find that there are too many of these ‘startup applications’ which start at the boot time automatically, eats up the system resource and slows down the system. This might result in a sluggish Ubuntu experience, which I think, you don’t want at all.
|
||||
|
||||
A way to make Ubuntu faster is to control startup applications. Ubuntu provides you GUI tools that you can use to find out the startup programs, disable them entirely or delay their execution so that you won’t have each application trying to run at the same time.
|
||||
|
||||
In this post we shall see **how to control startup applications, how to run an application at startup and how to find hidden startup applications in Ubuntu**. The instructions provided here are applicable to all Ubuntu versions such as Ubuntu 12.04, Ubuntu 14.04 and Ubuntu 15.04.
|
||||
|
||||
### Manage startup applications in Ubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
By default, Ubuntu provides Startup Applications utility that you could use. No need of installation. Just go in Unity Dash and look for startup applications.
|
||||
|
||||
![Startup applications Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/startup_applications_Ubuntu.jpeg)
|
||||
|
||||
Click on it to start. Here is what my startup applications look like:
|
||||
|
||||
![Find startup programs in Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Screenshot-from-2015-07-18-122550.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### Remove startup applications in Ubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now it is up to you what you find useless. For me [Caribou][1], on screen keyboard program, is not of any use at the startup. I would prefer to remove it.
|
||||
|
||||
You can choose to either prevent it from starting up at boot time but keeping it in the startup applications list for future reactivation. Click on close to save your preference.
|
||||
|
||||
![remove startup programs in Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/startup_applications_ubuntu_2.png)
|
||||
|
||||
To remove a program from startup applications list, select it and click on Remove from the right window pane.
|
||||
|
||||
![remove programs from startup applications in Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/startup_applications_Ubuntu_1.jpeg)
|
||||
|
||||
Note that, this will NOT uninstall the program. Just that the program will not start automatically at each boot. You can do it with all the programs that you don’t like.
|
||||
|
||||
### Delay the start up programs ###
|
||||
|
||||
What if you do not want to remove programs at the start up but you are worried about system performance at the boot time. What you can do is to add a delay in various programs so that not all the programs will be starting at the same time.
|
||||
|
||||
Select a program and click Edit.
|
||||
|
||||
![edit startup applications ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/startup_applications_ubuntu_3.png)
|
||||
|
||||
This will show the command that runs this particular program.
|
||||
|
||||
![commands at startup programs](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/startup_applications_ubuntu_4.jpg)
|
||||
|
||||
All you need to do is to add sleep XX; before the command. It will add a delay of XX seconds before running the actual commands to run the applications. For example if I want Variety [wallpaper management application][2] for 2 minutes, I’ll add sleep 120; before the command like this:
|
||||
|
||||
![delay the startup of programs in Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/startup_applications_ubuntu_5.png)
|
||||
|
||||
Save it and close it. You’ll see the impact at the next boot.
|
||||
|
||||
### Add a program in the startup applications ###
|
||||
|
||||
This could be tricky for beginners. You see, things are in commands at the bottom of everything in Linux. We just saw in the previous section that these startup programs are just some commands being run at each boot. If you want to add a new program in the startup, you’ll need to know the command that runs the application.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 1: How to find the command to run an application? ####
|
||||
|
||||
Go in the Unity Dash and search for Main Menu:
|
||||
|
||||
![Program Menu Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Program_menu_Ubuntu.jpg)
|
||||
|
||||
This contains all the program that you have installed in various categories. In old Ubuntu days, you would see similar menu for selecting and running applications.
|
||||
|
||||
![main menu in ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Main_menu_ubuntu.jpeg)
|
||||
|
||||
Just look for your application under various categories and click on the Properties tab to see the command that runs this application. For example, I want to run Transmission Torrent client on start up.
|
||||
|
||||
![find running command of programs in ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Main_menu_ubuntu_1.jpeg)
|
||||
|
||||
This will give me the command that runs Transmission:
|
||||
|
||||
![find running commands of a program in Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/startup_programs_commands.png)
|
||||
|
||||
Now I’ll use the same information to add Transmission in startup applications.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 2: Adding programs in startup ####
|
||||
|
||||
Go again in Startup Applications and click on Add. This will ask you enter a name, command and description. The command is the most important of all. You can use whatever name and description you want. Use the command you got from previous step and click on Add.
|
||||
|
||||
![Adding a startup program in Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Add_startup_program_Ubuntu.jpg)
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it. You’ll see it in the next boot up, running automatically. This is all you can do with startup applications in Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
So, far we have discussed about applications that are visible in startup but there are many more services, daemons and programs that are not visible to Startup applications. In next section, we shall see how to see hidden startup programs in Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
### See hidden startup program in Ubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
To see what are the services running at startup, open a terminal and use the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo sed -i 's/NoDisplay=true/NoDisplay=false/g' /etc/xdg/autostart/*.desktop
|
||||
|
||||
This is just a quick find and replace command that changes the NoDisplay=false with NoDisplay=true in all the programs that are in autostart. Once you do this, open Startup Applications again and now you shall see many more programs here:
|
||||
|
||||
![See Hidden Start up programs in Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Hidden_startup_program_Ubuntu.jpg)
|
||||
|
||||
You can manage these startup applications the same way which were described earlier. I hope this tutorial helped you to control startup program in Ubuntu. Any questions or suggestions are always welcomed.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/manage-startup-applications-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者:[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:https://wiki.gnome.org/action/show/Projects/Caribou?action=show&redirect=Caribou
|
||||
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/applications-manage-wallpapers-ubuntu/
|
@ -1,57 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Linux比Mac OS X更好吗?历史中的GNU,开源和Apple
|
||||
==============================================================================
|
||||
> 自由软件/开源社区与Apple之间的争论可以回溯到上世纪80年代,当时Linux的创始人称Mac OS X的核心就是"一个废物",还有其他一些软件历史上的轶事。
|
||||
|
||||
![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2015/05/untitled_2.png)
|
||||
|
||||
开源拥护者们与微软之间有着很长,而且摇摆的关系。每个人都知道这个。但是,在许多方面,自由或者开源软件的支持者们与Apple之间的紧张关系则更加突出——尽管这很少受到媒体的关注。
|
||||
|
||||
需要说明的是,并不是所有的开源拥护者都厌恶苹果。Anecdotally(待译),我已经见过很多Linux的黑客玩弄iPhones和iPads。实际上,许多Linux用户是十分喜欢Apple的OS X系统的,以至于他们[创造了很多Linux的发行版][1],都设计得看起来像OS X。(顺便说下,[北朝鲜政府][2]就这样做了。)
|
||||
|
||||
但是Mac的信徒与企鹅——即Linux社区(未提及自由与开源软件世界的小众群体)的信徒之间的关系,并不一直是完全的和谐。并且这绝不是一个新的现象,在我研究Linux历史和开源基金会的时候就发现了。
|
||||
|
||||
### GNU vs. Apple ###
|
||||
|
||||
这场战争将回溯到至少上世界80年代后期。1988年6月,Richard Stallman发起了[GNU][3]项目,希望建立一个完全自由的类Unix操作系统,其源代码讲会免费共享,[[强烈指责][4]Apple对[Hewlett-Packard][5](HPQ)和[Microsoft][6](MSFT)的诉讼,称Apple的声明中,说别人对Macintosh操作系统的界面和体验的抄袭是不正确。如果Apple流行,GNU警告到,这家公司“将会借助大众的新力量终结掉自由软件,而自由软件可以成为商业软件的替代品。”
|
||||
|
||||
那个时候,GNU对抗Apple的诉讼(这意味着,十分讽刺的是,GNU正在支持Microsoft,尽管当时的情况不一样),通过发布["让你的律师远离我的电脑”按钮][7]。同时呼吁GNU的支持者们抵制Apple,警告如果Macintoshes看起来是不错的计算机,但Apple一旦赢得了诉讼就会给市场带来垄断,这会极大地提高计算机的售价。
|
||||
|
||||
Apple最终[输掉了诉讼][8],但是直到1994年之后,GNU才[撤销对Apple的抵制][9]。这期间,GNU一直不断指责Apple。在上世纪90年代早期甚至之后,GNU开始发展GNU软件项目,可以在其他个人电脑平台包括MS-DOS上使用。[GNU 宣称][10],除非Apple停止在计算机领域垄断的野心,让用户界面可以模仿Macintosh的一些东西,否则“我们不会提供任何对Apple机器的支持。”(因此讽刺的是一大堆软件都开发了OS X和类Unix系统的版本,于是Apple在90年代后期介绍这些软件来自GNU。但是那是另外的故事了。)
|
||||
|
||||
### Trovalds on Jobs ###
|
||||
|
||||
除去他对大多数发行版比较自由放任的态度,Liuns Trovalds,Linux内核的创造者,相较于Stallman和GNU过去对Apple的态度没有多一点仁慈。在他2001年出版的书"Just For Fun: The Story of an Accidental Revolutionary"中,Trovalds描述到与Steve Jobs的一个会面,大约是1997年收到后者的邀请去讨论Mac OS X,Apple正在开发,但还没有公开发布。
|
||||
|
||||
"基本上,Jobs一开始就试图告诉我在桌面上的玩家就两个,Microsoft和Apple,而且他认为我能为Linux做的最好的事,就是从了Apple,努力让开源用户站到Mac OS X后面去"Trovalds写道。
|
||||
|
||||
这次谈判显然让Trovalds很不爽。争吵的一点集中在Trovalds对Mach技术上的藐视,对于Apple正在用于构建新的OS X操作系统的内核,Trovalds称其“一推废物。它包含了所有你能做到的设计错误,并且甚至打算只弥补一小部分。”
|
||||
|
||||
但是更令人不快的是,显然是Jobs在开发OS X时入侵开源的方式(OS X的核心里上有很多开源程序):“他有点贬低了结构的瑕疵:谁在乎基础操作系统,真正的low-core东西是不是开源,如果你有Mac层在最上面,这不是开源?”
|
||||
|
||||
一切的一切,Trovalds总结到,Jobs“并没有使用太多争论。他仅仅很简单地说着,胸有成竹地认为我会对与Apple合作感兴趣”。“他没有任何线索,不能去想像还会有人并不关心Mac市场份额的增长。我认为他真的感到惊讶了,当我表现出对Mac的市场有多大,或者Microsoft市场有多大的可怜的关心时。”
|
||||
|
||||
当然,Trovalds并没有对所有Linux用户说起。他对于OS X和Apple的看法从2001年开始就渐渐软化了。但实际上,早在2000年,Linux社区的领导角色表现出对Apple和其高层的傲慢的深深的鄙视,可以看出一些重要的东西,关于Apple和开源/自由软件世界的矛盾是多么的根深蒂固。
|
||||
|
||||
从以上两则历史上的花边新闻中,可以看到关于Apple产品价值的重大争议,即是否该公司致力于提升软硬件的质量,或者仅仅是借市场的小聪明获利,后者会让Apple产品卖出更多的钱,**********(该处不知如何翻译)。但是不管怎样,我会暂时置身讨论之外。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/051815/linux-better-os-x-gnu-open-source-and-apple-
|
||||
|
||||
作者:[Christopher Tozzi][a]
|
||||
译者:[wi-cuckoo](https://github.com/wi-cuckoo)
|
||||
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi
|
||||
[1]:https://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/773516-the-mac-ifying-of-the-linux-desktop/
|
||||
[2]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/010615/north-koreas-red-star-linux-os-made-apples-image
|
||||
[3]:http://gnu.org/
|
||||
[4]:https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull5.html
|
||||
[5]:http://www.hp.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.microsoft.com/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.duntemann.com/AppleSnakeButton.jpg
|
||||
[8]:http://www.freibrun.com/articles/articl12.htm
|
||||
[9]:https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull18.html#SEC6
|
||||
[10]:https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull12.html
|
@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
|
||||
监控你的Linux系统的7个命令行工具
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**这里有一些基本的命令行工具,让你能更简单地探索和操作Linux。**
|
||||
|
||||
![Image courtesy Meltys-stock](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-1-100591899-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### 深入 ###
|
||||
|
||||
关于Linux最棒的一件事之一是你能深入操作系统多深,来探索它是如何工作的并寻找机会来微调性能或诊断问题。这里有一些基本的命令行工具,让你能更简单地探索和操作Linux。大多数的这些命令是在你的Linux系统中已经内建的,但假设它们不是,就用谷歌搜索命令名和你的发行版名吧,你会找到哪些包需要安装(注意,一些命令是和其它命令捆绑起来打成一个包的,你所找的包可能写的是其它的名字)。如果你知道一些你所使用的其它工具,欢迎评论。
|
||||
|
||||
![Image courtesy Mark Gibbs](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-2-100591901-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### 我们怎么做 ###
|
||||
|
||||
须知: 本文中的截图取自[Debian Linux 8.1][1] (“Jessie”),其运行在[OS X 10.10.3][3] (“Yosemite”)操作系统下[Oracle VirtualBox 4.3.28][2]中的一台虚拟机里。想要建立你的Debian虚拟机,可以看看我的这篇教程——“[How to install Debian Linux in a VirtualBox VM][4]”。
|
||||
|
||||
![Image courtesy Mark Gibbs](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-3-100591902-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### Top ###
|
||||
|
||||
作为Linux系统监控工具中比较易用的一个,**top命令**能带我们一览Linux中的几乎每一处。以下这张图是它的默认界面,但是按“z”键可以切换不同的显示颜色。其它热键和命令则有其它的功能,例如显示概要信息和内存信息(第四行第二个),根据各种不一样的条件排序、终止进程任务等等(你可以在[这里][5]找到完整的列表)。
|
||||
|
||||
![Image courtesy Mark Gibbs](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-4-100591904-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### htop ###
|
||||
|
||||
相比top,它的替代品Htop则更为精致。维基百科是这样描述的:“用户经常会部署htop以防Unix top不能提供关于系统进程的足够信息,比如说当你在尝试发现应用程序里的一个小的内存泄露问题,Htop一般也能作为一个系统监听器来使用。相比top,它提供了一个更方便的光标控制界面来向进程发送信号。” (想了解更多细节猛戳[这里][6].)
|
||||
|
||||
![Image courtesy Mark Gibbs](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-5-100591903-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### Vmstat ###
|
||||
|
||||
Vmstat是一款监控Linux系统性能数据的简易工具,这让它在shell脚本中使用更合适。打开你的regex-fu,用vmstat和cron作业来做一些激动人心的事情吧。“产出的第一份报告给出的是上一次系统重启之后的均值,另外其一份报告给出的则是从前一个报告起间隔周期中的信息。进程和内存报告在任何情况下都是不停更新的”(猛戳[这里][7]获取更多信息)。
|
||||
|
||||
![Image courtesy Mark Gibbs](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-6-100591905-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### ps ###
|
||||
|
||||
ps命令展现的是正在运行中的进程列表。在这种情况下,我们用“-e”选项来显示每个进程,也就是所有正在运行的进程了(我把列表滚动到了头部否则列名就看不到了)。这个命令有很多选项允许你去按需格式化输出。只要使用上述一点点的regex-fu你就能得到一个强大的工具了。猛戳[这里][8]获取更多信息。
|
||||
|
||||
![Image courtesy Mark Gibbs](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-7-100591906-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### Pstree ###
|
||||
|
||||
Pstree“以树状图显示正在运行中的进程。如果pid被省略的话那树结构是以pid或init为父进程,如果用户名指定,那所有进程树都会以该用户所属的进程为父进程进行显示。”以树状图来帮你将进程之间的所属关系进行分类,这的确是个很有效的工具(戳[这里][9])。
|
||||
|
||||
![Image courtesy Mark Gibbs](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-8-100591907-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### pmap ###
|
||||
|
||||
理解一个应用程序在调试过程中如何使用内存是至关重要的,而pmap的作用就是当给出一个进程ID(PID)时显示出相关信息。上面的截图展示的是使用“-x”选项所产生的部分输出,你也可以用pmap的“-X”选项来获取更多的细节信息但是前提是你要有个更宽的终端窗口。
|
||||
|
||||
![Image courtesy Mark Gibbs](http://images.techhive.com/images/article/2015/06/command-line-tools-monitoring-linux-system-9-100591900-orig.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### iostat ###
|
||||
|
||||
Linux系统的一个至关重要的性能指标是处理器和存储的使用率,它也是iostat命令所报告的内容。如同ps命令一样,iostat有很多选项允许你选择你需要的输出格式,除此之外还有某一段时间范围内的简单性能输出并在报告之前重复抽样多次。详情戳[这里][10]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.networkworld.com/article/2937219/linux/7-command-line-tools-for-monitoring-your-linux-system.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者:[Mark Gibbs][a]
|
||||
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.networkworld.com/author/Mark-Gibbs/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.virtualbox.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.apple.com/osx/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.networkworld.com/article/2937148/how-to-install-debian-linux-8-1-in-a-virtualbox-vm
|
||||
[5]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/top
|
||||
[6]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/htop
|
||||
[7]:http://linuxcommand.org/man_pages/vmstat8.html
|
||||
[8]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/ps
|
||||
[9]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/pstree
|
||||
[10]:http://linux.die.net/man/1/iostat
|
@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
|
||||
为Docker配置Swarm本地集群
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
嗨,大家好。今天我们来学一学Swarm相关的内容吧,我们将学习通过Swarm来创建Docker本地集群。[Docker Swarm][1]是用于Docker的本地集群项目,它可以将Docker主机池转换成单个的虚拟主机。Swarm提供了标准的Docker API,所以任何可以和Docker守护进程通信的工具都可以使用Swarm来透明地规模化多个主机。Swarm遵循“包含电池并可拆卸”的原则,就像其它Docker项目一样。它附带有一个开箱即用的简单的后端调度程序,而且作为初始开发套件,也为其开发了一个可启用即插即用后端的API。其目标在于为一些简单的使用情况提供一个平滑的、开箱即用的体验,并且它允许在更强大的后端,如Mesos,中开启交换,以达到大量生产部署的目的。Swarm配置和使用极其简单。
|
||||
|
||||
这里给大家提供Swarm 0.2开箱的即用一些特性。
|
||||
|
||||
1. Swarm 0.2.0大约85%与Docker引擎兼容。
|
||||
2. 它支持资源管理。
|
||||
3. 它具有一些带有限制器和类同器高级调度特性。
|
||||
4. 它支持多个发现后端(hubs,consul,etcd,zookeeper)
|
||||
5. 它使用TLS加密方法进行安全通信和验证。
|
||||
|
||||
那么,我们来看一看Swarm的一些相当简单而简易的使用步骤吧。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 运行Swarm的先决条件 ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们必须在所有节点安装Docker 1.4.0或更高版本。虽然哥哥节点的IP地址不需要要公共地址,但是Swarm管理器必须可以通过网络访问各个节点。
|
||||
|
||||
注意:Swarm当前还处于beta版本,因此功能特性等还有可能发生改变,我们不推荐你在生产环境中使用。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. 创建Swarm集群 ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在,我们将通过运行下面的命令来创建Swarm集群。各个节点都将运行一个swarm节点代理,该代理会注册、监控相关的Docker守护进程,并更新发现后端获取的节点状态。下面的命令会返回一个唯一的集群ID标记,在启动节点上的Swarm代理时会用到它。
|
||||
|
||||
# docker run swarm create
|
||||
|
||||
![Creating Swarm Cluster](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/creating-swarm-cluster.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. 启动各个节点上的Docker守护进程 ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们需要使用-H标记登陆进我们将用来创建几圈和启动Docker守护进程的各个节点,它会保证Swarm管理器能够通过TCP访问到各个节点上的Docker远程API。要启动Docker守护进程,我们需要在各个节点内部运行以下命令。
|
||||
|
||||
# docker -H tcp://0.0.0.0:2375 -d
|
||||
|
||||
![Starting Docker Daemon](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/starting-docker-daemon.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. 添加节点 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在启用Docker守护进程后,我们需要添加Swarm节点到发现服务,我们必须确保节点IP可从Swarm管理器访问到。要完成该操作,我们需要运行以下命令。
|
||||
|
||||
# docker run -d swarm join --addr=<node_ip>:2375 token://<cluster_id>
|
||||
|
||||
![Adding Nodes to Cluster](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/adding-nodes-to-cluster.png)
|
||||
|
||||
** 注意**:我们需要用步骤2中获取到的节点IP地址和集群ID替换这里的<node_ip>和<cluster_id>。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. 开启Swarm管理器 ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在,由于我们已经获得了连接到集群的节点,我们将启动swarm管理器。我们需要在节点中运行以下命令。
|
||||
|
||||
# docker run -d -p <swarm_port>:2375 swarm manage token://<cluster_id>
|
||||
|
||||
![Starting Swarm Manager](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/starting-swarm-manager.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. 检查配置 ###
|
||||
|
||||
一旦管理运行起来后,我们可以通过运行以下命令来检查配置。
|
||||
|
||||
# docker -H tcp://<manager_ip:manager_port> info
|
||||
|
||||
![Accessing Swarm Clusters](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/accessing-swarm-cluster.png)
|
||||
|
||||
** 注意**:我们需要替换<manager_ip:manager_port>为运行swarm管理器的主机的IP地址和端口。
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. 使用docker CLI来访问节点 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在一切都像上面说得那样完美地完成后,这一部分是Docker Swarm最为重要的部分。我们可以使用Docker CLI来访问节点,并在节点上运行容器。
|
||||
|
||||
# docker -H tcp://<manager_ip:manager_port> info
|
||||
# docker -H tcp://<manager_ip:manager_port> run ...
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. 监听集群中的节点 ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们可以使用swarm list命令来获取所有运行中节点的列表。
|
||||
|
||||
# docker run --rm swarm list token://<cluster_id>
|
||||
|
||||
![Listing Swarm Nodes](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/listing-swarm-nodes.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### 尾声 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Swarm真的是一个有着相当不错的功能的docker,它可以用于创建和管理集群。它相当易于配置和使用,当我们在它上面使用限制器和类同器师它更为出色。高级调度程序是一个相当不错的特性,它可以应用过滤器来通过端口、标签、健康状况来排除节点,并且它使用策略来挑选最佳节点。那么,如果你有任何问题、评论、反馈,请在下面的评论框中写出来吧,好让我们知道哪些材料需要补充或改进。谢谢大家了!尽情享受吧 :-)
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/configure-swarm-clustering-docker/
|
||||
|
||||
作者:[Arun Pyasi][a]
|
||||
译者:[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunp/
|
||||
[1]:https://docs.docker.com/swarm/
|
@ -1,24 +1,23 @@
|
||||
How to Configure Chef (server/client) on Ubuntu 14.04 / 15.04
|
||||
如何在Ubuntu 14.04/15.04上配置Chef(服务端/客户端)
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Chef is a configuration management and automation tool for information technology professionals that configures and manages your infrastructure whether it is on-premises or in the cloud. It can be used to speed up application deployment and to coordinate the work of multiple system administrators and developers involving hundreds, or even thousands, of servers and applications to support a large customer base. The key to Chef’s power is that it turns infrastructure into code. Once you master Chef, you will be able to enable web IT with first class support for managing your cloud infrastructure with an easy automation of your internal deployments or end users systems.
|
||||
Chef是对于信息技术专业人员的一款配置管理和自动化工具,它可以配置和管理你的设备无论它在本地还是在云上。它可以用于加速应用部署并协调多个系统管理员和开发人员的工作,涉及到成百甚至上千的服务器和程序来支持大量的客户群。chef最有用的是让设备变成代码。一旦你掌握了Chef,你可以获得一流的网络IT支持来自动化管理你的云端设备或者终端用户。
|
||||
|
||||
Here are the major components of Chef that we are going to setup and configure in this tutorial.
|
||||
chef components
|
||||
下面是我们将要在本篇中要设置和配置Chef的主要组件。
|
||||
|
||||
![](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/chef.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### Chef Prerequisites and Versions ###
|
||||
### 安装Chef的要求和版本 ###
|
||||
|
||||
We are going to setup Chef configuration management system under the following basic environment.
|
||||
我们将在下面的基础环境下设置Chef配置管理系统。
|
||||
|
||||
注:表格
|
||||
<table width="701" style="height: 284px;">
|
||||
<tbody>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="660" colspan="2"><strong>Chef, Configuration Management Tool</strong></td>
|
||||
<td width="660" colspan="2"><strong>管理和配置工具:Chef</strong></td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="220"><strong>Base Operating System</strong></td>
|
||||
<td width="220"><strong>基础操作系统</strong></td>
|
||||
<td width="492">Ubuntu 14.04.1 LTS (x86_64)</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
@ -34,135 +33,138 @@ We are going to setup Chef configuration management system under the following b
|
||||
<td width="492">Version 0.6.2</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
<tr>
|
||||
<td width="220"><strong>RAM and CPU</strong></td>
|
||||
<td width="220"><strong>内存和CPU</strong></td>
|
||||
<td width="492">4 GB , 2.0+2.0 GHZ</td>
|
||||
</tr>
|
||||
</tbody>
|
||||
</table>
|
||||
|
||||
### Chef Server's Installation and Configurations ###
|
||||
### Chef服务端的安装和配置 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Chef Server is central core component that stores recipes as well as other configuration data and interact with the workstations and nodes. let's download the installation media by selecting the latest version of chef server from its official web link.
|
||||
Chef服务端是核心组件,它存储配置以及其他和工作站交互的配置数据。让我们在他们的官网下载最新的安装文件。
|
||||
|
||||
We will get its installation package and install it by using following commands.
|
||||
我使用下面的命令来下载和安装它。
|
||||
|
||||
**1) Downloading Chef Server**
|
||||
**1) 下载Chef服务端**
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-14-chef:/tmp# wget https://web-dl.packagecloud.io/chef/stable/packages/ubuntu/trusty/chef-server-core_12.1.0-1_amd64.deb
|
||||
|
||||
**2) To install Chef Server**
|
||||
**2) 安装Chef服务端**
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-14-chef:/tmp# dpkg -i chef-server-core_12.1.0-1_amd64.deb
|
||||
|
||||
**3) Reconfigure Chef Server**
|
||||
**3) 重新配置Chef服务端**
|
||||
|
||||
Now Run the following command to start all of the chef server services ,this step may take a few minutes to complete as its composed of many different services that work together to create a functioning system.
|
||||
现在运行下面的命令来启动所有的chef服务端服务,这步也许会花费一些时间,因为它有许多不同一起工作的服务组成来创建一个正常运作的系统。
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-14-chef:/tmp# chef-server-ctl reconfigure
|
||||
|
||||
The chef server startup command 'chef-server-ctl reconfigure' needs to be run twice so that installation ends with the following completion output.
|
||||
chef服务端启动命令'chef-server-ctl reconfigure'需要运行两次,这样就会在安装后看到这样的输出。
|
||||
|
||||
Chef Client finished, 342/350 resources updated in 113.71139964 seconds
|
||||
opscode Reconfigured!
|
||||
|
||||
**4) Reboot OS**
|
||||
**4) 重启系统 **
|
||||
|
||||
Once the installation complete reboot the operating system for the best working without doing this we you might get the following SSL_connect error during creation of User.
|
||||
安装完成后重启系统使系统能最好的工作,不然我们或许会在创建用户的时候看到下面的SSL连接错误。
|
||||
|
||||
ERROR: Errno::ECONNRESET: Connection reset by peer - SSL_connect
|
||||
|
||||
**5) Create new Admin User**
|
||||
**5) 创建心的管理员**
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to create a new administrator user with its profile settings. During its creation user’s RSA private key is generated automatically that should be saved to a safe location. The --filename option will save the RSA private key to a specified path.
|
||||
运行下面的命令来创建一个新的用它自己的配置的管理员账户。创建过程中,用户的RSA私钥会自动生成并需要被保存到一个安全的地方。--file选项会保存RSA私钥到指定的路径下。
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-14-chef:/tmp# chef-server-ctl user-create kashi kashi kashi kashif.fareedi@gmail.com kashi123 --filename /root/kashi.pem
|
||||
|
||||
### Chef Manage Setup on Chef Server ###
|
||||
### Chef服务端的管理设置 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Chef Manage is a management console for Enterprise Chef that enables a web-based user interface for visualizing and managing nodes, data bags, roles, environments, cookbooks and role-based access control (RBAC).
|
||||
Chef Manage是一个针对企业Chef用户的管理控制台,它启用了可视化的web用户界面并可以管理节点、数据包、规则、环境、配置和基于角色的访问控制(RBAC)
|
||||
|
||||
**1) Downloading Chef Manage**
|
||||
**1) 下载Chef Manage**
|
||||
|
||||
Copy the link for Chef Manage from the official web site and download the chef manage package.
|
||||
从官网复制链接病下载chef manage的安装包。
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-14-chef:~# wget https://web-dl.packagecloud.io/chef/stable/packages/ubuntu/trusty/opscode-manage_1.17.0-1_amd64.deb
|
||||
|
||||
**2) Installing Chef Manage**
|
||||
**2) 安装Chef Manage**
|
||||
|
||||
Let's install it into the root's home directory with below command.
|
||||
使用下面的命令在root的家目录下安装它。
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-14-chef:~# chef-server-ctl install opscode-manage --path /root
|
||||
|
||||
**3) Restart Chef Manage and Server**
|
||||
**3) 重启Chef Manage和服务端**
|
||||
|
||||
Once the installation is complete we need to restart chef manage and chef server services by executing following commands.
|
||||
安装完成后我们需要运行下面的命令来重启chef manage和服务端。
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-14-chef:~# opscode-manage-ctl reconfigure
|
||||
root@ubuntu-14-chef:~# chef-server-ctl reconfigure
|
||||
|
||||
### Chef Manage Web Console ###
|
||||
### Chef Manage网页控制台 ###
|
||||
|
||||
We can access chef manage web console from the localhost as wel as its fqdn and login with the already created admin user account.
|
||||
我们可以使用localhost访问网页控制台以及fqdn,并用已经创建的管理员登录
|
||||
|
||||
![chef amanage](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/5-chef-web.png)
|
||||
|
||||
**1) Create New Organization with Chef Manage**
|
||||
**1) Chef Manage创建新的组织 **
|
||||
|
||||
You would be asked to create new organization or accept the invitation from the organizations. Let's create a new organization by providing its short and full name as shown.
|
||||
你或许被要求创建新的组织或者接受其他阻止的邀请。如下所示,使用缩写和全名来创建一个新的组织。
|
||||
|
||||
![Create Org](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/7-create-org.png)
|
||||
|
||||
**2) Create New Organization with Command line**
|
||||
**2) 用命令行创建心的组织 **
|
||||
|
||||
We can also create new Organization from the command line by executing the following command.
|
||||
我们同样也可以运行下面的命令来创建新的组织。
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-14-chef:~# chef-server-ctl org-create linux Linoxide Linux Org. --association_user kashi --filename linux.pem
|
||||
|
||||
### Configuration and setup of Workstation ###
|
||||
### 设置工作站 ###
|
||||
|
||||
As we had done with successful installation of chef server now we are going to setup its workstation to create and configure any recipes, cookbooks, attributes, and other changes that we want to made to our Chef configurations.
|
||||
我们已经完成安装chef服务端,现在我们可以开始创建任何recipes、cookbooks、属性和其他任何的我们想要对Chef的修改。
|
||||
|
||||
**1) Create New User and Organization on Chef Server**
|
||||
**1) 在Chef服务端上创建新的用户和组织 **
|
||||
|
||||
In order to setup workstation we create a new user and an organization for this from the command line.
|
||||
为了设置工作站,我们用命令行创建一个新的用户和组织。
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-14-chef:~# chef-server-ctl user-create bloger Bloger Kashif bloger.kashif@gmail.com bloger123 --filename bloger.pem
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-14-chef:~# chef-server-ctl org-create blogs Linoxide Blogs Inc. --association_user bloger --filename blogs.pem
|
||||
|
||||
**2) Download Starter Kit for Workstation**
|
||||
**2) 下载工作站入门套件 **
|
||||
|
||||
Now Download and Save starter-kit from the chef manage web console on a workstation and use it to work with Chef server.
|
||||
在工作站的网页控制台中下面并保存入门套件用于与服务端协同工作
|
||||
|
||||
![Starter Kit](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/8-download-kit.png)
|
||||
|
||||
**3) Click to "Proceed" with starter kit download**
|
||||
**3) 点击"Proceed"下载套件 **
|
||||
|
||||
![starter kit](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/9-download-kit.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### Chef Development Kit Setup for Workstation ###
|
||||
### 对于工作站的Chef开发套件设置 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Chef Development Kit is a software package suite with all the development tools need to code Chef. It combines with the best of the breed tools developed by Chef community with Chef Client.
|
||||
Chef开发套件是一款包含所有开发chef所需工具的软件包。它捆绑了由Chef开发的带Chef客户端的工具。
|
||||
|
||||
**1) Downloading Chef DK**
|
||||
**1) 下载 Chef DK**
|
||||
|
||||
We can Download chef development kit from its official web link and choose the required operating system to get its chef development tool kit.
|
||||
我们可以从它的官网链接中下载开发包,并选择操作系统来得到chef开发包。
|
||||
|
||||
![Chef DK](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/10-CDK.png)
|
||||
|
||||
Copy the link and download it with wget command.
|
||||
复制链接并用wget下载
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15-WKS:~# wget https://opscode-omnibus-packages.s3.amazonaws.com/ubuntu/12.04/x86_64/chefdk_0.6.2-1_amd64.deb
|
||||
|
||||
**1) Chef Development Kit Installatoion**
|
||||
**1) Chef开发套件安装**
|
||||
|
||||
Install chef-development kit using dpkg command
|
||||
使用dpkg命令安装开发套件
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15-WKS:~# dpkg -i chefdk_0.6.2-1_amd64.deb
|
||||
|
||||
**3) Chef DK Verfication**
|
||||
**3) Chef DK 验证**
|
||||
|
||||
Verify using the below command that the client got installed properly.
|
||||
使用下面的命令验证客户端是否已经正确安装。
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15-WKS:~# chef verify
|
||||
|
||||
@ -193,9 +195,9 @@ Verify using the below command that the client got installed properly.
|
||||
Verification of component 'chefspec' succeeded.
|
||||
Verification of component 'package installation' succeeded.
|
||||
|
||||
**Connecting to Chef Server**
|
||||
**连接Chef服务端**
|
||||
|
||||
We will Create ~/.chef and copy the two user and organization pem files to this folder from chef server.
|
||||
我们将创建 ~/.chef并从chef服务端复制两个用户和组织的pem文件到chef的文件到这个目录下。
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-14-chef:~# scp bloger.pem blogs.pem kashi.pem linux.pem root@172.25.10.172:/.chef/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -207,9 +209,9 @@ We will Create ~/.chef and copy the two user and organization pem files to this
|
||||
kashi.pem 100% 1678 1.6KB/s 00:00
|
||||
linux.pem 100% 1678 1.6KB/s 00:00
|
||||
|
||||
**Knife Configurations to Manage your Chef Environment**
|
||||
** 编辑配置来管理chef环境 **
|
||||
|
||||
Now create "~/.chef/knife.rb" with following content as configured in previous steps.
|
||||
现在使用下面的内容创建"~/.chef/knife.rb"。
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15-WKS:/.chef# vim knife.rb
|
||||
current_dir = File.dirname(__FILE__)
|
||||
@ -225,17 +227,17 @@ Now create "~/.chef/knife.rb" with following content as configured in previous s
|
||||
cache_options( :path => "#{ENV['HOME']}/.chef/checksums" )
|
||||
cookbook_path ["#{current_dir}/../cookbooks"]
|
||||
|
||||
Create "~/cookbooks" folder for cookbooks as specified knife.rb file.
|
||||
创建knife.rb中指定的“~/cookbooks”文件夹。
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15-WKS:/# mkdir cookbooks
|
||||
|
||||
**Testing with Knife Configurations**
|
||||
**测试Knife配置**
|
||||
|
||||
Run "knife user list" and "knife client list" commands to verify whether knife configuration is working.
|
||||
运行“knife user list”和“knife client list”来验证knife是否在工作。
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15-WKS:/.chef# knife user list
|
||||
|
||||
You might get the following error while first time you run this command.This occurs because we do not have our Chef server's SSL certificate on our workstation.
|
||||
第一次运行的时候可能会得到下面的错误,这是因为工作站上还没有chef服务端的SSL证书。
|
||||
|
||||
ERROR: SSL Validation failure connecting to host: 172.25.10.173 - SSL_connect returned=1 errno=0 state=SSLv3 read server certificate B: certificate verify failed
|
||||
ERROR: Could not establish a secure connection to the server.
|
||||
@ -243,27 +245,26 @@ You might get the following error while first time you run this command.This occ
|
||||
If your Chef Server uses a self-signed certificate, you can use
|
||||
`knife ssl fetch` to make knife trust the server's certificates.
|
||||
|
||||
To recover from the above error run the following command to fetch ssl certs and once again run the knife user and client list command and it should be fine then.
|
||||
要从上面的命令中恢复,运行下面的命令来获取ssl整数并重新运行knife user和client list,这时候应该就可以了。
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15-WKS:/.chef# knife ssl fetch
|
||||
WARNING: Certificates from 172.25.10.173 will be fetched and placed in your trusted_cert
|
||||
directory (/.chef/trusted_certs).
|
||||
|
||||
Knife has no means to verify these are the correct certificates. You should
|
||||
verify the authenticity of these certificates after downloading.
|
||||
knife没有办法验证这些是有效的证书。你应该在下载时候验证这些证书的真实性。
|
||||
|
||||
Adding certificate for ubuntu-14-chef.test.com in /.chef/trusted_certs/ubuntu-14-chef_test_com.crt
|
||||
在/.chef/trusted_certs/ubuntu-14-chef_test_com.crt下面添加ubuntu-14-chef.test.com的证书。
|
||||
|
||||
Now after fetching ssl certs with above command, let's again run the below command.
|
||||
在上面的命令取得ssl证书后,接着运行下面的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15-WKS:/.chef#knife client list
|
||||
kashi-linux
|
||||
|
||||
### New Node Configuration to interact with chef-server ###
|
||||
### 与chef服务端交互的新的节点 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Nodes contain chef-client which performs all the infrastructure automation. So, Its time to begin with adding new servers to our chef environment by Configuring a new node to interact with chef-server after we had Configured chef-server and knife workstation combinations.
|
||||
节点是执行所有设备自动化的chef客户端。因此是时侯添加新的服务端到我们的chef环境下,在配置完chef-server和knife工作站后配置新的节点与chef-server交互。
|
||||
|
||||
To configure a new node to work with chef server use below command.
|
||||
我们使用下面的命令来添加新的节点与chef服务端工作。
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15-WKS:~# knife bootstrap 172.25.10.170 --ssh-user root --ssh-password kashi123 --node-name mydns
|
||||
|
||||
@ -290,25 +291,25 @@ To configure a new node to work with chef server use below command.
|
||||
172.25.10.170 to file /tmp/install.sh.26024/metadata.txt
|
||||
172.25.10.170 trying wget...
|
||||
|
||||
After all we can see the vewly created node under the knife node list and new client list as it it will also creates a new client with the node.
|
||||
之后我们可以在knife节点列表下看到新创建的节点,也会新节点列表下创建新的客户端。
|
||||
|
||||
root@ubuntu-15-WKS:~# knife node list
|
||||
mydns
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly we can add multiple number of nodes to our chef infrastructure by providing ssh credentials with the same above knofe bootstrap command.
|
||||
相似地我们只要提供ssh证书通过上面的knife命令来创建多个节点到chef设备上。
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
In this detailed article we learnt about the Chef Configuration Management tool with its basic understanding and overview of its components with installation and configuration settings. We hope you have enjoyed learning the installation and configuration of Chef server with its workstation and client nodes.
|
||||
本篇我们学习了chef管理工具并通过安装和配置设置浏览了它的组件。我希望你在学习安装和配置Chef服务端以及它的工作站和客户端节点中获得乐趣。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/install-configure-chef-ubuntu-14-04-15-04/
|
||||
|
||||
作者:[Kashif Siddique][a]
|
||||
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
译者:[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/kashifs/
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/kashifs/
|
@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
|
||||
如何在 Fedora 22 上配置 Proftpd 服务器
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
在本文中,我们将了解如何在运行 Fedora 22 的电脑或服务器上使用 Proftpd 架设 FTP 服务器。[ProFTPD][1] 是一款免费的基于 GPL 授权开源的 FTP 服务器软件,是 Linux 上的主流 FTP 服务器。它的主要设计目标是具备许多高级功能以及能为用户提供丰富的配置选项可以轻松实现定制。它的许多配置选项在其他一些 FTP 服务器软件里仍然没有集成。最初它是被开发作为 wu-ftpd 服务器的一个更安全更容易配置的替代。FTP 服务器是这样一个软件,用户可以通过 FTP 客户端从安装了它的远端服务器上传或下载文件和目录。下面是一些 ProFTPD 服务器的主要功能,更详细的资料可以访问 [http://www.proftpd.org/features.html][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
- 每个目录都包含 ".ftpaccess" 文件用于访问控制,类似 Apache 的 ".htaccess"
|
||||
- 支持多个虚拟 FTP 服务器以及多用户登录和匿名 FTP 服务。
|
||||
- 可以作为独立进程启动服务或者通过 inetd/xinetd 启动
|
||||
- 它的文件/目录属性、属主和权限采用类 UNIX 方式。
|
||||
- 它可以独立运行,保护系统避免 root 访问可能带来的损坏。
|
||||
- 模块化的设计让它可以轻松扩展其他模块,比如 LDAP 服务器,SSL/TLS 加密,RADIUS 支持,等等。
|
||||
- ProFTPD 服务器还支持 IPv6.
|
||||
|
||||
下面是如何在运行 Fedora 22 操作系统的计算机上使用 ProFTPD 架设 FTP 服务器的一些简单步骤。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 安装 ProFTPD ###
|
||||
|
||||
首先,我们将在运行 Fedora 22 的机器上安装 Proftpd 软件。因为 yum 包管理器已经被抛弃了,我们将使用最新最好的包管理器 dnf。DNF 很容易使用,是 Fedora 22 上采用的非常人性化的包管理器。我们将用它来安装 proftpd 软件。这需要在终端或控制台里用 sudo 模式运行下面的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo dnf -y install proftpd proftpd-utils
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. 配置 ProFTPD ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在,我们将修改软件的一些配置。要配置它,我们需要用文本编辑器编辑 /etc/proftpd.conf 文件。**/etc/proftpd.conf** 文件是 ProFTPD 软件的主要配置文件,所以,这个文件的任何改动都会影响到 FTP 服务器。在这里,是我们在初始步骤里做出的改动。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/proftpd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
之后,在用文本编辑器打开这个文件后,我们会想改下 ServerName 以及 ServerAdmin,分别填入自己的域名和 email 地址。下面是我们改的。
|
||||
|
||||
ServerName "ftp.linoxide.com"
|
||||
ServerAdmin arun@linoxide.com
|
||||
|
||||
在这之后,我们将把下面的设定加到配置文件里,这样可以让服务器将访问和授权记录到相应的日志文件里。
|
||||
|
||||
ExtendedLog /var/log/proftpd/access.log WRITE,READ default
|
||||
ExtendedLog /var/log/proftpd/auth.log AUTH auth
|
||||
|
||||
![调整 ProFTPD 设置](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/configuring-proftpd-config.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. 添加 FTP 用户 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在设定好了基本的配置文件后,我们很自然地希望为指定目录添加 FTP 用户。目前用来登录的用户是 FTP 服务自动生成的,可以用来登录到 FTP 服务器。但是,在这篇教程里,我们将创建一个以 ftp 服务器上指定目录为主目录的新用户。
|
||||
|
||||
下面,我们将建立一个名字是 ftpgroup 的新用户组。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo groupadd ftpgroup
|
||||
|
||||
然后,我们将以目录 /ftp-dir/ 作为主目录增加一个新用户 arunftp 并加入这个组中。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo useradd -G ftpgroup arunftp -s /sbin/nologin -d /ftp-dir/
|
||||
|
||||
在创建好用户并加入用户组后,我们将为用户 arunftp 设置一个密码。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo passwd arunftp
|
||||
|
||||
Changing password for user arunftp.
|
||||
New password:
|
||||
Retype new password:
|
||||
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.
|
||||
|
||||
现在,我们将通过下面命令为这个 ftp 用户设定主目录的读写权限。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo setsebool -P allow_ftpd_full_access=1
|
||||
$ sudo setsebool -P ftp_home_dir=1
|
||||
|
||||
然后,我们会设定不允许其他用户移动或重命名这个目录以及里面的内容。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo chmod -R 1777 /ftp-dir/
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. 打开 TLS 支持 ###
|
||||
|
||||
目前 FTP 所用的加密手段并不安全,任何人都可以通过监听网卡来读取 FTP 传输的数据。所以,我们将为自己的服务器打开 TLS 加密支持。这样的话,需要编辑 /etc/proftpd.conf 配置文件。在这之前,我们先备份一下当前的配置文件,可以保证在改出问题后还可以恢复。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo cp /etc/proftpd.conf /etc/proftpd.conf.bak
|
||||
|
||||
然后,我们可以用自己喜欢的文本编辑器修改配置文件。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/proftpd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
然后,把下面几行附加到我们在第 2 步中所增加内容的后面。
|
||||
|
||||
TLSEngine on
|
||||
TLSRequired on
|
||||
TLSProtocol SSLv23
|
||||
TLSLog /var/log/proftpd/tls.log
|
||||
TLSRSACertificateFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/proftpd.pem
|
||||
TLSRSACertificateKeyFile /etc/pki/tls/certs/proftpd.pem
|
||||
|
||||
![打开 TLS 配置](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/tls-configuration.png)
|
||||
|
||||
完成上面的设定后,保存退出。
|
||||
|
||||
然后,我们需要生成 SSL 凭证 proftpd.pem 并放到 **/etc/pki/tls/certs/** 目录里。这样的话,首先需要在 Fedora 22 上安装 openssl。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install openssl
|
||||
|
||||
然后,可以通过执行下面的命令生成 SSL 凭证。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -newkey rsa:2048 -keyout /etc/pki/tls/certs/proftpd.pem -out /etc/pki/tls/certs/proftpd.pem
|
||||
|
||||
系统会询问一些将写入凭证里的基本信息。在填完资料后,就会生成一个 2048 位的 RSA 私钥。
|
||||
|
||||
Generating a 2048 bit RSA private key
|
||||
...................+++
|
||||
...................+++
|
||||
writing new private key to '/etc/pki/tls/certs/proftpd.pem'
|
||||
-----
|
||||
You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated
|
||||
into your certificate request.
|
||||
What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN.
|
||||
There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank
|
||||
For some fields there will be a default value,
|
||||
If you enter '.', the field will be left blank.
|
||||
-----
|
||||
Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:NP
|
||||
State or Province Name (full name) []:Narayani
|
||||
Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Bharatpur
|
||||
Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:Linoxide
|
||||
Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Linux Freedom
|
||||
Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:ftp.linoxide.com
|
||||
Email Address []:arun@linoxide.com
|
||||
|
||||
在这之后,我们要改变所生成凭证文件的权限以增加安全性。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo chmod 600 /etc/pki/tls/certs/proftpd.pem
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. 允许 FTP 通过 Firewall ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在,需要允许 ftp 端口,一般默认被防火墙阻止了。就是说,需要允许 ftp 端口能通过防火墙访问。
|
||||
|
||||
如果 **打开了 TLS/SSL 加密**,执行下面的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
$sudo firewall-cmd --add-port=1024-65534/tcp
|
||||
$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-port=1024-65534/tcp --permanent
|
||||
|
||||
如果 **没有打开 TLS/SSL 加密**,执行下面的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public --add-service=ftp
|
||||
|
||||
success
|
||||
|
||||
然后,重新加载防火墙设定。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo firewall-cmd --reload
|
||||
|
||||
success
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. 启动并激活 ProFTPD ###
|
||||
|
||||
全部设定好后,最后就是启动 ProFTPD 并试一下。可以运行下面的命令来启动 proftpd ftp 守护程序。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl start proftpd.service
|
||||
|
||||
然后,我们可以设定开机启动。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl enable proftpd.service
|
||||
|
||||
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/proftpd.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/proftpd.service.
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. 登录到 FTP 服务器 ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在,如果都是按照本教程设置好的,我们一定可以连接到 ftp 服务器并使用以上设置的信息登录上去。在这里,我们将配置一下 FTP 客户端 filezilla,使用 **服务器的 IP 或 URL **作为主机名,协议选择 **FTP**,用户名填入 **arunftp**,密码是在上面第 3 步中设定的密码。如果你按照第 4 步中的方式打开了 TLS 支持,还需要在加密类型中选择 **显式要求基于 TLS 的 FTP**,如果没有打开,也不想使用 TLS 加密,那么加密类型选择 **简单 FTP**。
|
||||
|
||||
![FTP 登录细节](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/ftp-login-details.png)
|
||||
|
||||
要做上述设定,需要打开菜单里的文件,点击站点管理器,然后点击新建站点,再按上面的方式设置。
|
||||
|
||||
![FTP SSL 凭证](http://blog.linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/ftp-ssl-certificate.png)
|
||||
|
||||
随后系统会要求允许 SSL 凭证,点确定。之后,就可以从我们的 FTP 服务器上传下载文件和文件夹了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
最后,我们成功地在 Fedora 22 机器上安装并配置好了 Proftpd FTP 服务器。Proftpd 是一个超级强大,能高度配置和扩展的 FTP 守护软件。上面的教程展示了如何配置一个采用 TLS 加密的安全 FTP 服务器。强烈建议设置 FTP 服务器支持 TLS 加密,因为它允许使用 SSL 凭证加密数据传输和登录。本文中,我们也没有配置 FTP 的匿名访问,因为一般受保护的 FTP 系统不建议这样做。 FTP 访问让人们的上传和下载变得非常简单也更高效。我们还可以改变用户端口增加安全性。好吧,如果你有任何疑问,建议,反馈,请在下面评论区留言,这样我们就能够改善并更新文章内容。谢谢!玩的开心 :-)
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/configure-ftp-proftpd-fedora-22/
|
||||
|
||||
作者:[Arun Pyasi][a]
|
||||
译者:[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025)
|
||||
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunp/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.proftpd.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.proftpd.org/features.html
|
@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
||||
如何在 Ubuntu 中管理开机启动应用
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
![在 Ubuntu 中管理开机启动应用](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Manage-Start-up-apps-in-Ubuntu.png)
|
||||
|
||||
你曾经考虑过 **在 Ubuntu 中管理开机启动应用** 吗?如果在开机时,你的 Ubuntu 系统启动得非常缓慢,那么你就需要考虑这个问题了。
|
||||
|
||||
每当你开机进入一个操作系统,一系列的应用将会自动启动。这些应用被称为‘开机启动应用’ 或‘开机启动程序’。随着时间的推移,当你在系统中安装了足够多的应用时,你将发现有太多的‘开机启动应用’在开机时自动地启动了,它们吃掉了很多的系统资源,并将你的系统拖慢。这可能会让你感觉卡顿,我想这种情况并不是你想要的。
|
||||
|
||||
让 Ubuntu 变得更快的方法之一是对这些开机启动应用进行控制。 Ubuntu 为你提供了一个 GUI 工具来让你发现这些开机启动应用,然后完全禁止或延迟它们的启动,这样就可以不让每个应用在开机时同时运行。
|
||||
|
||||
在这篇文章中,我们将看到 **在 Ubuntu 中,如何控制开机启动应用,如何让一个应用在开机时启动以及如何发现隐藏的开机启动应用。**这里提供的指导对所有的 Ubuntu 版本均适用,例如 Ubuntu 12.04, Ubuntu 14.04 和 Ubuntu 15.04。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在 Ubuntu 中管理开机启动应用 ###
|
||||
|
||||
默认情况下, Ubuntu 提供了一个`开机启动应用工具`来供你使用,你不必再进行安装。只需到 Unity 面板中就可以查找到该工具。
|
||||
|
||||
![ubuntu 中的开机启动应用工具](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/startup_applications_Ubuntu.jpeg)
|
||||
|
||||
点击它来启动。下面是我的`开机启动应用`的样子:
|
||||
|
||||
![在 Ubuntu 中查看开机启动程序](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Screenshot-from-2015-07-18-122550.png)
|
||||
|
||||
### 在 Ubuntu 中移除开机启动应用 ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在由你来发现哪个程序对你用处不大,对我来说,是 [Caribou][1] 这个软件,它是一个屏幕键盘程序,在开机时它并没有什么用处,所以我想将它移除出开机启动程序的列表中。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以选择阻止某个程序在开机时启动,而在开机启动程序列表中保留该选项以便以后再进行激活。点击 `关闭`按钮来保留你的偏好设置。
|
||||
|
||||
![在 Ubuntu 中移除开机启动程序](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/startup_applications_ubuntu_2.png)
|
||||
|
||||
要将一个程序从开机启动程序列表中移除,选择对应的选项然后从窗口右边的面板中点击`移除`按钮来保留你的偏好设置。
|
||||
|
||||
![在 Ubuntu 中将程序从开机启动列表中移除](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/startup_applications_Ubuntu_1.jpeg)
|
||||
|
||||
需要提醒的是,这并不会将该程序卸载掉,只是让该程序不再在每次开机时自动启动。你可以对所有你不喜欢的程序做类似的处理。
|
||||
|
||||
### 让开机启动程序延迟启动 ###
|
||||
|
||||
若你并不想在开机启动列表中移除掉程序,但同时又忧虑着系统性能的问题,那么你所需要做的是给程序添加一个延迟启动命令,这样所有的程序就不会在开机时同时启动。
|
||||
|
||||
选择一个程序然后点击 `编辑` 按钮。
|
||||
|
||||
![编辑开机启动应用列表](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/startup_applications_ubuntu_3.png)
|
||||
|
||||
这将展示出运行这个特定的程序所需的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
![在开机启动列表的程序运行所需的命令](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/startup_applications_ubuntu_4.jpg)
|
||||
|
||||
所有你需要做的就是在程序运行命令前添加一句 `sleep XX;` 。这样就为实际运行该命令来启动的对应程序添加了 `XX` 秒的延迟。例如,假如我想让 Variety [壁纸管理应用][2] 延迟启动 2 分钟,我就需要像下面那样在命令前添加 `sleep 120;`
|
||||
|
||||
![在 Ubuntu 中延迟开机启动的程序](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/startup_applications_ubuntu_5.png)
|
||||
|
||||
保存并关闭设置。你将在下一次启动时看到效果。
|
||||
|
||||
### 增添一个程序到开机启动应用列表中 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这对于新手来说需要一点技巧。我们知道,在 Linux 的底层都是一些命令,在上一节我们看到这些开机启动程序只是在每次开机时运行一些命令。假如你想在开机启动列表中添加一个新的程序,你需要知道运行该应用所需的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第 1 步:如何查找运行一个程序所需的命令? ####
|
||||
|
||||
首先来到 Unity Dash 面板然后搜索 `Main Menu`:
|
||||
|
||||
![Ubuntu 下的程序菜单](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Program_menu_Ubuntu.jpg)
|
||||
|
||||
这将展示出在各种类别下你安装的所有程序。在 Ubuntu 的低版本中,你将看到一个相似的菜单,通过它来选择并运行应用。
|
||||
|
||||
![Ubuntu 下的 main menu ](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Main_menu_ubuntu.jpeg)
|
||||
|
||||
在各种类别下找到你找寻的应用,然后点击 `属性` 按钮来查看运行该应用所需的命令。例如,我想在开机时运行 `Transmission Torrent 客户端`。
|
||||
|
||||
![在 Ubuntu 下查找运行程序所需的命令](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Main_menu_ubuntu_1.jpeg)
|
||||
|
||||
这就会向我给出运行 `Transmission` 应用的命令:
|
||||
|
||||
![在 Ubuntu 下查找运行某个程序所需的命令](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/startup_programs_commands.png)
|
||||
|
||||
接着,我将用相同的信息来将 `Transmission` 应用添加到开机启动列表中。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第 2 步: 添加一个程序到开机启动列表中 ####
|
||||
|
||||
再次来到开机启动应用工具中并点击 `添加` 按钮。这将让你输入一个应用的名称,对应的命令和相关的描述。其中命令最为重要,你可以使用任何你想用的名称和描述。使用上一步得到的命令然后点击 `添加` 按钮。
|
||||
|
||||
![在 Ubuntu 中添加一个开机启动程序](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Add_startup_program_Ubuntu.jpg)
|
||||
|
||||
就这样,你将在下一次开机时看到这个程序会自动运行。这就是在 Ubuntu 中你能做的关于开机启动应用的所有事情。
|
||||
|
||||
到现在为止,我们已经讨论在开机时可见的应用,但仍有更多的服务,守护进程和程序并不在`开机启动应用工具`中可见。下一节中,我们将看到如何在 Ubuntu 中查看这些隐藏的开机启动程序。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在 Ubuntu 中查看隐藏的开机启动程序 ###
|
||||
|
||||
要查看在开机时哪些服务在运行,可以打开一个终端并使用下面的命令:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo sed -i 's/NoDisplay=true/NoDisplay=false/g' /etc/xdg/autostart/*.desktop
|
||||
|
||||
上面的命令是一个快速查找和替换命令,它将在所有自动启动的程序里的 `NoDisplay=false` 改为 `NoDisplay=true` ,一旦执行了这个命令后,再次打开`开机启动应用工具`,现在你应该可以看到更多的程序:
|
||||
|
||||
![在 Ubuntu 中查看隐藏的开机启动程序](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Hidden_startup_program_Ubuntu.jpg)
|
||||
|
||||
你可以像先前我们讨论的那样管理这些开机启动应用。我希望这篇教程可以帮助你在 Ubuntu 中控制开机启动程序。任何的问题或建议总是欢迎的。
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/manage-startup-applications-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者:[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者:[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc)
|
||||
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:https://wiki.gnome.org/action/show/Projects/Caribou?action=show&redirect=Caribou
|
||||
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/applications-manage-wallpapers-ubuntu/
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user