diff --git a/translated/tech/20180306 How To Check All Running Services In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20180306 How To Check All Running Services In Linux.md index b9e136a5fc..d390d9427b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20180306 How To Check All Running Services In Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20180306 How To Check All Running Services In Linux.md @@ -1,111 +1,127 @@ 如何查看 Linux 中所有正在运行的服务 ====== - -有许多方法和工具可以查看 Linux 中所有正在运行的服务。大多数管理员会在 sysVinit 系统中使用 `service service-name status` 或 `/etc/init.d/service-name status`，而在 systemd 系统中使用 `systemctl status service-name`。 +有许多方法和工具可以查看 Linux 中所有正在运行的服务。大多数管理员会在 System V（SysV）初始化系统中使用 `service service-name status` 或 `/etc/init.d/service-name status`，而在 systemd 初始化系统中使用 `systemctl status service-name`。 以上命令可以清楚地显示该服务是否在服务器上运行，这也是每个 Linux 管理员都该知道的非常简单和基础的命令。 如果你对系统环境并不熟悉，也不清楚系统在运行哪些服务，你会如何检查？ 是的，我们的确有必要这样检查一下。这将有助于我们了解系统上运行了什么服务，以及哪些是必要的、哪些需要被禁用。 + +init（初始化initialization的简称）是在系统启动期间运行的第一个进程。`init` 是一个守护进程，它将持续运行直至关机。 + +大多数 Linux 发行版都使用如下的初始化系统之一： + +- System V 是更老的初始化系统 +- Upstart 是一个基于事件的传统的初始化系统的替代品 +- systemd 是新的初始化系统，它已经被大多数最新的 Linux 发行版所采用 -### 什么是 SysVinit +### 什么是 System V（SysV） -init（初始化 initialization 的简称）是在系统启动期间运行的第一个进程。Init 是一个守护进程，它将持续运行直至关机。 - -SysVinit 是早期传统的 init 系统和系统管理器。由于 sysVinit 系统上一些长期悬而未决的问题，大多数最新的发行版都适用于 systemd 系统。 +SysV（意即 System V） 初始化系统是早期传统的初始化系统和系统管理器。由于 sysVinit 系统上一些长期悬而未决的问题，大多数最新的发行版都适用于 systemd 系统。 + +### 什么是 Upstart 初始化系统 + +Upstart 是一个基于事件的 /sbin/init 的替代品，它控制在启动时的任务和服务的开始，在关机时停止它们，并在系统运行时监控它们。 + +它最初是为 Ubuntu 发行版开发的，但其是以适合所有 Linux 发行版的开发为目标的，以替换过时的 System-V 初始化系统。 ### 什么是 systemd -systemd 是一个新的 init 系统以及系统管理器，它已成为大多数 Linux 发行版中非常流行且广泛适应的新的标准 init 系统。Systemctl 是一个 systemd 管理工具，它可以帮助我们管理 systemd 系统。 +systemd 是一个新的初始化系统以及系统管理器，它已成为大多数 Linux 发行版中非常流行且广泛适应的新的标准初始化系统。`systemctl` 是一个 systemd 管理工具，它可以帮助我们管理 systemd 系统。 -### 方法一：如何在 sysVinit 系统中查看运行的服务 +### 方法一：如何在 System V（SysV）系统中查看运行的服务 -以下命令可以帮助我们列出 sysVinit 系统中所有正在运行的服务。 +以下命令可以帮助我们列出 System V（SysV） 系统中所有正在运行的服务。 + +如果服务很多，我建议使用文件查看命令，如 `less`、`more` 等，以便得到清晰的结果。 -如果服务很多，我建议使用文件视图命令，如 less、more 等，以便得到清晰的结果。 ``` # service --status-all -or +或 # service --status-all | more -or +或 # service --status-all | less - -abrt-ccpp hook is installed -abrtd (pid 2131) is running... -abrt-dump-oops is stopped -acpid (pid 1958) is running... -atd (pid 2164) is running... -auditd (pid 1731) is running... -Frequency scaling enabled using ondemand governor -crond (pid 2153) is running... -hald (pid 1967) is running... -htcacheclean is stopped -httpd is stopped -Table: filter -Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) -num target prot opt source destination -1 ACCEPT all ::/0 ::/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -2 ACCEPT icmpv6 ::/0 ::/0 -3 ACCEPT all ::/0 ::/0 -4 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:80 -5 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:21 -6 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:22 -7 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:25 -8 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2082 -9 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2086 -10 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2083 -11 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2087 -12 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:10000 -13 REJECT all ::/0 ::/0 reject-with icmp6-adm-prohibited - -Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) -num target prot opt source destination -1 REJECT all ::/0 ::/0 reject-with icmp6-adm-prohibited - -Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) -num target prot opt source destination - -iptables: Firewall is not running. -irqbalance (pid 1826) is running... -Kdump is operational -lvmetad is stopped -mdmonitor is stopped -messagebus (pid 1929) is running... - SUCCESS! MySQL running (24376) -rndc: neither /etc/rndc.conf nor /etc/rndc.key was found -named is stopped -netconsole module not loaded -Usage: startup.sh { start | stop } -Configured devices: -lo eth0 eth1 -Currently active devices: -lo eth0 -ntpd is stopped -portreserve (pid 1749) is running... -master (pid 2107) is running... -Process accounting is disabled. -quota_nld is stopped -rdisc is stopped -rngd is stopped -rpcbind (pid 1840) is running... -rsyslogd (pid 1756) is running... -sandbox is stopped -saslauthd is stopped -smartd is stopped -openssh-daemon (pid 9859) is running... -svnserve is stopped -vsftpd (pid 4008) is running... -xinetd (pid 2031) is running... +``` + +``` +abrt-ccpp hook is installed +abrtd (pid 2131) is running... +abrt-dump-oops is stopped +acpid (pid 1958) is running... +atd (pid 2164) is running... +auditd (pid 1731) is running... +Frequency scaling enabled using ondemand governor +crond (pid 2153) is running... +hald (pid 1967) is running... +htcacheclean is stopped +httpd is stopped +Table: filter +Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT) +num target prot opt source destination +1 ACCEPT all ::/0 ::/0 state RELATED,ESTABLISHED +2 ACCEPT icmpv6 ::/0 ::/0 +3 ACCEPT all ::/0 ::/0 +4 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:80 +5 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:21 +6 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:22 +7 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:25 +8 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2082 +9 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2086 +10 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2083 +11 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:2087 +12 ACCEPT tcp ::/0 ::/0 state NEW tcp dpt:10000 +13 REJECT all ::/0 ::/0 reject-with icmp6-adm-prohibited + +Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT) +num target prot opt source destination +1 REJECT all ::/0 ::/0 reject-with icmp6-adm-prohibited + +Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT) +num target prot opt source destination + +iptables: Firewall is not running. +irqbalance (pid 1826) is running... +Kdump is operational +lvmetad is stopped +mdmonitor is stopped +messagebus (pid 1929) is running... + SUCCESS! MySQL running (24376) +rndc: neither /etc/rndc.conf nor /etc/rndc.key was found +named is stopped +netconsole module not loaded +Usage: startup.sh { start | stop } +Configured devices: +lo eth0 eth1 +Currently active devices: +lo eth0 +ntpd is stopped +portreserve (pid 1749) is running... +master (pid 2107) is running... +Process accounting is disabled. +quota_nld is stopped +rdisc is stopped +rngd is stopped +rpcbind (pid 1840) is running... +rsyslogd (pid 1756) is running... +sandbox is stopped +saslauthd is stopped +smartd is stopped +openssh-daemon (pid 9859) is running... +svnserve is stopped +vsftpd (pid 4008) is running... +xinetd (pid 2031) is running... zabbix_agentd (pid 2150 2149 2148 2147 2146 2140) is running... - ``` -执行以下命令，可以只查看正在运行的服务。 +执行以下命令，可以只查看正在运行的服务： + ``` # service --status-all | grep running - +``` + +``` crond (pid 535) is running... httpd (pid 627) is running... mysqld (pid 911) is running... @@ -116,389 +132,420 @@ sendmail (pid 509) is running... sm-client (pid 519) is running... openssh-daemon (pid 478) is running... xinetd (pid 485) is running... - ``` -运行以下命令以查看指定服务的状态。 +运行以下命令以查看指定服务的状态： + ``` # service --status-all | grep httpd httpd (pid 627) is running... - ``` -或者，使用以下命令也可以查看指定服务的状态。 +或者，使用以下命令也可以查看指定服务的状态： + ``` # service httpd status - httpd (pid 627) is running... - ``` -使用以下命令查看系统启动时哪些服务会被启用。 +使用以下命令查看系统启动时哪些服务会被启用： + ``` # chkconfig --list -crond 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off -htcacheclean 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off -httpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off -ip6tables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off -iptables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off -modules_dep 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off -mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off -named 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off -netconsole 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off -netfs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off -network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off -nmb 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off -nscd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off -portreserve 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off -quota_nld 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off -rdisc 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off -restorecond 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off -rpcbind 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off -rsyslog 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off -saslauthd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off -sendmail 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off -smb 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off -snmpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off -snmptrapd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off -sshd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off -udev-post 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off -winbind 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off -xinetd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off +``` + +``` +crond 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off +htcacheclean 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off +httpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off +ip6tables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off +iptables 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off +modules_dep 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off +mysqld 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off +named 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off +netconsole 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off +netfs 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off +network 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off +nmb 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off +nscd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off +portreserve 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off +quota_nld 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off +rdisc 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off +restorecond 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off +rpcbind 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off +rsyslog 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off +saslauthd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:off 5:off 6:off +sendmail 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off +smb 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off +snmpd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off +snmptrapd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off +sshd 0:off 1:off 2:on 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off +udev-post 0:off 1:on 2:on 3:off 4:on 5:on 6:off +winbind 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:off 4:off 5:off 6:off +xinetd 0:off 1:off 2:off 3:on 4:on 5:on 6:off + +xinetd based services: + chargen-dgram: off + chargen-stream: off + daytime-dgram: off + daytime-stream: off + discard-dgram: off + discard-stream: off + echo-dgram: off + echo-stream: off + finger: off + ntalk: off + rsync: off + talk: off + tcpmux-server: off + time-dgram: off + time-stream: off +``` + +### 方法二：如何在 System V（SysV）系统中查看运行的服务 + +另外一种在 Linux 系统上列出运行的服务的方法是使用 initctl 命令： + +``` +# initctl list +rc stop/waiting +tty (/dev/tty3) start/running, process 1740 +tty (/dev/tty2) start/running, process 1738 +tty (/dev/tty1) start/running, process 1736 +tty (/dev/tty6) start/running, process 1746 +tty (/dev/tty5) start/running, process 1744 +tty (/dev/tty4) start/running, process 1742 +plymouth-shutdown stop/waiting +control-alt-delete stop/waiting +rcS-emergency stop/waiting +readahead-collector stop/waiting +kexec-disable stop/waiting +quit-plymouth stop/waiting +rcS stop/waiting +prefdm stop/waiting +init-system-dbus stop/waiting +ck-log-system-restart stop/waiting +readahead stop/waiting +ck-log-system-start stop/waiting +splash-manager stop/waiting +start-ttys stop/waiting +readahead-disable-services stop/waiting +ck-log-system-stop stop/waiting +rcS-sulogin stop/waiting +serial stop/waiting +``` -xinetd based services: - chargen-dgram: off - chargen-stream: off - daytime-dgram: off - daytime-stream: off - discard-dgram: off - discard-stream: off - echo-dgram: off - echo-stream: off - finger: off - ntalk: off - rsync: off - talk: off - tcpmux-server: off - time-dgram: off - time-stream: off +### 方法三：如何在 systemd 系统中查看运行的服务 + +以下命令帮助我们列出 systemd 系统中所有服务： ``` - -### 方法二：如何在 systemd 系统中查看运行的服务 - -以下命令帮助我们列出 systemd 系统中所有服务。 +# systemctl + UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION + sys-devices-virtual-block-loop0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop0 + sys-devices-virtual-block-loop1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop1 + sys-devices-virtual-block-loop2.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop2 + sys-devices-virtual-block-loop3.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop3 + sys-devices-virtual-block-loop4.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop4 + sys-devices-virtual-misc-rfkill.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/misc/rfkill + sys-devices-virtual-tty-ttyprintk.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/tty/ttyprintk + sys-module-fuse.device loaded active plugged /sys/module/fuse + sys-subsystem-net-devices-enp0s3.device loaded active plugged 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (PRO/1000 MT Desktop Adapter) + -.mount loaded active mounted Root Mount + dev-hugepages.mount loaded active mounted Huge Pages File System + dev-mqueue.mount loaded active mounted POSIX Message Queue File System + run-user-1000-gvfs.mount loaded active mounted /run/user/1000/gvfs + run-user-1000.mount loaded active mounted /run/user/1000 + snap-core-3887.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core + snap-core-4017.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core + snap-core-4110.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core + snap-gping-13.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for gping + snap-termius\x2dapp-8.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for termius-app + sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount loaded active mounted FUSE Control File System + sys-kernel-debug.mount loaded active mounted Debug File System + acpid.path loaded active running ACPI Events Check + cups.path loaded active running CUPS Scheduler + systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path loaded active waiting Forward Password Requests to Plymouth Directory Watch + systemd-ask-password-wall.path loaded active waiting Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch + init.scope loaded active running System and Service Manager + session-c2.scope loaded active running Session c2 of user magi + accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service + acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon + anacron.service loaded active running Run anacron jobs + apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server + apparmor.service loaded active exited AppArmor initialization + apport.service loaded active exited LSB: automatic crash report generation + aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon + atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor + atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon + avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack + colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles + console-setup.service loaded active exited Set console font and keymap + cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon + cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally + cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler + dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus + postfix.service loaded active exited Postfix Mail Transport Agent ``` -# systemctl + * `UNIT` 相应的 systemd 单元名称 + * `LOAD` 相应的单元是否被加载到内存中 + * `ACTIVE` 该单元是否处于活动状态 + * `SUB` 该单元是否处于运行状态（LCTT 译注：是较于 ACTIVE 更加详细的状态描述，不同的单元类型有不同的状态。） + * `DESCRIPTION` 关于该单元的简短描述 - UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION - sys-devices-virtual-block-loop0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop0 - sys-devices-virtual-block-loop1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop1 - sys-devices-virtual-block-loop2.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop2 - sys-devices-virtual-block-loop3.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop3 - sys-devices-virtual-block-loop4.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/loop4 - sys-devices-virtual-misc-rfkill.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/misc/rfkill - sys-devices-virtual-tty-ttyprintk.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/tty/ttyprintk - sys-module-fuse.device loaded active plugged /sys/module/fuse - sys-subsystem-net-devices-enp0s3.device loaded active plugged 82540EM Gigabit Ethernet Controller (PRO/1000 MT Desktop Adapter) - -.mount loaded active mounted Root Mount - dev-hugepages.mount loaded active mounted Huge Pages File System - dev-mqueue.mount loaded active mounted POSIX Message Queue File System - run-user-1000-gvfs.mount loaded active mounted /run/user/1000/gvfs - run-user-1000.mount loaded active mounted /run/user/1000 - snap-core-3887.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core - snap-core-4017.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core - snap-core-4110.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for core - snap-gping-13.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for gping - snap-termius\x2dapp-8.mount loaded active mounted Mount unit for termius-app - sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount loaded active mounted FUSE Control File System - sys-kernel-debug.mount loaded active mounted Debug File System - acpid.path loaded active running ACPI Events Check - cups.path loaded active running CUPS Scheduler - systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path loaded active waiting Forward Password Requests to Plymouth Directory Watch - systemd-ask-password-wall.path loaded active waiting Forward Password Requests to Wall Directory Watch - init.scope loaded active running System and Service Manager - session-c2.scope loaded active running Session c2 of user magi - accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service - acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon - anacron.service loaded active running Run anacron jobs - apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server - apparmor.service loaded active exited AppArmor initialization - apport.service loaded active exited LSB: automatic crash report generation - aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon - atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor - atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon - avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack - colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles - console-setup.service loaded active exited Set console font and keymap - cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon - cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally - cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler - dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus - postfix.service loaded active exited Postfix Mail Transport Agent +以下选项可根据类型列出单元： ``` - - * **`UNIT`** 相应的 systemd 单元名称 - * **`LOAD`** 相应的单元是否被加载到内存中 - * **`ACTIVE`** 该单元是否处于活动状态 - * **`SUB`** 该单元是否处于运行状态（LCTT 译者注：是较于 ACTIVE 更加详细的状态描述，不同的单元类型有不同的状态。） - * **`DESCRIPTION`** 关于该单元的简短描述 - - -以下选项可根据类型列出单元。 -``` -# systemctl list-units --type service - UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION - accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service - acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon - anacron.service loaded active running Run anacron jobs - apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server - apparmor.service loaded active exited AppArmor initialization - apport.service loaded active exited LSB: automatic crash report generation - aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon - atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor - atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon - avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack - colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles - console-setup.service loaded active exited Set console font and keymap - cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon - cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally - cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler - dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus - fwupd.service loaded active running Firmware update daemon - [email protected] loaded active running Getty on tty1 - grub-common.service loaded active exited LSB: Record successful boot for GRUB - irqbalance.service loaded active running LSB: daemon to balance interrupts for SMP systems - keyboard-setup.service loaded active exited Set the console keyboard layout - kmod-static-nodes.service loaded active exited Create list of required static device nodes for the current kernel - +# systemctl list-units --type service + UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION + accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service + acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon + anacron.service loaded active running Run anacron jobs + apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server + apparmor.service loaded active exited AppArmor initialization + apport.service loaded active exited LSB: automatic crash report generation + aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon + atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor + atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon + avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack + colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles + console-setup.service loaded active exited Set console font and keymap + cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon + cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally + cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler + dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus + fwupd.service loaded active running Firmware update daemon + getty@tty1.service loaded active running Getty on tty1 + grub-common.service loaded active exited LSB: Record successful boot for GRUB + irqbalance.service loaded active running LSB: daemon to balance interrupts for SMP systems + keyboard-setup.service loaded active exited Set the console keyboard layout + kmod-static-nodes.service loaded active exited Create list of required static device nodes for the current kernel ``` -以下选项可帮助您根据状态列出单位，输出与前例类似但更直截了当。 -``` -# systemctl list-unit-files --type service - -UNIT FILE STATE -accounts-daemon.service enabled -acpid.service disabled -alsa-restore.service static -alsa-state.service static -alsa-utils.service masked -anacron-resume.service enabled -anacron.service enabled -apache-htcacheclean.service disabled -[email protected] disabled -apache2.service enabled -[email protected] disabled -apparmor.service enabled -[email protected] static -apport.service generated -apt-daily-upgrade.service static -apt-daily.service static -aptik-battery-monitor.service generated -atop.service enabled -atopacct.service enabled -[email protected] enabled -avahi-daemon.service enabled -bluetooth.service enabled +以下选项可帮助您根据状态列出单位，输出与前例类似但更直截了当： ``` - -运行以下命令以查看指定服务的状态。 -``` -# systemctl | grep apache2 - apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server - +# systemctl list-unit-files --type service + +UNIT FILE STATE +accounts-daemon.service enabled +acpid.service disabled +alsa-restore.service static +alsa-state.service static +alsa-utils.service masked +anacron-resume.service enabled +anacron.service enabled +apache-htcacheclean.service disabled +apache-htcacheclean@.service disabled +apache2.service enabled +apache2@.service disabled +apparmor.service enabled +apport-forward@.service static +apport.service generated +apt-daily-upgrade.service static +apt-daily.service static +aptik-battery-monitor.service generated +atop.service enabled +atopacct.service enabled +autovt@.service enabled +avahi-daemon.service enabled +bluetooth.service enabled ``` -或者，使用以下命令也可查看指定服务的状态。 -``` -# systemctl status apache2 -● apache2.service - The Apache HTTP Server - Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/apache2.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) - Drop-In: /lib/systemd/system/apache2.service.d - └─apache2-systemd.conf - Active: active (running) since Tue 2018-03-06 12:34:09 IST; 8min ago - Process: 2786 ExecReload=/usr/sbin/apachectl graceful (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) - Main PID: 1171 (apache2) - Tasks: 55 (limit: 4915) - CGroup: /system.slice/apache2.service - ├─1171 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start - ├─2790 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start - └─2791 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start +运行以下命令以查看指定服务的状态： -Mar 06 12:34:08 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server... -Mar 06 12:34:09 magi-VirtualBox apachectl[1089]: AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 10.0.2.15. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppre -Mar 06 12:34:09 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server. -Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Reloading The Apache HTTP Server. -Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox apachectl[2786]: AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::7929:4ed1:279f:4d65. Set the 'ServerName' directive gl +``` +# systemctl | grep apache2 + apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server +``` + +或者，使用以下命令也可查看指定服务的状态： + +``` +# systemctl status apache2 +● apache2.service - The Apache HTTP Server + Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/apache2.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled) + Drop-In: /lib/systemd/system/apache2.service.d + └─apache2-systemd.conf + Active: active (running) since Tue 2018-03-06 12:34:09 IST; 8min ago + Process: 2786 ExecReload=/usr/sbin/apachectl graceful (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) + Main PID: 1171 (apache2) + Tasks: 55 (limit: 4915) + CGroup: /system.slice/apache2.service + ├─1171 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + ├─2790 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + └─2791 /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start + +Mar 06 12:34:08 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server... +Mar 06 12:34:09 magi-VirtualBox apachectl[1089]: AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 10.0.2.15. Set the 'ServerName' directive globally to suppre +Mar 06 12:34:09 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server. +Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Reloading The Apache HTTP Server. +Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox apachectl[2786]: AH00558: apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using fe80::7929:4ed1:279f:4d65. Set the 'ServerName' directive gl Mar 06 12:39:10 magi-VirtualBox systemd[1]: Reloaded The Apache HTTP Server. - ``` -执行以下命令，只查看正在运行的服务。 +执行以下命令，只查看正在运行的服务： ``` -# systemctl | grep running - acpid.path loaded active running ACPI Events Check - cups.path loaded active running CUPS Scheduler - init.scope loaded active running System and Service Manager - session-c2.scope loaded active running Session c2 of user magi - accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service - acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon - apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server - aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon - atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor - atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon - avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack - colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles - cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon - cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally - cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler - dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus - fwupd.service loaded active running Firmware update daemon - [email protected] loaded active running Getty on tty1 - irqbalance.service loaded active running LSB: daemon to balance interrupts for SMP systems - lightdm.service loaded active running Light Display Manager - ModemManager.service loaded active running Modem Manager - NetworkManager.service loaded active running Network Manager - polkit.service loaded active running Authorization Manager - +# systemctl | grep running + acpid.path loaded active running ACPI Events Check + cups.path loaded active running CUPS Scheduler + init.scope loaded active running System and Service Manager + session-c2.scope loaded active running Session c2 of user magi + accounts-daemon.service loaded active running Accounts Service + acpid.service loaded active running ACPI event daemon + apache2.service loaded active running The Apache HTTP Server + aptik-battery-monitor.service loaded active running LSB: start/stop the aptik battery monitor daemon + atop.service loaded active running Atop advanced performance monitor + atopacct.service loaded active running Atop process accounting daemon + avahi-daemon.service loaded active running Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD Stack + colord.service loaded active running Manage, Install and Generate Color Profiles + cron.service loaded active running Regular background program processing daemon + cups-browsed.service loaded active running Make remote CUPS printers available locally + cups.service loaded active running CUPS Scheduler + dbus.service loaded active running D-Bus System Message Bus + fwupd.service loaded active running Firmware update daemon + getty@tty1.service loaded active running Getty on tty1 + irqbalance.service loaded active running LSB: daemon to balance interrupts for SMP systems + lightdm.service loaded active running Light Display Manager + ModemManager.service loaded active running Modem Manager + NetworkManager.service loaded active running Network Manager + polkit.service loaded active running Authorization Manager ``` -使用以下命令查看系统启动时会被启用的服务列表。 -``` -# systemctl list-unit-files | grep enabled -acpid.path enabled -cups.path enabled -accounts-daemon.service enabled -anacron-resume.service enabled -anacron.service enabled -apache2.service enabled -apparmor.service enabled -atop.service enabled -atopacct.service enabled -[email protected] enabled -avahi-daemon.service enabled -bluetooth.service enabled -console-setup.service enabled -cron.service enabled -cups-browsed.service enabled -cups.service enabled -display-manager.service enabled -dns-clean.service enabled -friendly-recovery.service enabled -[email protected] enabled -gpu-manager.service enabled -keyboard-setup.service enabled -lightdm.service enabled -ModemManager.service enabled -network-manager.service enabled -networking.service enabled -NetworkManager-dispatcher.service enabled -NetworkManager-wait-online.service enabled -NetworkManager.service enabled +使用以下命令查看系统启动时会被启用的服务列表： ``` - -systemd-cgtop 按资源使用情况（任务、CPU、内存、输入和输出）列出控制组。 -``` -# systemd-cgtop - -Control Group Tasks %CPU Memory Input/s Output/s -/ - - 1.5G - - -/init.scope 1 - - - - -/system.slice 153 - - - - -/system.slice/ModemManager.service 3 - - - - -/system.slice/NetworkManager.service 4 - - - - -/system.slice/accounts-daemon.service 3 - - - - -/system.slice/acpid.service 1 - - - - -/system.slice/apache2.service 55 - - - - -/system.slice/aptik-battery-monitor.service 1 - - - - -/system.slice/atop.service 1 - - - - -/system.slice/atopacct.service 1 - - - - -/system.slice/avahi-daemon.service 2 - - - - -/system.slice/colord.service 3 - - - - -/system.slice/cron.service 1 - - - - -/system.slice/cups-browsed.service 3 - - - - -/system.slice/cups.service 2 - - - - -/system.slice/dbus.service 6 - - - - -/system.slice/fwupd.service 5 - - - - -/system.slice/irqbalance.service 1 - - - - -/system.slice/lightdm.service 7 - - - - -/system.slice/polkit.service 3 - - - - -/system.slice/repowerd.service 14 - - - - -/system.slice/rsyslog.service 4 - - - - -/system.slice/rtkit-daemon.service 3 - - - - -/system.slice/snapd.service 8 - - - - -/system.slice/system-getty.slice 1 - - - - - +# systemctl list-unit-files | grep enabled +acpid.path enabled +cups.path enabled +accounts-daemon.service enabled +anacron-resume.service enabled +anacron.service enabled +apache2.service enabled +apparmor.service enabled +atop.service enabled +atopacct.service enabled +autovt@.service enabled +avahi-daemon.service enabled +bluetooth.service enabled +console-setup.service enabled +cron.service enabled +cups-browsed.service enabled +cups.service enabled +display-manager.service enabled +dns-clean.service enabled +friendly-recovery.service enabled +getty@.service enabled +gpu-manager.service enabled +keyboard-setup.service enabled +lightdm.service enabled +ModemManager.service enabled +network-manager.service enabled +networking.service enabled +NetworkManager-dispatcher.service enabled +NetworkManager-wait-online.service enabled +NetworkManager.service enabled ``` -同时，我们可以使用 pstree 命令（输出来自 SysVinit 系统）查看正在运行的服务。 -``` -# pstree -init-|-crond - |-httpd---2*[httpd] - |-kthreadd/99149---khelper/99149 - |-2*[mingetty] - |-mysqld_safe---mysqld---9*[{mysqld}] - |-rsyslogd---3*[{rsyslogd}] - |-saslauthd---saslauthd - |-2*[sendmail] - |-sshd---sshd---bash---pstree - |-udevd - `-xinetd +`systemd-cgtop` 按资源使用情况（任务、CPU、内存、输入和输出）列出控制组： ``` - -我们还可以使用 pstree 命令（输出来自 systemd 系统）查看正在运行的服务。 -``` -# pstree -systemd─┬─ModemManager─┬─{gdbus} - │ └─{gmain} - ├─NetworkManager─┬─dhclient - │ ├─{gdbus} - │ └─{gmain} - ├─accounts-daemon─┬─{gdbus} - │ └─{gmain} - ├─acpid - ├─agetty - ├─anacron - ├─apache2───2*[apache2───26*[{apache2}]] - ├─aptd───{gmain} - ├─aptik-battery-m - ├─atop - ├─atopacctd - ├─avahi-daemon───avahi-daemon - ├─colord─┬─{gdbus} - │ └─{gmain} - ├─cron - ├─cups-browsed─┬─{gdbus} - │ └─{gmain} - ├─cupsd - ├─dbus-daemon - ├─fwupd─┬─{GUsbEventThread} - │ ├─{fwupd} - │ ├─{gdbus} - │ └─{gmain} - ├─gnome-keyring-d─┬─{gdbus} - │ ├─{gmain} - │ └─{timer} - +# systemd-cgtop + +Control Group Tasks %CPU Memory Input/s Output/s +/ - - 1.5G - - +/init.scope 1 - - - - +/system.slice 153 - - - - +/system.slice/ModemManager.service 3 - - - - +/system.slice/NetworkManager.service 4 - - - - +/system.slice/accounts-daemon.service 3 - - - - +/system.slice/acpid.service 1 - - - - +/system.slice/apache2.service 55 - - - - +/system.slice/aptik-battery-monitor.service 1 - - - - +/system.slice/atop.service 1 - - - - +/system.slice/atopacct.service 1 - - - - +/system.slice/avahi-daemon.service 2 - - - - +/system.slice/colord.service 3 - - - - +/system.slice/cron.service 1 - - - - +/system.slice/cups-browsed.service 3 - - - - +/system.slice/cups.service 2 - - - - +/system.slice/dbus.service 6 - - - - +/system.slice/fwupd.service 5 - - - - +/system.slice/irqbalance.service 1 - - - - +/system.slice/lightdm.service 7 - - - - +/system.slice/polkit.service 3 - - - - +/system.slice/repowerd.service 14 - - - - +/system.slice/rsyslog.service 4 - - - - +/system.slice/rtkit-daemon.service 3 - - - - +/system.slice/snapd.service 8 - - - - +/system.slice/system-getty.slice 1 - - - - ``` -### 方法三：如何使用 chkservice 在 systemd 系统中查看正在运行的服务 +同时，我们可以使用 `pstree` 命令（输出来自 SysVinit 系统）查看正在运行的服务： + +``` +# pstree +init-+-crond + |-httpd---2*[httpd] + |-kthreadd/99149---khelper/99149 + |-2*[mingetty] + |-mysqld_safe---mysqld---9*[{mysqld}] + |-rsyslogd---3*[{rsyslogd}] + |-saslauthd---saslauthd + |-2*[sendmail] + |-sshd---sshd---bash---pstree + |-udevd + `-xinetd +``` + +我们还可以使用 `pstree` 命令（输出来自 systemd 系统）查看正在运行的服务： + +``` +# pstree +systemd─┬─ModemManager─┬─{gdbus} + │ └─{gmain} + ├─NetworkManager─┬─dhclient + │ ├─{gdbus} + │ └─{gmain} + ├─accounts-daemon─┬─{gdbus} + │ └─{gmain} + ├─acpid + ├─agetty + ├─anacron + ├─apache2───2*[apache2───26*[{apache2}]] + ├─aptd───{gmain} + ├─aptik-battery-m + ├─atop + ├─atopacctd + ├─avahi-daemon───avahi-daemon + ├─colord─┬─{gdbus} + │ └─{gmain} + ├─cron + ├─cups-browsed─┬─{gdbus} + │ └─{gmain} + ├─cupsd + ├─dbus-daemon + ├─fwupd─┬─{GUsbEventThread} + │ ├─{fwupd} + │ ├─{gdbus} + │ └─{gmain} + ├─gnome-keyring-d─┬─{gdbus} + │ ├─{gmain} + │ └─{timer} +``` + +### 方法四：如何使用 chkservice 在 systemd 系统中查看正在运行的服务 + +`chkservice` 是一个管理系统单元的终端工具，需要超级用户权限。 -chkservice 是一个管理系统单元的终端工具，需要超级用户权限。 ``` # chkservice - ``` ![][1] -要查看帮助页面，请单击 `?` 按钮，它将显示管理 systemd 服务的可用选项。 +要查看帮助页面，请按下 `?` ，它将显示管理 systemd 服务的可用选项。 + ![][2] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -507,7 +554,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-check-all-running-services-in-linux/ 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 译者：[jessie-pang](https://github.com/jessie-pang) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出