Merge pull request #2 from LCTT/master

update
2025-01-01 21:50:13 +08:00 · 2018-01-08 11:24:54 +08:00 · 2018-01-08 11:24:54 +08:00 · da30332d1c
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+++ b/translated/tech/20170515
@ -1,84 +1,101 @@
 检查系统和硬件信息的命令
 ======
-你们好，linux 爱好者们，在这篇文章中，我将讨论一些作为系统管理员重要的事。众所周知，作为一名优秀的系统管理员意味着要了解有关 IT 基础架构的所有信息，并掌握有关服务器的所有信息，无论是硬件还是操作系统。所以下面的命令将帮助你了解所有的硬件和系统信息。

-#### 1- 查看系统信息
+你们好，Linux 爱好者们，在这篇文章中，我将讨论一些作为系统管理员重要的事。众所周知，作为一名优秀的系统管理员意味着要了解有关 IT 基础架构的所有信息，并掌握有关服务器的所有信息，无论是硬件还是操作系统。所以下面的命令将帮助你了解所有的硬件和系统信息。

+### 1 查看系统信息
+
+```
 $ uname -a
+```

 ![uname command][2]

 它会为你提供有关系统的所有信息。它会为你提供系统的内核名、主机名、内核版本、内核发布号、硬件名称。

-#### 2- 查看硬件信息
+### 2 查看硬件信息

+```
 $ lshw
+```

 ![lshw command][4]

-使用 lshw 将在屏幕上显示所有硬件信息。
+使用 `lshw` 将在屏幕上显示所有硬件信息。

-#### 3- 查看块设备（硬盘、闪存驱动器）信息
+### 3 查看块设备（硬盘、闪存驱动器）信息

+```
 $ lsblk
+```

 ![lsblk command][6]

-lsblk 命令在屏幕上打印关于块设备的所有信息。使用 lsblk -a 显示所有块设备。
+`lsblk` 命令在屏幕上打印关于块设备的所有信息。使用 `lsblk -a` 	可以显示所有块设备。

-#### 4- 查看 CPU 信息
+### 4 查看 CPU 信息

+```
 $ lscpu
+```

 ![lscpu command][8]

-lscpu 在屏幕上显示所有 CPU 信息。
+`lscpu` 在屏幕上显示所有 CPU 信息。

-#### 5- 查看 PCI 信息
+### 5 查看 PCI 信息

+```
 $ lspci
+```

 ![lspci command][10]

-所有的网络适配器卡、USB 卡、图形卡都被称为 PCI。要查看他们的信息使用 lspci。
+所有的网络适配器卡、USB 卡、图形卡都被称为 PCI。要查看他们的信息使用 `lspci`。

-lspci -v 将提供有关 PCI 卡的详细信息。
+`lspci -v` 将提供有关 PCI 卡的详细信息。

-lspci -t 会以树形格式显示它们。
+`lspci -t` 会以树形格式显示它们。

-#### 6- 查看 USB 信息
+### 6 查看 USB 信息

+```
 $ lsusb
+```

 ![lsusb command][12]

-要查看有关连接到机器的所有 USB 控制器和设备的信息，我们使用 lsusb。
+要查看有关连接到机器的所有 USB 控制器和设备的信息，我们使用 `lsusb`。

-#### 7- 查看 SCSI 信息
+### 7 查看 SCSI 信息

-$ lssci
+```
+$ lsscsi
+```

-![lssci][14]
+![lsscsi][14]

-要查看 SCSI 信息输入 lsscsi。lsscsi -s 会显示分区的大小。
+要查看 SCSI 信息输入 `lsscsi`。`lsscsi -s` 会显示分区的大小。

-#### 8- 查看文件系统信息
+### 8 查看文件系统信息

+```
 $ fdisk -l
+```

 ![fdisk command][16]

-使用 fdisk -l 将显示有关文件系统的信息。虽然 fdisk 的主要功能是修改文件系统，但是也可以创建新分区，删除旧分区（详情在我以后的教程中）。
+使用 `fdisk -l` 将显示有关文件系统的信息。虽然 `fdisk` 的主要功能是修改文件系统，但是也可以创建新分区，删除旧分区（详情在我以后的教程中）。

-就是这些了，我的  Linux 爱好者们。建议你在**[这里][17]**和**[这里][18]**查看我文章中关于另外的 Linux 命令。
+就是这些了，我的  Linux 爱好者们。建议你在**[这里][17]**和**[这里][18]**的文章中查看关于另外的 Linux 命令。

 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 via: http://linuxtechlab.com/commands-system-hardware-info/

 作者：[Shusain][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)

 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

--- a/published/20171031
+++ b/published/20171031
@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+迁移到 Linux ：入门介绍
+======
+
+![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/migrating-to-linux.jpg?itok=sjcGK0SY)
+
+> 这个新文章系列将帮你从其他操作系统迁移到 Linux。
+
+运行 Linux 的计算机系统到遍布在每个角落。Linux 运行着从谷歌搜索到“脸书”等等各种互联网服务。Linux 也在很多设备上运行，包括我们的智能手机、电视，甚至汽车。当然，Linux 也可以运行在您的桌面系统上。如果您是 Linux 新手，或者您想在您的桌面计算机上尝试一些不同的东西，这篇文章将简要地介绍其基础知识，并帮助您从另一个系统迁移到 Linux。
+
+切换到不同的操作系统可能是一个挑战，因为每个操作系统都提供了不同的操作方法。其在一个系统上的<ruby>习惯<rt>second nature</rt></ruby>可能会对另一个系统的使用形成阻挠，因此我们需要到网上或书本上查找怎样操作。
+
+### Windows 与 Linux 的区别 
+
+（LCTT 译注：本节标题 Vive la différence ，来自于法语，意即“差异万岁”——来自于 wiktionary）
+
+要开始使用 Linux，您可能会注意到，Linux 的打包方式不同。在其他操作系统中，许多组件被捆绑在一起，只是该软件包的一部分。然而，在 Linux 中，每个组件都被分别调用。举个例子来说，在 Windows 下，图形界面只是操作系统的一部分。而在 Linux 下，您可以从多个图形环境中进行选择，比如 GNOME、KDE Plasma、Cinnamon 和 MATE 等。
+
+从更高层面上看，一个 Linux 包括以下内容：
+
+1. 内核
+2. 驻留在磁盘上的系统程序和文件
+3. 图形环境
+4. 包管理器
+5. 应用程序
+
+### 内核
+
+操作系统的核心称为<ruby>内核<rt>kernel</rt></ruby>。内核是引擎罩下的引擎。它允许多个应用程序同时运行，并协调它们对公共服务和设备的访问，从而使所有设备运行顺畅。
+
+### 系统程序和文件
+
+系统程序以标准的文件和目录的层次结构位于磁盘上。这些系统程序和文件包括后台运行的服务（称为<ruby>守护进程<rt>deamon</rt></ruby>）、用于各种操作的实用程序、配置文件和日志文件。
+
+这些系统程序不是在内核中运行，而是执行基本系统操作的程序——例如，设置日期和时间，以及连接网络以便你可以上网。
+
+这里包含了<ruby>初始化<rt>init</rt></ruby>程序——它是最初运行的程序。该程序负责启动所有后台服务（如 Web 服务器）、启动网络连接和启动图形环境。这个初始化程序将根据需要启动其它系统程序。
+
+其他系统程序为简单的任务提供便利，比如添加用户和组、更改密码和配置磁盘。
+
+### 图形环境
+
+图形环境实际上只是更多的系统程序和文件。图形环境提供了常用的带有菜单的窗口、鼠标指针、对话框、状态和指示器等。
+
+需要注意的是，您不是必须需要使用原本安装的图形环境。如果你愿意，你可以把它换成其它的。每个图形环境都有不同的特性。有些看起来更像 Apple OS X，有些看起来更像 Windows，有些则是独特的而不试图模仿其他的图形界面。
+
+### 包管理器
+
+对于来自不同操作系统的人来说，<ruby>包管理器<rt>package manager</rt></ruby>比较难以掌握，但是现在有一个人们非常熟悉的类似的系统——应用程序商店。软件包系统实际上就是 Linux 的应用程序商店。您可以使用包管理器来选择您想要的应用程序，而不是从一个网站安装这个应用程序，而从另一个网站来安装那个应用程序。然后，包管理器会从预先构建的开源应用程序的中心仓库安装应用程序。
+
+### 应用程序
+
+Linux 附带了许多预安装的应用程序。您可以从包管理器获得更多。许多应用程序相当棒，另外一些还需要改进。有时，同一个应用程序在 Windows 或 Mac OS 或 Linux 上运行的版本会不同。
+
+例如，您可以使用 Firefox 浏览器和 Thunderbird (用于电子邮件)。您可以使用 LibreOffice 作为 Microsoft Office 的替代品，并通过 Valve 的 Steam 程序运行游戏。您甚至可以在 Linux 上使用 WINE 来运行一些 Windows 原生的应用程序。
+
+### 安装 Linux
+
+第一步通常是安装 Linux 发行版。你可能听说过 Red Hat、Ubuntu、Fedora、Arch Linux 和 SUSE，等等。这些都是 Linux 的不同发行版。
+
+如果没有 Linux 发行版，则必须分别安装每个组件。许多组件是由不同人群开发和提供的，因此单独安装每个组件将是一项冗长而乏味的任务。幸运的是，构建发行版的人会为您做这项工作。他们抓取所有的组件，构建它们，确保它们可以在一起工作，然后将它们打包在一个单一的安装套件中。
+
+各种发行版可能会做出不同的选择、使用不同的组件，但它仍然是 Linux。在一个发行版中开发的应用程序通常在其他发行版上运行的也很好。
+
+如果你是一个 Linux 初学者，想尝试 Linux，我推荐[安装 Ubuntu][1]。还有其他的发行版也可以尝试: Linux Mint、Fedora、Debian、Zorin OS、Elementary OS 等等。在以后的文章中，我们将介绍 Linux 系统的其他方面，并提供关于如何开始使用 Linux 的更多信息。
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/intro-to-linux/2017/10/migrating-linux-introduction
+
+作者：[John Bonesio][a]
+译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/johnbonesio
+[1]:https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop
+[2]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux
--- a/published/20171109
+++ b/published/20171109
@ -0,0 +1,166 @@
+通过实例学习 tcpdump 命令
+======
+
+`tcpdump` 是一个很常用的网络包分析工具，可以用来显示通过网络传输到本系统的 TCP/IP 以及其他网络的数据包。`tcpdump` 使用 libpcap 库来抓取网络报，这个库在几乎在所有的 Linux/Unix 中都有。
+
+`tcpdump` 可以从网卡或之前创建的数据包文件中读取内容，也可以将包写入文件中以供后续使用。必须是 root 用户或者使用 sudo 特权来运行 `tcpdump`。
+
+在本文中，我们将会通过一些实例来演示如何使用 `tcpdump` 命令，但首先让我们来看看在各种 Linux 操作系统中是如何安装 `tcpdump` 的。
+
+- 推荐阅读：[使用 iftop 命令监控网络带宽 ][1]
+
+### 安装
+
+`tcpdump` 默认在几乎所有的 Linux 发行版中都可用，但若你的 Linux 上没有的话，使用下面方法进行安装。
+
+#### CentOS/RHEL
+
+使用下面命令在 CentOS 和 RHEL 上安装 `tcpdump`，
+
+```
+$ sudo yum install tcpdump*
+```
+
+#### Fedora
+
+使用下面命令在 Fedora 上安装 `tcpdump`：
+
+```
+$ dnf install tcpdump
+```
+
+#### Ubuntu/Debian/Linux Mint
+
+在 Ubuntu/Debain/Linux Mint 上使用下面命令安装 `tcpdump`：
+
+```
+$ apt-get install tcpdump
+```
+
+安装好 `tcpdump` 后，现在来看一些例子。
+
+### 案例演示
+
+#### 从所有网卡中捕获数据包
+
+运行下面命令来从所有网卡中捕获数据包：
+
+```
+$ tcpdump -i any
+```
+
+#### 从指定网卡中捕获数据包
+
+要从指定网卡中捕获数据包，运行：
+
+```
+$ tcpdump -i eth0
+```
+
+#### 将捕获的包写入文件
+
+使用 `-w` 选项将所有捕获的包写入文件：
+
+```
+$ tcpdump -i eth1 -w packets_file
+```
+
+#### 读取之前产生的 tcpdump 文件
+
+使用下面命令从之前创建的 tcpdump 文件中读取内容：
+
+```
+$ tcpdump -r packets_file
+```
+
+#### 获取更多的包信息，并且以可读的形式显示时间戳
+
+要获取更多的包信息同时以可读的形式显示时间戳，使用：
+
+```
+$ tcpdump -ttttnnvvS
+```
+
+#### 查看整个网络的数据包
+
+要获取整个网络的数据包，在终端执行下面命令：
+
+```
+$ tcpdump net 192.168.1.0/24
+```
+
+#### 根据 IP 地址查看报文
+
+要获取指定 IP 的数据包，不管是作为源地址还是目的地址，使用下面命令：
+
+```
+$ tcpdump host 192.168.1.100
+```
+
+要指定 IP 地址是源地址或是目的地址则使用：
+
+```
+$ tcpdump src 192.168.1.100
+$ tcpdump dst 192.168.1.100
+```
+
+#### 查看某个协议或端口号的数据包
+
+要查看某个协议的数据包，运行下面命令：
+
+```
+$ tcpdump ssh
+```
+
+要捕获某个端口或一个范围的数据包，使用：
+
+```
+$ tcpdump port 22
+$ tcpdump portrange 22-125
+```
+
+我们也可以与 `src` 和 `dst` 选项连用来捕获指定源端口或指定目的端口的报文。
+
+我们还可以使用“与” （`and`，`&&`）、“或” （`or`，`||` ) 和“非”（`not`，`!`） 来将两个条件组合起来。当我们需要基于某些条件来分析网络报文是非常有用。
+
+#### 使用“与”
+
+可以使用 `and` 或者符号 `&&` 来将两个或多个条件组合起来。比如：
+
+```
+$ tcpdump src 192.168.1.100 && port 22 -w ssh_packets
+```
+
+#### 使用“或”
+
+“或”会检查是否匹配命令所列条件中的其中一条，像这样：
+
+```
+$ tcpdump src 192.168.1.100 or dst 192.168.1.50 && port 22 -w ssh_packets
+$ tcpdump port 443 or 80 -w http_packets
+```
+
+#### 使用“非”
+
+当我们想表达不匹配某项条件时可以使用“非”，像这样：
+
+```
+$ tcpdump -i eth0 src port not 22
+```
+
+这会捕获 eth0 上除了 22 号端口的所有通讯。
+
+我们的教程至此就结束了，在本教程中我们讲解了如何安装并使用 `tcpdump` 来捕获网络数据包。如有任何疑问或建议，欢迎留言。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://linuxtechlab.com/learn-use-tcpdump-command-examples/
+
+作者：[Shusain][a]
+译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://linuxtechlab.com/author/shsuain/
+[1]:http://linuxtechlab.com/monitoring-network-bandwidth-iftop-command/
--- a/published/20171127
+++ b/published/20171127
@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+迁移到 Linux：磁盘、文件、和文件系统
+============================================================
+
+![Migrating to LInux ](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/butterflies-807551_1920.jpg?itok=pxTxwvFO "Migrating to LInux ")
+
+> 在你的主要桌面计算机上安装和使用 Linux 将帮你快速熟悉你需要的工具和方法。
+
+这是我们的迁移到 Linux 系列文章的第二篇。如果你错过了第一篇，[你可以在这里找到它][4]。就如之前提到过的，为什么要迁移到 Linux 的有几个原因。你可以在你的工作中为 Linux 开发和使用代码，或者，你可能只是想去尝试一下新事物。
+
+不论是什么原因，在你主要使用的桌面计算机上拥有一个 Linux，将帮助你快速熟悉你需要的工具和方法。在这篇文章中，我将介绍 Linux 的文件、文件系统和磁盘。
+
+### 我的 C:\ 在哪里？
+
+如果你是一个 Mac 用户，Linux 对你来说应该非常熟悉，Mac 使用的文件、文件系统、和磁盘与 Linux 是非常接近的。另一方面，如果你的使用经验主要是 Windows，访问 Linux 下的磁盘可能看上去有点困惑。一般，Windows 给每个磁盘分配一个盘符（像 C:\）。而 Linux 并不是这样。而在你的 Linux 系统中它是一个单一的文件和目录的层次结构。
+
+让我们看一个示例。假设你的计算机使用了一个主硬盘、一个有 `Books` 和 `Videos` 目录的 CD-ROM 、和一个有 `Transfer` 目录的 U 盘，在你的 WIndows 下，你应该看到的是下面的样子：
+
+```
+C:\  [硬盘]
+├ System
+├ System32
+├ Program Files
+├ Program Files (x86)
+└ <更多目录>
+
+D:\ [CD-ROM]
+├ Books
+└ Videos
+
+E:\ [U 盘]
+└ Transfer
+```
+
+而一个典型的 Linux 系统却是这样：
+
+```
+/ (最顶级的目录，称为根目录) [硬盘]
+├ bin
+├ etc
+├ lib
+├ sbin
+├ usr
+├ <更多目录>
+└ media
+   └ <你的用户名>
+       ├ cdrom  [CD-ROM]
+       │  ├ Books
+       │  └ Videos
+       └ Kingme_USB [U 盘]
+           └ Transfer
+```
+
+如果你使用一个图形化环境，通常，Linux 中的文件管理器将出现看起来像驱动器的图标的 CD-ROM 和 USB 便携式驱动器，因此，你根本就无需知道介质所在的目录。
+
+### 文件系统
+
+Linux 称这些东西为文件系统。文件系统是在介质（比如，硬盘）上保持跟踪所有的文件和目录的一组结构。如果没有用于存储数据的文件系统，我们所有的信息就会混乱，我们就不知道哪个块属于哪个文件。你可能听到过一些类似 ext4、XFS 和 Btrfs 之类的名字，这些都是 Linux 文件系统。
+
+每种保存有文件和目录的介质都有一个文件系统在上面。不同的介质类型可能使用了为它优化过的特定的文件系统。比如，CD-ROM 使用 ISO9660 或者 UDF 文件系统类型。USB 便携式驱动器一般使用 FAT32，以便于它们可以很容易去与其它计算机系统共享。
+
+Windows 也使用文件系统。不过，我们不会过多的讨论它。例如，当你插入一个 CD-ROM，Windows 将读取 ISO9660 文件系统结构，分配一个盘符给它，然后，在盘符（比如，D:\）下显示文件和目录。当然，如果你深究细节，从技术角度说，Windows 是分配一个盘符给一个文件系统，而不是整个驱动器。
+
+使用同样的例子，Linux 也读取 ISO9660 文件系统结构，但它不分配盘符，它附加文件系统到一个目录（这个过程被称为<ruby>挂载<rt>mount</rt></ruby>）。Linux 将随后在所挂载的目录（比如是， `/media/<your user name>/cdrom` ）下显示 CD-ROM 上的文件和目录。
+
+因此，在 Linux 上回答 “我的 C:\ 在哪里？” 这个问题，答案是，这里没有 C:\，它们工作方式不一样。
+
+### 文件
+
+Windows 将文件和目录（也被称为文件夹）存储在它的文件系统中。但是，Linux 也让你将其它的东西放到文件系统中。这些其它类型的东西是文件系统的原生的对象，并且，它们和普通文件实际上是不同的。除普通文件和目录之外，Linux 还允许你去创建和使用<ruby>硬链接<rt>hard link</rt></ruby>、<ruby>符号链接<rt>symbolic link</rt></ruby>、<ruby>命名管道<rt>named pipe</rt></ruby>、<ruby>设备节点<rt>device node</rt></ruby>、和<ruby>套接字<rt>socket</rt></ruby>。在这里，我们不展开讨论所有的文件系统对象的类型，但是，这里有几种经常使用到的需要知道。
+
+硬链接用于为文件创建一个或者多个别名。指向磁盘上同样内容的每个别名的名字是不同的。如果在一个文件名下编辑文件，这个改变也同时出现在其它的文件名上。例如，你有一个 `MyResume_2017.doc`，它还有一个被称为 `JaneDoeResume.doc` 的硬链接。（注意，硬链接是从命令行下，使用 `ln` 的命令去创建的）。你可以找到并编辑 `MyResume_2017.doc`，然后，然后找到 `JaneDoeResume.doc`，你发现它保持了跟踪 —— 它包含了你所有的更新。
+
+符号链接有点像 Windows 中的快捷方式。文件系统的入口包含一个到其它文件或者目录的路径。在很多方面，它们的工作方式和硬链接很相似，它们可以创建一个到其它文件的别名。但是，符号链接也可以像文件一样给目录创建一个别名，并且，符号链接可以指向到不同介质上的不同文件系统，而硬链接做不到这些。（注意，你可以使用带 `-s` 选项的 `ln` 命令去创建一个符号链接）
+
+### 权限
+
+ Windows 和 Linux  另一个很大的区别是涉及到文件系统对象（文件、目录、及其它）的权限。Windows 在文件和目录上实现了一套非常复杂的权限。例如，用户和用户组可以有权限去读取、写入、运行、修改等等。用户和用户组可以授权访问除例外以外的目录中的所有内容，也可以不允许访问除例外的目录中的所有内容。
+
+然而，大多数使用 Windows 的人并不会去使用特定的权限；因此，当他们发现在 Linux 上是强制使用一套默认权限时，他们感到非常惊讶！Linux 通过使用 SELinux 或者 AppArmor 可以强制执行一套更复杂的权限。但是，大多数 Linux 安装版都只是使用了内置的默认权限。
+
+在默认的权限中，文件系统中的每个条目都有一套为它的文件所有者、文件所在的组、和其它人的设置的权限。这些权限允许他们：读取、写入和运行。给它们的权限是有层次继承的。首先，它检查这个（登入的）用户是否为该文件所有者和拥有的权限。如果不是，然后检查这个用户是否在文件所在的组中和该组拥有的权限。如果不是，然后它再检查其它人拥有的权限。这里设置了其它人的权限。但是，这里设置的三套权限大多数情况下都会使用其中的一套。
+
+如果你使用命令行，你输入 `ls -l`，你可以看到如下所表示的权限：
+
+```
+rwxrw-r-- 1 stan dndgrp 25 Oct 33rd 25:01 rolldice.sh
+```
+
+最前面的字母，`rwxrw-r--`，展示了权限。在这个例子中，所有者（stan）可以读取、写入和运行这个文件（前面的三个字母，`rwx`）；dndgrp 组的成员可以读取和写入这个文件，但是不能运行（第二组的三个字母，`rw-`）；其它人仅可以读取这个文件（最后的三个字母，`r--`）。
+
+（注意，在 Windows 中去生成一个可运行的脚本，你生成的文件要有一个特定的扩展名，比如 `.bat`，而在 Linux 中，扩展名在操作系统中没有任何意义。而是需要去设置这个文件可运行的权限）
+
+如果你收到一个 “permission denied” 错误，可能是你去尝试运行了一个要求管理员权限的程序或者命令，或者你去尝试访问一个你的帐户没有访问权限的文件。如果你尝试去做一些要求管理员权限的事，你必须切换登入到一个被称为 `root` 的用户帐户。或者通过在命令行使用一个被称为 `sudo` 的辅助程序。它可以临时允许你以 `root` 权限运行。当然，`sudo` 工具，也会要求你输入密码，以确保你真的有权限。
+
+### 硬盘文件系统
+
+Windows 主要使用一个被称为 NTFS 的硬盘文件系统。在 Linux 上，你也可以选一个你希望去使用的硬盘文件系统。不同的文件系统类型呈现不同的特性和不同的性能特征。现在主流的原生 Linux 的文件系统是 Ext4。但是，在安装 Linux 的时候，你也有丰富的文件系统类型可供选择，比如，Ext3（Ext4 的前任）、XFS、Btrfs、UBIFS（用于嵌入式系统）等等。如果你不确定要使用哪一个，Ext4 是一个很好的选择。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/intro-to-linux/2017/11/migrating-linux-disks-files-and-filesystems
+
+作者：[JOHN BONESIO][a]
+译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/johnbonesio
+[1]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/creative-commons-zero
+[2]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux
+[3]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/butterflies-8075511920jpg
+[4]:https://linux.cn/article-9212-1.html
--- a/published/20171128
+++ b/published/20171128
@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+Gitlab CI 常规介绍
+======
+
+在 [fleetster][1]， 我们搭建了自己的 [Gitlab][2] 实例，而且我们大量使用了 [Gitlab CI][3]。我们的设计师和测试人员也都在用它，也很喜欢用它，它的那些高级功能特别棒。
+
+Gitlab CI 是一个功能非常强大的持续集成系统，有很多不同的功能，而且每次发布都会增加新的功能。它的技术文档也很丰富，但是对那些要在已经配置好的 Gitlab 上使用它的用户来说，它缺乏一个一般性介绍。设计师或者测试人员是无需知道如何通过 Kubernetes 来实现自动伸缩，也无需知道“镜像”和“服务”之间的不同的。
+
+但是，他仍然需要知道什么是“管道”，知道如何查看部署到一个“环境”中的分支。因此，在本文中，我会尽可能覆盖更多的功能，重点放在最终用户应该如何使用它们上；在过去的几个月里，我向我们团队中的某些人包括开发者讲解了这些功能：不是所有人都知道<ruby>持续集成<rt>Continuous Integration</rt></ruby>（CI）是个什么东西，也不是所有人都用过 Gitlab CI。
+
+如果你想了解为什么持续集成那么重要，我建议阅读一下 [这篇文章][4]，至于为什么要选择 Gitlab CI 呢，你可以去看看 [Gitlab.com][3] 上的说明。
+
+### 简介
+
+开发者保存更改代码的动作叫做一次<ruby>提交<rt>commit</rt></ruby>。然后他可以将这次提交<ruby>推送<rt>push</rt></ruby>到 Gitlab 上，这样可以其他开发者就可以<ruby>复查<rt>review</rt></ruby>这些代码了。
+
+Gitlab CI 配置好后，Gitlab 也能对这个提交做出一些处理。该处理的工作由一个<ruby>运行器<rt>runner</rt></ruby>来执行的。所谓运行器基本上就是一台服务器（也可以是其他的东西，比如你的 PC 机，但我们可以简单称其为服务器）。这台服务器执行 `.gitlab-ci.yml` 文件中指令，并将执行结果返回给 Gitlab 本身，然后在 Gitlab 的图形化界面上显示出来。
+
+开发者完成一项新功能的开发或完成一个 bug 的修复后（这些动作通常包含了多次的提交），就可以发起一个<ruby>合并请求<rt>merge request</rt></ruby>，团队其他成员则可以在这个合并请求中对代码及其实现进行<ruby>评论<rt>comment</rt></ruby>。
+
+我们随后会看到，由于 Gitlab CI 提供的两大特性，<ruby>环境<rt>environment</rt></ruby> 与 <ruby>制品<rt>artifact</rt></ruby>，使得设计者和测试人员也能（而且真的需要）参与到这个过程中来，提供反馈以及改进意见。
+
+### <ruby>管道<rt>pipeline</rt></ruby>
+
+每个推送到 Gitlab 的提交都会产生一个与该提交关联的<ruby>管道<rt>pipeline</rt></ruby>。若一次推送包含了多个提交，则管道与最后那个提交相关联。管道就是一个分成不同<ruby>阶段<rt>stage</rt></ruby>的<ruby>作业<rt>job</rt></ruby>的集合。
+
+同一阶段的所有作业会并发执行（在有足够运行器的前提下），而下一阶段则只会在上一阶段所有作业都运行并返回成功后才会开始。
+
+只要有一个作业失败了，整个管道就失败了。不过我们后面会看到，这其中有一个例外：若某个作业被标注成了手工运行，那么即使失败了也不会让整个管道失败。
+
+阶段则只是对批量的作业的一个逻辑上的划分，若前一个阶段执行失败了，则后一个执行也没什么意义了。比如我们可能有一个<ruby>构建<rt>build</rt></ruby>阶段和一个<ruby>部署<rt>deploy</rt></ruby>阶段，在构建阶段运行所有用于构建应用的作业，而在部署阶段，会部署构建出来的应用程序。而部署一个构建失败的东西是没有什么意义的，不是吗？
+
+同一阶段的作业之间不能有依赖关系，但它们可以依赖于前一阶段的作业运行结果。
+
+让我们来看一下 Gitlab 是如何展示阶段与阶段状态的相关信息的。
+
+![pipeline-overview][5]
+
+![pipeline-status][6]
+
+### <ruby>作业<rt>job</rt></ruby>
+
+作业就是运行器要执行的指令集合。你可以实时地看到作业的输出结果，这样开发者就能知道作业为什么失败了。
+
+作业可以是自动执行的，也就是当推送提交后自动开始执行，也可以手工执行。手工作业必须由某个人手工触发。手工作业也有其独特的作用，比如，实现自动化部署，但只有在有人手工授权的情况下才能开始部署。这是限制哪些人可以运行作业的一种方式，这样只有信赖的人才能进行部署，以继续前面的实例。
+
+作业也可以建构出<ruby>制品<rt>artifacts</rt></ruby>来以供用户下载，比如可以构建出一个 APK 让你来下载，然后在你的设备中进行测试; 通过这种方式，设计者和测试人员都可以下载应用并进行测试，而无需开发人员的帮助。
+
+除了生成制品外，作业也可以部署`环境`，通常这个环境可以通过 URL 访问，让用户来测试对应的提交。
+
+做作业状态与阶段状态是一样的：实际上，阶段的状态就是继承自作业的。
+
+![running-job][7]
+
+### <ruby>制品<rt>Artifacts</rt></ruby>
+
+如前所述，作业能够生成制品供用户下载来测试。这个制品可以是任何东西，比如 Windows 上的应用程序，PC 生成的图片，甚至 Android 上的 APK。
+
+那么，假设你是个设计师，被分配了一个合并请求：你需要验证新设计的实现！
+
+要该怎么做呢？
+
+你需要打开该合并请求，下载这个制品，如下图所示。
+
+每个管道从所有作业中搜集所有的制品，而且一个作业中可以有多个制品。当你点击下载按钮时，会有一个下拉框让你选择下载哪个制品。检查之后你就可以评论这个合并请求了。
+
+你也可以从没有合并请求的管道中下载制品 ;-)
+
+我之所以关注合并请求是因为通常这正是测试人员、设计师和相关人员开始工作的地方。
+
+但是这并不意味着合并请求和管道就是绑死在一起的：虽然它们结合的很好，但两者之间并没有什么关系。
+
+![download-artifacts][8]
+
+### <ruby>环境<rt>environment</rt></ruby>
+
+类似的，作业可以将某些东西部署到外部服务器上去，以便你可以通过合并请求本身访问这些内容。
+
+如你所见，<ruby>环境<rt>environment</rt></ruby>有一个名字和一个链接。只需点击链接你就能够转至你的应用的部署版本上去了（当前，前提是配置是正确的）。
+
+Gitlab 还有其他一些很酷的环境相关的特性，比如 <ruby>[监控][9]<rt>monitoring</rt></ruby>，你可以通过点击环境的名字来查看。
+
+![environment][10]
+
+### 总结
+
+这是对 Gitlab CI 中某些功能的一个简单介绍：它非常强大，使用得当的话，可以让整个团队使用一个工具完成从计划到部署的工具。由于每个月都会推出很多新功能，因此请时刻关注 [Gitlab 博客][11]。
+
+若想知道如何对它进行设置或想了解它的高级功能，请参阅它的[文档][12]。
+
+在 fleetster，我们不仅用它来跑测试，而且用它来自动生成各种版本的软件，并自动发布到测试环境中去。我们也自动化了其他工作（构建应用并将之发布到 Play Store 中等其它工作）。
+
+说起来，**你是否想和我以及其他很多超棒的人一起在一个年轻而又富有活力的办公室中工作呢？** 看看 fleetster 的这些[招聘职位][13] 吧！
+
+赞美 Gitlab 团队 (和其他在空闲时间提供帮助的人)，他们的工作太棒了！
+
+若对本文有任何问题或回馈，请给我发邮件：[riccardo@rpadovani.com][14] 或者[发推给我][15]：-) 你可以建议我增加内容，或者以更清晰的方式重写内容(英文不是我的母语)。
+
+
+那么，再见吧，
+
+R.
+
+P.S：如果你觉得本文有用，而且希望我们写出其他文章的话，请问您是否愿意帮我[买杯啤酒给我][17] 让我进入 [鲍尔默峰值][16]？
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://rpadovani.com/introduction-gitlab-ci
+
+作者：[Riccardo][a]
+译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://rpadovani.com
+[1]:https://www.fleetster.net
+[2]:https://gitlab.com/
+[3]:https://about.gitlab.com/gitlab-ci/
+[4]:https://about.gitlab.com/2015/02/03/7-reasons-why-you-should-be-using-ci/
+[5]:https://img.rpadovani.com/posts/pipeline-overview.png
+[6]:https://img.rpadovani.com/posts/pipeline-status.png
+[7]:https://img.rpadovani.com/posts/running-job.png
+[8]:https://img.rpadovani.com/posts/download-artifacts.png
+[9]:https://gitlab.com/help/ci/environments.md
+[10]:https://img.rpadovani.com/posts/environment.png
+[11]:https://about.gitlab.com/
+[12]:https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/README.html
+[13]:https://www.fleetster.net/fleetster-team.html
+[14]:mailto:riccardo@rpadovani.com
+[15]:https://twitter.com/rpadovani93
+[16]:https://www.xkcd.com/323/
+[17]:https://rpadovani.com/donations
--- a/published/20171214
+++ b/published/20171214
@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+怎样在 Ubuntu 下安装 Moodle（“魔灯”）
+======
+
+![怎样在 Ubuntu 16.04 下安装 Moodle “魔灯”][1]
+
+这是一篇关于如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 上安装 Moodle （“魔灯”）的逐步指南。Moodle （<ruby>模块化面向对象动态学习环境<rt>Modular-object-oriented dynamic learning environment</rt></ruby>的缩写）是一种自由而开源的学习管理系统，为教师、学生和管理员提供个性化的学习环境。Moodle 由 Moodle 项目创建，由 [Moodle 总部][2]统一领导和协调。
+
+Moodle 有很多非常实用的功能，比如：
+
+* 现代和易于使用的界面
+* 个性化仪表盘
+* 协作工具和活动
+* 一体式日历
+* 简单的文本编辑器
+* 进度跟踪
+* 公告
+* 不胜枚举…
+
+在本教程中，我们将指导您在 Ubuntu 16.04 VPS 上利用 Apache web 服务器、MySQL 和 PHP 7 安装最新版本的 Moodle。（LCTT 译注：在 Ubuntu 的后继版本上的安装也类似。）
+
+### 1、 通过 SSH 登录
+
+首先，利用 root 用户通过 SSH  登录到 Ubuntu 16.04 VPS：
+
+```
+ssh root@IP_Address -p Port_number
+```
+
+### 2、 更新操作系统软件包
+
+运行以下命令更新系统软件包并安装一些依赖软件：
+
+```
+apt-get update && apt-get upgrade
+apt-get install git-core graphviz aspell
+```
+
+### 3、 安装 Apache Web 服务器
+
+利用下面命令，从 Ubuntu 软件仓库安装 Apache Web 服务器：
+
+```
+apt-get install apache2
+```
+
+### 4、 启动 Apache Web 服务器
+
+一旦安装完毕，启动 Apache 并使它能够在系统启动时自动启动，利用下面命令：
+
+```
+systemctl enable apache2
+```
+
+### 5、 安装 PHP 7
+
+接下来，我们将安装 PHP 7 和 Moodle 所需的一些额外的 PHP 模块，命令是：
+
+```
+apt-get install php7.0 libapache2-mod-php7.0 php7.0-pspell php7.0-curl php7.0-gd php7.0-intl php7.0-mysql php7.0-xml php7.0-xmlrpc php7.0-ldap php7.0-zip
+```
+
+### 6、 安装和配置 MySQL 数据库服务器
+
+Moodle 将大部分数据存储在数据库中，所以我们将利用以下命令安装 MySQL 数据库服务器：
+
+```
+apt-get install mysql-client mysql-server
+```
+
+安装完成后，运行 `mysql_secure_installation` 脚本配置 MySQL 的 `root` 密码以确保 MySQL 安全。
+
+以 `root` 用户登录到 MySQL 服务器，并为 Moodle 创建一个数据库以及能访问它的用户，以下是具体操作指令：
+
+```
+mysql -u root -p
+mysql> CREATE DATABASE moodle;
+mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON moodle.* TO 'moodleuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'PASSWORD';
+mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
+mysql> \q
+```
+
+一定要记得将上述 `PASSWORD` 替换成一个安全性强的密码。
+
+### 7、 从 GitHub  仓库获取 Moodle
+
+接下来，切换当前工作目录，并从 GitHub 官方仓库中复制 Moodle：
+
+```
+cd /var/www/html/
+git clone https://github.com/moodle/moodle.git
+```
+
+切换到 `moodle` 目录，检查所有可用的分支：
+
+```
+cd moodle/
+git branch -a
+```
+
+选择最新稳定版本（当前是 `MOODLE_34_STABLE` ），运行以下命令告诉 git 哪个分支可以跟踪或使用：
+
+```
+git branch --track MOODLE_34_STABLE origin/MOODLE_34_STABLE
+```
+
+并切换至这个特定版本：
+
+```
+git checkout MOODLE_34_STABLE
+
+Switched to branch 'MOODLE_34_STABLE'
+Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/MOODLE_34_STABLE'.
+```
+
+为存储 Moodle 数据创建目录：
+
+```
+mkdir /var/moodledata
+```
+
+正确设置其所有权和访问权限：
+
+```
+chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/moodle
+chown www-data:www-data /var/moodledata
+```
+
+### 8、 配置 Apache Web 服务器
+
+使用以下内容为您的域名创建 Apache 虚拟主机：
+
+```
+nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/yourdomain.com.conf
+
+ 	ServerAdmin admin@yourdomain.com
+ 	DocumentRoot /var/www/html/moodle
+ 	ServerName yourdomain.com
+ 	ServerAlias www.yourdomain.com
+
+	Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews
+	AllowOverride All
+	Order allow,deny
+	allow from all
+
+ 	ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/yourdomain.com-error_log
+ 	CustomLog /var/log/httpd/yourdomain.com-access_log common
+```
+
+保存文件并启用虚拟主机：
+
+```
+a2ensite yourdomain.com
+
+Enabling site yourdomain.com.
+To activate the new configuration, you need to run:
+ service apache2 reload
+```
+
+最后，重启 Apache Web 服务器，以使配置生效：
+
+```
+service apache2 reload
+```
+
+### 9、 接下来按照提示完成安装
+
+现在，点击 “http://yourdomain.com”（LCTT 译注：在浏览器的地址栏里输入以上域名以访问 Apache WEB 服务器），按照提示完成 Moodle 的安装。有关如何配置和使用  Moodle 的更多信息，您可以查看其[官方文档][4]。
+
+如果您使用我们的[优化的 Moodle 托管主机服务][5]，您不必在 Ubuntu 16.04 上安装 Moodle，在这种情况下，您只需要求我们的专业 Linux 系统管理员在 Ubuntu 16.04 上安装和配置最新版本的 Moodle。他们将提供 24×7 及时响应的服务。（LCTT 译注：这是原文作者——一个主机托管商的广告~）
+
+**PS.** 如果你喜欢这篇关于如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 上安装 Moodle 的帖子，请在社交网络上与你的朋友分享，或者留下你的回复。谢谢。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.rosehosting.com/blog/how-to-install-moodle-on-ubuntu-16-04/
+
+作者：[RoseHosting][a]
+译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://www.rosehosting.com
+[1]:https://www.rosehosting.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/How-to-Install-Moodle-on-Ubuntu-16.04.jpg
+[2]:https://moodle.com/hq
+[3]:https://www.rosehosting.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection
+[4]:https://docs.moodle.org/34/en/Main_page
+[5]:https://www.rosehosting.com/moodle-hosting.html
--- a/published/20171214
+++ b/published/20171214
@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+巨洞冒险：史上最有名的经典文字冒险游戏
+======
+
+[<ruby>巨洞冒险<rt>Colossal Cave Adventure</rt></ruby>](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E6%B4%9E%E5%86%92%E9%9A%AA)，又名 ADVENT、Clossal Cave 或 Adventure，是八十年代初到九十年代末最受欢迎的基于文字的冒险游戏。这款游戏还作为史上第一款“<ruby>互动小说<rt>interactive fiction</rt></ruby>”类游戏而闻名。在 1976 年，一个叫 Will Crowther 的程序员开发了这款游戏的一个早期版本，之后另一位叫 Don Woods 的程序员改进了这款游戏，为它添加了许多新元素，包括计分系统以及更多的幻想角色和场景。这款游戏最初是为 PDP-10 开发的，这是一种历史悠久的大型计算机。后来，它被移植到普通家用台式电脑上，比如 IBM PC 和 Commodore 64。游戏的最初版使用 Fortran 开发，之后在八十年代初它被微软加入到 MS-DOS 1.0 当中。
+
+![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Colossal-Cave-Adventure-1.jpeg)
+
+1995 年发布的最终版本 Adventure 2.5 从来没有可用于现代操作系统的安装包。它已经几乎绝版。万幸的是，在多年之后身为开源运动提倡者的 Eric Steven Raymond （ESR）得到了原作者们的同意之后将这款经典游戏移植到了现代操作系统上。他把这款游戏开源并将源代码以 “open-adventure” 之名托管在 GitLab 上。
+
+你在这款游戏的主要目标是找到一个传言中藏有大量宝藏和金子的洞穴并活着离开它。玩家在这个虚拟洞穴中探索时可以获得分数。一共可获得的分数是 430 点。这款游戏的灵感主要来源于原作者 Will Crowther 丰富的洞穴探索的经历。他曾经经常在洞穴中冒险，特别是肯塔基州的<ruby>猛犸洞<rt>Mammoth Cave</rt></ruby>。因为游戏中的洞穴结构大体基于猛犸洞，你也许会注意到游戏中的场景和现实中的猛犸洞的相似之处。
+
+### 安装巨洞冒险
+
+Open Adventure 在 [AUR][1] 上有面对 Arch 系列操作系统的安装包。所以我们可以在 Arch Linux 或者像 Antergos 和 Manjaro Linux 等基于 Arch 的发行版上使用任何 AUR 辅助程序安装这款游戏。
+
+使用 [Pacaur][2]：
+
+```
+pacaur -S open-adventure
+```
+
+使用  [Packer][3]：
+
+```
+packer -S open-adventure
+```
+
+使用 [Yaourt][4]：
+
+```
+yaourt -S open-adventure
+```
+
+在其他 Linux 发行版上，你也许需要经过如下步骤来从源代码编译并安装这款游戏。
+
+首先安装依赖项：
+
+在 Debian 和 Ubuntu 上：
+
+```
+sudo apt-get install python3-yaml libedit-dev
+```
+
+在 Fedora 上：
+```
+sudo dnf install python3-PyYAML libedit-devel
+```
+
+你也可以使用 `pip` 来安装 PyYAML：
+
+```
+sudo pip3 install PyYAML
+```
+
+安装好依赖项之后，用以下命令从源代码编译并安装 open-adventure：
+
+```
+git clone https://gitlab.com/esr/open-adventure.git
+make
+make check
+```
+
+最后，运行 `advent` 程序开始游戏：
+
+```
+advent
+```
+
+在 [Google Play 商店][5] 上还有这款游戏的安卓版。
+
+### 游戏说明
+
+要开始游戏，只需在终端中输入这个命令：
+
+```
+advent
+```
+
+你会看到一个欢迎界面。按 `y` 来查看教程，或者按 `n` 来开始冒险之旅。
+
+![][6]
+
+游戏在一个小砖房前面开始。玩家需要使用由一到两个简单的英语单词单词组成的命令来控制角色。要移动角色，只需输入 `in`、 `out`、`enter`、`exit`、`building`、`forest`、`east`、`west`、`north`、`south`、`up` 或 `down` 等指令。
+
+比如说，如果你输入 `south` 或者简写 `s`，游戏角色就会向当前位置的南方移动。注意每个单词只有前五个字母有效，所以当你需要输入更长的单词时需要使用缩写，比如要输入 `northeast` 时，只需输入 NE（大小写均可）。要输入 `southeast` 则使用 SE。要捡起物品，输入 `pick`。要进入一个建筑物或者其他的场景，输入 `in`。要从任何场景离开，输入 `exit`，诸如此类。当你遇到危险时你会受到警告。你也可以使用两个单词的短语作为命令，比如 `eat food`、`drink water`、`get lamp`、`light lamp`、`kill snake`  等等。你可以在任何时候输入 `help` 来显示游戏帮助。
+
+![][8]
+
+我花了一整个下午来探索这款游戏。天哪，这真是段超级有趣、激动人心又紧张刺激的冒险体验！
+
+![][9]
+
+我打通了许多关卡并在路上探索了各式各样的场景。我甚至找到了金子，还被一条蛇和一个矮人袭击过。我必须承认这款游戏真是非常让人上瘾，简直是最好的时间杀手。
+
+如果你安全地带着财宝离开了洞穴，你会取得游戏胜利，并获得财宝全部的所有权。你在找到财宝的时候也会获得部分的奖励。要提前离开你的冒险，输入 `quit`。要暂停冒险，输入 `suspend`（或者 `pause` 或 `save`）。你可以在之后继续冒险。要看你现在的进展如何，输入 `score`。记住，被杀或者退出会导致丢分。
+
+祝你们玩得开心！再见！
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.ostechnix.com/colossal-cave-adventure-famous-classic-text-based-adventure-game/
+
+作者：[SK][a]
+译者：[yixunx](https://github.com/yixunx)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
+[1]:https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/open-adventure/
+[2]:https://www.ostechnix.com/install-pacaur-arch-linux/
+[3]:https://www.ostechnix.com/install-packer-arch-linux-2/
+[4]:https://www.ostechnix.com/install-yaourt-arch-linux/
+[5]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ecsoftwareconsulting.adventure430
+[6]:https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Colossal-Cave-Adventure-2.png
+[7]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Colossal-Cave-Adventure-2.png
+[8]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Colossal-Cave-Adventure-3.png
+[9]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Colossal-Cave-Adventure-1.png
--- a/sources/tech/20090718
+++ b/sources/tech/20090718
@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+translating by lujun9972
+
+Vmware Linux Guest Add a New Hard Disk Without Rebooting Guest
+======
+
+As a system admin, I need to use additional hard drives for to provide more storage space or to separate system data from user data. This procedure, adding physical block devices to virtualized guests, describes how to add a hard drive on the host to a virtualized guest using VMWare software running Linux as guest.
+
+It is possible to add or remove a SCSI device explicitly, or to re-scan an entire SCSI bus without rebooting a running Linux VM guest. This how to is tested under Vmware Server and Vmware Workstation v6.0 (but should work with older version too). All instructions are tested on RHEL, Fedora, CentOS and Ubuntu Linux guest / hosts operating systems.
+
+
+## Step # 1: Add a New Disk To Vm Guest
+
+First, you need to add hard disk by visiting vmware hardware settings menu.
+Click on VM > Settings
+
+![Fig.01: Vmware Virtual Machine Settings ][1]
+
+Alternatively you can press CTRL + D to bring settings dialog box.
+
+Click on Add+ to add new hardware to guest:
+
+![Fig.02: VMWare adding a new hardware][2]
+
+Select hardware type Hard disk and click on Next
+![Fig.03 VMware Adding a new disk wizard ][3]
+
+Select create a new virtual disk and click on Next
+
+![Fig.04: Vmware Wizard Disk ][4]
+
+Set virtual disk type to SCSI and click on Next
+
+![Fig.05: Vmware Virtual Disk][5]
+
+Set maximum disk size as per your requirements and click on Next
+
+![Fig.06: Finalizing Disk Virtual Addition ][6]
+
+Finally, set file location and click on Finish.
+
+## Step # 2: Rescan the SCSI Bus to Add a SCSI Device Without rebooting the VM
+
+A rescan can be issued by typing the following command:
+
+```
+echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/ **host#** /scan
+fdisk -l
+tail -f /var/log/message
+```
+
+Sample outputs:
+
+![Linux Vmware Rescan New Scsi Disk Without Reboot][7]
+
+Replace host# with actual value such as host0. You can find scsi_host value using the following command:
+
+`# ls /sys/class/scsi_host`
+
+Output:
+
+```
+host0
+```
+
+Now type the following to send a rescan request:
+
+```
+echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/ **host0** /scan
+fdisk -l
+tail -f /var/log/message
+```
+
+Sample Outputs:
+
+```
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: Vendor: VMware, Model: VMware Virtual S Rev: 1.0
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: target0:0:1: Beginning Domain Validation
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: target0:0:1: Domain Validation skipping write tests
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: target0:0:1: Ending Domain Validation
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: target0:0:1: FAST-40 WIDE SCSI 80.0 MB/s ST (25 ns, offset 127)
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: SCSI device sdb: 2097152 512-byte hdwr sectors (1074 MB)
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sdb: Write Protect is off
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sdb: cache data unavailable
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sdb: assuming drive cache: write through
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: SCSI device sdb: 2097152 512-byte hdwr sectors (1074 MB)
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sdb: Write Protect is off
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sdb: cache data unavailable
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sdb: assuming drive cache: write through
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sdb: unknown partition table
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sd 0:0:1:0: Attached scsi disk sdb
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sd 0:0:1:0: Attached scsi generic sg1 type 0
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: Vendor: VMware, Model: VMware Virtual S Rev: 1.0
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: target0:0:2: Beginning Domain Validation
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: target0:0:2: Domain Validation skipping write tests
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: target0:0:2: Ending Domain Validation
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: target0:0:2: FAST-40 WIDE SCSI 80.0 MB/s ST (25 ns, offset 127)
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: SCSI device sdc: 2097152 512-byte hdwr sectors (1074 MB)
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sdc: Write Protect is off
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sdc: cache data unavailable
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sdc: assuming drive cache: write through
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: SCSI device sdc: 2097152 512-byte hdwr sectors (1074 MB)
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sdc: Write Protect is off
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sdc: cache data unavailable
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sdc: assuming drive cache: write through
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sdc: unknown partition table
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sd 0:0:2:0: Attached scsi disk sdc
+Jul 18 16:29:39 localhost kernel: sd 0:0:2:0: Attached scsi generic sg2 type 0
+```
+
+### How Do I Delete a Single Device Called /dev/sdc?
+
+In addition to re-scanning the entire bus, a specific device can be added or existing device deleted using the following command:
+
+```
+# echo 1 > /sys/block/devName/device/delete
+# echo 1 > /sys/block/ **sdc** /device/delete
+```
+
+### How Do I Add a Single Device Called /dev/sdc?
+
+To add a single device explicitly, use the following syntax:
+
+```
+# echo "scsi add-single-device <H> <B> <T> <L>" > /proc/scsi/scsi
+```
+
+Where,
+
+  * <H> : Host
+  * <B> : Bus (Channel)
+  * <T> : Target (Id)
+  * <L> : LUN numbers
+
+
+
+For e.g. add /dev/sdc with host # 0, bus # 0, target # 2, and LUN # 0, enter:
+
+```
+# echo "scsi add-single-device 0 0 2 0">/proc/scsi/scsi
+# fdisk -l
+# cat /proc/scsi/scsi
+```
+
+Sample Outputs:
+
+```
+Attached devices:
+Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 00 Lun: 00
+ Vendor: VMware, Model: VMware Virtual S Rev: 1.0
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 01 Lun: 00
+ Vendor: VMware, Model: VMware Virtual S Rev: 1.0
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+Host: scsi0 Channel: 00 Id: 02 Lun: 00
+ Vendor: VMware, Model: VMware Virtual S Rev: 1.0
+ Type: Direct-Access ANSI SCSI revision: 02
+```
+
+## Step #3: Format a New Disk
+
+Now, you can create partition using [fdisk and format it using mkfs.ext3][8] command:
+
+```
+# fdisk /dev/sdc
+### [if you want ext3 fs] ###
+# mkfs.ext3 /dev/sdc3
+### [if you want ext4 fs] ###
+# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc3
+```
+
+## Step #4: Create a Mount Point And Update /etc/fstab
+
+`# mkdir /disk3`
+
+Open /etc/fstab file, enter:
+
+`# vi /etc/fstab`
+
+Append as follows:
+
+```
+/dev/sdc3 /disk3 ext3 defaults 1 2
+```
+
+For ext4 fs:
+
+```
+/dev/sdc3 /disk3 ext4 defaults 1 2
+```
+
+Save and close the file.
+
+#### Optional Task: Label the partition
+
+[You can label the partition using e2label command][9]. For example, if you want to label the new partition /backupDisk, enter
+
+`# e2label /dev/sdc1 /backupDisk`
+
+See "[The importance of Linux partitions][10]
+
+## about the author
+
+The author is the creator of nixCraft and a seasoned sysadmin and a trainer for the Linux operating system/Unix shell scripting. He has worked with global clients and in various industries, including IT, education, defense and space research, and the nonprofit sector. Follow him on [Twitter][11], [Facebook][12], [Google+][13].
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/vmware-add-a-new-hard-disk-without-rebooting-guest.html
+
+作者：[Vivek Gite][a]
+译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz
+[1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/07/virtual-machine-settings-1.png (Vmware Virtual Machine Settings )
+[2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/07/vmware-add-hardware-wizard-2.png (VMWare adding a new hardware)
+[3]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/07/vmware-add-hardware-anew-disk-3.png (VMware Adding a new disk wizard )
+[4]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/07/vmware-add-hardware-4.png (Vmware Wizard Disk )
+[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/07/add-hardware-5.png (Vmware Virtual Disk)
+[6]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/07/vmware-final-disk-file-add-hdd-6.png (Finalizing Disk Virtual Addition)
+[7]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/07/vmware-linux-rescan-hard-disk.png (Linux Vmware Rescan New Scsi Disk Without Reboot)
+[8]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-disk-format/
+[9]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-modify-partition-labels-command-to-change-diskname/
+[10]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-partition-howto-set-labels/>how%20to%20label%20a%20Linux%20partition</a>%E2%80%9D%20for%20more%20info.</p><h2>Conclusion</h2><p>The%20VMware%20guest%20now%20has%20an%20additional%20virtualized%20storage%20device.%20%20The%20procedure%20works%20for%20all%20physical%20block%20devices,%20this%20includes%20CD-ROM,%20DVD%20and%20floppy%20devices.%20Next,%20time%20I%20will%20write%20about%20adding%20an%20additional%20virtualized%20storage%20device%20using%20XEN%20software.</p><h2>See%20also</h2><ul><li><a%20href=
+[11]:https://twitter.com/nixcraft
+[12]:https://facebook.com/nixcraft
+[13]:https://plus.google.com/+CybercitiBiz
--- a/sources/tech/20091215
+++ b/sources/tech/20091215
@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+How To Create sar Graphs With kSar To Identifying Linux Bottlenecks
+======
+The sar command collects, report, or save UNIX / Linux system activity information. It will save selected counters in the operating system to the /var/log/sa/sadd file. From the collected data, you get lots of information about your server:
+
+  1. CPU utilization
+  2. Memory paging and its utilization
+  3. Network I/O, and transfer statistics
+  4. Process creation activity
+  5. All block devices activity
+  6. Interrupts/sec etc.
+
+
+
+The sar command output can be used for identifying server bottlenecks. However, analyzing information provided by sar can be difficult, so use kSar tool. kSar takes sar command output and plots a nice easy to understand graph over a period of time.
+
+
+## sysstat Package
+
+The sar, sa1, and sa2 commands are part of sysstat package. Collection of performance monitoring tools for Linux includes
+
+  1. sar : Displays the data.
+  2. sa1 and sa2: Collect and store the data for later analysis. The sa2 shell script write a daily report in the /var/log/sa directory. The sa1 shell script collect and store binary data in the system activity daily data file.
+  3. sadc - System activity data collector. You can configure various options by modifying sa1 and sa2 scripts. They are located at the following location:
+    * /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 (64bit) or /usr/lib/sa/sa1 (32bit) - This calls sadc to log reports to/var/log/sa/sadX format.
+    * /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 (64bit) or /usr/lib/sa/sa2 (32bit) - This calls sar to log reports to /var/log/sa/sarX format.
+
+
+
+### How do I install sar on my system?
+
+Type the following [yum command][1] to install sysstat on a CentOS/RHEL based system:
+`# yum install sysstat`
+Sample outputs:
+```
+Loaded plugins: downloadonly, fastestmirror, priorities,
+              : protectbase, security
+Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
+ * addons: mirror.cs.vt.edu
+ * base: mirror.ash.fastserv.com
+ * epel: serverbeach1.fedoraproject.org
+ * extras: mirror.cogentco.com
+ * updates: centos.mirror.nac.net
+0 packages excluded due to repository protections
+Setting up Install Process
+Resolving Dependencies
+--&gt; Running transaction check
+---&gt; Package sysstat.x86_64 0:7.0.2-3.el5 set to be updated
+--&gt; Finished Dependency Resolution
+ 
+Dependencies Resolved
+ 
+====================================================================
+ Package        Arch          Version             Repository   Size
+====================================================================
+Installing:
+ sysstat        x86_64        7.0.2-3.el5         base        173 k
+ 
+Transaction Summary
+====================================================================
+Install      1 Package(s)
+Update       0 Package(s)
+Remove       0 Package(s)
+ 
+Total download size: 173 k
+Is this ok [y/N]: y
+Downloading Packages:
+sysstat-7.0.2-3.el5.x86_64.rpm               | 173 kB     00:00
+Running rpm_check_debug
+Running Transaction Test
+Finished Transaction Test
+Transaction Test Succeeded
+Running Transaction
+  Installing     : sysstat                                      1/1
+ 
+Installed:
+  sysstat.x86_64 0:7.0.2-3.el5
+ 
+Complete!
+```
+
+
+### Configuration files for sysstat
+
+Edit /etc/sysconfig/sysstat file specify how long to keep log files in days, maximum is a month:
+`# vi /etc/sysconfig/sysstat`
+Sample outputs:
+```
+# keep log for 28 days
+# the default is 7
+HISTORY=28
+```
+
+Save and close the file.
+
+### Find the default cron job for sar
+
+[The default cron job is located][2] at /etc/cron.d/sysstat:
+`# cat /etc/cron.d/sysstat`
+Sample outputs:
+```
+# run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes
+*/10 * * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 1 1
+# generate a daily summary of process accounting at 23:53
+53 23 * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 -A
+```
+
+### Tell sadc to report statistics for disks
+
+Edit the /etc/cron.d/sysstat file using a text editor such as NA command or vim command, enter:
+`# vi /etc/cron.d/sysstat`
+Update it as follows to log all disk stats (the -d option force to log stats for each block device and the -I option force report statistics for all system interrupts):
+```
+# run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes
+*/10 * * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 -I -d 1 1
+# generate a daily summary of process accounting at 23:53
+53 23 * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 -A 
+```
+
+On a CentOS/RHEL 7.x you need to pass the -S DISK option to collect data for block devices. Pass the -S XALL to collect data about:
+
+  1. Disk
+  2. Partition
+  3. System interrupts
+  4. SNMP
+  5. IPv6
+
+
+```
+# Run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes
+*/10 * * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 -S DISK 1 1
+# 0 * * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 600 6 &
+# Generate a daily summary of process accounting at 23:53
+53 23 * * * root /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 -A
+# Run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes
+```
+
+Save and close the file. Turn on the service for a CentOS/RHEL version 5.x/6.x, enter:
+`# chkconfig sysstat on
+# service sysstat start`
+Sample outputs:
+```
+Calling the system activity data collector (sadc):
+```
+
+For a CentOS/RHEL 7.x, run the following commands:
+```
+# systemctl enable sysstat
+# systemctl start sysstat.service
+# systemctl status sysstat.service 
+```
+Sample outputs:
+```
+● sysstat.service - Resets System Activity Logs
+   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sysstat.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
+   Active: active (exited) since Sat 2018-01-06 16:33:19 IST; 3s ago
+  Process: 28297 ExecStart=/usr/lib64/sa/sa1 --boot (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
+ Main PID: 28297 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
+ 
+Jan 06 16:33:19 centos7-box systemd[1]: Starting Resets System Activity Logs...
+Jan 06 16:33:19 centos7-box systemd[1]: Started Resets System Activity Logs.
+```
+
+## How Do I Use sar? How do I View Stats?
+
+Use the sar command to display output the contents of selected cumulative activity counters in the operating system. In this example, sar is run to get real-time reporting from the command line about CPU utilization:
+`# sar -u 3 10`
+Sample outputs:
+```
+Linux 2.6.18-164.2.1.el5 (www-03.nixcraft.in) 	12/14/2009
+
+09:49:47 PM CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
+09:49:50 PM all 5.66 0.00 1.22 0.04 0.00 93.08
+09:49:53 PM all 12.29 0.00 1.93 0.04 0.00 85.74
+09:49:56 PM all 9.30 0.00 1.61 0.00 0.00 89.10
+09:49:59 PM all 10.86 0.00 1.51 0.04 0.00 87.58
+09:50:02 PM all 14.21 0.00 3.27 0.04 0.00 82.47
+09:50:05 PM all 13.98 0.00 4.04 0.04 0.00 81.93
+09:50:08 PM all 6.60 6.89 1.26 0.00 0.00 85.25
+09:50:11 PM all 7.25 0.00 1.55 0.04 0.00 91.15
+09:50:14 PM all 6.61 0.00 1.09 0.00 0.00 92.31
+09:50:17 PM all 5.71 0.00 0.96 0.00 0.00 93.33
+Average: all 9.24 0.69 1.84 0.03 0.00 88.20
+```
+
+Where,
+
+  * 3 = interval
+  * 10 = count
+
+
+
+To view process creation statistics, enter:
+`# sar -c 3 10`
+To view I/O and transfer rate statistics, enter:
+`# sar -b 3 10`
+To view paging statistics, enter:
+`# sar -B 3 10`
+To view block device statistics, enter:
+`# sar -d 3 10`
+To view statistics for all interrupt statistics, enter:
+`# sar -I XALL 3 10`
+To view device specific network statistics, enter:
+```
+# sar -n DEV 3 10
+# sar -n EDEV 3 10
+```
+To view CPU specific statistics, enter:
+```
+# sar -P ALL
+# Only 1st CPU stats
+# sar -P 1 3 10 
+```
+To view queue length and load averages statistics, enter:
+`# sar -q 3 10`
+To view memory and swap space utilization statistics, enter:
+```
+# sar -r 3 10
+# sar -R 3 10
+```
+To view status of inode, file and other kernel tables statistics, enter:
+`# sar -v 3 10`
+To view system switching activity statistics, enter:
+`# sar -w 3 10`
+To view swapping statistics, enter:
+`# sar -W 3 10`
+To view statistics for a given process called Apache with PID # 3256, enter:
+`# sar -x 3256 3 10`
+
+## Say Hello To kSar
+
+sar and sadf provides CLI based output. The output may confuse all new users / sys admin. So you need to use kSar which is a java application that graph your sar data. It also permit to export data to PDF/JPG/PNG/CSV. You can load data from three method : local file, local command execution, and remote command execution via SSH. kSar supports the sar output of the following OS:
+
+  1. Solaris 8, 9 and 10
+  2. Mac OS/X 10.4+
+  3. Linux (Systat Version >= 5.0.5)
+  4. AIX (4.3 & 5.3)
+  5. HPUX 11.00+
+
+
+
+### Download And Install kSar
+
+Visit the [official][3] website and grab the latest source code. Use [wget to][4] download the source code, enter:
+`$ wget https://github.com/vlsi/ksar/releases/download/v5.2.4-snapshot-652bf16/ksar-5.2.4-SNAPSHOT-all.jar`
+
+#### How Do I Run kSar?
+
+Make sure [JAVA jdk][5] is installed and working correctly. Type the following command to start kSar, run:
+`$ java -jar ksar-5.2.4-SNAPSHOT-all.jar`
+
+![Fig.01: kSar welcome screen][6]
+Next you will see main kSar window, and menus with two panels.
+![Fig.02: kSar - the main window][7]
+The left one will have a list of graphs available depending on the data kSar has parsed. The right window will show you the graph you have selected.
+
+## How Do I Generate sar Graphs Using kSar?
+
+First, you need to grab sar command statistics from the server named server1. Type the following command to get stats, run:
+`[ **server1** ]# LC_ALL=C sar -A  > /tmp/sar.data.txt`
+Next copy file to local desktop from a remote box using the scp command:
+`[ **desktop** ]$ scp user@server1.nixcraft.com:/tmp/sar.data.txt /tmp/`
+Switch to kSar Windows. Click on **Data** > **Load data from text file** > Select sar.data.txt from /tmp/ > Click the **Open** button.
+Now, the graph type tree is deployed in left pane and a graph has been selected:
+![Fig.03: Processes for server1][8]
+
+![Fig.03: Disk stats \(blok device\) stats for server1][9]![Fig.05: Memory stats for server1][10]
+
+#### Zoom in and out
+
+Using the move, you can interactively zoom onto up a part of a graph. To select a zone to zoom, click on the upper left conner and while still holding the mouse but on move to the lower-right of the zone you want to zoom. To come back to unzoomed view click and drag the mouse to any corner location except a lower-right one. You can also right click and select zoom options
+
+#### Understanding kSar Graphs And sar Data
+
+I strongly recommend reading sar and sadf command man page:
+`$ man sar
+$ man sadf`
+
+## Case Study: Identifying Linux Server CPU Bottlenecks
+
+With sar command and kSar tool, one can get the detailed snapshot of memory, CPU, and other subsystems. For example, if CPU utilization is more than 80% for a long period, a CPU bottleneck is most likely occurring. Using **sar -x ALL** you can find out CPU eating process. The output of [mpstat command][11] (part of sysstat package itself) will also help you understand the cpu utilization. You can easily analyze this information with kSar.
+
+### I Found CPU Bottlenecks…
+
+Performance tuning options for the CPU are as follows:
+
+  1. Make sure that no unnecessary programs are running in the background. Turn off [all unnecessary services on Linux][12].
+  2. Use [cron to schedule][13] jobs (e.g., backup) to run at off-peak hours.
+  3. Use [top and ps command][14] to find out all non-critical background jobs / services. Make sure you lower their priority using [renice command][15].
+  4. Use [taskset command to set a processes's][16] CPU affinity (offload cpu) i.e. bind processes to different CPUs. For example, run MySQL database on cpu #2 and Apache on cpu # 3.
+  5. Make sure you are using latest drivers and firmware for your server.
+  6. If possible add additional CPUs to the system.
+  7. Use faster CPUs for a single-threaded application (e.g. Lighttpd web server app).
+  8. Use more CPUs for a multi-threaded application (e.g. MySQL database server app).
+  9. Use more computer nodes and set up a [load balancer][17] for a web app.
+
+
+
+## isag - Interactive System Activity Grapher (alternate tool)
+
+The isag command graphically displays the system activity data stored in a binary data file by a previous sar run. The isag command invokes sar to extract the data to be plotted. isag has limited set of options as compare to kSar.
+
+![Fig.06: isag CPU utilization graphs][18]
+
+
+### about the author
+
+The author is the creator of nixCraft and a seasoned sysadmin and a trainer for the Linux operating system/Unix shell scripting. He has worked with global clients and in various industries, including IT, education, defense and space research, and the nonprofit sector. Follow him on [Twitter][19], [Facebook][20], [Google+][21].
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/identifying-linux-bottlenecks-sar-graphs-with-ksar.html
+
+作者：[Vivek Gite][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz
+[1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/ (See Linux/Unix yum command examples for more info)
+[2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-do-i-add-jobs-to-cron-under-linux-or-unix-oses/
+[3]:https://github.com/vlsi/ksar
+[4]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-wget-your-ultimate-command-line-downloader.html
+[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-ubuntu-linux-install-configure-jdk-jre/
+[6]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/sar-welcome.png (kSar welcome screen)
+[7]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/screenshot-kSar-a-sar-grapher-01.png (kSar - the main window)
+[8]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/cpu-ksar.png (Linux kSar Processes for server1 )
+[9]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/disk-stats-ksar.png (Linux Disk I/O Stats Using kSar)
+[10]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/memory-ksar.png (Linux Memory paging and its utilization stats)
+[11]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/how-do-i-find-out-linux-cpu-utilization.html
+[12]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/check-running-services-in-rhel-redhat-fedora-centoslinux/
+[13]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-do-i-add-jobs-to-cron-under-linux-or-unix-oses/
+[14]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/show-all-running-processes-in-linux/
+[15]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-change-unix-linux-process-priority/
+[16]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/taskset-cpu-affinity-command/
+[17]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/load-balancer-open-source-software.html
+[18]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/tips/2009/12/isag.cpu_.png (Fig.06: isag CPU utilization graphs)
+[19]:https://twitter.com/nixcraft
+[20]:https://facebook.com/nixcraft
+[21]:https://plus.google.com/+CybercitiBiz
--- a/sources/tech/20170502
+++ b/sources/tech/20170502
@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 A beginner’s guide to Raspberry Pi 3
 ======
 ![](https://images.techhive.com/images/article/2017/03/raspberry2-100711632-large.jpeg)
+
 This article is part of a weekly series where I'll create new projects using Raspberry Pi 3. The first article of the series focusses on getting you started and will cover the installation of Raspbian, with PIXEL desktop, setting up networking and some basics.

 ###  What you need:
@ -20,8 +21,6 @@ There are many Linux-based operating systems available for Raspberry Pi that you

 Download NOOBS from [this link][1] on your system. It's a compressed .zip file. If you're on MacOS, just double click on it and MacOS will automatically uncompress the files. If you are on Windows, right-click on it, and select "extract here."

- **[ Give yourself a technology career advantage with[InfoWorld's Deep Dive technology reports and Computerworld's career trends reports][2]. GET A 15% DISCOUNT through Jan. 15, 2017: Use code 8TIISZ4Z. ]**
-
 If you're running desktop Linux, then how to unzip it really depends on the desktop environment you are running, as different DEs have different ways of doing the same thing. So the easiest way is to use the command line.

 `$ unzip NOOBS.zip`
--- a/sources/tech/20170919
+++ b/sources/tech/20170919
@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+What Are Bitcoins?
+======
+![what are bitcoins](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/what-are-bitcoins_orig.jpg)
+ 
+ **[Bitcoin][1]** is a digital currency or electronic cash the relies on peer to peer technology for completing transactions. Since peer to peer technology is used as the major network, bitcoins provide a community like managed economy. This is to mean, bitcoins eliminate the centralized authority way of managing currency and promotes community management of currency. Most Also of the software related to bitcoin mining and managing of bitcoin digital cash is open source. 
+
+The first Bitcoin software was developed by Satoshi Nakamoto and it's based on open source cryptographic protocol. Bitcoins smallest unit is known as the Satoshi which is basically one-hundredth millionth of a single bitcoin (0.00000001 BTC). 
+
+One cannot underestimate the boundaries BITCOINS eliminate in the digital economy. For instance, the BITCOIN eliminates governed controls over currency by a centralised agency and offers control and management to the community as a whole. Furthermore, the fact that the BITCOIN is based on an open source cryptographic protocol makes it an open place where there are scrupulous activities such as fluctuating value, deflation and inflation among others. While many internet users are becoming aware of the privacy they should exercise to complete some online transactions, bitcoin is gaining more popularity than ever before. However, for those who know about the dark web and how it works can acknowledge that some people began using it long ago. 
+
+On the downside, the bitcoin is also very secure in making anonymous payments which may be a threat to security or personal health. For instance, the dark web markets are the major suppliers and retailers of imported drugs and even weapons. The use of BITCOINs in the dark web facilitates a safe network for such criminal activities. Despite that, if put to good use, bitcoin has many benefits that can eliminate some of the economic fallacy as a result of centralized agency management of currency. In addition, the bitcoin allows for instance exchange of cash anywhere in the world. The use of bitcoins also mitigates counterfeiting, printing, or devaluation over time. Also, while relying on peer to peer network as its backbone, it promotes the distributed authority of transaction records making it safe to make exchanges. 
+
+Other advantages of the bitcoin include;
+
+*   In the online business world, bitcoin promotes money security and total control. This is because buyers are protected against merchants who may want to charge extra for a lower cost service. The buyer can also choose not to share personal information after making a transaction. Besides, identity theft protection is achieved as a result of backed up hiding personal information.  
+
+*   Bitcoins are provided alternatives to major common currency catastrophes such as getting lost, frozen or damaged. However, it is recommended to always make a backup of your bitcoins and encrypt them with a password. 
+
+*   In making online purchases and payments using bitcoins, there is a small fee or zero transaction fee charged. This promotes affordability of use.
+
+*   Merchants also face fewer risks that could result from fraud as bitcoin transactions cannot be reversed, unlike other currencies in electronic form. Bitcoins also prove useful even in moments of high crime rate and fraud since it is difficult to con someone over an open public ledger (Blockchain).
+
+*   Bitcoin currency is also hard to be manipulated as it is open source and the cryptographic protocol is very secure.
+
+*   Transactions can also be verified and approved, anywhere, anytime. This is the level of flexibility offered by this digital currency. 
+
+Also Read - [Bitkey A Linux Distribution Dedicated To Bitcoin Transactions][2]
+
+### How To Mine Bitcoins and The Applications to Accomplish Necessary Bitcoin Management Tasks
+
+In the digital currency, BITCOIN mining and management requires additional software. There are numerous open source bitcoin management software that make it easy to make payments, receive payments, encrypt and backup of your bitcoins and also bitcoin mining software. There are sites such as; [Freebitcoin][4] where one earns free bitcoins by viewing ads, [MoonBitcoin][5] is another site that one can sign up for free and earn bitcoins. However, it is convenient if one has spare time and a sizable network of friends participating in the same. There are many sites offering bitcoin mining and one can easily sign up and start mining. One of the major secrets is referring as many people as you can to create a large network.
+
+Applications required for use with bitcoins include the bitcoin wallet which allows one to safely keep bitcoins. This is just like the physical wallet using to keep hard cash but in a digital form. The wallet can be downloaded here - [Bitcoin - Wallet][6] . Other similar applications include;  the [Blockchain][7] which works similar to the Bitcoin Wallet.
+
+The screenshots below show the Freebitco and MoonBitco mining sites respectively. 
+
+ [![freebitco bitcoin mining site](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/freebitco-bitcoin-mining-site_orig.jpg)][8] 
+ [![moonbitcoin bitcoin mining site](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/moonbitcoin-bitcoin-mining-site_orig.png)][9] 
+
+There are various ways of acquiring the bitcoin currency. Some of them include the use of bitcoin mining rigs, purchasing of bitcoins in exchange markets and doing free bitcoin mining online. Purchasing of bitcoins can be done at; [MtGox][10] , [bitNZ][11] , [Bitstamp][12] , [BTC-E][13] , [VertEx][14] , etc.. Several mining open source applications are available online. These applications include; Bitminter, [5OMiner][15] , [BFG Miner][16] among others. These applications make use of some graphics card and processor features to generate bitcoins. The efficiency of mining bitcoins on a pc largely depends on the type of graphics card and the processor of the mining rig. Besides, there are many secure online storages for backing up bitcoins. These sites provide bitcoin storage services free of charge. Examples of bitcoin managing sites include; [xapo][17] , [BlockChain][18] etc. signing up on these sites require a valid email and phone number for verification. Xapo offers additional security through the phone application by requesting for verification whenever a new sign in is made.  
+
+### Disadvantages Of Bitcoins
+
+The numerous advantages ripped from using bitcoins digital currency cannot be overlooked. However, as it is still in its infancy stage, the bitcoin currency meets several points of resistance. For instance, the majority of individual are not fully aware of the bitcoin digital currency and how it works. The lack of awareness can be mitigated through education and creation of awareness. Bitcoin users also face volatility as the demand for bitcoins is higher than the available amount of coins.  However, given more time, volatility will be lowered as when many people will start using bitcoins. 
+
+### Improvements Can be Made
+
+Based on the infancy of the [bitcoin technology][19] , there is still room for changes to make it more secure and reliable. Given more time, the bitcoin currency will be developed enough to provide flexibility as a common currency. For the bitcoin to succeed, many people need to be made aware of it besides being given information on how it works and its benefits.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/things-you-need-to-know-about-bitcoins
+
+作者：[LINUXANDUBUNTU][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/
+[1]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/bitkey-a-linux-distribution-dedicated-for-conducting-bitcoin-transactions
+[2]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/bitkey-a-linux-distribution-dedicated-for-conducting-bitcoin-transactions
+[3]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/things-you-need-to-know-about-bitcoins
+[4]:https://freebitco.in/?r=2167375
+[5]:http://moonbit.co.in/?ref=c637809a5051
+[6]:https://bitcoin.org/en/choose-your-wallet
+[7]:https://blockchain.info/wallet/
+[8]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/freebitco-bitcoin-mining-site_orig.jpg
+[9]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/moonbitcoin-bitcoin-mining-site_orig.png
+[10]:http://mtgox.com/
+[11]:https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BitNZ
+[12]:https://www.bitstamp.net/
+[13]:https://btc-e.com/
+[14]:https://www.vertexinc.com/
+[15]:https://www.downloadcloud.com/bitcoin-miner-software.html
+[16]:https://github.com/luke-jr/bfgminer
+[17]:https://xapo.com/
+[18]:https://www.blockchain.com/
+[19]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin
--- a/sources/tech/20171010
+++ b/sources/tech/20171010
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+Translating by FelixYFZ
 How to test internet speed in Linux terminal
 ======
 Learn how to use speedtest cli tool to test internet speed in Linux terminal. Also includes one liner python command to get speed details right away.
--- a/sources/tech/20171016
+++ b/sources/tech/20171016
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+translating---geekpi
+
 Fixing vim in Debian – There and back again
 ======
 I was wondering for quite some time why on my server vim behaves so stupid with respect to the mouse: Jumping around, copy and paste wasn't possible the usual way. All this despite having
--- a/sources/tech/20171018
+++ b/sources/tech/20171018
@ -36,7 +36,6 @@ Like the template itself, styles provide a consistent look and feel for your doc

 The standard LibreOffice template comes with a number of styles that you can fiddle with to suit your needs. To do that, press **F11** to open the **Styles and Formatting** window.

-### [lo-paragraph-style.png][3]

 ![LibreOffice styles and formatting][4]

@ -47,7 +46,6 @@ Right-click on a style and select **Modify** to edit it. Here are the main style

 Style Font Spacing/Alignment Heading 1 Liberation Sans, 36 pt 36 pt above, 48 pt below, aligned left Heading 2 Liberation Sans, 18 pt 12 pt above, 12 pt below, aligned left Heading 3 Liberation Sans, 14 pt 12 pt above, 12 pt below, aligned left Text Body Liberation Sans, 12 pt 12 pt above, 12 pt below, aligned left Footer Liberation Sans, 10 pt Aligned center

-### [lo-styles-in-action.png][5]

 ![LibreOffice styles in action][6]

@ -70,7 +68,6 @@ Before you start writing, create a folder on your computer that will hold all th

 When you're ready to write, fire up LibreOffice Writer and select **File > New > Templates**. Then select your template from the list and click **Open**.

-### [lo-template-list.png][7]

 ![LibreOffice Writer template list][8]

@ -109,13 +106,10 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/17/10/creating-ebook-chapter-template-libreo
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

 [a]:https://opensource.com/users/scottnesbitt
-[1]:/file/374456
 [2]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/life-uploads/lo-page-style.png (LibreOffice Page Style window)
-[3]:/file/374461
 [4]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/life-uploads/lo-paragraph-style.png (LibreOffice styles and formatting window)
 [5]:/file/374466
 [6]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/life-uploads/lo-styles-in-action.png (Example of LibreOffice styles)
-[7]:/file/374471
 [8]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/life-uploads/lo-template-list.png (Template list - LibreOffice Writer)
 [9]:https://help.libreoffice.org/Writer/Working_with_Master_Documents_and_Subdocuments
 [10]:https://help.libreoffice.org/Common/Export_as_PDF
--- a/sources/tech/20171120
+++ b/sources/tech/20171120
@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-Drshu Translating
-Save Files Directly To Google Drive And Download 10 Times Faster
-======
-
-![][image-1]
-
-So recently I had to download the update package for my phone but when I started downloading it, I found it was too big in size. Approximately 1.5 GigaByte.
-
-[![downloading miui update from chorme][image-2]][1]
-
-Considering the download speed it would have taken me at least 1 - 1.5 hour to download that file and honestly, I didn't have much time. Now my download speed may be slow but my ISP has Google Peering. Which means that I get incredible speeds on All Google products like Google Drive, Youtube, and PlayStore.
-
-So I found a web-service called [savetodrive][2]. This website can save files from the web directly to your Google Drive folder. And then you can download it from your google drive which will be much faster.
-
-So let's see how to do it.
-
-### **Step 1**
-
-Get the Download URL of the file. Copy it to your clipboard.
-
-### **Step 2**
-
-Head over to [savetodrive][3] and click on Authenticate.
-
-[![savetodrive to save files to cloud drive][image-3]][4]
-
-This will ask for your permissions to use google drive. Click on Allow.
-
-[![http://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-totally-dominates-supercomputers/][image-4]][5]
-
-### **Step 3**
-
-You will see the following page again. Just enter the download link in the url box and click on Upload.
-
-[![savetodrive download file directly to cloud][image-5]][6]
-
-You will start seeing upload progress bar. You can see that the upload speed is 48 MBps, So it will upload my 1.5 GB file in about 30-35 seconds. Once that is done, head over to your Google Drive and you will see the uploaded file.
-
-[![google drive savetodrive][image-6]][7]
-
-So the file that begins with **miui** is my file that I just uploaded. Now I can download it at great speed.
-
-[![how to download miui update from browser][image-7]][8]
-
-Now you can see my download speed is around 5 Mbps so I will download the that file in 5-6 minutes.
-
-So that was it guys. I always download my files like this. The service is completely free of charge and totally amazing.
-
---- 
-
-via: http://www.theitstuff.com/save-files-directly-google-drive-download-10-times-faster
-
-作者：[Rishabh Kandari][9]
-译者：[译者ID][10]
-校对：[校对者ID][11]
-
-本文由 [LCTT][12] 原创编译，[Linux中国][13] 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/1-2-e1508771706462.png
-[2]:	https://savetodrive.net/
-[3]:	http://www.savetodrive.net
-[4]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/3-1.png
-[5]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/authenticate-google-account.jpg
-[6]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/6-2.png
-[7]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/7-2-e1508772046583.png
-[8]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/8-e1508772110385.png
-[9]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/author/reevkandari
-[10]:	https://github.com/%E8%AF%91%E8%80%85ID
-[11]:	https://github.com/%E6%A0%A1%E5%AF%B9%E8%80%85ID
-[12]:	https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
-[13]:	https://linux.cn/
-
-[image-1]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Save-Files-Directly-To-Google-Drive-And-Download-10-Times-Faster.jpg
-[image-2]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/1-2-e1508771706462.png
-[image-3]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/3-1.png
-[image-4]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/authenticate-google-account.jpg
-[image-5]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/6-2.png
-[image-6]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/7-2-e1508772046583.png
-[image-7]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/8-e1508772110385.png
--- a/sources/tech/20171123
+++ b/sources/tech/20171123
@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
-translating---geekpi
-
-Check Cryptocurrency Prices From Commandline
-======
-![配图](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/bitcoin-1-720x340.jpg)
-A while ago, we published a guide about **[Cli-Fyi][1] ** - a potentially useful command line query tool. Using Cli-Fyi, we can easily find out the latest price of a cryptocurrency and lots of other useful details. Today, we are going to see yet another cryptcurrency price checker tool called **" Coinmon"**. Unlike Cli.Fyi, Coinmon is only for checking the price of various cryptocurrencies. Nothing more! Coinmon will check cryptocurrencies' prices, changes right from your Terminal. It will fetch all details from from [coinmarketcap.com][2] APIs. It is quite useful for those who are both **Crypto investors** and **Engineers**.
-
-### Installing Coinmon
-
-Make sure you have Node.js and Npm installed on your system. If you don't have Node.js and/or npm installed on your machine, refer the following link to install them.
-
-Once Node.js and Npm installed, run the following command from your Terminal to install Coinmon.
-```
-sudo npm install -g coinmon
-```
-
-### Check Cryptocurrency Prices From Commandline
-
-Run the following command to check the top 10 cryptocurrencies ranked by their market cap:
-```
-coinmon
-```
-
-Sample output would be:
-
-[![][3]][4]
-
-Like I said, if you run the coinmon without any parameters, it will display the top 10 cryptocurrencies. You can also find top top n cryptocurrencies, for example 20, by using "-t" flag.
-```
-coinmon -t 20
-```
-
-All prices will be displayed in USD by default. You can also convert price from USD to another currency by using "-c" flag.
-
-For instance, to convert the prices to INR (Indian Rupee), run:
-```
-coinmon -c inr
-```
-
-[![][3]][5]
-
-Currently, Coinmon supports AUD, BRL, CAD, CHF, CLP, CNY, CZK, DKK, EUR, GBP, HKD, HUF, IDR, ILS, INR, JPY, KRW, MXN, MYR, NOK, NZD, PHP, PKR, PLN, RUB, SEK, SGD, THB, TRY, TWD, ZAR currencies.
-
-It is also possible to search the prices using the symbol of a cryptocurrency.
-```
-coinmon -f btc
-```
-
-Here, **btc** is the symbol of Bitcoin cryptocurrency. You can view the symbols of all available cryptocurrencies [**here**][6].
-
-For more details, refer coinmon's help section:
-```
-$ coinmon -h
-
-Usage: coinmon [options]
-
-Options:
-
- -V, --version output the version number
- -c, --convert [currency] Convert to your fiat currency (default: usd)
- -f, --find [symbol] Find specific coin data with coin symbol (can be a comma seperated list) (default: )
- -t, --top [index] Show the top coins ranked from 1 - [index] according to the market cap (default: null)
- -H, --humanize [enable] Show market cap as a humanized number, default true (default: true)
- -h, --help output usage information
-```
-
-Hope this helps. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned!
-
-Cheers!
-
-
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.ostechnix.com/coinmon-check-cryptocurrency-prices-commandline/
-
-作者：[SK][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
-[1]:https://www.ostechnix.com/cli-fyi-quick-easy-way-fetch-information-ips-emails-domains-lots/
-[2]:https://coinmarketcap.com/
-[3]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7
-[4]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/coinmon-1.png ()
-[5]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/coinmon-2.png ()
-[6]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies
--- a/sources/tech/20171203
+++ b/sources/tech/20171203
@ -2,6 +2,10 @@
 ======
 ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/os-jobs_0.jpg?itok=nDf5j7xC)

+Interviewing can be stressful, but 58 percent of companies tell Dice and the Linux Foundation that they need to hire open source talent in the months ahead. Learn how to ask the right questions.
+
+The Linux Foundation
+
 The annual [Open Source Jobs Report][1] from Dice and The Linux Foundation reveals a lot about prospects for open source professionals and hiring activity in the year ahead. In this year's report, 86 percent of tech professionals said that knowing open source has advanced their careers. Yet what happens with all that experience when it comes time for advancing within their own organization or applying for a new roles elsewhere?

 Interviewing for a new job is never easy. Aside from the complexities of juggling your current work while preparing for a new role, there's the added pressure of coming up with the necessary response when the interviewer asks "Do you have any questions for me?"
--- a/sources/tech/20171208
+++ b/sources/tech/20171208
@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 GeckoLinux Brings Flexibility and Choice to openSUSE
 ======
 ![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/gecko-linux.jpg?itok=bjKVnW1q)
+
+GeckoLinux is a unique distro that offers a few options that openSUSE does not. Jack Wallen takes a look.
+
+Creative Commons Zero
+
 I've been a fan of SUSE and openSUSE for a long time. I've always wanted to call myself an openSUSE user, but things seemed to get in the way--mostly [Elementary OS][1]. But every time an openSUSE spin is released, I take notice. Most recently, I was made aware of [GeckoLinux][2]--a unique take (offering both Static and Rolling releases) that offers a few options that openSUSE does not. Consider this list of features:

  * Live DVD / USB image
--- a/sources/tech/20171212
+++ b/sources/tech/20171212
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 Create a free Apache SSL certificate with Let’s Encrypt on CentOS & RHEL
 ======
+
 Let's Encrypt is a free, automated & open certificate authority that is supported by ISRG, Internet Security Research Group. Let's encrypt provides X.509 certificates for TLS (Transport Layer Security) encryption via automated process which includes creation, validation, signing, installation, and renewal of certificates for secure websites.

 In this tutorial, we are going to discuss how to create an apache SSL certificate with Let's Encrypt certificate on Centos/RHEL 6 & 7\. To automate the Let's encrypt process, we will use Let's encrypt recommended ACME client i.e. CERTBOT, there are other ACME Clients as well but we will be using Certbot only.
@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ For creating a cron job, use

 **# crontab -e**

- **0 0 1 * comic core.md Dict.md lctt2014.md lctt2016.md LCTT翻译规范.md LICENSE Makefile published README.md sign.md sources translated 选题模板.txt 中文排版指北.md sh path/certbot-auto renew >> /var/log/letsencrypt.log**
+ **0 0 1 * * sh path/certbot-auto renew >> /var/log/letsencrypt.log**

 This was our tutorial on how to install and use let's encrypt on CentOS , RHEL 6 & 7 for creating a free SSL certificate for Apache servers. Please do leave your questions or queries down below.

--- a/sources/tech/20171212
+++ b/sources/tech/20171212
@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ To experiment this, i'm going to create totally 7 files and 2 folders (5 regular

 **Example-10 :** Count all files in the current directory by using the echo command in combination with the wc command. `4` indicates the amount of files in the current directory.
 ```
-# echo core.md Dict.md lctt2014.md lctt2016.md LCTT翻译规范.md README.md sign.md 选题模板.txt 中文排版指北.md | wc
+# echo * | wc
 1 4 39

 ```
--- a/sources/tech/20171212
+++ b/sources/tech/20171212
@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Installing omf is not a big deal. All you have to do is just run the following c
 curl -L https://get.oh-my.fish | fish
 ```

-[![][2]][3]
+![][3]

 Once the installation has completed, you will see the the prompt has automatically changed as shown in the above picture. Also, you will notice that the current time on the right of the shell window.

--- a/sources/tech/20171214
+++ b/sources/tech/20171214
@ -1,173 +0,0 @@
-How to Install Moodle on Ubuntu 16.04
-======
-![How to Install Moodle on Ubuntu 16.04][1]
-
-Step-by-step Installation Guide on how to Install Moodle on Ubuntu 16.04. Moodle (acronym of Modular-object-oriented dynamic learning environment') is a free and open source learning management system built to provide teachers, students and administrators single personalized learning environment. Moodle is built by the Moodle project which is led and coordinated by [Moodle HQ][2]
-
-,
-
-**Moodle comes with a lot of useful features such as:**
-
-  * Modern and easy to use interface
-  * Personalised Dashboard
-  * Collaborative tools and activities
-  * All-in-one calendar
-  * Simple text editor
-  * Track progress
-  * Notifications
-  * and many more…
-
-
-
-In this tutorial we will guide you through the steps of installing the latest version of Moodle on an Ubuntu 16.04 VPS with Apache web server, MySQL and PHP 7.
-
-### 1. Login via SSH
-
-First of all, login to your Ubuntu 16.04 VPS via SSH as user root
-
-### 2. Update the OS Packages
-
-Run the following command to update the OS packages and install some dependencies
-```
-apt-get update && apt-get upgrade
-apt-get install git-core graphviz aspell
-```
-
-### 3. Install Apache Web Server
-
-Install Apache web server from the Ubuntu repository
-```
-apt-get install apache2
-```
-
-### 4. Start Apache Web Server
-
-Once it is installed, start Apache and enable it to start automatically upon system boot
-```
-systemctl enable apache2
-```
-
-### 5. Install PHP 7
-
-Next, we will install PHP 7 and some additional PHP modules required by Moodle
-```
-apt-get install php7.0 libapache2-mod-php7.0 php7.0-pspell php7.0-curl php7.0-gd php7.0-intl php7.0-mysql php7.0-xml php7.0-xmlrpc php7.0-ldap php7.0-zip
-```
-
-### 6. Install and Configure MySQL Database Server
-
-Moodle stores most of its data in a database, so we will install MySQL database server
-```
-apt-get install mysql-client mysql-server
-```
-
-After the installation, run the `mysql_secure_installation` script to set your MySQL root password and secure your MySQL installation.
-
-Login to the MySQL server as user root and create a user and database for the Moodle installation
-```
-mysql -u root -p
-mysql> CREATE DATABASE moodle;
-mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON moodle.* TO 'moodleuser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'PASSWORD';
-mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
-mysql> \q
-```
-
-Don't forget to replace 'PASSWORD' with an actual strong password.
-
-### 7. Get Moodle from GitHub repository
-
-Next, change the current working directory and clone Moodle from their official GitHub repository
-```
-cd /var/www/html/
-git clone https://github.com/moodle/moodle.git
-```
-
-Go to the '/moodle' directory and check all available branches
-```
-cd moodle/
-git branch -a
-```
-
-Select the latest stable version (currently it is MOODLE_34_STABLE) and run the following command to tell git which branch to track or use
-```
-git branch --track MOODLE_34_STABLE origin/MOODLE_34_STABLE
-```
-
-and checkout the specified version
-```
-git checkout MOODLE_34_STABLE
-
-Switched to branch 'MOODLE_34_STABLE'
-Your branch is up-to-date with 'origin/MOODLE_34_STABLE'.
-```
-
-Create a directory for the Moodle data
-```
-mkdir /var/moodledata
-```
-
-Set the correct ownership and permissions
-```
-chown -R www-data:www-data /var/www/html/moodle
-chown www-data:www-data /var/moodledata
-```
-
-### 8. Configure Apache Web Server
-
-Create Apache virtual host for your domain name with the following content
-```
-nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/yourdomain.com.conf
-
- 	ServerAdmin admin@yourdomain.com
- 	DocumentRoot /var/www/html/moodle
- 	ServerName yourdomain.com
- 	ServerAlias www.yourdomain.com
-
-	Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews
-	AllowOverride All
-	Order allow,deny
-	allow from all
-
- 	ErrorLog /var/log/httpd/yourdomain.com-error_log
- 	CustomLog /var/log/httpd/yourdomain.com-access_log common
-
-```
-
-save the file and enable the virtual host
-```
-a2ensite yourdomain.com
-
-Enabling site yourdomain.com.
-To activate the new configuration, you need to run:
- service apache2 reload
-```
-
-Finally, reload the web server as suggested, for the changes to take effect
-```
-service apache2 reload
-```
-
-### 9. Follow the on-screen instructions and complete the installation
-
-Now, go to `http://yourdomain.com` and follow the on-screen instructions to complete the Moodle installation. For more information on how to configure and use Moodle, you can check their [official documentation][4].
-
-You don't have to install Moodle on Ubuntu 16.04, if you use one of our [optimized Moodle hosting][5], in which case you can simply ask our expert Linux admins to install and configure the latest version of Moodle on Ubuntu 16.04 for you. They are available 24×7 and will take care of your request immediately.
-
-**PS.** If you liked this post on how to install Moodle on Ubuntu 16.04, please share it with your friends on the social networks using the buttons on the left or simply leave a reply below. Thanks.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.rosehosting.com/blog/how-to-install-moodle-on-ubuntu-16-04/
-
-作者：[RoseHosting][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://www.rosehosting.com
-[1]:https://www.rosehosting.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/How-to-Install-Moodle-on-Ubuntu-16.04.jpg
-[2]:https://moodle.com/hq
-[3]:https://www.rosehosting.com/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection
-[4]:https://docs.moodle.org/34/en/Main_page
-[5]:https://www.rosehosting.com/moodle-hosting.html
--- a/sources/tech/20171214
+++ b/sources/tech/20171214
@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 IPv6 Auto-Configuration in Linux
 ======

-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk)
+![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/banner_5.png?itok=3kN83IjL)

 In [Testing IPv6 Networking in KVM: Part 1][1], we learned about unique local addresses (ULAs). In this article, we will learn how to set up automatic IP address configuration for ULAs.

--- a/sources/tech/20171214
+++ b/sources/tech/20171214
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 The Best Linux Apps & Distros of 2017
 ======
-[![best linux distros 2017][1]][2]
+![best linux distros 2017][1]

 **In this post we look back at the best Linux distro and app releases that helped define 2017.**

@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ But enough waffle: on we go!

 ## Distros

-### 1\. Ubuntu 17.10 'Artful Aardvark'
+### 1. Ubuntu 17.10 'Artful Aardvark'

 [![Ubuntu 17.10 desktop screenshot][3]][4]

@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ The recurring theme among the [Ubuntu 17.10 reviews][9] was the Artful Aardvark

 And with an long-term support release next up, long may the enthusiasm for it continue!

-### 2\. Solus 3
+### 2. Solus 3

 [![][10]][11]

@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ If you like the look of Budgie you can use it on Ubuntu without damaging your ex

 If you get bored over the holidays I highly recommended you [download the Solus MATE edition][15] too. It combines the strength of Solus with the meticulously maintained MATE desktop, a combination that works incredibly well together.

-### 3\. Fedora 27
+### 3. Fedora 27

 [![][16]][17]

@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ Fedora 27 features GNOME 3.26 (and all the niceties that brings, like color emoj

 ## Apps

-### 4\. Firefox 57 (aka 'Firefox Quantum').
+### 4. Firefox 57 (aka 'Firefox Quantum').

 [![firefox quantum on ubuntu][20]][21]

@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ Like Ubuntu, Firefox has got its mojo back.

 Firefox will roll out support for client side decoration on the GNOME desktop (a feature already available in the latest nightly builds) sometime in 2018. This feature, along with further refinements to the finely-tuned under-the-hood mechanics, will add more icing atop an already fantastic base!

-### 5\. Ubuntu for Windows
+### 5. Ubuntu for Windows

 [![][22]][23]

@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ The stocking of Ubuntu, openSUSE and Fedora on the shelves of the Windows Store

 For many regular Linux will always be preferable to the rather odd hybrid that is the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL). But for others, mandated to use Microsoft products for work or study, the leeway to use Linux is a blessing.

-### 6\. GIMP 2.9.6
+### 6. GIMP 2.9.6

 [![gimp on ubuntu graphic][25]][26]

@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ While GIMP 2.10 itself didn't see release in 2017 two sizeable development updat

 The former of these added ** experimental multi-threading in GEGL** (a fancy way of saying the app can now make better use of multi-core processors). It also added HiDPI tweaks, introduced color coded layer tags, added metadata editor, new filters, crop presets and -- take a breath -- improved the 'quit' dialog.

-### 7\. GNOME Desktop
+### 7. GNOME Desktop

 [![GNOME 3.26 desktop with apps][28]][29]

@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ Both release came packed full of new features, and both bought an assembly of re

 GNOME isn't stopping there. GNOME 3.28 is due for release in March with plenty more changes, improvements and app updates planned. GNOME 3.28 is looking like it will be used in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS.

-### 8\. Atom IDE
+### 8. Atom IDE

 [![Atom IDE][32]][32]

@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ But, for me, it was rather sudden appearance of **Atom IDE ** that caught my att

 [Atom IDE][33] is a set of packages for the Atom code editor that add more traditional [IDE][34] capabilities like context-aware auto-completion, code navigation, diagnostics, and document formatting.

-### 9\. Stacer 1.0.8
+### 9. Stacer 1.0.8

 [![Stacer is an Ubuntu cleaner app][35]][36]

@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ Stacer has 8 dedicated sections offering control over system maintenance duties,

 The app is now my go-to recommendation for anyone looking for an Ubuntu system cleaner. Which reminds me: I should get around to adding the app to our list of ways to [free up space on Ubuntu][37]… Chores, huh?!

-### 10\. Geary 0.12
+### 10. Geary 0.12

 [![Geary 0.11 on Ubuntu 16.04][38]][39]

--- a/sources/tech/20171220
+++ b/sources/tech/20171220
@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+Containers without Docker at Red Hat
+======
+
+The Docker (now [Moby][1]) project has done a lot to popularize containers in recent years. Along the way, though, it has generated concerns about its concentration of functionality into a single, monolithic system under the control of a single daemon running with root privileges: `dockerd`. Those concerns were reflected in a [talk][2] by Dan Walsh, head of the container team at Red Hat, at [KubeCon \+ CloudNativeCon][3]. Walsh spoke about the work the container team is doing to replace Docker with a set of smaller, interoperable components. His rallying cry is "no big fat daemons" as he finds them to be contrary to the venerated Unix philosophy.
+
+### The quest to modularize Docker
+
+As we saw in an [earlier article][4], the basic set of container operations is not that complicated: you need to pull a container image, create a container from the image, and start it. On top of that, you need to be able to build images and push them to a registry. Most people still use Docker for all of those steps but, as it turns out, Docker isn't the only name in town anymore: an early alternative was `rkt`, which led to the creation of various standards like CRI (runtime), OCI (image), and CNI (networking) that allow backends like [CRI-O][5] or Docker to interoperate with, for example, [Kubernetes][6].
+
+These standards led Red Hat to create a set of "core utils" like the CRI-O runtime that implements the parts of the standards that Kubernetes needs. But Red Hat's [OpenShift][7] project needs more than what Kubernetes provides. Developers will want to be able to build containers and push them to the registry. Those operations need a whole different bag of tricks.
+
+It turns out that there are multiple tools to build containers right now. Apart from Docker itself, a [session][8] from Michael Ducy of Sysdig reviewed eight image builders, and that's probably not all of them. Ducy identified the ideal build tool as one that would create a minimal image in a reproducible way. A minimal image is one where there is no operating system, only the application and its essential dependencies. Ducy identified [Distroless][9], [Smith][10], and [Source-to-Image][11] as good tools to build minimal images, which he called "micro-containers".
+
+A reproducible container is one that you can build multiple times and always get the same result. For that, Ducy said you have to use a "declarative" approach (as opposed to "imperative"), which is understandable given that he comes from the Chef configuration-management world. He gave the examples of [Ansible Container][12], [Habitat][13], [nixos-container][14], and Smith (yes, again) as being good approaches, provided you were familiar with their domain-specific languages. He added that Habitat ships its own supervisor in its containers, which may be superfluous if you already have an external one, like systemd, Docker, or Kubernetes. To complete the list, we should mention the new [BuildKit][15] from Docker and [Buildah][16], which is part of Red Hat's [Project Atomic][17].
+
+### Building containers with Buildah
+
+![\[Buildah logo\]][18] Buildah's name apparently comes from Walsh's colorful [Boston accent][19]; the Boston theme permeates the branding of the tool: the logo, for example, is a Boston terrier dog (seen at right). This project takes a different approach from Ducy's decree: instead of enforcing a declarative configuration-management approach to containers, why not build simple tools that can be used by your favorite configuration-management tool? If you want to use regular command-line commands like `cp` (instead of Docker's custom `COPY` directive, for example), you can. But you can also use Ansible or Puppet, OS-specific or language-specific installers like APT or pip, or whatever other system to provision the content of your containers. This is what building a container looks like with regular shell commands and simply using `make` to install a binary inside the container:
+```
+ # pull a base image, equivalent to a Dockerfile's FROM command
+ buildah from redhat
+
+ # mount the base image to work on it
+ crt=$(buildah mount)
+ cp foo $crt
+ make install DESTDIR=$crt
+
+ # then make a snapshot
+ buildah commit
+
+```
+
+An interesting thing with this approach is that, since you reuse normal build tools from the host environment, you can build really minimal images because you don't need to install all the dependencies in the image. Usually, when building a container image, the target application build dependencies need to be installed within the container. For example, building from source usually requires a compiler toolchain in the container, because it is not meant to access the host environment. A lot of containers will also ship basic Unix tools like `ps` or `bash` which are not actually necessary in a micro-container. Developers often forget to (or simply can't) remove some dependencies from the built containers; that common practice creates unnecessary overhead and attack surface.
+
+The modular approach of Buildah means you can run at least parts of the build as non-root: the `mount` command still needs the `CAP_SYS_ADMIN` capability, but there is an [issue][20] open to resolve this. However, Buildah [shares][21] the same [limitation][22] as Docker in that it can't build containers inside containers. For Docker, you need to run the container in "privileged" mode, which is not possible in certain environments (like [GitLab Continuous Integration][23], for example) and, even when it is possible, the configuration is [messy][24] at best.
+
+The manual commit step allows fine-grained control over when to create container snapshots. While in a Dockerfile every line creates a new snapshot, with Buildah commit checkpoints are explicitly chosen, which reduces unnecessary snapshots and saves disk space. This is useful to isolate sensitive material like private keys or passwords which sometimes mistakenly end up in public images as well.
+
+While Docker builds non-standard, Docker-specific images, Buildah produces standard OCI images among [other output formats][25]. For backward compatibility, it has a command called `build-using-dockerfile` or [`buildah bud`][26] that parses normal Dockerfiles. Buildah has a `enter` command to inspect images from the inside directly and a `run` command to start containers on the fly. It does all the work without any "fat daemon" running in the background and uses standard tools like `runc`.
+
+Ducy's criticism of Buildah was that it was not declarative, which made it less reproducible. When allowing shell commands anything can happen: for example, a shell script might download arbitrary binaries, without any way of subsequently retracing where those come from. Shell command effects may vary according to the environment. In contrast to shell-based tools, configuration-management systems like Puppet or Chef are designed to "converge" over a final configuration that is more reliable, at least in theory: in practice you can call shell commands from configuration-management systems. Walsh, however, argued that existing configuration management can be used on top of Buildah, but it doesn't force users down that path. This fits well with the classic "separation" principle of the Unix philosophy ("mechanism not policy").
+
+At this point, Buildah is in beta and Red Hat is working on integrating it into OpenShift. I have tested Buildah while writing this article and, short of some documentation issues, it generally works reliably. It could use some polishing in error handling, but it is definitely a great asset to add to your container toolbox.
+
+### Replacing the rest of the Docker command-line
+
+Walsh continued his presentation by giving an overview of another project that Red Hat is working on, tentatively called [libpod][27]. The name derives from a "pod" in Kubernetes, which is a way to group containers inside a host, to share namespaces, for example.
+
+Libpod includes the `kpod` command to inspect and manipulate container storage directly. Walsh explained this can be useful if, for example, `dockerd` hangs or if a Kubernetes cluster crashes. `kpod` is basically an independent re-implementation of the `docker` command-line tool. There is a command to list running containers (`kpod ps`) or images (`kpod images`). In fact, there is a [translation cheat sheet][28] documenting all Docker commands with a `kpod` equivalent.
+
+One of the nice things with the modular approach is that when you run a container with `kpod run`, the container is directly started as a subprocess of the current shell, instead of a subprocess of `dockerd`. In theory, this allows running containers directly from systemd, removing the duplicate work `dockerd` is doing. It enables things like [socket-activated containers][29], which is something that is [not straightforward][30] to do with Docker, or [even with Kubernetes][31] right now. In my experiments, however, I have found that containers started with `kpod` lack some fundamental functionality, namely networking (!), although there is an [issue in progress][32] to complete that implementation.
+
+A final command we haven't covered is `push`. While the above commands provide a good process for working with local containers, they don't cover remote registries, which allow developers to actively collaborate on application packaging. Registries are also an essential part of a continuous-deployment framework. This is where the [skopeo][33] project comes in. Skopeo is another Atomic project that "performs various operations on container images and image repositories", according to the `README` file. It was originally designed to inspect the contents of container registries without actually downloading the sometimes voluminous images as `docker pull` does. Docker [refused patches][34] to support inspection, suggesting the creation of a separate tool, which led to Skopeo. After `pull`, `push` was the logical next step and Skopeo can now do a bunch of other things like copying and converting images between registries without having to store a copy locally. Because this functionality was useful to other projects as well, a lot of the Skopeo code now lives in a reusable library called [containers/image][35]. That library is in turn used by [Pivotal][36], Google's [container-diff][37], `kpod push`, and `buildah push`.
+
+`kpod` is not directly tied to Kubernetes, so the name might change in the future -- especially since Red Hat legal has not cleared the name yet. (In fact, just as this article was going to "press", the name was changed to [`podman`][38].) The team wants to implement more "pod-level" commands which would allow operations on multiple containers, a bit like what [`docker compose`][39] might do. But at that level, a better tool might be [Kompose][40] which can execute [Compose YAML files][41] into a Kubernetes cluster. Some Docker commands (like [`swarm`][42]) will never be implemented, on purpose, as they are best left for Kubernetes itself to handle.
+
+It seems that the effort to modularize Docker that started a few years ago is finally bearing fruit. While, at this point, `kpod` is under heavy development and probably should not be used in production, the design of those different tools is certainly interesting; a lot of it is ready for development environments. Right now, the only way to install libpod is to compile it from source, but we should expect packages coming out for your favorite distribution eventually.
+
+> This article [first appeared][43] in the [Linux Weekly News][44].
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://anarc.at/blog/2017-12-20-docker-without-docker/
+
+作者：[À propos de moi][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://anarc.at
+[1]:https://mobyproject.org/
+[2]:https://kccncna17.sched.com/event/CU8j/cri-o-hosted-by-daniel-walsh-red-hat
+[3]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/kubecon-and-cloudnativecon-north-america
+[4]:https://lwn.net/Articles/741897/
+[5]:http://cri-o.io/
+[6]:https://kubernetes.io/
+[7]:https://www.openshift.com/
+[8]:https://kccncna17.sched.com/event/CU6B/building-better-containers-a-survey-of-container-build-tools-i-michael-ducy-chef
+[9]:https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/distroless
+[10]:https://github.com/oracle/smith
+[11]:https://github.com/openshift/source-to-image
+[12]:https://www.ansible.com/ansible-container
+[13]:https://www.habitat.sh/
+[14]:https://nixos.org/nixos/manual/#ch-containers
+[15]:https://github.com/moby/buildkit
+[16]:https://github.com/projectatomic/buildah
+[17]:https://www.projectatomic.io/
+[18]:https://raw.githubusercontent.com/projectatomic/buildah/master/logos/buildah-logomark_large.png (Buildah logo)
+[19]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_accent
+[20]:https://github.com/projectatomic/buildah/issues/171
+[21]:https://github.com/projectatomic/buildah/issues/158
+[22]:https://github.com/moby/moby/issues/27886#issuecomment-281278525
+[23]:https://about.gitlab.com/features/gitlab-ci-cd/
+[24]:https://jpetazzo.github.io/2015/09/03/do-not-use-docker-in-docker-for-ci/
+[25]:https://github.com/projectatomic/buildah/blob/master/docs/buildah-push.md
+[26]:https://github.com/projectatomic/buildah/blob/master/docs/buildah-bud.md
+[27]:https://github.com/projectatomic/libpod
+[28]:https://github.com/projectatomic/libpod/blob/master/transfer.md#development-transfer
+[29]:http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/socket-activated-containers.html
+[30]:https://legacy-developer.atlassian.com/blog/2015/03/docker-systemd-socket-activation/
+[31]:https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/484
+[32]:https://github.com/projectatomic/libpod/issues/129
+[33]:https://github.com/projectatomic/skopeo
+[34]:https://github.com/moby/moby/pull/14258
+[35]:https://github.com/containers/image
+[36]:https://pivotal.io/
+[37]:https://github.com/GoogleCloudPlatform/container-diff
+[38]:https://github.com/projectatomic/libpod/blob/master/docs/podman.1.md
+[39]:https://docs.docker.com/compose/overview/#compose-documentation
+[40]:http://kompose.io/
+[41]:https://docs.docker.com/compose/compose-file/
+[42]:https://docs.docker.com/engine/swarm/
+[43]:https://lwn.net/Articles/741841/
+[44]:http://lwn.net/
--- a/sources/tech/20171228
+++ b/sources/tech/20171228
@ -1,367 +0,0 @@
-Dual Boot Ubuntu And Arch Linux
-======
-![](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/dual-boot-ubuntu-and-arch-linux_orig.jpg)
-
-**Dual booting Ubuntu and Arch Linux** is not as easy as it sounds, however, I’ll make the process as easy as possible with much clarity. First, we will need to install Ubuntu then Arch Linux since it's much easier configuring the Ubuntu grub to be able to **dual boot Ubuntu and Arch Linux**
-
-### Dual Boot Ubuntu And Arch Linux
-
-Some of the things you will need:
-
-1.  Ubuntu flavor of your choice, in this case, I’ll use ubuntu 17.10 iso
-
-2.  2 USB sticks
-
-3.  Windows PC or Linux based PC
-
-4.  Arch Linux iso
-
-5.  Rufus(for windows) or etcher(for Linux distro)
-
-### Install Ubuntu 16.10
-
-First, [create a bootable flash drive][1] using Rufus for both Ubuntu and Arch Linux. Alternatively, you could use etcher to create bootable flash drives for both Ubuntu and Arch Linux.
-
- [![bootable ubuntu usb etcher image writer](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/bootable-ubuntu-usb-etcher-image-writer_orig.jpg)][2] 
-
-Select the ISO image file for Ubuntu then select the flash drive of your choice after which click flash to create the bootable flash drive. Wait till it completes and Voila! Your bootable flash drive is ready for use.
-
- [![make ubuntu usb bootable in linux](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/make-ubuntu-usb-bootable-in-linux_orig.jpg)][3] 
-
-Turn on your machine and boot using the bootable flash drive with the Ubuntu installation media. Ensure that you boot into UEFI or BIOS compatibility mode depending on the type of PC you are using. I prefer using UEFI for a newer PC builds.
-
- [![live ubuntu boot](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/live-ubuntu-boot_orig.jpg)][4] 
-
-Upon Successful boot, you will see the following screen asking you to try Ubuntu or install Ubuntu. Choose install Ubuntu.
-
- [![install usb from live usb](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-usb-from-live-usb_orig.jpg)][5] 
-
-Then check install third-party software for graphics and Wifi hardware, MP3 and other media. Optionally if you have an internet connection choose download updates while installing Ubuntu since it will save time setting up the installation as well as ensure you get the latest updates of your installation.
-
- [![custom partition hd install ubuntu](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/custom-partition-hd-install-ubuntu_orig.jpg)][6] 
-
-Then choose ‘Something else’ so that we can partition the hard disk and set aside space for swap, Ubuntu, and Archlinux.
-
- [![create swap partition ubuntu](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/create-swap-partition-ubuntu_orig.jpg)][7] 
-
-Create a swap area partition. Preferably half the size of the ram. In my case, I have 1GB of ram thus 512mb of swap area space.
-
- [![install ubuntu root partition](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-ubuntu-root-partition_orig.jpg)][8] 
-
-Then create a partition with mount point ‘/’. Then click the install now button.
-
- [![select ubuntu timezone](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/select-ubuntu-timezone_orig.jpg)][9] 
-
-Choose your location then choose language and keyboard settings.
-
- [![select ubuntu keyboard layout](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-ubuntu-select-location-keyboard-layout_orig.jpg)][10] 
-
-Then create the user credentials that will create a new user.
-
- [![create username, system name ubuntu install](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/create-username-system-name-ubuntu-install_orig.jpg)][11] 
-
-The installation will now start by clicking next.
-
- [![ubuntu installation finishing](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-installation-finishing_orig.jpg)][12] 
-
-When the installation is done click on restart PC.
-
- [![ubuntu installation finished restart system](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-installation-finished_orig.jpg)][13] 
-
-Remove the installation media and press enter when done.
-
- [![remove installation media after ubuntu](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/remove-installation-media-after-ubuntu_orig.jpg)][14] 
-
-Upon confirmation of successful installation, restart and boot into the Arch Linux installation media.
-
-### Install Arch Linux
-
-Upon booting into the
-
-**Arch Linux installation media**
-
-you should see an initial screen as follows. Choose Boot Arch Linux(x86_64). Note Arch Linux is a more of
-
-[DYF][15]
-
-(do it yourself) kind of Operating system.  
-
- [![arch linux installation boot menu](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/arch-linux-installation-boot-menu_orig.jpg)][16] 
-
-After choosing, it will open a tty1 terminal that you will use to install the operating system.
-
- [![arch linux tty1 linux](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/arch-linux-tty1-linux_orig.png)][17] Note: You will need an internet connection to download some packages in order to install Arch Linux successfully. So we need to check if the internet is working fine. Enter the following into the terminal to check internet connectivity.
-
-ping linuxandubuntu.com -c 4
-
- [![arch linux ping check internet connection](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/arch-linux-ping-check-internet-connection_orig.png)][18] 
-
-If the internet is working fine you should get an echo back showing the number of packets sent and received. In this case, we sent 4 echos and got 4 back meaning the connection is good.
-
-If you want to setup Wifi in Arch Linux, read this post
-
-[here][19]
-
-on setting up Wifi in Arch Linux.
-
-Next, we need to select the partition that’s free that we had earlier set aside while installing Ubuntu.
-
-fdisk -l
-
-The above should show you the available disks that are there. You should see the Ubuntu partitions as well as the free space. We will use cfdisk to partition.
-
-cfdisk
-
- [![install arch partition disk with cfdisk](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-arch-partition-disk-with-cfdisk_orig.png)][20] 
-
-You will see the partitions. Select the free space that is below the other allocated partitions.
-
-You will need to select new and then enter the partition size for the partition.
-
- [![partition free space swap arch linux](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/partition-free-space-swap-arch-linux_orig.png)][21] Use for example 9.3G - G representing gigabytes. [![install arch linux partition](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-arch-linux-partition_orig.png)][22] 
-
-Make the partition primary as below.
-
- [![make arch linux root as primary partition](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/make-arch-linux-root-as-primary-partition_orig.png)][23] Then choose the write partition entry. [![select partition to install arch](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/select-partition-to-install-arch_orig.png)][24] 
-
-Type ‘yes’ to confirm the writing of the partition.
-
- [![install arch linux confirm create partition](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-arch-linux-confirm-create-partition_orig.png)][25] 
-
-Then choose the quit option.
-
- [![quit cfdisk arch linux](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/quit-cfdisk-arch-linux_orig.png)][26] Then type:
-
-fdisk -l
-
-To confirm the changes
-
- [![confirm partition changes](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/confirm-partition-changes_orig.png)][27] 
-
-Then partition the disk using:
-
-mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3
-
-Make sure the partition you choose is the last one that we created so that we don’t mess with the Ubuntu partition.
-
- [![complete arch linux installation partition](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/complete-arch-linux-installation-partition_orig.png)][28] 
-
-Then mount it to using the following command -
-
-mount /dev/sda3 /mnt
-
- [![mount base partition in arch linux](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/mount-base-partition-in-arch-linux.png?1514472693)][29] 
-
-Make a home directory using:
-
-mkdir .mnt/home
-
- [![mount home partition arch linux](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/mount-home-partition-arch-linux.png?1514472866)][30] 
-
-Mount the home folder to the partition using
-
-mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/home
-
- [![make mount home directory](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/make-mount-home-directory.png?1514472960)][31] 
-
-Now install the base system of Archlinux using the command:
-
-pacstrap /mnt base
-
-Make sure you have an internet connection.
-
-
-
-It should take a while to download and set it up depending on the internet speed you have.
-
- [![install arch linux base](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/install-arch-linux-base.png?1514473056)][32] 
-
-After the step is complete, the Archlinux base installation is completed.
-
-After installing the Arch Linux base, create a fstab file using the command:
-
-genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
-
- [![create fstab in arch linux](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/create-fstab-file-in-arch-linux.png?1514473226)][33] 
-
-After that you need to verify the fstab file entries using:
-
-cat /mnt/etc/fstab
-
- [![cat fstab file data terminal](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/cat-fstab-file-data-terminal.png?1514473304)][34] 
-
-### Configuring Arch Linux: the basic configuration
-
-You will need to configure the following upon installation:
-
-1.  The system language and the system locales
-
-2.  The system timezones
-
-3.  Root user password
-
-4.  Set a hostname
-
-Firstly, you will need to switch to the newly installed base by changing root into the system using the command:
-
-arch-chroot /mnt
-
-#### The system Language and the system locale
-
-You will then have to configure the system language. You will have to uncomment en_UTF-8 UTF-8 and the localization you need in /etc/local.gen
-
-Type:
-
-nano /etc/local.gen
-
-Then uncomment the en_UTF-8 UTF-8
-
-Then type:
-
-locale-gen
-
-To generate the localization settings as follows:
-
- [![generate localization arch linux](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/generate-localization-arch-linux.png?1514473406)][35] You will need to set the LANG variable in locale.conf  accordingly, for example:
-
-nano /etc/locale.conf
-
-Then change to:
-
-LANG=en_US.UTF-8
-
-If you set the keyboard layout, make the changes persistent in vconsole.conf:
-
-nano /etc/vconsole.conf
-
-Then change to:
-
-KEYMAP=us-eng
-
-#### 2\. The system timezones
-
-You will need to set the time zone using
-
-ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Region/City /etc/localtime
-
-To see the available time zones, you can use the following command in the terminal:
-
-Note region is shown in blue below in the screenshot:
-
-ls /usr/share/zoneinfo
-
- [![setup zonefile in arch linux](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/setup-zonefile-in-arch-linux.png?1514473483)][36]  [![setup country zonefile](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/setup-country-zonefile_orig.png)][37] Run hwclock command as follows to generate /etc/adjtime(assumes the hardware clock is set to UTC.):
-
-# hwclock --systohc
-
-#### 3\. Root password
-
-To set a new password for the Arch Linux installation set root password using:
-
-Passwd
-
-Supply a new password and confirm the password to set the root password.
-
- [![setup arch linux root password](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/setup-arch-linux-root-password.png?1514473649)][38] 
-
-#### 4\. Set a hostname and configure network
-
-You will need to create the hostname file:
-
-nano /etc/hostname
-
- [![set arch linux hostname](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/set-arch-linux-hostname.png?1514473741)][39] 
-
-Change the name to your username:
-
- [![set arch linux username](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/set-arch-linux-username.png?1514473822)][40] Then add a matching entry to hosts:
-
-nano /etc/hosts
-
-127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
-
-::1 localhost.localdomain localhost
-
-127.0.1.1 LinuxandUbuntu.localdomain LinuxandUbuntu
-
-
-
-You will need to make the network connections persistent thus use:
-
-systemctl enable dhcpd
-
-#### Grub configuration
-
-Then reboot the machine and enter into Ubuntu to configure the grub.
-
-You will type:
-
-reboot
-
- [![reboot system after arch linux installation](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/reboot-system-after-arch-linux-installation.png?1514474180)][41] 
-
-The Arch Linux installation still doesn’t appear therefore we need to install it using update-grub in ubuntu.
-
- [![ubuntu grub menu](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/ubuntu-grub-menu.png?1514474302)][42] Open a terminal in Ubuntu and type:
-
-sudo update-grub
-
-It should update the grub to include Arch Linux.
-
-### Conclusion
-
-Congratulations you have successfully set up Ubuntu and Arch Linux to dual boot. The Ubuntu installation is easy but the Arch Linux installation is a challenge for new Linux users. I tried making this tutorial as simple as it can be. But if you have any question on the article, let me know in the comment section below. Also share this article with your friends and help them learn Linux.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/dual-boot-ubuntu-and-arch-linux
-
-作者：[LinuxAndUbuntu][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com
-[1]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/etcher-burn-images-to-sd-card-make-bootable-usb
-[2]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/bootable-ubuntu-usb-etcher-image-writer_orig.jpg
-[3]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/make-ubuntu-usb-bootable-in-linux_orig.jpg
-[4]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/live-ubuntu-boot_orig.jpg
-[5]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-usb-from-live-usb_orig.jpg
-[6]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/custom-partition-hd-install-ubuntu_orig.jpg
-[7]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/create-swap-partition-ubuntu_orig.jpg
-[8]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-ubuntu-root-partition_orig.jpg
-[9]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/select-ubuntu-timezone_orig.jpg
-[10]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-ubuntu-select-location-keyboard-layout_orig.jpg
-[11]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/create-username-system-name-ubuntu-install_orig.jpg
-[12]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-installation-finishing_orig.jpg
-[13]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-installation-finished_orig.jpg
-[14]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/remove-installation-media-after-ubuntu_orig.jpg
-[15]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/arch-linux-take-your-linux-knowledge-to-next-level-review
-[16]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/arch-linux-installation-boot-menu_orig.jpg
-[17]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/arch-linux-tty1-linux_orig.png
-[18]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/arch-linux-ping-check-internet-connection_orig.png
-[19]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/how-to-setup-a-wifi-in-arch-linux-using-terminal
-[20]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-arch-partition-disk-with-cfdisk_orig.png
-[21]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/partition-free-space-swap-arch-linux_orig.png
-[22]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-arch-linux-partition_orig.png
-[23]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/make-arch-linux-root-as-primary-partition_orig.png
-[24]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/select-partition-to-install-arch_orig.png
-[25]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-arch-linux-confirm-create-partition_orig.png
-[26]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/quit-cfdisk-arch-linux_orig.png
-[27]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/confirm-partition-changes_orig.png
-[28]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/complete-arch-linux-installation-partition_orig.png
-[29]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/mount-base-partition-in-arch-linux.png
-[30]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/mount-home-partition-arch-linux.png
-[31]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/make-mount-home-directory.png
-[32]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/install-arch-linux-base.png
-[33]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/create-fstab-file-in-arch-linux.png
-[34]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/cat-fstab-file-data-terminal.png
-[35]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/generate-localization-arch-linux.png
-[36]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/setup-zonefile-in-arch-linux.png
-[37]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/setup-country-zonefile_orig.png
-[38]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/setup-arch-linux-root-password.png
-[39]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/set-arch-linux-hostname.png
-[40]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/set-arch-linux-username.png
-[41]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/reboot-system-after-arch-linux-installation.png
-[42]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/ubuntu-grub-menu.png
--- a/sources/tech/20180102
+++ b/sources/tech/20180102
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+translating by CYLeft
+
 cURL vs. wget: Their Differences, Usage and Which One You Should Use
 ======
 ![](https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/12/wgc-feat.jpg)
--- a/sources/tech/20180103
+++ b/sources/tech/20180103
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+translating by CYLeft
+
 Linux/Unix desktop fun: Simulates the display from “The Matrix”
 ======
 The Matrix is a science fiction action movie from 1999. It was written and directed by the Wachowski Brothers. The film has falling green characters on screen. The digital rain is representing the activity of the virtual reality in "The Matrix." You can now have Matrix digital rain with CMatrix on a Linux or Unix terminal too.
--- a/sources/tech/20180104
+++ b/sources/tech/20180104
@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+Ubuntu Updates for the Meltdown / Spectre Vulnerabilities
+============================================================
+
+![](https://insights.ubuntu.com/wp-content/uploads/0372/Screenshot-from-2018-01-04-12-39-25.png)
+
+*   For up-to-date patch, package, and USN links, please refer to: [https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SecurityTeam/KnowledgeBase/SpectreAndMeltdown][2]
+
+Unfortunately, you’ve probably already read about one of the most widespread security issues in modern computing history — colloquially known as “[Meltdown][5]” ([CVE-2017-5754][6]) and “[Spectre][7]” ([CVE-2017-5753][8] and [CVE-2017-5715][9]) — affecting practically every computer built in the last 10 years, running any operating system.  That includes [Ubuntu][10].
+
+I say “unfortunately”, in part because there was a coordinated release date of January 9, 2018, agreed upon by essentially every operating system, hardware, and cloud vendor in the world.  By design, operating system updates would be available at the same time as the public disclosure of the security vulnerability.  While it happens rarely, this an industry standard best practice, which has broken down in this case.
+
+At its heart, this vulnerability is a CPU hardware architecture design issue.  But there are billions of affected hardware devices, and replacing CPUs is simply unreasonable.  As a result, operating system kernels — Windows, MacOS, Linux, and many others — are being patched to mitigate the critical security vulnerability.
+
+Canonical engineers have been working on this since we were made aware under the embargoed disclosure (November 2017) and have worked through the Christmas and New Years holidays, testing and integrating an incredibly complex patch set into a broad set of Ubuntu kernels and CPU architectures.
+
+Ubuntu users of the 64-bit x86 architecture (aka, amd64) can expect updated kernels by the original January 9, 2018 coordinated release date, and sooner if possible.  Updates will be available for:
+
+*   Ubuntu 17.10 (Artful) — Linux 4.13 HWE
+
+*   Ubuntu 16.04 LTS (Xenial) — Linux 4.4 (and 4.4 HWE)
+
+*   Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty) — Linux 3.13
+
+*   Ubuntu 12.04 ESM** (Precise) — Linux 3.2
+    *   Note that an [Ubuntu Advantage license][1] is required for the 12.04 ESM kernel update, as Ubuntu 12.04 LTS is past its end-of-life
+
+Ubuntu 18.04 LTS (Bionic) will release in April of 2018, and will ship a 4.15 kernel, which includes the [KPTI][11] patchset as integrated upstream.
+
+Ubuntu optimized kernels for the Amazon, Google, and Microsoft public clouds are also covered by these updates, as well as the rest of Canonical’s [Certified Public Clouds][12] including Oracle, OVH, Rackspace, IBM Cloud, Joyent, and Dimension Data.
+
+These kernel fixes will not be [Livepatch-able][13].  The source code changes required to address this problem is comprised of hundreds of independent patches, touching hundreds of files and thousands of lines of code.  The sheer complexity of this patchset is not compatible with the Linux kernel Livepatch mechanism.  An update and a reboot will be required to active this update.
+
+Furthermore, you can expect Ubuntu security updates for a number of other related packages, including CPU microcode, GCC and QEMU in the coming days.
+
+We don’t have a performance analysis to share at this time, but please do stay tuned here as we’ll followup with that as soon as possible.
+
+Thanks,
+[@DustinKirkland][14]
+VP of Product
+Canonical / Ubuntu
+
+### About the author
+
+ ![Dustin's photo](https://insights.ubuntu.com/wp-content/uploads/6f45/kirkland.jpg) 
+
+Dustin Kirkland is part of Canonical's Ubuntu Product and Strategy team, working for Mark Shuttleworth, and leading the technical strategy, road map, and life cycle of the Ubuntu Cloud and IoT commercial offerings. Formerly the CTO of Gazzang, a venture funded start-up acquired by Cloudera, Dustin designed and implemented an innovative key management system for the cloud, called zTrustee, and delivered comprehensive security for cloud and big data platforms with eCryptfs and other encryption technologies. Dustin is an active Core Developer of the Ubuntu Linux distribution, maintainer of 20+ open source projects, and the creator of Byobu, DivItUp.com, and LinuxSearch.org. A Fightin' Texas Aggie Class of 2001 graduate, Dustin lives in Austin, Texas, with his wife Kim, daughters, and his Australian Shepherds, Aggie and Tiger. Dustin is also an avid home brewer.
+
+[More articles by Dustin][3]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://insights.ubuntu.com/2018/01/04/ubuntu-updates-for-the-meltdown-spectre-vulnerabilities/
+
+作者：[Dustin Kirkland][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/author/kirkland/
+[1]:https://www.ubuntu.com/support/esm
+[2]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SecurityTeam/KnowledgeBase/SpectreAndMeltdown
+[3]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/author/kirkland/
+[4]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/author/kirkland/
+[5]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltdown_(security_vulnerability)
+[6]:https://people.canonical.com/~ubuntu-security/cve/2017/CVE-2017-5754.html
+[7]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectre_(security_vulnerability)
+[8]:https://people.canonical.com/~ubuntu-security/cve/2017/CVE-2017-5753.html
+[9]:https://people.canonical.com/~ubuntu-security/cve/2017/CVE-2017-5715.html
+[10]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SecurityTeam/KnowledgeBase/SpectreAndMeltdown
+[11]:https://lwn.net/Articles/742404/
+[12]:https://partners.ubuntu.com/programmes/public-cloud
+[13]:https://www.ubuntu.com/server/livepatch
+[14]:https://twitter.com/dustinkirkland
--- a/sources/tech/20180105
+++ b/sources/tech/20180105
@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+Ansible: the Automation Framework That Thinks Like a Sysadmin
+======
+
+I've written about and trained folks on various DevOps tools through the years, and although they're awesome, it's obvious that most of them are designed from the mind of a developer. There's nothing wrong with that, because approaching configuration management programmatically is the whole point. Still, it wasn't until I started playing with Ansible that I felt like it was something a sysadmin quickly would appreciate.
+
+Part of that appreciation comes from the way Ansible communicates with its client computers—namely, via SSH. As sysadmins, you're all very familiar with connecting to computers via SSH, so right from the word "go", you have a better understanding of Ansible than the other alternatives.
+
+With that in mind, I'm planning to write a few articles exploring how to take advantage of Ansible. It's a great system, but when I was first exposed to it, it wasn't clear how to start. It's not that the learning curve is steep. In fact, if anything, the problem was that I didn't really have that much to learn before starting to use Ansible, and that made it confusing. For example, if you don't have to install an agent program (Ansible doesn't have any software installed on the client computers), how do you start?
+
+### Getting to the Starting Line
+
+The reason Ansible was so difficult for me at first is because it's so flexible with how to configure the server/client relationship, I didn't know what I was supposed to do. The truth is that Ansible doesn't really care how you set up the SSH system; it will utilize whatever configuration you have. There are just a couple things to consider:
+
+1.  Ansible needs to connect to the client computer via SSH.
+
+2.  Once connected, Ansible needs to elevate privilege so it can configure the system, install packages and so on.
+
+Unfortunately, those two considerations really open a can of worms. Connecting to a remote computer and elevating privilege is a scary thing to allow. For some reason, it feels less vulnerable when you simply install an agent on the remote computer and let Chef or Puppet handle privilege escalation. It's not that Ansible is any less secure, but rather, it puts the security decisions in your hands.
+
+Next I'm going to list a bunch of potential configurations, along with the pros and cons of each. This isn't an exhaustive list, but it should get you thinking along the right lines for what will be ideal in your environment. I also should note that I'm not going to mention systems like Vagrant, because although Vagrant is wonderful for building a quick infrastructure for testing and developing, it's so very different from a bunch of servers that the considerations are too dissimilar really to compare.
+
+### Some SSH Scenarios
+
+1) SSHing into remote computer as root with password in Ansible config.
+
+I started with a terrible idea. The "pros" of this setup is that it eliminates the need for privilege escalation, and there are no other user accounts required on the remote server. But, the cost for such convenience isn't worth it. First, most systems won't let you SSH in as root without changing the default configuration. Those default configurations are there because, quite frankly, it's just a bad idea to allow the root user to connect remotely. Second, putting a root password in a plain-text configuration file on the Ansible machine is mortifying. Really, I mentioned this possibility because it is a possibility, but it's one that should be avoided. Remember, Ansible allows you to configure the connection yourself, and it will let you do really dumb things. Please don't.
+
+2) SSHing into a remote computer as a regular user, using a password stored in the Ansible config.
+
+An advantage of this scenario is that it doesn't require much configuration of the clients. Most users are able to SSH in by default, so Ansible should be able to use credentials and log in fine. I personally dislike the idea of a password being stored in plain text in a configuration file, but at least it isn't the root password. If you use this method, be sure to consider how privilege escalation will take place on the remote server. I know I haven't talked about escalating privilege yet, but if you have a password in the config file, that same password likely will be used to gain sudo access. So with one slip, you've compromised not only the remote user's account, but also potentially the entire system.
+
+3) SSHing into a remote computer as a regular user, authenticating with a key pair that has an empty passphrase.
+
+This eliminates storing passwords in a configuration file, at least for the logging in part of the process. Key pairs without passphrases aren't ideal, but it's something I often do in an environment like my house. On my internal network, I typically use a key pair without a passphrase to automate many things like cron jobs that require authentication. This isn't the most secure option, because a compromised private key means unrestricted access to the remote user's account, but I like it better than a password in a config file.
+
+4) SSHing into a remote computer as a regular user, authenticating with a key pair that is secured by a passphrase.
+
+This is a very secure way of handling remote access, because it requires two different authentication factors: 1) the private key and 2) the passphrase to decrypt it. If you're just running Ansible interactively, this might be the ideal setup. When you run a command, Ansible should prompt you for the private key's passphrase, and then it'll use the key pair to log in to the remote system. Yes, the same could be done by just using a standard password login and not specifying the password in the configuration file, but if you're going to be typing a password on the command line anyway, why not add the layer of protection a key pair offers?
+
+5) SSHing with a passphrase-protected key pair, but using ssh-agent to "unlock" the private key.
+
+This doesn't perfectly answer the question of unattended, automated Ansible commands, but it does make a fairly secure setup convenient as well. The ssh-agent program authenticates the passphrase one time and then uses that authentication to make future connections. When I'm using Ansible, this is what I think I'd like to be doing. If I'm completely honest, I still usually use key pairs without passphrases, but that's typically because I'm working on my home servers, not something prone to attack.
+
+There are some other considerations to keep in mind when configuring your SSH environment. Perhaps you're able to restrict the Ansible user (which is often your local user name) so it can log in only from a specific IP address. Perhaps your Ansible server can live in a different subnet, behind a strong firewall so its private keys are more difficult to access remotely. Maybe the Ansible server doesn't have an SSH server installed on itself so there's no incoming access at all. Again, one of the strengths of Ansible is that it uses the SSH protocol for communication, and it's a protocol you've all had years to tweak into a system that works best in your environment. I'm not a big fan of proclaiming what the "best practice" is, because in reality, the best practice is to consider your environment and choose the setup that fits your situation the best.
+
+### Privilege Escalation
+
+Once your Ansible server connects to its clients via SSH, it needs to be able to escalate privilege. If you chose option 1 above, you're already root, and this is a moot point. But since no one chose option 1 (right?), you need to consider how a regular user on the client computer gains access. Ansible supports a wide variety of escalation systems, but in Linux, the most common options are sudo and su. As with SSH, there are a few situations to consider, although there are certainly other options.
+
+1) Escalate privilege with su.
+
+For Red Hat/CentOS users, the instinct might be to use su in order to gain system access. By default, those systems configure the root password during install, and to gain privileged access, you need to type it in. The problem with using su is that although it gives you total access to the remote system, it also gives you total access to the remote system. (Yes, that was sarcasm.) Also, the su program doesn't have the ability to authenticate with key pairs, so the password either must be interactively typed or stored in the configuration file. And since it's literally the root password, storing it in the config file should sound like a horrible idea, because it is.
+
+2) Escalate privilege with sudo.
+
+This is how Debian/Ubuntu systems are configured. A user in the correct group has access to sudo a command and execute it with root privileges. Out of the box, this still has the problem of password storage or interactive typing. Since storing the user's password in the configuration file seems a little less horrible, I guess this is a step up from using su, but it still gives complete access to a system if the password is compromised. (After all, typing sudo su - will allow users to become root just as if they had the root password.)
+
+3) Escalate privilege with sudo and configure NOPASSWD in the sudoers file.
+
+Again, in my local environment, this is what I do. It's not perfect, because it gives unrestricted root access to the user account and doesn't require any passwords. But when I do this, and use SSH key pairs without passphrases, it allows me to automate Ansible commands easily. I'll note again, that although it is convenient, it is not a terribly secure idea.
+
+4) Escalate privilege with sudo and configure NOPASSWD on specific executables.
+
+This idea might be the best compromise of security and convenience. Basically, if you know what you plan to do with Ansible, you can give NOPASSWD privilege to the remote user for just those applications it will need to use. It might get a little confusing, since Ansible uses Python for lots of things, but with enough trial and error, you should be able to figure things out. It is more work, but does eliminate some of the glaring security holes.
+
+### Implementing Your Plan
+
+Once you decide how you're going to handle Ansible authentication and privilege escalation, you need to set it up. After you become well versed at Ansible, you might be able to use the tool itself to help "bootstrap" new clients, but at first, it's important to configure clients manually so you know what's happening. It's far better to automate a process you're familiar with than to start with automation from the beginning.
+
+I've written about SSH key pairs in the past, and there are countless articles online for setting it up. The short version, from your Ansible computer, looks something like this:
+
+```
+
+# ssh-keygen
+# ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_dsa.pub remoteuser@remote.computer.ip
+# ssh remoteuser@remote.computer.ip
+
+```
+
+If you've chosen to use no passphrase when creating your key pairs, that last step should get you into the remote computer without typing a password or passphrase.
+
+In order to set up privilege escalation in sudo, you'll need to edit the sudoers file. You shouldn't edit the file directly, but rather use:
+
+```
+
+# sudo visudo
+
+```
+
+This will open the sudoers file and allow you to make changes safely (it error-checks when you save, so you don't accidentally lock yourself out with a typo). There are examples in the file, so you should be able to figure out how to assign the exact privileges you want.
+
+Once it's all configured, you should test it manually before bringing Ansible into the picture. Try SSHing to the remote client, and then try escalating privilege using whatever methods you've chosen. Once you have configured the way you'll connect, it's time to install Ansible.
+
+### Installing Ansible
+
+Since the Ansible program gets installed only on the single computer, it's not a big chore to get going. Red Hat/Ubuntu systems do package installs a bit differently, but neither is difficult.
+
+In Red Hat/CentOS, first enable the EPEL repository:
+
+```
+
+sudo yum install epel-release
+
+```
+
+Then install Ansible:
+
+```
+
+sudo yum install ansible
+
+```
+
+In Ubuntu, first enable the Ansible PPA:
+
+```
+
+sudo apt-add-repository spa:ansible/ansible
+(press ENTER to access the key and add the repo)
+
+```
+
+Then install Ansible:
+
+```
+
+sudo apt-get update
+sudo apt-get install ansible
+
+```
+
+### Configuring Ansible Hosts File
+
+The Ansible system has no way of knowing which clients you want it to control unless you give it a list of computers. That list is very simple, and it looks something like this:
+
+```
+
+# file /etc/ansible/hosts
+
+[webservers]
+blogserver ansible_host=192.168.1.5
+wikiserver ansible_host=192.168.1.10
+
+[dbservers]
+mysql_1 ansible_host=192.168.1.22
+pgsql_1 ansible_host=192.168.1.23
+
+```
+
+The bracketed sections are specifying groups. Individual hosts can be listed in multiple groups, and Ansible can refer either to individual hosts or groups. This is also the configuration file where things like plain-text passwords would be stored, if that's the sort of setup you've planned. Each line in the configuration file configures a single host, and you can add multiple declarations after the ansible_host statement. Some useful options are:
+
+```
+
+ansible_ssh_pass
+ansible_become
+ansible_become_method
+ansible_become_user
+ansible_become_pass
+
+```
+
+### The Ansible Vault
+
+I also should note that although the setup is more complex, and not something you'll likely do during your first foray into the world of Ansible, the program does offer a way to encrypt passwords in a vault. Once you're familiar with Ansible and you want to put it into production, storing those passwords in an encrypted Ansible vault is ideal. But in the spirit of learning to crawl before you walk, I recommend starting in a non-production environment and using passwordless methods at first.
+
+### Testing Your System
+
+Finally, you should test your system to make sure your clients are connecting. The ping test will make sure the Ansible computer can ping each host:
+
+```
+
+ansible -m ping all
+
+```
+
+After running, you should see a message for each defined host showing a ping: pong if the ping was successful. This doesn't actually test authentication, just the network connectivity. Try this to test your authentication:
+
+```
+
+ansible -m shell -a 'uptime' webservers
+
+```
+
+You should see the results of the uptime command for each host in the webservers group.
+
+In a future article, I plan start to dig in to Ansible's ability to manage the remote computers. I'll look at various modules and how you can use the ad-hoc mode to accomplish in a few keystrokes what would take a long time to handle individually on the command line. If you didn't get the results you expected from the sample Ansible commands above, take this time to make sure authentication is working. Check out [the Ansible docs][1] for more help if you get stuck.
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/ansible-automation-framework-thinks-sysadmin
+
+作者：[Shawn Powers][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/users/shawn-powers
+[1]:http://docs.ansible.com
--- a/sources/tech/20180105
+++ b/sources/tech/20180105
@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+How To Display Asterisks When You Type Password In terminal
+======
+
+![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Display-Asterisks-When-You-Type-Password-In-terminal-1-720x340.png)
+
+When you type passwords in a web browser login or any GUI login, the passwords will be masked as asterisks like 0_sync_master.sh 1_add_new_article_manual.sh 1_add_new_article_newspaper.sh 2_start_translating.sh 3_continue_the_work.sh 4_finish.sh 5_pause.sh base.sh env format.test lctt.cfg parse_url_by_manual.sh parse_url_by_newspaper.py parse_url_by_newspaper.sh README.org reedit.sh reformat.sh or bullets like •••••••••••••. This is the built-in security mechanism to prevent the users near you to view your password. But when you type the password in Terminal to perform any administrative task with **sudo** or **su** , you won't even the see the asterisks or bullets as you type the password. There won't be any visual indication of entering passwords, there won't be any cursor movement, nothing at all. You will not know whether you entered all characters or not. All you will see just a blank screen!
+
+Look at the following screenshot.
+
+![][2]
+
+As you see in the above image, I've already entered the password, but there was no indication (either asterisks or bullets). Now, I am not sure whether I entered all characters in my password or not. This security mechanism also prevents the person near you to guess the password length. Of course, this behavior can be changed. This is what this guide all about. It is not that difficult. Read on!
+
+#### Display Asterisks When You Type Password In terminal
+
+To display asterisks as you type password in Terminal, we need to make a small modification in **" /etc/sudoers"** file. Before making any changes, it is better to backup this file. To do so, just run:
+```
+sudo cp /etc/sudoers{,.bak}
+```
+
+The above command will backup /etc/sudoers file to a new file named /etc/sudoers.bak. You can restore it, just in case something went wrong after editing the file.
+
+Next, edit **" /etc/sudoers"** file using command:
+```
+sudo visudo
+```
+
+Find the following line:
+```
+Defaults env_reset
+```
+
+![][3]
+
+Add an extra word **" ,pwfeedback"** to the end of that line as shown below.
+```
+Defaults env_reset,pwfeedback
+```
+
+![][4]
+
+Then, press **" CTRL+x"** and **" y"** to save and close the file. Restart your Terminal to take effect the changes.
+
+Now, you will see asterisks when you enter password in Terminal.
+
+![][5]
+
+If you're not comfortable to see a blank screen when you type passwords in Terminal, the small tweak will help. Please be aware that the other users can predict the password length if they see the password when you type it. If you don't mind it, go ahead make the changes as described above to make your password visible (masked as asterisks, of course!).
+
+And, that's all for now. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned!
+
+Cheers!
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.ostechnix.com/display-asterisks-type-password-terminal/
+
+作者：[SK][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
+[2]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/password-1.png ()
+[3]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/visudo-1.png ()
+[4]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/visudo-1-1.png ()
+[5]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/visudo-2.png ()
--- a/sources/tech/20180105
+++ b/sources/tech/20180105
@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+Linux paste Command Explained For Beginners (5 Examples)
+======
+
+Sometimes, while working on the command line in Linux, there may arise a situation wherein you have to merge lines of multiple files to create more meaningful/useful data. Well, you'll be glad to know there exists a command line utility **paste** that does this for you. In this tutorial, we will discuss the basics of this command as well as the main features it offers using easy to understand examples.
+
+But before we do that, it's worth mentioning that all examples mentioned in this article have been tested on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.
+
+### Linux paste command
+
+As already mentioned above, the paste command merges lines of files. Here's the tool's syntax:
+
+```
+paste [OPTION]... [FILE]...
+```
+
+And here's how the mage of paste explains it:
+```
+Write lines consisting of the sequentially corresponding lines from each FILE, separated by TABs,
+to standard output. With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
+```
+
+The following Q&A-styled examples should give you a better idea on how paste works.
+
+### Q1. How to join lines of multiple files using paste command?
+
+Suppose we have three files - file1.txt, file2.txt, and file3.txt - with following contents:
+
+[![How to join lines of multiple files using paste command][1]][2]
+
+And the task is to merge lines of these files in a way that each row of the final output contains index, country, and continent, then you can do that using paste in the following way:
+
+paste file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt
+
+[![result of merging lines][3]][4]
+
+### Q2. How to apply delimiters when using paste?
+
+Sometimes, there can be a requirement to add a delimiting character between entries of each resulting row. This can be done using the **-d** command line option, which requires you to provide the delimiting character you want to use.
+
+For example, to apply a colon (:) as a delimiting character, use the paste command in the following way:
+
+```
+paste -d : file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt
+```
+
+Here's the output this command produced on our system:
+
+[![How to apply delimiters when using paste][5]][6]
+
+### Q3. How to change the way in which lines are merged?
+
+By default, the paste command merges lines in a way that entries in the first column belongs to the first file, those in the second column are for the second file, and so on and so forth. However, if you want, you can change this so that the merge operation happens row-wise.
+
+This you can do using the **-s** command line option.
+
+```
+paste -s file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt
+```
+
+Following is the output:
+
+[![How to change the way in which lines are merged][7]][8]
+
+### Q4. How to use multiple delimiters?
+
+Yes, you can use multiple delimiters as well. For example, if you want to use both : and |, you can do that in the following way:
+
+```
+paste -d ':|' file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt
+```
+
+Following is the output:
+
+[![How to use multiple delimiters][9]][10]
+
+### Q5. How to make sure merged lines are NUL terminated?
+
+By default, lines merged through paste end in a newline. However, if you want, you can make them NUL terminated, something which you can do using the **-z** option.
+
+```
+paste -z file1.txt file2.txt file3.txt
+```
+
+### Conclusion
+
+As most of you'd agree, the paste command isn't difficult to understand and use. It may offer a limited set of command line options, but the tool does what it claims. You may not require it on daily basis, but paste can be a real-time saver in some scenarios. Just in case you need, [here's the tool's man page][11].
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.howtoforge.com/linux-paste-command/
+
+作者：[Himanshu Arora][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://www.howtoforge.com
+[1]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/paste-3-files.png
+[2]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/paste-3-files.png
+[3]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/paste-basic-usage.png
+[4]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/paste-basic-usage.png
+[5]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/paste-d-option.png
+[6]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/paste-d-option.png
+[7]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/paste-s-option.png
+[8]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/paste-s-option.png
+[9]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/paste-d-mult1.png
+[10]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/paste-d-mult1.png
+[11]:https://linux.die.net/man/1/paste
--- a/sources/tech/20180105
+++ b/sources/tech/20180105
@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+yum find out path where is package installed to on CentOS/RHEL
+======
+
+I have [install htop package on a CentOS/RHEL][1] . I wanted find out where and at what path htop package installed all files. Is there an easy way to tell yum where is package installed on a CentOS/RHEL? 
+
+[yum command][2] is an interactive, open source, rpm based, package manager for a CentOS/RHEL and clones. It can automatically perform the following operations for you:
+
+  1. Core system file updates
+  2. Package updates
+  3. Install a new packages
+  4. Delete of old packages
+  5. Perform queries on the installed and/or available packages
+
+yum is similar to other high level package managers like [apt-get command][3]/[apt command][4].
+
+### yum where is package installed
+
+The syntax is as follows to install htop package for a demo purpose:
+
+`# yum install htop`
+
+To list the files installed by a yum package called htop, run the following rpm command:
+
+```
+# rpm -q {packageNameHere}
+# rpm -ql htop
+```
+
+Sample outputs:
+
+```
+/usr/bin/htop
+/usr/share/doc/htop-2.0.2
+/usr/share/doc/htop-2.0.2/AUTHORS
+/usr/share/doc/htop-2.0.2/COPYING
+/usr/share/doc/htop-2.0.2/ChangeLog
+/usr/share/doc/htop-2.0.2/README
+/usr/share/man/man1/htop.1.gz
+/usr/share/pixmaps/htop.png
+
+```
+
+### How to see the files installed by a yum package using repoquery command
+
+First install yum-utils package using [yum command][2]:
+
+```
+# yum install yum-utils
+```
+
+Sample outputs:
+
+```
+Resolving Dependencies
+--> Running transaction check
+---> Package yum-utils.noarch 0:1.1.31-42.el7 will be installed
+--> Processing Dependency: python-kitchen for package: yum-utils-1.1.31-42.el7.noarch
+--> Processing Dependency: libxml2-python for package: yum-utils-1.1.31-42.el7.noarch
+--> Running transaction check
+---> Package libxml2-python.x86_64 0:2.9.1-6.el7_2.3 will be installed
+---> Package python-kitchen.noarch 0:1.1.1-5.el7 will be installed
+--> Finished Dependency Resolution
+ 
+Dependencies Resolved
+ 
+=======================================================================================
+ Package           Arch      Version             Repository                       Size
+=======================================================================================
+Installing:
+ yum-utils         noarch    1.1.31-42.el7       rhui-rhel-7-server-rhui-rpms    117 k
+Installing for dependencies:
+ libxml2-python    x86_64    2.9.1-6.el7_2.3     rhui-rhel-7-server-rhui-rpms    247 k
+ python-kitchen    noarch    1.1.1-5.el7         rhui-rhel-7-server-rhui-rpms    266 k
+ 
+Transaction Summary
+=======================================================================================
+Install  1 Package (+2 Dependent packages)
+ 
+Total download size: 630 k
+Installed size: 3.1 M
+Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
+Downloading packages:
+(1/3): python-kitchen-1.1.1-5.el7.noarch.rpm                    | 266 kB  00:00:00     
+(2/3): libxml2-python-2.9.1-6.el7_2.3.x86_64.rpm                | 247 kB  00:00:00     
+(3/3): yum-utils-1.1.31-42.el7.noarch.rpm                       | 117 kB  00:00:00     
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Total                                                     1.0 MB/s | 630 kB  00:00     
+Running transaction check
+Running transaction test
+Transaction test succeeded
+Running transaction
+  Installing : python-kitchen-1.1.1-5.el7.noarch                                   1/3 
+  Installing : libxml2-python-2.9.1-6.el7_2.3.x86_64                               2/3 
+  Installing : yum-utils-1.1.31-42.el7.noarch                                      3/3 
+  Verifying  : libxml2-python-2.9.1-6.el7_2.3.x86_64                               1/3 
+  Verifying  : yum-utils-1.1.31-42.el7.noarch                                      2/3 
+  Verifying  : python-kitchen-1.1.1-5.el7.noarch                                   3/3 
+ 
+Installed:
+  yum-utils.noarch 0:1.1.31-42.el7                                                     
+ 
+Dependency Installed:
+  libxml2-python.x86_64 0:2.9.1-6.el7_2.3      python-kitchen.noarch 0:1.1.1-5.el7     
+ 
+Complete!
+```
+
+
+### How do I list the contents of a installed package using YUM?
+
+Now run repoquery command as follows:
+
+`# repoquery --list htop`
+
+OR
+
+`# repoquery -l htop`
+
+Sample outputs:
+
+[![yum where is package installed][5]][5]
+
+You can also use the type command or command command to just find location of given binary file such as httpd or htop:
+
+```
+$ type -a httpd
+$ type -a htop
+$ command -V htop
+```
+
+### about the author
+
+The author is the creator of nixCraft and a seasoned sysadmin and a trainer for the Linux operating system/Unix shell scripting. He has worked with global clients and in various industries, including IT, education, defense and space research, and the nonprofit sector. Follow him on [Twitter][6], [Facebook][7], [Google+][8].
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/yum-determining-finding-path-that-yum-package-installed-to/
+
+作者：[][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz
+[1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/centos-redhat-linux-install-htop-command-using-yum/
+[2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/ (See Linux/Unix yum command examples for more info)
+[3]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-debian-package-management-cheat-sheet.html (See Linux/Unix apt-get command examples for more info)
+[4]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/ubuntu-lts-debian-linux-apt-command-examples/ (See Linux/Unix apt command examples for more info)
+[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2018/01/yum-where-is-package-installed.jpg
+[6]:https://twitter.com/nixcraft
+[7]:https://facebook.com/nixcraft
+[8]:https://plus.google.com/+CybercitiBiz
--- a/sources/tech/20180106
+++ b/sources/tech/20180106
@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+Meltdown and Spectre Linux Kernel Status
+============================================================
+
+
+By now, everyone knows that something “big” just got announced regarding computer security. Heck, when the [Daily Mail does a report on it][1] , you know something is bad…
+
+Anyway, I’m not going to go into the details about the problems being reported, other than to point you at the wonderfully written [Project Zero paper on the issues involved here][2]. They should just give out the 2018 [Pwnie][3] award right now, it’s that amazingly good.
+
+If you do want technical details for how we are resolving those issues in the kernel, see the always awesome [lwn.net writeup for the details][4].
+
+Also, here’s a good summary of [lots of other postings][5] that includes announcements from various vendors.
+
+As for how this was all handled by the companies involved, well this could be described as a textbook example of how  _NOT_  to interact with the Linux kernel community properly. The people and companies involved know what happened, and I’m sure it will all come out eventually, but right now we need to focus on fixing the issues involved, and not pointing blame, no matter how much we want to.
+
+### What you can do right now
+
+If your Linux systems are running a normal Linux distribution, go update your kernel. They should all have the updates in them already. And then keep updating them over the next few weeks, we are still working out lots of corner case bugs given that the testing involved here is complex given the huge variety of systems and workloads this affects. If your distro does not have kernel updates, then I strongly suggest changing distros right now.
+
+However there are lots of systems out there that are not running “normal” Linux distributions for various reasons (rumor has it that it is way more than the “traditional” corporate distros). They rely on the LTS kernel updates, or the normal stable kernel updates, or they are in-house franken-kernels. For those people here’s the status of what is going on regarding all of this mess in the upstream kernels you can use.
+
+### Meltdown – x86
+
+Right now, Linus’s kernel tree contains all of the fixes we currently know about to handle the Meltdown vulnerability for the x86 architecture. Go enable the CONFIG_PAGE_TABLE_ISOLATION kernel build option, and rebuild and reboot and all should be fine.
+
+However, Linus’s tree is currently at 4.15-rc6 + some outstanding patches. 4.15-rc7 should be out tomorrow, with those outstanding patches to resolve some issues, but most people do not run a -rc kernel in a “normal” environment.
+
+Because of this, the x86 kernel developers have done a wonderful job in their development of the page table isolation code, so much so that the backport to the latest stable kernel, 4.14, has been almost trivial for me to do. This means that the latest 4.14 release (4.14.12 at this moment in time), is what you should be running. 4.14.13 will be out in a few more days, with some additional fixes in it that are needed for some systems that have boot-time problems with 4.14.12 (it’s an obvious problem, if it does not boot, just add the patches now queued up.)
+
+I would personally like to thank Andy Lutomirski, Thomas Gleixner, Ingo Molnar, Borislav Petkov, Dave Hansen, Peter Zijlstra, Josh Poimboeuf, Juergen Gross, and Linus Torvalds for all of the work they have done in getting these fixes developed and merged upstream in a form that was so easy for me to consume to allow the stable releases to work properly. Without that effort, I don’t even want to think about what would have happened.
+
+For the older long term stable (LTS) kernels, I have leaned heavily on the wonderful work of Hugh Dickins, Dave Hansen, Jiri Kosina and Borislav Petkov to bring the same functionality to the 4.4 and 4.9 stable kernel trees. I had also had immense help from Guenter Roeck, Kees Cook, Jamie Iles, and many others in tracking down nasty bugs and missing patches. I want to also call out David Woodhouse, Eduardo Valentin, Laura Abbott, and Rik van Riel for their help with the backporting and integration as well, their help was essential in numerous tricky places.
+
+These LTS kernels also have the CONFIG_PAGE_TABLE_ISOLATION build option that should be enabled to get complete protection.
+
+As this backport is very different from the mainline version that is in 4.14 and 4.15, there are different bugs happening, right now we know of some VDSO issues that are getting worked on, and some odd virtual machine setups are reporting strange errors, but those are the minority at the moment, and should not stop you from upgrading at all right now. If you do run into problems with these releases, please let us know on the stable kernel mailing list.
+
+If you rely on any other kernel tree other than 4.4, 4.9, or 4.14 right now, and you do not have a distribution supporting you, you are out of luck. The lack of patches to resolve the Meltdown problem is so minor compared to the hundreds of other known exploits and bugs that your kernel version currently contains. You need to worry about that more than anything else at this moment, and get your systems up to date first.
+
+Also, go yell at the people who forced you to run an obsoleted and insecure kernel version, they are the ones that need to learn that doing so is a totally reckless act.
+
+### Meltdown – ARM64
+
+Right now the ARM64 set of patches for the Meltdown issue are not merged into Linus’s tree. They are [staged and ready to be merged][6] into 4.16-rc1 once 4.15 is released in a few weeks. Because these patches are not in a released kernel from Linus yet, I can not backport them into the stable kernel releases (hey, we have [rules][7] for a reason…)
+
+Due to them not being in a released kernel, if you rely on ARM64 for your systems (i.e. Android), I point you at the [Android Common Kernel tree][8] All of the ARM64 fixes have been merged into the [3.18,][9] [4.4,][10] and [4.9 branches][11] as of this point in time.
+
+I would strongly recommend just tracking those branches as more fixes get added over time due to testing and things catch up with what gets merged into the upstream kernel releases over time, especially as I do not know when these patches will land in the stable and LTS kernel releases at this point in time.
+
+For the 4.4 and 4.9 LTS kernels, odds are these patches will never get merged into them, due to the large number of prerequisite patches required. All of those prerequisite patches have been long merged and tested in the android-common kernels, so I think it is a better idea to just rely on those kernel branches instead of the LTS release for ARM systems at this point in time.
+
+Also note, I merge all of the LTS kernel updates into those branches usually within a day or so of being released, so you should be following those branches no matter what, to ensure your ARM systems are up to date and secure.
+
+### Spectre
+
+Now things get “interesting”…
+
+Again, if you are running a distro kernel, you  _might_  be covered as some of the distros have merged various patches into them that they claim mitigate most of the problems here. I suggest updating and testing for yourself to see if you are worried about this attack vector
+
+For upstream, well, the status is there is no fixes merged into any upstream tree for these types of issues yet. There are numerous patches floating around on the different mailing lists that are proposing solutions for how to resolve them, but they are under heavy development, some of the patch series do not even build or apply to any known trees, the series conflict with each other, and it’s a general mess.
+
+This is due to the fact that the Spectre issues were the last to be addressed by the kernel developers. All of us were working on the Meltdown issue, and we had no real information on exactly what the Spectre problem was at all, and what patches were floating around were in even worse shape than what have been publicly posted.
+
+Because of all of this, it is going to take us in the kernel community a few weeks to resolve these issues and get them merged upstream. The fixes are coming in to various subsystems all over the kernel, and will be collected and released in the stable kernel updates as they are merged, so again, you are best off just staying up to date with either your distribution’s kernel releases, or the LTS and stable kernel releases.
+
+It’s not the best news, I know, but it’s reality. If it’s any consolation, it does not seem that any other operating system has full solutions for these issues either, the whole industry is in the same boat right now, and we just need to wait and let the developers solve the problem as quickly as they can.
+
+The proposed solutions are not trivial, but some of them are amazingly good. The [Retpoline][12] post from Paul Turner is an example of some of the new concepts being created to help resolve these issues. This is going to be an area of lots of research over the next years to come up with ways to mitigate the potential problems involved in hardware that wants to try to predict the future before it happens.
+
+### Other arches
+
+Right now, I have not seen patches for any other architectures than x86 and arm64\. There are rumors of patches floating around in some of the enterprise distributions for some of the other processor types, and hopefully they will surface in the weeks to come to get merged properly upstream. I have no idea when that will happen, if you are dependant on a specific architecture, I suggest asking on the arch-specific mailing list about this to get a straight answer.
+
+### Conclusion
+
+Again, update your kernels, don’t delay, and don’t stop. The updates to resolve these problems will be continuing to come for a long period of time. Also, there are still lots of other bugs and security issues being resolved in the stable and LTS kernel releases that are totally independent of these types of issues, so keeping up to date is always a good idea.
+
+Right now, there are a lot of very overworked, grumpy, sleepless, and just generally pissed off kernel developers working as hard as they can to resolve these issues that they themselves did not cause at all. Please be considerate of their situation right now. They need all the love and support and free supply of their favorite beverage that we can provide them to ensure that we all end up with fixed systems as soon as possible.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://kroah.com/log/blog/2018/01/06/meltdown-status/
+
+作者：[Greg Kroah-Hartman ][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://kroah.com
+[1]:http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-5238789/Intel-says-security-updates-fix-Meltdown-Spectre.html
+[2]:https://googleprojectzero.blogspot.fr/2018/01/reading-privileged-memory-with-side.html
+[3]:https://pwnies.com/
+[4]:https://lwn.net/Articles/743265/
+[5]:https://lwn.net/Articles/742999/
+[6]:https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/arm64/linux.git/log/?h=kpti
+[7]:https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/process/stable-kernel-rules.html
+[8]:https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/common/
+[9]:https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/common/+/android-3.18
+[10]:https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/common/+/android-4.4
+[11]:https://android.googlesource.com/kernel/common/+/android-4.9
+[12]:https://support.google.com/faqs/answer/7625886
--- a/translated/tech/20171031
+++ b/translated/tech/20171031
@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-
-迁移到 Linux :入门介绍
-======
-![](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/migrating-to-linux.jpg?itok=sjcGK0SY)
-运行 Linux 的计算机系统到遍布每个角落。Linux 运行我们的互联网服务，从谷歌搜索到“脸书” ```（Facebook）```，等等。Linux 也在很多设备上运行，包括我们的智能手机、电视，甚至汽车。当然，Linux 也可以运行在您的桌面系统上。如果您是 Linux 新手，或者您想在您的桌面计算机上尝试一些不同的东西，这篇文章将简要地介绍其基础知识，并帮助您从另一个系统迁移到 Linux。
-
-切换到不同的操作系统可能是一个挑战，因为每个操作系统都提供了不同的操作方法。其在一个系统上的第二特性可能会阻碍其在另一个系统正常使用，因此我们需要到网上或书本上查找怎样操作。
-### Windows 与 Linux 的区别 ```来自于法语（万岁的区别）--来自于 wiktionary ```
-
-要开始使用 Linux，您可能会注意到，Linux 的打包方式不同。在其他操作系统中，许多组件被捆绑在一起，只是包的一部分。然而，在 Linux 中，每个组件都被分别调用。举个例子来说，在 Windows 下，图形界面只是操作系统的一部分。而在 Linux 下，您可以从多个图形环境中进行选择，比如 GNOME、KDE Plasma、Cinnamon 和 MATE 等。
-At a high level, a Linux installation includes the following things:
-在高级别上，Linux安装包括以下内容:
-  1. 内核
-  2. 系统程序和文件驻留在磁盘上
-  3. 图形环境
-  4. 包管理器
-  5. 应用程序
-
-
-
-### 内核
-
-操作系统的核心称为内核。内核是引擎罩下的引擎。它允许多个应用程序同时运行，并协调它们对公共服务和设备的访问，从而使所有设备运行顺畅。
-### 系统程序和文件（系统）
-
-系统程序位于文件和目录的标准层次结构中的磁盘上。这些系统程序和文件包括后台运行的服务(称为守护进程)、各种操作的实用程序、配置文件和日志文件。
-
-这些系统程序不是在内核中运行，而是执行基本系统操作的应用程序——例如，设置日期和时间，并在网络上连接，这样你就可以上网了。
-
-这里包含了初始化（init）程序——最新运行应用程序。该程序负责启动所有后台服务(如WEB服务器)、启动网络链接和启动图形环境。这个初始化（init）程序将根据需要启动其他系统程序。
-
-其他系统程序为简单的任务提供便利，比如添加用户和组、更改密码和配置磁盘。
-### 图形环境
-
-图形环境实际上只是更多的系统程序和文件。图形环境提供了常用的菜单窗口、鼠标指针、对话框、状态和指示器等。
-需要注意的是，您不需要使用最初安装的图形环境。如果你愿意，你可以把它另外的形式。每个图形环境都有不同的特性。有些看起来更像 Apple OS X，有些看起来更像 Windows，有些则是独一无二的，不要试图模仿其他的图形界面。
-### 包管理器
-
-包管理器在不同的系统中很难被我们把握，但是现在有一个人们非常熟悉的类似的系统——应用程序商店。软件包系统实际上是为 Linux 存储应用程序。您可以使用包管理器来选择您想要的应用程序，而不是从该web站点安装这个应用程序，以及从另一个站点来安装其他应用程序。然后，包管理器从预先构建的开放源码应用程序的中心知识库安装应用程序。
-### 应用程序
-
-Linux附带了许多预安装的应用程序。您可以从包管理器获得更多。许多应用程序相当棒，其他人需要工作（？）。有时，同一个应用程序在 Windows 或 Mac OS 或 Linux 上运行的版本会不同。
-例如，您可以使用 Firefox 浏览器和 Thunderbird (用于电子邮件)。您可以使用 LibreOffice 作为 Microsoft Office 的替代品，并通过 Valve's Steam 程序运行游戏。您甚至可以在 Linux 上使用 WINE 来运行一些本地 Windows 应用程序。
-### 安装 Linux
-
-第一步通常是安装Linux发行版。你可能听说过 Red Hat、Ubuntu、Fedora、Arch Linux 和 SUSE，等等。这些是 Linux 的不同发行版。
-如果没有 Linux 发行版，则必须分别安装每个组件。许多组件是由不同人群开发和提供的，因此单独安装每个组件将是一项冗长而乏味的任务。幸运的是，构建 ```distros``` 的人会为您做这项工作。他们抓取所有的组件，构建它们，确保它们一起工作，然后将它们打包在一个单独的安装进程中。
-各种发行版可能会做出不同的选择，使用不同的组件，但它仍然是 Linux。应用程序被开发在一个发行版中却经常在其他发行版上运行的很好。
-如果你是一个Linux初学者，想尝试Linux，我推荐[Ubuntu 安装][1]。还有其他的发行版也可以尝试: Linux Mint、Fedora、Debian、Zorin OS、Elementary OS等等。在以后的文章中，我们将介绍 Linux 系统的其他方面，并提供关于如何开始使用 Linux 的更多信息。
-
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/intro-to-linux/2017/10/migrating-linux-introduction
-
-作者：[John Bonesio][a]
-译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/johnbonesio
-[1]:https://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop
-[2]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux
--- a/translated/tech/20171109
+++ b/translated/tech/20171109
@ -1,31 +1,28 @@
-[并发服务器：第四部分 - libuv][17]
+并发服务器（四）：libuv
 ============================================================

-这是写并发网络服务器系列文章的第四部分。在这一部分中，我们将使用 libuv 去再次重写我们的服务器，并且也讨论关于使用一个线程池在回调中去处理耗时任务。最终，我们去看一下底层的 libuv，花一点时间去学习如何用异步 API 对文件系统阻塞操作进行封装。
+这是并发网络服务器系列文章的第四部分。在这一部分中，我们将使用 libuv 再次重写我们的服务器，并且也会讨论关于使用一个线程池在回调中去处理耗时任务。最终，我们去看一下底层的 libuv，花一点时间去学习如何用异步 API 对文件系统阻塞操作进行封装。

-这一系列的所有文章包括：
+本系列的所有文章：

-*   [第一部分 - 简介][7]
+*   [第一节 - 简介][7]
+*   [第二节 - 线程][8]
+*   [第三节 - 事件驱动][9]
+*   [第四节 - libuv][10]

-*   [第二部分 - 线程][8]
+### 使用 libuv 抽象出事件驱动循环

-*   [第三部分 - 事件驱动][9]
+在 [第三节][11] 中，我们看到了基于 `select` 和 `epoll` 的服务器的相似之处，并且，我说过，在它们之间抽象出细微的差别是件很有吸引力的事。许多库已经做到了这些，所以在这一部分中我将去选一个并使用它。我选的这个库是 [libuv][12]，它最初设计用于 Node.js 底层的可移植平台层，并且，后来发现在其它的项目中已有使用。libuv 是用 C 写的，因此，它具有很高的可移植性，非常适用嵌入到像 JavaScript 和 Python 这样的高级语言中。

-*   [第四部分 - libuv][10]
-
-### 使用 Linux 抽象出事件驱动循环
-
-在 [第三部分][11] 中，我们看到了基于 `select` 和 `epoll` 的相似之处，并且，我说过，在它们之间抽象出细微的差别是件很有魅力的事。Numerous 库已经做到了这些，但是，因为在这一部分中，我将去选一个并使用它。我选的这个库是 [libuv][12]，它最初设计用于 Node.js 底层的轻便的平台层，并且，后来发现在其它的项目中已有使用。libuv 是用 C 写的，因此，它具有很高的可移植性，非常适用嵌入到像 JavaScript 和 Python 这样的高级语言中。
-
-虽然 libuv 为抽象出底层平台细节已经有了一个非常大的框架，但它仍然是一个以 _事件循环_ 思想为中心的。在我们第三部分的事件驱动服务器中，事件循环在 main 函数中是很明确的；当使用 libuv 时，循环通常隐藏在库自身中，而用户代码仅需要注册事件句柄（作为一个回调函数）和运行这个循环。此外，libuv 将为给定的平台实现更快的事件循环实现。对于 Linux 它是 epoll，等等。
+虽然 libuv 为抽象出底层平台细节已经变成了一个相当大的框架，但它仍然是以 _事件循环_ 思想为中心的。在我们第三部分的事件驱动服务器中，事件循环在 `main` 函数中是很明确的；当使用 libuv 时，该循环通常隐藏在库自身中，而用户代码仅需要注册事件句柄（作为一个回调函数）和运行这个循环。此外，libuv 会在给定的平台上使用更快的事件循环实现，对于 Linux 它是 epoll，等等。

 ![libuv loop](https://eli.thegreenplace.net/images/2017/libuvloop.png)

-libuv 支持多路事件循环，并且，因此一个事件循环在库中是非常重要的；它有一个句柄 - `uv_loop_t`，和创建/杀死/启动/停止循环的函数。也就是说，在这篇文章中，我将仅需要使用 “默认的” 循环，libuv 可通过 `uv_default_loop()` 提供它；多路循环大多用于多线程事件驱动的服务器，这是一个更高级别的话题，我将留在这一系列文章的以后部分。
+libuv 支持多路事件循环，并且，因此事件循环在库中是非常重要的；它有一个句柄 —— `uv_loop_t`，和创建/杀死/启动/停止循环的函数。也就是说，在这篇文章中，我将仅需要使用 “默认的” 循环，libuv 可通过 `uv_default_loop()` 提供它；多路循环大多用于多线程事件驱动的服务器，这是一个更高级别的话题，我将留在这一系列文章的以后部分。

 ### 使用 libuv 的并发服务器

-为了对 libuv 有一个更深的印象，让我们跳转到我们的可靠的协议服务器，它通过我们的这个系列已经有了一个强大的重新实现。这个服务器的结构与第三部分中的基于 select 和 epoll 的服务器有一些相似之处。因为，它也依赖回调。完整的 [示例代码在这里][13]；我们开始设置这个服务器的套接字绑定到一个本地端口：
+为了对 libuv 有一个更深的印象，让我们跳转到我们的可靠协议的服务器，它通过我们的这个系列已经有了一个强大的重新实现。这个服务器的结构与第三部分中的基于 select 和 epoll 的服务器有一些相似之处，因为，它也依赖回调。完整的 [示例代码在这里][13]；我们开始设置这个服务器的套接字绑定到一个本地端口：

 ```
 int portnum = 9090;
@ -50,11 +47,11 @@ if ((rc = uv_tcp_bind(&server_stream, (const struct sockaddr*)&server_address, 0
 }
 ```

-除了它被封装进 libuv APIs 中之外，你看到的是一个相当标准的套接字。在它的返回中，我们取得一个可工作于任何 libuv 支持的平台上的轻便的接口。
+除了它被封装进 libuv API 中之外，你看到的是一个相当标准的套接字。在它的返回中，我们取得一个可工作于任何 libuv 支持的平台上的可移植接口。

-这些代码也很认真负责地演示了错误处理；多数的 libuv 函数返回一个整数状态，返回一个负数意味着出现了一个错误。在我们的服务器中，我们把这些错误按致命的问题处理，但也可以设想为一个更优雅的恢复。
+这些代码也展示了很认真负责的错误处理；多数的 libuv 函数返回一个整数状态，返回一个负数意味着出现了一个错误。在我们的服务器中，我们把这些错误看做致命问题进行处理，但也可以设想为一个更优雅的错误恢复。

-现在，那个套接字已经绑定，是时候去监听它了。这里我们运行一个回调注册：
+现在，那个套接字已经绑定，是时候去监听它了。这里我们运行首个回调注册：

 ```
 // Listen on the socket for new peers to connect. When a new peer connects,
@ -64,9 +61,9 @@ if ((rc = uv_listen((uv_stream_t*)&server_stream, N_BACKLOG, on_peer_connected))
 }
 ```

-当新的对端连接到这个套接字，`uv_listen` 将被调用去注册一个事件循环回调。我们的回调在这里被称为 `on_peer_connected`，并且我们一会儿将去检测它。
+`uv_listen` 注册一个事件回调，当新的对端连接到这个套接字时将会调用事件循环。我们的回调在这里被称为 `on_peer_connected`，我们一会儿将去查看它。

-最终，main 运行这个 libuv 循环，直到它被停止（`uv_run` 仅在循环被停止或者发生错误时返回）
+最终，`main` 运行这个 libuv 循环，直到它被停止（`uv_run` 仅在循环被停止或者发生错误时返回）。

 ```
 // Run the libuv event loop.
@ -76,7 +73,7 @@ uv_run(uv_default_loop(), UV_RUN_DEFAULT);
 return uv_loop_close(uv_default_loop());
 ```

-注意，那个仅是一个单一的通过 main 优先去运行的事件循环回调；我们不久将看到怎么去添加更多的另外的回调。在事件循环的整个运行时中，添加和删除回调并不是一个问题 - 事实上，大多数服务器就是这么写的。
+注意，在运行事件循环之前，只有一个回调是通过 main 注册的；我们稍后将看到怎么去添加更多的回调。在事件循环的整个运行过程中，添加和删除回调并不是一个问题 —— 事实上，大多数服务器就是这么写的。

 这是一个 `on_peer_connected`，它处理到服务器的新的客户端连接：

@ -135,9 +132,8 @@ void on_peer_connected(uv_stream_t* server_stream, int status) {

 这些代码都有很好的注释，但是，这里有一些重要的 libuv 语法我想去强调一下：

-*   进入回调中的自定义数据：因为 C 还没有停用，这可能是个挑战，libuv 在它的处理类型中有一个 `void*` 数据域；这些域可以被用于进入到用户数据。例如，注意 `client->data` 是如何指向到一个 `peer_state_t` 结构上，以便于通过 `uv_write` 和 `uv_read_start` 注册的回调可以知道它们正在处理的是哪个客户端的数据。
-
-*   内存管理：事件驱动编程在语言中使用垃圾回收是非常容易的，因为，回调通常运行在一个它们注册的完全不同的栈框架中，使得基于栈的内存管理很困难。它总是需要传递堆分配的数据到 libuv 回调中（当所有回调运行时，除了 main，其它的都运行在栈上），并且，为了避免泄漏，许多情况下都要求这些数据去安全释放。这些都是些需要实践的内容 [[1]][6]。
+*   传入自定义数据到回调中：因为 C 还没有闭包，这可能是个挑战，libuv 在它的所有的处理类型中有一个 `void* data` 字段；这些字段可以被用于传递用户数据。例如，注意 `client->data` 是如何指向到一个 `peer_state_t` 结构上，以便于 `uv_write` 和 `uv_read_start` 注册的回调可以知道它们正在处理的是哪个客户端的数据。
+*   内存管理：在带有垃圾回收的语言中进行事件驱动编程是非常容易的，因为，回调通常运行在一个它们注册的完全不同的栈帧中，使得基于栈的内存管理很困难。它总是需要传递堆分配的数据到 libuv 回调中（当所有回调运行时，除了 main，其它的都运行在栈上），并且，为了避免泄漏，许多情况下都要求这些数据去安全释放。这些都是些需要实践的内容 [[1]][6]。

 这个服务器上对端的状态如下：

@ -479,11 +475,11 @@ via: https://eli.thegreenplace.net/2017/concurrent-servers-part-4-libuv/
 [4]:https://eli.thegreenplace.net/tag/concurrency
 [5]:https://eli.thegreenplace.net/tag/c-c
 [6]:https://eli.thegreenplace.net/2017/concurrent-servers-part-4-libuv/#id4
-[7]:http://eli.thegreenplace.net/2017/concurrent-servers-part-1-introduction/
-[8]:http://eli.thegreenplace.net/2017/concurrent-servers-part-2-threads/
-[9]:http://eli.thegreenplace.net/2017/concurrent-servers-part-3-event-driven/
+[7]:https://linux.cn/article-8993-1.html
+[8]:https://linux.cn/article-9002-1.html
+[9]:https://linux.cn/article-9117-1.html
 [10]:http://eli.thegreenplace.net/2017/concurrent-servers-part-4-libuv/
-[11]:http://eli.thegreenplace.net/2017/concurrent-servers-part-3-event-driven/
+[11]:https://linux.cn/article-9117-1.html
 [12]:http://libuv.org/
 [13]:https://github.com/eliben/code-for-blog/blob/master/2017/async-socket-server/uv-server.c
 [14]:https://eli.thegreenplace.net/2017/concurrent-servers-part-4-libuv/#id5
--- a/translated/tech/20171109
+++ b/translated/tech/20171109
@ -1,165 +0,0 @@
-通过案例学习 TCPDUMP 命令
-======
-Tcpdump 是一个很常用的网络包分析工具，可以用来显示通过网络传输到本系统的 TCP\IP 以及其他网络的数据包。Tcpdump 使用 libpcap 库来抓取网络报，这个库在几乎存在于所有的 Linux/Unix 中。
-
-Tcpdump 可以从网卡或之前创建的数据包文件中读取内容，也可以将包写入文件中以供后续使用。必须是 root 用户或者使用 sudo 特权来运行 tcpdump。
-
-在本文中，我们将会通过一些案例来演示如何使用 tcpdump 命令，但首先让我们来看看在各种 Linux 操作系统中是如何安装 tcpdump 的。
-
- **(推荐阅读：[使用 iftop 命令监控网络带宽 ][1])**
-
-### 安装
-
-tcpdump 默认在几乎所有的 Linux 发行版中都可用，但若你的 Linux 上没有的话，使用下面方法进行安装。
-
-#### CentOS/RHEL
-
-使用下面命令在 CentOS 和 RHEL 上安装 tcpdump，
-
-```
-$ sudo yum install tcpdump*
-```
-
-#### Fedora
-
-使用下面命令在 Fedora 上安装 tcpdump，
-
-```
-$ dnf install tcpdump
-```
-
-#### Ubuntu/Debian/Linux Mint
-
-在 Ubuntu/Debain/Linux Mint 上使用下面命令安装 tcpdump
-
-```
-$ apt-get install tcpdump
-```
-
-安装好 tcpdump 后，现在来看一些例子。
-
-### 案例演示
-
-#### 从所有网卡中捕获数据包
-
-运行下面命令来从所有网卡中捕获数据包，run the following command，
-
-```
-$ tcpdump -i any
-```
-
-#### 从指定网卡中捕获数据包
-
-要从指定网卡中捕获数据包，运行
-
-```
-$ tcpdump -i eth0
-```
-
-#### 将捕获的包写入文件
-
-使用 ‘-w’ 选项将所有捕获的包写入文件，
-
-```
-$ tcpdump -i eth1 -w packets_file
-```
-
-#### 读取之前产生的 tcpdump 文件
-
-使用下面命令从之前创建的 tcpdump 文件中读取内容
-
-```
-$ tcpdump -r packets_file
-```
-
-#### 获取更多的包信息并且以可读的形式显示时间戳
-
-要获取更多的包信息同时以可读的形式显示时间戳，使用
-
-```
-$ tcpdump -ttttnnvvS
-```
-
-#### 查看整个网络的数据包
-
-要获取整个网络的数据包，在终端执行下面命令
-
-```
-$ tcpdump net 192.168.1.0/24
-```
-
-#### 根据 IP 地址查看报文
-
-要获取指定 IP 的数据包，不管是作为源地址还是目的地址，使用下面命令，
-
-```
-$ tcpdump host 192.168.1.100
-```
-
-要指定 IP 地址是源地址或是目的地址则使用
-
-```
-$ tcpdump src 192.168.1.100
-$ tcpdump dst 192.168.1.100
-```
-
-#### 查看某个协议或端口号的数据包
-
-要查看某个协议的数据包，运行下面命令
-
-```
-$ tcpdump ssh
-```
-
-要捕获某个端口或一个范围的数据包，使用
-
-```
-$ tcpdump port 22
-$ tcpdump portrange 22-125
-```
-
-我们也可以与 'src' 和 'dst' 选项连用来捕获指定源端口或指定目的端口的报文
-
-我们还可以使用 AND (与，&& )，OR ( 或。|| ) & EXCEPT (非，！) 来将两个条件组合起来。当我们需要基于某些条件来分析网络报文是非常有用。
-
-#### 使用 AND
-
-可以使用 'and' 或者符号 '&&' 来将两个或多个条件组合起来。比如，
-
-```
-$ tcpdump src 192.168.1.100 && port 22 -w ssh_packets
-```
-
-#### 使用 OR
-
-OR 会检查是否匹配命令所列条件中的其中一条，像这样
-
-```
-$ tcpdump src 192.168.1.100 or dst 192.168.1.50 && port 22 -w ssh_packets
-$ tcpdump port 443 or 80 -w http_packets
-```
-
-#### 使用 EXCEPT
-
-当我们想表达不匹配某项条件时可以使用 EXCEPT，像这样
-
-```
-$ tcpdump -i eth0 src port not 22
-```
-
-这会捕获 eth0 上除了 22 号端口的所有通讯。
-
-我们的教程至此就结束了，在本教程中我们讲解了如何安装并使用 tcpdump 来捕获网络数据包。如有任何疑问或建议，欢迎留言。
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://linuxtechlab.com/learn-use-tcpdump-command-examples/
-
-作者：[Shusain ][a]
-译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://linuxtechlab.com/author/shsuain/
-[1]:http://linuxtechlab.com/monitoring-network-bandwidth-iftop-command/
--- a/translated/tech/20171120
+++ b/translated/tech/20171120
@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+
+# 直接保存文件至 Google Drive 并用十倍的速度下载回来
+![][image-1]
+
+最近我不得不给我的手机下载更新包，但是当我开始下载的时候，我发现安装包过于庞大。大约有 1.5 GB
+
+![使用 Chrome 下载 MIUI 更新](http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/1-2-e1508771706462.png)
+
+考虑到这个下载速度至少需要花费 1 至 1.5 小时来下载，并且说实话我并没有这么多时间。现在我下载速度可能会很慢，但是我的 ISP 有 Google Peering （Google 对等操作）。这意味着我可以在所有的 Google 产品，例如Google Drive, YouTube 和 PlayStore 中获得一个惊人的速度。
+
+所以我找到一个网络服务叫做[savetodrive](https://savetodrive.net/)。这个网站可以从网页上直接保存文件到你的 Google Drive 文件夹之中。之后你就可以从你的 Google Drive 上面下载它，这样的下载速度会快很多。
+
+现在让我们来看看如何操作。
+
+### *第一步*
+获得文件的下载链接，将它复制到你的剪贴板。
+
+### *第二步*
+前往链接[savetodrive](http://www.savetodrive.net)  并且点击相应位置以验证身份。
+
+![savetodrive 将文件保存到 Google Drive ](http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/3-1.png)
+
+这将会请求获得使用你 Google Drive 的权限，点击 “Allow”
+
+![请求获得 Google Drive 的使用权限](http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/authenticate-google-account.jpg)
+
+### *第三步*
+你将会再一次看到下面的页面，此时仅仅需要输入下载链接在链接框中，并且点击 “Upload”
+
+![savetodrive 直接给 Google Drive 上传文件](http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/6-2.png)
+
+你将会开始看到上传进度条，可以看到上传速度达到了 48 Mbps，所以上传我这个 1.5 GB 的文件需要 30 至 35 秒。一旦这里完成了，进入你的 Google Drive 你就可以看到刚才上传的文件。
+
+![Google Drive savetodrive](http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/7-2-e1508772046583.png)
+
+这里的文件中，文件名开头是 *miui* 的就是我刚才上传的，现在我可以用一个很快的速度下载下来。
+
+![如何从浏览器上下载 MIUI 更新](http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/8-e1508772110385.png)
+
+可以看到我的下载速度大概是 5 Mbps ，所以我下载这个文件只需要 5 到 6 分钟。
+
+所以就是这样的，我经常用这样的方法下载文件，最令人惊讶的是，这个服务是完全免费的。
+
+----
+
+
+
+via: http://www.theitstuff.com/save-files-directly-google-drive-download-10-times-faster
+
+作者：[Rishabh Kandari](http://www.theitstuff.com/author/reevkandari)
+译者：[Drshu][10]
+校对：[校对者ID]((null))
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+
+
+[1]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/1-2-e1508771706462.png
+[2]:	https://savetodrive.net/
+[3]:	http://www.savetodrive.net
+[4]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/3-1.png
+[5]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/authenticate-google-account.jpg
+[6]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/6-2.png
+[7]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/7-2-e1508772046583.png
+[8]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/8-e1508772110385.png
+[9]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/author/reevkandari
+[10]:	https://github.com/Drshu
+[11]:	https://github.com/%E6%A0%A1%E5%AF%B9%E8%80%85ID
+[12]:	https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
+[13]:	https://linux.cn/
+
+[image-1]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Save-Files-Directly-To-Google-Drive-And-Download-10-Times-Faster.jpg
+[image-2]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/1-2-e1508771706462.png
+[image-3]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/3-1.png
+[image-4]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/authenticate-google-account.jpg
+[image-5]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/6-2.png
+[image-6]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/7-2-e1508772046583.png
+[image-7]:	http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/8-e1508772110385.png
--- a/translated/tech/20171123
+++ b/translated/tech/20171123
@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+从命令行查看加密货币价格
+======
+![配图](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/bitcoin-1-720x340.jpg)
+前段时间，我们发布了一个关于 **[Cli-Fyi][1] ** 的指南 - 一个潜在有用的命令行查询工具。使用 Cli-Fyi，我们可以很容易地了解加密货币的最新价格和许多其他有用的细节。今天，我们将看到另一个名为 **“Coinmon”** 的加密货币价格查看工具。不像 Cli.Fyi，Coinmon 只能用来查看不同加密货币的价格。没有其他功能！Coinmon 会检查加密货币的价格，并立即直接从你的终端修改价格。它将从 [coinmarketcap.com][2] API 获取所有详细信息。对于那些 **加密货币投资者**和**工程师**来说是非常有用的。
+
+### 安装 Coinmon
+
+确保你的系统上安装了 Node.js 和 Npm。如果你的机器上没有安装 Node.js 和/或 npm，请参考以下链接进行安装。
+
+安装完 Node.js 和 Npm 后，从终端运行以下命令安装 Coinmon。
+```
+sudo npm install -g coinmon
+```
+
+### 从命令行查看加密货币价格
+
+运行以下命令查看市值排名的前 10 位的加密货币：
+```
+coinmon
+```
+
+示例输出：
+
+[![][3]][4]
+
+如我所说，如果你不带任何参数运行 coinmon，它将显示前 10 位加密货币。你还可以使用 “-t” 标志查看最高的 n 位加密货币，例如 20。
+```
+coinmon -t 20
+```
+
+所有价格默认以美元显示。你还可以使用 “-c” 标志将价格从美元转换为另一种货币。
+
+例如，要将价格转换为 INR（印度卢比），运行：
+```
+coinmon -c inr
+```
+
+[![][3]][5]
+
+目前，Coinmon 支持 AUD、BRL、CAD、CHF、CLP、CNY、CZK、DKK、EUR、GBP、HKD、HUF、IDR、ILS、INR、JPY、KRW、MXN、MYR、NOK、NZD、PHP、PKR、PLN、RUB、SEK、SGD、THB、TRY、TWD、ZAR 这些货币。
+
+也可以使用加密货币的符号来搜索价格。
+```
+coinmon -f btc
+```
+
+这里，**btc** 是比特币的符号。你可以在[**这**][6]查看所有可用的加密货币的符号。
+
+有关更多详情，请参阅coinmon的帮助部分：
+
+```
+$ coinmon -h
+
+Usage: coinmon [options]
+
+Options:
+
+ -V, --version output the version number
+ -c, --convert [currency] Convert to your fiat currency (default: usd)
+ -f, --find [symbol] Find specific coin data with coin symbol (can be a comma seperated list) (default: )
+ -t, --top [index] Show the top coins ranked from 1 - [index] according to the market cap (default: null)
+ -H, --humanize [enable] Show market cap as a humanized number, default true (default: true)
+ -h, --help output usage information
+```
+
+希望这个有帮助。会有更好的东西。敬请关注！
+
+干杯!
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://www.ostechnix.com/coinmon-check-cryptocurrency-prices-commandline/
+
+作者：[SK][a]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
+[1]:https://www.ostechnix.com/cli-fyi-quick-easy-way-fetch-information-ips-emails-domains-lots/
+[2]:https://coinmarketcap.com/
+[3]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7
+[4]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/coinmon-1.png ()
+[5]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/coinmon-2.png ()
+[6]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies
--- a/translated/tech/20171127
+++ b/translated/tech/20171127
@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
-迁移到 Linux：磁盘、文件、和文件系统
-============================================================
-
-![Migrating to LInux ](https://www.linux.com/sites/lcom/files/styles/rendered_file/public/butterflies-807551_1920.jpg?itok=pxTxwvFO "Migrating to LInux ")
-在你的主要桌面上安装和使用 Linux 将帮你快速熟悉你需要的工具和方法。[Creative Commons Zero][1]Pixabay
-
-这是我们的迁移到 Linux 系列文章的第二篇。如果你错过了第一篇，[你可以在这里找到它][4]。以前提到过，为什么要迁移到 Linux 的几个原因。你可以在你的工作中为 Linux 开发和使用代码，或者，你可能是正想去尝试一下新事物。
-
-不论是什么原因，拥有一个 Linux 的主桌面，将帮助你快速熟悉你需要的工具和方法。在这篇文章中，我将介绍 Linux 的文件、文件系统和磁盘。
-
-### 我的 C:\ 在哪里？
-
-如果你是一个 Mac 用户，Linux 对你来说应该非常熟悉，Mac 使用的文件、文件系统、和磁盘与 Linux 是非常接近的。另一方面，如果你的使用经验主要是 Windows，访问 Linux 下的磁盘可能看上去有点困惑。一般，Windows 给每个磁盘分配一个盘符（像 C:\）。而 Linux 并不是这样。而在你的 Linux 系统中它是一个单一的文件和目录的层次结构。
-
-让我们看一个示例。假设你的计算机使用了一个主硬盘、一个有 _Books_ 和 _Videos_ 目录的 CD-ROM 、和一个有 _Transfer_ 目录的 U 盘，在你的 WIndows 下，你应该看到的是下面的样子：
-
-```
-C:\  [Hard drive]
-
-├ System
-
-├ System32
-
-├ Program Files
-
-├ Program Files (x86)
-
-└ <additional folders>
-
-D:\ [CD-ROM]
-
-├ Books
-
-└ Videos
-
-E:\ [USB thumb drive]
-
-└ Transfer
-```
-
-而一个典型的 Linux 系统却是这样：
-
-```
-/ (the top most directory, called the root directory) [Hard drive]
-
-├ bin
-
-├ etc
-
-├ lib
-
-├ sbin
-
-├ usr
-
-├ <additional directories>
-
-└ media
-
-   └ <your user name>
-
-       ├ cdrom  [CD-ROM]
-
-       │  ├ Books
-
-       │  └ Videos
-
-       └ Kingme_USB [USB thumb drive]
-
-           └ Transfer
-```
-
-如果你使用一个图形化环境，通常，Linux 中的文件管理器将出现看起来像驱动器的图标的 CD-ROM 和 USB 便携式驱动器，因此，你根本就无需知道介质所在的目录。
-
-### 文件系统
-
-Linux 称这些东西为文件系统。一个文件系统是在介质（比如，硬盘）上保持跟踪所有的文件和目录的一组结构。如果没有文件系统，我们存储在硬盘上的信息就会混乱，我们就不知道哪个块属于哪个文件。你可能听到过一些名字，比如，Ext4、XFS、和 Btrfs。这些都是 Linux 文件系统。
-
-每个保存有文件和目录的介质都有一个文件系统在上面。不同的介质类型可能使用了为它优化过的特定的文件系统。比如，CD-ROMs 使用 ISO9660 或者 UDF 文件系统类型。USB 便携式驱动器一般使用 FAT32，以便于它们可以很容易去与其它计算机系统共享。
-
-Windows 也使用文件系统。不过，我们不过多的讨论它。例如，当你插入一个 CD-ROM，Windows 将读取 ISO9660 文件系统结构，分配一个盘符给它，然后，在盘符（比如，D:\）下显示文件和目录。当然，如果你深究细节，从技术角度说，Windows 是分配一个盘符给一个文件系统，而不是整个驱动器。
-
-使用同样的例子，Linux 也读取 ISO9660 文件系统结构，但它不分配盘符，它附加文件系统到一个目录（这个过程被称为加载）。Linux 将随后在附加的目录（比如是， _/media/<your user name>/cdrom_ ）下显示 CD-ROM 上的文件和目录。
-
-因此，在 Linux 上回答 “我的 C:\ 在哪里？” 这个问题，答案是，这里没有 C:\，它们工作方式不一样。
-
-### 文件
-
-Windows 在它的文件系统中存在文件和目录（也被称为文件夹）。但是，Linux 也让你将其它的东西放到文件系统中。这些其它类型的东西是文件系统的原生的对象，并且，它们和普通文件实际上是不同的。除普通文件和目录之外，Linux 还允许你去创建和使用硬链接、符号链接、命名管道、设备节点、和套接字。在这里，我们不展开讨论所有的文件系统对象的类型，但是，这里有几种经常使用到的。
-
-硬链接是用于为文件创建一个或者多个别名。指向磁盘上同样内容的每个别名的名字是不同的。如果在一个文件名下编辑文件，这个改变也同时出现在其它的文件名上。例如，你有一个 _MyResume_2017.doc_，它还一个被称为 _JaneDoeResume.doc_ 的硬链接。（注意，硬链接是从命令行下，使用 _ln_ 的命令去创建的）。你可以找到并编辑 _MyResume_2017.doc_，然后，然后找到 _JaneDoeResume.doc_，你发现它保持了跟踪 -- 它包含了你所有的更新。
-
-符号链接有点像 Windows 中的快捷方式。文件系统的入口包含一个到其它文件或者目录的路径。在很多方面，它们的工作方式和硬链接很相似，它们可以创建一个到其它文件的别名。但是，符号链接也可以像文件一样给目录创建一个别名，并且，符号链接可以指向到不同介质上的不同文件系统，而硬链接做不到这些。（注意，你可以使用带 _-s_ 选项的 _ln_ 命令去创建一个符号链接）
-
-### 权限
-
-另一个很大的区别是文件系统对象上在 Windows 和 Linux 之中涉及的权限（文件、目录、及其它）。Windows 在文件和目录上实现了一套非常复杂的权限。例如，用户和用户组可以有权限去读取、写入、运行、修改、等等。用户和用户组可以授权访问除例外以外的目录中的所有内容，也可以不允许访问除例外的目录中的所有内容。
-
-然而，大多数使用 Windows 的人并不去使用一个特定的权限；因此，当他们发现使用一套权限并且在 Linux 上是强制执行的，他们感到非常惊讶！Linux 通过使用 SELinux 或者 AppArmor 可以强制执行一套更复杂的权限。但是，大多数 Linux 安装版都使用了内置的默认权限。
-
-在默认的权限中，文件系统中的每个条目都有一套为它的文件所有者、文件所在的组、和其它人的权限。这些权限允许他们：读取、写入、和运行。给它们的权限有一个层次。首先，它检查这个（登入的）用户是否为该文件所有者和它拥有的权限。如果不是，然后检查这个用户是否在文件所在的组中和它拥有的权限。如果不是，然后它再检查其它人拥有的权限。这里设置了其它人的权限。但是，这里设置的三套权限大多数情况下都会使用其中的一套。
-
-如果你使用命令行，你输入 `ls -l`，你可以看到如下所表示的权限：
-
-```
-rwxrw-r-- 1 stan dndgrp 25 Oct 33rd 25:01 rolldice.sh
-```
-
-最前面的字母，`rwxrw-r--`，展示了权限。在这个例子中，所有者（stan）可以读取、写入、和运行这个文件（前面的三个字母，rwx）；dndgrp 组的成员可以读取和写入这个文件，但是不能运行（第二组的三个字母，rw-）；其它人仅可以读取这个文件（最后的三个字母，r--）。
-
-（注意，在 Windows 中去生成一个可运行的脚本，你生成的文件有一个特定的扩展名，比如 .bat，而在 Linux 中，扩展名在操作系统中没有任何意义。而是需要去设置这个文件可运行的权限）
-
-如果你收到一个 _permission denied_ 错误，可能是你去尝试运行了一个要求管理员权限的程序或者命令，或者你去尝试访问一个你的帐户没有访问权限的文件。如果你尝试去做一些要求管理员权限的事，你必须切换登入到一个被称为 _root_ 的用户帐户。或者通过使用一个命令行的被称为 _sudo_ 的助理程序。它可以临时允许你以 _root_ 权限运行。当然，_sudo_ 工具，也会要求你输入密码，以确保你真的有权限。
-
-### 硬盘文件系统
-
-Windows 主要使用一个被称为 `NTFS` 的硬盘文件系统。在 Linux 上，你也可以选一个你希望去使用的硬盘文件系统。不同的文件系统类型呈现不同的特性和不同的性能特征。主要的原生 Linux 的文件系统，现在使用的是 Ext4。但是，在安装 Linux 的时候，你可以有丰富的文件系统类型可供选择，比如，Ext3（Ext4 的前任）、XFS、Btrfs、UBIFS（用于嵌入式系统）、等等。如果你不确定要使用哪一个，Ext4 是一个很好的选择。
-
- _通过来自 Linux 基金会和 edX 的 ["Linux 介绍"][2] 上免费学习更多的 Linux 课程。_
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/intro-to-linux/2017/11/migrating-linux-disks-files-and-filesystems
-
-作者：[JOHN BONESIO][a]
-译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/johnbonesio
-[1]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/creative-commons-zero
-[2]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux
-[3]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/butterflies-8075511920jpg
-[4]:https://www.linux.com/blog/learn/intro-to-linux/2017/10/migrating-linux-introduction
--- a/translated/tech/20171128
+++ b/translated/tech/20171128
@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
-Gitlab CI 漫谈
-======
-我们在 [fleetster][1] 中搭建了自己的 [Gitlab][2] 实例，而且我们大量使用了 [Gitlab CI][3]。而且我们的设计师和 QA 也都在用它，也很喜欢用它，它的那些高级功能特别棒。
-
-Gitlab CI 是一个功能非常强大的持续集成系统，有很多不同的功能，而且每次发布都会增加新的功能。它的技术文档也很丰富，但是它缺乏一个面向使用已经配置好的 Gitlab 用户的一般性的介绍。一个设计师或者测试人员是无需知道如何通过 Kubernetes 来实现自动伸缩，也无需知道`镜像`和`服务`之间的不同的。
-
-但是，他仍然需要知道什么是`管道`，如何查看部署到一个`环境`中的分支。因此，在本文中，我会尽可能覆盖更多的功能，关注最终用户应该如何使用 Gitlab; 在过去的几个月里，我向我们团队中的某些人包括开发者讲解了这些功能：不是所有人都知道持续集成是个什么东西，也不是所有人都用过 Gitlab CI。
-
-如果你想了解为什么持续集成那么重要，我建议阅读一下 [这篇文章 ][4]，至于为什么要选择 Gitlab CI 呢，你可以去看看 [Gitlab.com][3] 上的说明。
-
-### 简介
-
-开发者保存更改代码的动作叫做一次`提交`。然后他可以将这次提交推送到 Gitlab 上，这样可以其他开发者就可以复查这些代码了。
-
-Gitlab CI 配置好后，Gitlab 也能对这个提交做出一些处理。该处理的工作由一个 `runner` 来执行。所谓 runner 一本上就是一台服务器(也可以是其他的东西，比如你的 PC 机，但我们只是简单的把它看成是一台服务器)。这台服务器执行 `.gitlab-ci.yml` 文件中指令并将执行结果返回给 Gitlab 本身，然后在 Gitlab 的图形化界面上显示出来。
-
-开发者完成一项新功能的开发或完成一个 bug 的修复后(这些动作通常包含了多次的提交)，就可以发起一个 `合并请求`，团队其他成员则可以在这个合并请求中对代码和实现进行评论。
-
-我们随后会看到，由于 Gitlab CI 提供的两大特性，`environments` 与 `artifacts`，使得设计者和测试人员也能(而且真的需要！)参与到这个过程中来，提供反馈以及改进意见。
-
-### 管道 (Pipelines)
-
-每个推送到 Gitlab 的提交都会产生一个与该提交关联的`管道`。若一次推送包含了多个提交，则管道与最后那个提交相关联。一个管道就是一个分`阶段`的`作业`的集合。
-
-同一阶段的所有作业会并发执行(在有足够 runner 的前提下)，而下一阶段则只会在上一阶段所有作业都运行并返回成功后才会开始。
-
-只要有一个作业失败了，整个管道就失败了。不过我们后面会看到，这其中有一个例外：若某个作业被标注成了手工运行，那么即使失败了也不会让整个管道失败。
-
-阶段则只是对作业批量集合间的一个逻辑上的划分，若前一个任务集合执行失败了，则后一个执行也没什么意义了。比如我们可能有一个`构建`阶段和一个`部署`阶段，在这`构建`阶段运行所有用于构建应用的作业，而在`部署`阶段，会部署构建出来的应用程序。而部署一个构建失败的东西是没有什么意义的，不是吗？
-
-同一阶段的作业之间不能有依赖关系，但他们可以依赖于前一阶段的作业运行结果。
-
-让我们来看一下 Gitlab 是如何展示阶段与阶段状态的相关信息的。
-
-![pipeline-overview][5]
-
-![pipeline-status][6]
-
-### 作业
-
-作业就是 runner 执行的指令集合。你可以实时地看到作业的输出结果，这样开发者就能知道作业为什么失败了。
-
-作业可以是自动执行的，也就是当推送提交后自动开始执行，也可以手工执行。手工作业必须由某个人手工触发。手工作业也有其独特的作用，比如，实现自动化部署，但只有在有人手工授权的情况下才能开始部署。这是限制哪些人可以运行作业的一种方式，这样只有信赖的人才能进行部署，to continue the example before。
-
-作业也可以建构出 `制品 (artifacts)` 来以供用户下载，比如可以构建出一个 APK 让你来下载，然后在你的设备中进行测试; 通过这种方式，设计者和测试人员都可以下载应用并进行测试，而无需开发人员的帮助。
-
-除了生成制品外，作业也可以部署`环境`，通常这个环境可以通过 URL 访问，让用户来测试对应的提交。
-
-做作业状态与阶段状态是一样的：实际上，阶段的状态就是继承自作业的。
-
-![running-job][7]
-
-### 制品 (Artifacts)
-
-如前所述，作业能够生成制品供用户下载来测试。这个制品可以是任何东西，比如 windows 上的应用程序，PC 生成的图片，甚至 Android 上的 APK。
-
-那么，假设你是个设计师，被分配了一个合并请求：你需要验证新设计的实现！
-
-要改怎么做呢？
-
-你需要打开该合并请求，下载制品，如图所示。
-
-每个管道从所有作业中搜集所有的制品，而且一个作业中可以有多个制品。当你点击下载按钮时，会有一个下拉框让你选择下载哪个制品。检查之后你就可以评论这个合并请求了。
-
-你也可以从没有合并请求的管道中下载制品 ;-)
-
-我之所以关注合并请求是因为通常这正是测试人员，设计师和股东开始工作的地方。
-
-但是这并不意味着合并请求和管道就是绑死在一起的：虽然他们结合的很好，但两者之间并没有什么关系。
-
-![download-artifacts][8]
-
-### 环境
-
-类似的，作业可以将某些东西部署到外部服务器上去，似的可以通过合并请求本身访问这些内容。
-
-如你所见，环境有一个名字和一个链接。只需点击链接你就能够转至应用的部署版本上去了(当前，前提是配置是正确的)。
-
-Gitlab 还有其他一些很酷的环境相关的特性，比如 [监控 ][9]，你可以通过点击环境的名字来查看。
-
-![environment][10]
-
-### 总结
-
-这是对 Gitlab CI 中某些功能的一个简单介绍：它非常强大，使用得当的话，可以让整个团队使用一个工具完成从计划到部署的工具。由于每个月都会推出很多新功能，因此请时刻关注 [Gitlab 博客 ][11]。
-
-若想知道如何对它进行设置或想了解它的高级功能，请参阅它的[文档 ][12]。
-
-在 fleetster 中，我们不仅用它来跑测试，而且用它来自动生成各种版本的软件，并自动发布到测试环境中去。我们也自动化了其他工作(构建应用并将之发布到 Play Store 中等其他工作)。
-
-说起来，**你是否想和我以及其他很多超棒的人一起在一个年轻而又富有活力的办公室中工作呢？** 看看 fleetster 的这些[开放职位 ][13] 吧！
-
-赞美 Gitlab 团队 (和其他在空闲时间提供帮助的人)，他们的工作太棒了！
-
-若对本文有任何问题或回馈，请给我发邮件：[riccardo@rpadovani.com][14] 或者[发推给我 ][15]：-) 你可以建议我增加内容，或者以更清晰的方式重写内容(英文不是我的母语)。
-
-那么，再见吧，
-R。
-
-P.S：如果你觉得本文有用，而且希望我们写出其他文章的话，请问您是否愿意帮我[买被啤酒给我 ][17] 让我进入 [鲍尔默峰值 ][16]？
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://rpadovani.com/introduction-gitlab-ci
-
-作者：[Riccardo][a]
-译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://rpadovani.com
-[1]:https://www.fleetster.net
-[2]:https://gitlab.com/
-[3]:https://about.gitlab.com/gitlab-ci/
-[4]:https://about.gitlab.com/2015/02/03/7-reasons-why-you-should-be-using-ci/
-[5]:https://img.rpadovani.com/posts/pipeline-overview.png
-[6]:https://img.rpadovani.com/posts/pipeline-status.png
-[7]:https://img.rpadovani.com/posts/running-job.png
-[8]:https://img.rpadovani.com/posts/download-artifacts.png
-[9]:https://gitlab.com/help/ci/environments.md
-[10]:https://img.rpadovani.com/posts/environment.png
-[11]:https://about.gitlab.com/
-[12]:https://docs.gitlab.com/ee/ci/README.html
-[13]:https://www.fleetster.net/fleetster-team.html
-[14]:mailto:riccardo@rpadovani.com
-[15]:https://twitter.com/rpadovani93
-[16]:https://www.xkcd.com/323/
-[17]:https://rpadovani.com/donations
--- a/translated/tech/20171214
+++ b/translated/tech/20171214
@ -1,115 +0,0 @@
-最有名的经典文字冒险游戏
-======
-**<ruby>巨洞冒险<rt>Colossal Cave Adventure</rt></ruby>**，又名 **ADVENT**、**Clossal Cave** 或 **Adventure**，是八十年代初到九十年代末最受欢迎的基于文字的冒险游戏。这款游戏还作为史上第一款“<ruby>互动小说<rt>interactive fiction</rt></ruby>”类游戏而闻名。在 1976 年，一个叫 **Will Crowther** 的程序员开发了这款游戏的一个早期版本，之后另一位叫 **Don Woods** 的程序员改进了这款游戏，为它添加了许多新元素，包括计分系统以及更多的幻想角色和场景。这款游戏最初是为 **PDP-10** 开发的，这是一个历史悠久的大型计算机。后来，它被移植到普通家用台式电脑上，比如 IBM PC 和 Commodore 64。游戏的最初版使用 Fortran 开发，之后在八十年代初它被微软加入到 MS-DOS 1.0 当中。
-
-![](https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Colossal-Cave-Adventure-1.jpeg)
-
-1995 年发布的最终版本 **Adventure 2.5** 从来没有可用于现代操作系统的安装包。它已经几乎绝版。万幸的是，在多年之后身为开源运动提倡者的 **Eric Steven Raymond** 得到了原作者们的同意之后将这款经典游戏移植到了现代操作系统上。他把这款游戏开源并将源代码以 **”open-adventure“** 之名托管在 GitLab 上。
-
-你在这款游戏的主要目标是找到一个传言中藏有大量宝藏和金子的洞穴并活着离开它。玩家在这个虚拟洞穴中探索时可以获得分数。一共可获得的分数是 430 点。这款游戏的灵感主要来源于原作者 **Will Crowther** 丰富的洞穴探索的经历。他曾经积极地在洞穴中冒险，特别是肯塔基州的<ruby>猛犸洞<rt>Mammoth Cave</rt></ruby>。因为游戏中的洞穴结构大体基于猛犸洞，你也许会注意到游戏中的场景和现实中的猛犸洞的相似之处。
-
-### 安装巨洞冒险
-
-Open Adventure 在 [**AUR**][1] 上有面对 Arch 系列操作系统的安装包。所以我们可以在 Arch Linux 或者像 Antergos 和 Manjaro Linux 等基于 Arch 的发行版上使用任何 AUR 辅助程序安装这款游戏。
-
-使用 [**Pacaur**][2]:
-```
-pacaur -S open-adventure
-```
-
-使用  [**Packer**][3]:
-```
-packer -S open-adventure
-```
-
-使用 [**Yaourt**][4]:
-```
-yaourt -S open-adventure
-```
-
-在其他 Linux 发行版上，你也许需要经过如下步骤来从源代码编译并安装这款游戏。
-
-首先安装依赖项：
-
-在 Debian 和 Ubuntu 上：
-```
-sudo apt-get install python3-yaml libedit-dev
-```
-
-在 Fedora 上:
-```
-sudo dnf install python3-PyYAML libedit-devel
-```
-
-你也可以使用 pip 来安装 PyYAML：
-```
-sudo pip3 install PyYAML
-```
-
-安装好依赖项之后，用以下命令从源代码编译并安装 open-adventure：
-```
-git clone https://gitlab.com/esr/open-adventure.git
-```
-```
-make
-```
-```
-make check
-```
-
-最后，运行 ‘advent’ 程序开始游戏：
-```
-advent
-```
-
-在 [**Google Play store**][5] 上还有这款游戏的安卓版。
-
-### 游戏说明
-
-要开始游戏，只需在终端中输入这个命令：
-```
-advent
-```
-
-你会看到一个欢迎界面。按 “y” 来查看教程，或者按 “n“ 来开始冒险之旅。
-
-![][6]
-
-游戏在一个小砖房前面开始。玩家需要使用由一到两个简单的英语单词单词组成的命令来控制角色。要移动角色，只需输入 **in**、 **out**、**enter**、**exit**、**building**、**forest**、**east**、**west**、**north**、**south**、**up** 或 **down** 等指令。
-
-比如说，如果你输入 **”south“** 或者简写 **”s“**，游戏角色就会向当前位置的南方移动。注意每个单词只有前五个字母有效，所以当你需要输入更长的单词时需要使用缩写，比如要输入 **northeast** 时，只需输入 NE（大小写均可）。要输入 **southeast** 则使用 SE。要捡起物品，输入 **pick**。要进入一个建筑物或者其他的场景，输入 **in**。要从任何场景离开，输入 **exit**，诸如此类。当你遇到危险时你会受到警告。你也可以使用两个单词的短语作为命令，比如 **”eat food“**、**”drink water“**、**”get lamp“**、**”light lamp“**、**”kill snake“**  等等。你可以在任何时候输入 **”help“** 来显示游戏帮助。
-
-![][8]
-
-我花了一整个下午来探索这款游戏。天哪，这真是段超级有趣、激动人心又紧张刺激的冒险体验！
-
-![][9]
-
-我打通了许多关卡并在路上探索了各式各样的场景。我甚至找到了金子，还被一条蛇和一个矮人袭击过。我必须承认这款游戏真是非常让人上瘾，简直是最好的时间杀手。
-
-如果你安全地带着财宝离开了洞穴，你会取得游戏胜利，并获得财宝全部的所有权。你在找到财宝的时候也会获得部分的奖励。要提前离开你的冒险，输入 **”quit“**。要暂停冒险，输入 **”suspend“**（或者 ”pause“ 或 ”save“）。你可以在之后继续冒险。要看你现在的进展如何，输入 **”score“**。记住，被杀或者退出会导致丢分。
-
-祝你们玩得开心！再见！
-
-
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: https://www.ostechnix.com/colossal-cave-adventure-famous-classic-text-based-adventure-game/
-
-作者：[SK][a]
-译者：[yixunx](https://github.com/yixunx)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
-[1]:https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/open-adventure/
-[2]:https://www.ostechnix.com/install-pacaur-arch-linux/
-[3]:https://www.ostechnix.com/install-packer-arch-linux-2/
-[4]:https://www.ostechnix.com/install-yaourt-arch-linux/
-[5]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.ecsoftwareconsulting.adventure430
-[6]:https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Colossal-Cave-Adventure-2.png
-[7]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Colossal-Cave-Adventure-2.png
-[8]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Colossal-Cave-Adventure-3.png
-[9]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Colossal-Cave-Adventure-1.png
--- a/translated/tech/20171228
+++ b/translated/tech/20171228
@ -0,0 +1,299 @@
+Ubuntu 和 Arch Linux 双启动
+======
+![](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/dual-boot-ubuntu-and-arch-linux_orig.jpg)
+
+**Ubuntu And Arch Linux 双启动** 不像听起来那么容易, 然而,我将使这个过程尽可能地简单明了。首先，我们需要安装 Ubuntu，然后安装 Arch Linux，因为配置 Ubuntu grub更容易实现**Ubuntu 和 Arch Linux 双启动**
+### Ubuntu And Arch Linux 双启动
+
+你需要准备好以下内容:
+
+1、你需要准备你所选择的 Ubuntu 的特色版本，在这个例子中，我将使用 Ubuntu 17.10 ISO
+
+2、两个优盘
+
+3、Windows 或者 Linux 操作系统的 PC 机
+
+4、Arch Linux ISO
+
+5、基于 Windows 的 Rufus 或是基于 Linux 发行版的 etcher 的两款软件中的一种，要根据自己的系统类型来选择哦。
+### 安装 Ubuntu
+
+首先, 利用 `Rufus` 为 Ubuntu 和 Arch Linux[创建可引导的闪存驱动器][1]。另外，也可以使用 `etcher` 创建 Ubuntu 和 Arch Linux 的可引导闪存驱动器。
+
+ [![Ubuntu 可启动 USB 镜像写入工具](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/bootable-ubuntu-usb-etcher-image-writer_orig.jpg)][2] 
+
+为 Ubuntu 选择 ISO 映像文件，然后选择闪存驱动器，然后单击 `Flash` 创建可引导的闪存驱动器。等到它完成，瞧!你的启动闪存已经准备好使用了。
+ [![make ubuntu usb bootable in linux在 linux 下创建 Ubuntu USB 引导程序](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/make-ubuntu-usb-bootable-in-linux_orig.jpg)][3] 
+
+
+打开你的机器并使用载有 Ubuntu 安装媒体的启动闪存驱动器进行启动。确保引导到 UEFI 或 BIOS 兼容模式，这取决于您所使用的 PC 的类型。我更喜欢使用 UEFI 来构建新的 PC 。
+ [![Ubuntu 自生系统登陆](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/live-ubuntu-boot_orig.jpg)][4] 
+
+在成功启动后，您将看到如上图显示，要求您尝试 Ubuntu 或安装 Ubuntu，选择安装 Ubuntu。
+ [![从自生可启动 USB 安装](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-usb-from-live-usb_orig.jpg)][5] 
+
+然后检查安装第三方软件的图形和 Wifi 硬件，MP3 和其他媒体。如果你有一个互联网连接，你可以选择在安装 Ubuntu 的时候下载更新，因为它会节省安装时间，并且确保安装的是最新更新。
+ [![自定义磁盘分区安装 Ubuntu](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/custom-partition-hd-install-ubuntu_orig.jpg)][6] 
+
+然后选择点击`Something else`，这样我们就可以对硬盘进行分区，并预留出 Ubuntu 和 Archlinux 的分区以及他们的交换分区的空间。
+ [![create swap partition ubuntu](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/create-swap-partition-ubuntu_orig.jpg)][7] 
+
+创建一个交换分区。最好是内存的一半大小。在我的例子中，我有 1 GB 的内存，因此创建一个 512 MB 的交换空间。
+ [![安装 Ubuntu 到根（/）分区](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-ubuntu-root-partition_orig.jpg)][8] 
+
+然后创建一个带有挂载点`/`的根分区并且点击`Install Now`按钮。
+ [![选择时区](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/select-ubuntu-timezone_orig.jpg)][9] 
+
+接下来选择语言和键盘设置。
+ [![选择键盘布局](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-ubuntu-select-location-keyboard-layout_orig.jpg)][10] 
+
+然后创建新用户的用户凭据。
+ [![创建用户名, 系统名及安装](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/create-username-system-name-ubuntu-install_orig.jpg)][11] 
+
+点击`Next`开始安装。
+ [![ubuntu installation finishing](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-installation-finishing_orig.jpg)][12] 
+
+当安装完成后点击`Restart Now`重启 PC。
+ [![完成 Ubtuntu 安装并重启系统](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-installation-finished_orig.jpg)][13] 
+
+移除安装媒介，按下回车继续。
+ [![移除安装媒介](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/remove-installation-media-after-ubuntu_orig.jpg)][14] 
+
+在确认成功安装后，重新启动并利用 Arch Linux 安装媒介引导。
+### 安装 Arch Linux
+
+在引导到 **Arch Linux 安装媒体**时，您应该看到如下所示的初始屏幕。选择 `Boot Arch Linux(x86_64)`。注意 Arch Linux 更多情况下类似于 [DYF][15] (自我定制)的一种操作系统。
+ [![Arch Linux 安装引导菜单](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/arch-linux-installation-boot-menu_orig.jpg)][16] 
+
+选择之后，它将打开一个`tty1`终端，您将使用它来安装操作系统。
+ [![tty终端](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/arch-linux-tty1-linux_orig.png)][17] 注意:为了成功安装 Arch Linux，您需要一个互联网连接来下载一些必须的系统安装包。所以我们需要检查一下互联网是否运行正常。输入以下命令到终端以检查网络连接。
+```ping linuxandubuntu.com -c 4```
+
+ [![检查互联网连接](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/arch-linux-ping-check-internet-connection_orig.png)][18] 
+
+如果因特网运行正常，你应该得到一个回显，显示发送和接收的数据包的数量。在这种情况下，我们发送了4个回波，并得到了4个反馈，这意味着连接是正常的。
+
+如果想在 Arch Linux 中设置 Wifi，请阅读[本文][19]，在 Arch Linux 中配置 Wifi。
+接下来，我们需要选择之前在安装 Ubuntu 时预留出的空闲分区。
+```fdisk -l``
+
+上面的命令应该显示可用的磁盘分区在哪里。您应该能看到 Ubuntu 分区以及预留的空闲空间。我们将使用`cfdisk`命令进行分区。
+```cfdisk```
+
+ [![利用cfdisk命令安装 Ach 分区](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-arch-partition-disk-with-cfdisk_orig.png)][20] 
+
+执行命令后将看到分区情况。选择其他已分配分区下面的空闲空间。
+您需要选择 `New`，然后输入分区大小。
+ [![为 Archlinux 分区](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/partition-free-space-swap-arch-linux_orig.png)][21] 例如，9.3G - G 表示千兆字节。[![安装 Arch Linux 分区](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-arch-linux-partition_orig.png)][22] 
+
+如下图所示，选择`primary`进行分区
+ [![将 Arch Linux 的根（root）分区设置成主分区](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/make-arch-linux-root-as-primary-partition_orig.png)][23] 然后选择写分区条目。 [![选择分区安装 Arch](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/select-partition-to-install-arch_orig.png)][24] 
+
+键入`yes`，以确认写入分区表。
+ [![确认创建分区并安装 Arch Linux](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-arch-linux-confirm-create-partition_orig.png)][25] 
+
+然后选择 `Quit`（退出）选项。
+ [![退出 Arch Linux 的‘cfdisk’](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/quit-cfdisk-arch-linux_orig.png)][26] 然后键入：
+
+```fdisk -l```
+
+确认修改
+ [![确认分区修改](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/confirm-partition-changes_orig.png)][27] 
+
+然后使用磁盘分区命令:
+```mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda3```
+
+确保您选择的分区是我们创建的最后一个分区，这样我们就不会破坏 Ubuntu 分区。
+ [![完成 Arch Linux 分区安装](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/complete-arch-linux-installation-partition_orig.png)][28] 
+
+然后使用以下命令安装这个分区 -
+```mount /dev/sda3 /mnt```
+
+ [![安装基础分区](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/mount-base-partition-in-arch-linux.png?1514472693)][29] 
+
+用下面命令创建`home`目录
+```mkdir .mnt/home```
+
+ [![安装家目录](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/mount-home-partition-arch-linux.png?1514472866)][30] 
+
+用一下命令安装`home`目录到这个分区上
+mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/home
+
+ [![安装家目录](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/make-mount-home-directory.png?1514472960)][31] 
+
+现在使用以下命令安装 Archlinux 的基本系统:
+```pacstrap /mnt base```
+
+请确保网络连接正常。
+
+
+接下来开始下载和配置安装所用时间取决于你的网速。
+ [![安装Arch Linux 基础系统](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/install-arch-linux-base.png?1514473056)][32] 
+
+这一步骤完成后，将完成 Archlinux 基本安装。
+Arch Linux 基础系统安装完成后，使用以下命令创建一个`fstab`文件:
+genfstab -U /mnt >> /mnt/etc/fstab
+
+ [![创建 fstab文件](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/create-fstab-file-in-arch-linux.png?1514473226)][33] 
+
+在此之后，您需要验证`fstab`文件，使用下面命令:
+```cat /mnt/etc/fstab```
+
+ [![查看fstab文件的终端显示](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/cat-fstab-file-data-terminal.png?1514473304)][34] 
+
+### Configuring Arch Linux: the basic configuration配置 Arch Linux:基础配置
+
+您将需要在安装时配置以下内容:
+1.  系统语言和系统语言环境
+
+2.  系统时区
+
+3.  Root用户密码
+
+4.  设置主机名
+
+Firstly, you will need to switch to the newly installed base by changing root into the system using the command:
+首先，您需要使用以下命令将`root`切换为新安装的基础系统用户:
+```arch-chroot /mnt```
+
+#### 系统语言和系统语言环境
+
+然后必须配置系统语言。必须取消对 en_Utf-8 UTF-8的注释，并加载到文件`/etc/local.gen`中
+键入：
+
+```nano /etc/local.gen```
+
+然后将 en_UTF-8 UTF-8 取消注释
+键入命令：
+
+```locale-gen```
+
+生成本地化设置如下:
+ [![生成本地化配置](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/generate-localization-arch-linux.png?1514473406)][35] 相应的需要在`locale.conf`文件中配置 LANG 变量。例如:
+
+```nano /etc/locale.conf```
+
+修改为：
+```LANG=en_US.UTF-8```
+
+配置键盘布局，则在文件`vconsole.conf`中进行更改，如下操作：
+```nano /etc/vconsole.conf```
+
+修改为：
+```KEYMAP=us-eng```
+
+#### 2\. 系统时区
+
+配置时区需要利用一下命令实现
+```ln -sf /usr/share/zoneinfo/Region/City /etc/localtime```
+
+要查看可用时区，可以在终端使用以下命令:
+
+注意可选时区在屏幕截图中显示为蓝色:
+```ls /usr/share/zoneinfo```
+
+ [![配置时区文件](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/setup-zonefile-in-arch-linux.png?1514473483)][36]  [![配置地区](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/setup-country-zonefile_orig.png)][37] 运行`hwclock`命令来生成``/etc/adjtime``(假设硬件时钟被设置为UTC):
+
+```# hwclock --systohc```
+
+#### 3\. 配置 Root 用户密码
+
+要为 Arch Linux 系统用户`root`设置密码，请使用:
+```Passwd```
+
+为`root`用户提供一个新的密码并确认密码使其生效。
+ [![配置系统用户root密码](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/setup-arch-linux-root-password.png?1514473649)][38] 
+
+#### 4\. 配置主机名和网络
+
+需要创建主机名文件：
+```nano /etc/hostname```
+
+ [![配置主机名](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/set-arch-linux-hostname.png?1514473741)][39] 
+
+将名字更改为您的用户名:
+ [![set arch linux username](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/set-arch-linux-username.png?1514473822)][40] 然后向主机添加一个匹配的条目：
+
+```nano /etc/hosts
+
+127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost
+
+::1 localhost.localdomain localhost
+
+127.0.1.1 LinuxandUbuntu.localdomain LinuxandUbuntu```
+
+
+
+您需要使网络保持连接，然后使用:
+```systemctl enable dhcpd```
+
+#### 配置 Grub
+
+然后重启机器，进入 Ubuntu 配置 grub。
+你可以键入：
+```reboot```
+
+ [![安装完成后重启](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/reboot-system-after-arch-linux-installation.png?1514474180)][41] 
+
+Arch Linux 安装仍然没有出现，因此我们需要在 Ubuntu 中使用 `update-grub`来安装它。
+ [![Ubuntu grub 菜单](http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/published/ubuntu-grub-menu.png?1514474302)][42] 在Ubuntu中打开终端，输入:
+
+```sudo update-grub```
+
+它应该更新grub，添加 Arch Linux 记录。
+### 小结
+
+祝贺您成功地将Ubuntu和Arch Linux设置为双引导。Ubuntu安装很简单，但是Arch Linux安装对新的Linux用户来说是一个挑战。我试着让这个教程变得简单。但是如果你对这篇文章有任何疑问，请在评论部分告诉我。还可以与您的朋友分享这篇文章，并帮助他们学习Linux。
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/dual-boot-ubuntu-and-arch-linux
+
+作者：[LinuxAndUbuntu][a]
+译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com
+[1]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/etcher-burn-images-to-sd-card-make-bootable-usb
+[2]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/bootable-ubuntu-usb-etcher-image-writer_orig.jpg
+[3]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/make-ubuntu-usb-bootable-in-linux_orig.jpg
+[4]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/live-ubuntu-boot_orig.jpg
+[5]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-usb-from-live-usb_orig.jpg
+[6]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/custom-partition-hd-install-ubuntu_orig.jpg
+[7]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/create-swap-partition-ubuntu_orig.jpg
+[8]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-ubuntu-root-partition_orig.jpg
+[9]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/select-ubuntu-timezone_orig.jpg
+[10]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-ubuntu-select-location-keyboard-layout_orig.jpg
+[11]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/create-username-system-name-ubuntu-install_orig.jpg
+[12]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-installation-finishing_orig.jpg
+[13]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/ubuntu-installation-finished_orig.jpg
+[14]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/remove-installation-media-after-ubuntu_orig.jpg
+[15]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/arch-linux-take-your-linux-knowledge-to-next-level-review
+[16]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/arch-linux-installation-boot-menu_orig.jpg
+[17]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/arch-linux-tty1-linux_orig.png
+[18]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/arch-linux-ping-check-internet-connection_orig.png
+[19]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/how-to-setup-a-wifi-in-arch-linux-using-terminal
+[20]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-arch-partition-disk-with-cfdisk_orig.png
+[21]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/partition-free-space-swap-arch-linux_orig.png
+[22]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-arch-linux-partition_orig.png
+[23]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/make-arch-linux-root-as-primary-partition_orig.png
+[24]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/select-partition-to-install-arch_orig.png
+[25]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-arch-linux-confirm-create-partition_orig.png
+[26]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/quit-cfdisk-arch-linux_orig.png
+[27]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/confirm-partition-changes_orig.png
+[28]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/complete-arch-linux-installation-partition_orig.png
+[29]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/mount-base-partition-in-arch-linux.png
+[30]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/mount-home-partition-arch-linux.png
+[31]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/make-mount-home-directory.png
+[32]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/install-arch-linux-base.png
+[33]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/create-fstab-file-in-arch-linux.png
+[34]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/cat-fstab-file-data-terminal.png
+[35]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/generate-localization-arch-linux.png
+[36]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/setup-zonefile-in-arch-linux.png
+[37]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/setup-country-zonefile_orig.png
+[38]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/setup-arch-linux-root-password.png
+[39]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/set-arch-linux-hostname.png
+[40]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/set-arch-linux-username.png
+[41]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/reboot-system-after-arch-linux-installation.png
+[42]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/edited/ubuntu-grub-menu.png