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2018 年度最佳 Linux 笔记本电脑:来自一位 RHCE 的选购指南
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如果你不具备相关的知识和经验,挑选出最适合 Linux 的笔记本电脑,可能是件很困难的事。并且,看上去你买了一台配置、功能、性能都很棒的电脑,但是,却疲于处理各种 Linux 的问题,太难堪了!因此,作为一个 **RedHat 认证工程师**,这篇文章的作者兼博主,也是一个 **有 14 年以上 Linux 使用经验的用户**,我用我掌握的一些知识去为你推荐一些笔记本电脑,我可以保证我推荐的这些电脑,Linux 在它上面会跑的很好。我研究了 20 多个小时之后(通过认真了解硬件详细情况和用户反馈),我选择 [Dell XP S9360-3591-SLV][2] 作为我的首选推荐。如果你希望笔记本电脑装备最新的功能特性,并且 **能够在使用 Linux 工作** 时有极好的性能,那么,这台笔记本电脑将是你的最佳选择。
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它使用铝合金机身,很轻(2.7 磅重),有强劲的硬件性能,待机时间较长,使用康宁大猩猩玻璃的 QHD 显示屏,分辨率为 3200×1800、并且还具备触控功能,可以为你带来清晰的图像表现,即便是很小的细节也可以很好的展现出来,有一个带橡皮掌托的、面积很大的并且非常好用的触摸板(早期版本上触摸板有几个小问题,但是,最新的机器已经修复了),并且也有一个很好用的带背光的键盘(按键的行程很短,这一点有些像 Thinkpad 笔记本),两个 USB 3.0 端口。最重要的是,两个最让 Linux 用户头痛的问题,无线网卡和 GPU (Intel HD Graphics 620 **播放 4K 视频可以达到 60 fps**),在这台 Dell 电脑上,它们都 **超级兼容 Linux**。
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有一个缺点是,它没有 HDMI 端口。在这个位置,Dell 增加了一个 Thunderbolt 3 端口。因此,你唯一的选择是使用一个 Thunderbolt 到 HDMI 的转换器(它很便宜)。第二,在购买之后,你不能升级它的 8GB 的内存(在采购之前你可以改变硬件配置 —— CPU、RAM & SSD),但是,在我的选择中,8GB 的内存运行任何 Linux 发行版做任何工作都足够了。我有一台 Asus 笔记本电脑(它是我收到的一份礼物)使用第五代的 Core i7 的 CPU,4GB 内存,它是我主要使用的计算机。使用 Chrome 可以打开 15-20 个标签,在后台运行 VLC ,打开文件管理和一个代码编辑器,这种情况下,它工作的很好。如果我减少一些浏览器标签(减少到 4-5 个),然后,即便是其它的应用程序都打开的情况下,我都可以在 Virtualbox 上使用虚拟机工作。这些都是在 4GB 内存的情况下,因此,有 8GB 内存和其它更强劲的硬件的情况下,它绝对会工作的非常好。
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> **注意:** 虽然我为你选择了一套非常可靠的 [硬件][2],但是,如果你愿意,你仍然可以进一步去定制它。即便你不去选择 ‘8GB RAM/128GB SSD’ 这个选项。因为,那个版本也提供 1920×1080 的 FHD 显示屏,并且,在 13.3″ 的显示屏上让菜单看起来更小一些,看起来稍微有点困难。
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### 最便宜的 Linux 笔记本电脑
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如果你觉得这台 Dell 笔记本电脑有点贵,买不起,但是还想拥有类似的非常好的性能,并且与 Linux 的兼容性很好,那么,第二个最佳选择是这台 [Acer Aspire E 15 E5-575G-57D4][6]。它 15.6″ 的显示屏,无疑能提供像前面的 Dell 笔记本一样的显示表现,但是,在 15.6” 上的 1920×1080 的全高清分辨率显示屏,也可以让任何细节都显示的非常清晰。其它的硬件与前面介绍的很贵的 Dell 笔记本电脑很相似,但是,**因此它的电池很重,整机重达 5.2 磅。**
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你实际上可以去做一些定制。基本的配置包括一个第七代 Core i5 CPU,15.6“ 的全高清显示屏(1920 x 1080),8GB DDR4 内存,256GB 固态硬盘,Intel HD Graphics 620 GPU 和一个独立的 Nvidia 940 MX GPU,端口方面:HDMI 2 USB 3.0,1 x USB 2.0 & 1 USB 3.1。对于 $549 的售价,它竟然 **包含一个 DVD 刻录机** … [**它是一个特价商品**][6]。
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至于 Linux 的兼容性,它真的很好。虽然它不像顶级的 Dell XPS,但是,至少在我看来,如果它能够解决 Nvidia GPU 的问题,它就是一个很好的选择。除了一个用户以外,所有其它的用户都反馈,它的 Linux 兼容性非常好。唯一的一个用户抱怨说,在 Linux Mint 上安装了 Nvidia 的专用驱动以后,出现了一个小问题,并且他说,他决对不是故意 “抹黑” 它。这个反馈与我在使用移动版的 Nvidia GPU 所遇到的情况一样。
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例如,现在我使用一台 Asus 笔记本电脑,并且它除了集成的 Intel GPU 以外,它也有一个独立的 Nvidia 920M GPU。这台笔记本电脑我大概已经用了一年半时间了。[我在它上面运行了一些 Linux 发行版][7],并且,遇到的唯一的问题是,[在 Ubuntu 17.10 上][8] 安装完它的专用驱动程序后,如果激活 Nvidia 作为默认的 GPU,自动用户登入功能会停止工作。因此,每次进入桌面我都要输入我的登录凭据。这虽然不是一个大问题,但是,我确信,它可以通过编辑一些登录管理器的配置设定来修复它,但是,我根本就没有去理它,因为我很少使用 Nvidia GPU。因此,我只是简单地改变默认 GPU 为 Intel,所有的一切就会正常。因此,前段时间,我在 [Ubuntu 16.04 LTS][10] 上 [的同一个 Nvidia GPU 上启用了‘运动插值’][9],并且它处理的非常好!
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我想说的是,GPU 驱动,比如 Nvidia & AMD/ATI 提供的,给用户带来困扰只是在过去的 Linux 上,但是,现在随着进一步的处理,已经不是什么困难的事情了,或者说,至少没有像以前那样困难了。除非你使用的是一个非常新的高端 GPU,Linux 的运行不遇到大的问题还是很有可能的。
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### Linux 游戏笔记本
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很多时候,玩游戏的笔记本电脑,你需要去手动调整一些东西。并且,这些 “东西” 大部分都是与 GPU 相关的。它可能只是简单地安装一些专用的驱动程序,去处理一个拒绝引导到 CD/USB 中的系统。但是,如果有足够的耐心,大多数情况下,它们都是可以修复的。如果你的游戏笔记本有一个非常新的 Nvidia/AMD GPU 驱动,并且,这个驱动有问题,那么,修复它意味着只需要等待它更新驱动程序。有时候,可能需要等待很长的时间。但是,如果你买了一台安装有几个月前发布的 GPU 的笔记本电脑,那么,仅此一点,就大大增加你解决现有问题的机会。
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因此,考虑到这一点,我选择了 [Dell Inspiron i5577-7342BLK-PUS][12],作为一个游戏笔记本电脑的最佳选择。它是一台强大的游戏笔记本电脑,售价低于 1000 美元。主要原因是它有一个 15.6″ 的全高清(1920 x 1080)显示屏。因为,在你查看其它配置的时候你会发现(也可以进一步定制它),它包含一个第七代 Core i7 CPU(四核心),16GB DDR4 内存(最高可到 32GB),512GB SSD 驱动器,并且有一块 Nvidia GTX 1050 GPU,它有很多积极的评价。你只可以在 QHD 或者 4K 下,使用外接显示器去玩高端游戏,尽管如此,它也可以在 15.6″ 的全高清分辨率下玩一些游戏。
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我选择 Dell 的另外原因是,大多数的 Dell 笔记本电脑(或者一般用途的计算机)都是非常兼容 Linux 系统的。我在 Dell 网站上手工检查了硬件配置的详细情况,虽然我不能保证使用 Nvidia GPU 不会有任何问题,其它的硬件在主流的 Linux 发行版上都工作的很好(比如 Ubuntu)。
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### 哪个才是你需要的?
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实际上,我相信越少越好。
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我可以在这里给你 ‘推荐’ 很多很多的笔记本电脑,但是,那样的话,我需要写一系列的博客文章。因此,我并不打算 ‘推荐’ 10-12 台笔记本电脑,除非我确信它们都在 Linux 上运行的非常好。而目前为止,这个推荐清单上只有 3 台。我能确信它们在 Linux 上运行的非常好(而且,甚至是游戏笔记本电脑,除了 Nvidia GPU,其它的硬件部分应该工作的很好),再加上,这三个型号都有很多的可选项。换句话说就是,随着时间的推移,如果我从其它的制造商的产品中找到一些笔记本电脑,我相信它们在 Linux 上也运行的很好,然后,我也会推荐它们。但是,现在,就这三台笔记本电脑是我所推荐的。你可能不喜欢这些推荐的电脑,那么,下面我告诉你如何去查找你心仪的笔记本电脑。一旦你有了基本的概念,你可以非常容易地去预测,一台笔记本电脑是否能够运行 Linux 而不会出现问题。上面我已经提到了大部分,但是,我还在这里再说一下。
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#### 查找关于硬件的更多信息
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当你拿到一个笔记本电脑时,记下它的型号。现在,在大多数的网站上,都提供硬件的详细情况,比如,无线网卡或者声卡芯片的制造商。在大多数的情况下,使用一些简单的技巧就可以拿到这些信息。我通常是这样做的。
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如果你知道笔记本电脑的制造商和型号,可以在 Google 中搜索它的驱动程序。我以前面的 Dell 游戏笔记本电脑为例。如果你知道它的名字,然后在 Google 上去搜索它的驱动程序(`Dell Inspiron i5577-7342BLK-PUS drivers`),Google 并不会显示一个 Dell 的官方的驱动程序页面。这并不奇怪,因为 Dell (以及其它制造商)在一个通用的型号名字下面,销售很多种装有各种不同的(2 到 3 种)硬件的笔记本电脑。因此,要缩小搜索目标,从左侧开始,我们首先来使用名字的前三个字段,并且用它在 Google(`Dell Inspiron i5577 drivers`)中搜索驱动程序,然后,如下所显示,并且,Google 也列出了不同的所属网站,对于 Inspiron 5577(没有 ‘i’),列出了一个 Dell 的官方驱动程序页面。
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如果你进入这个页面,去查看各种我们感兴趣的型号的驱动程序和硬件列表,那么,你将看到在 ‘Dell Inspiron i5577-7342BLK-PUS’ 中的硬件也在这里列出来了。我通常只喜欢查看 ‘audio’ 和 ‘network’ 下面列出的内容,因为从购买网站上去获得这些芯片的准确的型号名一般很困难,其它的一些硬件如 GPU、CPU 等等也列了出来。因此,如果你查看在 ‘network’ 下显示的内容,你将看到 Dell 提供的一些驱动程序。其中一个就是 Realtek 以太网适配器(以太网适配器通常都支持 Linux ),Qualcomm QCA61x4A-QCA9377 无线网络适配器(如果你进一步研究,需要对 `QCA61x4A` 和 `QCA9377` 分别进行,因为它们之间用 ‘-’ 分隔,你就会发现,它们实际上是来自高通的两种不同的无线芯片。这个关键字表示,Dell 在一个包中包含了两种驱动程序),和一组 Intel 无线网络适配器(Intel 硬件在 Linux 中也支持的非常好)。
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但是,高通的设备有时候可能会有些问题。我遇到过一两个,但是,它们都不是什么严重的问题。也就是说,当有问题时,去查找就是解决的一个好办法。因此,使用 `Qualcomm QCA61x4A-QCA9377` 做为关键字(使用一个适配器或者使用一个芯片名字的组合去查询这并不重要),并且增加一个像 `linux` 或者 `ubuntu` 这样的关键字在 Google 中去搜索它。如果像 `Qualcomm QCA61x4A-QCA9377 ubuntu` 这样去搜索,然后,Google 会列出很多结果。我收到的第一个结果是自来 [AskUbuntu][14](一个社区驱动的网站,专门回答终端用户提出的问题,是一个解决 Ubuntu 相关问题的极好的资源)。
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如果你去看那个页面,你可以看到有用户报怨 Qualcomm QCA9377 无线网络适配器在它的 Ubuntu 15.10 不能正常工作。幸运的是,那个问题已经被回答了。这个问题看起来似乎是 Ubuntu 15.10 的问题,它发布于 2015 年 10 月,因此,这是两年前的问题了。所以,这个问题很可能在最新的 Ubuntu 发行版中已经修复了。我还记得,这个问题好像与 Qualcomm QCA9377 无线芯片有关,而不是 QCA61x4A。因此,如果我们的 Linux 游戏笔记本电脑使用的是后面型号的无线芯片,那么很有可能你不会遇到这个问题。
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我希望我不要遇到上面报怨的所有事情。我只是想给你提供一个指南,告诉你如何去找到你希望去运行 Linux 的笔记本电脑上的关于硬件的详细情况,这样你就可以很好地去评估它。使用一些常识性的技巧和经验,你的工作效率将会更高。
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#### 不要止步于 GPU 和网络适配器上
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虽然,在你购买了一台笔记本电脑来运行 Linux 时,GPU 和网络适配器是大多数人遇到的最容易出现问题的硬件设备,但是,去研究音频、触控板、和键盘在 Linux 中的兼容性和它们相关的特性(例如,我的老 Dell 的背光键盘在 Linux 中也有一个小问题),也是一个很好的实践。
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**搜索‘用户评论’(当你准备购买时)**
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在诸如 Amazon.com 这样的网站上,你实际上可以搜索某些关键字的用户反馈 (‘审阅’)。这是非常有用的,因为你可以很容易地用几秒钟内在包括数以百计甚至数以千计的用户反馈中搜索一两个关键字。我建议你使用的关键字,如 `Linux` 或 `ubuntu` 或 `linux mint` 或任何其他 Linux 发行版,只要它是流行的发行版。如果已经购买了笔记本电脑的人试图在它上运行 Linux 发行版,使用此方法你总能找出发生了什么事。
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在亚马逊这样的网站搜索用户反馈是很容易。一旦您访问了您感兴趣的产品页面,只需单击“客户评论”链接并向下滚动, 直到看到一个搜索框 (通常位于右下角)。
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![](https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Searching-in-user-reviews-for-linux-based-keywords-on-Amazon.png)
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#### 如果它是一个 ‘热门’ 硬件,等待 2-3 个月
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正如,计算机终端用户所担心的那样,Linux 的市场份额是非常小的。因此,硬件制造商并不会把 Linux 看的很重。因此,他们修复最新发布的硬件设备中已存在的主要问题需要很长的一段时间。即便是开源驱动程序,也是如此,当然,在我的经验中,开源的驱动程序的问题修复比专属的驱动程序要快。因此,如果你买的笔记本电脑的特色硬件设备(主要指 CPU 和 GPU)是最新发布的,那么,它通常需要等待 2 或 3 个月才能去修复在 Linux 上的主要的问题。并且,但愿在那个时候,你可以找到一个修复,或者,至少可以预测什么时候可以被修复。
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#### 关于屏幕和 HiDPI 在 Linux 上支持的怎么样?
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![][17]
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‘像素密度’ 或者 ‘高像素密度’ 显示是最近非常流行的术语。并且大多数人都认定,更高的像素意味着更好的质量。虽然在一般的认知和技术角度上,它可能是正确的,但是,它并不准确。这个主题理解起来很复杂,因此,我将只讲一些基本的概念,对于你理解这个主题已经足够了,以避免不必要的混乱。
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任何显示在你的屏幕上的东西,比如文本或者图标,都被设计为某些固定的大小。而这些大小是通过被称为 “每英寸显示的像素点数” 或者简称为 DPI 来描述的。它基本上定义了每英寸应该显示多少个点(像素)才能正确显示这个东西。每英寸显示 72 个点是由 Apple 公司制定的标准,这是很重要的。我相信,你可能听说过,Windows 使用了一个不同的标准,每英寸 96 个点,但是,它不完全正确。我不去深入其中的细节,但是,如果你想进一步了解更多的内容,[阅读 Wikipedia][18]。在任何情况下,要确保显示在你的 Linux 笔记本电脑的屏幕上的内容看起来清晰可读,如果你想了解,按以下的内容去做。首先,确定它的显示大小(13.3″、15.6″、17″…)和分辨率。然后到 [PXCALC.com][19] 网站,它提供一个非常好用的每英寸点数计算器。接着在上面输入正确的内容。计算完成后,它告诉你一个 DPI 的计算结果(在它的右上角,如下图所示)。然后将那个值简单地除以 72,这就是最重要的部分。
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![][20]
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|
如果你得到的结果是一个类似于整形增量,比如 2、3、4(+0.2 到 —0.2 的偏差还不错,最好是 +0.1 到 —0.1,最完美的是接近 0.0 的偏差及更大的整数—— 3 或更大,比如 iMac 27 5K),然后,你就没有什么可担心的了。整形增量越高(只要偏差保持在范围之内),屏幕越清晰。为了更好理解,我们举一个例子。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我以推荐给你的第一个笔记本电脑(使用 13.3″ 的 QHD 分辨率的 Dell XPS)为例。如果你使用这个计算器去计算,它的结果是 ‘3.83’,把它粗算为 ‘3.8’,它不是我们前面所说的那样一个整数,但是,它在偏差范围以内(-0.2),是安全的。如果你拿我推荐的 Acer 笔记本电脑做同样的计算,它得到的结果是 ‘1.95’,把它粗算为 ‘2.0’。因此,在不考虑它的其它特性(亮度,可视角度,等等)的情况下,Dell 笔记本电脑上的显示清晰度要好于 Acer 几乎两倍(相信我,这个显示效果已经看起来非常清晰了。但是,它相比分辨率为1366 x 768 的无论是 13.3″ 还是 15.6″ 的屏幕,看起来显示效果更好)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### 关于内存大小?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![][21]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
KDE 和 GNOME 是在 Linux 上的两种主流的桌面环境。虽然还有很多其它的选择,我建议你坚持使用其中的一个。目前来说,我比较偏爱 KDE。据我所知,KDE plasma 比 GNOME 更加轻量化,并且效果更好。如果你希望了解它们之间的比较数据,它在 [我的 Ubuntu 16.10 特点评估][22] 中(它大概是在一年前做的),在 Ubuntu 上 KDE plasma 占用大约 369 MiB 内存,而 GNOME 大概占用了 781 MiB!减少了 **112% !**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
现在我使用 Kubuntu 17.10,虽然我没有评估它,但是我可以告诉你,它的内存占用大约在 380-400 MiB左右。重新回到这个话题上,我建议你在为你的 Linux 笔记本电脑的内存选择上,**不要低于 8GB**。那样,我可以很自信地保证,在未来 4 年内你的笔记本电脑都运行的很好,而不用担心它会变慢,并且可以去很好的使用各种发行版和满足大多数终端用户的需求。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
如果你是在寻找一台 **在 Linux 上玩游戏的笔记本电脑**,那么内存选择应该是 **使用 12GB 或者更多**。 除比之外,8GB 内存对于大多数终端用户来说是足够的。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### 关于 SSD
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![][23]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
不管你使用的是什么操作系统,增加一块 SSD 将能提升你的笔记本电脑的整体性能和反应速度,因为它比起普通的机械硬盘来说速度快很多,就这么简单。也就是说,在我的经验中,即便是高效和轻量化的 KDE 发行版,相比 GNOME 要花更多的启用时间。一些 Linux 发行版,比如 Ubuntu 和 Kubuntu 带着一个特别设计的被称为 'ureadahead' 的实用程序,它可以改善启动时间(有时可以达到 **30%** 甚至更多),不幸的是,并不是所有的发行版都有这类工具。在有些时候,**安装在 SATA 驱动器上的 KDE 的启动时间可能长达 50 秒以上**。[Manjaro 17.0.2 KDE][24] 就是其中一个这样的例子(显示在上面的图表中)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
因此,最简单的方法就是购买一台带有 SSD 的笔记本电脑,它可以帮助改善启动时间。**我的 Kubuntu 17.10 上是一个小的 SSD 驱动器(20GB),它的启动时间在 13-15 秒内**。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### 关于 GPU ?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
正如上面多次提到过的,如果可能,尽量使用一个 Intel GPU。正如众所周知的那样,Dell 的产品在硬件上都是 ‘Linux 友好的’, Intel 也在开源项目上大量进行投资,并且,其中它的一些硬件也如此。选择它你不会后悔的。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### 如何进行自动 GPU 切换(比如: Nvidia Optimus),它能正常工作吗?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
如果你希望购买的笔记本电脑,显卡在各方面都考虑的比较周全,那么,在 Windows 中,Nvidia 有一个叫做 ‘Optimus’ 的特性,它自动在集成 GPU(性能较弱) 和独立 GPU(性能更强)之间切换。ATI 也有这个功能。在 Linux 中这个功能并没有被官方支持,但是,在那方面有一个创新性的工作,比如 [Bumblebee 项目][25]。不过它并不总是按预期工作。我比较喜欢去安装专用的 GPU 驱动程序,并且在我需要的时候去手动切换它们。值得称赞的是,Fedora 团队已经做出了它们的解决方案,我并不知道他们做的怎么样,[最好问问 Christian 吧][26]。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Linux 能给你更长的电池使用时间吗?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
当然可以!只要你的硬件设备配置正确,我建议你安装电源使用优化器。现在有几个这方面的应用程序,但是,我建议使用 ‘[TLP][27]’。它很容易安装,在我的经验中它可以使功耗降低,而且结果令人影响深刻,它不需要手动去调整什么就可以正常工作。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
下面有两张我的最新的 Ubuntu 17.10 的评估截屏。第一张截屏展示了在安装 ‘tlp’ 之前的电源使用情况,而第二张展示了安装之后的(图片已经说明了一切):
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![][28]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
![][29]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
‘tlp’ 可以在主要的 Linux 发行版上使用。在 Ubuntu 上,你可以通过执行下面的命令去安装它:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
sudo apt update
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
sudo apt install tlp
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
现在重启动计算机,就可以了!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### 在 Linux 中能测量电源使用了多少吗?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
很高兴你能这样问!它的名字叫 ‘[powerstat][30]’。它是非常神奇的一个小实用程序(由 Colin King 设计,它是一位 Ubuntu 开发者),它采集电源消耗(和诊断)相关的使用数据,并将它们表示在屏幕上。在基于 Ubuntu 的系统上,输入下面的命令可以去安装它:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
sudo apt update
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
sudo apt install powerstat
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在大多数主流的 Linux 发行版上,它们的软件仓库中都有这个软件。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### 你推荐的 Linux 操作系统是哪个?
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
很好的问题,到目前为止,我主要使用的操作系统是 Kubuntu 17.10。我没有评估过它,但是,长话短说,我喜欢它!它非常易于安装,并且对新手比较友好,稳定,漂亮,高效并且易于使用。到目前为止我不喜欢 GNOME!因此,如果你刚开始使用 Linux,那么,我建议你去尝试 [Kubuntu][31] 或者 [Linux Mint][32],首先,(‘Mint’ 可以有很多的桌面环境选择。要么使用 KDE,要么使用 ‘Cinnamon’)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
然后,在你掌握使用技巧后,你就可以转移到其它的发行版上了,这是 Linux 新手最好的方法。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 结束语
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
记住我一开始说的话,如果你在寻找一台能够轻松运行 Linux 的笔记本电脑,那么,[Dell XP S9360-3591-SLV][2] 将是你的最佳选择。它外观漂亮、功能强大、非常流行、超便携,不仅能够很轻松地运行 Linux,而且它还有一个非常棒的,并且得到很多人赞扬的显示屏。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
如果,你希望有一个更便宜的选择,那么,[Acer Aspire E 15 E5-575G-57D4][6] 会满足你的要求。它也像前面的 Dell 一样,可以很好地兼容 Linux,再加上它的性价比,它也是一个非常好的选择。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
第三,如果你在寻找一台能够在 Linux 上运行游戏的笔记本电脑,那么,[Dell Inspiron i5577-7342BLK-PUS][12] 看起来非常适合你。当然,还有许多其它的游戏笔记本,但是,我特别选择这一款的原因是,它的硬件特性与 Linux 兼容,虽然我不能保证它与 Nvidia GTX 1050 一样。换句话说,你不应该去买一台 Linux 笔记本去玩游戏,那样会“玷污”你的游戏水平。如果是那样的话,它的硬件性能(它的性能很强大了)并不会让你满意,如果你愿意去研究并找到其它的选择,那就去做吧。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
祝你采购顺利,并感谢阅读!
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
via: https://www.hecticgeek.com/2017/12/best-linux-laptop/
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
作者:[Gayan][a]
|
||||||
|
译者:[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw)
|
||||||
|
校对:[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[a]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/author/gayan/
|
||||||
|
[1]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Dell-XPS-9360-Linux.png
|
||||||
|
[2]:https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01LQTXED8?ie=UTF8&tag=flooclea01-20&camp=1789&linkCode=xm2&creativeASIN=B01LQTXED8
|
||||||
|
[3]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Dell-XPS-9360-keyboard-the-track-pad.png
|
||||||
|
[4]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/XPS-13.3-ports.png
|
||||||
|
[5]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Acer-Aspire-E-15-E5-575G-57D4-affordable-linux-laptop.png
|
||||||
|
[6]:https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01LD4MGY4?ie=UTF8&tag=flooclea01-20&camp=1789&linkCode=xm2&creativeASIN=B01LD4MGY4
|
||||||
|
[7]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/gnu-linux/
|
||||||
|
[8]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/2017/11/ubuntu-17-10-review/
|
||||||
|
[9]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/2016/06/motion-interpolation-linux-svp/
|
||||||
|
[10]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/2016/04/ubuntu-16-04-lts-review/
|
||||||
|
[11]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/DELL-Inspiron-15-i5577-5328BLK-linux-gaming-laptop.png
|
||||||
|
[12]:https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B06XFC44CL?ie=UTF8&tag=flooclea01-20&camp=1789&linkCode=xm2&creativeASIN=B06XFC44CL
|
||||||
|
[13]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Trying-to-gather-more-data-about-the-hardware-of-a-Dell-laptop-for-linux.png
|
||||||
|
[14]:https://askubuntu.com/
|
||||||
|
[15]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Trying-to-find-if-the-network-adapter-from-Qualcomm-is-compatible-with-Linux.png
|
||||||
|
[16]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/computer-hardware-illustration.jpg
|
||||||
|
[17]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Display-Scalling-Settings-on-KDE-Plasma-5.10.5.png
|
||||||
|
[18]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots_per_inch#Computer_monitor_DPI_standards
|
||||||
|
[19]:http://pxcalc.com/
|
||||||
|
[20]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Using-PXCALC-dpi-calculator.png
|
||||||
|
[21]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Ubuntu-16.10-vs-Ubuntu-GNOME-16.10-vs-Kubuntu-16.10-vs-Xubuntu-16.10-Memory-Usage-Graph.png
|
||||||
|
[22]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/2016/11/ubuntu-16-10-flavors-comparison/
|
||||||
|
[23]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Kubuntu-16.10-vs-Ubuntu-17.04-vs-Manjaro-17.0.2-KDE-Boot_up-Times-Graph.png
|
||||||
|
[24]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/2017/07/manjaro-17-0-2-kde-review/
|
||||||
|
[25]:https://bumblebee-project.org/
|
||||||
|
[26]:https://blogs.gnome.org/uraeus/2016/11/01/discrete-graphics-and-fedora-workstation-25/
|
||||||
|
[27]:http://linrunner.de/en/tlp/docs/tlp-linux-advanced-power-management.html
|
||||||
|
[28]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Ubuntu-17.10-Power-Usage-idle.png
|
||||||
|
[29]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Ubuntu-17.10-Power-Usage-idle-after-installing-TLP.png
|
||||||
|
[30]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/2012/02/powerstat-power-calculator-ubuntu-linux/
|
||||||
|
[31]:https://kubuntu.org/
|
||||||
|
[32]:https://linuxmint.com/
|
||||||
|
[33]:https://twitter.com/share
|
||||||
|
[34]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/2017/12/best-linux-laptop/?share=email (Click to email this to a friend)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
|
|||||||
How I coined the term 'open source'
|
[fuzheng1998 tranlating]
|
||||||
|
我是如何创造“开源”这个词的
|
||||||
============================================================
|
============================================================
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Christine Peterson finally publishes her account of that fateful day, 20 years ago.
|
### Christine Peterson 最终发布了对于二十年前那决定命运一天的陈述。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
![How I coined the term 'open source'](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/hello-name-sticker-badge-tag.png?itok=fAgbMgBb "How I coined the term 'open source'")
|
![How I coined the term 'open source'](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/hello-name-sticker-badge-tag.png?itok=fAgbMgBb "How I coined the term 'open source'")
|
||||||
Image by : opensource.com
|
图片来自: opensource.com
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In a few days, on February 3, the 20th anniversary of the introduction of the term "[open source software][6]" is upon us. As open source software grows in popularity and powers some of the most robust and important innovations of our time, we reflect on its rise to prominence.
|
In a few days, on February 3, the 20th anniversary of the introduction of the term "[开源软件][6]" is upon us. As open source software grows in popularity and powers some of the most robust and important innovations of our time, we reflect on its rise to prominence.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I am the originator of the term "open source software" and came up with it while executive director at Foresight Institute. Not a software developer like the rest, I thank Linux programmer Todd Anderson for supporting the term and proposing it to the group.
|
I am the originator of the term "open source software" and came up with it while executive director at Foresight Institute. Not a software developer like the rest, I thank Linux programmer Todd Anderson for supporting the term and proposing it to the group.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This is my account of how I came up with it, how it was proposed, and the subsequent reactions. Of course, there are a number of accounts of the coining of the term, for example by Eric Raymond and Richard Stallman, yet this is mine, written on January 2, 2006.
|
This is my account of how I came up with it, how it was proposed, and the subsequent reactions. Of course, there are a number of accounts of the coining of the term, for example by Eric Raymond and Richard Stallman, yet this is mine, written on January 2, 2006.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It has never been published, until today.
|
直到今天,它才公诸于世。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * *
|
* * *
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@ -20,13 +21,13 @@ The introduction of the term "open source software" was a deliberate effort to m
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
This term had long been used in an "intelligence" (i.e., spying) context, but to my knowledge, use of the term with respect to software prior to 1998 has not been confirmed. The account below describes how the term [open source software][7] caught on and became the name of both an industry and a movement.
|
This term had long been used in an "intelligence" (i.e., spying) context, but to my knowledge, use of the term with respect to software prior to 1998 has not been confirmed. The account below describes how the term [open source software][7] caught on and became the name of both an industry and a movement.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Meetings on computer security
|
### 计算机安全会议
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In late 1997, weekly meetings were being held at Foresight Institute to discuss computer security. Foresight is a nonprofit think tank focused on nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, and software security is regarded as central to the reliability and security of both. We had identified free software as a promising approach to improving software security and reliability and were looking for ways to promote it. Interest in free software was starting to grow outside the programming community, and it was increasingly clear that an opportunity was coming to change the world. However, just how to do this was unclear, and we were groping for strategies.
|
In late 1997, weekly meetings were being held at Foresight Institute to discuss computer security. Foresight is a nonprofit think tank focused on nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, and software security is regarded as central to the reliability and security of both. We had identified free software as a promising approach to improving software security and reliability and were looking for ways to promote it. Interest in free software was starting to grow outside the programming community, and it was increasingly clear that an opportunity was coming to change the world. However, just how to do this was unclear, and we were groping for strategies.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
At these meetings, we discussed the need for a new term due to the confusion factor. The argument was as follows: those new to the term "free software" assume it is referring to the price. Oldtimers must then launch into an explanation, usually given as follows: "We mean free as in freedom, not free as in beer." At this point, a discussion on software has turned into one about the price of an alcoholic beverage. The problem was not that explaining the meaning is impossible—the problem was that the name for an important idea should not be so confusing to newcomers. A clearer term was needed. No political issues were raised regarding the free software term; the issue was its lack of clarity to those new to the concept.
|
At these meetings, we discussed the need for a new term due to the confusion factor. The argument was as follows: those new to the term "free software" assume it is referring to the price. Oldtimers must then launch into an explanation, usually given as follows: "We mean free as in freedom, not free as in beer." At this point, a discussion on software has turned into one about the price of an alcoholic beverage. The problem was not that explaining the meaning is impossible—the problem was that the name for an important idea should not be so confusing to newcomers. A clearer term was needed. No political issues were raised regarding the free software term; the issue was its lack of clarity to those new to the concept.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Releasing Netscape
|
### 网景发布
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
On February 2, 1998, Eric Raymond arrived on a visit to work with Netscape on the plan to release the browser code under a free-software-style license. We held a meeting that night at Foresight's office in Los Altos to strategize and refine our message. In addition to Eric and me, active participants included Brian Behlendorf, Michael Tiemann, Todd Anderson, Mark S. Miller, and Ka-Ping Yee. But at that meeting, the field was still described as free software or, by Brian, "source code available" software.
|
On February 2, 1998, Eric Raymond arrived on a visit to work with Netscape on the plan to release the browser code under a free-software-style license. We held a meeting that night at Foresight's office in Los Altos to strategize and refine our message. In addition to Eric and me, active participants included Brian Behlendorf, Michael Tiemann, Todd Anderson, Mark S. Miller, and Ka-Ping Yee. But at that meeting, the field was still described as free software or, by Brian, "source code available" software.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@ -36,7 +37,7 @@ Between meetings that week, I was still focused on the need for a better name an
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
Todd had agreed strongly about the need for a new term and offered to assist in getting the term introduced. This was helpful because, as a non-programmer, my influence within the free software community was weak. My work in nanotechnology education at Foresight was a plus, but not enough for me to be taken very seriously on free software questions. As a Linux programmer, Todd would be listened to more closely.
|
Todd had agreed strongly about the need for a new term and offered to assist in getting the term introduced. This was helpful because, as a non-programmer, my influence within the free software community was weak. My work in nanotechnology education at Foresight was a plus, but not enough for me to be taken very seriously on free software questions. As a Linux programmer, Todd would be listened to more closely.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### The key meeting
|
### 关键的会议
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Later that week, on February 5, 1998, a group was assembled at VA Research to brainstorm on strategy. Attending—in addition to Eric Raymond, Todd, and me—were Larry Augustin, Sam Ockman, and attending by phone, Jon "maddog" Hall.
|
Later that week, on February 5, 1998, a group was assembled at VA Research to brainstorm on strategy. Attending—in addition to Eric Raymond, Todd, and me—were Larry Augustin, Sam Ockman, and attending by phone, Jon "maddog" Hall.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@ -52,7 +53,7 @@ But I was elated. These were some key leaders in the community, and they liked t
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
For the name to succeed, it was necessary, or at least highly desirable, that Tim O'Reilly agree and actively use it in his many projects on behalf of the community. Also helpful would be use of the term in the upcoming official release of the Netscape Navigator code. By late February, both O'Reilly & Associates and Netscape had started to use the term.
|
For the name to succeed, it was necessary, or at least highly desirable, that Tim O'Reilly agree and actively use it in his many projects on behalf of the community. Also helpful would be use of the term in the upcoming official release of the Netscape Navigator code. By late February, both O'Reilly & Associates and Netscape had started to use the term.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Getting the name out
|
### 名字的诞生
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
After this, there was a period during which the term was promoted by Eric Raymond to the media, by Tim O'Reilly to business, and by both to the programming community. It seemed to spread very quickly.
|
After this, there was a period during which the term was promoted by Eric Raymond to the media, by Tim O'Reilly to business, and by both to the programming community. It seemed to spread very quickly.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ Coming up with a phrase is a small contribution, but I admit to being grateful t
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
The big credit for persuading the community goes to Eric Raymond and Tim O'Reilly, who made it happen. Thanks to them for crediting me, and to Todd Anderson for his role throughout. The above is not a complete account of open source history; apologies to the many key players whose names do not appear. Those seeking a more complete account should refer to the links in this article and elsewhere on the net.
|
The big credit for persuading the community goes to Eric Raymond and Tim O'Reilly, who made it happen. Thanks to them for crediting me, and to Todd Anderson for his role throughout. The above is not a complete account of open source history; apologies to the many key players whose names do not appear. Those seeking a more complete account should refer to the links in this article and elsewhere on the net.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### About the author
|
### 关于作者
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[![photo of Christine Peterson](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/profile_pictures/public/pictures/cp2016_crop2_185.jpg?itok=vUkSjFig)][13] Christine Peterson - Christine Peterson writes, lectures, and briefs the media on coming powerful technologies, especially nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, and longevity. She is Cofounder and Past President of Foresight Institute, the leading nanotech public interest group. Foresight educates the public, technical community, and policymakers on coming powerful technologies and how to guide their long-term impact. She serves on the Advisory Board of the [Machine Intelligence... ][2][more about Christine Peterson][3][More about me][4]
|
[![photo of Christine Peterson](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/profile_pictures/public/pictures/cp2016_crop2_185.jpg?itok=vUkSjFig)][13] Christine Peterson - Christine Peterson writes, lectures, and briefs the media on coming powerful technologies, especially nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, and longevity. She is Cofounder and Past President of Foresight Institute, the leading nanotech public interest group. Foresight educates the public, technical community, and policymakers on coming powerful technologies and how to guide their long-term impact. She serves on the Advisory Board of the [Machine Intelligence... ][2][more about Christine Peterson][3][More about me][4]
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@ -100,4 +101,4 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/2/coining-term-open-source-software
|
|||||||
[13]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
|
[13]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
|
||||||
[14]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
|
[14]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
|
||||||
[15]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
|
[15]:https://opensource.com/users/christine-peterson
|
||||||
[16]:https://opensource.com/article/18/2/coining-term-open-source-software#comments
|
[16]:https://opensource.com/article/18/2/coining-term-open-source-software#comments
|
||||||
|
@ -1,259 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
translating by Auk7F7
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
How to Encrypt Files with Tomb on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS
|
|
||||||
==================================================
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Most people regard file encryption as a necessity nowadays, even on Linux systems. If, like me, you were originally attracted to Ubuntu because of the enhanced security of Linux systems, I’m afraid I’ve got bad news for you: Linux has become a victim of its own success. The vast increase in the number of users over recent years has led to attacks and theft on such systems growing exponentially.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
There used to be a pretty easy solution to encrypting files on Linux systems like Ubuntu: it was called [Truecrypt](https://www.fossmint.com/secure-encrypt-files-folders-with-truecrypt-in-linux/). Up until 2015, it offered varying levels of military-grade encryption, and worked well with most Linux systems. Unfortunately, it has since been discontinued, and has therefore become pretty insecure.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### The Alternatives
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Luckily, there are a few alternatives to Truecrypt. The direct successor of Truecrypt was [Veracrypt](https://www.fossmint.com/veracrypt-is-a-secure-alternative-encryption-tool-to-truecrypt-for-linux/), made by a group of developers who took the source code from Truecrypt and kept it updated.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The project has since grown into an impressive standalone system, but is now showing its age. Old systems, and especially those that deal with security, can only be updated so many times without introducing vulnerabilities.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
For this reason, among many others, it’s worth looking a bit further afield for encryption software. My choice would be Tomb.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Why Tomb?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
In some ways, Tomb is pretty similar to other encryption software. It stores encrypted files in dedicated “Tomb Folders”, allowing you to quickly see which files you have encrypted.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It also uses a similar encryption standard to Veracrypt, [AES-256](https://www.dyne.org/software/tomb/). This standard is Applied by everyone from the NSA to Microsoft to Apple, and is regarded as one of the most secure encryption ciphers available. If you’re new to encryption, it’s worth reading a bit of [the background behind the technology](https://thebestvpn.com/advanced-encryption-standard-aes/), but if you just want fast, secure encryption, don’t worry: Tomb will deliver.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
There are a couple of big differences with Tomb. The first is that it has been developed specifically for GNU/Linux systems, cutting out some of the compatibility issues of broader encryption software.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The second is that, although Tomb is open source, it makes use of statically linked libraries so that its source code is hard to audit. That means that it is not considered free by some OS distributors, but when it comes to security software this is actually a good thing: it means that Tomb is less likely to be hacked than completely “free” software.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Lastly, it has several advanced features like **steganography**, which allows you to hide your key files within another file. And though Tomb is primarily a command-line tool, it also comes with a GUI interface, gtomb, which allows beginners to use it graphically.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Sold? Well, before I take you through how to use Tomb, it’s worth noting that no encryption software can offer total protection. Tomb will not hide your online computing from your ISP, and nor does it protect files stored in the cloud. If you want to fully encrypt cloud storage, you’ll need to log into your preferred storage service using the Tor browser and a zero-logging VPN. There are plenty of options available here, but [Trust Zone](https://privacyaustralia.org/trust-zone-vpn-review/) is a good browser, and [Tinc](https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-properly-set-up-tinc-vpn-on-ubuntu-linux/) is a good VPN tool.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
All that said, if you are looking for fast, easy, secure encryption for Ubuntu 16.04, Tomb is undoubtedly the way to go. Let’s get you started.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Installing Tomb on Ubuntu 16.04
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Because Tomb was made especially for Linux, install is super easy.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A couple of years back, the guys over at SparkyLinux (which is a pretty good Debian derivative in its own right) added Tomb to their official repositories. You can install it on your Ubuntu system by adding these repositories.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
To do this, open a terminal and add a repository file:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
`sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sparky-repo.list`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
And then add the following lines to the file:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
deb https://sparkylinux.org/repo stable main
|
|
||||||
deb-src https://sparkylinux.org/repo stable main
|
|
||||||
deb https://sparkylinux.org/repo testing main
|
|
||||||
deb-src https://sparkylinux.org/repo testing main
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Save and close that file.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You now need to install the Sparky public key, using either:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
sudo apt-get install sparky-keyring
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Or:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
wget -O - https://sparkylinux.org/repo/sparkylinux.gpg.key | sudo apt-key add -
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You then need to update your repositories, using the standard command:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
sudo apt-get update
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
And then simply install Tomb using apt:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
sudo apt-get install tomb
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you want the GUI, install is just as easy. Just use apt to install gtomb:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
sudo apt-get install gtomb
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
And that’s it: you should now have a working version of Tomb installed. Let’s look at how to use it.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Using Tomb
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### Using Tomb Through The Command Line
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Tomb is primarily a command line tool, so I’ll cover this usage first. If you are not comfortable with using a terminal, you can skip this section and look below.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Actually, scratch that. If you’ve never used the command line before, Tomb is a great place to start, because it uses simple commands and there is little chance of you messing something up as long as you are careful.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Tomb actually uses a pretty amusing set of commands, all graveyard-themed. Each encrypted folder is referred to as a “tomb”, and (as I’ll come to shortly) they can be worked with using similarly Gothic commands.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
First, let’s make a new tomb. You can specify the name and the size of your new tomb, so let’s use “Tomb1”, and make it 100mb.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You need root privileges, so open a terminal and type (or copy):
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
sudo tomb dig -s 100 Tomb1.tomb
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
This should give you output similar to:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
tomb . Commanded to dig tomb Tomb1.tomb
|
|
||||||
tomb (*) Creating a new tomb in Tomb1.tomb
|
|
||||||
tomb . Generating Tomb1.tomb of 100MiB
|
|
||||||
100 blocks (100Mb) written.
|
|
||||||
100+0 records in
|
|
||||||
100+0 records out
|
|
||||||
-rw------- 1 Tomb1 Tomb1 100M Jul 4 18:53 Tomb1.tomb
|
|
||||||
tomb (*) Done digging Tomb1
|
|
||||||
tomb . Your tomb is not yet ready, you need to forge a key and lock it:
|
|
||||||
tomb . tomb forge Tomb1.tomb.key
|
|
||||||
tomb . tomb lock Tomb1.tomb -k Tomb1.tomb.key
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
As the output helpfully states, you now need to create a keyfile to lock your tomb:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
sudo tomb forge Tomb1.tomb.key
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If, at this point, you get an error that mentions “an active swap partition”, you need to deactivate all of your active swap partititions:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
sudo swapoff -a
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
And then run the keyfile command above.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
It might take a few minutes to generate a keyfile, depending on the speed of your system. After it is done, however, you’ll be asked to enter a new password to secure the key:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how_to_setup_and_install_tomb_on_ubuntu_1604/tomb1.png)](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how_to_setup_and_install_tomb_on_ubuntu_1604/big/tomb1.png)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Enter it twice, and your new keyfile will be made.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You now need to lock your tomb using your new key. You can do this like this:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
sudo tomb lock Tomb1.tomb -k Tomb1.tomb.key
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You will be asked to enter your password. Do this, and you should get something like the following output:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
tomb . Commanded to lock tomb Tomb1.tomb
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[sudo] Enter password for user Tomb1 to gain superuser privileges
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
tomb . Checking if the tomb is empty (we never step on somebody else's bones).
|
|
||||||
tomb . Fine, this tomb seems empty.
|
|
||||||
tomb . Key is valid.
|
|
||||||
tomb . Locking using cipher: aes-xts-plain64:sha256
|
|
||||||
tomb . A password is required to use key Tomb1.tomb.key
|
|
||||||
tomb . Password OK.
|
|
||||||
tomb (*) Locking Tomb1.tomb with Tomb1.tomb.key
|
|
||||||
tomb . Formatting Luks mapped device.
|
|
||||||
tomb . Formatting your Tomb with Ext3/Ext4 filesystem.
|
|
||||||
tomb . Done locking Tomb1 using Luks dm-crypt aes-xts-plain64:sha256
|
|
||||||
tomb (*) Your tomb is ready in Tomb1.tomb and secured with key Tomb1.tomb.key
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Now everything is set up, you can start using your new tomb.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
A note here: because I’m just showing you what to do, I’ve stored my key and tomb in the same directory (in this case $HOME). You shouldn’t do this – store your key somewhere else, preferably where no-one but you is going to find it.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You’ll need to remember where you stored it, however, because you need it to unlock your tomb. To do this, enter:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
sudo tomb open Tomb1.tomb -k path/to/your/Tomb1.tomb.key
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Enter your password, and you should be in. Tomb will generate something like:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
tomb (*) Success unlocking tomb Tomb1
|
|
||||||
tomb . Checking filesystem via /dev/loop0
|
|
||||||
fsck from util-linux 2.27.1
|
|
||||||
Tomb1: clean, 11/25168 files, 8831/100352 blocks
|
|
||||||
tomb (*) Success opening Tomb1.tomb on /media/Tomb1
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
And then you should see your new tomb, mounted in the finder window.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You can now save and open files from the tomb, but note that you will need root privileges in order to do so.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
To unmount your tomb after you have finished using it, close it by using:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
sudo tomb close
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Or, if you want to force close all open tombs, you can use:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
sudo tomb slam all
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
#### **Using Tomb Through The GUI**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
If you are uncomfortable using the command line, or simply just want a graphical interface, you can use gtomb. Unlike a lot of GUI wrappers, gtomb is pretty straightforward to use.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Let’s look at how to set up a new tomb using gtomb. First, launch gtomb from the Menu. It will probably look like this:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how_to_setup_and_install_tomb_on_ubuntu_1604/tomb2.png)](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how_to_setup_and_install_tomb_on_ubuntu_1604/big/tomb2.png)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Everything is pretty self-explanatory, but for the sake of completeness I’ll run through how to set up your first tomb.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
To start, click on the first option, “dig”. Click OK, and then choose a location.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Next, enter the size of your tomb:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how_to_setup_and_install_tomb_on_ubuntu_1604/tomb3.png)](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how_to_setup_and_install_tomb_on_ubuntu_1604/big/tomb3.png)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You’ve now got a new tomb, but you need to make a key before you can use it. To do this, click “forge” from the main menu:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how_to_setup_and_install_tomb_on_ubuntu_1604/tomb4.png)](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how_to_setup_and_install_tomb_on_ubuntu_1604/big/tomb4.png)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Tomb will ask you to enter a passcode twice, so do that.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Then lock your tomb using the key by clicking, you’ve guessed it, “lock”. To open it, click “open” and enter your passcode again.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
As you can see from the screenshot above, usage of gtomb is really easy, and you shouldn’t encounter any problems. Most common tasks can be done with a few clicks, and for anything more complicated you can use the command line.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### Final Thoughts
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
That’s it! You should now have your first tomb set up and ready to go. Store anything you want to keep secret and secure in tombs, and this information will be much more secure.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
You can use multiple tombs at the same time, and bind the files in them to your $HOME directory, so your programs don’t get confused.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I hope this guide has helped you get started. Using your tombs is just like using a standard folder, but for more complex commands you can always check the Tomb [Official Guide](https://www.dyne.org/software/tomb/).
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* * *
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
via: [https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-install-and-use-tomb-file-encryption-on-ubuntu-1604/](https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-install-and-use-tomb-file-encryption-on-ubuntu-1604/)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
作者: [Dan Fries](https://www.howtoforge.com/) 选题者: [@lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者: [译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对: [校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
|
@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
**translating by amwps290
|
|
||||||
How to print filename with awk on Linux / Unix
|
|
||||||
======
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
I would like to print filename with awk on Linux / Unix-like system. How do I print filename in BEGIN section of awk? Can I print the name of the current input file using gawk/awk?
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The name of the current input file set in FILENAME variable. You can use FILENAME to display or print current input file name If no files are specified on the command line, the value of FILENAME is “-” (stdin). However, FILENAME is undefined inside the BEGIN rule unless set by getline.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### How to print filename with awk
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The syntax is:
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
awk '{ print FILENAME }' fileNameHere
|
|
||||||
awk '{ print FILENAME }' /etc/hosts
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
You might see file name multiple times as awk read file line-by-line. To avoid this problem update your awk/gawk syntax as follows:
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
awk 'FNR == 1{ print FILENAME } ' /etc/passwd
|
|
||||||
awk 'FNR == 1{ print FILENAME } ' /etc/hosts
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
![](https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2018/02/How-to-print-filename-using-awk-on-Linux-or-Unix.jpg)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### How to print filename in BEGIN section of awk
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Use the following syntax:
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
awk 'BEGIN{print ARGV[1]}' fileNameHere
|
|
||||||
awk 'BEGIN{print ARGV[1]}{ print "someting or do something on data" }END{}' fileNameHere
|
|
||||||
awk 'BEGIN{print ARGV[1]}' /etc/hosts
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
Sample outputs:
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
/etc/hosts
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
However, ARGV[1] might not always work. For example:
|
|
||||||
`ls -l /etc/hosts | awk 'BEGIN{print ARGV[1]} { print }'`
|
|
||||||
So you need to modify it as follows (assuming that ls -l only produced a single line of output):
|
|
||||||
`ls -l /etc/hosts | awk '{ print "File: " $9 ", Owner:" $3 ", Group: " $4 }'`
|
|
||||||
Sample outputs:
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
File: /etc/hosts, Owner:root, Group: roo
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### How to deal with multiple filenames specified by a wild card
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
Use the following simple syntax:
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
awk '{ print FILENAME; nextfile } ' *.c
|
|
||||||
awk 'BEGIN{ print "Starting..."} { print FILENAME; nextfile }END{ print "....DONE"} ' *.conf
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
Sample outputs:
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
Starting...
|
|
||||||
blkid.conf
|
|
||||||
cryptconfig.conf
|
|
||||||
dhclient6.conf
|
|
||||||
dhclient.conf
|
|
||||||
dracut.conf
|
|
||||||
gai.conf
|
|
||||||
gnome_defaults.conf
|
|
||||||
host.conf
|
|
||||||
idmapd.conf
|
|
||||||
idnalias.conf
|
|
||||||
idn.conf
|
|
||||||
insserv.conf
|
|
||||||
iscsid.conf
|
|
||||||
krb5.conf
|
|
||||||
ld.so.conf
|
|
||||||
logrotate.conf
|
|
||||||
mke2fs.conf
|
|
||||||
mtools.conf
|
|
||||||
netscsid.conf
|
|
||||||
nfsmount.conf
|
|
||||||
nscd.conf
|
|
||||||
nsswitch.conf
|
|
||||||
openct.conf
|
|
||||||
opensc.conf
|
|
||||||
request-key.conf
|
|
||||||
resolv.conf
|
|
||||||
rsyncd.conf
|
|
||||||
sensors3.conf
|
|
||||||
slp.conf
|
|
||||||
smartd.conf
|
|
||||||
sysctl.conf
|
|
||||||
vconsole.conf
|
|
||||||
warnquota.conf
|
|
||||||
wodim.conf
|
|
||||||
xattr.conf
|
|
||||||
xinetd.conf
|
|
||||||
yp.conf
|
|
||||||
....DONE
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
nextfile tells awk to stop processing the current input file. The next input record read comes from the next input file. For more information see awk/[gawk][1] command man page:
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
man awk
|
|
||||||
man gawk
|
|
||||||
```
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### about the author
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
The author is the creator of nixCraft and a seasoned sysadmin and a trainer for the Linux operating system/Unix shell scripting. He has worked with global clients and in various industries, including IT, education, defense and space research, and the nonprofit sector. Follow him on [Twitter][2], [Facebook][3], [Google+][4]. Get the **latest tutorials on SysAdmin, Linux/Unix and open source topics via[my RSS/XML feed][5]**.
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-to-print-filename-with-awk-on-linux-unix/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
作者:Vivek GIte[][a]
|
|
||||||
译者:[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
|
||||||
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/
|
|
||||||
[1]:https://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/manual/
|
|
||||||
[2]:https://twitter.com/nixcraft
|
|
||||||
[3]:https://facebook.com/nixcraft
|
|
||||||
[4]:https://plus.google.com/+CybercitiBiz
|
|
||||||
[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/atom/atom.xml
|
|
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
|||||||
|
translate by cyleft
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
New Linux User? Try These 8 Great Essential Linux Apps
|
New Linux User? Try These 8 Great Essential Linux Apps
|
||||||
======
|
======
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
|||||||
|
translated by cyleft
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
How to Install Gogs Go Git Service on Ubuntu 16.04
|
How to Install Gogs Go Git Service on Ubuntu 16.04
|
||||||
======
|
======
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
@ -1,226 +0,0 @@
|
|||||||
2017-2018 年度最佳 Linux 笔记本电脑:一个来自 RHCE 购买者的挑选指南
|
|
||||||
======
|
|
||||||
![][1]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
如果你不具备相关的知识和经验,挑选出最适合 Linux 的笔记本电脑,可能是件很困难的事。并且,看上去你买了一台配置、功能、性能都很棒的电脑,但是,却疲于处理各种 ‘Linux’ 的问题,对于一个 **RedHat 认证工程师** 来说,这是一件相当丢人的事情,这篇文章的作者兼博主,是一个 **有 14 年以上 ' Linux' 使用经验的用户**,我用我掌握的一些知识去为你推荐一些笔记本电脑,我可以保证我推荐的这些电脑,'Linux' 在它上面会跑的很好。我研究了 20 多个小时之后(通过认真了解硬件详细情况和用户反馈),我选择 [Dell XP S9360-3591-SLV][2] 作为我的首选推荐。如果你希望笔记本电脑装备最新的功能特性,并且 **用于在 Linux 上工作** 时有极好的性能,那么,这台笔记本电脑将是你的最佳选择。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
它使用铝合金机身,很轻(2.7 磅重),有强劲的硬件性能,待机时间较长,使用康宁大猩猩玻璃的 QHD 显示屏,分辨率为 3200×1800、并且还具备触控功能,可以为你带来清晰的图像表现,即便是很小的细节也可以很好的展现出来,有一个带橡皮掌托的、面积很大的并且非常好用的触摸板(早期版本上触摸板有几个小问题,但是,最新的机器已经修复了),并且也有一个很好用的带背光的键盘(按键的行程很短,这一点有些像 thinkpad 笔记本),两个 USB 3.0 端口。最重要的是,两个最让 ‘Linux’ 用户头痛的问题,无线网卡和 GPU (Intel HD Graphics 620 **播放 4K 视频可以达到 60 fps**),在这台 Dell 电脑上,它们都 **超级兼容 'Linux'**。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
![][3]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
![][4]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
有一个缺点是,它没有 HDMI 端口。在这个位置,Dell 增加了一个 Thunderbolt 3 端口。因此,你唯一的选择是使用一个 Thunderbolt 到 HDMI 的转换器(它很便宜)。第二,在购买之后,你不能升级它的 8GB 的内存(在采购之前你可以改变硬件配置 -- CPU、RAM & SSD),但是,在我的选择中,8GB 的内存运行任何 ‘Linux’ 分发版做任何工作都足够了。我有一台 Asus 笔记本电脑(它是我收到的一份礼物)使用第五代的 Core i7 的 CPU,4GB 内存,它是我主要使用的计算机。使用 Chrome 可以打开 15-20 个标签,VLC 在后台运行,打开文件管理和一个代码编辑器,这种情况下,它工作的很好。如果我减少一些浏览器标签(减少到 4-5 个),然后,即便是其它的应用程序都打开的情况下,我都可以在 Virtualbox 上使用虚拟机工作。这些都是在 4GB 内存的情况下,因此,有 8GB 内存和其它更强劲的硬件的情况下,你绝对工作的非常好的。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
> **注意:** 虽然我为你选择了一套非常可靠的 [硬件][2],但是,如果你愿意,你仍然可以进一步去定制它。即便你不去选择 '8GB RAM/128GB SSD' 这个选项。因为,那个版本也提供 1920×1080 的 FHD 显示屏,并且,在 13.3″ 的显示屏上让菜单看起来更小一些,看起来稍微有点困难。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
###**最便宜的 Linux 笔记本电脑**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
![][5]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
如果你觉得这台 Dell 笔记本电脑有点贵,买不起,但是还想拥有类似的非常好的性能,并且与 'Linux‘ 的兼容性很好,那么,第二个最佳选择是这台 [Acer Aspire E 15 E5-575G-57D4][6]。它 15.6″ 的显示屏,无疑能提供像前面的 Dell 笔记本一样的显示表现,但是,在 15.6” 上的 1920×1080 的全高清分辨率显示屏,也可以让任何细节都显示的非常清晰。其它的硬件与前面介绍的很贵的 Dell 笔记本电脑很相似,但是,**因此它的电池很重,整机重达 5.2 磅。**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
你实际上可以去做一些定制。基本的配置包括一个第七代 Core i5 CPU,15.6“ 的全高清显示屏(1920 x 1080),8GB DDR4 内存,256GB 固态硬盘,Intel HD Graphics 620 GPU 和一个独立的 Nvidia 940 MX GPU,端口方面:HDMI 2 USB 3.0,1 x USB 2.0 & 1 USB 3.1。对于 $549 的售价,它竟然 **包含一个 DVD 刻录机** … [**它是一个特价商品**][6]。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
至于 'Linux' 的兼容性,它真的很好。虽然它不像顶级的 Dell XPS,但是,至少在我看来,如果它能够解决 Nvidia GPU 的问题,它就是一个很好的选择。除了一个用户以外,所有其它的用户都反馈,它的 'Linux' 兼容性非常好。唯一的一个用户抱怨说,在 Linux Mint 上安装了 Nvidia 的专用驱动以后,出现了一个小问题,并且他说,他决对不是故意 “抹黑” 它。这个反馈与我在使用移动版的 Nvidia GPU 所遇到的情况一样。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
例如,现在我使用一台 Asus 笔记本电脑,并且它除了集成的 Intel GPU 以外,它也有一个独立的 Nvidia 920M GPU。这台笔记本电脑我大概已经用了一年半时间了。[我在它上面运行了一些 'Linux' 分发版][7],并且,遇到的唯一的问题是,[在 Ubuntu 17.10 上][8] 安装完它的专用驱动程序后,如果激活 Nvidia 作为默认的 GPU,自动用户登入功能会停止工作。因此,每次进入桌面我都要输入我的登陆凭据。这虽然不是一个大问题,但是,我确信,它可以通过编辑一些登陆管理器的配置设定来修复它,但是,我根本就没有去理它,因为我很少使用 Nvidia GPU。因此,我只是简单地改变默认 GPU 为 Intel,所有的一切就会正常。因此,前段时间,我在 [Ubuntu 16.04 LTS][10] 上 [的同一个 Nvidia GPU 上启用了’运动插值‘][9],并且它处理的非常好!
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
我想说的是,GPU 驱动,比如 Nvidia & AMD/ATI 提供的,给用户带来困扰只是在过去的 'Linux' 上,但是,现在随着进一步的处理,已经不是什么困难的事情了,或者说,至少没有像以前那样困难了。除非你使用的是一个非常新的高端 GPU,'Linux' 还是有可能在没有大的问题的情况下运行的。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
###**Linux 游戏笔记本**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
![][11]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
很多时候,玩游戏的笔记本电脑,你需要去手动调整一些东西。并且,这些 “东西” 大部分都是与 GPU 相关的。它可能只是简单地安装一些专用的驱动程序,去处理一个拒绝引导到 CD/USB 中的系统。但是,如果有足够的耐心,大多数情况下,它们都是可以修复的。如果你的游戏笔记本有一个非常新的 Nvidia/AMD GPU 驱动,并且,这个驱动有问题,那么,修复它意味着只需要等待它更新驱动程序。有时候,可能需要等待很长的时间。但是,如果你买了一台安装有几个月前发行的 GPU 的笔记本电脑,那么,仅此一点,就大大增加你解决现有问题的机会。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
因此,考虑到这一点,我选择了 [Dell Inspiron i5577-7342BLK-PUS][12],作为一个游戏笔记本电脑的最佳选择。它是一台强大的游戏笔记本电脑,售价低于 1000 美元。主要原因是它有一个 15.6″ 的全高清(1920 x 1080)显示屏。因为,在你查看其它配置的时候你会发现(也可以进一步定制它),它包含一个第七代 Core i7 CPU(四核心),16GB DDR4 内存(最高可到 32GB),512GB SSD 驱动器,并且有一块 Nvidia GTX 1050 GPU,它有很多积极的评价。你只可以在 QHD 或者 4K 下,使用外接显示器去玩高端游戏,尽管如此,它也可以在 15.6″ 的全高清分辨率下处理一些游戏。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
我选择 Dell 的另外原因是,大多数的 Dell 笔记本电脑(或者一般用途的计算机)都是非常兼容 'Linux' 系统的。我在 Dell 网站上手工检查了硬件配置的详细情况,虽然我不能保证使用 Nvidia GPU 不会有任何问题,其它的硬件在主流的 'Linux' 发行版上都工作的很好(比如 Ubuntu)。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
###**哪个才是你需要的?**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
实际上,我相信越少越好。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
我可以在这里给你 ’推荐‘ 很多很多的笔记本电脑,但是,那样的话,我需要写一系列的博客文章。因此,我并不打算’推荐‘ 10-12 台笔记本电脑,除非我确信它们都在 ’Linux‘ 上运行的非常好。而目前为止,这个推荐清单上只有 3 台。我能确信它们在 'Linux' 上运行的非常好(而且,甚至是游戏笔记本电脑,除了 Nvidia GPU,其它的硬件部分应该工作的很好),再加上,这三个型号都有很多的可选项。换句话说就是,随着时间的推移,如果我从其它的制造商的产品中找到一些笔记本电脑,我相信它们在 'Linux' 上也运行的很好,然后,我也会推荐它们。但是,现在,就这三台笔记本电脑是我所推荐的。你可能不喜欢这个推荐的电脑,那么,下面我告诉你如何去查找你心仪的笔记本电脑。一旦你有了基本的概念,你可以非常容易地去预测,一台笔记本电脑是否能够运行 'Linux' 而不会出现问题。上面我已经提到了大部分,但是,我还在这里再说一下。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **查找关于硬件的更多信息:**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
当你拿到一个笔记本电脑时,记下它的型号。现在,在大多数的网站上,都提供硬件的详细情况,比如,无线网卡或者声卡芯片的制造商。在大多数的情况下,使用一些简单的技巧就可以拿到这些信息。我通常是这样做的。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
如果你知道笔记本电脑的制造商和型号,可以在 Google 中搜索它的驱动程序。我以前面的 Dell 游戏笔记本电脑为例。如果你知道它的名字,然后在 Google 上去搜索它的驱动程序(`Dell Inspiron i5577-7342BLK-PUS drivers`),Google 并不显示一个 Dell 的官方的驱动程序页面。这并不奇怪,因为 Dell (以及其它制造商)在一个通用的型号名字下面,销售很多种装有各种不同的(2 到 3 种)硬件的笔记本电脑。因此,去缩小搜索目标,从左侧开始,我们首先来使用名字的前三个字段,并且用它在 Google(`Dell Inspiron i5577 drivers`)中搜索驱动程序,然后,如下所显示,并且,Google 也列出了不同的所属网站,对于 Inspiron 5577(没有'i'),列出了一个 Dell 的官方驱动程序页面。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
![][13]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
如果你进入这个页面,去查看各种我们感兴趣的型号的驱动程序和硬件列表,那么,你将看到在 `Dell Inspiron i5577-7342BLK-PUS` 中的硬件也在这里列出来了。我通常只喜欢查看 'audio' 和 'network' 下面列出的内容,因为从购买网站上去获得这些芯片的准确的型号名一般很困难,其它的一些硬件如 GPU、CPU 等等也列了出来。因此,如果你查看在 'network' 下显示的内容,你将看到 Dell 提供的一些驱动程序。其中一个就是 Realtek 以太网适配器(在 'Linux' 中以太网适配器通常都支持),Qualcomm QCA61x4A-QCA9377 无线网络适配器(如果你进一步研究,需要对 'QCA61x4A' 和 'QCA9377'分别进行,因为它们之间用 '-' 分隔,你就会发现,它们实际上是来自高通的两种不同的无线芯片。这个关键字表示,Dell 在一个包中包含了两种驱动程序),和一组 Intel 无线网络适配器(Intel 硬件在 'Linux' 中也支持的非常好)。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
但是,高通的设备有时候可能会有些问题。我遇到过一两个,但是,它们都不是什么严重的问题。也就是说,当有问题时,去查找就是解决的一个好办法。因此,使用 'Qualcomm QCA61x4A-QCA9377' 做为关键字(使用一个适配器或者使用一个芯片名字的组合去查询这并不重要),并且增加一个像 'linux' 或者 'ubuntu' 这样的关键字在 Google 中去搜索它。如果像 'Qualcomm QCA61x4A-QCA9377 ubuntu' 这样去搜索,然后,Google 会列出很多结果。我收到的第一个结果是自来 [AskUbuntu][14](一个社区驱动的网站,专门回答终端用户提出的问题,是一个解决 Ubuntu 相关问题的极好的资源)。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
![][15]
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
如果你去看那个页面,你可以看到有用户报怨 Qualcomm QCA9377 无线网络适配器在它的 Ubuntu 15.10 不能正常工作。幸运的是,那个问题已经被回答了。这个问题看起来似乎是 Ubuntu 15.10 的问题,它发布于 2015 年 10 月,因此,这是两年前的问题了。所以,这个问题很可能在最新的 Ubuntu 发行版中已经修复了。我还记得,这个问题好像与 Qualcomm QCA9377 无线芯片有关,而不是 QCA61x4A。因此,如果我们的 'Linux' 游戏笔记本电脑使用的是后面型号的无线芯片,那么很有可能你不会遇到这个问题。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
我希望我不要遇到上面报怨的所有事情。我只是想给你提供一个指南,告诉你如何去找到你希望去运行 'Linux' 的笔记本电脑上的关于硬件的详细情况,这样你就可以很好地去评估它。使用一些常识性的技巧和经验,你的工作效率将会更高。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **不要停留在 GPU 和网络适配器上:**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
![][16]
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|
||||||
|
|
||||||
虽然,在你购买了一台笔记本电脑来运行 ’Linux‘ 时,GPU 和网络适配器是大多数人遇到的最容易出现问题的硬件设备,但是,去研究音频、触控板、和键盘在 ’Linux’ 中的兼容性和它们相关的特性(例如,我的老 Dell 的背光键盘在 ‘Linux’ 中也有一个小问题),也是一个很好的实践。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **如果它是一个 '热门' 硬件,等待 2-3 个月:**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
正如,计算机终端用户所担心的那样,'Linux' 的市场份额是非常小的。因此,硬件制造商并没有提供 'Linux' 系列的驱动程序。因此,他们修复最新发布的硬件设备中已存在的主要问题需要很长的一段时间。即便是开源驱动程序,也是如此,当然,在我的经验中,开源的驱动程序的问题修复比专用的要快。因此,如果你买的笔记本电脑的特色硬件设备(主要指 CPU 和 GPU)是最新发行的,那么,它通常需要等待 2 或 3 个月才能去修复在 ‘Linux’ 上的主要的问题。并且,但愿在那个时候,你可以找到一个修复,或者,至少可以预测什么时候可以被修复。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **关于屏幕和 HiDPI 在 'Linux' 上支持的怎么样?**
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
![][17]
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|
||||||
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|
||||||
'像素密度' 或者 '高像素密度' 显示是最近非常流行的术语。并且大多数人都认定,更高的像素意味着更好的质量。虽然在一般的认知和技术角度上,它可能是正确的,但是,它并不准确。这个主题理解起来很复杂,因此,我将只讲一些基本的概念,对于你理解这个主题已经足够了,以避免不必要的混乱。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
任何显示在你的屏幕上的东西,比如文本或者图标,都被设计为某些固定的大小。而这些大小是通过被称为 “每英寸显示的像素点数” 或者简称为 DPI 来描述的。它基本上定义了每英寸应该显示多少个点(像素)才能正确显示这个东西。每英寸显示 72 个点是由 Apple 公司制定的标准,这是很重要的。我相信,你可能听说过,Windows 使用了一个不同的标准,每英寸 96 个点,但是,它不完全正确。我不去深入其中的细节,但是,如果你想进一步了解更多的内容,[阅读 Wikipedia][18]。在任何情况下,要确保显示在你的 ‘Linux’ 笔记本电脑的屏幕上的内容,看起来清晰可读,如果你想了解,按以下的内容去做。首先,确定它的显示大小(13.3″、15.6″、17″…)和分辨率。然后到 [PXCALC.com][19] 网站,它提供一个非常好用的很英寸点数计算器。接着在上面输入正确的内容。计算完成后,它告诉你一个 DPI 的计算结果(在它的右上角,如下图所示)。然后将那个值简单地除以 72,这就是最重要的部分。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
![][20]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
如果你得到的结果是一个类似于增加的整数,比如 2、3、4(+0.2 到 —0.2 的变化是很好的,最好的一个可能是 +0.1 到 —0.1。最完美的是接近 0.0,比如, iMac 27 5K),然后,你就没有什么可担心的了。整数增加越高(只要变化保持在页边的空白范围之内),屏幕越清晰。为了更好理解,我们举一个例子。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
我以推荐给你的第一个笔记本电脑(使用 13.3″ 的 QHD 分辨率的 Dell XPS)为例。如果你使用这个计算器去计算,它的结果是 '3.83',把它粗算为 '3.8',它不是我们前面所说的那样一个整数,但是,它在页边空间范围以内(-0.2),是安全的。如果你拿我推荐的 Acer 笔记本电脑做同样的计算,它得到的结果是'1.95',把它粗算为 '2.0'。因此,在不考虑它的其它特性(亮度,可视角度,等等)的情况下,Dell 笔记本电脑上的显示清晰度要好于 Acer 几乎两倍(相信我,这个显示效果已经看起来非常清晰了。但是,它相比分辨率为1366 x 768 的无论是 13.3″ 还是 15.6″ 的屏幕,看起来显示效果更好)。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **关于内存大小?**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
![][21]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
KDE 和 GNOME 是在 'Linux' 上的两种主流的桌面环境。虽然还有很多其它的选择,我建议你坚持使用其中的一个。目前来说,我比较偏爱 KDE。据我所知,KDE plasma 比 GNOME 更加轻量化,并且效果更好。如果你希望了解它们之间的比较数据,它在 [我的 Ubuntu 16.10 特点评估][22] 中(它大概是在一年前做的),在 Ubuntu 上 KDE plasma 占用大约 369 MiB 内存,而 GNOME 大概占用了 781 MiB!那是 **112% 减少!**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
现在我使用 Kubuntu 17.10,虽然我没有评估它,但是我可以告诉你,它的内存占用大约在 380-400 MiB左右。重新回到这个话题上,我建议你在为你的 'Linux' 笔记本电脑的内存选择上,**不要低于 8GB**。那样,我可以很自信地保证,在未来 4 年内你的笔记本电脑都运行的很好,而不用担心它会变慢,并且可以去很好的使用各种发行版和满足大多数终端用户的需求。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
如果你是在寻找一台 **在 'Linux' 上玩游戏的笔记本电脑**,那么内存选择应该是 **使用 12GB 或者更多**。 除比之外,8GB 内存对于大多数终端用户来说是足够的。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **关于 SSD**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
![][23]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
不管你使用的是什么操作系统,增加一块 SSD 将能提升你的笔记本电脑的整体性能和反应速度,因为它比起普通的机械硬盘来说速度快很多,就这么简单。也就是说,在我的经验中,即便是高效和轻量化的 KDE 发行版,相比 GNOME 要花更多的启用时间。一些 'Linux' 发行版,比如 Ubuntu 和 Kubuntu 带着一个特别设计的被称为 'ureadahead' 的实用程序,它可以改善启动时间(有时可以达到 **30%** 甚至更多),不幸的是,并不是所有的发行版都有这类工具。在有些时候,**安装在 SATA 驱动器上的 KDE 的启动时间可能长达 50 秒以上**。[Manjaro 17.0.2 KDE][24] 就是其中一个这样的例子(显示在上面的图表中)。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
因此,最简单的方法就是购买一台带有 SSD 的笔记本电脑,它可以帮助改善启动时间。**我的 Kubuntu 17.10 上是一个小的 SSD 驱动器(20GB),它的启动时间在 13-15 秒内**。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **关于 GPU?**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
正如上面多次提到过的,如果可能,尽量使用一个 Intel GPU。正如众所周知的那样,Dell 的产品在硬件上都是 'Linux 友好的', Intel 也在开源项目上大量进行投资,并且,其中它的一些硬件也如此。选择它你不会后悔的。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **如何进行自动 GPU 切换(比如: Nvidia Optimus),它能正常工作吗?**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
如果你希望购买的笔记本电脑,显卡在各方面都考虑的比较周全,那么,在 Windows 中,Nvidia 有一个叫做 'Optimus' 的特性,它自动在集成 GPU(性能较弱) 和独立 GPU(性能更强)之间切换。ATI 也有这个功能。在 'Linux' 中这个功能并没有被官方支持,但是,在那方面有一个创新性的工作,比如 [Bumblebee 项目][25]。但是它并不总是按预期工作。我比较喜欢去安装专用的 GPU 驱动程序,并且在我需要的时候去手动切换它们。值得称赞的是,Fedora 团队已经做出了它们的解决方案,我并不知道他们做的怎么样,我猜它很好,[ask Christian][26]。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **'Linux' 能给你更长的电池使用时间吗?**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
当然可以!只要你的硬件设备配置正确,我建议你安装电源使用优化器。现在有几个这方面的应用程序,但是,我建议使用 '[TLP][27]'。它很容易安装,在我的经验中它可以使功耗降低,而且结果令人影响深刻,它不需要手动去调整什么就可以正常工作。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
下面有两张我的最新的 Ubuntu 17.10 的评估截屏。第一张截屏展示了在安装 'tlp' 之前的电源使用,而第二张展示了安装之后的(图片已经说明了一切):
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
![][28]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
![][29]
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
'tlp' 可以在主要的 'Linux' 分发版上使用。在 Ubuntu 上,你可以通过执行下面的命令去安装它:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
`sudo apt update`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
`sudo apt install tlp`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
现在重启动计算机,就可以了!
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **在 'Linux' 中能测量电源使用了多少吗?**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
很高兴你能这样问!它的名字叫 '[powerstat][30]'。它是非常神奇的一个小实用程序(由 Colin King 设计,它是一位 Ubuntu 开发者),它采集电源消耗(和诊断)相关的使用数据,并将它们表示在屏幕上。在基于 Ubuntu 的系统上,输入下面的命令可以去安装它:
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
`sudo apt update`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
`sudo apt install powerstat`
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
在大多数主流的 'Linux' 分发版上,它们的软件仓库中都有这个软件。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
* **你推荐的 'Linux' 操作系统是哪个?**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
很好的问题,到目前为止,我主要使用的操作系统是 Kubuntu 17.10。我没有评估过它,但是,长话短说,我喜欢它!它非常易于安装,并且对新手比较友好,稳定,漂亮,高效并且易于使用。到目前为止我不喜欢 GNOME!因此,如果你刚开始使用 'Linux',那么,我建议你去 [尝试 Kubuntu ][31] 或者 [Linux Mint][32],首先,('Mint' 可以有很多的桌面环境选择。要么使用 KDE,要么使用 'Cinnamon')。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
然后,在你掌握使用技巧后,你就可以转移到其它的发行版上了,这是 ‘Linux' 新手最好的方法。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### **结束语**
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
记住我一开始说的话,如果你在寻找一台能够轻松运行 ’Linux‘ 的笔记本电脑,那么,[Dell XP S9360-3591-SLV][2] 将是你的最佳选择。它外观漂亮、功能强大、非常流行、超便携,不仅能够很轻松地运行 'Linux',而且它还有一个非常棒的,并且得到很多人赞扬的显示屏。如果,你希望有一个更便宜的选择,那么,[Acer Aspire E 15 E5-575G-57D4][6] 会满足你的要求。它也像前面的 Dell 一样,可以很好地兼容 'Linux',再加上它的性价比,它也是一个非常好的选择。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
第三,如果你在寻找一台能够在 ’Linux‘ 上运行游戏的笔记本电脑,那么,[Dell Inspiron i5577-7342BLK-PUS][12] 看起来非常适合你。当然,还有许多其它的游戏笔记本,但是,我特别选择这一款的原因是,它的硬件特性已经与 ’Linux‘ 兼容,虽然我不能保证它与 Nvidia GTX 1050 一样。换句话说,你不应该去买一台 ’Linux‘ 笔记本去玩游戏,那样会”玷污“你的游戏水平。如果是那样的话,它的硬件性能(它的性能很强大了)并不会让你满意,如果你愿意去研究并找到其它的选择,一定 Dell去那样做吧。
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
祝你采购顺利,并感谢阅读!
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
via: https://www.hecticgeek.com/2017/12/best-linux-laptop/
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
作者:[Gayan][a]
|
|
||||||
译者:[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw)
|
|
||||||
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
[a]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/author/gayan/
|
|
||||||
[1]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Dell-XPS-9360-Linux.png
|
|
||||||
[2]:https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01LQTXED8?ie=UTF8&tag=flooclea01-20&camp=1789&linkCode=xm2&creativeASIN=B01LQTXED8
|
|
||||||
[3]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Dell-XPS-9360-keyboard-the-track-pad.png
|
|
||||||
[4]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/XPS-13.3-ports.png
|
|
||||||
[5]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Acer-Aspire-E-15-E5-575G-57D4-affordable-linux-laptop.png
|
|
||||||
[6]:https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B01LD4MGY4?ie=UTF8&tag=flooclea01-20&camp=1789&linkCode=xm2&creativeASIN=B01LD4MGY4
|
|
||||||
[7]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/gnu-linux/
|
|
||||||
[8]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/2017/11/ubuntu-17-10-review/
|
|
||||||
[9]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/2016/06/motion-interpolation-linux-svp/
|
|
||||||
[10]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/2016/04/ubuntu-16-04-lts-review/
|
|
||||||
[11]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/DELL-Inspiron-15-i5577-5328BLK-linux-gaming-laptop.png
|
|
||||||
[12]:https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B06XFC44CL?ie=UTF8&tag=flooclea01-20&camp=1789&linkCode=xm2&creativeASIN=B06XFC44CL
|
|
||||||
[13]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Trying-to-gather-more-data-about-the-hardware-of-a-Dell-laptop-for-linux.png
|
|
||||||
[14]:https://askubuntu.com/
|
|
||||||
[15]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Trying-to-find-if-the-network-adapter-from-Qualcomm-is-compatible-with-Linux.png
|
|
||||||
[16]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/computer-hardware-illustration.jpg
|
|
||||||
[17]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Display-Scalling-Settings-on-KDE-Plasma-5.10.5.png
|
|
||||||
[18]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dots_per_inch#Computer_monitor_DPI_standards
|
|
||||||
[19]:http://pxcalc.com/
|
|
||||||
[20]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Using-PXCALC-dpi-calculator.png
|
|
||||||
[21]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Ubuntu-16.10-vs-Ubuntu-GNOME-16.10-vs-Kubuntu-16.10-vs-Xubuntu-16.10-Memory-Usage-Graph.png
|
|
||||||
[22]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/2016/11/ubuntu-16-10-flavors-comparison/
|
|
||||||
[23]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Kubuntu-16.10-vs-Ubuntu-17.04-vs-Manjaro-17.0.2-KDE-Boot_up-Times-Graph.png
|
|
||||||
[24]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/2017/07/manjaro-17-0-2-kde-review/
|
|
||||||
[25]:https://bumblebee-project.org/
|
|
||||||
[26]:https://blogs.gnome.org/uraeus/2016/11/01/discrete-graphics-and-fedora-workstation-25/
|
|
||||||
[27]:http://linrunner.de/en/tlp/docs/tlp-linux-advanced-power-management.html
|
|
||||||
[28]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Ubuntu-17.10-Power-Usage-idle.png
|
|
||||||
[29]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Ubuntu-17.10-Power-Usage-idle-after-installing-TLP.png
|
|
||||||
[30]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/2012/02/powerstat-power-calculator-ubuntu-linux/
|
|
||||||
[31]:https://kubuntu.org/
|
|
||||||
[32]:https://linuxmint.com/
|
|
||||||
[33]:https://twitter.com/share
|
|
||||||
[34]:https://www.hecticgeek.com/2017/12/best-linux-laptop/?share=email (Click to email this to a friend)
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
|
|||||||
|
# 如何在 Linux / Unix 上使用 awk 打印文件名
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我想在 Linux / 类Unix 系统上使用 awk 打印文件名。 如何使用 awk 的 BEGIN 特殊模式打印文件名? 我可以使用 gawk/awk 打印当前输入文件的名称吗?( LCTT 注:读者最好能有一些 awk 的背景知识,否则阅读本文的时候会有一些困惑)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在 FILENAME 变量中存放着当前输入文件的名称。 您可以使用 FILENAME 显示或打印当前输入文件名,如果在命令行中未指定文件,则FILENAME的值为“ - ”(标准输入)( LCTT 注:多次按下回车键即可看到效果)。 但是,除非由 getline 设置,否则 FILENAME 在 BEGIN 特殊模式中未定义。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 使用 awk 打印文件名
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
使用语法如下:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
awk '{ print FILENAME }' fileNameHere
|
||||||
|
awk '{ print FILENAME }' /etc/hosts
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
因 awk 逐行读取文件,因此,你可能看到多个文件名,为了避免这个情况,你可以使用如下的命令:( LCTT注:FNR 表示当前记录数,只在文件中有效)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
awk 'FNR == 1{ print FILENAME } ' /etc/passwd
|
||||||
|
awk 'FNR == 1{ print FILENAME } ' /etc/hosts
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
![](https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2018/02/How-to-print-filename-using-awk-on-Linux-or-Unix.jpg)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 使用 awk 的 BEGIN 特殊规则打印文件名
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
使用下面的语法:( LCTT 注:ARGV[I] 表示输入的第 i 个参数)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
awk 'BEGIN{print ARGV[1]}' fileNameHere
|
||||||
|
awk 'BEGIN{print ARGV[1]}{ print "someting or do something on data" }END{}' fileNameHere
|
||||||
|
awk 'BEGIN{print ARGV[1]}' /etc/hosts
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
示例输出:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
/etc/hosts
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
然而,ARGV\[1\] 并不是每一次都能奏效,例如:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
`ls -l /etc/hosts | awk 'BEGIN{print ARGV[1]} { print }'`
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你需要将它修改如下(假设 ls -l 只产生一行输出):
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
`ls -l /etc/hosts | awk '{ print "File: " $9 ", Owner:" $3 ", Group: " $4 }'`
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
示例输出:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
File: /etc/hosts, Owner:root, Group: root
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 处理由通配符指定的多个文件名
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
使用如下的示例语法:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
awk '{ print FILENAME; nextfile } ' *.c
|
||||||
|
awk 'BEGIN{ print "Starting..."} { print FILENAME; nextfile }END{ print "....DONE"} ' *.conf
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
示例输出:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
Starting...
|
||||||
|
blkid.conf
|
||||||
|
cryptconfig.conf
|
||||||
|
dhclient6.conf
|
||||||
|
dhclient.conf
|
||||||
|
dracut.conf
|
||||||
|
gai.conf
|
||||||
|
gnome_defaults.conf
|
||||||
|
host.conf
|
||||||
|
idmapd.conf
|
||||||
|
idnalias.conf
|
||||||
|
idn.conf
|
||||||
|
insserv.conf
|
||||||
|
iscsid.conf
|
||||||
|
krb5.conf
|
||||||
|
ld.so.conf
|
||||||
|
logrotate.conf
|
||||||
|
mke2fs.conf
|
||||||
|
mtools.conf
|
||||||
|
netscsid.conf
|
||||||
|
nfsmount.conf
|
||||||
|
nscd.conf
|
||||||
|
nsswitch.conf
|
||||||
|
openct.conf
|
||||||
|
opensc.conf
|
||||||
|
request-key.conf
|
||||||
|
resolv.conf
|
||||||
|
rsyncd.conf
|
||||||
|
sensors3.conf
|
||||||
|
slp.conf
|
||||||
|
smartd.conf
|
||||||
|
sysctl.conf
|
||||||
|
vconsole.conf
|
||||||
|
warnquota.conf
|
||||||
|
wodim.conf
|
||||||
|
xattr.conf
|
||||||
|
xinetd.conf
|
||||||
|
yp.conf
|
||||||
|
....DONE
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
nextfile 告诉 awk 停止处理当前的输入文件。 下一个输入记录读取来自下一个输入文件。 更多信息,请参见 awk/[gawk][1] 命令手册页:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
man awk
|
||||||
|
man gawk
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 关于作者
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
作者是 nixCraft 的创立者,也是经验丰富的系统管理员和 Linux/Unix shell 脚本的培训师。 他曾与全球各行各业的客户合作,涉及 IT,教育,国防和空间研究以及非营利部门等多个行业。 您可以在 [Twitter][2],[Facebook][3] 和 [Google+][4]上关注他。 可以通过订阅我的 [RSS][5] 来获取更多的关于**系统管理,Linux/Unix ,和开源主题**的相关资料。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-to-print-filename-with-awk-on-linux-unix/
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
作者:Vivek GIte[][a]
|
||||||
|
译者:[amwps290](https://github.com/amwps290)
|
||||||
|
校对:[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/
|
||||||
|
[1]:https://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/manual/
|
||||||
|
[2]:https://twitter.com/nixcraft
|
||||||
|
[3]:https://facebook.com/nixcraft
|
||||||
|
[4]:https://plus.google.com/+CybercitiBiz
|
||||||
|
[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/atom/atom.xml
|
@ -0,0 +1,264 @@
|
|||||||
|
如何在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 上用 Tomb 加密文件
|
||||||
|
==================================================
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
现在大多数人认为文件加密是必要的, 甚至在 Linux 系统上也是如此。 如果你和我一样, 最初被 Ubuntu 所吸引是因为 Linux 系统的安全性增强了, 恐怕我有个坏消息要告诉你: Linux 已经成为它自身‘成功’的受害者。 近年来, 用户数量的大幅度增加导致了这类系统的攻击和盗窃活动呈指数级增长。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
曾经有一个非常简单的解决方案来加密像 Ubuntu 这样的 Linux 系统上的文件: 它叫做 [Truecrypt](https://www.fossmint.com/secure-encrypt-files-folders-with-truecrypt-in-linux/)。 直到 2015 年, 它提供了不同程度的军事级别的加密, 并且在大多数 Linux 系统中运行良好。不幸的是, 它已经停止开发了, 因此变得相当不安全。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 替代品
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
幸运的是, 除了 Truecrypt, 还有一些选择。 Truecrypt 的直接继承者是 [Veracrypt](https://www.fossmint.com/veracrypt-is-a-secure-alternative-encryption-tool-to-truecrypt-for-linux/) ,由一群开发者从 Truecrypt 获取源代码并保持更新。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
该项目已经发展成为令人印象深刻的独立系统,但现在正在显示其年龄。旧系统,尤其是那些处理安全问题的系统,只能更新多次而才不会引入漏洞。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
出于这个原因,在其他许多方面,加密软件的价值看起来有点远了。我选择的将是 Tomb。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 为什么是 Tomb
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在某些方面,Tomb 与其他加密软件非常相似。它将加密文件存储在专用的“Tomb 文件夹 ”中,而且让你快速查看您已加密的文件。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
它还使用与 Veracrypt 类似的 [AES-256](https://www.dyne.org/software/tomb/) 加密标准。这个标准适用于从 NSA 到微软到 Mac 的每个人,并被认为是最安全的加密密码之一。如果你不熟悉加密技术,则应该阅读 [技术背景知识](https://thebestvpn.com/advanced-encryption-standard-aes/),但如果你只想快速、安全地加密,请不要担心: Tomb 将不负所望。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Tomb 有很大的不同。首先,它是专门为 GNU/Linux 系统开发的,可以解决一些更广泛的加密软件的兼容性问题。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
第二, 尽管 Tomb 是开源的, 但它使用的是静态链接库以至于其源代码难以审计。 这意味着一些操作系统的分销商并不认为它是免费的, 但是当涉及到安全软件时, 这实际上是一件好事: 这意味着与完全“免费”软件相比, Tomb 被黑客攻击的可能性更小。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
最后, 它有几个先进的功能, 如**隐写术**, 这使你可以隐藏你的关键文件在其他文件。 尽管 Tomb 主要是一个命令行工具, 它也带有 GUI 界面-- gtomb, 它允许初学者用图形化的方式使用它。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
卖掉了? 好吧, 在我告诉你如何使用 Tomb 之前, 值得注意的是, 没有一个加密软件能提供完全的保 护。 Tomb 不会隐藏你 ISP 的中在线计算机,也不会保护存储在云中的文件。如果你想对云存储进行完全加密, 您需要使用 Tor 浏览器和零日志 VPN 登录到你喜欢的存储服务中。 这里有很多选项, 但是 [Trust Zone](https://privacyaustralia.org/trust-zone-vpn-review/) 是一个很好的浏览器, 而且 [Tinc](https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-properly-set-up-tinc-vpn-on-ubuntu-linux/) 是一个很好的 VPN 工具。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
说了这么多,如果你正在寻找Ubuntu 16.04 的快速、简单、安全的加密,Tomb 无疑是一条可 行的路。让我们开始吧。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 在 Ubuntu 16.04 上安装 Tomb
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
因为 Tomb 是专门为 Linux 设计的, 所以安装非常简单。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
几年前, SparkyLinux (它本身就是一个非常好的 Debian 衍生产品)的开发者们将 “ Tomb ”添加到他们的官方存储库中。 你可以通过在 Ubuntu 系统上添加这些存储库来安装它。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
要做到这一点, 打开一个终端并添加一个存储库文件:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
``` shell
|
||||||
|
sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list.d/sparky-repo.list
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
然后在文件中添加以下行:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
``` shell
|
||||||
|
deb https://sparkylinux.org/repo stable main
|
||||||
|
deb-src https://sparkylinux.org/repo stable main
|
||||||
|
deb https://sparkylinux.org/repo testing main
|
||||||
|
deb-src https://sparkylinux.org/repo testing main
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
保存并关闭该文件。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你现在需要安装Sparky公钥,使用下列步骤:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
``` shell
|
||||||
|
sudo apt-get install sparky-keyring
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
或者:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
``` shell
|
||||||
|
wget -O - https://sparkylinux.org/repo/sparkylinux.gpg.key | sudo apt-key add -
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
然后你需要使用标准命令来更新你的存储库:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
``` shell
|
||||||
|
sudo apt-get update
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
然后简单地使用 apt 安装 Tomb:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
``` shell
|
||||||
|
sudo apt-get install tomb
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
如果你想要带有 GUI 的 Tomb,安装同样简单。只需使用 apt 来安装 gtomb:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
``` shell
|
||||||
|
sudo apt-get install gtomb
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
就是这样,你现在应该安装了一个工作版的 Tomb。 让我们看看如何使用它。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 使用 Tomb
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### 通过命令行使用 Tomb
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Tomb 主要是一个命令行工具, 所以我将首先介绍这个用法。 如果你不喜欢使用终端, 你可以跳过这节并查看下一部分。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
实际上, 不用说了。 如果你以前从来没有使用过命令行, 那么 Tomb 是一个很好的开始, 因为它使用简单的命令, 只要你小心, 那么你很少有机会把事情搞砸。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Tomb 实际上使用了一组以 Tomb 为主题的非常有趣的命令集。 每个加密文件夹都被称为“ tomb” (我很快就会讲到) , 它们可以使用类似的哥特式命令。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
首先, 让我们创造一个新的 tomb。你可以指定你的新 tomb 的名称和大小, 所以让我们使用“ Tomb1”这个名称并指定大小为100 MB。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你需要 root 权限,所以打开终端并键入(或复制) :
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
``` shell
|
||||||
|
sudo tomb dig -s 100 Tomb1.tomb
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你应该会得到类似这样的输出:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
``` shell
|
||||||
|
tomb . Commanded to dig tomb Tomb1.tomb
|
||||||
|
tomb (*) Creating a new tomb in Tomb1.tomb
|
||||||
|
tomb . Generating Tomb1.tomb of 100MiB
|
||||||
|
100 blocks (100Mb) written.
|
||||||
|
100+0 records in
|
||||||
|
100+0 records out
|
||||||
|
-rw------- 1 Tomb1 Tomb1 100M Jul 4 18:53 Tomb1.tomb
|
||||||
|
tomb (*) Done digging Tomb1
|
||||||
|
tomb . Your tomb is not yet ready, you need to forge a key and lock it:
|
||||||
|
tomb . tomb forge Tomb1.tomb.key
|
||||||
|
tomb . tomb lock Tomb1.tomb -k Tomb1.tomb.key
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
正如输出的有帮助的说明,你现在需要创建一个密钥文件来锁定你的 tomb:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
``` shell
|
||||||
|
sudo tomb forge Tomb1.tomb.key
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
如果在此时出现提及“活动交换分区”的错误,则需要停用所有活动交换分区:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
``` shell
|
||||||
|
sudo swapoff -a
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
然后再运行上面的 keyfile 命令。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
生成密钥文件可能需要几分钟时间,这具体取决于系统的速度。然而,在完成后系统会要求你输入新密码以确保密钥的安全:
|
||||||
|
[![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how_to_setup_and_install_tomb_on_ubuntu_1604/tomb1.png)](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how_to_setup_and_install_tomb_on_ubuntu_1604/big/tomb1.png)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
输入两次, 然后你的新密钥文件就会被制作出来。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你现在需要用你的新密钥来锁定你的 tomb。你可以这样做:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
``` shell
|
||||||
|
sudo tomb lock Tomb1.tomb -k Tomb1.tomb.key
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你将被要求输入你的密码。 这样做, 你应该会得到如下的输出:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
``` shell
|
||||||
|
tomb . Commanded to lock tomb Tomb1.tomb
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[sudo] Enter password for user Tomb1 to gain superuser privileges
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
tomb . Checking if the tomb is empty (we never step on somebody else's bones).
|
||||||
|
tomb . Fine, this tomb seems empty.
|
||||||
|
tomb . Key is valid.
|
||||||
|
tomb . Locking using cipher: aes-xts-plain64:sha256
|
||||||
|
tomb . A password is required to use key Tomb1.tomb.key
|
||||||
|
tomb . Password OK.
|
||||||
|
tomb (*) Locking Tomb1.tomb with Tomb1.tomb.key
|
||||||
|
tomb . Formatting Luks mapped device.
|
||||||
|
tomb . Formatting your Tomb with Ext3/Ext4 filesystem.
|
||||||
|
tomb . Done locking Tomb1 using Luks dm-crypt aes-xts-plain64:sha256
|
||||||
|
tomb (*) Your tomb is ready in Tomb1.tomb and secured with key Tomb1.tomb.key
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
现在一切都安排好了, 你可以开始使用你的新 tomb 了。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
这里有一个注意事项: 因为我只是在告诉你该怎么做, 所以我把我的密钥文件和 tomb 存放在同一个目录中 (在这里是 $HOME )。 你不应该这样做——把你的密钥存放在别的地方, 最好是在除了你之外没有人能找到的地方。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
然而, 你需要记住你把它放在哪里, 因为你需要用它来打开你的 tomb。 要做到这一点, 请输入:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
``` shell
|
||||||
|
sudo tomb open Tomb1.tomb -k path/to/your/Tomb1.tomb.key
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
输入你的密码, 然后你就可以进去了。 tomb 会输出一些类似以下的内容:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
``` shell
|
||||||
|
tomb (*) Success unlocking tomb Tomb1
|
||||||
|
tomb . Checking filesystem via /dev/loop0
|
||||||
|
fsck from util-linux 2.27.1
|
||||||
|
Tomb1: clean, 11/25168 files, 8831/100352 blocks
|
||||||
|
tomb (*) Success opening Tomb1.tomb on /media/Tomb1
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
然后你应该看到安装在 finder 窗口的新 tomb。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你现在可以从 tomb 中保存和打开文件, 但是请注意, 你需要 root权限才能这样做。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
在你使用完之后需要用以下方法卸载你的 tomb:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
``` shell
|
||||||
|
sudo tomb close
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
或者, 如果你想强制关闭所有的开放式 tomb, 你可以使用:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
``` shell
|
||||||
|
sudo tomb slam all
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
```
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### **使用带 GUI 的 Tomb**
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
如果你不喜欢使用命令行, 或者只是想要一个图形界面, 你可以使用 gtomb。 与许多图形用户界面包装器不同, gtomb 使用起来很容易。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
让我们来看看如何使用 gtomb 建立一个新的 tomb。 首先, 从菜单中启动 gtomb。 它可能会是这 样的:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
[![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how_to_setup_and_install_tomb_on_ubuntu_1604/tomb2.png)](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how_to_setup_and_install_tomb_on_ubuntu_1604/big/tomb2.png)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
所有的事情都是明了的, 但为了完整起见, 我将详细介绍如何建立你的第一个 tomb。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
首先, 点击第一个选项"dig"。 点击确定, 然后选择一个位置。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
接下来, 输入你 tomb 的大小:
|
||||||
|
[![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how_to_setup_and_install_tomb_on_ubuntu_1604/tomb3.png)](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how_to_setup_and_install_tomb_on_ubuntu_1604/big/tomb3.png)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你现在有了一个新的 tomb, 但是你需要在使用它之前做一把钥匙。 要做到这一点, 请在主菜单中 单击"forge":
|
||||||
|
[![](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how_to_setup_and_install_tomb_on_ubuntu_1604/tomb4.png)](https://www.howtoforge.com/images/how_to_setup_and_install_tomb_on_ubuntu_1604/big/tomb4.png)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
tomb 会要求你输入两次密码, 那就这样做。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
然后通过点击锁定你的 tomb, 你已经猜到了,"lock"。 要打开它, 请单击"open"并再次输入您的密码。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
从上面的截图中你可以看到, 使用 gtomb 是非常容易的, 你不应该遇到任何问题。 大多数常见的任务都可以通过点击来完成, 对于任何更复杂的事情, 你可以使用命令行。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### 最后的想法
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
就是这样! 你现在应该准备好你的第一个 tomb 了并存储任何你想在 tomb 中保密和安全的信息,
|
||||||
|
这些信息会更加安全。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
你可以同时使用多个 tomb,并将它们中的文件绑定到你的$ HOME目录,这样你的程序就不会感到困惑。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
我希望这本指南能帮助你开始。 使用你的 Tomb 就像使用一个标准的文件夹, 但是对于更复杂的命
|
||||||
|
令, 你总是可以查看 [Tomb 官方指南](https://www.dyne.org/software/tomb/)。
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
* * *
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
via: [https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-install-and-use-tomb-file-encryption-on-ubuntu-1604/](https://www.howtoforge.com/tutorial/how-to-install-and-use-tomb-file-encryption-on-ubuntu-1604/)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
作者: [Dan Fries](https://www.howtoforge.com/) 选题者: [@lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972) 译者: [Auk7F7](https://github.com/Auk7F7) 校对: [校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译,[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user