From d5fb21b6cf0e42fd41eec47be1e4a67cfd9c7b2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 30 Dec 2016 10:42:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH] translated --- .../20161128 Mir is not only about Unity8.md | 86 ------------------- .../20161128 Mir is not only about Unity8.md | 85 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20161128 Mir is not only about Unity8.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20161128 Mir is not only about Unity8.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20161128 Mir is not only about Unity8.md b/sources/tech/20161128 Mir is not only about Unity8.md deleted file mode 100644 index f45ed1eb70..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20161128 Mir is not only about Unity8.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,86 +0,0 @@ -translating---geekpi - -Mir is not only about Unity8 -============================================================ - - ![mir](https://insights.ubuntu.com/wp-content/uploads/2cf2/MIR.png) - -_This is a guest post by Alan Griffiths, Software engineer at Canonical. If you would like to contribute a guest post, please contact ubuntu-devices@canonical.com_ - -Mir is a project to support the management applications on the display(s) of a computer. It can be compared to the more familiar X-Windows used on the current Ubuntu desktop (and many others). I’ll discuss some of the motivation for Mir below, but the point of this post is to clarify the relationship between Mir and Unity8. - -Most of the time you hear about Mir it is mentioned alongside Unity8\. This is not surprising as Unity8 is Canonical’s new user interface shell and the thing end-users interact with. Mir “only” makes this possible. Unity8 is currently used on phones and tablets and is also available as a “preview” on the Ubuntu 16.10 desktop. - -Here I want to explain that Mir is available to use without Unity8\. Either for an alternative shell, or as a simpler interface for embedded environments: information kiosks, electronic signage, etc. The evidence for this is proved by the Mir “Abstraction Layer” which provides three important elements: - -1.libmiral.so – a stable interface to Mir providing basic window management; -2\. miral-shell – a sample shell offering both “traditional” and “tiling” window management; and, -3\. miral-kiosk – a sample “kiosk” offering only basic window management. - -The miral-shell and miral-kiosk sample servers are available from the zesty archive and Kevin Gunn has been [blogging][1] about providing a miral-kiosk based “kiosk” snap on “Voices”. I’ll give a bit more detail about using these examples below, but there is more (including “how to” develop your own alternative Mir server) on [my “voices” blog][2]. - -**USING MIR** - -Mir is a set of programming libraries, not an application in its own right. That means it needs applications to use it for anything to happen. There are two ways to use the Mir libraries: as a “client” when writing an application, or as a “server” when implementing a shell. Clients (as with X11) typically use a toolkit rather than using Mir (or X11) directly. - -There’s Mir support available in GTK, Qt and SDL2\. This means that applications using these toolkits should “just work” on Mir when that support is enabled in the toolkit (which is the default in Ubuntu). In addition there’s Xmir: an X11 server that runs on Mir, this allows X based applications to run on Mir servers. - -But a Mir client needs a corresponding Mir server before anything can happen. Over the last development cycle the Mir team has produced MirAL as the recommended way to write Mir servers and a package “miral-examples” by way of demonstration. For zesty, the development version of Ubuntu, you can install from the archive: - -``` -$ sudo apt install miral-examples mir-graphics-drivers-desktop qtubuntu-desktop -``` - -_For other platforms you would need to build MirAL this yourself (see An Example Mir Desktop Environment for details)._ - -With miral-examples installed you can run a Mir server as a window on your Unity7 desktop and start clients (such as gedit) within it as follows: - -``` -$ miral-shell& -$ miral-run gedit -``` - -This will give you (very basic) “traditional” desktop window management. Alternatively, you can try “tiling” window management: - -``` -$ miral-shell --window-manager tiling& -$ miral-run qterminal -``` - -Or the (even more basic) kiosk: - -``` -$ miral-kiosk& -$ miral-run 7kaa -``` - -None of these Mir servers provide a complete “desktop” with support for a “launcher”, notifications, etc. but they demonstrate the potential to use Mir without Unity8. - -**THE PROBLEM MIR SOLVES** - -The X-Windows system has been, and remains, immensely successful in providing a way to interact with computers. It provides a consistent abstraction across a wide range of hardware and drivers. This underlies many desktop environments and graphical user interface toolkits and lets them work together on an enormous range of computers. - -But it comes from an era when computers were used very differently from now, and there are real concerns today that are hard to meet given the long legacy that X needs to support. -In 1980 most computers were big things managed by specialists and connecting them to one another was “bleeding edge”. In that era the cost of developing software was such that any benefit to be gained by one application “listening in” on another was negligible: there were few computers, they were isolated, and the work they did was not open to financial exploitation. - -X-Windows developed in this environment and, through a series of extensions, has adapted to many changes. But it is inherently insecure: any application can find out what happening on the display (and affect it). You can write applications like Xeyes (that tracks the cursor with its “eyes”) or “Tickeys” (that listens to the keyboard to generate typewriter noises). The reality is that any and all applications can track and manipulate almost all of what is happening. That is how X based desktops like Unity7, Gnome, KDE and the rest work. - -The open nature of window management in X-Windows is poorly adapted to a world with millions of computers connected to the Internet, being used for credit card transactions and online banking, and managed by non-experts who willingly install programs from complete strangers. There has been a growing realization that adapting X-Windows to the new requirements of security and graphics performance isn’t feasible. - -There are at least two open source projects aimed at providing a replacement: Mir and Wayland. While some see these as competing, there are a lot of areas where they have common interests: They both need to interact with other software that previously assumed X11, and much of the work needed to introduce support alternatives benefits both projects. - -Canonical’s replacement for X-Windows, Mir, only exposes the information to an application that it needs to have (so no snooping on keystrokes, or tracking the cursor). It can meet the needs of the current age and can exploit modern hardware such as graphics processors. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/11/28/mir-is-not-only-about-unity8/ - -作者：[ Guest][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 组织编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/author/guest/ -[1]:http://voices.canonical.com/kevin.gunn/ -[2]:http://voices.canonical.com/alan.griffiths/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20161128 Mir is not only about Unity8.md b/translated/tech/20161128 Mir is not only about Unity8.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6b5f2b03dc --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20161128 Mir is not only about Unity8.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +Mir 并不只关于Unity8 +============================================================ + + ![mir](https://insights.ubuntu.com/wp-content/uploads/2cf2/MIR.png) + +_这是一篇来自 Canonical 的软件工程师 Alan Griffiths 的一篇游客文章。如果你也想投稿，请联系 ubuntu-devices@canonical.com_ + +Mir 是管理程序显示的项目。它可以与当前 Ubuntu 桌面（及很多其他）上使用的我们更熟悉的X-Windows进行比较。我下面会讨论使用 Mir 的一些动机，但本篇的目的是澄清 Mir 和 Unity8 之间的关系。 + +大多数时候你听说 Mir 时都会提到 Unity8。这并不奇怪，因为 Unity8 是 Canonical 的用户shell，用户会一直与它交互。 Mir “只”使这成为可能。Unity8 目前用于手机和平板电脑，也可作为 Ubuntu 16.10 桌面上的“预览”。 + +在这里我想解释一下使用 Mir 是可以使用Unity8 的。或者作为替代 shell，或者作为嵌入式环境的更简单的接口：信息窗口，电子标牌等。Mir “抽象层”证明了这一点，它提供了三个重要的元素： + +1\. libmiral.so - Mir 的稳定接口，提供基本的窗口管理; +2\. miral-shell - 一个提供“传统”和“平铺”窗口管理的示例shell; +3\. miral-kiosk - 一个仅提供基本窗口管理的示例“kiosk”。 + +miral-shell 和 miral-kiosk 示例服务器可从 zesty 的归档文件中获得，Kevin Gunn已经在[记录][1]关于在“Voices”上提供基于 miral-kiosk 的“kiosk”。我将在下面给出更多关于使用这些例子的细节，但在[我的“voices”博客][2]上有更多（包括“如何”开发自己的替代Mir服务器）。 + +**使用 MIR** + +Mir 是一套编程库，而不是独立的程序。这意味着这需要程序去调用它实现相应的功能。有两种方式去使用Mir库：编写程序的时候作为“客户端”，或者在实现shell的实现“服务端”。客户端（和X11一起）典型是使用工具库，而不是直接使用 Mir（或者 X11）。 + +Mir支持GTK、Qt 和 SDL2 中有支持。当在那些工具集中支持它时（默认在Ubuntu中存在），意味着使用这些工具的程序应该“可以工作”于 Mir 中。除此之外还有一个 Xmir：一个运行于 Mir 的 X11 服务器，这允许基于 X 的服务运行在 Mir服务端上。 + +但是开始之前 Mir 客户端需要与 Mir 服务端通信。在最后一个开发周期中，Mir 团队在演示中将 MirAL 作为推荐的方法编写了一个 Mir 服务端和一个“miral-examples”包。关于 Ubuntu 的开版 zesty，你可以从归档中安装： + + +``` +$ sudo apt install miral-examples mir-graphics-drivers-desktop qtubuntu-desktop +``` + +_对于其他平台，你需要自己构建MirAL（有关详细信息，请参阅 Mir 桌面环境示例）。_ + +miral-examples 安装后你可以在 Unity7 中运行一个 Mir 服务端作为一个窗口，然后运行一个客户端（比如 gedit）： + +``` +$ miral-shell& +$ miral-run gedit +``` + +这会给你（非常基础）“传统” 的桌面窗口管理。另外你可以试下“tiling” 窗口管理器： + +``` +$ miral-shell --window-manager tiling& +$ miral-run qterminal +``` + +或者（甚至更基础的）kiosk： + +``` +$ miral-kiosk& +$ miral-run 7kaa +``` + +这些 Mir 服务端都不会提供带有“启动器”、通知等的完整“桌面”。但是它们演示了不使用 Unity8 使用 Mir 的可能。 + +**MIR 解决的问题** + +X-Windows 系统已经并且仍然非常成功地提供了与计算机的交互方式。它提供了广泛的硬件和驱动程序一致的抽象。它支持许多桌面环境和图形用户界面工具包，并允许他们在大量计算机上一起工作。 + +但它来自一个与当前电脑使用方式不同的时代，现在有一些问题是很难满足的，因为它需要支持老旧的系统。 +在 1980 年，大多数计算机是由专家管理的大型事物，将它们连接在一起“是非常困难的”。在那个时代，开发软件的成本是这样的，一个程序“监听”另一个程序获得的好处是可以忽略不计的：此时几乎没有计算机，同时它们是独立的，它们所有的工作不对金融开放。 + +X-Windows 在这种环境下开发，通过一系列扩展，已经适应了许多变化。但它本质上是不安全的：任何应用程序可以找出在显示器上显示了什么（并影响它）。你可以编写像 Xeyes（用“眼睛”跟踪光标）或“Tickeys”（通过键盘来生成打字机噪声）等应用程序。现实是，任何和所有应用程序可以跟踪和操纵几乎所有的事情。这就是基于X的桌面如 Unity7、Gnome、KDE和其余工作。 + +X-Windows 中的窗口管理的开放性质不适合用于具有数百万计算机连接到因特网的世界，它们用于信用卡交易和网上银行，且由非专家管理，并自愿安装来自陌生人的程序。人们越来越意识到让 X-Windows 适应新的安全性和图形性能的要求是不可行的。 + +现在至少有两个开源项目旨在提供替代它：Mir 和 Wayland。虽然有些人认为两者是竞争关系，但在很多领域，它们有共同的利益：它们都需要那些假设使用 X11 的软件交互，并且许多支持工作对两者都有益。 + +Canonical 对 X-Windows 的替换品 Mir，它只将信息暴露给它需要的应用程序（因此没有按键监听或光标跟踪）。它可以满足当前时代的需求，并可以利用现代硬件，如图形处理器。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/11/28/mir-is-not-only-about-unity8/ + +作者：[ Guest][a] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 组织编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/author/guest/ +[1]:http://voices.canonical.com/kevin.gunn/ +[2]:http://voices.canonical.com/alan.griffiths/