From 177b820c839919182a133a3c45753fe640745751 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Wed, 28 May 2014 13:21:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 001/713] Merge branch 'master', remote-tracking branch 'lctt/master' From ec7ea186bff85d564a359dc4c2da9c494dded4a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Wed, 28 May 2014 13:23:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 002/713] Translating... --- sources/tech/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md index cee6f7f3d5..2962ab7390 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Mike Translating... + Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04 ================================================================================ ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/webmin-790x586.jpg) From 7a08adaefcc0ff2466bafaf5ef95d7ca11e6ad5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Wed, 28 May 2014 13:39:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 003/713] finish translating --- ...20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md | 59 ------------------- ...20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md | 58 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2962ab7390..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -Mike Translating... - -Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04 -================================================================================ -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/webmin-790x586.jpg) - -[Webmin][1] is an open source, web based system administration tool for Unix/Linux. Using Webmin, you can setup and configure all services such as DNS, DHCP, Apache, NFS, and Samba etc via any modern web browsers. So, you don’t have to remember all commands or edit any configuration files manually. - -### Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS using official repository ### - -Add the webmin official repository: - -Edit file **/etc/apt/sources.list**, - - sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list - -Add the following lines: - - deb http://download.webmin.com/download/repository sarge contrib - deb http://webmin.mirror.somersettechsolutions.co.uk/repository sarge contrib - -Add the GPG key: - - sudo wget http://www.webmin.com/jcameron-key.asc - sudo apt-key add jcameron-key.asc - -Update the sources list: - - sudo apt-get update - -Install webmin using the following command: - - sudo apt-get install webmin - -Allow the webmin default port “10000″ via firewall, if you want to access the webmin console from a remote system. - - sudo ufw allow 10000 - -### Access Webmin console ### - -Open up your browser and navigate to the URL **https://ip-address:10000/**. The following screen should appear. Enter the user name and password to log in to webmin console. - -![Login to Webmin](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Login-to-Webmin-Mozilla-Firefox_010.png) - -This is how my Webmin Dashboard looked. - -![Webmin 1.690 on server.unixmen.local (Ubuntu Linux 14.04)](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Webmin-1.690-on-server.unixmen.local-Ubuntu-Linux-14.04-Mozilla-Firefox_011.png) - -That’s it. Now you’ll be able to manage and configure your Ubuntu server graphically. Cheers! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-webmin-ubuntu-14-04/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.webmin.com/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md b/translated/tech/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d341aac1f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +在Ubuntu 14.04上安装 Webmin +================================================================================ +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/webmin-790x586.jpg) + +[Webmin][1]是一个开源的基于网页的Unix/Linux系统管理工具。通过使用Webmin，你可以在浏览器上设置和安装所有的系统服务，包括:DNS,DHCP,Apache,NFS和Samba等等。因此，有了这个，你就再也不需要去记住所有的修改配置的命令了。 + + +### 使用官方软件源在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS上安装Webmin ### + +添加webmin的官方仓库: + +修改 **/etc/apt/sources.list**, + + sudo vi /etc/apt/sources.list + +添加如下内容: + + deb http://download.webmin.com/download/repository sarge contrib + deb http://webmin.mirror.somersettechsolutions.co.uk/repository sarge contrib + +添加GPG密钥: + + sudo wget http://www.webmin.com/jcameron-key.asc + sudo apt-key add jcameron-key.asc + +更新软件源: + + sudo apt-get update + +通过如下命令安装webmin: + + sudo apt-get install webmin + +如果你想从远程系统访问webmin的控制台,就在防火墙里开启webmin的默认端口“10000” + + sudo ufw allow 10000 + +### 访问Webmin控制界面 ### + +打开浏览器并访问URL** https://ip-address:10000/**。应该会出现如下的场景。在此输入用户名和密码来登录webmin的控制台。 + +![Login to Webmin](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Login-to-Webmin-Mozilla-Firefox_010.png) + +这是我的Webmin面板。 + +![Webmin 1.690 on server.unixmen.local (Ubuntu Linux 14.04)](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Webmin-1.690-on-server.unixmen.local-Ubuntu-Linux-14.04-Mozilla-Firefox_011.png) + +就是这样。现在，你就可以管理和配置你的Ubuntu服务器图形。享受吧！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-webmin-ubuntu-14-04/ + +译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.webmin.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 6bc06b656999f4714367edc9b226f693e369efe3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 28 May 2014 15:08:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 004/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AUbuntu=20Tou?= =?UTF-8?q?ch=20and=20Android=20Dual=20Boot=20Installation?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @shipsw 翻译的不错！ --- ...ouch and Android Dual Boot Installation.md | 146 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 71 insertions(+), 75 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Ubuntu Touch and Android Dual Boot Installation.md (60%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Ubuntu Touch and Android Dual Boot Installation.md b/published/Ubuntu Touch and Android Dual Boot Installation.md similarity index 60% rename from translated/tech/Ubuntu Touch and Android Dual Boot Installation.md rename to published/Ubuntu Touch and Android Dual Boot Installation.md index 135faa8214..175b466f58 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Ubuntu Touch and Android Dual Boot Installation.md +++ b/published/Ubuntu Touch and Android Dual Boot Installation.md @@ -1,20 +1,21 @@ -Ubuntu Touch 系统和 Android 系统双系统安装指南 -=================================== +Ubuntu Touch 和 Android 双系统安装官方指南 +====================================== +（译注：本文译自[Ubuntu官方维基][0]） -Ubuntu 双系统安装器是作为预览版本发布给开发者的，可以使得开发者同时在一台手机上安装 Ubuntu 系统和 Android 系统。该软件现阶段或最终的目标用户并非普通用户。开发者应该熟悉 Ubuntu 和 Android 系统的分区布局并且在出现问题的时候有能力手动刷回分区。 +Ubuntu 双系统安装器是作为技术预览版本发布给开发者的，可以使得开发者同时在一台手机上安装 Ubuntu 系统和 Android 系统。该软件现阶段或最终的目标用户并非普通用户。开发者应该熟悉 Ubuntu 和 Android 系统的分区布局并且在出现问题的时候有能力手动刷回分区。 -Ubuntu 双系统安装器是一些工程师在有限时间内做出的一个内部臭鼬项目(译注：管理层不知的研究项目)。由于项目进展良好，所以决定向开发者社区发布预览版以供大家测试、学习或者完善。 +Ubuntu 双系统安装器是一些工程师花了一点时间内做出的一个内部臭鼬项目(译注：管理层不知的研究项目)。由于项目进展良好，所以决定向开发者社区发布预览版以供大家测试、学习或者完善。 双系统启动不是常规 Ubuntu 发布版本中的一部分。 ## 安装后可实现以下功能 -- 一台可以在 Ubuntu 和 Android 系统之间完整切换的手机 -- Android 系统上：一个用来安装 Ubuntu 系统和切换到 Ubuntu 系统的应用 -- Android 系统上：一个超级用户管理器，用来为 Ubuntu 安装器授予权限 -- Ubuntu 系统上：一个用来启动到 Android 系统的 Ubuntu 双系统启动应用 -- 尚不支持 Ubuntu 系统下的更新，但可以通过Android应用程序来进行系统更新 +- 一台可以在全功能的 Android 和 Ubuntu 系统之间切换的手机 +- Android 系统上：一个 Ubuntu Installer 应用，用来安装 Ubuntu 系统和切换到 Ubuntu 系统 +- Android 系统上：一个 SuperUser 超级用户管理器，用来为 Ubuntu 安装器授予权限 +- Ubuntu 系统上：一个 Ubuntu Dual Boot 应用，用来启动到 Android 系统 +- 尚不支持在 Ubuntu 系统下的更新，但可以通过 Android 下的应用程序来进行系统更新 ## 必要条件 @@ -29,13 +30,13 @@ Ubuntu 双系统安装器是一些工程师在有限时间内做出的一个内 ### 步骤 1 - 桌面电脑设置 -为了连接手机和刷机，在电脑桌面上依照以下几步操作。 +为了连接手机并刷机，在电脑桌面上依照以下几步操作。 -**设置触摸开发预览工具 PPA** +**设置Touch开发者预览工具（Touch Developer Preview Tools）的 PPA** -PPA 是一个迷你库，其中包含安装过程中需要的一些额外软件。以下描述如何去启用和使用它。 +这些 PPA 是一个迷你库，其中包含安装过程中需要的一些额外软件。以下描述如何去启用和使用它。 -PPA 的工具和依赖库支持 Ubuntu 发行版，包括 12.04, 12.10, 13.04, 13.10 和 14.04. 将以下的源地址列表加入 `/etc/apt/sources.list` 文件中来添加 Ubuntu 触摸 PPA。 +这些 PPA 的包含工具和依赖库支持各个 Ubuntu 发行版，包括 12.04, 12.10, 13.04, 13.10 和 14.04等。 将以下的源地址列表加入 `/etc/apt/sources.list` 文件中来添加 Ubuntu Touch PPA。 在你的机器上按 `Ctrl+Alt+T` 开启终端窗口，运行以下命令。 @@ -53,35 +54,32 @@ PPA 的工具和依赖库支持 Ubuntu 发行版，包括 12.04, 12.10, 13.04, 1 ### 步骤 1.5 - 备份Android(可选) -- 确认开启开发者模式。触摸 `设置 -> 关于手机 -> 版本号` (七次) -- 确认开启 USB 调试模式。触摸 `设置 -> 开发者选项 -> USB 调试` -- 在你的电脑上执行 +- 确认开启开发者模式。点击 `设置 -> 关于手机 -> 版本号` (点击七次) +- 确认开启 USB 调试模式。点击 `设置 -> 开发者选项 -> USB 调试` +- 在你的电脑上执行（译注：自然这是在Linux下，如Ubuntu里面执行的） $ adb backup -apk -shared -all -这样就将你的操作系统、应用程序和所有的数据备份为 backup.ab 文件了。以后在重新刷回 android 系统的时候可以使用 $ adb restore backup.ab 命令恢复你所有的数据。 +这样就将你的操作系统、应用程序和所有的数据备份为 backup.ab 文件了。以后在重新刷回 android 系统（或root、解锁等）的时候可以使用 `$ adb restore backup.ab` 命令恢复你所有的数据。 ### 步骤 2 - 手机解锁 -如果手机已经解锁，那么跳过步骤3。以下几步将擦除手机上所有的个人数据。 +如果手机已经解锁，那么跳过步骤 3。以下几步将擦除手机上所有的个人数据。 1. 关机，同时按住手机的开机键+音量上+音量下开机。 2. 手机将开机到bootloader界面。 3. 使用 USB 数据线将手机和电脑连接。 -4. 在电脑上按 `Ctrl+Alt+T` 打开一个终端。 键入 sudo fastboot oem unlock 并回车。 +4. 在电脑上按 `Ctrl+Alt+T` 打开一个终端。 键入 `sudo fastboot oem unlock` 并回车。 5. 在手机上，接受解锁条款。 -6. 按开手机开机键开机。(屏幕上箭头标记为 Start) +6. 按开手机开机键开机。(屏幕上 Start 的箭头所向) **恢复手机出厂设置** 如果解锁 bootloader 后不断重启的话... 可以使用以下方法解决： 1. 在重启的过程中，同时按住 电源键+音量上+音量下 使得手机重返 fastboot 模式。 - 2. 在 fastboot 模式下，使用音量键选择到 Recovery 选项后，按下开机键选中。 - -3. 在 Recovery 模式下(Android 机器人 背景是个红色三角) 同时按住音量上键和开机键进入stock recovery 模式。再次强调，不要按住按钮不放，只是同时按他们。保证你按了正确的音量按钮。应该是右边的的按钮是音量上键。 - +3. 在 Recovery 模式下(Android 机器人 背景是个红色三角) 同时按住音量上键和开机键进入stock recovery 模式。再次强调，不要按住按钮不放，只是同时按他们。保证你按了正确的音量按钮。应该是右边的音量按钮的向上键。 4. 一旦进入 Recovery 模式，恢复出厂设置并清空数据，然后重启平板，现在应该可以看到欢迎屏幕了。 ### 步骤 3 - 初始化手机指南 @@ -89,29 +87,27 @@ PPA 的工具和依赖库支持 Ubuntu 发行版，包括 12.04, 12.10, 13.04, 1 按照以下步骤初始化手机 1. 如果没有启动，启动手机进 Android 系统 - 2. 启用手机的 USB 调试模式 - 在冰激凌三明治 (版本 4.0) 上打开 USB 调试(`设置 > 系统 > 开发者选项 > USB 调试`) - - 在果冻豆 (版本 4.1 和 4.2) 上打开 USB 调试，需要进 `设置, 关于 [手机|平板]` 菜单且触摸版本号7次才能进入开发者选项。 - - 在 4.2.2, (`设置 > 关于` > 触摸版本号7次激活开发者选项菜单) - - 在其他版本的 Android 系统中，你通过 `设置 > 开发者选项 > USB 调试`来启用 USB 调试模式。您可能还需要接受手机上的主机密钥。 + - 在果冻豆 (版本 4.1 和 4.2) 上打开 USB 调试，需要进 `设置, 关于 [手机|平板]` 菜单且点击版本号7次才能进入开发者选项。 + - 在 4.2.2, (`设置 > 关于` > 点击版本号7次激活开发者选项菜单) + - 在其他版本的 Android 系统中，你通过 `设置 > 开发者选项 > USB 调试`来启用 USB 调试模式。您也需要接受手机上的主机密钥。 - 在工作站中 -> `adb kill-server; adb start-server` 3. 将手机和电脑通过USB数据线连接起来。 - 根据 Android 版本的不同，会弹出一个主机密匙的框，需要确认才能和电脑通信。 - - 注意，'adb devices' 不应该显示为手机 'offline' 。如果显示手机离线，在超级用户模式下运行adb(`sudo adb kill-server; sudo adb start-server`),然后将手机再次连接。 - - 在某些情况下，手机继续显示为离线，如果USB连接模式为 'MTP' (一些手机或版本的Android)的话，就不会弹出主机密匙提示对话框。取消选中所有的USB连接模式选项(`设置 -> 存储 -> 菜单 -> USB连接 -> MTP, PTP`)也许能解决adb连接问题。 -4. 保存现有手机镜像版本号，Android 系统，恢复系统时使用。可以使用 `设置 > 关于手机 > 版本号码` 查看版本号。 + - 注意，`adb devices` 命令不应该显示为手机 'offline' 。如果显示手机离线，在超级用户模式下运行adb(`sudo adb kill-server; sudo adb start-server`)，然后将手机再次连接。 + - 在某些情况下，手机仍然显示为离线，如果USB连接模式为 'MTP' (一些手机或版本的Android的默认模式)的话，就不会弹出主机密匙提示对话框。取消所有的USB连接模式选项的勾选(`设置 -> 存储 -> 菜单 -> USB连接 -> MTP, PTP`)也许能解决adb连接问题。 +4. 记下现有手机镜像版本号，Android 系统，恢复系统时使用。可以使用 `设置 > 关于手机 > 版本号码` 查看版本号。 最新版的 Nexus 10s 开启开发者模式后并没有完全启动。如果是这种情况的话，启动到 bootloader 后运行 "`fastboot -w`" 然后进入下一步。 - -## 双系统启动安装和更新说明 +## 双系统启动安装和更新说明 双系统新安装和升级在这部分过程实际上是相同的。 ### 在 Android 系统中安装 Ubuntu 安装器 -Ubuntu 注意：如果手机中有一个以前版本的 Ubuntu 双启动，更新前请首先使用 Android 应用程序卸载掉 Ubuntu 系统。推荐保存用户数据，只卸载掉基本的系统。 +注意：如果手机中有一个以前版本的 Ubuntu 双启动，更新前请首先使用 Android 应用程序卸载掉 Ubuntu 系统。推荐保存用户数据，只卸载掉基本的系统。 1. 在电脑上下载双系统安装脚本到你的家目录。http://humpolec.ubuntu.com/latest/dualboot.sh 2. 使用 `Ctrl+Alt+T` 组合键打开电脑终端。 @@ -124,13 +120,13 @@ Ubuntu 注意：如果手机中有一个以前版本的 Ubuntu 双启动，更 - 启用 USB 调试选项 - 已经解锁了 bootloader 5. 使用 USB 数据线连接手机和电脑 -6. 终端运行以下命令安装双系统启动： +6. 在终端里运行以下命令安装双系统启动： ./dualboot.sh -安装完成后，手机会重启数次。一旦完成，系统会启动到 Android 系统，你会发现双启动应用程序 (“Ubuntu Dual Boot”) 已经安装到手机的应用程序部分了。 +安装完成后，手机会重启数次。完成后，系统会启动到 Android 系统，你可以在手机的应用程序里面找到双启动应用程序 (“Ubuntu Dual Boot”) 。 -或者，可以使用安装脚本的替代方法，[可以参考安装手册 >][3]。 +或者，可以使用安装脚本的另一个替代方法，[可以参考安装手册 >][3]。 现在按照以下说明在 Android 下安装 Ubuntu。 @@ -138,23 +134,23 @@ Ubuntu 注意：如果手机中有一个以前版本的 Ubuntu 双启动，更 注意：Ubuntu 安装需要手机上具有2.7GB以上的剩余内存空间。 -1. 也可以在手机和电脑USB连接状态下，终端运行以下命令来释放空间。(接受手机的授权询问) +1. 如果需要，也可以在手机和电脑USB连接状态下，终端运行以下命令来释放空间。(接受手机上的授权询问) adb shell "su sh rm -rf /cache/*" 2. 在手机上，点击 apps 按钮打开 app 列表 3. 查看列表找到 **Ubuntu Dual Boot** 图标并启动它 -4. 应用程序启动后按 **Choose channel to install** 并选择一个频道下载(推荐 **utopic** 频道) +4. 应用程序启动后按 **Choose channel to install** 并选择一个频道下载(推荐 **utopic** 频道)，请确保您勾选了“bootstrap”选项 5. 下载完成后需要授权 SU 权限给应用程序。提示授权的时候，选择 **Grant** 按钮 6. 按 **Reboot to Ubuntu** 按钮重启手机进入Ubuntu -7. 标准手机重启会启动到Android系统中 +7. 标准手机重启过程后会启动到Android系统中 注意： -- Ubuntu 安装器支持所有手机平板刷机工具支持的频道 +- Ubuntu 安装器支持所有手机平板刷机工具（phablet-flash）支持的频道 - 选择了一个 Ubuntu 频道后，**bootstrap** 复选框可以让你选择清空 Ubuntu 的用户数据，如果不选中的话，用户数据将一直保留。第一次安装的话，选不选是没什么区别的 - 选中一个 Ubuntu 频道后，取消 **latest version** 复选框后可以选择一个特定版本号的镜像，否则，默认安装最新的镜像。 -- 如果在安装过程下载镜像过程中，手机锁屏或者 Ubuntu 安装器是后台运行的话，安装按钮会变成 **Resume install** (恢复安装)。点击这个按钮会恢复到超级权限提示前的状态。 +- 如果在安装过程下载镜像过程中，手机锁屏或者 Ubuntu 安装器在后台运行的话，安装按钮会变成 **Resume install** (恢复安装)。点击这个按钮会恢复到超级权限提示前的状态。 ## 其他需要注意的 @@ -162,29 +158,29 @@ Ubuntu 注意：如果手机中有一个以前版本的 Ubuntu 双启动，更 根据双启动的经验： -- 安装新版本的 Ubuntu 需要使用 Android 双启动应用程序 +- 安装新版本的 Ubuntu 需要使用 Android 上的双启动应用程序 - 下载新版本的 Ubuntu 可以在 Android 或者 Ubuntu 下进行 -这实际上意味着可以有两种不同的方式更新 Ubuntu 镜像： +这实际上意味着可以有两种不同的方式更新 Ubuntu 镜像（译注：此处与前文不一致，究竟是否可在Ubuntu下更新，译者没有做过实验，可能已经支持了。）： - **如果在android系统下**，使用双启动应用程序更新 Ubuntu ，需要选择菜单选项中的 "Uninstall Ubuntu" ，然后应用程序会询问你是否保留 Ubuntu 用户数据。如果你想保留数据、通讯录、应用程序、图片、背景设置等，这些数据将会完整保留。另外，每次新版本的 Ubuntu 发布后，将会收到 Android 通知： - - 对于稳定频道，应用程序池每2天更新一次 - - 对于推荐频道，应用程序池每10小时更新一次 + - 对于稳定频道，应用每2天推送一次更新通知 + - 对于推荐频道，应用每10小时推送一次更新通知 - **如果你使用的是 Ubuntu**, 使用系统设置中的标准更新机制下载新版镜像，但是不要选择安装，下载完毕后，重新启动到 Android 系统中，启动双启动应用程序，程序会恢复更新。完成后，你可以再次切换到 Ubuntu系统中。 -在 android 版 Ubuntu 双启动应用程序中，卸载 Ubuntu 后，可以安装新安装的说明去下载新版本的 Ubuntu。 +要升级 Ubuntu 到最新版本，在 android 下的 Ubuntu 双启动应用程序中，卸载 Ubuntu 后，可以按照同样的安装步骤去下载新版本的 Ubuntu。 -### 双系统安装器参考命令 +### 双系统安装器参考命令 大多数情况下，不带参数运行自动模式安装脚本就足够了。 dualboot.sh -- 自动模式：监测超级用户应用程序是否需要安装并更新双系统安装应用程序。 +- 自动模式：监测[超级用户][6]应用程序是否需要安装，并更新双系统安装应用程序。 dualboot.sh full -- 完整模式：安装超级用户和双系统启动 Android 应用程序 +- 完整模式：安装[超级用户][6]和双系统启动 Android 应用程序 dualboot.sh update @@ -192,7 +188,7 @@ dualboot.sh update dualboot.sh channel $CHANNEL -- 边载模式：通过指定的 Ubuntu 频道 ($CHANNEL) 下载最新的镜像到手机。命令启动 android 双系统应用程序并继续使用边载文件进行安装。 +- 边载（Sideload）模式：通过指定的 Ubuntu 频道 ($CHANNEL) 下载最新的镜像到手机。命令启动 android 双系统应用程序并继续使用边载文件进行安装。 dualboot.sh push ubuntu.tar.xz device.tar.xz version.tar.xz @@ -244,25 +240,24 @@ dualboot.sh push ubuntu.tar.xz device.tar.xz version.tar.xz ### 双启动如何工作？ -基于 Android 的手机有一系列不同用途的分区。这些分区是 **/boot**, **/recovery**, **/system** 和 **/data** 。 +基于 Android 的手机有一系列不同用途的分区。这些分区包括 **/boot**, **/recovery**, **/system** 和 **/data** 等。 -- **boot** 分区是 bootloader 正常启动的时候载入的。这个分区的启动镜像是由一个内核和内存盘程序组成的。简而言之，bootloader 解压启动镜像，创建一个内存盘后将镜像考入，最后使用 **初始化进程** 启动内核。 -- **recovery partition** 分区包含有 recovery 镜像，它只是一个不同的启动镜像。它也含有一个内核和内存盘程序，但是初始化可执行程序被换成了内存盘中的 recovery 应用程序。 -- **system partition** 分区含有系统所有的只读文件 (除了内存盘中的)供初始化进程载入。 -- **data partition** 分区是供系统写入用户数据的可读写分区。 +- **boot** 分区是 bootloader 正常启动的时候载入的。这个分区的启动镜像是由一个内核和ramdisk程序组成的。简而言之，bootloader 解压启动镜像，创建一个内存盘后将镜像考入，最后使用 **初始化进程** 启动内核。 +- **recovery** 分区包含有恢复镜像，它只是一个不同的启动镜像。它也含有一个内核和内存盘程序，但是初始化可执行程序被换成了内存盘中的二进制的 recovery 程序。 +- **system** 分区含有所有的只读系统文件 (除了内存盘中的)供初始化进程载入。 +- **data** 分区是供系统写入用户数据的可读写分区。 Ubuntu 以稍微不同的方式使用这些分区 - **boot** 和 **recovery** 分区的作用和 Android 中一样。 -- **system image** 分区含有在 [LXC][8] 中执行的 Android 部分的程序。 -- **data partition** 分区中的 **/data/ubuntu/** 含有Ubuntu系统 - -为了保证用户选择自己的 Android 风格，Android 系统的启动镜像是不允许修改的，因为原始内核必须保存。**所以使用 recovery 分区去启动Ubuntu** +- **system 镜像** 含有在 [LXC][8] 中执行的 Android 部分的程序。 +- **data** 分区下的 **/data/ubuntu/** 目录含有Ubuntu系统 +为了保证用户可以返回 Android 原来的系统，Android 系统的启动镜像是不允许修改的，因为原始内核必须保存。**所以使用 recovery 分区去启动Ubuntu** ### 双启动可以运行在那个版本的 Android 系统下？ -- Stock Android 或 AOSP 4.4.2 或更高版本。 +- 普通 Android 或 AOSP 4.4.2 或更高版本。 - CyanogenMod (基于 Android 4.4.2 或更高版本). ### 双启动可以运行在那些手机上？ @@ -275,11 +270,11 @@ Ubuntu 以稍微不同的方式使用这些分区 ### 双启动支持那些已发布版本的 Ubuntu？ -双启动支持的所有 phablet-flash 支持的系统。 +双启动支持的所有手机平板刷机工具（phablet-flash）支持的系统。 ### Android 和 Ubuntu 如何共享用户数据分区？ -用户数据分区也有 Ubuntu 系统镜像 /data/system.img, 大约有2GB。 +用户数据分区也放在 Ubuntu 系统镜像 /data/system.img, 大约有2GB。 Ubuntu swap 文件在用户数据分区 /data/SWAP.img (大约540MB)。 @@ -292,13 +287,13 @@ Android 数据分区的使用方式不变。 ### 安装双启动后是否无法启动进入 recovery？ -双启动安装后，recovery 分区被 Ubuntu 启动镜像占用。这意味着启动到 recovery 模式下，Ubuntu 就启动了。 +安装双启动后，recovery 分区被 Ubuntu 启动镜像占用。这意味着启动到 recovery 模式下，就启动了Ubuntu 。 -进入 recovery 的功能会在未来发布。但是当卸载掉 Ubuntu 镜像后，Ubuntu 应用程序回恢复原始的 recovery(Android stock 或 CWM)。 +使用 recovery 的功能会在未来发布。不过当卸载掉 Ubuntu 镜像后，Ubuntu Install 应用会恢复原始的 recovery 分区(普通的 Android 或 CWM)。 ### 如果用双启动替换掉 recovery 分区的话，是否还可以更新 Android 系统？ -可以，使用双启动应用程序中的 "准备更新安卓" 选项。这会将原始 Android recovery 分区恢复，为 Android 系统更新做准备。这明显会删除 recovery 分区中安装的 Ubuntu 系统，但是使用双系统应用程序可以在 Android 系统更新后很容易重新安装。 +可以，使用双启动应用程序中的 "准备更新安卓" 选项。这会将原始 Android recovery 分区恢复，为 Android 系统更新做准备。这显然会删除 recovery 分区中安装的 Ubuntu 系统，但是使用双系统应用程序可以在 Android 系统更新后很容易重新安装。 任何情况下，你都可以卸载双启动并恢复原始的 recovery 分区。 @@ -306,13 +301,13 @@ Android 数据分区的使用方式不变。 可以，使用 Android 版本双启动应用程序卸载 Ubuntu 后，原有的 recovery 分区数据会恢复到安装前的状态。 -卸载 Ubuntu 的同时也会删除 Ubuntu 系统镜像和交换文件。当然，Ubuntu 用户数据也会被删除。 +卸载 Ubuntu 的同时也会删除 Ubuntu 系统镜像和交换文件。如果需要，Ubuntu 用户数据也可以被删除。 ### 双启动应用程序安装了一个超级用户应用，我可以使用一个第三方的超级用户应用代替它吗？ -当然可以了！提供的 [超级用户][6] 应用只是为了那些没有安装的用户的。 +当然可以了！提供的 [超级用户][6] 应用只是为了那些没有安装它的用户的。 -然而，需要注意一点：项目测试中只会使用来自 [CyanogenMod][7] 版本或者 dualboot.sh 脚本安装的超级用户应用。但是只要你使用和测试中用的类似的应用的话，一般也不会有问题的。 +然而，需要注意一点：项目测试中只测试使用了来自 [CyanogenMod][7] 版本或者 dualboot.sh 脚本安装的超级用户应用。但是只要你使用和测试中用的类似的应用的话，一般也不会有问题的。 ### 安装 Ubuntu 中，我是否可以删除用户数据后切换频道？ @@ -326,7 +321,7 @@ Android 数据分区的使用方式不变。 最开始设计双启动的时候原则就是不和某个特定版本和类型的 Android 系统捆绑，留给用户自己选择的权利。所以就没有改动 Android 启动镜像和内核。 -最后选择利用 recovery 分区启动 Ubuntu，转而专注在需要的时候在就恢复到其原始状态。 +最后我们选择利用 recovery 分区启动 Ubuntu，并在需要的时候就恢复到其原始状态。 ### 我已经安装了一个 CWM recovery 而且知道如何使用，我可否使用 zip 文件手动刷机？ @@ -334,21 +329,22 @@ Android 数据分区的使用方式不变。 ### 为什么 Ubuntu 安装器需要使用 recovery 安装到 system 分区里？ -Ubuntu 安装器需要安装为 Android 系统应用。 和用户分区的应用不一样，系统应用始终活动在系统分区中，保证可以获取第三方软件可以获取的的最高的权限。 +Ubuntu 安装器需要安装为 Android （预置的）系统应用。 和用户安装在用户分区的应用不一样，系统应用始终活动在系统分区中，保证可以获取第三方软件可以获取的的最高的权限。 -其实 Ubuntu 安装器需要获取的权限只有两个：**缓存分区写入权限** 用来下载 Ubuntu 安装文件 和 **电源管理** 用来重启系统。 +其实 Ubuntu 安装器需要获取的权限只有两个：**缓存分区写入权限**，用来下载 Ubuntu 安装文件；和**电源管理**，用来重启系统。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/DualBootInstallation -译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 +[0]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/DualBootInstallation [1]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/Devices#Working_with_phablet-flash -[2]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/DualBootInstallation#Installation -[3]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Touch/DualBootInstallation#DualBootInstallerReference +[2]:#Installation +[3]:#DualBootInstallerReference [4]:https://bugs.launchpad.net/humpolec/+filebug [5]:https://code.launchpad.net/humpolec [6]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SuperUser From 0aa67cdbadc61a06ce3e4c12299977a9806c9e4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 28 May 2014 15:33:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 005/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140528-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...tu 14.04 LTS--Major Application Updates.md | 40 +++++++++++++++++++ ...ace Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md | 24 +++++++++++ 2 files changed, 64 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Major Application Updates.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Major Application Updates.md b/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Major Application Updates.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ad6d808805 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Major Application Updates.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Major Application Updates +================================================================================ +Over the last few weeks, we have been talking about the first new LTS version from Ubuntu in two years and some of the major changes to the operating system that you can expect to see once you take the plunge. Today, we are going to list some of the major applications available from the Ubuntu Software Center and the upgrades they have undergone since the last update to Ubuntu’s LTS OS. + +### Major Utilities and Tool Updates ### + +In addition to the myriad major desktop application updates (which we will cover in the next section), there are a HUGE number of other utilities and tools that have received pretty major updates since the last LTS version a bit over two years ago. Let’s talk about a few: + +- **Xen 4.4** + This is a pretty major upgrade to Xen which is included with Ubuntu at this point. The most noticeable change to anyone who uses it will likely be that it no longer supports 32bit only CPUs (although 32bit client operating system support is still in place). This shouldn’t be a big deal since any modern processor in the last six or so years is 64bit, but it may mean that some people using Ubuntu on older servers or old laptops may need to be aware that Xen will no longer support their CPU family. +- **QEMU 2.0** I include this here since along with Xen, there are some changes to it. Notably, guests created in KVM cannot be migrated to this version from previous Ubuntu 12.04 LTS installations nor can their snapshots be restored on 14.04 LTS. Additionally, emulated support for the arm64 binaries has been added. +- **MySQL** Although MySQL 5.5 is still the default standard, you can install Percona, MariaDB or MySQL 5.6 from the standard repositories. I have to confess a little surprise that Ubuntu has not jumped the MySQL ship to MariaDB like every other major distribution has already done (or plans to do), but it is still the default. Hedging their bets on a relationship with Oracle is my best guess at this point. +- **Apache 2.4 and PHP 5.5** A little surprised at the jump to Apache 2.4 which continues to struggle a bit for acceptance since 2.2 has been so rock solid for so long, but I am glad to see a major desktop distribution jump on board. PHP has needed an update for some time and has been available in the channels at PHP 5.5 since 12.04 LTS, but now it is the official installed version. NOTE: If you are running some older CMS platforms (cough, cough – DRUPAL), you may have some issues with that upgrade you have to be aware of, so check your documentation. + +### Software Center: Desktop Application Upgrades ### + +In short, there are quite a few major updates and changes to the major desktop applications available in the Software Center (as well there should be considering it has been two years since the last LTS release). The most visible applications you will notice are: + +- Google Chrome 33 +- Firefox 28 +- Nautilus 3.10 +- The Gimp – 2.8 +- KDE 4.13 (For the Best Linux Desktop in My Opinion) + +Although I didn’t mention it above, LibreOffice 4.2.3.3 is now the default office suite and it looks fantastic (see for yourself below): + +![Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Libre Office Upgrade](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/newlibreoffice4233.png) + +Final Thoughts +All in all, the Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Desktop has been a fairly smooth transition from 12.04 (unless you are unlucky enough to run the very latest NVidia video cards – their Linux proprietary drivers have been hit and miss with the 780GTX or Titan chipsets). + +In the next few posts, I will be diving into a few more technical details about some of the monitor/display changes (high resolution monitor owners rejoice) as well as giving an early preview (in a virtual machine because I am not crazy) of Mir – the Xwindows desktop replacement server. If you have anything else you would like covered, drop a note in the comments and we will see you back right here next week! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via:https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-lts-major-application-updates/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md b/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..06a46f4ee8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3 – not smooth yet but promising +================================================================================ +![](http://www.muktware.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/surface_pro_3.jpg) + +Microsoft has made Surface Pro 3 tablet PC available for pre-order from May 21 and it didn’t take long for Linux enthusiasts to try Ubuntu 14.04 on it. And the results are quite promising! Surface pro 3 flaunts a decent [hardware spec][] and it will definitely be a delight for any Linux user to run Ubuntu on it when all the components are supported. + +The first sensible step is to take a system image backup of the Surface pro 3. The image size will vary depending on what is installed on the device but the process is reasonably fast. A separate drive with Windows 8.1 is also required to restore the image because once Linux is installed, the repair and restore function will be lost. + +To install, connect a bootable pen drive with Ubuntu, press the Volume Down and Power keys till the Surface logo shows up, then release both. Once the USB boots up, you can reach the familiar Ubuntu install screen (with live and install options). The Ubuntu installation procedure remains the same. + +Post installation most of the components work out of the box. WiFi works but detects only 2.4GHz networks. The touchpad on the Type Cover works, but not the keyboard. The virtual keyboard in the accessibility setting can be used for typing but it is still lacking in features on Ubuntu. The best option is to connect a USB keyboard. The pen works as a pointer and pressing it down works as a left-click, but as Bluetooth is not working out of the box the buttons on the pen do not work. There might be some issues with the pressure-sensitivity of Ubuntu’s pen implementation. While it is fast and smooth, the experience without type cover is not optimal. Just like the keyboard, the dock might also not work out of the box. As touch and WiFi work out of the box, KDE‘s Plasma Active would be a better choice compared to Ubuntu on this device. However, the latest stable Kubuntu installation has issues on Surface Pro 3. + +By the time the Surface Pro 3 is available at the outlets most of the issues might get fixed if the device grabs enough attention from developers. Here’s a short [video][2] of Ubuntu running on Surface Pro 3 recorded during the experiment. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/05/ubuntu-surface-pro-3-smooth-yet-promising/27870 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.microsoft.com/surface/en-us/products/surface-pro-3 +[2]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRH-c2_kDA4 \ No newline at end of file From b20aec6c82eddd843d2c327b0f33b0db1ae685e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Rei Date: Wed, 28 May 2014 15:39:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 006/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...hView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md | 84 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 36 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md b/translated/talk/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md index 33bed191b7..9d97e9f8fe 100644 --- a/translated/talk/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md +++ b/translated/talk/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md @@ -3,74 +3,81 @@ ![](http://images.huffingtonpost.com/2012-06-27-techscapelogocolumn1.jpg) > 技术视点是技术视角（TechScape）的一个新的组成部分，其特色是与科技界的上层人士进行独家采访和长时间谈话，探讨科技动态。 -> 我们的第一个谈话对象是[李纳斯·托沃兹][1]，Linux的传奇缔造者以及开源改革先驱。托沃兹生于芬兰的赫尔辛基，是诗人奥尔·托沃兹的孙子。尽管他更喜欢告诉人们，他的名字来自于“花生”里角色，但事实是他是以李纳斯·鲍林——两次诺贝尔奖获得者的名字来命名的。他的计算机经历是从康懋达公司的一台Amiga 500计算机上开始的，搬到辛克莱尔后又换到了IBM的386上。刚开始，他使用的是Minix操作系统，后来在该系统上衍生出了他自己的Linux操作系统。托沃兹和他的妻子托芙——六次芬兰全国空手道冠军结婚了，婚后他们定居在加利佛尼亚的圣何塞，育有三个女儿。 -**技术视点（TV）**：在当今科技中，什么令你感兴趣？ +> 我们的第一个谈话对象是[李纳斯·托沃兹][1]，Linux的传奇缔造者以及开源改革先驱。托沃兹生于芬兰的赫尔辛基，是诗人奥尔·托沃兹的孙子。尽管他更喜欢告诉人们，他的名字来自于《花生漫画》中的角色，但事实是他是以李纳斯·鲍林——两次诺贝尔奖获得者的名字来命名的。他的计算机经历是从康懋达公司的一台Amiga 500计算机上开始的，搬到辛克莱尔后又换到了IBM的386上。刚开始，他使用的是Minix操作系统，后来在该系统上衍生出了他自己的Linux操作系统。托沃兹和他的妻子托芙——六次芬兰全国空手道冠军结婚了，婚后他们定居在加利佛尼亚的圣何塞，育有三个女儿。 -**托沃兹**：我差不多是个“鼠目寸光”的家伙，所以相对于那些更空洞的“大潮流”，我对实在的新的零散的技术更感兴趣。 -我喜欢跟踪公司生产的新硬件，它们最新的芯片，而可能最能激励我的是（因为毕竟我是个做软件的）那些提出新的算法并开发新的软件来利用这些新功能的人。 +**技术视点（TV）**：在当今的技术中，有什么令你感兴趣？ -**TV**：那在当今科技中，什么真正让你感到生气？它怎么会让你生气，以及为什么让你生气？ +**托沃兹**：我差不多是个“鼠目寸光”的家伙，所以相对于那些更空洞的“大潮流”，我对技术中实在的新东西更感兴趣。 + +我喜欢关注硬件公司生产的新产品，他们最新的芯片，而其中可能最能激励我的（因为毕竟我是个做软件的）是那些提出新的算法并开发出新的软件来利用这些新功能的人。 + +**TV**：那在当今科技中，什么真正让你感到恼火？它是怎么以及为什么让你生气？ **托沃兹**：我不会用生气这个词，但是如果真要说技术市场中有什么让人反感的，那就是对那些最令人瞩目的“领袖”们的赞美。 这里，当然也包括我。我认为，整个的“个人崇拜”相当令人不安。而且，我很痛恨把我以及我所说的话看得太重。对于乔布斯，埃里森，盖茨，凡是你说得出的人来讲也一样。我希望更多的人能自己思考，并且意识到技术实际上来自遍布全球的那些默默无闻的伟大的工程师中的一员。 -我理解人们想要并且需要一个焦点，而这种事也不仅仅发生在技术世界中（嘿，毫无疑问，我希望这事在技术世界中要发生得比娱乐行业来得少；）但是，这事仍然有点令人沮丧。 +我理解人们想要并且需要一个焦点，而这种事也不仅仅发生在技术世界中（嘿，毫无疑问，我希望这事在技术世界中要发生得比娱乐行业来得少；），但是，这事仍然有点令人沮丧。 -**TV**：你是怎么错过“申请终身许可证的机会”，而其它像Red Hat，SuSE等等却抓住了这个机会？这是因为如果Linux不开源，它就不是Linux了？你能谈谈更多情况吗？你是否在此事上有点自甘堕落了？ +**TV**：你是怎么错过“申请终身许可证”的机会，而其它像Red Hat，SuSE等等却抓住了它？这是因为如果Linux不开源，它起初就不会成为Linux了吗？你能谈谈更多情况吗？你是否曾在此事上感到过后悔？ -**托沃兹**：我当然不会因为任何事情自甘堕落。我有着令人羡慕的地位，我能干我喜欢的事情。而且，人们因此而尊重我。况且，我想要做的（而我已经做了）无偿工作也获得了酬劳。 -我想，很少有人会感觉到他们实际上已经有所不同，那么让我来告诉你吧，这种感觉真不错。对于商业方面，我从来都不感兴趣。而且，对我来说，那些可以采用Linux并把它商用的人和公司只是做了我从没有动力做的事情。而这项工作需要人做，也很有益。因此，事实上我很感谢那些商业实体：它们让我集中精力干我想干的那部分事情。 +**托沃兹**：我当然不会因为任何事情后悔。我现在身在一个令人羡慕的位置上，我能干我喜欢的事情。而且，人们因此而尊重我。况且，我想要做的（而我已经做了）无偿工作也获得了酬劳。 +我想，很少有人会喜欢自己变得不同于众，那么让我来告诉你吧，这种感觉真不错。对于商业方面，我从来都不感兴趣。而且，对我来说，那些可以采用Linux并把它商用的人和公司只是做了我从没有动力做的事情。而这项工作需要人做，也很有益。因此，事实上我很感谢那些商业实体：它们让我能集中精力干我想干的那部分事情。 **TV**：在当今的科技界，哪位是你尊敬的人？为什么？ **托沃兹**：嗨！看看我对于整个“个人崇拜”的控诉吧。我只是并不对那种“让我们找个人并把他置于令人尊敬的地位上”的事情印象深刻。 -所以，与其个人扬名，我更高兴去做像EFF这样的事情，这些组织（有时候只是观念和想法）不是要试着去穷其一生提升他们自己，而是试着去做一些实质性的事情来给予帮助，让技术工作在一个更大的蓝图中变得更好。 +所以，比起列出一些著名的人，我更乐意给出一些像是EFF这样的组织，这些组织（以及有时候只是观念和想法）不是要试着去穷其一生提升他们自己，而是试着去做一些实质性的事情来给予帮助，让技术工作在一个更大的蓝图中变得更好。 -在个人层面上，我更喜欢那些不把他们太当一回事而又在他们的本质工作上干得很好的人。如果一定要我说一些知名人士，我想我更愿意成为斯蒂芬·沃兹尼克那样的人，而这也是我尊敬他的原因。 +在个人层面上，我更喜欢那些不把他们自己太当一回事而又在他们的本职工作上干得很好的人。如果一定要我说一些知名人士，我想我更愿意成为斯蒂芬·沃兹尼克那样的人，我想这也是我尊敬他的原因。 **TV**：照你估计，当谷歌和微软都实现了各自的诺言，他们之间会发生什么？胜者又为什么会胜出？ **托沃兹**：我不认为获胜的结果会和获胜的过程一样有趣。 -在整个谷歌和微软的竞争中，我真的不认为公司本身比改变技术环境来转移人们的视线更有趣。焦点从一个控制发生在单台机器上的公司转移到了更多关注整合大量独立机器的公司。 -**TV**：为什么你会认为像科技灾难，互联网泡沫崩溃以及电信业崩盘这样的事会发生？我们在今后怎样来防止它们再发生？ +在整个谷歌和微软的竞争中，我真的不认为公司本身比起吸引了人们视线的技术环境中的变革更为有趣。这视线的焦点，从控制着单台机器上发生的事情的的公司，转移到了更多地关注着大量独立机器的整合的公司上。 + +**TV**：你会认为像科技灾难，互联网泡沫崩溃以及电信业崩盘这样的事为什么会发生？我们在今后怎样来防止它们再发生？ **托沃兹**：实际上，我对此类事情持相反的看法，并且没有理由去“阻止它们反复”。 -我是坚信超越极限，但是我不太相信会完全稳定，而且百分百“正常”。 +我坚信着能够超越极限，但是我不太相信能够达到会完全稳定、并且百分百“正常”的状态。 -大量真正的进展在井喷似的发生，而后来成了被称为“夸大宣传”以及其它不讨好的事情的一部分。但事情是，做了一些太难理解而且无聊的事情，而没有做些蠢事，这实在是事与愿违。 -我个人认为，稳定开发模型不是持续的增量改进，而是一连串的反应过度和崩溃。 -渐进增量改进常常可能看起来是更好的策略，但是如果你不是偶然地反应过度和崩溃，你又怎么知道你实际上是在超越极限呢？ +大量真正的进展在井喷似的发生，而后来成了被称为“夸大宣传”以及其它不讨好的事情的一部分。但在这件事上，太过努力去尝试变得稳定、无聊、不做蠢事，实在是与创造性的初衷相悖了。 -**TV**：技术在将来会怎样改变我们的生活？你会和其它部门的领袖们一起创建新技术吗，比如生物信息学？ +我个人认为，稳定开发模型不是持续的增量改进的方案之一，而是一连串的超载和崩溃。 + +渐进增量改进常常可能看起来是更好的策略，但是如果你没有偶然地经历过超载和崩溃，你又怎么知道你确实是在超越极限呢？ + +**TV**：技术在将来会怎样改变我们的生活？你会和其它领域的领军者们一起创建新技术吗，比如生物信息学？ **托沃兹**：我个人的理论是，技术对我们的生活的改变没有我们构建技术来适应我们的生活来得多。 -这就是为什么你看不到飞行汽车等喜爱的装订本科幻小说中的的东西——但是相反，你却看到了利用技术来降低交易成本这类此前就存在的事情，但此前不能大规模应用或者量身定制（除了有时候是为了那些富得冒油的做）。 +这就是为什么你看不到飞行汽车等科幻小说中受欢迎的东西——但是相反，你却看到了利用技术来降低交易成本等，这类此前就存在、但不能大规模应用或者量身定制的事情（除了有时候为那些富得冒油的人做）。 -因此，技术很少直接改变我们的生活本身——虽然它往往意味着更多的人能获得那些以前是罕见的或只限于暴富者的东西。 -真正的改变发生在当某些事物变得如此廉价并且遍地都是让你行为变得大不相同的时候。而在不同方面，这些行为上的改变要比技术本身来得更有趣。 +因此，技术很少直接改变我们的生活本身——虽然它往往意味着更多的人能获得那些以前罕见的或只限于土豪们的东西。 -例如，互联网做真正做的一件事是让你寻找并与志趣相投的人交流的成本更低。而且，我认为大量的真正的改变正是从人们无需付出太多努力就能找到其他和你对同一事物有相同兴趣的人的时候，他们的习惯因此而改变中得以体现。 -因此，你发现了所有的这些专业兴趣小组，以及许多人正在花大量时间讨论最神秘的问题，这些问题他们刚刚发现很有趣——这些事，你在之前不一定能实际去做的，因为那时真的很难找到和你在某些不同寻常的专业上志趣相投人并进行讨论。 +真正的改变发生在当某些事物变得如此廉价并且遍地都是让你的行为变得大不相同的时候。而在不同方面，这些行为上的改变要比技术本身来得更有趣。 -而我认为那是生活真正改变的方式——而不是因为任何新技术的出色的特性，而是因为完全是技术降低增量成本后的无意的副作用。 +例如，互联网做真正做成了的一件事，是让你寻找并与志趣相投的人交流的成本降得更低。而且，我认为大量的真正的改变正是从人们无需付出太多努力就能找到其他和你对同一事物有相同兴趣的人的时候，他们的习惯因此而改变中得以体现。 + +因此，你发现了所有的这些专业兴趣小组，以及许多人正在花大量时间讨论最神秘的问题，他们刚刚发现这些问题很有趣——这些事，你在之前不一定能实际去做，因为那时真的很难找到和你在某些不同寻常的专业上志趣相投人并进行讨论。 + +而我认为那是生活真正改变的方式——不是因为任何新技术的出色的特性，而是因为完全是技术降低增量成本后的无意的副作用。 **TV**：据你估计，当今科技界谁是举足轻重的人物？ -**托沃兹**：我想大量的技术怎么会是由消费市场推动，而不再是由军方或甚至是商业需求推动这一点很说明问题。我也常常认为公司正在做的许多貌似愚蠢的事情（特别是DRM）似乎正忽略了一个事实：任何技术上最重要的人，他也最终总是个“用户”。 +**托沃兹**：我想大量的技术是如何由消费市场推动，而不再是由军方或甚至是商业需求推动这一点很说明问题。我也常常认为公司正在做的许多貌似愚蠢的事情（特别是DRM）似乎正因为忽略了一个事实：任何技术上最重要的人，最终总是个“用户”。 因此，就我而言，我认为你的问题的答案是“用户”，或者叫“消费者”，而那个确实是最重要的部分，因为那个正是需求和实际商业成功的根源。 -**TV**：请谈一些你个人的观点,比如宗教？政治？ +**TV**：请谈一些你个人的观点吧，比如宗教？政治？ -**托沃兹**：我完全是一个宗教——无神论者。我发现人们似乎认为宗教带给人道德和感激自然的情感。事实上我认为，它反而把这两方面都削弱了。它给人们理由来说“哦，自然刚被创立”，以及创世行为是神奇的事情。我欣赏此事实“哇，真让人难以置信，竟然首先发生了这样的事情。”是啊，这是种讽刺。在许多欧洲国家，事实上国家和国家宗教之间具有法律约束力。 +**托沃兹**：我完全是一个虔诚的——无神论者。我发现人们似乎认为宗教带给人道德和感激自然的情感。事实上我认为，它反而把这两方面都削弱了。它给人们理由来说“哦，自然刚被创立”，以及创世行为是神奇的事情。我欣赏着“哇，真让人难以置信，竟然首先发生了这样的事情。”这些事实。是啊，这在许多欧洲国家是一种讽刺，在那儿国家和国家宗教之间实际上具有法律约束力。 -我成了一位美国公民，并且我注册取得了在美国的投票权。我不支持任何政党，因为相当坦率地说，我有太多个人引以为豪的东西，不想和他们中的任何人有什么关联。 +我成了一位美国公民，并且我注册取得了在美国的投票权。我不支持任何政党，因为相当坦率地说，我的前进道路上有太多个人引以为豪的东西，不想和他们中的任何人有什么关联。 **TV**：谢谢，李纳斯！ @@ -82,23 +89,4 @@ via: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/billrobinson/techview-linus-torvalds-i_b_5338 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds -[2]: -[3]: -[4]: -[5]: -[6]: -[7]: -[8]: -[9]: -[10]: -[11]: -[12]: -[13]: -[14]: -[15]: -[16]: -[17]: -[18]: -[19]: -[20]: \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds \ No newline at end of file From 6b152615de3dcaace82707c79d5704a8f65f0e50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 28 May 2014 15:58:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 007/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140528-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md | 32 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md b/sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6befa3f0df --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports +================================================================================ +Thanks to the recent fiasco of The Witcher 2 I wanted to write down some thoughts on why we shouldn't accept bad quality ports from developers. + +Only in recent years have we had so many damned games in our Linux libraries that you now see comments from Linux gamers like "I've got too many games already!" which I imagine now sounds familiar to a lot of you. We have never before seen so much attention from developers thanks to Valve & Steam. + +Also thanks to the push from developers we are seeing ports come along that are quite frankly lazy or just downright buggy to the point of being unplayable for a majority of people. + +The problem is if we keep accepting ports at a sub-par quality then Linux will gain a reputation for having low quality games. Think about that big picture for a moment, seriously. + +Imagine if you will that AAA developers started pushing out more games for Linux using technology like this "eON" that was used to port The Witcher 2. Let's say we have a lot of them and it suddenly looks like Linux has a lot of big-name games. You then have plenty of people trying out Linux, and seeing that their games run with terrible performance on the exact same hardware giving them the impression that Linux itself is bad for gaming. That's not good for anyone. + +I've seen many people say "the toolkit used to port doesn't matter?". That in my eyes is a very naive statement to make. Of course it matters, it can mean the difference of light and day in the quality of a game on Linux. Which directly goes back to my point above about the perception of Linux gaming. +You can still say the toolkit doesn't matter and use whatever comparison/analogy you fancy, but if the toolkit is the root cause of the issue, like it will be 99% of the time when we are talking about computer software then yes, it does of course matter. + +I've seen comments now from other major websites stating we should just accept them and be thankful we have them at all. That is an idiotic statement from people who don't look at the bigger picture. + +![](http://www.gamingonlinux.com/uploads/articles/article_images/1401025331gol2.jpg) + +Think about the developers and publishers who will see it as acceptable to push terrible Linux ports out the door and call it a day with only profits in mind. The consumer perception of Linux gaming would worsen yet again with even more bad quality ports. + +I am all for ports from developers, of course I am I run this site after-all. I as a customer however do not want to pay for games that would work on Windows, but run like a snail on Linux, why should I? Why should you? + +Final added point: You should never attack a developer when they reach out to the community having issues, that's not acceptable. Feedback is fine, but name calling is childish and makes Linux again look bad. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/why-we-shouldnt-accept-bad-linux-ports.3765 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From ebf967c0afa164b8103afa56080c78e66b69fe56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Wed, 28 May 2014 15:59:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 008/713] Translated:20140507 Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md --- ...sers Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md | 38 ------------------- ...sers Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md | 37 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140527 Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140507 Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140527 Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md b/sources/tech/20140527 Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md deleted file mode 100644 index 16746f27f5..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140527 Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38 +0,0 @@ -Translating by GOLinux ... -Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA -================================================================================ -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Ubuntu-Users-Will-No-Longer-Have-a-Cinnamon-PPA-443933-2.jpg) - -**Many Ubuntu users have been employing a third-party repository to test Cinnamon without installing Linux Mint to do it, but it seems that that will no longer be possible in the future.** - -If you have an Ubuntu operating system, you are now able to test the Cinnamon desktop environment just by adding a PPA and installing the appropriate packages. This is as close as you can get to Linux Mint without actually installing another OS. - -Unfortunately, this functionality is about to disappear, but not because the main maintainer doesn't want to continue offering it. Apparently, the Ubuntu repositories will no longer keep older versions of GNOME packages, which Cinnamon requires, making it difficult, if not impossible, to install it through this method. - -“The stable PPA is indeed no longer being maintained. The nightly PPA is being kept for development purposes and should not be used on any sort of production machine (it can and will break at any time).” - -“To be honest, I don't have an alternative to offer Ubuntu users at the moment, apart from switching to a distribution that does support Cinnamon. There are many such distributions out there, and I'm only hoping for someone to (finally) step up on Ubuntu's side to provide proper packages to its users,” [said][1] Gwendal Le Bihan, the maintainer of the Cinnamon packages. - -This means that, for now, only an unstable PPA will be available, but it's only for testing. Users shouldn't employ it on their production machines, and soon the only way to see what Cinnamon looks like will be by installing Linux Mint (or Arch for that matter) or compile it for yourself. - -If you still want to install Cinnamon, the unstable PPA is available for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr). All you have to do is to enter a few commands in a terminal (you will need to be root in order for it to work): - - sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gwendal-lebihan-dev/cinnamon-nightly - sudo apt-get update - sudo apt-get install cinnamon - -After the installation has been completed, all you have to do is to log out of the system and choose Cinnamon from the greeter. - -The Cinnamon desktop environment was developed as a GNOME shell fork with the aim to provide a simple and conservative alternative to everything that is offered right now. Many users are not happy with the direction taken by GNOME, Unity, and KDE and are looking for desktops that haven't strayed too much from the norm. - -It's possible that someone else will set up another PPA with all the required packages to make Cinnamon work with the upcoming Ubuntu 14.10, but that is unlikely. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Users-Will-No-Longer-Have-a-Cinnamon-PPA-443933.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://askubuntu.com/questions/94201/how-do-i-install-the-cinnamon-desktop diff --git a/translated/tech/20140507 Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md b/translated/tech/20140507 Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b100442535 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140507 Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Ubuntu用户将不再有Cinnamon的PPA了 +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Ubuntu-Users-Will-No-Longer-Have-a-Cinnamon-PPA-443933-2.jpg) + +**许多Ubuntu用户过去一直在使用第三方仓库体验Cinnamon而不用安装Linux Mint，然而似乎在不久的将来，不会再有Cinnamon的第三方仓库了**。 + +如果你在用Ubuntu系统，目前你能够通过添加一个PPA源并安装相应的软件包就可以体验到Cinnamon桌面环境。这让你可以获得像Linux Mint一样的体验，而不用真的去安装它。 + +不幸的是，该功能即将消失，但不是因为主要维护者不想再继续提供该软件。很显然，Ubuntu仓库将不再保留旧版本的GNOME软件包，而Cinnamon却需要这些包，这让Cinnamon要想通过PPA方式安装，即使可能，也困难重重。 + +“稳定的PPA源确实不再维护了，而每晚更新的PPA源也只为开发而保留，不应该用于任何种类的生产机器上（它可能会在任何时候中断）。” + +“坦率地说，除了切换到其它支持Cinnamon的版本外，目前我没有其它替代品可以提供给Ubuntu用户。外面有很多这样的版本，我只是希望有人（最终）站到Ubuntu这边来为它的用户提供合适的包。”Gwendal Le Bihan——Cinnamon包的维护者[说][1]。 + +这意味着，从今往后，只有不稳定的PPA源可用了，但也只是用于测试，用户不应该将该源部署到生产机器上。而不久之后，你要想见见Cinnamon的样子，就只好去安装Linux Mint（或者Arch也行），或者你自己动手编译吧。 + +如果你仍然想要安装Cinnamon，Ubuntu 14.04 LTS（Trusty Tahr）可以使用不稳定的PPA源。你所要做是在终端下输入一些命令（你需要root身份来做此事）： + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gwendal-lebihan-dev/cinnamon-nightly + sudo apt-get update + sudo apt-get install cinnamon + +安装完成后，你所要做的仅仅是注销系统并从欢迎屏幕选择Cinnamon桌面。 + +Cinnamon桌面环境是作为GNOME shell的分支开发的，目的在于提供一个简洁而保守的替代品用于替代当前提供的一切。许多用户不满意GNOME、Unity以及KDE的取向而正在寻找那些没有便宜常规太多的桌面。 + +有可能有别人会构建另外一个提供了所有所需软件包的PPA源，让Cinnamon能在即将发布的Ubuntu 14.10中正常工作，但可能性似乎不大。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Users-Will-No-Longer-Have-a-Cinnamon-PPA-443933.shtml + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://askubuntu.com/questions/94201/how-do-i-install-the-cinnamon-desktop \ No newline at end of file From 6398c3b166d2254d08eaa766a713f379b7c21add Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Wed, 28 May 2014 21:13:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 009/713] =?UTF-8?q?[=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90]2?= =?UTF-8?q?0140527=20Apache=20Tomcat=207.0.54=20Now=20Available=20for=20Do?= =?UTF-8?q?wnload.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 第11行 “回归”的翻译有疑问。 --- ...omcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md | 37 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 37 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/news/20140527 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md diff --git a/translated/news/20140527 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md b/translated/news/20140527 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9c0416ffcc --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140527 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Apache Tomcat 7.0.54现已可供下载 +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Apache-Tomcat-7-0-54-Now-Available-for-Download-443862-2.jpg) + +**Apache Tomcat 7.0.54，一个在Java社区进程之下开发的Java Servlet和JavaServer Pages技术的开源软件实现，现已可供下载。** + +自上一个Apache Tomcat版本的发布已经有段时日了， 但这仅仅意味着开发者们有更多的时间来对软件作出修补和更改。这是一个源码软件包，所以常规用户并不一定真的需要它。 + +通过更新日志得知，定制的UTF-8解码器已经被修复，在AprLifecycleListener的FIPS模式中加入了更多的管理选项，如果一个应用从已销毁的会话中调用session.invalidate()而导致的无限循环已经可被避免，在添加一个Mbean通知监听器时，移除一个Mbean监听器现在将还原所有执行的操作，以及关于完成部署和其执行时间的信息已被添加到日志文件之中。 + +另外，一些理论上可能会发生内存泄漏的位置上已经做了修补，当使用JAASMemoryLoginModule时的用户认证已被修复，在反斜杠处理时的回归已得到纠正。 + +在来源归档的官方更新日志中可以找到一份完整的变更，修复以及新特性的列表。 + +### 下载 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 (violetagg): ### + +- [tar.gz (6.0.39 Stable)][1][binary] [6.70 MB] +- [tar.gz (6.0.39 Stable)][2][sources] [3.40 MB] +- [tar.gz (7.0.52 Development)][3][binary] [8 MB] +- [tar.gz (7.0.52 Development)][4][sources] [4.40 MB] +- [zip (8.0.3 Beta Development)][5][binary] [8.10 MB] +- [tar.gz (8.0.3 Beta Development)][6][sources] [4.40 MB] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Apache-Tomcat-7-0-54-Now-Available-for-Download-443862.shtml + +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://mirrors.hostingromania.ro/apache.org/tomcat/tomcat-6/v6.0.39/bin/apache-tomcat-6.0.39.tar.gz +[2]:http://mirrors.hostingromania.ro/apache.org/tomcat/tomcat-6/v6.0.39/src/apache-tomcat-6.0.39-src.tar.gz +[3]:http://www.apache.org/dist/tomcat/tomcat-7/v7.0.52/bin/apache-tomcat-7.0.52.tar.gz +[4]:http://www.apache.org/dist/tomcat/tomcat-7/v7.0.52/src/apache-tomcat-7.0.52-src.tar.gz +[5]:http://mirrors.hostingromania.ro/apache.org/tomcat/tomcat-8/v8.0.3/bin/apache-tomcat-8.0.3.tar.gz +[6]:http://mirrors.hostingromania.ro/apache.org/tomcat/tomcat-8/v8.0.3/src/apache-tomcat-8.0.3-src.tar.gz From ae8104f0cdb7aaa1837af4844edada10dd40a3ff Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Wed, 28 May 2014 21:14:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 010/713] =?UTF-8?q?[=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4]20140527=20Apache=20Tomcat=207.0.....Downloa?= =?UTF-8?q?d.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...omcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md | 39 ------------------- 1 file changed, 39 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140527 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140527 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md b/sources/news/20140527 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md deleted file mode 100644 index c7e2643879..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140527 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,39 +0,0 @@ -alim0x translating - -Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download -================================================================================ -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Apache-Tomcat-7-0-54-Now-Available-for-Download-443862-2.jpg) - -**Apache Tomcat 7.0.54, an open source software implementation of the Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages technologies, developed under the Java Community Process, is now available for download.** - -It's been a while since the latest Apache Tomcat release, but this only means that the devs had more time to get more fixes and changes into the software. This is a source package, so regular users don't really need it. - -According to the changelog, the custom UTF-8 decoder has been fixed, more options have been added for managing the FIPS mode in the AprLifecycleListener, an infinite loop has been avoided if an application calls session.invalidate() from the destroyed session, removing an MBean notification listener now reverts all the operations performed when adding an MBean notification listener, and information about finished deployment and its execution time has been added to the log files. - -Also, a few additional locations where, theoretically, a memory leak could occur have been patched, the authentication of users when using the JAASMemoryLoginModule has been fixed, and a regression in the handling of back-slash has been corrected. - -A complete list of changes, fixes, and new features can be found in the official changelog, inside the source archive. - -### Download Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 (violetagg): ### - -- [tar.gz (6.0.39 Stable)][1][binary] [6.70 MB] -- [tar.gz (6.0.39 Stable)][2][sources] [3.40 MB] -- [tar.gz (7.0.52 Development)][3][binary] [8 MB] -- [tar.gz (7.0.52 Development)][4][sources] [4.40 MB] -- [zip (8.0.3 Beta Development)][5][binary] [8.10 MB] -- [tar.gz (8.0.3 Beta Development)][6][sources] [4.40 MB] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Apache-Tomcat-7-0-54-Now-Available-for-Download-443862.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://mirrors.hostingromania.ro/apache.org/tomcat/tomcat-6/v6.0.39/bin/apache-tomcat-6.0.39.tar.gz -[2]:http://mirrors.hostingromania.ro/apache.org/tomcat/tomcat-6/v6.0.39/src/apache-tomcat-6.0.39-src.tar.gz -[3]:http://www.apache.org/dist/tomcat/tomcat-7/v7.0.52/bin/apache-tomcat-7.0.52.tar.gz -[4]:http://www.apache.org/dist/tomcat/tomcat-7/v7.0.52/src/apache-tomcat-7.0.52-src.tar.gz -[5]:http://mirrors.hostingromania.ro/apache.org/tomcat/tomcat-8/v8.0.3/bin/apache-tomcat-8.0.3.tar.gz -[6]:http://mirrors.hostingromania.ro/apache.org/tomcat/tomcat-8/v8.0.3/src/apache-tomcat-8.0.3-src.tar.gz From c1f927317cf9967a5f3e7cbb90ea536aeb787f74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 28 May 2014 22:51:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 011/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ABuilding=20A?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Raspberry=20Pi=20VPN=20Part=20One--How=20And=20Why=20To=20Bu?= =?UTF-8?q?ild=20A=20Server?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @ThomazL 翻译的不错！好长啊，我校对都累死了，辛苦了。 --- ...Part One--How And Why To Build A Server.md | 324 ++++++++++++++++++ ...Part One--How And Why To Build A Server.md | 324 ------------------ 2 files changed, 324 insertions(+), 324 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/Building A Raspberry Pi VPN Part One--How And Why To Build A Server.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/Building A Raspberry Pi VPN Part One--How And Why To Build A Server.md diff --git a/published/Building A Raspberry Pi VPN Part One--How And Why To Build A Server.md b/published/Building A Raspberry Pi VPN Part One--How And Why To Build A Server.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5921476309 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/Building A Raspberry Pi VPN Part One--How And Why To Build A Server.md @@ -0,0 +1,324 @@ +在树莓派上建立VPN（一）：如何以及为何建立一个VPN服务器？ +================================================================================ +![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/Rasberry-Pi_2_red.jpg) + +> 不要相信任何人，自己建立一个VPN服务器来加密Web数据从而躲过他人的窥视 + +虽然免费、未加密的无线AP遍地都是，但是你不应该连接这些AP来登陆你的网银账户，除非你对他人的窥视毫不在意。那么对此的解决方案是什么呢？一个[虚拟专用网][1]，也就是VPN(virtual private network)。 + +一个VPN可以使你的私有网络拓展至公共场所，因此即使你连接着星巴克的 Wi-Fi，你的网络浏览仍然保持着安全的加密。 + +有很多方法来建立VPN，包括[免费以及付费的服务][2]，但是每个解决方案都有其的优点以及缺点，这取决于VPN服务商运作的方式和服务商提供的VPN选项。 + +最简单及最方便的保证数据安全的方法就是完全抛弃公共Wi-Fi。但是这个解决方案对于我来说有点极端了，一部分原因是在家里建立一个VPN服务器相对容易以及划算，你只需要一个便宜的($35)小型的树莓派。 + +我的树莓派与智能手机差不多大小，并且它拥有一个VPN服务器所有应有的功能。这意味着不管我在哪里，我可以通过安全的网络来连接在家里的电脑和家里的内网来访问共享的文件以及媒体。这个服务器在我最近去波士顿的旅途中使生活变得十分美好，在旅途中我仍然可以观看储存在家里台式机上的视频。 + +在这部分文章中，说实话我希望直接带给你们一个设置树莓派VPN的教程。问题是这个优秀教程并不存在，至少目前没有一个适合大部分电脑用户的优秀教程。虽然有无数关于如何搭建树莓派VPN的教程，但极少的教程会解释这么做的目的。 + +我阅读了不少教程，并把好的部分整合入了这半篇教程中，来教授读者如何搭建树莓派VPN服务器。这个教程甚至连我都能理解，并完成如何搭建和为何搭建的学习。最重要的是，我认为Eric Jodoin的VPN教程更适合那些专家，但它使我的大脑直接宕机了... + +那么跟随我钻进加密法的兔子洞并且开始学习吧，无论你有多么多疑，提出了创造VPNs的那个人更正是如此。 + +### 材料 ### + +#### 硬件 #### + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/Raspberry_Pi_Model_B_Rev._2.jpg) + +**Raspberry Pi Model B**：以及使其工作所需要的所有硬件－一个常规电源供电器和一个放置的小盒子。小盒子可以避免树莓派硬件意外短路而损坏－这个盒子甚至可以是一个自己折叠的纸板箱。 + +**SD card**：我建议8GB及以上的容量，只是来保证你有必要的储存空间。像所有树莓派项目一样，SD卡上应该要预装上NOOBS。 + +**五类网线**：这根网线将连接树莓派的以太网接口和你的路由器的以太网接口。 + +#### 软件 #### + +[Open VPN][3]：这是一个开源VPN服务软件，我们今天就要安装它。 + +### 开始项目之前的准备 ### + +1) 你需要[准备好NOOBS][4]并且安装完[Raspbian][5]。我在＂鱼缸管理＂项目中对此做过一个[一步步][6]的教程。因此你也可以在那里查看。 + +2) 你需要为树莓派设置一个在你家内网中的静态IP地址。这一步骤取决于你路由器的型号，因此你可能需要阅读你的路由器的说明书来完成这一步。如果你还没有完成这一步，你可以参照ReadWrite的[教程][7]。 + +3) 你需要启用SSH。我们需要通过[SSH][8]与树莓派进行连接，这是一个使我们能够从另一台电脑连接树莓派的工具。通过这种方法，我们在这个项目中不需要再为树莓派单独设置一个显示屏以及无线键盘。再提一下，看看ReadWrite的[教程][9]。 + +4) 你需要将路由器的1194端口映射至树莓派的内网IP地址[采用UDP协议][10]，完成这一步的方法也决定于你路由器的型号，所以阅读路由器说明书吧。如果你想用另一个端口或TCP协议，没问题，只要将此教程中提及"UDP"的地方换为"TCP"，1194端口改为你需要的端口就行了。想必你也猜到了，ReadWrite为此也写了一篇[教程][11]。 + +你可以从上文看出，我们现在在建立一些树莓派的基础概念，这也是为什么在树莓派上搭建VPN对初学者的第一个项目来说并不是适合。 + +### 简单的一些警告 ### + +我曾经喜欢直接拷贝网上教程中的代码，但是当我自己测试这篇教程时，我发现直接的复制粘贴代码会导致一些错误，原因是复制粘贴中出现的空行以及格式变化。如果你发现在此篇教程在实际操作时出现了一些问题，我的建议是先手动输入代码试试! + +### First Steps ### + +1) 启动并修改树莓派的密码。如果你还在使用树莓派的默认用户名(pi)和密码(respberry)，那么接下来的安全教程就完全没有什么意义了。 + +打开一个terminal/PuTTY 窗口输入： + + sudo passwd + +将用户名以及密码修改地既好记并难猜([微软对此有一些建议][12])，不然的话为什么要自找麻烦搭建一个私人网络呢？ + +2) 为了树莓派的安全来进行软件包的升级。输入如下两条命令： + + sudo apt-get update + sudo apt-get upgrade + +这应该不会花太多时间，而且为我们排除了之后可能会产生的问题。 + +3) 接下来我们需要这个开源软件(OpenVPN)了。输入： + + sudo apt-get install openvpn + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-09%20at%2010.22.19%20AM.png) + +树莓派会询问确认，因为这用掉一点点储存空间。但是由于我们已经准备了一张8GB及以上的SD卡，我们对此完全没问题。 + +### 生成密钥 ### + +4) 你当然不想让任何发现你的VPN的人就可以连接，因此我们会为这个安全的地址准备一个来验证身份的密钥。这就像为你的家门准备一把锁一样。 + +OpenVPN自带了Easy_RSA，一个轻量并容易的使用RSA加密方法的包。发明于1977年，RSA是第一个沿用至今仍旧可用的加密系统。加密的密钥是公开的，解密的密钥是保密的。如果你听说过比特币的工作原理，这些对你来说应该十分熟悉。 + +通过使用Easy_RSA，你可以使用软件带有的算法来生成一个独一无二的密钥。 + +首先获得树莓派的系统权限，就是将命令提示符中的"pi@raspberrypi"转换成"root@raspberrypi"。 + + sudo -s + +这句命令在现有的终端中再次创建了一个拥有root权限的终端实例。我们需要获得root权限的原因是，如果我们没有root权限，树莓派将不会允许我们创建密钥。 + +接下来，输入： + + cp -r /usr/share/doc/openvpn/examples/easy-rsa/2.0 /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa + +在这句命令中，"cp"代表＂复制＂，"r"代表递归。这说明我们让电脑执行：复制这个目录以及此目录下的所有文件结构及文件。 + +在**/2.0**和**/etc**中间的空格表示我们将第一个目录地址的文件（一个实例文件）拷贝至第二个目录地址，就是你让OpenVPN寻找密钥的地址。 + + cd /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa + +5) 接下来，我们需要"cd"，改变所在目录(change directory)，来放置我们生成的Easy_RSA文件。一旦完成这步，我们需要打开文件**/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/vars**来编辑。我们可以使用nano: **nano /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/vars**，由于我们已经在此目录下了，我们可以使用简写： + + nano vars + +Nano是Raspbian中内置的文件编辑工具，当然也有其他工具提供给屌丝们，不过我们将在此教程中只使用nano。 + +现在，将你的 EASY_RSA 变量改为： + + export EASY_RSA="/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa" + +对我的环境来说，这是在第13行。 + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-09%20at%2010.26.48%20AM.png) + +为什么要修改这个变量呢？其实这是你在回答计算机的问题＂你想让文件生成在哪里？＂。在这个情况下，我们想要将其生成在我们保存key的同一个目录，在这里是easy-rsa文件树的顶层。 + +在vars文件中我们还可以做一件事，如果你对黑衣众们阅读你的邮箱这件事十分在意的话，你可以将加密方法从1024-bit改至2048-bit。在vars文件中，它明显的指出，＂偏执狂请将此改为2048！＂。 + +但是因为这个方法大大增长了生成密钥的时间，我们不会在这个教程中使用它。保持下面这个样子： + + export KEY_SIZE=1024 + +按下**Control+X**来保存修改并退出nano。 + +### 加密 ### + +6) 现在该搭建CA证书和Root CA证书了。 + +在加密学中，一个授权机构(certificate authority (CA))是一个颁布电子证书的存在。电子证书来证明公钥的所有者。 + +你可能一直在使用它只是你自己不知道而已。举个例子，当我登陆我的网银账户时，我可以在网页地址前看到HTTPS字符。当我点击HTTPS前的锁时，我会看到一个叫做[GeoTrust][13]的公司验证了我网银页面的合法性，因此我知道这不是一个钓鱼欺诈网站。(当然最近的[Heartbleed漏洞][14]指出HTTPS并不是我们想得那么安全)。 + +在树莓派这个例子中，我作为我自己的授权机构，自己为OpenVPN签字，而不是通过一个第三方公司。 + + cd /etc/openvon/easy-rsa + +现在我们又改变了所在目录，将下面命令一行接一行输入终端： + +**source ./vars** →　这个"source"加载你之前修改的文件(vars)。 + +**./clean-all** → 这会删除之前所有的密钥文件，如果有的话。如果在这个文件目录下有你不想删除的密钥文件(比如这是你第二次尝试这篇教程)，跳过这条命令。 + +**./build-ca** → 最后一条来生成你的授权机构。 + +再输入第三条命令之后，树莓派会弹出一堆选项，你可以填写这些选项如果你愿意的话－－国家名字，州名或省名，位置名，机构名，机构单位和电子邮件地址。如果你不想填写，只要在每个选项出现时按"enter"就行了，树莓派会使用默认值。下面的截屏展现了这些选项的长相： + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-09%20at%207.32.35%20PM.png) + +现在你可以为你的服务器命名了。我很“创新”地将其命名为"Server"。你可以取任意的名字，不过别忘记输入： + + ./build-key-server [Server_Name] + +再次，树莓派会给出一系列的选项，请随便输入，但注意以下几个选项： + +**Commom Name ** 必须是你为服务器取的名字。 + +**A challenge password?** 必须啥也不输，回车即可。 + +**Sign the certificate? [y/n]** 废话，你必须输入"y"。 + +你接下来会看到一段消息说你的证书会在接下来的3650天中有效的信息。因此，如果你打算长期使用这个VPN的话，你必须在十年后重新走这个流程。 + +**1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]** 明显，输入"y"。 + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-09%20at%207.35.28%20PM.png) + +6) 服务器端就这么设置好了。现在该为各位用户生成密钥了，或者说"客户"。我为家里的计算机，平板，手机各生成了一个密钥，总共有5个。不要以为在所有客户端使用同样的密钥就可以节省时间，这样的话，一次只能有一个设备能访问VPN。 + + ./build-key-pass UserName + +我发现采用用户名 Client1, Client2, Client3...十分方便 + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-09%20at%207.37.00%20PM.png) + +在这之后，更多信息会弹出! + +**Enter PEM pass phrase** 设置其为你记得住的密码！他会让你输入两次，不会有几率输入错误。 + +**A challenge password?** 必须留空！ + +**Sign the certificate? [y/n]** 同样签十年。 + + cd keys + openssl rsa -in Client1.key -des3 -out Client1.3des.key + +留意我们使用des3加密生成的字符串文件，des3是一个复杂[加密算法][15]会在每一个数据块上运行3次，来防止骇客的暴力破解。OpenSSL 代表开源的加密套接字实现，是一个建立安全连接的标准方法。你需要为你生成的每一个客户端运行这一步。 + +有人会说这一步完全没有必要，你可以跳过这一步。但是如果你通过Android或者iOS设备连接OpenVPN，那么你必须要做这一步，不然的话目前版本在解析你的密钥时会有一些困难产生。 + + Enter pass phrase for Client1.key + +说实话，我用了和以前一样的密码。再输入一遍，就想说的那样。 + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-09%20at%207.40.04%20PM.png) + +现在我们已经创建了服务器证书以及至少一个客户端证书，输入以下命令： + + cd /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/ + +或者 + + cd .. + +两种方法都会将你的所在目录带会/easy-rsa/。 + +7) 现在该生成[Diffie-Hellman key exange][16]了。这是使你的VPN工作的关键代码，一个使两个没有先前信息的双方通过服务器交换密钥的协议。像RSA一样，这是现有的最早发明的加密系统。 + + ./build-dh + +这一步会花一些时间，甚至比2048-bit加密还要慢。而且没有任何方法可以预测它运行的时间，因为这个算法使用的是随机数并寻找一些特定的关系。事实上，在我写这篇教程时，1024-bit加密只花了我5分钟。 + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-09%20at%207.41.40%20PM.png) + +8) 最后，我们要实现OpenVPN内建的服务阻断攻击(Denial of Service -- DoS)防护。你可能已经知道服务阻断攻击是骇客找到你的服务器地址后很有效的攻击手段，这种攻击通过生成大量的访问请求来使你的服务器崩溃。 + +输入以下代码来生成静态的HMAC([hash-based message authentication code][17])密钥： + + openvpn --genkey --secret keys/ta.key + +## 最后收尾 ## + +9) 我们已经生成了密钥以及来签名的授权机构。剩下的只是如何告诉OpenVPN如何配置这个服务器了。 + +因为我们在树莓派上使用在没有图形用户界面的Linux操作系统，我们需要生成一个.conf (configuration) 文件来告诉OpenVPN如何配置服务器，而不是通过图形界面的选择。用nano打开.conf文件： + + nano /etc/openvpn/server.conf + +我们在这个目录下打开.conf文件的理由是，编辑完此文件会直接生成在/etc/openvpn的目录中。但是你刚刚打开的这个文件是空的。[将此地址中的配置复制入编辑器][18]。在配置中我用大写字符注释了你必须要更改的地方，具体可以看注释。按下 Control+X 来保存文件。 + +10) 让我们快速地编辑一下另一个配置文件。在默认配置下树莓派并不会转发网络流量，我们需要另一个配置文件来使树莓派启用对我们新建网络中的网络流量的转发。 + + nano /etc/sysctl.conf + +在文档开头处有注释：＂取消下一行的注释来启用IPv4中的数据包转发。＂("Uncomment the next line to enable packet forwarding for IPv4。")。我在下面的截图中高亮了这部分。 + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-09%20at%207.46.38%20PM.png) + +删除那一行前面的 # 来取消注释这一行。这告诉树莓派要对IPv4的数据包进行映射。当你取消注释了这一行，树莓派就拥有了作为互联网的中继而不是单单的接受者的权限，可以既接受并发送数据包。 + +按下 Control+X 来保存修改。通过以下命令启用此配置： + + sysctl -p + +sysctl命令表示＂[在运行中改变内核配置参数][19]＂。-p 告诉计算机重新加载你刚刚修改的配置文件。 + +11) 到这一步我们以及配置完了一个拥有互联网访问权限的工作中的服务器。但是我们还不能用它，用为树莓派有内置的[防火墙][20]来限制传输入的网络连接。 + +Raspbian的防火墙会在来路不明的互联网源头中保护你的树莓派。我们仍然需要防火墙来保护我们，但是我们要在防火墙中挖一个OpenVPN样子的洞，使OpenVPN的连接可以顺利通过。 + +此外，Raspbian的防火墙会在重启后默认进行重置。我们需要创建一个简单的脚本使树莓派记住每次重启时对OpenVPN的连接进行允许。 + + nano /etc/firewall-openvpn-rules.sh + +这是一个空文件，输入以下内容： + + #!/bin/sh + + iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o eth0 -j SNAT --to-source 192.168.XX.X + +不要忘记将默认IP地址改为你树莓派的IP地址! + +解释下这条命令: 10.8.0.0 是客户端连接树莓派VPN后树莓派的默认地址。 "eth0"代表以太网接口。 如果你使树莓派用无线连接互联网的话将其改为"wlan0"， 当然我不建议你这么做。 按下 Control+X 保存编辑。 + +为了安全考虑, 我们要改变**/etc/firewall-openvpn-rules.sh**的所有者，使此文件默认不可被运行。 首先将权限设定为[700][21] (所有者可以读、写、执行)。 然后，我们会将此脚本的所有者改为root,，在Linux标准系统中，root代表系统管理员。 + + chmod 700 /etc/firewall-OpenVPN-rules.sh + chown root /etc/firewall-OpenVPN-ruels.sh + +12) 我们已经创建了一个在防火墙中开出OpenVPN形状的洞，我们现在只需要将这个脚本插入到网络interface初始化的代码中，然后它就会在每次开机时运行了。 + + nano /etc/network/interfaces + +找到带有"iface eth0 inet dchp"的那一行。 我们需要在这行之后的缩进中加上一行。 下面是这两行，一行新加入，一行原来就存在，在完成之后它应该差不多像这样： + + iface eth0 inet dhcp + pre-up /etc/firewall-openvpn-rules.sh + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/screenshot_0.png) + +按下 Control+X 保存更改 (当你在使用nano的时候都应该这么做)。 + +最后，再最后, 再最最后：重启树莓派。 + + sudo reboot + +恭喜你！！vpn服务器就这么搭建完成了，当然如果没有客户端连接服务器的话，服务器也没什么用，因此你应该牢记你在第6步创建生成的用户名及密钥。 接下来你可以继续阅读这篇教程的[第二部分][22]来学习如何创建加密的客户端。 + +树莓派的照片来自 [Tors][23]。 其他所有的截屏来自Lauren Ordini。 教程展示于ReadWrite。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://readwrite.com/2014/04/10/raspberry-pi-vpn-tutorial-server-secure-web-browsing + +译者：[ThomazL](https://github.com/ThomazL) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network +[2]:http://netforbeginners.about.com/od/readerpicks/tp/The-Best-VPN-Service-Providers.htm +[3]:http://openvpn.net/ +[4]:http://learn.adafruit.com/setting-up-a-raspberry-pi-with-noobs/overview +[5]:http://www.raspbian.org/ +[6]:http://readwrite.com/2014/03/04/raspberry-pi-quantified-fish-acquarium +[7]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/09/raspberry-pi-projects-ssh-remote-desktop-static-ip-tutorial?utm_content=readwrite3-orionautotweet&awesm=readwr.it_b1UN&utm_campaign=&utm_medium=readwr.it-twitter&utm_source=t.co#awesm=~oAXilI0BMOHsS3 +[8]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell +[9]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/09/raspberry-pi-projects-ssh-remote-desktop-static-ip-tutorial +[10]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol +[11]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/09/raspberry-pi-projects-ssh-remote-desktop-static-ip-tutorial?utm_content=readwrite3-orionautotweet&awesm=readwr.it_b1UN&utm_campaign=&utm_medium=readwr.it-twitter&utm_source=t.co#awesm=~oAXilI0BMOHsS3 +[12]:http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/tips-for-creating-a-strong-password +[13]:http://www.geotrust.com/ +[14]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/08/heartbleed-openssl-bug-cryptography-web-security +[15]:http://osxdaily.com/2012/01/30/encrypt-and-decrypt-files-with-openssl/# +[16]:http://www.google.com/patents/US4200770 +[17]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash-based_message_authentication_code +[18]:https://gist.github.com/laurenorsini/9925434 +[19]:http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl8_sysctl.htm +[20]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing) +[21]:http://www.thinkplexx.com/learn/article/unix/command/chmod-permissions-flags-explained-600-0600-700-777-100-etc +[22]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/11/building-a-raspberry-pi-vpn-part-two-creating-an-encrypted-client-side#awesm=~oB89WBfWrt21bV +[23]:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Raspberry_Pi_Model_B_Rev._2.jpg + diff --git a/translated/tech/Building A Raspberry Pi VPN Part One--How And Why To Build A Server.md b/translated/tech/Building A Raspberry Pi VPN Part One--How And Why To Build A Server.md deleted file mode 100644 index e58a8fab69..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/Building A Raspberry Pi VPN Part One--How And Why To Build A Server.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,324 +0,0 @@ -在树莓派上建立VPN~第一部分~：如何以及为何建立一个服务器 -================================================================================ -> 不要相信任何人，自己建立为Web数据加密的服务器从而躲过他人的窥视 - -虽然免费，未加密的无线AP遍地都是，但是你不应该连接这些AP来登陆你的网银账户，除非你对他人的窥视毫不在意．那么对此的解决方案是什么呢？一个[虚拟专用网][1]，也就是VPN(virtual private network)． - -一个VPN可以使你的私用网络拓展至公共场所，因此即使你连接着星巴克的 Wi-Fi，你对网络浏览仍然保持着安全的加密． - -有很多方法来建立VPN，包括[免费以及付费的服务][2]，但是每个解决方案都有其的优点以及缺点，取决于VPN服务商运作的方式和服务商提供的VPN选项． - -最简单以及最方便的保证数据安全的方法就是完全抛弃公共Wi-Fi．但是这个解决方案对于我来说有点极端了，一部分原因是在家里建立一个VPN服务器相对容易以及划算，你只需要一个便宜(35刀)小型的树莓派． - -我的树莓派与智能手机差不多大小，并且它拥有一个VPN服务器所有应有的功能．这意味着不管我在哪里，我可以通过安全的网络连接在家里的电脑和家里的内网来访问分享的文件以及媒体．这个服务器在我最近去波士顿的旅途中使生活变得十分美好，在旅途中我仍然可以观看储存在家里台式机上的视频． - -在这部分文章中，说实话我喜欢直接带给你们一个设置树莓派VPN的教程．问题是这个优秀教程并不存在，至少目前没有一个适合大部分电脑用户的优秀教程．虽然有无数关于如何搭建树莓派VPN的教程，极少教程会解释这么做的目的． - -我阅读了不少教程，并把好的部分整合入了这半篇教程中，来教授读者如何搭建树莓派VPN服务器．这个教程甚至连我都能理解，在如何搭建之后完成了为何搭建部分．最重要的是，我相信Eric Jodoin的VPN教程更适合那些专家，但它使我的大脑直接宕机了．．． - -那么跟随我钻进加密法的兔子洞并且开始学习吧，无论你有多么多疑，提出了创造VPNs的那个人更正是如此. - -###　材料　### - -#### 硬件 #### - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/Raspberry_Pi_Model_B_Rev._2.jpg) - -**Raspberry Pi Model B**：以及使其工作所需要的所有硬件－一个常规电源供电器和一个放置的小盒子．小盒子可以避免意外的可以造成树莓派硬件损坏的短路－这个盒子甚至可以是一个自己折叠的纸板箱． - -**SD card**：我建议8GB及以上的容量，只是来保证你有必要的储存空间．像所有树莓派项目一样，SD卡上应该要预装上NOOBS． - -**CAT-5线**：这根线将连接树莓派的以太网接口至你的路由器的以太网接口． - -#### 软件 #### - -[Open VPN][3]：这是一个开源VPN服务，我们今天就要安装它． - -### 开始项目之前的准备 ### - -1) 你需要[准备好NOOBS][4]并且安装完[Raspbian][5]．我在＂鱼缸量化＂项目中对此做过一个[一步步][6]的教程．因此你也可以在那里查看． - -2) 你需要为树莓派设置一个在你家内网中的静态IP地址．这一步骤取决于你路由器的型号，因此你可能需要阅读你的路由器的说明书来完成这一步．如果你还没有完成这一步，你可以参照ReadWrite的[教程][7]． - -3) 你需要启用SSH．我们需要通过[SSH][8]与树莓派进行连接，一个使我们能够从另一台电脑连接树莓派的工具．通过这个方法，我们在这个项目中不需要再为树莓派单独设置一个显示屏以及无线键盘．再提一下，看看ReadWrite的[教程][9]． - -4) 你需要将1194端口映射至树莓派的内网IP地址[UDP traffic][10]，完成这一步的方法也决定于你路由器的型号，所以阅读路由器说明书吧．如果你想用另一个端口，没问题，只要将此教程中提及"TCP"，"UDP"的1194端口改为你需要的端口就行了．想必你也猜到了，ReadWrite为此也写了一篇[教程][11]． - -你可以从上文看出，我们现在在建立一些树莓派的基础概念，这也是为什么在树莓派上搭建VPN对初学者来说不是一个适合的原因之一． - -### 简单的一些警告 ### - -我曾经喜欢直接拷贝网上教程中的代码，但是当我自己测试这篇教程时，我发现直接的复制粘贴代码会导致一些错误，原因是复制粘贴中出现的空行以及格式变化．如果你发现在此篇教程在实际操作时出现了一些问题，我的建议是先手动输入代码试试! - -### First Steps ### - -1) 启动并修改树莓派的密码．如果你还在使用树莓派的默认用户名(pi)和密码(respberry)，那么接下来的安全教程就完全没有什么意义了． - -打开一个terminal/PuTTY 窗口输入： - - sudo passwd - -将用户名以及密码修改地既好记并难猜([微软对此有一些建议][12])，不然的话为什么要自找麻烦搭建一个私人网络呢？ - -2) 为了树莓派的安全来进行软件包的升级．为此有两条命令： - - sudo apt-get update - - sudo apt-get upgrade - -这应该不会花太多时间，而且为我们排除了之后可能会产生的问题． - -3) 接下来我们需要这个开源软件(OpenVPN)．输入： - - sudo apt-get install openvpn - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-09%20at%2010.22.19%20AM.png) - -树莓派会寻求你的安装许可，因为这用掉一点点储存空间．但是由于我们已经准备了一张8GB及以上的SD卡，我们对此完全没问题． - -### 生成密钥 ### - -4) 你当然不想让任何发现你的VPN的人就可以连接，因此我们会为这个安全的地址准备一个来验证身份的密钥．这就像为你的家门准备一把锁一样． - -OpenVPN自带了Easy_RSA，一个轻量并容易的使用RSA加密方法的包．发明于1977年，RSA是第一个沿用至今可用的加密系统．加密的密钥是公开的，解密的密钥是保密的．如果你听说过比特币的工作原理，这些对你来说应该十分熟悉． - -通过使用Easy_RSA，你可以使用软件带有的算法来生成一个独一无二的密钥． - -首先获得树莓派的系统权限，就是将命令提示符中的"pi@raspberrypi"转换成"root@raspberrypi"． - - sudo -s - -这句命令在现有的终端中再次创建了一个拥有root权限的终端实例．我们需要获得root权限的原因是，如果我们没有root权限，树莓派将不会允许我们创建密钥． - -接下来，输入： - - cp –r /usr/share/doc/openvpn/examples/easy-rsa/2.0 /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa - -在这句命令中，"cp"代表＂复制＂，"r"代表递归．这说明我们让电脑执行：复制这个目录以及此目录下的所有文件结构及文件． - -在**/2.0**和**/etc**中间的空格表示我们将第一个目录地址的文件（一个实例文件）拷贝至第二个目录地址，就是你让OpenVPN寻找密钥的地址． - - cd /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa - -5) 接下来，我们需要"cd"，改变所在目录(change directory)，来放置我们生成的Easy_RSA文件．一旦完成这步，我们需要打开文件**/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/vars**来编辑．我们可以使用nano: **nano /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/vars**，由于我们以及在此目录下了，我们可以使用简写： - - nano vars - -Nano在Raspbian中内建的文件编辑工具，当然也有其他工具提供给"科技通"们，不过我们将在此教程中只使用nano． - -现在，将你的 EASY_RSA 变量改为： - - export EASY_RSA="/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa" - -对我来说，这是在第13行． - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-09%20at%2010.26.48%20AM.png) - -为什么要修改这个变量呢？其实这是你在回答计算机的问题＂你想让文件生成在哪里？＂．在这个情况下，我们想要将其生成在我们保存的同一个目录，easy-rsa文件树的顶层． - -在vars文件中我们还可以做一件事，如果你对Innuminati阅读你的邮箱这件事十分偏执的话，你可以将加密方法从1024-bit改至2048-bit．在vars文件中，它明显的指出，＂偏执狂请将此改为2048＂("increase this to 2048 if you are paranoid")． - -但是因为这个方法大大增长了生成密钥的时间，我们不会在这个教程中使用它．保持下面这个样子： - - export KEY_SIZE=1024 - -按下**Control+X**来保存修改并推出nano． - -### 获取加密手段 ### - -6) 现在该搭建CA证书和Root CA证书了． - -在加密学中，一个授权机构(certificate authority (CA))是一个颁布电子证书的存在．电子证书证明公钥的所有者． - -你可能一直在使用它只是你自己不知道而已．举个例子，当我登陆我的网银账户时，我可以在网页地址前看到HTTPS字符．当我点击HTTPS前的锁时，我会看到一个叫做[GeoTrust][13]的公司验证了我网银页面的合法性，因此我知道这不是一个钓鱼欺诈网站．(当然最近的[Heartbleed漏洞][14]指出HTTPS并不是我们想得那么安全)． - -在树莓派这个例子中，我作为我自己的授权机构，自己为OpenVPN签字，而不是通过一个第三方公司． - - cd /etc/openvon/easy-rsa - -现在我们又改变了所在目录，将下面命令一行接一行输入终端： - -**source ./vars** →　这个"source"加载你之前修改的文件(vars)． - -**./clean-all** → 这会删除之前所有的密钥文件，如果有的话．如果在这个文件目录下有你不想删除的密钥文件(比如这是你第二次尝试这篇教程)，跳过这条命令． - -**./build-ca** → 最后一条来生成你的授权机构． - -再输入第三条命令之后，树莓派会弹出一堆选项，你可以填写这些选项如果你愿意的话－－国家名字，州名或省名，位置名，机构名，机构单位和电子邮件地址．如果你不想填写，只要在每个选项出现时按"enter"就行了，树莓派会使用默认值．下面的截屏展现了这些选项的长相： - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-09%20at%207.32.35%20PM.png) - -现在你可以为你的服务器命名了．我很创新地将其命名为"Server"...你可以取任意的名字，不过别忘记输入： - - ./build-key-server [Server_Name] - -再次，树莓派会给出一系列的选项，请随便输入，但注意以下几个选项： - -**Commom Name ** 必须是你为服务器取得名字． - -**A challenge password?** 必须留空． - -**Sign the certificate? [y/n]** 废话，你必须输入"y"． - -你接下来会获得说明你的证书会在接下来的3650天中有效的信息．因此，如果你打算长期使用这个VPN的话，你必须在十年后重新走这个流程． - -**1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]** 明显，输入"y"． - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-09%20at%207.35.28%20PM.png) - -6) 服务器端就这么设置好了．现在该为各位用户生成密钥了，或者说"客户"．我为家里的计算机，平板，手机各生成了一个密钥，总共有5个．不要以为在所有客户端使用同样的密钥就可以节省时间，这样的话，一次只能有一个设备能访问VPN． - - ./build-key-pass UserName - -我发现采用用户名 Client1, Client2, Client3...十分方便 - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-09%20at%207.37.00%20PM.png) - -在这之后，更多信息会弹出! - -**Enter PEM pass phrase** 设置其为你记得住的密码！他会让你输入两次，不会有几率输入错误． - -**A challenge password?** 必须留空！ - -**Sign the certificate? [y/n]** 同样签十年． - - cd keys - - openssl rsa -in Client1.key -des3 -out Client1.3des.key - -留意我们使用des3加密生成的字符串文件，des3是一个复杂[加密算法][15]会在每一个数据块上运行3次，来防止骇客的暴力破解．OpenSSL 代表开源的加密套接字实现，是一个建立安全连接的标准方法．你需要为你生成的每一个客户端运行这一步． - -有人会说这一步完全没有必要，你可以跳过这一步．但是如果你通过Android或者iOS设备连接OpenVPN，那么你必须要做这一步，不然的话目前版本在解析你的密钥时会有一些困难产生． - - Enter pass phrase for Client1.key - -说实话，我用了和以前一样的密码．再输入一遍，就想说的那样． - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-09%20at%207.40.04%20PM.png) - -现在我们已经创建了服务器证书以及至少一个客户端证书，输入以下命令： - - cd /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/ - -或者 - - cd .. - -两种方法都会将你的所在目录带会/easy-rsa/. - -7) 现在该生成[Diffie-Hellman key exange][16]了．这是使你的VPN工作的关键代码，一个使两个没有准备的实例通过服务器交换密钥的协议．像RSA一样，这是现有的最早发明的加密系统． - - ./build-dh - -这一步会花一些时间，甚至比2048-bit加密还要慢．而且没有任何方法可以预测它运行的时间，因为这个算法使用的是随机数并寻找一些特定的关系．事实上，在我写这篇教程时，1024-bit加密只花了我5分钟． - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-09%20at%207.41.40%20PM.png) - -8) 最后，我们要实现OpenVPN内建的服务阻断攻击(Denial of Service -- DoS)防护．你可能已经知道服务阻断攻击是骇客找到你的服务器地址后很有效的攻击手段，这种攻击通过生成大量的访问请求来使你的服务器崩溃． - -输入以下代码来生成静态的HMAC([hash-based message authentication code][17])密钥： - - openvpn --genkey --secret keys/ta.key - -## 最后收尾 ## - -9) 我们已经生成了密钥以及来签名的授权机构．剩下的只是如何告诉OpenVPN如何配置这个服务器了． - -因为我们在树莓派上使用在没有图形用户界面的Linux操作系统，我们需要生成一个.conf (configuration) 文件来告诉OpenVPN如何配置服务器，而不是通过图形界面的选择．用nano打开.conf文件： - - nano /etc/openvpn/server.conf - -我们在这个目录下打开.conf文件的理由是，编辑完此文件会直接生成在/etc/openvpn的目录中．但是你刚刚打开的这个文件是空的．[将此地址中的配置复制入编辑器][18]．在配置中我用大写字符注释了你必须要更改的地方，具体可以看注释．按下 Control+X 来保存文件． - -10) 让我们快速地编辑一下另一个配置文件．在默认配置下树莓派并不会映射网络流量，我们需要另一个配置文件来使树莓派启用对我们新建网络中的网络流量的映射． - - nano /etc/sysctl.conf - -在文档开头处有注释：＂反注释下一行来启用IPv4中的数据包映射．＂("Uncomment the next line to enable packet forwarding for IPv4.")．我在下面的截图中高亮了这部分． - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-09%20at%207.46.38%20PM.png) - -删除那一行前面的 # 来反注释这一行．这告诉树莓派要对IPv4的数据包进行映射．当你反注释了这一行，树莓派就拥有了作为互联网的中介而不是单单的接受者的权限，可以既接受并传输数据包． - -按下 Control+X 来保存修改．通过以下命令启用此配置： - - sysctl -p - -sysctl命令表示＂[在运行中改变内核配置参数][19]＂．-p 告诉计算机重新加载你刚刚修改的配置文件． - -11) 到这一步我们以及配置完了一个拥有互联网访问权限的工作中的服务器．但是我们还不能用它，用为树莓派有内置的[防火墙][20]来限制传输入的网络连接． - -Raspbian的防火墙会在来路不明的互联网源头中保护你的树莓派．我们仍然需要防火墙来保护我们，但是我们要在防火墙中挖一个OpenVPN样子的洞，使OpenVPN的连接可以顺利通过． - -此外，Raspbian的防火墙会在重启后默认进行重置．我们需要创建一个简单的脚本使树莓派记住每次重启时对OpenVPN的连接进行允许． - - nano /etc/firewall-openvpn-rules.sh - -这是一个空文件，输入以下内容： - - #!/bin/sh - - iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o eth0 -j SNAT --to-source 192.168.XX.X - -不要忘记将默认IP地址改为你树莓派的IP地址! - -分解下这条命令: 10.8.0.0 是客户端连接树莓派VPN后树莓派的默认地址. "eth0"代表以太网接口. 将其改为"wlan0"如果你使树莓派用无线连接互联网, 当然我不建议你这么做. 按下 Control+X 保存编辑. - -为了安全考虑, 我们要改变**/etc/firewall-openvpn-rules.sh**的所有者,使此文件默认不可被运行. 首先将权限设定为[700][21] (所有者可以读,写,执行). 然后,我们会将此脚本的所有者改为root, 在Linux标准系统中, root代表系统管理员. - - chmod 700 /etc/firewall-OpenVPN-rules.sh - - chown root /etc/firewall-OpenVPN-ruels.sh - -12) 我们已经创建了一个在防火墙中开出OpenVPN形状的洞, 我们现在只需要将这个脚本注射入网络interface初始化的代码中, 然后它就会在每次开机时运行了. - - nano /etc/network/interfaces - -找到带有"iface eth0 inet dchp"的那一行. 我们需要在这行之后的缩进中加上一行. 下面是这两行, 一行新加入, 一行原来就存在, 在完成之后它应该差不多像这样: - - iface eth0 inet dhcp - - pre-up /etc/firewall-openvpn-rules.sh - -按下 Control+X 保存更改 (当你在使用nano的时候都应该这么做). - -最后, 在最后, 在最最后: 重启树莓派. - - sudo reboot - -恭喜你!! vpn服务器就这么搭建完成了, 当然如果没有客户端连接服务器的话, 服务器也没什么用, 因此你应该牢记你在第6步创建, 生成的用户名及密钥. 接下来你可以继续阅读这篇教程的[第二部分][22]来学习如何创建加密的客户端. - -树莓派的照片来自 [Tors][23]. 其他所有的截屏来自Lauren Ordini. 教程展示于ReadWrite. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://readwrite.com/2014/04/10/raspberry-pi-vpn-tutorial-server-secure-web-browsing - -译者：[ThomazL](https://github.com/ThomazL) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_private_network -[2]:http://netforbeginners.about.com/od/readerpicks/tp/The-Best-VPN-Service-Providers.htm -[3]:http://openvpn.net/ -[4]:http://learn.adafruit.com/setting-up-a-raspberry-pi-with-noobs/overview -[5]:http://www.raspbian.org/ -[6]:http://readwrite.com/2014/03/04/raspberry-pi-quantified-fish-acquarium -[7]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/09/raspberry-pi-projects-ssh-remote-desktop-static-ip-tutorial?utm_content=readwrite3-orionautotweet&awesm=readwr.it_b1UN&utm_campaign=&utm_medium=readwr.it-twitter&utm_source=t.co#awesm=~oAXilI0BMOHsS3 -[8]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell -[9]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/09/raspberry-pi-projects-ssh-remote-desktop-static-ip-tutorial -[10]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol -[11]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/09/raspberry-pi-projects-ssh-remote-desktop-static-ip-tutorial?utm_content=readwrite3-orionautotweet&awesm=readwr.it_b1UN&utm_campaign=&utm_medium=readwr.it-twitter&utm_source=t.co#awesm=~oAXilI0BMOHsS3 -[12]:http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-vista/tips-for-creating-a-strong-password -[13]:http://www.geotrust.com/ -[14]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/08/heartbleed-openssl-bug-cryptography-web-security -[15]:http://osxdaily.com/2012/01/30/encrypt-and-decrypt-files-with-openssl/# -[16]:http://www.google.com/patents/US4200770 -[17]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash-based_message_authentication_code -[18]:https://gist.github.com/laurenorsini/9925434 -[19]:http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl8_sysctl.htm -[20]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(computing) -[21]:http://www.thinkplexx.com/learn/article/unix/command/chmod-permissions-flags-explained-600-0600-700-777-100-etc -[22]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/11/building-a-raspberry-pi-vpn-part-two-creating-an-encrypted-client-side#awesm=~oB89WBfWrt21bV -[23]:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Raspberry_Pi_Model_B_Rev._2.jpg - From 450232e11a9d7723974b4c242ab1b3ac3f00f2a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 28 May 2014 22:59:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 012/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140527=20A?= =?UTF-8?q?pache=20Tomcat=207.0.54=20Now=20Available=20for=20Download?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @alim0x 已发布~ --- ... Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20140527 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md (80%) diff --git a/translated/news/20140527 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md b/published/20140527 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md similarity index 80% rename from translated/news/20140527 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md rename to published/20140527 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md index 9c0416ffcc..032db518df 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140527 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md +++ b/published/20140527 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ Apache Tomcat 7.0.54现已可供下载 ================================================================================ ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Apache-Tomcat-7-0-54-Now-Available-for-Download-443862-2.jpg) -**Apache Tomcat 7.0.54，一个在Java社区进程之下开发的Java Servlet和JavaServer Pages技术的开源软件实现，现已可供下载。** +**Apache Tomcat 7.0.54，一个在JCP规范之下开发的Java Servlet和JSP技术的开源软件实现，现已可供下载。** -自上一个Apache Tomcat版本的发布已经有段时日了， 但这仅仅意味着开发者们有更多的时间来对软件作出修补和更改。这是一个源码软件包，所以常规用户并不一定真的需要它。 +自上一个Apache Tomcat版本的发布已经有段时日了， 但这仅仅意味着开发者们有更多的时间来对软件作出修补和更改。这是一个源码软件包，所以普通用户并不一定真的需要它。 通过更新日志得知，定制的UTF-8解码器已经被修复，在AprLifecycleListener的FIPS模式中加入了更多的管理选项，如果一个应用从已销毁的会话中调用session.invalidate()而导致的无限循环已经可被避免，在添加一个Mbean通知监听器时，移除一个Mbean监听器现在将还原所有执行的操作，以及关于完成部署和其执行时间的信息已被添加到日志文件之中。 -另外，一些理论上可能会发生内存泄漏的位置上已经做了修补，当使用JAASMemoryLoginModule时的用户认证已被修复，在反斜杠处理时的回归已得到纠正。 +另外，一些理论上可能会发生内存泄漏的位置上已经做了修补，当使用JAASMemoryLoginModule时的用户认证已被修复，在反斜杠处理时的回溯已得到纠正。 -在来源归档的官方更新日志中可以找到一份完整的变更，修复以及新特性的列表。 +在源代码归档的官方更新日志中可以找到一份完整的变更，修复以及新特性的列表。 ### 下载 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 (violetagg): ### @@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ Apache Tomcat 7.0.54现已可供下载 via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Apache-Tomcat-7-0-54-Now-Available-for-Download-443862.shtml -译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a89f8656f824d64714a877c19cebeacbe68158df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 28 May 2014 23:13:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 013/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140507=20U?= =?UTF-8?q?buntu=20Users=20Will=20No=20Longer=20Have=20a=20Cinnamon=20PPA?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @GOLinux --- ...ntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md | 14 +++++++------- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140507 Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md (80%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140507 Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md b/published/20140507 Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md similarity index 80% rename from translated/tech/20140507 Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md rename to published/20140507 Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md index b100442535..79ef438a42 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140507 Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md +++ b/published/20140507 Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ -Ubuntu用户将不再有Cinnamon的PPA了 +『我终于失去了你~在拥挤的人群中~』Ubuntu用户即将失去Cinnamon ================================================================================ ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Ubuntu-Users-Will-No-Longer-Have-a-Cinnamon-PPA-443933-2.jpg) **许多Ubuntu用户过去一直在使用第三方仓库体验Cinnamon而不用安装Linux Mint，然而似乎在不久的将来，不会再有Cinnamon的第三方仓库了**。 -如果你在用Ubuntu系统，目前你能够通过添加一个PPA源并安装相应的软件包就可以体验到Cinnamon桌面环境。这让你可以获得像Linux Mint一样的体验，而不用真的去安装它。 +如果你在用Ubuntu系统，当前你能够通过添加一个PPA源并安装相应的软件包就可以体验到Cinnamon桌面环境。这让你可以获得像Linux Mint一样的体验，而不用真的去安装它。 不幸的是，该功能即将消失，但不是因为主要维护者不想再继续提供该软件。很显然，Ubuntu仓库将不再保留旧版本的GNOME软件包，而Cinnamon却需要这些包，这让Cinnamon要想通过PPA方式安装，即使可能，也困难重重。 -“稳定的PPA源确实不再维护了，而每晚更新的PPA源也只为开发而保留，不应该用于任何种类的生产机器上（它可能会在任何时候中断）。” +“稳定的PPA源确实不再维护了，而每晚更新的PPA源也只为开发而保留，但不应该用于任何种类的生产机器上（它可能会在任何时候中断）。” “坦率地说，除了切换到其它支持Cinnamon的版本外，目前我没有其它替代品可以提供给Ubuntu用户。外面有很多这样的版本，我只是希望有人（最终）站到Ubuntu这边来为它的用户提供合适的包。”Gwendal Le Bihan——Cinnamon包的维护者[说][1]。 -这意味着，从今往后，只有不稳定的PPA源可用了，但也只是用于测试，用户不应该将该源部署到生产机器上。而不久之后，你要想见见Cinnamon的样子，就只好去安装Linux Mint（或者Arch也行），或者你自己动手编译吧。 +这意味着，从今往后，只有不稳定的PPA源可用了，但也只是用于测试，用户不应该将该源部署到正式机器上。而不久之后，你要想见见Cinnamon的样子，就只好去安装Linux Mint（或者Arch也行），或者你自己动手编译吧。 -如果你仍然想要安装Cinnamon，Ubuntu 14.04 LTS（Trusty Tahr）可以使用不稳定的PPA源。你所要做是在终端下输入一些命令（你需要root身份来做此事）： +如果你仍然想要安装Cinnamon，Ubuntu 14.04 LTS（Trusty Tahr）可以使用不稳定的PPA源。你所要做是在终端下输入一些命令（你需要root权限来做此事）： sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gwendal-lebihan-dev/cinnamon-nightly sudo apt-get update @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ Ubuntu用户将不再有Cinnamon的PPA了 安装完成后，你所要做的仅仅是注销系统并从欢迎屏幕选择Cinnamon桌面。 -Cinnamon桌面环境是作为GNOME shell的分支开发的，目的在于提供一个简洁而保守的替代品用于替代当前提供的一切。许多用户不满意GNOME、Unity以及KDE的取向而正在寻找那些没有便宜常规太多的桌面。 +Cinnamon桌面环境是作为GNOME shell的分支开发的，目的在于提供一个简洁而保守的替代品用于替代当前提供的一切。许多用户不满意GNOME、Unity以及KDE的取向而正在寻找那些没有偏移常规太多的桌面。 有可能有别人会构建另外一个提供了所有所需软件包的PPA源，让Cinnamon能在即将发布的Ubuntu 14.10中正常工作，但可能性似乎不大。 @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Cinnamon桌面环境是作为GNOME shell的分支开发的，目的在于提供 via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Users-Will-No-Longer-Have-a-Cinnamon-PPA-443933.shtml -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 999dac1f9bdb359b47d4d89b77fb443724636a6c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 28 May 2014 23:16:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 014/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4=E6=B5=8B=E8=AF=95?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=96=87=E4=BB=B6?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Enable Username On Indicator Panel In Ubuntu 14.04.md | 9 --------- 1 file changed, 9 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 translated/tech/Update Enable Username On Indicator Panel In Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/translated/tech/Update Enable Username On Indicator Panel In Ubuntu 14.04.md b/translated/tech/Update Enable Username On Indicator Panel In Ubuntu 14.04.md deleted file mode 100644 index de34e16067..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/Update Enable Username On Indicator Panel In Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,9 +0,0 @@ -这是一个免费的MySQL客户端工具，基于浏览器，使用起来非常简单，其名称中的SIDU代表Select、Insert、Delete和Update操作，当然它能够完成更多的任务，支持火狐、IE、Opera、Safari和Chrome等浏览器，其界面体验酷似数据库前端软件图形化界面，支持MySQL、Postgres和SQLite数据库。 - -下载地址：http://downloads.sourceforge.net/sidu/sidu31.zip - -Navicat Lite MySQL Admin Tool - -Navicat是一个快速、可靠和通用的数据库管理工具，旨在简化数据库管理、降低管理成本，满足数据库管理员、开发人员和中小型企业的需要。Navicat具有一个非常直观的图形化界面，让你可以更安全、更简单的创建、组织、访问和共享信息。 - -Navicat for MySQL是一个强大的数据库管理和开发工具。它支持3.21及以上版本的所有MySQL数据库服务器，支持绝大多数最新的MySQL功夫能，其中包括触发器、存储过程、函数、事件、视图和管理用户等。Navicat Lite是针对非商业客户提供的免费下载 From 0eb4b1afba43d952c8f08b9747626674f2ccf7ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tinyeyeser Date: Wed, 28 May 2014 23:53:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 015/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BA=A0=E6=AD=A3=E4=B8=80=E4=BA=9B?= =?UTF-8?q?=E9=94=99=E8=AF=AF=EF=BC=9B=E5=88=87=E6=96=AD=E4=B8=80=E4=BA=9B?= =?UTF-8?q?=E9=95=BF=E5=8F=A5=EF=BC=8C=E4=BF=AE=E6=94=B9=E4=B8=80=E4=BA=9B?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=AD=E5=8F=A5=E9=A1=BA=E5=BA=8F=EF=BC=8C=E4=BD=BF=E4=B9=8B?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=9B=B4=E7=AC=A6=E5=90=88=E6=B1=89=E8=AF=AD=E4=B9=A0=E6=83=AF?= =?UTF-8?q?=E2=80=A6=E2=80=A6?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...hView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md | 30 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md b/translated/talk/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md index 9d97e9f8fe..22e9bd215f 100644 --- a/translated/talk/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md +++ b/translated/talk/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md @@ -10,40 +10,40 @@ **托沃兹**：我差不多是个“鼠目寸光”的家伙，所以相对于那些更空洞的“大潮流”，我对技术中实在的新东西更感兴趣。 -我喜欢关注硬件公司生产的新产品，他们最新的芯片，而其中可能最能激励我的（因为毕竟我是个做软件的）是那些提出新的算法并开发出新的软件来利用这些新功能的人。 +我喜欢关注硬件公司生产的新产品，关注他们最新的芯片，而其中可能最能激励我的（因为毕竟我是个做软件的）是那些提出新的算法并开发出新的软件来利用这些新功能的人。 **TV**：那在当今科技中，什么真正让你感到恼火？它是怎么以及为什么让你生气？ **托沃兹**：我不会用生气这个词，但是如果真要说技术市场中有什么让人反感的，那就是对那些最令人瞩目的“领袖”们的赞美。 -这里，当然也包括我。我认为，整个的“个人崇拜”相当令人不安。而且，我很痛恨把我以及我所说的话看得太重。对于乔布斯，埃里森，盖茨，凡是你说得出的人来讲也一样。我希望更多的人能自己思考，并且意识到技术实际上来自遍布全球的那些默默无闻的伟大的工程师中的一员。 +这里，当然也包括我。我认为，整个的“个人崇拜”相当令人不安。而且，我很痛恨把我以及我所说的话看得太重。对于乔布斯，埃里森，盖茨等所谓的领袖，都是如此。我希望更多的人能自己思考，并且意识到技术实际上来自遍布全球的那些默默无闻的伟大工程师中的任意一员。 我理解人们想要并且需要一个焦点，而这种事也不仅仅发生在技术世界中（嘿，毫无疑问，我希望这事在技术世界中要发生得比娱乐行业来得少；），但是，这事仍然有点令人沮丧。 **TV**：你是怎么错过“申请终身许可证”的机会，而其它像Red Hat，SuSE等等却抓住了它？这是因为如果Linux不开源，它起初就不会成为Linux了吗？你能谈谈更多情况吗？你是否曾在此事上感到过后悔？ **托沃兹**：我当然不会因为任何事情后悔。我现在身在一个令人羡慕的位置上，我能干我喜欢的事情。而且，人们因此而尊重我。况且，我想要做的（而我已经做了）无偿工作也获得了酬劳。 -我想，很少有人会喜欢自己变得不同于众，那么让我来告诉你吧，这种感觉真不错。对于商业方面，我从来都不感兴趣。而且，对我来说，那些可以采用Linux并把它商用的人和公司只是做了我从没有动力做的事情。而这项工作需要人做，也很有益。因此，事实上我很感谢那些商业实体：它们让我能集中精力干我想干的那部分事情。 +我想，很少有人会喜欢自己变得与众不同，那么让我来告诉你吧，这种感觉真不错。对于商业方面，我从来都不感兴趣。而且，对我来说，那些可以采用Linux并把它商用的人和公司只是做了我从没有动力做的事情。而这项工作需要人做，也很有益。因此，事实上我很感谢那些商业实体：它们让我能集中精力干我想干的那部分事情。 **TV**：在当今的科技界，哪位是你尊敬的人？为什么？ -**托沃兹**：嗨！看看我对于整个“个人崇拜”的控诉吧。我只是并不对那种“让我们找个人并把他置于令人尊敬的地位上”的事情印象深刻。 +**托沃兹**：嗨！看看我对于整个“个人崇拜”的控诉吧。我只是对“让我们找个人并把他置于令人尊敬的地位上”这种事一点兴趣都没有。 所以，比起列出一些著名的人，我更乐意给出一些像是EFF这样的组织，这些组织（以及有时候只是观念和想法）不是要试着去穷其一生提升他们自己，而是试着去做一些实质性的事情来给予帮助，让技术工作在一个更大的蓝图中变得更好。 -在个人层面上，我更喜欢那些不把他们自己太当一回事而又在他们的本职工作上干得很好的人。如果一定要我说一些知名人士，我想我更愿意成为斯蒂芬·沃兹尼克那样的人，我想这也是我尊敬他的原因。 +在个人层面上，我更喜欢那些不把他们自己太当一回事，同时又在他们的本职工作上干得很好的人。如果一定要我说一些知名人士，我想我更愿意成为斯蒂芬·沃兹尼克那样的人，我想这也是我尊敬他的原因。 **TV**：照你估计，当谷歌和微软都实现了各自的诺言，他们之间会发生什么？胜者又为什么会胜出？ **托沃兹**：我不认为获胜的结果会和获胜的过程一样有趣。 -在整个谷歌和微软的竞争中，我真的不认为公司本身比起吸引了人们视线的技术环境中的变革更为有趣。这视线的焦点，从控制着单台机器上发生的事情的的公司，转移到了更多地关注着大量独立机器的整合的公司上。 +在整个谷歌和微软的竞争中，我真的不认为公司本身相比技术环境中那些吸引人们视线的变革更为有趣。这份竞争，已经从对单个计算机的控制，升级为对成千上万独立计算机的整合。 -**TV**：你会认为像科技灾难，互联网泡沫崩溃以及电信业崩盘这样的事为什么会发生？我们在今后怎样来防止它们再发生？ +**TV**：你认为像科技灾难、互联网泡沫崩溃以及电信业崩盘这样的事为什么会发生？我们在今后怎样来防止它们再发生？ **托沃兹**：实际上，我对此类事情持相反的看法，并且没有理由去“阻止它们反复”。 -我坚信着能够超越极限，但是我不太相信能够达到会完全稳定、并且百分百“正常”的状态。 +我坚信万物能够超越极限，但是我不太相信事物能够达到完全稳定、并且百分百“正常”的状态。 大量真正的进展在井喷似的发生，而后来成了被称为“夸大宣传”以及其它不讨好的事情的一部分。但在这件事上，太过努力去尝试变得稳定、无聊、不做蠢事，实在是与创造性的初衷相悖了。 @@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ **TV**：技术在将来会怎样改变我们的生活？你会和其它领域的领军者们一起创建新技术吗，比如生物信息学？ -**托沃兹**：我个人的理论是，技术对我们的生活的改变没有我们构建技术来适应我们的生活来得多。 +**托沃兹**：我个人的理论是，技术对我们的生活的改变，远没有我们构建技术来适应我们的生活来得多。 这就是为什么你看不到飞行汽车等科幻小说中受欢迎的东西——但是相反，你却看到了利用技术来降低交易成本等，这类此前就存在、但不能大规模应用或者量身定制的事情（除了有时候为那些富得冒油的人做）。 @@ -61,21 +61,21 @@ 真正的改变发生在当某些事物变得如此廉价并且遍地都是让你的行为变得大不相同的时候。而在不同方面，这些行为上的改变要比技术本身来得更有趣。 -例如，互联网做真正做成了的一件事，是让你寻找并与志趣相投的人交流的成本降得更低。而且，我认为大量的真正的改变正是从人们无需付出太多努力就能找到其他和你对同一事物有相同兴趣的人的时候，他们的习惯因此而改变中得以体现。 +例如，互联网真正做成的一件事，是让你寻找并与志趣相投的人交流的成本降得更低。而且，我认为许多真正的改变正是来自于人们无需付出太多努力就能找到其他对同一事物有相同兴趣的人，他们的习惯因此而在改变中得以体现。 -因此，你发现了所有的这些专业兴趣小组，以及许多人正在花大量时间讨论最神秘的问题，他们刚刚发现这些问题很有趣——这些事，你在之前不一定能实际去做，因为那时真的很难找到和你在某些不同寻常的专业上志趣相投人并进行讨论。 +因此，你发现了所有的这些专业兴趣小组，许多人都在花大量时间讨论那些最神秘的问题，他们刚刚发现这些问题很有趣——这些事，你在之前不一定能实际去做，因为那时真的很难找到和你在某些不同寻常的专业上志趣相投人并进行讨论。 -而我认为那是生活真正改变的方式——不是因为任何新技术的出色的特性，而是因为完全是技术降低增量成本后的无意的副作用。 +而我认为那是生活真正改变的方式——不是因为任何新技术的出色特性，而完全是因为技术降低增量成本后的无意副作用。 **TV**：据你估计，当今科技界谁是举足轻重的人物？ -**托沃兹**：我想大量的技术是如何由消费市场推动，而不再是由军方或甚至是商业需求推动这一点很说明问题。我也常常认为公司正在做的许多貌似愚蠢的事情（特别是DRM）似乎正因为忽略了一个事实：任何技术上最重要的人，最终总是个“用户”。 +**托沃兹**：我想大量的技术由消费市场推动，而不再是由军方或商业需求推动这一点很说明问题。我也常常认为公司正在做的许多貌似愚蠢的事情（特别是DRM）似乎正因为忽略了一个事实：任何技术上最重要的人，最终总是“用户”。 因此，就我而言，我认为你的问题的答案是“用户”，或者叫“消费者”，而那个确实是最重要的部分，因为那个正是需求和实际商业成功的根源。 **TV**：请谈一些你个人的观点吧，比如宗教？政治？ -**托沃兹**：我完全是一个虔诚的——无神论者。我发现人们似乎认为宗教带给人道德和感激自然的情感。事实上我认为，它反而把这两方面都削弱了。它给人们理由来说“哦，自然刚被创立”，以及创世行为是神奇的事情。我欣赏着“哇，真让人难以置信，竟然首先发生了这样的事情。”这些事实。是啊，这在许多欧洲国家是一种讽刺，在那儿国家和国家宗教之间实际上具有法律约束力。 +**托沃兹**：我完全是一个虔诚的——无神论者。我发现人们似乎认为宗教带给人道德和感激自然的情感。事实上我认为，它反而把这两方面都削弱了。它给人们理由来说“哦，自然刚被创立”，以及创世行为是神奇的事情。我欣赏着“哇，真让人难以置信，竟然首先发生了这样的事情”。在许多欧洲国家，国家和宗教之间实际上具有法律约束力，是的，这正是一种讽刺。 我成了一位美国公民，并且我注册取得了在美国的投票权。我不支持任何政党，因为相当坦率地说，我的前进道路上有太多个人引以为豪的东西，不想和他们中的任何人有什么关联。 @@ -89,4 +89,4 @@ via: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/billrobinson/techview-linus-torvalds-i_b_5338 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds From 26758c9a51c88af8fc9fbebb02cae568cc38ddc2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Thu, 29 May 2014 08:09:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 016/713] alim0x translating --- ...8 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md b/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md index 06a46f4ee8..66ce6c822f 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +alim0x translating + Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3 – not smooth yet but promising ================================================================================ ![](http://www.muktware.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/surface_pro_3.jpg) @@ -21,4 +23,4 @@ via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/05/ubuntu-surface-pro-3-smooth-yet-promising/2 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [1]:http://www.microsoft.com/surface/en-us/products/surface-pro-3 -[2]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRH-c2_kDA4 \ No newline at end of file +[2]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRH-c2_kDA4 From 9a522889d5f2bb4ee3cd9f98bb41c7da08b0c51a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: shipsw Date: Thu, 29 May 2014 08:41:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 017/713] Update 20140528 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Major Application Updates.md Translating by shipsw --- .../20140528 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Major Application Updates.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Major Application Updates.md b/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Major Application Updates.md index ad6d808805..d6ed061f1d 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Major Application Updates.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Major Application Updates.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translating by shipsw + Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Major Application Updates ================================================================================ Over the last few weeks, we have been talking about the first new LTS version from Ubuntu in two years and some of the major changes to the operating system that you can expect to see once you take the plunge. Today, we are going to list some of the major applications available from the Ubuntu Software Center and the upgrades they have undergone since the last update to Ubuntu’s LTS OS. @@ -37,4 +39,4 @@ via:https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-lts-major-application-updat 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9d5d31c9e7ad84e887764a868492d848d92af906 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 29 May 2014 13:27:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 018/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140529-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md | 54 +++ ... using ‘Nginx and Apache’ in Arch Linux.md | 375 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 429 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using ‘Nginx and Apache’ in Arch Linux.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md b/sources/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..985e245d98 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +Command Line Tuesdays – The Introductory +================================================================================ +**Hi Geekos!** + +Today we’re introducing a new series, called ‘Command Line Tuesdays‘. Why command line Tuesdays? Because in this series, everyday computer enthusiasts like yours truly, will try to step a little out of bounds of the Graphical User Interface (GUI) Culture, which is today synonymous to ‘making stuff easier for the masses‘. + +Of course, if you visited any of the GNU/Linux related community forums, you’ve probably read, and this is an assumption, a very fiery debate over which is actually easier. Using GUI for everything, or simply learning and enjoying the Command-line Interface (CLI). + +![Terminal](http://sholva.org/assets/images/blog/2009/review-opensuse-11.2/opensuse-terminal.png) +Terminal + +There are many arguments for or against the use of GUI tools. One of the most commonly referred pros is that we’ve been brought up in the point-and-click computing paradigm, so it’s basically a form of a language, or culture if you may, in which we interact with our machine. The patterns are mostly recurring, with big button clicking doing everything we need it to do. + +On the other side, one of the most interesting comments I’ve read about the pros of command-line was: you can simply do more via the command-line much quicker, easier and faster than when using GUI tools. But there’s a catch: you have to learn the commands. Yes, learn them, as if learning a poem. +Now, since to us, the semi-indoctrinated clueless users, it all sounds like some useless geek overreaching and overdoing, let me humanize it with a fable: + +### The Fable ### + +I’ve been using Linux for more then 3 years now. I’m a 27 year old literature major, who never held much of an interest in technology of any sort. I didn’t even own a computer until I was in high-school, so let’s say somewhere around 17. That’s barely ten years of computer usage. The only three programs I ever ran were BS Player, Winamp and Football Manager, with occasional usage of MS Word. Three and bit years ago, a colleague at a precarious job I was performing at the time was talking to another coworker, saying there’s a new edition of something which immediately occupied my attention, as it looked different. It was Ubuntu’s Natty Narwhal, I think. After discussing it with him, he pointed out the usual pros we gospel to the newcomers, no antivirus necessary, faster boot, better security, software center blah blah blah, and the peak of it: Free and Open Source (FOSS) philosophy behind it. And he did it in a very non-invasive, non fanboyish manner. + +I decided to give it a go, and I never turned back since then. How I got into openSUSE around the 11.4 release, shortly after trying out Ubuntu for the first time is going to have to fit in another time, and how I find it to be the perfect sweet spot is a whole different story. The point is, I finally entered the Linux realm. It was fun, it was different, it made my computer run better, it was more stable. I barely had issues with it (seems I not-knowingly purchased fairly orthodox hardware). It seems that Linux came really far regarding the desktop, so I barely had to use the terminal. But let’s just say it was one of the most dreadful, terrifying and horrific tools to use in Linux. If there wasn’t a GUI for a specific operation, I immediately became nervous as I didn’t know what I was getting into when copy/pasting commands from the forums. +After time, things changed. As opposed to other consumer-oriented systems, what happened to me was maybe somewhat of a human reverse-engineering. Instead of me consuming the system, I feel that in three years, the system consumed me. I learned how to search for basic issues, file bug reports, properly ask questions on forums. With every issue I had, I learned how to be better at providing the information needed for someone more competent to help me with my problem. + +A short while ago, my girlfriend commented how she can’t believe I’m using my computer mostly for the sake of using the computer, rather than doing anything else. ‘You use it only for your music collection and Linux thingies, Nenad. Gaawd.’ It made me think, and think hard. Linux, specifically the openSUSE distro has become a hobby of mine. Not at an expert level, by any means, which is reasonable since it isn’t my area of expertise. But I know enough to get around, fix minor issues, play around with some configuration files etc. But what I came to know, is that with my increasing playing and tinkering around the system, I really need to get familiar with CLI. I learned that I’m playing around without knowing of the basics under the hood. What for crying out loud is ETC?!?!? What’s BIN? Why is there .sh at the end? Why is this file here, and this file there? Why do I have to click through gazillion of folders to find the right file to modify? Then I read you can easily list all the files somewhere with a single command. It became interesting. I suddenly felt an urge to try it out. + +### So Let’s Do It! ### + +…and here we are. As a new openSUSE news contributor, I’ll try to contribute in a way I see productive for what I suppose is a large portion of the community. It’s time to plant the banner and start learning the command-line together. If philosophy is what attracted you to Linux and openSUSE, like me, it got you this far. Now it’s time to take a step further. + +![](http://beerepiphany.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/pinky_brain.jpg) + +Look, I know there’s a bunch of you like me out there. I know you maybe don’t see the point in all that 90′s geeky black-screen-green-letters-quick-typing-make-everything-go-boom thing. But it’s useful in many aspects. We’ll learn in a fun and communal way which directories are for what, what files are located where, most commonly used terminal commands. It will make our lives easier when we learn to perform tasks through the console, make it even more rewarding when we run into issues. It will also make the lives of bug-squashers easier when they receive proper information from our end, and it will make our hobby infinitely more fun. +I mean, for crying out loud, you’ve already made a transition to a phase where Dilbert and xkcd are actually funny. It’s time for the terminal! + +P.S.: + +Reference material that will be used: William Shotts – The Linux Command Line and a short tutorial on most commonly used commands by a Croatian hacker Velimir Baksa aka Lutherus. Requirements on your part: +- An hour or two of spare time weekly +– A pint of cold beer or any other beverage +– Someone already pointed out that using [Gedit][1], or a manual notepad (you know, pen and paper hehe) would be good for easier learning. + +The book by Mr Shotts is exquisite. But there’s probably an issue of time/will-power etc. This way, I’ll try to humanize the lessons a bit more, take some time off your hands, and what’s most important – I count on us learning together, helping each other together (Comments and Forums, people!!) and tying a close-knit openSUSE community! This time next week (it will be June already!), we’ll learn our first commands. And remember… + +**…have a lot of fun!** + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/05/27/command-line-tuesdays-the-introductory/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://software.opensuse.org/package/gedit \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using ‘Nginx and Apache’ in Arch Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using ‘Nginx and Apache’ in Arch Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..eeb5af21bb --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using ‘Nginx and Apache’ in Arch Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,375 @@ +Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using ‘Nginx and Apache’ in Arch Linux +================================================================================ +Rainloop is a free Open Source web application written in PHP which provides a fast modern web interface to access your emails on all major domain mail providers like Yahoo, Gmail, Outlook and many others as well as your own local mail servers, and, also, acts as a MUA (Mail User Agent) by accessing domain mail servers through IMAP and SMTP protocols. + +#### RainLoop Demo #### + +Have a quick look at the demo page setup by the author at [http://demo.rainloop.net/][1]. + +![Install RainLoop in Arch Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux.jpg) +Install RainLoop in Arch Linux + +Once you have deployed Rainloop on your servers the only thing remaining to do is to access your Rainloop domain through a web browser and provide credentials for your enabled domain mail server. + +This tutorial covers **Rainloop** webmail installation process on **Arch Linux** from both point of view configuration files for **Apache** and **Nginx**, using a virtual local domain configured through local hosts file, without a DNS server. + +If you also need references on installing Rainloop on **Debian** and **Red Hat** systems visit the previous RainLoop Webmail article at. + +- [Install RainLoop Webmail on Debian and Red Hat based Systems][2] + +### Requirements ### + +#### For Nginx #### + +- [Install LEMP (Nginx, PHP, MySQL with MariaDB engine and PhpMyAdmin) in Arch Linux][3] +- [Create Virtual Hosts in Nginx Web Server][4] + +#### For Apache #### + +- [Install LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL/MariaDB, and PHP/PhpMyAdmin) in Arch Linux][5] + +### Step 1: Create Virtual Hosts for Nginx or Apache ### + +**1.** Assuming that you have configured your servers (**Nginx** or **Apache**) as described in upper presentations links, the first thing you need to do is to create a rudimentary **DNS** entry on local **hosts** file that points to **Arch Linux** system IP. + +On Linux system edit **/etc/hosts** file and include your Rainloop virtual domain after localhost entry. + + 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost rainloop.lan + 192.168.1.33 rainloop.lan + +![Add Domain Host Entry](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-01.jpg) +Add Domain Host Entry + +On Windows system edit **C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts** and add the following line at the bottom. + + 192.168.1.33 rainloop.lan + +**2.** After you verify local domain using **ping** command, create the necessary **Virtual Hosts** and **SSL** configurations for **Apache** or **Nginx**. + +#### Nginx Virtual Hosts #### + +Create a file named **rainloop.lan** in **/etc/nginx/sites-available/** path with the following configuration. + + $ sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/rainloop.conf + +Add the following file content. + + server { + listen 80; + server_name rainloop.lan; + + rewrite ^ https://$server_name$request_uri? permanent; + access_log /var/log/nginx/rainloop.lan.access.log; + error_log /var/log/nginx/rainloop.lan.error.log; + root /srv/www/rainloop/; + + # serve static files + location ~ ^/(images|javascript|js|css|flash|media|static)/ { + root /srv/www/rainloop/; + expires 30d; + } + + location / { + index index.html index.htm index.php; + autoindex on; + autoindex_exact_size off; + autoindex_localtime on; + } + + location ^~ /data { + deny all; + } + + location ~ \.php$ { + #fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; (depending on your php-fpm socket configuration) + fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php-fpm/php-fpm.sock; + fastcgi_index index.php; + include fastcgi.conf; + } + } + +Then create the SSL equivalent file content. + + $ sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/rainloop-ssl.conf + +Add the following file content. + + server { + listen 443 ssl; + server_name rainloop.lan; + + ssl_certificate /etc/nginx/ssl/rainloop.lan.crt; + ssl_certificate_key /etc/nginx/ssl/rainloop.lan.key; + ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:1m; + ssl_session_timeout 5m; + ssl_ciphers HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5; + ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on; + + access_log /var/log/nginx/rainloop.lan.access.log; + error_log /var/log/nginx/rainloop.lan.error.log; + + root /srv/www/rainloop/; + + # serve static files + location ~ ^/(images|javascript|js|css|flash|media|static)/ { + root /srv/www/rainloop/; + expires 30d; + } + + location ^~ /data { + deny all; + } + + location / { + index index.html index.htm index.php; + autoindex on; + autoindex_exact_size off; + autoindex_localtime on; + } + + location ~ \.php$ { + #fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000; (depending on your php-fpm socket configuration) + fastcgi_pass unix:/run/php-fpm/php-fpm.sock; + fastcgi_index index.php; + include fastcgi.conf; + } + } + +On the next step generate **Certificate** file and **Keys** for **SSL Virtual Host** and add your virtual domain name (**rainloop.lan**) on Certificate **Common Name**. + + $ sudo nginx_gen_ssl.sh + +![Generate Certificate and Keys](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-04.jpg\) +Generate Certificate and Keys + +After the Certificate and SSL keys are generated, create Rainloop **root** webserver file path ( place where Rainloop PHP files reside), then enable Virtual Hosts and restart Nginx daemon to apply configurations. + + $ sudo mkdir -p /srv/www/rainloop + $ sudo n2ensite rainloop + $ sudo n2ensite rainloop-ssl + $ sudo systemctl restart nginx + +![Create RainLoop Web Director](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-05.jpg) +Create RainLoop Web Director + +#### Apache Virtual Hosts #### + +Create a new file named **rainloop.conf** in **/etc/httpd/conf/sites-available/** with the following content. + + $ sudo nano /etc/httpd/conf/sites-available/rainloop.conf + +Add the following file content. + + + ServerName rainloop.lan + DocumentRoot "/srv/www/rainloop/" + ServerAdmin you@example.com + ErrorLog "/var/log/httpd/rainloop-error_log" + TransferLog "/var/log/httpd/rainloop-access_log" + + + Options +Indexes +FollowSymLinks +ExecCGI + AllowOverride All + Order deny,allow + Allow from all + Require all granted + + + + +![Create Apache Virtual Host](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-06.jpg) +Create Apache Virtual Host + +Then create the SSL equivalent file content for Apache. + + $ sudo nano /etc/httpd/conf/sites-available/rainloop-ssl.conf + +Add the following file content. + + + ServerName rainloop.lan + DocumentRoot "/srv/www/rainloop/" + ServerAdmin you@example.com + ErrorLog "/var/log/httpd/rainloop-ssl-error_log" + TransferLog "/var/log/httpd/rainloop-ssl-access_log" + + SSLEngine on + SSLCertificateFile "/etc/httpd/conf/ssl/rainloop.lan.crt" + SSLCertificateKeyFile "/etc/httpd/conf/ssl/rainloop.lan.key" + + + SSLOptions +StdEnvVars + + + BrowserMatch "MSIE [2-5]" \ + nokeepalive ssl-unclean-shutdown \ + downgrade-1.0 force-response-1.0 + + CustomLog "/var/log/httpd/ssl_request_log" \ + "%t %h %{SSL_PROTOCOL}x %{SSL_CIPHER}x \"%r\" %b" + + + Options +Indexes +FollowSymLinks +ExecCGI + AllowOverride All + Order deny,allow + Allow from all + Require all granted + + + + +The next step is to create **SSL Certificate** file and **Keys** for **SSL Virtual Host** and add put your virtual domain name (**rainloop.lan**) on Certificate **Common Name**. + + $ sudo apache_gen_ssl + +![Create SSL Certificate and Keys](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-07.jpg) +Create SSL Certificate and Keys + +![Enter Organization Details](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-08.jpg) +Enter Organization Details + +After the Certificate and SSL keys are created, add Rainloop **DocumentRoot** path, then enable Virtual Hosts and restart Apache daemon to apply configurations. + + $ sudo mkdir -p /srv/www/rainloop + $ sudo a2ensite rainloop + $ sudo a2ensite rainloop-ssl + $ sudo systemctl restart httpd + +![Enable Virtual Hosts](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-09.jpg) +Enable Virtual Hosts + +### Step 2: Add necessary PHP Extensions ### + +**3.** Whether you are using **Apache** or **Nginx** webserver, you need to enable the following PHP extensions on **php.ini** file and, also, include the new webserver **DocumentRoot** path to open_basedir directive. + + $ sudo nano /etc/php/php.ini + +Locate and uncomment the following PHP extensions. + + extension=iconv.so + extension=imap.so + extension=mcrypt.so + extension=mssql.so + extension=mysqli.so + extension=openssl.so ( enables IMAPS and SMTP SSL protocols on mail servers) + extension=pdo_mysql.so + +Also open_basedir statement should look like this. + + open_basedir = /srv/http/:/home/:/tmp/:/usr/share/pear/:/usr/share/webapps/:/etc/webapps/:/srv/www/ + +**4.** After the **php.ini** file was modified restart your server than check **phpinfo** file to see if **SSL** protocols are enabled. + + ----------On Apache Web Server---------- + $ sudo systemctl restart httpd + +---------- + + ----------On Nginx Web Server---------- + $ sudo systemctl restart nginx + $ sudo systemctl restart php-fpm + +![Check PHP Information](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-10.png) +Check PHP Information + +### Step 3: Download and Install RainLoop Webmail ### + +**5.** Now it’s time to download and extract Rainloop application from official website to Document Root directory but first install **wget** and **unzip** system utilities. + + $ sudo pacman -S unzip wget + +**6.** Download latest source package Rainloop zip archive using **wget** command or by using a browser to navigate to [http://rainloop.net/downloads/][6]. + + $ wget http://repository.rainloop.net/v1/rainloop-latest.zip + +![Download RainLoop Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-11.png) +Download RainLoop Package + +**7.** After the download process finishes, extract Rainloop archive to Virtual Host Document Root path ( **/srv/www/rainloop/** ). + + $ sudo unzip rainloop-latest.zip -d /srv/www/rainloop/ + +![Extract Rainloop Archive](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-12.png) +Extract Rainloop Archive + +**8.** Then set the following permissions on application default path. + + $ sudo chmod -R 755 /srv/www/rainloop/ + $ sudo chown -R http:http /srv/www/rainloop/ + +![Set Permission on RainLoop](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-13.jpg) +Set Permission on RainLoop + +### Step 4: Configure Rainloop via Web Interface ### + +**9.** Rainloop application can be configured in two ways: using a system shell of via browser. If you want to configure over terminal open and edit **application.ini** file located in **/srv/www/rainloop/data/_data_da047852f16d2bc7352b24240a2f1599/_default_/configs/**. + +**10.** To access Admin Interface from browser, use the following URL address **https://rainloop.lan/?admin**, then provide the default application credentials. + + User= admin + Password= 12345 + +![Rainloop Web Interface](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-14.png) +Rainloop Web Interface + +**11.** After initial login you will be warn to change the default password, so I advise you to do it. + +![Change Default Password](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-15.png) +Change Default Password + +![Set New Admin Password](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-16.png) +Set New Admin Password + +**12.** If you want to enable **contacts** login to MySQL database and create a new database with a privileged user on it, then provide database credentials on **Contacts** fields. + + mysql -u root -p + create database if not exists rainloop; + create user rainloop_user@localhost identified by “password”; + grant all privileges on rainloop.* to rainloop_user@localhost; + flush privileges; + exit; + +![Enable Contacts in RainLoop](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-17.png) +Enable Contacts in RainLoop + +![Enter Contact Database Details](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-18.png) +Enter Contact Database Details + +**13.** By default Rainloop provides **Gmail**, **Yahoo** and **Outlook** domains mail server configuration files, but you can add other mail server domains if you like. + +![Default Mail Domains](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-19.png) +Default Mail Domains + +![Add New Domain](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-20.png) +Add New Domain + +**14.** To login on your mail server point your browser to **https://rainloop.lan** and provide your domain server credentials. + +![Login to Mail Domain](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-21.png) +Login to Mail Domain + +![Login to Gmail Domain](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-22.png) +Login to Gmail Domain + +![RainLoop Email Interface](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-23.png) +RainLoop Email Interface + +For further configurations please visit official Rainloop documentation page at [http://rainloop.net/docs/][7]. + +With Rainloop you can access mail servers from any device that has a browser as long as your server has Internet connectivity, the only minus of using Rainloop application in Arch Linux so far is the lack of poppassd plugin package needed to change email account password. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-rainloop-webmail-in-arch-linux/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://demo.rainloop.net/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/rainloop-webmail-a-modern-fast-web-based-email-client-for-linux/ +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-nginx-php-mysql-with-mariadb-engine-and-phpmyadmin-in-arch-linux/ +[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/create-virtual-hosts-using-nginx-on-arch-linux/ +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-lamp-in-arch-linux/ +[6]:http://rainloop.net/downloads/ +[7]:http://rainloop.net/docs/ \ No newline at end of file From 2aea1f6a85c9b8119cf2cecb3edff58411176e34 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 29 May 2014 13:30:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 019/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140529-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=94=B9=E5=90=8D=EF=BC=8C=E9=81=BF=E5=85=8D=E5=87=BA=E7=8E=B0?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=96=87=E4=BB=B6=E5=90=8D=E9=97=AE=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md} | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/tech/{20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using ‘Nginx and Apache’ in Arch Linux.md => 20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md} (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using ‘Nginx and Apache’ in Arch Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using ‘Nginx and Apache’ in Arch Linux.md rename to sources/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md From 778e7a503600b07a918f1be8cfa0e552a882e563 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: shipsw Date: Thu, 29 May 2014 13:53:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 020/713] Delete 20140528 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Major Application Updates.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 删除文章 --- ...tu 14.04 LTS--Major Application Updates.md | 42 ------------------- 1 file changed, 42 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Major Application Updates.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Major Application Updates.md b/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Major Application Updates.md deleted file mode 100644 index d6ed061f1d..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Major Application Updates.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,42 +0,0 @@ -Translating by shipsw - -Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Major Application Updates -================================================================================ -Over the last few weeks, we have been talking about the first new LTS version from Ubuntu in two years and some of the major changes to the operating system that you can expect to see once you take the plunge. Today, we are going to list some of the major applications available from the Ubuntu Software Center and the upgrades they have undergone since the last update to Ubuntu’s LTS OS. - -### Major Utilities and Tool Updates ### - -In addition to the myriad major desktop application updates (which we will cover in the next section), there are a HUGE number of other utilities and tools that have received pretty major updates since the last LTS version a bit over two years ago. Let’s talk about a few: - -- **Xen 4.4** - This is a pretty major upgrade to Xen which is included with Ubuntu at this point. The most noticeable change to anyone who uses it will likely be that it no longer supports 32bit only CPUs (although 32bit client operating system support is still in place). This shouldn’t be a big deal since any modern processor in the last six or so years is 64bit, but it may mean that some people using Ubuntu on older servers or old laptops may need to be aware that Xen will no longer support their CPU family. -- **QEMU 2.0** I include this here since along with Xen, there are some changes to it. Notably, guests created in KVM cannot be migrated to this version from previous Ubuntu 12.04 LTS installations nor can their snapshots be restored on 14.04 LTS. Additionally, emulated support for the arm64 binaries has been added. -- **MySQL** Although MySQL 5.5 is still the default standard, you can install Percona, MariaDB or MySQL 5.6 from the standard repositories. I have to confess a little surprise that Ubuntu has not jumped the MySQL ship to MariaDB like every other major distribution has already done (or plans to do), but it is still the default. Hedging their bets on a relationship with Oracle is my best guess at this point. -- **Apache 2.4 and PHP 5.5** A little surprised at the jump to Apache 2.4 which continues to struggle a bit for acceptance since 2.2 has been so rock solid for so long, but I am glad to see a major desktop distribution jump on board. PHP has needed an update for some time and has been available in the channels at PHP 5.5 since 12.04 LTS, but now it is the official installed version. NOTE: If you are running some older CMS platforms (cough, cough – DRUPAL), you may have some issues with that upgrade you have to be aware of, so check your documentation. - -### Software Center: Desktop Application Upgrades ### - -In short, there are quite a few major updates and changes to the major desktop applications available in the Software Center (as well there should be considering it has been two years since the last LTS release). The most visible applications you will notice are: - -- Google Chrome 33 -- Firefox 28 -- Nautilus 3.10 -- The Gimp – 2.8 -- KDE 4.13 (For the Best Linux Desktop in My Opinion) - -Although I didn’t mention it above, LibreOffice 4.2.3.3 is now the default office suite and it looks fantastic (see for yourself below): - -![Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Libre Office Upgrade](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/newlibreoffice4233.png) - -Final Thoughts -All in all, the Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Desktop has been a fairly smooth transition from 12.04 (unless you are unlucky enough to run the very latest NVidia video cards – their Linux proprietary drivers have been hit and miss with the 780GTX or Titan chipsets). - -In the next few posts, I will be diving into a few more technical details about some of the monitor/display changes (high resolution monitor owners rejoice) as well as giving an early preview (in a virtual machine because I am not crazy) of Mir – the Xwindows desktop replacement server. If you have anything else you would like covered, drop a note in the comments and we will see you back right here next week! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via:https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-lts-major-application-updates/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 85d2e7a8f4c4515db91b0472e82c7eb1e9d190a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: shipsw Date: Thu, 29 May 2014 13:55:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 021/713] Create Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Major Application Updates.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完毕 --- ...tu 14.04 LTS: Major Application Updates.md | 43 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 43 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Major Application Updates.md diff --git a/translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Major Application Updates.md b/translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Major Application Updates.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fa30df2e43 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Major Application Updates.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: 主要程序更新 +================================================================================ +过去几周我们已经讨论过 Ubuntu 的第一个LTS新版本在过去两年内在操作系统方面的主要更新。今天我们将要列出 Ubuntu 应用程序商店中自从上一个 LTS 版本以来主要的应用程序更新。 + +### 主要的程序和工具更新 ### + +除了大量桌面应用程序更新(下一节讨论)外，两年以来大量的其他程序和工具都有了非常不错的更新。以下讨论其中的一部分： + +- **Xen 4.4** + 对于 Ubuntu 内置 Xen 这是一个重大更新。最显著的变化就是它不再支持纯32位的 CPU 了(虽然还继续支持32位操作系统)。这不应该是一个大问题，因为过去六年以来大多数CPU都是64位的。但是这意味着那些还在老服务器或笔记本上使用 Ubuntu 的人需要知道 Xen 将不再支持他们的CPU了。 + +- **QEMU 2.0** 紧接着 Xen 后面介绍 QEMU ，因为为了适应 Xen，QEMU做了些调整。最主要的影响是在 KVM 中创建的虚拟机无法从以前的 Ubuntu 12.04 迁移到这个版本，并且快照也无法恢复。另外，加入了对 arm64 的二进制虚拟。 +- **MySQL** 尽管默认安装的是 MySQL 5.5，但是也可以从标准库中安装 Percona, MariaDB 或者 MySQL 5.6。惊喜的是，不想其他的软件发布库，Ubuntu 并没有将数据库换成MariaDB ，继续默认安装。估计是和甲骨文维持了比较好的关系。 + +- **Apache 2.4 and PHP 5.5** 有点意外的是 Apache 升级到了2.4版本，毕竟2.2版本已经稳定使用了太久了。但我还是乐意看到 Apache 发布了桌面版。PHP 早在 12.04 LTS 就可以升级到 PHP 5.5 ，新版系统将其默认安装了。注意：如果你使用的是一些老板 CMS 平台 (cough, cough – DRUPAL), 在升级过程中可能得做一些调整，具体请参考文档。 + +### 软件中心：桌面应用程序升级 ### + +简单来说，软件中心的主要几个软件都有许多重大更新(比较距离上个版本已经有两年的时间了)。最明显的软件更新如下： + +- Google Chrome 33 +- Firefox 28 +- Nautilus 3.10 +- The Gimp – 2.8 +- KDE 4.13 (我觉得是最好的桌面软件) + +上面虽然没提，办公套件已经预装了 LibreOffice 4.2.3.3 ，看起来棒极了，不信自己看： + +![Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Libre Office Upgrade](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/newlibreoffice4233.png) + +总结 +总之，Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 成功的从 12.04 平滑过渡过来了。除非你运气太差，使用了最新版本的 NVidia 显卡(使用 780GTX 或 Titan芯片的 Linux 专用驱动并没有集成到系统中)。 + +以下的几篇文章中，我将深入了解有关显示器和显卡的更多的技术细节(高分辨率显示器更好)，同时对 Mir(Xwindows 桌面替换软件) 做一个早期预览测试(当然是在虚拟机环境中)。如果你还有其他想知道的，在评论栏里留言，我们下周见！ + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via:https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-lts-major-application-updates/ + +译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 054e0a020dc080e96de669e5017eaf3369625076 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 29 May 2014 14:59:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 022/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ABuilding=20A?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Raspberry=20Pi=20VPN=20Part=20Two--Creating=20An=20Encrypted?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Client=20Side?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @ThomazL 发布了! --- ... Two--Creating An Encrypted Client Side.md | 141 ++++++++++++++++ ... Two--Creating An Encrypted Client Side.md | 150 ------------------ 2 files changed, 141 insertions(+), 150 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/Building A Raspberry Pi VPN Part Two--Creating An Encrypted Client Side.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/Building A Raspberry Pi VPN Part Two--Creating An Encrypted Client Side.md diff --git a/published/Building A Raspberry Pi VPN Part Two--Creating An Encrypted Client Side.md b/published/Building A Raspberry Pi VPN Part Two--Creating An Encrypted Client Side.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3aed6f5137 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/Building A Raspberry Pi VPN Part Two--Creating An Encrypted Client Side.md @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +在树莓派上建立VPN（二）：建立加密客户端 +================================================================================ +![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/Rasberry-Pi_3red.jpg) +> 你已经成功搭建了一个工作中的VPN服务器! 现在该干什么了? + +欢迎来到ReadWrite的树莓派VPN搭建教程的第二部分! + +到现在为止，显然我们已经搞定了将你的树莓派变成了一个虚拟私人网络这个工作。随着[未来安全漏洞对互联网生活的妥协][1]，你会觉得在你的身边拥有一个安全的服务器越来越有必要了。只有这样，你才可以不用担心有人在你的电脑和互联网之间传输信息时被拦截，可以自由自在地写邮件以及传输数据了。 + +[如果你看过此教程的第一部分][2]，你应该已经在你的树莓派上配置好了一个全功能的VPN服务器了。你可以在使用免费WiFi时用这个服务器来传输加密信息了。你也可以访问保存在你家里网络中共享的文件以及媒体。 + +不过，你现在还无法访问。我们现在已经为客户端(计算机和移动设备)创建了访问的密钥，但是我们还没有告诉客户端服务器的访问地址、如何连接、以及用什么密钥访问。 + +你应该记得，我们已经为需要连接VPN的不同客户端创建了不同的密钥。我们将客户端命名为 Client1、 Client2 和 Client3等。 + +但是为每个客户端从零单独生成一个配置文件会造成很多不必要的麻烦，这就是为什么我们需要使用[SANS institute][3]的Eric Jodoin写的巧妙的脚本。这个脚本会帮助我们生成那些配置文件。 + +### 跟随脚本 ### + +这个脚本会访问我们的默认设置，从而为每一个客户端生成各自的配置文件。我们需要做的第一件事是，创建一个空的文本文档并写入我们的默认配置，以便脚本读取。 + + nano /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/Default.txt + +在空白文件中写入如下配置: + + client + dev tun + proto udp + remote <你的公网ip地址> 1194 + resolv-retry infinite + nobind + persist-key + persist-tun + mute-replay-warnings + ns-cert-type server + key-direction 1 + cipher AES-128-CBC + comp-lzo + verb 1 + mute 20 + +这个文档应该看起来和下面的截屏差不多，除了你应该填入你自己的公网ip地址之外。你注意到了我已经把我的公网ip删除了，当然这是为了保护我的隐私。相对而言，每个人的本地静态ip则都差不多，他们通常都以 "192.168." 起头。 + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-10%20at%2011.14.04%20AM.png) + +如果你没有一个静态的公网ip的话，你需要使用动态DNS服务来给你自己一个域名来代替公网ip。我建议你使用免费服务[DNS Dynamic][4]，它允许你取一个自己选择的名字。然后在你的树莓派上，你需要运行DDclient来自动更新你的DDNS注册信息。我在[这里][5]写过一篇完整的教程。 + +同样，按 Control+X 来保存文件并推出nano。 + +接下来，我们需要创建一个要用到的脚本。这个可执行脚本通常从shell中启动，可以自动化一些我们需要做的工作。 + + nano /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/MakeOPVN.sh + +[这里][6]是脚本文件，它由Jodoin编写。将内容复制粘贴至编辑器(注意一下复制粘贴中产生的问题)。 + +你需要将执行权限赋予给这个脚本。首先改变所在目录： + + cd /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/ + +然后只让root有访问权限。如果你还记得第一部分教程的内容的话，Linux中的权限管理由[不同的3位数字][7]代表。700表示"所有者可以读、写、执行"。 + + chmod 700 MakeOPVN.sh + +最后，执行文件： + + ./MakeOPVN.sh + +在脚本运行途中，他会要求你输入现有的客户端名称。例如： "Client1"。注意只输入已经存在的客户端名称。 + +如果一切正常的话，你应该会看到下面这行字弹出： + + Done! Client1.opvn Successfully Created. + +为剩下的客户端都重复执行这一步。 + +最后要做的事是将客户端连上树莓派，然后你就可以让客户端下载这些配置文件了。你需要使用一个SCP (Secure Copy Protocol)客户端来实现它。在Windows中，我推荐[WinSCP][8]。而我在mac中一直使用[Fugu][9]。 + +注意：如果你没有连接SCP客户端的权限，你需要为自己授权在此文件夹的读/写的权限。回到树莓派中输入： + + chmod 777 -R /etc/openvpn + +注意在你复制完文件后要取消这一步，以防止其他人从这里下载文件！完成之后将权限改为[600][10]， 仅让 用户 pi 能读/写文件： + + chmod 600 -R /etc/openvpn + +完成后回到客户端. + +### 使用客户端软件 ### + +好了，困难的部分都结束了。从这里开始我们需要将之前生成的脚本输入到客户端的图形用户界面。对PC、Android或者iOS手机来说，你可以下载[OpenVPN Connect][11]。但是这个软件没有mac版，所以我尝试了[Tunnelblick][12]和[Viscosity][13]。 + +Tunnelblick 是免费的，但是Viscosity在免费30天试用之后需要9美刀来购买。不管怎么样，我们来尝试下将mac连入我们的服务器吧。 + +在我的情况下，mac是我第5个连接VPN的客户端，所以我生成的文件名叫做client5.opvn。 + +下载可以在你的OS X版本下运行的Tunnelblick。我在使用Mavericks，所以我下载了[beta][14]版。虽然这个软件有很多我看起来搞笑的对话框弹出，但是我下载的可不是盗版。 + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-10%20at%2011.37.36%20AM.png) + +接着它会问你是否有了配置文件，我当然已经有了：Cientt.opvn。 + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-10%20at%2011.37.58%20AM.png) + +然后它会问你，你的配置文件是.opvn或.tblk。如果你选择了.opvn它会帮你将文件格式转换成Tunnelblick自己的格式。我把Client5.opvn放到Tunnelblick指定的文件夹，然后把文件夹的名字改为了Client5.tblk。 + +好啦，你已经可以连接了。点击屏幕右上方Tunnelblick的标志然后选择Client5。 + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-10%20at%2011.40.04%20AM.png) + +它会让你输入密码，这个密码就是上篇中我们生成各个客户端时使用的密码。 + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-10%20at%2011.42.33%20AM.png) + +如果你密码输入正确，看起来就会如上图。 + +尝试在咖啡厅, 图书馆或任何有免费WiFi的地方连接VPN。通过使用VPN，即使你连接的是公共网络，你的数据仍然是安全的。 + +插图和截屏来自于ReadWrite。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://readwrite.com/2014/04/11/building-a-raspberry-pi-vpn-part-two-creating-an-encrypted-client-side + +译者：[ThomazL](https://github.com/ThomazL) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/10/heartbleed-security-protect-yourself-data-passwords +[2]:http://linux.cn/article-3105-1.html +[3]:http://www.sans.org/ +[4]:https://www.dnsdynamic.org/ +[5]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/09/raspberry-pi-projects-ssh-remote-desktop-static-ip-tutorial +[6]:https://gist.github.com/laurenorsini/10013430/revisions +[7]:http://www.thinkplexx.com/learn/article/unix/command/chmod-permissions-flags-explained-600-0600-700-777-100-etc +[8]:http://winscp.net/eng/index.php +[9]:http://download.cnet.com/Fugu/3000-7240_4-26526.html +[10]:http://linuxcommand.org/lts0070.php +[11]:http://openvpn.net/ +[12]:https://code.google.com/p/tunnelblick/ +[13]:https://www.sparklabs.com/viscosity/ +[14]:https://code.google.com/p/tunnelblick/wiki/DownloadsEntry#Tunnelblick_Beta_Release diff --git a/translated/tech/Building A Raspberry Pi VPN Part Two--Creating An Encrypted Client Side.md b/translated/tech/Building A Raspberry Pi VPN Part Two--Creating An Encrypted Client Side.md deleted file mode 100644 index 65f01a335c..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/Building A Raspberry Pi VPN Part Two--Creating An Encrypted Client Side.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,150 +0,0 @@ -在树莓派上建立VPN~第二部分~：建立加密客户端 -================================================================================ -> 你已经成功搭建了一个工作中的VPN服务器! 现在该干什么了? - -欢迎来到ReadWrite的树莓派VPN搭建教程的第二部分! - -到现在为止, 我们已经很清楚地摆平了将你的树莓派变成了一个虚拟私人网络这个工作. 但是随着[未来安全漏洞对互联网生活的妥协][1], 让我们感觉拥有一个安全的服务器在你的身边越来越重要了. 通过这样, 你就可以不用担心有人在信息传输于你的电脑和互联网时拦截信息, 自由地写邮件以及传输数据了. - -[如果你看了此教程的第一部分][2], 你应该在你的树莓派上已经配置完一个拥有完全功能的VPN服务器了. 你可以在有免费WiFi时用这个服务器来传输加密信息了. 你也可以访问保存于你家里网络中已分享的文件以及媒体. - -只是, 你现在还无法访问. 我们现在已经为客户端(计算机和移动设备)创建了访问的密钥, 但是我们还没有告诉客户端服务器的访问地址, 如何连接, 以及用什么密钥访问. - -你应该记得, 我们已经为需要连接VPN的不同客户端创建了不同的密钥. 我们将客户端命名为 Client1, Client2 和 Client3. - -但是为每个客户端从零单独生成一个配置文件会造成很多不必要的麻烦, 这就是为什么我们需要使用[SANS institute][3]的Eric Jodoin写的巧妙的脚本. 这个脚本会帮助我们生成配置文件. - -### 跟随脚本 ### - -这个脚本会访问我们的默认设置, 从而为每一个客户端生成各自的配置文件. 我们需要做的第一件事是, 创建一个空的刻度文本文档并写入我们的默认配置. - - nano /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/Default.txt - -写入下面的文本: - - client - - dev tun - - proto udp - - remote <你的公网ip地址> 1194 - - resolv-retry infinite - - nobind - - persist-key - - persist-tun - - mute-replay-warnings - - ns-cert-type server - - key-direction 1 - - cipher AES-128-CBC - - comp-lzo - - verb 1 - - mute 20 - -这个文档应该长的和下面的截屏差不多, 除了你应该填入你自己的公网ip地址之外. 你注意到了我已经把我的公网ip删除了, 当然这是为了保护我的隐私. 换句话说, 每个人的本地静态ip都差不多. 他们都以 "192.268." 起头. - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-10%20at%2011.14.04%20AM.png) - -如果你没有一个公网ip的话, 你需要使用动态DNS服务来给你自己一个域名来代替公网ip. 我建议你使用免费服务[DNS Dynamic][4], 它允许你取自己选择的名字. 然后在你的树莓派上, 你需要运行DDclient来自动更新你的DDNS登记. 我在[这里][5]写过一篇完整的教程. - -同样, 按 Control+X 来保存文件并推出nano. - -接下来, 我们需要创建一个实际的脚本. 一个可执行脚本通常从shell启动, 可以自动化一些我们需要做的工作. - - nano /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/MakeOPVN.sh - -[这里][6]是脚本文件, 由Jodoin编写. 将内容复制粘贴至编辑器(注意一下复制粘贴中产生的问题). - -你需要将执行权限赋予给这个脚本. 首先改变所在目录: - - cd /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys/ - -然后给予其root权限. 如果你还记得第一部分教程的内容的话, Linux中的权限管理由[不同的3位数字][7]实现. 700表示"所有者可以读,写,执行". - - chmod 700 MakeOPVN.sh - -最后, 执行文件: - - ./MakeOPVN.sh - -在脚本运行途中, 他会要求你输入现有的客户端名称. 实例: "Client1". 注意只输入已经存在的客户端名称. - -如果一切运行良好的话, 你应该会看到下面这行字弹出: - - Done! Client1.opvn Successfully Created. - -为剩下的客户端都执行这一步. - -最后要做的事是将客户端连上树莓派, 然后你就可以从客户端下载文件了. 你需要使用一个SCP (Secure Copy Protocol)客户端来实现它. 在Windows中, 我推荐[WinSCP][8]. 我一直在mac中使用[Fugu][9]. - -注意: 如果你没有连接SCP客户端的权限, 你需要为自己授权在此文件夹的读/写权限. 回到树莓派中输入: - - chmod 777 -R /etc/openvpn - -注意在你复制完文件后取消这一步, 从而其他人不能从这里下载文件! 完成之后将权限改为[600][10], 使树莓派的用户能读/写文件: - - chmod 600 -R /etc/openvpn - -完成后回到客户端. - -### 使用客户端软件 ### - -好了,困难的部分都结束了. 从这里开始我们需要将之前生成的脚本输入图形用户界面. 对PC, Android或者iOS手机来说, 你可以下载[OpenVPN Connect][11]. 但是这个软件没有mac版, 所以我尝试了[Tunnelblick][12]和[Viscosity][13]. - -Tunnelblick 是免费的, 但是Viscosity在免费30天尝试之后需要9美刀来购买. 不管怎么样, 我们来尝试下将mac连入我们的服务器吧. - -在我的情况下, mac是我第5个连接VPN的客户端, 所以我生成的文件名叫做client5.opvn. - -下载可以在你的OS X版本下运行的Tunnelblick. 我在使用Mavericks, 所以我下载了[beta][14]版. 虽然这个软件有很多我看起来很好笑的语言弹出, 但这真的是一个合法的下载. - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-10%20at%2011.37.36%20AM.png) - -然后它会问你, 你的配置文件是.opvn或.tblk. 如果你选择了.opvn它会带你将文件格式转换成Tunnelblick本地格式. 我把Client.opvn传送至Tunnelblick提供的文件夹, 然后把文件夹的名字改为了Client5.tblk. - -好啦, 你已经可以连接了. 点击屏幕右上方Tunnelblick的标志然后选择Client5. - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-10%20at%2011.40.04%20AM.png) - -它会问你是否传输密码文本, 这个密码和上篇中我们生成各个客户端时使用的密码是同样的. - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/Screen%20Shot%202014-04-10%20at%2011.42.33%20AM.png) - -如果你密码输入正确, 你会获得像上面这样的情况. - -尝试在咖啡厅, 图书馆或任何有免费WiFi的地方连接VPN. 通过使用VPN, 即使你连接的是公共网络, 你的数据仍然是安全的. - -教程展示于ReadWrite. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://readwrite.com/2014/04/11/building-a-raspberry-pi-vpn-part-two-creating-an-encrypted-client-side - -译者：[ThomazL](https://github.com/ThomazL) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/10/heartbleed-security-protect-yourself-data-passwords -[2]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/10/raspberry-pi-vpn-tutorial-server-secure-web-browsing -[3]:http://www.sans.org/ -[4]:https://www.dnsdynamic.org/ -[5]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/09/raspberry-pi-projects-ssh-remote-desktop-static-ip-tutorial -[6]:https://gist.github.com/laurenorsini/10013430/revisions -[7]:http://www.thinkplexx.com/learn/article/unix/command/chmod-permissions-flags-explained-600-0600-700-777-100-etc -[8]:http://winscp.net/eng/index.php -[9]:http://download.cnet.com/Fugu/3000-7240_4-26526.html -[10]:http://linuxcommand.org/lts0070.php -[11]:http://openvpn.net/ -[12]:https://code.google.com/p/tunnelblick/ -[13]:https://www.sparklabs.com/viscosity/ -[14]:https://code.google.com/p/tunnelblick/wiki/DownloadsEntry#Tunnelblick_Beta_Release From 94f802d339efbed2bdc94ca79bd5e0e675ad5fa8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 29 May 2014 16:13:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 023/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140529-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md | 32 ++++++++++++++++++ ...n and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md | 33 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 65 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md create mode 100644 sources/news/20140529 Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md b/sources/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f075f29acf --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/GNOME-Online-Accounts-3-13-2-Adds-Support-or-Photos-and-Maps-444249-2.jpg) + +**The GNOME developers announce that the latest version of GNOME Online Accounts, 3.13.2, is now out and comes with quite a few new features.** + +The 3.13.x branch of GNOME is strictly for development and it will eventually evolve into the stable 3.14, but that's a long way ahead. Until then, the developers are free to implement changes and new features. + +The previous version in this branch brought some very interesting changes and the devs removed Windows and Twitter support from the software, among other changes. + +According to the [changelog][1], support has been added for photos, a deprecated call to GNOME_COMMON_INIT has been removed, the UI has been adjusted so that the Online Accounts can use a header bar in the dialog, the alarm logic has been simplified in order to stop timerfd leaks, and support for maps has been added. + +Also, a small memory leak fix has been implemented, the default credentials cache is no longer leaked, and SSL is now used for Flickr for more security. + +**Download GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 sources:** + +- [tar.xz (3.12.2 Stable)][2][sources] [1.20 MB] +- [tar.xz (3.13.2 Development)][3][sources] [1.30 MB] + +Remember that this is a development version and it should NOT be installed on production machines. It is intended for testing purposes only. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/GNOME-Online-Accounts-3-13-2-Adds-Support-or-Photos-and-Maps-444249.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.13/gnome-online-accounts-3.13.2.news +[2]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.12/gnome-online-accounts-3.12.2.tar.xz +[3]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.13/gnome-online-accounts-3.13.2.tar.xz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140529 Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md b/sources/news/20140529 Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a4c2093399 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140529 Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015 +================================================================================ +![The Steam Machines will not be ready in 2014](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Linux-World-Domination-and-Steam-Machines-Delayed-Until-2015-444271-2.jpg) + +The gaming community is anxious to get their hands on the new Linux-based Steam Machines from Valve, but it seems that the launch of this console hybrid is being delayed until next year. + +Valve is not a company known for its punctuality and it looks like the upcoming Steam Machines will definitely fit the profile. But what are these Steam Machines everyone is talking about? + +The company announced only a year and a half ago that they were launching the Steam for Linux client, and a few months ago Valve released SteamOS, a Linux distribution based on Debian that will power a console / PC hybrid. It will try to rival the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in the living room. + +The only difference is that Valve is thinking about this console model a little bit differently. They want to have a console that can be upgraded with new parts and that is built by numerous third-party companies according to a set of specifications, which are not very constraining. + +To make things even better, Valve is working on a new controller that will revolutionize the way people play games on the consoles, especially for first-person shooters and strategies. Unfortunately, as you can see, this is a lot of work and the proposed 2014 goal is no longer viable. + +“We’re now using wireless prototype controllers to conduct live playtests, with everyone from industry professionals to die-hard gamers to casual gamers. It's generating a ton of useful feedback, and it means we'll be able to make the controller a lot better. Of course, it's also keeping us pretty busy making all those improvements. Realistically, we're now looking at a release window of 2015, not 2014.” + +“Obviously we're just as eager as you are to get a Steam Machine in your hands. But our number one priority is making sure that when you do, you'll be getting the best gaming experience possible. We hope you'll be patient with us while we get there. Until then, we’ll continue to post updates as we have more stories to share,” [said][1] a Valve representative in the Steam Universe discussion group. + +This can indicate a number of problems that need to be solved, beside the fact that the Steam controller is nowhere near ready. It's very possible that their operating system, SteamOS, is not prepared to take on such a huge task. There are still problems with the drivers and it will take a long time to fix them. + +The AMD support is rather poor and Valve really wants the Steam Machines project to be a powerful competition. The biggest problem is probably the price, which is high at the moment, as it surpasses PS4 and Xbox One by a lot. + +Valve and the companies that are building the consoles probably need more time to get the prices down and to improve the final quality of the product, hardware and software-wise. They also need more games under their belt, so postponing the Linux domination of the world by another six months, into 2015, may not be such a bad thing. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linux-World-Domination-and-Steam-Machines-Delayed-Until-2015-444271.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://steamcommunity.com/groups/steamuniverse#announcements/detail/1820891223906967821 \ No newline at end of file From 14380acb419565b65aca493e0245394e55ffe54c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 29 May 2014 16:32:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 024/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140529-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...at is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md | 89 +++++++++++++++++++ ...ks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md | 47 ++++++++++ 2 files changed, 136 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md b/sources/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..99d2dc5670 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +What is a good terminal emulator on Linux? +================================================================================ +A good terminal emulator is a sufficient reason to choose Linux over Windows or Mac. Any power user of Linux would agree on that. By accessing the shell, a user can easily perform tasks that would be impossible, or too repetitive to perform from a graphical environment. But the choice of your terminal emulator is important since it can be the single application that you use the most. I will try to give you a well furnished list of good terminal emulators on Linux, from the classics, to the most exotic, but always efficient and original. + +If you deem a terminal application not cited here worthy, please let us know in the comments. There are a lot of them out there, and most are completely worthy of your attention. + +### 1. Gnome-terminal ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3699/14100905190_478812cae2_z.jpg) + +Let's start with the "classical" terminals, and for Gnome, Gnome-terminal is as classical as it gets. It supports different user profiles, tabs, text re-sizing, transparent background, and a high degree of customization. As its name suggests, it fits in perfectly in a Gnome environment. + +### 2. Konsole ### + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2897/14101006647_ec13565200_z.jpg) + +Also a big name, Konsole is pretty much the equivalent of Gnome-terminal for KDE environments. One of the few additions is that Konsole supports a split-view mode as well as directory bookmarking. + +### 3. (Xfce) Terminal ### + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2928/14100857759_fa29cc968e_z.jpg) + +Xfce users also have their own terminal with xfce4-terminal. The idea is to get a product similar to Gnome-terminal in appearance, but much lighter in terms of resources needed. The result is very customizable, but without user profile functionality or transparent background. + +### 4. LXTerminal ### + +[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5569/14100905020_dd2b3e830e_z.jpg)][1] + +To finish with the most famous terminals for desktop environment, LXTerminal is designed for LXDE environments. As you can imagine, it is even lighter and faster than xfce-terminal, leaving behind complex customization and advanced options, just to keep the tabs. + +### 5. Terminator ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3726/14100980857_1591317b8a_z.jpg) + +Now let's get to the Rolls-Royce of terminal emulators. Terminator is one of the most complete software out there. It includes tab, split-view horizontal and vertical, screen captures, user profiles, plugins, and layout manager. Probably more options than you will ever need. The downside is the weight, and the heavy resource consumption. Up to you what you sacrifice. + +### 6. Tilda ### + +[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5585/14284203351_2c25a33cb4_z.jpg)][2] + +There is also a completely different style of terminal, the so called "drop-down" type. If you like to have your terminal always at the stroke of a key, you might enjoy the next three software options. First, Tilda is the epitome of the drop-down terminal. It is environment free and pretty light. You can set the degree of transparency or even a different background, and then choose from which side of the screen it should appear. Past that, do not expect anything too complex like tabs or split-view. Tilda only does one thing: appear quickly when you need it. + +### 7. Guake ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3733/14285529772_aa824b5e39_z.jpg) + +For those of you who like the concept of Tilda, but prefer something more integrated with Gnome, you should try Guake. Concerning the functionalities, they are more or less similar to Tilda. The difference between the two is mostly cosmetic. + +### 8. Yakuake ### + +[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5274/14100857589_142fdc4153_z.jpg)][3] + +But KDE users are not forgotten either, with Yakuake, which is basically the alternative to Guake for KDE environments. It proposes the same things as Guake, in addition to a tabbed interface and users profiles. + +### 9. Terra ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3700/14307721343_0e55878bb0_z.jpg) + +And for power users, who liked Terminator and want it as a drop-down, I propose you Terra which is the best of both worlds. In between Guake and Terminator, Terra supports split-view and tabs while being a drop-down. + +### 10. rxvt ### + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2916/14307721303_805fe977ce_o.png) + +If your goal is to be as lightweight as possible, and that you want something close to xterm, then rxvt is for you. With no tabs, no customization, no split-view, no anything, rxvt is the must when it comes to ultra-lightweight. If sometimes you need the bare minimum, then rxvt is for you. + +### 11. Sakura ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3823/14287031834_d8a5ac966f_z.jpg) + +As lesser known terminal emulator, Sakura is based on GTK but does not require a full Gnome installation. Unlike rxvt, Sakura has a few extras, like tabs and color customization, but tries to keep it simple and basic. So if you want the basics in a lightweight environment-free software, Sakura is probably where to turn to. + +### 12. Terminology ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3706/14264408226_a0223861ae_z.jpg) + +One of the most exotic terminal out there is Terminology. Originally designed for Enlightenment, it proposes the classical functions that we kept seeing so far, and also throws in a few more that I have not seen before. Among them, the possibility to stream media straight from the terminal, and even thumbnails for file listing. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/good-terminal-emulator-linux.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14100905020/ +[2]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14284203351/ +[3]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14100857589/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md b/sources/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b5c70bedc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS +================================================================================ +Let me show you in this small tutorial, how to share 1 disk between 2 Linux guests os in Virtualbox. + +This tutorial will be very helpful, if you want to Configure and play with GFS or cluster machines. + +The the normal screenshot of Virtualbox: + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-05-28_102225.png) + +First, Guest OS Centos1: + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-05-28_102252.png) + +Second Guest OS Centos2: + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-05-28_102314.png) + +Add Extra disk to First machine: + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-05-28_102459.png) + +via File -> Virtual Media manager (Control+D): + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-05-28_102657.png) + +Make the disk Shareable: + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-05-28_102719.png) + +From Guest Centos 2, you can add existing disk that was created before Centos1 guest OS: + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/v2014-05-28_113908.png) + +After this restart the 2 Guest os, you can check if the drive is add: + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-05-28_111903.png) + +That’s it. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/share-disks-virtualbox-linux-guest-os/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 457f99cbd6890f5ffef862c51bb40b4ba154edc8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 29 May 2014 16:42:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 025/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140529-4=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...pport for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md | 31 +++++++++++++++ ...ke Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md | 39 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 70 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md b/sources/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d43ed3a950 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source +================================================================================ +> The upcoming end of support for Adobe Flash in the open source Chromium browser for Linux is actually a good thing for the Linux world. + +![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/05/noflash.png) + +Flash, the ubiquitous media framework for the Web, soon will no longer work for Linux users of the [Chromium][1] browser, the open source version of [Google Chrome][2]. Is it time for the Linux world to panic? Not at all. + +Here's what's happening: Soon, the means by which Flash support was traditionally implemented in Chromium, via a plugin originally designed for Netscape, will [no longer work][3]. Instead, Flash support will come in the form of a new API called Pepper, which Google has created for Chrome. + +For Linux users, the problem is that Pepper is available only for Chrome, not its open source cousin, Chromium. And while it may be possible technically to make Pepper work in Chromium, doing so will require more know-how than the average Linux user possesses. + +That's bad news for the Linux world, where almost half of Linux users run Chromium, according to [one source][4]. And for other browsers, Flash support on Linux ended with Flash version 11.2, which still works well enough for now, but which may cease to be effective in the future. This is all to say that soon, neither Chromium, nor Firefox, nor any of their offshoots or open source betters likely will be able to display Flash-based content effectively. + +But so far, few people are actually panicking about this, as indeed they shouldn't. In many ways, vanishing Flash support for Linux is actually a good thing, because it will only help to hasten the disappearance of Flash altogether. After all, as Jim Lynch [noted][5] over at IT World, Apple iOS has never had Flash support, and that hasn't dampened the massive popularity of iPads or iPhones. This is particularly true as technologies such as HTML5 are making Flash unnecessary for delivering Web content. + +This is a case, then, in which denying support for a particular software package to the Linux community actually will benefit the community—and the IT world more generally—in the long run. That rarely happens, but when it comes to Flash, disappearing support for Linux can only prove to be a good thing. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/052814/why-no-flash-support-linux-good-open-source + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.chromium.org/ +[2]:https://www.google.com/intl/en-US/chrome/browser/ +[3]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#. +[4]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#. +[5]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/420319/adobe-flash-critical-future-linux \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a18f228673 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04 +================================================================================ +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Windows_Taskbar_ubuntu.jpeg) + +Some new users switching to Ubuntu from Windows may find the default Unity interface a little overwhelming. Most of the Windows users as well as some non-Gnome 3, non-Unity Linux users might miss the bottom taskbar in Ubuntu. We all know that [drag and drop in Unity][1] is not very user friendly feature. + +Whatever may be your reason, if you want a bottom panel in Ubuntu, [tint2][2] is your man. + +### Add bottom taskbar in Ubuntu 14.04 ### + +Open a terminal (Ctrl+Alt+T) and use the following command: + + sudo apt-get install tint2 + +This will install tint2. You can run it by typing tint2 in terminal but that’s not how we are going to use it. That won’t serve the purpose at all. What we need to do here is to add tint2 as a start up program. Which means each time you boot in to Ubuntu, you’ll find the taskbar at the bottom of the desktop. + +#### How to run tint2 at start up #### + +Open Unity Dash (press Windows key) and search for Startup Applications. + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Startup_Applications_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +Open **Startup Applications**. In there click on **Add** to add a new program to start up. You can name it something meaningful, in command type **tint2** and click **Add**. **Close** it to save it. The picture below should be helpful: + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Windows_Like_Taskbar_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +That’s it. Logout and login back and you will find the taskbar at the bottom, as shown in the first most picture. Like [Conky][3], tint2 can be configured great deal but for that you’ll have to edit the configuration files. But even if you leave it as it is, it just works. Have you tried it already? How is/was your experience with tint2? + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/add-windows-like-bottom-taskbar-in-ubuntu-unity-14-04/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://itsfoss.com/drag-drop-files-ubuntu-1404-unity/ +[2]:https://code.google.com/p/tint2/ +[3]:http://conky.sourceforge.net/ \ No newline at end of file From 0baf7175d20605722255cc4654addb8cd15f4db4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 29 May 2014 23:03:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 026/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AArduino=20Vs?= =?UTF-8?q?.=20Raspberry=20Pi--Which=20Is=20The=20Right=20DIY=20Platform?= =?UTF-8?q?=20For=20You?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @zpl1025 发布啦~ --- ...Which Is The Right DIY Platform For You.md | 26 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/Arduino Vs. Raspberry Pi--Which Is The Right DIY Platform For You.md (80%) diff --git a/translated/talk/Arduino Vs. Raspberry Pi--Which Is The Right DIY Platform For You.md b/published/Arduino Vs. Raspberry Pi--Which Is The Right DIY Platform For You.md similarity index 80% rename from translated/talk/Arduino Vs. Raspberry Pi--Which Is The Right DIY Platform For You.md rename to published/Arduino Vs. Raspberry Pi--Which Is The Right DIY Platform For You.md index 548f503c5c..b8417851a4 100644 --- a/translated/talk/Arduino Vs. Raspberry Pi--Which Is The Right DIY Platform For You.md +++ b/published/Arduino Vs. Raspberry Pi--Which Is The Right DIY Platform For You.md @@ -1,10 +1,11 @@ -Arduino Vs. 树莓派: 哪个是更适合你的DIY平台？ +Arduino 与 Raspberry Pi: 哪个是更适合你的DIY平台？ ================================================================================ ![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/arduinopi.jpg) +你想做硬件DIY吗？它们哪个更适合你？ -如果你很熟悉电子DIY，那么应该听过[Arduino][1]和[树莓派][2]的优点比较。你也许甚至会猜测，[像我之前认为的][3]，它们两个是处理相似问题的相互竞争的硬件平台。 +如果你很熟悉电子DIY，那么应该听过[Arduino][1]和[Raspberry Pi（树莓派）][2]的特点对比。你也许甚至会猜测到，[像我之前认为的][3]，它们两个是处理相似问题的相互竞争的硬件平台。 -实际上，Arduino和树莓派非常不一样。对于初学者来说，树莓派是一台完整功能的计算机，而Arduino只是一个微控制器，仅仅是组成计算机的一个模块。 +实际上，Arduino和树莓派非常不一样。对于初学者来说，树莓派是一台完整功能的计算机，而Arduino只是一个微控制器，它仅仅是组成计算机的一个模块。 这里有一些指引来帮助你区分Arduino和树莓派，然后确定这两个DIY设备中的哪个更适合你的需求。 @@ -12,11 +13,11 @@ Arduino Vs. 树莓派: 哪个是更适合你的DIY平台？ 树莓派和Arduino最开始都被设计成教育工具，这也是它们现在这么流行的原因，它们两个都非常容易学习使用。 -树莓派来自英国。开始的时候，发明者Eben Upton和他在剑桥大学计算机实验室的同事对学生数量的减少和差劲的技能感到非常懊恼，于是想办法解决这个问题。他们设计的树莓派是一台便宜的方便修改的计算机，目的是提高动手能力。Upton在2006年设计了树莓派的原型，在[2012年4月][4]的时候第一次可以在市场上买到。 +树莓派来自英国。开始的时候，发明者Eben Upton和他在剑桥大学计算机实验室的同事对学生数量的逐渐减少和差劲的技能感到非常懊恼，于是想办法解决这个问题。他们设计的树莓派是一台便宜的方便修改的计算机，目的是提高动手能力。Upton在2006年设计了树莓派的原型，在[2012年4月][4]的时候第一次可以在市场上买到。 另一个，Arduino诞生于意大利。它是根据发明者Massimo Banzi和合伙人想到这个点子的一个酒吧的名字命名的。Banzi是伊夫雷亚互动设计学院的一名教师，他想为他学设计的学生做一个简单的硬件原型制作工具。 -作为教育工具，Arduino和树莓派都适合初学者。而在了解了他们的硬件和软件特点之后，很明显他们会应用到完全不同的项目中。 +作为教育工具，Arduino和树莓派都适合初学者。而在了解了它们的硬件和软件特点之后，很明显它们会应用到完全不同的项目中。 ### 硬件和软件 ### @@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ Arduino Vs. 树莓派: 哪个是更适合你的DIY平台？ -

集成网络

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@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ Arduino Vs. 树莓派: 哪个是更适合你的DIY平台？ -

内部存储

+

Flash存储

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@@ -159,14 +160,13 @@ Arduino Vs. 树莓派: 哪个是更适合你的DIY平台？ -它们两个的价格和体积都差不多，我们已经知道树莓派和Arduino都很小巧很便宜，只是它们所包含的东西决定了它们的不同。 -树莓派在时钟速度上比Arduino快40倍。而更打击Arduino的是，树莓派拥有128,000倍的内存。树莓派是一台独立的计算机，可以运行实际的Linux操作系统，支持多任务，支持两个USB端口，还可以无线连接到因特网。总之，它足够强劲，完全可以作为个人电脑（但是还不足以与Mac或PC比较）。 +它们两个的价格和体积都差不多，我们已经知道树莓派和Arduino都很小巧很便宜，只是它们所包含的东西决定了它们的不同。树莓派在时钟速度上比Arduino快40倍。而更打击Arduino的是，树莓派拥有其128,000倍的内存。树莓派是一台独立的计算机，可以运行实际的Linux操作系统，支持多任务，支持两个USB端口，还可以无线连接到因特网。总之，它足够强劲，完全可以作为个人电脑（但是还不足以与Mac或PC比较）。 也许看起来树莓派比Arduino高级，但那仅仅是软件应用。Arduino的简单让它在单纯的硬件项目中表现更好。 -我采访了Limor Fried，她是[Adafruit][5]的创办者，Adafruit是一个DIY电子商店提供Arduino和树莓派的部件和工具，询问了她关于这两者之间不同的专业意见。作为一个从MIT毕业的工程师，立志要教所有级别的电子技术的高手，Fried比其他人更懂这两个平台。 +我采访了Limor Fried，她是[Adafruit][5]的创办者，Adafruit是一个DIY电子商店，提供Arduino和树莓派的部件和工具，询问了她关于这两者之间不同的专业意见。作为一个从MIT毕业的工程师，立志要教所有级别的电子技术的高手，Fried比其他人更懂这两个平台。 -“Arduino有处理'实时'和'模拟电路'的能力，这是树莓派没有的，这种灵活性让它可以匹配任何传感器或芯片”Fried这样说，“树莓派就没有这样灵活，比如，要读取模拟传感器就需要额外的硬件协助。有成千上万的教程教你把Arduino挂到几乎所有的器件上。另一方面，树莓派可以受益于多年的Linux软件积累，所以它们两个都是很棒的选择。” +“Arduino有处理'实时'和'模拟电路'的能力，这是树莓派没有的，这种灵活性让它可以匹配各种传感器或芯片”Fried这样说，“树莓派就没有这样灵活，比如，要读取模拟传感器就需要额外的硬件协助。有成千上万的教程教你把Arduino挂到几乎所有的设备上。另一方面，树莓派可以受益于多年的Linux软件积累，所以它们两个都是很棒的选择！” Arduino的集成开发环境明显比Linux容易太多了。比如，如果你在树莓派上想写个程序让LED闪烁，你需要安装一个操作系统以及各种代码库，而这还仅仅只是开始。而在Arduino上，你可以用仅仅8行代码来让LED闪烁。而且，Arduino并没有设计成运行操作系统或是大量软件，你可以仅仅把它插到板子上，它就开始工作了。 @@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ Arduino的集成开发环境明显比Linux容易太多了。比如，如果你 ### 社区 ### -不管树莓派还是Arduino，都有很多大型的，活跃的社区。这些论坛不仅仅是在学校和大学里使用，世界范围的骇客们也都在里面。 +不管树莓派还是Arduino，都有很多大型的、活跃的社区。这些论坛不仅仅是在学校和大学里使用，世界范围的极客们也都在里面。 下面这些地方你可以去看看，里面会有树莓派的支持和一些项目创意： @@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ Arduino的集成开发环境明显比Linux容易太多了。比如，如果你 via: http://readwrite.com/2014/05/07/arduino-vs-raspberry-pi-projects-diy-platform#feed=/hack&awesm=~oEFMq68riarQK2 -译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From acf3f94587289a3493906c1abd8e8a747c2211ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Thu, 29 May 2014 23:04:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 027/713] =?UTF-8?q?[=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4]?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ace Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md | 26 ------------------- 1 file changed, 26 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md b/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md deleted file mode 100644 index 66ce6c822f..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,26 +0,0 @@ -alim0x translating - -Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3 – not smooth yet but promising -================================================================================ -![](http://www.muktware.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/surface_pro_3.jpg) - -Microsoft has made Surface Pro 3 tablet PC available for pre-order from May 21 and it didn’t take long for Linux enthusiasts to try Ubuntu 14.04 on it. And the results are quite promising! Surface pro 3 flaunts a decent [hardware spec][] and it will definitely be a delight for any Linux user to run Ubuntu on it when all the components are supported. - -The first sensible step is to take a system image backup of the Surface pro 3. The image size will vary depending on what is installed on the device but the process is reasonably fast. A separate drive with Windows 8.1 is also required to restore the image because once Linux is installed, the repair and restore function will be lost. - -To install, connect a bootable pen drive with Ubuntu, press the Volume Down and Power keys till the Surface logo shows up, then release both. Once the USB boots up, you can reach the familiar Ubuntu install screen (with live and install options). The Ubuntu installation procedure remains the same. - -Post installation most of the components work out of the box. WiFi works but detects only 2.4GHz networks. The touchpad on the Type Cover works, but not the keyboard. The virtual keyboard in the accessibility setting can be used for typing but it is still lacking in features on Ubuntu. The best option is to connect a USB keyboard. The pen works as a pointer and pressing it down works as a left-click, but as Bluetooth is not working out of the box the buttons on the pen do not work. There might be some issues with the pressure-sensitivity of Ubuntu’s pen implementation. While it is fast and smooth, the experience without type cover is not optimal. Just like the keyboard, the dock might also not work out of the box. As touch and WiFi work out of the box, KDE‘s Plasma Active would be a better choice compared to Ubuntu on this device. However, the latest stable Kubuntu installation has issues on Surface Pro 3. - -By the time the Surface Pro 3 is available at the outlets most of the issues might get fixed if the device grabs enough attention from developers. Here’s a short [video][2] of Ubuntu running on Surface Pro 3 recorded during the experiment. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/05/ubuntu-surface-pro-3-smooth-yet-promising/27870 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.microsoft.com/surface/en-us/products/surface-pro-3 -[2]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRH-c2_kDA4 From 8d5c21d9e625b5739c0f0b469f14da83ce279582 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Thu, 29 May 2014 23:06:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 028/713] =?UTF-8?q?[=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90]2?= =?UTF-8?q?0140528=20Ubuntu=20on=20Surface=20P...omising.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完成。 --- ...ace Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md | 24 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md diff --git a/translated/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md b/translated/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a82b6c020c --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +在Surface Pro 3上运行Ubuntu – 尚不完美但很有戏 +================================================================================ +![](http://www.muktware.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/surface_pro_3.jpg) + +微软从5月21日起接受Surface Pro 3平板PC的预订，没过多久Linux爱好者们就在其上尝试了Ubuntu 14.04。结果是十分有希望的！Surface pro 3标榜拥有还不错的[硬件规格][1]，当所有的硬件都被支持后，对任何Linux用户而言在上面运行Ubuntu无疑是一件令人感到愉快的事情。 + +最明智的第一步无疑是对Surface pro 3的系统镜像做个备份。根据上面安装系统版本的不同镜像大小也不一定相同，但可以相信的是这一过程会很快完成。恢复Windows 8.1的时候还另外需要一个驱动器来恢复镜像，因为一旦安装了Linux，原本的修复和还原功能将会消失。 + +要在Surface上安装Ubuntu，连接一个Ubuntu的可启动U盘，同时按住音量减和电源键直到Surface的标志出现，然后放开这两个键。一旦从USB启动之后，你就能看到熟悉的Ubuntu安装界面（有实时会话（live session）和安装选项）。后续Ubuntu安装步骤和一般安装相同。 + +安装完成后大部分组件都能达到开箱即用的状态。WiFi能够正常工作，但只能检测到2.4GHz的网络。Type Cover上的触控板工作正常，但键盘不能工作。在辅助设置中的虚拟键盘可以用来输入，但在Ubuntu中还是缺少一些功能特性。最佳的选择是连接一个USB键盘。随附的笔能够像鼠标指针一样工作，点击下去相当于鼠标左键单击，但蓝牙不能开箱即用，笔上的按钮也不起作用。在Ubuntu的笔的功能实现上，在压感上可能会有点小问题。尽管系统流畅反应迅速，没有了type cover的体验无论如何也算不上最佳。就像键盘一样，dock（译注：Surface的扩展底座）可能也做不到开箱即用。相比于Ubuntu，触控和WiFi同样可以开箱即用的KDE的Plasma Active（译注：KDE专为触控设备打造的用户界面）会是个更好的选择。但是，最新版的Kubuntu在Surface Pro 3上安装时还存在一些问题。 + +如果这部设备能够获得开发者足够的关注的话，到Surface Pro 3在各个销售点开售的时候，大部分问题应该能够得到解决。 这里是这次试验时录下的Ubuntu运行在Surface Pro 3上的简短[视频][2]。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/05/ubuntu-surface-pro-3-smooth-yet-promising/27870 + +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.microsoft.com/surface/en-us/products/surface-pro-3 +[2]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRH-c2_kDA4 From 27eef7e843433204458988a4d59fc9172672aadc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 29 May 2014 23:09:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 029/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140528=20I?= =?UTF-8?q?nstall=20Webmin=20On=20Ubuntu=2014.04?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @MikeCoder 发布啦。翻译的不错。 --- .../20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md (82%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md b/published/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md similarity index 82% rename from translated/tech/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md rename to published/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md index d341aac1f1..1dc5ab8cb7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/published/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ================================================================================ ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/webmin-790x586.jpg) -[Webmin][1]是一个开源的基于网页的Unix/Linux系统管理工具。通过使用Webmin，你可以在浏览器上设置和安装所有的系统服务，包括:DNS,DHCP,Apache,NFS和Samba等等。因此，有了这个，你就再也不需要去记住所有的修改配置的命令了。 +[Webmin][1]是一个开源的基于网页的Unix/Linux系统管理工具。通过使用Webmin，你可以在浏览器上设置和安装所有的系统服务，包括:DNS、DHCP、Apache、NFS和Samba等等。因此，有了这个，你就再也不需要去记住所有的修改配置的命令了。 ### 使用官方软件源在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS上安装Webmin ### @@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ sudo apt-get install webmin -如果你想从远程系统访问webmin的控制台,就在防火墙里开启webmin的默认端口“10000” +如果你想从远程系统访问webmin的控制台，就在防火墙里开启webmin的默认端口“10000” sudo ufw allow 10000 @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-webmin-ubuntu-14-04/ -译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 79a5d7b96b2dee82152f7b102383c9666646fdcf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 00:36:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 030/713] Update 20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 2q1w2007翻译中 --- ...nux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md b/sources/news/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md index 6e6c1ec9f4..7db4550790 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md +++ b/sources/news/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +2q1w2007翻译中 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All ================================================================================ ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/4MLinux-9-0-Beta-Is-a-55-MB-Operating-System-that-Has-It-All-443946-2.jpg) @@ -39,4 +40,4 @@ via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/4MLinux-9-0-Beta-Is-a-55-MB-Operating-System [1]:http://4mlinux-releases.blogspot.ro/2014/05/4mlinux-90-beta-released.html [2]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux4m/files/8.0/updates/8.2/livecd/4MLinux-8.2.iso/download -[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux4m/files/9.0/livecd/4MLinux-9.0.iso/download \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux4m/files/9.0/livecd/4MLinux-9.0.iso/download From efef1027db5dcc9c5a9ff3caab2ab5a7f8376407 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 07:42:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 031/713] Translating:Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md --- ...0529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md index a18f228673..4b7dd205f2 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GOLinux ... Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04 ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Windows_Taskbar_ubuntu.jpeg) From 56411cf5154b3d27d46f4b9f4b99ff114598e3d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 07:43:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 032/713] Translating:Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md --- translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) create mode 100644 translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS diff --git a/translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS b/translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e69de29bb2 From 984b0b299b8257897a344ca661ebfefdb02c0749 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Thu, 29 May 2014 18:53:41 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 033/713] Update 20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md --- ...29 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md index a18f228673..a4386993ae 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GOLinux ... Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04 ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Windows_Taskbar_ubuntu.jpeg) @@ -36,4 +37,4 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/add-windows-like-bottom-taskbar-in-ubuntu-unity-14-04/ [1]:http://itsfoss.com/drag-drop-files-ubuntu-1404-unity/ [2]:https://code.google.com/p/tint2/ -[3]:http://conky.sourceforge.net/ \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://conky.sourceforge.net/ From a7f86665a66cf22ddf57b73f5043c271f2214513 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 09:04:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 034/713] Translated:20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md --- ...ke Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md | 40 ------------------- ...ke Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md | 37 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 40 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4b7dd205f2..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -Translating by GOLinux ... -Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04 -================================================================================ -![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Windows_Taskbar_ubuntu.jpeg) - -Some new users switching to Ubuntu from Windows may find the default Unity interface a little overwhelming. Most of the Windows users as well as some non-Gnome 3, non-Unity Linux users might miss the bottom taskbar in Ubuntu. We all know that [drag and drop in Unity][1] is not very user friendly feature. - -Whatever may be your reason, if you want a bottom panel in Ubuntu, [tint2][2] is your man. - -### Add bottom taskbar in Ubuntu 14.04 ### - -Open a terminal (Ctrl+Alt+T) and use the following command: - - sudo apt-get install tint2 - -This will install tint2. You can run it by typing tint2 in terminal but that’s not how we are going to use it. That won’t serve the purpose at all. What we need to do here is to add tint2 as a start up program. Which means each time you boot in to Ubuntu, you’ll find the taskbar at the bottom of the desktop. - -#### How to run tint2 at start up #### - -Open Unity Dash (press Windows key) and search for Startup Applications. - -![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Startup_Applications_Ubuntu.jpeg) - -Open **Startup Applications**. In there click on **Add** to add a new program to start up. You can name it something meaningful, in command type **tint2** and click **Add**. **Close** it to save it. The picture below should be helpful: - -![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Windows_Like_Taskbar_Ubuntu.jpeg) - -That’s it. Logout and login back and you will find the taskbar at the bottom, as shown in the first most picture. Like [Conky][3], tint2 can be configured great deal but for that you’ll have to edit the configuration files. But even if you leave it as it is, it just works. Have you tried it already? How is/was your experience with tint2? - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://itsfoss.com/add-windows-like-bottom-taskbar-in-ubuntu-unity-14-04/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://itsfoss.com/drag-drop-files-ubuntu-1404-unity/ -[2]:https://code.google.com/p/tint2/ -[3]:http://conky.sourceforge.net/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md b/translated/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..78ea25c1bb --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +在Ubuntu Unity 14.04中添加Windows风格的底部任务栏 +================================================================================ +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Windows_Taskbar_ubuntu.jpeg) + +一些从Windows转到Ubuntu的新用户可能发现，在Ubuntu下默认的Unity界面占据了一切。大多数Windows用户，也包括一些非Gnome 3用户和一些非Unity Linux用户也许在Ubuntu中看不到底部任务栏。我们都知道，[Unity中的拖放操作][1]对用户不是很友好。 + +不管出于什么原因，如果你在Ubuntu中想要个底部面板，那么[tint][2]就是你的菜。 + +### 在Ubuntu 14.04中添加底部任务栏 ### +打开终端（Ctrl+Alt+T），然后输入下面的命令： + + sudo apt-get install tint2 + +这样就把tint2安装好了。你可以在终端中输入tint2来运行它了，但这不是我们想要干的活，因为我们的目的根本不在于此。在此，我们需要让tint2来开机启动，这样每次启动Ubuntu的时候，它都会在桌面底部恭候你了。 + +#### 怎样让tint2开机启动？ #### +打开Unity Dash（按下Windows键吧），然后搜索启动程序。 + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Startup_Applications_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +打开**启动程序**，在那儿猛戳**添加**按钮，你就可以添加一个新的开机启动程序了。你可以给它起个好认的名字，那命令那栏输入**tint2**，然后猛戳**添加**，然后继续猛戳**关闭**来保存。如果我说得不够清楚，还是看看下面的图片吧，它应该很直观了： + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Windows_Like_Taskbar_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +好了。赶快注销并重新登录进去看看吧，任务栏会乖乖地在下面等着你了。第一张图片看到了吗？就是那个样子的。像[Conky][3]一样，tint2也能进行大量配置，但要进行深度配置，你得修改配置文件了。就算你很懒惰，安好了啥都不做，那它也会干得很好了。你已经试过了？你感觉tint2怎么样呢？ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/add-windows-like-bottom-taskbar-in-ubuntu-unity-14-04/ + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://itsfoss.com/drag-drop-files-ubuntu-1404-unity/ +[2]:https://code.google.com/p/tint2/ +[3]:http://conky.sourceforge.net/ \ No newline at end of file From 75993a5237f284664f542ae9226afacd7991b0b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 10:40:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 035/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ADaily=20Ubun?= =?UTF-8?q?tu=20Tips--Automatically=20Backing=20Up=20Ubuntu=2014.04=20To?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Box=20Cloud=20Storage?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ng Up Ubuntu 14.04 To Box Cloud Storage.md | 19 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Daily Ubuntu Tips--Automatically Backing Up Ubuntu 14.04 To Box Cloud Storage.md (68%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Daily Ubuntu Tips--Automatically Backing Up Ubuntu 14.04 To Box Cloud Storage.md b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips--Automatically Backing Up Ubuntu 14.04 To Box Cloud Storage.md similarity index 68% rename from translated/tech/Daily Ubuntu Tips--Automatically Backing Up Ubuntu 14.04 To Box Cloud Storage.md rename to published/Daily Ubuntu Tips--Automatically Backing Up Ubuntu 14.04 To Box Cloud Storage.md index 106366b4bf..c761f152fd 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Daily Ubuntu Tips--Automatically Backing Up Ubuntu 14.04 To Box Cloud Storage.md +++ b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips--Automatically Backing Up Ubuntu 14.04 To Box Cloud Storage.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ Ubuntu 每日技巧- 自动备份Ubuntu 14.04到Box云存储上 ================================================================================ -如今你已经升级或者安装了Ubuntu 14.04， 这有另外一件事情你可能需要去做来保护你的新系统：备份！ +如今你已经升级或者安装了Ubuntu 14.04， 但是还有另外一件保护你的新系统需要做的事情：备份！ Ubuntu内置了一个备份工具 **Déjà Dup Backup Tool**。它允许你备份你的系统并保存在本地或者通过不同的协议保存在远端服务器上。 -还有许多其他的工具来备份你的Ubuntu计算机与文件。你可以通过[Dropbox 客户端][1]或者其他云服务来自动备份你的重要文档。你也有可能使用UbuntuOne来备份你的机器，但这不再是一个选择了。 +还有许多其他的工具来备份你的Ubuntu计算机与文件。你可以通过[Dropbox 客户端][1]或者其他云服务来自动备份你的重要文档。你也有可能使用UbuntuOne来备份你的机器，但现在这不再是一个选择了。 -另外用来备份你机器的云存储是Box。Box是一个很棒的服务，它是Dropbox的一个替代品。Box云存储的一个缺点是它没有Dropbox那样的Linux客户端。 +另外一个可以用来备份你机器的云存储是Box。Box是一个很棒的服务，它是Dropbox的一个替代品。Box云存储的一个缺点是它没有Dropbox那样的Linux客户端。 它的一个好处是它有Dropbox不支持的通过WebDAV协议来备份你的文件。 @@ -14,12 +14,11 @@ Ubuntu内置了一个备份工具 **Déjà Dup Backup Tool**。它允许你备 在你开始之前，你首先要确保你有一个Box账号，如果没有，请先前去注册。 -When you’re ready, open **Dash** and search for Backup. Or go to **Option (Gear) –> System Settings –> Backups** 当你完成后，打开**Dash** 并搜索备份。或者进入**选项 (Gear) –> 系统设置 –> 备份** ![ubuntu1404-backup](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ubuntu1404backup.png) -接下来，选择备份的文件夹(保存)，忽略的文件夹，以及哪里保存备份。位置是我们要首先设置的。对于存储位置，我们选择**WebDAV** 。接下来输入服务器地址(如下所示), 文件夹应该是/dav/，以及你的Box用户名。 +接下来，选择备份的文件夹(即保存)，忽略的文件夹，以及在哪里保存备份。位置是我们要首先设置的。对于存储位置，我们选择**WebDAV** 。接下来输入服务器地址(如下所示), 文件夹应该是/dav/，并输入你的Box用户名。 ![ubuntu1404-backup-1](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ubuntu1404backup11.png) @@ -31,23 +30,23 @@ When you’re ready, open **Dash** and search for Backup. Or go to **Option (Ge ![ubuntu1404-backup-3](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ubuntu1404backup3.png) -在下一屏中，你可以选择是否用密码加密备份。我建议不要这么做，因为忘记密码可能也会有危险。 +在下一屏中，你可以选择是否用密码加密备份。我建议不要这么做，因为忘记密码可能也会有危险。（译注：当然那些秘密的东西你就不要备份到这里了） -第一次备份后，前往打开自动备份设置。接着进入计划并选择对于你最好的备份计划。 +第一次备份后，前往打开定期备份设置。接着进入计划并选择对于你最好的备份计划。 -要打开自动备份，右上角的滑动条拖到右边。 +要打开定期备份，要将右上角的滑动条拖到右边（即变成橙色的“ON”）。 ![ubuntu1404-backup-4](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ubuntu1404backup4.png) 就是这样！你现在可以进入'保存的文件夹' 并开始加入更多需要备份的文件夹。 -享受吧！ +体验一下吧！ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/04/daily-ubuntu-tips-automatically-backing-up-ubuntu-14-04-to-box-cloud-storage/ -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 378d25459ac5fa7290cc84c867dffce4bba50f50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 10:40:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 036/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=94=B9=E5=90=8D?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Major Application Updates.md} | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename translated/{Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Major Application Updates.md => tech/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Major Application Updates.md} (100%) diff --git a/translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Major Application Updates.md b/translated/tech/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Major Application Updates.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Major Application Updates.md rename to translated/tech/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Major Application Updates.md From cdddcc8e6256f3551e511e58a7ced9f19785e485 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 11:06:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 037/713] Translated:20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md --- translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS | 0 ...tu 14.04 LTS: Major Application Updates.md | 43 ------------------- 2 files changed, 43 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS delete mode 100644 translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Major Application Updates.md diff --git a/translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS b/translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS deleted file mode 100644 index e69de29bb2..0000000000 diff --git a/translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Major Application Updates.md b/translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Major Application Updates.md deleted file mode 100644 index fa30df2e43..0000000000 --- a/translated/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Major Application Updates.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,43 +0,0 @@ -Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: 主要程序更新 -================================================================================ -过去几周我们已经讨论过 Ubuntu 的第一个LTS新版本在过去两年内在操作系统方面的主要更新。今天我们将要列出 Ubuntu 应用程序商店中自从上一个 LTS 版本以来主要的应用程序更新。 - -### 主要的程序和工具更新 ### - -除了大量桌面应用程序更新(下一节讨论)外，两年以来大量的其他程序和工具都有了非常不错的更新。以下讨论其中的一部分： - -- **Xen 4.4** - 对于 Ubuntu 内置 Xen 这是一个重大更新。最显著的变化就是它不再支持纯32位的 CPU 了(虽然还继续支持32位操作系统)。这不应该是一个大问题，因为过去六年以来大多数CPU都是64位的。但是这意味着那些还在老服务器或笔记本上使用 Ubuntu 的人需要知道 Xen 将不再支持他们的CPU了。 - -- **QEMU 2.0** 紧接着 Xen 后面介绍 QEMU ，因为为了适应 Xen，QEMU做了些调整。最主要的影响是在 KVM 中创建的虚拟机无法从以前的 Ubuntu 12.04 迁移到这个版本，并且快照也无法恢复。另外，加入了对 arm64 的二进制虚拟。 -- **MySQL** 尽管默认安装的是 MySQL 5.5，但是也可以从标准库中安装 Percona, MariaDB 或者 MySQL 5.6。惊喜的是，不想其他的软件发布库，Ubuntu 并没有将数据库换成MariaDB ，继续默认安装。估计是和甲骨文维持了比较好的关系。 - -- **Apache 2.4 and PHP 5.5** 有点意外的是 Apache 升级到了2.4版本，毕竟2.2版本已经稳定使用了太久了。但我还是乐意看到 Apache 发布了桌面版。PHP 早在 12.04 LTS 就可以升级到 PHP 5.5 ，新版系统将其默认安装了。注意：如果你使用的是一些老板 CMS 平台 (cough, cough – DRUPAL), 在升级过程中可能得做一些调整，具体请参考文档。 - -### 软件中心：桌面应用程序升级 ### - -简单来说，软件中心的主要几个软件都有许多重大更新(比较距离上个版本已经有两年的时间了)。最明显的软件更新如下： - -- Google Chrome 33 -- Firefox 28 -- Nautilus 3.10 -- The Gimp – 2.8 -- KDE 4.13 (我觉得是最好的桌面软件) - -上面虽然没提，办公套件已经预装了 LibreOffice 4.2.3.3 ，看起来棒极了，不信自己看： - -![Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Libre Office Upgrade](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/newlibreoffice4233.png) - -总结 -总之，Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 成功的从 12.04 平滑过渡过来了。除非你运气太差，使用了最新版本的 NVidia 显卡(使用 780GTX 或 Titan芯片的 Linux 专用驱动并没有集成到系统中)。 - -以下的几篇文章中，我将深入了解有关显示器和显卡的更多的技术细节(高分辨率显示器更好)，同时对 Mir(Xwindows 桌面替换软件) 做一个早期预览测试(当然是在虚拟机环境中)。如果你还有其他想知道的，在评论栏里留言，我们下周见！ - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via:https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-lts-major-application-updates/ - -译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 57e4a24968b0258437faa89f2c68cae05612cc86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 11:47:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 038/713] alim0x translating --- ...Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md b/sources/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md index f075f29acf..48dfefc1e3 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md +++ b/sources/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +alim0x translating + GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps ================================================================================ ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/GNOME-Online-Accounts-3-13-2-Adds-Support-or-Photos-and-Maps-444249-2.jpg) @@ -29,4 +31,4 @@ via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/GNOME-Online-Accounts-3-13-2-Adds-Support-or [1]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.13/gnome-online-accounts-3.13.2.news [2]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.12/gnome-online-accounts-3.12.2.tar.xz -[3]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.13/gnome-online-accounts-3.13.2.tar.xz \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.13/gnome-online-accounts-3.13.2.tar.xz From aeb4d7bdd69779655f09f4c59cedc4e06f94f198 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 13:47:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 039/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- translated/tech/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md b/translated/tech/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md index 2462fc7bc8..eca76a5369 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/translated/tech/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Ubuntu 14.04最棒的图标主题 sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install numix-icon-theme numix-icon-theme-circle -#### Uniform: #### +#### Uniform: #### ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Uniform_Icons.jpeg) From 0cfd423765c55a914e9f0c2dcc6621b4b4fbc156 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 13:47:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 040/713] Update 20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md --- ... How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md b/sources/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md index b5c70bedc9..edbb44ee2c 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GOLinux ... How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS ================================================================================ Let me show you in this small tutorial, how to share 1 disk between 2 Linux guests os in Virtualbox. @@ -44,4 +45,4 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/share-disks-virtualbox-linux-guest-os/ 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c739808035a5b73523dc23da044b21329cfad5ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 14:19:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 041/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md | 18 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md b/translated/tech/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md index eca76a5369..26da46f49a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/translated/tech/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -Ubuntu 14.04最棒的图标主题 +Ubuntu 14.04 最棒的图标主题 ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Ubuntu_Trusty_Tahr_Best_Icons.jpeg) -还在苦苦寻找方法来让你的Ubuntu 14.04更加漂亮吗？那就赶紧给你的系统换套图标吧！如果你还不知道有哪些很棒的图标主题，不用着急，我已经整理了一些适用于**Ubuntu 14.04的最棒的图标集**。不过在向你们介绍这些图标集之前，我还是先向你介绍一下如何应用图标主题吧。 +还在苦苦寻找方法来让你的 Ubuntu 14.04 更加漂亮吗？那就赶紧给你的系统换套图标吧！如果你还没发现哪些图标主题很棒，不用着急，我已经整理了一些适用于**Ubuntu 14.04的最佳图标集**。不过在欣赏这些图标集之前，我还是先向你介绍一下如何应用图标主题吧。 -### 如何在Ubuntu系统中应用新图标： ### +### 如何在 Ubuntu 系统中应用新图标集： ### 你可以通过两种方式来安装一个新的图标主题。一个是添加PPA源。你可以添加PPA软件源，然后安装某个图标集。但并不是所有的图标集可以通过该方法获得。所以，另一种方法就是，下载该图标集的压缩文件，然后将之解压到**~/.icons**文件夹。如果这个文件夹不存在的话，你可以使用下面的命令来新建： @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Ubuntu 14.04最棒的图标主题 解压到以上路径的图标只对当前用户有效。如果你希望所有的用户都可以使用该图标主题，你应该将该图标解压到**/usr/share/icons**。 -到此，你已经安装了该图标。这样的话，你就可以使用[Unity Tweak Tool][1]来应用该图标主题。你可以使用下面的命令来安装Unity Tweak Tool： +到此，你已经安装了该图标。这样的话，你就可以使用[Unity Tweak Tool][1]来应用该图标主题。你可以使用下面的命令来安装 Unity Tweak Tool： sudo apt-get install unity-tweak-tool @@ -20,17 +20,17 @@ Ubuntu 14.04最棒的图标主题 ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Unity_Tweak_Tool.jpeg) -现在，你可以选择你所喜欢的图标集啦。到此为止，我想你已经掌握了如何在Ubuntu中更换图标，下面我们一起来欣赏Ubuntu中最棒的图标主题吧。 +现在，你可以选择你所喜欢的图标集啦。到此为止，我想你已经掌握了如何在 Ubuntu 中更换图标，下面我们一起来欣赏 Ubuntu 中最棒的图标主题吧。 ### Ubuntu 14.04最棒的图标主题： ### -废话不多说，我们一起来欣赏一些Ubuntu Unity桌面可用的图标主题吧（可能也支持Gnome桌面环境，小编未在该桌面环境下测试）： +废话不多说，我们一起来欣赏一些 Ubuntu Unity 桌面可用的图标主题吧（可能也支持Gnome桌面环境，小编未在该桌面环境下测试）： #### Moka: #### ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/moka-Ubuntu-themes.jpeg) -你可以使用下面的命令在Ubuntu以及相似的发行版中安装该图标主题： +你可以使用以下命令在 Ubuntu 以及同类的发行版中安装该图标主题： sudo add-apt-repository ppa:snwh/moka-icon-theme-daily sudo apt-get update @@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ Ubuntu 14.04最棒的图标主题 ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Numix_Circle.jpeg) -上图中展示的是Numix 圆形图标主题。一些相似的图标主题和壁纸资源也是可以通过Numix PPA软件源获得的： +上图中展示的是 Numix 圆形图标主题。一些相似的图标主题和壁纸资源也是可以通过 Numix PPA 软件源获得的： sudo add-apt-repository ppa:numix/ppa sudo apt-get update @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ Ubuntu 14.04最棒的图标主题 via: http://itsfoss.com/best-icon-themes-ubuntu-1404/ -译者：[JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d1858d83fb7895341ce4b543af7a6ee19e7c9770 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 14:22:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 042/713] Update 20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md --- ...9 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md b/sources/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md index edbb44ee2c..9ff6ca79ed 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -Translating by GOLinux ... +Translating by GOLinux ... No one can get it. How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS ================================================================================ Let me show you in this small tutorial, how to share 1 disk between 2 Linux guests os in Virtualbox. From 4a3ef5132a0370bc988a4ebd9b9ec39010287b8f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: shipsw Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 14:23:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 043/713] Update 20140529 Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md Translating by shipsw --- ...x World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140529 Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md b/sources/news/20140529 Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md index a4c2093399..fc01410872 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140529 Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md +++ b/sources/news/20140529 Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +##Translating by shipsw## Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015 ================================================================================ ![The Steam Machines will not be ready in 2014](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Linux-World-Domination-and-Steam-Machines-Delayed-Until-2015-444271-2.jpg) @@ -30,4 +31,4 @@ via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linux-World-Domination-and-Steam-Machines-De 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://steamcommunity.com/groups/steamuniverse#announcements/detail/1820891223906967821 \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://steamcommunity.com/groups/steamuniverse#announcements/detail/1820891223906967821 From b0852fb3d30bf53d03aaa33db4d59be16e56a4d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 15:32:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 044/713] Translated:20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md --- .../Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md | 112 ++++++++++++++++++ ...ks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md | 27 ++--- 2 files changed, 125 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) create mode 100644 translated/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md rename {sources => translated}/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md (53%) diff --git a/translated/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md b/translated/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..73ed036112 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +Linux大神们的顶级命令行秘诀 +================================================================================ +![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rw509807/command-line.jpg) + +> "Command-line secrets? There aren't any such things," said blogger Robert Pogson. "Desperate newbie? Type 'help.' Still need a hint? Type 'man whatever.' Want more diversity? Type 'ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less,' pick out a few gems and type 'man whatever' all night long. I've been at it more than a decade. Still having fun." Of course, "one can be addicted to the point of destruction." +> “命令行秘诀？根本就没这玩样。”博主罗伯特·柏格森说。“新手们，你们失望了？那就猛敲‘help’吧。还想要点提示？随便‘man’个什么吧。想更多来点不同？敲‘ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less’，随便捡几个宝贝命令出来，整晚地‘man’去吧。我已经干那活超过十年了，到现在还玩得不亦乐乎。”当然，“ +**W**ell it was a relatively quiet week here in the Linux blogosphere, giving residents a long-overdue opportunity to catch their collective breath, enjoy a few Tequila Tux cocktails and take stock of all the FOSS-related happenings that have taken place over the past few weeks. + +Among the highlights, for those who missed them, were [the awarding][1] of the [IEEE][2] Computer Society's 2014 Computer Pioneer Award to none other than Linus Torvalds; [the arrival][3] of Tails OS 1.0; and, perhaps most exciting of all, [the release][4] of Seattle-based band [netcat's][5] debut album as a Linux kernel module. + +"Are you ever listening to an album, and thinking 'man, this sounds good, but I wish it crossed from user-space to kernel-space more often!'" netcat wrote on its Facebook page. "We got you covered. Our album is now fully playable as a loadable Linux kernel module." + +Linux Girl thought she had seen it all here in the Linux world, but now she realizes she was wrong. Thank you, netcat, for keeping life interesting! + +### 'Command Line Secrets' ### + +![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/article_images/linuxgirl_bg_pinkswirl_150x245.jpg) + +Speaking of interesting, there's nothing like a little shop talk around the bar to pass the time during a quiet week, and last week afforded a dose of that as well. Life is good here in the Linux blogosphere! + +The forum was Linux Voice -- that shiny, new magazine alert readers may remember [launched late last year][6] -- and the topic was none other than [command line secrets][7]. + +Linux Girl couldn't resist. + +### 'It Manages to Render Most Web Pages' ### + +"There are loads of really good reasons to use the command line," wrote the masterminds at Linux Voice. "It's the most powerful and concise method of interacting with your computer. + +"However, we decided to take a moment to look at some of its more obscure (and some would say pointless) uses," they added. + +Top of the magazine's list is the elinks Web browser: "It might not be as colorful as its more famous rivals, but it manages to render most Web pages," they explained. "As well has having geek-chic, it can come in handy when you just need to quickly check if a Web page is accessible from a computer you only have SSH access to." + +The list goes on from there to include looking up definitions on Wikipedia, among other tips. + +Down at the Broken Windows Lounge, patrons had plenty of suggestions of their own. + +### 'Great for Maintenance' ### + +"Very nice tips on CL commands, very nice," enthused Google+ blogger Alessandro Ebersol, for example. "But they forgot [cowsay][8], which is great for having some laughs in the darkness of a terminal." + +The command line "is great for maintenance," he added. "One can automate with bash scripts and make complex tasks with few (or just one) keystrokes." + +Other command line secrets Ebersol would add to the original list are sl (steam locomotive), along with [these nuggets][9]: + + * % cat "food in cans" + cat: can't open food in cans + * % nice man woman + No manual entry for woman. + * % [Where is Jimmy Hoffa? + Missing ]. + * % make love + Make: Don't know how to make love. Stop. + * % man: why did you get a divorce? + man:: Too many arguments. + +### 'The Most Precious Gem' ### + +"Command-line secrets? There aren't any such things," blogger [Robert Pogson][10] told Linux Girl. "Desperate newbie? Type 'help.' Still need a hint? Type 'man whatever.' Want more diversity? Type 'ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less,' pick out a few gems and type 'man whatever' all night long. I've been at it more than a decade. Still having fun." + +Pogson doesn't remember how long ago he discovered 'ssh,' but "it's the most precious gem of the FLOSS world," he said. + +"The awesome power of ssh is that the joy you have with typing commands on one computer can allow you a hundred times the joy on 100 computers," he added. "Of course, it's not fun to type passwords 100 times, so learn to use secure passwordless logins with ssh to make logging in remotely transparent." + +### 'Use It With Respect' ### + +Of course, "just as with any pleasurable activity, one can be addicted to the point of destruction," Pogson warned. "As root, you can type commands to delete everything or otherwise mess things up. + +"This is the nuclear option, and just as world leaders should sit on their hands and think carefully before pushing the button, value this power and use it with respect and higher motivations," he added. + +"I once deleted a file system because my thumb dragged the space bar into a command," Pogson concluded. "I only did that once. Honest." + +### 'Very Powerful' ### + +Google+ blogger Gonzalo Velasco C. was no less enthusiastic. + +"Even though the [GUI][11] tools are easier, in the *nix universe, the command line remains very powerful," he told Linux Girl. "Even some power MacOS users use them." + +As for Gonzalo Velasco C. himself, "the only commands I would like to master are the process control and killing, to use with ctrl+alt+backspace, so I can handle the one process that is giving me trouble, and the tar.gz files management -- that to this very day remains a pain for me," he said. + +#### 'Ur Doing It Wrong' #### + +Last but not least, SoylentNews blogger hairyfeet had a different perspective altogether. + +"The only thing I would add to a story about CLI is this: If you aren't working in IT and performing repetitive tasks where having an extremely simplistic, primitive way to script something is useful, and yet you are still using CLI, then 'ur doing it wrong,'" hairyfeet told Linux Girl. "A CLI isn't magic -- it's a GUI from the 1970s!" + +Today there are "useful GUIs thanks to actually having more CPU and RAM than a dollar-store watch -- we even have IDEs and scripting languages that can run rings around that 70s throwback, work across the WAN or LAN and interact with the deepest levels of the OS, all while being easier to use thanks to technologies like intellisense and autocomplete," he explained. "So why in God's name, if you aren't one of the 3 percent who are administering systems where every single byte counts, would you be dragging that old pile of junk out of mothballs?" + +Hairyfeet's best CLI advice? "Don't -- join the rest of the planet in the 21st century and learn how to use real languages and tools," he concluded. "Let CLI join bubble memory and floppies on the dustbin of history." + +> atherine Noyes is always on duty in her role as Linux Girl, whose cape she has worn since 2007. A mild-mannered journalist by day, she spends her evenings haunting the seedy bars and watering holes of the Linux blogosphere in search of the latest gossip. You can also find her on [Twitter][12] and [Google+][13]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80437.html?rss=1 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.computer.org/portal/web/pressroom/Linus-Torvalds-Named-Recipient-of-the-2014-IEEE-Computer-Society-Computer-Pioneer-Award +[2]:http://www.ieee.org/ +[3]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80386.html +[4]:https://www.facebook.com/netcatband/posts/755205877853161?stream_ref=10 +[5]:http://www.netcat.co/ +[6]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/79448.html +[7]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/commandline-secrets/ +[8]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowsay +[9]:https://www.linux.com/community/blogs/133-general-linux/10408 +[10]:http://mrpogson.com/ +[11]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI +[12]:http://twitter.com/noyesk +[13]:https://plus.google.com/+KatherineNoyes?rel=author \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md b/translated/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md similarity index 53% rename from sources/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md rename to translated/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md index 9ff6ca79ed..6ea613f965 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md @@ -1,48 +1,47 @@ -Translating by GOLinux ... No one can get it. -How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS +在VirtualBox中的Linux客户机系统间共享磁盘 ================================================================================ -Let me show you in this small tutorial, how to share 1 disk between 2 Linux guests os in Virtualbox. +在本教程中，让我来给你们展示一下如何在VirtualBox中的两个Linux客户机系统间共享一个磁盘。 -This tutorial will be very helpful, if you want to Configure and play with GFS or cluster machines. +本教程对于那些想配置一下并玩玩GFS或者集群的人来说还是很有帮助的。 -The the normal screenshot of Virtualbox: +下图是VirtualBox的标准界面： ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-05-28_102225.png) -First, Guest OS Centos1: +第一个客户系统机CentOS1： ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-05-28_102252.png) -Second Guest OS Centos2: +第二个客户机系统CentOS2： ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-05-28_102314.png) -Add Extra disk to First machine: +给第一台机器添加额外的磁盘： ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-05-28_102459.png) -via File -> Virtual Media manager (Control+D): +点击文件->虚拟介质管理器（Control+D）打开虚拟介质管理器界面： ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-05-28_102657.png) -Make the disk Shareable: +设置磁盘为可共享（Shareable）： ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-05-28_102719.png) -From Guest Centos 2, you can add existing disk that was created before Centos1 guest OS: +在客户机CentOS 2上，你可以添加现有磁盘，该磁盘在CentOS1客户机系统之前已经创建好： ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/v2014-05-28_113908.png) -After this restart the 2 Guest os, you can check if the drive is add: +完成后，你可以重启第二个客户机系统，并检查驱动器是否已经添加： ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-05-28_111903.png) -That’s it. +大功告成。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.unixmen.com/share-disks-virtualbox-linux-guest-os/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 3d9c1698c0fd7bf17fc3539df7ec7aeb32d0b1ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 15:39:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 045/713] Update Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md --- sources/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md b/sources/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md index a5759da8c6..0317f39d67 100644 --- a/sources/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md +++ b/sources/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +No one wanna get it? OK. Let me do it. GOLinux ... Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets ================================================================================ ![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rw509807/command-line.jpg) @@ -109,4 +110,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80437.html?rss=1 [10]:http://mrpogson.com/ [11]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI [12]:http://twitter.com/noyesk -[13]:https://plus.google.com/+KatherineNoyes?rel=author \ No newline at end of file +[13]:https://plus.google.com/+KatherineNoyes?rel=author From 3e8cd97ff53e2f375a3e783eade1b37c57265d97 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 15:45:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 046/713] [Translating]Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04 --- ... Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md | 5 ++++- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md index 4927afbb5a..4b87e9c7d8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +Translating-----------geekpi + + Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04 ================================================================================ **Bacula** is an open source network backup solution that permits you to backup and restore the data’s from a local or group of remote networked computers. It is very easy in terms of installation and configuration with many advanced storage management features. @@ -187,4 +190,4 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/setup-backup-server-using-bacula-webmin-ubuntu-14-04 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-webmin-ubuntu-14-04/ \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-webmin-ubuntu-14-04/ From 7724e839315bb72952354ca45a8b10b5e72f6a13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 15:59:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 047/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ABest=20Icon?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Themes=20For=20Ubuntu=2014.04?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @JonathanKang 发布了~ --- .../tech => published}/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md b/published/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/tech/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md rename to published/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md index 26da46f49a..5f8bcc1445 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/published/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -Ubuntu 14.04 最棒的图标主题 +五个 Ubuntu 14.04 最佳图标集 ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Ubuntu_Trusty_Tahr_Best_Icons.jpeg) -还在苦苦寻找方法来让你的 Ubuntu 14.04 更加漂亮吗？那就赶紧给你的系统换套图标吧！如果你还没发现哪些图标主题很棒，不用着急，我已经整理了一些适用于**Ubuntu 14.04的最佳图标集**。不过在欣赏这些图标集之前，我还是先向你介绍一下如何应用图标主题吧。 +还在苦苦折腾让你的 Ubuntu 14.04 更加漂亮的方法吗？那就赶紧给你的系统换套图标吧！如果你还没发现哪些图标主题很棒，不用着急，我已经整理了一些适用于**Ubuntu 14.04的最佳图标集**。不过在欣赏这些图标集之前，我还是先向你介绍一下如何应用图标主题吧。 ### 如何在 Ubuntu 系统中应用新图标集： ### @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Ubuntu 14.04 最棒的图标主题 sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install numix-icon-theme numix-icon-theme-circle -#### Uniform: #### +#### Uniform: #### ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Uniform_Icons.jpeg) From 0fe538d57c21848417a2462122a5c3263b58a144 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: shipsw Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 16:01:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 048/713] Delete 20140529 Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完成 删除 --- ...n and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md | 34 ------------------- 1 file changed, 34 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140529 Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140529 Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md b/sources/news/20140529 Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md deleted file mode 100644 index fc01410872..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140529 Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,34 +0,0 @@ -##Translating by shipsw## -Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015 -================================================================================ -![The Steam Machines will not be ready in 2014](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Linux-World-Domination-and-Steam-Machines-Delayed-Until-2015-444271-2.jpg) - -The gaming community is anxious to get their hands on the new Linux-based Steam Machines from Valve, but it seems that the launch of this console hybrid is being delayed until next year. - -Valve is not a company known for its punctuality and it looks like the upcoming Steam Machines will definitely fit the profile. But what are these Steam Machines everyone is talking about? - -The company announced only a year and a half ago that they were launching the Steam for Linux client, and a few months ago Valve released SteamOS, a Linux distribution based on Debian that will power a console / PC hybrid. It will try to rival the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in the living room. - -The only difference is that Valve is thinking about this console model a little bit differently. They want to have a console that can be upgraded with new parts and that is built by numerous third-party companies according to a set of specifications, which are not very constraining. - -To make things even better, Valve is working on a new controller that will revolutionize the way people play games on the consoles, especially for first-person shooters and strategies. Unfortunately, as you can see, this is a lot of work and the proposed 2014 goal is no longer viable. - -“We’re now using wireless prototype controllers to conduct live playtests, with everyone from industry professionals to die-hard gamers to casual gamers. It's generating a ton of useful feedback, and it means we'll be able to make the controller a lot better. Of course, it's also keeping us pretty busy making all those improvements. Realistically, we're now looking at a release window of 2015, not 2014.” - -“Obviously we're just as eager as you are to get a Steam Machine in your hands. But our number one priority is making sure that when you do, you'll be getting the best gaming experience possible. We hope you'll be patient with us while we get there. Until then, we’ll continue to post updates as we have more stories to share,” [said][1] a Valve representative in the Steam Universe discussion group. - -This can indicate a number of problems that need to be solved, beside the fact that the Steam controller is nowhere near ready. It's very possible that their operating system, SteamOS, is not prepared to take on such a huge task. There are still problems with the drivers and it will take a long time to fix them. - -The AMD support is rather poor and Valve really wants the Steam Machines project to be a powerful competition. The biggest problem is probably the price, which is high at the moment, as it surpasses PS4 and Xbox One by a lot. - -Valve and the companies that are building the consoles probably need more time to get the prices down and to improve the final quality of the product, hardware and software-wise. They also need more games under their belt, so postponing the Linux domination of the world by another six months, into 2015, may not be such a bad thing. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linux-World-Domination-and-Steam-Machines-Delayed-Until-2015-444271.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://steamcommunity.com/groups/steamuniverse#announcements/detail/1820891223906967821 From 430c8a84f4755abc6cc5306e0ee725f4c59f61cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: shipsw Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 16:04:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 049/713] Create Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完毕 更新 --- ...n and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md | 33 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/news/Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md diff --git a/translated/news/Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md b/translated/news/Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7ccad06e19 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Linux World Domination 和蒸汽机推迟到2015年 +================================================================================ +![2014年 Steam Machines 将不会发布](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Linux-World-Domination-and-Steam-Machines-Delayed-Until-2015-444271-2.jpg) + +游戏社区急于期盼 Valve 发布的基于 Linux 的 Steam Machines(译注：一个基于Linux的控制台游戏机)，但是看起来这个产品会推迟到明年发布了。 + +Valve 并不是一个守时的公司，看起来即将到来的 Steam Machines 发布正好符合公司的风格。但是大家都在讨论的 Steam Machines 到底是个什么东西？ + +一年半前该公司宣布推出 Steam Linux的客户端，数月前 Valve 发布了SteamOS， 基于 Debian 的一个控制台和PC混合的 Linux 发行版。该产品将和 PlayStation 4 和 Xbox 共同争夺家庭市场。 + +唯一的不同是 Valve 对这个控制台有些不同的想法。他们想使得控制台可以升级大量第三方公司开发的组件，这些组件符合统一的标准。 + +为了使得游戏体验更好，Valve 正致力于开发新一代的控制台，该控制台将刷新用户在控制台上玩游戏的体验，尤其是第一人称射击和策略游戏。不幸的是，可以想象得到，这是个艰巨的任务，2014年发布的目标已经无法达成了。 + +“我们正在使用一个无线原型机进行现场测试，测试用户包含铁杆玩家、业内人士和休闲玩家。我们收到了海量的反馈，这意味着我们的控制器会开发的更好。当然也搞的我们忙于修改所有的改进。现在来看，我们正在计划2015年发布产品而不是2014年。” + +“我们和大家一样非常期望 Steam Machines 能尽快拿到手。但是我们首要保证的是一旦你拿到手，你将得到前所未有的游戏体验。希望大家能和我们一起耐心等待。在那之前，我们将继续发布更新如果我们有更多信息的话，” Steam Universe 社区里的 Valve [发言人说>][1]。 + +这可能意味着需要解决掉一些问题，但是 Steam Machines 远没有完成。很可能他们的 SteamOS 操作系统并没有准备好应付这么艰巨的任务。驱动程序也有些问题需要较长的时间去修复。 + +AMD的技术支持太差了，Valve 确实是想使得 Steam Machines 项目成为一个有竞争力项目。最大的问题就是价格，将会比 PS4 和 Xbox 高多了。 + +Valve 和控制台厂商需要更多时间去降低成本，提高产品和软硬件的质量。他们也需要更多的游戏进驻，所以将 Linux domination of the world 推迟了六个月，推迟到2015年，这也许不是件坏事。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linux-World-Domination-and-Steam-Machines-Delayed-Until-2015-444271.shtml + +译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://steamcommunity.com/groups/steamuniverse#announcements/detail/1820891223906967821 From ab37655c2056cb031d3a002d5ea93d9e23e64ee9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: shipsw Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 16:06:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 050/713] Update Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md --- ...ux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/news/Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md b/translated/news/Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md index 7ccad06e19..b3c4ebf38c 100644 --- a/translated/news/Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md +++ b/translated/news/Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Valve 并不是一个守时的公司，看起来即将到来的 Steam Machines 这可能意味着需要解决掉一些问题，但是 Steam Machines 远没有完成。很可能他们的 SteamOS 操作系统并没有准备好应付这么艰巨的任务。驱动程序也有些问题需要较长的时间去修复。 -AMD的技术支持太差了，Valve 确实是想使得 Steam Machines 项目成为一个有竞争力项目。最大的问题就是价格，将会比 PS4 和 Xbox 高多了。 +AMD的支持太差了，Valve 确实是想使得 Steam Machines 项目成为一个有竞争力项目。最大的问题就是价格，将会比 PS4 和 Xbox 高多了。 Valve 和控制台厂商需要更多时间去降低成本，提高产品和软硬件的质量。他们也需要更多的游戏进驻，所以将 Linux domination of the world 推迟了六个月，推迟到2015年，这也许不是件坏事。 From c4c284dc1bceab40d3fc00867a7b0a675b94b2af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 16:29:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 051/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140530-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...o Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md | 142 ++++++++++++++++++ ...ommand--A recorder inside your Terminal.md | 85 +++++++++++ 2 files changed, 227 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md b/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ec6f1822a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina +================================================================================ +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/linux-macbook-pro-retina-840x420.jpg?ec7b17) + +MacBook Pros come with some very nice hardware, but some people want more. Some people want Linux. + +Whether you’d like a more open and customizable operating system or simply need to dual-boot in order to access certain software, you might want Linux on your MacBook. The thing is, MacBook Pros are also pretty closed-down pieces of hardware that make installing other operating systems difficult – Linux more so than Windows. Boot Camp won’t help you with Linux, even though it doesn’t mean it’s impossible. Here’s how to do it. + +### Why Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina? ### + +The reasoning for installing Linux on a MacBook Pro might seem a bit strange at first – isn’t OS X one of the main reasons to get a Mac? That might be true, but another great reason to get a Mac is the hardware. They offer excellent performance, superb battery life, and long durability. For the ones with a Retina display, you’re also wanting a HiDPI experience for ultra-crisp photos and text. + +But if you don’t like Mac OS X, or simply need to use Linux, you may want to put another operating system on that Mac hardware. Linux is lean, open, and highly customizable. Who says that you can’t bring the two together in a happy marriage? Well, Apple might have a word to say about that, but you probably don’t care anyways. + +Note: For the purposes of this tutorial, we’ll be using Ubuntu, the [most popular Linux distribution][1], as our preferred choice. You’re free to choose a different distribution, but you can then only follow these steps are generic guidelines and not exact instructions. We claim no responsibility for any damage that is done to your system. Additionally, this tutorial assumes that you want to dual-boot between Linux and Mac OS X. It’s recommended to keep Mac OS X on the hard drive so that you can update the firmware if needed — something you cannot do in Linux. + +Before we even start with the first step, make sure that your computer is backed up in case anything goes wrong. How you do this is up to you, so feel free to use Time Machine, CrashPlan, or whatever else you might prefer. + +### Download Ubuntu ### + +First, you’ll want to get a [copy of the Ubuntu desktop ISO image][2]. Be sure to choose the 64-bit desktop flavor, and not the image made for Macs. The regular image can boot up in BIOS and EFI modes, while the Mac image can only boot up in BIOS mode. This was done on purpose for some Macs, but we want to be able to boot it up in EFI mode. + +### Write to USB Drive ### + +Next, grab a USB flash drive that is at least 2GB large – we’ll use this to boot up the Ubuntu installer on. To make this drive you can follow [the official Ubuntu steps][3], or [use the dedicated GUI tool for the job][4]. + +### Resize Partitions ### + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_disk_utility.jpg?ec7b17) + +nce you’ve done that, you can get your MacBook Pro ready for the installation. Open up the Disk Utility, click on your hard drive on the left side, and then choose the Partitions tab. Resize the Mac partition to whatever size you’d like it to be — we’ll use the newly created free space to install Ubuntu. + +### Boot Up Ubuntu Image ### + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_boot.jpg?ec7b17) + +After that’s completed, plug in the USB flash drive you prepared and restart your MacBook Pro. Be sure to hold down the Options button from when the screen blanks out for a second to when you see a screen with various boot options. Choose the EFI option (the left one in case you see two of them) to boot up your Ubuntu USB flash drive. + +When prompted to choose between “Try Ubuntu” and “Install Ubuntu”, choose “Try Ubuntu” because we’ll need to perform a step after the installer completes but before you restart the system. + +### Installer ### + +Once the Ubuntu desktop loads, start the installer and go through it normally until you reach the partitioning step. If you cannot access WiFi, it’s because Ubuntu currently doesn’t recognize your WiFi chipset. Don’t worry – we don’t need to have Internet access right now, and it’ll detect the right driver to use whenever you boot up into your new installation later on. + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_installer_partitions.jpg?ec7b17) + +Once you come to the partitioning step, choose to “Do something else”. Then, make sure that the small partition that’s ~128MB large is recognized as an EFI boot partition (you can check by clicking on it and choosing Options; additionally, that should be /dev/sda1). Next, you can create an ext4 partition in the new space and have the path “/” be mounted to it. You can also create multiple partitions here if you prefer that and know what you’re doing. + +Before you continue to the next step, make sure that the bootloader installation location says /dev/sda1, as you want GRUB to be installed into that partition. Then, finish off the installation like normal. + +### EFI Boot Fix ### + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_efibootmgr.jpg?ec7b17) + +When the installer completes, don’t restart just yet! We still need to do one more thing so that we’ll be able to use GRUB. Run the following command: + + sudo apt-get install efibootmgr + +This will temporarily install a configuration tool for EFI boot setups. Next, run + + sudo efibootmgr + +This will print out the current boot configuration to your screen. In this, you should be able to see “ubuntu” and “Boot0000*”. Currently, the EFI system will point to Boot0080*, which skips GRUB and goes directly to Mac OS X. To fix this, run the command + + sudo efibootmgr -o 0,80` + +Now you can restart! + +Congratulations! Your Ubuntu installation should now be working! However, there are a few tweaks that you can perform to have a better experience. + +### Various Tweaks ### + +First, you’ll need to make a quick change to a GRUB setting so that the SSD won’t occasionally freeze. Type + + sudo nano /etc/default/grub + +in a terminal, and then find the line with **GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX** and change it to **GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="libata.force=noncq"**. Hit CTRL+X to save, and Y then Enter to confirm. Then, you’ll want to type + + sudo nano /etc/grub.d/40_custom + +into the terminal, which will open up a new file. In it, type this exactly: + + menuentry "Mac OS X" { + exit + } + +This will allow you to boot into your Mac OS X installation (the 32-bit and 64-bit entries in GRUB do not work). Do the same thing to save and exit, then type in + + sudo update-grub + +for the changes to go into effect. Finally, restart your system for good measure. + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_small_retina.jpg?ec7b17) + +As you can see, everything is ridiculously small on the Retina display. To fix this, System Settings –> Display and change the scaling factor to something larger. On the Retina screen, everything will look extremely tiny and it will make your life much more difficult if you don’t change it to something you like. + +You may also find that it’s difficult to grab the edges of a window for resizing. This can also be changed. Type + + sudo nano /usr/share/themes/Ambiance/metacity-1/metacity-theme-1.xml + +into a terminal, and then change these values appropriately: + + + + + +If that’s not big enough, you can also change those values to “6″ instead. + +Finally, if you experience any washed out colors, you can grab the display color profile from Mac OS X and use it in Ubuntu. Mount your Mac OS X drive and navigate to + + /Library/ColorSync/Profiles/Displays/Color LCD-xxxxxx.icc + +where xxxxxx is some random string (there should only be one file anyways, but this string gets randomized). Copy it into your Ubuntu home folder, and then go to System Settings –> Color and choose Add New Profile and choose the profile you saved in your home folder. + +### Conclusion ### + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_final.jpg?ec7b17) + +Congratulations! You now have a great working Linux installation on your MacBook Pro Retina! Feel free to make additional tweaks to [make Ubuntu feel more like home][5]. I’m sure that these instructions can be applied to other Mac systems, but each new release has its own pitfalls and advantages. If you use a different machine, it’s a good idea to look up some documentation first, such as [this][6] for Ubuntu. + +Additionally, feel free to check out [other great Linux distros][7] that you can install to your Mac! + +Have you installed Linux on a Mac? What problems did you encounter and how did you solve it? Let us know in the comments! + +Image Credits: [K?rlis Dambr?ns][8] Via Flickr + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/install-linux-macbook-pro/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/windows-xp-users-switch-ubuntu-14-04-lts-trusty-tahr/ +[2]:http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop/ +[3]:http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop/create-a-usb-stick-on-mac-osx +[4]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/how-to-boot-a-linux-live-usb-stick-on-your-mac/ +[5]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/11-tweaks-perform-ubuntu-installation/ +[6]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MacBookPro +[7]:http://www.makeuseof.com/pages/best-linux-distributions +[8]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/janitors/10037346335 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fa439287bd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +Linux script command - A recorder inside your Terminal +================================================================================ +When you are working on the terminal or console, you may want to record what you have done in the terminal. The recording can be used as a documentation about what happen in terminal. Let say you are working together with some Linux Administrators at the same time. Or you let someone to remote your server. You may want to record about what happen in the terminal. To do this, you can use script command. + +### What is script ### + +script is a command that make a typescript that printed in the terminal. It is useful for everyone who need a hardcopy record of the session that happened in the terminal. This record can be saved and printed out later. + +### How to use it ### + +By default, we can start script with typing script on the terminal. + + pungki@dev-machine:~$ script + Script started, file is typescript + pungki@dev-machine:~$ + +You can also define a destination filename to write the result of typescript. + + pungki@dev-machine:~$ script myfile + +![Define script file](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/start_script.png) + +When you received a command prompt again, it means the terminal will record anything that is printed in terminal. + +You will see in the current directory, there is a file named typescript. + +### Why we use script command ### + +As we mention before, script has main function to record everything. Here’s two samples of scenarios why we are using it. + +#### Collaborate with colleague #### + +When working together with your colleague, we can record your activity with script. +Let say we will use a typescript file called **collaborate**. To do that type : + + $ script collaborate + +![Create collaborate file](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/collaborate.png) + +Then after doing some tasks, let say you need to send your work to another engineer. Just send the file. So when the other engineer need to review what was done, he can just open the file using a text editor. + +If he want to update the file, he can use **-a** option. + + $ script -a collaborate + +![Append the file](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/collaborate_append.png) + +#### Record someone activity in the terminal #### + +You may let your engineer or someone to enter your system remotely. To make sure that your engineer are doing right, you can record what he had done to your system. To make the script command run automatically upon login, we can add it on your shell profile. If you are using **bash** shell, add this line into your bash profile. + + $ vi ~/.profile + + # run the script command to record everything + # use -q for quite and -a option to append the script + # + /usr/bin/script -qa /usr/local/script/log_record_script + +![Add script to bash profile](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/script_login.png) + +Then save it. Next time he logged in to your system, script command will automatically run and put the log on the **/usr/local/script/log_record_script** + +![Script without notification](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/remote_script_quite.png) + +The option **-q** will run script command in quite mode. The user who logged in will not have any notification that the script command is run. While **-a** option will add the record without erasing the previous record. + +If we don’t use **-q** option, then when the user logged on, the user will get a notification about script as the picture below. + +![Script with notification](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/remote_script.png) + +### Quit recording ### + +To exit the record activity, we can press **Ctrl+D** button or type **exit** from the terminal. Before you exit from script, you will find the size of the record file is 0 Kb. After you exit from script, the file size will change. + +### Conclusion ### + +Script command may useful when you need to record or documenting what happen in the terminal. The record file will be stored as a text file, so it will easy to open it with any text editor. As usual, we can always type **man script** or **script -h** to display its manual page and explore it more detail. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/script-command-recorder/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From bc3263b63c779e9dcd7e2cd305efce42bfc6b927 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 16:35:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 052/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140530-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...A' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md | 35 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md b/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5b254f80c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Fix “Cannot Add PPA” Error In Ubuntu 14.04 & Linux Mint +================================================================================ +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/PPA_Error_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +A regular reader of It’s FOSS, Chetan Jain contacted me today with this question: How can I fix “Cannot add PPA” error in Ubuntu 14.04. Chetan was trying to install [TLP (power management tool to reduce overheting)][1] and encountered this error: + + chetan@Inspiron-3521:~$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:linrunner/tlp + Cannot add PPA: ‘ppa:linrunner/tlp’. + Please check that the PPA name or format is correct. + +If you encounter similar error while adding a PPA in Ubuntu or Mint, don’t worry. It’s one of the (less) common issue with PPA and can be solved easily. + +### Fix Cannot add PPA error in Ubuntu and Linux Mint ### + +There can be mainly two reasons behind this kind of error. Either the CA certificates on your system are broken or there is a proxy set up in your network. + +Let’s first try to reinstall the CA certificates: + + sudo apt-get install --reinstall ca-certificates + +If the above command doesn’t work, perhaps there is proxy settings involved. To pass proxy settings to sudo, use it with E option in the following manner: + + sudo -E add-apt-repository ppa:linrunner/tlp + +This will get the PPA working. Chetan’s issue was solved with the second solution. I hope this quick tip help you as well to get rid of the PPA error. Any questions or suggestions are always welcomed. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-add-ppa-error-ubuntu-1404-linux-mint/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://itsfoss.com/solve-overheating-issue-battery-life-ubuntu-1304/ \ No newline at end of file From dc125b2eb260f099062b3a1c7ffecb3378917043 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 16:41:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 053/713] [Translating]20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04 --- ...Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md | 193 ------------------ ...Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md | 190 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 190 insertions(+), 193 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4b87e9c7d8..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,193 +0,0 @@ -Translating-----------geekpi - - -Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04 -================================================================================ -**Bacula** is an open source network backup solution that permits you to backup and restore the data’s from a local or group of remote networked computers. It is very easy in terms of installation and configuration with many advanced storage management features. - -In this tutorial, let us see how to install and configure Bacula on Ubuntu 14.04 server. My test box IP address is **192.168.1.250/24**, and hostname is **server.unixmen.local**. Well, now let me get us into the tutorial. - -### Install Bacula ### - -Bacula uses an SQL database to manage its information. We can use either MySQL or PostgreSQL database. In this tutorial, I use MySQL server. - -Enter the following command to install MySQL server. - - sudo apt-get update - sudo apt-get upgrade - sudo apt-get install mysql-server - -During MySQL installation, you’ll be asked to set the database administrator password. Enter the password and click Ok. - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0012.png) - -Re-enter the password: - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0021.png) - -Now, let us install bacula using the following command: - - sudo apt-get install bacula-server bacula-client - -By default, Bacula uses Postfix MTA. During installation, you’ll be asked to configure Postfix. - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0031.png) - -Select Internet Site and click Ok. - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0041.png) - -Enter server fully qualified name(FQDN): - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0051.png) - -Now, select Yes to configure database for Bacula with dbconfig-common. - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_006.png) - -Enter the MySQL database administrator password: - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0071.png) - -Set password for bacula-director-mysql to register with the database server. If left blank, a random password will be generated. - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0081.png) - -Re-enter the password: - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0091.png) - -### Create Backup and Restore Directories ### - -Now, let us backup and restore directories. - - sudo mkdir -p /mybackup/backup /mybackup/restore - -Set permissions and ownership to the above directories: - - sudo chown -R bacula:bacula /mybackup/ - sudo chown -R 700 /mybackup/ - -### Configure Bacula ### - -Bacula has many configuration files which we have to configure. - -**Update Bacula Director configuration:** - - sudo vi /etc/bacula/bacula-dir.conf - -Find the following section, and update the restore path. In our case,** /mybackup/restore** is my restore location. - - [...] - Job { - Name = "RestoreFiles" - Type = Restore - Client=server-fd - FileSet="Full Set" - Storage = File - Pool = Default - Messages = Standard - Where = /mybackup/restore - } - [...] - -Scroll down to “list of files to be backed up” section, and set the path of the directory to backup. For this tutorial, I want to backup the “**/home/sk**” directory. So, I included this directory path in the “File” parameter. - - [...] - - # By default this is defined to point to the Bacula binary - # directory to give a reasonable FileSet to backup to - # disk storage during initial testing. - # - File = /home/sk - } - [...] - -Scroll down further, fins the section **Exclude** section. Set the list of directories to be excluded from the backup. Here, I excluded the backup folder **/mybackup** directory from being backed up. - - [...] - - # If you backup the root directory, the following two excluded - # files can be useful - # - Exclude { - File = /var/lib/bacula - File = /nonexistant/path/to/file/archive/dir - File = /proc - File = /tmp - File = /.journal - File = /.fsck - File = /mybackup - } - } - [...] - -Save and close file. - -**Update Bacula Storage Daemon settings:** - -Edit **/etc/bacula/bacula-sd.conf**, - - sudo vi /etc/bacula/bacula-sd.conf - -Set the backup folder location. i.e **/mybackup/backup** in our case. - - [...] - - Device { - Name = FileStorage - Media Type = File - Archive Device = /mybackup/backup - LabelMedia = yes; # lets Bacula label unlabeled media - Random Access = Yes; - AutomaticMount = yes; # when device opened, read it - RemovableMedia = no; - AlwaysOpen = no; - } - [...] - -Now, check if all the configurations are valid as shown below. If the commands displays nothing, the configuration changes are valid. - - sudo bacula-dir -tc /etc/bacula/bacula-dir.conf - sudo bacula-sd -tc /etc/bacula/bacula-sd.conf - -Once you done all the changes, restart all bacula services. - - sudo /etc/init.d/bacula-director restart - sudo /etc/init.d/bacula-fd restart - sudo /etc/init.d/bacula-sd restart - -That’s it. Now, bacula has been installed and configured successfully. - -### Manage Bacula Using Webmin ### - -Managing and working with Bacula via command line is bit difficult. So let use a graphical system administration tool called “webmin” to ease our tasks. - -Follow the below link to install Webmin on Ubuntu 14.04. - -- [Install Webmin on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS][1] -注：此链接文章在另一篇里，如果也翻译发布了，那么可以更改这个链接地址 - -Now, go to the Webmin interface using URL https://ip-address:10000. Go to the System tab on the left pane and click on the Module configuration link. If it not found under system, search it from the unused modules section. - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Webmin-1.690-on-server.unixmen.local-Ubuntu-Linux-14.04-Mozilla-Firefox_002.png) - -Select MySQL in the database section. Enter the MySQL database administrator password, and click Save button. - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Webmin-1.690-on-server.unixmen.local-Ubuntu-Linux-14.04-Mozilla-Firefox_003.png) - -That’s it. Now you’ll be able to configure Bacula from webmin easily. Start adding backup clients, volumes and schedule the jobs. - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Webmin-1.690-on-server.unixmen.local-Ubuntu-Linux-14.04-Mozilla-Firefox_004.png) - -Cheers! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.unixmen.com/setup-backup-server-using-bacula-webmin-ubuntu-14-04/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-webmin-ubuntu-14-04/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md b/translated/tech/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0e79919449 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,190 @@ +在Ubuntu 14.04 上使用Bacula和Webmin设置备份服务器 +================================================================================ +**Bacula**是一个开源网络备份解决方案,允许你在本地或者远程计算机组上备份或者还原数据。许多高级存储管理特性配置与安装是很容易的。 + +主机名是**server.unixmen.local**。现在让我们进入教程吧。 + +### 安装 Bacula ### + +Bacula使用SQL数据库管理它的信息。我们可以使用MySQL或者PostgreSQL数据库。本篇教程中，我使用MySQL。 + +输入下面的命令安装MySQL服务器。 + + sudo apt-get update + sudo apt-get upgrade + sudo apt-get install mysql-server + +在安装MySQL的过程中，可能提示需要输入数据库管理员密码。输入密码后按下OK。 + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0012.png) + +重新输入密码： + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0021.png) + +现在使用下面的命令安装bacula： + + sudo apt-get install bacula-server bacula-client + +Bacula默认使用Postfix MTA。安装过程中，你会被要求配置Postfix。 + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0031.png) + +选择Internet站点并点击OK。 + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0041.png) + +输入服务器完整网域名称： + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0051.png) + +现在输入yes用dbconfig-common来配置Bacula数据库。 + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_006.png) + +输入MySQL数据库管理员密码： + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0071.png) + +设置bacula-director-mysql密码注册数据库。如果空白，会生成一个随机密码。 + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0081.png) + +重新输入密码： + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0091.png) + +### 创建备份与还原目录 ### + +现在，让我们创建备份与还原目录。 + + sudo mkdir -p /mybackup/backup /mybackup/restore + +设置上面目录的权限与所属用户/组： + + sudo chown -R bacula:bacula /mybackup/ + sudo chown -R 700 /mybackup/ + +### 配置 Bacula ### + +Bacula有很多配置文件需要我们配置。 + +**更新 Bacula Director 配置:** + + sudo vi /etc/bacula/bacula-dir.conf + +找到下面的字段，并更新还原路径。本篇中，** /mybackup/restore**是我的还原位置。 + + [...] + Job { + Name = "RestoreFiles" + Type = Restore + Client=server-fd + FileSet="Full Set" + Storage = File + Pool = Default + Messages = Standard + Where = /mybackup/restore + } + [...] + +滚动到“list of files to be backed up”字段，并设置备份的目录。本篇教程中，我希望备份“**/home/sk**”目录。所以我包这个目录包含进了“File”参数中。 + + [...] + + # By default this is defined to point to the Bacula binary + # directory to give a reasonable FileSet to backup to + # disk storage during initial testing. + # + File = /home/sk + } + [...] + +继续向下滚动，找到**Exclude** 字段，设置排除在备份目录外的目录列表。这里，我排除了目录**/mybackup**。 + + [...] + + # If you backup the root directory, the following two excluded + # files can be useful + # + Exclude { + File = /var/lib/bacula + File = /nonexistant/path/to/file/archive/dir + File = /proc + File = /tmp + File = /.journal + File = /.fsck + File = /mybackup + } + } + [...] + +保存并关闭文件。 + +**更新 Bacula 存储守护进程设置:** + +编辑 **/etc/bacula/bacula-sd.conf**, + + sudo vi /etc/bacula/bacula-sd.conf + +设置备份目录位置，也就是本篇中的**/mybackup/backup**。 + + [...] + + Device { + Name = FileStorage + Media Type = File + Archive Device = /mybackup/backup + LabelMedia = yes; # lets Bacula label unlabeled media + Random Access = Yes; + AutomaticMount = yes; # when device opened, read it + RemovableMedia = no; + AlwaysOpen = no; + } + [...] + +现在如下检查是否所有的配置是有效的。如果下面的命令没有显示，那么配置就是有效的。 + + sudo bacula-dir -tc /etc/bacula/bacula-dir.conf + sudo bacula-sd -tc /etc/bacula/bacula-sd.conf + +一旦你完成所有的设置，重启所有的bacula服务。 + + sudo /etc/init.d/bacula-director restart + sudo /etc/init.d/bacula-fd restart + sudo /etc/init.d/bacula-sd restart + +就是这样。现在，bacula已经成功安装与配置了。 + +### 使用Webmin 管理 Bacula ### + +使用命令行管理Bacula是有点困难的。所以我们使用一个图形化的管理工具“webmin”来简化我们的任务。 + +使用下面的命令在Ubuntu 14.04上安装Webmin。 + +- [在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS上安装Webmin][1] +注：此链接文章在另一篇里，如果也翻译发布了，那么可以更改这个链接地址 + +现在使用URL https://ip-address:10000进入Webmin界面。在左边的窗格中进入系统标签并点击模块配置链接。如果在系统下没有找到它，在未使用模块一栏中查找。 + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Webmin-1.690-on-server.unixmen.local-Ubuntu-Linux-14.04-Mozilla-Firefox_002.png) + +在数据库一栏中选择MySQL数据库。输入MySQL管理员密码，并点击保存。 + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Webmin-1.690-on-server.unixmen.local-Ubuntu-Linux-14.04-Mozilla-Firefox_003.png) + +就是这样。现在你可以在webmin中简单地配置Bacula了。开始加入备份客户端，磁盘卷和计划任务吧。 + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Webmin-1.690-on-server.unixmen.local-Ubuntu-Linux-14.04-Mozilla-Firefox_004.png) + +干杯! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/setup-backup-server-using-bacula-webmin-ubuntu-14-04/ + +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-webmin-ubuntu-14-04/ From 98c6e1f1e134a2454c8c9805ea0e0343e399d660 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: CHINAANSHE Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 16:52:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 054/713] Update 20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md Translating --- .../20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md b/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md index ec6f1822a4..e1fd2397fb 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translating by CHINAANSHE + How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina ================================================================================ ![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/linux-macbook-pro-retina-840x420.jpg?ec7b17) @@ -139,4 +141,4 @@ via: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/install-linux-macbook-pro/ [5]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/11-tweaks-perform-ubuntu-installation/ [6]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MacBookPro [7]:http://www.makeuseof.com/pages/best-linux-distributions -[8]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/janitors/10037346335 \ No newline at end of file +[8]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/janitors/10037346335 From a27b4976686afada61ab0c5edffad4f0a6ce7eb3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 18:18:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 055/713] [translating] Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers --- ... s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md b/sources/talk/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md index b792ff744f..bdd449e3f6 100644 --- a/sources/talk/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md +++ b/sources/talk/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +zpl1025, so loooooooooooooooog........... Raspberry Pi's Eben Upton: How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers ================================================================================ > Inside the mind that prototyped a $35 computer for tinkerers. From f9450f67f09b15ac7b1b90e9da4daeafb5b7e055 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 22:33:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 056/713] =?UTF-8?q?[=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90]2?= =?UTF-8?q?0140529=20GNOME=20Online=20Account...=20and=20Maps.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md | 32 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md diff --git a/translated/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md b/translated/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5daab30ed1 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +GNOME在线账户3.13.2添加对照片和地图账户的支持 +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/GNOME-Online-Accounts-3-13-2-Adds-Support-or-Photos-and-Maps-444249-2.jpg) + +**GNOME开发者宣布最新版的GNOME在线账户（3.13.2）现已发布，并带来数个新特性。** + +GNOME的3.13.x分支的开发是十分严格的，它最终会发展成为稳定的3.14版本，但那还有很长的路要走。到了那时，开发者们可以自由地改动和添加新特性。 + +这个分支之前的数个版本带来了一些十分有趣的改动。在其它改变中，开发者们从软件中移除了对Windows和Twitter账户的支持。 + +通过[更新日志][1]得知，对照片账户的支持已经添加，一个对GNOME_COMMON_INIT不建议的调用已经被移除，UI进行了调整使得在线账户能够在对话框中使用标题栏，为了防止timerfd（译注：timerfd是Linux为用户程序提供的一个定时器接口）的泄漏，报警逻辑已被简化，以及添加了对地图账户的支持。 + +另外，对一个微小的内存泄漏问题进行了修复，默认的凭据缓存将不再泄漏，Flickr账户连接现使用SSL加密使其更加安全。 + +**下载 GNOME在线账户 3.13.2 源代码包：** + +- [tar.xz (3.12.2 Stable)][2][sources] [1.20 MB] +- [tar.xz (3.13.2 Development)][3][sources] [1.30 MB] + +请记住这是一个开发版本，不应将其安装在生产环境的机器上。该下载请仅作为测试目的安装。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/GNOME-Online-Accounts-3-13-2-Adds-Support-or-Photos-and-Maps-444249.shtml + +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.13/gnome-online-accounts-3.13.2.news +[2]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.12/gnome-online-accounts-3.12.2.tar.xz +[3]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.13/gnome-online-accounts-3.13.2.tar.xz From f828281c61bc0ba6fe79f8c0a6cf2b2661887e20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 22:33:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 057/713] =?UTF-8?q?[=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4]?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md | 34 ------------------- 1 file changed, 34 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md b/sources/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md deleted file mode 100644 index 48dfefc1e3..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,34 +0,0 @@ -alim0x translating - -GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps -================================================================================ -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/GNOME-Online-Accounts-3-13-2-Adds-Support-or-Photos-and-Maps-444249-2.jpg) - -**The GNOME developers announce that the latest version of GNOME Online Accounts, 3.13.2, is now out and comes with quite a few new features.** - -The 3.13.x branch of GNOME is strictly for development and it will eventually evolve into the stable 3.14, but that's a long way ahead. Until then, the developers are free to implement changes and new features. - -The previous version in this branch brought some very interesting changes and the devs removed Windows and Twitter support from the software, among other changes. - -According to the [changelog][1], support has been added for photos, a deprecated call to GNOME_COMMON_INIT has been removed, the UI has been adjusted so that the Online Accounts can use a header bar in the dialog, the alarm logic has been simplified in order to stop timerfd leaks, and support for maps has been added. - -Also, a small memory leak fix has been implemented, the default credentials cache is no longer leaked, and SSL is now used for Flickr for more security. - -**Download GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 sources:** - -- [tar.xz (3.12.2 Stable)][2][sources] [1.20 MB] -- [tar.xz (3.13.2 Development)][3][sources] [1.30 MB] - -Remember that this is a development version and it should NOT be installed on production machines. It is intended for testing purposes only. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/GNOME-Online-Accounts-3-13-2-Adds-Support-or-Photos-and-Maps-444249.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.13/gnome-online-accounts-3.13.2.news -[2]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.12/gnome-online-accounts-3.12.2.tar.xz -[3]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-online-accounts/3.13/gnome-online-accounts-3.13.2.tar.xz From 1c87178692a543b5ee9904c4c7ce99c9c40bcbf4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 22:46:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 058/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140528=20U?= =?UTF-8?q?buntu=20on=20Surface=20Pro=203--not=20smooth=20yet=20but=20prom?= =?UTF-8?q?ising?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @alim0x 发布啦！明天上午可以看到 http://linux.cn/article-3122-1.html --- ...ace Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md | 24 +++++++++++++++++++ ...ace Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md | 24 ------------------- 2 files changed, 24 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md delete mode 100644 translated/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md diff --git a/published/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md b/published/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8e261565a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md @@ -0,0 +1,24 @@ +在Surface Pro 3上运行Ubuntu – 虽不完美但很有戏 +================================================================================ +![](http://www.muktware.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/surface_pro_3.jpg) + +微软从5月21日起接受Surface Pro 3平板PC的预订，没过多久Linux爱好者们就在其上尝试了Ubuntu 14.04。结果是十分有戏的！Surface pro 3宣称其拥有还不错的[硬件配置][1]，当它的所有的硬件都被支持后，对任何Linux用户而言在上面运行 Ubuntu 无疑是一件令人感到振奋的事情。 + +最明智的第一步无疑是对Surface pro 3的系统镜像做个备份。根据上面安装系统版本的不同，其备份镜像的大小也不一定相同，但这一过程无疑都很快。不过，恢复Windows 8.1的时候还另外需要一个驱动器来帮助恢复镜像，因为一旦安装了Linux，原本的修复和还原功能将会消失。 + +要在Surface上安装Ubuntu，插入一个Ubuntu的可启动U盘，同时按住音量减键和电源键，直到Surface的标志出现，然后放开这两个键。一旦从USB启动之后，你就能看到熟悉的Ubuntu安装界面（有实时会话[live session]和安装选项）。后续Ubuntu安装步骤和一般的安装相同。 + +安装完成后大部分组件都能达到开箱即用的状态。WiFi能够正常工作，但只能检测到2.4GHz的网络。Type Cover上的触控板工作正常，但键盘不能工作。在辅助设置中的虚拟键盘可以用来输入，但在Ubuntu中还是缺少一些功能特性。最佳的选择是连接一个USB键盘。随附的手写笔能够像鼠标一样工作，点击下去相当于鼠标左键单击，但蓝牙不能开箱即用，手写笔上的按钮也不起作用。在Ubuntu上手写笔的功能实现上，在压感上可能会有点小问题。尽管系统流畅反应迅速，但没有了Type Cover的体验无论如何也算不上最佳。就像键盘一样，dock（译注：Surface的扩展底座）可能也做不到开箱即用。相比于Ubuntu，触控和WiFi同样可以开箱即用的KDE的Plasma Active（译注：KDE专为触控设备打造的用户界面）会是个更好的选择。另外，最新版的Kubuntu在Surface Pro 3上安装时还存在一些问题。 + +如果这部设备能够获得开发者足够的关注的话，到Surface Pro 3在各个销售点开售的时候，大部分问题应该能够得到解决。 这里是这次试验时录下的Ubuntu运行在Surface Pro 3上的简短[视频][2]。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/05/ubuntu-surface-pro-3-smooth-yet-promising/27870 + +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.microsoft.com/surface/en-us/products/surface-pro-3 +[2]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRH-c2_kDA4 diff --git a/translated/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md b/translated/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md deleted file mode 100644 index a82b6c020c..0000000000 --- a/translated/talk/20140528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,24 +0,0 @@ -在Surface Pro 3上运行Ubuntu – 尚不完美但很有戏 -================================================================================ -![](http://www.muktware.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/surface_pro_3.jpg) - -微软从5月21日起接受Surface Pro 3平板PC的预订，没过多久Linux爱好者们就在其上尝试了Ubuntu 14.04。结果是十分有希望的！Surface pro 3标榜拥有还不错的[硬件规格][1]，当所有的硬件都被支持后，对任何Linux用户而言在上面运行Ubuntu无疑是一件令人感到愉快的事情。 - -最明智的第一步无疑是对Surface pro 3的系统镜像做个备份。根据上面安装系统版本的不同镜像大小也不一定相同，但可以相信的是这一过程会很快完成。恢复Windows 8.1的时候还另外需要一个驱动器来恢复镜像，因为一旦安装了Linux，原本的修复和还原功能将会消失。 - -要在Surface上安装Ubuntu，连接一个Ubuntu的可启动U盘，同时按住音量减和电源键直到Surface的标志出现，然后放开这两个键。一旦从USB启动之后，你就能看到熟悉的Ubuntu安装界面（有实时会话（live session）和安装选项）。后续Ubuntu安装步骤和一般安装相同。 - -安装完成后大部分组件都能达到开箱即用的状态。WiFi能够正常工作，但只能检测到2.4GHz的网络。Type Cover上的触控板工作正常，但键盘不能工作。在辅助设置中的虚拟键盘可以用来输入，但在Ubuntu中还是缺少一些功能特性。最佳的选择是连接一个USB键盘。随附的笔能够像鼠标指针一样工作，点击下去相当于鼠标左键单击，但蓝牙不能开箱即用，笔上的按钮也不起作用。在Ubuntu的笔的功能实现上，在压感上可能会有点小问题。尽管系统流畅反应迅速，没有了type cover的体验无论如何也算不上最佳。就像键盘一样，dock（译注：Surface的扩展底座）可能也做不到开箱即用。相比于Ubuntu，触控和WiFi同样可以开箱即用的KDE的Plasma Active（译注：KDE专为触控设备打造的用户界面）会是个更好的选择。但是，最新版的Kubuntu在Surface Pro 3上安装时还存在一些问题。 - -如果这部设备能够获得开发者足够的关注的话，到Surface Pro 3在各个销售点开售的时候，大部分问题应该能够得到解决。 这里是这次试验时录下的Ubuntu运行在Surface Pro 3上的简短[视频][2]。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/05/ubuntu-surface-pro-3-smooth-yet-promising/27870 - -译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.microsoft.com/surface/en-us/products/surface-pro-3 -[2]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mRH-c2_kDA4 From 05e4ab373da1a6d2a9ee63379edec8065f91c91d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 30 May 2014 23:36:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 059/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20to=20U?= =?UTF-8?q?pgrade=20to=20GNOME=203.12=20in=20Ubuntu=2014.04?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...o Upgrade to GNOME 3.12 in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 44 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.12 in Ubuntu 14.04.md (57%) diff --git a/translated/tech/How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.12 in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/published/How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.12 in Ubuntu 14.04.md similarity index 57% rename from translated/tech/How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.12 in Ubuntu 14.04.md rename to published/How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.12 in Ubuntu 14.04.md index b384e4f5f3..1c848062ec 100644 --- a/translated/tech/How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.12 in Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/published/How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.12 in Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -4,13 +4,15 @@ Ubuntu 14.04下升级GNOME至3.12 **如果您的系统最近已升级至Ubuntu GNOME 14.04 LTS版本，那么拥有稳定独立的GNOME Shell无疑是您最佳的选择** -但我认为你们中的保守用户宁愿倾向于选择默认向新手提供的稳定版本。你真想要了解如何在Ubuntu14.04升级GNOME至3.12吗？ +但我认为比较保守的用户会倾向于选择默认向新手提供的稳定版本。你真想要了解如何在Ubuntu14.04升级GNOME至3.12吗？ -### 好的，接下来我将向你介绍如何完成。首先，我们需要先探查一下来龙去脉 ### +好的，接下来我将向你介绍如何完成。首先，我们需要先了解下来龙去脉。 -GNOME 3.12在3月底发布后引发了一阵轰动而天马行空的评论。尽管上个月发布的版本在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS版本之前已经逐步趋于稳定，却仍不能从14.04包中直接安装，这是为什么呢? +#### 默认采用GNOME 3.10的原因 #### -简单来说在开发周期中它出现太晚以至于没有充足的时间来对它进行审查，测试并确保它已经更新至LTS命令发布支持的标准及用户期望。默认至旧版发布的3.10是有意义的，因为有专门的周期来确保测试遍历。 +GNOME 3.12在3月底发布后引发了一阵轰动而天马行空的评论。尽管其上个月发布的版本在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS版本之前已经逐步趋于稳定，却仍不能从14.04包中直接安装，这是为什么呢? + +简单来说在开发周期中它出现太晚以至于没有充足的时间来对它进行审查、测试并确保它已经更新至LTS命令发布支持的标准及用户期望。默认至旧版发布的3.10是有意义的，因为有专门的计划来确保测试完整。 所以，正因为这样**不建议升级GNOME至3.12**。 @@ -18,13 +20,13 @@ GNOME 3.12在3月底发布后引发了一阵轰动而天马行空的评论。尽 ### 如何在Ubuntu 14.04升级GNOME至3.12### -### 确保你正在运行的GNOME版本是3.10 ### +#### 确保你正在运行的GNOME版本是3.10 #### ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/gr.jpg) -为确保正确遵循本向导，需要在最新版本的Ubuntu(14.04 LTS)或Ubuntu GNOME下继续操作.如果不是最新版本的话，请停止操作；你需要升级后再继续。如果不这样做，接下来将会有一系列复杂又麻烦的事情需要解决。 +为确保正确遵循本向导，需要在最新版本的Ubuntu(14.04 LTS)或Ubuntu GNOME下继续操作。如果不是最新版本的话，请停止操作；你需要升级后再继续。如果不这样做，接下来将会有一系列复杂又麻烦的事情需要解决。 -若你运行的是Ubuntu常规版本（例如统一版），那么需要在开始以下步骤前从Ubuntu软件中心获取GNOME 3.10。 +若你运行的是Ubuntu常规版本（例如带有Unity），那么需要在开始以下步骤前从Ubuntu软件中心安装GNOME 3.10。 按以下给出的链接选项准备好安装程序。 @@ -32,17 +34,17 @@ GNOME 3.12在3月底发布后引发了一阵轰动而天马行空的评论。尽 #### 增加GNOME 3.12 PPA #### -起初人们预想的是GNOME 3.12将会通过标准GNOME PPA团队，遵循可信版本发布实施。但3个星期过去了，这并未发生。这是因为向系统写入它时包含少量小的3.10包，并且这跟最新发布的版本没有任何关联。 +起初人们预想的是GNOME 3.12将会由标准GNOME Team PPA随着 14.04 LTS 发布。但3个星期过去了，却什么都没有。这是因为一些小的3.10软件包仍然没有跟着发布最新的3.12的包。 -然而，[GNOME团队PPA工作台][2]确实涵盖了升级用到的各种3.12版本包。开发者强调说，增加存档需要‘运行流畅’的桌面，但现在包含的包并未‘准备好为大众所使用’。 +然而，[GNOME Team Staging PPA][2]确实涵盖了升级用到的各种3.12版本包。开发者强调说，增加这个存档会让桌面系统‘运行流畅’，但现在包含的包并未‘准备好为大众所使用’。 这儿假设您是一个PPA清理工具的行家，以上的一切都已明了，请继续向下。首先，让我们核对并安装已发布的更新： sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade -点击enter键后等待安装包程序。 +按下回车键后等待安装包程序。 -一旦完成此过程或再没有任何挂起的更新，就可以增加GNOME 3团队PPA工作台了。为实现这项操作，打开新的命令行窗口输入以下命令： +一旦完成此过程或再没有任何挂起的更新，就可以增加 GNOME Team Staging PPA了。为实现这项操作，打开新的命令行窗口输入以下命令： sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-staging @@ -52,37 +54,33 @@ GNOME 3.12在3月底发布后引发了一阵轰动而天马行空的评论。尽 #### 附加内容 #### -为体验真实的GNOME环境也许你想获取一些新的GNOME应用，例如[偏振光IRC客户端、GNOME地图和GNOME网页浏览器][3]。安装这三个应用需要运行如下的命令： +为体验真实的GNOME环境也许你想获取一些新的GNOME应用，例如[Polari IRC客户端、GNOME地图和GNOME网页浏览器][3]。安装这三个应用需要运行如下的命令： sudo apt-get install epiphany-browser gnome-maps polari -y -After everything has finished doing what it needs to, you’re safe to reboot! - - sudo apt-get install epiphany-browser gnome-maps polari -y - -After everything has finished doing what it needs to, you’re safe to reboot! +在这些都安装完成之后，你就可以安全的重启了！ ### 善后服务 ### -#### 登陆 #### +#### 登录 #### -如果来自Unity,Xfce或别的桌面环境不要忘记登陆前从登陆页面选择GNOME会话窗口。 +如果你之前使用Unity,Xfce或别的桌面环境，不要忘记登录前从登录界面选择GNOME会话。 #### 回顾 #### ![GNOME Weather & GNOME Maps in 3.12 3.12版GNOME天气&GNOME地图](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/gnome-aspps.jpg) -对我自己来说，Ubuntu 14.04下运行GNOME 3.12很流畅。升级后没有出现任何诸如性能下降的问题，尽管我确实见到过在打开活动窗口时的奇怪罕见的视觉故障，并且在一个应用下发生的间歇性阴影消失现象。但随着错误不断消除这些都不是大问题。 +对我自己来说，Ubuntu 14.04下运行GNOME 3.12很流畅。升级后没有出现任何诸如性能下降的问题，尽管我确实见到过在打开活动窗口时的奇怪罕见的显示故障，并且在一个应用下发生的间歇性阴影消失现象。但随着错误不断消除这些都不是大问题。 3.12版本的性能等同于GNOME3.10；应用的打开方式交互性强且体验并没有明显下降。 -所有新的GNOME影音应用在PPA上并没有现成的包，这让人有点失望。当然有理由解释这点(很可能需要更新版本的流转化器)。此外仍要注意的是一些GNOME扩展包升级后不能继续工作。 +所有新的GNOME影音应用在PPA上并没有现成的包，这让人有点失望。当然有理由解释这点(很可能需要新版本的视频解码器)。此外仍要注意的是一些GNOME扩展包在升级后不能继续工作。 当然3.12因为测试不足，其中存在错误不可避免。若用户要求稳定性（或者希望保持系统工作时的高度统一和完整），可以继续支持已通过测试的GNOME 3.10版本。 ### 从GNOME 3.12 降至3.10版本 ### -但是如果想要体验闪闪亮的新功能及最新发布的GNOME应用，那就试一试PPA平台吧。如果遇到了错误可以随时使用PPA降级至稳定版本。 +但是如果想要体验闪闪亮的新功能及最新发布的GNOME应用，那就试一试PPA平台吧。如果遇到了错误可以随时使用PPA清理工具来降级至稳定版本。 sudo apt-get install ppa-purge @@ -92,7 +90,7 @@ After everything has finished doing what it needs to, you’re safe to reboot! via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/upgrade-gnome-3-12-ubuntu-14-04 -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/icybreaker) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[icybreaker](https://github.com/icybreaker) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 49367bfa74d241743d32a47a22d5c21e412698c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: linuhap Date: Sat, 31 May 2014 12:41:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 060/713] translated --- ...ity Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md | 35 ------------------- ...ity Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md | 34 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md diff --git a/sources/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md b/sources/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md deleted file mode 100644 index f1c09dfd83..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,35 +0,0 @@ -linuhap翻译中 -Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical -================================================================================ -![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/05/jonobacon.jpg) - -In a few days, Canonical, the company behind Ubuntu Linux, will bid farewell to its longtime community manager. [Jono Bacon][1], who has long been one of the most familiar faces in the Ubuntu world, is moving to a new position at the [XPRIZE Foundation][2]. - -Bacon, who joined Canonical in 2006, [reported on his blog][3] that he decided to leave Canonical after receiving an offer from XPRIZE, which [describes itself][4] as "an innovation engine" and "catalyst for the benefit of humanity." He will work at XPRIZE as senior director of Community, bringing to bear the skills he acquired helping to coordinate the Ubuntu community over the last eight years. - -Although Bacon was not directly responsible for the business or development side of things at Canonical, his departure is significant for the Ubuntu and open source worlds, where executive titles have tended to matter less than actual community involvement. Alongside Ubuntu founder and former Canonical CEO [Mark Shuttleworth][5], Bacon was one of the leading figures in the Ubuntu ecosystem since the project's earlier days. - -Bacon was arguably even more influential in shaping many aspects of Ubuntu than Jane Silber, who has been Canonical's CEO since 2010, but whose public presence has generally been limited. - -The team Bacon led—which includes Daniel Holbach, David Planella, Michael Hall, Nicholas Skaggs and Alan Pope—will continue his community leadership work at Canonical after his departure, he said. It is not yet clear, however, whether Canonical will be filling the community manager position he leaves behind. - -Perhaps Canonical shouldn't. In many ways, maintaining an official community leader is at odds with the open source ethos, which tends to celebrate decentralized, user-driven community organization. Few Ubuntu fans are likely to panic at the news of Bacon's change of jobs. - -Still, Bacon has helped to guide the Ubuntu community through a slew of crises—from Canonical's [failed attempt][6] to style the Ubuntu Software Center as a store, to [friction with the Fedora crowd][7], to [controversy][8] over the Amazon.com search features built into modern Ubuntu. He has left a mark on the Ubuntu ecosystem, and it won't be quite the same without him. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/052214/ubuntu-linux-community-manager-jono-bacon-leaves-canonical - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.jonobacon.org/ -[2]:http://www.xprize.org/ -[3]:http://www.jonobacon.org/2014/05/19/goodbye-canonical-hello-xprize/ -[4]:http://www.xprize.org/about/who-we-are -[5]:http://markshuttleworth.com/ -[6]:http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/ubuntu-software-store-will-your-kids-try-it -[7]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/tensions-between-ubuntu-fedora-mount-over-new-website -[8]:http://thevarguy.com/var-guy/controversy-erupts-over-amazon-search-ubuntu-1210 diff --git a/translated/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md b/translated/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..84b104aa1d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Ubuntu Linux社区经理Jono Bacon离开Canonical公司 +================================================================================ +![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/05/jonobacon.jpg) + +几天后，Canonical——Ubuntu Linux背后的公司，将告别其任职长久的社区经理。[Jono Bacon][1]，一直是Ubuntu世界里最熟悉的面孔，他将在[XPRIZE基金会][2]任新职。 + +Bacon于2006年加入Canonical，从[其博客可知][3]他是在决定在收到XPRIZE的录用通知后离开Canonical的，XPRIZE[自称][4]为“创新引擎”和“造福人类的催化剂”。他将会在XPRIZE就任社区主管，施展他在Ubuntu社区过去八年所获得的能力。 + +虽然Bacon在Canonical不是直接负责商业或者发展方面，但是他的离开对于Ubuntu和开源世界都是很重大的，在Ubuntu和开源世界里实际社区参与比行政头衔更重要。与Ubuntu的创始人和Canonical的前CEO [Mark Shuttleworth][5]一起，Bacon是自项目早期开始Ubuntu生态系统里的领军人物之一。 + +Bacon可以说在塑造Ubuntu的很多方面比Jane Silber更有影响力。Jane Silber自2010年一直是Canonical的CEO，但是他在公共场合的出面一般是很有限的。 + +Bacon带领的团队包括Daniel Holbach，David Planella，Michael Hall，Nicholas Skaggs和Alan Pope，Alan Pope将会接手他社区领袖的工作，他说。然而，尚不清楚的是Canonical是否会填补他留的社区经理的位子。 + +也许Canonical不应该。在很多方面，维持一个社区领袖与开源精神格格不入，开源精神往往庆祝的是分散的、用户驱动的社区组织。一些Ubuntu的粉丝可能会因Bacon离职的新闻而惊慌。 + +不过，Bacon帮助指导过Ubuntu社区度过一系列的危机——从Canonical尝试将Ubuntu软件中心设计为一个商店的失败，到与Fedora群体的摩擦，到关于将Amazon.com搜索特性植入到新的Ubuntu的争议。他在Ubuntu的生态系统上留下了印记，而没有他这将完全不同。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/052214/ubuntu-linux-community-manager-jono-bacon-leaves-canonical + +译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.jonobacon.org/ +[2]:http://www.xprize.org/ +[3]:http://www.jonobacon.org/2014/05/19/goodbye-canonical-hello-xprize/ +[4]:http://www.xprize.org/about/who-we-are +[5]:http://markshuttleworth.com/ +[6]:http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/ubuntu-software-store-will-your-kids-try-it +[7]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/tensions-between-ubuntu-fedora-mount-over-new-website +[8]:http://thevarguy.com/var-guy/controversy-erupts-over-amazon-search-ubuntu-1210 \ No newline at end of file From e573858236d0c28d77e51b421c7f0556c94986a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Sat, 31 May 2014 14:15:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 061/713] alim0x translating --- ...x 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md b/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md index 5b254f80c0..7bcfcaf05a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +alim0x translating + Fix “Cannot Add PPA” Error In Ubuntu 14.04 & Linux Mint ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/PPA_Error_Ubuntu.jpeg) @@ -32,4 +34,4 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-add-ppa-error-ubuntu-1404-linux-mint/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://itsfoss.com/solve-overheating-issue-battery-life-ubuntu-1304/ \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://itsfoss.com/solve-overheating-issue-battery-life-ubuntu-1304/ From 298b12a221ebc157e19e1fdf30bcf29631869372 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 31 May 2014 14:43:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 062/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ALinux=20Worl?= =?UTF-8?q?d=20Domination=20and=20Steam=20Machines=20Delayed=20Until=20201?= =?UTF-8?q?5?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @shipsw 发布了~ --- ...n and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md | 33 +++++++++++++++++++ ...n and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md | 33 ------------------- 2 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md delete mode 100644 translated/news/Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md diff --git a/published/Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md b/published/Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..913bef9180 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Steam Machines 今年没戏了 +================================================================================ +![2014年 Steam Machines 将不会发布](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Linux-World-Domination-and-Steam-Machines-Delayed-Until-2015-444271-2.jpg) + +游戏社区急于期盼 Valve 发布的基于 Linux 的 Steam Machines(译注：一个基于Linux的游戏机)，但是看起来这个混合游戏机会推迟到明年发布了。 + +Valve 并不是一个守时的公司，看起来即将到来的 Steam Machines （延迟）发布正好符合公司的风格。但是大家都在讨论的 Steam Machines 到底是个什么东西？ + +一年半前该公司宣布推出 Steam Linux的客户端；数月前 Valve 发布了SteamOS，它是基于 Debian 的一个游戏机和PC混合的 Linux 发行版。该产品将和 PlayStation 4 和 Xbox 共同争夺家庭市场。 + +唯一的不同是 Valve 对这个游戏机架构有些不同的想法。他们想使得游戏机可以使用大量第三方公司开发的组件升级，而这些组件符合统一的标准。 + +为了使得游戏体验更好，Valve 正致力于开发新一代的游戏机，将刷新用户在游戏机上玩游戏的体验，尤其是第一人称射击和策略游戏。不幸的是，如你所见，这是个艰巨的任务，2014年发布的目标已经无法达成了。 + +“我们正在使用一个无线原型控制器进行现场测试，测试用户包含铁杆玩家、业内人士和休闲玩家。我们收到了海量的反馈，这意味着我们的控制器会开发的更好。当然也搞的我们忙于修改所有的改进。现在来看，我们正在计划2015年发布产品而不是2014年。” + +“我们和大家一样非常期望 Steam Machines 能尽快拿到手。但是我们首要保证的是一旦你拿到手，你将得到前所未有的游戏体验。希望大家能和我们一起耐心等待。在那之前，我们将继续发布更新如果我们有更多信息的话，” Valve [发言人说][1]在 Steam Universe 社区里谈到。 + +这可能意味着需要解决掉一些问题，但是 Steam 控制器远没有完成。很可能他们的 SteamOS 操作系统并没有准备好应付这么艰巨的任务。驱动程序也有些问题需要较长的时间去修复。 + +AMD的支持太差了，Valve 确实是想使得 Steam Machines 项目成为一个有竞争力项目。最大的问题可能是价格，到时候会很高，将会比 PS4 和 Xbox 高多了。 + +Valve 和合作的厂商需要更多时间去降低成本，提高产品和软硬件的质量。他们也需要更多的游戏进驻，所以将 Linux domination of the world 推迟了六个月，推迟到2015年，这也许不是件坏事。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linux-World-Domination-and-Steam-Machines-Delayed-Until-2015-444271.shtml + +译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://steamcommunity.com/groups/steamuniverse#announcements/detail/1820891223906967821 diff --git a/translated/news/Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md b/translated/news/Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md deleted file mode 100644 index b3c4ebf38c..0000000000 --- a/translated/news/Linux World Domination and Steam Machines Delayed Until 2015.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,33 +0,0 @@ -Linux World Domination 和蒸汽机推迟到2015年 -================================================================================ -![2014年 Steam Machines 将不会发布](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Linux-World-Domination-and-Steam-Machines-Delayed-Until-2015-444271-2.jpg) - -游戏社区急于期盼 Valve 发布的基于 Linux 的 Steam Machines(译注：一个基于Linux的控制台游戏机)，但是看起来这个产品会推迟到明年发布了。 - -Valve 并不是一个守时的公司，看起来即将到来的 Steam Machines 发布正好符合公司的风格。但是大家都在讨论的 Steam Machines 到底是个什么东西？ - -一年半前该公司宣布推出 Steam Linux的客户端，数月前 Valve 发布了SteamOS， 基于 Debian 的一个控制台和PC混合的 Linux 发行版。该产品将和 PlayStation 4 和 Xbox 共同争夺家庭市场。 - -唯一的不同是 Valve 对这个控制台有些不同的想法。他们想使得控制台可以升级大量第三方公司开发的组件，这些组件符合统一的标准。 - -为了使得游戏体验更好，Valve 正致力于开发新一代的控制台，该控制台将刷新用户在控制台上玩游戏的体验，尤其是第一人称射击和策略游戏。不幸的是，可以想象得到，这是个艰巨的任务，2014年发布的目标已经无法达成了。 - -“我们正在使用一个无线原型机进行现场测试，测试用户包含铁杆玩家、业内人士和休闲玩家。我们收到了海量的反馈，这意味着我们的控制器会开发的更好。当然也搞的我们忙于修改所有的改进。现在来看，我们正在计划2015年发布产品而不是2014年。” - -“我们和大家一样非常期望 Steam Machines 能尽快拿到手。但是我们首要保证的是一旦你拿到手，你将得到前所未有的游戏体验。希望大家能和我们一起耐心等待。在那之前，我们将继续发布更新如果我们有更多信息的话，” Steam Universe 社区里的 Valve [发言人说>][1]。 - -这可能意味着需要解决掉一些问题，但是 Steam Machines 远没有完成。很可能他们的 SteamOS 操作系统并没有准备好应付这么艰巨的任务。驱动程序也有些问题需要较长的时间去修复。 - -AMD的支持太差了，Valve 确实是想使得 Steam Machines 项目成为一个有竞争力项目。最大的问题就是价格，将会比 PS4 和 Xbox 高多了。 - -Valve 和控制台厂商需要更多时间去降低成本，提高产品和软硬件的质量。他们也需要更多的游戏进驻，所以将 Linux domination of the world 推迟了六个月，推迟到2015年，这也许不是件坏事。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linux-World-Domination-and-Steam-Machines-Delayed-Until-2015-444271.shtml - -译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://steamcommunity.com/groups/steamuniverse#announcements/detail/1820891223906967821 From f04f74bb6939f2b0bc798c1013c9c3ee9c968033 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 31 May 2014 14:58:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 063/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140529=20G?= =?UTF-8?q?NOME=20Online=20Accounts=203.13.2=20Adds=20Support=20for=20Phot?= =?UTF-8?q?os=20and=20Maps?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @alim0x 发布了~ --- ...Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md (71%) diff --git a/translated/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md b/published/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md similarity index 71% rename from translated/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md rename to published/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md index 5daab30ed1..a11e2fd248 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md +++ b/published/20140529 GNOME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -GNOME在线账户3.13.2添加对照片和地图账户的支持 +GNOME在线账户应用3.13.2中添加了对照片和地图的支持 ================================================================================ ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/GNOME-Online-Accounts-3-13-2-Adds-Support-or-Photos-and-Maps-444249-2.jpg) **GNOME开发者宣布最新版的GNOME在线账户（3.13.2）现已发布，并带来数个新特性。** -GNOME的3.13.x分支的开发是十分严格的，它最终会发展成为稳定的3.14版本，但那还有很长的路要走。到了那时，开发者们可以自由地改动和添加新特性。 +GNOME的3.13.x分支的仅限用于开发，它最终会发展成为稳定的3.14版本，但那还有很长的路要走。在此之前，开发者们可以自由地改动和添加新特性。 -这个分支之前的数个版本带来了一些十分有趣的改动。在其它改变中，开发者们从软件中移除了对Windows和Twitter账户的支持。 +这个分支之前的数个版本带来了一些十分有趣的改动。其它的一些改变包括，开发者们从软件中移除了对Windows和Twitter账户的支持。 -通过[更新日志][1]得知，对照片账户的支持已经添加，一个对GNOME_COMMON_INIT不建议的调用已经被移除，UI进行了调整使得在线账户能够在对话框中使用标题栏，为了防止timerfd（译注：timerfd是Linux为用户程序提供的一个定时器接口）的泄漏，报警逻辑已被简化，以及添加了对地图账户的支持。 +通过[更新日志][1]得知，对照片应用的支持已经添加，一个对过时的GNOME_COMMON_INIT的调用已经被移除，UI进行了调整使得在线账户能够在对话框中使用标题栏，为了防止timerfd（译注：timerfd是Linux为用户程序提供的一个定时器接口）的泄漏，报警逻辑已被简化，以及添加了对Facebook地图应用的支持。 另外，对一个微小的内存泄漏问题进行了修复，默认的凭据缓存将不再泄漏，Flickr账户连接现使用SSL加密使其更加安全。 @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ GNOME的3.13.x分支的开发是十分严格的，它最终会发展成为稳定 via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/GNOME-Online-Accounts-3-13-2-Adds-Support-or-Photos-and-Maps-444249.shtml -译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b183694cce585b12be8d78c800d78248b0f98e8e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Sat, 31 May 2014 16:17:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 064/713] Create 20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md --- ... 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md | 43 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 43 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/news/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md diff --git a/translated/news/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md b/translated/news/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dafd893242 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +4MLinux 9.0 Beta 是一个55 MB的操作系统但内容丰富 +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/4MLinux-9-0-Beta-Is-a-55-MB-Operating-System-that-Has-It-All-443946-2.jpg) + +**4MLinux是一个已经发展到版本9.0 Beta版的小型的Linux发行版，专注于计算机的4MS，即维护（用于系统救援的Live CD）、多媒体（像是播放DVD）、迷你服务器（使用inetd守护进程）和Mystery (Linux小游戏)。** + +4MLinux是世界上最小的，能够为用户提供一个桌面环境和一些应用，可以日常应用的发行版。 + +很多简约的Linux发行版通常从一开始就不提供这样的大量的应用程序，特别是在只有55MB大小的情况下。 + +“这个版本的亮点是维护（MBR和GPT分区软件，4MLinux备份脚本9.0，ClamAV0.98.3）、多媒体（MPlayer SVN-r37146，FFmpeg Git-2014-04-10），迷你服务器（FTP，HTTP，SSH，SFTP）和Mystery（一组小游戏）。“ + +开发者在博客里说:“4MLinux的X Window基于X.Org Server 1.15.1、Mesa 10.1.3,、JWM 2.2.2 和 FOX toolkit 1.6.49。4MLinux还支持全自动安装的'vanilla'版本的LibreOffice4.2.4、Java RE 7u55和VirtualBox 4.3.12。ISO映像的大小约为55 MB” + +正如你所看到的，大部分提供的包都是很新的，像VirtualBox、LibreOffice、Mesa、ffmpeg、ClamAV等等。如果你有关于这个版本有任何疑问，可以随时用虚拟机尝试它。 + +有趣的是用户可以在X Server 启动前切入启动进程并使用命令行。 + + +开发者将开始发布发行版，比如完整版、游戏版、服务器版、媒体版、救援版等等。请记住，你可以从一个非常简单的软件的帮助下，从面板选择并安装这些Linux发行版的。 + +用户还会发现，大部分你所需要的应用程序都可以在仓库找到，而4MLinux发行版可以通过下载相应的软件包来执行上面的任务。 + +完整的更新说明可在官方找到 [说明][1]. + +### 下载4MLinux 9.0 Beta: ### + +- [4MLinux 8.2 (ISO)][2][iso] [53.90 MB] +- [4MLinux 9.0 Beta (ISO)][3][iso] [53 MB] + +请记住，这是一个开发版，它不应该在生产机器上安装。它的目的仅用于测试目的。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/4MLinux-9-0-Beta-Is-a-55-MB-Operating-System-that-Has-It-All-443946.shtml + +译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://4mlinux-releases.blogspot.ro/2014/05/4mlinux-90-beta-released.html +[2]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux4m/files/8.0/updates/8.2/livecd/4MLinux-8.2.iso/download +[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux4m/files/9.0/livecd/4MLinux-9.0.iso/download From 22581b16737aeaa591f072b83abaad8b3bd7caf3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Sat, 31 May 2014 18:49:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 065/713] Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md --- .../Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md | 113 ------------------ .../Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md | 83 +++++++------ 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 156 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md diff --git a/sources/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md b/sources/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0317f39d67..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,113 +0,0 @@ -No one wanna get it? OK. Let me do it. GOLinux ... -Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets -================================================================================ -![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rw509807/command-line.jpg) - -> "Command-line secrets? There aren't any such things," said blogger Robert Pogson. "Desperate newbie? Type 'help.' Still need a hint? Type 'man whatever.' Want more diversity? Type 'ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less,' pick out a few gems and type 'man whatever' all night long. I've been at it more than a decade. Still having fun." Of course, "one can be addicted to the point of destruction." - -**W**ell it was a relatively quiet week here in the Linux blogosphere, giving residents a long-overdue opportunity to catch their collective breath, enjoy a few Tequila Tux cocktails and take stock of all the FOSS-related happenings that have taken place over the past few weeks. - -Among the highlights, for those who missed them, were [the awarding][1] of the [IEEE][2] Computer Society's 2014 Computer Pioneer Award to none other than Linus Torvalds; [the arrival][3] of Tails OS 1.0; and, perhaps most exciting of all, [the release][4] of Seattle-based band [netcat's][5] debut album as a Linux kernel module. - -"Are you ever listening to an album, and thinking 'man, this sounds good, but I wish it crossed from user-space to kernel-space more often!'" netcat wrote on its Facebook page. "We got you covered. Our album is now fully playable as a loadable Linux kernel module." - -Linux Girl thought she had seen it all here in the Linux world, but now she realizes she was wrong. Thank you, netcat, for keeping life interesting! - -### 'Command Line Secrets' ### - -![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/article_images/linuxgirl_bg_pinkswirl_150x245.jpg) - -Speaking of interesting, there's nothing like a little shop talk around the bar to pass the time during a quiet week, and last week afforded a dose of that as well. Life is good here in the Linux blogosphere! - -The forum was Linux Voice -- that shiny, new magazine alert readers may remember [launched late last year][6] -- and the topic was none other than [command line secrets][7]. - -Linux Girl couldn't resist. - -### 'It Manages to Render Most Web Pages' ### - -"There are loads of really good reasons to use the command line," wrote the masterminds at Linux Voice. "It's the most powerful and concise method of interacting with your computer. - -"However, we decided to take a moment to look at some of its more obscure (and some would say pointless) uses," they added. - -Top of the magazine's list is the elinks Web browser: "It might not be as colorful as its more famous rivals, but it manages to render most Web pages," they explained. "As well has having geek-chic, it can come in handy when you just need to quickly check if a Web page is accessible from a computer you only have SSH access to." - -The list goes on from there to include looking up definitions on Wikipedia, among other tips. - -Down at the Broken Windows Lounge, patrons had plenty of suggestions of their own. - -### 'Great for Maintenance' ### - -"Very nice tips on CL commands, very nice," enthused Google+ blogger Alessandro Ebersol, for example. "But they forgot [cowsay][8], which is great for having some laughs in the darkness of a terminal." - -The command line "is great for maintenance," he added. "One can automate with bash scripts and make complex tasks with few (or just one) keystrokes." - -Other command line secrets Ebersol would add to the original list are sl (steam locomotive), along with [these nuggets][9]: - - * % cat "food in cans" - cat: can't open food in cans - * % nice man woman - No manual entry for woman. - * % [Where is Jimmy Hoffa? - Missing ]. - * % make love - Make: Don't know how to make love. Stop. - * % man: why did you get a divorce? - man:: Too many arguments. - -### 'The Most Precious Gem' ### - -"Command-line secrets? There aren't any such things," blogger [Robert Pogson][10] told Linux Girl. "Desperate newbie? Type 'help.' Still need a hint? Type 'man whatever.' Want more diversity? Type 'ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less,' pick out a few gems and type 'man whatever' all night long. I've been at it more than a decade. Still having fun." - -Pogson doesn't remember how long ago he discovered 'ssh,' but "it's the most precious gem of the FLOSS world," he said. - -"The awesome power of ssh is that the joy you have with typing commands on one computer can allow you a hundred times the joy on 100 computers," he added. "Of course, it's not fun to type passwords 100 times, so learn to use secure passwordless logins with ssh to make logging in remotely transparent." - -### 'Use It With Respect' ### - -Of course, "just as with any pleasurable activity, one can be addicted to the point of destruction," Pogson warned. "As root, you can type commands to delete everything or otherwise mess things up. - -"This is the nuclear option, and just as world leaders should sit on their hands and think carefully before pushing the button, value this power and use it with respect and higher motivations," he added. - -"I once deleted a file system because my thumb dragged the space bar into a command," Pogson concluded. "I only did that once. Honest." - -### 'Very Powerful' ### - -Google+ blogger Gonzalo Velasco C. was no less enthusiastic. - -"Even though the [GUI][11] tools are easier, in the *nix universe, the command line remains very powerful," he told Linux Girl. "Even some power MacOS users use them." - -As for Gonzalo Velasco C. himself, "the only commands I would like to master are the process control and killing, to use with ctrl+alt+backspace, so I can handle the one process that is giving me trouble, and the tar.gz files management -- that to this very day remains a pain for me," he said. - -#### 'Ur Doing It Wrong' #### - -Last but not least, SoylentNews blogger hairyfeet had a different perspective altogether. - -"The only thing I would add to a story about CLI is this: If you aren't working in IT and performing repetitive tasks where having an extremely simplistic, primitive way to script something is useful, and yet you are still using CLI, then 'ur doing it wrong,'" hairyfeet told Linux Girl. "A CLI isn't magic -- it's a GUI from the 1970s!" - -Today there are "useful GUIs thanks to actually having more CPU and RAM than a dollar-store watch -- we even have IDEs and scripting languages that can run rings around that 70s throwback, work across the WAN or LAN and interact with the deepest levels of the OS, all while being easier to use thanks to technologies like intellisense and autocomplete," he explained. "So why in God's name, if you aren't one of the 3 percent who are administering systems where every single byte counts, would you be dragging that old pile of junk out of mothballs?" - -Hairyfeet's best CLI advice? "Don't -- join the rest of the planet in the 21st century and learn how to use real languages and tools," he concluded. "Let CLI join bubble memory and floppies on the dustbin of history." - -> atherine Noyes is always on duty in her role as Linux Girl, whose cape she has worn since 2007. A mild-mannered journalist by day, she spends her evenings haunting the seedy bars and watering holes of the Linux blogosphere in search of the latest gossip. You can also find her on [Twitter][12] and [Google+][13]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80437.html?rss=1 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.computer.org/portal/web/pressroom/Linus-Torvalds-Named-Recipient-of-the-2014-IEEE-Computer-Society-Computer-Pioneer-Award -[2]:http://www.ieee.org/ -[3]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80386.html -[4]:https://www.facebook.com/netcatband/posts/755205877853161?stream_ref=10 -[5]:http://www.netcat.co/ -[6]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/79448.html -[7]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/commandline-secrets/ -[8]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowsay -[9]:https://www.linux.com/community/blogs/133-general-linux/10408 -[10]:http://mrpogson.com/ -[11]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI -[12]:http://twitter.com/noyesk -[13]:https://plus.google.com/+KatherineNoyes?rel=author diff --git a/translated/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md b/translated/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md index 73ed036112..699b3af52e 100644 --- a/translated/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md +++ b/translated/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md @@ -2,45 +2,43 @@ Linux大神们的顶级命令行秘诀 ================================================================================ ![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rw509807/command-line.jpg) -> "Command-line secrets? There aren't any such things," said blogger Robert Pogson. "Desperate newbie? Type 'help.' Still need a hint? Type 'man whatever.' Want more diversity? Type 'ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less,' pick out a few gems and type 'man whatever' all night long. I've been at it more than a decade. Still having fun." Of course, "one can be addicted to the point of destruction." -> “命令行秘诀？根本就没这玩样。”博主罗伯特·柏格森说。“新手们，你们失望了？那就猛敲‘help’吧。还想要点提示？随便‘man’个什么吧。想更多来点不同？敲‘ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less’，随便捡几个宝贝命令出来，整晚地‘man’去吧。我已经干那活超过十年了，到现在还玩得不亦乐乎。”当然，“ -**W**ell it was a relatively quiet week here in the Linux blogosphere, giving residents a long-overdue opportunity to catch their collective breath, enjoy a few Tequila Tux cocktails and take stock of all the FOSS-related happenings that have taken place over the past few weeks. +> “命令行秘诀？根本就没这玩样。”博主罗伯特·柏格森说。“失望了吧，新手？那就猛敲‘help’吧。还想要点提示？随便‘man’个什么吧。想更多来点不同？敲‘ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less’，随便捡几个宝贝命令出来，整晚地‘man’去吧。我已经干那活超过十年了，到现在还玩得不亦乐乎。”当然，“某人可要对破坏之类的事情上瘾了。” -Among the highlights, for those who missed them, were [the awarding][1] of the [IEEE][2] Computer Society's 2014 Computer Pioneer Award to none other than Linus Torvalds; [the arrival][3] of Tails OS 1.0; and, perhaps most exciting of all, [the release][4] of Seattle-based band [netcat's][5] debut album as a Linux kernel module. +**好**吧，Linux博客圈这里这周相对比较平静，给网民们一个拖了很久的机会集体喘口气吧，去享受一下龙舌兰、燕尾服、鸡尾酒带来的欢快吧，然后评估一下过去几周来发生的和自由开放软件相关的事件吧。 -"Are you ever listening to an album, and thinking 'man, this sounds good, but I wish it crossed from user-space to kernel-space more often!'" netcat wrote on its Facebook page. "We got you covered. Our album is now fully playable as a loadable Linux kernel module." +有些人错过了这些重大新闻：[IEEE][2]的[颁奖礼][1]，计算机世界的2014计算机先驱奖正是颁发给了李纳斯·托沃兹；Tails OS 1.0的[到来][3]；以及，也许是最令人激动的事情，位于西雅图的乐队[网猫][5][发布了][4]作为Linux内核模块的首张唱片。 -Linux Girl thought she had seen it all here in the Linux world, but now she realizes she was wrong. Thank you, netcat, for keeping life interesting! +“你是否曾经在听一张专辑的时候想过‘伙计，这听起来不错，但是我希望它能经常从用户空间过渡到内核空间去！’”网猫在Facebook上写道，“我们会全力支持你的。我们的专辑现在完全可以作为一个可加载的Linux内核模块来播放。” +Linux女孩曾经认为她自己已经完全进入Linux世界了，但是她现在却意识到她的想法是错误的。谢谢你们，网猫，是你们让生活一直这么有趣！ -### 'Command Line Secrets' ### +### ‘命令行秘诀’ ### ![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/article_images/linuxgirl_bg_pinkswirl_150x245.jpg) -Speaking of interesting, there's nothing like a little shop talk around the bar to pass the time during a quiet week, and last week afforded a dose of that as well. Life is good here in the Linux blogosphere! +说到有趣，没什么比围坐在吧台前谈论行业内的事情来度过平静的一周更带劲了，而上周搞了一次。Linux博客圈内的生活很惬意。 -The forum was Linux Voice -- that shiny, new magazine alert readers may remember [launched late last year][6] -- and the topic was none other than [command line secrets][7]. +座谈会内容是Linux声音杂志——那本闪亮的新杂志让读者可以记得它是[去年年底发布的][6]——而谈话的主题恰恰就是[命令行秘诀][7] -Linux Girl couldn't resist. +Linux女孩要忍不住了。 -### 'It Manages to Render Most Web Pages' ### +### ‘它打算渲染大多数网页’ ### -"There are loads of really good reasons to use the command line," wrote the masterminds at Linux Voice. "It's the most powerful and concise method of interacting with your computer. +“有很多使用命令行的真正的好理由，”Linux声音的策划者写道，“它是让你和计算机进行交互的强大而简明的方法“ -"However, we decided to take a moment to look at some of its more obscure (and some would say pointless) uses," they added. +“然而，我想花点时间来看看它里头一些更为晦涩的用法（有人会说毫无意义，不值得去做了）。“他们补充说。 -Top of the magazine's list is the elinks Web browser: "It might not be as colorful as its more famous rivals, but it manages to render most Web pages," they explained. "As well has having geek-chic, it can come in handy when you just need to quickly check if a Web page is accessible from a computer you only have SSH access to." +杂志列表顶端是elinks网页浏览器：“它可能看起来没有它的竞争对手那样光彩照人，但它打算渲染大多数网页。”他们解释道，“它也有着极客时尚，当你需要快速检查你是否能从只能通过SSH访问的计算机上去访问网页时，它就会派上用场了。“ -The list goes on from there to include looking up definitions on Wikipedia, among other tips. +列表从那里继续，包含了从维基百科上查阅一些定义等其它一些实用的小建议。 -Down at the Broken Windows Lounge, patrons had plenty of suggestions of their own. +从破窗休息室下来，老主顾们获得了大量他们自己的建议。 -### 'Great for Maintenance' ### +### '对维护很重要' ### -"Very nice tips on CL commands, very nice," enthused Google+ blogger Alessandro Ebersol, for example. "But they forgot [cowsay][8], which is great for having some laughs in the darkness of a terminal." +“命令行命令的提示很不错，真的很不错。”比如，Google+博主亚历桑德鲁：埃伯索尔满怀热情地说，“但是他们忘了[cowsay][8]，它可以用来在黑漆漆的终端里博你一笑。“ +”命令行对于维护很重要。“他补充说，”大家可以使用bash脚本来自动化，只需按几个快捷键（或者只要一个就行）来完成复杂的任务。” -The command line "is great for maintenance," he added. "One can automate with bash scripts and make complex tasks with few (or just one) keystrokes." - -Other command line secrets Ebersol would add to the original list are sl (steam locomotive), along with [these nuggets][9]: +其它命令行秘诀，埃伯索尔会把它们放进原始列表的是sl（蒸汽机车），还有这些[这些金点子][9]： * % cat "food in cans" cat: can't open food in cans @@ -53,47 +51,46 @@ Other command line secrets Ebersol would add to the original list are sl (steam * % man: why did you get a divorce? man:: Too many arguments. -### 'The Most Precious Gem' ### +### '最珍贵的精华' ### -"Command-line secrets? There aren't any such things," blogger [Robert Pogson][10] told Linux Girl. "Desperate newbie? Type 'help.' Still need a hint? Type 'man whatever.' Want more diversity? Type 'ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less,' pick out a few gems and type 'man whatever' all night long. I've been at it more than a decade. Still having fun." +“命令行秘诀？根本没这玩样。”博主[罗伯特：伯格森][10]告诉Linux女孩道，”失望了吧，新手？那就猛敲‘help’吧。还想要点提示？随便‘man’个什么吧。想更多来点不同？敲‘ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less’，随便捡几个宝贝命令出来，整晚地‘man’去吧。我已经干那活超过十年了，到现在还玩得不亦乐乎。” + +伯格森记不得多久以前他发现了‘ssh’，但是“它是自由/开源软件世界中最珍贵的精华了。“他说。 -Pogson doesn't remember how long ago he discovered 'ssh,' but "it's the most precious gem of the FLOSS world," he said. +”ssh的强大力量在于，你可以在一台计算机上输入命令获得快乐，你更可以在100台计算机上干同样的事情来获得100倍的快乐。“他补充道，”当然，要输入100次命令可不是闹着玩的。所以，学习一下通过ssh安全地无密码登陆，可以让ssh的远程登陆透明化。“ +### '带着尊重来用吧' ### -"The awesome power of ssh is that the joy you have with typing commands on one computer can allow you a hundred times the joy on 100 computers," he added. "Of course, it's not fun to type passwords 100 times, so learn to use secure passwordless logins with ssh to make logging in remotely transparent." +当然，”就像干任何快乐的事一样，有人会沉迷于搞破坏。“伯格森警告道，”作为root用户，你可以输入命令来删除所有的东西，或者把这一切搞乱。“ -### 'Use It With Respect' ### +”这是核心选择权，就像处理世界事务一样，在按下那个键之前一定要三思而后行，评估干这事所产生的结果，带着尊重和高尚的动机来使用它。“他补充道。 -Of course, "just as with any pleasurable activity, one can be addicted to the point of destruction," Pogson warned. "As root, you can type commands to delete everything or otherwise mess things up. +”我曾经删除了一个文件系统，因为我的大拇指蹭到了空格键调出了一个命令。“伯格森总结道，”坦白地说，我只干过这样的事情一次。“ -"This is the nuclear option, and just as world leaders should sit on their hands and think carefully before pushing the button, value this power and use it with respect and higher motivations," he added. +### '很强大' ### -"I once deleted a file system because my thumb dragged the space bar into a command," Pogson concluded. "I only did that once. Honest." +Google+博主贡萨洛：贝拉斯科C不那么热情。 -### 'Very Powerful' ### +“即使[GUI][11]工具更易用，在*nix领域，命令行仍然很强大。“他告诉Linux女孩，”甚至一些有能力的MacOS用户也用它们。” -Google+ blogger Gonzalo Velasco C. was no less enthusiastic. +对于贡萨洛：贝拉斯科C他自己而言，“我想要掌握的唯一一些命令是进程控制和杀死命令，想要使用ctrl+alt+退格键，因为我可以用来处理给我造成麻烦的那个进程，我还想要掌握tar.gz文件的管理——那玩样到现在还让我头痛。“他说。 -"Even though the [GUI][11] tools are easier, in the *nix universe, the command line remains very powerful," he told Linux Girl. "Even some power MacOS users use them." +#### '你正在做错事' #### -As for Gonzalo Velasco C. himself, "the only commands I would like to master are the process control and killing, to use with ctrl+alt+backspace, so I can handle the one process that is giving me trouble, and the tar.gz files management -- that to this very day remains a pain for me," he said. +最后一点，但并非不重要，SoylentNews博主hairyfeet有一个完全不同的观点。 -#### 'Ur Doing It Wrong' #### +“我只想谈一件事情来充实一下命令行界面这个报道：如果你不干IT，而且做着一些重复的事情，而这些事情只是很简单、很原始地去记录一些有用的事情，但你还在用命令行，那么‘你在走一条不归路’“hairyfeet告诉Linux女孩，”命令行界面没什么神奇——它只是1970年代以来的一个图形化界面！“ -Last but not least, SoylentNews blogger hairyfeet had a different perspective altogether. +今天，有很多“有用的图形化界面，这要多亏了CPU频率和内存的增加，而不是一美元店里的廉价手表——我们甚至有IDE和脚本语言大大超过70年代那个复辟古董货，在广域网或者局域网上工作，并与操作系统最底层交互，一切都在变得更易用，这多亏了智能感应和自动完成这样的技术。“他解释说，”所以上天作证，如果你不是那3%的系统管理员，工作在以字节计数的世界里，你会把那一堆垃圾从陈年旧帐中翻出来？ -"The only thing I would add to a story about CLI is this: If you aren't working in IT and performing repetitive tasks where having an extremely simplistic, primitive way to script something is useful, and yet you are still using CLI, then 'ur doing it wrong,'" hairyfeet told Linux Girl. "A CLI isn't magic -- it's a GUI from the 1970s!" +Hairyfeet的最佳命令行建议？“不要——被21世纪那些不切实际的想法所左右，学学怎样真正来使用语言和工具吧。“他总结道，”让命令行成为泡影，把软盘都扔进历史的垃圾桶吧。“ -Today there are "useful GUIs thanks to actually having more CPU and RAM than a dollar-store watch -- we even have IDEs and scripting languages that can run rings around that 70s throwback, work across the WAN or LAN and interact with the deepest levels of the OS, all while being easier to use thanks to technologies like intellisense and autocomplete," he explained. "So why in God's name, if you aren't one of the 3 percent who are administering systems where every single byte counts, would you be dragging that old pile of junk out of mothballs?" - -Hairyfeet's best CLI advice? "Don't -- join the rest of the planet in the 21st century and learn how to use real languages and tools," he concluded. "Let CLI join bubble memory and floppies on the dustbin of history." - -> atherine Noyes is always on duty in her role as Linux Girl, whose cape she has worn since 2007. A mild-mannered journalist by day, she spends her evenings haunting the seedy bars and watering holes of the Linux blogosphere in search of the latest gossip. You can also find her on [Twitter][12] and [Google+][13]. +> 银汉鱼诺伊斯总是尽忠职守当好她的Linux女孩，那件斗篷她从2007穿到现在了。作为一个白天举止温和的女记者，她晚上像逛夜店一样，为了搜寻最新的小道消息，在Linux博客圈上灌水。你也能在 [Twitter][12]和[Google+][13]上找到她。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80437.html?rss=1 -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -109,4 +106,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80437.html?rss=1 [10]:http://mrpogson.com/ [11]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI [12]:http://twitter.com/noyesk -[13]:https://plus.google.com/+KatherineNoyes?rel=author \ No newline at end of file +[13]:https://plus.google.com/+KatherineNoyes?rel=author From b439db5f9fb843cf7d6212bc0a360e3bca7c536a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Sat, 31 May 2014 19:27:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 066/713] Merge branch 'master', remote-tracking branch 'lctt/master' From 65dbf760accba8c17287e13d076efa9f4952ce82 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Sat, 31 May 2014 19:29:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 067/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8D=A0=E5=9D=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md b/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md index 5b254f80c0..f7512e3ebf 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +占坑。。。。 + Fix “Cannot Add PPA” Error In Ubuntu 14.04 & Linux Mint ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/PPA_Error_Ubuntu.jpeg) From 328bf1d01f2a6e6609abab6156b1b61f73e9b4cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Sat, 31 May 2014 19:31:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 068/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8D=A2=E4=B8=80=E7=AF=87=E6=96=87?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=AB=A0?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ased Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md | 2 ++ ...Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md | 2 -- 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md index eeb5af21bb..823c061422 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +翻译中... + Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using ‘Nginx and Apache’ in Arch Linux ================================================================================ Rainloop is a free Open Source web application written in PHP which provides a fast modern web interface to access your emails on all major domain mail providers like Yahoo, Gmail, Outlook and many others as well as your own local mail servers, and, also, acts as a MUA (Mail User Agent) by accessing domain mail servers through IMAP and SMTP protocols. diff --git a/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md b/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md index f7512e3ebf..5b254f80c0 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -占坑。。。。 - Fix “Cannot Add PPA” Error In Ubuntu 14.04 & Linux Mint ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/PPA_Error_Ubuntu.jpeg) From f506a82fb38497ece4b7ce14eaf634750ef12d35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 31 May 2014 20:51:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 069/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E8=A1=A5=E5=85=85=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md | 43 ------------------- 1 file changed, 43 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md b/sources/news/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7db4550790..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,43 +0,0 @@ -2q1w2007翻译中 -4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All -================================================================================ -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/4MLinux-9-0-Beta-Is-a-55-MB-Operating-System-that-Has-It-All-443946-2.jpg) - -**4MLinux, a mini Linux distribution that is focused on the 4Ms of computing, Maintenance (system rescue Live CD), Multimedia (e.g., playing video DVDs), Miniserver (using the inetd daemon), and Mystery (Linux games), has advanced to version 9.0 Beta.** - -4MLinux is one of the smallest distributions in the world that are still able to provide users with a desktop environment and a number of applications that can make this OS something to be used on a daily basis. - -Most of the minimalistic Linux operating systems don't usually provide such a plethora of applications right from the start, especially if we keep in mind that the distro only weighs a little over 55MB. - -“The main features in this release are maintenance (MBR and GPT partitioning software, 4MLinux Backup Scripts 9.0, ClamAV 0.98.3), multimedia (MPlayer SVN-r37146, FFmpeg Git-2014-04-10), a mini server (FTP, HTTP, SSH, SFTP), and mystery (a set of small games).” - -“The X Window System is based on X.Org Server 1.15.1, Mesa 10.1.3, JWM 2.2.2, and the FOX toolkit 1.6.49. Fully automatic installation of the ‘vanilla’ versions of LibreOffice 4.2.4, Java RE 7u55, and VirtualBox 4.3.12 is also supported. The size of the ISO image is about 55 MB,” said the developer on his blog. - -As you can see, most of the packages provided are very new, like VirtualBox, LibreOffice, Mesa, Ffmpeg, ClamAV, and so on. If you have any doubts about this release, you can always start it in a virtual machine and take it for a spin. - -What's interesting is the fact that users can stop the booting process right before the X Server kicks in and use the system in command line, which is actually a nice change of pace. - -The developer will now start to release all the other distributions that he is building around this major update, like Allinone, Gaming, Server, Media, Rescue, and so on. Keep in mind that you can install any of these Linux distros from the main launcher with the help of a very simple piece of software. - -Users will also find that most of the applications that you need are available in the repositories and that the 4MLinux distro can be turned into any of the flavors mentioned above just by downloading the appropriate packages. - -A complete list of changes and updates can be found in the official [announcement][1]. - -### Download 4MLinux 9.0 Beta: ### - -- [4MLinux 8.2 (ISO)][2][iso] [53.90 MB] -- [4MLinux 9.0 Beta (ISO)][3][iso] [53 MB] - -Remember that this is a development version and it should NOT be installed on production machines. It is intended for testing purposes only. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/4MLinux-9-0-Beta-Is-a-55-MB-Operating-System-that-Has-It-All-443946.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://4mlinux-releases.blogspot.ro/2014/05/4mlinux-90-beta-released.html -[2]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux4m/files/8.0/updates/8.2/livecd/4MLinux-8.2.iso/download -[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/linux4m/files/9.0/livecd/4MLinux-9.0.iso/download From d9d95c8f6f70618005f3557bf46edbbff954a9e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 31 May 2014 21:18:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 070/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ASix=20Steps?= =?UTF-8?q?=20You=20Need=20to=20Take=20to=20Make=20Ubuntu=2014.04=20LTS=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Better?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @Hao-Ding 明天发布 --- ...Take to Make Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Better.markdown | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Six Steps You Need to Take to Make Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Better.markdown (58%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Six Steps You Need to Take to Make Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Better.markdown b/published/Six Steps You Need to Take to Make Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Better.markdown similarity index 58% rename from translated/tech/Six Steps You Need to Take to Make Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Better.markdown rename to published/Six Steps You Need to Take to Make Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Better.markdown index 68300fcf27..61e9698528 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Six Steps You Need to Take to Make Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Better.markdown +++ b/published/Six Steps You Need to Take to Make Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Better.markdown @@ -1,29 +1,29 @@ 六步优化你的 Ubuntu 14.04 ================================================================================ -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Six-Step-You-Need-to-Take-to-Make-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-Better-439341-2.jpg) +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Six-Step-You-Need-to-Take-to-Make-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-Better-439341-2.jpg) -**Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr) 是一个非常优秀的操作系统，但是与其他发行版一样，它的初始化配置对用户来说并不是最优的配置。这样设置有许多原因，但我们可以自己做一些配置来极大地提升你的Ubuntu操作体验。** +**Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr) 是一个非常优秀的操作系统，但是与其他发行版一样，它的初始化配置对用户来说并不是最优的配置。虽然这样有许多原因，但我们可以自己做一些配置来极大地提升你的Ubuntu操作体验。** -虽然 Ubuntu 是一款非常优秀的操作系统，而且其14.04的最新版本也是Canonical迄今为止制作的最精心版本，许多用户这一系统中仍存在许多需要改善的方面。确实，如果你希望获得完整的操作体验，你需要进行一些设置修改。 +Ubuntu 是一款非常优秀的操作系统，而且其14.04的最新版本也是Canonical迄今为止制作的最精心版本，但是对于许多用户来说，这一系统中仍存在许多需要改善的方面。确实，如果你希望获得完整的操作体验，你需要进行一些设置修改。 比如，当你第一次启动这一系统时，你需要打开“软件与更新”(Software & Updates)，确认在第一个选项“Ubuntu Software”中所有的子选项都被选中。因为如果你想获得所有重要的包，你需要这些软件库被激活。 ![Software & Updates repositories](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Six-Step-You-Need-to-Take-to-Make-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-Better-439341-3.jpg) “软件与更新”(Software & Updates)软件库 -第二个修改是安装Ubuntu Restricted Extras. 这样会突出许多由于法律原因而无法与操作系统绑定的重要软件包，如Adobe公司的Flash与Microsoft的字体。自己安装这些软件是没有任何问题的，但开发者不能默认地包含这些软件。打开一个终端，输入如下命令： +第二个修改是安装Ubuntu Restricted Extras. 这样可以安装许多由于法律原因而无法与操作系统绑定的重要软件包，如Adobe公司的Flash与Microsoft的字体。自己安装这些软件是没有任何问题的，但开发者不能默认地包含这些软件。打开一个终端，输入如下命令： sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras -安装完成后，你需要删掉系统默认的messenger：Empathy. 它是GNOME的一部分，而且是一个非常有限的并有bugs的解决方案。你需要安装Pidgin来替换。根据如下命令进行安装： +安装完成后，你需要删掉系统默认的即时消息软件：Empathy. 它是GNOME的一部分，而且是一个非常有限的并有bugs的解决方案。你需要安装Pidgin来替换。根据如下命令进行安装： sudo apt-get remove empathy sudo apt-get install pidgin sudo apt-get install pidgin-plugin-pack -现在，如果你已经完成了对messager的处理，你需要安装视频卡(video card)的驱动。如果你有Intel的GPU，你不需要做任何事情，但是如果你的GPU是NVIDIA或者AMD的，你可能需要相应公司的驱动，这样可以为你提供更好的游戏性能。再次打开“软件与更新”(Software & Updates)，点击最后一个选项：额外驱动(Additional Drivers)，选择你需要的驱动。这需要一定时间，请耐心等待。然后重启。 +现在，如果你已经完成了对即时消息软件的处理，你需要安装视频卡(video card)的驱动。如果你有Intel的GPU，你不需要做任何事情，但是如果你的GPU是NVIDIA或者AMD的，你可能需要相应公司的驱动，这样可以在游戏中为你提供更好的性能。再次打开“软件与更新”(Software & Updates)，点击最后一个选项：额外驱动(Additional Drivers)，选择你需要的驱动。这需要一定时间，请耐心等待。然后重启。 ![Software & Updates drivers](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Six-Step-You-Need-to-Take-to-Make-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-Better-439341-4.jpg) “软件与更新”(Software & Updates)驱动 @@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ ![Stop online search in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Six-Step-You-Need-to-Take-to-Make-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-Better-439341-5.jpg) 在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS中关闭在线搜索 -最后，你可能也想稍微定制一下桌面。在桌面点击鼠标右键，选择改变桌面背景。你会发现一个名为“Launcher图标大小”的滚动条。你可以激活这个滚动条，修改结果也可以实时看到。在“行为”选项中，你也可以发现一个选项来选择在应用窗口中显示菜单，而不是在Unity的顶部条那显示。 +最后，你可能也想稍微定制一下桌面。在桌面点击鼠标右键，选择改变桌面背景。你会发现一个名为“启动器图标大小”的滚动条。你可以激活这个滚动条，修改结果也可以实时看到。在“行为”选项中，你也可以发现一个选项来选择在应用窗口中显示菜单，而不是在Unity的顶部条那显示。 ![Change the way menus are displayed](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Six-Step-You-Need-to-Take-to-Make-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-Better-439341-6.jpg) 改变菜单的显示方式 @@ -46,6 +46,6 @@ via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Six-Step-You-Need-to-Take-to-Make-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-Better-439341.shtml -译者：[Hao-Ding](https://github.com/Hao-Ding) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Hao-Ding](https://github.com/Hao-Ding) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 08ce6d81ccb58eefe76d9b638e34d22214057513 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Sat, 31 May 2014 21:29:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 071/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md | 145 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 74 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md (62%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md similarity index 62% rename from sources/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md rename to translated/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md index 823c061422..b8d0270aae 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md @@ -1,60 +1,60 @@ -翻译中... - -Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using ‘Nginx and Apache’ in Arch Linux +使用`Nginx和Apache`安装RainLoop Webmail(一个网页邮件客户端) ================================================================================ -Rainloop is a free Open Source web application written in PHP which provides a fast modern web interface to access your emails on all major domain mail providers like Yahoo, Gmail, Outlook and many others as well as your own local mail servers, and, also, acts as a MUA (Mail User Agent) by accessing domain mail servers through IMAP and SMTP protocols. +Rainloop是一个使用PHP编写的，开源免费的网页邮件客户端。他支持包括Google,Yahoo,OutLook在内的主流的邮件服务器，当然，他也支持你自己的本地邮件服务器。他主要的表现看起来像使用IMAP和SMTP协议的MUA(邮件客户端)。 -#### RainLoop Demo #### +#### RainLoop 示例 #### -Have a quick look at the demo page setup by the author at [http://demo.rainloop.net/][1]. +可以看一下作者编写的安装文档： [http://demo.rainloop.net/][1]. -![Install RainLoop in Arch Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux.jpg) -Install RainLoop in Arch Linux +![在Arch Linux上安装RainLoop](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux.jpg) +在Arch Linux上安装RainLoop -Once you have deployed Rainloop on your servers the only thing remaining to do is to access your Rainloop domain through a web browser and provide credentials for your enabled domain mail server. +一旦在您的服务器部署上Rainloop，剩余要做的唯一的事情是通过Web浏览器访问您的Rainloop，并提供你正在使用的邮件服务器信息。 -This tutorial covers **Rainloop** webmail installation process on **Arch Linux** from both point of view configuration files for **Apache** and **Nginx**, using a virtual local domain configured through local hosts file, without a DNS server. +本教程包含了在 **Arch Linux**上的**Rainloop** 网页客户端的安装流程，包括如何进行配置 **Apache** 或 **Nginx**, 当然本教程使用修改Hosts的方式，从而避免了DNS的访问。 If you also need references on installing Rainloop on **Debian** and **Red Hat** systems visit the previous RainLoop Webmail article at. +如果你还是需要一篇在**Debian** 和 **Red Hat** 安装 RainLoop Webmail 的教程，你可以看这篇文章： + - [Install RainLoop Webmail on Debian and Red Hat based Systems][2] -### Requirements ### +### 系统要求 ### -#### For Nginx #### +#### 对 Nginx #### - [Install LEMP (Nginx, PHP, MySQL with MariaDB engine and PhpMyAdmin) in Arch Linux][3] - [Create Virtual Hosts in Nginx Web Server][4] -#### For Apache #### +#### 对 Apache #### - [Install LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL/MariaDB, and PHP/PhpMyAdmin) in Arch Linux][5] -### Step 1: Create Virtual Hosts for Nginx or Apache ### +### Step 1:为 Nginx 或者 Apache 提供虚拟Host### -**1.** Assuming that you have configured your servers (**Nginx** or **Apache**) as described in upper presentations links, the first thing you need to do is to create a rudimentary **DNS** entry on local **hosts** file that points to **Arch Linux** system IP. +**1.** 假设你已经配置您的服务器（**Nginx**或**Apache**），如上面介绍的链接描述的，你需要做的第一件事是在Hosts文件里创建一个指向**的Arch Linux*系统的IP。 -On Linux system edit **/etc/hosts** file and include your Rainloop virtual domain after localhost entry. +对与Linux系统，修改 **/etc/hosts** 文件并且在你得localhost下添加 Rainloop virtual 域。如下： 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost rainloop.lan 192.168.1.33 rainloop.lan ![Add Domain Host Entry](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-01.jpg) -Add Domain Host Entry +添加域信息 -On Windows system edit **C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts** and add the following line at the bottom. +对于Windows系统，则修改 **C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts** 并且将接下来的内容添加到你的文件里： 192.168.1.33 rainloop.lan **2.** After you verify local domain using **ping** command, create the necessary **Virtual Hosts** and **SSL** configurations for **Apache** or **Nginx**. -#### Nginx Virtual Hosts #### +#### Nginx 虚拟主机 #### -Create a file named **rainloop.lan** in **/etc/nginx/sites-available/** path with the following configuration. +在**/etc/nginx/sites-available/** 目录下使用如下命令创建一个名叫**rainloop.lan**的文件： $ sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/rainloop.conf -Add the following file content. +添加如下的文件内容： server { listen 80; @@ -90,11 +90,11 @@ Add the following file content. } } -Then create the SSL equivalent file content. +接下来创建SSL配置文件： $ sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/rainloop-ssl.conf -Add the following file content. +添加如下内容： server { listen 443 ssl; @@ -137,14 +137,14 @@ Add the following file content. } } -On the next step generate **Certificate** file and **Keys** for **SSL Virtual Host** and add your virtual domain name (**rainloop.lan**) on Certificate **Common Name**. +接下来将会自动生成**Certificate**和**Keys**文件，然后在文件中叫**Common Name*的证书里中添加您的虚拟域名（** rainloop.lan**）。 $ sudo nginx_gen_ssl.sh ![Generate Certificate and Keys](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-04.jpg\) -Generate Certificate and Keys +生成证书和密钥 -After the Certificate and SSL keys are generated, create Rainloop **root** webserver file path ( place where Rainloop PHP files reside), then enable Virtual Hosts and restart Nginx daemon to apply configurations. +生成证书和SSL密钥后，创建Rainloop**根**网络服务器的文件路径（Rainloop PHP文件所在的位置），然后启用虚拟主机，并重新启动Nginx的守护进程，应用配置。 $ sudo mkdir -p /srv/www/rainloop $ sudo n2ensite rainloop @@ -152,15 +152,15 @@ After the Certificate and SSL keys are generated, create Rainloop **root** webse $ sudo systemctl restart nginx ![Create RainLoop Web Director](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-05.jpg) -Create RainLoop Web Director +创建RainLoop 网页向导 -#### Apache Virtual Hosts #### +#### Apache 虚拟主机 #### -Create a new file named **rainloop.conf** in **/etc/httpd/conf/sites-available/** with the following content. +在**/etc/httpd/conf/sites-available/**中创建 **rainloop.conf**文件： $ sudo nano /etc/httpd/conf/sites-available/rainloop.conf -Add the following file content. +添加如下内容： ServerName rainloop.lan @@ -180,13 +180,13 @@ Add the following file content. ![Create Apache Virtual Host](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-06.jpg) -Create Apache Virtual Host +创建Apache虚拟主机 -Then create the SSL equivalent file content for Apache. +为Apache添加SSL支持： $ sudo nano /etc/httpd/conf/sites-available/rainloop-ssl.conf -Add the following file content. +添加如下文件内容： ServerName rainloop.lan @@ -220,17 +220,19 @@ Add the following file content. -The next step is to create **SSL Certificate** file and **Keys** for **SSL Virtual Host** and add put your virtual domain name (**rainloop.lan**) on Certificate **Common Name**. + +接下来将会自动生成**Certificate**和**Keys**文件，然后在文件中叫**Common Name*的证书里中添加您的虚拟域名（** rainloop.lan**）。 $ sudo apache_gen_ssl ![Create SSL Certificate and Keys](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-07.jpg) -Create SSL Certificate and Keys +创建SSL证书和密钥 ![Enter Organization Details](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-08.jpg) -Enter Organization Details +输入组织信息 After the Certificate and SSL keys are created, add Rainloop **DocumentRoot** path, then enable Virtual Hosts and restart Apache daemon to apply configurations. +在证书和密钥建立之后，添加RainLoop **DocumentRoot**目录，之后激活虚拟主机，并且重启Apache应用设置。 $ sudo mkdir -p /srv/www/rainloop $ sudo a2ensite rainloop @@ -238,15 +240,15 @@ After the Certificate and SSL keys are created, add Rainloop **DocumentRoot** pa $ sudo systemctl restart httpd ![Enable Virtual Hosts](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-09.jpg) -Enable Virtual Hosts +激活虚拟主机 -### Step 2: Add necessary PHP Extensions ### +### Step 2: 添加必要的PHP支持 ### -**3.** Whether you are using **Apache** or **Nginx** webserver, you need to enable the following PHP extensions on **php.ini** file and, also, include the new webserver **DocumentRoot** path to open_basedir directive. +**3.** 无论您使用的是**Apache**或**Nginx**Web服务器，您需要激活**php.ini**文件下中的PHP扩展，包括新的服务器**DocumentRoot**目录。 $ sudo nano /etc/php/php.ini -Locate and uncomment the following PHP extensions. +找到并且取消如下的PHP扩展的注释： extension=iconv.so extension=imap.so @@ -256,73 +258,74 @@ Locate and uncomment the following PHP extensions. extension=openssl.so ( enables IMAPS and SMTP SSL protocols on mail servers) extension=pdo_mysql.so -Also open_basedir statement should look like this. +open_basedir语句应该看起来和这个一样。 open_basedir = /srv/http/:/home/:/tmp/:/usr/share/pear/:/usr/share/webapps/:/etc/webapps/:/srv/www/ **4.** After the **php.ini** file was modified restart your server than check **phpinfo** file to see if **SSL** protocols are enabled. +**4.** 在修改好**php.ini**之后，重启你得服务器，然后检查 **phpinfo** 文件，去看看**SSL**协议是否已经激活。 - ----------On Apache Web Server---------- + ----------对于 Apache Web 服务器---------- $ sudo systemctl restart httpd ---------- - ----------On Nginx Web Server---------- + ----------对于 Nginx Web 服务器---------- $ sudo systemctl restart nginx $ sudo systemctl restart php-fpm ![Check PHP Information](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-10.png) Check PHP Information -### Step 3: Download and Install RainLoop Webmail ### +### Step 3: 下载和安装 RainLoop Webmail ### -**5.** Now it’s time to download and extract Rainloop application from official website to Document Root directory but first install **wget** and **unzip** system utilities. +**5.**现在是时候从官方网站下载并解压缩Rainloop应用到文档根目录，但是需要首先安装**wget的**和**unzip**程序。 $ sudo pacman -S unzip wget -**6.** Download latest source package Rainloop zip archive using **wget** command or by using a browser to navigate to [http://rainloop.net/downloads/][6]. +**6.** 使用**wget**命令或通过使用浏览器导航到[http://rainloop.net/downloads/] [6]下载最新的源码包Rainloop zip归档。 $ wget http://repository.rainloop.net/v1/rainloop-latest.zip ![Download RainLoop Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-11.png) -Download RainLoop Package +下载 RainLoop 包 -**7.** After the download process finishes, extract Rainloop archive to Virtual Host Document Root path ( **/srv/www/rainloop/** ). +**7.** 下载过程完成后，解压Rainloop归档到虚拟主机文档根目录路径( **/srv/www/rainloop/** )。 $ sudo unzip rainloop-latest.zip -d /srv/www/rainloop/ ![Extract Rainloop Archive](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-12.png) -Extract Rainloop Archive +解压 -**8.** Then set the following permissions on application default path. +**8.** 然后设置应用程序的默认路径下的权限。 $ sudo chmod -R 755 /srv/www/rainloop/ $ sudo chown -R http:http /srv/www/rainloop/ ![Set Permission on RainLoop](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-13.jpg) -Set Permission on RainLoop +设置权限 -### Step 4: Configure Rainloop via Web Interface ### +### Step 4: 通过网页配置RainLoop### -**9.** Rainloop application can be configured in two ways: using a system shell of via browser. If you want to configure over terminal open and edit **application.ini** file located in **/srv/www/rainloop/data/_data_da047852f16d2bc7352b24240a2f1599/_default_/configs/**. +**9.** Rainloop应用程序可以通过两种方式进行配置：使用浏览器或者系统shell。如果要在终端配置就打开和编辑位于**/ srv/www/rainloop/data/_data_da047852f16d2bc7352b24240a2f1599/_default_/configs/**的application.ini**文件。 -**10.** To access Admin Interface from browser, use the following URL address **https://rainloop.lan/?admin**, then provide the default application credentials. +**10.** 若要从浏览器访问管理界面，使用下面的URL地址** https://rainloop.lan/?admin**，然后提供默认的应用程序用户名密码。 User= admin Password= 12345 ![Rainloop Web Interface](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-14.png) -Rainloop Web Interface +Rainloop Web 界面 -**11.** After initial login you will be warn to change the default password, so I advise you to do it. +**11.** 首次登录后，你将被警告更改默认密码，所以我劝你做这一点。 ![Change Default Password](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-15.png) -Change Default Password +修改默认 Password ![Set New Admin Password](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-16.png) -Set New Admin Password +设置新的 Admin Password -**12.** If you want to enable **contacts** login to MySQL database and create a new database with a privileged user on it, then provide database credentials on **Contacts** fields. +**12.** 如果您要启用**Contact**，就登录到MySQL数据库并创建上有一个特权用户和一个新的数据库，然后提供**Contacts**字段的数据库凭据。 mysql -u root -p create database if not exists rainloop; @@ -332,39 +335,39 @@ Set New Admin Password exit; ![Enable Contacts in RainLoop](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-17.png) -Enable Contacts in RainLoop +在 RainLoop 中激活联系人 ![Enter Contact Database Details](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-18.png) -Enter Contact Database Details +添加联系人数据 -**13.** By default Rainloop provides **Gmail**, **Yahoo** and **Outlook** domains mail server configuration files, but you can add other mail server domains if you like. +**13.** 默认情况下Rainloop提供** Gmail**，**Yahoo**和**Outlook**的邮件服务器的配置文件，但是你如果愿意，你也可以添加其他的邮件服务器域。 ![Default Mail Domains](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-19.png) -Default Mail Domains +默认 Mail 域 ![Add New Domain](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-20.png) -Add New Domain +添加新域 -**14.** To login on your mail server point your browser to **https://rainloop.lan** and provide your domain server credentials. +**14.** 登录你的邮件服务器，浏览** https://rainloop.lan**，并提供您的域名服务器验证信息。 ![Login to Mail Domain](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-21.png) -Login to Mail Domain +登录到邮件页面 ![Login to Gmail Domain](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-22.png) -Login to Gmail Domain +登录Gmail ![RainLoop Email Interface](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-23.png) -RainLoop Email Interface +RainLoop Email 界面 -For further configurations please visit official Rainloop documentation page at [http://rainloop.net/docs/][7]. +想要了解更多的文件，可以访问：[http://rainloop.net/docs/][7]. -With Rainloop you can access mail servers from any device that has a browser as long as your server has Internet connectivity, the only minus of using Rainloop application in Arch Linux so far is the lack of poppassd plugin package needed to change email account password. +通过Rainloop你可以从浏览器中访问具有Internet连接的任何邮件服务器。唯一的缺憾就是在Arch Linux下使用Rainloop应用的人缺乏修改电子邮件帐户密码的poppassd插件包。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-rainloop-webmail-in-arch-linux/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 228e4eeb4b2a8fe1f29e9e754c6beabfb2b35195 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 31 May 2014 21:37:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 072/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ALinux=20find?= =?UTF-8?q?mnt=20Command=20To=20Find=20Mounted=20Filesystems?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @zzlyzq 明天发布~ --- ...mnt Command To Find Mounted Filesystems.md | 23 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Linux findmnt Command To Find Mounted Filesystems.md (80%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Linux findmnt Command To Find Mounted Filesystems.md b/published/Linux findmnt Command To Find Mounted Filesystems.md similarity index 80% rename from translated/tech/Linux findmnt Command To Find Mounted Filesystems.md rename to published/Linux findmnt Command To Find Mounted Filesystems.md index 2c4fba0448..93167fa8e6 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Linux findmnt Command To Find Mounted Filesystems.md +++ b/published/Linux findmnt Command To Find Mounted Filesystems.md @@ -1,11 +1,10 @@ -[zzlyzq translated] -Linux命令findmnt-寻找挂载的文件系统 +findmnt-寻找挂载的文件系统 ================================================================================ -命令findmnt用来查找在Linux下已经被挂载的文件系统。该命令会从/etc/fstab,/etc/mtab或者/proc/self/mountinfo中寻找特定的文件系统。 +命令findmnt用来查找在Linux下已经被挂载的文件系统。该命令会从/etc/fstab、/etc/mtab或者/proc/self/mountinfo中寻找指定的文件系统。 ### 如何安装findmnt ### -findmnt命令来自于util-linux-ng软件包，现在改名为util-linux。该软件包中还包括其他一些工具，比如hwclock。从kernel.org ftp页面安装findmnt[下载util-linux][1]。 +findmnt命令来自于util-linux-ng软件包，这个包现在改名为util-linux。该软件包中还包括其他一些工具，比如hwclock等。从kernel.org ftp页面[下载util-linux][1]以安装findmnt。 ### 如何在Fedora下安装findmnt ### @@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ Fedora用户可以通过下面的命令安装该软件包： ### Findmnt默认选项 ### -如果没有提供特定的挂载点或者设备，该命令默认会列出所有已经被挂载的文件系统。 +如果没有提供特定的挂载点或者设备，该命令默认会以优美的树形结构列出所有已经被挂载的文件系统。 $ findmnt @@ -31,16 +30,15 @@ findmnt可以被用来监控/proc/self/mountinfo文件的变化。轮询模式 $ findmnt --poll -/proc/self/mountinfo文件的任何变化会自动的在终端中进行更新。一开始你不会发现终端中的输出有任何变化，如果此时你拔掉闪存再插入，变化就会出现在终端中。 +/proc/self/mountinfo文件的任何变化会自动的在终端中进行更新。一开始你不会发现终端中的输出有任何变化，如果此时你拔掉U盘再插入，变化就会出现在终端中。 ![findmnt poll](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/findmnt-poll.png) -轮询模式的时间可以通过**--timeout**或者**--first-only**选项进行限制。 - +轮询停止的时间可以通过**--timeout**或者**--first-only**选项进行限制。 ### 超时选项 ### -该选项可以与--pool一起使用来限制轮询模式的时间。**超时单位是毫秒**。超时后，findmnt不会再监控/proc/self/mountinfo文件的变化。 +该选项可以与--pool一起使用来限制轮询模式的时间。**超时单位是毫秒**。超过此时间后，findmnt不会再监控/proc/self/mountinfo文件的变化。 $ findmnt --poll --timeout 6000 @@ -90,7 +88,7 @@ findmnt命令也可以用来模仿df命令的输出。你可以参考如下的 ![findmnt fstab evaluate](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/findmnt-fstab-evaluate.png) -### Findmnt type 选项 ### +### Findmnt type 选项 ### 该选项允许你限制打印出的文件系统。多个文件系统可以使用逗号分割进行指定。在这个实例中，该命令会搜索ext4,ext3和vfat文件系统。 @@ -98,14 +96,15 @@ findmnt命令也可以用来模仿df命令的输出。你可以参考如下的 ![findmnt types](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/findmnt-types.png) -### 结论 ### +### 结语 ### + 你可以按照你的需要尝试不同的findmnt选项。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/powerful-findmnt-command/ -译者：[zzlyzq](https://github.com/zzlyzq) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[zzlyzq](https://github.com/zzlyzq) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d03fa799da229c2a136739c725cd59ea4972a5bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 31 May 2014 21:47:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 073/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83:Install=20Spotify=20?= =?UTF-8?q?In=20Ubuntu=2014.04=20&=20Linux=20Mint=2017?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Install Spotify In Ubuntu 14.04 & Linux Mint 17.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Install Spotify In Ubuntu 14.04 & Linux Mint 17.md (87%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Install Spotify In Ubuntu 14.04 & Linux Mint 17.md b/published/Install Spotify In Ubuntu 14.04 & Linux Mint 17.md similarity index 87% rename from translated/tech/Install Spotify In Ubuntu 14.04 & Linux Mint 17.md rename to published/Install Spotify In Ubuntu 14.04 & Linux Mint 17.md index 2307c06b49..af25a0d501 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Install Spotify In Ubuntu 14.04 & Linux Mint 17.md +++ b/published/Install Spotify In Ubuntu 14.04 & Linux Mint 17.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -在Ubuntu 14.04 和 Linux Mint 17 中安装 Spotify +在Ubuntu/Mint中安装 Spotify ================================================================================ -Spotify 是一个现今非常流行的流媒体音乐服务。不仅可以在网页上访问其服务，而且可以在 linux 中安装其桌面客户端。这个客户端增加了额外的功能，比如监听本地音乐和同步本地音乐到Spotify 服务器、iPhone 、iPod等其它移动设备。 +Spotify 是一个现今非常流行的流媒体音乐服务。不仅可以在网页上访问其服务，而且可以在 linux 中安装其桌面客户端。这个客户端增加了额外的功能，比如听播放本地音乐和同步本地音乐到Spotify 服务器、或同步本地音乐到iPhone 、iPod等其它移动设备。 在本文将讨论如何快速 **在 Ubuntu 14.04 安装 Spotify ** 以及其它基于 Debian 的发行版，如 Linux Mint, Elementary OS, Bodhi 等等。 @@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ Spotify 是一个现今非常流行的流媒体音乐服务。不仅可以在网 via: http://itsfoss.com/install-spotify-ubuntu-1404/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[liushui312](https://github.com/liushui312) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 1e936786e6e1accb487173207f2fd5f788a3c4a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 31 May 2014 22:03:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 074/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AUbuntu=2014.?= =?UTF-8?q?04=20LTS=20Major=20Application=20Updates?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ntu 14.04 LTS Major Application Updates.md | 23 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Major Application Updates.md (51%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Major Application Updates.md b/published/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Major Application Updates.md similarity index 51% rename from translated/tech/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Major Application Updates.md rename to published/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Major Application Updates.md index fa30df2e43..6bcbfde181 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Major Application Updates.md +++ b/published/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Major Application Updates.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: 主要程序更新 +Ubuntu 14.04 LTS中的主要程序变化的总结 ================================================================================ 过去几周我们已经讨论过 Ubuntu 的第一个LTS新版本在过去两年内在操作系统方面的主要更新。今天我们将要列出 Ubuntu 应用程序商店中自从上一个 LTS 版本以来主要的应用程序更新。 @@ -7,28 +7,33 @@ Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: 主要程序更新 除了大量桌面应用程序更新(下一节讨论)外，两年以来大量的其他程序和工具都有了非常不错的更新。以下讨论其中的一部分： - **Xen 4.4** - 对于 Ubuntu 内置 Xen 这是一个重大更新。最显著的变化就是它不再支持纯32位的 CPU 了(虽然还继续支持32位操作系统)。这不应该是一个大问题，因为过去六年以来大多数CPU都是64位的。但是这意味着那些还在老服务器或笔记本上使用 Ubuntu 的人需要知道 Xen 将不再支持他们的CPU了。 + 对于 Ubuntu 内置的 Xen 这是一个重大更新。最显著的变化就是它不再支持纯32位的 CPU 了（虽然还继续支持32位操作系统）。这不应该是一个大问题，因为过去六年以来大多数CPU都是64位的。但是这意味着那些还在老服务器或笔记本上使用 Ubuntu 的人需要知道 Xen 将不再支持他们的CPU了。 -- **QEMU 2.0** 紧接着 Xen 后面介绍 QEMU ，因为为了适应 Xen，QEMU做了些调整。最主要的影响是在 KVM 中创建的虚拟机无法从以前的 Ubuntu 12.04 迁移到这个版本，并且快照也无法恢复。另外，加入了对 arm64 的二进制虚拟。 -- **MySQL** 尽管默认安装的是 MySQL 5.5，但是也可以从标准库中安装 Percona, MariaDB 或者 MySQL 5.6。惊喜的是，不想其他的软件发布库，Ubuntu 并没有将数据库换成MariaDB ，继续默认安装。估计是和甲骨文维持了比较好的关系。 +- **QEMU 2.0** + 紧接着 Xen 后面介绍 QEMU ，因为为了适应 Xen，QEMU做了些调整。最主要的影响是在 KVM 中创建的虚拟机无法从以前的 Ubuntu 12.04 迁移到这个版本，并且快照也无法恢复。另外，加入了对 arm64 的二进制虚拟。 -- **Apache 2.4 and PHP 5.5** 有点意外的是 Apache 升级到了2.4版本，毕竟2.2版本已经稳定使用了太久了。但我还是乐意看到 Apache 发布了桌面版。PHP 早在 12.04 LTS 就可以升级到 PHP 5.5 ，新版系统将其默认安装了。注意：如果你使用的是一些老板 CMS 平台 (cough, cough – DRUPAL), 在升级过程中可能得做一些调整，具体请参考文档。 +- **MySQL** + 尽管默认安装的是 MySQL 5.5，但是也可以从标准库中安装 Percona, MariaDB 或者 MySQL 5.6。令人意外的是，不像其他的主流发行版，Ubuntu 并没有将数据库换成MariaDB ，继续默认安装 MySQL。我猜测估计是和甲骨文维持了比较好的关系。 + +- **Apache 2.4 和 PHP 5.5** + 有点意外的是 Apache 升级到了2.4版本，毕竟2.2版本已经稳定使用了太久了。但我还是很高兴地看到主流发行版能够跟上新的版本。PHP 早在 12.04 LTS 就可以升级到 PHP 5.5 了，不过新版系统则已经默认安装 PHP 5.5 了。注意：如果你使用的是一些老板 CMS 平台 (嗯嗯，比如DRUPAL), 在升级过程中可能得做一些调整，具体请参考文档。 ### 软件中心：桌面应用程序升级 ### -简单来说，软件中心的主要几个软件都有许多重大更新(比较距离上个版本已经有两年的时间了)。最明显的软件更新如下： +简单来说，软件中心的主要几个软件都有许多重大更新(毕竟距离上个版本已经有两年的时间了)。最明显的软件更新如下： - Google Chrome 33 - Firefox 28 - Nautilus 3.10 - The Gimp – 2.8 -- KDE 4.13 (我觉得是最好的桌面软件) +- KDE 4.13 (我觉得是最好的桌面环境) 上面虽然没提，办公套件已经预装了 LibreOffice 4.2.3.3 ，看起来棒极了，不信自己看： ![Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Libre Office Upgrade](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/newlibreoffice4233.png) -总结 +### 总结 ### + 总之，Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 成功的从 12.04 平滑过渡过来了。除非你运气太差，使用了最新版本的 NVidia 显卡(使用 780GTX 或 Titan芯片的 Linux 专用驱动并没有集成到系统中)。 以下的几篇文章中，我将深入了解有关显示器和显卡的更多的技术细节(高分辨率显示器更好)，同时对 Mir(Xwindows 桌面替换软件) 做一个早期预览测试(当然是在虚拟机环境中)。如果你还有其他想知道的，在评论栏里留言，我们下周见！ @@ -38,6 +43,6 @@ Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: 主要程序更新 via:https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-lts-major-application-updates/ -译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8aef88abc5ffede3148173598dd84fe0c084217a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Sat, 31 May 2014 22:17:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 075/713] =?UTF-8?q?[=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4]?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...A' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md | 37 ------------------- 1 file changed, 37 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md b/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7bcfcaf05a..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,37 +0,0 @@ -alim0x translating - -Fix “Cannot Add PPA” Error In Ubuntu 14.04 & Linux Mint -================================================================================ -![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/PPA_Error_Ubuntu.jpeg) - -A regular reader of It’s FOSS, Chetan Jain contacted me today with this question: How can I fix “Cannot add PPA” error in Ubuntu 14.04. Chetan was trying to install [TLP (power management tool to reduce overheting)][1] and encountered this error: - - chetan@Inspiron-3521:~$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:linrunner/tlp - Cannot add PPA: ‘ppa:linrunner/tlp’. - Please check that the PPA name or format is correct. - -If you encounter similar error while adding a PPA in Ubuntu or Mint, don’t worry. It’s one of the (less) common issue with PPA and can be solved easily. - -### Fix Cannot add PPA error in Ubuntu and Linux Mint ### - -There can be mainly two reasons behind this kind of error. Either the CA certificates on your system are broken or there is a proxy set up in your network. - -Let’s first try to reinstall the CA certificates: - - sudo apt-get install --reinstall ca-certificates - -If the above command doesn’t work, perhaps there is proxy settings involved. To pass proxy settings to sudo, use it with E option in the following manner: - - sudo -E add-apt-repository ppa:linrunner/tlp - -This will get the PPA working. Chetan’s issue was solved with the second solution. I hope this quick tip help you as well to get rid of the PPA error. Any questions or suggestions are always welcomed. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-add-ppa-error-ubuntu-1404-linux-mint/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://itsfoss.com/solve-overheating-issue-battery-life-ubuntu-1304/ From ddfa15e8ac98a5921556db57bac41f6fa26bf8da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Sat, 31 May 2014 22:18:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 076/713] =?UTF-8?q?[=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90]2?= =?UTF-8?q?0140530=20Fix=20'Cannot=20Add=20PPA'=20Er...x=20Mint.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...A' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md | 35 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md b/translated/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..25f8effe09 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +修复Ubuntu 14.04和Linux Mint中无法添加PPA源的错误 +================================================================================ +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/PPA_Error_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +一名It’s FOSS的普通读者Chetan Jain今天联系了我，并询问道：我要怎样修复Ubuntu 14.04中无法添加PPA源的错误。Chetan在尝试安装[TLP (一个用于减少过热发生的电源管理工具)][1]的时候遇到了这个错误： + + chetan@Inspiron-3521:~$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:linrunner/tlp + Cannot add PPA: ‘ppa:linrunner/tlp’. + Please check that the PPA name or format is correct. + +如果你在Ubuntu或Mint上添加PPA源时遇到了类似的情况，别担心。这是PPA源的一个常见情况（一般很少发生）之一，很容易就能够得到解决。 + +### 修复Ubuntu 14.04和Linux Mint中无法添加PPA源的错误 ### + +发生这种错误主要有两种原因。一种是您电脑中的CA证书已经损坏，或者是您的网络设置了一个代理。 + +首先让我们重新安装一下CA证书： + + sudo apt-get install --reinstall ca-certificates + +如果上面的命令不起作用，可能是网络使用了一个代理设置。要略过代理设置，使用sudo命令并加上参数E，就像下面这样： + + sudo -E add-apt-repository ppa:linrunner/tlp + +这样PPA源应该就能正常工作了。Chetan的情况通过第二种方法解决了。我希望这个快速指南同样能够帮助您摆脱PPA源错误。欢迎您提出任何问题或是建议来帮助我们改进。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-add-ppa-error-ubuntu-1404-linux-mint/ + +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://itsfoss.com/solve-overheating-issue-battery-life-ubuntu-1304/ From 76735f5601b0e020ae1673217f88ff0981945441 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Sun, 1 Jun 2014 08:11:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 077/713] Update 20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md --- ...30 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md index fa439287bd..67f4d6de72 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GOLinux... Linux script command - A recorder inside your Terminal ================================================================================ When you are working on the terminal or console, you may want to record what you have done in the terminal. The recording can be used as a documentation about what happen in terminal. Let say you are working together with some Linux Administrators at the same time. Or you let someone to remote your server. You may want to record about what happen in the terminal. To do this, you can use script command. @@ -82,4 +83,4 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/script-command-recorder/ 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5c55c332e6e46be043d002101f34cd0add734005 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Sun, 1 Jun 2014 09:05:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 078/713] Translated:20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md --- ...ommand--A recorder inside your Terminal.md | 85 ------------------- ...ommand--A recorder inside your Terminal.md | 83 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 83 insertions(+), 85 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md deleted file mode 100644 index fa439287bd..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,85 +0,0 @@ -Linux script command - A recorder inside your Terminal -================================================================================ -When you are working on the terminal or console, you may want to record what you have done in the terminal. The recording can be used as a documentation about what happen in terminal. Let say you are working together with some Linux Administrators at the same time. Or you let someone to remote your server. You may want to record about what happen in the terminal. To do this, you can use script command. - -### What is script ### - -script is a command that make a typescript that printed in the terminal. It is useful for everyone who need a hardcopy record of the session that happened in the terminal. This record can be saved and printed out later. - -### How to use it ### - -By default, we can start script with typing script on the terminal. - - pungki@dev-machine:~$ script - Script started, file is typescript - pungki@dev-machine:~$ - -You can also define a destination filename to write the result of typescript. - - pungki@dev-machine:~$ script myfile - -![Define script file](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/start_script.png) - -When you received a command prompt again, it means the terminal will record anything that is printed in terminal. - -You will see in the current directory, there is a file named typescript. - -### Why we use script command ### - -As we mention before, script has main function to record everything. Here’s two samples of scenarios why we are using it. - -#### Collaborate with colleague #### - -When working together with your colleague, we can record your activity with script. -Let say we will use a typescript file called **collaborate**. To do that type : - - $ script collaborate - -![Create collaborate file](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/collaborate.png) - -Then after doing some tasks, let say you need to send your work to another engineer. Just send the file. So when the other engineer need to review what was done, he can just open the file using a text editor. - -If he want to update the file, he can use **-a** option. - - $ script -a collaborate - -![Append the file](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/collaborate_append.png) - -#### Record someone activity in the terminal #### - -You may let your engineer or someone to enter your system remotely. To make sure that your engineer are doing right, you can record what he had done to your system. To make the script command run automatically upon login, we can add it on your shell profile. If you are using **bash** shell, add this line into your bash profile. - - $ vi ~/.profile - - # run the script command to record everything - # use -q for quite and -a option to append the script - # - /usr/bin/script -qa /usr/local/script/log_record_script - -![Add script to bash profile](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/script_login.png) - -Then save it. Next time he logged in to your system, script command will automatically run and put the log on the **/usr/local/script/log_record_script** - -![Script without notification](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/remote_script_quite.png) - -The option **-q** will run script command in quite mode. The user who logged in will not have any notification that the script command is run. While **-a** option will add the record without erasing the previous record. - -If we don’t use **-q** option, then when the user logged on, the user will get a notification about script as the picture below. - -![Script with notification](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/remote_script.png) - -### Quit recording ### - -To exit the record activity, we can press **Ctrl+D** button or type **exit** from the terminal. Before you exit from script, you will find the size of the record file is 0 Kb. After you exit from script, the file size will change. - -### Conclusion ### - -Script command may useful when you need to record or documenting what happen in the terminal. The record file will be stored as a text file, so it will easy to open it with any text editor. As usual, we can always type **man script** or **script -h** to display its manual page and explore it more detail. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/script-command-recorder/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md b/translated/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a5d741a48a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +Linux script命令—— 终端里的记录器 +================================================================================ +当你在终端或者控制台工作时，你可能想要记录在终端中所做的一切。这些记录可以用来当作史料，保存终端所发生的一切。比如说，你和一些Linux管理员们同时管理着相同的机器，或者你让某人远程登陆到了你的服务器上，你可能想要终端里发生的一切。要实现这个目标，你可以使用script命令。 + +### script是什么 ### + +scirpt就是一个命令，可以把打字稿打印到终端。对于那些想要记录终端会话的硬拷贝的人来说，这很有用。该记录可以保存并在以后再打印出来。 + +### 怎么用 ### + +默认情况下，我们可以通过在终端中输入script来启动scirpt命令。 + + pungki@dev-machine:~$ script + Script started, file is typescript + pungki@dev-machine:~$ + +你也可以指定目标文件名来记录打印结果。 + + pungki@dev-machine:~$ script myfile + +![Define script file](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/start_script.png) + +当你再次见到命令提示符，这意味着终端将记录打印到终端的任何东西。 +你会看到当前目录，有个名为typescript的文件。 + +### 为什么我们要用script命令 ### + +因为在之前已经提到过，script命令的主要功能是记录所有的东西。下面给出了两个使用该命令的环境。 + +#### 和同事共事时 #### + +当和同事一起工作时，我们可以通过script来记录大家的活动。 +比如，我们会使用名为**collaborate**的打印文件，来完成打印： + + $ script collaborate + +![Create collaborate file](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/collaborate.png) + +然后，在完成一些任务后，试想一下你需要把你干的活发给另外一个工程师，那就把那文件发给他。所以当另外一个工程师需要复查所做的事情，他只要用文本编辑器打开这个文件就行了。 +如果他想要更新该文件，可以使用**-a**选项。 + + $ script -a collaborate + +![Append the file](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/collaborate_append.png) + +#### 记录某人在终端中的所作所为 #### + +你可能让你的工程师或者某个人远程访问你的系统，要确保你的工程师正在干正确的事，你可以记录下他在你系统上的所作所为。要让script命令在登录时自动运行，我们可以把它添加进shell环境配置文件中。如果你正在使用**bash** shell，把这一行加进你的bash环境配置文件中。 + + $ vi ~/.profile + + # run the script command to record everything + # use -q for quite and -a option to append the script + # + /usr/bin/script -qa /usr/local/script/log_record_script + +![Add script to bash profile](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/script_login.png) + +然后保存。下次他登录进你的系统时，script命令就会自动运行，并把日志记录进**/usr/local/script/log_record_script**。 + +![Script without notification](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/remote_script_quite.png) + +**-q**选项可以让scirpt命令以静默模式运行，登录进来的用户不会知道script命令已经运行了。而**-a**选项将会让记录附加到文件中，而不会擦除先前的记录。 + +如果不使用**-q**选项，那么当用户登录进来时，他会收到像下图中这样的通知。 + +![Script with notification](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/remote_script.png) + +### 退出记录 ### + +要退出记录活动，我们可以在终端中按下**Ctrl+D**，或者输入**exit**。在退出script前，你会发现记录文件的大小为0 Kb，而在退出之后，文件大小会发生改变。 + +### 结尾 ### + +Script命令在你需要记录或者存档终端活动时可能很有用，记录文件会存储为文本文件，所以可以很方便地用文本编辑器打开。跟平常一样，我们都可以通过输入**man script**或者**scirpt -h**来显示帮助页并查看更多详细用法。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/script-command-recorder/ + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 574a8c5ed723d4f401a2952c4c4a313e25e206ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: linuhap Date: Sun, 1 Jun 2014 09:34:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 079/713] translating --- ...9 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md b/sources/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md index d43ed3a950..975f168e40 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +linuhap翻译中 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source ================================================================================ > The upcoming end of support for Adobe Flash in the open source Chromium browser for Linux is actually a good thing for the Linux world. @@ -28,4 +29,4 @@ via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/052814/why- [2]:https://www.google.com/intl/en-US/chrome/browser/ [3]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#. [4]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#. -[5]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/420319/adobe-flash-critical-future-linux \ No newline at end of file +[5]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/420319/adobe-flash-critical-future-linux From 4c21e18fe8e53b3a27190f8265e165e16422908f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Sun, 1 Jun 2014 09:36:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 080/713] Translated:20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md --- ...ommand--A recorder inside your Terminal.md | 86 ------------------- 1 file changed, 86 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md deleted file mode 100644 index 67f4d6de72..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,86 +0,0 @@ -Translating by GOLinux... -Linux script command - A recorder inside your Terminal -================================================================================ -When you are working on the terminal or console, you may want to record what you have done in the terminal. The recording can be used as a documentation about what happen in terminal. Let say you are working together with some Linux Administrators at the same time. Or you let someone to remote your server. You may want to record about what happen in the terminal. To do this, you can use script command. - -### What is script ### - -script is a command that make a typescript that printed in the terminal. It is useful for everyone who need a hardcopy record of the session that happened in the terminal. This record can be saved and printed out later. - -### How to use it ### - -By default, we can start script with typing script on the terminal. - - pungki@dev-machine:~$ script - Script started, file is typescript - pungki@dev-machine:~$ - -You can also define a destination filename to write the result of typescript. - - pungki@dev-machine:~$ script myfile - -![Define script file](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/start_script.png) - -When you received a command prompt again, it means the terminal will record anything that is printed in terminal. - -You will see in the current directory, there is a file named typescript. - -### Why we use script command ### - -As we mention before, script has main function to record everything. Here’s two samples of scenarios why we are using it. - -#### Collaborate with colleague #### - -When working together with your colleague, we can record your activity with script. -Let say we will use a typescript file called **collaborate**. To do that type : - - $ script collaborate - -![Create collaborate file](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/collaborate.png) - -Then after doing some tasks, let say you need to send your work to another engineer. Just send the file. So when the other engineer need to review what was done, he can just open the file using a text editor. - -If he want to update the file, he can use **-a** option. - - $ script -a collaborate - -![Append the file](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/collaborate_append.png) - -#### Record someone activity in the terminal #### - -You may let your engineer or someone to enter your system remotely. To make sure that your engineer are doing right, you can record what he had done to your system. To make the script command run automatically upon login, we can add it on your shell profile. If you are using **bash** shell, add this line into your bash profile. - - $ vi ~/.profile - - # run the script command to record everything - # use -q for quite and -a option to append the script - # - /usr/bin/script -qa /usr/local/script/log_record_script - -![Add script to bash profile](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/script_login.png) - -Then save it. Next time he logged in to your system, script command will automatically run and put the log on the **/usr/local/script/log_record_script** - -![Script without notification](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/remote_script_quite.png) - -The option **-q** will run script command in quite mode. The user who logged in will not have any notification that the script command is run. While **-a** option will add the record without erasing the previous record. - -If we don’t use **-q** option, then when the user logged on, the user will get a notification about script as the picture below. - -![Script with notification](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/remote_script.png) - -### Quit recording ### - -To exit the record activity, we can press **Ctrl+D** button or type **exit** from the terminal. Before you exit from script, you will find the size of the record file is 0 Kb. After you exit from script, the file size will change. - -### Conclusion ### - -Script command may useful when you need to record or documenting what happen in the terminal. The record file will be stored as a text file, so it will easy to open it with any text editor. As usual, we can always type **man script** or **script -h** to display its manual page and explore it more detail. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/script-command-recorder/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 09dd80e8eb79a617db5a8c0cf681965df40e65da Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Sun, 1 Jun 2014 14:10:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 081/713] translated and moved --- .../tech/How to use LVM in Linux.md | 111 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 57 insertions(+), 54 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/How to use LVM in Linux.md (53%) diff --git a/sources/tech/How to use LVM in Linux.md b/translated/tech/How to use LVM in Linux.md similarity index 53% rename from sources/tech/How to use LVM in Linux.md rename to translated/tech/How to use LVM in Linux.md index 859b2867c9..1b92c0dabb 100644 --- a/sources/tech/How to use LVM in Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/How to use LVM in Linux.md @@ -1,22 +1,20 @@ -Vic020 在被关，我就急 - -How to use LVM in Linux +Linux LVM简明教程 ================================================================================ -Logical Volume Manager (LVM) is a versatile disk management system that can easily be used in Linux or similar operating systems. Traditional partitions are created in fixed sizes, and resizing them is a tedious process. On the other hand, LVM creates and manages "logical" volumes off of physical hard disks, and provides administrators the flexibility to extend and shrink logical volumes easily on demand without damaging stored data. Additional hard disks can be added to LVM at will, further increasing existing logical volumes. LVM does not need reboot as long as the kernel is aware of the existence of a partition. +LVM是一个多才多艺的硬盘系统工具。无论在Linux或者其他相似的系统，都是非常的好用。传统分区使用固定大小分区，重新分区十分麻烦。但是，LVM创建和管理从硬盘中分出来的“逻辑”卷，提供管理员弹性管理逻辑卷的扩大缩小，操作简单，还不损坏已存储的数据。附加硬盘可以随意增加到LVM，而且可以直接增加已经存在的逻辑卷。LVM不需要重启而只要内核知道分区的存在。 -LVM uses a hierarchical structure as it can be seen in the following diagram. +LVM使用分层结构，如下图所示。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2910/14127487464_96b24a906b_z.jpg) -At the top, we have physical volumes. One or more physical volumes are used to create a volume group. Logical volumes are then created from these volume groups. As long as there is space available in the volume group, we can create logical volumes from the volume group. File system is created on these logical volumes, which are then mounted and accessible in the operating system. +图中顶层，首先是实际的物理卷。下一层，一个或多个物理卷可以用来创建卷组。再下一层，然后逻辑卷的创建基于卷组。只要在卷组中有可用空间，就可以随心所欲的创建逻辑卷。最下面层，文件系统的分区就是从逻辑卷上创建，然后可以在操作系统挂载和访问。 -### LVM Test Scenario ### +### LVM测试说明 ### -This tutorial will describe **how to use LVM to create and manage LVM volumes in Linux**. The tutorial will be divided into two parts. In the first part, we will create several logical volumes on one hard disk, and mount them in /lvm-mount directory. We will then resize the created volumes. In the second part, we will add additional volumes created from a second hard disk to LVM. +本文将介绍**怎么在linux中创建和管理LVM卷**。我们将会分成两个部分。第一个部分，我们首要要在一个硬盘上创建多个逻辑卷，然后将它们挂载在/lvm-mount目录。然后我们将要对创建好的卷调整大小。而第二部分，我们将会从另外一块硬盘增加额外的卷到LVM中。 -### Preparing Disk Partitions ### +### 准备磁盘分区 ### -Disk partitions are created using fdisk. We will create three partitions of 1 GB each, though identical sized partitions are not mandatory. Also, the partitions are created as type '8e' to make them compatible with LVM. +通过使用fdisk，创建磁盘分区。我们需要创建3个1G分区，注意，相同大小的分区不是强制的。同样，分区需要使用‘8e’类型来使他们兼容LVM。 # fdisk /dev/sdb @@ -37,7 +35,7 @@ Disk partitions are created using fdisk. We will create three partitions of 1 GB Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e ## code for LVM Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM) -We repeat the same steps to create two other partitions. After the partitions are created, we should get an output similar to this: +重复上面的操作来创建其他两个分区。分区创建完成后，我们应该有类似如下的输出： # fdisk -l @@ -48,15 +46,15 @@ We repeat the same steps to create two other partitions. After the partitions ar /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 8e Linux LVM /dev/sdb3 265 396 1060290 8e Linux LVM -### Preparing Physical Volumes ### +### 准备物理卷 ### -The newly created partitions are used to store physical volumes. LVM can work with different sized physical volumes. +刚创建的分区是用来储存物理卷的。LVM可以在不同大小的物理卷上工作。 # pvcreate /dev/sdb1 # pvcreate /dev/sdb2 # pvcreate /dev/sdb3 -Physical volumes can be verified using the following command. The following section contains partial output. "/dev/sdb2" is a new physical volume of "1.01 GiB". +使用下列命令检查物理卷已经创建。下面截取部分输出。"/dev/sdb2"是一个新的"1.01 GiB"物理卷。 # pvdisplay @@ -73,17 +71,18 @@ Physical volumes can be verified using the following command. The following sect Allocated PE 0 PV UUID jszvzz-ENA2-g5Pd-irhV-T9wi-ZfA3-0xo092 -Physical volumes can be deleted using the following command. +使用下列命令可以删除物理卷。 # pvremove /dev/sdb1 -### Preparing Volume Groups ### +### 准备卷组 ### -The following command creates a volume group named 'volume-group1' by using the physical volumes /dev/sdb1, /dev/sdb2 and /dev/sdb3. + +下列命令用来创建名为'volume-group1'的卷组，使用/dev/sdb1, /dev/sdb2 和 /dev/sdb3创建。 # vgcreate volume-group1 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb3 -Volume groups can be verified using the following command. +使用下列命令可以来验证卷组。 # vgdisplay @@ -110,19 +109,20 @@ Volume groups can be verified using the following command. Free PE / Size 774 / 3.02 GiB VG UUID bwd2pS-fkAz-lGVZ-qc7C-TaKv-fFUC-IzGNBK -We can view used/total size of the volume group from the output. Logical volumes take the space of the volume group. As long as there is free space available in the volume group, we can create logical volumes. -Volume groups can be deleted using the following command. +从输出中，我们可以看见卷组的使用量/总量。物理卷给卷组提供空间。只要在这个卷组中还有可用空间，我们就可以随意创建逻辑卷。 + +使用下列命令删除卷组。 # vgremove volume-group1 -### Creating Logical Volumes ### +### 创建逻辑卷 ### -The following command creates a logical volume named 'lv1' of size 100MB. We are using small sized partitions to reduce processing time. The logical volume will take its space from the volume group defined earlier. +下列命令创建一个名为'1v1'、大小为100MB的逻辑卷。我们使用小分区减少执行时间。逻辑卷使用之前创建的卷组的空间。 # lvcreate -L 100M -n lv1 volume-group1 -Logical volumes can be verified using the command lvdisplay. +逻辑卷使用lvdisplay命令查看。 # lvdisplay @@ -143,42 +143,43 @@ Logical volumes can be verified using the command lvdisplay. - currently set to 256 Block device 253:2 -Now that the logical volume is ready, we can format and mount the logical volume like any other ext2/3/4 partition. +现在逻辑卷已经准备好了，我们可以格式化和挂载逻辑卷，就像ext2/3/4分区一样！ # mkfs.ext4 /dev/volume-group1/lv1 # mkdir /lvm-mount # mount /dev/volume-group1/lv1 /lvm-mount/ -Once the logical volume is mounted, we can access it by reading/writing to the mount point /lvm-mount/. To create and mount additional logical volumes, we can repeat this process. +一旦逻辑卷挂载，我们就可以到挂载点/lvm-mount/读取/写入了。为了创建和挂载额外的逻辑卷，我们重复这个过程。 -Finally, we can delete any logical volume with lvremove. +最后，使用lvremove我们可以删除逻辑卷。 # umount /lvm-mount/ # lvremove /dev/volume-group1/lv1 -### Expanding an LVM Volume ### +### 扩展一个LVM卷 ### -The ability to resize a logical volume is the best part about using LVM. This section will discuss how we can expand an existing logical volume. We will be expanding the previously created logical volume 'lv1' to 200 MB. +调整逻辑卷大小的功能是LVM最好的部分。这个章节会讨论我们怎么样扩展一个存在的逻辑卷。接下来，我们将会扩展先前创建的逻辑卷‘lv1’扩大到200MB。 -Note that after resizing a logical volume, we also need to resize the file system to match. This extra step varies depending on which file system is created in the volume. In this tutorial, we created ext4 file system on 'lv1', so the instruction here focused on ext4 file system (it is compatible with ext2/3 file system as well). The sequence of the commands is important. +注意，调整逻辑卷大小之后，也需要对文件系统调整大小进行匹配。有个额外的步骤各不相同,这取决于创建文件系统的类型。在本文中，我们使用'lv1'创建了ext4类型的文件系统，所以这里的操作是针对ext4文件系统的。（它也兼容ext2/3文件系统）。命令的执行顺序是很重要的。 -First, we unmount the volume. +首先，我们卸载掉lv1卷 # umount /lvm-mount/ -Then, the size of the volume is set to be 200M. +然后，设置卷的大小为200M # lvresize -L 200M /dev/volume-group1/lv1 -Next, the disk is checked for errors. +接下来，检查磁盘错误 # e2fsck -f /dev/volume-group1/lv1 -After that, the ext4 information is updated. +完成以后，ext4信息已经更新。 # resize2fs /dev/volume-group1/lv1 -The logical volume should be extended to 200 MB by now. We can verify it by checking the LV status. +现在，这个逻辑卷应该已经扩展到200MB了。我们检查LV的状态来验证。 + # lvdisplay @@ -199,27 +200,28 @@ The logical volume should be extended to 200 MB by now. We can verify it by chec - currently set to 256 Block device 253:2 -Now the logical volume can be mounted again, and be used just like any partition. +现在，这个逻辑卷可以再次挂载，同样这个方法使用其他分区。 -### Shrinking an LVM Volume ### +### 缩减一个LVM卷 ### -This section will cover the method of reducing the size of an LVM. The sequence of the commands is important. Again, this instruction is valid for ext2/3/4 file system. +这章节介绍缩减LVM卷大小的方法。命令的顺序同样重要。并且，下列命令对ext2/3/4文件系统同样有效。 -Note that reducing the size of the logical volume to a value less than stored data will end in loss of data. -First, the volume is unmounted. +注意减少逻辑卷的大小值若小于储存的数据大小，会出现数据丢失。 + +首先，卸载掉卷。 # umount /dev/volume-group1/lv1 -Then, the volume is checked for errors. +然后，检测磁盘错误。 # e2fsck -f /dev/volume-group1/lv1 -Next, the ext4 information is updated. +接下来，更新ext4信息。 # resize2fs /dev/volume-group1/lv1 100M -After that, the logical volume is reduced. +完成以后，减少逻辑卷大小 # lvresize -L 100M /dev/volume-group1/lv1 @@ -229,7 +231,7 @@ After that, the logical volume is reduced. > Reducing logical volume lv1 to 100.00 MiB > Logical volume lv1 successfully resized -Finally, the updated size of the logical volume is verified. +最后，验证调整后的逻辑卷大小。 # lvdisplay @@ -250,11 +252,12 @@ Finally, the updated size of the logical volume is verified. - currently set to 256 Block device 253:2 -### Expanding a Volume Group ### +### 扩展一个卷组 ### -This section will cover the method of expanding a volume group by adding a new physical volume to the volume group. Let us assume that our volume group 'volume-group1' is full, and needs to be expanded. Our current hard disk (sdb) does not have any spare partitions, and we have added another hard disk (sdc). We will see how we can expand the volume group by adding a partition from sdc. +本节将讨论扩展卷组的方法，将一个物理卷添加到卷组。让我们假设我们的卷组'volume-group1'已经满了，需要扩大。收上的硬盘（sdb）已经没有其他空闲分区，我们添加了另外一个硬盘（sdc）。我们将看到如何从sdc扩展一个卷组，并增加一个分区。 -To check the current state of VG. + +检测现在卷组状态 # vgdisplay volume-group1 @@ -281,7 +284,7 @@ To check the current state of VG. Free PE / Size 749 / 2.93 GiB VG UUID bwd2pS-fkAz-lGVZ-qc7C-TaKv-fFUC-IzGNBK -First, we create a 2 GB partition sdc1 of type LVM (8e) as explained earlier in the tutorial. +首先，我们创建一个2GB分区sdc1，类型为LVM（8e），如教程前所述。 # fdisk /dev/sdc @@ -305,15 +308,15 @@ First, we create a 2 GB partition sdc1 of type LVM (8e) as explained earlier in Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! -Then, we create a physical volume /dev/sdc1. +然后，我们创建一个物理卷 /dev/sdc1 # pvcreate /dev/sdc1 -Now that the physical volume is ready, we can simply add it to the existing volume group 'volume-group1'. +现在，物理卷已经准备好了，我们可以简单地将它增加到已存在的卷组'volume-group1'上。 # vgextend volume-group1 /dev/sdc1 -We can verify it using vgdisplay. +使用vgdisplay来验证。 # vgdisplay @@ -340,16 +343,16 @@ We can verify it using vgdisplay. Free PE / Size 1262 / 4.93 GiB VG UUID bwd2pS-fkAz-lGVZ-qc7C-TaKv-fFUC-IzGNBK -Note that although we have used a separate disk for demonstration, any disk of type '8e' can be used for expanding a volume group. +注意，尽管我们使用一个单独的磁盘做示范，其实只要是‘8e’类型的磁盘都可以用来扩展卷组。 -To sum up, LVM is a very powerful tool for creating and managing resizable partitions. In this tutorial, we have seen how dynamic partitions can be created and used using LVM. We have also seen the method of expanding/reducing the logical volumes and volume groups, and adding new hard disks to LVM. +总结一下，LVM是一个非常给力的工具，用来创建和管理可变大小的分区。本文中，我们已经看见了动态分区如何在LVM中创建和使用。我们也看见了扩展/缩小逻辑卷和卷组的方法，和如何增加一个新的磁盘到LVM。 -Hope this helps. +希望对你有帮助。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/use-lvm-linux.html -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Vic___](http://www.vicyu.net) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From dc8ffe550dd2751aa055b91aa81ae08ca57323b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: recNeps Date: Sun, 1 Jun 2014 15:29:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 082/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90by?= =?UTF-8?q?=20CNprober.?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md | 140 ------------------ 1 file changed, 140 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md b/sources/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md deleted file mode 100644 index 68639168c3..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,140 +0,0 @@ -CNprober 翻译中 - -A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution -================================================================================ -![](http://www.linuxfederation.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/linux-evolution.jpg) - -Linux is Everywhere, at home, offices, colleges, labs and space stations. But it was not the dominant force in the past it is now, it all started as a hobby by a Finish student. Linux has evolved from a hobby into a computing revolution. We present you with the most complete historical timeline of Linux Evolution on the web spanning over 23 years. - -### 1991 ### - -**25 August** : The 21 year old Finnish student Linus Benedict Torvalds announced his work on a free operating system in the comp.os.minix Usenet newsgroup. - -**1 September** : Linux 0.01 was released on the net. - -### 1992 ### - -**5 January** : The Linux kernel was relicensed under the GNU GPL with the [v0.12 release][1]. The initial license forbade commercial use. After the change the distribution and sale of possibly modified and unmodified versions of Linux became possible, provided that all those copies be released under the same license and be accompanied by the complete corresponding source code. In a [later interview][2] Linus made the following statement about the license change: - - " Making Linux GPL’d was definitely the best thing I ever did." - -**29 January** : Andrew S. Tanenbaum posted [LINUX is obsolete][3] to the comp.os.minix mailing list. The debate, which is considered a flame war by some people, was about Linux and kernel architecture in general. Tanenbaum argued that microkernels are superior to monolithic kernels and that therefore Linux is obsolete. - -**5 April** : The first Linux newsgroup, comp.os.linux, is proposed and started by Ari Lemmke. - -**21 May** : Peter MacDonald announces SLS, the first standalone Linux install. It was installable by floppy disk and included such cutting-edge features as TCP-IP networking support and the X Window System. At least 10MB of space on disk was recommended. - -### 1993 ### - -**17 June** : Slackware was released by Patrick Volkerding. [Slackware][4] is considered to be the first broadly successful Linux distribution and is still in use today. - -**16 August** : Ian Murdock (the ian in Debian) released the 1st version of the Debian Linux distribution. Debian is one of the most influential Linux distros, being the basis of MEPIS, Mint, Ubuntu and many others. - -**19 August** : Matt Welsh’s Linux Installation and Getting Started, version 1 is released. This is the first book on Linux. - -### 1994 ### - -**14 March** : [Version 1.0 of the Linux kernel][5] was released. It supported single-processor i386-based computer systems. Within the 3 years of its existence the kernel code base had grown to 176,250 lines of code. - -**26 March** : The first issue of Linux Journal is published. This issue featured an interview with Linus Torvalds and articles written by Phil Hughes, Robert “Bob” Young, Michael K. Johnson, Arnold Robbins, Matt Welsh, Ian A. - -**15 August** : William R. Della Croce, Jr. files for the trademark “Linux” and it is registered in September. Della Croce has no known involvement in the Linux community yet sends letters out to prominent Linux companies demanding money for use of the trademark “Linux”. In 1997 the matter was settled by the assignment of the mark to Linus Torvalds on behalf of all Petitioners and Linux users. - -**3 November** : Red Hat co-founder Marc Ewing announced the availability of the Red Hat Software Linux on CD-ROM, a commercial product that shipped for a retail price of $49.95 and included 30 days of installation support. Red Hat became the [first $1 billion open source company][6] in 2012. - -### 1995 ### - -**4 April** : Linux Expo, the first Linux-specific tradeshow and conference series, launches and becomes the most popular and well-attended annual Linux show for the next several years. The price for entry into the exhibit hall and a pass to the conferences was $4. After three years Red Hat takes over organization and becomes the major sponsor. - -### 1996 ### - -**9 May** : The Tux mascot was created by Larry Ewing in 1996 after an initial suggestion made by Alan Cox and further refined by Linus Torvalds on the Linux kernel mailing list. The concept of the Linux mascot being a penguin came from Linus Torvalds, who claims to have contracted penguinitis after being gently nibbled by a penguin. - -**9 June** : [Version 2.0 of the Linux Kernel][7] was released. It was a significant improvement over the earlier versions being the first stable kernel to support multiple processors in a single system (SMP) and more processor types. Linux becomes a serious alternative for many companies. You can read an in advance [review of Linux Version 2.0][8] that was published in August 1996 in the Linux Journal to learn more about the improvements. - -**14 October** : Matthias Ettrich founded the KDE project in 1996 as he was troubled by the inconsistency of applications running on the Unix desktop. - -### 1997 ### - -**9 January** : Bliss, first “Linux Virus” was discovered. Bliss does not circumvent the security of the system, it relies on people with privilege to do something dumb and reminds users to install digitally signed software from trustworthy sites only and to check signatures before installing. - -“In fact it’s probably easier to write a virus for Linux because it’s open source and the code is available. So we will be seeing more Linux viruses as the OS becomes more common and popular.” —Wishful thinking from McAfee. - -### 1998 ### - -**1 May** : The Google search engine was launched. Not only is it one of the best search engines around, but it’s based on Linux and features a Linux-specific search page. - -**4 December** : A report from IDC says that Linux shipments rose by more than 200% in 1998, and its market share rose by more than 150%. Linux has a 17% market share and a growth rate unmatched by any other system on the market. - -### 1999 ### - -**9 February** : Linux and BSD users unite for “Windows Refund Day”. They visit Microsoft, hoping to return the unused Windows licenses that they were forced to acquire when they purchased a computer system bundled with the OS. - -**3 March** : Another influential desktop environment arrives in the Linux World, [the GNOME desktop][9]. GNOME is the default desktop environment in several major Linux distributions like Debian, Fedora, Red Hat Enterprise Linux, and SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop. - -### 2000 ### - -**4 February** : The latest IDC report suggests that Linux now ranks as the “second-most-popular operating system for server computers”, with 25% of the server operating system sales in 1999. Windows NT is first with 38% and NetWare ranks third with 19%. - -**11 March** : Motorola Computer Group announces the release of its HA Linux distribution. This distribution is aimed at telecommunications applications that require very high amounts of uptime; it includes hot-swap capability and is available for the i386 and PowerPC architectures. - -**23 March** : Ericsson announces its “Screen Phone HS210” product—a Linux-based telephone with a touchscreen that can be used for e-mail, web browsing, etc. Ericsson and Opera Software also announce that Ericsson’s (Linux-based) HS210 Screen Phone will incorporate the Opera web browser. - -**30 September** : Knoppix was one of the first Linux live distributions when initially released by Linux consultant Klaus Knopper. - -### 2001 ### - -**3 January** : The US National Security Agency (NSA) releases SELinux under the GPL. SELinux offers an additional layer of security checks in addition to the standard UNIX-like permissions system. - -### 2003 ### - -**6 March** : The SCO Group (SCO) announced that they were suing IBM for $1 billion, claiming that IBM transferred SCO trade secrets into Linux. Later SCO began numerous legal claims and threats against many of the major names in the computer industry, including HP, Microsoft, Novell, Silicon Graphics, Sun Microsystems and Red Hat. The jury case was decided on 30 March 2010 in Novell’s favour - -### 2004 ### - -**20 October** : [Ubuntu][10] came into life with the unusual version number 4.10, referring to its release date in October 2004 and the odd code name Warty Warthog. Ubuntu’s development is led by Canonical Ltd., a company owned by Mark Shuttleworth. While not being a major contributor to the kernel, Ubuntu plays an important part in the adoption of Linux on desktops and laptops. - -### 2007 ### - -**6 June** : ASUS announced two Eee PC models at Computex Taipei 2007: the 701 and 1001. The 1st Eee PCs came pre-installed with Xandros Linux, a lightweigt distribution optimized for small displays based on Debian. - -**8 August** : Linux Foundation was founded in 2007 by the merger of the [Open Source Development Labs][11] (OSDL) and the [Free Standards Group][12] (FSG). The Linux Foundation sponsors the work of Linux creator Linus Torvalds and is supported by leading Linux and open source companies, including prominent technology corporations such as Fujitsu, HP,IBM, Intel, NEC, Oracle, Qualcomm, Samsungand developers from around the world. - -**5 November** : Instead of announcing a Gphone as speculated beforehand, [Google announced][13] the Open Handset Alliance and [Android][14] calling it "the first truly open and comprehensive platform for mobile devices". - -### 2009 ### - -**29 January** : In January 2009 the New York Times stated: “More than 10 million people are estimated to run Ubuntu today”. - -### 2011 ### - -**11 May** : Google announced the Chromebook at the Google I/O conference 2011. Chromebooks are laptops running the so-called cloud operating system Chrome OS, that is based on the Linux kernel. - -**21 June** : Linus Torvalds announces the release of Linux 3.0. - -### 2013 ### - -**13 December** : Valve Corporation announces its Linux-based operating system SteamOS for video game consoles. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxfederation.com/complete-historical-timeline-linux-evolution/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12 -[2]:http://j.mp/fs-pragmatist -[3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate -[4]:http://www.slackware.com/ -[5]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v1.0/ -[6]:http://www.informationweek.com/software/operating-systems/red-hat-first-$1-billion-open-source-company/d/d-id/1103616 -[7]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.0/ -[8]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1311 -[9]:http://www.gnome.org/ -[10]:http://www.ubuntu.com/ -[11]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Development_Labs -[12]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Standards_Group -[13]:http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/11/wheres-my-gphone.html -[14]:http://www.android.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 805309c7ad06eb4eddbbe500b85f5e8d92af76d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: recNeps Date: Sun, 1 Jun 2014 15:42:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 083/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=A7=BB=E5=88=B0translated=E7=9B=AE?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=BD=95.by=20CNprober?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md | 139 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 139 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md diff --git a/translated/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md b/translated/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9460794af4 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +CNprober 翻译完成 + +一份完整的Linux发展年表 +================================================================================ +![](http://www.linuxfederation.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/linux-evolution.jpg) + +我们周围到处都有Linux的身影，家，公司，大学，实验室，太空空间站。但是过去它不像现在一样是计算机发展的中坚力量，它只是开始于一个芬兰大学生的业余爱好。现在的Linux已经从一个业余爱好发展成了一场计算机革命。在这篇文章里，我们向你展示最完整的Linux23年发展的历史年表。 + +### 1991 ### + +**8月25号** : 21岁的芬兰学生Linus Benedict Torvalds 在comp.os.minix 新闻组上宣布了它正在写一个免费的操作系统。 + +**9月1号** : Linux 0.01在网上发布。 + +### 1992 ### + +**1月5号** : Linux [v0.12 release][1] 版本的内核重新以GUN GPL的协议发布。原来的许可证是禁止任何商业用途的。通过这次协议变更，发布和出售修改或者未修改版的Linux变成可能，只要你将这些拷贝和完整的相应的源代码也以相同的GPL许可证发布。在后来的一次[采访][2]中,Linus对许可证的更改说了这样一句话（让Linux遵守GPL绝对是我干过的最正确的事）： + + " Making Linux GPL’d was definitely the best thing I ever did." + +**1月29号** : Andrew S. Tanenbaum向comp.os.minix邮件列表发送了一封名为[LINUX is obsolete][3]的邮件。这次被一些人认为是跑题的网络口水战的争论总的来说是关于Linux和内核架构的。Tanenbaum争辩说宏内核比微内核更加高级，所以Linux是过时的。 + +**4月5号** : 第一个Linux新闻组，comp.os.linux由Ari Lemmke提议和开通。 + +**5月21号** : Peter MacDonald 发布第一个独立的Linux安装包。可以通过软盘安装，包括比较前沿的TCP-IP网络支持和X Window视窗系统。它建议至少预留10M的磁盘空间来安装。 + +### 1993 ### + +**6月17号** : Slackware Linux由Patrick Volkerding发布。[Slackware][4]被认为是第一个取得广泛成功的Linux发行版，而且它现在还在使用。 + +**8月16号** : Ian Murdock（Debian中的'ian'）发布了第一个Debian Linux的发行版。Debian是最有影响力的Linux发行版，是MEPIS，Mint，Ubuntu和很多其他发行版的鼻祖。 + +**8月19号** : Matt Welsh写的《Linux Installation and Getting Started》第1版出版，这是第一本关于Linux的书。 + +### 1994 ### + +**3月14号** : [Linux内核V1.0][5]发布。它支持基于i386单处理器的计算机系统。这3年来，内核代码增长到了176,250行。 + +**3月26号** : 第一期《Linux Journal》杂志发行。这一期杂志的特点是记录了一次对Linus Torvalds的采访和一些Phil Hughes, Robert “Bob” Young, Michael K. Johnson, Arnold Robbins, Matt Welsh, Ian A写的文章。 + +**8月15号** : Willian R. Della Croce, Jr. 申请了“Linux”商标，9月进行了注册。Della Croce在不知道Linux社区财政窘迫的前提下，向煊赫的“Linux公司”写了一封信，要求他们为“Linux”商标使用支付费用。这次风波以将商标转让给代表所有请愿者和Linux使用者的Linus Torvalds而告终，时间是1997年。 + +**11月3号** : Red Hat的共同创始人Marc Ewing宣布可以以49.95美元的零售价格获得Red Hat Software Linux的CD-ROM和30天的安装支持。2012年Red Hat成为[第一家10亿美元的开源公司][6]。 + +### 1995 ### + +**4月4号** : 开展了第一个专门针对Linux的贸易展和会议系列，名字叫Linux Expo。这成为接下来几年中，最流行和备受关注的年度Linux盛会。贸易展和会议的入场券价格是4美元。3年后，Red Hat接管了这个展会，也是主要的赞助商。 + +### 1996 ### + +**5月9号** : 在最初Alan Cox的提议和Linus Torvalds的细化下，Larry Ewing1996年创造了现在看到的这个叫做Tux的吉祥物。选定企鹅作为Linux吉祥物的主意来自Linus Torvalds，他说自己被一只企鹅轻轻的咬了一口之后就具有了企鹅的特征。（这是要变成企鹅侠吗？估计是原作者调皮了？--译注） + +**6月9号** : [Linux内核V2.0][7]发布。相比更早的版本这是一个意义重大的提升，这是第一个在单系统中支持多处理器的稳定内核版本，也支持更多的处理器类型。Linux从此以后成了很多公司一个郑重选择的对象。你可以阅读1996年8月在Linux Journal上发布的[回顾Linux V2.0][8]文章了解更多的关于这方面的提升。 + +**10月14号** : 1996年Mattias Ettrich发起了KDE项目，因为他深受Unix桌面系统下应用程序的不一致之苦。(在此之前Unix和Linux都没有一个统一的桌面系统，编写桌面软件非常复杂--译注) + +### 1997 ### + +**1月9号** : 第一个“Linux病毒”Bliss被发现了。Bliss不危害系统的安全，他依赖于人们用特权干蠢事来感染系统，然后提醒用户只安装从可靠站点下载的可以验证数字签名的软件，并且安装之前一定要先验证签名(很多地方把这个算作第2个Linux病毒，因为之前还有一个更加“绿色”的病毒--译注)。 +“事实上，在Linux上写一个病毒可能会更加的简单，因为Linux是开源的，所有的源代码都是可以获取的。所以，随着Linux变得更加通用和流行的时候，我们将看到更多的Linux病毒。”--来自McAfee的畅想。 + +### 1998 ### + +**5月1号** : Google搜索引擎面世。它不仅仅是世界上最好的搜索引擎之一，更是基于Linux的，它的特征是有一个Linux的搜索页面。 + +**12月4号** : 一份来自IDC的报告称1998年Linux的出货量至少上升了200%，市场占有率上升至少150%。Linux的市场占有率为17%，并且以一个其他操作系统无法企及的速度增长着。 + +### 1999 ### + +**2月9号** : Linux和BSD使用者们发起了“Windows退款日”。他们联合起来造访了微软公司，希望退还他们在买电脑时绑定购买Windows许可证的钱，这些许可证他们从来没有用过。 + +**3月3号** : 另一个颇具影响力的桌面系统进入了Linux的世界，就是[GNOME桌面系统][9]。在很多主要的Linux发行版比如Debian，Fedora，RedHad Enterprise Linux和SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop中，GNOME是默认的桌面环境。 + +### 2000 ### + +**2月4号** : 最新的IDC报告表明Linux现在排在“最受欢迎的服务器操作系统的第2位”，1999年服务器系统销售量占总量的25%。Windows NT38%位列第1，NetWare19%排在第3位。 + +**3月11号** : 摩托罗拉公司宣布发行HA Linux。这个发行版专注于通信应用领域，对系统不关机连续运行时间要求非常高。它还包括了热交换能力和支持i386和PowerPC架构。 + +**3月23号** : 爱立信公布了“Screen Phone HS210”，这是一款基于Linux的触屏手机，具备邮件和网页浏览等功能。爱立信和Opera Software公司同时宣布这款手机将会安装Opera的网页浏览器。 + +**10月30号** : 第一个Linux live发行版由Linux咨询顾问Klaus Knopper发布，名字叫做Knoppix。 + +### 2001 ### + +**1月3号** : 美国NAS（美国国家安全局）以GPL许可证发布了SELinux。SELinux提供了标准Unix权限管理系统以外的另一层安全检查。 + +### 2003 ### + +**3月6号** : SCO Group公司宣布他们正在发起对IBM高达10亿美元的诉讼，他们声称IBM把SCO的商业机密整合到了Linux中。之后SCO公司发起了一系列的法律诉讼案，这威胁到了很多计算机行业的巨头包括惠普，微软，Novell，Silicon Graphics，Sun Microsystems和RedHat。这次案件在Novell公司的支持下于2010年3月30号判决完。(著名的SCO-Linux争议，SCO声称拥有System V的部分源码所有权，IBM将这部分源码整合到Linux中侵犯了SCO著作权。最后联邦法院裁定Novell才是Unix商标的合法拥有者。--译注) + +### 2004 ### + +**10月20号** : [Ubuntu][10]以一个不同寻常的版本号4.10和怪异的版本代号“Warty Warthog”（长满疙瘩的非洲疣猪）进入大家的生活。用这个版本号是因为发布日期是2004年10月。Ubuntu的开发由Cannonical Ltd公司主导，公司的创始人是Mark Shuttleworth（就是那个不到30岁的亿万富翁，钱多的不知道怎么花，只能烧钱上太空的游一圈的人--译注）。 + +### 2007 ### + +**6月6号** : 华硕在2007的台北电脑展上展出了两款“易PC”（Eee PC）：701和1001.第1批易PC预装的是Xandros Linux，这是一个基于Debian，轻量级的为适应小屏幕进行过优化的Linux发行版。 + +**8月8号** : 2007年Linux基金会由[开源发展实验室(OSDL)][11]和[自由标准组织(FSG)][12]联合成立。这个基金会目的是赞助Linux创始人Linus的工作。基金会得到了主要的Linux和开源公司，包括富士通，HP，IBM，Intel，NEC，Oracle，Qualcomm，三星和来自世界各地的开发者的支持。 + +**11月5号** : 与之前大家推测的发布Gphone不同，[Google宣布][13]组建开放手机联盟(Open Handset Alliance)和发布[Android][14]，这个被称为“第一个真正开放的综合移动设备平台”。 + +### 2009 ### + +**1月29号** : 2009年1月纽约时报称“现在预计有超过10亿人在运行Ubuntu系统”。 + +### 2011 ### + +**5月11号** : 2011年Google I/O大会发布了Chrombook。这是一款运行着所谓的云操作系统Chrome OS的笔记本。Chome OS也是基于Linux内核的。 + +**6月21号** : Linus Torvalds 发布了Linux3.0版本。 + +### 2013 ### + +**12月13号** : Valve公司发布基于Linux的StreamOS操作系统，这是一个视频游戏控制台系统。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxfederation.com/complete-historical-timeline-linux-evolution/ + +译者：[love\\_daisy\\_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12 +[2]:http://j.mp/fs-pragmatist +[3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate +[4]:http://www.slackware.com/ +[5]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v1.0/ +[6]:http://www.informationweek.com/software/operating-systems/red-hat-first-$1-billion-open-source-company/d/d-id/1103616 +[7]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.0/ +[8]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1311 +[9]:http://www.gnome.org/ +[10]:http://www.ubuntu.com/ +[11]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Development_Labs +[12]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Standards_Group +[13]:http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/11/wheres-my-gphone.html +[14]:http://www.android.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 3be57cb0c119bdfe0687cc5ad128d00e96b0bb4b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 2 Jun 2014 00:01:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 084/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140527=204?= =?UTF-8?q?MLinux=209.0=20Beta=20Is=20a=2055=20MB=20Operating=20System=20T?= =?UTF-8?q?hat=20Has=20It=20All?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @2q1w2007 ，明天发布~ --- ... a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md | 17 ++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md (63%) diff --git a/translated/news/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md b/published/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md similarity index 63% rename from translated/news/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md rename to published/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md index dafd893242..4b8c2b6e03 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md +++ b/published/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md @@ -1,23 +1,22 @@ -4MLinux 9.0 Beta 是一个55 MB的操作系统但内容丰富 +麻雀虽小五脏俱全，4MLinux现在才仅55MB ================================================================================ ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/4MLinux-9-0-Beta-Is-a-55-MB-Operating-System-that-Has-It-All-443946-2.jpg) -**4MLinux是一个已经发展到版本9.0 Beta版的小型的Linux发行版，专注于计算机的4MS，即维护（用于系统救援的Live CD）、多媒体（像是播放DVD）、迷你服务器（使用inetd守护进程）和Mystery (Linux小游戏)。** +**4MLinux是一个已经发展到版本9.0 Beta版的小型Linux发行版，专注于计算机的4MS，即维护（用于系统救援的Live CD）、多媒体（像是播放DVD）、迷你服务器（使用inetd守护进程）和Mystery (Linux小游戏)。** 4MLinux是世界上最小的，能够为用户提供一个桌面环境和一些应用，可以日常应用的发行版。 -很多简约的Linux发行版通常从一开始就不提供这样的大量的应用程序，特别是在只有55MB大小的情况下。 +大多数mini版本的Linux发行版通常从一开始就不提供这样的大量的应用程序，特别是在只有55MB大小的情况下。 “这个版本的亮点是维护（MBR和GPT分区软件，4MLinux备份脚本9.0，ClamAV0.98.3）、多媒体（MPlayer SVN-r37146，FFmpeg Git-2014-04-10），迷你服务器（FTP，HTTP，SSH，SFTP）和Mystery（一组小游戏）。“ 开发者在博客里说:“4MLinux的X Window基于X.Org Server 1.15.1、Mesa 10.1.3,、JWM 2.2.2 和 FOX toolkit 1.6.49。4MLinux还支持全自动安装的'vanilla'版本的LibreOffice4.2.4、Java RE 7u55和VirtualBox 4.3.12。ISO映像的大小约为55 MB” -正如你所看到的，大部分提供的包都是很新的，像VirtualBox、LibreOffice、Mesa、ffmpeg、ClamAV等等。如果你有关于这个版本有任何疑问，可以随时用虚拟机尝试它。 +正如你所看到的，大部分提供的包都是很新的，如VirtualBox、LibreOffice、Mesa、ffmpeg、ClamAV等等。如果你有关于这个版本不太有信心，可以随时用虚拟机尝试它。 -有趣的是用户可以在X Server 启动前切入启动进程并使用命令行。 +有趣的是用户可以在X Server 启动前切入启动进程并使用命令行，这是一个不错的做法。 - -开发者将开始发布发行版，比如完整版、游戏版、服务器版、媒体版、救援版等等。请记住，你可以从一个非常简单的软件的帮助下，从面板选择并安装这些Linux发行版的。 +开发者在完成了主要的更新后将开始发布所有的其它分支版本，比如完整版、游戏版、服务器版、媒体版、救援版等等。请记住，你可以从一个非常简单的软件的帮助下，从主面板选择并安装这些Linux分支版。 用户还会发现，大部分你所需要的应用程序都可以在仓库找到，而4MLinux发行版可以通过下载相应的软件包来执行上面的任务。 @@ -28,13 +27,13 @@ - [4MLinux 8.2 (ISO)][2][iso] [53.90 MB] - [4MLinux 9.0 Beta (ISO)][3][iso] [53 MB] -请记住，这是一个开发版，它不应该在生产机器上安装。它的目的仅用于测试目的。 +请记住，目前9.0还是一个开发版，它不应该在生产机器上安装。它的目的仅用于测试目的。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/4MLinux-9-0-Beta-Is-a-55-MB-Operating-System-that-Has-It-All-443946.shtml -译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a9c9dad29ebe99b30419d4304c716ead3dd4a4ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 2 Jun 2014 00:11:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 085/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A8=20examples?= =?UTF-8?q?=20of=20findmnt=20command=20to=20check=20mounted=20file=20syste?= =?UTF-8?q?ms=20on=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @vito-L 明天发布 --- ...indmnt command to check mounted file systems on Linux.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/8 examples of findmnt command to check mounted file systems on Linux.md (95%) diff --git a/translated/tech/8 examples of findmnt command to check mounted file systems on Linux.md b/published/8 examples of findmnt command to check mounted file systems on Linux.md similarity index 95% rename from translated/tech/8 examples of findmnt command to check mounted file systems on Linux.md rename to published/8 examples of findmnt command to check mounted file systems on Linux.md index 39fc2db478..5df7ae3052 100644 --- a/translated/tech/8 examples of findmnt command to check mounted file systems on Linux.md +++ b/published/8 examples of findmnt command to check mounted file systems on Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -Linux 中 findmnt 命令检查已挂载的文件系统的8个实例 +findmnt 命令的八个应用实例 ================================================================================ ### 已挂载的文件系统和设备 ### -linux 中更常用的检查已挂载的文件系统的是 mount 命令，不仅用于列出已挂载的设备，而且可以在需要的时候挂载和卸载。这有一个叫做 findmnt 的超赞命令，它可以用于快速查看挂载位置和选项。 +linux 中常用的检查已挂载的文件系统的是 mount 命令，不仅用于列出已挂载的设备，而且可以在需要的时候挂载和卸载。另外还有一个叫做 findmnt 的超赞命令，它可以用于快速查看挂载位置和选项。 ### 安装findmnt ### @@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ Findmnt 可以打印出只基于类型的特定的文件系统，例如 ext4， /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd systemd cgroup rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,name=systemd /run/user/1000/gvfs gvfsd-fuse fuse.gvfsd-fuse rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=1000,group_id=1000 -看起来非常整洁 +看起来非常整洁（译注，亲爱的读者你也这样觉得么？）。 #### 7. 通过源设备查找 #### From aff99e93bfa25b90868ee9d5324c70ce814caece Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 2 Jun 2014 06:29:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 086/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ADaily=20Ubun?= =?UTF-8?q?tu=20Tips=20=E2=80=93=20Identify=20Folders=20By=20Colors=20In?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Ubuntu?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – Identify Folders By Colors In Ubuntu.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Identify Folders By Colors In Ubuntu.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Identify Folders By Colors In Ubuntu.md b/published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Identify Folders By Colors In Ubuntu.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Identify Folders By Colors In Ubuntu.md rename to published/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Identify Folders By Colors In Ubuntu.md From 1582d838bca5243cabe2c1074638c3070ce30719 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 2 Jun 2014 06:34:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 087/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140530=20F?= =?UTF-8?q?ix=20'Cannot=20Add=20PPA'=20Error=20In=20Ubuntu=2014.04=20and?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Linux=20Mint?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @alim0x 发布了 --- ...x 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md (92%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md b/published/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md similarity index 92% rename from translated/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md rename to published/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md index 25f8effe09..c3e6160e75 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md +++ b/published/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -修复Ubuntu 14.04和Linux Mint中无法添加PPA源的错误 +如何修复Ubuntu/Mint中无法添加PPA源的错误 ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/PPA_Error_Ubuntu.jpeg) @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-add-ppa-error-ubuntu-1404-linux-mint/ -译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From db0dcf861fe9347b29a6e7ae472c501e4fddee10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 2 Jun 2014 06:38:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 088/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140529=20H?= =?UTF-8?q?ow=20To=20Share=20Disks=20In=20VirtualBox=20Between=20Linux=20G?= =?UTF-8?q?uest=20OS?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @GOLinux 今日定时发布 --- ...How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md (91%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md b/published/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md similarity index 91% rename from translated/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md rename to published/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md index 6ea613f965..c2253e460c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md +++ b/published/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -在VirtualBox中的Linux客户机系统间共享磁盘 +如何在VirtualBox中的Linux客户机系统间共享磁盘 ================================================================================ 在本教程中，让我来给你们展示一下如何在VirtualBox中的两个Linux客户机系统间共享一个磁盘。 @@ -42,6 +42,6 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/share-disks-virtualbox-linux-guest-os/ -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 80c7caa04b1e9009131c3cbb67b09e1e0fe98bf7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 2 Jun 2014 06:50:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 089/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AFix=20Adobe?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Flash=20Player=20Issue=20In=20Chromium=20In=20Ubuntu=2014.04?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @linuhap 下午定时发布~ --- ...Flash Player Issue In Chromium In Ubuntu 14.04.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Fix Adobe Flash Player Issue In Chromium In Ubuntu 14.04.md (67%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Fix Adobe Flash Player Issue In Chromium In Ubuntu 14.04.md b/published/Fix Adobe Flash Player Issue In Chromium In Ubuntu 14.04.md similarity index 67% rename from translated/tech/Fix Adobe Flash Player Issue In Chromium In Ubuntu 14.04.md rename to published/Fix Adobe Flash Player Issue In Chromium In Ubuntu 14.04.md index dcde5182f8..26f2236856 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Fix Adobe Flash Player Issue In Chromium In Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/published/Fix Adobe Flash Player Issue In Chromium In Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -2,21 +2,21 @@ ================================================================================ [安装Ubuntu 14.04之后，先要做的几件事情][1]中其中一项是安装Adobe Flash Player。一般来说，如果安装了[Ubuntu Restricted Extras][2]，Flash Player应该可以工作而且你应该能够在网上观看在线视频，比如You Tube等网站上。 -这不是Chromium和Ubuntu 14.04结合使用的原因。当你用其他的网页浏览器比如火狐、Chrome时，你可以轻松地播放You Tube等网站视频，在Chromium中你将会看到Adobe Flash player缺失插件的通知： +其实这不是因为Chromium是在Ubuntu 14.04上使用才出现的问题。当你用其他的网页浏览器比如火狐、Chrome时，你可以轻松地播放You Tube等网站视频，但在Chromium中你将会看到Adobe Flash player缺失插件的通知： -**Adobe Flash Player is required to display some elements on this page. Install plug-in..** +> **Adobe Flash Player is required to display some elements on this page. Install plug-in..** ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Flash_Player_Ubuntu_1404_Chromium.jpeg) ### 只有在Chromium中出现flash player问题的原因： ### -只有在Chromium中发生这个问题的原因是，之前Chromium使用Netscape Plugin API构架来支持Flash，从Ubuntu 14.04开始，[Chromium将会停止使用Netscape Plugin API][3]。今后，你将要面对Chromium中Adobe Flash Player的问题。 +只有在Chromium中发生这个问题的原因是，之前Chromium使用Netscape Plugin API构架来支持Flash，从Ubuntu 14.04开始，[Chromium将会停止使用Netscape Plugin API][3]。因此，我们才遇到Chromium的Adobe Flash Player的问题。 -现在，为什么这个问题没有发生在其他浏览器上？答案是，因为它们使用 Flash Player 11.2。 +那么，为什么这个问题没有发生在其他浏览器上？答案是，因为它们使用 Flash Player 11.2。 ### 修复Chromium上Adobe Flash Player的问题： ### -修复这个问题，我们将使用Pepper Flash Player，一个来自Google更安全更稳定的版本的Flash Player。在Ubuntu 14.04的源里有[Adobe Flash Player Pepper 安装器][4]。这个安装器下载Google Chrome，提取出Pepper Flash Player然后建立给Chromium使用。 +修复这个问题，我们应该使用Pepper Flash Player，一个来自Google更安全更稳定的版本的Flash Player。在Ubuntu 14.04的源里有[Adobe Flash Player Pepper 安装器][4]。这个安装器会下载Google Chrome，提取出Pepper Flash Player然后设置给Chromium使用。 要在Ubuntu 14.04安装Pepper Flash Player，打开一个终端，使用下面的命令： @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-flash-player-issue-chromium-in-ubuntu-14-04/ -译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0512e09cdfb9b7ce4ee1bd19f6ce39bf91ef5e46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Mon, 2 Jun 2014 07:54:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 090/713] Update 20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md --- .../talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md b/sources/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md index 985e245d98..036e49e8d5 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Hey,guys, this is mine. GOLinux ... Command Line Tuesdays – The Introductory ================================================================================ **Hi Geekos!** @@ -51,4 +52,4 @@ via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/05/27/command-line-tuesdays-the-introductory 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://software.opensuse.org/package/gedit \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://software.opensuse.org/package/gedit From b61db73591f85aefdb87cd042d8a80785747e098 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: linuhap Date: Mon, 2 Jun 2014 10:09:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 091/713] translated --- ...pport for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md | 32 ------------------- ...pport for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md | 31 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md b/sources/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md deleted file mode 100644 index 975f168e40..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,32 +0,0 @@ -linuhap翻译中 -Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source -================================================================================ -> The upcoming end of support for Adobe Flash in the open source Chromium browser for Linux is actually a good thing for the Linux world. - -![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/05/noflash.png) - -Flash, the ubiquitous media framework for the Web, soon will no longer work for Linux users of the [Chromium][1] browser, the open source version of [Google Chrome][2]. Is it time for the Linux world to panic? Not at all. - -Here's what's happening: Soon, the means by which Flash support was traditionally implemented in Chromium, via a plugin originally designed for Netscape, will [no longer work][3]. Instead, Flash support will come in the form of a new API called Pepper, which Google has created for Chrome. - -For Linux users, the problem is that Pepper is available only for Chrome, not its open source cousin, Chromium. And while it may be possible technically to make Pepper work in Chromium, doing so will require more know-how than the average Linux user possesses. - -That's bad news for the Linux world, where almost half of Linux users run Chromium, according to [one source][4]. And for other browsers, Flash support on Linux ended with Flash version 11.2, which still works well enough for now, but which may cease to be effective in the future. This is all to say that soon, neither Chromium, nor Firefox, nor any of their offshoots or open source betters likely will be able to display Flash-based content effectively. - -But so far, few people are actually panicking about this, as indeed they shouldn't. In many ways, vanishing Flash support for Linux is actually a good thing, because it will only help to hasten the disappearance of Flash altogether. After all, as Jim Lynch [noted][5] over at IT World, Apple iOS has never had Flash support, and that hasn't dampened the massive popularity of iPads or iPhones. This is particularly true as technologies such as HTML5 are making Flash unnecessary for delivering Web content. - -This is a case, then, in which denying support for a particular software package to the Linux community actually will benefit the community—and the IT world more generally—in the long run. That rarely happens, but when it comes to Flash, disappearing support for Linux can only prove to be a good thing. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/052814/why-no-flash-support-linux-good-open-source - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.chromium.org/ -[2]:https://www.google.com/intl/en-US/chrome/browser/ -[3]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#. -[4]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#. -[5]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/420319/adobe-flash-critical-future-linux diff --git a/translated/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md b/translated/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c811423c88 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +为什么Flash不支持Linux对开源比较好 +================================================================================ +> Linux中开源软件Chromium浏览器对Adobe Flash的支持即将结束，这实际上对Linux世界是件好事。 + +![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/05/noflash.png) + +Flash，无处不在的网络媒体框架，很快将不能在linux的[Chromium][1]浏览器中使用,Chromium是开源版的[Google Chrome][2]浏览器。现在我们要为Linux世界恐慌了吗？答案是根本不用。 + +事情是这样的：Chromium对Flash支持的传统方法是通过使用最初设计用于Netscape浏览器的一个插件实现，很快，这个方法将[不能用][3]。Flash支持将使用新的叫做Pepper的API，这是Google为Chrome而制作的。 + +对于Linux用户，问题是Pepper只能用于Chrome，而不能用于其表兄弟Chromium。虽然在技术上可以使Pepper在Chromium上使用，但做到它需要你比一般Linux用户拥有更多的知识。 + +这对Linux世界来说是个坏消息，根据[该网站][4]可知，有近一半的Linux用户在使用Chromium。在Linux上对于其他的浏览器，Flash的支持以Flash 11.2版本结束，现在它仍然能够良好工作，但是将来可能不能够使用。这是说，不久，不论Chromium还是Firefox或者其他与他们相关的软件，可能将来还能够有效地显示基于Flash的内容。 + +但到目前为止，很少有人对此事感到恐慌，事实上他们确实不应该。从很多方面来说，Flash对Linux不再支持实际上是件好事，因为这将有助于加速Flash的完全消失。毕竟，就像Jim Lynch在IT World上[写的][5],苹果iOS从没有过Flash支持，但这并没有阻碍iPads或iPhones变得的极为流行。尤其是一些技术如HTML5使得在提供网络内容时不必使用Flash。 + +拒绝一个特定的软件包实际上对于Linux社区来说将很有利——有利于IT世界变得更普遍——从长远来看。这种情况很少见，但当发生在Flash上时，对Linux变得不支持的确是件好事。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/052814/why-no-flash-support-linux-good-open-source + +译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.chromium.org/ +[2]:https://www.google.com/intl/en-US/chrome/browser/ +[3]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#. +[4]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#. +[5]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/420319/adobe-flash-critical-future-linux \ No newline at end of file From fbd225d352b94cc2db5dc3db553d9468fe4c23b3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 2 Jun 2014 18:20:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 092/713] [Translating]20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux --- .../20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md | 6 +++++- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md b/sources/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md index 99d2dc5670..a4ee6e5873 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,7 @@ +Translating--------geekpi + + + What is a good terminal emulator on Linux? ================================================================================ A good terminal emulator is a sufficient reason to choose Linux over Windows or Mac. Any power user of Linux would agree on that. By accessing the shell, a user can easily perform tasks that would be impossible, or too repetitive to perform from a graphical environment. But the choice of your terminal emulator is important since it can be the single application that you use the most. I will try to give you a well furnished list of good terminal emulators on Linux, from the classics, to the most exotic, but always efficient and original. @@ -86,4 +90,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/good-terminal-emulator-linux.html [1]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14100905020/ [2]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14284203351/ -[3]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14100857589/ \ No newline at end of file +[3]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14100857589/ From 5c8fddd6687026884f4198d711dba837bcb8799c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 2 Jun 2014 19:27:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 093/713] [Translating]20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux --- ...at is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md | 38 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md b/sources/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md index a4ee6e5873..3894816c89 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md @@ -1,90 +1,86 @@ -Translating--------geekpi - - - -What is a good terminal emulator on Linux? +Linux上有哪些好的终端模拟器? ================================================================================ -A good terminal emulator is a sufficient reason to choose Linux over Windows or Mac. Any power user of Linux would agree on that. By accessing the shell, a user can easily perform tasks that would be impossible, or too repetitive to perform from a graphical environment. But the choice of your terminal emulator is important since it can be the single application that you use the most. I will try to give you a well furnished list of good terminal emulators on Linux, from the classics, to the most exotic, but always efficient and original. +一个好的终端模拟器是一个很好的理由去选择Linux而不是Windows或者Mac。任何Linux的资深用户都会同意这点。通过访问shell，用户可以完成在图形环境下不可能或者太重复的任务。但是终端模拟器的选择是非常重要的，因为它会成为你使用最多的程序。我会尝试列出在Linux上好的终端模拟器的一份清单，从经典的到奇特的，但是它们都是有效率且原始的。 -If you deem a terminal application not cited here worthy, please let us know in the comments. There are a lot of them out there, and most are completely worthy of your attention. +如果你认为存在好的终端程序在这里没有提到，请在评论区让我们知道。这里很多没有提到，大多数是值得你注意的。 ### 1. Gnome-terminal ### ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3699/14100905190_478812cae2_z.jpg) -Let's start with the "classical" terminals, and for Gnome, Gnome-terminal is as classical as it gets. It supports different user profiles, tabs, text re-sizing, transparent background, and a high degree of customization. As its name suggests, it fits in perfectly in a Gnome environment. +让我们先从“经典”终端开始，对于Gnome而言，Gnome-terminal和Gnome一样经典。它支持不同的用户配置，标签，文本调整，背景转换，和高度的自定义。如它名字暗示的那样，它适用于Gnome环境。 ### 2. Konsole ### ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2897/14101006647_ec13565200_z.jpg) -Also a big name, Konsole is pretty much the equivalent of Gnome-terminal for KDE environments. One of the few additions is that Konsole supports a split-view mode as well as directory bookmarking. +同样大名鼎鼎，Konsole在KDE环境下等同于Gnome-terminal。Konsole额外支持一点是分割视图和目录书签。 -### 3. (Xfce) Terminal ### +### 3. (Xfce) terminal ### ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2928/14100857759_fa29cc968e_z.jpg) -Xfce users also have their own terminal with xfce4-terminal. The idea is to get a product similar to Gnome-terminal in appearance, but much lighter in terms of resources needed. The result is very customizable, but without user profile functionality or transparent background. +Xfce用户同样有他们的Xfce4终端。这个项目的目的是得到一个Gnome-terminal在外观上相似的产品，但是在资源需求上会少很多。结果是非常可自定义化，但是没有用户配置功能或者透明背景。 ### 4. LXTerminal ### [![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5569/14100905020_dd2b3e830e_z.jpg)][1] -To finish with the most famous terminals for desktop environment, LXTerminal is designed for LXDE environments. As you can imagine, it is even lighter and faster than xfce-terminal, leaving behind complex customization and advanced options, just to keep the tabs. +为了完成在桌面环境下的最著名终端，LXTerminal是为LXDE环境设计的。如你所想象的，它甚至比xfce-terminal更轻量快速，去除了复杂的自定义和高级选项，只保持了标签。 ### 5. Terminator ### ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3726/14100980857_1591317b8a_z.jpg) -Now let's get to the Rolls-Royce of terminal emulators. Terminator is one of the most complete software out there. It includes tab, split-view horizontal and vertical, screen captures, user profiles, plugins, and layout manager. Probably more options than you will ever need. The downside is the weight, and the heavy resource consumption. Up to you what you sacrifice. +现在让我们进入终端模拟器中的劳斯莱斯，Terminator是这里最完整的一款，它包括了标签、水平和垂直分割视图、屏幕捕捉、用户配置、插件、布局管理。可能还有一些你永远都不要的选项。它的缺点是大小，和大量的资源消耗。这些就是你会牺牲的东西。 ### 6. Tilda ### [![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5585/14284203351_2c25a33cb4_z.jpg)][2] -There is also a completely different style of terminal, the so called "drop-down" type. If you like to have your terminal always at the stroke of a key, you might enjoy the next three software options. First, Tilda is the epitome of the drop-down terminal. It is environment free and pretty light. You can set the degree of transparency or even a different background, and then choose from which side of the screen it should appear. Past that, do not expect anything too complex like tabs or split-view. Tilda only does one thing: appear quickly when you need it. +这里还有一款完全不同的一款终端，它称为“下拉”式。如果你喜欢你的终端总是处于关键的行程，也许你会喜欢下面的三个软件选项。首先，Tilda是下拉式终端的缩影。它不依赖于环境并且非常轻量。你可以设置透明度或者甚至是不同的背景，接下来选中一边的屏幕会显示出来。除去这个，不要期待太复杂的比如标签或者分割视图。Tilda只做一件事：在你需要的时候快速显示出来。 ### 7. Guake ### ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3733/14285529772_aa824b5e39_z.jpg) -For those of you who like the concept of Tilda, but prefer something more integrated with Gnome, you should try Guake. Concerning the functionalities, they are more or less similar to Tilda. The difference between the two is mostly cosmetic. +对于喜欢Tilda的概念，但是更喜欢与Gnome结合更紧密的东西，你应该试试Guake。考虑到功能，它多多少少与Tilda相似。两者之间最大的不同是Guake更美观。 ### 8. Yakuake ### [![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5274/14100857589_142fdc4153_z.jpg)][3] -But KDE users are not forgotten either, with Yakuake, which is basically the alternative to Guake for KDE environments. It proposes the same things as Guake, in addition to a tabbed interface and users profiles. +KDE也不会忘记的Yakuake，它通常是KDE环境下的Guake的替代品。它和Quake一样处理相同的事，除了标签化接口和用户配置。 ### 9. Terra ### ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3700/14307721343_0e55878bb0_z.jpg) -And for power users, who liked Terminator and want it as a drop-down, I propose you Terra which is the best of both worlds. In between Guake and Terminator, Terra supports split-view and tabs while being a drop-down. +对于喜欢Terminator和下拉式的资深用户而言，我假设Terra是这两个世界中最好的。在Guake和Terminator之间，Terra在下拉式中支持分割视图和标签。 ### 10. rxvt ### ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2916/14307721303_805fe977ce_o.png) -If your goal is to be as lightweight as possible, and that you want something close to xterm, then rxvt is for you. With no tabs, no customization, no split-view, no anything, rxvt is the must when it comes to ultra-lightweight. If sometimes you need the bare minimum, then rxvt is for you. +如果你的目标是尽可能的轻量，你希望接近xterm，那么rxvt就是为你设计的。它没有标签和自定义，没有分割视图，没有任何东西，要极轻量就用rxvt。如果有时你只需要刚好够的功能，那么rxvt就是为你而生的。 ### 11. Sakura ### ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3823/14287031834_d8a5ac966f_z.jpg) -As lesser known terminal emulator, Sakura is based on GTK but does not require a full Gnome installation. Unlike rxvt, Sakura has a few extras, like tabs and color customization, but tries to keep it simple and basic. So if you want the basics in a lightweight environment-free software, Sakura is probably where to turn to. +作为一款并不有名的终端模拟器，Sakura基于GTK但是并不需要完整的Gnome安装。不像rxvt，Sakura有一些额外的功能，像标签和颜色自定义，但是它尝试保持简单和基础。因此如果你想要一款不针对特定环境的基础终端，Sakura可能是你想要的。 ### 12. Terminology ### ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3706/14264408226_a0223861ae_z.jpg) -One of the most exotic terminal out there is Terminology. Originally designed for Enlightenment, it proposes the classical functions that we kept seeing so far, and also throws in a few more that I have not seen before. Among them, the possibility to stream media straight from the terminal, and even thumbnails for file listing. +这里面最奇异的终端是Terminology。它原本是为Enlightment设计的，它提出了目前我们看到的经典功能，并且还有我之前没有见过的功能。在这之中有，直接在终端中传输流媒体，甚至是文件列表略缩图。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/good-terminal-emulator-linux.html -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a5bc6096b93783b823fff01d63d81bd0e56d70e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 2 Jun 2014 19:28:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 094/713] Rename sources/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md to translated/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md --- .../talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md b/translated/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md rename to translated/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md From deffedd9642cb3feb08bf05b33637c95b328e334 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 3 Jun 2014 00:32:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 095/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20to=20m?= =?UTF-8?q?anage=20Linux=20containers=20with=20Docker=20on=20Ubuntu?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @bazz2 明天发布~ --- ...ow to manage Linux containers with Docker on Ubuntu.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/How to manage Linux containers with Docker on Ubuntu.md (96%) diff --git a/translated/tech/How to manage Linux containers with Docker on Ubuntu.md b/published/How to manage Linux containers with Docker on Ubuntu.md similarity index 96% rename from translated/tech/How to manage Linux containers with Docker on Ubuntu.md rename to published/How to manage Linux containers with Docker on Ubuntu.md index e6be840633..94925b9649 100644 --- a/translated/tech/How to manage Linux containers with Docker on Ubuntu.md +++ b/published/How to manage Linux containers with Docker on Ubuntu.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ================================================================================ 当前，完全硬件虚拟化技术（KVM、Xen、Hyper-V 等）能在一个物理主机上很好地运行多个互相独立的操作系统，但这也带来一些问题：性能不佳，资源浪费，系统反应迟缓等。有时候对用户来说，完全的硬件虚拟化并不是最好的选择。 -一种替代方案是使用轻量级虚拟化技术 —— 所谓的 [Linux Container 容器][1] (LXC)，它提供的是系统级虚拟化。与跑虚拟机相比，LXC 可以在一个轻量级沙箱容器里面跑多个 Linux 操作系统。当你需要设置一些易于克隆的开发环境、测试环境，或想在安全沙盒里安装应用时，LXC 就非常有用了。 +一种替代方案是使用轻量级虚拟化技术 —— 所谓的 [LinuX Container 容器][1] (LXC)，它提供的是系统级虚拟化。与跑虚拟机相比，LXC 可以在一个轻量级沙箱容器里面跑多个 Linux 操作系统。当你需要设置一些易于克隆的开发环境、测试环境，或想在安全沙盒里安装应用时，LXC 就非常有用了。 [Docker][2] 是一个开源工具，可以让用户方便地布署 Linux Container 容器。Docker 很快变成了 container 技术的非官方标准，从而被 [Ubuntu][3] 和 [Red Hat][4]等众多发行版吸收进去。 @@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ 下一步是编辑 Docker 配置文件，确定 Docker 可执行文件的路径： $ sudo vi /etc/default/docker.io - -> DOCKER="/usr/bin/docker.io" + + DOCKER="/usr/bin/docker.io" 重启 Docker 服务： @@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ Docker 使用 Linux 桥接技术与其他容器通信，以及连通外网。安 via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/manage-linux-containers-docker-ubuntu.html -译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 59120465f6bea291d176e727bf7a4bb80fb6351a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 3 Jun 2014 00:40:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 096/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20to=20t?= =?UTF-8?q?ake=20full=20length=20screenshots=20of=20websites=20via=20termi?= =?UTF-8?q?nal?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @vizv 明天发布~ --- ...ake full length screenshots of websites via terminal.md | 7 +++---- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/How to take full length screenshots of websites via terminal.md (85%) diff --git a/translated/tech/How to take full length screenshots of websites via terminal.md b/published/How to take full length screenshots of websites via terminal.md similarity index 85% rename from translated/tech/How to take full length screenshots of websites via terminal.md rename to published/How to take full length screenshots of websites via terminal.md index 5e9542b741..dc8a5ad379 100644 --- a/translated/tech/How to take full length screenshots of websites via terminal.md +++ b/published/How to take full length screenshots of websites via terminal.md @@ -1,8 +1,7 @@ -如何在终端为网页截取一个完整长度的截图 +如何在终端下截取一个完整长度的网页截图 ================================================================================ ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Screenshot-790x526.png) -这是一个名叫 **Tsamis Konstantinos** 的访客所发的帖子。他是一个 Linux 和开源软件的狂热用户，也是 Unixmen 的常客。你可以通过他的邮箱 **tsamis73@gmail.com** 联系他： 与其记笔记或是把看到的内容发送给其他人，我们更经常通过截屏来帮助我们记忆。 但是通常情况下，如果一个网页超出了屏幕高度，我们就得用多张截图去截取其全部内容。 @@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ $ sudo yum install gnome-web-photo 但是对于 CentOS 和其他 RedHat 分支的用户，请注意 `gnome-web-photo` 依赖 GTK+ 3.0 这个软件包。 -也就是说 `gnome-web-photo` 是和 CentOS/RHEL 6 自带的 GNOME 2 不相兼容的。 +也就是说 `gnome-web-photo` 是和 **CentOS/RHEL 6 自带的 GNOME 2 不相兼容的**。 要为一个网页截图： @@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ $ gnome-web-photo -t 0 --mode=print http://www.unixmen.com output.pdf -注意这个应用并不兼容 **.jpg** 格式。 +注意这个应用并不支持 **.jpg** 格式。 这个应用应该对各类用户都有所帮助。我经常对网页进行缩略图和完整长度的截图，希望对你也有所帮助。 From 51f3aeffb27a659d5154c500cf16bafe572a4007 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 3 Jun 2014 00:58:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 097/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AWhy=20htop?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Command=20Compete=20Linux=20top=20Command?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @runningwater 明天发布~ --- ... htop Command Compete Linux top Command.md | 20 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Why htop Command Compete Linux top Command.md (77%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Why htop Command Compete Linux top Command.md b/published/Why htop Command Compete Linux top Command.md similarity index 77% rename from translated/tech/Why htop Command Compete Linux top Command.md rename to published/Why htop Command Compete Linux top Command.md index 3709009735..d24d530d10 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Why htop Command Compete Linux top Command.md +++ b/published/Why htop Command Compete Linux top Command.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -为什么 Linux 的 htop 命令优于 top 命令 +为什么 Linux 的 htop 命令完胜 top 命令 ================================================================================ 在 Linux 系统中，top 命令用来显示系统中正在运行的进程的实时状态，它显示了一些非常有用的信息，比如 CPU 利用情况、内存消耗情况，以及每个进程情况等。但是，你知道吗？还有另外一个命令行工具 'htop'，它与传统的 top 命令功能一样，但它有更加强大的功能及能显示更多的信息。这篇文章，我们会用实例来讨论这个 'htop' 命令。 @@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ ### 首先明白它的输出 ### -**htop 命令**以典型的格式来显示信息。下面是 HTOP 的输出快照: +**htop 命令**以直观的格式来显示信息。下面是 HTOP 的输出快照: ![htop](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/htop.png) -如果你观察窗口的左上角部分，你会看到显示的是 CPU 负载、内存消耗及交换空间的实时信息，右上角包含的是任务、平均负载及系统运行时间的信息。 +如果你观察窗口的左上角部分，你会看到显示的是 CPU 负载、内存消耗及交换空间的实时信息，右上角包含的是任务、线程、平均负载及系统运行时间的信息。 平均负载部分提供了三个数字，这仅仅表示的是过去的5分钟、10分钟和15分钟系统的平均负载而已，在单核的系统中，平均负载为1表示的是百分之百的 CPU 利用率。最后，运行时间 （uptime）标示的数字是从系统启动起到当前的运行总时间。 @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ ### 1. 用 F2 键编辑配置 ### -该 HTOP 命令提供了许多自定义选项，你所要做的就是从主窗口中按下 F2 键。 +htop 命令提供了许多自定义选项，你所要做的就是从主窗口中按下 F2 键。 下面所示的是可用的自定义选项: @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ ### 2. 通过 F9 键发送信号 ### -HTOP 命令提供了某种功能，通过此功能您可以很容易地在 HTOP 窗口内给一个进程发送任意的信号。您需要做的就是按下 F9 键。 +htop 命令可以让你很容易地在 htop 窗口内给一个进程发送任意的信号。按下 F9 键即可。 ![signals](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/signals.png) @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ HTOP 命令提供了某种功能，通过此功能您可以很容易地在 HTOP ### 3. 显示进程的树状视图 ### -HTOP 命令也提供了进程的树状视图查看功能。您需要做的就是按下 F5 键。 +htop 命令也提供了进程的树状视图查看功能。按下 F5 键切换。 下面是 htop 显示树形视图信息的例子: @@ -52,17 +52,17 @@ HTOP 命令也提供了进程的树状视图查看功能。您需要做的就是 ### 4. 通过 F3 键搜索进程 ### -HTOP 命令提供了易用的方式来搜索进程。您需要做就是按下 F3 键，一个文本框就会出现在窗口底部。 +htop 命令提供了易用的方式来搜索进程。按下 F3 键，一个文本框就会出现在窗口底部。 下面是例子: ![search](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/search1.png) -如您所见，一条名为‘搜索’的文本提示框在窗口底部出现了，您可以在这儿输出进程的名字然后回车搜索。如果找到，它会在列出的进程列表里选中此进程。 +如您所见，一条名为‘搜索’的文本提示框出现在窗口底部，您可以在这儿输入进程的名字然后回车搜索。如果找到，它会在列出的进程列表里高亮选中此进程。 ### 5. 通过空格键来设置颜色标注进程条目 ### -在系统中运行着的实时进程视图中，要追踪某个进程是个大问题。因为整个列表在不停的刷新着，进程的排列顺序也在变动着。为了这个问题， HTOP 提供了一个很简单的解决方案：颜色标注。是的，你可以标注一个进程条目，它会以不同的颜色显示，因此要追踪它就变得容易了。 +在系统中运行着的实时进程视图中，要追踪某个进程是个大问题。因为整个列表在不停的刷新着，进程的排列顺序也在变动着。为了这个问题， htop 提供了一个很简单的解决方案：颜色标注。是的，你可以标注一个进程条目，它会以不同的颜色显示，因此要追踪它就变得容易了。 要标注某个进程条目，需要做的就是选中此条目，然后按下‘空格’键。例如，在下面的截图示例中，我已经颜色标注了三个进程条目: @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ HTOP 命令提供了易用的方式来搜索进程。您需要做就是按下 F3 - **-s 选项** : 按指定的列排序。例如，**htop -s PID** 命令会按 PID 列的大小排序来显示。 - **-u 选项** : 显示指定的用户的进程信息列表。例如，**htop -u himanshu** 命令会只显示出用户名为 himanshu 的相关进程。 -- **-d 选项** : 设置刷新的延迟时间。例如，**htop -d 100** 命令会使输出在1秒后才会刷新（参数 -d 可以考虑是十分之一秒的时间）。 +- **-d 选项** : 设置刷新的延迟时间。例如，**htop -d 100** 命令会使输出在1秒后才会刷新（参数 -d 的单位是10微秒）。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From aee85619e44943becdfe570f8ffae8de52ee5b6e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Tue, 3 Jun 2014 07:54:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 098/713] 20140529 Command Line Tuesday--The Introductory.md --- ...Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md | 54 --------- .../Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md | 112 ------------------ ...Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md | 57 +++++++++ .../Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md | 9 +- 4 files changed, 61 insertions(+), 171 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md b/sources/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md deleted file mode 100644 index 985e245d98..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,54 +0,0 @@ -Command Line Tuesdays – The Introductory -================================================================================ -**Hi Geekos!** - -Today we’re introducing a new series, called ‘Command Line Tuesdays‘. Why command line Tuesdays? Because in this series, everyday computer enthusiasts like yours truly, will try to step a little out of bounds of the Graphical User Interface (GUI) Culture, which is today synonymous to ‘making stuff easier for the masses‘. - -Of course, if you visited any of the GNU/Linux related community forums, you’ve probably read, and this is an assumption, a very fiery debate over which is actually easier. Using GUI for everything, or simply learning and enjoying the Command-line Interface (CLI). - -![Terminal](http://sholva.org/assets/images/blog/2009/review-opensuse-11.2/opensuse-terminal.png) -Terminal - -There are many arguments for or against the use of GUI tools. One of the most commonly referred pros is that we’ve been brought up in the point-and-click computing paradigm, so it’s basically a form of a language, or culture if you may, in which we interact with our machine. The patterns are mostly recurring, with big button clicking doing everything we need it to do. - -On the other side, one of the most interesting comments I’ve read about the pros of command-line was: you can simply do more via the command-line much quicker, easier and faster than when using GUI tools. But there’s a catch: you have to learn the commands. Yes, learn them, as if learning a poem. -Now, since to us, the semi-indoctrinated clueless users, it all sounds like some useless geek overreaching and overdoing, let me humanize it with a fable: - -### The Fable ### - -I’ve been using Linux for more then 3 years now. I’m a 27 year old literature major, who never held much of an interest in technology of any sort. I didn’t even own a computer until I was in high-school, so let’s say somewhere around 17. That’s barely ten years of computer usage. The only three programs I ever ran were BS Player, Winamp and Football Manager, with occasional usage of MS Word. Three and bit years ago, a colleague at a precarious job I was performing at the time was talking to another coworker, saying there’s a new edition of something which immediately occupied my attention, as it looked different. It was Ubuntu’s Natty Narwhal, I think. After discussing it with him, he pointed out the usual pros we gospel to the newcomers, no antivirus necessary, faster boot, better security, software center blah blah blah, and the peak of it: Free and Open Source (FOSS) philosophy behind it. And he did it in a very non-invasive, non fanboyish manner. - -I decided to give it a go, and I never turned back since then. How I got into openSUSE around the 11.4 release, shortly after trying out Ubuntu for the first time is going to have to fit in another time, and how I find it to be the perfect sweet spot is a whole different story. The point is, I finally entered the Linux realm. It was fun, it was different, it made my computer run better, it was more stable. I barely had issues with it (seems I not-knowingly purchased fairly orthodox hardware). It seems that Linux came really far regarding the desktop, so I barely had to use the terminal. But let’s just say it was one of the most dreadful, terrifying and horrific tools to use in Linux. If there wasn’t a GUI for a specific operation, I immediately became nervous as I didn’t know what I was getting into when copy/pasting commands from the forums. -After time, things changed. As opposed to other consumer-oriented systems, what happened to me was maybe somewhat of a human reverse-engineering. Instead of me consuming the system, I feel that in three years, the system consumed me. I learned how to search for basic issues, file bug reports, properly ask questions on forums. With every issue I had, I learned how to be better at providing the information needed for someone more competent to help me with my problem. - -A short while ago, my girlfriend commented how she can’t believe I’m using my computer mostly for the sake of using the computer, rather than doing anything else. ‘You use it only for your music collection and Linux thingies, Nenad. Gaawd.’ It made me think, and think hard. Linux, specifically the openSUSE distro has become a hobby of mine. Not at an expert level, by any means, which is reasonable since it isn’t my area of expertise. But I know enough to get around, fix minor issues, play around with some configuration files etc. But what I came to know, is that with my increasing playing and tinkering around the system, I really need to get familiar with CLI. I learned that I’m playing around without knowing of the basics under the hood. What for crying out loud is ETC?!?!? What’s BIN? Why is there .sh at the end? Why is this file here, and this file there? Why do I have to click through gazillion of folders to find the right file to modify? Then I read you can easily list all the files somewhere with a single command. It became interesting. I suddenly felt an urge to try it out. - -### So Let’s Do It! ### - -…and here we are. As a new openSUSE news contributor, I’ll try to contribute in a way I see productive for what I suppose is a large portion of the community. It’s time to plant the banner and start learning the command-line together. If philosophy is what attracted you to Linux and openSUSE, like me, it got you this far. Now it’s time to take a step further. - -![](http://beerepiphany.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/pinky_brain.jpg) - -Look, I know there’s a bunch of you like me out there. I know you maybe don’t see the point in all that 90′s geeky black-screen-green-letters-quick-typing-make-everything-go-boom thing. But it’s useful in many aspects. We’ll learn in a fun and communal way which directories are for what, what files are located where, most commonly used terminal commands. It will make our lives easier when we learn to perform tasks through the console, make it even more rewarding when we run into issues. It will also make the lives of bug-squashers easier when they receive proper information from our end, and it will make our hobby infinitely more fun. -I mean, for crying out loud, you’ve already made a transition to a phase where Dilbert and xkcd are actually funny. It’s time for the terminal! - -P.S.: - -Reference material that will be used: William Shotts – The Linux Command Line and a short tutorial on most commonly used commands by a Croatian hacker Velimir Baksa aka Lutherus. Requirements on your part: -- An hour or two of spare time weekly -– A pint of cold beer or any other beverage -– Someone already pointed out that using [Gedit][1], or a manual notepad (you know, pen and paper hehe) would be good for easier learning. - -The book by Mr Shotts is exquisite. But there’s probably an issue of time/will-power etc. This way, I’ll try to humanize the lessons a bit more, take some time off your hands, and what’s most important – I count on us learning together, helping each other together (Comments and Forums, people!!) and tying a close-knit openSUSE community! This time next week (it will be June already!), we’ll learn our first commands. And remember… - -**…have a lot of fun!** - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/05/27/command-line-tuesdays-the-introductory/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://software.opensuse.org/package/gedit \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md b/sources/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md deleted file mode 100644 index a5759da8c6..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,112 +0,0 @@ -Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets -================================================================================ -![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rw509807/command-line.jpg) - -> "Command-line secrets? There aren't any such things," said blogger Robert Pogson. "Desperate newbie? Type 'help.' Still need a hint? Type 'man whatever.' Want more diversity? Type 'ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less,' pick out a few gems and type 'man whatever' all night long. I've been at it more than a decade. Still having fun." Of course, "one can be addicted to the point of destruction." - -**W**ell it was a relatively quiet week here in the Linux blogosphere, giving residents a long-overdue opportunity to catch their collective breath, enjoy a few Tequila Tux cocktails and take stock of all the FOSS-related happenings that have taken place over the past few weeks. - -Among the highlights, for those who missed them, were [the awarding][1] of the [IEEE][2] Computer Society's 2014 Computer Pioneer Award to none other than Linus Torvalds; [the arrival][3] of Tails OS 1.0; and, perhaps most exciting of all, [the release][4] of Seattle-based band [netcat's][5] debut album as a Linux kernel module. - -"Are you ever listening to an album, and thinking 'man, this sounds good, but I wish it crossed from user-space to kernel-space more often!'" netcat wrote on its Facebook page. "We got you covered. Our album is now fully playable as a loadable Linux kernel module." - -Linux Girl thought she had seen it all here in the Linux world, but now she realizes she was wrong. Thank you, netcat, for keeping life interesting! - -### 'Command Line Secrets' ### - -![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/article_images/linuxgirl_bg_pinkswirl_150x245.jpg) - -Speaking of interesting, there's nothing like a little shop talk around the bar to pass the time during a quiet week, and last week afforded a dose of that as well. Life is good here in the Linux blogosphere! - -The forum was Linux Voice -- that shiny, new magazine alert readers may remember [launched late last year][6] -- and the topic was none other than [command line secrets][7]. - -Linux Girl couldn't resist. - -### 'It Manages to Render Most Web Pages' ### - -"There are loads of really good reasons to use the command line," wrote the masterminds at Linux Voice. "It's the most powerful and concise method of interacting with your computer. - -"However, we decided to take a moment to look at some of its more obscure (and some would say pointless) uses," they added. - -Top of the magazine's list is the elinks Web browser: "It might not be as colorful as its more famous rivals, but it manages to render most Web pages," they explained. "As well has having geek-chic, it can come in handy when you just need to quickly check if a Web page is accessible from a computer you only have SSH access to." - -The list goes on from there to include looking up definitions on Wikipedia, among other tips. - -Down at the Broken Windows Lounge, patrons had plenty of suggestions of their own. - -### 'Great for Maintenance' ### - -"Very nice tips on CL commands, very nice," enthused Google+ blogger Alessandro Ebersol, for example. "But they forgot [cowsay][8], which is great for having some laughs in the darkness of a terminal." - -The command line "is great for maintenance," he added. "One can automate with bash scripts and make complex tasks with few (or just one) keystrokes." - -Other command line secrets Ebersol would add to the original list are sl (steam locomotive), along with [these nuggets][9]: - - * % cat "food in cans" - cat: can't open food in cans - * % nice man woman - No manual entry for woman. - * % [Where is Jimmy Hoffa? - Missing ]. - * % make love - Make: Don't know how to make love. Stop. - * % man: why did you get a divorce? - man:: Too many arguments. - -### 'The Most Precious Gem' ### - -"Command-line secrets? There aren't any such things," blogger [Robert Pogson][10] told Linux Girl. "Desperate newbie? Type 'help.' Still need a hint? Type 'man whatever.' Want more diversity? Type 'ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less,' pick out a few gems and type 'man whatever' all night long. I've been at it more than a decade. Still having fun." - -Pogson doesn't remember how long ago he discovered 'ssh,' but "it's the most precious gem of the FLOSS world," he said. - -"The awesome power of ssh is that the joy you have with typing commands on one computer can allow you a hundred times the joy on 100 computers," he added. "Of course, it's not fun to type passwords 100 times, so learn to use secure passwordless logins with ssh to make logging in remotely transparent." - -### 'Use It With Respect' ### - -Of course, "just as with any pleasurable activity, one can be addicted to the point of destruction," Pogson warned. "As root, you can type commands to delete everything or otherwise mess things up. - -"This is the nuclear option, and just as world leaders should sit on their hands and think carefully before pushing the button, value this power and use it with respect and higher motivations," he added. - -"I once deleted a file system because my thumb dragged the space bar into a command," Pogson concluded. "I only did that once. Honest." - -### 'Very Powerful' ### - -Google+ blogger Gonzalo Velasco C. was no less enthusiastic. - -"Even though the [GUI][11] tools are easier, in the *nix universe, the command line remains very powerful," he told Linux Girl. "Even some power MacOS users use them." - -As for Gonzalo Velasco C. himself, "the only commands I would like to master are the process control and killing, to use with ctrl+alt+backspace, so I can handle the one process that is giving me trouble, and the tar.gz files management -- that to this very day remains a pain for me," he said. - -#### 'Ur Doing It Wrong' #### - -Last but not least, SoylentNews blogger hairyfeet had a different perspective altogether. - -"The only thing I would add to a story about CLI is this: If you aren't working in IT and performing repetitive tasks where having an extremely simplistic, primitive way to script something is useful, and yet you are still using CLI, then 'ur doing it wrong,'" hairyfeet told Linux Girl. "A CLI isn't magic -- it's a GUI from the 1970s!" - -Today there are "useful GUIs thanks to actually having more CPU and RAM than a dollar-store watch -- we even have IDEs and scripting languages that can run rings around that 70s throwback, work across the WAN or LAN and interact with the deepest levels of the OS, all while being easier to use thanks to technologies like intellisense and autocomplete," he explained. "So why in God's name, if you aren't one of the 3 percent who are administering systems where every single byte counts, would you be dragging that old pile of junk out of mothballs?" - -Hairyfeet's best CLI advice? "Don't -- join the rest of the planet in the 21st century and learn how to use real languages and tools," he concluded. "Let CLI join bubble memory and floppies on the dustbin of history." - -> atherine Noyes is always on duty in her role as Linux Girl, whose cape she has worn since 2007. A mild-mannered journalist by day, she spends her evenings haunting the seedy bars and watering holes of the Linux blogosphere in search of the latest gossip. You can also find her on [Twitter][12] and [Google+][13]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80437.html?rss=1 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.computer.org/portal/web/pressroom/Linus-Torvalds-Named-Recipient-of-the-2014-IEEE-Computer-Society-Computer-Pioneer-Award -[2]:http://www.ieee.org/ -[3]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80386.html -[4]:https://www.facebook.com/netcatband/posts/755205877853161?stream_ref=10 -[5]:http://www.netcat.co/ -[6]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/79448.html -[7]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/commandline-secrets/ -[8]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowsay -[9]:https://www.linux.com/community/blogs/133-general-linux/10408 -[10]:http://mrpogson.com/ -[11]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI -[12]:http://twitter.com/noyesk -[13]:https://plus.google.com/+KatherineNoyes?rel=author \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md b/translated/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..89048f554f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +命令行星期二 —— 序 +================================================================================ +**嗨，极客们！** + +今天，我们介绍给大家一个新的系列节目，它叫命令行星期二。为什么叫命令行星期二？因为在该系列节目中，就像你们这样的忠实的计算机迷们，每天将会试着走出图形用户界面（GUI）文化的藩篱，GUI文化就是让事情变得简单而大众化。 + +当然，如果你访问过任何与GNU/Linux相关的社区论坛的话，你可能耳闻目睹了一次火热的辩论，当然这是个假设，话题是哪个实际上更易用。是让GUI掌控一切，还是只是学习并享受命令行界（CLI）面带来的乐趣。 + +![Terminal](http://sholva.org/assets/images/blog/2009/review-opensuse-11.2/opensuse-terminal.png) +终端 + +对于使用或抛弃GUI工具的争论有很多。正方最常提到的优点之一，就是我们是在点击的计算模式下长大的，所以它基本上就是我们和机器进行交互的一种语言或文化形式。我们日复一日重复着这样的模式，点击那个大按钮来让它干我们需要它干的事。 + +而对于反方，我读到的关于命令行的优点的最有趣的评论之一，就是你可以通过命令行来更快，更简单地做更多事情，比GUI工具来得快。但你需要明白的是：你需要学习命令。是的，学习它们，就像学一首诗一样。 + +现在，因为对于我们，半知半解毫无头绪的用户们，它让人听起来就像是某个没用的杂记小丑表演得表演过头，太过火了。让我来用个寓言讲得通俗一点吧： + +### 寓言 ### + +我已经用了Linux超过3年了。27岁，是个文学专业学生，我对任何形式的技术都没有太大的兴趣。我直到中学才有了一台属于自己的计算机，我想大概是17岁那年吧。对于我而言，只用了10年的计算机。我只用过三个程序，BS播放器，Winamp和足球经理，偶尔也用用MS Word。大约三年多以前，我做临时工时的一位同事，在我正和另外一位同僚谈话时告诉我说，有个新版的东西，它一下子就抓住了我的心，它看起来确实与众不同。我现在想想，它就是Ubuntu的敏捷的独角鲸。在和这位同事讨论这个新版本后，他指出了一些常见的优点，这些优点也是我们经常向新手宣传的，不需要杀毒软件，启动快捷，安全性更高，附带有软件中心等等之类。最突出的一点：它背后的自由和开源（FOSS）哲学。他用他不带侵害性和没一点孩子气的方式把我带了进去。 + +我决定来一次尝试，而从那以后便一发不可收拾。而至于我是怎么又从第一次对Ubuntu的浅尝辄止转而投向openSUSE 11.4的，咋们下回再讲吧。而我发现它只是一个完美而甜蜜的小插曲，那就完完全全另外一回事了。问题在于，我最终进入了Linux领域。这很有趣，感觉很不一样，它让我的计算机跑得更好，它也更稳定，我也和它相处得很好（似乎我是在不经意间买到了相当正统的硬件）。Linux似乎也远不止是桌面，所以我只是在不得不使用终端的时候也使用终端。但是这么说吧，它是Linux中一个最为讨厌的，最为可怕，最令人不爽的工具之一。如果没有GUI来进行特别的操作，我马上会诚惶诚恐，十分不安了。因为当我从论坛复制/粘贴命令的时候，我都不知道我究竟在干些什么。 + +随着时间流逝，情况发生了变化。相对于其他以消费者为导向的系统，发生在我身上的事可能有点与一般人相反。在那三年中，我感觉不是我在玩系统，而是系统在玩我。我学会了怎样寻找基本问题，提交bug报告，怎样正确地在论坛上提问。对于碰到的每个问题，我学会了为那些更有能力帮我解决问题的人提供更有用的信息。 + +不久以前，我女朋友发泄道，她简直不敢相信，我主要为了用计算机而用计算机，而不是用它来做一些别的事情。”你只用它来进行音乐收藏和做些Linux的乱七八糟的事情，Nenad. Gaawd“它让我想啊，使劲想。Linux，特别是openSUSE发行版它成了我的爱好之一。我不是一个专家，不管怎么说都说得通，Linux不在我的专业知识范畴内。但我有足够的知识来搞定它，搞定一些小问题，修改一些配置文件等等。但是我终于认识到，随着玩Linux日久，对系统的调整日多，我真的需要熟悉一下命令行（CLI）了。我也了解到，我在对底层的东西一无所知的情况下对系统胡作非为。我要对着ETC大喊大叫了，它究竟是个什么东西？BIN又是个什么东西？为什么会有个.sh在后面？问什么这个文件在这里？那个文件又在那里？为什么我得点击那一大堆的文件夹来找到正确的文件进行修改？然后，我读到‘你可以用一个命令来简单地列出某个地方的所有文件’时，它又变得很有趣了，我突然感到迫不及待要想试试了。 + +### 好吧，让我们干吧！ ### + +我们来了……。作为一位新的openSUSE的新闻发布者，我会试着以我所见最有成效的方式来发表我的看法，这样的方式我想对社区中绝大多数人会奏效。该高举旗帜，一起开始学习命令行了。如果是是什么吸引你到Linux和openSUSE中来这么个态度，就想我，引领你走了这么远，那么是时候走得更远一点了。 + +![](http://beerepiphany.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/pinky_brain.jpg) + +看，我就知道在那外头有一大堆像我这样的人。我知道，你也许没有抓住90后极客们的要点，黑屏-绿字-手指在键盘上乱飞-让一切都激情澎湃。但这在很多地方都很有用。我们将以一种有趣的，而又共有的方式来学习，目录是用来干什么，什么文件放在什么地方，以及一些最常用的终端命令。在我们在控制台处理一些任务时，这将让我们更轻松一些；在碰到一些问题时，获得更大的回报。它也会让bug处理者更轻松些，如果他们从我们这头收到正确的信息的话。它也让我们的爱好变得乐趣无穷。 + +我是说，我的天啊，你已经过渡到连Dilber和xkcd都感到有趣的阶段了。是时候到终端下去了。 + +附录： + +要用到的一些参考资料：威廉 · 肖茨—— 《Linux命令行》,以及克罗地亚黑客韦利米尔 ·巴克沙，别名鲁塞拉斯，《关于最常用命令的简短教程》。对于你们的要求: +- 每周1到2小时的空闲时间 +- 一品脱冰冻啤酒或者其它饮料 +- 有人已经指出，使用[Gedit][1]，或者手工记录本（你懂的，笔和纸，呵呵）可以让学习更简单一些。 + +肖茨写的书可是精品，但读它可要花点时间和毅力。这里，我尽力让课程变得更通俗易懂一点，花点时间来帮助你们，而最重要的是——我希望我们能一起学习，一起互相帮助（评论还有论坛，人！！），并且加入一个组织严密的openSUSE社区！下周的这个时间（已经会是六月了吧），我们讲学习我们的第一部分命令。切记…… + +**尽情享受吧！** + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/05/27/command-line-tuesdays-the-introductory/ + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://software.opensuse.org/package/gedit diff --git a/translated/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md b/translated/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md index 73ed036112..1beaf3e8b4 100644 --- a/translated/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md +++ b/translated/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md @@ -2,14 +2,13 @@ Linux大神们的顶级命令行秘诀 ================================================================================ ![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rw509807/command-line.jpg) -> "Command-line secrets? There aren't any such things," said blogger Robert Pogson. "Desperate newbie? Type 'help.' Still need a hint? Type 'man whatever.' Want more diversity? Type 'ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less,' pick out a few gems and type 'man whatever' all night long. I've been at it more than a decade. Still having fun." Of course, "one can be addicted to the point of destruction." -> “命令行秘诀？根本就没这玩样。”博主罗伯特·柏格森说。“新手们，你们失望了？那就猛敲‘help’吧。还想要点提示？随便‘man’个什么吧。想更多来点不同？敲‘ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less’，随便捡几个宝贝命令出来，整晚地‘man’去吧。我已经干那活超过十年了，到现在还玩得不亦乐乎。”当然，“ -**W**ell it was a relatively quiet week here in the Linux blogosphere, giving residents a long-overdue opportunity to catch their collective breath, enjoy a few Tequila Tux cocktails and take stock of all the FOSS-related happenings that have taken place over the past few weeks. +> “命令行秘诀？根本就没这玩样。”博主罗伯特·柏格森说。“新手们，你们失望了？那就猛敲‘help’吧。还想要点提示？随便‘man’个什么吧。想更多来点不同？敲‘ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less’，随便捡几个宝贝命令出来，整晚地‘man’去吧。我已经干那活超过十年了，到现在还玩得不亦乐乎。”当然，“某人可要对破坏之类的事情上瘾了。” -Among the highlights, for those who missed them, were [the awarding][1] of the [IEEE][2] Computer Society's 2014 Computer Pioneer Award to none other than Linus Torvalds; [the arrival][3] of Tails OS 1.0; and, perhaps most exciting of all, [the release][4] of Seattle-based band [netcat's][5] debut album as a Linux kernel module. +**好**吧，Linux博客圈这里这周相对比较平静，给网民们一个拖了很久的机会集体喘口气吧，去享受一下龙舌兰、燕尾服、鸡尾酒带来的欢快吧，然后评估一下过去几周来发生的和自由开放软件相关的事件吧。 -"Are you ever listening to an album, and thinking 'man, this sounds good, but I wish it crossed from user-space to kernel-space more often!'" netcat wrote on its Facebook page. "We got you covered. Our album is now fully playable as a loadable Linux kernel module." +有些人错过了这些重大新闻：[IEEE][2]的[颁奖礼][1]，计算机世界的2014计算机先驱奖正是颁发给了李纳斯·托沃兹；Tails OS 1.0的[到来][3]；以及，也许是最令人激动的事情，位于西雅图的乐队[网猫][5][发布了][4]作为Linux内核模块的首张唱片。 +“你是否曾经在听一张专辑的时候想过‘伙计，这听起来不错，但是我希望它能经常从用户空间过渡到内核空间去！’”网猫在Facebook上写道，“我们会全力支持你的。我们的专辑现在完全可以作为一个可加载的Linux内核模块来播放。” Linux Girl thought she had seen it all here in the Linux world, but now she realizes she was wrong. Thank you, netcat, for keeping life interesting! ### 'Command Line Secrets' ### From c16f5a7f700d91e1ded66209d821d81bca4ec82f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Tue, 3 Jun 2014 07:57:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 099/713] 20140529 Command Line Tuesday--The Introductory.md --- ...Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md | 55 ------------------- 1 file changed, 55 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md b/sources/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md deleted file mode 100644 index 036e49e8d5..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -Hey,guys, this is mine. GOLinux ... -Command Line Tuesdays – The Introductory -================================================================================ -**Hi Geekos!** - -Today we’re introducing a new series, called ‘Command Line Tuesdays‘. Why command line Tuesdays? Because in this series, everyday computer enthusiasts like yours truly, will try to step a little out of bounds of the Graphical User Interface (GUI) Culture, which is today synonymous to ‘making stuff easier for the masses‘. - -Of course, if you visited any of the GNU/Linux related community forums, you’ve probably read, and this is an assumption, a very fiery debate over which is actually easier. Using GUI for everything, or simply learning and enjoying the Command-line Interface (CLI). - -![Terminal](http://sholva.org/assets/images/blog/2009/review-opensuse-11.2/opensuse-terminal.png) -Terminal - -There are many arguments for or against the use of GUI tools. One of the most commonly referred pros is that we’ve been brought up in the point-and-click computing paradigm, so it’s basically a form of a language, or culture if you may, in which we interact with our machine. The patterns are mostly recurring, with big button clicking doing everything we need it to do. - -On the other side, one of the most interesting comments I’ve read about the pros of command-line was: you can simply do more via the command-line much quicker, easier and faster than when using GUI tools. But there’s a catch: you have to learn the commands. Yes, learn them, as if learning a poem. -Now, since to us, the semi-indoctrinated clueless users, it all sounds like some useless geek overreaching and overdoing, let me humanize it with a fable: - -### The Fable ### - -I’ve been using Linux for more then 3 years now. I’m a 27 year old literature major, who never held much of an interest in technology of any sort. I didn’t even own a computer until I was in high-school, so let’s say somewhere around 17. That’s barely ten years of computer usage. The only three programs I ever ran were BS Player, Winamp and Football Manager, with occasional usage of MS Word. Three and bit years ago, a colleague at a precarious job I was performing at the time was talking to another coworker, saying there’s a new edition of something which immediately occupied my attention, as it looked different. It was Ubuntu’s Natty Narwhal, I think. After discussing it with him, he pointed out the usual pros we gospel to the newcomers, no antivirus necessary, faster boot, better security, software center blah blah blah, and the peak of it: Free and Open Source (FOSS) philosophy behind it. And he did it in a very non-invasive, non fanboyish manner. - -I decided to give it a go, and I never turned back since then. How I got into openSUSE around the 11.4 release, shortly after trying out Ubuntu for the first time is going to have to fit in another time, and how I find it to be the perfect sweet spot is a whole different story. The point is, I finally entered the Linux realm. It was fun, it was different, it made my computer run better, it was more stable. I barely had issues with it (seems I not-knowingly purchased fairly orthodox hardware). It seems that Linux came really far regarding the desktop, so I barely had to use the terminal. But let’s just say it was one of the most dreadful, terrifying and horrific tools to use in Linux. If there wasn’t a GUI for a specific operation, I immediately became nervous as I didn’t know what I was getting into when copy/pasting commands from the forums. -After time, things changed. As opposed to other consumer-oriented systems, what happened to me was maybe somewhat of a human reverse-engineering. Instead of me consuming the system, I feel that in three years, the system consumed me. I learned how to search for basic issues, file bug reports, properly ask questions on forums. With every issue I had, I learned how to be better at providing the information needed for someone more competent to help me with my problem. - -A short while ago, my girlfriend commented how she can’t believe I’m using my computer mostly for the sake of using the computer, rather than doing anything else. ‘You use it only for your music collection and Linux thingies, Nenad. Gaawd.’ It made me think, and think hard. Linux, specifically the openSUSE distro has become a hobby of mine. Not at an expert level, by any means, which is reasonable since it isn’t my area of expertise. But I know enough to get around, fix minor issues, play around with some configuration files etc. But what I came to know, is that with my increasing playing and tinkering around the system, I really need to get familiar with CLI. I learned that I’m playing around without knowing of the basics under the hood. What for crying out loud is ETC?!?!? What’s BIN? Why is there .sh at the end? Why is this file here, and this file there? Why do I have to click through gazillion of folders to find the right file to modify? Then I read you can easily list all the files somewhere with a single command. It became interesting. I suddenly felt an urge to try it out. - -### So Let’s Do It! ### - -…and here we are. As a new openSUSE news contributor, I’ll try to contribute in a way I see productive for what I suppose is a large portion of the community. It’s time to plant the banner and start learning the command-line together. If philosophy is what attracted you to Linux and openSUSE, like me, it got you this far. Now it’s time to take a step further. - -![](http://beerepiphany.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/pinky_brain.jpg) - -Look, I know there’s a bunch of you like me out there. I know you maybe don’t see the point in all that 90′s geeky black-screen-green-letters-quick-typing-make-everything-go-boom thing. But it’s useful in many aspects. We’ll learn in a fun and communal way which directories are for what, what files are located where, most commonly used terminal commands. It will make our lives easier when we learn to perform tasks through the console, make it even more rewarding when we run into issues. It will also make the lives of bug-squashers easier when they receive proper information from our end, and it will make our hobby infinitely more fun. -I mean, for crying out loud, you’ve already made a transition to a phase where Dilbert and xkcd are actually funny. It’s time for the terminal! - -P.S.: - -Reference material that will be used: William Shotts – The Linux Command Line and a short tutorial on most commonly used commands by a Croatian hacker Velimir Baksa aka Lutherus. Requirements on your part: -- An hour or two of spare time weekly -– A pint of cold beer or any other beverage -– Someone already pointed out that using [Gedit][1], or a manual notepad (you know, pen and paper hehe) would be good for easier learning. - -The book by Mr Shotts is exquisite. But there’s probably an issue of time/will-power etc. This way, I’ll try to humanize the lessons a bit more, take some time off your hands, and what’s most important – I count on us learning together, helping each other together (Comments and Forums, people!!) and tying a close-knit openSUSE community! This time next week (it will be June already!), we’ll learn our first commands. And remember… - -**…have a lot of fun!** - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/05/27/command-line-tuesdays-the-introductory/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://software.opensuse.org/package/gedit From 25a05b426a763f8f3400a1b0828d2a107f6cb172 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Tue, 3 Jun 2014 10:54:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 100/713] [Translating by Vic] --- .../talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md b/sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md index 6befa3f0df..836e8bbe07 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Vic020 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports ================================================================================ Thanks to the recent fiasco of The Witcher 2 I wanted to write down some thoughts on why we shouldn't accept bad quality ports from developers. @@ -29,4 +30,4 @@ via: http://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/why-we-shouldnt-accept-bad-linux-port 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 3686d8f709aad779ce4a1706653f350dcf2e087d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 3 Jun 2014 16:40:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 101/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140603-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... portion of membership fees to Code.org.md | 27 ++ ...rior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md | 47 +++ ...rver from the command line in real time.md | 103 +++++ ...03 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md | 375 ++++++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 552 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140603 How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md b/sources/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..05a680a10c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org +================================================================================ +![](http://www.muktware.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Linux_Foundation_logo-360x109.png) + +The Linux Foundation [announced][1] its mid-year individual membership drive and promotion. For each new membership between 01 June to 11:59 p.m. PT on June 30, 2014, Code.org will receive $25. + +Code.org is a non-profit organization dedicated to the expansion of computer science by making it available in more schools and increasing participation by women and underrepresented students of color. Its vision is to provide the opportunity of learning computer science to every school student. Code.org identifies with the Linux Foundation’s mission to increase opportunities for people to learn programming of all types. + +Amanda McPherson, CMO at The Linux Foundation explains – “Many of today’s Linux professionals got started as students, tinkering with computers and writing simple programs during college. By helping extend individual membership contributions this month to Code.org, we hope the community can support Linux and the work of Linux creator Linus Torvalds while helping to increase access to computer science education for the next generation of Linux developers and SysAdmins”. + +Learning and education are top priorities at The Linux Foundation too. It recently announced the first ‘Introduction to Linux’ Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), which is free for all. More than 140,000 people already enrolled for the first class that begins this August. It also offers and organizes various training programs. + +The Linux Foundation memberships support the advancement of Linux and open source community. As additional perks, members also receive exclusive benefits that include 20 percent off LinuxCon and CloudOpen registration; up to 10 percent off Linux Foundation training; a Linux.com email address (e.g. john@linux.com); employee purchase pricing from Dell, HP and Lenovo; up to 35 percent off O’Reilly books and e-books; and a variety of other discounts. + +The membership fee per year is $99. For students it is $25 and includes the same benefits as individual members. To sign up, visit: +[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/join/individual][2] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/06/linux-foundation-donate-portion-membership-fees-code-org/27942 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2014/06/linux-foundations-biannual-membership-drive-kicks-portion-dues +[2]:https://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/join/individual \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md b/sources/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6344c3d6f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative +================================================================================ +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/app-grid.png) + +**There’s no denying that the Ubuntu Software Centre has made finding, installing, buying and managing applications easier.** + +Equally, there’s no denying that it’s far from being the prettiest bit of software that ships with the distro by default. + +### App Grid Ubuntu Software Centre Alternative ### + +The interface of Ubuntu’s flagship app store has changed little since its last big makeover back in 2011. Not that it has been completely ignored in the intervening time. The 12.04 development cycle saw some [work done on its boot time][1]. + +That aside, the ol’ USC is pretty much the same as it ever was: a basket of potential never checked out. + +App Grid aims to solve these shortcomings. Written from scratch, it claims to deliver better start up times, faster response times and a design that offers “no confusion, no frustration.” + +On most of these point App Grid succeeds. It opens almost instantly and clicking through the interface is, indeed, responsive. The ‘no confusion’ promise is, perhaps, a little open to debate. The app sometimes requires you to scroll horizontally, other times vertically. One also can’t help but think that the app would look markedly more professional if it dropped the ‘gridded’ background pattern, too. + +As a way to sift through the legions of apps available on Ubuntu, App Grid is a superior effort. Support for Ubuntu One purchases, ratings and reviews make it all the more useful as a replacement to Ubuntu’s default store. + +If there is any drawback it’s that the application is not open source, as a big disclaimer warns on first run: + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/app-grid-prompt.png) + +### Install App Grid ### + +App Grid is available for Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, 13.10 and 14.04 LTS. It can be installed by adding the following PPA to your software sources: + + sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:appgrid/stable + sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install app grid + +Or by grabbing a .deb installer [from the project website][2]. + +- [Download App Grid Installer for Ubuntu 14.04][3] + +Give it a try and let us know what you think in the space we dutifully carved out for your opinion… +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/appgrid-ubuntu-software-centre-alternative + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2011/10/plans-for-ubuntu-software-centre-plans-in-12-04-get-discussed +[2]:https://launchpad.net/appgrid +[3]:http://ppa.launchpad.net/appgrid/stable/ubuntu/pool/main/a/appgrid/appgrid_0.1.102~trusty_all.deb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140603 How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md b/sources/tech/20140603 How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..af2a521e34 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140603 How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time +================================================================================ +Once Nginx web server is [up and running][1] in a production environment, you will want to monitor its activity in real time. In fact, general network monitoring software such as [Nagios][2], Zabbix, Munin provide support for real-time Nginx monitoring. + +However, if you do not need comprehensive reporting capabilities or long-term statistics offered by such tools, but just want a quick and easy way to monitor the requests coming to an Nginx web server, I would recommend a command line tool called [ngxtop][3]. + +You will immediately tell that ngxtop (both its name and interface) is inspired by the famous top command. What ngxtop does is to parse Nginx access log file (and others such as Apache2 log), and display analyzed results via top-like interface in real-time. You can tout your sophisticated monitoring tool all you want, but it cannot beat ngxtop's simplicity, and simplicity is not something that cannot be dismissed. + +In this tutorial, I will describe how to monitor Nginx web server in real time with ngxtop. + +### Install ngxtop on Linux ### + +First, [install pip][4] on your Linux system as a prerequisite for ngxtop. + +Then install ngxtop as follows. + + $ sudo pip install ngxtop + +### Usage of ngxtop ### + +The basic usage of ngxtop is as follows. + + ngxtop [options] + ngxtop [options] (print|top|avg|sum) + ngxtop info + +Here are some of the common options. + +- **-l **: the full path to an access log file (Nginx or Apache2) +- **-f **: access log format +- **--no-follow**: process the current log file snapshot, instead of new lines as they are written to the log file in real time +- **-t **: update interval +- **-n **: the number of lines in the display +- **-o **: ordering criteria (default: count) +- **-a ..., --a ...**: add exp (must be aggregation exp: sum, avg, min, max, etc.) into output +- **-v**: verbose output +- **-i **: only process records matched with filter + +Here are built-in variables (represented as in the above). Their meanings are self-explanatory. + +- body_bytes_send +- http_referer +- http_user_agent +- remote_addr +- remote_user +- request +- status +- time_local + +### Monitor Nginx with ngxtop ### + +By default, ngxtop will try to detect the location of Nginx access log from its config file (/etc/nginx/nginx.conf). Thus, to monitor Nginx, simply run: + + $ ngxtop + +It will display 10 requests served by Nginx, sorted by the number of requests. + +To display top-20 most frequent requests: + + $ ngxtop -n 20 + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3820/14294438196_c3996b1c4f_z.jpg) + +To get information about Nginx (including available variable info): + + $ ngxtop info + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3813/14317586785_ea6d95cbd0_z.jpg) + +If you want, you can customize the variables to display. For that, simply list variables you are interested in. "print" command will display individual requests. + + $ ngxtop print request http_user_agent remote_addr + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3808/14131056547_72f3e8524b_z.jpg) + +To display top IP addresses of clients: + + $ ngxtop top remote_addr + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3759/14130973180_1b9c436db3_z.jpg) + +To display requests whose status code is 404: + + $ ngxtop -i 'status == 404' print request status + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5482/14130935259_e4d841394f_z.jpg) + +Besides Nginx, ngxtop is capable of processing other log files, such as Apache access logs. To monitor Apache web server, use this command: + + $ tail -f /var/log/apache2/access.log | ngxtop -f common + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/monitor-nginx-web-server-command-line-real-time.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/01/compile-install-nginx-web-server.html +[2]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/monitor-common-services-nagios.html +[3]:https://github.com/lebinh/ngxtop +[4]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-pip-linux.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md b/sources/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2fbd99ab80 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md @@ -0,0 +1,375 @@ +Write your first Linux Kernel module +================================================================================ +> Ever wanted to start hacking the kernel? Don’t have a clue how to begin? Let us show you how it’s done… + +Kernel programming is often seen as a black magic. In Arthur C Clarke’s sense, it probably is. The Linux kernel is quite different from its user space: many abstractions are waived, and you have to take extra care, as a bug in you code affects the whole system. There is no easy way to do floating-point maths, the stack is fixed and small, and the code you write is always asynchronous so you need to think about the concurrency. Despite all of this though, the Linux kernel is just a very large and complex C program that is open for everyone to read, learn and improve, and you too can be a part of it. + +> “The easiest way to start kernel programming +> is to write a module – a piece of code that +> can be dynamically loaded into the kernel.“ + +Probably the easiest way to start kernel programming is to write a module – a piece of code that can be dynamically loaded into the kernel and removed from it. There are limits to what modules can do – for example, they can’t add or remove fields to common data structures like process descriptors. But in all other ways they are full-fledged kernel-level code, and they can always be compiled into the kernel (thus removing all the restrictions) if needed. It is fully possible to develop and compile a module outside the Linux source tree (this is unsurprisingly called an out-of-tree build), which is very convenient if you just want to play a bit and do not wish to submit your changes for inclusion into the mainline kernel. + +In this tutorial, we’ll develop a simple kernel module that creates a **/dev/reverse** device. A string written to this device is read back with the word order reversed (“Hello World” becomes “World Hello”). It is a popular programmer interview puzzle, and you are likely to get some bonus points when you show the ability to implement it at the kernel level as well. A word of warning before we start: a bug in your module may lead to a system crash and (unlikely, but possible) data loss. Be sure you’ve backed up all your important data before you start, or, even better, experiment in a virtual machine. + +### Avoid root if possible ### + +> By default, **/dev/reverse** is available to root only, so you’ll have to run your test programs with **sudo**. To fix this, create a **/lib/udev/rules.d/99-reverse.rules** file that contains: +> +> SUBSYSTEM=="misc", KERNEL=="reverse", MODE="0666" +> +> Don’t forget to reinsert the module. Making device nodes accessible to non-root users is generally not a good idea, but it is quite useful during development. This is not to mention that running test binaries as root is not a good idea either. + +#### A module’s anatomy #### + +As most of the Linux kernel modules are written in C (apart from low-level architecture-specific parts), it is recommended that you keep your module in a single file (say, reverse.c). We’ve put the full source code on GitHub – and here we’ll look at some snippets of it. To begin, let’s include some common headers and describe the module using predefined macros: + + #include + #include + #include + + MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); + MODULE_AUTHOR("Valentine Sinitsyn "); + MODULE_DESCRIPTION("In-kernel phrase reverser"); + +Everything is straightforward here, except for **MODULE_LICENSE()**: it is not a mere marker. The kernel strongly favours GPL-compatible code, so if you set the licence to something non GPL-compatible (say, “Proprietary”), certain kernel functions will not be available to your module. + +### When not to write a kernel module ### + +> Kernel programming is fun, but writing (and especially debugging) kernel code in a real-world project requires certain skills. In general, you should descend to the kernel level only if there is no other way to solve your problem. Chances are you can stay in the userspace if: +> +> - You develop a USB driver – have a look at [libusb][1]. +> - You develop a filesystem – try [FUSE][2]. +> - You are extending Netfilter – [libnetfilter_queue][3] may help you then. +> +> Generally, native kernel code will perform better, but for many projects this performance loss isn’t crucial. + +Since kernel programming is always asynchronous, there is no **main()** function that Linux executes sequentially to run your module. Instead, you provide callbacks for various events, like this: + + static int __init reverse_init(void) + { + printk(KERN_INFO "reverse device has been registered\n"); + return 0; + } + + static void __exit reverse_exit(void) + { + printk(KERN_INFO "reverse device has been unregistered\n"); + } + + module_init(reverse_init); + module_exit(reverse_exit); + +Here, we define functions to be called on the module’s insertion and removal. Only the first one is required. For now, they simply print a message to the kernel ring buffer (accessible from the userspace via the **dmesg** command); **KERN_INFO** is a log level (note there is no comma). **__init** and **__exit** are attributes – the pieces of metadata attached to functions (or variables). Attributes are rarely seen in userspace C code but are pretty common in the kernel. Everything marked with **__init** is recycled after the initialisation (remember the old “Freeing unused kernel memory…” message?). **__exit** denotes functions that are safe to optimise out when the code is built statically into the kernel. Finally, the **module_init()** and **module_exit()** macros set **reverse_init()** and **reverse_exit()** functions as lifecycle callbacks for our module. The actual function names aren’t important; you can call them **init()** and **exit()** or **start()** and **stop()**, if you wish. They are declared static and hence invisible outside your module. In fact, any function in the kernel is invisible unless explicitly exported. However, prefixing your functions with a module name is a common convention among kernel programmers. + +These are bare bones – let’s make things more interesting. Modules can accept parameters, like this: + + # modprobe foo bar=1 + +The **modinfo** command displays all parameters accepted by the module, and these are also available under **/sys/module//parameters** as files. Our module will need a buffer to store phrases – let’s make its size user-configurable. Add the following three lines just below **MODULE_DESCRIPTION()**: + + static unsigned long buffer_size = 8192; + module_param(buffer_size, ulong, (S_IRUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)); + MODULE_PARM_DESC(buffer_size, "Internal buffer size"); + +Here, we define a variable to store the value, wrap it into a parameter, and make it readable by everyone via sysfs. The parameter’s description (the last line) appears in the modinfo’s output. + +As the user can set **buffer_size** directly, we need to sanitise it in **reverse_init()**. You should always check the data that comes outside the kernel – if you don’t, you are opening yourself to kernel panics or even security holes. + + static int __init reverse_init() + { + if (!buffer_size) + return -1; + printk(KERN_INFO + "reverse device has been registered, buffer size is %lu bytes\n", + buffer_size); + return 0; + } + +Non-zero return value from a module init function indicates a failure. + +### Navigation ### + +> The Linux kernel is the ultimate source for everything you may need when developing modules. However, it’s quite big, and you may have trouble trying to find what you are after. Luckily, there are tools that make it easier to navigate large codebases. First of all, there is Cscope – a venerable tool that runs in a terminal. Simply run **make cscope && cscope** in the kernel sources top-level directory. Cscope integrates well with Vim and Emacs, so you can use it without leaving the comfort of your favorite editor. +> +> If terminal-based tools aren’t your cup of tea, visit [http://lxr.free-electrons.com][4]. It is a web-based kernel navigation tool with not quite as many features as Cscope (for example, you can’t easily find usages for the function), but it still provides enough for the quick lookups. + +Now it’s time to compile the module. You will need the headers for the kernel version you are running (**linux-headers** or equivalent package) and **build-essential** (or analogous). Next, it’s time to create a boilerplate Makefile: + + obj-m += reverse.o + all: + make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules + clean: + make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean + +Now, call **make** to build your first module. If you typed everything correctly, you will find **reverse.ko** in the current directory. Insert it with **sudo insmod reverse.ko**, and run: + + $ dmesg | tail -1 + [ 5905.042081] reverse device has been registered, buffer size is 8192 bytes + +Congratulations! However, for now this line is telling lies – there is no device node yet. Let’s fix it. + +#### Miscellaneous devices #### + +In Linux, there is a special character device type called “miscellaneous” (or simply “misc”). It is designed for small device drivers with a single entry point, and is exactly what we need. All misc devices share the same major number (10), so the one driver (**drivers/char/misc.c**) can look after all of them, and they are distinguished by their minor numbers. In all other senses, they are just normal character devices. + +To register a minor number (and an entry point) for the device, you declare **struct misc_device**, fill its fields (note the syntax), and call **misc_register()** with a pointer to this structure. For this to work, you will also need to include the **linux/miscdevice.h** header file: + + static struct miscdevice reverse_misc_device = { + .minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR, + .name = "reverse", + .fops = &reverse_fops + }; + static int __init reverse_init() + { + ... + misc_register(&reverse_misc_device); + printk(KERN_INFO ... + } + +Here, we request a first available (dynamic) minor number for the device named “reverse”; th ellipsis indicates omitted code that we’ve already seen. Don’t forget to unregister the device on the module’s teardown: + + static void __exit reverse_exit(void) + { + misc_deregister(&reverse_misc_device); + ... + } + +The ‘fops’ field stores a pointer to a struct **file_operations** (declared in linux/fs.h), and this is the entry point for our module. **reverse_fops** is defined as: + + static struct file_operations reverse_fops = { + .owner = THIS_MODULE, + .open = reverse_open, + ... + .llseek = noop_llseek + }; + +Again, **reverse_fops** contains a set of callbacks (also known as methods) to be executed when userspace code opens a device, reads from it, writes to it or closes the file descriptor. If you omit any of these, a sensible fallback will be used instead. That’s why we explicitly set the **llseek** method to **noop_llseek()**, which (as the name implies) does nothing. The default implementation changes a file pointer, and we don’t want our device to be seekable now (this will be your home assignment for today). + +#### I open at the close #### + +Let’s implement the methods. We’ll allocate a new buffer for each file descriptor opened, and free it on close. This is not really safe: if a userspace application leaks descriptors (perhaps intentionally), it may hog the RAM, and render the system unusable. You should always think about these possibilities in the real world, but for the tutorial, it’s acceptable. + +We’ll need a structure to describe the buffer. The kernel provides many generic data structures: linked lists (which are double-linked), hash tables, trees and so on. However, buffers are usually implemented from scratch. We will call ours “struct buffer”: + + struct buffer { + char *data, *end, *read_ptr; + unsigned long size; + }; + +**data** is a pointer to the string this buffer stores, and end is the first byte after the string end. **read_ptr** is where **read()** should start reading the data from. The buffer size is stored for the completeness – for now, we don’t use this field. You shouldn’t assume the users of your structure will correctly initialise all of these, so it is better to encapsulate buffer allocation and deallocation in functions. They are usually named **buffer_alloc()** and **buffer_free()**. + + static struct buffer *buffer_alloc(unsigned long size) + { + struct buffer *buf; + buf = kzalloc(sizeof(*buf), GFP_KERNEL); + if (unlikely(!buf)) + goto out; + ... + out: + return buf; + } + +Kernel memory is allocated with **kmalloc()** and freed with **kfree()**; the **kzalloc()** flavour sets the memory to all-zeroes. Unlike standard **malloc()**, its kernel counterpart receives flags specifying the type of memory requested in the second argument. Here, **GFP_KERNEL** means we need a normal kernel memory (not in DMA or high-memory zones) and the function can sleep (reschedule the process) if needed. **sizeof(*buf)** is a common way to get the size of a structure accessible via pointer. + +You should always check **kmalloc()**’s return value: dereferencing NULL pointer will result in kernel panic. Also note the use of **unlikely()** macro. It (and the opposite **likely()** macro) is widely used in the kernel to signify that the condition is almost always true (or false). It doesn’t affect control flow, but helps modern processors to boost performance with branch prediction. + +Finally, note the **gotos**. They are often considered evil, however, the Linux kernel (and some other system software) employs them to implement centralised function exiting. This results in less deeply nested and more readable code, and is much like the **try-ctach** blocks used in higher-level languages. + +With **buffer_alloc()** and **buffer_free()** in place, the implementation of the **open** and **close** methods becomes pretty straightforward. + + static int reverse_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) + { + int err = 0; + file->private_data = buffer_alloc(buffer_size); + ... + return err; + } + +**struct file** is a standard kernel data structure that stores information about an opened file, like current file position (**file->f_pos**), flags (**file->f_flags**), or open mode (**file->f_mode**). Another field, **file->private_data** is used to associate the file with some arbitrary data. Its type is void *, and it is opaque to the kernel outside the file’s owner. We store a buffer there. + +If the buffer allocation fails, we indicate this to the calling user space code by returning negative value (**-ENOMEM**). A C library doing **open(2)** system call (probably, **glibc**) will detect this and set **errno** appropriately. + +#### Learn to read and write #### + +“Read” and “write” methods are where the real job is done. When data is written to a buffer, we drop its previous contents and reverse the phrase in-place, without any temporary storage. The **read** method simply copies the data from the kernel buffer into the userspace. But what should the **reverse_read()** method do if there is no data in the buffer yet? In userspace, the **read()** call would block until the data is available. In the kernel, you must wait. Luckily, there is a mechanism for this, and it is called ‘wait queues’. + +The idea is simple. If a current process needs to wait for some event, its descriptor (a **struct task_struct** stored as ‘current’) is put into non-runnable (sleeping) state and added to a queue. Then **schedule()** is called to select another process to run. A code that generates the event uses the queue to wake up the waiters by putting them back to the **TASK_RUNNING** state. The scheduler will select one of them somewhere in the future. Linux has several non-runnable process states, most notably **TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE** (a sleep that can be interrupted with a signal) and **TASK_KILLABLE** (a sleeping process that can be killed). All of this should be handled correctly, and wait queues do this for you. + +A natural place to store our read wait queue head is struct buffer, so start with adding **wait_queue_head_t read_queue** field to it. You should also include **linux/sched.h**. A wait queue can be declared statically with DECLARE_WAITQUEUE() macro. In our case, dynamic initialisation is needed, so add this line to **buffer_alloc()**: + + init_waitqueue_head(&buf->read_queue); + +We wait for the data to be available; or for **read_ptr != end** condition to become true. We also want the wait to be interruptible (say, by Ctrl+C). So the “read” method should start like this: + + static ssize_t reverse_read(struct file *file, char __user * out, + size_t size, loff_t * off) + { + struct buffer *buf = file->private_data; + ssize_t result; + while (buf->read_ptr == buf->end) { + if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) { + result = -EAGAIN; + goto out; + } + if (wait_event_interruptible + (buf->read_queue, buf->read_ptr != buf->end)) { + result = -ERESTARTSYS; + goto out; + } + } + ... + +We loop until the data is available and use **wait_event_interruptible()** (it’s a macro, not a function, that’s why the queue is passed by value) to wait if it isn’t. If **wait_event_interruptible()** is, well, interrupted, it returns a non-zero value, which we translate to **-ERESTARTSYS**. This code means the system call should be restarted. **file->f_flags** check accounts for files opened in non-blocking mode: if there is no data, we return **-EAGAIN**. + +We can’t use **if()** instead of **while()**, since there can be many processes waiting for the data. When the **write** method awakes them, the scheduler chooses the one to run in an unpredictable way, so by the time this code is given a chance to execute, the buffer can be empty again. Now we need to copy the data from **buf->data** to the userspace. The **copy_to_user()** kernel function does just that: + + size = min(size, (size_t) (buf->end - buf->read_ptr)); + if (copy_to_user(out, buf->read_ptr, size)) { + result = -EFAULT; + goto out; + } + +The call can fail if the user space pointer is wrong; if this happen, we return **-EFAULT**. Remember not to trust anything coming outside the kernel! + + buf->read_ptr += size; + result = size; + out: + return result; + } + +Simple arithmetic is needed so the data can be read in arbitrary chunks. The method returns the number of bytes read or an error code. + +The write method is simpler and shorter. First, we check that the buffer have enough space, then we use the **copy_from_userspace()** function to get the data. Then **read_ptr** and end pointers are reset and the buffer contents are reversed: + + buf->end = buf->data + size; + buf->read_ptr = buf->data; + if (buf->end > buf->data) + reverse_phrase(buf->data, buf->end - 1); + +Here, **reverse_phrase()** does all heavy lifting. It relies on the **reverse_word()** function, which is quite short and marked inline. This is another common optimisation; however, you shouldn’t overuse it, since aggressive inlining makes the kernel image unnecessarily large. + +Finally, we need to wake up processes waiting for the data at **read_queue**, as described earlier. **wake_up_interruptible()** does just that: + + wake_up_interruptible(&buf->read_queue); + +Phew! You now have a kernel module that at least compiles successfully. Now it’s time to test it. + +### Debugging kernel code ### + +> Perhaps the most common debugging method in the kernel is printing. You can use plain **printk()** (presumably with **KERN_DEBUG** log level) if you wish. However, there are better ways. Use **pr_debug()** or **dev_dbg()**, if you are writing a device driver that has its own “struct device”: they support the dynamic debug (**dyndbg**) feature and can be enabled or disabled on request (see **Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt**). For pure development messages, use **pr_devel()**, which becomes a no-op unless DEBUG is defined. To enable DEBUG for our module, include: +> +> CFLAGS_reverse.o := -DDEBUG +> +> in the Makefile. After that, use **dmesg** to view debug messages generated by **pr_debug()** or **pr_devel()**. +> +> Alternatively, you can send debug messages directly to the console. To do this, either set the **console_loglevel** kernel variable to 8 or greater (**echo 8 /proc/sys/kernel/printk**) or temporarily print the debug message in question at the high log level like **KERN_ERR**. Naturally, you should remove debug statements of this kind before publishing your code. +> +> Note that kernel messages appear on the console, not in a terminal emulator window such as Xterm; that’s why you’ll find recommendations not to do kernel development in the X environment. + +### Surprise, surprise! ### + +Compile the module and load it into the kernel: + + $ make + $ sudo insmod reverse.ko buffer_size=2048 + $ lsmod + reverse 2419 0 + $ ls -l /dev/reverse + crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 10, 58 Feb 22 15:53 /dev/reverse + +Everything seems to be in place. Now, to test how the module works, we’ll write a small program that reverses its first command line argument. The **main()** function (sans error checking) may look like this: + + int fd = open("/dev/reverse", O_RDWR); + write(fd, argv[1], strlen(argv[1])); + read(fd, argv[1], strlen(argv[1])); + printf("Read: %s\n", argv[1]); + +Run it as: + + $ ./test 'A quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog' + Read: dog lazy the over jumped fox brown quick A + +It works! Play with it a little: try passing single-word or single-letter phrases, empty or non-English strings (if you have a keyboard layout set) and anything else. + +Now let’s make things a little trickier. We’ll create two processes that share the file descriptor (and hence the kernel buffer). One will continuously write strings to the device, and another will read them. The **fork(2)** system call is used in the example below, but pthreads will work as well. I also omitted the code that opens and closes the device and does the error checking (again): + + char *phrase = "A quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog"; + if (fork()) + /* Parent is the writer */ + while (1) + write(fd, phrase, len); + else + /* child is the reader */ + while (1) { + read(fd, buf, len); + printf("Read: %s\n", buf); + } + +What do you expect this program to output? Below is what I’ve got on my laptop: + + Read: dog lazy the over jumped fox brown quick A + Read: A kcicq brown fox jumped over the lazy dog + Read: A kciuq nworb xor jumped fox brown quick A + Read: A kciuq nworb xor jumped fox brown quick A + ... + +What’s going on here? It’s a race. We thought **read** and **write** were atomic, or executed one instruction at a time from the beginning till the end. However the kernel is a concurrent beast, and it can easily reschedule the process running the kernel-mode part of the **write** operation somewhere inside the **reverse_phrase()** function. If the process that does **read()** is scheduled before the writer is given a chance to finish, it will see the data in an inconsistent state. Such bugs are really hard to debug. But how to fix it? + +Basically, we need to ensure that no **read** method can be executed until the write method returns. If you ever programmed a multi-threaded application, you’ve probably seen synchronisation primitives (locks) like mutexes or semaphores. Linux has them as well, but there are nuances. Kernel code can run in the process context (working “on behalf” of the userspace code, as our methods do) and in the interrupt context (for example, in an IRQ handler). If you are in the process context and a lock you need has already been taken, you simply sleep and retry until you succeed. You can’t sleep in the interrupt context, so the code spins in a loop until the lock become available. The corresponding primitive is called a spinlock, but in our case, a simple mutex – an object that only one process can “hold” at the given time – is sufficient. A real-world code may also use a read-write semaphore, for performance reasons. + +Locks always protect some data (in our case, a “struct buffer” instance), and it is very common to embed them in a structure they are protecting. So we add a mutex (‘struct mutex lock’) into the “struct buffer”. We must also initialise the mutex with **mutex_init()**; **buffer_alloc()** is a good place for this. The code that uses mutexes must also include **linux/mutex.h**. + +A mutex is much like a traffic light – it’s useless unless drivers look at it and follow the signals. So we need to update **reverse_read()** and **reverse_write()** to acquire the mutex before doing anything to the buffer and release it when they are done. Let’s have a look at the **read** method – **write** works just the same way: + + static ssize_t reverse_read(struct file *file, char __user * out, + size_t size, loff_t * off) + { + struct buffer *buf = file->private_data; + ssize_t result; + if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&buf->lock)) { + result = -ERESTARTSYS; + goto out; + } + +We acquire the lock at the very beginning of the function. **mutex_lock_interruptible()** either grabs the mutex and returns or puts the process to sleep until the mutex is available. As before, the **_interruptible** suffix means the sleep can be interrupted with a signal. + + while (buf->read_ptr == buf->end) { + mutex_unlock(&buf->lock); + /* ... wait_event_interruptible() here ... */ + if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&buf->lock)) { + result = -ERESTARTSYS; + goto out; + } + } + +Below is our “wait for the data” loop. You should never sleep when holding a mutex, or a situation called a “deadlock” may occur. So, if there is no data, we release the mutex and call **wait_event_interruptible()**. When it returns, we reacquire the mutex and continue as usual: + + if (copy_to_user(out, buf->read_ptr, size)) { + result = -EFAULT; + goto out_unlock; + } + ... + out_unlock: + mutex_unlock(&buf->lock); + out: + return result; + +Finally, the mutex is unlocked when the function ends or if an error occurs while the mutex is being held. Recompile the module (don’t forget to reload it) and run the second test again. You should see no corrupted data now. + +### What’s next? ### + +Now you have a taste of kernel hacking. We’ve just scratched the surface of the topic, and there is much more to see. Our first module was intentionally simple, however the concepts you learned will stay the same in more complex scenarios as well. Concurrency, method tables, registering callbacks, putting processes to sleep and waking them up are things that every kernel hacker should be comfortable with, and now you’ve seen all of them in action. Maybe your kernel code will end up in the mainline Linux source tree some day – drop us a line if this happens! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/be-a-kernel-hacker/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.libusb.org/ +[2]:http://fuse.sf.net/ +[3]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/be-a-kernel-hacker/www.netfilter.org/projects/libnetfilter_queue +[4]:http://lxr.free-electrons.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 7b201944650aab89531aad7725f5a84a859ba34c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Oolong Tea Date: Tue, 3 Jun 2014 19:00:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 102/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B9=8C=E9=BE=99=E8=8C=B6=20back?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ndation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md b/sources/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md index 05a680a10c..08da1002ad 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md +++ b/sources/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +乌龙茶 占坑 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org ================================================================================ ![](http://www.muktware.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Linux_Foundation_logo-360x109.png) @@ -24,4 +25,4 @@ via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/06/linux-foundation-donate-portion-membership- 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [1]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2014/06/linux-foundations-biannual-membership-drive-kicks-portion-dues -[2]:https://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/join/individual \ No newline at end of file +[2]:https://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/join/individual From f9ad50576f749eab4345e96b3a71a3687ef3263b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 00:34:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 103/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AStart=20Prac?= =?UTF-8?q?tising=20Linux=20ip=20command=20and=20Avoid=20the=20Habit=20of?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Using=20ifconfig?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @KayGuoWhu 明天发布~ --- ...d and Avoid the Habit of Using ifconfig.md | 25 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Start Practising Linux ip command and Avoid the Habit of Using ifconfig.md (76%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Start Practising Linux ip command and Avoid the Habit of Using ifconfig.md b/published/Start Practising Linux ip command and Avoid the Habit of Using ifconfig.md similarity index 76% rename from translated/tech/Start Practising Linux ip command and Avoid the Habit of Using ifconfig.md rename to published/Start Practising Linux ip command and Avoid the Habit of Using ifconfig.md index e748fbd29e..9394ecd351 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Start Practising Linux ip command and Avoid the Habit of Using ifconfig.md +++ b/published/Start Practising Linux ip command and Avoid the Habit of Using ifconfig.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -开始练习Linux的ip命令，避免使用ifconfig的习惯 +试试Linux下的ip命令，ifconfig已经过时了 ================================================================================ -linux的**ip**命令和**ifconfig**类似，但前者功能更强大，并旨在取代后者。使用ip命令，只需一个命令，你就能很轻松地执行一些网络管理任务。ifconfig是网络工具中已被废弃使用的一个命令，许多年前就已经没有维护了。许多命令的功能被保留在iproute2套件里以提供更多特性。 +linux的**ip**命令和**ifconfig**类似，但前者功能更强大，并旨在取代后者。使用ip命令，只需一个命令，你就能很轻松地执行一些网络管理任务。ifconfig是net-tools中已被废弃使用的一个命令，许多年前就已经没有维护了。iproute2套件里提供了许多增强功能的命令，ip命令即是其中之一。 ![Net tools vs Iproute2](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Linux-Nettools-vs-Iproute2.png) -要安装ip，请下载**iproute2套装工具** [点击这里][1]。不过，大多数Linux发行版已经预装了iproute2工具。 +要安装ip，请[点击这里][1]下载**iproute2套装工具** 。不过，大多数Linux发行版已经预装了iproute2工具。 -你也可以使用git命令来下载源代码： +你也可以使用git命令来下载最新源代码来编译： $ git clone https://kernel.googlesource.com/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/shemminger/iproute2.git @@ -34,15 +34,15 @@ linux的**ip**命令和**ifconfig**类似，但前者功能更强大，并旨在 ### 列出路由表条目 ### -ip路由对象的命令还可以帮助你查看网络中的路由数据包并设置你的路由表。第一个条目是默认的路由条目，你可以随意改动它。 +ip命令的路由对象的参数还可以帮助你查看网络中的路由数据，并设置你的路由表。第一个条目是默认的路由条目，你可以随意改动它。 -在这个例子中，有一些路由条目。这个结果显示有几个设备通过不同的网络接口连接起来。它们包括WIFI、以太网和一个点对点连接。 +在这个例子中，有几个路由条目。这个结果显示有几个设备通过不同的网络接口连接起来。它们包括WIFI、以太网和一个点对点连接。 $ ip route show ![ip route show](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ip-route-show.png) -假设现在你有一个IP地址，你需要知道路由包从哪里来。可以使用下面的路由选项： +假设现在你有一个IP地址，你需要知道路由包从哪里来。可以使用下面的路由选项（译注：列出了路由所使用的接口等）： $ ip route get 10.42.0.47 @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ ip路由对象的命令还可以帮助你查看网络中的路由数据包并设 ![ip statistics all interfaces](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ip-statistics-all-interfaces.png) -当你需要获取一个特定网络接口的信息时，在网络接口名字后面添加选项**ls**即可。多次添加选项**-s**会给你这个特定接口更详细的信息。特别是在网络连接中排除故障时，这会非常有用。 +当你需要获取一个特定网络接口的信息时，在网络接口名字后面添加选项**ls**即可。使用多个选项**-s**会给你这个特定接口更详细的信息。特别是在排除网络连接故障时，这会非常有用。 $ ip -s -s link ls p2p1 @@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ ip路由对象的命令还可以帮助你查看网络中的路由数据包并设 ![ip neighbour](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ip-neighbour.png) -### 监控网络连接消息 ### +### 监控netlink消息 ### -也可以使用ip命令查看网络连接消息。monitor选项允许你查看网络设备的状态。比如，所在局域网的一台电脑根据它的状态可以被分类成REACHABLE或者STALE。使用下面的命令： +也可以使用ip命令查看netlink消息。monitor选项允许你查看网络设备的状态。比如，所在局域网的一台电脑根据它的状态可以被分类成REACHABLE或者STALE。使用下面的命令： $ ip monitor all @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ ip路由对象的命令还可以帮助你查看网络中的路由数据包并设 你可以使用ip命令的up和down选项来激某个特定的接口，就像ifconfig的用法一样。 -在这个例子中，当ppp0接口被激活和在它被停止和再次激活之后，你可以看到相应的路由表条目。这个接口可能是wlan0或者eth0.将ppp0更改为你可用的任意接口即可。 +在这个例子中，当ppp0接口被激活和在它被停止和再次激活之后，你可以看到相应的路由表条目。这个接口可能是wlan0或者eth0。将ppp0更改为你可用的任意接口即可。 $ sudo ip link set ppp0 down @@ -109,11 +109,12 @@ ip路由对象的命令还可以帮助你查看网络中的路由数据包并设 ### 小结 ### 对于网络管理员们和所有的Linux使用者们，ip命令是必备工具。是时候抛弃ifconfig命令了，特别是当你写脚本时。 + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/use-ip-command-linux/ -译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 6af88652db4bcf5f74c35241baf0d54a350052d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 00:41:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 104/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=BD=92=E6=A1=A3=20201405?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... 'Interview Questions and Answers' on Linux Shell Scripting.md | 0 .../16 commands to check hardware information on Linux.md | 0 .../20140507 Ubuntu Users Will No Longer Have a Cinnamon PPA.md | 0 .../20140527 Apache Tomcat 7.0.54 Now Available for Download.md | 0 published/{ => 201405}/20140528 Install Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md | 0 ...40528 Ubuntu on Surface Pro 3--not smooth yet but promising.md | 0 ...OME Online Accounts 3.13.2 Adds Support for Photos and Maps.md | 0 .../5 Pointers To Supercharge Your Raspberry Pi Projects.md | 0 .../5 Ways To Check If Linux OS is 32 bit or 64 Bit.md | 0 ...o Vs. Raspberry Pi--Which Is The Right DIY Platform For You.md | 0 published/{ => 201405}/Atom Is Now Open Source.md | 0 .../Aura-Powered Google Chrome Now Available on Linux.md | 0 ...ock Theater Now Rules the Steam for Linux Best-Selling List.md | 0 published/{ => 201405}/Best Icon Themes For Ubuntu 14.04.md | 0 .../{ => 201405}/Best Photo Applications For Ubuntu Linux.md | 0 ... A Raspberry Pi VPN Part One--How And Why To Build A Server.md | 0 ...aspberry Pi VPN Part Two--Creating An Encrypted Client Side.md | 0 .../Canonical's Ubuntu 14.04 focuses on the long haul.md | 0 ...e software quality outpaces proprietary code for first time.md | 0 .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – Identify Folders By Colors In Ubuntu.md | 0 .../Daily Ubuntu Tips – Install NetBeans IDE 8.0 In Ubuntu.md | 0 ... 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open DNS resolver.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to close an open DNS resolver.md rename to published/201405/How to close an open DNS resolver.md diff --git a/published/How to customize your Ubuntu desktop in 6 steps.md b/published/201405/How to customize your Ubuntu desktop in 6 steps.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to customize your Ubuntu desktop in 6 steps.md rename to published/201405/How to customize your Ubuntu desktop in 6 steps.md diff --git a/published/How to manage your music library from the command line on Linux.md b/published/201405/How to manage your music library from the command line on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to manage your music library from the command line on Linux.md rename to published/201405/How to manage your music library from the command line on Linux.md diff --git a/published/How to monitor a Linux server and desktop remotely from web browser.md b/published/201405/How to monitor a Linux 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b/published/201405/Smallest OS for Raspberry Pi, piCore 5.3, Returns with Linux Kernel 3.14.4.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Smallest OS for Raspberry Pi, piCore 5.3, Returns with Linux Kernel 3.14.4.md rename to published/201405/Smallest OS for Raspberry Pi, piCore 5.3, Returns with Linux Kernel 3.14.4.md diff --git a/published/The Linux Foundation Delivers Complete 2014 Event Schedule.md b/published/201405/The Linux Foundation Delivers Complete 2014 Event Schedule.md similarity index 100% rename from published/The Linux Foundation Delivers Complete 2014 Event Schedule.md rename to published/201405/The Linux Foundation Delivers Complete 2014 Event Schedule.md diff --git a/published/The Linux Software Store Conundrum.md b/published/201405/The Linux Software Store Conundrum.md similarity index 100% rename from published/The Linux Software Store Conundrum.md rename to published/201405/The Linux Software Store Conundrum.md diff --git a/published/The New Open Source StuntRally 2.3 Racing Game Looks Great.md b/published/201405/The New Open Source StuntRally 2.3 Racing Game Looks Great.md similarity index 100% rename from published/The New Open Source StuntRally 2.3 Racing Game Looks Great.md rename to published/201405/The New Open Source StuntRally 2.3 Racing Game Looks Great.md diff --git a/published/The Top 8 Open Source NoSQL Databases In Java.md b/published/201405/The Top 8 Open Source NoSQL Databases In Java.md similarity index 100% rename from published/The Top 8 Open Source NoSQL Databases In Java.md rename to published/201405/The Top 8 Open Source NoSQL Databases In Java.md diff --git a/published/Torvalds Is Unconvinced By LTO'ing A Linux Kernel.md b/published/201405/Torvalds Is Unconvinced By LTO'ing A Linux Kernel.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Torvalds Is Unconvinced By LTO'ing A Linux Kernel.md rename to published/201405/Torvalds Is Unconvinced By LTO'ing A Linux Kernel.md diff --git a/published/Turn Ubuntu and Debian Jessie into Windows 7 and Windows 8 with WinAte Theme Pack.md b/published/201405/Turn Ubuntu and Debian Jessie into Windows 7 and Windows 8 with WinAte Theme Pack.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Turn Ubuntu and Debian Jessie into Windows 7 and Windows 8 with WinAte Theme Pack.md rename to published/201405/Turn Ubuntu and Debian Jessie into Windows 7 and Windows 8 with WinAte Theme Pack.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Major Application Updates.md b/published/201405/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Major Application Updates.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Major Application Updates.md rename to published/201405/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Major Application Updates.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu 14.04 Server Brings Virtualization, Automation, Storage Updates.md b/published/201405/Ubuntu 14.04 Server Brings Virtualization, Automation, Storage Updates.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu 14.04 Server Brings Virtualization, Automation, Storage 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to Be Called Utopic Unicorn.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu 14.10 to Be Called Utopic Unicorn.md rename to published/201405/Ubuntu 14.10 to Be Called Utopic Unicorn.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu AIO DVD Puts All Ubuntu 14.04 Flavors In One Disk.md b/published/201405/Ubuntu AIO DVD Puts All Ubuntu 14.04 Flavors In One Disk.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu AIO DVD Puts All Ubuntu 14.04 Flavors In One Disk.md rename to published/201405/Ubuntu AIO DVD Puts All Ubuntu 14.04 Flavors In One Disk.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu After Install--Automate the Installation of all popular softwares On Ubuntu 14.04 or 13.10 or 13.04 or 12.10 or 12.04.md b/published/201405/Ubuntu After Install--Automate the Installation of all popular softwares On Ubuntu 14.04 or 13.10 or 13.04 or 12.10 or 12.04.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu After Install--Automate the Installation of all popular softwares On Ubuntu 14.04 or 13.10 or 13.04 or 12.10 or 12.04.md rename to published/201405/Ubuntu After Install--Automate the Installation of all popular softwares On Ubuntu 14.04 or 13.10 or 13.04 or 12.10 or 12.04.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu Developers Propose a New Flavor Based Only on Unity 8.md b/published/201405/Ubuntu Developers Propose a New Flavor Based Only on Unity 8.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu Developers Propose a New Flavor Based Only on Unity 8.md rename to published/201405/Ubuntu Developers Propose a New Flavor Based Only on Unity 8.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu Devs Propose Creating Separate ‘Unity 8 Desktop’ Flavor to Aid Development.md b/published/201405/Ubuntu Devs Propose Creating Separate ‘Unity 8 Desktop’ Flavor to Aid Development.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu Devs Propose Creating Separate ‘Unity 8 Desktop’ Flavor to Aid Development.md rename to published/201405/Ubuntu Devs Propose Creating Separate ‘Unity 8 Desktop’ Flavor to Aid Development.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu Fixes Security Flaw in 14.04 LTS Lock Screen.md b/published/201405/Ubuntu Fixes Security Flaw in 14.04 LTS Lock Screen.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu Fixes Security Flaw in 14.04 LTS Lock Screen.md rename to published/201405/Ubuntu Fixes Security Flaw in 14.04 LTS Lock Screen.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu Is Now Running on World's Fastest Supercomputer.md b/published/201405/Ubuntu Is Now Running on World's Fastest Supercomputer.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu Is Now Running on World's Fastest Supercomputer.md rename to published/201405/Ubuntu Is Now Running on World's Fastest Supercomputer.md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu Touch and Android Dual Boot Installation.md b/published/201405/Ubuntu Touch and Android Dual Boot Installation.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu Touch and Android Dual Boot Installation.md rename to published/201405/Ubuntu Touch and Android Dual Boot Installation.md diff --git a/published/Webmin 1.690 Arrives with Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Optimization.md b/published/201405/Webmin 1.690 Arrives with Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Optimization.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Webmin 1.690 Arrives with Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Optimization.md rename to published/201405/Webmin 1.690 Arrives with Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Optimization.md diff --git a/published/What Options you use for Linux killall Command -- I have 5 Options.md b/published/201405/What Options you use for Linux killall Command -- I have 5 Options.md similarity index 100% rename from published/What Options you use for Linux killall Command -- I have 5 Options.md rename to published/201405/What Options you use for Linux killall Command -- I have 5 Options.md diff --git a/published/Xperience UI Concept Could Be the Most Beautiful Linux Desktop.md b/published/201405/Xperience UI Concept Could Be the Most Beautiful Linux Desktop.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Xperience UI Concept Could Be the Most Beautiful Linux Desktop.md rename to published/201405/Xperience UI Concept Could Be the Most Beautiful Linux Desktop.md From 53acde39b9ebbdaaa8fa55ec773ce80702c47624 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 00:54:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 105/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ATurn=20Off?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Bluetooth=20By=20Default=20In=20Ubuntu=2014.04=20[Quick=20Ti?= =?UTF-8?q?p]?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @alim0x --- ...ff Bluetooth By Default In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Turn Off Bluetooth By Default In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md (75%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Turn Off Bluetooth By Default In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md b/published/Turn Off Bluetooth By Default In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md similarity index 75% rename from translated/tech/Turn Off Bluetooth By Default In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md rename to published/Turn Off Bluetooth By Default In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md index a2b828550a..133ce762ed 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Turn Off Bluetooth By Default In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md +++ b/published/Turn Off Bluetooth By Default In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -在Ubuntu 14.04中默认关闭蓝牙[快速秘诀] +如何在Ubuntu 14.04中默认关闭蓝牙 ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Bluetooth_Ubuntu.jpeg) @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ ### 在Ubuntu 14.04中默认关闭蓝牙： ### -打开一个终端并使用以下命令来安装[gksu][2]（如果你还没有安装它的话）。 +打开一个终端并使用以下命令来安装[gksu][2]（如果你还没有安装它的话）（译注：如果你已经有了gksu，那么可以使用它；如果还没有，也不想安装，那你使用sudo一样可以）。 sudo apt-get install gksu @@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ gksu是用来在以root权限运行程序时输入密码的程序。当你已经 这一小部分只是对我们做了什么进行简短的解释。您并不一定要阅读完这一部分。您可以直接跳到评论部分留下您的建议和感谢 :) -rc.local文件是用来记录在系统启动的时候运行的各种shell命令的。这些命令是用户定义的。在一个干净的安装中，rc.local文件中没有任何命令。我们做的就是在这里面加入命令 **rfkill block bluetooth**。[rfkill][3]是一个用来查询各种开关，按钮和底层系统接口状态的工具。我们在rc.local中使用这个命令来在每次启动的时候软关闭（译注：与其对应的是硬关闭，指通过硬件开关来关闭）蓝牙。我希望这些能把原理解释的清楚一点。 +rc.local文件是用来记录在系统启动的时候运行的各种shell命令的。这些命令是用户定义的。在一个新的安装中，rc.local文件中没有任何命令。我们做的就是在这里面加入命令 **rfkill block bluetooth**。[rfkill][3]是一个用来查询各种开关，按钮和底层系统接口状态的工具。我们在rc.local中使用这个命令来在每次启动的时候软关闭（译注：与其对应的是硬关闭，指通过硬件开关来关闭）蓝牙。我希望这些能把原理解释的清楚一点。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://itsfoss.com/turn-off-bluetooth-by-default-in-ubuntu-14-04/ -译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 02e3676cbb49b4ca46da863af201fe1616afafab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jiajia <1534574360@qq.com> Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 08:42:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 106/713] Update and rename sources/talk/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md to translated/talk/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md --- ...ult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md | 57 ------------------- ...ult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md | 57 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md diff --git a/sources/talk/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md b/sources/talk/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9779aeba3d..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,57 +0,0 @@ -[小冰在此] -Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying—Thankfully -================================================================================ -Roy Rubin, co-founder of the popular [Magento][1] open-source project, [announced this week][2] he is bowing out of the project he helped launch back in 2008. - -![](url("http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/richardstallman_0.jpg")) - -It's not the first time the leader of an open-source project has stepped away from her project, but it's remarkable by its response: Relative silence. - -It's not because Rubin wasn't critical to Magento. He was. For six years, Rubin was the soul of Magento. But open source has grown up, and it's increasingly shedding its cult of personality. While no one wishes Linux founder Linus Torvalds gets hit by a bus, we're to the point that we, [like Linus][3], "won't care." - -But it wasn't always this way. - -### Worshipping The Benevolent Dictator ### - -Successful open-source projects have long been associated with strong leaders, and for good reason. Influencing a vibrant community of individually-minded developers can be the equivalent of herding cats. While differences of opinion on the direction a particular open-source project can turn into a parting of ways (and code, called a "fork"), more often than not a "benevolent dictator for life," or project leader, will step in, exert leadership and keep the community together. - -The term "benevolent dictator for life" (BDFL) [may have started with Guido von Rossum][4], the former Python development lead. It has since been applied to Linus Torvalds, the creator of Linux, as well as Mark Shuttleworth, Ubuntu's lead, among others. Sometimes two leaders on a project share the title, as did Adrian Holovaty and Jacob Kaplan-Moss for [Django][5]. - -At their peak, the departure of any one of these leads would have wreaked havoc on the fortunes of the project, given how closely identified the projects were with these strong leaders. Over time, however, this has changed. The Django BDFLs [moved on to other projects][6], and Django kept chugging along. Ditto Python, Lucene (Doug Cutting), JBoss (Marc Fleury) and many other projects. - -While open source communities still rally around strong leaders, we don't seem to be as dependent on them as we once were. Open source's "cult of personality" faded, and perhaps has died altogether. But what happened? - -### Apache And The Rise Of Community ### - -Well, community did, for starters. I realize I'm making a somewhat subjective assertion here, but over the roughly 15 years I've been involved in open source, I've seen a gradual shift away from tightly-controlled free software projects to more loosely joined open-source communities, often with significant corporate interest. - -While it's not clear whether the open, BSD/Apache-style licensing "chicken" came before the corporate open source interest "egg," the two together have definitely changed how open source operates. - -This includes the need for a BDFL. For example, and while it's not a project, it's hard to imagine Free GNU without Richard Stallman. By contrast, it's pretty easy to imagine Apache Hadoop without... wait, who is in charge of Hadoop, anyway? - -The answer? Everyone. Or [many][7], rather. It started with Doug Cutting, but it has since grown to become a community of companies and individuals (but mostly companies that employ those individuals) working together. - -The same is true of OpenStack, which has a [host of companies involved][8]. If any particular OpenStack developer were to leave, the OpenStack show would go on. And it has thus far. The same is true of an increasing number of open-source projects. - -### A BDFL-Free Future? ### - -This isn't to suggest that leaders aren't needed in open source. They are. But as more open-source projects become communities of corporations, the risk of a BDFL leaving diminishes. Frankly, even if companies aren't heavily involved, projects with an Apache license may not be as dependent on a BDFL, anyway. - -Photo of Richard Stallman [courtesy of Friprog on Flickr][9] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://readwrite.com/2014/05/02/open-source-magento-roy-rubin-bdfl#feed=/hack&awesm=~oDgSTEdnXAjUv0 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://magento.com/ -[2]:http://magento.com/blog/magento-news/note-roy-and-mark#.U2JhPK1dVii -[3]:http://www.serverwatch.com/server-news/if-linus-torvalds-got-hit-by-a-bus-would-linux-die.html -[4]:http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=235725 -[5]:https://www.djangoproject.com/ -[6]:http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/01/on-the-reign-of-benevolent-dictators-for-life-in-software/283139/ -[7]:http://hadoop.apache.org/who.html -[8]:http://activity.openstack.org/dash/releases/ -[9]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/friprog/ diff --git a/translated/talk/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md b/translated/talk/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5e6cdf2813 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +谢天谢地，开源软件中的个人崇拜正在消亡！ +================================================================================ +Roy Rubin这位流行的电子商务开源项目[Magento][1]的联合创始人，从这一2008年启动的项目中功成身退后在[这周说出了][2]上面这样的话语。 + +![](url("http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/richardstallman_0.jpg")) + +这已经不是第一次一个开源项目的领导者出走项目了，但值得注意的是对于它的回应是：相对的沉默。 + +但是开源软件一直在成长，它一直在削弱个人对其的影响。当然没人希望linux的创始人Linus Torvalds不小心被车撞了，在这点上我们是[爱他][3]的，但是另外一方面其实我们并不太在意。 + + +But it wasn't always this way. + +### 崇拜仁慈的独裁者！ ### + +在好的一面，成功的开源项目一直以来都和伟大的领导者密不可分。对一个充满活力又有独立思想的一个开发团体施加影响，必定是众口难调的事情。在一个专门的开源项目当中不同的观点会产生各种不同的方法途径（在代码层上，管它叫做“分支“），通常这时候项目的领导者，一个“生活中并不仁慈的独裁者”，将会介入，施展自己的领导才能让开发人员团结在一起。 + +“生活中仁慈的独裁者BDFL”这个词[可能第一个开始于Python项目的领导者Guido von Rossum][4]。它现在也被用到了linux的发明人Linus Torvalds身上，当然Ubuntu的领导者还有其他的人也被用到这个词上。有时候会是两个人，比如[Django][5]项目的Adrian Holovaty和Kaplan-Moss。 + +在他们这点上，他们之间的分歧会对未来的项目产生灾难性的影响，展现出这些伟大领导者与项目之间紧密的关联。但是，有时候，它会发生变化。Django的领导者[去了其他的项目][6]，但是Django依然不断前行着，Ditto Python，Lucene（领导者Doug Cutting），Jboss（领导者Marc Fleury）和其他很多的项目也是。 + +现在开源软件研发的团体依然围绕着伟大的领导者，我们看起来并不是独立的，但是我们的确是。开源软件的“个人崇拜”正在褪色，也有可能已经消亡了，但是接下来怎么办呢？ + +### Apache和开源社区的兴起 ### + +社区对于初学者来说，我意识到我在做出一些自以为是的论调，但是根据我在开源项目15年的经验来说，我观察到开源软件项目从非常严格的控制阶段缓慢的转向了松散的开源团体，他们经常是因为兴趣才互相合作的。 + +当然并不清楚是先有open BSD/Apache风格的“鸡”还是后有开源软件相互合作的“蛋”，两者之间很明显的改变了开源软件的运作模式。 + +当然还是需要“生活中仁慈的独裁者”，只是它不是一个项目比如GNU如果没有了Richard Stallman真的难以想象。相反的，很容易想象Apache Hadoop这样如果没有谁的领导，但是好像Hadoop真的没有人领导… + +如果真的要说答案的话，那就是这里每个人或者[许多人][7]。当然它由Doug Cutting启动，但是它已经发展成了一个独立并合作的团体（大多数成员在独立的公司工作）在一起工作。 + +OpenStack与之类似，[有很多的成员][8]，如果某一个Openstack的开发者离开了，Openstack依然能够继续。因此，对于一个成员正在增加的开源项目来说，这种类似是确信无疑的。 + +### 一个“仁慈独裁者”并不存在的未来吗？ ### + +并不是说在以后的开源项目中不需要领导者。需要，但是越来越多的开源项目转为团体之间的合作，失去他们的风险消失了。坦白的说，即使那么多人没有深入的参入进来，如果没有Apache的授权很多项目没有了“生活中的独裁者”是根本不可能独立起来的。 + +Photo of Richard Stallman [courtesy of Friprog on Flickr][9] +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://readwrite.com/2014/05/02/open-source-magento-roy-rubin-bdfl#feed=/hack&awesm=~oDgSTEdnXAjUv0 + +译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://magento.com/ +[2]:http://magento.com/blog/magento-news/note-roy-and-mark#.U2JhPK1dVii +[3]:http://www.serverwatch.com/server-news/if-linus-torvalds-got-hit-by-a-bus-would-linux-die.html +[4]:http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=235725 +[5]:https://www.djangoproject.com/ +[6]:http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/01/on-the-reign-of-benevolent-dictators-for-life-in-software/283139/ +[7]:http://hadoop.apache.org/who.html +[8]:http://activity.openstack.org/dash/releases/ +[9]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/friprog/ From aa19060431674abd2cfa487008e0265162b0cd6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jiajia <1534574360@qq.com> Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 08:51:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 107/713] Update Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md --- ...Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md | 35 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md b/sources/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md index 8b66085b04..153807c6c1 100644 --- a/sources/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md +++ b/sources/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md @@ -1,32 +1,33 @@ -[小冰在此] -Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews -================================================================================ +回顾Redhat 7和PclinuxOS 2014.05支持者的秘密 +==================== ![](http://www.tuxmachines.org/images/redhatlogo.png) -Today in Linux news Katherine Noyes scoured Linuxdom to find "Linux Pros' top command line secrets," if there's really such a thing argues one blogger. In other news, Jesse Smith reviewed new Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Release Candidate and Jamie Watson reviewed quietly released PCLinuxOS 2014.05. +今天Katherine Noyes 宣称自己找到了“linux支持者们命令行中最大的秘密”，但是有位博主却怀疑是否真的有这种说法。其他的消息有Jesse Smith对RHEL 7候选版本和Jamie Watson对新发布的PCLinuxOS 2014.05的一些评论 +。 +Katherine Noyes写道：“没有比在安静的周末去酒吧闲聊消磨时间更好的事了，当然上周也是这样做的”。他这样的说法引起了争论，Robert Pogson却说道：“命令行的秘密？根本就没有这样的事情”。是否还有新的东西[等待着你呢][1]？ -Katherine Noyes writes, "there's nothing like a little shop talk around the bar to pass the time during a quiet week, and last week afforded a dose of that as well." It was a post at the Linux Voice that got the ball rolling but one Robert Pogson is quoted as saying, "Command-line secrets? There aren't any such things." See if there's anything new [for you there][1]. +在今天的Distrowatch杂志上，Jesse Smith尝试了一下RHEL 7桌面候选版本。在安装上，“从RHEL安装介质启动到一个图形化的系统安装界面，RHEl用了和最近发布的Fedora一样的新的Anaconda安装方式。就我个人来说新的安装方式是一种倒退”他说道。从那儿就有点让人留意，他猜测在桌面版本上那就是大家想要的吧。Smith说他希望有一种图形化的软件包管理工具因为用户只能在命令行下使用YUM源，只能标准的从库里使用。随后GNOME桌面彻底的打垮KDE桌面，有些困惑但是他非常喜欢新配置的防火墙。请看的的[详细报告][2]。 -**In today's** Distrowatch Weekly, Jesse Smith takes RHEL 7 Workstation RC for a test drive. Of the installer he said, "Booting from the RHEL media brought up a graphical system installer. RHEL uses the same new Anaconda installer Fedora has been using in recent releases. Personally, I feel as though the new installer is a step backward." From there was little remarkable, although that's what you want in a workstation I suppose. Smith said he wished there was a graphical package manager because users only have YUM at the commandline and there's only the standard fare in the default stack. Later GNOME shell kept crashing upon KDE login... puzzling but he quite liked the new firewall configuration. See his [full report][2] here. -**Over at** ZDNet.com, Jamie Watson reviewed recently released PCLinuxOS 2014.05. He said: +**在**ZDNet.com上，Jamie Watson对新发布的PCLinuxOS 2014.05发表了自己的看法。他说道： -> It is an interesting concept, as you might assume from the name it includes a lot of packages, applications and drivers which are not in the standard distribution. The really interesting bit, though, is the activity-focused virtual desktop configuration. The intention is to make using PCLinuxOS easy and fun, by providing the following desktops, each with its own specific wallpaper: -> -> Internet — browser, email, chat, IM -> Work — Office, kile, scribus -> Play — games -> Multimedia — music, video, editing and composing -> Graphics and Images — scan, edit, draw -> Administration — System management tasks +> 这是个有趣的观点，你可能从它的名字当中想到它包含了很多软件，补丁，驱动在非标准的分支中。最有趣的一点是，基于活动状态对虚拟桌面的配置。这种趋势使PCLinuxOS使用起来既有趣又简单，通过提供一下的桌面环境，个性化的图标:” +> 互联网包括：浏览器，邮件，聊天工具 +> 工作包括：office、kile、scribus +> 娱乐包括：游戏 +> 多媒体包括：音乐，视频的编辑和创作 +> 图片：浏览，编辑和创作 +> 管理包括：系统管理任务 -"PCLinuxOS still uses the same installer they have had for as long as I can remember, which was originally derived from the Mandriva/Mandrake installer," observed Watson. He said it ships with a modern kernel, up-to-date software, and well behaved desktops. [He concludes][3], " this new PCLinuxOS release is very nice." Additionally, [Watson testdrove][4] Ubuntu, Debian, and LMDE last week as well. + + +“PCLinuxOS始终使用原来的安装方式，它来自于Mandriva/Mandrake安装方式”Watson提到。它还带来了新的内核，最新的软件，和多样化互动的界面。[他总结道][3]：“这个新发布的PcLinuxOS版本很不错”。另外Watson在几周前也测试过了Ubuntu、Debian和LMDE。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://ostatic.com/blog/pros-secrets-and-red-hat-7-and-pclinuxos-2014-05-reviews -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 687a657f7baceb9e66fb041080a4973f55b40445 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jiajia <1534574360@qq.com> Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 08:51:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 108/713] Update Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md --- ...' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md | 6 ++++++ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md b/sources/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md index 153807c6c1..9d190437b8 100644 --- a/sources/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md +++ b/sources/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md @@ -12,11 +12,17 @@ Katherine Noyes写道：“没有比在安静的周末去酒吧闲聊消磨时 **在**ZDNet.com上，Jamie Watson对新发布的PCLinuxOS 2014.05发表了自己的看法。他说道： > 这是个有趣的观点，你可能从它的名字当中想到它包含了很多软件，补丁，驱动在非标准的分支中。最有趣的一点是，基于活动状态对虚拟桌面的配置。这种趋势使PCLinuxOS使用起来既有趣又简单，通过提供一下的桌面环境，个性化的图标:” + > 互联网包括：浏览器，邮件，聊天工具 + > 工作包括：office、kile、scribus + > 娱乐包括：游戏 + > 多媒体包括：音乐，视频的编辑和创作 + > 图片：浏览，编辑和创作 + > 管理包括：系统管理任务 From 19a45a328b43b11a6d14197679489cce72828d93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jiajia <1534574360@qq.com> Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 09:03:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 109/713] Update The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md --- ...e Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md | 48 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md b/sources/talk/The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md index b924d67b98..9810a8e258 100644 --- a/sources/talk/The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md +++ b/sources/talk/The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md @@ -1,55 +1,57 @@ -[小冰在此] -The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned +开源女巫狩猎归来！ ================================================================================ ![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/shutterstock-open-gate.jpg) -> The open source community has been turning on itself lately, just like the good old days. +> 开源软件社区已经做出了改变，就像之前的美好时光。 -Open source has gone soft. We used to pass the time with hangings of the ideologically impure, but of late we've had this weird obsession with sharing code and innovation. +开源软件已经变的温和了，之前我们有的那些不纯洁的想法，可是随后我们却奇怪的和别人分享自己的代码与创作。 -Fortunately, this streak of pragmatism was bound to end. In the past few weeks, we've picketed Mozilla for supporting DRM and pilloried Red Hat for competing against OpenStack rivals. The community that once spent years counting the number of free software angels that were bumped off the [Open Core][1] pin is back to eating its own. +幸运的是，这种务实主义要结束了。在过去的几周当中，我们团结在Mozilla身边支持DRM版权保护以及嘲笑Red Hat和OpenStack之间的竞争。社区那些年如数家珍的开源软件明星和[Open Core][1]产生了冲突而被反噬了. -And oh, how we missed it! +多么怀念啊。 -### Red Hat Rewinds To 2003 ### -Red Hat, arguably the poster child for open source idealism, has come under fire in the past week for—wait for it!—refusing to support its competitors. ReadWrite's Jodi Mardesich [does an excellent job uncovering][2] the accusations and Red Hat's labored defense, but ultimately, the real issue is this: +### 2003年的Red Hat ### -Red Hat doesn't want to support competitors, and its OpenStack competitors don't like that much. +Red Hat，开源软件理想主义的典范，在几周前拒绝支持它的竞争对手。Jodi Mardesich做了[非凡的工作][2]却受到了指控以及Red Hat的回击。但是真实情况是: -In what other universe would this even be news? +Red Hat不想支持它的竞争对手OpenStack -### Mozilla Becomes A Mudblood ### +在另外一边这难道算是新闻吗？ -The problem for Red Hat is that it has such a strong track record of open source idealism that it's an easy target if it looks like it's coloring outside the lines. But Mozilla, if anything, offers an even bigger target. -Mozilla, for its part, committed the cardinal sin of serving its users. The organization that recently went through a bout of self-immolation over its ousted CEO's politics has been called on the carpet for agreeing to embed DRM technology in the otherwise pure Firefox browser code so that its users can—gasp!—watch videos on the Web. +### Mozilla变成了麻瓜 ### -No, really. People want to watch videos and Mozilla prefers they watch those videos in its browser. Stop the presses! +Red Hat作为开源软件理想主义的典范代表很容易成为各种带颜色攻击的目标，Mozilla其实是更大的一个目标。 -Ever ready to make much of others' ideological failings, the Free Software Foundation [blasted Mozilla][3], expressing its "deep disappoint[ment]" in Mozilla because its "decision compromises important principles in order to alleviate misguided fears about loss of browser market share." +Mozilla承诺为用户服务的罪过，它最近进行了一场自我牺牲似的行动违背CEO的策略同意加入DRM的技术，即纯Firefox浏览器源码可以使用户观看视频。 -After all, why should Mozilla bother with such silly things as, you know, actually being useful to customers? +人们想看视频，Mozilla倾向于在它的浏览器中观看。 -Not to be outdone in the moralizing department, the [Electronic Frontier Foundation tsktsk's the decision][4], lamenting that "the last holdout for the open web has fallen." It goes on to argue that Mozilla's capitulation "changes the industry by accepting DRM" because such "repeated compromises to the needs of DRM advocates by tech company after tech company [are] transforming [the personal computer industry] into a sector that is dominated by established interests and produces locked-down devices, monitored and managed by everyone but their users." +最新消息，这一次失败，开源软件组织[批评了][3] Mozilla，深切表达了自己对于Mozilla的失望，因为这种决定妥协的态度会导致浏览器份额的降低。 -Well, maybe. Or maybe, as Mozilla chair [Mitchell Baker explains][5] without such capitulation "Firefox users would need to use another browser every time they want to watch a controlled video, and that calls into question the usefulness of Firefox as a product." +但是，Mozilla为什么要做这样的傻事呢，为了用户，你懂的。 + +说教部门不甘示弱，[电子前沿基金会感叹][4]到开放网络最后的抗争已经失败了。它对Mozilla失败的做法争论道：“接受DRM会改变这个行业”！DRM的倡导者一再妥协，一个公司又一个公司(PC行业)演变成一个行业，它通过锁定装置，监视器，接受每一个人的管理建立自己的利益关系。 + +[Mitchell Bake解释道][5]，Mozilla可能并没有投降：“Firefox用户会需要使用另外的浏览器来观看他们自己想看的视频，这让人怀疑Firfox做一一个产品是否真的有用”。 Um, yes. -### A Return To Our Ideological Roots ### +### 回到我们的思想源头 ### -However much we may want to force others to live by our absolutist ideals, the reality is that others may have different priorities. As free software gave way to open source, its more pragmatic cousin, a fixed fetish on "the one true way" to license software, also withered. +However much we may want to force others to live by our absolutist ideals, the reality is that others may have different 我们或许很专制的意图其他的东西活着，事实上他们却有着不同的优先度。免费的软件让步给开源软件，更加严格，更加固定“正确的方式”去获得授权。 -And yet, such ideological handwringing is useful, if not always convenient or pleasant. As much as I prefer the pragmatism of open source/Apache Software Foundation crowd, there's great benefit in the grating reminders of what's at stake from the more ideologically minded free software/GPL group. Software freedom actually does matter. +这种意识在目前还是有用的，但它并不总是方便和愉悦。我崇尚开源软件的实用主义，Apache软件基金会，这样有很大的好处提醒GPL组织在意识形态上的危机感。软件自由真的很重要。 + +这么多悲观的言论，我自己也感到了恐惧，希望回到一个不断会自我鞭策的免费的开软软件的组织。这使开源软件协作变少而且更难驾驭，但是会变得更有力而且关乎未来。 -As such, and despite my sarcastic tone above, I simultaneously dread and welcome a return to the constant self-flagellation of the free and open-source software communities. It makes open source less collaborative and more fractious, but it may also make it more powerful and relevant for decades to come. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://readwrite.com/2014/05/21/open-source-witch-hunt-mozilla-openstack-redhat#feed=/hack&awesm=~oEYDhxfP0Qv5hE -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From cbdd9586bd5c3dcb74d62122e9979ff1f9f71d27 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jiajia <1534574360@qq.com> Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 09:07:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 110/713] Rename sources/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md to translated/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md --- .../Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md b/translated/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md rename to translated/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md From 416945e9ef0ff279c6158aa3bf2c8a8e6ce929a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jiajia <1534574360@qq.com> Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 09:07:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 111/713] Rename sources/talk/The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md to translated/talk/The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md --- .../talk/The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/talk/The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/talk/The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md b/translated/talk/The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/talk/The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md rename to translated/talk/The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md From fbe18d38f24867869ab27c86b18bb9b76a41e46b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 09:33:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 112/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140604-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md | 39 +++ ...ual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md | 227 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 266 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md b/sources/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6a45adde59 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Command line secrets +================================================================================ +There are loads of really good reasons to use the command line. It’s the most powerful and concise method of interacting with your computer, as we show in [issue 3 of Linux Voice][1]. However, we decided to take a moment to look at some of its more obscure (and some would say pointless) uses. + +### Browsing the web ### + +Firefox and Chromium are both great browsers, but have you ever thought they’re a little too graphical? No? Well take a look at the video below where we take the elinks web browser out for a spin around hacker news. It might not be as colourful as its more famous rivals, but it manages to render most web pages. + + + +As well has having geek-chic, it can come in handy when you just need to quickly check if a web page is accessible from a computer you only have SSH access to. + +### Looking up definitions on Wikipedia ### + +Yes, we’ve already covered using the web, but the web isn’t the only way of accessing information on Wikipedia. David Leadbeater has set up a DNS server that holds extracts from Wikipedia in DNS entries. This lets you grab information using command line tools such as dig. + + + +### Watch movies ### + +Who needs Netflix or YouTube when you can watch Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope directly in your terminal by telneting into towel.blinkenlights.nl + + + +### Play games ### + +There were plenty of games for Linux before Steam came along, and many of them didn’t need any fancy graphics. NetHack, Robots and Greed are just a few examples. Here’s a peek at Moon Buggy. + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/commandline-secrets/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/issue-3-is-out/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md b/sources/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9d9141729c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md @@ -0,0 +1,227 @@ +Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS +================================================================================ +**Virtual Hosts** are used to setup more than one domain or websites using a single IP address. This is very useful if anybody wants to run multiple websites using a single IP address on single VPS. + +In this tutorial, let me show how to setup virtual hosts in Apache web server on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS. Be mindful that this tutorial is only tested On Ubuntu 14.04 32bit edition. I may not issue any assurance that this will work on all other Ubuntu lower versions and Ubuntu derivatives. + +### Scenario ### + +For this tutorial, I will be using Ubuntu 14.04 32bit LTS, and I am going to host two testing websites called “**unixmen1.local**” and “**unixmen2.local**”. My test box IP address and hostname are **192.168.1.250/24** and **server.unixmen.local** respectively. Change the virtual domain names as per your requirement. + +### Install Apache Webserver ### + +Prior to install apache server, let us update our Ubuntu server: + + sudo apt-get update + +Now, install apache web server using the following command: + + sudo apt-get install apache2 + +After installing apache server, let us test whether the webserver is working properly or not by navigating to the URL **http://ip-address/**. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Apache2-Ubuntu-Default-Page-It-works-Mozilla-Firefox_001.png) + +As you see in the above picture, apache webserver is working. + +### Setting Up Virtual Hosts ### + +#### 1. Create Virtual Directories #### + +Now, let us proceed to setup virtual hosts. As I mentioned earlier, I am going to host two virtual hosts called “**unixmen1.local**”, and “**unixmen2.local**”. + +Create a public to place the two virtual hosts data’s. + +First, let us create a directory for unixmen1.local site: + + sudo mkdir -p /var/www/unixmen1.local/public_html + +Then, create the directory for unixmen2.local site: + + sudo mkdir -p /var/www/unixmen2.local/public_html + +#### 2. Setting Up Ownership and Permissions #### + +The above directories are owned by root user now. We should change the ownership of these two directories to the regular user, instead of root user. + + sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/unixmen1.local/public_html/ + sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/unixmen2.local/public_html/ + +The “**$USER**” variable indicates the currently logged in user. + +Set the read permissions to the apache web root (/var/www) directory, so that everyone can read files from that directory. + + sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/ + +We have created the directories for holding the websites data’s and assigned the necessary permissions and ownership to them. + +#### 4. Create Sample pages for Virtual Hosts #### + +Now, we have to the sample pages to be served through the websites. First, let us create a sample page to the **unixmen1.local** virtual host. + +Create a index.html for unixmen1.local virtual host, + + sudo vi /var/www/unixmen1.local/public_html/index.html + +Add the following contents: + + + + www.unixmen1.local + + +

Welcome To Unixmen1.local website

+ + + +Save and close the file. + +Similarly, add the sample page to the second virtual host. + + sudo vi /var/www/unixmen2.local/public_html/index.html + +Add the following contents: + + + + www.unixmen2.local + + +

Welcome To Unixmen2.local website

+ + + +Save and close the file. + +#### 5. Create Virtual Host Files #### + +By default, apache comes with a default virtual host file called 000-default.conf. We will copy the **000-default.conf** file contents to our new virtual host files. + + sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/unixmen1.local.conf + sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/unixmen2.local.conf + +Make sure the virtual host files contains .conf extension at the end. + +Now, modify the unximen1.local.conf file to reflect with our new own values. + + sudo vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/unixmen1.local.conf + +Make the relevant changes that reflect to the unixmen1 site. + + + # The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname and port that + # the server uses to identify itself. This is used when creating + # redirection URLs. In the context of virtual hosts, the ServerName + # specifies what hostname must appear in the request's Host: header to + # match this virtual host. For the default virtual host (this file) this + # value is not decisive as it is used as a last resort host regardless. + # However, you must set it for any further virtual host explicitly. + #ServerName www.example.com + + ServerAdmin webmaster@unixmen1.local + ServerName unixmen1.local + ServerAlias www.unixmen1.local + DocumentRoot /var/www/unixmen1.local/public_html + + # Available loglevels: trace8, ..., trace1, debug, info, notice, warn, + # error, crit, alert, emerg. + # It is also possible to configure the loglevel for particular + # modules, e.g. + #LogLevel info ssl:warn + + ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log + CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined + + # For most configuration files from conf-available/, which are + # enabled or disabled at a global level, it is possible to + # include a line for only one particular virtual host. For example the + # following line enables the CGI configuration for this host only + # after it has been globally disabled with "a2disconf". + #Include conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf + + +Like wise, modify the second virtual host file. + + sudo vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/unixmen2.local.conf + +Make the relevant changes that reflect to the unixmen2 site. + + + # The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname and port that + # the server uses to identify itself. This is used when creating + # redirection URLs. In the context of virtual hosts, the ServerName + # specifies what hostname must appear in the request's Host: header to + # match this virtual host. For the default virtual host (this file) this + # value is not decisive as it is used as a last resort host regardless. + # However, you must set it for any further virtual host explicitly. + #ServerName www.example.com + + ServerAdmin webmaster@unixmen2.local + ServerName unixmen2.local + ServerAlias www.unixmen2.local + DocumentRoot /var/www/unixmen2.local/public_html + + # Available loglevels: trace8, ..., trace1, debug, info, notice, warn, + # error, crit, alert, emerg. + # It is also possible to configure the loglevel for particular + # modules, e.g. + #LogLevel info ssl:warn + + ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log + CustomLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/access.log combined + + # For most configuration files from conf-available/, which are + # enabled or disabled at a global level, it is possible to + # include a line for only one particular virtual host. For example the + # following line enables the CGI configuration for this host only + # after it has been globally disabled with "a2disconf". + #Include conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf + + +After modifying the virtual hosts files, disable the default virtual host (000.default.conf), and enable new virtual hosts as shown below. + + sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf + sudo a2ensite unixmen1.local.conf + sudo a2ensite unixmen2.local.conf + +Finally, restart the apache service. + + sudo service apache2 restart + +That’s it. Now, we successfully configured the apache virtual hosts on our Ubuntu server. + +Testing Virtual Hosts + +Edit file **/etc/hosts**, + + sudo vi /etc/hosts + +Add the virtual domain names one by one as shown below. + + [...] + 192.168.1.250 unixmen1.local + 192.168.1.250 unixmen2.local + +Save and close the file. + +Open up your browser and point to the URL **http://unixmen1.local** or **http://unixmen2.local**. You should see the sample pages which we created earlier. + +**Unixmen1.local Test page:** + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/www.unixmen1.local-Mozilla-Firefox_004.png) + +**Unixmen2.local Test page:** + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/www.unixmen2.local-Mozilla-Firefox_005.png) + +If you want to access these sites from your remote systems, you should add the actual domain name records in your DNS server. Hence, I don’t have any actual domain names and DNS server, I tested this only on my local system, and Its worked perfectly as I expected. + +Cheers! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/setup-virtual-hosts-apache-ubuntu-14-04-lts/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From e9a3aead851bbdf41b1dddf271d186aff8f630af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: shipsw Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 12:55:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 113/713] Update 20140603 How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md #Translating by shipsw# --- ...tor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140603 How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md b/sources/tech/20140603 How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md index af2a521e34..79fe811294 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140603 How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140603 How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +#Translating by shipsw# + How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time ================================================================================ Once Nginx web server is [up and running][1] in a production environment, you will want to monitor its activity in real time. In fact, general network monitoring software such as [Nagios][2], Zabbix, Munin provide support for real-time Nginx monitoring. @@ -100,4 +102,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/monitor-nginx-web-server-command-line-real-time. [1]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/01/compile-install-nginx-web-server.html [2]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/monitor-common-services-nagios.html [3]:https://github.com/lebinh/ngxtop -[4]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-pip-linux.html \ No newline at end of file +[4]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-pip-linux.html From d4281c34cf303681b19f174af6b2a572f15aab99 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 13:21:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 114/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...40527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md b/translated/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md index 9460794af4..4a5dae2874 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md +++ b/translated/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ CNprober 翻译完成 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -via: http://www.linuxfederation.com/complete-historical-timeline-linux-evolution/ +via: http://www.linuxfederation.com/complete-historical-timeline-linux-evolution/ 译者：[love\\_daisy\\_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) @@ -136,4 +136,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxfederation.com/complete-historical-timeline-linux-evolution [11]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Source_Development_Labs [12]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Standards_Group [13]:http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/11/wheres-my-gphone.html -[14]:http://www.android.com/ \ No newline at end of file +[14]:http://www.android.com/ From b7957b6806b1061a8965903104de4d98976dd0b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 15:05:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 115/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md | 40 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 19 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md b/translated/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md index 4a5dae2874..bd37ef57fd 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md +++ b/translated/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md @@ -1,44 +1,42 @@ -CNprober 翻译完成 - 一份完整的Linux发展年表 ================================================================================ ![](http://www.linuxfederation.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/linux-evolution.jpg) -我们周围到处都有Linux的身影，家，公司，大学，实验室，太空空间站。但是过去它不像现在一样是计算机发展的中坚力量，它只是开始于一个芬兰大学生的业余爱好。现在的Linux已经从一个业余爱好发展成了一场计算机革命。在这篇文章里，我们向你展示最完整的Linux23年发展的历史年表。 +我们周围到处都有Linux的身影，在家中、公司里、大学、实验室，太空空间站。但是过去它不像现在一样是计算机发展的中坚力量，它只是开始于一个芬兰大学生的个人爱好。现在的Linux已经从一个个人爱好发展成了一场计算机革命。在这篇文章里，我们向你展示最完整的Linux23年发展的历史年表。 ### 1991 ### -**8月25号** : 21岁的芬兰学生Linus Benedict Torvalds 在comp.os.minix 新闻组上宣布了它正在写一个免费的操作系统。 +**8月25号** : 21岁的芬兰学生Linus Benedict Torvalds 在comp.os.minix 新闻组上宣布了它正在编写一个免费的操作系统。 **9月1号** : Linux 0.01在网上发布。 ### 1992 ### -**1月5号** : Linux [v0.12 release][1] 版本的内核重新以GUN GPL的协议发布。原来的许可证是禁止任何商业用途的。通过这次协议变更，发布和出售修改或者未修改版的Linux变成可能，只要你将这些拷贝和完整的相应的源代码也以相同的GPL许可证发布。在后来的一次[采访][2]中,Linus对许可证的更改说了这样一句话（让Linux遵守GPL绝对是我干过的最正确的事）： +**1月5号** : Linux [v0.12 release][1] 版本的内核重新以GUN GPL的协议发布。原来的许可证是禁止任何商业用途的。通过这次协议变更，发布和出售修改或未修改版的Linux成为了可能，只要你将这些复制版本以相同的GPL许可证发布，并且有相对应完整的源代码。在后来的一次[采访][2]中,Linus对许可证的更改说了这样一句话（让Linux遵守GPL绝对是我干过的最正确的事）： " Making Linux GPL’d was definitely the best thing I ever did." -**1月29号** : Andrew S. Tanenbaum向comp.os.minix邮件列表发送了一封名为[LINUX is obsolete][3]的邮件。这次被一些人认为是跑题的网络口水战的争论总的来说是关于Linux和内核架构的。Tanenbaum争辩说宏内核比微内核更加高级，所以Linux是过时的。 +**1月29号** : Andrew S. Tanenbaum向comp.os.minix邮件列表发送了一封名为[LINUX is obsolete][3]的邮件。总的来说，这次被一些人升级为“战火”的争论是关于Linux和内核架构的。Tanenbaum争辩说宏内核比微内核更加高级，所以Linux是过时的。 **4月5号** : 第一个Linux新闻组，comp.os.linux由Ari Lemmke提议和开通。 -**5月21号** : Peter MacDonald 发布第一个独立的Linux安装包。可以通过软盘安装，包括比较前沿的TCP-IP网络支持和X Window视窗系统。它建议至少预留10M的磁盘空间来安装。 +**5月21号** : Peter MacDonald 发布第一个独立的Linux安装包SLS。可以通过软盘安装，包括比较前沿的TCP-IP网络支持和X Window视窗系统。建议至少预留10M的磁盘空间来安装。 ### 1993 ### **6月17号** : Slackware Linux由Patrick Volkerding发布。[Slackware][4]被认为是第一个取得广泛成功的Linux发行版，而且它现在还在使用。 -**8月16号** : Ian Murdock（Debian中的'ian'）发布了第一个Debian Linux的发行版。Debian是最有影响力的Linux发行版，是MEPIS，Mint，Ubuntu和很多其他发行版的鼻祖。 +**8月16号** : Ian Murdock（Debian中的'ian'）发布了第一个Debian Linux的发行版。Debian是最有影响力的Linux发行版，是MEPIS，Mint，Ubuntu和很多其它发行版的鼻祖。 -**8月19号** : Matt Welsh写的《Linux Installation and Getting Started》第1版出版，这是第一本关于Linux的书。 +**8月19号** : Matt Welsh写的《Linux Installation and Getting Started》第1版出版，这是第一本关于Linux的书籍。 ### 1994 ### -**3月14号** : [Linux内核V1.0][5]发布。它支持基于i386单处理器的计算机系统。这3年来，内核代码增长到了176,250行。 +**3月14号** : [Linux内核V1.0][5]发布。它支持基于i386单处理器的计算机系统。这3年来，内核代码库已经增长到了176,250行。 **3月26号** : 第一期《Linux Journal》杂志发行。这一期杂志的特点是记录了一次对Linus Torvalds的采访和一些Phil Hughes, Robert “Bob” Young, Michael K. Johnson, Arnold Robbins, Matt Welsh, Ian A写的文章。 -**8月15号** : Willian R. Della Croce, Jr. 申请了“Linux”商标，9月进行了注册。Della Croce在不知道Linux社区财政窘迫的前提下，向煊赫的“Linux公司”写了一封信，要求他们为“Linux”商标使用支付费用。这次风波以将商标转让给代表所有请愿者和Linux使用者的Linus Torvalds而告终，时间是1997年。 +**8月15号** : Willian R. Della Croce, Jr. 申请了“Linux”商标，9月进行了注册。Della Croce在不知道Linux社区财政窘迫的前提下，向煊赫的“Linux公司”写了一封信，要求他们为“Linux”商标使用支付费用。直到1997年，这次风波以将商标转让给代表所有请愿者和Linux使用者的Linus Torvalds而告终。 **11月3号** : Red Hat的共同创始人Marc Ewing宣布可以以49.95美元的零售价格获得Red Hat Software Linux的CD-ROM和30天的安装支持。2012年Red Hat成为[第一家10亿美元的开源公司][6]。 @@ -48,22 +46,22 @@ CNprober 翻译完成 ### 1996 ### -**5月9号** : 在最初Alan Cox的提议和Linus Torvalds的细化下，Larry Ewing1996年创造了现在看到的这个叫做Tux的吉祥物。选定企鹅作为Linux吉祥物的主意来自Linus Torvalds，他说自己被一只企鹅轻轻的咬了一口之后就具有了企鹅的特征。（这是要变成企鹅侠吗？估计是原作者调皮了？--译注） +**5月9号** : 最初由Alan Cox提议，之后又经Linus Torvalds改良，Larry Ewing在1996年创造了现在看到的这只叫做Tux的吉祥物。选定企鹅作为Linux吉祥物的主意来自Linus Torvalds，他说自己被一只企鹅轻轻地咬了一口之后就具有了企鹅的特征。（这是要变成企鹅侠吗？估计是原作者调皮了？--译注） -**6月9号** : [Linux内核V2.0][7]发布。相比更早的版本这是一个意义重大的提升，这是第一个在单系统中支持多处理器的稳定内核版本，也支持更多的处理器类型。Linux从此以后成了很多公司一个郑重选择的对象。你可以阅读1996年8月在Linux Journal上发布的[回顾Linux V2.0][8]文章了解更多的关于这方面的提升。 +**6月9号** : [Linux内核V2.0][7]发布。相比更早的版本这是一次意义重大的提升，这是第一个在单系统中支持多处理器的稳定内核版本，也支持更多的处理器类型。Linux从此以后成了很多公司一个郑重选择的对象。你可以阅读1996年8月在Linux Journal上发布的[回顾Linux V2.0][8]来了解更多相关的提升。 **10月14号** : 1996年Mattias Ettrich发起了KDE项目，因为他深受Unix桌面系统下应用程序的不一致之苦。(在此之前Unix和Linux都没有一个统一的桌面系统，编写桌面软件非常复杂--译注) ### 1997 ### -**1月9号** : 第一个“Linux病毒”Bliss被发现了。Bliss不危害系统的安全，他依赖于人们用特权干蠢事来感染系统，然后提醒用户只安装从可靠站点下载的可以验证数字签名的软件，并且安装之前一定要先验证签名(很多地方把这个算作第2个Linux病毒，因为之前还有一个更加“绿色”的病毒--译注)。 +**1月9号** : 第一个“Linux病毒”Bliss被发现了。Bliss不危害系统的安全，它依赖于人们用特权干蠢事来感染系统，然后提醒用户只安装从可靠站点下载的可以验证数字签名的软件，并且安装之前一定要先验证签名(很多地方把这个算作第2个Linux病毒，因为之前还有一个更加“绿色”的病毒--译注)。 “事实上，在Linux上写一个病毒可能会更加的简单，因为Linux是开源的，所有的源代码都是可以获取的。所以，随着Linux变得更加通用和流行的时候，我们将看到更多的Linux病毒。”--来自McAfee的畅想。 ### 1998 ### **5月1号** : Google搜索引擎面世。它不仅仅是世界上最好的搜索引擎之一，更是基于Linux的，它的特征是有一个Linux的搜索页面。 -**12月4号** : 一份来自IDC的报告称1998年Linux的出货量至少上升了200%，市场占有率上升至少150%。Linux的市场占有率为17%，并且以一个其他操作系统无法企及的速度增长着。 +**12月4号** : 一份来自IDC的报告称1998年Linux的出货量至少上升了200%，市场占有率上升至少150%。Linux的市场占有率为17%，并且以其它任何操作系统无法企及的速度增长着。 ### 1999 ### @@ -73,7 +71,7 @@ CNprober 翻译完成 ### 2000 ### -**2月4号** : 最新的IDC报告表明Linux现在排在“最受欢迎的服务器操作系统的第2位”，1999年服务器系统销售量占总量的25%。Windows NT38%位列第1，NetWare19%排在第3位。 +**2月4号** : 最新的IDC报告表明Linux现在排在“最受欢迎的服务器操作系统的第2位”，1999年服务器系统销售量占总量的25%。Windows NT以38%位列第1，NetWare以19%排在第3位。 **3月11号** : 摩托罗拉公司宣布发行HA Linux。这个发行版专注于通信应用领域，对系统不关机连续运行时间要求非常高。它还包括了热交换能力和支持i386和PowerPC架构。 @@ -87,11 +85,11 @@ CNprober 翻译完成 ### 2003 ### -**3月6号** : SCO Group公司宣布他们正在发起对IBM高达10亿美元的诉讼，他们声称IBM把SCO的商业机密整合到了Linux中。之后SCO公司发起了一系列的法律诉讼案，这威胁到了很多计算机行业的巨头包括惠普，微软，Novell，Silicon Graphics，Sun Microsystems和RedHat。这次案件在Novell公司的支持下于2010年3月30号判决完。(著名的SCO-Linux争议，SCO声称拥有System V的部分源码所有权，IBM将这部分源码整合到Linux中侵犯了SCO著作权。最后联邦法院裁定Novell才是Unix商标的合法拥有者。--译注) +**3月6号** : SCO Group公司宣布他们正在发起对IBM高达10亿美元的诉讼，他们声称IBM把SCO的商业机密整合到了Linux中。之后SCO公司发起了一系列的法律诉讼案，这威胁到了很多计算机行业的巨头包括惠普，微软，Novell，Silicon Graphics，Sun Microsystems和RedHat。这次案件在Novell公司的支持下于2010年3月30号判决完毕。(著名的SCO-Linux争议，SCO声称拥有System V的部分源码所有权，IBM将这部分源码整合到Linux中侵犯了SCO著作权。最后联邦法院裁定Novell才是Unix商标的合法拥有者。--译注) ### 2004 ### -**10月20号** : [Ubuntu][10]以一个不同寻常的版本号4.10和怪异的版本代号“Warty Warthog”（长满疙瘩的非洲疣猪）进入大家的生活。用这个版本号是因为发布日期是2004年10月。Ubuntu的开发由Cannonical Ltd公司主导，公司的创始人是Mark Shuttleworth（就是那个不到30岁的亿万富翁，钱多的不知道怎么花，只能烧钱上太空的游一圈的人--译注）。 +**10月20号** : [Ubuntu][10]以一个不同寻常的版本号4.10和怪异的版本代号“Warty Warthog”（长满疙瘩的非洲疣猪）进入大家的生活。用这个版本号是因为发布日期是2004年10月。Ubuntu的开发由Cannonical Ltd公司主导，公司的创始人是Mark Shuttleworth（就是那个不到30岁的亿万富翁，钱多的不知道怎么花，只能烧钱上太空的游一圈的人--译注）。虽然不是内核的主要贡献者，然而对于Linux台式机和笔记本电脑的采用，Ubuntu扮演着一个重要的角色。 ### 2007 ### @@ -99,7 +97,7 @@ CNprober 翻译完成 **8月8号** : 2007年Linux基金会由[开源发展实验室(OSDL)][11]和[自由标准组织(FSG)][12]联合成立。这个基金会目的是赞助Linux创始人Linus的工作。基金会得到了主要的Linux和开源公司，包括富士通，HP，IBM，Intel，NEC，Oracle，Qualcomm，三星和来自世界各地的开发者的支持。 -**11月5号** : 与之前大家推测的发布Gphone不同，[Google宣布][13]组建开放手机联盟(Open Handset Alliance)和发布[Android][14]，这个被称为“第一个真正开放的综合移动设备平台”。 +**11月5号** : 与之前大家推测的发布Gphone不同，[Google宣布][13]组建开放手机联盟(Open Handset Alliance)和发布[Android][14]，它被称为“第一个真正开放的综合移动设备平台”。 ### 2009 ### @@ -107,7 +105,7 @@ CNprober 翻译完成 ### 2011 ### -**5月11号** : 2011年Google I/O大会发布了Chrombook。这是一款运行着所谓的云操作系统Chrome OS的笔记本。Chome OS也是基于Linux内核的。 +**5月11号** : 2011年Google I/O大会发布了Chrombook。这是一款运行着所谓云操作系统Chrome OS的笔记本。Chome OS是基于Linux内核的。 **6月21号** : Linus Torvalds 发布了Linux3.0版本。 @@ -119,7 +117,7 @@ CNprober 翻译完成 via: http://www.linuxfederation.com/complete-historical-timeline-linux-evolution/ -译者：[love\\_daisy\\_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[love\\_daisy\\_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e2674620e803e8f9d499f1f9eb41e1cccf217afe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 15:19:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 116/713] Translating by John --- sources/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md b/sources/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md index 6a45adde59..01aab5b310 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by john... Command line secrets ================================================================================ There are loads of really good reasons to use the command line. It’s the most powerful and concise method of interacting with your computer, as we show in [issue 3 of Linux Voice][1]. However, we decided to take a moment to look at some of its more obscure (and some would say pointless) uses. From 285aa8995ae31e9ada04d50e891dfab9829a1717 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 15:26:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 117/713] Update 20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md --- ...pp Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md b/sources/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md index 6344c3d6f7..3ed7a9f35b 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GOLinux ... App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/app-grid.png) @@ -44,4 +45,4 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/appgrid-ubuntu-software-centre-alternati [1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2011/10/plans-for-ubuntu-software-centre-plans-in-12-04-get-discussed [2]:https://launchpad.net/appgrid -[3]:http://ppa.launchpad.net/appgrid/stable/ubuntu/pool/main/a/appgrid/appgrid_0.1.102~trusty_all.deb \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://ppa.launchpad.net/appgrid/stable/ubuntu/pool/main/a/appgrid/appgrid_0.1.102~trusty_all.deb From 4d82a17f4f91689d8248947d2f28571a1e95e494 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: disylee Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 17:23:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 118/713] Update 20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 不要跟我抢啦，disylee的 --- ...140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md b/sources/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md index 9d9141729c..a802bf13b3 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +disylee 占一个，不要跟我抢啦~~ Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS ================================================================================ **Virtual Hosts** are used to setup more than one domain or websites using a single IP address. This is very useful if anybody wants to run multiple websites using a single IP address on single VPS. @@ -224,4 +225,4 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/setup-virtual-hosts-apache-ubuntu-14-04-lts/ 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 394773584064bc4896e6898c2bdc811f53852b36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 18:11:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 119/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E8=A1=A8=EF=BC=9A20140527=20A?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Complete=20Historical=20Timeline=20of=20Linux=20Evolution?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @CNprober http://linux.cn/article-3148-1.html --- ... Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md | 23 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md (86%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md b/published/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md similarity index 86% rename from translated/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md rename to published/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md index bd37ef57fd..4c8cc6b7e5 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md +++ b/published/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -一份完整的Linux发展年表 +Linux发展编年表 ================================================================================ ![](http://www.linuxfederation.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/linux-evolution.jpg) -我们周围到处都有Linux的身影，在家中、公司里、大学、实验室，太空空间站。但是过去它不像现在一样是计算机发展的中坚力量，它只是开始于一个芬兰大学生的个人爱好。现在的Linux已经从一个个人爱好发展成了一场计算机革命。在这篇文章里，我们向你展示最完整的Linux23年发展的历史年表。 +[我们周围到处都有Linux的身影][0]，在家中、公司里、大学、实验室，太空空间站。但是过去它不像现在一样是计算机发展的中坚力量，它只是开始于一个芬兰大学生的个人爱好。现在的Linux已经从一个个人爱好发展成了一场计算机革命。在这篇文章里，我们向你展示最完整的Linux 23年来发展的历史年表。 ### 1991 ### @@ -12,21 +12,21 @@ ### 1992 ### -**1月5号** : Linux [v0.12 release][1] 版本的内核重新以GUN GPL的协议发布。原来的许可证是禁止任何商业用途的。通过这次协议变更，发布和出售修改或未修改版的Linux成为了可能，只要你将这些复制版本以相同的GPL许可证发布，并且有相对应完整的源代码。在后来的一次[采访][2]中,Linus对许可证的更改说了这样一句话（让Linux遵守GPL绝对是我干过的最正确的事）： +**1月5号** : Linux [v0.12 release][1] 版本的内核重新以GUN GPL的协议发布。原来的许可证是禁止任何商业用途的。通过这次协议变更，发布和出售修改或未修改版的Linux成为了可能，只要你将这些复制版本以相同的GPL许可证发布，并且有相对应完整的源代码。在后来的一次[采访][2]中，Linus对这次许可证的更改说了这样一句话（让Linux遵守GPL绝对是我干过的最正确的事）： - " Making Linux GPL’d was definitely the best thing I ever did." + " Making Linux GPL'd was definitely the best thing I ever did." **1月29号** : Andrew S. Tanenbaum向comp.os.minix邮件列表发送了一封名为[LINUX is obsolete][3]的邮件。总的来说，这次被一些人升级为“战火”的争论是关于Linux和内核架构的。Tanenbaum争辩说宏内核比微内核更加高级，所以Linux是过时的。 **4月5号** : 第一个Linux新闻组，comp.os.linux由Ari Lemmke提议和开通。 -**5月21号** : Peter MacDonald 发布第一个独立的Linux安装包SLS。可以通过软盘安装，包括比较前沿的TCP-IP网络支持和X Window视窗系统。建议至少预留10M的磁盘空间来安装。 +**5月21号** : Peter MacDonald 发布第一个独立的Linux安装包SLS。可以通过软盘安装，包括比较前沿的TCP-IP网络支持和X Window系统。建议至少预留10M的磁盘空间来安装。 ### 1993 ### **6月17号** : Slackware Linux由Patrick Volkerding发布。[Slackware][4]被认为是第一个取得广泛成功的Linux发行版，而且它现在还在使用。 -**8月16号** : Ian Murdock（Debian中的'ian'）发布了第一个Debian Linux的发行版。Debian是最有影响力的Linux发行版，是MEPIS，Mint，Ubuntu和很多其它发行版的鼻祖。 +**8月16号** : Ian Murdock（Debian中的'ian'）发布了第一个Debian Linux的发行版。Debian是最有影响力的Linux发行版之一，是MEPIS，Mint，Ubuntu和很多其它发行版的鼻祖。 **8月19号** : Matt Welsh写的《Linux Installation and Getting Started》第1版出版，这是第一本关于Linux的书籍。 @@ -34,15 +34,15 @@ **3月14号** : [Linux内核V1.0][5]发布。它支持基于i386单处理器的计算机系统。这3年来，内核代码库已经增长到了176,250行。 -**3月26号** : 第一期《Linux Journal》杂志发行。这一期杂志的特点是记录了一次对Linus Torvalds的采访和一些Phil Hughes, Robert “Bob” Young, Michael K. Johnson, Arnold Robbins, Matt Welsh, Ian A写的文章。 +**3月26号** : 第一期《Linux Journal》杂志发行。这一期杂志的特点是发表了一篇对Linus Torvalds的采访和一些Phil Hughes, Robert “Bob” Young, Michael K. Johnson, Arnold Robbins, Matt Welsh, Ian A写的文章。 **8月15号** : Willian R. Della Croce, Jr. 申请了“Linux”商标，9月进行了注册。Della Croce在不知道Linux社区财政窘迫的前提下，向煊赫的“Linux公司”写了一封信，要求他们为“Linux”商标使用支付费用。直到1997年，这次风波以将商标转让给代表所有请愿者和Linux使用者的Linus Torvalds而告终。 -**11月3号** : Red Hat的共同创始人Marc Ewing宣布可以以49.95美元的零售价格获得Red Hat Software Linux的CD-ROM和30天的安装支持。2012年Red Hat成为[第一家10亿美元的开源公司][6]。 +**11月3号** : Red Hat的共同创始人Marc Ewing宣布可以以49.95美元的零售价格获得Red Hat Software Linux的CD-ROM和30天的安装支持。2012年Red Hat成为[第一家市值达10亿美元的开源公司][6]。 ### 1995 ### -**4月4号** : 开展了第一个专门针对Linux的贸易展和会议系列，名字叫Linux Expo。这成为接下来几年中，最流行和备受关注的年度Linux盛会。贸易展和会议的入场券价格是4美元。3年后，Red Hat接管了这个展会，也是主要的赞助商。 +**4月4号** : 开展了第一个专门针对Linux的贸易展和会议系列，名字叫Linux Expo。这成为接下来几年中，最流行和备受关注的年度Linux盛会。贸易展和会议的入场券价格是4美元。3年后，Red Hat接管了组织工作，同时也是主要的赞助商。 ### 1996 ### @@ -89,11 +89,11 @@ ### 2004 ### -**10月20号** : [Ubuntu][10]以一个不同寻常的版本号4.10和怪异的版本代号“Warty Warthog”（长满疙瘩的非洲疣猪）进入大家的生活。用这个版本号是因为发布日期是2004年10月。Ubuntu的开发由Cannonical Ltd公司主导，公司的创始人是Mark Shuttleworth（就是那个不到30岁的亿万富翁，钱多的不知道怎么花，只能烧钱上太空的游一圈的人--译注）。虽然不是内核的主要贡献者，然而对于Linux台式机和笔记本电脑的采用，Ubuntu扮演着一个重要的角色。 +**10月20号** : [Ubuntu][10]以一个不同寻常的版本号4.10和怪异的版本代号“Warty Warthog”（长满疙瘩的非洲疣猪）进入大家的生活。用这个版本号是因为发布日期是2004年10月。Ubuntu的开发由Cannonical Ltd公司主导，公司的创始人是Mark Shuttleworth（就是那个不到30岁的亿万富翁，钱多的不知道怎么花，只能烧钱上太空的游一圈的人--译注）。Ubuntu虽然不是内核的主要贡献者，然而对于Linux的台式机和笔记本电脑的普及，Ubuntu扮演着一个重要的角色。 ### 2007 ### -**6月6号** : 华硕在2007的台北电脑展上展出了两款“易PC”（Eee PC）：701和1001.第1批易PC预装的是Xandros Linux，这是一个基于Debian，轻量级的为适应小屏幕进行过优化的Linux发行版。 +**6月6号** : 华硕在2007的台北电脑展上展出了两款“易PC”（Eee PC）：701和1001。第1批易PC预装的是Xandros Linux，这是一个基于Debian，轻量级的为适应小屏幕进行过优化的Linux发行版。 **8月8号** : 2007年Linux基金会由[开源发展实验室(OSDL)][11]和[自由标准组织(FSG)][12]联合成立。这个基金会目的是赞助Linux创始人Linus的工作。基金会得到了主要的Linux和开源公司，包括富士通，HP，IBM，Intel，NEC，Oracle，Qualcomm，三星和来自世界各地的开发者的支持。 @@ -121,6 +121,7 @@ via: http://www.linuxfederation.com/complete-historical-timeline-linux-evolution 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 +[0]:http://linux.cn/article-2480-1.html [1]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/Historic/old-versions/RELNOTES-0.12 [2]:http://j.mp/fs-pragmatist [3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanenbaum%E2%80%93Torvalds_debate From a5f8314e3468d8e33396e1b58826a4937705a1ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Date: Wed, 4 Jun 2014 23:22:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 120/713] Translated --- .../tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md | 25 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md b/translated/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f3181779df --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +命令行的秘密 +================================================================================ +有很多使用命令行的理由.它是与你的计算机交互的最强大和简明的方法,正如我们在[issue 3 of Linux Voice][1]中展示的那样.但是,我们决定先来看一下命令行的一些隐晦的使用场景(或许有些人会觉得没有意义). +### 浏览网页 ### +Firefox和Chromium都是很好的浏览器,但是你有没有发现它们有点太图像化了?没有?看一下下面的视频,我们使用elinks web浏览器显示了与黑客相关的新闻.界面可能没有其他浏览器好看,但是它能够显示更多的web页面. + +当你只想在你通过SSH方式登录的计算机上检查一下能否上网的时候,这将是一个很便利的方法. +### 在维基百科上查找想要的信息 ### +是的,上文我们已经提到了使用Web,但是web不是查看维基百科的唯一方式.David Leadbeater已经构建了一个将维基百科DNS入口提取出来的DNS服务器.这能够让你使用想dig这样的命令行工具来抓取你想要的信息. + +### 看电影 ### +当你想要看Star Wars Episode IV时,不再需要使用Netflix或者YouTube,只要在你的终端中直接telnet towel.blinkenlights.nl就行了. + +### 玩游戏 ### +再Steam来之前Linux下就有许多游戏,并且很多都不需要图形界面比如NetHack,Robots和Greed. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/commandline-secrets/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/issue-3-is-out/ From 803b23abba75c108c5fca8c208f8c2443b0f2d16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2014 00:48:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 121/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E6=AD=A3?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...40527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/published/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md b/published/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md index 4c8cc6b7e5..82d06ca45a 100644 --- a/published/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md +++ b/published/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Linux发展编年表 " Making Linux GPL'd was definitely the best thing I ever did." -**1月29号** : Andrew S. Tanenbaum向comp.os.minix邮件列表发送了一封名为[LINUX is obsolete][3]的邮件。总的来说，这次被一些人升级为“战火”的争论是关于Linux和内核架构的。Tanenbaum争辩说宏内核比微内核更加高级，所以Linux是过时的。 +**1月29号** : Andrew S. Tanenbaum向comp.os.minix邮件列表发送了一封名为[LINUX is obsolete][3]的邮件。总的来说，这次被一些人升级为“战火”的争论是关于Linux和内核架构的。Tanenbaum争辩说微内核比宏内核更加高级，所以Linux是过时的。 **4月5号** : 第一个Linux新闻组，comp.os.linux由Ari Lemmke提议和开通。 @@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ Linux发展编年表 ### 2013 ### -**12月13号** : Valve公司发布基于Linux的StreamOS操作系统，这是一个视频游戏控制台系统。 +**12月13号** : Valve公司发布基于Linux的SteamOS操作系统，这是一个视频游戏控制台系统。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From b1dcc0ad9ff051e8663c1c2bddaa93d45ba2e617 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2014 08:35:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 122/713] Translated: 20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md --- ...rior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md | 47 ------------------- ...rior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md | 47 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md b/sources/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6344c3d6f7..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,47 +0,0 @@ -App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative -================================================================================ -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/app-grid.png) - -**There’s no denying that the Ubuntu Software Centre has made finding, installing, buying and managing applications easier.** - -Equally, there’s no denying that it’s far from being the prettiest bit of software that ships with the distro by default. - -### App Grid Ubuntu Software Centre Alternative ### - -The interface of Ubuntu’s flagship app store has changed little since its last big makeover back in 2011. Not that it has been completely ignored in the intervening time. The 12.04 development cycle saw some [work done on its boot time][1]. - -That aside, the ol’ USC is pretty much the same as it ever was: a basket of potential never checked out. - -App Grid aims to solve these shortcomings. Written from scratch, it claims to deliver better start up times, faster response times and a design that offers “no confusion, no frustration.” - -On most of these point App Grid succeeds. It opens almost instantly and clicking through the interface is, indeed, responsive. The ‘no confusion’ promise is, perhaps, a little open to debate. The app sometimes requires you to scroll horizontally, other times vertically. One also can’t help but think that the app would look markedly more professional if it dropped the ‘gridded’ background pattern, too. - -As a way to sift through the legions of apps available on Ubuntu, App Grid is a superior effort. Support for Ubuntu One purchases, ratings and reviews make it all the more useful as a replacement to Ubuntu’s default store. - -If there is any drawback it’s that the application is not open source, as a big disclaimer warns on first run: - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/app-grid-prompt.png) - -### Install App Grid ### - -App Grid is available for Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, 13.10 and 14.04 LTS. It can be installed by adding the following PPA to your software sources: - - sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:appgrid/stable - sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install app grid - -Or by grabbing a .deb installer [from the project website][2]. - -- [Download App Grid Installer for Ubuntu 14.04][3] - -Give it a try and let us know what you think in the space we dutifully carved out for your opinion… --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/appgrid-ubuntu-software-centre-alternative - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2011/10/plans-for-ubuntu-software-centre-plans-in-12-04-get-discussed -[2]:https://launchpad.net/appgrid -[3]:http://ppa.launchpad.net/appgrid/stable/ubuntu/pool/main/a/appgrid/appgrid_0.1.102~trusty_all.deb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md b/translated/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fca82a41ca --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +APP Grid:一个优秀的Ubuntu软件中心替代品 +================================================================================ +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/app-grid.png) + +**Ubuntu软件中心使得查找、安装、购买并管理应用程序更简单，这一点无可否认。** + +同样，也无可否认，它离最美的发行版默认自带软件的位置还远着呢。 + +### App Grid：Ubuntu软件中心替代品 ### + +自从2011年的彻底改造后，Ubuntu的旗舰应用商店的界面就没怎么变过。这并不是说它在此期间被完全忽略了，12.04的开发周期中可以看到[在启动时间上的工作][1]已经做了一些。 + +撇开那个不算，ol’ USC还是一如既往：一篮子的潜力还没被开发。 + +App Grid的目标时解决这些问题。从零开始，它要求更快的启动时间，更快的反应时间，而且“不感觉混乱，不让人失望”。 + +在大部分这些方面，App Grid取得了成功。它几乎可以立即打开，而在界面上点击也确实反应迅速。“不感觉混乱”这一承诺，或许有一点小小的争议。该应用有时候要你横向滚动，而另外的时候，又要你纵向滚动。也有人禁不住会想，如果这个应用能把它的网格背景样式扔了，可能看起来会显得更专业一些。 + +作为在Ubuntu上从筛选应用程序的一个方式，App Grid做出了极大的努力。它支持Ubuntu One上的订购、评级和评论，作为Ubuntu默认应用商店的替代品，它更好用。 + +如果非要说点什么缺点的话，那就是它不是一个开源的应用程序，第一次运行时会显示以下免责声明： + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/app-grid-prompt.png) + +### 安装App Grid ### + +App Grid可运行在Ubuntu 12.04 LTS，13.10以及14.04 LTS版本下。可以通过添加以下PPA软件源来安装： + + sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:appgrid/stable + sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install app grid + +或者，也可以[从项目网站][2]抓取一个.deb安装包来安装。 + +- [下载用于Ubuntu 14.04的App Grid安装包][3] + +试试吧，试过后请到我们开的空间里来发表一下你的看法吧…… +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/appgrid-ubuntu-software-centre-alternative + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2011/10/plans-for-ubuntu-software-centre-plans-in-12-04-get-discussed +[2]:https://launchpad.net/appgrid +[3]:http://ppa.launchpad.net/appgrid/stable/ubuntu/pool/main/a/appgrid/appgrid_0.1.102~trusty_all.deb \ No newline at end of file From e89b50e106258feeeff941648bf50efbbbae73b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2014 08:44:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 123/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140529=20W?= =?UTF-8?q?hat=20is=20a=20good=20terminal=20emulator=20on=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @geekpi 上午发布~ --- ...at is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md | 89 +++++++++++++++++++ ...at is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md | 89 ------------------- 2 files changed, 89 insertions(+), 89 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md delete mode 100644 translated/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md b/published/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..083965cbf8 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +Linux上有哪些好的终端模拟器? +================================================================================ +一个好的终端模拟器是一个选择Linux而不是Windows或Mac的充分理由，任何Linux的资深用户都会同意这点。通过使用shell，用户可以完成在图形环境下不可能或者太重复的任务。但是终端模拟器的选择是非常重要的，因为它会成为你使用最多的程序。我会尝试列出在Linux上好的终端模拟器的清单，从经典的到奇特的，但是它们都是有效率且独特的。 + +如果你认为还有好的终端程序在这里没有提到，请在评论区让我们知道。这里列出了许多，大多数是值得你了解一下。 + +### 1. Gnome-terminal ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3699/14100905190_478812cae2_z.jpg) + +让我们先从“经典”终端开始，对于Gnome而言，Gnome-terminal和Gnome一样经典。它支持多用户配置，标签，文本大小调整，背景转换和高度定制。如它名字暗示的那样，它适用于Gnome环境。 + +### 2. Konsole ### + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2897/14101006647_ec13565200_z.jpg) + +同样大名鼎鼎，Konsole在KDE环境下等同于Gnome-terminal。Konsole额外支持的一点是分割视图和书签目录。 + +### 3. (Xfce) terminal ### + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2928/14100857759_fa29cc968e_z.jpg) + +Xfce用户同样有他们的Xfce4终端。这个项目的目的是制造一个在外观上相似Gnome-terminal的产品，但是更少占用资源需求。它是高端定制化的，虽然没有用户配置功能或者透明背景。 + +### 4. LXTerminal ### + +[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5569/14100905020_dd2b3e830e_z.jpg)][1] + +其目标是为了成为桌面环境下的最有名的终端，LXTerminal是为LXDE环境设计的。如你所能想到的，它甚至比xfce-terminal更轻量快速，去除了复杂的自定义和高级选项，只保持了标签功能。 + +### 5. Terminator ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3726/14100980857_1591317b8a_z.jpg) + +现在让我们看看终端模拟器中的劳斯莱斯，Terminator是这些终端里面功能最完备的一款，它包括了标签、水平和垂直分割视图、截屏、用户配置、插件、布局管理。可能还有一些你永远都用不到的选项。它的缺点是太大和大量的资源消耗，这些就是你付出的代价。 + +### 6. Tilda ### + +[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5585/14284203351_2c25a33cb4_z.jpg)][2] + +这里还有一款完全不同的一款终端，它称为“下拉”式。如果你喜欢你的终端总是一键可达，也许你会喜欢下面提到的三个特点。首先，Tilda是一个典型的下拉式终端；它不依赖于环境并且非常轻量；你可以设置透明度或者甚至是不同的背景，并且选择出现在屏幕的那个边。除去这些，不要期待太复杂的功能，比如标签或者分割视图。Tilda只做一件事：在你需要的时候快速显示出来。 + +### 7. Guake ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3733/14285529772_aa824b5e39_z.jpg) + +如果喜欢Tilda的方式，而且希望与Gnome结合更紧密，你应该试试Guake。在功能方面，它多多少少与Tilda相似。两者之间最大的不同是Guake更美观。 + +### 8. Yakuake ### + +[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5274/14100857589_142fdc4153_z.jpg)][3] + +KDE用户当然也不会被遗忘，他们有Yakuake，它基本上就是KDE环境下的Guake的替代品。它和Quake功能一样，除了还有标签化接口和用户配置。 + +### 9. Terra ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3700/14307721343_0e55878bb0_z.jpg) + +对于既喜欢Terminator，也喜欢下拉式的资深用户而言，我估计Terra是最好的。介于Guake和Terminator之间，Terra在下拉式中支持分割视图和标签。 + +### 10. rxvt ### + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2916/14307721303_805fe977ce_o.png) + +如果你的目标是尽可能的轻量，并且你希望类似xterm，那么rxvt就是为你设计的。它没有标签和自定义，没有分割视图，没有任何东西，要极轻量就用rxvt。如果有时你只需要刚好够的功能，那么rxvt就是为你提供的。 + +### 11. Sakura ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3823/14287031834_d8a5ac966f_z.jpg) + +作为一款并不有名的终端模拟器，Sakura基于GTK但是并不需要完整的Gnome环境。不像rxvt，Sakura有一些额外的功能，像标签和颜色自定义，但是它尝试着保持简单和基本。因此如果你想要一款不针对特定环境的基础终端，Sakura可能是你想要的。 + +### 12. Terminology ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3706/14264408226_a0223861ae_z.jpg) + +这里面最奇异的终端是Terminology。它原本是为Enlightment设计的，它包括了目前我们看到的常规功能，并且还有我之前没有见过的功能。比如，直接在终端中播放流媒体，以及在文件列表中显示略缩图。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/good-terminal-emulator-linux.html + +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14100905020/ +[2]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14284203351/ +[3]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14100857589/ diff --git a/translated/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md b/translated/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3894816c89..0000000000 --- a/translated/talk/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,89 +0,0 @@ -Linux上有哪些好的终端模拟器? -================================================================================ -一个好的终端模拟器是一个很好的理由去选择Linux而不是Windows或者Mac。任何Linux的资深用户都会同意这点。通过访问shell，用户可以完成在图形环境下不可能或者太重复的任务。但是终端模拟器的选择是非常重要的，因为它会成为你使用最多的程序。我会尝试列出在Linux上好的终端模拟器的一份清单，从经典的到奇特的，但是它们都是有效率且原始的。 - -如果你认为存在好的终端程序在这里没有提到，请在评论区让我们知道。这里很多没有提到，大多数是值得你注意的。 - -### 1. Gnome-terminal ### - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3699/14100905190_478812cae2_z.jpg) - -让我们先从“经典”终端开始，对于Gnome而言，Gnome-terminal和Gnome一样经典。它支持不同的用户配置，标签，文本调整，背景转换，和高度的自定义。如它名字暗示的那样，它适用于Gnome环境。 - -### 2. Konsole ### - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2897/14101006647_ec13565200_z.jpg) - -同样大名鼎鼎，Konsole在KDE环境下等同于Gnome-terminal。Konsole额外支持一点是分割视图和目录书签。 - -### 3. (Xfce) terminal ### - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2928/14100857759_fa29cc968e_z.jpg) - -Xfce用户同样有他们的Xfce4终端。这个项目的目的是得到一个Gnome-terminal在外观上相似的产品，但是在资源需求上会少很多。结果是非常可自定义化，但是没有用户配置功能或者透明背景。 - -### 4. LXTerminal ### - -[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5569/14100905020_dd2b3e830e_z.jpg)][1] - -为了完成在桌面环境下的最著名终端，LXTerminal是为LXDE环境设计的。如你所想象的，它甚至比xfce-terminal更轻量快速，去除了复杂的自定义和高级选项，只保持了标签。 - -### 5. Terminator ### - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3726/14100980857_1591317b8a_z.jpg) - -现在让我们进入终端模拟器中的劳斯莱斯，Terminator是这里最完整的一款，它包括了标签、水平和垂直分割视图、屏幕捕捉、用户配置、插件、布局管理。可能还有一些你永远都不要的选项。它的缺点是大小，和大量的资源消耗。这些就是你会牺牲的东西。 - -### 6. Tilda ### - -[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5585/14284203351_2c25a33cb4_z.jpg)][2] - -这里还有一款完全不同的一款终端，它称为“下拉”式。如果你喜欢你的终端总是处于关键的行程，也许你会喜欢下面的三个软件选项。首先，Tilda是下拉式终端的缩影。它不依赖于环境并且非常轻量。你可以设置透明度或者甚至是不同的背景，接下来选中一边的屏幕会显示出来。除去这个，不要期待太复杂的比如标签或者分割视图。Tilda只做一件事：在你需要的时候快速显示出来。 - -### 7. Guake ### - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3733/14285529772_aa824b5e39_z.jpg) - -对于喜欢Tilda的概念，但是更喜欢与Gnome结合更紧密的东西，你应该试试Guake。考虑到功能，它多多少少与Tilda相似。两者之间最大的不同是Guake更美观。 - -### 8. Yakuake ### - -[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5274/14100857589_142fdc4153_z.jpg)][3] - -KDE也不会忘记的Yakuake，它通常是KDE环境下的Guake的替代品。它和Quake一样处理相同的事，除了标签化接口和用户配置。 - -### 9. Terra ### - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3700/14307721343_0e55878bb0_z.jpg) - -对于喜欢Terminator和下拉式的资深用户而言，我假设Terra是这两个世界中最好的。在Guake和Terminator之间，Terra在下拉式中支持分割视图和标签。 - -### 10. rxvt ### - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2916/14307721303_805fe977ce_o.png) - -如果你的目标是尽可能的轻量，你希望接近xterm，那么rxvt就是为你设计的。它没有标签和自定义，没有分割视图，没有任何东西，要极轻量就用rxvt。如果有时你只需要刚好够的功能，那么rxvt就是为你而生的。 - -### 11. Sakura ### - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3823/14287031834_d8a5ac966f_z.jpg) - -作为一款并不有名的终端模拟器，Sakura基于GTK但是并不需要完整的Gnome安装。不像rxvt，Sakura有一些额外的功能，像标签和颜色自定义，但是它尝试保持简单和基础。因此如果你想要一款不针对特定环境的基础终端，Sakura可能是你想要的。 - -### 12. Terminology ### - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3706/14264408226_a0223861ae_z.jpg) - -这里面最奇异的终端是Terminology。它原本是为Enlightment设计的，它提出了目前我们看到的经典功能，并且还有我之前没有见过的功能。在这之中有，直接在终端中传输流媒体，甚至是文件列表略缩图。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/good-terminal-emulator-linux.html - -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14100905020/ -[2]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14284203351/ -[3]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14100857589/ From 168c9da356a7f2e51fca7a5cae1b8c0842eda555 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2014 08:44:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 124/713] =?UTF-8?q?GO=EF=BC=8CGO=E7=9A=84=E5=9D=91?= =?UTF-8?q?=EF=BC=8C=E4=BD=A0=E4=BB=AC=E5=88=AB=E6=8A=A2=E5=93=A6=E3=80=82?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md b/sources/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md index 2fbd99ab80..da827b20f3 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +GOLinux在此蹲着，不怕臭的来抢。。。 Write your first Linux Kernel module ================================================================================ > Ever wanted to start hacking the kernel? Don’t have a clue how to begin? Let us show you how it’s done… @@ -372,4 +373,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/be-a-kernel-hacker/ [1]:http://www.libusb.org/ [2]:http://fuse.sf.net/ [3]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/be-a-kernel-hacker/www.netfilter.org/projects/libnetfilter_queue -[4]:http://lxr.free-electrons.com/ \ No newline at end of file +[4]:http://lxr.free-electrons.com/ From 79621fd2b45b111b03249274ec2f109efcd3c778 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2014 09:11:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 125/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140529=20W?= =?UTF-8?q?hy=20No=20Flash=20Support=20for=20Linux=20Is=20Good=20for=20Ope?= =?UTF-8?q?n=20Source?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @linuhap 上午发布 --- ...pport for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md | 31 +++++++++++++++++++ ...pport for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md | 31 ------------------- 2 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md delete mode 100644 translated/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md diff --git a/published/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md b/published/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aec8b27ed8 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +为什么Flash不支持Linux对开源比较好 +================================================================================ +> Linux中开源软件Chromium浏览器对Adobe Flash的支持即将结束，这实际上对Linux世界是件好事。 + +![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/05/noflash.png) + +Flash，这个无处不在的网络媒体框架，很快将不能在linux的[Chromium][1]浏览器中使用了。Chromium是开源版的[Google Chrome][2]浏览器。现在我们要为Linux世界恐慌了吗？答案是根本不用。 + +事情是这样的：Chromium对Flash支持的传统方法是通过使用最初设计用于Netscape浏览器的一个插件实现的，不过很快这个方法将[不能使用了][3]。取而代之的是，Flash支持将通过新的叫做Pepper的API而实现，这是Google为Chrome而制作的。 + +对于Linux用户，问题是Pepper只能用于Chrome，而不能用于其表兄弟Chromium。虽然在技术上可以使Pepper在Chromium上使用，但需要你比一般Linux用户拥有更多的知识才能搞定。 + +这对Linux世界来说是个坏消息，根据[一个统计数据][4]称，有近一半的Linux用户在使用Chromium。在Linux上的其他浏览器，对Flash的支持将在Flash 11.2版本结束，现在它仍然能够良好工作，但是将来可能就不能使用了。这就是说，不久，不论Chromium还是Firefox或者他们的分支或其他的开源软件，将不能可靠地显示基于Flash的内容。 + +但到目前为止，很少有人对此事感到恐慌，事实上他们确实不应该恐慌。从很多方面来说，Flash对Linux不再支持实际上是件好事，因为这将有助于加速Flash的完全消失。毕竟，就如Jim Lynch在IT World上[写的][5]，苹果iOS从没有过Flash支持，但这并没有阻碍iPads或iPhones变得的极为流行。尤其是一些技术如HTML5使得在提供网络内容时不必使用Flash。 + +这件事情里，拒绝支持一个特定的软件包，从长远来看对于Linux社区和更大范畴的IT世界更有好处。这种情况很少见，但当发生在Flash上时，Linux不支持的确是件好事。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/052814/why-no-flash-support-linux-good-open-source + +译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.chromium.org/ +[2]:https://www.google.com/intl/en-US/chrome/browser/ +[3]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#. +[4]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#. +[5]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/420319/adobe-flash-critical-future-linux \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md b/translated/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md deleted file mode 100644 index c811423c88..0000000000 --- a/translated/talk/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -为什么Flash不支持Linux对开源比较好 -================================================================================ -> Linux中开源软件Chromium浏览器对Adobe Flash的支持即将结束，这实际上对Linux世界是件好事。 - -![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/05/noflash.png) - -Flash，无处不在的网络媒体框架，很快将不能在linux的[Chromium][1]浏览器中使用,Chromium是开源版的[Google Chrome][2]浏览器。现在我们要为Linux世界恐慌了吗？答案是根本不用。 - -事情是这样的：Chromium对Flash支持的传统方法是通过使用最初设计用于Netscape浏览器的一个插件实现，很快，这个方法将[不能用][3]。Flash支持将使用新的叫做Pepper的API，这是Google为Chrome而制作的。 - -对于Linux用户，问题是Pepper只能用于Chrome，而不能用于其表兄弟Chromium。虽然在技术上可以使Pepper在Chromium上使用，但做到它需要你比一般Linux用户拥有更多的知识。 - -这对Linux世界来说是个坏消息，根据[该网站][4]可知，有近一半的Linux用户在使用Chromium。在Linux上对于其他的浏览器，Flash的支持以Flash 11.2版本结束，现在它仍然能够良好工作，但是将来可能不能够使用。这是说，不久，不论Chromium还是Firefox或者其他与他们相关的软件，可能将来还能够有效地显示基于Flash的内容。 - -但到目前为止，很少有人对此事感到恐慌，事实上他们确实不应该。从很多方面来说，Flash对Linux不再支持实际上是件好事，因为这将有助于加速Flash的完全消失。毕竟，就像Jim Lynch在IT World上[写的][5],苹果iOS从没有过Flash支持，但这并没有阻碍iPads或iPhones变得的极为流行。尤其是一些技术如HTML5使得在提供网络内容时不必使用Flash。 - -拒绝一个特定的软件包实际上对于Linux社区来说将很有利——有利于IT世界变得更普遍——从长远来看。这种情况很少见，但当发生在Flash上时，对Linux变得不支持的确是件好事。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/052814/why-no-flash-support-linux-good-open-source - -译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.chromium.org/ -[2]:https://www.google.com/intl/en-US/chrome/browser/ -[3]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#. -[4]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/browsers-will-flash-linux-into-the-future-or-drag-it-into-the-past/#. -[5]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/420319/adobe-flash-critical-future-linux \ No newline at end of file From 683d00a9ed47cfcc490e02fb071b487bf8fbc604 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2014 10:52:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 126/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md b/translated/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md index 84b104aa1d..49d1e75cc3 100644 --- a/translated/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md +++ b/translated/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md @@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ via: http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/052214/ubuntu-linux-community-manager-jono-baco [1]:http://www.jonobacon.org/ [2]:http://www.xprize.org/ [3]:http://www.jonobacon.org/2014/05/19/goodbye-canonical-hello-xprize/ -[4]:http://www.xprize.org/about/who-we-are +[4]:http://www.xprize.org/about/who-we-are [5]:http://markshuttleworth.com/ [6]:http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/ubuntu-software-store-will-your-kids-try-it [7]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/tensions-between-ubuntu-fedora-mount-over-new-website -[8]:http://thevarguy.com/var-guy/controversy-erupts-over-amazon-search-ubuntu-1210 \ No newline at end of file +[8]:http://thevarguy.com/var-guy/controversy-erupts-over-amazon-search-ubuntu-1210 From 18791dd41121209a3988eb3f7cbc06f356ea3e24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2014 11:30:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 127/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...munity Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md b/translated/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md index 49d1e75cc3..889b9f5b3a 100644 --- a/translated/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md +++ b/translated/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md @@ -2,25 +2,25 @@ Ubuntu Linux社区经理Jono Bacon离开Canonical公司 ================================================================================ ![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/05/jonobacon.jpg) -几天后，Canonical——Ubuntu Linux背后的公司，将告别其任职长久的社区经理。[Jono Bacon][1]，一直是Ubuntu世界里最熟悉的面孔，他将在[XPRIZE基金会][2]任新职。 +几天后，Canonical——Ubuntu Linux背后的公司，将告别其任职已久的社区经理。[Jono Bacon][1]，一直是 Ubuntu 业界最熟悉的面孔之一，他将在[XPRIZE基金会][2]任新职。 -Bacon于2006年加入Canonical，从[其博客可知][3]他是在决定在收到XPRIZE的录用通知后离开Canonical的，XPRIZE[自称][4]为“创新引擎”和“造福人类的催化剂”。他将会在XPRIZE就任社区主管，施展他在Ubuntu社区过去八年所获得的能力。 +Bacon于2006年加入Canonical，从[其博客可知][3]他是在收到XPRIZE的录用通知后决定离开Canonical的，XPRIZE[自称][4]为“创新引擎”和“造福人类的催化剂”。他将会在XPRIZE就任社区主管，施展他过去八年中在帮助协调Ubuntu社区方面所获得的能力。 -虽然Bacon在Canonical不是直接负责商业或者发展方面，但是他的离开对于Ubuntu和开源世界都是很重大的，在Ubuntu和开源世界里实际社区参与比行政头衔更重要。与Ubuntu的创始人和Canonical的前CEO [Mark Shuttleworth][5]一起，Bacon是自项目早期开始Ubuntu生态系统里的领军人物之一。 +虽然Bacon在Canonical不是直接负责商业或者发展方面，但是他的离开对于Ubuntu和开源界来说都是一件大事儿，在Ubuntu和开源界实际社区参与比行政头衔更重要。与Ubuntu的创始人和Canonical的前CEO [Mark Shuttleworth][5]一起，Bacon是早期Ubuntu生态系统项目的领军人物之一。 -Bacon可以说在塑造Ubuntu的很多方面比Jane Silber更有影响力。Jane Silber自2010年一直是Canonical的CEO，但是他在公共场合的出面一般是很有限的。 +Bacon可以说在塑造Ubuntu的很多方面比Jane Silber更有影响力。Jane Silber自2010年一直是Canonical的CEO，但是他在公共场合的出面一般是很少的。 -Bacon带领的团队包括Daniel Holbach，David Planella，Michael Hall，Nicholas Skaggs和Alan Pope，Alan Pope将会接手他社区领袖的工作，他说。然而，尚不清楚的是Canonical是否会填补他留的社区经理的位子。 +Bacon带领的团队包括Daniel Holbach，David Planella，Michael Hall，Nicholas Skaggs和Alan Pope。Bacon说，他们将会接手他社区领袖的工作。然而，尚不清楚的是Canonical是否会填补他留的社区经理职位。 -也许Canonical不应该。在很多方面，维持一个社区领袖与开源精神格格不入，开源精神往往庆祝的是分散的、用户驱动的社区组织。一些Ubuntu的粉丝可能会因Bacon离职的新闻而惊慌。 +也许Canonical不会。在很多方面，维持一个社区领袖与开源精神格格不入，开源精神往往赞扬的是分散的、用户主导的社区组织。一些Ubuntu的粉丝可能会因Bacon离职的新闻而感到恐慌。 -不过，Bacon帮助指导过Ubuntu社区度过一系列的危机——从Canonical尝试将Ubuntu软件中心设计为一个商店的失败，到与Fedora群体的摩擦，到关于将Amazon.com搜索特性植入到新的Ubuntu的争议。他在Ubuntu的生态系统上留下了印记，而没有他这将完全不同。 +不过，Bacon帮助指导过Ubuntu社区度过一系列的危机——从Canonical将Ubuntu软件中心设计为一个商店的失败尝试，到与Fedora群体的摩擦，到关于将Amazon.com搜索特性植入到新的Ubuntu的争议。他在Ubuntu的生态系统上留下了光辉业绩，没有他这一切将完全不同。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/052214/ubuntu-linux-community-manager-jono-bacon-leaves-canonical -译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 419c42c21a7194644e393462b549c404a5d8983e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: shipsw Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2014 12:39:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 128/713] Delete 20140603 How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 删除 --- ...rver from the command line in real time.md | 105 ------------------ 1 file changed, 105 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140603 How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140603 How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md b/sources/tech/20140603 How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md deleted file mode 100644 index 79fe811294..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140603 How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,105 +0,0 @@ -#Translating by shipsw# - -How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time -================================================================================ -Once Nginx web server is [up and running][1] in a production environment, you will want to monitor its activity in real time. In fact, general network monitoring software such as [Nagios][2], Zabbix, Munin provide support for real-time Nginx monitoring. - -However, if you do not need comprehensive reporting capabilities or long-term statistics offered by such tools, but just want a quick and easy way to monitor the requests coming to an Nginx web server, I would recommend a command line tool called [ngxtop][3]. - -You will immediately tell that ngxtop (both its name and interface) is inspired by the famous top command. What ngxtop does is to parse Nginx access log file (and others such as Apache2 log), and display analyzed results via top-like interface in real-time. You can tout your sophisticated monitoring tool all you want, but it cannot beat ngxtop's simplicity, and simplicity is not something that cannot be dismissed. - -In this tutorial, I will describe how to monitor Nginx web server in real time with ngxtop. - -### Install ngxtop on Linux ### - -First, [install pip][4] on your Linux system as a prerequisite for ngxtop. - -Then install ngxtop as follows. - - $ sudo pip install ngxtop - -### Usage of ngxtop ### - -The basic usage of ngxtop is as follows. - - ngxtop [options] - ngxtop [options] (print|top|avg|sum) - ngxtop info - -Here are some of the common options. - -- **-l **: the full path to an access log file (Nginx or Apache2) -- **-f **: access log format -- **--no-follow**: process the current log file snapshot, instead of new lines as they are written to the log file in real time -- **-t **: update interval -- **-n **: the number of lines in the display -- **-o **: ordering criteria (default: count) -- **-a ..., --a ...**: add exp (must be aggregation exp: sum, avg, min, max, etc.) into output -- **-v**: verbose output -- **-i **: only process records matched with filter - -Here are built-in variables (represented as in the above). Their meanings are self-explanatory. - -- body_bytes_send -- http_referer -- http_user_agent -- remote_addr -- remote_user -- request -- status -- time_local - -### Monitor Nginx with ngxtop ### - -By default, ngxtop will try to detect the location of Nginx access log from its config file (/etc/nginx/nginx.conf). Thus, to monitor Nginx, simply run: - - $ ngxtop - -It will display 10 requests served by Nginx, sorted by the number of requests. - -To display top-20 most frequent requests: - - $ ngxtop -n 20 - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3820/14294438196_c3996b1c4f_z.jpg) - -To get information about Nginx (including available variable info): - - $ ngxtop info - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3813/14317586785_ea6d95cbd0_z.jpg) - -If you want, you can customize the variables to display. For that, simply list variables you are interested in. "print" command will display individual requests. - - $ ngxtop print request http_user_agent remote_addr - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3808/14131056547_72f3e8524b_z.jpg) - -To display top IP addresses of clients: - - $ ngxtop top remote_addr - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3759/14130973180_1b9c436db3_z.jpg) - -To display requests whose status code is 404: - - $ ngxtop -i 'status == 404' print request status - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5482/14130935259_e4d841394f_z.jpg) - -Besides Nginx, ngxtop is capable of processing other log files, such as Apache access logs. To monitor Apache web server, use this command: - - $ tail -f /var/log/apache2/access.log | ngxtop -f common - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/monitor-nginx-web-server-command-line-real-time.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/01/compile-install-nginx-web-server.html -[2]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/monitor-common-services-nagios.html -[3]:https://github.com/lebinh/ngxtop -[4]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-pip-linux.html From 219624eb8b7330cc120d401cf106f2a445b2220a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: shipsw Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2014 12:40:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 129/713] Create How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完毕 --- ...rver from the command line in real time.md | 105 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 105 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md diff --git a/translated/tech/How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md b/translated/tech/How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6d82634165 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +如何使用命令行实时监控 Nginx 网站服务器 +================================================================================ +Nginx网站服务器在生产环境中[运行][1]的时候需要进行实时监控。实际上，诸如[Nagios][2], Zabbix, Munin 的网络监控软件是支持 Nginx 监控的。 + +如果你不需要以上软件提供的综合性报告或者长期数据统计功能，只是需要一种快速简便的办法去监控 Nginx 服务器的请求的话，我建议你采用一个叫 [ngxtop][3] 的命令行工具。 + + +你马上就会发现 ngxtop 从界面和名称都借鉴了著名的top命令。ngxtop 是通过分析 Nginx 或者其他的日志文件，使用类似 top 命令的界面实时展示出来的。你可以说你知道的其他高端监控工具，但是在简洁这方面 ngxtop 无疑是最好的。简单是不是就意味着不可替代。 + +本指南中，我将介绍如何使用 ngxtop 实时监控 Nginx 网站服务器。 + +### Linux 上安装 ngxtop ### + +首先在 Linux 系统中安装依赖库[pip][4]。 + +然后使用如下命令安装 ngxtop。 + + $ sudo pip install ngxtop + +### ngxtop 使用 ### + +基本使用方法如下： + + ngxtop [options] + ngxtop [options] (print|top|avg|sum) + ngxtop info + +这里是一些通用选项。 + +- **-l **: 日志文件的完整路径 (Nginx 或 Apache2) +- **-f **: 日志格式 +- **--no-follow**: 处理当前日志文件的快照，而不是实时处理日志文件 +- **-t **: 更新频率 +- **-n **: 命令显示行数 +- **-o **: 排序规则(默认 行数) +- **-a ..., --a ...**: 添加表达式(一般是聚合表达式如： sum, avg, min, max 等)到输出中。 +- **-v**: 输出详细信息 +- **-i **: 只处理符合规则的记录 + + +以下是一些内置变量，他们的含义不言自明。 + +- body_bytes_send +- http_referer +- http_user_agent +- remote_addr +- remote_user +- request +- status +- time_local + +### 使用 ngxtop 监控 Nginx ### + +ngxtop 默认会从其配置文件 (/etc/nginx/nginx.conf) 中查找 Nginx 日志的地址。所以，监控 Nginx ，运行以下命令即可： + + $ ngxtop + +这将会列出10个 Nginx 服务，按请求数量排序。 + +显示前20个最频繁的请求： + + $ ngxtop -n 20 + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3820/14294438196_c3996b1c4f_z.jpg) + +获取Nginx基本信息： + + $ ngxtop info + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3813/14317586785_ea6d95cbd0_z.jpg) + +你可以自定义显示的变量，简单列出需要显示的变量。使用 "print" 命令显示自定义请求。 + + $ ngxtop print request http_user_agent remote_addr + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3808/14131056547_72f3e8524b_z.jpg) + +显示请求最多的客户端IP地址 + + $ ngxtop top remote_addr + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3759/14130973180_1b9c436db3_z.jpg) + +显示状态码是404的请求 + + $ ngxtop -i 'status == 404' print request status + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5482/14130935259_e4d841394f_z.jpg) + +除了Nginx，ngtop 还可以处理其他的日志文件，比如 Apache 的访问文件。使用以下命令监控 Apache 服务器: + + $ tail -f /var/log/apache2/access.log | ngxtop -f common + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/monitor-nginx-web-server-command-line-real-time.html + +译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/01/compile-install-nginx-web-server.html +[2]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/monitor-common-services-nagios.html +[3]:https://github.com/lebinh/ngxtop +[4]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-pip-linux.html From af9266600f8a99e82eda9160f16bb339a06d8a95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2014 12:49:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 130/713] Merge branch 'master', remote-tracking branch 'lctt/master' From 672e7fc5f0ac477c6a5e6c900daad8cf4ac1b209 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: disylee Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2014 14:56:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 131/713] 2014-6-5 Translated Signed-off-by: disylee --- ...ual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md | 150 ++++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 99 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md (56%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md b/translated/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md similarity index 56% rename from sources/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md rename to translated/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md index a802bf13b3..613e264f94 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md @@ -1,70 +1,102 @@ -disylee 占一个，不要跟我抢啦~~ -Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS + + + +在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS系统中设置Apache虚拟主机 ================================================================================ -**Virtual Hosts** are used to setup more than one domain or websites using a single IP address. This is very useful if anybody wants to run multiple websites using a single IP address on single VPS. -In this tutorial, let me show how to setup virtual hosts in Apache web server on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS. Be mindful that this tutorial is only tested On Ubuntu 14.04 32bit edition. I may not issue any assurance that this will work on all other Ubuntu lower versions and Ubuntu derivatives. -### Scenario ### +**虚拟主机**常用于单独一个IP地址安装多个域名或网站服务。如果有人想在单个VPS的单个IP地址运行多个网站，这是非常有用的。 -For this tutorial, I will be using Ubuntu 14.04 32bit LTS, and I am going to host two testing websites called “**unixmen1.local**” and “**unixmen2.local**”. My test box IP address and hostname are **192.168.1.250/24** and **server.unixmen.local** respectively. Change the virtual domain names as per your requirement. -### Install Apache Webserver ### +在这个教程中，让我告诉你如何设置在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS的Apache网页服务器设置虚拟主机。请注意，这个教程只针对Ubuntu14.04的32位版本。 +我不能提出人和保证它也可以工作在其它更低的Ubuntu版本或者Ubuntu衍生物。 -Prior to install apache server, let us update our Ubuntu server: + +###方案### + + + +在这个教程中，我会使用Ubuntu 14.04 32位 LTS，并搭建2个测试网站分别命名为“**unixmen1.local**” 和 “**unixmen2.local**”.我的测试机分别为**192.168.1.250/24**和**server.unixmen.local**。你可以根据你的需要更改虚拟域名。 + + + +###安装Apache网站服务器### + + + +安装apache服务器之前，我们来更新一下我们的Ubuntu服务器： sudo apt-get update -Now, install apache web server using the following command: + +现在，用下面命令来安装apache网络服务器： sudo apt-get install apache2 -After installing apache server, let us test whether the webserver is working properly or not by navigating to the URL **http://ip-address/**. - +安装apache服务器之后，让我们通过这个URL **http://ip-address/**来测试网站服务器是否正常工作 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Apache2-Ubuntu-Default-Page-It-works-Mozilla-Firefox_001.png) -As you see in the above picture, apache webserver is working. -### Setting Up Virtual Hosts ### +像你所看到以上的图片，apache服务器正在工作。 -#### 1. Create Virtual Directories #### -Now, let us proceed to setup virtual hosts. As I mentioned earlier, I am going to host two virtual hosts called “**unixmen1.local**”, and “**unixmen2.local**”. -Create a public to place the two virtual hosts data’s. +###设置虚拟主机### -First, let us create a directory for unixmen1.local site: + +#### 1.创建虚拟目录 ## + + +现在，让我们继续安装虚拟主机。正如我先前所述，我要新建2台虚拟主机分别命名为“**unixmen1.local**”和“**unixmen2.local**”. + + +创建一个公用的文件夹来存放这两台虚拟主机的数据。 + + +首先，让我们为unixmen1.local这个站点创建一个目录： sudo mkdir -p /var/www/unixmen1.local/public_html -Then, create the directory for unixmen2.local site: +接着，为for unixmen2.local站点创建一个目录： sudo mkdir -p /var/www/unixmen2.local/public_html -#### 2. Setting Up Ownership and Permissions #### -The above directories are owned by root user now. We should change the ownership of these two directories to the regular user, instead of root user. +### 2. 设置所有者和权限 #### + + +上面目录现在只有root拥有权限。我们需要修改这2个目录的拥有权给普通用户，而不仅仅是root用户。 sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/unixmen1.local/public_html/ sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/unixmen2.local/public_html/ -The “**$USER**” variable indicates the currently logged in user. +“**$USER**”变量显示了当前的登录用户。 -Set the read permissions to the apache web root (/var/www) directory, so that everyone can read files from that directory. + + + +设置读写权限给apache网页根（/var/www)目录,这样每个人都可以从目录中读取文件。 sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/ -We have created the directories for holding the websites data’s and assigned the necessary permissions and ownership to them. -#### 4. Create Sample pages for Virtual Hosts #### -Now, we have to the sample pages to be served through the websites. First, let us create a sample page to the **unixmen1.local** virtual host. +我们需要创建一些文件夹来保存网络相关数据并分配必要的权限和所属用户。 -Create a index.html for unixmen1.local virtual host, + + +#### 4. 为虚拟主机创建例页 #### + + +现在，我们必须通过网站示例样页。第一步，让我们给虚拟主机窗机一个名为**unixmen1.local**的样页。 + + +给unixmen1.local虚拟主机创建一个目录， sudo vi /var/www/unixmen1.local/public_html/index.html -Add the following contents: + +添加一下内容： @@ -75,13 +107,15 @@ Add the following contents: -Save and close the file. -Similarly, add the sample page to the second virtual host. +保存并关闭文件。 + +同样的，添加样页到第二台虚拟主机。 sudo vi /var/www/unixmen2.local/public_html/index.html -Add the following contents: + +添加一下内容： @@ -92,22 +126,25 @@ Add the following contents: -Save and close the file. +保存并关闭文件。 -#### 5. Create Virtual Host Files #### +#### 5. 创建虚拟主机文件#### -By default, apache comes with a default virtual host file called 000-default.conf. We will copy the **000-default.conf** file contents to our new virtual host files. + +默认情况下，apache有一个默认的虚拟主机文件叫000-default.conf.我们将会复制**000-default.conf**文件内容到我们新的虚拟主机文件中。 sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/unixmen1.local.conf sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/unixmen2.local.conf -Make sure the virtual host files contains .conf extension at the end. -Now, modify the unximen1.local.conf file to reflect with our new own values. +确保虚拟主机文件包含.conf扩展名在内容的最后。 + +现在，修改unximen1.local.conf文件以呈现新的值。 sudo vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/unixmen1.local.conf -Make the relevant changes that reflect to the unixmen1 site. + +使相关的变化直接呈现在unixmen1站点中。 # The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname and port that @@ -141,11 +178,13 @@ Make the relevant changes that reflect to the unixmen1 site. #Include conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf -Like wise, modify the second virtual host file. + +同理，修改第二台主机文件。 sudo vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/unixmen2.local.conf -Make the relevant changes that reflect to the unixmen2 site. + +使相关的修改在unixmen2 站点呈现出来。 # The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname and port that @@ -179,50 +218,59 @@ Make the relevant changes that reflect to the unixmen2 site. #Include conf-available/serve-cgi-bin.conf -After modifying the virtual hosts files, disable the default virtual host (000.default.conf), and enable new virtual hosts as shown below. + +修改虚拟主机文件后，使默认的虚拟主机（000.default.conf)不生效，然后使新的虚拟主机生效，如下所示。 sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf sudo a2ensite unixmen1.local.conf sudo a2ensite unixmen2.local.conf -Finally, restart the apache service. + +最后，重启apache服务器。 sudo service apache2 restart -That’s it. Now, we successfully configured the apache virtual hosts on our Ubuntu server. -Testing Virtual Hosts +就是这样。现在，我们成功地配置了apach虚拟主机在我们的Ubuntu服务器上 -Edit file **/etc/hosts**, + +测试虚拟主机 + + +编辑**/etc/hosts**文件， sudo vi /etc/hosts -Add the virtual domain names one by one as shown below. +如下所示挨个添加虚拟域名。 [...] 192.168.1.250 unixmen1.local 192.168.1.250 unixmen2.local -Save and close the file. -Open up your browser and point to the URL **http://unixmen1.local** or **http://unixmen2.local**. You should see the sample pages which we created earlier. +保存并关闭文件。 -**Unixmen1.local Test page:** + +打开你的浏览器并指向**http://unixmen1.local** 或 **http://unixmen2.local**链接。你将会看到我们之前创建的样页。 + + +**Unixmen1.local 测试页:** ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/www.unixmen1.local-Mozilla-Firefox_004.png) -**Unixmen2.local Test page:** + +**Unixmen2.local 测试页** ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/www.unixmen2.local-Mozilla-Firefox_005.png) -If you want to access these sites from your remote systems, you should add the actual domain name records in your DNS server. Hence, I don’t have any actual domain names and DNS server, I tested this only on my local system, and Its worked perfectly as I expected. +如果你想从你的远程系统访问这些站点，你需要在你的DNS服务器添加实际域名记录。因此，我不需要人和实际域名和DNS服务器，我只想通过我的本地系统测试，那么它刚好如我所愿地工作。 -Cheers! +Cheers！ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.unixmen.com/setup-virtual-hosts-apache-ubuntu-14-04-lts/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：disylee(https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 32c2008b279d9e96264cb4c75d1ffecc6ea54dfa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: vic020 Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2014 21:33:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 132/713] translated --- ...Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md | 26 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md b/sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md index 836e8bbe07..80e183c73a 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md @@ -1,28 +1,28 @@ -Vic020 -Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports +为什么我们不接收不良Linux 接口 ================================================================================ -Thanks to the recent fiasco of The Witcher 2 I wanted to write down some thoughts on why we shouldn't accept bad quality ports from developers. +由于最近The Witcher 2的惨败，我想写下些想法，为什么我们不应该接受来自开发人员的不良接口。 -Only in recent years have we had so many damned games in our Linux libraries that you now see comments from Linux gamers like "I've got too many games already!" which I imagine now sounds familiar to a lot of you. We have never before seen so much attention from developers thanks to Valve & Steam. +最近几年在我们linux的游戏库有太多该死的游戏，导致你现在可以看到来自linux玩家的评论“我已经有很多游戏了！”现在我可以想象到很多熟悉的声音。感谢Valve&Steam，之前我们从来没有看见过这么多自来开发者的注意力。 -Also thanks to the push from developers we are seeing ports come along that are quite frankly lazy or just downright buggy to the point of being unplayable for a majority of people. +同样由于开发者的提交，我们看见了伴随而来的接口，它们，坦率地说，质量十分的糟糕或者说对于多数人们彻彻底底的不会用。 -The problem is if we keep accepting ports at a sub-par quality then Linux will gain a reputation for having low quality games. Think about that big picture for a moment, seriously. +这个问题就是如果我们继续接受低水平质量的接口，Linux就会赢得一个游戏质量水平低的声誉。严肃地想想一个贴图的大怪兽。 -Imagine if you will that AAA developers started pushing out more games for Linux using technology like this "eON" that was used to port The Witcher 2. Let's say we have a lot of them and it suddenly looks like Linux has a lot of big-name games. You then have plenty of people trying out Linux, and seeing that their games run with terrible performance on the exact same hardware giving them the impression that Linux itself is bad for gaming. That's not good for anyone. +再想象一下，一个3A开发者给linux推送大量游戏，使用用了The Witcher2接口“eON”的技术。那就是说我们有了大量开发者，就像突然看起来Linux有很多大牌游戏了。然后你可以看见大量的人尝试Linux，却看见它们的游戏运行者糟糕的画面，在同等硬件水品下，就会给它们一个印象，linux对游戏不友好。所以，这对所有人都不好。 -I've seen many people say "the toolkit used to port doesn't matter?". That in my eyes is a very naive statement to make. Of course it matters, it can mean the difference of light and day in the quality of a game on Linux. Which directly goes back to my point above about the perception of Linux gaming. -You can still say the toolkit doesn't matter and use whatever comparison/analogy you fancy, but if the toolkit is the root cause of the issue, like it will be 99% of the time when we are talking about computer software then yes, it does of course matter. -I've seen comments now from other major websites stating we should just accept them and be thankful we have them at all. That is an idiotic statement from people who don't look at the bigger picture. +我已经看见许多人说“工具包用于接口真的没关系？”。这在我的眼里看来是一个非常天真的声明。当然，这有关系， 它意味Linux的游戏质量光和天的不同。它直接导致我回到关于Linux游戏的认知之上的观点。 +你可以坚持说工具包没有关系和使用任何比较/类比你幻想，但如果工具包是导致问题的根源，如同当我们讨论计算机软件它会占用99%的时间，是的，它当然有关系！ + +如今，我已经看见许多评论，来自其他主流网页声明，我们应该接受它们并且作感谢状，我们毕竟拥有他们。那真是个白痴的声明，那些不看大局的人。 ![](http://www.gamingonlinux.com/uploads/articles/article_images/1401025331gol2.jpg) -Think about the developers and publishers who will see it as acceptable to push terrible Linux ports out the door and call it a day with only profits in mind. The consumer perception of Linux gaming would worsen yet again with even more bad quality ports. +想想，那些开发者和发行商认为可以接受推送的糟糕linux接口送出了门，总有一天得召回。它们的脑里只有利润。消费者对Linux游戏的感知就会进一步恶化，就是因为这些不良的接口。 -I am all for ports from developers, of course I am I run this site after-all. I as a customer however do not want to pay for games that would work on Windows, but run like a snail on Linux, why should I? Why should you? +我完全赞同来子开发者的接口，当然毕竟我运行着这个网站。但是，我作为一个消费者不愿意在windows可运行的游戏付钱，可是在linux运行得却像蜗牛，为什么我应该？为什么你应该？ -Final added point: You should never attack a developer when they reach out to the community having issues, that's not acceptable. Feedback is fine, but name calling is childish and makes Linux again look bad. +最后增加一个观点：当开发者研究出有问题，发布在社区，你们应该从不攻击它们，这是不可接受的。反馈是很好，骂人是很孩子气，这使得Linux再一次看起来糟糕。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From f8c4eb3d66c5e1c4cf5d4ad23bac1431e2e0922b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: vic020 Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2014 21:35:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 133/713] modified --- .../talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md b/sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md index 80e183c73a..fa78d5b8fe 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md @@ -28,6 +28,6 @@ via: http://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/why-we-shouldnt-accept-bad-linux-ports.3765 -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Vic020](http://www.vicyu.net) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d668ea6aa1297e3f4195e32a31bc4c49fb7e5f06 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: vic020 Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2014 21:36:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 134/713] move --- .../talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md b/translated/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md rename to translated/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md From 16f80136a8cccf69f713d87d243dc9043894a9db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 5 Jun 2014 23:41:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 135/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E8=A1=A5=E5=85=85=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md | 40 ------------------- 1 file changed, 40 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md b/sources/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md deleted file mode 100644 index 01aab5b310..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,40 +0,0 @@ -Translating by john... -Command line secrets -================================================================================ -There are loads of really good reasons to use the command line. It’s the most powerful and concise method of interacting with your computer, as we show in [issue 3 of Linux Voice][1]. However, we decided to take a moment to look at some of its more obscure (and some would say pointless) uses. - -### Browsing the web ### - -Firefox and Chromium are both great browsers, but have you ever thought they’re a little too graphical? No? Well take a look at the video below where we take the elinks web browser out for a spin around hacker news. It might not be as colourful as its more famous rivals, but it manages to render most web pages. - - - -As well has having geek-chic, it can come in handy when you just need to quickly check if a web page is accessible from a computer you only have SSH access to. - -### Looking up definitions on Wikipedia ### - -Yes, we’ve already covered using the web, but the web isn’t the only way of accessing information on Wikipedia. David Leadbeater has set up a DNS server that holds extracts from Wikipedia in DNS entries. This lets you grab information using command line tools such as dig. - - - -### Watch movies ### - -Who needs Netflix or YouTube when you can watch Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope directly in your terminal by telneting into towel.blinkenlights.nl - - - -### Play games ### - -There were plenty of games for Linux before Steam came along, and many of them didn’t need any fancy graphics. NetHack, Robots and Greed are just a few examples. Here’s a peek at Moon Buggy. - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/commandline-secrets/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/issue-3-is-out/ \ No newline at end of file From 27f4aad6c364204d1abdecf2a3619d99e14d001d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: disylee Date: Fri, 6 Jun 2014 09:44:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 136/713] Update 20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 发现一个错误自己又改了一下 --- ...0140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md b/translated/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md index 613e264f94..d06bb45da9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ 在这个教程中，让我告诉你如何设置在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS的Apache网页服务器设置虚拟主机。请注意，这个教程只针对Ubuntu14.04的32位版本。 -我不能提出人和保证它也可以工作在其它更低的Ubuntu版本或者Ubuntu衍生物。 +我不能提出任何保证它也可以工作在其它更低的Ubuntu版本或者Ubuntu衍生物。 ###方案### From ee700e51dc44237a8a4eace9fd5c2c8e29d2b4e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 6 Jun 2014 15:11:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 137/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20To=20I?= =?UTF-8?q?nstall=20'California'=20Calendar=20App=20in=20Ubuntu=2014.04?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...alifornia' Calendar App in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 71 ++++++++++++++++++ ...alifornia' Calendar App in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 74 ------------------- 2 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 74 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/How To Install 'California' Calendar App in Ubuntu 14.04.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/How To Install 'California' Calendar App in Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/published/How To Install 'California' Calendar App in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/published/How To Install 'California' Calendar App in Ubuntu 14.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c92e1dee93 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/How To Install 'California' Calendar App in Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +Ubuntu 14.04上怎样安装‘California’ 日历应用 +================================================================================ +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/california-calendar.jpg) + +**当非盈利软件服务商Yorba宣称它上个月开始开发名为‘California’的桌面日历应用程序时，我们很兴奋——我们在自己的头条里面说“正当其时！”** + +Yorba在背后支撑着注重用户体验的电子邮件客户端软件‘Geary’以及华丽的照片管理软件‘Shotwell’，因此，我们自然有理由非常期望他们能够进军linux系统上的生产力软件主流软件。 + +尽管 **California 尚未稳定** 到可以发布到正式的发行版本，但现在可以通过该公司的日常开发的PPA安装到ubuntu系统中。 + +### 迄今取得的进展 ### + +“*Neeeeeyaaaaaaaawwnnn!*” — 那是飞机即将降落在旧金山国际机场的一段警告声音. + +是的，California 正在积极的开发中，该软件尚未完成，也没有稳定到满足每个人每天使用，但是 +如果你愿意搞定一些bug的话，你可以在ubuntu 14.04上安装这款应用程序。 + +是否这样做取决于你的想法。 + +当前的构建（如，在写本文时的）提供了本地管理以及Google 日历和web日历（.ICS）的基本支持。事件可以甚至在GNOME桌面的日期/时间小程序中显示. + +#### 自然语言输入 #### + +当你第一次打开California 软件时，呈现在你面前的是当月概要，目前还没有按星期，年，议程去查看的方法，起码我没找到。你可以使用导航按钮而切换月份. + +可以通过点击工具栏中的日历图标创建新的日历（*如 ‘工作‘, ‘宠物照料‘*）及打开/关闭它。当所有的日历都展现在主窗口时，每个日历通过不同颜色来视觉区分。 + +要创建新的事件，点击‘+’图标, 然后在弹出的输入框中使用**自然语言输入**，输入你想要提交事件的描述（译注：显然你得用英语）。例如, 输入内容“*Bake Sansa Stark A Lemon Cake on Wednesday 2.45 PM*”将在周三的这个时间(14:45)加入该事件。 + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Screen-Shot-2014-05-15-at-21.26.20.png) + +我希望这个功能变得更加完善些。现在，尽管它能够精准定位日期，但不支持重复性事件的创建 +（e.g., via “*Skype chat with Sam every Tuesday at 7 AM*“）也不能识别地点或人物（e.g., “*Coffee with Penelope on Monday 12 PM at Boston Tea Party*“）。 + +要修改正确些，你可以在网格视图上双击它们来完善和编辑创建好条目。这将打开一个包含附加字段、时间选择、日期格式等的窗口。 + +#### 不够完善 #### + +如果说有一些缺陷，那就是在外观上(这个阶段的bugs和欠缺的功能可以被忽略)。虽然在 Adwaita 主题下看来已经很棒了，不过在 Ubuntu 默认主题下它看起来糟透了。 + +这不是Yorba（或GNOME）的错误，而是Ubuntu开发团队仍然没有在Compiz里面增加对GNOME新的GTK标题栏的支持，现在还在使用 Unity 来渲染窗口。 + +California 在ubuntu系统上完全可用，这个问题只是在发行版升级之后。 这个问题没有影响到Ubuntu GNOME或Linux Mint。 + +### 在ubuntu14.04中安装California ### + +如果你没注意先前的提醒，我们再次重申：California 尚未稳定，正处于积极的开发中。 + +这个[Yorba Daily PPA][2] 也包含了最新(未稳定)的Shotwell和Geary版本。将这个PPA安装到你的系统中将能够使这些软件也更新了。 + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yorba/daily-builds + sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install california + +另一个安全试用这个软件的方法是，[直接下载来自PPA的.deb安装包][3]: + +- [Download California for Ubuntu 14.04 (64bit)][4] +- [Download California for Ubuntu 14.04 (32bit)][5] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/california-calendar-app-hits-yorba-daily-ppa + +译者：[hunanchenxingyu](https://github.com/hunanchenxingyu) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/yorba-california-calendar-app-linux +[2]:https://launchpad.net/~yorba/+archive/daily-builds/ +[3]:https://launchpad.net/~yorba/+archive/daily-builds/+packages +[4]:https://launchpad.net/~yorba/+archive/daily-builds/+files/california_0.1.0-0%7E188%7Eubuntu14.04.1_amd64.deb +[5]:https://launchpad.net/~yorba/+archive/daily-builds/+files/california_0.1.0-0%7E188%7Eubuntu14.04.1_i386.deb \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/How To Install 'California' Calendar App in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/translated/tech/How To Install 'California' Calendar App in Ubuntu 14.04.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2c23ceb382..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/How To Install 'California' Calendar App in Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,74 +0,0 @@ -Ubuntu 14.04上怎样安装‘California’ 日历应用 -================================================================================ -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/california-calendar.jpg) - -**当非盈利软件安装Yorba时表明它开始用在被称为‘California’的桌面日历应用程序中，在上个月的 那段时间里我们都很兴奋，我们在自己的头条中进行了声明.** - -那是非常好的理由，Yorba在背后支撑着用户体验好的电子邮件客户端软件‘Geary’以及照片管理软件‘Shotwell’.期望他们能够自然的成为linux系统的主流软件. - -尽管 **California 尚未稳定** 到保证一个正式的发行版本，但现在将公司日常开发的PPA(Personal Package Archives)安装到ubuntu系统中是可使用的. - -### 迄今取得的进展 ### - -“*Neeeeeyaaaaaaaawwnnn!*” — 那是飞机即将降落在旧金山国际机场的一段警告声音. - -是的，California 正在积极的开发中，该软件没有完成，也没有稳定到满足任何人每天使用，但是 -如果你能够很聪明的处理一些bug的话，你能够在ubuntu 14.04上安装这款应用程序 - -是否这样做取决于你的需要. - -当前的构建提供了本地管理以及Google 日历和web日历的基本支持. 事件甚至在GNOME桌面 -的日期/时间小程序中显示. - -#### 自然语言输入 #### - -当你第一次打开California 软件时，当月的概要呈现在你的面前，目前还没有-至少我能够找到一种方法 -按星期，年，议程去查看. 尽管月份使用导航按钮，然而能够周期性的操作. - -通过点击工具栏中的日历图标创建新的日历（*e.g., ‘work‘, ‘pet schedule‘*）及打开/关闭. 当所有的日历都展现在主窗口时，每个日历分配的不同颜色能够带来视觉的区分. - -为了创建新的事件，点击‘+’图标, 然后在弹出的输入框中使用**自然语言输入**，输入你想要提交事件的描述. 例如, 输入内容“*Bake Sansa Stark A Lemon Cake on Wednesday 2.45 PM*”将嵌入新的条目在周三的这个时间(14:45). - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Screen-Shot-2014-05-15-at-21.26.20.png) - -我不能等待这个功能变得更加完善。现在，尽管它能够精准定位日期，但不支持经常性事件的创建 -（e.g., via “*Skype chat with Sam every Tuesday at 7 AM*“）也不能填写地点或人物（e.g., “*Coffee with Penelope on Monday 12 PM at Boston Tea Party*“）. - -为了能够更好的控制，你可以在网格视图上双击它们来完善和编辑创建好条目. 将打开一个包含附加字段、时间选择、日期格式等的窗口. - -#### 缺乏光芒 #### - -在外观上如果有一些缺陷被发现(这个阶段bugs和遗漏选项应该被忽略). 然而在 Adwaita看来已经很棒了，ubuntu默认主题下它看起来糟透了. - -这不是Yorba的错误（或GNOME） 只是Ubuntu开发团队不再增加主题来支持GNOME新的GTK标题栏以及‘光主题’的模式对话框 - -California 在ubuntu系统上完全可用，恰巧运行在相似软件分发升级失败之后. 这个问题将不影响它们在ubuntu GNOME中的运行或第三方主题的切换 - - -### 在ubuntu14.04中安装California ### - -如果你掩饰先前的警告， 我们再次重声：California 尚未稳定，正处于积极的开发中. - -这个[Yorba Daily PPA][2] 包含最新(未稳定)的Shotwell和Geary版本. 将这个PPA安装到你的系统中将能够看到这些软件的更新. - - sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yorba/daily-builds - sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install california - -可通过一个安全的方法来使用这个应用程序，便是[直接下载来自PPA的.deb安装包][3]: - -- [Download California for Ubuntu 14.04 (64bit)][4] -- [Download California for Ubuntu 14.04 (32bit)][5] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/california-calendar-app-hits-yorba-daily-ppa - -译者：[hunanchenxingyu](https://github.com/hunanchenxingyu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/yorba-california-calendar-app-linux -[2]:https://launchpad.net/~yorba/+archive/daily-builds/ -[3]:https://launchpad.net/~yorba/+archive/daily-builds/+packages -[4]:https://launchpad.net/~yorba/+archive/daily-builds/+files/california_0.1.0-0%7E188%7Eubuntu14.04.1_amd64.deb -[5]:https://launchpad.net/~yorba/+archive/daily-builds/+files/california_0.1.0-0%7E188%7Eubuntu14.04.1_i386.deb \ No newline at end of file From dfe1ead8a69831d6f4f5b18e9a61289fb7edec3f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Fri, 6 Jun 2014 15:23:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 138/713] Translated:20140603 Write Your First Linux Kernel Module.md --- ...03 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md | 376 ------------------ ...03 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md | 369 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 369 insertions(+), 376 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md b/sources/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md deleted file mode 100644 index da827b20f3..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,376 +0,0 @@ -GOLinux在此蹲着，不怕臭的来抢。。。 -Write your first Linux Kernel module -================================================================================ -> Ever wanted to start hacking the kernel? Don’t have a clue how to begin? Let us show you how it’s done… - -Kernel programming is often seen as a black magic. In Arthur C Clarke’s sense, it probably is. The Linux kernel is quite different from its user space: many abstractions are waived, and you have to take extra care, as a bug in you code affects the whole system. There is no easy way to do floating-point maths, the stack is fixed and small, and the code you write is always asynchronous so you need to think about the concurrency. Despite all of this though, the Linux kernel is just a very large and complex C program that is open for everyone to read, learn and improve, and you too can be a part of it. - -> “The easiest way to start kernel programming -> is to write a module – a piece of code that -> can be dynamically loaded into the kernel.“ - -Probably the easiest way to start kernel programming is to write a module – a piece of code that can be dynamically loaded into the kernel and removed from it. There are limits to what modules can do – for example, they can’t add or remove fields to common data structures like process descriptors. But in all other ways they are full-fledged kernel-level code, and they can always be compiled into the kernel (thus removing all the restrictions) if needed. It is fully possible to develop and compile a module outside the Linux source tree (this is unsurprisingly called an out-of-tree build), which is very convenient if you just want to play a bit and do not wish to submit your changes for inclusion into the mainline kernel. - -In this tutorial, we’ll develop a simple kernel module that creates a **/dev/reverse** device. A string written to this device is read back with the word order reversed (“Hello World” becomes “World Hello”). It is a popular programmer interview puzzle, and you are likely to get some bonus points when you show the ability to implement it at the kernel level as well. A word of warning before we start: a bug in your module may lead to a system crash and (unlikely, but possible) data loss. Be sure you’ve backed up all your important data before you start, or, even better, experiment in a virtual machine. - -### Avoid root if possible ### - -> By default, **/dev/reverse** is available to root only, so you’ll have to run your test programs with **sudo**. To fix this, create a **/lib/udev/rules.d/99-reverse.rules** file that contains: -> -> SUBSYSTEM=="misc", KERNEL=="reverse", MODE="0666" -> -> Don’t forget to reinsert the module. Making device nodes accessible to non-root users is generally not a good idea, but it is quite useful during development. This is not to mention that running test binaries as root is not a good idea either. - -#### A module’s anatomy #### - -As most of the Linux kernel modules are written in C (apart from low-level architecture-specific parts), it is recommended that you keep your module in a single file (say, reverse.c). We’ve put the full source code on GitHub – and here we’ll look at some snippets of it. To begin, let’s include some common headers and describe the module using predefined macros: - - #include - #include - #include - - MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); - MODULE_AUTHOR("Valentine Sinitsyn "); - MODULE_DESCRIPTION("In-kernel phrase reverser"); - -Everything is straightforward here, except for **MODULE_LICENSE()**: it is not a mere marker. The kernel strongly favours GPL-compatible code, so if you set the licence to something non GPL-compatible (say, “Proprietary”), certain kernel functions will not be available to your module. - -### When not to write a kernel module ### - -> Kernel programming is fun, but writing (and especially debugging) kernel code in a real-world project requires certain skills. In general, you should descend to the kernel level only if there is no other way to solve your problem. Chances are you can stay in the userspace if: -> -> - You develop a USB driver – have a look at [libusb][1]. -> - You develop a filesystem – try [FUSE][2]. -> - You are extending Netfilter – [libnetfilter_queue][3] may help you then. -> -> Generally, native kernel code will perform better, but for many projects this performance loss isn’t crucial. - -Since kernel programming is always asynchronous, there is no **main()** function that Linux executes sequentially to run your module. Instead, you provide callbacks for various events, like this: - - static int __init reverse_init(void) - { - printk(KERN_INFO "reverse device has been registered\n"); - return 0; - } - - static void __exit reverse_exit(void) - { - printk(KERN_INFO "reverse device has been unregistered\n"); - } - - module_init(reverse_init); - module_exit(reverse_exit); - -Here, we define functions to be called on the module’s insertion and removal. Only the first one is required. For now, they simply print a message to the kernel ring buffer (accessible from the userspace via the **dmesg** command); **KERN_INFO** is a log level (note there is no comma). **__init** and **__exit** are attributes – the pieces of metadata attached to functions (or variables). Attributes are rarely seen in userspace C code but are pretty common in the kernel. Everything marked with **__init** is recycled after the initialisation (remember the old “Freeing unused kernel memory…” message?). **__exit** denotes functions that are safe to optimise out when the code is built statically into the kernel. Finally, the **module_init()** and **module_exit()** macros set **reverse_init()** and **reverse_exit()** functions as lifecycle callbacks for our module. The actual function names aren’t important; you can call them **init()** and **exit()** or **start()** and **stop()**, if you wish. They are declared static and hence invisible outside your module. In fact, any function in the kernel is invisible unless explicitly exported. However, prefixing your functions with a module name is a common convention among kernel programmers. - -These are bare bones – let’s make things more interesting. Modules can accept parameters, like this: - - # modprobe foo bar=1 - -The **modinfo** command displays all parameters accepted by the module, and these are also available under **/sys/module//parameters** as files. Our module will need a buffer to store phrases – let’s make its size user-configurable. Add the following three lines just below **MODULE_DESCRIPTION()**: - - static unsigned long buffer_size = 8192; - module_param(buffer_size, ulong, (S_IRUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)); - MODULE_PARM_DESC(buffer_size, "Internal buffer size"); - -Here, we define a variable to store the value, wrap it into a parameter, and make it readable by everyone via sysfs. The parameter’s description (the last line) appears in the modinfo’s output. - -As the user can set **buffer_size** directly, we need to sanitise it in **reverse_init()**. You should always check the data that comes outside the kernel – if you don’t, you are opening yourself to kernel panics or even security holes. - - static int __init reverse_init() - { - if (!buffer_size) - return -1; - printk(KERN_INFO - "reverse device has been registered, buffer size is %lu bytes\n", - buffer_size); - return 0; - } - -Non-zero return value from a module init function indicates a failure. - -### Navigation ### - -> The Linux kernel is the ultimate source for everything you may need when developing modules. However, it’s quite big, and you may have trouble trying to find what you are after. Luckily, there are tools that make it easier to navigate large codebases. First of all, there is Cscope – a venerable tool that runs in a terminal. Simply run **make cscope && cscope** in the kernel sources top-level directory. Cscope integrates well with Vim and Emacs, so you can use it without leaving the comfort of your favorite editor. -> -> If terminal-based tools aren’t your cup of tea, visit [http://lxr.free-electrons.com][4]. It is a web-based kernel navigation tool with not quite as many features as Cscope (for example, you can’t easily find usages for the function), but it still provides enough for the quick lookups. - -Now it’s time to compile the module. You will need the headers for the kernel version you are running (**linux-headers** or equivalent package) and **build-essential** (or analogous). Next, it’s time to create a boilerplate Makefile: - - obj-m += reverse.o - all: - make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules - clean: - make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean - -Now, call **make** to build your first module. If you typed everything correctly, you will find **reverse.ko** in the current directory. Insert it with **sudo insmod reverse.ko**, and run: - - $ dmesg | tail -1 - [ 5905.042081] reverse device has been registered, buffer size is 8192 bytes - -Congratulations! However, for now this line is telling lies – there is no device node yet. Let’s fix it. - -#### Miscellaneous devices #### - -In Linux, there is a special character device type called “miscellaneous” (or simply “misc”). It is designed for small device drivers with a single entry point, and is exactly what we need. All misc devices share the same major number (10), so the one driver (**drivers/char/misc.c**) can look after all of them, and they are distinguished by their minor numbers. In all other senses, they are just normal character devices. - -To register a minor number (and an entry point) for the device, you declare **struct misc_device**, fill its fields (note the syntax), and call **misc_register()** with a pointer to this structure. For this to work, you will also need to include the **linux/miscdevice.h** header file: - - static struct miscdevice reverse_misc_device = { - .minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR, - .name = "reverse", - .fops = &reverse_fops - }; - static int __init reverse_init() - { - ... - misc_register(&reverse_misc_device); - printk(KERN_INFO ... - } - -Here, we request a first available (dynamic) minor number for the device named “reverse”; th ellipsis indicates omitted code that we’ve already seen. Don’t forget to unregister the device on the module’s teardown: - - static void __exit reverse_exit(void) - { - misc_deregister(&reverse_misc_device); - ... - } - -The ‘fops’ field stores a pointer to a struct **file_operations** (declared in linux/fs.h), and this is the entry point for our module. **reverse_fops** is defined as: - - static struct file_operations reverse_fops = { - .owner = THIS_MODULE, - .open = reverse_open, - ... - .llseek = noop_llseek - }; - -Again, **reverse_fops** contains a set of callbacks (also known as methods) to be executed when userspace code opens a device, reads from it, writes to it or closes the file descriptor. If you omit any of these, a sensible fallback will be used instead. That’s why we explicitly set the **llseek** method to **noop_llseek()**, which (as the name implies) does nothing. The default implementation changes a file pointer, and we don’t want our device to be seekable now (this will be your home assignment for today). - -#### I open at the close #### - -Let’s implement the methods. We’ll allocate a new buffer for each file descriptor opened, and free it on close. This is not really safe: if a userspace application leaks descriptors (perhaps intentionally), it may hog the RAM, and render the system unusable. You should always think about these possibilities in the real world, but for the tutorial, it’s acceptable. - -We’ll need a structure to describe the buffer. The kernel provides many generic data structures: linked lists (which are double-linked), hash tables, trees and so on. However, buffers are usually implemented from scratch. We will call ours “struct buffer”: - - struct buffer { - char *data, *end, *read_ptr; - unsigned long size; - }; - -**data** is a pointer to the string this buffer stores, and end is the first byte after the string end. **read_ptr** is where **read()** should start reading the data from. The buffer size is stored for the completeness – for now, we don’t use this field. You shouldn’t assume the users of your structure will correctly initialise all of these, so it is better to encapsulate buffer allocation and deallocation in functions. They are usually named **buffer_alloc()** and **buffer_free()**. - - static struct buffer *buffer_alloc(unsigned long size) - { - struct buffer *buf; - buf = kzalloc(sizeof(*buf), GFP_KERNEL); - if (unlikely(!buf)) - goto out; - ... - out: - return buf; - } - -Kernel memory is allocated with **kmalloc()** and freed with **kfree()**; the **kzalloc()** flavour sets the memory to all-zeroes. Unlike standard **malloc()**, its kernel counterpart receives flags specifying the type of memory requested in the second argument. Here, **GFP_KERNEL** means we need a normal kernel memory (not in DMA or high-memory zones) and the function can sleep (reschedule the process) if needed. **sizeof(*buf)** is a common way to get the size of a structure accessible via pointer. - -You should always check **kmalloc()**’s return value: dereferencing NULL pointer will result in kernel panic. Also note the use of **unlikely()** macro. It (and the opposite **likely()** macro) is widely used in the kernel to signify that the condition is almost always true (or false). It doesn’t affect control flow, but helps modern processors to boost performance with branch prediction. - -Finally, note the **gotos**. They are often considered evil, however, the Linux kernel (and some other system software) employs them to implement centralised function exiting. This results in less deeply nested and more readable code, and is much like the **try-ctach** blocks used in higher-level languages. - -With **buffer_alloc()** and **buffer_free()** in place, the implementation of the **open** and **close** methods becomes pretty straightforward. - - static int reverse_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) - { - int err = 0; - file->private_data = buffer_alloc(buffer_size); - ... - return err; - } - -**struct file** is a standard kernel data structure that stores information about an opened file, like current file position (**file->f_pos**), flags (**file->f_flags**), or open mode (**file->f_mode**). Another field, **file->private_data** is used to associate the file with some arbitrary data. Its type is void *, and it is opaque to the kernel outside the file’s owner. We store a buffer there. - -If the buffer allocation fails, we indicate this to the calling user space code by returning negative value (**-ENOMEM**). A C library doing **open(2)** system call (probably, **glibc**) will detect this and set **errno** appropriately. - -#### Learn to read and write #### - -“Read” and “write” methods are where the real job is done. When data is written to a buffer, we drop its previous contents and reverse the phrase in-place, without any temporary storage. The **read** method simply copies the data from the kernel buffer into the userspace. But what should the **reverse_read()** method do if there is no data in the buffer yet? In userspace, the **read()** call would block until the data is available. In the kernel, you must wait. Luckily, there is a mechanism for this, and it is called ‘wait queues’. - -The idea is simple. If a current process needs to wait for some event, its descriptor (a **struct task_struct** stored as ‘current’) is put into non-runnable (sleeping) state and added to a queue. Then **schedule()** is called to select another process to run. A code that generates the event uses the queue to wake up the waiters by putting them back to the **TASK_RUNNING** state. The scheduler will select one of them somewhere in the future. Linux has several non-runnable process states, most notably **TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE** (a sleep that can be interrupted with a signal) and **TASK_KILLABLE** (a sleeping process that can be killed). All of this should be handled correctly, and wait queues do this for you. - -A natural place to store our read wait queue head is struct buffer, so start with adding **wait_queue_head_t read_queue** field to it. You should also include **linux/sched.h**. A wait queue can be declared statically with DECLARE_WAITQUEUE() macro. In our case, dynamic initialisation is needed, so add this line to **buffer_alloc()**: - - init_waitqueue_head(&buf->read_queue); - -We wait for the data to be available; or for **read_ptr != end** condition to become true. We also want the wait to be interruptible (say, by Ctrl+C). So the “read” method should start like this: - - static ssize_t reverse_read(struct file *file, char __user * out, - size_t size, loff_t * off) - { - struct buffer *buf = file->private_data; - ssize_t result; - while (buf->read_ptr == buf->end) { - if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) { - result = -EAGAIN; - goto out; - } - if (wait_event_interruptible - (buf->read_queue, buf->read_ptr != buf->end)) { - result = -ERESTARTSYS; - goto out; - } - } - ... - -We loop until the data is available and use **wait_event_interruptible()** (it’s a macro, not a function, that’s why the queue is passed by value) to wait if it isn’t. If **wait_event_interruptible()** is, well, interrupted, it returns a non-zero value, which we translate to **-ERESTARTSYS**. This code means the system call should be restarted. **file->f_flags** check accounts for files opened in non-blocking mode: if there is no data, we return **-EAGAIN**. - -We can’t use **if()** instead of **while()**, since there can be many processes waiting for the data. When the **write** method awakes them, the scheduler chooses the one to run in an unpredictable way, so by the time this code is given a chance to execute, the buffer can be empty again. Now we need to copy the data from **buf->data** to the userspace. The **copy_to_user()** kernel function does just that: - - size = min(size, (size_t) (buf->end - buf->read_ptr)); - if (copy_to_user(out, buf->read_ptr, size)) { - result = -EFAULT; - goto out; - } - -The call can fail if the user space pointer is wrong; if this happen, we return **-EFAULT**. Remember not to trust anything coming outside the kernel! - - buf->read_ptr += size; - result = size; - out: - return result; - } - -Simple arithmetic is needed so the data can be read in arbitrary chunks. The method returns the number of bytes read or an error code. - -The write method is simpler and shorter. First, we check that the buffer have enough space, then we use the **copy_from_userspace()** function to get the data. Then **read_ptr** and end pointers are reset and the buffer contents are reversed: - - buf->end = buf->data + size; - buf->read_ptr = buf->data; - if (buf->end > buf->data) - reverse_phrase(buf->data, buf->end - 1); - -Here, **reverse_phrase()** does all heavy lifting. It relies on the **reverse_word()** function, which is quite short and marked inline. This is another common optimisation; however, you shouldn’t overuse it, since aggressive inlining makes the kernel image unnecessarily large. - -Finally, we need to wake up processes waiting for the data at **read_queue**, as described earlier. **wake_up_interruptible()** does just that: - - wake_up_interruptible(&buf->read_queue); - -Phew! You now have a kernel module that at least compiles successfully. Now it’s time to test it. - -### Debugging kernel code ### - -> Perhaps the most common debugging method in the kernel is printing. You can use plain **printk()** (presumably with **KERN_DEBUG** log level) if you wish. However, there are better ways. Use **pr_debug()** or **dev_dbg()**, if you are writing a device driver that has its own “struct device”: they support the dynamic debug (**dyndbg**) feature and can be enabled or disabled on request (see **Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt**). For pure development messages, use **pr_devel()**, which becomes a no-op unless DEBUG is defined. To enable DEBUG for our module, include: -> -> CFLAGS_reverse.o := -DDEBUG -> -> in the Makefile. After that, use **dmesg** to view debug messages generated by **pr_debug()** or **pr_devel()**. -> -> Alternatively, you can send debug messages directly to the console. To do this, either set the **console_loglevel** kernel variable to 8 or greater (**echo 8 /proc/sys/kernel/printk**) or temporarily print the debug message in question at the high log level like **KERN_ERR**. Naturally, you should remove debug statements of this kind before publishing your code. -> -> Note that kernel messages appear on the console, not in a terminal emulator window such as Xterm; that’s why you’ll find recommendations not to do kernel development in the X environment. - -### Surprise, surprise! ### - -Compile the module and load it into the kernel: - - $ make - $ sudo insmod reverse.ko buffer_size=2048 - $ lsmod - reverse 2419 0 - $ ls -l /dev/reverse - crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 10, 58 Feb 22 15:53 /dev/reverse - -Everything seems to be in place. Now, to test how the module works, we’ll write a small program that reverses its first command line argument. The **main()** function (sans error checking) may look like this: - - int fd = open("/dev/reverse", O_RDWR); - write(fd, argv[1], strlen(argv[1])); - read(fd, argv[1], strlen(argv[1])); - printf("Read: %s\n", argv[1]); - -Run it as: - - $ ./test 'A quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog' - Read: dog lazy the over jumped fox brown quick A - -It works! Play with it a little: try passing single-word or single-letter phrases, empty or non-English strings (if you have a keyboard layout set) and anything else. - -Now let’s make things a little trickier. We’ll create two processes that share the file descriptor (and hence the kernel buffer). One will continuously write strings to the device, and another will read them. The **fork(2)** system call is used in the example below, but pthreads will work as well. I also omitted the code that opens and closes the device and does the error checking (again): - - char *phrase = "A quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog"; - if (fork()) - /* Parent is the writer */ - while (1) - write(fd, phrase, len); - else - /* child is the reader */ - while (1) { - read(fd, buf, len); - printf("Read: %s\n", buf); - } - -What do you expect this program to output? Below is what I’ve got on my laptop: - - Read: dog lazy the over jumped fox brown quick A - Read: A kcicq brown fox jumped over the lazy dog - Read: A kciuq nworb xor jumped fox brown quick A - Read: A kciuq nworb xor jumped fox brown quick A - ... - -What’s going on here? It’s a race. We thought **read** and **write** were atomic, or executed one instruction at a time from the beginning till the end. However the kernel is a concurrent beast, and it can easily reschedule the process running the kernel-mode part of the **write** operation somewhere inside the **reverse_phrase()** function. If the process that does **read()** is scheduled before the writer is given a chance to finish, it will see the data in an inconsistent state. Such bugs are really hard to debug. But how to fix it? - -Basically, we need to ensure that no **read** method can be executed until the write method returns. If you ever programmed a multi-threaded application, you’ve probably seen synchronisation primitives (locks) like mutexes or semaphores. Linux has them as well, but there are nuances. Kernel code can run in the process context (working “on behalf” of the userspace code, as our methods do) and in the interrupt context (for example, in an IRQ handler). If you are in the process context and a lock you need has already been taken, you simply sleep and retry until you succeed. You can’t sleep in the interrupt context, so the code spins in a loop until the lock become available. The corresponding primitive is called a spinlock, but in our case, a simple mutex – an object that only one process can “hold” at the given time – is sufficient. A real-world code may also use a read-write semaphore, for performance reasons. - -Locks always protect some data (in our case, a “struct buffer” instance), and it is very common to embed them in a structure they are protecting. So we add a mutex (‘struct mutex lock’) into the “struct buffer”. We must also initialise the mutex with **mutex_init()**; **buffer_alloc()** is a good place for this. The code that uses mutexes must also include **linux/mutex.h**. - -A mutex is much like a traffic light – it’s useless unless drivers look at it and follow the signals. So we need to update **reverse_read()** and **reverse_write()** to acquire the mutex before doing anything to the buffer and release it when they are done. Let’s have a look at the **read** method – **write** works just the same way: - - static ssize_t reverse_read(struct file *file, char __user * out, - size_t size, loff_t * off) - { - struct buffer *buf = file->private_data; - ssize_t result; - if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&buf->lock)) { - result = -ERESTARTSYS; - goto out; - } - -We acquire the lock at the very beginning of the function. **mutex_lock_interruptible()** either grabs the mutex and returns or puts the process to sleep until the mutex is available. As before, the **_interruptible** suffix means the sleep can be interrupted with a signal. - - while (buf->read_ptr == buf->end) { - mutex_unlock(&buf->lock); - /* ... wait_event_interruptible() here ... */ - if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&buf->lock)) { - result = -ERESTARTSYS; - goto out; - } - } - -Below is our “wait for the data” loop. You should never sleep when holding a mutex, or a situation called a “deadlock” may occur. So, if there is no data, we release the mutex and call **wait_event_interruptible()**. When it returns, we reacquire the mutex and continue as usual: - - if (copy_to_user(out, buf->read_ptr, size)) { - result = -EFAULT; - goto out_unlock; - } - ... - out_unlock: - mutex_unlock(&buf->lock); - out: - return result; - -Finally, the mutex is unlocked when the function ends or if an error occurs while the mutex is being held. Recompile the module (don’t forget to reload it) and run the second test again. You should see no corrupted data now. - -### What’s next? ### - -Now you have a taste of kernel hacking. We’ve just scratched the surface of the topic, and there is much more to see. Our first module was intentionally simple, however the concepts you learned will stay the same in more complex scenarios as well. Concurrency, method tables, registering callbacks, putting processes to sleep and waking them up are things that every kernel hacker should be comfortable with, and now you’ve seen all of them in action. Maybe your kernel code will end up in the mainline Linux source tree some day – drop us a line if this happens! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/be-a-kernel-hacker/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.libusb.org/ -[2]:http://fuse.sf.net/ -[3]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/be-a-kernel-hacker/www.netfilter.org/projects/libnetfilter_queue -[4]:http://lxr.free-electrons.com/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md b/translated/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c70ec1ec11 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md @@ -0,0 +1,369 @@ +编写属于你的第一个Linux内核模块 +================================================================================ +> 曾经多少次想要在内核游荡？曾经多少次茫然不知方向？你不要再对着它迷惘，让我们指引你走向前方…… +内核编程常常看起来像是黑魔法，而在亚瑟 C 克拉克的眼中，它八成就是了。Linux内核和它的用户空间是大不相同的：抛开漫不经心，你必须小心翼翼，因为你编程中的一个bug就会影响到整个系统。浮点数学做起来可不容易，堆栈固定而渺小，而你写的代码总是异步的，因此你需要想想怎样让它并发。而除了所有这一切之外，Linux内核只是一个很大的、很复杂的C程序，它对每个人开放，任何人都去读它、学习它并改进它，而你也可以是其中之一。 + +> “开始内核编程的最简单的方式 +> 是写模块——一段代码 +> 可以用来动态加载进内核。” + +可能，开始内核编程的最简单的方式，就是写模块——一段可以动态加载进内核并从内核移除的代码。模块所能做的事是有限的——例如，他们不能添加或移除像进程描述符这样的常规数据结构域。但是，在其它方面，他们是成熟的内核级的代码，可以在需要时随时编译进内核（这样就可以摒弃所有的限制了）。完全可以在Linux源代码树以外来开发并编译一个模块（这并不奇怪，它称为树外开发），如果你只是想稍微玩玩，而并不想提交修改以包含到主线内核中去，这样的方式是很方便的。 + +在本教程中，我们将开发一个简单的内核模块用以创建一个**/dev/reverse**设备。写入该设备的字符串将以逆序的方式读回（“Hello World”读成“World Hello”）。这是一个流行的节目采访智力游戏，而当你展示能力来实施时，你也可能获得一些奖励分。在开始前，有一句忠告：你的模块中的一个bug会导致系统崩溃（虽然可能性不大，但还是有可能的）和数据丢失。在开始前，请确保你已经将重要数据备份，或者，采用一种更好的方式，在虚拟机中进行试验。 +### 尽可能避免root身份 ### + +> 默认情况下，**/dev/reverse**只有root可以使用，因此你不得不使用**sudo**来测试该程序。要解决该问题，可以创建一个包含以下内容的**/lib/udev/rules.d/99-reverse.rules**文件： +> +> SUBSYSTEM=="misc", KERNEL=="reverse", MODE="0666" +> +> 别忘了重新插入模块。让设备节点让非root用户访问这往往不是一个好主意，但是在开发其间却是十分有用的，这不是说以root身份运行二进制测试文件也不是个好主意。 + +#### 模块的构造 #### + +由于大多数的Linux内核模块是用C写的（除了低级别特定架构部分），所以推荐你将模块以单一文件形式保存（例如，reverse.c）。我们已经把完整的源代码放在GitHub上——这里我们将看其中的一些片段。开始时，我们先要包含一些常见的文件头，并用预定义的宏来描述模块： + + #include + #include + #include + + MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); + MODULE_AUTHOR("Valentine Sinitsyn "); + MODULE_DESCRIPTION("In-kernel phrase reverser"); + +这里一切都直接明了，除了**MODULE_LICENSE()**：它不仅仅是一个标记。内核坚定地支持GPL兼容代码，因此如果你把许可证设置为其它非GPL兼容的（如，“专利”），特定的内核功能将在你的模块中不可用。 + +### 什么时候不该写内核模块 ### + +> 内核编程很有趣，但是在现实项目中写（尤其是调试）内核代码要求特定的技巧。通常来讲，在没有其它方式解决你的问题时，你才应该沉入内核级别。可能你可以待在用户空间中，如果： + +> - 你开发一个USB驱动 —— 请查看[libusb][1]。 +> - 你开发一个文件系统 —— 试试[FUSE][2]。 +> - 你在扩展Netfilter —— 那么[libnetfilter_queue][3]对你有所帮助。 +> +> 通常，本地内核代码会干得更好，但是对于许多项目而言，这点性能丢失并不严重。 +由于内核编程总是异步的，没有Linux顺序执行得**main()**函数来运行你的模块。取而代之的是，你为各种事件提供了回调函数，像这个： + + static int __init reverse_init(void) + { + printk(KERN_INFO "reverse device has been registered\n"); + return 0; + } + + static void __exit reverse_exit(void) + { + printk(KERN_INFO "reverse device has been unregistered\n"); + } + + module_init(reverse_init); + module_exit(reverse_exit); + +这儿，我们定义了函数，用来访问模块的插入和移除功能，只有第一个是必要的。目前，它们只是打印消息到内核环缓冲区（可以通过**dmesg**命令从用户空间访问）；**KERN_INFO**是日志等级（注意，没有逗号）。**_init**和**_exit**是属性 —— 联结到函数的元数据片（或者变量）。属性在用户空间的C代码中是很罕见的，但是内核中却很普遍。所有标记为**_init**的，会在初始化后再生（还记得那条老旧的“释放未使用的内核内存……”信息？）。**__exit**表明，当代码被静态构建进内核时，该函数可以安全地优化。最后，**module_init()**和**module_exit()**这两个宏将**reverse_init()**和**reverse_exit()**函数设置成为我们模块的生命周期回调函数。实际的函数名称并不重要，你可以称它们为**init()**和**exit()**，或者**start()**和**stop()**，你想叫什么就叫什么吧。在你的模块外，它们被申明成为静态的和不可见的。事实上，内核中的任何函数都是不可见的，除非明确地被导出。然而，在内核程序员中，给你的函数加上模块名前缀是约定俗成的。 + +这些是基本要素 —— 让我们把事情变得更有趣些。模块可以接收参数，就像这样： + + # modprobe foo bar=1 + +**modinfo**命令显示了所有模块接受的参数，而这些也可以在**/sys/module//parameters**下作为文件使用。我们的模块需要一个缓冲区来存储短语 —— 让我们把这大小设置为用户可配置。添加**MODULE_DESCRIPTION()**以下的三行： + + static unsigned long buffer_size = 8192; + module_param(buffer_size, ulong, (S_IRUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)); + MODULE_PARM_DESC(buffer_size, "Internal buffer size"); + +这儿，我们定义了一个变量来存储该值，将其包裹到一个参数中，并通过sysfs来让所有人可读。参数的描述（最后一行）会出现在modinfo的输出中。 + +由于用户可以直接设置**buffer_size**，我们需要在**reverseinit()**来清除它。你总该检查来自内核外的数据 —— 如果你不这么做，你就是会将你自身置于内核异常之中，设置造成安全漏洞。 + + static int __init reverse_init() + { + if (!buffer_size) + return -1; + printk(KERN_INFO + "reverse device has been registered, buffer size is %lu bytes\n", + buffer_size); + return 0; + } + +来自模块初始化函数的非0返回值意味着模块执行失败。 + +### 导航 ### + +> 但你开发模块时，Linux内核就是你所需一切的源头。然而，它相当大，你可能在查找你所要的内容时会有困难。幸运的是，在浏览庞大的代码库时，有工具可以帮助你干得轻松一点。首先，是Cscope —— 在终端中运行的一个令人肃然起敬的工具。你所要做的，就是在内核源代码的顶级目录中运行**make cscope && cscope**。Cscope和Vim以及Emacs整合得很好，因此你可以在使用你最喜爱的编辑器舒适地工作时来使用它。 + +> 如果基于终端的工具不是你的最爱，那么就访问[http://lxr.free-electrons.com][4]吧。它是一个基于web的内核导航工具，即使它的功能没有Cscope来得多（例如，你不能方便地找到函数的用法），但它仍然提供了足够多的快速查询功能。 +现在是时候来编译模块了。你将需要用于正在运行的内核版本的头文件（**linux-headers**，或者同等软件包）和**build-essential**（或者类似的包）。接下来，该创建一个标准的Makefile模板： + + obj-m += reverse.o + all: + make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules + clean: + make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean + +现在，调用**make**来构建你的第一个模块。如果你输入的都正确，在当前目录内会发现reverse.ko文件。使用**sudo insmod reverse.ko**插入，然后运行： + + $ dmesg | tail -1 + [ 5905.042081] reverse device has been registered, buffer size is 8192 bytes + +恭喜了！然而，目前这一行还只是在逗你玩而已 —— 还没有设备节点呢。让我们来修复它。 + +#### 混杂设备 #### + +在Linux中，有一种特殊的字符设备类型，叫做“混杂设备”（或者简称为“misc”）。它设计用于只有一个单一接入点的小型设备驱动，而这正是我们所需要的。所有混杂设备共享同一个主设备号（10），因此一个驱动(**drivers/char/misc.c**）就可以查看它们所有设备了，而这些设备用次设备号来区分。在所有其它意义上，它们只是普通字符设备。 + +要为该设备注册一个次设备号（以及一个接入点），你需要声明**struct misc_device**，填上所有字段（注意语法），然后使用指针指向该结构函数来调用**misc_register()**。为了这个能工作，你也需要包含**linux/miscdevice.h**头文件： + + static struct miscdevice reverse_misc_device = { + .minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR, + .name = "reverse", + .fops = &reverse_fops + }; + static int __init reverse_init() + { + ... + misc_register(&reverse_misc_device); + printk(KERN_INFO ... + } + +这儿，我们为名为“reverse”的设备请求一个第一个可用的（动态的）次设备号；省略号表明我们已经见过的省略的代码。别忘了在模块卸下后注销掉该设备。 + + static void __exit reverse_exit(void) + { + misc_deregister(&reverse_misc_device); + ... + } + +‘fops’字段存储了一个指针，指向结构函数**file_operations**（在Linux/fs.h中已声明），而这真是我们模块的接入点。**reverse_fops**定义如下： + + static struct file_operations reverse_fops = { + .owner = THIS_MODULE, + .open = reverse_open, + ... + .llseek = noop_llseek + }; + +再者，**reverse_fops**包含了一系列回调函数（也称之为方法），当用户空间代码打开一个设备时，就会执行。从该设备读取，向该设备写入，或者关闭文件描述符。如果你忽略了所有这些，就会使用一个灵敏的回调函数来替代。这就是为什么我们明确给**noop_llseek()**设置了**llseek**方法，而它却什么也不干（就像名称中暗指的）。默认部署改变了文件指针，我们现在也不想我们的设备被找到（这是你们的今天的回家作业）。 + +#### 我在关闭时打开 #### + +让我们实施该方法。我们将分配一个新的缓冲区给每个打开的文件描述符，并在它关闭时释放。这事实上并不安全：如果一个用户空间应用程序泄漏了描述符（也许是故意的），它就会霸占RAM，并使系统不可用。在现实世界中，你总得考虑到这些可能性。但在本教程中，这种方法可以接受。 + +我们需要一个结构函数来描述缓冲区。内核提供了许多常规的数据结构：链接列表（双联的），哈希表，树等等之类。然而，缓冲区常常从零开始实施。我们将调用我们的“struct buffer”： + + struct buffer { + char *data, *end, *read_ptr; + unsigned long size; + }; + +**data**是该缓冲区存储的一个指向字符串的指针，而最后部分是字符串结尾后的第一个字节。**read_ptr**是**read()**开始读取数据的地方。缓冲区大小为了完整性而存储 —— 目前，我们还没有使用该区域。你不能假设使用你结构体的用户会正确地初始化所有这些东西，所以最好在函数中封装缓冲区分配和解除。它们通常命名为**buffer_alloc()**和**buffer_free()**。 + + static struct buffer *buffer_alloc(unsigned long size) + { + struct buffer *buf; + buf = kzalloc(sizeof(*buf), GFP_KERNEL); + if (unlikely(!buf)) + goto out; + ... + out: + return buf; + } + +内核内存使用**kmalloc()**来分配，并使用**kfree()**来释放；**kzalloc()**的风格是将内存设置为全零。不同于标准的**malloc()**，它的内核对应部分收到的标志指定了第二个参数中请求的内存类型。这里，**GFP_KERNEL**是说我们需要一个普通的内核内存（不是在DMA或高内存中）以及函数可以按需睡眠（重新编排进程）。**sizeof(*buf)**是一种常见的方式，它用来获取可通过指针访问的结构体的大小。 + +你应该随时检查**kmalloc()**的返回值：解应用NULL指针将导致内核异常。同时也需要注意**unlikely()**宏的使用。它（及其相对宏**likely()**）被广泛用于内核中，用于表明条件几乎总是真的（或假的）。它不会影响到控制流，但是能帮助现代处理器通过分支预测技术来提升性能。 + +最后，注意**gotos**。它们常常为认为是邪恶的，但是，Linux内核（以及一些其它系统软件）采用它们来实施集中式的函数退出。这样的结果是减少嵌套深度，使代码更具可读性，而且非常像更高级语言中的**try-catch**区块。 + +有了**buffer_alloc()**和**buffer_free()**，**open**和**close**方法就变得很简单了。 + + static int reverse_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) + { + int err = 0; + file->private_data = buffer_alloc(buffer_size); + ... + return err; + } + +**struct file**是一个标准的内核数据结构，用以存储打开的文件的信息，如当前文件位置（**file->fpos**),标志(**file->flags**），或者打开模式（**file->fmode**)。另外一个字段**file->privatedata**用于关联文件到一些专有数据，它的类型是void *，而且它在文件拥有者以外对内核不透明。我们将一个缓冲区存储在那里。 + +如果缓冲区分配失败，我们通过返回否定值（**-ENOMEM**）来为调用的用户空间代码标明。 + +#### 学会读写 #### + +“read”和“write”方法是真正完成工作的地方。当数据写入到缓冲区时，我们就丢弃它里头先前的内容，并在没有任何临时存储时将短语恢复原状。**read**方法仅仅是从内核缓冲区复制数据到用户空间。但是如果缓冲区还没有数据，**reverseread()**会做什么呢？在用户空间中，**read()**调用会在有可用数据前阻塞它。在内核中，你必须等待。幸运的是，有一项机制用于处理这种情况，就是‘wait queues’。 + +想法很简单。如果当前进程需要等待某个事件，它的描述符（**struct task_struct**存储为‘current’）被放进非可运行（睡眠中）状态，并添加到一个队列中。然后**schedule()**就被调用来选择另一个进程运行。生成事件的代码通过使用队列将等待进程放回**TASKRUNNING**状态来唤醒它们。调度程序将在以后在某个地方选择它们之一。Linux有多种非可运行状态，最值得注意的是**TASKINTERRUPTIBLE**（一个可以通过信号中断的睡眠）和**TASKKILLABLE**（一个可被杀死的睡眠中的进程）。所有这些都应该正确处理，并等待队列为你做这些事。 + +一个用以存储读取等待队列头的天然场所就是结构缓冲区，所以从为它添加**wait_queue_head_t read_queue**字段开始。你也应该包含**linux/sched.h**。可以使用DECLARE_WAITQUEUE()宏来静态声明一个等待队列。在我们这种情况下，需要动态初始化，因此添加下面这行到**buffer_alloc()**： + + init_waitqueue_head(&buf->read_queue); + +我们等待可用数据；或者等待**read_ptr != end**条件成立。我们也想要让等待操作可以被中断（如，通过Ctrl+C）。因此，“read”方法应该像这样开始： + + static ssize_t reverse_read(struct file *file, char __user * out, + size_t size, loff_t * off) + { + struct buffer *buf = file->private_data; + ssize_t result; + while (buf->read_ptr == buf->end) { + if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) { + result = -EAGAIN; + goto out; + } + if (wait_event_interruptible + (buf->read_queue, buf->read_ptr != buf->end)) { + result = -ERESTARTSYS; + goto out; + } + } + ... + +我们让它循环，直到有可用数据，如果没有则使用**wait_event_interruptible()**（它是一个宏，不是函数，这就是为什么要给队列传递值）来等待。好吧，如果**wait_event_interruptible()**被中断，它返回一个非0值，这个值代表**-ERESTARTSYS**。这段代码意味着系统调用应该重新启动。**file->f_flags**检查以非阻塞模式打开的文件数：如果没有数据，返回**-EAGAIN**。 + +我们不能使用**if()**来替代**while()**，因为可能有许多进程正等待数据。当**write**方法唤醒它们时，调度程序选择一个来以不可预知的方式运行，因此，在这段代码有机会执行的时候，缓冲区可能再次空出。现在，我们需要将数据从**buf->data** 复制到用户空间。**copytouser()**内核函数就干了此事： + + size = min(size, (size_t) (buf->end - buf->read_ptr)); + if (copy_to_user(out, buf->read_ptr, size)) { + result = -EFAULT; + goto out; + } + +如果用户空间指针错误，那么调用可能会失败；如果发生了此事，我们就返回**-EFAULT**。记住，不要相信任何来自内核外的事物！ + + buf->read_ptr += size; + result = size; + out: + return result; + } + +为了让数据能读入到专有组块中，需要进行简单运算。该方法返回读入的字节数，或者一个错误代码。 + +写方法更简短。首先，我们检查缓冲区是否有足够的空间，然后我们使用**copy_from_userspace()**函数来获取数据。再然后**read_ptr**和结束指针会被重置，缓冲区内容会被撤销掉： + + buf->end = buf->data + size; + buf->read_ptr = buf->data; + if (buf->end > buf->data) + reverse_phrase(buf->data, buf->end - 1); + +这里， **reverse_phrase()**干了所有吃力的工作。它依赖于**reverse_word()**函数，该函数相当简短并且标记为内联。这是另外一个常见的优化；但是，你不能过度使用。因为积极的内联会导致内核映像徒然增大。 + +最后，我们需要唤醒**read_queue**中等待数据的进程，就跟先前讲过的那样。**wake_up_interruptible()**就是用来干此事的： + + wake_up_interruptible(&buf->read_queue); + +唷！你现在已经有了一个内核模块，它至少已经编译成功了。现在，是时候来测试了。 + +### 调试内核代码 ### + +> 或许，内核中最常见的调试方法就是打印。如果你愿意，你可以使用普通的**printk()** （假定使用**KERN_DEBUG**日志等级）。然而，那儿还有更好的办法。如果你正在写一个设备驱动，这个设备驱动有它自己的“struct device”，可以使用**pr_debug()**或者**dev_dbg()**：它们支持动态调试（**dyndbg**）特性，并可以根据需要启用或者禁用（请查阅**Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt**）。对于单纯的开发消息，使用**prdevel()**，该函数没有操作符，除非设置了DEBUG。要为我们的模块启用DEBUG，请添加以下行到Makefile中： + +> CFLAGS_reverse.o := -DDEBUG +> +> 完了之后，使用**dmesg**来查看**pr_debug()**或**pr_devel()**生成的调试信息。 +> 或者，你可以直接发送调试信息到控制台。要想这么干，你可以设置**console_loglevel**内核变量为8或者更大的值（**echo 8 /proc/sys/kernel/printk**），或者在高日志等级，如**KERN_ERR**，来临时打印要查询的调试信息。很自然，在发布代码前，你应该移除这样的调试声明。 + +> 注意出现在控制台的内核消息，而不要在Xterm这样的终端模拟器窗口中去查看；那也是你在内核开发时，经常会建议你不要再X环境下进行的原因。 + +### 惊喜，惊喜！ ### + +编译模块，然后加载进内核： + + $ make + $ sudo insmod reverse.ko buffer_size=2048 + $ lsmod + reverse 2419 0 + $ ls -l /dev/reverse + crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 10, 58 Feb 22 15:53 /dev/reverse + +一切似乎就位。现在，要测试模块是否正常工作，我们将写一段小程序来翻转它的第一个命令行参数。**main()**（没有错误检查）可能看上去像这样： + + int fd = open("/dev/reverse", O_RDWR); + write(fd, argv[1], strlen(argv[1])); + read(fd, argv[1], strlen(argv[1])); + printf("Read: %s\n", argv[1]); + +像这样运行： + + $ ./test 'A quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog' + Read: dog lazy the over jumped fox brown quick A + +它工作正常！玩得更逗一点：试试传递单个单词或者单个字母的短语，空的字符串或者是非英语字符串（如果你有这样的键盘布局设置），以及其它任何东西。 + +现在，让我们让事情变得更好玩一点。我们将创建两个进程，它们共享一个文件描述符（因而还有内核缓冲区）。其中一个会持续写入字符串到设备，而另一个将读取这些字符串。在下例中，我们使用了**fork(2)**系统调用，而pthreads也很好用。我也忽略了打开和关闭设备，以及错误检查部分的代码（又来了）： + + char *phrase = "A quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog"; + if (fork()) + /* Parent is the writer */ + while (1) + write(fd, phrase, len); + else + /* child is the reader */ + while (1) { + read(fd, buf, len); + printf("Read: %s\n", buf); + } + +你希望这个程序会输出什么呢？下面就是在我的笔记本上得到的东西： + + Read: dog lazy the over jumped fox brown quick A + Read: A kcicq brown fox jumped over the lazy dog + Read: A kciuq nworb xor jumped fox brown quick A + Read: A kciuq nworb xor jumped fox brown quick A + ... + +这里发生了什么呢？举行了一场比赛。我们认为**read**和**write**是很小的，或者从头到尾一次执行一个指令。然而，内核是并发的野兽，它可以很容易地重排**reverse_phrase()**函数内部某个地方运行着的内核模式部分的写入操作。如果进行**read()**操作的进程在写入操作结束前就被编排进去，就会产生数据不连续状态。这些bug非常难以排除。但是，怎样来处理这个问题呢？ + +基本上，我们需要确保在写方法返回前没有**read**方法能被执行。如果你曾经编写过一个多线程的应用程序，你可能见过同步原语（锁），如互斥锁或者信号。Linux也有这些，但有些细微的差别。内核代码可以运行在进程条件中（“代表”用户空间代码工作，就像我们的方法那样）以及运行在中断条件中（例如，在IRQ处理器中）。如果你的程序处于进程条件中，并且你需要的锁已经被拿走，你的程序就会睡眠并重试直至成功。在中断条件中是无法睡眠的，因此代码在循环中流转，直到有可用的锁为止。关联原语被称为自旋锁，但在我们的环境中，一个简单的互斥锁 —— 在特定时间内只有唯一一个进程能“占有”的对象 —— 就足够了。处于性能方面的考虑，现实的代码可能也会使用读-写信号。 + +锁总是保护某些数据（在我们的环境中，是一个“struct buffer”实例），而且也常常会把它们嵌入到它们所保护的结构体中。因此，我们添加一个互斥锁（‘struct mutex lock’）到“struct buffer”中。我们也必须用**mutex_init()**来初始化互斥锁；**buffer_alloc**是用来处理这件事的好地方。使用互斥锁的代码也必须包含**linux/mutex.h**。 + +互斥锁很像交通信号灯 —— 除非驱动查看并跟踪信号，否则它没什么用。因此，在对缓冲区做操作并在操作完成时释放它之前，我们需要更新**reverse_read()**和**reverse_write()**来获取互斥锁。让我们来看看**read**方法 —— **write**的工作原理相同： + + static ssize_t reverse_read(struct file *file, char __user * out, + size_t size, loff_t * off) + { + struct buffer *buf = file->private_data; + ssize_t result; + if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&buf->lock)) { + result = -ERESTARTSYS; + goto out; + } + +我们在函数一开始就获取锁。**mutex_lock_interruptible()**要么抓取互斥锁然后返回，要么让进程睡眠，直到有可用的互斥锁。就像前面一样，**_interruptible**后缀意味着睡眠可以由信号来中断。 + + while (buf->read_ptr == buf->end) { + mutex_unlock(&buf->lock); + /* ... wait_event_interruptible() here ... */ + if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&buf->lock)) { + result = -ERESTARTSYS; + goto out; + } + } + +下面是我们的“等待数据”循环。当持有互斥锁，或者发生称之为“死锁”的情境时，不应该让进程睡眠。因此，如果没有数据，我们释放互斥锁并调用**wait_event_interruptible()**。当它返回时，我们重新获取互斥锁并像往常一样继续： + + if (copy_to_user(out, buf->read_ptr, size)) { + result = -EFAULT; + goto out_unlock; + } + ... + out_unlock: + mutex_unlock(&buf->lock); + out: + return result; + +最后，当函数结束，或者在互斥锁被占有过程中发生错误时，互斥锁被解锁。重新编译模块（别忘了重新加载），然后再次进行测试。现在你应该没发现毁坏的数据了。 + +### 接下来是什么？ ### +现在，你体验了一把内核侵入。我们刚刚为你揭开了今天话题的外衣，里面还有更多东西供你探索。我们的第一个模块是有意识地写得简单一点，在从中学到的概念在更复杂的环境中也一样。并发、方法表、注册回调函数、使进程睡眠以及唤醒进程，这些都是内核黑客们耳熟能详的东西，而现在你已经看过了它们的运作。或许某天，你的内核代码也将被加入到主线Linux源代码树中 —— 如果真这样，请联系我们！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/be-a-kernel-hacker/ + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.libusb.org/ +[2]:http://fuse.sf.net/ +[3]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/be-a-kernel-hacker/www.netfilter.org/projects/libnetfilter_queue +[4]:http://lxr.free-electrons.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 559782a20dff913b5d6193b95be41b8656087e35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 6 Jun 2014 15:43:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 139/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ACollectl--An?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Advanced=20All-in-One=20Performance=20Monitoring=20Tool=20fo?= =?UTF-8?q?r=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @Linchenguang 发布了~ --- ...e Performance Monitoring Tool for Linux.md | 32 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Collectl--An Advanced All-in-One Performance Monitoring Tool for Linux.md (94%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Collectl--An Advanced All-in-One Performance Monitoring Tool for Linux.md b/published/Collectl--An Advanced All-in-One Performance Monitoring Tool for Linux.md similarity index 94% rename from translated/tech/Collectl--An Advanced All-in-One Performance Monitoring Tool for Linux.md rename to published/Collectl--An Advanced All-in-One Performance Monitoring Tool for Linux.md index 3d450bafec..88615017b6 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Collectl--An Advanced All-in-One Performance Monitoring Tool for Linux.md +++ b/published/Collectl--An Advanced All-in-One Performance Monitoring Tool for Linux.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -Collectl: 一个高级全能的 Linux 性能监控工具 +Collectl: Linux 性能监控的全能冠军 ================================================================================ 对于一个 Linux 系统管理员来说确保自己管理的系统处于一个良好的状态是其首要责任。Linux 系统管理员可以找到有很多工具来帮助自己监控和显示系统中的进程，例如 top 和 htop ,但是这些工具都不能与 **collectl** 相媲美。 @@ -8,8 +8,7 @@ Collectl: 一个高级全能的 Linux 性能监控工具 **collectl**是一款非常优秀并且有着丰富的命令行功能的实用程序，你可以用它来采集描述当前系统状态的性能数据。不同于大多数其它的系统监控工具，collectl 并非仅局限于有限的系统度量，相反，它可以收集许多不同类型系统资源的相关信息，如 cpu 、disk、memory 、network 、sockets 、 tcp 、inodes 、infiniband 、 lustre 、memory、nfs、processes、quadrics、slabs和buddyinfo等。 -使用 **collectl** 的另一个好处就是它可以替代那些有特殊用途的工具如 top、ps、iotop 等还有其它许多这样的工具。那么 **collectl** 有什么特性而使其成为一个有用的工具呢？ - +使用 **collectl** 的另一个好处就是它可以替代那些特定用途的工具如： top、ps、iotop 等等其它工具。那么 **collectl** 有什么特性而使其成为一个有用的工具呢？ 经过许多研究后，我总结了 collectl 的命令行功能的一些非常重要的特性。 @@ -33,7 +32,6 @@ Collectl: 一个高级全能的 Linux 性能监控工具 ### 如何在Linux上安装collectl### - **collectl**可以在所有的 Linux 发行版上运行，唯一需要的就是 perl 语言，所以在安装 **collectl** 之前，一定要确保你的电脑上已经安装了**Perl**。 #### 对于Debian/Ubuntu/Linux Mint #### @@ -50,8 +48,7 @@ Collectl: 一个高级全能的 Linux 性能监控工具 ### 一些关于collectl的实例 ### - -collectl 工具安装完成之后，你可以轻松得在终端运行它，你甚至不需要任何选项。下面的命令将会以简短的人性化的格式显示cpu、硬盘和网络信息。 +collectl 工具安装完成之后，你可以轻松地在终端运行它，你甚至不需要指定任何选项。下面的命令将会以简短易读的格式显示cpu、硬盘和网络信息。 # collectl @@ -70,16 +67,15 @@ collectl 工具安装完成之后，你可以轻松得在终端运行它，你 22 4 993 1615 0 0 56 3 1 2 0 3 -正如上面终端上所显示的，我们很容易观察该命令输出的系统度量值，因为它只显示一整行。 - +正如上面终端上所显示的，我们很容易观察该命令输出的系统度量值，因为它每次以一行显示。 不加任何参数执行 collectl 会显示下面子系统的信息 - cpu -- disks -- network +- 磁盘 +- 网络 -**提示**：在这里，一个子系统是每一种可以测量的系统资源。 +**提示**：在这里，一个子系统就是每一种可以测量的系统资源。 你也可以显示除slabs以外各个子系统的统计数据，这要结合下面的 **-all** 选项来实现。 @@ -99,9 +95,7 @@ collectl 工具安装完成之后，你可以轻松得在终端运行它，你 15 1 753 1276 361 391 1G 175M 1G 683M 193M 1G ssslkjjebbk 0 0 40 3 1 2 0 3 0 0 0 0 623 0 0 0 8160 240829 0 0 0 0 - -但是，你如何用它来监控 cpu 的使用情况呢？ ‘s’ 选项可以用来控制需要收集和回放的数据。 - +但是，你如何用它来监控 cpu 的使用情况呢？ ‘-s’ 选项可以用来控制哪个子系统的数据需要收集和回放。 例如下面的命令可以用来对cpu使用情况进行一个总结。 @@ -140,7 +134,7 @@ collectl 工具安装完成之后，你可以轻松得在终端运行它，你 11 2 795 1285 0 0 0 0 2 14 1 14 -你可以很容易地理解默认选项是“**cdn**”，它代表cpu、硬盘和网络数据。运行添加这个选项的 collectl 命令的输出和“**collectl －scn**”的输出一样。 +你可以很容易就明白默认选项是“**cdn**”，它代表cpu、硬盘和网络数据。运行带这个选项的 collectl 命令的输出和“**collectl －scn**”的输出一样。 如果你想采集内存的数据，用下面的命令。 @@ -201,7 +195,7 @@ collectl 工具安装完成之后，你可以轻松得在终端运行它，你 对于我们普通大众来说记住这些选项很困难，所以在这里，我整理出了一个列表来总结这个工具支持的选项。 -- **b** – buddy info (memory fragmentation) +- **b** – buddy info (内存碎片) - **c** – CPU - **d** – Disk - **f** – NFS V3 Data @@ -213,7 +207,7 @@ collectl 工具安装完成之后，你可以轻松得在终端运行它，你 - **s** – Sockets - **t** – TCP - **x** – Interconnect -- **y** – Slabs (system object caches) +- **y** – Slabs (系统对象缓存) 对于一个系统管理员或者一个 Linux 用户来说很重要的一种数据就是硬盘的使用情况。下面的命令可以帮你监控硬盘使用情况。 @@ -233,7 +227,7 @@ collectl 工具安装完成之后，你可以轻松得在终端运行它，你 0 0 0 0 -你也可以使用“**-sD**”选项来采集单个硬盘的数据，但是你必须知道全部硬盘的信息不会被报告。 +你也可以使用“**-sD**”选项来采集单个硬盘的数据，不过你必须知道这就不会显示全部硬盘的信息。 # collectl -sD @@ -333,7 +327,7 @@ collectl 工具中有许多选项，但是仅用一篇文章来介绍肯定是 22 root 0 2 0 S 0 0 0 0.00 0.00 0 00:00.00 0 0 0 0 kintegrityd -我确信许多系统管理员将会喜欢这个工具并且在充分利用它后会感受到它的强大。如果你想增进你对 collectl 的了解，从而达到新的层面，你可以去参阅 collectl 的 man 手册并勤加练习。 +我确信许多系统管理员将会喜欢这个工具并且在充分使用它后会感受到它的强大。如果你想增进你对 collectl 的了解，从而达到新的层面，你可以去参阅 collectl 的 man 手册并勤加练习。 在你的终端键入下面的命令开始阅读吧。 From 4bbf5f4917732e2681585bdd4164f8aaed85dd64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 6 Jun 2014 16:12:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 140/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20to=20m?= =?UTF-8?q?anage=20passwords=20from=20the=20command=20line=20on=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @GOLinux 稍后就发布了 --- ...asswords from the command line on Linux.md | 121 +++++++++++++++ ...asswords from the command line on Linux.md | 141 ------------------ 2 files changed, 121 insertions(+), 141 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/How to manage passwords from the command line on Linux.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/How to manage passwords from the command line on Linux.md diff --git a/published/How to manage passwords from the command line on Linux.md b/published/How to manage passwords from the command line on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aa4f6e5a78 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/How to manage passwords from the command line on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +如何在Linux上使用命令行管理密码 +================================================================================ + +在基于密码的认证在网络盛行的今天，你可能需要或者已经使用了某种密码管理工具来跟踪管理你正在使用的所有密码。有各种各样的在线或离线服务或者软件工具用于完成此类事情，而这些工具因复杂程度、用户界面或者目标环境（如企业或终端用户）的不同而各不相同。例如，有一些是为终端用户开发基于图形化的密码管理器，如[KeePass(X)][1]。 + +对于那些不想要依赖图形化进行密码管理的用户，笔者将会讲述如何在命令行下使用 [pass][2]来管理密码，**这是一个简单的用于命令行管理密码的工具**。 + +该密码工具实际上是一个shell脚本编写的前端，其中调用了几个其它工具（如gpg，pwgen，git，xsel）来使用OpenGPG管理用户的密码信息。各个密码使用gpg工具进行加密，并存储到本地密码仓库中。密码信息可以通过终端或者自清除的剪贴板工具使用。 + +该密码工具相当灵活，并且使用起来及其简单。你可以将每个密码信息存储到一个OpenGPG保护的普通文本文件，并且将不同的密码文件分组多个类目中。它支持bash自动补全特性，因此可以很方便地使用TAB键来补全命令或者很长的密码名称。 + + +### 在Linux上安装pass ### + +在Debian，Ubuntu或者Linux Mint上安装pass： + + $ sudo apt-get install pass + $ echo "source /etc/bash_completion.d/password-store" >> ~/.bashrc + + +在Fedora上安装pass： + + $ sudo yum install pass + $ echo "source /etc/bash_completion.d/password-store" >> ~/.bashrc + +在CentOS上安装pass，首先[启用EPEL仓库][3]，然后执行以下命令： + + $ sudo yum install pass + $ echo "source /etc/bash_completion.d/password-store" >> ~/.bashrc + +在Archlinux上安装pass： + + $ sudo pac -S pass + $ echo "source /etc/bash_completion.d/password-store" >> ~/.bashrc + +### 初始化本地密码仓库 ### + +在使用密码工具之前，你需要执行一次初始化步骤，该步骤包括创建一个GPG密钥对（如果你还没有）以及一个本地密码仓库。 + +首先，通过以下步骤创建一个GPG密钥对（即：公钥/私钥）。如果已经创建了自己的GPG密钥对，可以跳过此步骤。 + + $ gpg --gen-key + +执行该步骤，会询问你如下问题。如果你不确定，可以选择接受默认回答。作为密钥生成部分，你将要为你的密钥创建一个加密口令，这个口令实际上是你访问存储在本地密码仓库中的任何密码信息时的主密码。成功创建密钥对后，创建的密钥对会存储在~/.gnupg目录中。 + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2922/13965806430_a19596da60_z.jpg) + +接下来，运行以下命令来初始化本地密码仓库。下面的，输入之前创建密钥对时的关联电子邮件地址。 + + $ pass init + +该命令会在~/.password-store目录中创建一个密码仓库。 + +### 在终端使用pass管理密码 ### +#### 插入新密码信息 #### + +要将新的密码信息插入到本地密码仓库中，请遵循以下命令格式： + + $ pass insert + +是你定义的专有名称，并且可以分级（如 "finance/tdbank", "online/gmail.com"）。在这种情况下，密码信息可以存储到~/.password-store目录下对应的子目录中。 + +如果你想要分多行插入密码信息，请像以下命令一样使用"-m"选项。以你自己喜欢的任何格式来输入密码信息，然后按Ctrl+D来结束。 + + $ pass insert -m + +![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5564/14129264286_9fc2938c0b_z.jpg) + +#### 查看所有密码名称列表 #### + +要查看所有存储的密码名称列表，只需输入"pass"命令： + + $ pass + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2905/13965804498_92b0af83cf_o.jpg) + +#### 从密码仓库中取回密码信息 #### + +要访问特定密码列表中的内容，只需使用以下命令： + + $ pass + +例如： + + $ pass email/gmail.com + +会要求你输入密码口令来解锁密钥。 + +如果你想要将密码复制到剪贴板，而不是显示到终端屏幕上，使用以下命令： + + $ pass -c email/gmail.com + +当密码被复制到剪贴板，剪贴板在45秒后会被自动清空。 + +#### 在密码仓库中生成并存储新密码 #### + +使用`pass`命令，你也可以生成一个新的随机密码，该密码可用于任何目的。pass工具将会使用pwgen工具来生成一个好的随机密码。你可以指定密码的长度，或者生成带或不带符号的密码。 + +例如，要生成一个具有10个字符不带符号的密码，并将它存储到 "email/new_service.com"列表中： + + $ pass generate email/new_service.com 10 -n + +#### 移除密码信息 #### + +要移除现存的密码信息是很容易的： + + $ pass rm email/gmail.com + +小结一下，pass是及其灵活，便于携带，并且更为重要的是，易于使用。对于正在寻找能简单而行之有效地、安全地、并且不依赖图形化管理任何私人信息的工具的人，笔者强烈推荐pass。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/manage-passwords-command-line-linux.html + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/08/how-to-manage-multiple-passwords-on-linux.html +[2]:http://www.zx2c4.com/projects/password-store/ +[3]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html diff --git a/translated/tech/How to manage passwords from the command line on Linux.md b/translated/tech/How to manage passwords from the command line on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index d46f855051..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/How to manage passwords from the command line on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,141 +0,0 @@ -GOLinux翻译中 - -How to manage passwords from the command line on Linux -如何在Linux上使用命令行管理密码 -================================================================================ -With password-based authentication so prevalent online these days, you may need or already use some sort of password management tool to keep track of all the passwords you are using. There are various online or offline services or software tools for that matter, and they vary in terms of their sophistication, user interface or target environments (e.g., enterprises or end users). For example, there are a few GUI-based password managers for end users, such as [KeePass(X)][1]. -在基于密码的认证在网络盛行的今天，你可能需要或者已经使用了某种密码管理工具来跟踪管理你正在使用的所有密码。有各种各样的在线或离线服务或者软件工具用于完成此类事情，而这些工具因复杂程度、用户界面或者目标环境（如企业或终端用户）的不同而各不相同。例如，有一些是为终端用户开发基于图形化的密码管理器，如[KeePass(X)][1]。 -For those of you who do not want any kind of GUI dependency for password management, I will describe how to manage passwords from the command line by using [pass][2], **a simple command-line utility for password management**. -对于那些不想要依赖图形化进行密码管理的用户，笔者将会讲述如何在命令行下使用 [pass][2]来管理密码，**这是一个简单的用于命令行管理密码的工具**。 -The pass utility is in fact a shell script frontend which uses several other tools (e.g., gpg, pwgen, git, xsel) to manage user's password info using OpenPGP. Each password is encrypted with gpg utility, and stored in a local password store. Password info can be retrieved either via terminal or self-clearing clipboard interface. -该密码工具实际上是一个shell脚本编写的前端，其中调用了几个其它工具（如gpg，pwgen，git，xsel）来使用OpenGPG管理用户的密码信息。各个密码使用gpg工具进行加密，并存储到本地密码仓库中。密码信息可以通过终端或者自清除的剪贴板工具取回。 -The pass utility is quite flexible and extremely simple to use. You can store each password info in an OpenPGP-protected plain text file, and group different password files into multiple categories. It supports bash auto completion feature, so it is very convenient to fill in commands or long password names using TAB key. -该密码工具相当灵活，并且使用起来及其简单。你可以将各个密码信息存储到一个OpenGPG保护的普通文本文件，并且将密码文件分组放到多个类目中。它支持bash自动补全特性，因此可以很方便地使用TAB键来补全命令或者很长的秘密名称。 -### Install pass on Linux ### -### 在Linux上安装pass ### -To install pass on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint: -在Debian，Ubuntu或者Linux Mint上安装pass： - - $ sudo apt-get install pass - $ echo "source /etc/bash_completion.d/password-store" >> ~/.bashrc - -To install pass on Fedora: -在Fedora上安装pass： - - $ sudo yum install pass - $ echo "source /etc/bash_completion.d/password-store" >> ~/.bashrc - -To install pass on CentOS, first [enable EPEL repository][3] and then run: -在CentOS上安装pass，首先[启用EPEL仓库][3]，然后执行以下命令： - - $ sudo yum install pass - $ echo "source /etc/bash_completion.d/password-store" >> ~/.bashrc - -To install pass on Archlinux: -在Archlinux上安装pass： - - $ sudo pac -S pass - $ echo "source /etc/bash_completion.d/password-store" >> ~/.bashrc - -### Initialize Local Password Store ### -### 初始化本地密码仓库 ### -Before using pass utility, you need to do one-time initialization step which involves creating a GPG key pair (if you don't have one) and a local password store. -在使用密码工具之前，你需要执行一次初始化步骤，该步骤包括创建一个GPG密钥对（如果你还没有）以及一个本地密码仓库。 -First, create a GPG key pair (i.e., public/private keys) as follows. If you already have your own GPG key pair, you can skip this step. -首先，通过以下步骤创建一个GPG密钥对（即：公钥/私钥）。如果已经创建了自己的GPG密钥对，可以跳过此步骤。 - - $ gpg --gen-key - -It will ask you a series of questions as shown below. If you are not sure, you can accept default answers. As part of key generation, you will set a passphrase for your secret key, which is essentially the master password required to access any password info stored in local password store. A successfully generated key pair will be stored in ~/.gnupg -执行该步骤，会询问你如下问题。如果你不确定，可以选择接受默认回答。作为密钥生成部分，你将要为你的密钥创建一个加密口令，这个口令本质上是你访问存储在本地密码仓库中的任何密码信息时的主密码。成功创建密钥对后，创建的密钥对会存储在~/.gnupg目录中。 -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2922/13965806430_a19596da60_z.jpg) - -Next, initialize the local password store by running the following command. For , enter the email address associated your GPG key created above.接下来，运行以下命令来初始化本地密码仓库。对于，输入上面创建密钥对时的关联电子邮件地址。 - - - $ pass init - -This command will create a password store under ~/.password-store directory. -该命令会在~/.password-store目录中创建一个密码仓库。 - -### Manage Passwords from a Terminal with pass ### -### 在终端使用pass管理密码 ### -#### Insert new password info #### -### 插入新密码信息 ### -To insert new password info into local password store, use the following format. -要将新的密码信息插入到本地密码仓库中，请遵循以下命令格式： - - $ pass insert - - is an arbitrary name you define, and can be hierarchical (e.g., "finance/tdbank", "online/gmail.com"), in which case the password info will be created in corresponding sub-directories under ~/.password-store -是你定义的专有名称，并且可以分级（如 "finance/tdbank", "online/gmail.com"）。在这种情况下，密码信息可以存储到~/.password-store目录下对应的子目录中。 -If you want to insert password info as multi-lines, use "-m" option as follows. Type in password info in any format as you like, and press Ctrl+D to finish. -如果你想要分多行插入密码信息，请像以下命令一样使用"-m"选项。以你自己喜欢的任何格式来输入密码信息，然后按Ctrl+D来结束。 - - $ pass insert -m - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5564/14129264286_4315cb386b_o_d.jpg) -注：此图片暂时无法访问，不过可以直接访问flickr地址：https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14129264286/ 文章发布的时候注意此处 - -#### View a list of all password names #### -#### 查看所有密码名称列表 #### - -To view the list of all stored password names, simply type "pass": -要查看所有存储的密码名称列表，只需输入"pass"命令： - - $ pass - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2905/13965804498_92b0af83cf_o.jpg) - -#### Retrieve password info from password store #### -#### 从密码仓库中取回密码信息 #### -To access the content of a particular password listing, simply use the command below: -要访问特定密码列表中的内容，只需使用以下命令： - - $ pass - -For example: -例如： - - $ pass email/gmail.com - -You will be asked to enter the passphrase to unlock the secret key. -会要求你输入密码口令来解锁密钥。 - -If you want the password to be copied to the clipboard, instead of appearing in the terminal screen, use this command instead: -如果你想要将密码复制到剪贴板，而不是显示到终端屏幕上，使用以下命令： - - $ pass -c email/gmail.com - -Once copied to the clipboard, the password will automatically be cleared from the clipboard after 45 seconds. -一旦密码被复制到剪贴板，剪贴板在45秒后会被自动清空。 - -#### Generate and store a new password in password store #### -#### 在密码仓库中生成并存储新密码 #### -With `pass`, you can also generate a new random password which you can use for any purpose. pass will use pwgen utility to generate a good random password. You can specify the length of a password, or generate a password with or without symbols. -使用`pass`命令，你也可以生成一个新的随机密码，该密码可用于任何目的。pass工具将会使用pwgen工具来生成一个好的随机密码。你可以指定密码的长度，或者生成是否带有符号的密码。 -For example, to generate a 10-character password with no symbol, and store it under "email/new_service.com" listing: -例如，要生成一个具有10个字符不带符号的密码，并将它存储到 "email/new_service.com"列表中： - - $ pass generate email/new_service.com 10 -n - -#### Remove password info #### -#### 移除密码信息 #### -Removing existing password info is easy: -要移除现存的密码信息是很容易的： - - $ pass rm email/gmail.com - -To summarize, pass is extremely flexible, portable, and more importantly, easy to use. I highly recommend pass to anyone looking for a simple means to organize any kind of private info in a secure fashion, without relying on GUI dependency. -针对以上小结，pass是及其灵活，便于携带，并且更为重要的是，易于使用的一个工具。对于正在寻找能简单而行之有效地，安全地并且不依赖图形化管理任何私人信息的工具的人，笔者强烈推荐pass。 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/manage-passwords-command-line-linux.html - -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/08/how-to-manage-multiple-passwords-on-linux.html -[2]:http://www.zx2c4.com/projects/password-store/ -[3]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html From 845792e4492accc0b85194f16cd560ac629228d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 6 Jun 2014 23:27:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 141/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20to=20v?= =?UTF-8?q?erify=20DDOS=20attack=20with=20netstat=20command=20on=20Linux?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Terminal?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @shipsw 明天发布 --- ...DDOS attack with netstat command on Linux Terminal.md | 9 +++++---- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/How to verify DDOS attack with netstat command on Linux Terminal.md (94%) diff --git a/translated/tech/How to verify DDOS attack with netstat command on Linux Terminal.md b/published/How to verify DDOS attack with netstat command on Linux Terminal.md similarity index 94% rename from translated/tech/How to verify DDOS attack with netstat command on Linux Terminal.md rename to published/How to verify DDOS attack with netstat command on Linux Terminal.md index ef84a1cd2e..d8a9be547e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/How to verify DDOS attack with netstat command on Linux Terminal.md +++ b/published/How to verify DDOS attack with netstat command on Linux Terminal.md @@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ Dos攻击或者DDos攻击目的是使服务器或者网络资源耗尽，使其 netstat命令的用户手册描述其作用是用来显示网络连接、路由表、接口统计、伪连接和组播成员的。 -## 一些例子和解释 ## +### 一些例子和解释 ### netstat -na @@ -47,18 +47,19 @@ netstat命令的用户手册描述其作用是用来显示网络连接、路由 列出所有连接到本机80端口的IP地址和其连接数。80端口一般是用来处理HTTP网页请求。 -## 如何减少DOS攻击 ## +### 如何减少DOS攻击 ### 一旦你获得攻击服务器的IP地址你就可以使用以下命令拒绝此IP的所有连接。 iptables -A INPUT 1 -s $IPADRESS -j DROP/REJECT 注意，你需要将 $IPADRESS 替换成需要拒绝连接的IP地址。 + 执行完以上命令后，使用以下命令结束所有的httpd连接以清理系统。 killall -KILL httpd - 然后执行以下命令重启httpd服务。 +然后执行以下命令重启httpd服务。 service httpd start #RedHat 系统 @@ -70,7 +71,7 @@ netstat命令的用户手册描述其作用是用来显示网络连接、路由 via: http://linuxaria.com/howto/how-to-verify-ddos-attack-with-netstat-command-on-linux-terminal -译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a764836a1680fccd50695a35fdddd61ef32f0460 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 17:08:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 142/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E8=BF=87=E6=9C=9F=E7=9A=84=E7=94=B3?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=B7=E9=87=8D=E6=96=B0=E6=94=BE=E5=87=BA=E7=AD=89=E5=BE=85?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...o Ubuntu 14.04--We Round Up the Reviews.md | 59 ------------------- ...ux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md | 1 - sources/talk/Making Linux Feel at Home.md | 1 - ... Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md | 2 - sources/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md | 1 - ...al Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md | 2 - ...erently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md | 2 - 7 files changed, 68 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/How has the Press Reacted to Ubuntu 14.04--We Round Up the Reviews.md diff --git a/sources/news/How has the Press Reacted to Ubuntu 14.04--We Round Up the Reviews.md b/sources/news/How has the Press Reacted to Ubuntu 14.04--We Round Up the Reviews.md deleted file mode 100644 index 68499986ea..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/How has the Press Reacted to Ubuntu 14.04--We Round Up the Reviews.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -translating --------------------------- by jutzyn -How has the Press Reacted to Ubuntu 14.04? We Round Up the Reviews -================================================================================ -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ubuntu-desktop.jpg) - -**The release of Ubuntu 14.04 just before the Easter holiday arrived gave tech journalists and bloggers an extended period in which to play with the newest long-term support release.** - -But what did they make of it? - -### Press Reaction ### - -The last few years have seen each successive release of Ubuntu greeted by fewer and fewer pixels (as opposed to column inches). - -As an LTS, the recommended choice for home users and enterprise deployments alike, does 14.04 buck the trend? - -> ‘Reviews from mainstream tech publications and news site are once again thin on the ground.’ - -In short: not really. Reviews from mainstream tech publications and news site are once again thin on the ground. Whether it’s that this release has little newsworthy to offer (outside of extended support and a few extras that only enthusiasts are likely to care about) or whether there’s an increasing weariness about covering an established product that has, by and large, remained a niche interest is not for me to postulate. - -But while there’s no mention of the Trusty Tahr on the BBC News website or in the technology section of The Guardian, it didn’t arrive totally unnoticed. What press reaction there has been, has been positive. - -#### Quote, Unquote #### - -ZDNet offers up a [detailed overview][1], describing the release as “solid and stable”. While noting that it features ‘no big changes’ the reviewer, Terry Ralph-Knight, goes on to declare Ubuntu as being “**pretty hard to beat**”. - -> ‘Terry Ralph-Knight of Zdnet declares Ubuntu 14.04 LTS - -Over at TechRepublic Jack Wallen, in his concise overview, [says Trusty][2] ‘wows through subtlety‘. - -Jon Gold of **Network World** conveys the salient [changes with a slideshow][3]. On the subject of improved HiDPI support Gold notes that this “could prove important as 4K screens begin to gain traction in the market.” - -Tech site The Inquirer [covers the release][4] from the ‘Windows XP Alternative’ angle, but noted it is a ‘natty bit of kit in its own right’. - -> ‘Other coverage tended to regurgitate the official Canonical press release’ - -Other coverage tended to regurgitate the Canonical press release that trumpets the lure for Windows XP users and businesses; touts the ‘optimised for multi-touch trackpads and touchscreen’ angle; and touches on the co-release of new 14.04-based tablet and phone builds. - -Of these, **Engadget** and **PCAdvisor** cover the [above points concisely][5], while Jon Brodkin of Ars Technica [distills the essentials points in depth][6] with added insight from an email conversation he had with Rick Spencer, VP of Engineering at Canonical. - -The decision to refer to Ubuntu Touch as merely ‘Ubuntu’ (something that while technically true forgoes a distinction still warranted) confused a few reporters, with many inferring that the screenshots of the desktop version accompanying their articles is what will be shipping on tablets later this year. - -As we have previously reported, the ‘Unity 8′-based version of Ubuntu will be sold preinstalled on tablets from unknown OEMs later this year. - -In all the reception has been positive, if a little lacking. But what critics think matters not a jot — it’s you, the user whose opinion is the true decider. Have you upgraded yet? - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/press-reaction-ubuntu-14-04 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.zdnet.com/ubuntu-14-04-lts-trusty-tahr-review-solid-and-stable-but-no-big-changes-7000028437/ -[2]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/ubuntu-14-04-wows-through-subtlety/ -[3]:http://www.networkworld.com/slideshow/149046/first-look-ubuntu-1404-lts.html -[4]:http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2340343/ubuntu-1404-lts-desktop-arrives-this-week-as-windows-xp-alternative#%C2%A0 -[5]:http://www.pcadvisor.co.uk/news/software/3512604/ubuntu-1404-lts-plays-better-with-high-res-displays-forms-ubuntus-tablet-backbone/ -[6]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/04/ubuntu-14-04-will-power-first-commercially-available-ubuntu-tablets/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md b/sources/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md index c47ab5d26f..f5b8b38dae 100644 --- a/sources/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md +++ b/sources/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -这年头 就是要多占坑 No grown-ups will ever understand that this is a matter of so much importance! 10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems ========================================== Linux has a wide variety of uses. The platform is used by many for simple home use, while it is also the chosen platform for programmers and hackers. In addition, Linux is widely used in embedded systems and there are distributions that are tailored specifically to such systems. Here are 10 Linux platforms that can work great on embedded systems! diff --git a/sources/talk/Making Linux Feel at Home.md b/sources/talk/Making Linux Feel at Home.md index 715a1996bb..6212774f5d 100644 --- a/sources/talk/Making Linux Feel at Home.md +++ b/sources/talk/Making Linux Feel at Home.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -Linux-pdz重又复出，先占一坑哦！ Making Linux Feel at Home ================================================================================ **Hiring Tux is a smart move for both small and large businesses. Linux once was considered a hobbyist's operating system, but it has come a long way and now is considered enterprise class. It is considered very stable and secure. Linux can easily be customized, and there is a huge community eager to help out. Those are just some of the reasons to migrate to the Linux desktop.** diff --git a/sources/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md b/sources/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md index fb6efadbcd..6f3dafffd3 100644 --- a/sources/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md +++ b/sources/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -GOLinux Translating ... ! - 10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use! ================================================================================ From content management systems to simple tables, databases are a part of every development project nowadays. That is why developers lay so much emphasis on using the right kind of database tools. Here are some that may be of help to you! diff --git a/sources/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md b/sources/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md index b4f3879239..cbdc4a8136 100644 --- a/sources/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md +++ b/sources/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -（翻译中 by runningwater） Encrypting Your Cat Photos ================================================================================ The truth is, I really don't have anything on my hard drive that I would be upset over someone seeing. I have some cat photos. I have a few text files with ideas for future books and/or short stories, and a couple half-written starts to NaNoWriMo novels. It would be easy to say that there's no point encrypting my hard drive, because I have nothing to hide. The problem is, we wrongly correlate a "desire for privacy" with "having something to hide". I think where I live, in America, we've taken our rights to privacy for granted. Rather than the traditional "he must be hiding porn or bombs", think about something a little more mundane. diff --git a/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md b/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md index 7f391dd917..84b7f8b695 100644 --- a/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md +++ b/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -GOLinux Translating! - Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Dual_Boot_Windows8_Ubuntu_1404.jpeg) diff --git a/sources/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md b/sources/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md index d5b9426c1d..21bea6eb61 100644 --- a/sources/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md +++ b/sources/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -Translating by GOLinux ... - How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop ================================================================================ The biggest complaint you can hear those days about Ubuntu is the new Unity interface. I remember leaving for Archlinux precisely when Unity started to rise, and when it was made clear that it was here to stay. However, Unity indirectly has led to good consequences: it allowed other distributions and other desktop environments to become more prominent as people were unhappy with it. If your system can support it, no one is against a bit of eye candy. From 15c048da29572573fe3ffeb5a8a796a29ecda9aa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 17:46:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 143/713] alim0x translating --- ...Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md b/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md index 84b7f8b695..615132bfe8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md +++ b/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +alim0x translating + Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Dual_Boot_Windows8_Ubuntu_1404.jpeg) From 96be725e7fc33c66d03695a22bc7d988835c691d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 18:04:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 144/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=86=8D=E6=AC=A1=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=A8=E5=88=86=EF=BC=8C=E4=BB=8D=E6=9C=AA=E8=BE=BE=E5=88=B0?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=AF=E4=BB=A5=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=E7=9A=84=E7=A8=8B=E5=BA=A6?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 请大家也来试试校对润色的更好。 --- ...chView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md | 18 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md b/translated/talk/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md index 22e9bd215f..560bab9dbb 100644 --- a/translated/talk/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md +++ b/translated/talk/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md @@ -2,15 +2,14 @@ ================================================================================ ![](http://images.huffingtonpost.com/2012-06-27-techscapelogocolumn1.jpg) -> 技术视点是技术视角（TechScape）的一个新的组成部分，其特色是与科技界的上层人士进行独家采访和长时间谈话，探讨科技动态。 -> 我们的第一个谈话对象是[李纳斯·托沃兹][1]，Linux的传奇缔造者以及开源改革先驱。托沃兹生于芬兰的赫尔辛基，是诗人奥尔·托沃兹的孙子。尽管他更喜欢告诉人们，他的名字来自于《花生漫画》中的角色，但事实是他是以李纳斯·鲍林——两次诺贝尔奖获得者的名字来命名的。他的计算机经历是从康懋达公司的一台Amiga 500计算机上开始的，搬到辛克莱尔后又换到了IBM的386上。刚开始，他使用的是Minix操作系统，后来在该系统上衍生出了他自己的Linux操作系统。托沃兹和他的妻子托芙——六次芬兰全国空手道冠军结婚了，婚后他们定居在加利佛尼亚的圣何塞，育有三个女儿。 +> 我们的第一个谈话对象是[李纳斯·托沃兹][1]，Linux的传奇缔造者以及开源改革先驱。托沃兹生于芬兰的赫尔辛基，是诗人奥尔·托沃兹的孙子。尽管他更喜欢告诉人们，他的名字来自于《花生漫画》中的角色，但事实是他是以李纳斯·鲍林——一位两次诺贝尔奖获得者的名字来命名的。他的计算机经历是从一台Commodore计算机上开始的，后来换成了Sinclair和IBM的386上。刚开始，他使用的是Minix操作系统，后来换成了他自己的Linux操作系统。托沃兹和他的妻子托芙——一位六次芬兰全国空手道冠军结婚了，婚后他们定居在加利佛尼亚的圣何塞，育有三个女儿。 **技术视点（TV）**：在当今的技术中，有什么令你感兴趣？ **托沃兹**：我差不多是个“鼠目寸光”的家伙，所以相对于那些更空洞的“大潮流”，我对技术中实在的新东西更感兴趣。 -我喜欢关注硬件公司生产的新产品，关注他们最新的芯片，而其中可能最能激励我的（因为毕竟我是个做软件的）是那些提出新的算法并开发出新的软件来利用这些新功能的人。 +我喜欢关注硬件公司生产的新产品，关注他们最新的芯片，而其中可能最能吸引我的（因为毕竟我是个做软件的）是那些提出新的算法并开发出新的软件来利用这些新功能的人。 **TV**：那在当今科技中，什么真正让你感到恼火？它是怎么以及为什么让你生气？ @@ -18,11 +17,12 @@ 这里，当然也包括我。我认为，整个的“个人崇拜”相当令人不安。而且，我很痛恨把我以及我所说的话看得太重。对于乔布斯，埃里森，盖茨等所谓的领袖，都是如此。我希望更多的人能自己思考，并且意识到技术实际上来自遍布全球的那些默默无闻的伟大工程师中的任意一员。 -我理解人们想要并且需要一个焦点，而这种事也不仅仅发生在技术世界中（嘿，毫无疑问，我希望这事在技术世界中要发生得比娱乐行业来得少；），但是，这事仍然有点令人沮丧。 +我理解人们想要并且需要一个焦点，而这种事也不仅仅发生在技术世界中（嘿，毫无疑问，我希望这事在技术世界中要发生得比娱乐行业来得少 ;) ），但是，这事仍然有点令人沮丧。 -**TV**：你是怎么错过“申请终身许可证”的机会，而其它像Red Hat，SuSE等等却抓住了它？这是因为如果Linux不开源，它起初就不会成为Linux了吗？你能谈谈更多情况吗？你是否曾在此事上感到过后悔？ +**TV**：你是怎么错过“毕生机遇”，而其它像Red Hat，SuSE等等却抓住了它？这是因为如果Linux不开源，它起初就不会成为Linux了吗？你能谈谈更多情况吗？你是否曾在此事上感到过后悔？ + +**托沃兹**：我当然不会因为任何事情后悔。我现在身在一个令人羡慕的位置上，我能干我喜欢的事情。而且，人们因此而尊重我。况且，我自由的能做我想做（也做了）的事情。 -**托沃兹**：我当然不会因为任何事情后悔。我现在身在一个令人羡慕的位置上，我能干我喜欢的事情。而且，人们因此而尊重我。况且，我想要做的（而我已经做了）无偿工作也获得了酬劳。 我想，很少有人会喜欢自己变得与众不同，那么让我来告诉你吧，这种感觉真不错。对于商业方面，我从来都不感兴趣。而且，对我来说，那些可以采用Linux并把它商用的人和公司只是做了我从没有动力做的事情。而这项工作需要人做，也很有益。因此，事实上我很感谢那些商业实体：它们让我能集中精力干我想干的那部分事情。 **TV**：在当今的科技界，哪位是你尊敬的人？为什么？ @@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ 在个人层面上，我更喜欢那些不把他们自己太当一回事，同时又在他们的本职工作上干得很好的人。如果一定要我说一些知名人士，我想我更愿意成为斯蒂芬·沃兹尼克那样的人，我想这也是我尊敬他的原因。 -**TV**：照你估计，当谷歌和微软都实现了各自的诺言，他们之间会发生什么？胜者又为什么会胜出？ +**TV**：在谷歌和微软的言行上，你更敬佩哪个？成功者为什么成功？ -**托沃兹**：我不认为获胜的结果会和获胜的过程一样有趣。 +**托沃兹**：我不认为成功的结果会和成功的过程一样有趣。 -在整个谷歌和微软的竞争中，我真的不认为公司本身相比技术环境中那些吸引人们视线的变革更为有趣。这份竞争，已经从对单个计算机的控制，升级为对成千上万独立计算机的整合。 +在整个谷歌和微软的竞争中，我真的不认为公司本身相比技术环境中那些吸引人们视线的变革更为有趣。这个竞争，已经从对单个计算机的控制，升级为对成千上万独立计算机的整合。 **TV**：你认为像科技灾难、互联网泡沫崩溃以及电信业崩盘这样的事为什么会发生？我们在今后怎样来防止它们再发生？ From f51c78d669d7040092296432dc3ef04ac70edec5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 19:39:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 145/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E7=94=B3=E9=A2=86=20?= =?UTF-8?q?by=20runningwater?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md b/sources/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md index cbdc4a8136..cc1ef959f9 100644 --- a/sources/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md +++ b/sources/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +(翻译中 by runningwater) Encrypting Your Cat Photos ================================================================================ The truth is, I really don't have anything on my hard drive that I would be upset over someone seeing. I have some cat photos. I have a few text files with ideas for future books and/or short stories, and a couple half-written starts to NaNoWriMo novels. It would be easy to say that there's no point encrypting my hard drive, because I have nothing to hide. The problem is, we wrongly correlate a "desire for privacy" with "having something to hide". I think where I live, in America, we've taken our rights to privacy for granted. Rather than the traditional "he must be hiding porn or bombs", think about something a little more mundane. From 2c92bc6b528280f5640ea15b23e4cd341c25de07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 20:02:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 146/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140617-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...u 14.04--Hardware Compatibility Updates.md | 38 ++++ ...20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md | 43 +++++ ...lternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.md | 126 +++++++++++++ .../talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md | 178 ++++++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 385 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu 14.04--Hardware Compatibility Updates.md create mode 100644 sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140607 Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu 14.04--Hardware Compatibility Updates.md b/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu 14.04--Hardware Compatibility Updates.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ac9340f9ab --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu 14.04--Hardware Compatibility Updates.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Ubuntu 14.04: Hardware Compatibility Updates +================================================================================ +As Ubuntu moves more and more spiritually away from being another “Linux” Distribution (check their site, the word Linux is not to be found, they have changed the language to refer to themselves as “the world’s most popular open source desktop operating system” instead), they continue to make efforts in certifying hardware from various vendors as “Ubuntu compatible”. Let’s take a quick look at some of the work that has gone into the Ubuntu 14.04 LTS hardware compatibility. + +### What Does Certified Mean? ### + +In the case of Ubuntu Certified Compatibility, it means that either the component or the entire desktop/laptop and all its various components are certified to have full driver support within the kernel for the version of Ubuntu it is certified for. Now, there appear to be two levels of this certification: + +- Components Within Device Certification: This is where major components of a device are certified for a particular LTS version of Ubuntu (like the CPU, Video, Network and Storage Controllers) but not necessarily other components as they may vary (sound, wireless, specialized chipsets). +- Full System Certification: This is where an entire device (laptop, desktop or more commonly, a server) and all its myriad of device options are all certified as driver available for a version of Ubuntu LTS + +In the example below, the Dell Inspiron 1545 has had its major components and various other device options certified to run with Ubuntu 12.04 LTS: + +![](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/ubuhdwccert.png) + +### So Do My Components Work or Not? ### + +Well, as in most things related to Linux, the answer is “it depends”. The older your system or component, strangely enough, the more likely that it will be supported in the LTS version you are using. A LOT of work has gone into certifying hardware in LTS in general and strides have been made between versions 12.04 and 14.04 LTS (some estimates have the system certifications increasing almost 30% whereas component additions are almost 40% up since the last major version). + +The newest components are going to be hit and miss (particularly if you are looking for official binary drivers from your friendly neighborhood video chip makers – both NVidia and ATI have fallen behind lately when it comes to getting support for their latest chips in the repository channels for the latest kernel versions). + +If you have any doubt whether your system or server is fully compatible, check [Ubuntu’s handy “Certified Hardware”][1] site and see if your component or system is listed. + +### Final Thoughts ### + +Ubuntu has come a long way (literally and figuratively) in terms of hardware support in regards to Linux. Whereas everyone really used to be pretty hit and miss and getting any component to work properly in Linux could mean hours of searching for drivers, patches, configuration strings and/or special settings for a particular chip and revision. Now, for most major system components made within 90 days of the LTS release, you will find you have a pretty decent shot at getting your system up and running in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS. + +Have a different experience or a long standing component with a lack of compatibility? Drop me a note and let me know, I would love to hear about your experiences! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-hardware-compatibility-updates/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/certification/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md b/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0314cd303d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down +================================================================================ +**Ubuntu One is now formally in shut-down. You have until July 31 to grab your files or they will be lost forever. ** + +Canonical announced that it [was axing the service earlier this year][1], citing a lack of paid users and increased competition from Google, Dropbox and other cloud storage services as chief factors in making the decision. + +Attempting to access the web dashboard of Ubuntu One throws up the following notice informing users that the service has been discontinued: + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/ubuntu-one-not.png) + +Earlier this month an update was pushed to Ubuntu 12.04 LTS to inform users that Ubuntu One would shortly be removed from the desktop, while Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, released in April, ships without Ubuntu One preinstalled. + +### Get Your Data ### + +To grab all your data as a **.zip** file you simply need to log in and hit the orange button positioned under the main notice. + +Canonical has also partnered with cloud storage migration service [mover.io][2] to allow direct importing of files from Ubuntu One to other services, such as Dropbox, Google Drive and Copy. + +Mover, who describe Ubuntu One as “…a world class file sync and share product”, is offering its data transfer service to Ubuntu One users for free, although it does require an account to be created. The company normally only allows ‘free’ plan users to transfer 2GB data. + +For more details on migrating your data to Google Drive through mover.io you can refer to the following knowledge base article. + +- [Transfer from Ubuntu One to Google Drive][3] + +### Refunds ### + +For those of you who had ponied up cash for extra storage on this or the Ubuntu One Music service, Canonical told us you can expect to receive a refund within the next 7–10 days. + +注：下面的那个链接地址在另外一篇文章中，如果也翻译发布了，可以链接到发布的文章里 +If you’re looking for an Ubuntu One alternative check [out our round up of the most popular][4] cloud services used by our readers. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/ubuntu-one-discontinued-grab-files-now + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/canonical-axe-ubuntu-one-file-music-services-grab-data-now +[2]:http://mover.io/ +[3]:http://support.mover.io/knowledgebase/articles/346927-how-to-transfer-from-ubuntu-one-to-google-drive +[4]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/three-alternatives-ubuntu-one \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140607 Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.md b/sources/talk/20140607 Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..874770aded --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140607 Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.md @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage +================================================================================ +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ass.jpg) + +Be honest: news that [Canonical is shuttering its Ubuntu One cloud storage service][1] came as a shock, right? + +After four years of serving each and every Ubuntu user with a few gigabytes of free space in which to store their documents, music and photos, Canonical have decided to close it down. The service will cease operating as normal from June, and all files will be deleted permanently this July. + +While the reasons behind its closure make sense for the company in lieu of it broader ambitions elsewhere, there’s no getting away from the fact that if you used it daily, you’re going to be left a little peeved. + +> ‘…there is an army of alternatives able to pick up where Ubuntu One has left off’ + +Thankfully there is an army of alternatives able to pick up where Ubuntu One has left off. Most, if not all, offer more space, better features and are generally more reliable than Canonical’s aged offering. In fact, it seems like everyone and their pet cat now offers free cloud storage. + +It’s partly because of the fierce competition between these services, what CEO Jane Silber refers to as the “free storage wars”, that the Ubuntu One offering wasn’t able to find its footing. + +But the promise of some free space and a means of syncing to it through the desktop does not mean they’re all equal, or worthy of entrusting with your data. Which alternatives are worth pursuing? Let’s take a look. + +![Dropbox Indicator on Ubuntu – Comes In Handy](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Screen-Shot-2014-04-03-at-23.28.26.png) +Dropbox Indicator on Ubuntu – Comes In Handy + +### Dropbox ### + +#### Best all rounder #### + +Who hasn’t heard of Dropbox? As the granddaddy of cloud storage, it was the first service to both popularise and implement desktop-to-server syncing in a way that felt productive and not cumbersome. + +Its success was buoyed by a generous referral scheme offering you extra space for signing others up, and extensive cross-platform support. Dropbox makes it easy to hop between devices and OSes and retain access to your files. Other features include public folders that let you share items with other people, regardless of whether they use the service, and near-instantaneous syncing of files as and when they’re changed. + +256-bit AES encryption and two-step verification mean your files are pretty safe and secure. + +For Ubuntu users Dropbox provides a native application that integrates tightly with the default file manager Nautilus. It offers an indicator applet for monitoring, sharing and managing sync; file and folder emblems; and some handy right-click menu options for quick sharing. + +- **2GB** Free Space +- Referral Scheme +- Paid plans start from $9.99/m for 100GB +- **Multi-platform support** (Windows, Mac, iOS, Android, Blackberry & Linux) + +> - [Learn More on the Dropbox Website][2] + +![Insync Integrates Google Drive on Linux](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/indicator.jpg) +Insync Integrates Google Drive on Linux + +### Google Drive ### + +#### Best for space and features #### + +If you use Gmail or Google Docs then you’ll have, at some point or another, interacted with Google Drive. The search giant’s cloud service offers 15GB of free space in which to store your files, folders, photos and the like. These can be accessed from virtually any device with internet access and a fairly recent web browser or through dedicated mobile and desktop apps. + +One of the neat things about Drive is that certain files do not count towards your free space quota; e.g., Google Docs files. Neither do files others have shared with you. Better still, any photos you upload to Google+ that have a resolution less than 2048 x 2048 are also hosted and synced gratis. + +But Drive offers more than just space for your stuff. You also gain tight integration with Google’s own services, like Gmail, Google Docs and Google+. + +While it’s not the easiest alternative to use on Ubuntu owing to a lack of official native support, there are a number of third party tools that allow you to sync your files locally and have all changes made uploaded back. The most popular third part app is InSync. It’s not free (costing a one-off fee of $15 for the basic account) but it is by far the best way to use it. + +- 15GB Free Space +- Paid plans start from $2.99/m for 100GB +- Official apps for Windows, Mac, iOS and Android +- Integrated into Chrome OS +- Unofficial applications for Linux + +> - [Learn More on the Google Drive Website][3] + +![Copy running on Ubuntu](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/copy-indicator.jpg) +Copy running on Ubuntu + +### Copy ### + +#### Best for Security Conscious #### + +If popularity was based solely on the number of referral links that are posted in our comments section, then Copy would win the title hands down. + +It may be less well known than other entrants on this list, but Copy, which is run by cloud enterprise giant Barracuda Networks, touts its robust security benefits the loudest. + +Like Dropbox, Copy uses AES 256-bit encryption on all files but, unlike Dropbox, doesn’t not rely on third-party servers as all files are stored on the company’s own servers. + +“With advanced features like secure sharing, source validation, and identity verification, you can breathe easy knowing your content can only be seen by the people you want,” they promise on their website. + +Another of its unique advantages is that shared files and folders can be assigned to a single user so that they don’t count against the data storage limit for other users. Or, if preferred, the load can be shared between parties so that, for example, a 10GB file shared between 4 people would count as 2.5GB/each, rather than, as on Dropbox, 10GB each. + +Google Drive offers something similar in that only the ‘sharer’ of a file has it count against their storage. + +For desktop integration Copy spoil Linux users. The service supports native integration with **Nautilus, Thunar** and **Caja**, including sync folders and right-click options. An indicator applet/system tray item provides further control options, including a handy list of recently changed files. + +- 15GB Free Space +- Referral scheme +- Paid plans start from $9.99/m for 250GB +- Multi-platform support (Windows, Mac, iOS, Android & Linux) + +> - [Learn More on the Copy Website][4] + +![Manage File Sync Yourself](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/files-tile.jpg) +Manage File Sync Yourself + +### ownCloud ### + +#### Best for privacy #### + +If you’d rather not trust your data in other people’s hands but still want the convenience of a “personal cloud”, ownCloud is a free and open source cloud storage platform you can host yourself. + +Like with other cloud storage services, ownCloud lets you sync and share your files across Windows, OS X, Linux, Android, and iOS. It also comes with calendar integration, photo gallery sharing, built-in support for (mounting) additional storage devices/services – e.g., FTP servers, Dropbox and Amazon S3 – and a slew of “apps” that can be added for additional features in the web interface, including a PDF viewer, text editor, and version control. + +Packages are available for a number of distributions, including Ubuntu from 12.04 to 13.10. + +> - [Learn More on the ownCloud Website][5] + +Chances are some of you reading this will have you own favourite, so don’t take the four picks above as set in stone. Other options worth exploring before committing include [SpiderOak][6], Microsoft [OneDrive][7] and [Box][8]. + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/three-alternatives-ubuntu-one + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/canonical-axe-ubuntu-one-file-music-services-grab-data-now +[2]:http://dropbox.com/ +[3]:http://drive.google.com/ +[4]:https://www.copy.com/home/ +[5]:http://owncloud.org/ +[6]:https://spideroak.com/ +[7]:https://onedrive.live.com/ +[8]:https://www.box.com/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md b/sources/talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6fac29403b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md @@ -0,0 +1,178 @@ +Raspberry Pi In Schools +================================================================================ +> Teaching the world to code is a noble goal, but how is it going to work in practice? + +Two years ago, when the Raspberry Pi launched, it was with the intention of improving IT education in the UK. Since then more powerful, better connected or cheaper boards have come onto the market, but the Pi retains its position as the white knight of ICT teaching. + +Why? Because of the community of users that has grown up around it. To find out more we travelled west to Manchester, venue for the second annual Jamboree – a festival of educators, makers and messer-abouters focussed on highlighting how engaging the Pi can be. There, we met 75% of the Raspberry Pi Foundation’s education team – Ben Nuttall, Clive Beale and Carrie Anne Philbin – to discuss IT teaching in the UK. + +![](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/pi-top-img-4.jpg) + +**LV**: So, Raspberry Pi education team, we were saying earlier that the obvious place to start is with the UK government’s Year of Code initiative, but that seems far too negative to being with! + +**Carrie Anne**: Yeah, but there’s so much to say about it! + +**Clive**: I think it’s a fantastic initiative, which just represents everything we stand for, blah, blah, blah, blah, blah! + +**LV**: Should we just leave that then? + +**Clive**: I mean the main issue is how the media portray computing, which is a brilliant, creative, rigorous, hard, challenging, fun thing, to just reduced to ‘this code’. ‘We must learn to code.’ ‘You better learn code or you’re a rubbish teacher.’ Which of course is not the case at all, it’s so much more than that. And so the teachers are running around now thinking the sky’s falling because they think that by September 2014, if they can’t code, then they’ve failed and they’ll think their kids have failed, and it’s a really bad message. There hasn’t been a simple message to say this is not the case, get out into the playground with some chalk and make a maze and do some computing, to teach them how to use a computer. No politician has stepped in to say this is not the case and they haven’t asked teachers who would tell them this isn’t the case. And that’s the problem. Where are the teachers? Where are the people that are actually teaching? + +**LV**: As you’ve just left teaching to join the Raspberry Pi Foundation, what are your thought Carrie Anne? + +**Carrie Anne**: It feels like a lot longer than two months, it feels like an eternity! + +**Clive**: Is that bad? + +**Carrie Anne**: No no, not at all! Because teachings so fast paced in that you’re seeing the results of what you’re doing in class straight away, whereas being out of the classroom for the past two months and working the Foundation, I can’t actually see the impact I’m having, but obviously people are talking to me and saying I am having an impact. It’s just very different to what I was seeing before. Clive always said there’s a massive difference between teaching and being a teacher. There are a lot of people we talk to who run Raspberry Jams, workshops, CoderDoJos and that kind of thing, and they always say ‘Oh, it’s really easy, you just do this, this and this.’ And it’s like, great, but you’ve got kids coming to you that *want* to learn this stuff. Imagine a class where you’ve got a bunch of kids who aren’t interested or engaged by this subject and actually teaching is much harder… + +**Clive**: Maybe 15 year olds on a Friday afternoon… + +**Carrie Anne**: Yes, a six-period day, end of the week… + +**Clive**: Ofsted saying, ‘Why haven’t your kids developed after 20 minutes in your lesson? Why haven’t they progressed?’. It’s very different. + +**Carrie Anne**: It’s very different, yep. + +**LV**: So you have some idea of how things should be done because of your recent experience? + +**Carrie Anne**: Yes. + +> The Raspberry Jams have done an excellent job of bringing people together from all walks of life + +**LV**: Are we, in general as a society, doing the right things? + +**Carrie Anne**: I think so. I think what’s been really nice about the Raspberry Pi community is that is gives back to the community. So there are experts, there are people who love what they do, who are reaching out to teachers and reaching out to children by running workshops and clubs and things. And it’s actually that collaboration that produces the best materials and produces the best way to move forward with the new curriculum. I mean, the work I did as a teacher producing the Sonic Pi was a team of work. That was because I worked with, yes an academic, but he was an expert. He wanted to develop a teaching environment that I could use with my students to teach tech-based programing in a fun and engaging way, that engaged both genders and engaged both low ability students and high ability students. It’s a tech-based programming language, which is important at Key Stage 3 where you need to not just be able to teach Scratch, you need to teach a tech-based language that’s nice bridge between Starch and something like Python, which we can teach later on. So, yeah, I think we are moving in the right direction. It would be nicer if the powers that be… + +**Clive**: It would be nice to see that as a microcosm of how these things actually happen. So as an academic has a brilliant idea and they’re very good at what they do, and then they come to a teacher and say ‘How can we make this useful in the classroom?’, ‘How can we get assessment in there?’, which schools needs frankly, ‘How do we make it robust?’, ‘How can we test it?’. And isn’t that a weird idea, to actually ask the people that teach how we should do that? It hasn’t happened really. But, yes, as Carrie says, we’re going in the right direction, certainly. The community and third parties are doing more to push it along. + +**LV**: From someone outside a little bit, it kind of looks like this community has sort of spontaneously developed around the Raspberry Pi. Has this always been there or has it just become more obvious now? + +**Carrie Anne**: I think it’s always been there. I was a teacher so when Raspberry Pi first came out I got one. It got it and then I was like, this is brilliant! Someone’s developed something for education. A Linux box that we can use in the classroom. It’s cheap, it’s brilliant! + +**Clive**: And mess about with. + +**Carrie Anne**: Yeah, it’s going to be great! And then I was like, right, so where are the resources to go with it? Ah, there aren’t any. Then I was like, so where can I go and find some? The first obvious place was Raspberry Jam. There are people running events where they’re doing stuff. So I thought I’ll go along and speak to some people, and see what’s available. And it was through that that I met people to work with, and they’d formed that themselves, the enthusiasts from throughout the community around the Raspberry Pi. + +**Clive**: It’s been a focus, hasn’t it? There’s been a lot of people sort of hanging around, saying ‘Look, I like tinkering, I like messing, I like coding, I like making’, and this thing appeared which was cheap and cheerful and fantastic to play around with, and I think it was a focus. It was waiting to happen really. + +![Carrie Ann Philbin, The Raspberry Pi Foundation’s Education Pioneer](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/carrie-ann-1.jpg) +Carrie Ann Philbin, The Raspberry Pi Foundation’s Education Pioneer + +**LV**: Was there anything equivalent to Raspberry Jams before the Raspberry Pi came along for people and teachers to come together? + +**Carrie Anne**: Well teachers tend to generally get together through things like TeachMeets and through Twitter, and those kinds of chat tools. There are ways that you can get together, but that’s more talking about teaching practice. Like the different ways you can use a sentence. It’s very teachery, it wasn’t specific to teaching computing. + +**Clive**: I think hardware-wise, Raspberry Pi was in the right place and the right time. + +**Ben**: The Jams done a really good job of bringing people together. The people, like myself, who were attending user groups that are interested in tech and really passionate about it, have got a chance to share that interest with the wider community. There were families coming in, teachers coming in, and they were just sharing what they were doing. And the skills they already had, and I was already programming in Python and things like that just on the desktop, and the Pi came along and it opened up this way of plugging into the real world and all the other things the Pi brings with it. Just being about to use those skills and pass them on, I got myself involved in Education through that. + +**LV**: So you weren’t a teacher before then? + +**Ben**: No, I was a software developer. + +**Carrie Anne**: This is what’s great about the education team at Raspberry Pi. It’s 50% ex-teachers and 50% software developers. We need people like Ben and Dave (Honess). + +**Ben**: Yes, some people have ideas for things and think this could be an engaging exercise, but they may not know exactly how to deliver it, or how it’s going to work. They might not know how exactly a teacher is supposed to produce something to use that, but they have an end goal and working with someone else can help achieve that. + +**Clive**: Yeah, you’re right, the real key is the mix. So you’re getting teachers and engineers and developers and families. Before, they might have been on a Linux user group, they might have been a teacher group, and you’re just bringing a bunch of different people together and that just (to use a horrible word!) synergizes stuff. +(Everyone LOL) + +**Clive**: Yes, I did it! I said synergizes! I’m buying a copy of the magazine now. + +**Carrie Anne**: There’s something that comes about from getting all those different types of people together is that it breeds this wonderful learning environment that you cannot reproduce. Like, you were running a Picamera workshop this morning. So that was run by people who run Jams who are from industry. And what was really nice is that there were teachers and there were people who had come for the Jamboree from industry that were helping the teachers do stuff. And there was this environment that was like, it’s ok to not know something, it’s ok to ask a question, it’s ok to get it wrong and make mistakes. And that’s really powerful because sometimes teachers are afraid perhaps of saying they don’t know. + +**Ben**: So at this workshop, we gave people an intro to building a real application around the camera. So it’s not just ‘Oh, there’s a camera and you can take pictures’. It was ‘Ok, let’s plug in a button, and attach that to the Pi and let’s make that be the button for the camera’. And just a simple intro like that opens up a world of possibilities. Sometimes a lot of these things like the Jam, just gives you a lot of inspiration. Or if you see something in a magazine or online, or on Twitter, and you think somebody’s done that with the Pi, I’d really like to do that project in my garden or I’d like to do that myself and twist it and use some of the libraries they’ve used or used some of the codebase they’ve used and take it in their own direction. + +**Clive**: Like it’s not a button, it’s a sensor for when your parents walk into your bedroom, it then tweets it as they walk in. + +**Ben**: And everyone’s got a different way of thinking. If you’re in classroom of 30 kids and you show them how to make a button do this, each of them is thinking ‘Oh I can make a such and such’. They’ll all have a different idea. And some of them will just go straight home and make one. And some of them would need a lot more guidance. + +> Every teacher needs more time off their timetable to develop their skills + +**LV**: Are there some kids that just don’t get it at all? + +**Ben**: I think there’s something for everyone, but they might not find it straight away. If you delivered a term’s worth of content for a class, with a good scope of different projects, I’d be surprised if there was one kid that wasn’t interested in any of it or didn’t find any of it engaging. + +**Clive**: It’s almost an antidote for kids not getting it. With teaching music, you’ll have people that are level 5 or 6 while others can’t read music. Because computing is creative and engaging, we don’t all have to become master coders. With Scratch, it’s a visual language and you’ll find that quite often you’ll get what are classed as low ability kids that just rip into that and do fantastic things because it’s the first time they’ve been allowed to get ideas out of their heads and make something with it. And before, if they’ve had problems with writing and numeracy, they haven’t been able to do that. There are case studies with young boys that aren’t very good at reading and writing but they start telling stories when you give them an environment where they can actually do these things. So it’s brilliant tool to actually fight the opposite. It’s not that they don’t get it. There’s something for everybody. + +![Linux Voice’s Andrew Gregory asks Clive Beale a tough question](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/pi-clive-1.jpg) +Linux Voice’s Andrew Gregory asks Clive Beale a tough question + +**LV**: Pre-Raspberry Pi, in the dark ages of about 5 years ago, before the ICT revolution, what would those children be doing? Would they have responded to ICT at all? + +**Carrie Anne**: In a classroom, you have a network of computers that are all on lockdown. You’ve got your network administrator and team of technicians, and they do a wonderful job and I certainly wouldn’t slate them – I was a technician once. But we were living in a time where you had to lock down the internet, which I disagree with, I think it should be open. And all the computers, you can’t execute any files on them, so you can’t actually teach any programming on them. So that was a problem for me. + +**LV**: Is that changing? + +**Carrie Anne**: I think it is changing, and will change with the new curriculum. For me as a teacher, what was great when the Raspberry Pi came along is that I don’t actually need those computers around the outside any more. + +**LV**: So you don’t need permission. + +**Carrie Anne**: Here’s my box full of Pis, let’s just get them out. + +**Clive**: I’ll install what you want, do what I want. + +**Carrie Anne**: Yeah, you can break it. And that’s ok, you just flash it and start again. + +**Clive**: In 1997, they put the C back in ICT and suddenly it became this thing that you had to teach. The curriculum wasn’t really that bad. A lot of people moan about it, but if you actually sat down and read it, it was quite flexible and did let you do take control and make programming and coding interesting. But because resources are so important to schools, you just ended up doing the easy things. + +**LV**: But when you said about kids using Scratch and becoming motivated to do other things, that would never have happened before the Raspberry Pi came along. + +**Clive**: Yes, it was more just following what the teacher said, ‘And now we’re going to write a letter to the cinema’ or something. That’s like giving someone a Ferrari and saying you’ve just got to drive in this room for half an hour. So you’ve given them this fantastic tool for exploration and creativity, and you’re saying we’ve got to do this. Whereas with the computing thing, especially things like Scratch, just lets them think, ‘Ok, I can do a movie, I can do a little flip frame animation, or you know what, I can actually make a game’. And then suddenly they’re doing stuff that they haven’t had the opportunity to do. + +**Carrie Anne**: Yeah, and I think that ICT curriculum was about 12 years out of date. It was created and it wasn’t updated. + +> you can break it. And that’s ok, you just flash it and start again + +**LV**: Obviously quite a lot has changed in computing education according to the media over the last couple of years in the UK. Broadly speaking, it is getting better? + +**Carrie Anne**: Yes. + +**LV**: What are the parts that pushed it to be better. + +**Carrie Anne**: I think the teachers. They’re the ones in the classroom that have to teach the curriculum. When I became a teacher, I was already working in a school and I kept putting it off becoming a teacher because the curriculum bored me. But then I realised that, when I actually got into the classroom, I was able to put my own spin on it. I think it started with the teachers. Those people saying we want a new curriculum, we want to teach this and it’s engaging the kids and they’re learning something. I think it started there and then I think industry picked up on the fact that that was happening and they wanted more industry experts. And then the government got involved and it snowballed really. + +**Clive**: Scratch was a big word-of-mouth thing wasn’t it. It was about mid-2000 when it came out, and suddenly you just found that any teacher worth their salt was using it for their ICT curriculum because it taught about control. + +**Carrie Anne**: HTML as well. HTML has been on the curriculum for years. We’ve been teaching HTML in Notepad for years. + +**LV**: What are going to be the big things pushing it forward over the next few years? + +**Carrie Anne**: I think more of the same really. It’ll be teachers, it’s always the teachers. They’re the ones that come to the Jamboree and this kind of thing, and learn from people like Ben and that sort of collaboration. That’s where it starts. The teachers see what can be done, and they start doing it, and they’ll be more of that. And there are initiatives like code clubs and the Master Teachers are great. + +**Clive**: Teachers are meeting up more when before may not have been getting together. + +**Ben**: And as well as there being a more content, I think they’ll be convergence of a lot of this stuff. So, because the Raspberry Pi doesn’t have any official resources right now, some people are going off and writing their own. I think they’ll be a convergence of people pulling their ideas together and there’ll be a more centralised system for that. And we’ll be helping the community out with that. + +**Clive**: ‘We’ll be at the forefront of that’, is that quote! + +**LV**: You haven’t mentioned government policy, or anything like that at all. Is that a negative thing or just by-the-by? + +**Clive**: I was at the Westminster forum yesterday and they had a chap from the DFE there, and I couldn’t resist it, so I got the mic and said you haven’t really taken it seriously have you? He turned round and said, we have *really* take it seriously. This idea that we can just bring in a new program of study and saying ‘Oh, aren’t we wonderful’, because Eric Schmidt’s speech and going over that, and suddenly we’re made it all better for you. But you haven’t, you just seemed to have done something that a lot of teachers are now scared of. So there’s a lot of work to do, and we’re really positive. But no, the government have not, in my personal opinion, given the money or the support or the thought behind this. If you go to Jersey, it’s such a great contrast. 6 million pounds, 100 thousand people on the island – the size of Cambridge. Compared to the 53 million in England and parts of the UK. This is in England initially, it’s not in Scotland and Wales. They’re got the infrasture, fibre to the door in every school, linking into businesses, £2 million CPD for teachers, well that’s practically what the government pay for the whole of England. So, have you taken it seriously, no. I think they’ve completing underestimated what’s involved. They thought the teachers would just pick it up and have the time and resources, which we don’t have the time for. + +**Carrie Anne**: Maggie Philbin has been leading a UK digital skills taskforce, of which I’m part the team. We’re looking at where the skill shortages are and what are digital skills. Because there’s going to a whole group of kids who are now 14 to 16 who are going to leave the education system who haven’t had new programs like these. They were on the old program, so we’re looking at who will be deskilled and what we can do about that. So hopefully that report will inform government policy. + +**Ben**: There must be a generation of people that don’t have their own website. + +**LV**: If there’s one thing you could change about government policy, what would it be? + +**Clive**: It really is to do with support for teachers. This idea that teachers would be able to, especially primary school teachers where you have to teach a range of subjects, suddenly go off, and even the guy yesterday said, well there’s loads of third party resources, but you’ve still got to go out and get them and try them out and learn and bring them all together. + +**Carrie Anne**: Time. One of the biggest recommendations that I would say is time. Every teacher needs more time off their timetable to develop their skills, especially in an area like this that they perhaps think they’re weak. Because it takes a while to set things up and start your learning. As a teacher, you get like a 30 period timetable, you’re teaching for about 22 lessons of that with about 7 free periods, but some of those you’ll be covering for another lesson and some of those I need to plan my lesson and mark. They need time. + +**Clive**: If you look at science, so if you’re a chemistry or biology teacher at secondary, there’s a scheme where you can re-skill to physics and they will give you free periods, huge bursary, and they’ll also take you off timetable one day a week to go off and go to other schools and retrain, and maybe pay for the cover. And this is the government doing this, and if you do this, this and this, you come out as an accredited physics teacher. So they took that seriously, but yet here’s a brand new subject and they’re expecting people just to pick up and run with it, and it’s completely inadequate. + +**Carrie Anne**: But it’s not just time to learn something, it’s also time to go and meet industry people. Like go to a company and be in there and work and learn from them, and see what the world is like. Because some people, they went through education, went to university and became a teacher, so they’ve never left this school environment and they’ve got no idea of what the world of work is like. + +**Ben**: I think there are some people in the current government that seem to think there should just be this package, and this is what you should deliver as your syllabus this year. Everyone is treated the same. Each teacher has their own class, and they’re all different, with different ways of engaging their interest. It needs to be tailored, so the teacher needs to take that material, and perhaps look on our site in the next year and say, well this one looks quite suitable for my class, or this one might be a good one to do. + +**Clive**: It’s so long term. The government also do not understand that this is long term. So if you’re going to start teaching at 5 about algorithms and a bit of code and Scratch, what happens further down the line. The secondary school teacher will be saying, I can’t teach them Scratch anymore, which is what we do in Year 7 at the moment. So it’s actually quite a long term thing and things will continue to change over the next several years until that pipeline becomes full. And they’ve unbelievably said here’s £2 million, do some training for September 2014. What’s 2014 got to do with it? This is five, six, seven years down the line. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/education-education-education/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From ffb7cf0c88b53291c0f55aedeb66b105f8ff3081 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 20:15:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 147/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140607-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md | 87 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 87 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md b/sources/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..105457c4cc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE +================================================================================ +If you code a little, you know how handy an Integrated Development Environment (IE) can be. Java, C, Python, they all become a lot more accessible when the IDE software is checking the syntax for you, compiling in the background, or importing the libraries you need. On the other hand, if you are on Linux, you might also know how handy Vim can be when it comes to text editing. So naturally, you would like to get all the features of an IDE from Vim. + +In fact, there are quite a few ways to do so. One could think of [c.vim][1] which attempts to transform Vim into a C oriented IDE, or [Eclim][2] which merges Vim into Eclipse. However, I would like to propose you a more generalist approach using only plugins. You do not want to bloat your editor with too many panels or features. Instead, the plugin approach lets you choose what you put into your Vim. As a bonus, the result will not be language-specific, allowing you to code in anything. So here is my **top 10 list of plugins which brings IDE features to Vim**. + +### Bonus: Pathogen ### + +First of all, we might not all be familiar with plugins for Vim, and how to install them. This is why the first plugin that I recommend is Pathogen, as it will allow you to install other plugins more easily. That way, if you want to install another plugin for Vim not listed here, you will be able to do so easily. The [official page][3] is really well documented, so go visit it to download and install. From there installing the rest of the plugins will be easy. + +### 1. SuperTab ### + +[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5158/14332189422_34aeb086ed_z.jpg)][4] + +The first thing we get used to in an IDE is auto-completion feature. For that, I like the plugin [SuperTab][5] which comes in quite handy, giving "super powers" to the tabulation key. + +### 2. Syntastic ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3894/14354095583_ce9b112b97_z.jpg) + +If you tend to code in more than one language, it is really easy to confuse the syntax at some point. Hopefully, [syntastic][6] will check it for you, and tell you if should put brackets or parentheses for that conditional, or remind you that you forgot a semi-colon somewhere. + +### 3. Auto Pairs ### + +Another thing that drives most of the coders insane: did I write this last parenthesis or not?! Everyone hates counting with your finger all the parentheses you put so far. To deal with that, I use [Auto Pairs][7], which automatically inserts and formats parentheses and brackets. + +### 4. NERD Commenter ### + +Then if you are looking for a quick shortcut to comment code, regardless of the programming language, you can turn to [NERD Commenter][8]. Even if you are not a programmer, I really really recommend this plugin as it just so efficient while commenting bash scripts or anything in your system. + +### 5. Snipmate ### + +Any programmer knows that a good coders codes, but an excellent one reuses. For that, [snipmate][9] will easily insert code snippets into your file and greatly reduce your typing. It comes by default with a lot of snippets for various languages, but you can also easily add yours to the list. + +### 6. NERDTree ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3899/14332189462_d66b71cf7c_z.jpg) + +To manage a big project, it is always a good idea to split the code into different files. Just basic good coding practices. And to keep all this files in mind, [NERDTree][10] is a nice file browser to use straight from Vim. + +### 7. MiniBufferExplorer ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3904/14332189492_209a3ee2dc_z.jpg) + +To complement a file explorer, there is nothing better than a good buffer manager to have more than one file open at any time. [MiniBufferExplorer][11] does the job well and efficiently. It even sets different colors for your buffers as well as easy shortcuts to switch the focus. + +### 8. Tag List ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3889/14147244138_c04731826a_z.jpg) + +When you have more than one file open at any given time, it is easy to forget what you put in them. To prevent that, [Tag List][12] is a code visualizer that will display the different variables and functions written in a nice compact format. + +### 9. undotree ### + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2913/14354095453_8bb87a3e31_z.jpg) + +For all of us who like to undo, redo, and undo again some modifications to see how the compilation evolves, [undotree][13] is a nice plugin to see your undo and redo edits in a tree. This kind of functionality is clearly not limited to code, so this is a plugin that I like a lot. + +### 10. gdbmgr ### + +Finally, last but not least, anyone needs a good debugger at some point. If you like gdb, then [gdbmgr][14] is for you as it integrates the famous debugger to Vim. + +To conclude, whether you are an insane coder or not, it is always handy to have a few extra functions of Vim at hand at any time. Like I said in the introduction, you do not have to install all these plugins if you do not need them, or you might want to install different ones. But this is definitely a solid basis. + +What plugins do you use for Vim? Or how would you complement this top 10? Please let us know in the comments. +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/turn-vim-full-fledged-ide.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=213 +[2]:http://eclim.org/ +[3]:https://github.com/tpope/vim-pathogen +[4]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14332189422/ +[5]:https://github.com/ervandew/supertab +[6]:https://github.com/scrooloose/syntastic +[7]:https://github.com/jiangmiao/auto-pairs +[8]:https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdcommenter +[9]:https://github.com/garbas/vim-snipmate +[10]:https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdtree +[11]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=159 +[12]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=273 +[13]:https://github.com/mbbill/undotree +[14]:http://vim.sourceforge.net/scripts/script.php?script_id=4104 \ No newline at end of file From 6dd5db05e33f9c5c3314b7b3e815689822b86eba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chunxiao ye Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 20:20:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 148/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B9=8C=E9=BE=99=E8=8C=B6=E7=BF=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... portion of membership fees to Code.org.md | 27 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md diff --git a/translated/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md b/translated/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..064558dc1d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Linux基金会捐赠部分会员费给Code.org +================================================================================ +![](http://www.muktware.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Linux_Foundation_logo-360x109.png) + +Linux基金会[宣布][1]鉴于年中个别成员的努力和推广。对于每一位在2014年6月1日到6月30日晚上11:59之间加入的新会员，Code.org将会收入其会费25美元。 + +Code.org是通过使其可在更多的学校提供机会，以提高妇女和没有名额的学生的参与，致力于计算机科学扩大的非营利性组织。其目标是提供给每所学校的学生学习计算机科学的机会。Code.org与Linux基金会的使命是增加人们学习编程的机会。 + +Amanda McPherson，CMO在Linux基金会解释-当今的许多Linux人才都是从学生时代开始摆弄电脑，并在大学期间编写了简单地程序。通过帮助提供这个月的个人会员捐款给Code.org，我们希望社会各界能够支持Linux和Linux创始人Linus Torvalds的工作，同时帮助增加获取计算机科学教育的下一代Linux开发人员和系统管理员。 + +学习和教育也是Linux基金会最优先考虑的。基金会最近宣布的第一个“Linux入门”大规模开放式网络课程（MOOC），它是免费提供给所有人的。已经有超过14万人登记8月开始的第一节课。他也提供并组织各种培训课程。 + +Linux基金会会员们支持着Linux和开源社区的发展。作为额外津贴，成员也会收到包括20%折扣的LinuxCon和CloudOpen登记独家优惠；高达10%折扣的Linux基金会培训；一个Linux.com的电子邮件地址（例如john@linux.com）；戴尔，惠普和联想的员工优惠价；高达35%折扣的O'Reilly书籍和电子书；以及其他各种折扣。 + +每年的会员费为99美元。对于学生是25美元，但包含相同的个人会员优惠。要注册，请访问： +[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/join/individual][2] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/06/linux-foundation-donate-portion-membership-fees-code-org/27942 + +译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2014/06/linux-foundations-biannual-membership-drive-kicks-portion-dues +[2]:https://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/join/individual From 24f3207b79fcc451c16a1c2cb9bdb16d11ab0fad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chunxiao ye Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 20:22:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 149/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B9=8C=E9=BE=99=E8=8C=B6=E7=BF=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... portion of membership fees to Code.org.md | 28 ------------------- 1 file changed, 28 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md b/sources/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md deleted file mode 100644 index 08da1002ad..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,28 +0,0 @@ -乌龙茶 占坑 -Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org -================================================================================ -![](http://www.muktware.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Linux_Foundation_logo-360x109.png) - -The Linux Foundation [announced][1] its mid-year individual membership drive and promotion. For each new membership between 01 June to 11:59 p.m. PT on June 30, 2014, Code.org will receive $25. - -Code.org is a non-profit organization dedicated to the expansion of computer science by making it available in more schools and increasing participation by women and underrepresented students of color. Its vision is to provide the opportunity of learning computer science to every school student. Code.org identifies with the Linux Foundation’s mission to increase opportunities for people to learn programming of all types. - -Amanda McPherson, CMO at The Linux Foundation explains – “Many of today’s Linux professionals got started as students, tinkering with computers and writing simple programs during college. By helping extend individual membership contributions this month to Code.org, we hope the community can support Linux and the work of Linux creator Linus Torvalds while helping to increase access to computer science education for the next generation of Linux developers and SysAdmins”. - -Learning and education are top priorities at The Linux Foundation too. It recently announced the first ‘Introduction to Linux’ Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), which is free for all. More than 140,000 people already enrolled for the first class that begins this August. It also offers and organizes various training programs. - -The Linux Foundation memberships support the advancement of Linux and open source community. As additional perks, members also receive exclusive benefits that include 20 percent off LinuxCon and CloudOpen registration; up to 10 percent off Linux Foundation training; a Linux.com email address (e.g. john@linux.com); employee purchase pricing from Dell, HP and Lenovo; up to 35 percent off O’Reilly books and e-books; and a variety of other discounts. - -The membership fee per year is $99. For students it is $25 and includes the same benefits as individual members. To sign up, visit: -[https://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/join/individual][2] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/06/linux-foundation-donate-portion-membership-fees-code-org/27942 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2014/06/linux-foundations-biannual-membership-drive-kicks-portion-dues -[2]:https://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/join/individual From 93948a81920d37e878217db929bccaf2bb7a97ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 20:29:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 150/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140607-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Enterprise Linux launched for SAP HANA.md | 42 +++++++++++ ...Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md | 72 +++++++++++++++++++ ...40607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md | 33 +++++++++ 3 files changed, 147 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140607 Red Hat Enterprise Linux launched for SAP HANA.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140607 Red Hat Enterprise Linux launched for SAP HANA.md b/sources/news/20140607 Red Hat Enterprise Linux launched for SAP HANA.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f2844dfc4c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140607 Red Hat Enterprise Linux launched for SAP HANA.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Red Hat Enterprise Linux launched for SAP HANA +================================================================================ +Red Hat has expanded the company’s strategic alliance with SAP AG to make it easier for customers to adopt and run the SAP Data Management portfolio, including the SAP HANA platform, SAP Adaptive Server Enterprise (SAP ASE), SAP IQ software, and the SAP SQL Anywhere suite on Red Hat’s open source solutions. + +The expanded collaboration is expected to enable real-time, in-memory innovation by providing an open, scalable, integrated and highly-available platform for solutions from SAP along with those that are custom-built in an effort to expand customer choice when it comes to fueling business performance and helping enterprises realize increased value from cloud computing and big data. + +Steve Lucas, president, Platform Solutions, SAP AG added: “By joining forces with Red Hat to enable SAP HANA on Red Hat Enterprise Linux, we plan to give our customers an additional choice upon which to base deployments of SAP solutions; an open, flexible and scalable platform that is intended to support customers’ data management needs across on-premise and cloud environments.” + +As the foundation of the enhanced partnership, Red Hat Enterprise Linux is now available and qualified for production use of SAP HANA and supported by partners’ SAP-certified hardware solutions. SAP HANA enables customers to capture business transactions to help make smarter, faster decisions through real-time analysis and reporting combined with dramatically accelerated business processes. Customers can now also enjoy expanded choice when it comes to their deployments of SAP HANA to experience the reliability, quality and stability offered by Red Hat Enterprise Linux. They can also standardize deployments of SAP solutions on Red Hat’s high-performing, secure and open platform, helping to ensure consistency of operations across the business. + +> We are looking for aspiring bloggers and journalists for The Mukt. If you are interested, [apply now!][1] + +Red Hat Enterprise Linux for SAP HANA is designed for easy deployment and simplified integration, and will be available via SAP-certified hardware appliances from partners. Delivered through the power of the partner ecosystems of Red Hat and SAP, it is planned for customers to now have access to a portfolio of cross-industry experience and expertise that harnesses the flexible, scalable and open nature of SAP software and Red Hat solutions that are designed to meet a variety of enterprise information requirements. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/06/red-hat-enterprise-linux-launched-sap-hana/27946 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.themukt.com/write-mukt/ +[2]: +[3]: +[4]: +[5]: +[6]: +[7]: +[8]: +[9]: +[10]: +[11]: +[12]: +[13]: +[14]: +[15]: +[16]: +[17]: +[18]: +[19]: +[20]: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md b/sources/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e9aa29366e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg +================================================================================ +Hi unixmen readers, + +Have you ever wanted to extract images from a video file? It is possible to do such thing in Linux and for this tutorial I will use ffmpeg to get images from a video. + +### What is ffmpeg? ### + +ffmpeg is a very useful command line program which can be used to transcode media files. It is part of the FFmpeg leading multimedia framework that has many functionalities such as the ability to decode, encode, transcode, mux, demux, stream, filter and play pretty much anything that humans and machines have created. + +There are many various tools included in the framework each of which has a specific role. For example the ffserver is used to stream multimedia for live broadcasts, ffprobe is used to analyze multimedia stream, ffplay can be used as a simple media player and **ffmpeg** has the ability to convert multimedia files between formats. + +If you are interested the followings are the developer libraries included in the FFmpeg framework: + +- libavutil is a library containing functions for simplifying programming, including random number generators, data structures, mathematics routines, core multimedia utilities, and much more. +- libavcodec is a library containing decoders and encoders for audio/video codecs. +- libavformat is a library containing demuxers and muxers for multimedia container formats. +- libavdevice is a library containing input and output devices for grabbing from and rendering to many common multimedia input/output software frameworks, including Video4Linux, Video4Linux2, VfW, and ALSA. +- libavfilter is a library containing media filters. +- libswscale is a library performing highly optimized image scaling and color space/pixel format conversion operations. +- libswresample is a library performing highly optimized audio resampling, rematrixing and sample format conversion operations. + +**Note**: ffmpeg and FFmpeg are not the same. FFmpeg is the framework and the ffmpeg one of the utilities included on it. + +### Let the action begin ### + +In order to follow this tutorial you need to install the ffmpeg command line utility in your linux machine. Ubuntu users can easily install the ffmpeg utility by typing and running the following command in their terminal. + + sudo apt-get install ffmpeg + +Fedora users can install ffmpeg directly from the repos. + + yum install ffmpeg + +Or you can compile it from source. Before compiling and installing it from source you need to download it from the official website with the help of the following command. + + wget http://www.ffmpeg.org/releases/ffmpeg-2.2.3.tar.bz2 + +Extract the archive with the following command. + + tar -xvjf ffmpeg-2.2.3.tar.bz2 + +Once the archive is extracted run the following command. + + ./configure + make + +Once the compile is finished run the following command to install ffmpeg. + + su -c 'make install' + +Not that everything is set up, all you have to is type a few commands in your terminal and you will be able to extract images from any type of video file. + +Before going any further make sure you are in the same directory with the video file from which you want to extract images from. Use the cd command to navigate to the right directory. Since the video I am using for the purpose of this tutorial is in my Desktop i use the following command to navigate to my desktop. + + cd /home/oltjano/Desktop + +Then I use the following command to extract images from my video file. + + ffmpeg -i "Тимати - Рентген ( Альбом '13')-C9Plztvv8ac.mp4" -r 1 -q:v 2 -f image2 image-3%d.jpeg + +The **-i** option serves to get the input which in my case is the video file named **Тимати – Рентген ( Альбом ’13′)-C9Plztvv8ac.mp4**, the -r option sets the number of frames to be extracted as images every second. I like to extract one frame every second. + +Then a very important option that should be mentioned and I like to use is the -q:v which is used to set the image quality of the images being extracted. I always get high quality images when extracting them from a video by using the value of 2. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/extract-images-videos-using-ffmpeg/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a1e8689a1c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux +================================================================================ +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/icup2014-790x389.png) + +Hi linux geeks, + +In this short tutorial, I will teach you how to install a very nice app for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in your Linux distribution. The application is called iCup and is available for Windows, Mac and Linux. + +It has been a very long time since I have watched a football match so I thought to install this app on my machine to stay updated with the latest statistics on World Cup 2014. I don’t want to look like an ignorant regarding football in front of my friends. The iCup application can provide information on matches schedule, scorers, team coaches and formations of every match. There are also real time updates that give you the latest data during the matches. + +### It supports the following features: ### + +- Fully localizable on the fly in about 30 languages (use the language menu into the option panel) +- Exclusive flexible user interface that adapt the data size to the window dimensions +- Searchable matches calendar also groupable by day or stage +- Graphical visualization of groups and 2° stage +- Support for the conversion of the matches dates and time based on your local timezone and your system format. +- Direct linking for commenting the results into your preferred social network (Facebook, Google+ and Twitter) +- Proxy support (basic and digest authentication method supported) + +I have tested it on my Ubuntu 12.04 LTS system and it works great. I have not experienced any errors or crashes so far. You can easily install this great app on your system by grabbing a copy of it on the [official website][1] and then extract the archive on your favourite destination. Once the archive is extracted, double click on iCup 2014 FREE – Brazil and the app will open. + +iCup is very useful to me, I hope you find it useful too. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-icup-2014-linux/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.e-link.it/icup/brazil2014/icup-brazil-2014-desktop-app.php \ No newline at end of file From 7968a49ef0b16fc0711517a5ff712f8f102795e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chunxiao ye Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 20:30:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 151/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B9=8C=E9=BE=99=E8=8C=B6=E5=8D=A0?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=9D=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md b/sources/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md index 6f3dafffd3..e11f0c74b1 100644 --- a/sources/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md +++ b/sources/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +乌龙茶 占坑 10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use! ================================================================================ From content management systems to simple tables, databases are a part of every development project nowadays. That is why developers lay so much emphasis on using the right kind of database tools. Here are some that may be of help to you! From 4cc275754b9db7de4db9ce6c38efb3c6a0f38760 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 20:41:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 152/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140607-4=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= =?UTF-8?q?=EF=BC=8C=E5=8F=A6=E4=B8=80=E7=AF=87iCup=E7=9A=84=E6=96=87?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=AB=A0=EF=BC=8C=E4=BC=BC=E4=B9=8E=E6=AF=94=E5=89=8D=E9=9D=A2?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=9A=84=E9=82=A3=E4=B8=80=E7=AF=87=E8=A6=81=E5=A5=BD=EF=BC=8C?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BA=8C=E9=80=89=E4=B8=80=E7=9A=84=E7=BF=BB=E3=80=82=E5=8F=A6?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=AC=AC=E4=B8=80=E4=B8=AA=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=E6=9B=B4=E6=96=B0?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=B4=E6=98=8E=E6=97=A5=E6=9C=9F=E5=86=99=E9=94=99?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 另第一个选题更新说明日期写错，sorry. --- ... 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md | 125 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 125 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md b/sources/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e48a027dbd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +Cup 2014 Brazil: Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop +================================================================================ +Football is the most played and most watched sports on Earth. The present form of football originated in Britain. Football players run an average of more than six miles during a single match. Over one billion fans watched last world cup football matches on Television. This figure is estimated to rise on an above note, this year. + +Yeah! 2014 FIFA World Cup is going to start from 12th of June and will last on 13th of July. This will be the 20th FIFA World Cup, which is scheduled to be played in Brazil. A total of 32 countries are participating in this event. + +For the fan-boys of football, here we are going to throw light on an application software called “icup 2014 Brazil”, which will update you with latest scores, keep tracks of the match score of your favourite team. Here in this article we will be discussing its features, usages, installation, etc. + +![iCup 2014 Brazil](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014.jpeg) +iCup 2014 Brazil + +### What is icup 2014 Brazil? ### + +icup 2014 Brazil is an application which is capable of keeping a track of match results of the FIFA world cup 2014 into your Linux desktop, starting shortly. + +### Features of icup 2014 Brazil ### + +- Adaptive User Interface, i.e., auto-resize of user interface. +- Fast Access to Statistics. +- Social Network Sharing Enabled, which extends to Facebook, Twitter and Google+. +- Latest one is – Retina display Support. +- Detailed data with time events and Statistics related to match and Team. +- Audio Kit which comprise of the ‘National-Anthem’ of all the participating countries (32) in high quality effect along with the stadium background sound which makes the whole thing real. +- An inbuilt calendar with the support of time zone for better understanding of events in local time zone, grouping of data and statistics for real time comparison groupable by day or stage, Graphical 2nd stage table, Result and Scores of Teams in real time. +- Proxy support. + +### Platforms and Architecture Supported ### + +The application is designed to run on all major platforms including **Mac**, **Windows** and **Linux**. For the point of Linux, it is important to mention that the application is designed for **x86** processor only. However installing an **x86** application on **x86_64** architecture is possible. We have to tweak a little to make it work **x86_64** systems. + +#### An insight of the Technical Specification on different Platforms #### + +- Live Result, Calendar, Grouping of Data, 2nd stage Table, Social Network Linking and Multi-language support – Available for all supported platform. +- Retina Display – No support in Windows and Linux, however supported in Mac OS. +- Detailed Statistics – Supported in Linux. Donation-ware for Windows and Mac. +- Audio Kit – Supported in Mac and Linux. Unknown for Windows. + +**Important**: As visible in the above specification, some of the features like detailed specification are not available on platform other than Linux, for free. It is just to support Server and Bandwidth cost. For a Linux user, nothing needs to be cared about as far as detailed statistics are concerned, a proud moment. + +### Installing iCup 2014 Brazil in Linux ### + +First go to official [iCup 2014 Brazil download][1] page and download application according to your platform and architecture. + +#### On 32-Bit System #### + + # cd Downloads/ + # tar xvf iCup_2014_FREE-Brazil_1.1_linux.tar.bz2 + # cd iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil\ 1.1/ + # chmod 755 iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil + +As I said above, this application is designed for x86 systems only. In order to Install a 32 bit application on 64 bit architecture, we need to prepare our system by installing some packages – **GTK+2** and **libstdc++.so.6**. + +Well not for this Application only, but there are a whole lot of application in Linux which is not supported in 64-bit e.g., **Skype**. We need to build our System to install those applications. + +#### On 64-Bit Systems #### + +Install **GTK+2** and **libstdc++so.6**, using apt or yum command as shown below. + + $ sudo apt-get install libgtk2.0-0 libstdc++6 [on Debian based systems] + +If you get any dependency error, run the following command to resolve those dependencies + + $ sudo apt-get -f install + +---------- + + # yum install gtk2 libstdc++ [on RedHat based systems] + +Once all the required packages are installed. Now the System is capable of running 32 bit applications on 64-bit systems, now go the directory where you’ve downloaded ‘**iCup 2014 Brazil**‘ package and run the following commands to install it. + + # cd Downloads/ + # tar xvf iCup_2014_FREE-Brazil_1.1_linux.tar.bz2 + # cd iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil\ 1.1/ + # chmod 755 iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil + +Next, move to the directory and double click the executable to start the application. In the below screen-shot you may not get the full information since the FIFA 2014 has not started till now. Although the glimpse of what we can get once the event starts. + +![iCup Brazil 2014](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-01-620x437.jpeg) +iCup Brazil 2014 + +No detailed Information : World cup hasn’t started Yet. + +![Match Detailed Information](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-02-620x439.jpeg) +Match Detailed Information + +Groups and Teams + +![Groups and Teams](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-03-620x439.jpeg) +Groups and Teams + +2nd stage Detailed Information + +![2nd stage Detailed Information](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-04-620x438.jpeg) +2nd stage Detailed Information + +Match Details. Seems incomplete now. + +![Match Summary](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-05-620x440.jpeg) +Match Summary + +Language Change window and Social share button Integrated. + +![Language Change](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-06-620x440.jpeg) +Language Change + +Donation is optional for Linux. You can always contribute. + +![Donation](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-07-620x435.jpeg) +Donation + +### Conclusion ### + +The above Application seems promising and may prove to be a boon for those Football fan-wall who can now remain connected. + +That’s all for now. I’ll be here again with another interesting article soon. In that mean keep connected to Tecmint.com. Don’t forget to provide us with your valuable feedback in the comment section below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/view-fifa-world-cup-matche-results/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.e-link.it/icup/brazil2014/icup-brazil-2014-desktop-app.php \ No newline at end of file From d731158118243e5e2df621bb9080d62fe7910614 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 20:59:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 153/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140607-5=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...--A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md | 108 +++++++++++ ...ns and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md | 175 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 283 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released--A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released--A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released--A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..125933403a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released--A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,108 @@ +Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released – A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux +================================================================================ +**Nuvola Player** is an open source player that runs cloud music services such as Amazon Cloud Player, Bandcamp, Deezer, 8tracks, Google Play Music, Grooveshark, Hyper Machine and Pandora in its own web interface and provides integration with a Linux desktop. + +This application comes with lots of features in the form of plugins such as desktop notifications, system tray, multimedia keys, media player applets, dock menu, lyrics, last.fm and much more. + +On **May 31st 2014**, A new version of **Nuvola Player 2.4.0** was released – which brings a few new features, including two new services such as Logitech Media Server and This is My Jam with numerous bug fixes. + +### What’s new in this release ### + +- Deleted broken Hide Google+ buttons option, because Google changes the code too regularly. +- Service settings are now applied quickly without reload. +- The pause and toggle play/pause behaviour have been fixed. +- Added a caution about compatibility problems with desktop notifications for Chrome. +- The in-page navigation buttons have been implemented (now users will find buttons in the top bar next to the Google Play logo). +- A new Logitech Media Server and This is My Jam services has been added. +- Included support for back/ forward mouse buttons. +- Fixed support for actionable notification in the GNOME lock screen. + +For a complete list of features, visit at official release [announcement page][1]. + +### Installing Nuvola Player in Debian, Ubuntu and Linux Mint ### + +The official Nuvola Player repository contains binary packages for **Ubuntu 14.04, 13.10, 12.10, 12.04** and **Linux Mint 17, 16, 15, 14.** You can install binary package ‘nuvolaplayer‘ by adding Nuvola Player repository under your system. + +#### On Ubuntu and Linux Mint #### + +Open a terminal and run the following series of commands in the terminal. + + $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nuvola-player-builders/stable + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get upgrade + $ sudo apt-get install nuvolaplayer + +**Note**: Please don’t skip system updates command ‘sudo apt-get upgrade‘. Otherwise, your apt-get may fail to install Flash plugin. + +If you wish to install Nuvola Player without Flash plugin support, you can skip that system upgrade command and use the following command to install nuvolaplayer without Flash support. + + $ sudo apt-get --no-install-recommends install nuvolaplayer + +#### On Debian #### + +For **Debian Wheezy** and **Debian Sid** the stable Nuvola Player binary packages available from official repository. Using this repository, you can install latest stable version using the following bunch of commands. + +Firstly, Open a terminal and import a public key, and then add the repository to ‘**sources.list**‘ file and then do a system update to install nuvolaplyer as shown below. + +#### Debian Wheezy #### + + $ sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 706C220A + $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ wheezy main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' + $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb-src http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ wheezy main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get install nuvolaplayer + +#### Debian Sid #### + + $ sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 706C220A + $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ sid main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' + $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb-src http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ sid main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get install nuvolaplayer + +**Note**: Nuvola Player depend on wrapped Flash plugin, which is not installed by default due to conflicting libraries (**GTK+ 2** and **GTK+ 3**). + +To workaround this problem, we enable component flash **PPA** to install package ‘**nuvolaplayer-flashplugin**‘ using the following commands. + + $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ sid main beta flash" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' + $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb-src http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ sid main beta flash" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' + $ apt-get update + $ apt-get install nuvolaplayer-flashplugin + +Once you done with the installation, you will find the application in **Menu** to launch it. Keep in mind, you must have internet connection in order to listen music online. + +### Nuvola Player Screen Shots ### + +![Nuvola Player Services](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player.jpeg) +Select Music Services + +![Grooveshark Music Service](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-01.jpeg) +Grooveshark Music Service + +![Grooveshark Playing Music](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-02.jpeg) +Grooveshark Playing Music + +![Nuvola Player Preferences](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-03.jpeg) +Nuvola Player Preferences + +![Google Play Music](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-05.jpeg) +Google Play Music + +![Rdio Music Service](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-06.jpeg) +Rdio Music Service + +![About Nuvola Player](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-04.jpeg) +About Nuvola Player + +For other Linux distributions, you can download source tarball packages at Nuvola Player [launchpad downloads][2] page. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-nuvola-player-in-linux/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://nuvolaplayer.fenryxo.cz/releases/2.4.html +[2]:https://launchpad.net/nuvola-player/+download \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md b/sources/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e166b05271 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md @@ -0,0 +1,175 @@ +Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting +================================================================================ +With the overwhelming response we are getting on the Interview Series articles, the first of its kind on any Linux How-to website in the form of Likes, Feedbacks in comment as well as on personal Email Address make us going from one article to the next article. + +Here is the link to the [Interview Series][1] articles already published on Tecmint.com, where we have covered lots of topics viz., FTP, MySQL, Apache, Scripting, Linux Commands, etc. + +![Practical Interview Question on Shell Scripting](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Interview-Questions-on-Shell-Scripting.png) +Practical Interview Question on Shell Scripting + +Continuing to the above series here we are coming with another 5 wonderful Linux Interview Questions and their answer. Your (The Tecmint.com Readers and frequent Visitors) support is always needed to make it successful. + +### 1. Write a shell script to get current date, time, user name and current working directory. ### + +> **Answer** : The commands logname, date, who I am and pwd will output username, current date and time, and current working directory. Just implementing these commands in the script and making it a bit interactive. + +Now create a file called ‘**userstats.sh**‘ and add the following code to it. + + #!/bin/bash + echo "Hello, $LOGNAME" + echo "Current date is `date`" + echo "User is `who i am`" + echo "Current directory `pwd`" + +Place execute permission and run the script as shown below. + + # chmod 755 userstats.sh + # ./userstats.sh + +#### Sample Output #### + + Hello, avi + Current date is Sat Jun 7 13:05:29 IST 2014 + User is avi pts/0 2014-06-07 11:59 (:0) + Current directory /home/avi/Desktop + +### 2. Write a Shell Script that adds two numbers if provided as the command Line Argument and if the two numbers are not entered it outputs an Error Message along with a one-Line of how-to use description. ### + +> **Answer** : Here is the simple Shell Script along with description which adds two number if provided as Command-Line argument, if not it throws error with single line on how to use the script. + +Again create a file called ‘**two-numbers.sh**‘ and add the following content to it. + + #!/bin/bash + # The Shebang + + if [ $# -ne 2 ] + # If two Inputs are not received from Standard Input + + then + # then execute the below statements + + echo "Usage - $0 x y" + # print on standard output, how-to use the script (Usage - ./1.sh x y ) + + echo " Where x and y are two nos for which I will print sum" + # print on standard output, “Where x and y are two nos for which I will print sum ” + + exit 1 + # Leave shell in Error Stage and before the task was successfully carried out. + + fi + # End of the if Statement. + + echo "Sum of $1 and $2 is `expr $1 + $2`" + # If the above condition was false and user Entered two numbers as a command Line Argument, + it will show the sum of the entered numbers. + +Set executer permission on the file and run the script as shown below. + + # chmod 755 two-numbers.sh + +**Condition 1**: Running the script without entering two numbers as command line argument, you will get the following output. + +#### Sample Output #### + + # ./two-numbers.sh + + Usage - ./two-numbers.sh x y + Where x and y are two nos for which I will print sum + +**Condition 2**: When Numbers are entered as command line argument you will get the result as shown. + + $ ./two-numbers.sh 4 5 + + Sum of 4 and 5 is 9 + +Hence the above shell script fulfills the condition as suggested in the question. + +### 3. You needs to print a given Number say 10572, in reverse order using a Shell script such that the input is provided using command Line Argument only. If the input data is not provided as Command Line Argument, it should throw and error and should suggest, how to use the script. Write the script but before that tell me the algorithm that needs to be implemented here. ### + +#### Algorithm #### + +1. Let the Input Number = n +1. Set rev=0, sd=0 (Reverse and single digitis set to 0) +1. n % 10, will find and give single left most digit +1. reverse number is generated as rev * 10 + sd +1. Decrease Input Number (n) by 1. +1. if n > 0, then goto step 3 else goto setp 7 +1. Print rev + +Now again, create a file called ‘**numbers.sh**‘ and add the following given code it. + + #!/bin/bash + if [ $# -ne 1 ] + then + echo "Usage: $0 number" + echo " I will find reverse of given number" + echo " For eg. $0 0123, I will print 3210" + exit 1 + fi + + n=$1 + rev=0 + sd=0 + + while [ $n -gt 0 ] + do + sd=`expr $n % 10` + rev=`expr $rev \* 10 + $sd` + n=`expr $n / 10` + done + echo "Reverse number is $rev" + +Grant a execute permission on the file and run the script as shown below. + + # chmod 755 numbers.h + +**Condition 1**: When Input is not provided as command line argument, you will get the following output. + +#### Sample Output #### + + ./numbers.sh + + Usage: ./numbers.sh number + I will find reverse of given number + For eg. ./2.sh 123, I will print 321 + +**Condition 2**: When Input was provided as command line Argument. + + $ ./numbers.sh 10572 + + Reverse number is 27501 + +The above script worked perfectly and the output was just what we needed. + +### 4. You are supposed to calculate a real number calculation directly from terminal and not any shell script. What will you do (say the real numbers are 7.56 and 2.453)? ### + +> **Answer** : We need to use bc command in a special way as described below. The output of echo 7.56 + 2.453 should be pipelined to bc. + +For example, run the following command to calculate numbers in real time using bc command as shown. + + $ echo 7.56 + 2.453 | bc + + 10.013 + +### 5. You are supposed to find the value of pi upto 100 places of decimal, what is the easiest way to get the result done. ### + +> **Answer** : The easiest way to find the value of pi, correct upto 100 places of decimal we just need to issue the below command. + + # pi 100 + + 3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592307816406286208998628034825342117067 + +Obviously! We must have package ‘**pi**‘ installed. Just do a **apt** or **yum** to get a required package to install ‘**pi**‘ onto the distribution you are using. + +That’s all for now. I’ll be here again with another interesting article very soon. Till then stay tuned and connected to Tecmint.com. Don’t forget to provide us with you valuable feedback in the comment section below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/practical-interview-questions-on-linux-shell-scripting/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/category/interview-questions/ \ No newline at end of file From 82fd3503e0f8bb15983277fd17d502d17215707b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 21:09:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 154/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140607-6=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md | 112 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 112 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md b/sources/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..df1bac5757 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +Got Linux? Add Proprietary Code +================================================================================ +![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rw661226/linux-enterprise-proprietary-code.jpg) + +> For some industries, running proprietary software on an open source Linux distro is not the exception -- it's the rule of thumb. Take, for example, the Wall Street crowd. "Ninety-nine percent of the applications on Wall Street depend on proprietary products. We are much like Oracle in that our product runs on Linux but has a proprietary license," said FSMLabs' President Victor Yodaiken. + +Migrating to the Linux platform is not an either/or proposition. Linux as a computing platform is so flexible that it offers users a have-it-your-way menu of software options. + +One option is the Linux desktop. Individual users in home computing, SOHO and SMB operations can choose from a variety of enterprise-class Linux distributions. The Linux desktop OS offers a no-cost or low-cost alternative to the frustrations of Microsoft Windows or the limitations of Apple's Unix-based OS X platform for its relatively costly Mac hardware. + +Another migration path is to forgo acclimating office staff to the Linux desktop. Instead, enterprises can opt to run their back-office and server operations on a Linux server. Linux servers have a rigorous giant footprint in the networking and cloud computing worlds. Linux servers are commonplace in many other enterprise settings. + +A third migration choice is to run a full Linux shop. Standard office computing software is readily available in open source packages for office suites, Web browsing and graphic production tasks. Open source database applications connect famously with back-end software and servers. Plus, Linux does not need hardware-specific buy-in requirements. + +Staff training to use the Linux desktop applications often is needed only in small amounts. Thanks to workers' familiarity with cross-platform software such as LibreOffice and OpenOffice productivity suites, as well as Google Chrome and Firefox Web browsers, front-office communications rarely miss a beat. + +Linux is flexible. A new trend is to create third-party proprietary software to suit your own enterprise needs. Commercial software firms can recompile must-have Windows or any other platform's software. They also can create task-specific Linux applications that combine off-the-shelf open source components with their own proprietary code. + +"I believe this is becoming a new trend. Enterprises are using third-party proprietary software developed to work on the Linux OS. One of the factors pushing enterprises into migrating to Linux with custom-made software is the financial burden of continuing to pay Microsoft licensing fees," Dayan Jeremiah, CEO of [Icewarp Pacific][1], told LinuxInsider. + +### Linux Does Proprietary ### + +One of the biggest hurdles a company faces in migrating to any operating system is overseeing application compatibility. In the case of moving into Linux, an enterprise has to make sure that whatever software it uses is compatible with the Linux OS, noted Jeremiah. + +The Linux OS has an arsenal of software that runs across the numerous distributions and Linux desktop environments. Depending on the industry involved, the vast open source community may not have a specific replacement for every specialized computing task. In that case, it is often cost-effective to roll your own with the help of a third-party software developer. + +"Using a third-party software vendor helps to ensure this compatibility. For example, we are able to mix and match the software components together so that the application works on Linux," said Jeremiah. + +### An Old Model Made New ### + +A growing number of proprietary software firms, such as Icewarp, build specialized software to meet an enterprise's specific computing needs. They use many open source components in the mix. + +The savings, compared to staying with the Microsoft infrastructure, involve not only licensing costs, but also reduced coding costs. + +"We can build an entire software solution using readily available components for Linux. This entire solution is generally much more cost-effective, efficient and stable across the board," Jeremiah noted. + +Icewarp does not develop the specialized software as free open source projects. It does not provide free versions and charge a fee for support. You order it and pay for it. + +### Porting Code Can Be Chaotic ### + +One hurdle in making software ported from another computing platform compatible with the Linux OS is the vast majority of Linux flavors, according to Jacob Loveless, CEO of [Lucera][2]. The Linux OS has a common kernel, but it has a lot of flavors. + +"The problem develops when software companies have to cross-compile for multiple Linux systems," Loveless told LinuxInsider. "With the exception of Microsoft Exchange Server, most databases run exceptionally well on Linux. MySQL and PostSQL are probably to two most prominent open source versions." + +The majority of the hurdles in porting software to Linux require recompiling the code. Usually there are platform-specific things you have to do to make it work, he said. + +For example, if you have proprietary code bases written in .Net or other languages for Windows, the open source compiler that runs on Linux is not always compatible. So you have a lot of application work you have to redo, Loveless explained. + +Another example involves using databases. You often have to port to a different database and a different Web server. + +"There is definitely work there," said Loveless. + +### A Lot Is Not Enough ### + +Another compatibility issue in migrating to Linux is the type of open source software a company needs. + +"There are not enough open source solutions for all of the specialized enterprise needs," maintained IceWarp's Jeremiah, "but whatever is available for Linux in general, we feel is sufficient. What is not provided by the communities for specialized business applications can be built by third-party software firms." + +For example, IceWarp recently built a specialized Linux-compatible application that required no additional hardware purchase and no additional licensing fees. + +The specialized software included a clustered set of load balancers, a cluster of database servers and a cluster set of IP servers. All of it runs on a standard Red Hat Enterprise Linux or CentOS Linux distro. + +### Follow the Money ### + +In some cases, you can follow the money trail to the Linux OS. Sometimes it is the Linux server that has heavily populated an industry. Other times it is a particular Linux desktop application -- or it could be both. + +Take, for example, the Wall Street crowd. In financial markets, time synchronization becomes critical. The financial networks rely on distributive networks where users have to work with time locks to complete transactions. Other applications require very precise timing before a transaction can be executed. These are functions that require precise time synchronization controls, explained Victor Yodaiken, president of [FSMLabs][3]. + +When FSMLabs started developing its TimeKeeper time synchronization software, Yodaiken expected there soon would be a need to develop a Windows version. + +However, "it turned out that everybody who is doing automated trading or low-latency trading or even collecting data at high precision is running Linux in this market," he told LinuxInsider. + +### Time Is Costly ### + +FSMLabs uses proprietary code that runs on Linux. The Network Time Protocol built into Linux does not adequately synchronize time into nanoseconds for software that tracks stock and trade transactions. Windows falls short for another reason. + +"I think Linux's popularity over Windows is that Windows does not have a standard API which lets you get time below a millisecond. So Windows does not really do you any good. You have to have specialized APIs. With Linux, you do not have to screw around with your application program," Yodaiken said. + +The financial markets were one of the first to embrace Linux. Many of the early systems managers came up from [Bell Labs][4] in the 1980s, so it is a very established market, he added. + +### Filling a Need ### + +For some industries, running proprietary software on an open source Linux distro is not the exception -- it's the rule of thumb. + +"Ninety-nine percent of the applications on Wall Street depend on proprietary products. We are much like Oracle in that our product runs on Linux but has a proprietary license," said FSMLabs' Yodaiken. + +Some markets that run Linux need more specialized software than what's available as open source products. Existing open source software just does not meet their requirements. That is why software developers provide commercial offerings for enterprise Linux operations, he added. + +"That is pretty common. Open source is really best suited for big markets. That is why it has wide, general requirements. Not too many people would have to have a one microsecond correct time all the time -- and alarms if they can't get it," he pointed out. + +### Linux Purism Is Pointless ### + +The concept of maintaining a totally free open source software infrastructure on the Linux OS may fall short when it comes to running specialized software. That reality holds true for any specialized business. + +When a specialized computing need does not impact a wide user market, a third-party software developer can provide a proprietary, commercial or closed source software solution. Call it what you will. Open source purity might become a thing of the past as businesses continue to adopt the Linux OS. + +"Having commercial software prominent on the Linux OS is fairly common," said Yodaiken. "People in business are not purists. They just want to solve problems." + +Jack M. Germain has been writing about computer technology since the early days of the Apple II and the PC. He still has his original IBM PC-Jr and a few other legacy DOS and Windows boxes. He left shareware programs behind for the open source world of the Linux desktop. He runs several versions of Windows and Linux OSes and often cannot decide whether to grab his tablet, netbook or Android smartphone instead of using his desktop or laptop gear. You can connect with him on Google+. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80555.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.icewarp.com/ +[2]:https://lucerahq.com +[3]:http://www.fsmlabs.com/ +[4]:http://www.bell-labs.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 80a6a9f6c3233db0b4a68137229f1d9fff166c4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 21:33:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 155/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140607-7=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md | 21 ++++ ...elete All Files In Directory Except Few.md | 110 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 131 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md b/sources/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1e21fa6192 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games +================================================================================ +![](http://www.gamingonlinux.com/uploads/articles/article_images/1401998399steam.png) + +That is one heck of a milestone isn't it? 500 Linux compatible games are now on Steam which is a pretty great number to point anyone at. No longer will people keep stating "but Linux has no games", but sadly they will say Linux has very little AAA games which is true, but this will be a gradual build up of course. + +I keep saying this, but I still never thought we would make it to a day like this. We have XCOM, Civilization and many more still to come with some surprise announcements later this year I've no doubt. + +Once the Steam Machines/SteamOS are released, and if they are successful we should see the number rise even quicker. + +So, how long before we hit 1000? End of the year maybe, who knows! + +I will go get my party hat now...are you celebrating this milestone? + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/steam-hits-the-big-500-for-linux-games.3849 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md b/sources/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..993ed17495 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +Linux: Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few +================================================================================ +![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/images/category/old/terminal.png) + +I'm a new Linux system user. I need to cleanup in a download directory i.e. delete all files from ~/Downloads/ folders except the following types: + +*.iso - All iso images files. +*.zip - All zip files. + +How do I delete all file except some in bash shell on a Linux, OS X or Unix-like systems? + +Bash shell supports rich file pattern matching such as follows: + +- * - Match any files. +- ? - Matches any single character in filenames. +- [...] - Matches any one of the enclosed characters. + +### Method #1: Say hello to extended pattern matching operators ### + +You need to use the extglob shell option using the shopt builtin command to use extended pattern matching operators such as: + +1. ?(pattern-list) - Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns. +1. *(pattern-list) - Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns. +1. +(pattern-list) - Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns. +1. @(pattern-list) - Matches one of the given patterns. +1. !(pattern-list) - Matches anything except one of the given patterns. + +A pattern-list is nothing but a list of one or more patterns (filename) separated by a |. First, turn on extglob option: + + shopt -s extglob + +#### Bash remove all files except *.zip and *.iso files #### + +The rm command syntax is: + + ## Delete all file except file1 ## + rm !(file1) + + ## Delete all file except file1 and file2 ## + rm !(file1|file2) + + ## Delete all file except all zip files ## + rm !(*.zip) + + ## Delete all file except all zip and iso files ## + rm !(*.zip|*.iso) + + ## You set full path too ## + rm /Users/vivek/!(*.zip|*.iso|*.mp3) + + ## Pass options ## + rm [options] !(*.zip|*.iso) + rm -v !(*.zip|*.iso) + rm -f !(*.zip|*.iso) + rm -v -i !(*.php) + +Finally, turn off extglob option: + + shopt -u extglob + +### Method #2: Using bash GLOBIGNORE variable to remove all files except specific ones ### + +From the [bash(1)][1] page: + +> A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a filename matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in GLOBIGNORE, it is removed from the list of matches. + +To delete all files except zip and iso files, set GLOBIGNORE as follows: + + ## only works with BASH ## + cd ~/Downloads/ + GLOBIGNORE=*.zip:*.iso + rm -v * + unset GLOBIGNORE + +### Method #3: Find command to rm all files except zip and iso files ### + +If you are using tcsh/csh/sh/ksh or any other shell, try the following find command syntax on a Unix-like system to delete files: + + find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -delete + +OR + + ## deals with weird file names using xargs ## + find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm {} + find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm [options] {} + +To delete all files except php files in ~/sources/ directory, type: + + find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -delete + +OR + + find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm -v {} + +The syntax to delete all files except *.zip and *.iso is as follows: + + find . -type f -not \( -name '*zip' -or -name '*iso' \) -delete + +For more information see [bash command man page][1] and [find command man page][2]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-bash-delete-all-files-in-directory-except-few/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/bash.1.html +[2]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/find.1.html \ No newline at end of file From 12fa8ab761ef9a359d6479584ff1db325f4634b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 21:41:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 156/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140607-8=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...rtbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md | 58 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 58 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md b/sources/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fd6154d5df --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed, but needs to be taken seriously +================================================================================ +> Summary: While the newest OpenSSL security problems are troubling, and you should address it, it's nothing as bad as Heartbleed. + +It's been a bad week for open-source Secure Socket Layer (SSL) programs. + +First, the obscure, [GnuTLS was revealed to have a trivial][1] but damning flaw. Then, the massively popular OpenSSL was found to have [a man-in-the-middle vulnerability][2]. After the [Heartbleed fiasco][3], OpenSSL needed this like a hole in the head. + +![](http://cdn-static.zdnet.com/i/r/story/70/00/030273/openssl-200x55.png?hash=MwyxMwt0MJ&upscale=1) + +This vulnerability, according to Adam Langley, a senior staff software engineer at Google, has been [around for at least 15 years][4]. It's a pity the Core Infrastructure Initiative (CII) [riding to OpenSSL's rescue with more developer funding][5] didn't happen any sooner than it did. + +That said, this bug is still is nowhere near as bad as Heartbleed. For starters, an attacker needs to be running a system between the web browser or other SSL-enabled client program to make use of the security hole. + +Be that as it may, you still need to address it by upgrading as soon as possible. As Chris Camejo, Director of Assessment Services for [NTT Com Security][6] said in an e-mail interview, "It's bad because it has been around for a long time and looks to be fairly widespread." + +He added: "If exploited it would allow the attacker to decrypt traffic. This is serious given that the whole point of SSL is to encrypt traffic and it is widely used to protect passwords, credit card numbers, and all other manner of sensitive transactions that happen on web sites as well as certain email connections." + +In a separate interview, Mark Cox, Red Hat's senior director of product security, [went into deeper detail][7]. Cox said, OpenSSL has fixed a number of security flaws, but given the Heartbleed episode we needed to find a way to tell people not to panic. + +Cox explained that Heartbleed had been patched before it was revealed but news of the exploit spread before news of the patches, hence so much of the upset around it. In this latest case, there have been seven security issues patched but only two of them need concern administrators and users. + +The first, Cox continued, is the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) bug. There is no known exploit of it at this time, but there is the potential for a successful attack against it. + +Therefore, while DTLS is not widely used, if you do use it, it should be patched as soon as possible. + +Cox then said the "real meat of the issue is the man-in-the-middle attack." Even here, for this work, someone really must be "in the middle" between a vulnerable server and client to make use of the hole. + +But if someone can do this, they could "bypass SSL and get to the raw data... This is quite a serious issue." + +Still, with Heartbleed anyone could theoretically exploit vulnerable SSL servers. To attack using this hole would require network access to the traffic between the client and server. For example, a successful attack might be made with a fake coffee house Wi-Fi access point being used to connect the Android version of the Chrome Web browser and an unpatched Web server. Fortunately, Google has [already released an updated version of this browser][8], 35.0.1916.141, to eliminate this problem. + +The most vulnerable systems, according to Cox, are unpatched Android devices using a bogus Wi-Fi hot spot. Morrell added that since Android users are at the mercy of their phone vendors and telcos for security updates they may be stuck with vulnerabilities for quite a long time. + +Fortunately, if the servers they connect with have been updated, they still can't be attacked. + +The OpenSSL security community has known about this problem since early May. The group, working with Red Hat, other major Linux and open-source groups, and hardware vendors, went to a great deal of trouble to not simply patch the bug but to take the next steps of testing the repair, so that they could be as certain (as anyone can ever be in security) that it would fix the hole, but also not introduce any new security problems, and work with most combinations of OpenSSL servers and clients. + +Now that the patch is out there, OpenSSL is trying to get the solid facts, as well as the patch, out to people so there won't be any undue panic over these problems. Cox added that the major Linux vendors, such as Red Hat and Ubuntu, already have the patches available. + +All server administrators need do is to download and install them and instead of a security crisis this will prove to be business as usual. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.zdnet.com/new-openssl-breech-is-no-heartbleed-but-needs-to-be-taken-seriously-7000030273/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.zdnet.com/another-serious-gnutls-bug-exposes-linux-clients-to-server-attacks-7000030205 +[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/openssl-fixes-another-severe-vulnerability-7000030253/ +[3]:http://www.zdnet.com/heartbleed-serious-openssl-zero-day-vulnerability-revealed-7000028166 +[4]:https://www.imperialviolet.org/2014/06/05/earlyccs.html +[5]:http://www.zdnet.com/corporations-put-their-cash-where-their-open-source-security-is-7000030023/ +[6]:http://www.nttcomsecurity.com/us/ +[7]:http://ec.libsyn.com/p/6/a/5/6a58036510bae37c/CloudEvangelistPodcast_Ep92_MarkCox.mp3?d13a76d516d9dec20c3d276ce028ed5089ab1ce3dae902ea1d06c88537d1ce596fdc&c_id=7251647) +[8]:http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2014/06/chrome-for-android-update.html \ No newline at end of file From 69327469a768d481596e6dc9ebf12dfb6259c772 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 22:13:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 157/713] alim0x translating --- .../news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md b/sources/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md index 1e21fa6192..16ddb365d1 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md +++ b/sources/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +alim0x translating + Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games ================================================================================ ![](http://www.gamingonlinux.com/uploads/articles/article_images/1401998399steam.png) @@ -18,4 +20,4 @@ via: http://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/steam-hits-the-big-500-for-linux-game 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9d1d5c119b87532ace9e9eef0c99f330ef08443a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 22:14:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 158/713] alim0x translating --- sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md b/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md index 0314cd303d..193a398a78 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md +++ b/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +alim0x translating + Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down ================================================================================ **Ubuntu One is now formally in shut-down. You have until July 31 to grab your files or they will be lost forever. ** @@ -40,4 +42,4 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/ubuntu-one-discontinued-grab-files-now [1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/canonical-axe-ubuntu-one-file-music-services-grab-data-now [2]:http://mover.io/ [3]:http://support.mover.io/knowledgebase/articles/346927-how-to-transfer-from-ubuntu-one-to-google-drive -[4]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/three-alternatives-ubuntu-one \ No newline at end of file +[4]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/three-alternatives-ubuntu-one From 92996c32ba38821eeb96d61d4ed06558f8b711d8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 22:18:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 159/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8E=BB=E6=8E=89=E4=BA=86?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md b/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md index 193a398a78..36c2755d63 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md +++ b/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -alim0x translating - Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down ================================================================================ **Ubuntu One is now formally in shut-down. You have until July 31 to grab your files or they will be lost forever. ** From 53c4426f65dcd68c5caed91f50f7988e2edb989b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linchenguang <1573453077@qq.com> Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 22:21:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 160/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=91Linux:=20Bash=20Delete=20All=20Files=20In=20Directory?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Except=20Few?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...07 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md b/sources/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md index 993ed17495..54a66f6d9f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +>> chenguang is translating + Linux: Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few ================================================================================ ![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/images/category/old/terminal.png) @@ -107,4 +109,4 @@ via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-bash-delete-all-files-in-directory-excep 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [1]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/bash.1.html -[2]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/find.1.html \ No newline at end of file +[2]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/find.1.html From 13aba815c3cfb243a22823b8b5011cf5c31a5de0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 22:24:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 161/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8E=BB=E6=8E=89=E4=BA=86?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md b/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md index 615132bfe8..84b7f8b695 100644 --- a/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md +++ b/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -alim0x translating - Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Dual_Boot_Windows8_Ubuntu_1404.jpeg) From dae7c4e43d6a6407a88e0f77093aa73bd3ecf811 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: recNeps Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 22:24:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 162/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8D=A0=E5=9D=91=EF=BC=8CMake=20vim?= =?UTF-8?q?=20IDE?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md b/sources/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md index 105457c4cc..b1a34f93c3 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +CNprober 翻译中... How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE ================================================================================ If you code a little, you know how handy an Integrated Development Environment (IE) can be. Java, C, Python, they all become a lot more accessible when the IDE software is checking the syntax for you, compiling in the background, or importing the libraries you need. On the other hand, if you are on Linux, you might also know how handy Vim can be when it comes to text editing. So naturally, you would like to get all the features of an IDE from Vim. From ba69e0c265329c75930426ad75cc89a6d13ac753 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: linuhap Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 22:51:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 163/713] translating --- .../20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md b/sources/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md index e9aa29366e..97cd0131ba 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +linuhap翻译中 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg ================================================================================ Hi unixmen readers, @@ -69,4 +70,4 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/extract-images-videos-using-ffmpeg/ 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 19adf86ac6e6018b40a4ed43227c12ca04499193 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: limox Date: Sat, 7 Jun 2014 23:07:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 164/713] translated --- ... Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md | 23 ------------------- ... Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md | 21 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md b/sources/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md deleted file mode 100644 index 16ddb365d1..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,23 +0,0 @@ -alim0x translating - -Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games -================================================================================ -![](http://www.gamingonlinux.com/uploads/articles/article_images/1401998399steam.png) - -That is one heck of a milestone isn't it? 500 Linux compatible games are now on Steam which is a pretty great number to point anyone at. No longer will people keep stating "but Linux has no games", but sadly they will say Linux has very little AAA games which is true, but this will be a gradual build up of course. - -I keep saying this, but I still never thought we would make it to a day like this. We have XCOM, Civilization and many more still to come with some surprise announcements later this year I've no doubt. - -Once the Steam Machines/SteamOS are released, and if they are successful we should see the number rise even quicker. - -So, how long before we hit 1000? End of the year maybe, who knows! - -I will go get my party hat now...are you celebrating this milestone? - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/steam-hits-the-big-500-for-linux-games.3849 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md b/translated/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f1bb08b330 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +Steam平台Linux游戏突破500大关 +================================================================================ +![](http://www.gamingonlinux.com/uploads/articles/article_images/1401998399steam.png) + +这是一个很棒的里程碑不是吗？Steam上现在已经有500个（截至6.7已有509个）兼容Linux的游戏了，对任何人而言这都着实是个巨大的数目。人们将不再一直说着“可是Linux上没有游戏”，但令人悲伤的是他们会说Linux上几乎没有AAA级的游戏大作（这确实是事实），但这会是一个循序渐进建立起（译注：游戏生态）的过程。 + +我一直在说这个（译注：Linux游戏会增多的）， 但我仍从没想过我们会有一天像这样实现它。我毫不怀疑今年晚些时候我们能够有XCOM，Civilization（译注：文明）以及更多即将到来游戏令人惊喜的发布消息。 + +一旦Steam Machines/SteamOS发布，如果它们获得了成功我们应该可以看到Linux平台游戏数目甚至上升得更快。 + +所以，（Steam上的支持Linux平台的）游戏数目达到1000还要多久？也许是今年末，谁知道呢！ + +我现在要去拿我的派对帽了...你也要庆祝这个里程碑吗？ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/steam-hits-the-big-500-for-linux-games.3849 + +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 42ed32869f740d12366e10df79a9120b463ce442 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 8 Jun 2014 00:04:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 165/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AWhat=20Heart?= =?UTF-8?q?bleed=20Teaches=20Us--Be=20An=20Open=20Source=20Contributor,=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Not=20Just=20A=20User?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @geekpi 明天发布 --- ...pen Source Contributor, Not Just A User.md | 66 +++++++++++++++++++ ...pen Source Contributor, Not Just A User.md | 66 ------------------- 2 files changed, 66 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/What Heartbleed Teaches Us--Be An Open Source Contributor, Not Just A User.md delete mode 100644 translated/talk/What Heartbleed Teaches Us--Be An Open Source Contributor, Not Just A User.md diff --git a/published/What Heartbleed Teaches Us--Be An Open Source Contributor, Not Just A User.md b/published/What Heartbleed Teaches Us--Be An Open Source Contributor, Not Just A User.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..20555f7924 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/What Heartbleed Teaches Us--Be An Open Source Contributor, Not Just A User.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +心脏流血教给我们的:成为开源的贡献者而不仅是个用户 +================================================================================ +![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/heart-shaped-hole-heartbleed.jpg) + +> 如果你的公司依赖像OpenSSL这样的开源软件，是时候主动点了。 + +心脏流血漏洞让开源社区如芒在背。 + +ComputerWorld的Richi Jennings [抨击说][1]“又一个非常可怕的开源失败。”（他是要做标题党么？）ZDNet的Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols不像是作秀反开源，却仍旧将心脏流血漏洞[渲染为][2]“开源软件的最遭时刻”。而最后，ZDNet的Chris Duckett则务实地[倡议][3]：“商业公司（应该）筹集资金来避免心脏流血再次发生。” + +而实际上，企业资金并不是解决心脏流血事件的最终答案 。你才是！ + +想要避免开源失败的公司应该不仅仅是开源软件的用户，还要是贡献者。 + +### 贡献者乘坐头等舱 ### + +贡献者能够引导特定的项目。他们占据主动，而不是被动接受。大多数企业缺乏资源参与他们所使用的所有开源项目，但每家公司都可以资助给那些真正关系到他们的项目。并且资助得越多，得到的好处越大。 + +开源就是一个不断给予的礼物，尤其是给予那些对开源反哺的人们。 + +我在MongoDB的同事[Adam Comerford让这点更有说服力][4]：如果你看看第一批得知Heartbleed漏洞的[时间线] [5]，那些第一批得知的（如谷歌）有一个相当大的优势。如Comford所说的，这些公司有一个显著的优势就是他们可以在bug还未大规模传开的时候率先采取措施保护他们的系统。 + + +鉴于早期了解像Heartbleed之类问题的优势，Comerford问：“我如何确保我在这类问题的早期通知列表里面？” + + +如果你依赖于专有软件，你有一个答案：向卖方支付大量的金钱，并希望他适时地响应。但是，如果你正在使用开源软件，有一个更多选择： “要么有大量的员工给[开源项目]做贡献 ，或者...有认识主要贡献者的员工（我们可以找找，他们大多也会贡献其他开源软件项目，像其他的极客和呆瓜一样。“ + +Comerford断言说，好处不止这样： + +> 这有很多好处 - 除了让问题及早通知，让手头上的专家来应付这些棘手的更新，以评估你的风险，甚至可能在公众知道之前内部解决问题。在确定项目的方向上你还可以得到重视的回馈，可以影响到关键特性的优先级。最终，你会得到社区的善意，使产品变得更好，并有可能成为其它的聪明贡献者的工作目标。 + +换句话说，参与进来。成员有特权，主要的特权可能就是信息。 + +### 选择在哪贡献 ### + +同样，没有一家公司有足够的资源来有效地促进所有它所使用的项目，这就是为什么Comerford建议对关键项目上这么做的原因： + +> 如果你要人们列出在企业中所有开源关键技术，你可能会得到一张很长的名单。然后，告诉他们，他们将必须清点人工和预算来支持清单上的每一种技术的话（并验证它） - 它可能会迅速缩水。 + +如果你是一个AMD那样的芯片公司，给Linux内核贡献基本驱动程序和其他代码很可能是强制性的。给LibreOffice贡献可能不是。或者，如果你判断你的未来在Hadoop上进行深层数据分析，你应该贡献Hadoop，即使你依旧免费使用OpenSSL社区的成果。比如Dish Networks公司，它的[ CIO告诉上周在开放商业会上的人们][6]，他们正在将重要的数据从关系型数据库转到Apache的Kafka，那他最好研究Kafka的代码，即使他不贡献给Apache HTTP服务器项目。 + +每家公司都有其优先级，以及这些优先级应该以严肃的承诺而确立。 + +这是确保这些项目安全的一部分办法。而另一部分，它是一种形成影响力指引的方式。但同时，红帽公司CEO[Jim Whitehurst][7]早在2008年声明，它是显著减少IT花费的办法： + +> 今天编写的绝大多数软件是企业编写的，不得转售。并且绝大多数是从来没有真正使用过。IT软件开发中的浪费是巨大的....最终，开源给全世界的客户提供价值，我们不仅需要让我们的客户作为开源产品的用户，而且真正加入开源和参与在开发社区。 + + +Comerford坚持认为：“如果我在业务中使用开源软件，我应该雇开发人员来积极给软件做贡献，如果他们自己不是核心开发者，那就雇佣核心开发者。 ”这是充分利用开源软件的关键：给它做贡献，不只是使用它。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://readwrite.com/2014/05/14/heartbleed-open-source-contribution-users + +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://blogs.computerworld.com/encryption/23767/heartbleed-openssl-open-source-fail +[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/heartbleed-open-sources-worst-hour-7000028420/ +[3]:http://www.zdnet.com/openssl-needs-corporate-funding-to-avoid-heartbleed-repeat-7000028385/ +[4]:http://comerford.cc/wordpress/2014/04/15/my-conclusion-heartbleed-timeline/ +[5]:http://www.smh.com.au/it-pro/security-it/heartbleed-disclosure-timeline-who-knew-what-and-when-20140415-zqurk.html +[6]:http://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2014/05/06/dish-looks-to-open-source-software-after-database-failure/ +[7]:http://www.cnet.com/news/red-hat-solve-enterprise-waste-through-open-source/ diff --git a/translated/talk/What Heartbleed Teaches Us--Be An Open Source Contributor, Not Just A User.md b/translated/talk/What Heartbleed Teaches Us--Be An Open Source Contributor, Not Just A User.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4d825204ff..0000000000 --- a/translated/talk/What Heartbleed Teaches Us--Be An Open Source Contributor, Not Just A User.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,66 +0,0 @@ -心脏流血教给我们的:成为开源的贡献者而不仅是个用户 -================================================================================ -![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/heart-shaped-hole-heartbleed.jpg) - -> 如果你的公司依赖像OpenSSL这样的开源软件,是时候主动点了。 - -开源社区已经官方披上了它心脏流血衬衫。 - -ComputerWorld的Richi Jennings [抨击说][1]“又一个非常可怕的开源失败。”（骗取更多的页面浏览量？）ZDNet的Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols没有公开反对开源软件，仍旧[设法称][2]心脏流血是开源软件的最遭时刻。" 最终ZDNet的Chris Duckett务实地[恳求][3]:"公司筹集资金来避免心脏流血再次发生。" - -而一个好的开始，企业资金并不是心脏流血的最终答案 。你才是。 - -想要避免开源失败的公司应该不仅仅是开源软件的用户，还要是贡献者。 - -### 贡献者乘坐头等舱 ### - -贡献者帮助引导特定的项目。他们开始行动，而不只是执行。大多数企业缺乏资源参与他们所使用的所有开源项目，但每家公司都可以投资给那些真正关系到他们的项目。并且投资得越多，得到的好处越大。 - -开源就是坚持给那些会给予反馈项目补助的礼物。 - -我MongoDB的同事[Adam Comerford让这点更有说服力][4]：如果你看看第一批得知Heartbleed的[时间线] [5]，那些第一批得知的（如谷歌）有一个相当大的优势。如Comford所说的，这些公司有一个显著的优势就是他们可以在bug还大规模未知的时候率先采取措施保护他们的系统。 - - -既然知道早期了解像Heartbleed问题的优势，Comerford问：“我如何确保我在这类问题的早期通知列表里面？” - - -如果你依赖于专有软件，你有一个答案：向卖方支付大量的金钱，并希望他适时地响应。但是，如果你正在使用开源软件，有一个扩展选项： “要么有大量的员工给[开源项目]做贡献 ，或者...有知道主要贡献者的员工（让我们面对他，他们大多会贡献其他开源软件项目，极客和书呆子八卦像其他人一样。“ - -Comerford断言说：”好处不止这样“ - -> 这有很多好处 - 除了让问题及早通知，你让手头上的专家来应付这些棘手的更新，以评估你的风险，甚至可能在公众知道之前内部解决问题。在设置项目的方向上你还可以得到尊重的声音，可以有权划分关键特性的优先级。最终，你会了解社区好的意愿，有助于使大家的产品变得更好，并成为让聪明的贡献者一起工作的目标。 - -换句话说，参与进来。成员有特权，主要的特权可能就是信息。 - -### 选择在哪贡献 ### - -同样，没有一家公司有足够的资源来有效地促进所有它所使用的项目，这就是为什么Comerford建议对关键项目上这么做的原因： - -> 如果你要人们列出在商业中所有开源关键技术，你可能会得到一张很长的名单。现在，告诉他们，他们将不得不清点数量和预算来支持清单上的每一种技术的（并证明它） - 它可能会迅速缩水。 - -如果你是一个AMD那样的芯片公司，给Linux内核贡献基本驱动程序和其他代码很可能是强制性的。给LibreOffice贡献可能不是。或者，如果你赌你的未来在Hadoop上进行深层数据分析，你应该贡献Hadoop，即使你选择在OpenSSL社区免费乘车。如果你是Dish Networks，它的[ CIO告诉上周在开放商业会以上的人们][6]，他们正在将重要的的工作载荷，关系型数据库转到Apache的Kafka，那他最好研究Kafaka的代码，即使他不贡献给Apache HTTP服务器项目。 - -每家公司都有其优先级，以及这些优先级必须以严肃地给开源项目提交来证明。 - -这是确保这些项目安全的一部分办法。而另一部分，它是一种影响方向的方式。但同时，红帽公司CEO[Jim Whitehurst][7]早在2008年声明，它是显著减少IT花费的办法： - -> 今天编写的绝大多数软件是企业编写的，不得转售。并且绝大多数是从来没有真正使用过。IT软件开发中的浪费是巨大的....最终，开源给全世界的客户提供价值，我们不仅需要让我们的客户作为开源产品的用户，而且真正加入开源和参与在开发社区。 - - -Comerford坚持认为：“如果我在业务中使用开源软件，如果他们自己不是核心开发者，我应该雇核心开发人员来积极给软件做贡献。 ”这是充分利用开源软件的关键：给它做贡献，不只是使用它。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://readwrite.com/2014/05/14/heartbleed-open-source-contribution-users - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://blogs.computerworld.com/encryption/23767/heartbleed-openssl-open-source-fail -[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/heartbleed-open-sources-worst-hour-7000028420/ -[3]:http://www.zdnet.com/openssl-needs-corporate-funding-to-avoid-heartbleed-repeat-7000028385/ -[4]:http://comerford.cc/wordpress/2014/04/15/my-conclusion-heartbleed-timeline/ -[5]:http://www.smh.com.au/it-pro/security-it/heartbleed-disclosure-timeline-who-knew-what-and-when-20140415-zqurk.html -[6]:http://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2014/05/06/dish-looks-to-open-source-software-after-database-failure/ -[7]:http://www.cnet.com/news/red-hat-solve-enterprise-waste-through-open-source/ From f9a48d36c0ded5631da4936a618432c198f76759 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 8 Jun 2014 00:20:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 166/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140603=20L?= =?UTF-8?q?inux=20Foundation=20to=20donate=20portion=20of=20membership=20f?= =?UTF-8?q?ees=20to=20Code.org?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @yechunxiao19 明天发布 --- ... donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md (60%) diff --git a/translated/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md b/published/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md similarity index 60% rename from translated/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md rename to published/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md index 064558dc1d..be80944dd5 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md +++ b/published/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ Linux基金会捐赠部分会员费给Code.org ================================================================================ ![](http://www.muktware.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Linux_Foundation_logo-360x109.png) -Linux基金会[宣布][1]鉴于年中个别成员的努力和推广。对于每一位在2014年6月1日到6月30日晚上11:59之间加入的新会员，Code.org将会收入其会费25美元。 +Linux基金会[宣布][1]鉴于年中个别成员的努力和推广。对于每一位在2014年6月1日到6月30日晚上11:59之间加入的新会员，Code.org将会得到25美元。 -Code.org是通过使其可在更多的学校提供机会，以提高妇女和没有名额的学生的参与，致力于计算机科学扩大的非营利性组织。其目标是提供给每所学校的学生学习计算机科学的机会。Code.org与Linux基金会的使命是增加人们学习编程的机会。 +Code.org是通过让更多的学校提供机会，以提高女性和有色人种学生的参与，致力于扩展计算机科学教育的非营利性组织。其目标是提供给每所学校的学生学习计算机科学的机会。Code.org与Linux基金会的使命是增加人们学习编程的机会。 -Amanda McPherson，CMO在Linux基金会解释-当今的许多Linux人才都是从学生时代开始摆弄电脑，并在大学期间编写了简单地程序。通过帮助提供这个月的个人会员捐款给Code.org，我们希望社会各界能够支持Linux和Linux创始人Linus Torvalds的工作，同时帮助增加获取计算机科学教育的下一代Linux开发人员和系统管理员。 +Linux基金会的CMO Amanda McPherson解释道，当今的许多Linux人才都是从学生时代开始摆弄电脑，并在大学期间编写了简单地程序。通过将提供这个月的个人会员捐款给Code.org，我们希望社会各界能够支持Linux和Linux创始人Linus Torvalds的工作，同时帮助增加获取计算机科学教育的下一代Linux开发人员和系统管理员。 -学习和教育也是Linux基金会最优先考虑的。基金会最近宣布的第一个“Linux入门”大规模开放式网络课程（MOOC），它是免费提供给所有人的。已经有超过14万人登记8月开始的第一节课。他也提供并组织各种培训课程。 +学习和教育也是Linux基金会最优先考虑的。基金会最近宣布的第一个“Linux入门”大规模开放式网络课程（MOOC），它是免费提供给所有人的。已经有超过14万人登记预计8月开始的第一节课。它也提供并组织各种培训课程。 -Linux基金会会员们支持着Linux和开源社区的发展。作为额外津贴，成员也会收到包括20%折扣的LinuxCon和CloudOpen登记独家优惠；高达10%折扣的Linux基金会培训；一个Linux.com的电子邮件地址（例如john@linux.com）；戴尔，惠普和联想的员工优惠价；高达35%折扣的O'Reilly书籍和电子书；以及其他各种折扣。 +Linux基金会会员们支持着Linux和开源社区的发展。作为额外津贴，成员也会得到包括20%折扣的LinuxCon和CloudOpen大会门票的独家优惠；高达10%折扣的Linux基金会培训；一个Linux.com的电子邮件地址（例如john@linux.com）；购买戴尔，惠普和联想电脑的员工优惠价；高达35%折扣的O'Reilly书籍和电子书；以及其他各种折扣。 每年的会员费为99美元。对于学生是25美元，但包含相同的个人会员优惠。要注册，请访问： [https://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/join/individual][2] @@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ Linux基金会会员们支持着Linux和开源社区的发展。作为额外津 via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/06/linux-foundation-donate-portion-membership-fees-code-org/27942 -译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 578b50bd2c491216496aeb7b91e58ac72aa18bfa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Sun, 8 Jun 2014 08:54:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 167/713] translating --- ... Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md b/sources/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md index e166b05271..121f64f704 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Mike Translating + Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting ================================================================================ With the overwhelming response we are getting on the Interview Series articles, the first of its kind on any Linux How-to website in the form of Likes, Feedbacks in comment as well as on personal Email Address make us going from one article to the next article. From a44b5c370a23228f037b7df562effde6c7344d63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 8 Jun 2014 10:41:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 168/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140607=20S?= =?UTF-8?q?team=20Hits=20The=20Big=20500=20For=20Linux=20Games?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @alim0x 发布了 --- ... Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md | 21 +++++++++++++++++++ ... Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md | 21 ------------------- 2 files changed, 21 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md delete mode 100644 translated/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md diff --git a/published/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md b/published/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8bf6cc7b5f --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +Steam平台Linux游戏突破500大关 +================================================================================ +![](http://www.gamingonlinux.com/uploads/articles/article_images/1401998399steam.png) + +这是一个很棒的里程碑不是吗？Steam上现在已经有500个（截至6月7日已有509个）兼容Linux的游戏了，对任何人而言这都着实是个巨大的数目。人们将不再一直说着“可是Linux上没有游戏”，但令人悲伤的是他们会说Linux上几乎没有AAA级的游戏大作（这确实是事实），但这会是一个循序渐进建立起游戏生态的过程。 + +我一直在说这个（译注：指Linux游戏会增多的）， 但我仍从没想过我们会有一天像这样实现它。我毫不怀疑今年晚些时候我们能够有XCOM，Civilization（文明）以及更多即将到来游戏令人惊喜的发布消息。 + +一旦Steam Machines/SteamOS发布，如果它们获得了成功我们应该可以看到Linux平台游戏数目甚至上升得更快。 + +所以，Steam上的支持Linux平台的游戏数目达到1000还要多久？也许是今年末，谁知道呢！ + +我现在要去拿我的派对帽了...你也要庆祝这个里程碑吗？ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/steam-hits-the-big-500-for-linux-games.3849 + +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md b/translated/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md deleted file mode 100644 index f1bb08b330..0000000000 --- a/translated/news/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,21 +0,0 @@ -Steam平台Linux游戏突破500大关 -================================================================================ -![](http://www.gamingonlinux.com/uploads/articles/article_images/1401998399steam.png) - -这是一个很棒的里程碑不是吗？Steam上现在已经有500个（截至6.7已有509个）兼容Linux的游戏了，对任何人而言这都着实是个巨大的数目。人们将不再一直说着“可是Linux上没有游戏”，但令人悲伤的是他们会说Linux上几乎没有AAA级的游戏大作（这确实是事实），但这会是一个循序渐进建立起（译注：游戏生态）的过程。 - -我一直在说这个（译注：Linux游戏会增多的）， 但我仍从没想过我们会有一天像这样实现它。我毫不怀疑今年晚些时候我们能够有XCOM，Civilization（译注：文明）以及更多即将到来游戏令人惊喜的发布消息。 - -一旦Steam Machines/SteamOS发布，如果它们获得了成功我们应该可以看到Linux平台游戏数目甚至上升得更快。 - -所以，（Steam上的支持Linux平台的）游戏数目达到1000还要多久？也许是今年末，谁知道呢！ - -我现在要去拿我的派对帽了...你也要庆祝这个里程碑吗？ - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/steam-hits-the-big-500-for-linux-games.3849 - -译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d3188a55ae6128fa31496e7afca6a51262f83c11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Sun, 8 Jun 2014 10:57:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 169/713] alim0x translating --- sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md b/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md index 36c2755d63..193a398a78 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md +++ b/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +alim0x translating + Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down ================================================================================ **Ubuntu One is now formally in shut-down. You have until July 31 to grab your files or they will be lost forever. ** From ba7a8761a064bb6186be0c57055a2bd61b99d769 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Sun, 8 Jun 2014 11:00:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 170/713] finish translating --- ...ns and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md | 177 ------------------ ...ns and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md | 177 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 177 insertions(+), 177 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md b/sources/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md deleted file mode 100644 index 121f64f704..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,177 +0,0 @@ -Mike Translating - -Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting -================================================================================ -With the overwhelming response we are getting on the Interview Series articles, the first of its kind on any Linux How-to website in the form of Likes, Feedbacks in comment as well as on personal Email Address make us going from one article to the next article. - -Here is the link to the [Interview Series][1] articles already published on Tecmint.com, where we have covered lots of topics viz., FTP, MySQL, Apache, Scripting, Linux Commands, etc. - -![Practical Interview Question on Shell Scripting](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Interview-Questions-on-Shell-Scripting.png) -Practical Interview Question on Shell Scripting - -Continuing to the above series here we are coming with another 5 wonderful Linux Interview Questions and their answer. Your (The Tecmint.com Readers and frequent Visitors) support is always needed to make it successful. - -### 1. Write a shell script to get current date, time, user name and current working directory. ### - -> **Answer** : The commands logname, date, who I am and pwd will output username, current date and time, and current working directory. Just implementing these commands in the script and making it a bit interactive. - -Now create a file called ‘**userstats.sh**‘ and add the following code to it. - - #!/bin/bash - echo "Hello, $LOGNAME" - echo "Current date is `date`" - echo "User is `who i am`" - echo "Current directory `pwd`" - -Place execute permission and run the script as shown below. - - # chmod 755 userstats.sh - # ./userstats.sh - -#### Sample Output #### - - Hello, avi - Current date is Sat Jun 7 13:05:29 IST 2014 - User is avi pts/0 2014-06-07 11:59 (:0) - Current directory /home/avi/Desktop - -### 2. Write a Shell Script that adds two numbers if provided as the command Line Argument and if the two numbers are not entered it outputs an Error Message along with a one-Line of how-to use description. ### - -> **Answer** : Here is the simple Shell Script along with description which adds two number if provided as Command-Line argument, if not it throws error with single line on how to use the script. - -Again create a file called ‘**two-numbers.sh**‘ and add the following content to it. - - #!/bin/bash - # The Shebang - - if [ $# -ne 2 ] - # If two Inputs are not received from Standard Input - - then - # then execute the below statements - - echo "Usage - $0 x y" - # print on standard output, how-to use the script (Usage - ./1.sh x y ) - - echo " Where x and y are two nos for which I will print sum" - # print on standard output, “Where x and y are two nos for which I will print sum ” - - exit 1 - # Leave shell in Error Stage and before the task was successfully carried out. - - fi - # End of the if Statement. - - echo "Sum of $1 and $2 is `expr $1 + $2`" - # If the above condition was false and user Entered two numbers as a command Line Argument, - it will show the sum of the entered numbers. - -Set executer permission on the file and run the script as shown below. - - # chmod 755 two-numbers.sh - -**Condition 1**: Running the script without entering two numbers as command line argument, you will get the following output. - -#### Sample Output #### - - # ./two-numbers.sh - - Usage - ./two-numbers.sh x y - Where x and y are two nos for which I will print sum - -**Condition 2**: When Numbers are entered as command line argument you will get the result as shown. - - $ ./two-numbers.sh 4 5 - - Sum of 4 and 5 is 9 - -Hence the above shell script fulfills the condition as suggested in the question. - -### 3. You needs to print a given Number say 10572, in reverse order using a Shell script such that the input is provided using command Line Argument only. If the input data is not provided as Command Line Argument, it should throw and error and should suggest, how to use the script. Write the script but before that tell me the algorithm that needs to be implemented here. ### - -#### Algorithm #### - -1. Let the Input Number = n -1. Set rev=0, sd=0 (Reverse and single digitis set to 0) -1. n % 10, will find and give single left most digit -1. reverse number is generated as rev * 10 + sd -1. Decrease Input Number (n) by 1. -1. if n > 0, then goto step 3 else goto setp 7 -1. Print rev - -Now again, create a file called ‘**numbers.sh**‘ and add the following given code it. - - #!/bin/bash - if [ $# -ne 1 ] - then - echo "Usage: $0 number" - echo " I will find reverse of given number" - echo " For eg. $0 0123, I will print 3210" - exit 1 - fi - - n=$1 - rev=0 - sd=0 - - while [ $n -gt 0 ] - do - sd=`expr $n % 10` - rev=`expr $rev \* 10 + $sd` - n=`expr $n / 10` - done - echo "Reverse number is $rev" - -Grant a execute permission on the file and run the script as shown below. - - # chmod 755 numbers.h - -**Condition 1**: When Input is not provided as command line argument, you will get the following output. - -#### Sample Output #### - - ./numbers.sh - - Usage: ./numbers.sh number - I will find reverse of given number - For eg. ./2.sh 123, I will print 321 - -**Condition 2**: When Input was provided as command line Argument. - - $ ./numbers.sh 10572 - - Reverse number is 27501 - -The above script worked perfectly and the output was just what we needed. - -### 4. You are supposed to calculate a real number calculation directly from terminal and not any shell script. What will you do (say the real numbers are 7.56 and 2.453)? ### - -> **Answer** : We need to use bc command in a special way as described below. The output of echo 7.56 + 2.453 should be pipelined to bc. - -For example, run the following command to calculate numbers in real time using bc command as shown. - - $ echo 7.56 + 2.453 | bc - - 10.013 - -### 5. You are supposed to find the value of pi upto 100 places of decimal, what is the easiest way to get the result done. ### - -> **Answer** : The easiest way to find the value of pi, correct upto 100 places of decimal we just need to issue the below command. - - # pi 100 - - 3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592307816406286208998628034825342117067 - -Obviously! We must have package ‘**pi**‘ installed. Just do a **apt** or **yum** to get a required package to install ‘**pi**‘ onto the distribution you are using. - -That’s all for now. I’ll be here again with another interesting article very soon. Till then stay tuned and connected to Tecmint.com. Don’t forget to provide us with you valuable feedback in the comment section below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/practical-interview-questions-on-linux-shell-scripting/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/category/interview-questions/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md b/translated/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9157a8dbfe --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +实用的Linux SHELL面试问题及答案 +================================================================================ + +随着之前有关面试的系列文章，读者的反应比较强烈，所以我决定出一篇有关Linux Shell相关的面试文章，如果对本文有什么意见或意见的话，欢迎反馈到我的邮箱里。 + +如果想要阅读已发表在Tecmint.com的文章，可以点击链接，链接到[访谈系列] [1]，在这里我们已经介绍很多题目即文章。，FTP，MySQL和Apache的，脚本，Linux命令等。 + +![Practical Interview Question on Shell Scripting](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Interview-Questions-on-Shell-Scripting.png) +> 实用的shell脚本面试问题 + +这边提到的5个面试问题，延续之前的有关Linux面试问题和答案。如果你是Tecmint.com的读者，你的支持我非常感谢。 + +### 1. 写一个shell脚本来得到当前的日期，时间，用户名和当前工作目录。 ### + +> **Answer** : 将输出用户名，当前日期和时间，以及当前工作目录的命令就是logname，date，who i am和pwd。 + +现在，创建一个名为**`userstats.sh`**文件，将下面的代码添加到它。 + + #!/bin/bash + echo "Hello, $LOGNAME" + echo "Current date is `date`" + echo "User is `who i am`" + echo "Current directory `pwd`" + +给他添加执行权限，并且执行他。 + + # chmod 755 userstats.sh + # ./userstats.sh + +#### 样例输出 #### + + Hello, avi + Current date is Sat Jun 7 13:05:29 IST 2014 + User is avi pts/0 2014-06-07 11:59 (:0) + Current directory /home/avi/Desktop + +### 2.写一个shell脚本，进行两个数字的相加，如果没有输入参数就输出错误信息和使用说明的### + +> **Answer** : +下面是简单的shell脚本以及描述，如果没有命令行参数，它会抛出错误与如何使用脚本的说明。 + +再创建一个名为**`twonumbers.sh`**文件和下面的内容添加到文件里。 + + #!/bin/bash + # The Shebang + + if [ $# -ne 2 ] + # If two Inputs are not received from Standard Input + + then + # then execute the below statements + + echo "Usage - $0 x y" + # print on standard output, how-to use the script (Usage - ./1.sh x y ) + + echo " Where x and y are two nos for which I will print sum" + # print on standard output, “Where x and y are two nos for which I will print sum ” + + exit 1 + # Leave shell in Error Stage and before the task was successfully carried out. + + fi + # End of the if Statement. + + echo "Sum of $1 and $2 is `expr $1 + $2`" + # If the above condition was false and user Entered two numbers as a command Line Argument, + it will show the sum of the entered numbers. + +给他添加可执行权限，并且执行。 + + # chmod 755 two-numbers.sh + +**Condition 1**: 未输入两个数字作为命令行参数运行脚本，你将得到下面的输出。 + +#### Sample Output #### + + # ./two-numbers.sh + + Usage - ./two-numbers.sh x y + Where x and y are two nos for which I will print sum + +**Condition 2**: 当数字存在时，你会得到如图所示的结果。 + + $ ./two-numbers.sh 4 5 + + Sum of 4 and 5 is 9 + +因此，上述shell脚本满足条件作为问题提出了建议。 + +### 3.你需要打印一个给定的数字的反序，如输入10572，输出27501，如果没有输入数据，应该抛出错误和使用脚本说明。在此之前，告诉我，你需要在这里使用的算法。 ### + +#### 算法 #### + +1. 输入的数字为n +2. 赋值 rev=0, sd=0 (反向和单个数字设置为0) +3. n % 10, 将得到最左边的数字 +4. 反向数字可以用这个方法生成 rev * 10 + sd +5. 对输入数字进行-1操作 +6. 如果n > 0, 进入第三步，否则进行第七步 +7. 输出rev + +现在，创建一个名为**`numbers.sh**`文件，并添加以下代码。 + + #!/bin/bash + if [ $# -ne 1 ] + then + echo "Usage: $0 number" + echo " I will find reverse of given number" + echo " For eg. $0 0123, I will print 3210" + exit 1 + fi + + n=$1 + rev=0 + sd=0 + + while [ $n -gt 0 ] + do + sd=`expr $n % 10` + rev=`expr $rev \* 10 + $sd` + n=`expr $n / 10` + done + echo "Reverse number is $rev" + +授予对文件的执行权限，并运行如下所示的脚本。 + + # chmod 755 numbers.h + +**Condition 1**: 当输入不包含命令行参数，你将得到下面的输出。 + +#### Sample Output #### + + ./numbers.sh + + Usage: ./numbers.sh number + I will find reverse of given number + For eg. ./2.sh 123, I will print 321 + +**Condition 2**: 正常输入 + + $ ./numbers.sh 10572 + + Reverse number is 27501 + +上面的脚本非常完美，输出正是我们需要的。 + +### 4. 你应该直接用终端，而不是依靠任何shell脚本来进行实数计算。你会怎么做（比如实数7.56+2.453）？ ### + +> **Answer** : + +我们需要用如下所述的特殊方式使用bc命令。将7.56+2.453作为输入通过管道进入bc中。 + + $ echo 7.56 + 2.453 | bc + + 10.013 + +### 5. 你需要给出圆周率的值，精度为小数点后100位，什么是最简单的方法。 ### + +> **Answer** : 找圆周率的值最简单的方法，我们只是需要发出以下命令。 + + # pi 100 + + 3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592307816406286208998628034825342117067 + +很明显！安装我们必须有包**`pi`**。只是一个**apt**或**yum**命令，就能获得所需的软件包，同时用最简单方法来实现这个需求。 + +就是这样。我会很快在Tecmint.com发表另一个有趣的文章。至此敬请关注。别忘了向我们提供您在的评论和反馈。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/practical-interview-questions-on-linux-shell-scripting/ + +译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/category/interview-questions/ \ No newline at end of file From 7196f8de55e3902b9f6edbc8669c0b67189ee2fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 8 Jun 2014 11:03:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 171/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140604=20S?= =?UTF-8?q?etup=20Virtual=20Hosts=20In=20Apache=20On=20Ubuntu=2014.04=20LT?= =?UTF-8?q?S?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @disylee 发布了 --- ...ual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md | 93 +++++-------------- 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 68 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md (77%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md b/published/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md similarity index 77% rename from translated/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md rename to published/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md index d06bb45da9..ab3625c003 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md +++ b/published/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md @@ -1,58 +1,39 @@ - - - 在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS系统中设置Apache虚拟主机 ================================================================================ - -**虚拟主机**常用于单独一个IP地址安装多个域名或网站服务。如果有人想在单个VPS的单个IP地址运行多个网站，这是非常有用的。 - +**虚拟主机**常用于在一个单独的IP地址上提供多个域名的网站服务。如果有人想在单个VPS的单个IP地址运行多个网站，这是非常有用的。 在这个教程中，让我告诉你如何设置在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS的Apache网页服务器设置虚拟主机。请注意，这个教程只针对Ubuntu14.04的32位版本。 -我不能提出任何保证它也可以工作在其它更低的Ubuntu版本或者Ubuntu衍生物。 +我不保证它也可以工作在其它更低的Ubuntu版本或者Ubuntu衍生版本（虽然可能过程是类似的）。 ###方案### - - 在这个教程中，我会使用Ubuntu 14.04 32位 LTS，并搭建2个测试网站分别命名为“**unixmen1.local**” 和 “**unixmen2.local**”.我的测试机分别为**192.168.1.250/24**和**server.unixmen.local**。你可以根据你的需要更改虚拟域名。 - - ###安装Apache网站服务器### - - 安装apache服务器之前，我们来更新一下我们的Ubuntu服务器： sudo apt-get update - -现在，用下面命令来安装apache网络服务器： +然后，用下面命令来安装apache网络服务器： sudo apt-get install apache2 -安装apache服务器之后，让我们通过这个URL **http://ip-address/**来测试网站服务器是否正常工作 +安装apache服务器之后，让我们通过这个URL **http://你的服务器的IP地址/** 来测试网站服务器是否正常工作 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Apache2-Ubuntu-Default-Page-It-works-Mozilla-Firefox_001.png) - -像你所看到以上的图片，apache服务器正在工作。 - - +如你所见，apache服务器已经工作了。 ###设置虚拟主机### - #### 1.创建虚拟目录 ## - 现在，让我们继续安装虚拟主机。正如我先前所述，我要新建2台虚拟主机分别命名为“**unixmen1.local**”和“**unixmen2.local**”. - 创建一个公用的文件夹来存放这两台虚拟主机的数据。 - 首先，让我们为unixmen1.local这个站点创建一个目录： sudo mkdir -p /var/www/unixmen1.local/public_html @@ -61,42 +42,30 @@ sudo mkdir -p /var/www/unixmen2.local/public_html - ### 2. 设置所有者和权限 #### - 上面目录现在只有root拥有权限。我们需要修改这2个目录的拥有权给普通用户，而不仅仅是root用户。 sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/unixmen1.local/public_html/ sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/unixmen2.local/public_html/ -“**$USER**”变量显示了当前的登录用户。 +“**$USER**”变量指向了当前的登录用户。 - - - -设置读写权限给apache网页根（/var/www)目录,这样每个人都可以从目录中读取文件。 +设置读写权限给apache网页根目录（/var/www）及其子目录，这样每个人都可以从目录中读取文件。 sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/ +这样，我们就创建好了一些文件夹来保存网络相关数据并分配必要的权限和所属用户。 +#### 4. 为虚拟主机创建示例页 #### -我们需要创建一些文件夹来保存网络相关数据并分配必要的权限和所属用户。 +现在，我们给网站增加示例页。第一步，让我们给虚拟主机**unixmen1.local**创建一个示例页。 - - -#### 4. 为虚拟主机创建例页 #### - - -现在，我们必须通过网站示例样页。第一步，让我们给虚拟主机窗机一个名为**unixmen1.local**的样页。 - - -给unixmen1.local虚拟主机创建一个目录， +给unixmen1.local虚拟主机创建一个示例页， sudo vi /var/www/unixmen1.local/public_html/index.html - -添加一下内容： +添加以下内容： @@ -110,12 +79,12 @@ 保存并关闭文件。 -同样的，添加样页到第二台虚拟主机。 +同样的，添加示例页到第二台虚拟主机。 sudo vi /var/www/unixmen2.local/public_html/index.html -添加一下内容： +添加以下内容： @@ -128,23 +97,20 @@ 保存并关闭文件。 -#### 5. 创建虚拟主机文件#### +#### 5. 创建虚拟主机配置文件#### - -默认情况下，apache有一个默认的虚拟主机文件叫000-default.conf.我们将会复制**000-default.conf**文件内容到我们新的虚拟主机文件中。 +默认情况下，apache有一个默认的虚拟主机文件叫000-default.conf。我们将会复制**000-default.conf**文件内容到我们新的虚拟主机配置文件中。 sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/unixmen1.local.conf sudo cp /etc/apache2/sites-available/000-default.conf /etc/apache2/sites-available/unixmen2.local.conf +确保虚拟主机配置文件末尾包含.conf扩展名。 -确保虚拟主机文件包含.conf扩展名在内容的最后。 - -现在，修改unximen1.local.conf文件以呈现新的值。 +现在，修改unximen1.local.conf文件以符合需求。 sudo vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/unixmen1.local.conf - -使相关的变化直接呈现在unixmen1站点中。 +使相关的变化直接呈现在unixmen1站点中（译注：以“#”开头的注释行可以忽略。）。 # The ServerName directive sets the request scheme, hostname and port that @@ -183,7 +149,6 @@ sudo vi /etc/apache2/sites-available/unixmen2.local.conf - 使相关的修改在unixmen2 站点呈现出来。 @@ -219,40 +184,32 @@ -修改虚拟主机文件后，使默认的虚拟主机（000.default.conf)不生效，然后使新的虚拟主机生效，如下所示。 +修改虚拟主机文件后，禁用默认的虚拟主机配置（000.default.conf)，然后启用新的虚拟主机配置，如下所示。 sudo a2dissite 000-default.conf sudo a2ensite unixmen1.local.conf sudo a2ensite unixmen2.local.conf - 最后，重启apache服务器。 sudo service apache2 restart - 就是这样。现在，我们成功地配置了apach虚拟主机在我们的Ubuntu服务器上 - -测试虚拟主机 - +###测试虚拟主机### 编辑**/etc/hosts**文件， sudo vi /etc/hosts -如下所示挨个添加虚拟域名。 +在文件末尾添加如下所示的虚拟域名。 - [...] 192.168.1.250 unixmen1.local 192.168.1.250 unixmen2.local - 保存并关闭文件。 - -打开你的浏览器并指向**http://unixmen1.local** 或 **http://unixmen2.local**链接。你将会看到我们之前创建的样页。 - +打开你的浏览器并访问**http://unixmen1.local** 或 **http://unixmen2.local**。你将会看到我们之前创建的示例页。 **Unixmen1.local 测试页:** @@ -263,7 +220,7 @@ ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/www.unixmen2.local-Mozilla-Firefox_005.png) -如果你想从你的远程系统访问这些站点，你需要在你的DNS服务器添加实际域名记录。因此，我不需要人和实际域名和DNS服务器，我只想通过我的本地系统测试，那么它刚好如我所愿地工作。 +如果你想从你的远程系统访问这些站点，你需要在你的DNS服务器添加实际域名记录。不过，我没有真实的域名和DNS服务器，我只想通过我的本地系统测试，那么它刚好如我所愿地工作。 Cheers！ @@ -271,6 +228,6 @@ Cheers！ via: http://www.unixmen.com/setup-virtual-hosts-apache-ubuntu-14-04-lts/ -译者：disylee(https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[disylee](https://github.com/disylee) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 65a991a0a40ec167946b0af63324c51c741fde49 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: stduolc Date: Sun, 8 Jun 2014 16:08:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 172/713] pr for translating --- ...SL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md b/sources/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md index fd6154d5df..04a453eb65 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +[translating BY lolipop] New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed, but needs to be taken seriously ================================================================================ > Summary: While the newest OpenSSL security problems are troubling, and you should address it, it's nothing as bad as Heartbleed. From 42a36644dea74cad285f2c889dc9dac2108ca114 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: stduolc Date: Sun, 8 Jun 2014 18:35:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 173/713] Pr For translated --- ...rtbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md | 59 ------------------- ...rtbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md | 58 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md b/sources/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md deleted file mode 100644 index 04a453eb65..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -[translating BY lolipop] -New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed, but needs to be taken seriously -================================================================================ -> Summary: While the newest OpenSSL security problems are troubling, and you should address it, it's nothing as bad as Heartbleed. - -It's been a bad week for open-source Secure Socket Layer (SSL) programs. - -First, the obscure, [GnuTLS was revealed to have a trivial][1] but damning flaw. Then, the massively popular OpenSSL was found to have [a man-in-the-middle vulnerability][2]. After the [Heartbleed fiasco][3], OpenSSL needed this like a hole in the head. - -![](http://cdn-static.zdnet.com/i/r/story/70/00/030273/openssl-200x55.png?hash=MwyxMwt0MJ&upscale=1) - -This vulnerability, according to Adam Langley, a senior staff software engineer at Google, has been [around for at least 15 years][4]. It's a pity the Core Infrastructure Initiative (CII) [riding to OpenSSL's rescue with more developer funding][5] didn't happen any sooner than it did. - -That said, this bug is still is nowhere near as bad as Heartbleed. For starters, an attacker needs to be running a system between the web browser or other SSL-enabled client program to make use of the security hole. - -Be that as it may, you still need to address it by upgrading as soon as possible. As Chris Camejo, Director of Assessment Services for [NTT Com Security][6] said in an e-mail interview, "It's bad because it has been around for a long time and looks to be fairly widespread." - -He added: "If exploited it would allow the attacker to decrypt traffic. This is serious given that the whole point of SSL is to encrypt traffic and it is widely used to protect passwords, credit card numbers, and all other manner of sensitive transactions that happen on web sites as well as certain email connections." - -In a separate interview, Mark Cox, Red Hat's senior director of product security, [went into deeper detail][7]. Cox said, OpenSSL has fixed a number of security flaws, but given the Heartbleed episode we needed to find a way to tell people not to panic. - -Cox explained that Heartbleed had been patched before it was revealed but news of the exploit spread before news of the patches, hence so much of the upset around it. In this latest case, there have been seven security issues patched but only two of them need concern administrators and users. - -The first, Cox continued, is the Datagram Transport Layer Security (DTLS) bug. There is no known exploit of it at this time, but there is the potential for a successful attack against it. - -Therefore, while DTLS is not widely used, if you do use it, it should be patched as soon as possible. - -Cox then said the "real meat of the issue is the man-in-the-middle attack." Even here, for this work, someone really must be "in the middle" between a vulnerable server and client to make use of the hole. - -But if someone can do this, they could "bypass SSL and get to the raw data... This is quite a serious issue." - -Still, with Heartbleed anyone could theoretically exploit vulnerable SSL servers. To attack using this hole would require network access to the traffic between the client and server. For example, a successful attack might be made with a fake coffee house Wi-Fi access point being used to connect the Android version of the Chrome Web browser and an unpatched Web server. Fortunately, Google has [already released an updated version of this browser][8], 35.0.1916.141, to eliminate this problem. - -The most vulnerable systems, according to Cox, are unpatched Android devices using a bogus Wi-Fi hot spot. Morrell added that since Android users are at the mercy of their phone vendors and telcos for security updates they may be stuck with vulnerabilities for quite a long time. - -Fortunately, if the servers they connect with have been updated, they still can't be attacked. - -The OpenSSL security community has known about this problem since early May. The group, working with Red Hat, other major Linux and open-source groups, and hardware vendors, went to a great deal of trouble to not simply patch the bug but to take the next steps of testing the repair, so that they could be as certain (as anyone can ever be in security) that it would fix the hole, but also not introduce any new security problems, and work with most combinations of OpenSSL servers and clients. - -Now that the patch is out there, OpenSSL is trying to get the solid facts, as well as the patch, out to people so there won't be any undue panic over these problems. Cox added that the major Linux vendors, such as Red Hat and Ubuntu, already have the patches available. - -All server administrators need do is to download and install them and instead of a security crisis this will prove to be business as usual. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.zdnet.com/new-openssl-breech-is-no-heartbleed-but-needs-to-be-taken-seriously-7000030273/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.zdnet.com/another-serious-gnutls-bug-exposes-linux-clients-to-server-attacks-7000030205 -[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/openssl-fixes-another-severe-vulnerability-7000030253/ -[3]:http://www.zdnet.com/heartbleed-serious-openssl-zero-day-vulnerability-revealed-7000028166 -[4]:https://www.imperialviolet.org/2014/06/05/earlyccs.html -[5]:http://www.zdnet.com/corporations-put-their-cash-where-their-open-source-security-is-7000030023/ -[6]:http://www.nttcomsecurity.com/us/ -[7]:http://ec.libsyn.com/p/6/a/5/6a58036510bae37c/CloudEvangelistPodcast_Ep92_MarkCox.mp3?d13a76d516d9dec20c3d276ce028ed5089ab1ce3dae902ea1d06c88537d1ce596fdc&c_id=7251647) -[8]:http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2014/06/chrome-for-android-update.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md b/translated/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6575ad600c --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +新的OpenSSL分支未包含Heartbleed漏洞，但需要认证看待 +================================================================================ +> 摘要：当被最新的OpenSSL安全问题困扰时，你最好解决它，虽然它并不像Heartbleed那样糟糕。 + +这一周对于开源团队Secure Socket Layer （SSL）的程序员们来说真是糟糕的一周。 + +首先，[GnuTLS][1]晦涩的表明，存在一个不太重要可很糟糕的缺陷。然后，大范围流行的OpenSSL被发现包含一个[中间人漏洞][2]。在[Heartbleed漏洞][3]惨剧后，OpenSSL需要这个来给自己醒醒脑。 + +![](http://cdn-static.zdnet.com/i/r/story/70/00/030273/openssl-200x55.png?hash=MwyxMwt0MJ&upscale=1) + +这个漏洞，根据谷歌高级软件工程师Adam Langley描述，已经[至少存在了15年时间][4]。可惜Core Infrastructure Initiative(CII)领导下的OpenSSL的修补人员获得了[更多的资金][5]，却没能更早的修复他。 + +也就是说这个漏洞依然是和Heartbleed漏洞一样糟糕。对于一些新手，攻击者需要在浏览器和启用了SSL客户端的程序之间来利用这个安全漏洞。 + +尽管它可能被利用，你依然需要尽可能快的通过升级来解决这个漏洞。就像[NTT Com Security][6]的评估服务负责人Chris Camejo在邮件会议里说的，“它很糟糕因为已经存在了这么长的时间，看起来传播范围相当广泛。” + +他补充到：“如果利用它，将使攻击者解密流量。从SSL的设计目的看，这是一个很严重的问题，同时SSL被用来保护很多的密码，信用卡卡号和其他的和网站类似的敏感数据的email连接。” + +在一次单独采访中，Red Hat的产品安全高级负责人Mark Cox详细深入地介绍了[细节][7]。Cox说，OpenSSL已修正了一些安全缺陷，但鉴于我们需要想办法告诉人们不要因为Heartbleed而陷入恐慌。 + +Cox解释说，Heartbleed漏洞在公布之前得到了修补，但利用此漏洞的消息在修补程序之前传开，因此在这个问题上有那么多的抱怨。最新的情况，已有七个安全问题得到了修补，但其中只有两项需要管理员和用户的关注。 + +第一，Cox继续说道，是数据报传输层安全 (DTLS)的bug。到目前为止，还没有已知的攻击，但是存在针对它攻击成功的潜在性。 + +因此，虽然DTLS使用不广泛，如果您确实在使用它，它应尽快修补。 + +Cox然后说,"这个问题的实际上是中间人攻击"。甚至在此，为这项工作，真的有人必须是"在中间的"，来利用易受攻击的服务器和客户端之间的漏洞。 + +但如果有人可以这样做，他们能"绕过SSL并拿到原始数据...这是一个相当严重的问题"。 + +但是，从理论上讲任何人都可以利用Heartbleed漏洞来攻击SSL服务器。攻击并利用此漏洞需要能接触到客户端和服务器之间的通信网络。例如，成功的攻击可能会作出与假咖啡屋Wi-Fi接入点，被用于连接的Android版本的Chrome网络浏览器和一个未安装修补程序的Web服务器。幸运的是，谷歌[已经发布了更新的版本的浏览器][8]，35.0.1916.141，以消除此问题。 + +Cox，最易受攻击的系统是未安装修补程序的Android设备使用一个假的Wi-Fi热点。Morrell补充说因为Android用户在他们的手机供应商和电信公司面前属于弱势，安全漏洞更新前他们可能会受漏洞影响相当长的时间。 + +幸运的是，如果他们用连接的服务器已经更新，他们仍然不会受到攻击。 + +OpenSSL安全社区自5月初以来已经知道这个问题。工作组与Red Hat、其他主要Linux和开源组和硬件供应商，不只是简单修补bug就面对了很多麻烦，但采取下一步骤是测试修复，这样他们可以确认（如任何人都可以在安全） 它会修复漏洞，但也不引入任何新的安全问题并可在大多数 OpenSSL服务器和客户端的组合上工作。 + +现在，该修补补丁就在那里，OpenSSL想巩固事实，以及修补补丁，向公众表明对这些问题不必有任何不必要的恐慌。Cox添加主要的Linux供应商，如Red Hat和Ubuntu，已经有可用的修补程序。 + +所有的管理员需要做的是对所有服务器都要下载并安装补丁，而不是证明安全危机然后这将业务照常进行。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.zdnet.com/new-openssl-breech-is-no-heartbleed-but-needs-to-be-taken-seriously-7000030273/ + +译者：[lolipop](https://github.com/stduolc) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.zdnet.com/another-serious-gnutls-bug-exposes-linux-clients-to-server-attacks-7000030205 +[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/openssl-fixes-another-severe-vulnerability-7000030253/ +[3]:http://www.zdnet.com/heartbleed-serious-openssl-zero-day-vulnerability-revealed-7000028166 +[4]:https://www.imperialviolet.org/2014/06/05/earlyccs.html +[5]:http://www.zdnet.com/corporations-put-their-cash-where-their-open-source-security-is-7000030023/ +[6]:http://www.nttcomsecurity.com/us/ +[7]:http://ec.libsyn.com/p/6/a/5/6a58036510bae37c/CloudEvangelistPodcast_Ep92_MarkCox.mp3?d13a76d516d9dec20c3d276ce028ed5089ab1ce3dae902ea1d06c88537d1ce596fdc&c_id=7251647) +[8]:http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2014/06/chrome-for-android-update.html \ No newline at end of file From 98d31812c1737d1e28125511cc018da056526dca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: recNeps Date: Sun, 8 Jun 2014 22:10:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 174/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= =?UTF-8?q?=EF=BC=8CMake=20Vim=20into=20IDE?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md | 88 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 88 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md diff --git a/translated/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md b/translated/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..64b8b47e7f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +CNprober 翻译完成.travelwithheart@yeah.net, 619913541 + +如何将Vim打造成一个成熟的IDE +================================================================================ + +如果你稍微写一点代码，就能知道“集成开发环境”（IDE）是多么的便利。不管是Java、C还是Python，当IDE会帮你检查语法、后台编译，或者自动导入你需要的库时，写代码就变得容易许多。另外，如果你工作在Linux上，你也会知道Vim在进行文本编辑的时候是多么的方便。所以，你可能会想从Vim中也获取这些IDE特性。 + +事实上，很少有方法可以帮你做到。有些人可能会想到试着把Vim打造成C语言IDE的 [c.vim][1]， 或者把Vim集成到Eclipse里的 [Eclim][2] 。但是我想要告诉你的是一个更加通用的，只用插件实现的方案。你肯定不想因为安装了太多的面板和特性而让你的编辑器变得臃肿不堪。只用插件实现的方案可以让你只选择那些你想要集成到Vim的特性。这样做的额外的一个好处是，这个IDE不是专门针对某一种语言的，可以让你写任何类型的代码。下面就来看一下我的 **把IDE特性带进Vim的前10款插件** 吧。 + +### 先来个福利： Pathogen ### + +首先，可能不是所有人都熟悉Vim的插件，也不知道怎么安装这些插件。所以，我推荐的第一个插件就是[Pathogen][3]，因为这个插件会让你更容易安装其他插件。如果你要安装另外的没有在这里列出来的插件，用Pathogen会变得非常简单。[官方页面][3]文档写的非常好，去下载安装一个吧。接下来插件的安装也会变得容易很多。 + +### 1. SuperTab ### + +[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5158/14332189422_34aeb086ed_z.jpg)][4] + +我们习惯于IDE的第一件事就是它的自动补全功能。所以，我习惯这个非常方便的，给了Tab键“超能力”的 [SuperTab][5] 插件。 + +### 2. Syntastic ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3894/14354095583_ce9b112b97_z.jpg) + +如果你需要使用超过一种语言进行编码，有时候是非常容易混淆不同语言之间的语法的。幸运的是，[syntastic][6] 会帮你检查，然后告诉你是否应该加上圆括号或者方括号，或者告诉你在某个地方，你忘了一个分号。 + +### 3. Auto Pairs ### + +另外一件让程序员们抓狂的事是：我是不是少加了最后一个括号？！每个人都讨厌用手指去数那些隔的非常远的括号。为了处理这个问题，我用 [Auto Pairs][7] 插件，这个插件会自动插入和格式化方括号和圆括号。 + +### 4. NERD Commenter ### + +如果你在找一个可以支持多种程序语言的注释代码的快捷键，你可以试试 [NERD Commenter][8]。即使你不是程序员，我也非常非常推荐这款插件，因为它会让你在注释bash 脚本或者其他任何东西的时候都会变得非常高效。 + +### 5. Snipmate ### + +任何一个程序员都知道，好的coder写代码，杰出的coder重用代码。[snipmate][9] 可以容易的插入代码片段到你的文件里面，大大的减少了你敲键盘的次数。它默认的有很多各种语言的代码片段，你也可以非常容易的添加你自己。 + +### 6. NERDTree ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3899/14332189462_d66b71cf7c_z.jpg) + +管理一个大的项目时，把代码分散到不同的文件里面是非常好的主意。也是一个基本的编码原则。[NERDTree][10] 是一个不错的可以直接在Vim里使用的文件浏览器，它可以让你随时想到所有的文件。 + +### 7. MiniBufferExplorer ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3904/14332189492_209a3ee2dc_z.jpg) + +为了打造一个文件浏览器，支持同时打开多个文件，没有什么比一个好的缓冲区管理器更重要了。[MiniBufferExplorer][11] 就可以非常漂亮和高效地完成这个工作。它甚至为你的缓冲区设置了不同的颜色和切换快捷键。 +### 8. Tag List ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3889/14147244138_c04731826a_z.jpg) + +当你同时有多个文件打开时，很容易忘了你都在这些文件里添加了什么。为了防止你忘记，[Tag List][12] 这个代码查看器将会用一种漂亮简洁的格式展示不同的变量和函数。 +### 9. undotree ### + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2913/14354095453_8bb87a3e31_z.jpg) + +对于我们之中那些喜欢undo，redo然后又undo某些更改，然后依据这些来查看整个编辑完成过程的人来说， [undotree][13] 是一个不错插件，可以以一棵树的形式看到你的undo和redo历史。这个功能跟代码完全没有关系，所以这是我非常喜欢的一个插件。 +### 10. gdbmgr ### + +最后，但并非不重要的是，每个人都在某时刻需要一个调试器。如果你喜欢gdb，那么[gbdmgr][14]就是为你准备的，因为它集成了那个著名的调试器到Vim中。 + +总结一下，不管你是不是一个疯狂的coder，能有一些额外的Vim功能在手总是非常方便的。像我在简介里说到的，如果你不需要，你不用安装这里所有的这些插件。或者你想要安装另外的也行，这些其实只是一个基础入门级的插件。 + +你在用Vim的什么插件？或者你想完善这个前10列表么？请在评论里告诉我们吧。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/turn-vim-full-fledged-ide.html + +译者：[love_daisy_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=213 +[2]:http://eclim.org/ +[3]:https://github.com/tpope/vim-pathogen +[4]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14332189422/ +[5]:https://github.com/ervandew/supertab +[6]:https://github.com/scrooloose/syntastic +[7]:https://github.com/jiangmiao/auto-pairs +[8]:https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdcommenter +[9]:https://github.com/garbas/vim-snipmate +[10]:https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdtree +[11]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=159 +[12]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=273 +[13]:https://github.com/mbbill/undotree +[14]:http://vim.sourceforge.net/scripts/script.php?script_id=4104 \ No newline at end of file From 168b5b363de7527857598e2dff679f223d1961f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: recNeps Date: Sun, 8 Jun 2014 22:13:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 175/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4=E5=8E=9F=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md | 88 ------------------- 1 file changed, 88 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md b/sources/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md deleted file mode 100644 index b1a34f93c3..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,88 +0,0 @@ -CNprober 翻译中... -How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE -================================================================================ -If you code a little, you know how handy an Integrated Development Environment (IE) can be. Java, C, Python, they all become a lot more accessible when the IDE software is checking the syntax for you, compiling in the background, or importing the libraries you need. On the other hand, if you are on Linux, you might also know how handy Vim can be when it comes to text editing. So naturally, you would like to get all the features of an IDE from Vim. - -In fact, there are quite a few ways to do so. One could think of [c.vim][1] which attempts to transform Vim into a C oriented IDE, or [Eclim][2] which merges Vim into Eclipse. However, I would like to propose you a more generalist approach using only plugins. You do not want to bloat your editor with too many panels or features. Instead, the plugin approach lets you choose what you put into your Vim. As a bonus, the result will not be language-specific, allowing you to code in anything. So here is my **top 10 list of plugins which brings IDE features to Vim**. - -### Bonus: Pathogen ### - -First of all, we might not all be familiar with plugins for Vim, and how to install them. This is why the first plugin that I recommend is Pathogen, as it will allow you to install other plugins more easily. That way, if you want to install another plugin for Vim not listed here, you will be able to do so easily. The [official page][3] is really well documented, so go visit it to download and install. From there installing the rest of the plugins will be easy. - -### 1. SuperTab ### - -[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5158/14332189422_34aeb086ed_z.jpg)][4] - -The first thing we get used to in an IDE is auto-completion feature. For that, I like the plugin [SuperTab][5] which comes in quite handy, giving "super powers" to the tabulation key. - -### 2. Syntastic ### - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3894/14354095583_ce9b112b97_z.jpg) - -If you tend to code in more than one language, it is really easy to confuse the syntax at some point. Hopefully, [syntastic][6] will check it for you, and tell you if should put brackets or parentheses for that conditional, or remind you that you forgot a semi-colon somewhere. - -### 3. Auto Pairs ### - -Another thing that drives most of the coders insane: did I write this last parenthesis or not?! Everyone hates counting with your finger all the parentheses you put so far. To deal with that, I use [Auto Pairs][7], which automatically inserts and formats parentheses and brackets. - -### 4. NERD Commenter ### - -Then if you are looking for a quick shortcut to comment code, regardless of the programming language, you can turn to [NERD Commenter][8]. Even if you are not a programmer, I really really recommend this plugin as it just so efficient while commenting bash scripts or anything in your system. - -### 5. Snipmate ### - -Any programmer knows that a good coders codes, but an excellent one reuses. For that, [snipmate][9] will easily insert code snippets into your file and greatly reduce your typing. It comes by default with a lot of snippets for various languages, but you can also easily add yours to the list. - -### 6. NERDTree ### - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3899/14332189462_d66b71cf7c_z.jpg) - -To manage a big project, it is always a good idea to split the code into different files. Just basic good coding practices. And to keep all this files in mind, [NERDTree][10] is a nice file browser to use straight from Vim. - -### 7. MiniBufferExplorer ### - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3904/14332189492_209a3ee2dc_z.jpg) - -To complement a file explorer, there is nothing better than a good buffer manager to have more than one file open at any time. [MiniBufferExplorer][11] does the job well and efficiently. It even sets different colors for your buffers as well as easy shortcuts to switch the focus. - -### 8. Tag List ### - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3889/14147244138_c04731826a_z.jpg) - -When you have more than one file open at any given time, it is easy to forget what you put in them. To prevent that, [Tag List][12] is a code visualizer that will display the different variables and functions written in a nice compact format. - -### 9. undotree ### - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2913/14354095453_8bb87a3e31_z.jpg) - -For all of us who like to undo, redo, and undo again some modifications to see how the compilation evolves, [undotree][13] is a nice plugin to see your undo and redo edits in a tree. This kind of functionality is clearly not limited to code, so this is a plugin that I like a lot. - -### 10. gdbmgr ### - -Finally, last but not least, anyone needs a good debugger at some point. If you like gdb, then [gdbmgr][14] is for you as it integrates the famous debugger to Vim. - -To conclude, whether you are an insane coder or not, it is always handy to have a few extra functions of Vim at hand at any time. Like I said in the introduction, you do not have to install all these plugins if you do not need them, or you might want to install different ones. But this is definitely a solid basis. - -What plugins do you use for Vim? Or how would you complement this top 10? Please let us know in the comments. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/turn-vim-full-fledged-ide.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=213 -[2]:http://eclim.org/ -[3]:https://github.com/tpope/vim-pathogen -[4]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14332189422/ -[5]:https://github.com/ervandew/supertab -[6]:https://github.com/scrooloose/syntastic -[7]:https://github.com/jiangmiao/auto-pairs -[8]:https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdcommenter -[9]:https://github.com/garbas/vim-snipmate -[10]:https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdtree -[11]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=159 -[12]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=273 -[13]:https://github.com/mbbill/undotree -[14]:http://vim.sourceforge.net/scripts/script.php?script_id=4104 \ No newline at end of file From f6585f8faf760586634762fc64e86299f601ff10 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: limox Date: Sun, 8 Jun 2014 22:21:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 176/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BB=A5=E5=8F=8A=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md | 45 ------------------- ...20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md | 42 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md b/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md deleted file mode 100644 index 193a398a78..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,45 +0,0 @@ -alim0x translating - -Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down -================================================================================ -**Ubuntu One is now formally in shut-down. You have until July 31 to grab your files or they will be lost forever. ** - -Canonical announced that it [was axing the service earlier this year][1], citing a lack of paid users and increased competition from Google, Dropbox and other cloud storage services as chief factors in making the decision. - -Attempting to access the web dashboard of Ubuntu One throws up the following notice informing users that the service has been discontinued: - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/ubuntu-one-not.png) - -Earlier this month an update was pushed to Ubuntu 12.04 LTS to inform users that Ubuntu One would shortly be removed from the desktop, while Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, released in April, ships without Ubuntu One preinstalled. - -### Get Your Data ### - -To grab all your data as a **.zip** file you simply need to log in and hit the orange button positioned under the main notice. - -Canonical has also partnered with cloud storage migration service [mover.io][2] to allow direct importing of files from Ubuntu One to other services, such as Dropbox, Google Drive and Copy. - -Mover, who describe Ubuntu One as “…a world class file sync and share product”, is offering its data transfer service to Ubuntu One users for free, although it does require an account to be created. The company normally only allows ‘free’ plan users to transfer 2GB data. - -For more details on migrating your data to Google Drive through mover.io you can refer to the following knowledge base article. - -- [Transfer from Ubuntu One to Google Drive][3] - -### Refunds ### - -For those of you who had ponied up cash for extra storage on this or the Ubuntu One Music service, Canonical told us you can expect to receive a refund within the next 7–10 days. - -注：下面的那个链接地址在另外一篇文章中，如果也翻译发布了，可以链接到发布的文章里 -If you’re looking for an Ubuntu One alternative check [out our round up of the most popular][4] cloud services used by our readers. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/ubuntu-one-discontinued-grab-files-now - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/canonical-axe-ubuntu-one-file-music-services-grab-data-now -[2]:http://mover.io/ -[3]:http://support.mover.io/knowledgebase/articles/346927-how-to-transfer-from-ubuntu-one-to-google-drive -[4]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/three-alternatives-ubuntu-one diff --git a/translated/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md b/translated/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dc054103c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Ubuntu One服务正式关闭 +================================================================================ +**Ubuntu One服务现已正式关闭。在7月31日之前你还能够获取你存储的文件，否则它们将被永远删除。** + +Canonical在今年早些时候宣布[将会关闭这项服务][1],理由是缺乏付费用户以及和Google，Dropbox以及其它云存储服务日益增加的竞争，这是他们作出这个决定的首要原因。 + +在尝试登录Ubuntu One控制面板的时候会显示下图所示的通知来提醒用户服务已经中止： + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/ubuntu-one-not.png) + +本月早些时候Ubuntu 12.04 LTS收到了一个推送更新，提醒用户Ubuntu One不久后将会被从桌面移除，至于Ubuntu 14.04 LTS，在四月发布时就已没有预装Ubuntu One。 + +### 获取你的数据 ### + +要将你的数据以**.zip**文件的形式下载下来，你只需登录，然后点击在通知下方的橙色按钮。 + +Canonical也和云存储迁移服务商[mover.io][2]达成合作，允许用户直接从Ubuntu One向其它服务，比如Dropbox，Google Drive以及Copy导入文件。 + +Mover，一个将Ubuntu One形容为“...一个世界级的文件同步及分享产品”的云存储迁移服务商，现向Ubuntu One用户免费提供数据迁移服务，尽管它需要用户创建一个账户。该公司通常只允许免费用户迁移最多2GB的数据。 + +向了解通过mover.io将你的数据迁移到Google Drive的更多细节，请查阅下列知识库文章。 + +- [从Ubuntu One向Google Drive迁移][3] + +### 关于退款 ### + +对于那些已经为额外存储空间以及Ubuntu One音乐服务付费的用户，Canonical告知这些用户将会在接下来7到10天内收到退款。 + +如果你正在寻找Ubuntu One的替代服务，可以查看我们总结的[读者中使用的最流行的云服务][4]。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/ubuntu-one-discontinued-grab-files-now + +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/canonical-axe-ubuntu-one-file-music-services-grab-data-now +[2]:http://mover.io/ +[3]:http://support.mover.io/knowledgebase/articles/346927-how-to-transfer-from-ubuntu-one-to-google-drive +[4]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/three-alternatives-ubuntu-one From 6cec8fb5d4a00a505f5d681fe3f73fc85d6f1272 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 9 Jun 2014 08:32:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 177/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140607=20U?= =?UTF-8?q?buntu=20One=20Formally=20Shuts=20Down?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @alim0x 发布了 --- .../20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md (91%) diff --git a/translated/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md b/published/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md similarity index 91% rename from translated/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md rename to published/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md index dc054103c9..fcc13acc67 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md +++ b/published/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md @@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Canonical在今年早些时候宣布[将会关闭这项服务][1],理由是缺 Canonical也和云存储迁移服务商[mover.io][2]达成合作，允许用户直接从Ubuntu One向其它服务，比如Dropbox，Google Drive以及Copy导入文件。 -Mover，一个将Ubuntu One形容为“...一个世界级的文件同步及分享产品”的云存储迁移服务商，现向Ubuntu One用户免费提供数据迁移服务，尽管它需要用户创建一个账户。该公司通常只允许免费用户迁移最多2GB的数据。 +Mover，一个云存储迁移服务商，它盛誉Ubuntu One为“...一个世界级的文件同步及分享产品”，现向Ubuntu One用户免费提供数据迁移服务，尽管它需要用户创建一个账户。该公司通常只允许免费用户迁移最多2GB的数据。 向了解通过mover.io将你的数据迁移到Google Drive的更多细节，请查阅下列知识库文章。 @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ Mover，一个将Ubuntu One形容为“...一个世界级的文件同步及分 via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/ubuntu-one-discontinued-grab-files-now -译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c975a7cd5271398ca555823e9d0c284d42b1a55d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 9 Jun 2014 09:29:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 178/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140607=20N?= =?UTF-8?q?ew=20OpenSSL=20breach=20is=20no=20Heartbleed-but=20needs=20to?= =?UTF-8?q?=20be=20taken=20seriously?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @stduolc --- ...rtbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md | 58 +++++++++++++++++++ ...rtbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md | 58 ------------------- 2 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md delete mode 100644 translated/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md diff --git a/published/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md b/published/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..733881d0e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +新的OpenSSL分支未包含Heartbleed漏洞，但需要认真看待 +================================================================================ +> 摘要：当被最新的OpenSSL安全问题困扰时，你最好解决它，虽然它并不像Heartbleed那样糟糕。 + +这一周对于开源的Secure Socket Layer （SSL）来说真是糟糕的一周。 + +首先，[GnuTLS低调的宣称，存在一个不大][1]但确实存在的缺陷。然后，大范围流行的OpenSSL被发现包含一个[中间人漏洞][2]。在[Heartbleed漏洞][3]惨剧后，OpenSSL要醒醒了。 + +![](http://cdn-static.zdnet.com/i/r/story/70/00/030273/openssl-200x55.png?hash=MwyxMwt0MJ&upscale=1) + +这个漏洞，根据谷歌高级软件工程师Adam Langley描述，已经[至少存在了15年时间][4]。可惜Core Infrastructure Initiative(CII)[提供了让更多的程序员来拯救OpenSSL的资金][5]，却尚未来得及发挥作用。 + +也就是说这个漏洞依然是和Heartbleed漏洞一样糟糕。对于一些新手，攻击者需要在系统和浏览器或其它启用了SSL的客户端之间来利用这个安全漏洞。 + +尽管它只是可能被利用，你依然需要尽可能快的通过升级来解决这个漏洞。就像[NTT Com Security][6]的评估服务负责人Chris Camejo在邮件采访里说的，“这很糟糕，因为已经存在了这么长的时间，看起来传播范围相当广泛。” + +他补充到：“如果利用它，攻击者可以解密流量。从SSL的设计目的看，这是一个很严重的问题。SSL被广泛地用来在网站和邮件中保护很多的密码，信用卡卡号和其他的敏感信息。” + +在另外一个采访中，Red Hat的产品安全高级负责人Mark Cox详细深入地介绍了[细节][7]。Cox说，OpenSSL已修正了一些安全缺陷，但是我们需要想办法告诉人们不要因为Heartbleed而陷入恐慌。 + +Cox解释说，Heartbleed漏洞在公布之前得到了修补，但利用此漏洞的消息在修补程序之前传开，因此在这个问题上招致了许多抱怨。最新的情况，已有七个安全问题得到了修补，但其中只有两项需要管理员和用户的关注。 + +Cox继续说道，第一个，是数据报传输层安全 (DTLS)的bug。到目前为止，还没有已知的攻击，但是存在针对它攻击成功的潜在性。 + +因此，虽然DTLS使用不广泛，如果您确实在使用它，它应尽快修补。 + +Cox然后说，“这个问题的实际上是中间人攻击”。实际上，真的要有个“在中间的”人，来利用易受攻击的服务器和客户端之间的漏洞。 + +但如果有人真的这样做到了，他们就能“绕过SSL并拿到原始数据...这是一个相当严重的问题”。 + +但是，如同从理论上讲任何人都可以利用Heartbleed漏洞来攻击SSL服务器。攻击并利用此漏洞需要能接触到客户端和服务器之间的通信网络。例如，成功的攻击可能需要架设一个假的公开Wi-Fi接入点，才能攻击到使用这个WIFI的Android版本的Chrome网络浏览器与未安装修补程序的Web服务器之间的SSL通讯。幸运的是，谷歌[已经发布了更新的版本的浏览器][8]，35.0.1916.141，以消除此问题。 + +Cox继续说，最易受攻击的系统是未安装修补程序的Android设备使用一个假的Wi-Fi接入点。Morrell补充说因为Android用户并没有被他们的手机供应商和电信公司重视，安全漏洞更新前他们可能会受漏洞影响相当长的时间。 + +幸运的是，如果他们用连接的服务器已经更新，他们也不会受到攻击。 + +OpenSSL安全社区自5月初以来已经知道这个问题。社区与Red Hat、其他主要Linux和开源社团和硬件供应商，要解决这个问题，不只是简单修补bug，而且要测试修复，以便他们可以确认漏洞已经修复，大家都已经安全了，而没有引入任何新的安全问题，并可在大多数 OpenSSL服务器和客户端的组合上工作。 + +现在，这个补丁已经有了，OpenSSL试着通过补丁解决安全缺陷，向公众表明对这些问题不必有任何不必要的恐慌。Cox补充说，主要的Linux供应商，如Red Hat和Ubuntu，已经有可用的修补程序。 + +所有的管理员都需要给服务器下载并安装补丁，而不是放任安全漏洞。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.zdnet.com/new-openssl-breech-is-no-heartbleed-but-needs-to-be-taken-seriously-7000030273/ + +译者：[lolipop](https://github.com/stduolc) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.zdnet.com/another-serious-gnutls-bug-exposes-linux-clients-to-server-attacks-7000030205 +[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/openssl-fixes-another-severe-vulnerability-7000030253/ +[3]:http://www.zdnet.com/heartbleed-serious-openssl-zero-day-vulnerability-revealed-7000028166 +[4]:https://www.imperialviolet.org/2014/06/05/earlyccs.html +[5]:http://www.zdnet.com/corporations-put-their-cash-where-their-open-source-security-is-7000030023/ +[6]:http://www.nttcomsecurity.com/us/ +[7]:http://ec.libsyn.com/p/6/a/5/6a58036510bae37c/CloudEvangelistPodcast_Ep92_MarkCox.mp3?d13a76d516d9dec20c3d276ce028ed5089ab1ce3dae902ea1d06c88537d1ce596fdc&c_id=7251647) +[8]:http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2014/06/chrome-for-android-update.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md b/translated/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6575ad600c..0000000000 --- a/translated/talk/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,58 +0,0 @@ -新的OpenSSL分支未包含Heartbleed漏洞，但需要认证看待 -================================================================================ -> 摘要：当被最新的OpenSSL安全问题困扰时，你最好解决它，虽然它并不像Heartbleed那样糟糕。 - -这一周对于开源团队Secure Socket Layer （SSL）的程序员们来说真是糟糕的一周。 - -首先，[GnuTLS][1]晦涩的表明，存在一个不太重要可很糟糕的缺陷。然后，大范围流行的OpenSSL被发现包含一个[中间人漏洞][2]。在[Heartbleed漏洞][3]惨剧后，OpenSSL需要这个来给自己醒醒脑。 - -![](http://cdn-static.zdnet.com/i/r/story/70/00/030273/openssl-200x55.png?hash=MwyxMwt0MJ&upscale=1) - -这个漏洞，根据谷歌高级软件工程师Adam Langley描述，已经[至少存在了15年时间][4]。可惜Core Infrastructure Initiative(CII)领导下的OpenSSL的修补人员获得了[更多的资金][5]，却没能更早的修复他。 - -也就是说这个漏洞依然是和Heartbleed漏洞一样糟糕。对于一些新手，攻击者需要在浏览器和启用了SSL客户端的程序之间来利用这个安全漏洞。 - -尽管它可能被利用，你依然需要尽可能快的通过升级来解决这个漏洞。就像[NTT Com Security][6]的评估服务负责人Chris Camejo在邮件会议里说的，“它很糟糕因为已经存在了这么长的时间，看起来传播范围相当广泛。” - -他补充到：“如果利用它，将使攻击者解密流量。从SSL的设计目的看，这是一个很严重的问题，同时SSL被用来保护很多的密码，信用卡卡号和其他的和网站类似的敏感数据的email连接。” - -在一次单独采访中，Red Hat的产品安全高级负责人Mark Cox详细深入地介绍了[细节][7]。Cox说，OpenSSL已修正了一些安全缺陷，但鉴于我们需要想办法告诉人们不要因为Heartbleed而陷入恐慌。 - -Cox解释说，Heartbleed漏洞在公布之前得到了修补，但利用此漏洞的消息在修补程序之前传开，因此在这个问题上有那么多的抱怨。最新的情况，已有七个安全问题得到了修补，但其中只有两项需要管理员和用户的关注。 - -第一，Cox继续说道，是数据报传输层安全 (DTLS)的bug。到目前为止，还没有已知的攻击，但是存在针对它攻击成功的潜在性。 - -因此，虽然DTLS使用不广泛，如果您确实在使用它，它应尽快修补。 - -Cox然后说,"这个问题的实际上是中间人攻击"。甚至在此，为这项工作，真的有人必须是"在中间的"，来利用易受攻击的服务器和客户端之间的漏洞。 - -但如果有人可以这样做，他们能"绕过SSL并拿到原始数据...这是一个相当严重的问题"。 - -但是，从理论上讲任何人都可以利用Heartbleed漏洞来攻击SSL服务器。攻击并利用此漏洞需要能接触到客户端和服务器之间的通信网络。例如，成功的攻击可能会作出与假咖啡屋Wi-Fi接入点，被用于连接的Android版本的Chrome网络浏览器和一个未安装修补程序的Web服务器。幸运的是，谷歌[已经发布了更新的版本的浏览器][8]，35.0.1916.141，以消除此问题。 - -Cox，最易受攻击的系统是未安装修补程序的Android设备使用一个假的Wi-Fi热点。Morrell补充说因为Android用户在他们的手机供应商和电信公司面前属于弱势，安全漏洞更新前他们可能会受漏洞影响相当长的时间。 - -幸运的是，如果他们用连接的服务器已经更新，他们仍然不会受到攻击。 - -OpenSSL安全社区自5月初以来已经知道这个问题。工作组与Red Hat、其他主要Linux和开源组和硬件供应商，不只是简单修补bug就面对了很多麻烦，但采取下一步骤是测试修复，这样他们可以确认（如任何人都可以在安全） 它会修复漏洞，但也不引入任何新的安全问题并可在大多数 OpenSSL服务器和客户端的组合上工作。 - -现在，该修补补丁就在那里，OpenSSL想巩固事实，以及修补补丁，向公众表明对这些问题不必有任何不必要的恐慌。Cox添加主要的Linux供应商，如Red Hat和Ubuntu，已经有可用的修补程序。 - -所有的管理员需要做的是对所有服务器都要下载并安装补丁，而不是证明安全危机然后这将业务照常进行。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.zdnet.com/new-openssl-breech-is-no-heartbleed-but-needs-to-be-taken-seriously-7000030273/ - -译者：[lolipop](https://github.com/stduolc) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.zdnet.com/another-serious-gnutls-bug-exposes-linux-clients-to-server-attacks-7000030205 -[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/openssl-fixes-another-severe-vulnerability-7000030253/ -[3]:http://www.zdnet.com/heartbleed-serious-openssl-zero-day-vulnerability-revealed-7000028166 -[4]:https://www.imperialviolet.org/2014/06/05/earlyccs.html -[5]:http://www.zdnet.com/corporations-put-their-cash-where-their-open-source-security-is-7000030023/ -[6]:http://www.nttcomsecurity.com/us/ -[7]:http://ec.libsyn.com/p/6/a/5/6a58036510bae37c/CloudEvangelistPodcast_Ep92_MarkCox.mp3?d13a76d516d9dec20c3d276ce028ed5089ab1ce3dae902ea1d06c88537d1ce596fdc&c_id=7251647) -[8]:http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/2014/06/chrome-for-android-update.html \ No newline at end of file From c04871134682b4b77c9a7cdb0edf64265e124e5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Mon, 9 Jun 2014 12:39:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 179/713] Update 20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md --- sources/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md index a1e8689a1c..7e411544c8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Vic020 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux ================================================================================ ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/icup2014-790x389.png) @@ -30,4 +31,4 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-icup-2014-linux/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://www.e-link.it/icup/brazil2014/icup-brazil-2014-desktop-app.php \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://www.e-link.it/icup/brazil2014/icup-brazil-2014-desktop-app.php From e74906bb2562fc9005b50a777b1fce23976eb16a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 9 Jun 2014 16:02:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 180/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140609-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...valds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md | 34 ++++++++ ...Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 'Gotham'.md | 40 +++++++++ ...changed its attitude toward open source.md | 81 +++++++++++++++++++ .../20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md | 33 ++++++++ ...ce OS That Rules the Internet of Things.md | 49 +++++++++++ ...m Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md | 31 +++++++ 6 files changed, 268 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md create mode 100644 sources/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 'Gotham'.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140609 Out in the Open--The Little-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md diff --git a/sources/news/20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md b/sources/news/20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..eb9b250090 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Linus-Torvalds-Releases-Linux-Kernel-3-15-Stable-445785-2.jpg) + +**Linus Torvalds has just announced that the final version in the new Linux kernel 3.15 branch has been released and is now available for download.** + +Linux kernel 3.15 arrived a little early than anticipated, but it looks like the final build is on track and that Linus Torvalds managed to launch it with all the bells and whistles + +“So I ended up doing an rc8 because I was a bit worried about some last-minute dcache fixes, but it turns out that nobody seemed to even notice those. We did have other issues during the week, though, so it was just as well. The futex fixes and cleanups may stand out, but as usual there's various other random fixes since rc8 in there too: mainly drivers (drm, networking, sound, usb etc), networking, scheduling and perf tooling.” + +“But it's all been fairly small and quiet, which *may* of course be due to the fact that last week was also the first week of the merge window for 3.16. That might have distracted some developers. I'm not entirely convinced I liked the overlap, but it seemed to work ok, and unless people scream really loudly (‘Please don't _ever_ do that again’) and give good reasons for doing so, I might end up doing that overlapping merge window in the future too if it ends up helping out with some particular timing issue,” said Linus Torvalds in the official announcement. + +According to the changelog, Netgear AirCard 341U support has been added, additional Sierra Wireless QMI devices are now supported, support has been added for Novatel E371 PCIe card, page table updates have been implemented for Radeon, C0 tracking has been removed, beacon filtering has been disabled, inet_getid() and ipv6_select_ident() bugs have been fixed, corrupted path strings for long paths have been repaired, NovaTech OrionLXm product ID has been added, and mux settling delay has been added. + +Also, list/memory corruption on the CPU hotplug has been fixed, the missing support of 10mbit in emac/rgmii has been added, runtime dependencies have been set, support for iPad 2 and iPad 3 has been added, EFI_MIXED should not prohibit loading above 4G, a kernel panic caused by a non-linear skb has been fixed, locking checks are now skipped in the panicking path, and correct available vectors are now received for CPU_disable. + +A complete list of changes, improvements, and fixes can be found in the official [changelog][1]. + +### Download Linux kernel 3.15: ### + +- [tar.xz (3.15)][2][sources] [76 MB] +- [tar.xz (3.14.6)][3][sources] [74.80 MB] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linus-Torvalds-Releases-Linux-Kernel-3-15-Stable-445785.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.mail-archive.com/linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org/msg659672.html +[2]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.15.tar.xz +[3]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.14.6.tar.xz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 'Gotham'.md b/sources/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 'Gotham'.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3fb1588714 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 'Gotham'.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +OpenELEC 4.0.4 Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 “Gotham” +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/OpenELEC-4-0-4-Is-Out-and-Based-on-XBMC-13-1-quot-Gotham-quot-445802-2.jpg) + +**OpenELEC 4.0.4, an embedded operating system built specifically to run XBMC, the open source entertainment media hub, is out and uses XBMC 13.1 as a base.** + +The OpenELEC makers are following the XBMC development cycle very closely and they have released a new version of their distribution, 4.0.4. It comes packed with all the goodies from XBMC 13.1 “Gotham” and the devs have made some changes of their own. + +“This release includes some bugfixes, security fixes and improvements since OpenELEC-4.0.3. Besides the usual bugfixes and package updates we updated XBMC with the last fixes to XBMC 13.1 (final) which contains a lot of fixes for issues found after the XBMC-13.0 release (some of them we already shipped with OpenELEC-4.0.0).” + +“We found and fixed with the help of ‘popcornmix’ some RaspberryPi related issues in kernel, firmware and XBMC code. Many thanks to him for the help! OpenELEC-4.0.4 is now the next stable release, which is a bugfix and securityfix release of the OpenELEC-4.0 series,” said the developers on the official website. + +OpenELEC 4.0.3 features some pretty interesting updates and fixes. For example, e2fsprogs has been updated to version 1.42.10, bluez has been updated to version 5.19, fontconfig is now at version 2.11.1, systemd 213 has been integrated by default, gnutls 3.2.12 has been added to fix some security problems, and a new Linux kernel, 3.14.5, has been implemented. + +Also, the DVB-T2 support for GeniaTech T220 / August T210 devices has been fixed, support has been added to disable WOL for broken drivers, “e1000e” has been added as broken driver, and the RPi support patch has been updated. + +If you already have an older version of OpenELEC, you might consider upgrading the system instead of installing it from scratch. This can be done safely if the OS is at least at version 3.2. + +If you try to update from an older version of the operating system you might find that some of the plugins and add-ons are no longer working. It's also advisable to back up the system before attempting an upgrade. + +XBMC 13.1 “Gotham,” the distribution used as a base, comes with Android hardware decoding, various Raspberry Pi and Android speed improvements, stereoscopic 3D Rendering, better touchscreen support, improved UPnP capabilities, lots of audio engine improvements, better subtitle searches, extended Python and JSON-RPC API for developers, FFmpeg 1.2, and much more. + +Check out the official [announcement][1] for a complete list of changes and improvements. + +### Download the latest OpenELEC 4.0.4: ### + +- [OpenELEC 4.0.4 (tar.bz2) 64-bit][2][binary] [145 MB] +- [OpenELEC 4.0.4 (tar.bz2) 32-bit][3][binary] [142 MB] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/OpenELEC-4-0-4-Is-Out-and-Based-on-XBMC-13-1-quot-Gotham-quot-445802.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://openelec.tv/news/22-releases/129-openelec-4-0-4-released +[2]:http://openelec.tv/get-openelec/download/viewdownload/8/339 +[3]:http://openelec.tv/get-openelec/download/viewdownload/8/338 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md b/sources/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6d923b1e20 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source? +================================================================================ +> **In today's open source roundup: Microsoft may or may not have a new attitude toward open source. Plus: Android versus Windows, and Cinnamon versus Unity in Ubuntu 14.04** + +Microsoft became infamous for its very negative early remarks about open source software. But restructuring at the company may be giving it a more positive attitude toward open source. CNet reports on changes in Microsoft's perceptions and behavior when it comes to open source software. + +> According to [CNet][1]: +> +> But Microsoft's feud with open source has been sputtering for quite some time, and the senior managers who led the anti-open source charge are gone from the scene -- or at least no longer in positions of authority. Open source is now routinely used by corporations around the world, and the company's sniffy put-downs only fed into the perception of Microsoft as out of touch. +> +> Some of that new thinking reflects the change at the top of the corporate pyramid, with Satya Nadella replacing Ballmer as CEO in early February. Since taking over, Nadella has talked up his vision of a Microsoft whose future isn't shackled to its Windows past. +> +> [More at CNet][2] +> +> ![](http://www.itworld.com/sites/default/files/microsoft-open-source-communist_1.jpg) +> +> Microsoft and Communist Open Source +> Image credit: [Curako's Blog][3] + +Okay, I hate to be a Negative Ned here, but I'm firmly in the "trust but verify" camp when it comes to Microsoft and open source. Yes, a new CEO and other changes may be helping Microsoft to adjust to living in an open source world. But change never comes easy or fast in such a large organization, so I think the jury is still out on whether or not Microsoft has really changed for the better when it comes to open source software. + +Also, I've never forgotten the company's "embrace, extend, extinguish" strategy that they used in the past to destroy competitive software products. That alone is reason enough to keep a wary eye on Microsoft's involvement with any open source project. Perhaps the company really has changed, but maybe it hasn't. I think it bears watching for at least another few years to see if enduring change has really set in or not. + +### Android versus Windows ### + +ZDNet has an article that covers the top end-user Linux distributions. It notes that Windows still rules the desktop for now, but Android may eventually be the big kahuna among end-user operating systems by the end of this year. + +> According to [ZDNet][4]: +> +> If smartphones and tablet sales continue to grow as expected, Android tablet vendors continue to erode Apple's market share, and PCs continue their decline, Android may end up being the top end-user operating system by the end of 2014—regardless of what happens with the proposed Android PCs. +> +> Taken as a whole, Android clearly rules the Linux end-user space. No, you may not think of it as a desktop yet —although AMD and Intel would both like you to change your mind about that — but Android is on its way to being the top end-user operating system of all. +> +> [More at ZDNet][4] +> +> ![](http://www.itworld.com/sites/default/files/android-devices-versus-windows-pcs.jpg) +> Image credit: [ZDNet][4] + +The numbers mentioned in the article aren't really a surprise, given the mobile revolution that's happened over the last ten years. The desktop just isn't as important as it used to be, and Microsoft just never really mattered in mobile devices. Even now, as they struggle desperately for traction in tablets and phones, Microsoft is still mostly irrelevant in the mobile devices market. + +Google has wreaked absolute havoc on Microsoft's efforts in mobile and is now beginning to be a threat to Microsoft in the desktop market. Between Chrome OS and Android, Google has been battering Microsoft on a number of fronts. If you look at Amazon's list of [top selling desktops][5] and [top selling laptops][6], you see plenty of Chrome OS computers and even some Android PCs. So people are actually buying alternatives to Windows computers and aren't bothered in the least by it. + +### Cinnamon versus Unity in Ubuntu 14.04 ### + +Tech Republic takes a look at whether or not Cinnamon is a viable replacement for Unity in Ubuntu 14.04. The article includes instructions on how to install Cinnamon in Ubuntu 14.04. + +> According to [Tech Republic][7]: +> +> If you want a performance-centric desktop that doesn't toss aside feature and customization, Cinnamon is for you. Cinnamon is a straight-forward desktop interface that pretty much anyone can use -- from your IT staff to your grandmother. It really is that easy to use. Cinnamon doesn't surprise you, it doesn't trick you, but it also (in my opinion) doesn't wow you. But that's not what Cinnamon is about. This take on the desktop is all about functionality -- on a standard level. It doesn't break rules, push envelopes, or have new tricks up its sleeve. +> +> Cinnamon is a fairly pedestrian desktop that takes the bits and pieces of what's worked well over the years and cobbles them together into one, well-designed piece. So, if you're okay with using a desktop that looks and feels a bit long in the tooth (but one that functions very, very well), Cinnamon is for you. If you lean towards the bleeding edge of design and prefer a more modern look and feel, Cinnamon will most likely disappoint. +> +> [More at Tech Republic][7] +> +> ![](http://www.itworld.com/sites/default/files/cinnamon-versus-unity-in-ubuntu-1404.jpg) +> +> Image credit: [Tech Republic][7] + +I'll have to weigh in on the side of Cinnamon here. While Unity has its pluses, I have never really been able to warm up to it. Cinnamon is closer to a more traditional desktop interface and that seems to work the best for me. + +But as always, beauty is in the eye of the beholder. The great thing about Linux is that it offers so many different choices. So you really can't go wrong with Unity or Cinnamon, just use whichever one you like best. + +What's your take on all this? Tell me in the comments below. + +The opinions expressed by the author do not necessarily reflect the views of ITworld. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.itworld.com/open-source/421894/has-microsoft-really-changed-its-attitude-toward-open-source + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.cnet.com/news/dead-and-buried-microsofts-holy-war-on-open-source-software/ +[2]:http://www.cnet.com/news/dead-and-buried-microsofts-holy-war-on-open-source-software/ +[3]:http://curako.wordpress.com/2010/12/06/the-uneasy-alliance-free-software-vs-open-source/ +[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/the-five-most-popular-end-user-linux-distributions-7000030058/http://www.zdnet.com/the-five-most-popular-end-user-linux-distributions-7000030058/ +[5]:http://www.amazon.com/Best-Sellers-Electronics-Desktop-Computers/zgbs/electronics/565098/?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&linkCode=ur2&tag=fnh-20&linkId=REWXUPB7SQXPDSOL +[6]:http://www.amazon.com/Best-Sellers-Computers-Accessories-Laptop/zgbs/pc/565108/?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&linkCode=ur2&tag=fnh-20&linkId=POG3J2CFBHDWBAVL +[7]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/is-cinnamon-a-worthy-replacement-for-ubuntu-unity/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md b/sources/talk/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..53bc7688b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Open Source LDAP Solutions +================================================================================ +LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is an application protocol for accessing directory services. It runs on a layer above the TCP/IP stack incorporating simplified encoding methods, and offers a convenient way to connect to, search, and modify Internet directories, specifically X.500-based directory services. It is an open, vendor-neutral, industry standard application protocol. LDAP utilizes a client-server model. + +This protocol is specifically targeted at management applications and browser applications that provide read/write interactive access to directories. + +The main benefit of using an LDAP server is that information for an entire organization can be consolidated into a central repository. LDAP supports Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS), so that sensitive data can be protected. LDAP servers are used for a variety of tasks including, but not limited to, user authentication, machine authentication, user/system groups, asset tracking, organization representation, and application configuration stores. + +To provide an insight into the quality of open source software that is available, we have compiled a list of 5 high quality LDAP solutions. + +Now, let's explore the 5 LDAP solutions at hand. For each title we have compiled its own portal page, a full description with an in-depth analysis of its features, together with links to relevant resources and reviews. + +### LDAP Solutions ### + +- [389 Directory Server][] - Enterprise-class Open Source LDAP server +- [OpenDJ][2] - Cloud Directory for the API Economy +- [OpenLDAP][3] - LDAP suite of applications and development tools +- [freeIPA][4] - Identity/Policy Management +- [ApacheDS][5] - LDAP and Kerberos server written in Java + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140607022012848/LDAPSolutions.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://port389.org/ +[2]:http://opendj.forgerock.org/ +[3]:http://www.openldap.org/ +[4]:http://www.freeipa.org/ +[5]:http://directory.apache.org/apacheds/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140609 Out in the Open--The Little-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things.md b/sources/talk/20140609 Out in the Open--The Little-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..22e05f9384 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140609 Out in the Open--The Little-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +Out in the Open: The Little-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things +================================================================================ +![](http://www.wired.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Contiki-ipv6-rpl-cooja-simulation.png) +Image: Adnk/[Wikipedia][1] + +You can connect almost anything to a computer network. Light bulbs. Thermostats. Coffee makers. Even badgers. Yes, badgers. + +Badgers spend a lot of time underground, which make it difficult for biologists and zoologists to track their whereabouts and activities. GPS, for example, doesn’t work well underground or in enclosed areas. But about five years ago, University of Oxford researchers Andrew Markham and Niki Trigoni [solved that problem][2] by inventing a wireless tracking system that can work underground. Their system is clever, but they didn’t do it alone. Like many other scientists, they turned to open source to avoid having to rebuild fundamental components from scratch. One building block they used is an open source operating system called [Contiki][3]. + +“Contiki was a real enabler as it allowed us to do rapid prototyping and easily shift between different hardware platforms,” says Markham, now an associate professor at the University of Oxford. + +Contiki isn’t nearly so well-known as Windows or OS X or even Linux, but for more than a decade, it has been the go-to operating system for hackers, academics, and companies building network-connected devices like sensors, trackers, and web-based automation systems. Developers love it because it’s lightweight, it’s free, and it’s mature. It provides a foundation for developers and entrepreneurs eager to bring us all the internet-connected gadgets the internet of things promises, without having to develop the underlying operating system those gadgets will need. + +Perhaps the biggest thing Contiki has going for it is that it’s small. Really small. While Linux requires one megabyte of RAM, Contiki needs just a few kilobytes to run. Its inventor, Adam Dunkels, has managed to fit an entire operating system, including a graphical user interface, networking software, and a web browser into less than 30 kilobytes of space. That makes it much easier to run on small, low powered chips–exactly the sort of things used for connected devices–but it’s also been ported to many older systems like the Apple IIe and the Commodore 64. + +![Adam Dunkels. Photo: Sara Arnald](http://www.wired.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Adam_Dunkels.jpg) +Adam Dunkels. Photo: Sara Arnald + +Contiki will soon face competition from the likes of Microsoft, which recently [announced Windows for the Internet of Things][4]. But while Microsoft’s new operating system will be free for devices less than 9 inches in size, it won’t be open source. And Contiki has an 11-year head start. + +Contiki started in 2003, but its roots stretch to Dunkels’ days as a computer science student at Mälardalen University in Sweden. In 2000, he was working on a project to use wireless sensors to track hockey players’ vital signs and display them on a screen the crowd could see. “We convinced them to have this thing up their nose so we could measure their breathing rates,” Dunkels recalls. + +To make the sensors work correctly, Dunkels had to write software would enable them to interact with a computer network. He called the resulting code [LwIP][5], for “light weight internet protocol.” Although LwIP is still used in many microcontrollers and other products today, Dunkels decided it wasn’t quite lightweight enough. In 2003, he created microIP, which evolved into Contiki. The OS was an immediate hit with researchers and hobbyists, and has in recent years attracted commercial users including [Rad-DX][6] radiation detection devices and [Zolertia][7] noise monitoring system. + +While Nest, the web connected thermostat company [Google acquired for $3.2 billion][8] in January, has come to define the Internet of Things, Dunkels notes that many companies have been using network-connected devices for years in applications including industrial and building automation. “With something like CES you see all the consumer stuff, but there are just so many different aspects of this,” Dunkel says. + +But consumer technology companies are beginning to embrace Contiki as well. The [LiFX][9] “smart light bulb” is using the operating system, for example, as is the Nest competitor [Tado][10]. + +To help support the burgeoning commercial usage of Contiki, Dunkels left his job as a professor at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science and founded [Thingsquare][11], a startup focused on providing a cloud-based back-end for Contiki devices. The idea is to make it easy for developers to connect their hardware devices with smartphones and the web. Thingsquare manages the servers, and provides all the software necessary to manage a device over the web. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.wired.com/2014/06/contiki/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Contiki-ipv6-rpl-cooja-simulation.png +[2]:http://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/projects/WILDSENSING/ +[3]:http://www.contiki-os.org/ +[4]:http://www.wired.com/2014/04/free-windows/ +[5]:https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/lwip/ +[6]:http://www.dtectsystems.com/rad-DX_page.html +[7]:http://zolertia.com/home +[8]:http://www.wired.com/2014/01/googles-3-billion-nest-buy-finally-make-internet-things-real-us/ +[9]:http://lifx.co/ +[10]:http://www.tado.com/de-en/ +[11]:http://www.thingsquare.com/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md b/sources/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..25513f445f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip] +================================================================================ +Most of the new computers come with USB 3.0 ports these days. But **how can you know if your computer has USB 3.0 port** or not? In this quick tip, we shall see how to find if your system has USB 3 or USB 2 in Linux. + +### Check if you have USB 3.0 in Linux terminal ### + +Open a terminal and use the following command: + + lsusb + +This command displays information about USB buses in your system. Check the result, if you have something like “3.0 root hub”, it means your system has USB 3.0. For example, for my new notebook, it shows: + +![How to find if system has USB 3.0 in Linux](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Know_Usb3_Ubuntu_Linux.jpeg) + +The quick tip will work on all Linux systems such as Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Fedora etc. Now when you know that you have USB 3.0 port, **how can you identify which port is USB 3.0 and which is USB 2**. + +### Identify which port is USB 3.0 ### + +Usually USB 3.0 ports are tagged as SS (abbreviation for Super Speed). If your system manufacturer has not tagged it as SS or USB 3, you can check the interior of the port which should normally be of blue color. + +![find usb 3.0 port](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/usb3.0port.jpg) + +I hope this quick post helped you to find if your system has USB 3.0 or not and then to identify the USB 3.0 port. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/find-usb-3-port-linux/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From c7828aecaaf020f449ee7c55a492fcae3a6a1613 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 9 Jun 2014 17:39:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 181/713] [Translating]20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip] --- ... If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md | 6 +++++- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md b/sources/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md index 25513f445f..25522a5be2 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md +++ b/sources/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md @@ -1,3 +1,7 @@ +Translating-----------geekpi + + + How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip] ================================================================================ Most of the new computers come with USB 3.0 ports these days. But **how can you know if your computer has USB 3.0 port** or not? In this quick tip, we shall see how to find if your system has USB 3 or USB 2 in Linux. @@ -28,4 +32,4 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/find-usb-3-port-linux/ 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a77df5614372656768be4d192f62f93ea135a853 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Mon, 9 Jun 2014 17:50:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 182/713] translated --- ...40607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md | 35 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md index 7e411544c8..1c11d6f7e8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md @@ -1,34 +1,33 @@ -Vic020 -How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux +用iCup在linux追世界杯 ================================================================================ ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/icup2014-790x389.png) -Hi linux geeks, +嗨，Linux 极客们， + +在本文简短的叙述中，我将教你如何在Linux中安装一个非常棒的2014FIFA世界杯APP。这个应用叫iCup，支持Windows，Mac以及伟大的Linux。 -In this short tutorial, I will teach you how to install a very nice app for the 2014 FIFA World Cup in your Linux distribution. The application is called iCup and is available for Windows, Mac and Linux. +我看足球比赛已经有很长的时间了，所以我得我的电脑上安装这样的应用来保持更新2014世界杯的最新情况。我不想在我朋友们面前看起来一无所知。iCup应用正好提供了每一场赛程、比分、球队教练组等信息。更有提供实时比赛更新，给你正在进行的比赛的最新数据。 -It has been a very long time since I have watched a football match so I thought to install this app on my machine to stay updated with the latest statistics on World Cup 2014. I don’t want to look like an ignorant regarding football in front of my friends. The iCup application can provide information on matches schedule, scorers, team coaches and formations of every match. There are also real time updates that give you the latest data during the matches. +### 支持一下功能： ### -### It supports the following features: ### +- 30种语言支持，完全本地化（使用语言菜单选择） +- 可以随意调整窗口大小的独家灵活的界面 +- 可按天、阶段检索的比赛日历 +- 可视化分组 +- 支持自动转变比赛时间来适应本地时间和格式 +- 一键化社交网络发表比赛评论（支持Facebook，Google+和Twitter） +- 支持代理（支持基本认证和摘要认证方法） -- Fully localizable on the fly in about 30 languages (use the language menu into the option panel) -- Exclusive flexible user interface that adapt the data size to the window dimensions -- Searchable matches calendar also groupable by day or stage -- Graphical visualization of groups and 2° stage -- Support for the conversion of the matches dates and time based on your local timezone and your system format. -- Direct linking for commenting the results into your preferred social network (Facebook, Google+ and Twitter) -- Proxy support (basic and digest authentication method supported) +我已经在Ubuntu12.04LTS上测试并且运很好！目前为止，我没有经历过任何错误或崩溃。你可以十分轻松地安装这个很棒的应用，通过[官方网站][1]你可以得到压缩包，然后你可以解压到任何你喜欢的地方。解压完成后，双击iCup 2014 FREE- Brazil运行。 -I have tested it on my Ubuntu 12.04 LTS system and it works great. I have not experienced any errors or crashes so far. You can easily install this great app on your system by grabbing a copy of it on the [official website][1] and then extract the archive on your favourite destination. Once the archive is extracted, double click on iCup 2014 FREE – Brazil and the app will open. - -iCup is very useful to me, I hope you find it useful too. +iCup 对我非常有用，我希你也能享受到。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-icup-2014-linux/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Vic020](http://www.vicyu.net) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://www.e-link.it/icup/brazil2014/icup-brazil-2014-desktop-app.php +[1]:http://www.e-link.it/icup/brazil2014/icup-brazil-2014-desktop-app.php \ No newline at end of file From dccbd213aaea06539d69b75065111a8c675d2caf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Mon, 9 Jun 2014 17:52:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 183/713] Moved --- .../tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md rename to translated/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md From 1e35caceb4c189321702caeef8d8970b426c638b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 9 Jun 2014 18:02:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 184/713] [Translated]20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip] --- ...m Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md | 35 ------------------- ...m Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md | 31 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 31 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md b/sources/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md deleted file mode 100644 index 25522a5be2..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,35 +0,0 @@ -Translating-----------geekpi - - - -How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip] -================================================================================ -Most of the new computers come with USB 3.0 ports these days. But **how can you know if your computer has USB 3.0 port** or not? In this quick tip, we shall see how to find if your system has USB 3 or USB 2 in Linux. - -### Check if you have USB 3.0 in Linux terminal ### - -Open a terminal and use the following command: - - lsusb - -This command displays information about USB buses in your system. Check the result, if you have something like “3.0 root hub”, it means your system has USB 3.0. For example, for my new notebook, it shows: - -![How to find if system has USB 3.0 in Linux](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Know_Usb3_Ubuntu_Linux.jpeg) - -The quick tip will work on all Linux systems such as Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Fedora etc. Now when you know that you have USB 3.0 port, **how can you identify which port is USB 3.0 and which is USB 2**. - -### Identify which port is USB 3.0 ### - -Usually USB 3.0 ports are tagged as SS (abbreviation for Super Speed). If your system manufacturer has not tagged it as SS or USB 3, you can check the interior of the port which should normally be of blue color. - -![find usb 3.0 port](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/usb3.0port.jpg) - -I hope this quick post helped you to find if your system has USB 3.0 or not and then to identify the USB 3.0 port. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://itsfoss.com/find-usb-3-port-linux/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md b/translated/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3cdf02123d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +如何在Linux中知道你的系统是否有USB 3.0 端口[快速技巧] +================================================================================ +Most of the new computers come with USB 3.0 ports these days. But **how can you know if your computer has USB 3.0 port** or not? In this quick tip, we shall see how to find if your system has USB 3 or USB 2 in Linux. + +### 在Linux终端中检测是否有USB 3.0 端口 ### + +打开一个终端,并使用下面的命令: + + lsusb + +这个命令会显示你系统下USB的总线信息。检查一下结果，如果你看到像“3.0 root hub”字样，这意味着你系统有USB 3.0。比如，在我的电脑上，它这样显示： + +![How to find if system has USB 3.0 in Linux](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Know_Usb3_Ubuntu_Linux.jpeg) + +这个技巧在所有的Linux系统上，像Ubuntu，Linux Mint，Fedora等等都有效。现在当你知道你有USB 3.0 端口之后，**如何辨别哪个口是USB 3.0,哪个是USB 2.0。 + +### 辨别哪个口是USB 3.0 ### + +通常USB 3.0 口被标记为SS（“Super Speed”的缩写）。如果你的系统制造商没有标记SS或者USB 3,那么你可以检查端口的内部通常是颜色的。 + +![find usb 3.0 port](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/usb3.0port.jpg) + +我希望这个快捷提示能够帮助你知道你系统是否有USB 3.0 并可以分辨出USB 3.0 口 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/find-usb-3-port-linux/ + +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a7ad5a7b969b33182c1f8e0d6d636f3a49c18273 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: limox Date: Mon, 9 Jun 2014 23:38:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 185/713] alim0x translating --- ...Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md b/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md index 84b7f8b695..615132bfe8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md +++ b/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +alim0x translating + Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Dual_Boot_Windows8_Ubuntu_1404.jpeg) From 36a513296d44ca391a55b5ec8515cf2bec600c37 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 08:17:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 186/713] Update 20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released--A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md --- ...er 2.4.0 Released--A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released--A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released--A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md index 125933403a..eba2ca4d6e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released--A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released--A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GOLinux ... Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released – A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux ================================================================================ **Nuvola Player** is an open source player that runs cloud music services such as Amazon Cloud Player, Bandcamp, Deezer, 8tracks, Google Play Music, Grooveshark, Hyper Machine and Pandora in its own web interface and provides integration with a Linux desktop. @@ -105,4 +106,4 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-nuvola-player-in-linux/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [1]:http://nuvolaplayer.fenryxo.cz/releases/2.4.html -[2]:https://launchpad.net/nuvola-player/+download \ No newline at end of file +[2]:https://launchpad.net/nuvola-player/+download From dad59a87db9bb7cf9b7b5ca5b1bf1ab144c0dac6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 09:51:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 187/713] Translated:Nuvola Player --- ...--A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md | 109 ------------------ ...- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md | 105 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 105 insertions(+), 109 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released--A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released--A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released--A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index eba2ca4d6e..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released--A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,109 +0,0 @@ -Translating by GOLinux ... -Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released – A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux -================================================================================ -**Nuvola Player** is an open source player that runs cloud music services such as Amazon Cloud Player, Bandcamp, Deezer, 8tracks, Google Play Music, Grooveshark, Hyper Machine and Pandora in its own web interface and provides integration with a Linux desktop. - -This application comes with lots of features in the form of plugins such as desktop notifications, system tray, multimedia keys, media player applets, dock menu, lyrics, last.fm and much more. - -On **May 31st 2014**, A new version of **Nuvola Player 2.4.0** was released – which brings a few new features, including two new services such as Logitech Media Server and This is My Jam with numerous bug fixes. - -### What’s new in this release ### - -- Deleted broken Hide Google+ buttons option, because Google changes the code too regularly. -- Service settings are now applied quickly without reload. -- The pause and toggle play/pause behaviour have been fixed. -- Added a caution about compatibility problems with desktop notifications for Chrome. -- The in-page navigation buttons have been implemented (now users will find buttons in the top bar next to the Google Play logo). -- A new Logitech Media Server and This is My Jam services has been added. -- Included support for back/ forward mouse buttons. -- Fixed support for actionable notification in the GNOME lock screen. - -For a complete list of features, visit at official release [announcement page][1]. - -### Installing Nuvola Player in Debian, Ubuntu and Linux Mint ### - -The official Nuvola Player repository contains binary packages for **Ubuntu 14.04, 13.10, 12.10, 12.04** and **Linux Mint 17, 16, 15, 14.** You can install binary package ‘nuvolaplayer‘ by adding Nuvola Player repository under your system. - -#### On Ubuntu and Linux Mint #### - -Open a terminal and run the following series of commands in the terminal. - - $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nuvola-player-builders/stable - $ sudo apt-get update - $ sudo apt-get upgrade - $ sudo apt-get install nuvolaplayer - -**Note**: Please don’t skip system updates command ‘sudo apt-get upgrade‘. Otherwise, your apt-get may fail to install Flash plugin. - -If you wish to install Nuvola Player without Flash plugin support, you can skip that system upgrade command and use the following command to install nuvolaplayer without Flash support. - - $ sudo apt-get --no-install-recommends install nuvolaplayer - -#### On Debian #### - -For **Debian Wheezy** and **Debian Sid** the stable Nuvola Player binary packages available from official repository. Using this repository, you can install latest stable version using the following bunch of commands. - -Firstly, Open a terminal and import a public key, and then add the repository to ‘**sources.list**‘ file and then do a system update to install nuvolaplyer as shown below. - -#### Debian Wheezy #### - - $ sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 706C220A - $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ wheezy main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' - $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb-src http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ wheezy main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' - $ sudo apt-get update - $ sudo apt-get install nuvolaplayer - -#### Debian Sid #### - - $ sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 706C220A - $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ sid main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' - $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb-src http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ sid main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' - $ sudo apt-get update - $ sudo apt-get install nuvolaplayer - -**Note**: Nuvola Player depend on wrapped Flash plugin, which is not installed by default due to conflicting libraries (**GTK+ 2** and **GTK+ 3**). - -To workaround this problem, we enable component flash **PPA** to install package ‘**nuvolaplayer-flashplugin**‘ using the following commands. - - $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ sid main beta flash" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' - $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb-src http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ sid main beta flash" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' - $ apt-get update - $ apt-get install nuvolaplayer-flashplugin - -Once you done with the installation, you will find the application in **Menu** to launch it. Keep in mind, you must have internet connection in order to listen music online. - -### Nuvola Player Screen Shots ### - -![Nuvola Player Services](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player.jpeg) -Select Music Services - -![Grooveshark Music Service](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-01.jpeg) -Grooveshark Music Service - -![Grooveshark Playing Music](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-02.jpeg) -Grooveshark Playing Music - -![Nuvola Player Preferences](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-03.jpeg) -Nuvola Player Preferences - -![Google Play Music](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-05.jpeg) -Google Play Music - -![Rdio Music Service](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-06.jpeg) -Rdio Music Service - -![About Nuvola Player](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-04.jpeg) -About Nuvola Player - -For other Linux distributions, you can download source tarball packages at Nuvola Player [launchpad downloads][2] page. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-nuvola-player-in-linux/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://nuvolaplayer.fenryxo.cz/releases/2.4.html -[2]:https://launchpad.net/nuvola-player/+download diff --git a/translated/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..eaeb6e26ae --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +Linux下的在线云音乐播放器 —— Nuvola Player 2.4.0发布 +================================================================================ +**Nuvola Player**是一个开源的播放器，在它自身的web界面中运行像Amazon云播放器，Bandcamp，Deezer，8tracks，Google Play音乐，Grooveshark，Hyper Machine以及Pandora等等云音乐服务，同时它也能整合到Linux桌面中。 + +该应用程序以插件的形式提供了大量的功能特性，像桌面通知、系统托盘、多媒体键、媒体播放器小程序、停靠栏菜单、歌词、last.fm等等。 + +**2014年5月31日**，**Nuvola Player 2.4.0**的一个新版本发布了 —— 它带来了一些新的特性，包括两个新的服务罗技媒体服务器和这是我的果酱，以及众多的bug修复。 + +### 这个发布中有什么新东西 ### + +- 删除了破损的隐藏Google+按钮选项，因为Google修改代码过于频繁。 +- 加快了服务设置的启用速度，不需要再重新加载。 +- 修复了暂停和播放/暂停动作开关。 +- 为Chrome添加了兼容问题警告桌面通知。 +- 提供了页面内导航按钮（现在用户可以在Google Play标识旁边的顶部栏中找到它）。 +- 添加了罗技媒体服务器和这是我的果酱服务。 +- 包含了对鼠标后退/前进按钮的支持。 +- 修复了对GNOME锁屏通知的支持。 + +要查看完整的特性列表，请访问官方发行[声明页面][1] + +### 在Debian, Ubuntu和Linux Mint中安装Nuvola Player ### +官方的Nuvola Player仓库中包含了**Ubuntu 14.04, 13.10, 12.10, 12.04**以及**Linux Mint 17, 16, 15, 14.**可用的二进制包，你可以通过添加Nuvola Player仓库到你的系统中来安装二进制包‘nuvolaplayer’。 + +#### 在Ubuntu和Linux Mint上 #### +打开终端并运行以下一系列命令： + + $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nuvola-player-builders/stable + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get upgrade + $ sudo apt-get install nuvolaplayer + +**注**：请不要忽略系统更新命令‘sudo apt-get upgrade’，否则你的apt-get安装Flash插件可能会失败。 + +如果你不需要Nuvola Player支持Flash插件，你可以忽略系统升级命令，并使用以下命令来安装不带Flash支持得nuvolaplayer。 + + $ sudo apt-get --no-install-recommends install nuvolaplayer + +#### 在Debian上 #### +对于**Debian Wheezy**和**Debian Sid**，可以从官方仓库中获取稳定的Nuvola Player二进制包。你可以使用下面这一堆命令来安装最新的稳定版。 + +首先，打开终端并导入公钥，然后添加仓库到‘**sources.list**‘文件，接着像下面这样进行一次系统更新来安装nuvolaplayer。 + +#### Debian Wheezy #### + + $ sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 706C220A + $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ wheezy main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' + $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb-src http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ wheezy main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get install nuvolaplayer + +#### Debian Sid #### + + $ sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 706C220A + $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ sid main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' + $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb-src http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ sid main" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get install nuvolaplayer + +**注**：Nuvola Player依赖于打包的Flash插件，而该插件会因为存在库文件冲突（**GTK+ 2和**GTK+ 3**）而默认不会安装。 + +要解决该问题，我们需要启用flash**PPA**组件来安装‘**nuvolaplayer-flashplugin**‘包，命令如下。 + + $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ sid main beta flash" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' + $ sudo sh -c 'echo "deb-src http://ppa.fenryxo.cz/nuvola-player/ sid main beta flash" >> /etc/apt/sources.list' + $ apt-get update + $ apt-get install nuvolaplayer-flashplugin + +一旦完成安装，你可以在**菜单**中找到该应用并启动它。记住，想要听音乐，你必须连接到互联网。 + +### Nuvola Player美图欣赏 ### + +![Nuvola Player Services](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player.jpeg) +选择音乐服务 + +![Grooveshark Music Service](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-01.jpeg) +Grooveshark音乐服务 + +![Grooveshark Playing Music](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-02.jpeg) +Grooveshark播放音乐 + +![Nuvola Player Preferences](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-03.jpeg) +Nuvola Player首选项 + +![Google Play Music](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-05.jpeg) +Google Play音乐 + +![Rdio Music Service](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-06.jpeg) +Rdio音乐服务 + +![About Nuvola Player](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Nuvola-Player-04.jpeg) +关于Nuvola Player + +对于其它Linux发行版，你可以从 Nuvola Player[启动板下载][2]页下载源码tarball。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-nuvola-player-in-linux/ + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://nuvolaplayer.fenryxo.cz/releases/2.4.html +[2]:https://launchpad.net/nuvola-player/+download From 5fbacab89e0675fd68c708639cb7959690655f7b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 11:45:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 188/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20to=20I?= =?UTF-8?q?nstall=20Windows=208.1=20and=20Ubuntu=2014.04=20LTS=20on=20the?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Same=20Computer?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @CHINAANSHE 这篇翻译得质量可不行啊，下回还是要用心些。 --- ...d Ubuntu 14.04 LTS on the Same Computer.md | 36 +++++++++++++++++++ ...d Ubuntu 14.04 LTS on the Same Computer.md | 36 ------------------- 2 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/How to Install Windows 8.1 and Ubuntu 14.04 LTS on the Same Computer.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/How to Install Windows 8.1 and Ubuntu 14.04 LTS on the Same Computer.md diff --git a/published/How to Install Windows 8.1 and Ubuntu 14.04 LTS on the Same Computer.md b/published/How to Install Windows 8.1 and Ubuntu 14.04 LTS on the Same Computer.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3d35be0670 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/How to Install Windows 8.1 and Ubuntu 14.04 LTS on the Same Computer.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +如何在同一台计算机上安装Windows 8.1和Ubuntu 14.04 LTS +================================================================================ + +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/How-to-Install-Windows-8-1-and-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-on-the-Same-Computer-440356-2.jpg) + +**一些Windows用户，希望试试Linux操作系统，而不用删除他正在使用的系统。令人高兴的是，想尝试下Linux是非常简单的，而且Linux操作系统也能和其他操作系统在同一台机器上和平共处。** + +举个例子，如果你是Windows用户，想试试Ubuntu，这个过程实际上是相当简单的，用户只需要付出一点小小的努力即可，这个过程中稍微注意一点就行了。 + +在PC上正常安装一个操作系统并不复杂，甚至是Ubuntu和其它Linux也一样简单。在大多数情况下，用户单击对话框的“下一步”，按照流程进行即可。当你想保留PC上的原来的操作系统时（并不特指Windows），还需要多一点操作才行，但是很简单。 + +在Linux下刻录一个ISO镜像是很容易的，有好几个程序可以提供这样的功能。而在Windows下，你可以将Ubuntu刻录到DVD或制作成USB启动盘（这样更好一些）。要将Ubuntu正确复制到一个USB设备，你将需要下载名为[Win32 Disk Imager 0.9.5][1]一个小工具。它具有一个简单的界面，是完全自动的。 + +在重启机器以安装Ubuntu前，你要给Ubuntu一些可用的磁盘空间，而且给Ubuntu一个磁盘分区是不够的。你将需要两个，一个放Ubuntu本身（大约10GB，如果你不想安装太多的应用的话，就足够了），第二个是交换分区（类似于Windows的页面文件），它的大小一般是你的内存的两倍。你不需要格式化它们，只要他们是可用的就行。如果你在第二块空闲硬盘安装Ubuntu，那就更简单了。 + +插上USB启动盘并重新启动。你会得到一个提示，询问是“试用”还是“安装”。选择“安装”并选择安装方式：安装Ubuntu和Windows 8并存（或任何你拥有的其他版本），用Ubuntu替换Windows 8，或者别的选项。 + +你可以选择“和Windows 8并存安装”，但你也许不喜欢安装程序自动处理的方式。你也可以选择“其它（Something Else）”来手动控制安装过程。 + +找到你给Ubuntu保留的空闲分区（安装程序无法读取和显示Windows卷的名称，所以你要小心别选错了），双击它，选择ext4文件系统，和“/”作为默认的安装点。 + +现在选择另外的那个较小的分区，选择swap分区类型。就这些了。当你点击下一步，安装程序将启动，你将要输入用户名，密码和其他信息。 + +当你启动你之后，将得到一个简单的列表，可以选择你要启动的操作系统。 + +尽情享受！ + +------------------ + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Install-Windows-8-1-and-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-on-the-Same-Computer-440356.shtml + +译者：[CHINAANSHE](https://github.com/CHINAANSHE) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.softpedia.com/get/CD-DVD-Tools/Data-CD-DVD-Burning/Win32-Disk-Imager.shtml diff --git a/translated/tech/How to Install Windows 8.1 and Ubuntu 14.04 LTS on the Same Computer.md b/translated/tech/How to Install Windows 8.1 and Ubuntu 14.04 LTS on the Same Computer.md deleted file mode 100644 index da800a2694..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/How to Install Windows 8.1 and Ubuntu 14.04 LTS on the Same Computer.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,36 +0,0 @@ -如何在同一台计算机上安装Windows 8.1和Ubuntu 14.04 LTS -================================================================================ - -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/How-to-Install-Windows-8-1-and-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-on-the-Same-Computer-440356-2.jpg) - -**许多Windows用户，正在去尝试使用Linux操作系统，并且不用删除其它正在使用的系统。他们知道Linux操作系统，很容易更好的对待共享的同一台计算机上的其他操作系统，会很高兴的。** - -如果你是Wi如果你是Windows用户，你想去安装Ubuntu。例如，程序实际上是相当简单的，需要一点小小的努力来自用户，他们只需要关注一下本程序。 - -一种新的基于PC操作系统正常的安装并不复杂，Ubuntu和Linux同样也是。在大多数情况下，用户单击“下一步”对话框中，所有的都是按照这个脚本。当你想保存，也存在于相同的PC操作系统（不一定是Windows专门），更多的工作是必需的，但可以很容易。 - -从Ubuntu Linux编写一个图像是容易的，这是可以做到的一些应用程序。在Windows你将需要Ubuntu任何一个dvd上或USB（最好是）。为了让Ubuntu正确复制到一个USB设备，你将需要下载一个小巧的工具称为Win32 Disk Imager 0.9.5。它具有一个简单的界面，它是完全自动的。 - -现在，把Ubuntu安装重启之前，你可能要设置一些自由的空间，将用于Ubuntu，但一个分区是不够的。您将需要两个，一个Ubuntu本身的（大约10GB，如果你不想安装太多的应用的话，就足够了）和第二分区（Windows,pagefile等），这是増加你的内存。你不需要的他们，但他们都是免费的。如果你在第二HDD安装Ubuntu，那就更好了。 - -插上USB和重新启动。你会得到一个提示试用或安装。选择安装并给你选择：安装Ubuntu和Windows 8（或任何你拥有版本），替换Windows 8与Ubuntu，或者别的什么。 - -你可以选择安装在Windows 8，但你也许不喜欢，安装程序将为你选择。这是更好地打击其他手动安装。 - -发现，你放置Ubuntu空闲分区（安装程序无法读取Windows卷名称），双击它，选择ext4文件系统，和“/”作为默认的安装点。 - -现在选择较小的分区和选择交换文件。就这些了。当你点击下一步，安装程序将启动，你将要选择的名称，密码，和其他细节。 - -下次当你启动你时将得到一个简单的操作系统，将让你选择你喜欢的操作系统列表。 - -尽情享受！ - ------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Install-Windows-8-1-and-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-on-the-Same-Computer-440356.shtml - -译者：[CHINAANSHE](https://github.com/CHINAANSHE) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.softpedia.com/get/CD-DVD-Tools/Data-CD-DVD-Burning/Win32-Disk-Imager.shtml From 322c3379c315899468a0443dce251d330532b833 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: limox Date: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 12:34:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 189/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4=E4=BB=A5=E5=8F=8A=E6=B7=BB=E5=8A=A0?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...al Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md | 101 ------------------ ...al Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md | 101 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 101 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md diff --git a/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md b/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md deleted file mode 100644 index 615132bfe8..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,101 +0,0 @@ -alim0x translating - -Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI -================================================================================ -![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Dual_Boot_Windows8_Ubuntu_1404.jpeg) - -Previously I had written about [dual booting Ubuntu Linux with Windows 7][1] and 8 previously, But those tutorials did not cover systems that come with Windows 8 pre-installed. The newer systems that come with Windows 8 or Windows 8.1, have UEFI instead of BIOS. This makes thing a little different from the conventional way of dual booting. In this tutorial, we shall see **how to install Ubuntu Linux in dual boot mode with Windows 8 or Windows 8.1**. - -This tutorial is performed on a newly bought Dell Inspiron 7437 that has Core i7 fourth generation processor, 256 GB SSD, 8 GB RAM and built in 1 GB Intel graphics. I’ll cover all the steps you need to do in order to successfully dual boot Linux with Windows 8 UEFI. If you have already done some of these steps, just skip to the next one. If you have a fresh system, even better. - -The steps mentioned here are applicable to other Ubuntu based Linux distributions such as Linux Mint, Elementary OS etc. Cutting the chit-chat, let’s see how to dual boot Linux on a UEFI secure boot enabled Windows 8 system. - -### Dual boot Ubuntu 14.04 with Windows 8: ### - -There are various prerequisites to install Ubuntu on a UEFI system. Let’s see them one by one: - -#### Step 1: Make a backup [optional] #### - -It is always nice to make a back up, just in case if you mess up with the system. There are numerous articles on the web to show you how to backup your system. You can follow this tutorial [here][2]. - -#### Step 2: Create a live USB/disk of Ubuntu #### - -The next thing you need to do is to create a live USB or disk. I recommend [Universal USB Installer][3] to create a live USB of Linux OS in Windows. - -#### Step 3: Make a partition where Ubuntu will be installed #### - -Assuming tat you have a fresh system, the first thing we need to do is to make partition to install Linux. The 256 GB in my system was already had several partitions from manufacturer but mainly for backup and other purposes. Main partition was C drive, of around 220 GB, where Windows 8.1 was installed. - -If you have just one partition like this, you need to make some free space out of it for Linux. If you have several partitions of considerable size, use any of them except C drive because it may erase the data. - -To make a partition in Windows 8, go to Disk Management tool. You can find disk management tool by searching for ‘disk’ in Control Panel. - -![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/disk_partition.jpeg) - -In the Disk Management tool, right click on the drive which you want to partition and select shrink volume. In my case, I shrank the C drive to make some free space: - -![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/disk_partition_Windows8.jpeg) - -You can leave the free space as it is. We shall use it while installing Ubuntu. - -#### Step 4: Disable fast startup in Windows [optional] #### - -Windows 8 introduced a new feature called “fast startup” for quick boot. While it is not mandatory, it would be better to have it disabled. - -Go to **Control Panel > Hardware and Sound > Power Options > System Settings > Choose what the power buttons do** and uncheck the **Turn on fast startup box**. - -#### Step 5: Disable secureboot in Windows 8 and 8.1 #### - -This is the most important step. The new secure boot feature of Windows 8, originally intended for security feature for rootkit viruses, prevents dual booting of Windows with Linux. To dual boot Windows 8 with Linux, we must disable secure boot in UEFI. - -#### Step 6: Installing Ubuntu alongside Windows 8 #### - -Once you have disabled secure boot, it’s time to install Ubuntu. I hope you already created the live USB as mentioned in step 2. Plug in the USB and boot the system from it. - -To boot from USB, will have to choose boot from USB option from within Windows itself. Either with PC Setting (like for UEFI) or pressing shift key while clicking on Restart. - -Once you have booted in the live USB, you will be presented with option to try or install Ubuntu. Click on install. You will be presented with few screen options to choose the language. It will then do some checks on available space, power and internet connection etc. Just click on **Continue**. - -![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu.jpeg) - -The main screen which you should pay attention to is **Installation Type**. Choose **Something else** here: - -![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu_1.jpeg) - -Remember we had created some free space beforehand? We shall use the free space to create Root, Swap and Home. Select the free space and click on the + sign. - -![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu_2.jpeg) - -It will provide you with option to create Linux partition. We are creating the Root partition. Any thing between 10-20 GB is more than sufficient for it. Choose the size, select Ext 4 as file type and / (means root) as the mount point. - -![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu_3.png) - -Clicking on OK in previous step will bring you to the partition screen. Next we will create swap. Like previously, click on the + sign again. This time use the file type as Swap area. Suggestible swap size is double of RAM. - -![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu_4.png) - -In similar fashion, create a Home partition. Allocate it maximum space (in fact allocate it rest of the free space) because this is where you’ll save music, pictures and downloaded files. - -![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu_5.png) - -Once you are ready with Root, Swap and Home, click on **Install Now**: - -![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu_6.jpeg) - -Well, you have almost won the battle. You can smell victory now. Next you will be asked to set username password etc. Basically, you just need to click next now. - -Once the installation is completed, restart the computer, you should be welcomed by a purple grub screen. Enjoy Ubuntu along with Windows 8 in dual boot mode. - -I hope this guide helped you to dual boot Ubuntu with Windows 8 UEFI. Though this article is written for Ubuntu, it should be heloful for other Linux OS as well. Any questions or suggestions are always welcomed. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-1404-dual-boot-mode-windows-8-81-uefi/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-dual-boot-mode-windows/ -[2]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/6-safest-ways-to-backup-restore-your-files-in-windows-7-8/ -[3]:http://www.pendrivelinux.com/universal-usb-installer-easy-as-1-2-3/ diff --git a/translated/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md b/translated/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c6a59514a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +第四步中的步骤根据实际情况进行了适当修改，Windows操作以及Ubuntu安装过程中的名词根据中文版实际情况进行了修改。第六步中从USB启动的步骤感觉不大对，需要确认。第六步第三段实际中选择语言和安装或试用在同一界面，选择语言那句翻译需要确认。 + +在UEFI模式下安装Ubuntu 14.04与Windows 8/8.1双启动 +================================================================================ +![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Dual_Boot_Windows8_Ubuntu_1404.jpeg) + +之前我已经写过关于[如何安装Ubuntu Linux和Windows 7][1]以及8的双启动，但是那些教程不包含那些预装Windows 8的系统。那些较新的预装了Windows 8或Windows 8.1的系统使用了UEFI来替代BIOS。这使得安装双启动变得和之前的常规方法有点不同。在这个教程中，我们将看到**如何在UEFI模式下安装Ubuntu 14.04与Windows 8/8.1双启动**。 + +这个教程是在一台新买的戴尔灵越 7437（酷睿i7第四代处理器， 256GB SSD，8GB内存以及内置1GB(共享内存) Intel显卡）上演示的。为了使你能够成功安装UEFI下Linux和Windows 8的双启动，我会提到你需要做的所有步骤。如果你已经完成这些步骤中的部分步骤，直接跳到下一步。如果你有个全新的系统，那就更好了。 + +在这里提到的这些步骤也适用于其它基于Ubuntu的Linux发行版，如Linux Mint，Elementary OS等等。不多说，让我们来看看如何在启用了UEFI安全启动的Windows 8系统上双启动Linux。 + +### 让 Ubuntu 14.04 和 Windows 8 双启动： ### + +要在一个UEFI系统上安装Ubuntu有多方面的前提条件。让我们来一个一个看： + +#### 第一步：做个备份 [可选] #### + +做个备份总是个不错的选择，防止你把系统弄糟了。网上有众多文章教你如何备份系统。你可以参照[这个教程][2]。 + +#### 第二步：创建一个Ubuntu的USB启动盘/光盘启动盘 #### + +你需要做的下一件事是创建一个USB启动盘或光盘启动盘。我推荐在Windows下使用[Universal USB Installer][3]创建一个Linux OS的USB启动盘。 + +#### 第三步：为Ubuntu划分一块安装分区 #### + +假设你有一个全新的系统，我们要做的第一件事是创建一个分区来安装Linux。我系统中的256GB磁盘出厂时就有若干个分区，但主要是用来备份及其它目的的。主分区是安装了Windows 8.1的C盘，约有220GB。 + +如果你也像这样只有一个分区，你需要从中分割出一些空间给Linux。如果你有若干空间大小足够的分区，可以使用它们中除C盘外的任意盘，因为安装时会抹掉其中的数据。 + +要在Windows 8中创建分区，需要使用磁盘管理工具。你可以通过在控制面板中搜索‘磁盘’找到磁盘管理工具。 + +![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/disk_partition.jpeg) + +在磁盘管理工具中，右键点击你想划分并压缩的卷。在我的演示中，我选择C盘进行压缩卷，划分出未分配空间： + +![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/disk_partition_Windows8.jpeg) + +你可以就这么保留着未分配空间。我们会在安装Ubuntu时用到它。 + +#### 第四步：在Windows中禁用快速启动 [可选] #### + +为了实现快速启动，Windows 8引进了叫做“快速启动”的新特性。尽管不是强制要求，最好还是将其禁用。 + +打开**控制面板 > 硬件与声音 > 电源选项 > 选择电源按钮的功能 > 更改当前不可用的设置**，取消选中**启用快速启动（推荐）**。 + +#### 第五步：禁用Windows 8 and 8.1的安全启动（secure boot） #### + +这是最重要的步骤。Windows 8新的安全启动（secure boot）原本是针对rootkit病毒的安全特性，但它也阻止了Windows和Linux的双启动。为了实现Windows和Linux的双启动，我们必须在UEFI中禁用安全启动（secure boot）。 + +#### 第六步：安装Ubuntu，与Windows 8共存 #### + +一旦你禁用了安全启动（secure boot），那就是时候安装Ubuntu了。我希望你像第二步中提到的一样创建了一个USB启动盘。插入U盘，然后从U盘启动系统。 + +要从USB启动，需要在Windows中选择从USB启动选项。从电脑设置（像UEFI）中选择或在点击重新启动的时候按住Shift键。 + +当你启动到live USB模式后，你会看到试用（try）或者安装（install）Ubuntu。选择语言，然后点击安装Ubuntu（install）。接下来是关于硬盘空间，电源和网络连接等等的一些检查。只需点击**继续**。 + +![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +安装窗口中你需要注意的是**安装类型（Installation Type）**。选择这里的**其它选项（Something else）**： + +![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu_1.jpeg) + +还记得我们事先划分的未分配空间吗？我们将用它来创建根分区（Root），交换空间（Swap）以及家目录（Home）。选择空闲（free space）然后点击加号（+）。 + +![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu_2.jpeg) + +它会给你提供创建Linux分区的选项。我们正在创建根分区（Root）。10-20GB空间就足够了。选择大小（Size），选择Ext 4作为文件系统以及/（意思是根-root）作为挂载点（Mount point）。 + +![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu_3.png) + +点击确定会回到分区界面。下一步我们创建交换空间（Swap）。像之前一样，再次点击加号（+）。这次我们选择作为交换空间（Swap area）。建议的交换空间大小是物理内存的两倍。 + +![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu_4.png) + +以同样的方式创建家目录（Home）。给它分配最大的空间（实际上是给它分配剩余的所有空间），因为这是你会用来存储音乐，图片以及下载的文件的位置。 + +![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu_5.png) + +分配好了根分区（Root），交换空间（Swap）和家目录（Home）之后，点击**现在安装（Install Now）**： + +![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu_6.jpeg) + +好了，你现在基本上以及赢得了这场战役了~露出胜利的微笑吧~接下来你会被要求设置用户名密码等等。基本上你现在只需点击下一步。 + +一旦安装完成，重新启动电脑，你应该会看到紫色的grub欢迎界面。尽情享受Ubuntu和Windows 8的双启动模式吧。（译注：对于可能出现grub系统选择中没有Windows 8选项或是无法正常启动的情况，可搜索Boot Repair工具的使用） + +我希望这份指南能够帮你实现Ubuntu和Windows 8的UEFI模式双启动。虽然这篇文章是为Ubuntu写的，它对其它的Linux OS应该也有所帮助。欢迎提出任何问题与建议。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-1404-dual-boot-mode-windows-8-81-uefi/ + +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-dual-boot-mode-windows/ +[2]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/6-safest-ways-to-backup-restore-your-files-in-windows-7-8/ +[3]:http://www.pendrivelinux.com/universal-usb-installer-easy-as-1-2-3/ From fde75db1f11ec5674f469e8c5243be8ef22f3706 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 14:11:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 190/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20to=20s?= =?UTF-8?q?et=20up=20a=20web-based=20lightweight=20system=20monitor=20on?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @GOLinux http://linux.cn/article-3171-1.html --- ...sed lightweight system monitor on Linux.md | 35 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/How to set up a web-based lightweight system monitor on Linux.md (77%) diff --git a/translated/tech/How to set up a web-based lightweight system monitor on Linux.md b/published/How to set up a web-based lightweight system monitor on Linux.md similarity index 77% rename from translated/tech/How to set up a web-based lightweight system monitor on Linux.md rename to published/How to set up a web-based lightweight system monitor on Linux.md index 505adae447..ce7ea9416f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/How to set up a web-based lightweight system monitor on Linux.md +++ b/published/How to set up a web-based lightweight system monitor on Linux.md @@ -1,17 +1,19 @@ -在Linux上配置基于web的轻量级系统监控 +Monitorix ：支持服务器和树莓派的轻量级系统监控系统 ================================================================================ -有时候，我们作为普通用户或者系统管理员，需要知道系统运行是否良好。与系统状态相关的许多问题，都可以通过检查活动服务生成的日志文件来获得答案。然而，即便对于历经数个春秋的系统管理员而言，要检查日志文件的每个细节都不是件容易的事。这也是为什么他们依赖于监控软件的原因，监控软件能够从不同的源收集信息，并以易于理解的格式给出分析报告，如图表、可视化图像、统计数据等。 +有时候，无论是普通用户还是系统管理员，都需要知道系统运行是否良好。与系统状态相关的许多问题，都可以通过检查运行的服务所生成的日志文件来获得答案。然而，即便对于干过几年的系统管理员而言，要检查日志文件的每个细节都不是件容易的事。这也是为什么他们依赖于监控软件的原因，监控软件能够从不同的源收集信息，并以易于理解的格式给出分析报告，如图表、可视化图像、统计数据等。 + +市面上流传着许多复杂的系统监控软件，诸如[Cacti][1], [Nagios][2], Zabbix, Munin此类。在本文中，我们向您介绍一个轻量级的监控工具——Monitorix，该工具设计用于在Linux/BSD上监控系统资源和许多熟知的第三方应用程序。由于专为资源有限的嵌入式系统而优化，Monitorix以使用简单，消耗内存资源少而著称。它内建了一个HTTP服务器用于提供web界面，并使用RRDtool数据库来存储时间序列统计数据，RRDtool可以很容易地和任何脚本语言整合，如Perl，Python，shell脚本，Ruby等。 -市面上流传着许多复杂的系统监控软件，诸如[Cacti][1], [Nagios][2], Zabbix, Munin此类。在本文中，我们选取了一个轻量级的监控工具——Monitorix，该工具设计用于在Linux/BSD上监控系统资源和许多熟知的第三方应用程序。由于专为资源有限的嵌入式系统而优化，Monitorix以使用简单，消耗内存资源少而著称。它内建了一个HTTP服务器用于提供web界面，并使用PRDtool来存储时间序列统计数据，该PRDtoo可以很容易地和任何脚本语言整合，如Perl，Python，shell脚本，Ruby等。 ### 主要特性 ### + 这里列出了Monitorix的主要特性。要查看完整列表，请参阅[官方网站][3] -- 系统负载和系统服务需求 +- 当前系统负载和系统服务 - CPU/GPU温度传感器 -- 磁盘温度和健康 +- 磁盘温度和健康度 - 网络/端口流量和网络状况统计 - 邮件统计 -- Web服务器统计（Apache，Nginx，Light图片的） +- Web服务器统计（Apache，Nginx，Lighttpd） - MySQL负载和统计 - Squid代理统计 - NFS服务器/客户端统计 @@ -28,8 +30,7 @@ $ sudo yum install monitorix - -要配置Monitorix，打开/etc/monitorix/monitorix.conf配置文件，并修改选项。关于Monitorix的配置文件细节，可以查阅[http://www.monitorix.org/documentation.html][6]。 +要配置Monitorix，打开`/etc/monitorix/monitorix.conf`配置文件，并修改选项。关于Monitorix的配置文件细节，可以查阅[http://www.monitorix.org/documentation.html][6]。 默认情况下，内建的HTTP服务器监听8080端口。因此，确保你的防火墙没有阻止TCP 8080端口。 @@ -40,9 +41,10 @@ 启动你喜爱的Web浏览器，然后通过http://:8080/monitorix来访问Monitorix的Web界面。 ### 在Archlinux上安装并配置Monitorix ### + 在Archlinux上，可以从[AUR][7]上下载Monitorix包。 -默认情况下，Archlinux上是禁用内建HTTP服务器的。要启用内建的HTTP服务器，请编辑/etc/monitorix.conf文件的如下区块。 +默认情况下，在Archlinux上是禁用了其内建HTTP服务器的。要启用内建的HTTP服务器，请编辑/etc/monitorix.conf文件的如下区块。 enabled = y @@ -65,10 +67,11 @@ 打开你喜欢的Web浏览器，然后通过http://:8080/monitorix来访问Monitorix的Web界面。 ### 在Debian和Ubuntu上安装并配置Monitorix ### + 对于Debian家族，Monitorix可以通过两种方式安装：手工安装或通过第三方软件仓库。 + #### 手工安装(用于Debian) #### -Install all dependent packages first. 首先安装所有依赖包。 $ sudo apt-get install rrdtool perl libwww-perl libmailtools-perl libmime-lite-perl librrds-perl libdbi-perl libxml-simple-perl libhttp-server-simple-perl libconfig-general-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl @@ -82,6 +85,7 @@ Install all dependent packages first. $ sudo service apache2 reload #### 通过软件仓库安装 (用于Ubuntu) #### + 在/etc/apt/source.list中添加以下行来启用Izzysoft仓库。 deb http://apt.izzysoft.de/ubuntu generic universe @@ -100,14 +104,15 @@ Install all dependent packages first. $ sudo service monitorix start -要配置Monitorix，请使用文本编辑器编辑/etc/monitorix/monitorix.conf，并重启Monitorix服务。 +要配置Monitorix，请使用文本编辑器编辑`/etc/monitorix/monitorix.conf`，并重启Monitorix服务。 $ sudo service monitorix restart -用于Ubuntu的内建Web服务器默认将被启用。要从Web查看监控结果，在你喜爱的Web浏览器中访问http://8080/monitorix。 +用于Ubuntu的内建Web服务器默认启用。要从Web查看监控结果，在你喜爱的Web浏览器中访问http://8080/monitorix。 ### 在Raspberry Pi上安装并配置Monitorix ### -如果想要在Raspberry Pi（基于Debian）上安装Monitorix，你不能使用上面提到的Izzysoft仓库，因为它不提供Monitorix的ARM端口。取而代之的是，你可以参照如下基于Debian的手工安装。 + +如果想要在Raspberry Pi（基于Debian）上安装Monitorix，你不能使用上面提到的Izzysoft仓库，因为它不提供Monitorix的ARM移植。取而代之的是，你可以参照如下基于Debian的手工安装。 首先，安装需要的软件包。 @@ -125,7 +130,7 @@ Install all dependent packages first. 安装完成后，我们需要像下面这样对Monitorix配置稍作修改。 -用你喜爱的文本编辑器打开/etc/monitorix/monitorix.conf，向下滚动文本直到你找到。搜索“raspberrypi = n”，并用“y”替换“n”，这将启用对Raspberry Pi时钟频率、温度和电压的监控。 +用你喜爱的文本编辑器打开`/etc/monitorix/monitorix.conf`，向下滚动文本直到你找到。搜索“raspberrypi = n”，并用“y”替换“n”，这将启用对Raspberry Pi时钟频率、温度和电压的监控。 编辑完成后，重启Monitorix服务。 @@ -159,7 +164,7 @@ Monitorix主屏幕: via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/web-based-lightweight-system-monitor-linux.html -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a96f50dc753667a63d593101bbd4a8b6ef353c05 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 14:23:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 191/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140529=20A?= =?UTF-8?q?dd=20Windows=20Like=20Bottom=20Taskbar=20In=20Ubuntu=20Unity=20?= =?UTF-8?q?14.04?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @GOLinux http://linux.cn/article-3172-1.html --- ...d Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md | 8 +++++--- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md (75%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md b/published/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md similarity index 75% rename from translated/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md rename to published/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md index 78ea25c1bb..da0a9fde79 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md +++ b/published/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md @@ -7,13 +7,15 @@ 不管出于什么原因，如果你在Ubuntu中想要个底部面板，那么[tint][2]就是你的菜。 ### 在Ubuntu 14.04中添加底部任务栏 ### + 打开终端（Ctrl+Alt+T），然后输入下面的命令： sudo apt-get install tint2 -这样就把tint2安装好了。你可以在终端中输入tint2来运行它了，但这不是我们想要干的活，因为我们的目的根本不在于此。在此，我们需要让tint2来开机启动，这样每次启动Ubuntu的时候，它都会在桌面底部恭候你了。 +这样就把tint2安装好了。你可以在终端中输入tint2来运行它了，但这不是我们希望的方式，因为我们的并不想这么麻烦每次手工运行它。在此，我们需要让tint2来开机启动，这样每次启动Ubuntu的时候，它都会在桌面底部恭候你了。 #### 怎样让tint2开机启动？ #### + 打开Unity Dash（按下Windows键吧），然后搜索启动程序。 ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Startup_Applications_Ubuntu.jpeg) @@ -22,13 +24,13 @@ ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Windows_Like_Taskbar_Ubuntu.jpeg) -好了。赶快注销并重新登录进去看看吧，任务栏会乖乖地在下面等着你了。第一张图片看到了吗？就是那个样子的。像[Conky][3]一样，tint2也能进行大量配置，但要进行深度配置，你得修改配置文件了。就算你很懒惰，安好了啥都不做，那它也会干得很好了。你已经试过了？你感觉tint2怎么样呢？ +好了。赶快注销并重新登录进去看看吧，任务栏会乖乖地在下面等着你了。题图看到了吗？就是那个样子的。像[Conky][3]一样，tint2也能有大量的配置选项，但要进行深度配置，你得修改配置文件了。不过就算你很懒惰，安好了啥都不做，那它也会干得很好了。你已经试过了？你感觉tint2怎么样呢？ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://itsfoss.com/add-windows-like-bottom-taskbar-in-ubuntu-unity-14-04/ -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d54c3a436701dcc0695a7e8d5a4ce87e196a9528 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 15:51:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 192/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140610-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...inux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md | 32 +++ ...N Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md | 27 +++ ... and center, adds emoji and gif support.md | 39 ++++ ...he cloud affect the everyday linux user.md | 195 ++++++++++++++++++ ...e Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md | 158 ++++++++++++++ ...610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md | 67 ++++++ ...nnection sharing with iptables on Linux.md | 112 ++++++++++ 7 files changed, 630 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md create mode 100644 sources/news/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140610 GitHub redesigns its Windows app to put your work front and center, adds emoji and gif support.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140610 How does the cloud affect the everyday linux user.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md b/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..81d8918893 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876-2.jpg) + +**Michael Tremer, a developer for the ipfire.org team, has announced that IPFire 2.13 Core 78, a new stable build of the popular Linux-based firewall distribution, has been released to implement the latest OpenSSL fixes.** + +IPFire is a modular Linux distribution, which means that it can be deployed as a firewall, a proxy server, or a VPN gateway. One of the main concerns of the IPFire developers is security, and every step has been taken to ensure users’ complete security. + +“There have been several vulnerabilities discovered in the openssl library which is responsible for implementing the SSL/TLS protocol and other cryptographic tasks. All details about these can be found in the original openssl security advisory,” said the devs on their blog. + +They have also explained that all the changes that they planned and built for Core Update 78 have been postponed to Core Update 79. This means that users will have to wait a little longer for a more consistent update. + +OpenSSL developers have found another round of OpenSSL problems, but they have been fixed quickly and now the Linux distributions are including it in the latest versions. + +The developers recommend all users of IPFire to upgrade their distributions. More details can be found on the official [website][1]. + +Download IPFire 2.13 Core 78: + +- [IPFire 2.15 Core 78 (ISO)][2][iso] [122 MB] +- [IPFire 3.0 Alpha 1 (ISO)][3][iso] [76 MB] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.ipfire.org/news/ipfire-2-15-core-update-78-released +[2]:http://downloads.ipfire.org/releases/ipfire-2.x/2.15-core78/ipfire-2.15.i586-full-core78.iso +[3]:http://www.rowie.at/ipfire/iso/ipfire-3.0-alpha1.i686.iso \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md b/sources/news/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dd56dae010 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members +================================================================================ +The [Linux Foundation][1]'s [OpenDaylight][2] project for promoting open source [software-defined networking][3] (SDN) continues to grow. [Extreme Networks][4] (EXTR), [Flextronics][5] and [Oracle][6] (ORCL) are now among the initiative's members. + +The three companies, which officially joined OpenDaylight June 5, bring the total number of OpenDaylight project members to 39. The project also enjoys the support of 195 developers collaborating to help build an open source SDN platform. + +The new members bring additional expertise in data center and cloud computing design and infrastructure to OpenDaylight's portfolio. Extreme Networks specializes in high-performance networking solutions for enterprises, while Flextronics provides systems design, manufacturing and logistics. Oracle's broad operations, meanwhile, focus on a variety of areas in the cloud and the data center. + +OpenDaylight leaders are celebrating the project's membership growth as a further step toward creating an SDN ecosystem that is centered on open standards and free from domination by particular organizations. "More voices at the table means stronger debate and better code," said Jacques Neela, executive director, OpenDaylight. "We are thrilled to see such a diversity of new members joining who represent an even broader range of perspectives on SDN and NFV." + +The first software release from OpenDaylight, which was itself formed in April 2013, [appeared in February][7] under the name Hydrogen. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/open-source-sdn-project-opendaylight-adds-new-members + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/ +[2]:http://www.opendaylight.org/ +[3]:http://thevarguy.com/sdn +[4]:http://www.extremenetworks.com/ +[5]:http://www.flextronics.com/ +[6]:http://oracle.com/ +[7]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/020514/embargo-until-feb-4-1130-am-est-opendaylight-releases-fir \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140610 GitHub redesigns its Windows app to put your work front and center, adds emoji and gif support.md b/sources/talk/20140610 GitHub redesigns its Windows app to put your work front and center, adds emoji and gif support.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7ee2f2f2c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140610 GitHub redesigns its Windows app to put your work front and center, adds emoji and gif support.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +GitHub redesigns its Windows app to put your work front and center, adds emoji and gif support +================================================================================ +![](http://cdn1.tnwcdn.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2012/05/2012-05-21_10h05_58-657x245.jpg) + +GitHub today [released][1] version 2.0 of its Windows app, which it markets as “the easiest way to use Git and GitHub on Windows.” The new version features a more streamlined design, new GitHub local features, and some general speed improvements. You can grab the new version now directly form [windows.github.com][2] (if you already have GitHub for Windows, it will update automatically). + +GitHub released its Windows app back in [May 2012][3], and has made improvements in three minor releases since. Today’s major 2.0 release comes more than two years after the app’s debut, and aims to inject new life into the app. + +GitHub executives told me they saw a major bump in terms of interest for the client with the 1.3 release that was more of an overall increase rather than just a spike associated with new versions. They are naturally hoping for a repeat of this jump with the 2.0 release. + +GitHub 2.0 for Windows is supposed to be simpler and cleaner, and aims to put more focus and the developer and their work. For the sake of comparison, here’s how the previous 1.3 version looked like: + +![](http://cdn1.tnwcdn.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2014/06/GitHub-for-Windows-1_3_3-screenshot.png) + +Here is the 2.0 release (the company emphasizes that your work is now ” front and center”): + +![](http://cdn1.tnwcdn.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2014/06/GitHub-for-Windows-2.0-screenshot.png) + +Previously, there were two different views available. The company has slimmed that down so developers no longer need to move back and forth between their projects. + +This is largely accomplished by adding a sidebar that reduces the need to navigate through menus and options. In short, your local repositories are always available on the left, plus you can create, clone, and publish repositories without having to navigate to a new screen. Your repositories are also grouped by where they originated from, so work projects (think GitHub Enterprise) are easy to distinguish from personal ones, and you can easily switch between them. + +The new design aside, GitHub for Windows now lets you pick an ignore file template for your project when you create a repository. It also supports including emoji and gifs in your commit messages. + +It’s worth noting that the aforementioned performance improvements should be felt around the app in general. Unfortunately, GitHub wasn’t able to share any benchmarks regarding the speed bumps. + +All in all, this is a big redesign aimed at improving the user experience. GitHub executives tell TNW the new design language aims is a “GitHub Metro style” that takes the “best parts of Metro as well as Android and iOS.” Whether or not that’s a good thing will likely come down to personal preference. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thenextweb.com/dd/2014/06/09/github-redesigns-windows-app-put-work-front-center-adds-emoji-gif-support/?tnw_rfl=tw + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://github.com/blog/1844-say-hello-to-github-for-windows-2-0 +[2]:http://windows.github.com/ +[3]:http://thenextweb.com/apps/2012/05/21/github-releases-its-windows-app-at-last/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140610 How does the cloud affect the everyday linux user.md b/sources/talk/20140610 How does the cloud affect the everyday linux user.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..66ff726ffb --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140610 How does the cloud affect the everyday linux user.md @@ -0,0 +1,195 @@ +How does the cloud affect the everyday linux user? +================================================================================ +### Introduction ### + +Cloud computing is one of those terms you hear about and see all the time whether it is in the national newspapers, online news websites, podcasts, technical blogs, technical news sites or on radio and television. + +It is a fairly woolly term that encompasses so many things but what exactly is it? + +> **Cloud computing** is a term used to refer to a model of network computing where a program or application runs on a connected server or servers rather than on a local computing device such as a PC, tablet or smartphone. Like the traditional client-server model or older mainframe computing,[1] a user connects with a server to perform a task. The difference with cloud computing is that the computing process may run on one or many connected computers at the same time, utilizing the concept of virtualization. With virtualization, one or more physical servers can be configured and partitioned into multiple independent “virtual” servers, all functioning independently and appearing to the user to be a single physical device. Such virtual servers are in essence disassociated from their physical server, and with this added flexibility, they can be moved around and scaled up or down on the fly without affecting the end user. The computing resources have become “granular”, which provides end user and operator benefits including on-demand self-service, broad access across multiple devices, resource pooling, rapid elasticity and service metering capability.[2] + +The above quote was obviously taken from Wikipedia. + +In the past we either used dumb terminals to connect to a mainframe or more recently desktop computers connected to applications on in-house servers which in turn connected to databases also kept on site. + +The management of the desktops, applications and servers were all local and all had to be supported by the company who owned them. + +Whilst this might be great for software houses it isn’t good business for other companies such as banks, insurance companies and oil companies. Information Technology is not a banking function in the same way catering isn’t a function of drilling oil out of the ground. + +Large companies have long since outsourced many functions to dedicated companies. For example outside catering companies provide the staff canteen and we all know about the offshore call centres handling customer calls for the banks. + +IT has also become an offshore function with a number of support and development functions shipped out to China, India, Malaysia and Eastern Europe. + +Cloud computing is different to the typical model in that it is all about virtualisation. It is about putting applications on virtual servers which could all be in one location or could be thousands of miles apart but the point is it doesn’t matter because it is somebody else’s job to make sure they work. + +> In common usage the term “the cloud” has become a shorthand way to refer to cloud computing infrastructure.[4] The term came from the cloud symbol that network engineers used on network diagrams to represent the unknown (to them) segments of a network.[5] Marketers have further popularized the phrase “in the cloud” to refer to software, platforms and infrastructure that are sold “as a service”, i.e. remotely through the Internet. + +This article is therefore all about the cloud and what it means for the everyday linux user and what it can do for you and what, if any, pitfalls are there. + +From an end user and home user point of view, cloud computing has basically come to mean any service that is hosted online. + +So here goes, which cloud services are useful for an everyday linux user? + +### Email ### + +I would be very surprised if you are reading this and you don’t have an email account. + +PC Advisor magazine analysed the top 6 emails services back in March, 2014 consisting of Outlook, GMail, Yahoo, iCloud, AOL and GMX. + +### Office Suites ### + +As well as an email client one of the most commonly used tools required by everyone is an office suite. + +In the past people would toddle off down to PC World, buy a computer and come home with a great big machine and half a dozen CDs containing 5 programs you definitely won’t use and Microsoft Works which was a cheap and virtually useless cut down version of Microsoft Office. + +Now you don’t even need an office suite on your computer even though there are some great free choices out there including LibreOffice and Kingsoft. + +The obvious choices are of course Google Docs and Office 365. Does Office 365 work for Linux? Well this article from PC Pro in 2012 seems to suggest that it does. + +![](http://www.linuxnews.pro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/office365_1.png) + +I don’t believe everything I read though so I signed up to Office 365 to see what would happen. + +Signing up was free for a month and I was presented with a list of online applications that I could use which included Word, Excel and Outlook. + +![](http://www.linuxnews.pro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/office365_2.png) + +All looked to be going well. I started Microsoft Word, chose a template to use and then of course it didn’t work at all. + +Office 365 isn’t yet supported on Linux and to be honest you don’t need it. Move on. + +![](http://www.linuxnews.pro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/office365_3.png) + +Google Docs works and for home use it is perfect. There are hundreds of templates for the word processing and presentation tools and the spreadsheet application does most things although it doesn’t really replace Excel because you haven’t got hundreds of wannabe developers creating naff macros and VBA scripts everywhere. + +![](http://www.linuxnews.pro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/zoho_1.png) + +Another alternative to Office 365 is Zoho. + +Similar to Google Docs, Zoho includes a word processor, spreadsheet tool, presentation tool and mail. + +There are finance and CRM tools as well. + +![](http://www.linuxnews.pro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/zoho_2.png) + +The interface for the tools is actually very nice and clean. + +Services such as Google Docs and Zoho also give you the power of collaboration. + +Documents can be shared and worked on by different people in different locations. + +This site provides a good list of alternative choices to Google Docs and Zoho. + +### Online File Storage ### + +Another good service provided by Google Docs and Zoho is the ability to store the documents and files you create online. + +There are other services however such as Dropbox that are used to exclusively store your documents in the cloud. + +The benefit of storing files with services like Dropbox is that if your house is burgled or catches fire then you have an offshore backup that remains intact. You can also access your files anywhere. + +Dropbox is free for up to 2 gigabytes of use. If you have a lot more data, and most of us do nowadays, then there is a $ 9.99 monthly plan that is available allowing for 100 gigabytes. There is also a business version available from $ 15 a month. + +There are of course alternatives to Dropbox and this site provides a list of the best online backup solutions. + +### Photos ### + +Since the introduction of digital cameras and more recently smart phones, more and more of us have memory cards full of photos. + +I bet that at some point or other that you have lost photos because your phone died and the photos were on the phone and not the memory card or you lost your phone losing pictures of your child’s sports day or another important occasion. + +Losing a phone is never a good thing. If you are clever you will have set up some sort of security because most people have their phones synchronised with their email accounts, Facebook, Twitter and even online banking. + +All it takes to fix a lost phone is to change the passwords to all of the above accounts but lost photos are just not possible to recover and are a little bit more upsetting when lost. + +One solution of course is to backup to your computer. This is of course a good first step but occasionally laptops break as well and you are back to square one. + +Online photo storage sites are great resources because not only do they keep your photos safe you can also share them with whoever you choose to, eliminating the need to get 5 copies of the same photo developed to send to mum, nan, sister, aunty and mother-in-law. + +The solution I like to use is Google’s Picasa but many of you will have heard of services like Flickr as well. + +Lifehacker has a list of the five best photo sharing services. + +Remember though that just because they are called photo sharing services doesn’t mean you have to share them. You can keep them just to yourself. + +### Music ### + +The first record that I was ever given was a 12 inch vinyl version of “Kings of the wild frontier” by “Adam and the Ants” back in the early 1980s. + +As the 1980s progressed the long play records were replaced by cassettes and just as I had accumulated a decent number of cassettes the compact disc became the thing to have. + +Hundreds of compact discs later and MP3 file sharing became the norm and it even became the legal way of doing things. + +Nothing sits still with technology and the future is now with audio streaming services such as Spotify. + +Spotify is free to use but is supported with the inclusion of adverts. In this regard it is like having your own personal radio station where you choose the playlist. Of course you can pay a monthly fee and have the adverts removed altogether. + +There are dozens of similar services including Grooveshark and last.fm. + +Techradar has a list of 7 alternatives to Spotify. + +### Film ### + +The first film I ever watched in the Cinema was Dumbo. The first video I ever watched was “Krull” which contained a young Dulph Lundgren. The format of the video was on Beta Max. (My next door neighbour had one). + +My dad came home one day with a video recorder from Radio Rentals and my sister and I used to take it in turns to pick a video to hire from the video store. I remember my first choice being “The Black Hole”. + +As with music time moves on. Just as you get large units full of movies, some genius comes along and develops DVDs and then they come out with Bluerays. + +Now of course video streaming is the order of the day especially if you have a decent enough internet connection. + +The most commonly known services are Netflix and Lovefilm. + +This website has a list of good alternatives to Netflix. Not all of these services (including Netflix) work seamlessly on Linux. + +### Gaming ### + +Music, films and now gaming have moved to the online arena. + +Gaming is of course more difficult. Music is relatively low cost in terms of bandwidth and although films require a little more, the stream just needs to remain steady to get a clear picture. + +Games need to run at a consistently high frame rate to be playable and unless you have a decent connection it probably isn’t even worth trying. + +Current services offering a cloud gaming service include OnLive and StreamMyGame. + +This site contains a list of 6 online gaming services to rival OnLive. + +### Pitfalls ### + +Cloud computing isn’t free from issues. + +There is the obvious problem of hacking. If someone gets access to your online banking or your email then you have a real problem. + +What about online file storage? There is currently the high profile case of Megaupload.com. + +Megaupload.com was essentially a file storage site for storing large files. The problem is that a lot of people used the service to share copyright material and the US authorities came down like a ton of bricks and the service was shut down. + +Now a lot of people losing files would perhaps be expecting the inevitable but what about people who genuinely did nothing wrong. Their data has been lost. The US authorities refusing to give it back. + +Finally there is the subject of service maintenance. If your email went down for a day could you cope? What about 3 days? What about a month? You are at the mercy of the service provider. + +A lot has been made about large companies losing data and there has also been a lot of noise regarding heartbleed which is a vulnerability found in SSL left unpatched for years. + +If you have services hosted for you online then you are relying on technical support staff to do their job properly and if they don’t you could be at the mercy of hackers, hardware failures and poor backup and recovery maintenance. + +### Summary ### + +Cloud computing has really become the buzz term for any online service. Your web browser is a client connecting to a server or clusters of servers hosted anywhere in the world. The point is that you don’t care. You don’t need to know. + +Generally speaking I have barely touched the surface. We all use the cloud everyday and most of us don’t even think about it. + +How does the cloud affect the everyday linux user? It turns out quite a bit. + +Is the cloud a good or bad thing? Neither. Each service has to be judged on it’s own merits. + +The term “The Cloud” is just something marketing people and the technical press get excited about. Anyone remember when they kept using the term “Web 2.0″? + +Thankyou for reading. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxnews.pro/how-does-the-cloud-affect-the-everyday-linux-user/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md b/sources/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..64db4761d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md @@ -0,0 +1,158 @@ +The Best Linux Distribution for New Users +================================================================================ +This is a debate that most certainly brings out the beast in many a Linux user. The argument doesn't generally boil down to which distribution is truly best suited for new users, but which distribution is favored by those in the debate. If we set our personal preferences aside, a clearer picture can arise. But even that clarity can quickly get obscured by the needs and desires of the new users. Given that, I decided to take a different approach to finding the “best distro for new users." My criteria for best distribution must not only be easy to use, but also must appeal to a more modern design aesthetic brought about by the ever-growing thrust of the mobile interface metaphor. + +For the purposes of this examination, to be included in the short list a distribution must: + +- Be incredibly user-friendly +- Include, out of the box, all common apps +- Include some form of an app store +- Offer a modern user interface. + +Let me explain each criteria. + +### User-friendliness ### + +This is such a hotly debatable topic. But the truth of the matter is – a new user must be able to pick up a flavor of Linux and just start using it, with little to no explaining. If too much explanation must be given, then the distribution is not user friendly. I hate to be that guy, but nearly any user can sit in front of a Windows 7 or OS X desktop and start using it with almost zero coaching. That is what every Linux desktop should shoot for. + +### Common apps ### + +Users should not have to install the necessities out of the box. Period. And just what are the necessities? The list grows shorter every year. Currently, the list of must-have apps are: + +- Web browser: Either Chrome or Firefox (sorry, all other browsers need not apply) +- Email client: Thunderbird is the obvious choice +- Office Suite: LibreOffice. End of story +- Music player: Play local files and connect to streaming services (such as Spotify). + +That's the short list of apps nearly every user depends upon. + +### App store ### + +Thanks to that ever-growing dependency on mobile devices, users have grown accustomed to app stores. Linux has had these for quite some time (Synaptic being one of the oldest). Without a well thought-out app store, users will struggle with adding software in the Linux environment. This is, without a doubt, crucial. + +### Modern interface ### + +I've mentioned the mobile landscape a number of times already. Thanks to iOS and Android, users have grown fond of the modern UI. The desktop needs to follow suit and draw the attention of users with a unique, modern, yet easy-to-use interface. The old metaphor is no longer as effective in a multi-touch-friendly, mobile world. +Top three distros + +With the criteria in place, which distributions meet (or exceed) our needs? First, let's examine the top three candidates. Each of the following meets (or exceeds) the criteria. + +#### Ubuntu #### + +[Ubuntu Linux][1] has long reigned the king of user-friendly Linux. Out of the box, it's a challenge to find a desktop (Unity) that is more engaging and easy to use... even for those unfamiliar to the platform. The desktop layout, although different, is logical and intuitive. With the addition of one of the single most powerful search tools of any desktop environment, Ubuntu Unity should be considered a crowning achievement among the Linux faithful. + +#### Linux Mint #### + +If there is a distribution set to usurp the crown from the king, it is [Linux Mint][2]. Linux Mint takes a more standard approach to the desktop, but layers just enough eye candy and variation to make it stand out from the long-in-the-tooth desktop metaphor. Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu, so it does benefit from the stability and reliability found in its big brother. + +#### Linux Deepin #### + +New to the user-friendly list is [Linux Deepin][3]. This relatively new distribution hails from China and should be making some serious waves. Why? Because it takes the Linux desktop and turns it into a thing of artistic beauty; while at the same time retaining a high level of user-friendliness. When the newest iteration of this distribution is released, I expect big things. Linux Deepin takes the GNOME 3 desktop and retools it into something completely different and completely marvelous. + +### Scoring the Distros ### + +With the top contenders listed, let's compare each to our criteria and rank each. Scoring for the distributions is as such: For each criteria, the distributions are ranked first to last (first getting 1 point, last getting 3 points). In the end, all scores are totaled to determine the winner -- lowest score wins. + +#### User-friendliness #### + +This is probably the tightest of categories and hardest to judge. Each distribution is tops in user-friendliness in different ways. In the end, I'd rank the top three: + +1. Linux Mint + +2. Ubuntu Linux + +3. Linux Deepin + +Why? Mint gains a slight edge simply because it still holds to the old metaphor of start menu, task bar, and desktop icons. The margin of victory is incredibly slim though, as both Ubuntu and Linux Deepin require next to zero learning curve – even for the yet-to-be-initiated. + +#### Common apps #### + +The only reason this category is hard to judge is because each distribution includes all of the necessary applications. Although Linux Deepin currently offers Kingsoft Office (one of the finest mobile office suite solutions), the plans are to default to LibreOffice in the 2014 release. + +One of my issues with the common apps falls into that of audio players. Though I stream a lot of music (using the Spotify client), when I play music on my local drive, I always use Clementine. The default players are: + +- Ubuntu: Rhythmbox +- Linux Mint: Banshee +- Linux Deepen: DMusic. + +Of the three, Banshee (Figure 1) offers the most features, DMusic (Figure 2) offers the best interface, and (surprisingly enough) Rhythmbox (Figure 3) is, by far, the least reliable. + +![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/banshee.png) + +banshee + +![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/dmusic.png) + +dmusic + +![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/rhythmbox.png) + +rhythmbox + +So, how do they score? Like so: + +1. Linux Mint + +2. Ubuntu Linux + +3. Linux Deepin + +#### App store #### + +This category cannot go without being addressed. Why? Because the app store can easily make or break a Linux distribution for a new user. There will always be apps needed and no new user wants to jump through the hoops of learning the command line. Each distribution has their own take on the app store. + +- Ubuntu: Ubuntu Software Center +- Mint: Software Manager +- Linux Deepin: Deepin Software Center + +It should be said, that each of these tools is based on the Ubuntu Software Center. What is odd about this is that it is the Ubuntu Software Center that lands squarely on the bottom. The primary reason for this is the Ubuntu Software Center is very slow – even on an incredibly powerful machine. + +I would order the app stores as such: + +1. Linux Deepin + +2. Linux Mint + +3. Ubuntu Linux + +Each of the app stores functions in a very similar manner. The reason Linux Deepin gets the top bill is twofold: The interface is easier to navigate and the application opens far faster than either the Ubuntu Software Manager or the Mint Software Manager. + +#### Modern interface #### + +This is the category in which Linux Mint falls way, way behind. Even though it does offer a bit of eye candy and a more shallow learning curve, Linux Mint still suffers from what is, by comparison, a very outdated desktop. Even on powerful hardware (with solid graphics), Linux Mint still looks like it could very easily have been transported from the late 1990s. To that end, we must look to either Ubuntu Linux or Linux Deepin to bring us into the future. The winner is: + +1. Linux Deepin + +2. Ubuntu Linux + +3. Linux Mint + +What Linux Deepin does is use GNOME 3 to create an amalgam of GNOME and OSX that works so beautifully, you think you're dealing with a piece of interactive art. + +### The overall winner ### + +Although this is very rudimentary, the order of our best Linux distro for new users would be: + +1. Linux Mint with a collective score of 7 + +2. Linux Deepin with a collective score of 8 + +3. Ubuntu Linux with a collective score of 9 + +If you're wondering about the 'writer opinion' of this piece, know this: I have used Ubuntu Linux for years (and still do). I have recently been quoted as saying “If there's a Linux distro that will sway me from Ubuntu, it's Linux Deepin.” Although I appreciate Linux Mint for what it is, I only use it for testing purposes. With that said, Linux Mint is the clear winner, when it comes to best Linux distribution for new users. + +Here's the real truth of this matter – you can't go wrong with any of these Linux desktops. They each shine in their own right. If you're looking for a true beauty, go with Linux Deepin. If you want a combination of beauty and ease of use, go with Ubuntu Linux. If you just want simplicity and you don't care about eye candy, go with Linux Mint. No matter which way you go, it's a win-win-win scenario. + +What do you think? How would you rank the three chosen desktops? Or, would you write in a completely different Linux distribution for best in show for the new users (and why)? + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/775873-the-best-linux-distribution-for-new-users/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/ +[2]:http://www.linuxmint.com/ +[3]:http://www.linuxdeepin.com/index.en.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md b/sources/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5c2d39eebd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux +================================================================================ +Standard Linux circulations regularly default to one of two desktop environments, KDE or GNOME. Both of these give clients an instinctive and attractive desktop, and also offering a verity of media inbuilt softwares, system programs, games, utilities, web development tools, programming tools and so on. These two desktops center all the more on giving clients a cutting edge computing environment with all the accessories emphasized in Windows OS, instead of minimizing the measure of system resources they require. + +If you are using Ubuntu (or other) and exhausted of utilizing Unity desktop constantly? At that point, you ought to look at different choices accessible that can swap unity for you. I have gathered 7 desktop environments that are great and you beyond any doubt would need to utilize them once you are finished with this article. + +### [Mate][1] ### + +![](http://i0.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/mate.png) + +Mate is a fork of GNOME2. It gives a natural and appealing desktop environment utilizing conventional representations for Linux and other Unix-like working frameworks. MATE is under dynamic improvement to include help for new advances while saving a conventional desktop experience. + +Ubuntu 14.04, surprisingly, permit clients to introduce the MATE desktop straight from the Ubuntu Software Center. + +### [KDE][2] ### + +![](http://i2.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Kubuntu-9.04-DesktopEffects.png) + +KDE is the other significant desktop look, close to Gnome. It is considered to be the flashier and most asset and heavy desktop environment of every one of them. It’s likewise the particular case that looks closest to Windows’ desktop without any extraordinary adjustments or templates. KDE has the most peculiarities, and in addition a huge measure of settings you can change to tweak your experience. There is likewise a considerable measure of topics accessible for KDE, so you can truly profit from KDE’s peculiarities and still have it look the way you need it to. + +### [Cinnamon][3] ### + +![](http://i1.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/WD9O-C08B-ESP5.jpg) + +Cinnamon is a Gtk+-based environment. It initially began as a fork of the GNOME Shell, which is a client interface, and was at first created by (and for) Linux Mint. Cinnamon is essentially proposed for utilization with a console and a Pointing gadget, in the same way as a mouse; use with a touchscreen is likewise conceivable. Rather than KDE Plasma Workspaces, there is one GUI. Cinnamon 2.0, the current version, was disclosed on 10 October 2013. + +### [Unity][4] ### + +![](http://i1.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Ubuntu_13.10_Desktop.png) + +Unity is an interface for the GNOME desktop environment created by Canonical Ltd. for its Ubuntu OS. Unity appeared in the netbook release of Ubuntu 10.10. It was at first intended to make more proficient utilization of space given the constrained screen size of netbooks, including, for instance, a vertical app switcher called launcher, and a vertical space saver multipurpose top menubar. Unity in not a collection of different applications, like GNOME, KDE, Xfce, or LXDE, it is developed to use available utilities. + +### [GNOME Shell][5] ### + +![](http://i0.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/GNOME_Shell_3.6.png) + +GNOME gives center interface capacities like exchanging windows, launch applications or see your notices. It exploits the capacities of cutting edge graphics hardware and gives attractive, innovative client interface ideas with give a delightful and simple to user experience. GNOME Shell is the defining technology of the GNOME 3 client experience. + +A stable release of GNOME Shell was disclosed as a vital a piece of GNOME on 3 March 2011. + +### [Xfce][6] ### + +![](http://i0.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/New-Picture1.jpg) + +Xfce is a lighter desktop environment that is focused around the GTK schema. It looks very like Gnome 2/MATE, however it’s a lighter alternative than those two. It’s additionally much lighter than KDEand Gnome 3, so it’s ideal for low-fueled gadgets or for frameworks whose holders look to achieve greatest execution. It’s not the lightest alternative accessible – continue perusing for that – however Xfce does accomplish an equalization of execution and capacity. + +### [LXDE][7] ### + +![](http://i2.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/LXDE_desktop_full.png) + +LXDE is ostensibly the lightest alternative accessible for a desktop environment, at least among those that the customary desktop standard. This GTK-based desktop environment replaces the greater part of the default apps with considerably lighter alternatives (think Abiword, Gnumeric, and so on rather than Libreoffice), and it offers no flash visual impacts – nor does it have great feel by and large, without highly weighted tweaks. But, it’s still has a nice looking desktop with full functionality that you ought to consider to use in the event that you need something fast and simple. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://pulpybucket.com/top-7-desktop-environment-linux/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://mate-desktop.org/ +[2]:http://kde.org/ +[3]:http://cinnamon.linuxmint.com/ +[4]:https://unity.ubuntu.com/ +[5]:http://www.gnome.org/ +[6]:http://xfce.org/ +[7]:http://lxde.org/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..85561234d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux +================================================================================ +In this tutorial, I'll explain how to share a single Internet connection among multiple devices on Linux. While consumer-grade WiFi routers have become mainstream nowadays, making this problem a non-issue, suppose you don't have one at home. However, say you have a Linux box already assembled with a modem and a LAN card. The modem is connected to the Internet with a dynamic public IP address, and the LAN card connected to your switch/hub. Other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop) are connected to the switch without having any Internet connection. To share the Internet connection of the Linux box, you have to turn the box into a gateway, so that it can relay traffic to and from other devices. + +### Glossary of Terms ### + +- **Private IP address** (non-routeable address) is an IP address used for a Local Area Network (not visible through Internet). +- **Public IP address** (routeable address) is an IP address that is visible through Internet. +- **IP masquerading** is a function that allows set of machines to reach the Internet via a MASQ gateway. Those machines behind the MASQ gateway is never visible to the Internet. Any outgoing and incoming traffic from and to the machines behind the MASQ gateway must pass through the MASQ gateway. +- **Network Address Translation** (NAT) is a function that can make a private IP address reaches the Internet with the help of IP masquerading. + +### Hardware Requirements ### + +- One Linux box with two interfaces (one public IP address and the other private IP address), which will be used as a gateway. +- One or more Linux/Windows PC or laptop with private IP addresses. +- Switch/HUB (optional). + +### Step-by-Step Guide ### + +The following procedure is required on the Linux box (the connection sharing gateway). + +#### 1. Activate IP forwarding #### + +In order to set up Internet connection sharing, you need to enable IP forwarding on the Linux box with a kernel parameter. Startup kernel parameters stored in /etc/sysctl.conf. + +Open the file, and locate line with the following parameter "# net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0". Remove hash mark (i.e., uncomment it), and set the value to 1. It should look like the following: + + net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 + +You may also activate IP forwaring at run time by the following command: + + $ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 + $ sudo sysctl -p + +#### 2. NAT configuration #### + +Another important part of Internet connection sharing is NAT configuration which can be done using iptables command. iptables maintains four firewall tables: + +- FILTER (the default table) +- NAT +- MANGLE +- RAW + +In this tutorial we will use only two tables: FILTER and NAT tables. + +First, flush all active firewall rules. + + $ sudo iptables -X + $ sudo iptables -F + $ sudo iptables -t nat -X + $ sudo iptables -t nat -F + +On the INPUT table, you have to set chain FORWARD to ACCEPT target, so all packets passed through the box will be processed correctly. + + $ sudo iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + $ sudo iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + +On the NAT table, you have to enable IP masquerading for your WAN interface. We assume that the WAN interface is ppp0. To enable IP masquerading on ppp0 interface, you can use the following command: + + $ sudo iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE + +#### 3. Configuring a private IP address #### + +After all configuration is completed on the Linux box, you have to configure the DNS server and default gateway of other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop), so that they point to the Linux box. Note that you don't need to set up a DNS server on the Linux box. Every DNS request from other devices are automatically forwarded by the Linux box to your upstream ISP. + +If you are using Linux on the other devices, you can use the following command to change their default gateway and DNS servers. I assume that you are using 192.168.1.0/24 private IP address segment, and that 192.168.1.1 is the IP address assigned to the Linux box. + + $ sudo ip route del default + $ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.1.1 + $ sudo sh -c "echo 'nameserver 192.168.1.1' > /etc/resolv.conf" + +If you have other Linux devices, you can repeat the command above on other devices. + +If you have a Windows device, you can change the default gateway and the DNS server via network connection properties on the control panel. + +#### 4. The complete script #### + +Here is the complete script which sets up Internet connection sharing on the Linux box. The WAN interface (ppp0) needs to be replaced according to your environment. + + $ sudo vi /usr/local/bin/ishare + +---------- + + #!/bin/bash + + ## Internet connection shating script + + sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 + sysctl -p + iptables -X + iptables -F + iptables -t nat -X + iptables -t nat -F + iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE + +Save the above script to /usr/local/bin/ishare, and then change the executable bit by the following command. + + $ sudo chmox +x /usr/local/bin/ishare + +If you want the script executed every startup, you can register the script to /etc/rc.local. Open /etc/rc.local, before statement "exit 0", add the following line: + + /usr/local/bin/ishare + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/internet-connection-sharing-iptables-linux.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 74821ef00618924799b1ad94daa0b81651e565b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: linuhap Date: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 18:02:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 193/713] translated --- ...Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md | 73 ------------------- ...Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md | 72 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md b/sources/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md deleted file mode 100644 index 97cd0131ba..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,73 +0,0 @@ -linuhap翻译中 -How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg -================================================================================ -Hi unixmen readers, - -Have you ever wanted to extract images from a video file? It is possible to do such thing in Linux and for this tutorial I will use ffmpeg to get images from a video. - -### What is ffmpeg? ### - -ffmpeg is a very useful command line program which can be used to transcode media files. It is part of the FFmpeg leading multimedia framework that has many functionalities such as the ability to decode, encode, transcode, mux, demux, stream, filter and play pretty much anything that humans and machines have created. - -There are many various tools included in the framework each of which has a specific role. For example the ffserver is used to stream multimedia for live broadcasts, ffprobe is used to analyze multimedia stream, ffplay can be used as a simple media player and **ffmpeg** has the ability to convert multimedia files between formats. - -If you are interested the followings are the developer libraries included in the FFmpeg framework: - -- libavutil is a library containing functions for simplifying programming, including random number generators, data structures, mathematics routines, core multimedia utilities, and much more. -- libavcodec is a library containing decoders and encoders for audio/video codecs. -- libavformat is a library containing demuxers and muxers for multimedia container formats. -- libavdevice is a library containing input and output devices for grabbing from and rendering to many common multimedia input/output software frameworks, including Video4Linux, Video4Linux2, VfW, and ALSA. -- libavfilter is a library containing media filters. -- libswscale is a library performing highly optimized image scaling and color space/pixel format conversion operations. -- libswresample is a library performing highly optimized audio resampling, rematrixing and sample format conversion operations. - -**Note**: ffmpeg and FFmpeg are not the same. FFmpeg is the framework and the ffmpeg one of the utilities included on it. - -### Let the action begin ### - -In order to follow this tutorial you need to install the ffmpeg command line utility in your linux machine. Ubuntu users can easily install the ffmpeg utility by typing and running the following command in their terminal. - - sudo apt-get install ffmpeg - -Fedora users can install ffmpeg directly from the repos. - - yum install ffmpeg - -Or you can compile it from source. Before compiling and installing it from source you need to download it from the official website with the help of the following command. - - wget http://www.ffmpeg.org/releases/ffmpeg-2.2.3.tar.bz2 - -Extract the archive with the following command. - - tar -xvjf ffmpeg-2.2.3.tar.bz2 - -Once the archive is extracted run the following command. - - ./configure - make - -Once the compile is finished run the following command to install ffmpeg. - - su -c 'make install' - -Not that everything is set up, all you have to is type a few commands in your terminal and you will be able to extract images from any type of video file. - -Before going any further make sure you are in the same directory with the video file from which you want to extract images from. Use the cd command to navigate to the right directory. Since the video I am using for the purpose of this tutorial is in my Desktop i use the following command to navigate to my desktop. - - cd /home/oltjano/Desktop - -Then I use the following command to extract images from my video file. - - ffmpeg -i "Тимати - Рентген ( Альбом '13')-C9Plztvv8ac.mp4" -r 1 -q:v 2 -f image2 image-3%d.jpeg - -The **-i** option serves to get the input which in my case is the video file named **Тимати – Рентген ( Альбом ’13′)-C9Plztvv8ac.mp4**, the -r option sets the number of frames to be extracted as images every second. I like to extract one frame every second. - -Then a very important option that should be mentioned and I like to use is the -q:v which is used to set the image quality of the images being extracted. I always get high quality images when extracting them from a video by using the value of 2. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.unixmen.com/extract-images-videos-using-ffmpeg/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md b/translated/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2de1fbfa63 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +如何使用ffmpeg从视频中提取图片（有些专业词汇不太懂可能翻译错了，各位校译幸苦了） +================================================================================ +嗨，unixmen的读者们， + +你曾想过从一个视频文件中提取图片吗？在Linux中做这件事是有可能的，教程中我将使用ffmpeg来从视频中获取图片。 + +### 什么是ffmpeg？What is ffmpeg? ### + +ffmpeg是一个非常有用的命令行程序，它可以用来转码媒体文件。它是FFmpeg领先的多媒体框架的一部分，其有很多功能，比如解码、编码、转码、混流、分离、转化为流、过滤以及播放几乎所有的的由人和机器创建的媒体文件。 + +框架中包含有很多不同的工具，其中每一个都有特定的功能。例如，ffserver能够将多媒体文件转化为用于实时广播的流，ffprobe用于分析多媒体流，ffplay可以当作一个简易的媒体播放器，**ffmpeg**能够转换多媒体文件格式。 + +如果你感兴趣，以下是包括在FFmpeg框架中的开发者库： + +- libavutil是一个包含简化编程功能的库，其中包括随机数生成器，数据结构，数学代码，核心多媒体工具等更多东西。 +- libavcodec是一个包含音频/视频解码器和编码器的库。 +- libavformat是一个包含了多媒体格式的解析器和产生器的库。 +- libavdevice是一个包含输入输出设备的库，用于捕捉和渲染很多公共多媒体输入/输出软件框架，包括Video4Linux，Video4Linux2，VfW和ALSA。 +- libavfilter是一个包含媒体过滤器的库。 +- libswscale是一个用于执行高度优化的图像缩放和颜色空间/像素格式转换操作的库。 +- libswresample是一个用于执行高度优化的音频重采样，重新矩阵和样本格式转换操作的库。 + +**注意**：ffmpeg和FFmpeg并不一样。FFmpeg是一个框架而ffmpeg是一个FFmpeg中的一个功能。 + +### 开始行动 ### + +如果你想跟着教程做，你需要在你的linux机中安装ffmpeg命令行功能。Ubuntu用户可以在终端运行以下命令轻松安装ffmpeg功能。 + + sudo apt-get install ffmpeg + +Fedora用户可以从源中直接安装ffmpeg。 + + yum install ffmpeg + +或者你可以编译源代码。在你使用源代码编译并安装它之前，你需要从官网上下载源代码，使用以下命令。 + + wget http://www.ffmpeg.org/releases/ffmpeg-2.2.3.tar.bz2 + +用下面命令解压文档。 + + tar -xvjf ffmpeg-2.2.3.tar.bz2 + +文档解压完成后进入解压后的目录运行以下命令。 + + ./configure + make + +编译完成后运行下面的命令安装ffmpeg。 + + su -c 'make install' + +全部的事情并没有完成，而你将要做的所有事就是在终端键入一些命令而且将能够从任何视频文件中抓取图片。 + +在做之后的步骤前，确保你在想要提取图片的视频文件的目录下。使用cd命令切换到正确的目录。教程中我使用的视频在我的桌面上，我用以下命令将目录切换到我的桌面。 + + cd /home/oltjano/Desktop + +之后我使用以下命令从视频中提取图片。 + + ffmpeg -i "Тимати - Рентген ( Альбом '13')-C9Plztvv8ac.mp4" -r 1 -q:v 2 -f image2 image-3%d.jpeg + +**-i**选项用来获取输入文件，在这里是视频文件名**Тимати – Рентген ( Альбом ’13′)-C9Plztvv8ac.mp4**，-r选项设置每秒提取图片的帧数。我想要每秒提取一帧。 + +之后有一个重要的选项是-q:v，应该留意这个选项并且我很喜欢用它，它用来设置提取到的图片质量。我总是设置值为2来从视频中获取高质量图片。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/extract-images-videos-using-ffmpeg/ + +译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a643257df2d931ced70420e3430ac996d057e879 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: linuhap Date: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 18:08:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 194/713] translating --- .../talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md b/sources/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md index 64db4761d3..b504580b11 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +linuhap翻译中 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users ================================================================================ This is a debate that most certainly brings out the beast in many a Linux user. The argument doesn't generally boil down to which distribution is truly best suited for new users, but which distribution is favored by those in the debate. If we set our personal preferences aside, a clearer picture can arise. But even that clarity can quickly get obscured by the needs and desires of the new users. Given that, I decided to take a different approach to finding the “best distro for new users." My criteria for best distribution must not only be easy to use, but also must appeal to a more modern design aesthetic brought about by the ever-growing thrust of the mobile interface metaphor. @@ -155,4 +156,4 @@ via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/775873-the-best-linux-distr [1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/ [2]:http://www.linuxmint.com/ -[3]:http://www.linuxdeepin.com/index.en.html \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://www.linuxdeepin.com/index.en.html From b2ceebbbc4fc773342e783a344e637565447af93 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 22:37:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 195/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ATechView--Li?= =?UTF-8?q?nus=20Torvalds=20Inventor=20of=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...hView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md | 11 +++ ...hView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md | 92 ------------------- 2 files changed, 11 insertions(+), 92 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md delete mode 100644 translated/talk/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md diff --git a/published/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md b/published/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3e0cf8a92c --- /dev/null +++ b/published/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +技术视点：李纳斯·托沃兹，Linux的缔造者 ================================================================================ ![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Linus_Torvalds%2C_2002%2C_Australian_Linux_conference.jpg/800px-Linus_Torvalds%2C_2002%2C_Australian_Linux_conference.jpg) > 我们的第一个谈话对象是[李纳斯·托沃兹][1]，Linux的传奇缔造者以及开源革命的先驱。托沃兹生于芬兰的赫尔辛基，是诗人奥尔·托沃兹的孙子。尽管他更喜欢告诉人们，他的名字来自于《花生漫画》中的角色，但事实是他是以李纳斯·鲍林——一位两次诺贝尔奖获得者的名字来命名的。他的计算机经历是从一台Commodore计算机上开始的，后来换成了Sinclair和IBM的386。他起初使用的是Minix操作系统，后来换成了他自己的Linux操作系统。托沃兹的妻子托芙是六次芬兰全国空手道冠军，婚后他们定居在加利佛尼亚的圣何塞，育有三个女儿。 **技术视点（TV）**：在当今的技术中，有什么令你感兴趣？ **托沃兹**：我差不多是个“鼠目寸光”的家伙，所以相对于那些更空洞的“大潮流”，我对实实在在的技术创新更感兴趣。 我很关注硬件厂商的新产品和最新的芯片，而最能吸引我的（因为毕竟我是个做软件的）是那些开发出新的算法和软件来充分利用这些新功能的人。 **TV**：那在当今科技中，什么会让你感到恼火？它是怎么以及为什么让你愤怒？ **托沃兹**：我不会用“愤怒”这个词，但是如果真要说技术领域中有什么让人反感的，那无疑是对那些头顶光环的“领袖”们的赞美。 是的，这种情况也发生在我身上。但是我很不喜欢人们把我以及我所说的话太当回事。我认为，现在流行的“个人崇拜”相当令人不安，即使是对于乔布斯，埃里森，盖茨等众所周知的领袖来说，这个现象也不正常。我希望更多的人能有自主思考，并能意识到技术发展实际上来源于遍布全球的那些默默无闻的伟大工程师的共同智慧。 我理解人们渴望明星，而这种事也不仅仅发生在技术世界中（嘿，我的确希望这事在技术世界中要比娱乐行业来得少 ;) ），但是，这还是有点令人沮丧。 **TV**：相比Red Hat和SuSE,你为什么没有抓住商业授权的机遇？难道如果Linux不开源，它就不会成为Linux了吗？你能谈谈更多情况吗？你是否曾在此事上感到过后悔？ **托沃兹**：我肯定不会因为任何事情自责。我现在身在一个令人羡慕的位置上，我能干我喜欢的事情，并赢得大家的尊重。况且，以前一文不得的时候我就很享受我的工作，而现在我从工作中得到了不错的报酬 我相信，很少有人能有机会做与众不同的事情，让我来告诉你吧，这种感觉真不错。对于商业，我从来都不感兴趣。对我来说，那些把Linux商业化的人替我做了我从没有动力做的事情。而这项工作的确需要人做，也很有益。因此，事实上我很感谢那些商业机构，它们让我能集中精力干我想干的那部分事情。 **TV**：在当今的科技界，你尊敬的人有哪些？为什么？ **托沃兹**：哈！这个问题又绕回了我对于“个人崇拜”的看法，对“让我们找个人并把他神化”这种事，我一点兴趣都没有。 所以，相比列出来个人名单，我更尊敬像EFF这样的组织，甚至有时候只是观念和想法。因为它们不是要单纯获取自身利益，而是努力去做一些实质性的事情来让技术在一个更大的蓝图中更好地发挥作用。 在个人层面上，我更喜欢那些不自骄自傲，同时又在他们的本职工作上干得很好的人。如果一定要我说一些知名人士，我想我更愿意成为斯蒂芬·沃兹尼克那样的人，我想这也是我尊敬他的原因。 **TV**：就谷歌和微软而言，你认为哪个更成功？为什么？ **托沃兹**：我认为，相对胜利者来说，两家公司竞争的过程才是更有趣的。 在谷歌和微软的竞争中，我真的不认为两家公司本身比技术的变革更为有趣。这种变革的本质是从对单个计算机的控制转向对成千上万独立计算机的整合。 **TV**：你认为像科技灾难、互联网泡沫崩溃以及电信业崩盘这样的事为什么会发生？我们在今后怎样来防止它们再发生？ **托沃兹**：实际上，我对此类事情持相反的看法，而且我认为没有必要去防止它们再次发生。 我坚信我们应该努力去挑战极限，而不是追求百分之百的稳定和理性 大多数技术发展都不是有规律可循的，有的像火山爆发，有的事后可能被认为是夸大其词，有的刚出来时一点都不讨人喜欢。但事实上，如果太过努力去保持理性和避免做蠢事，就会扼杀创造力。 我个人认为，真正稳定可靠的发展模式不是持续的微创新，而是通过超载和崩溃带来的系统演替。持续的微创新虽然看起来是一个好的选择，但是不经历超载和崩溃，你怎么可能发现系统的极限，并对它进行改进呢？ **TV**：技术在未来会怎样改变我们的生活？你会和其它领域的领军者一起创建新技术吗，比如生物信息学？ **托沃兹**：我个人的理论是，技术对我们的生活的改变，远没有我们构建技术来适应我们的生活来得多。 这就是为什么你看不到飞行汽车等科幻小说中受欢迎的东西——但是相反，你却看到了利用技术来降低成本，使得一些此前就存在但是却因为成本因素不能大规模应用或者量身定制的事情被更多人接受。 因此，技术很少直接改变我们的生活本身——虽然它往往意味着更多的人能获得那些以前罕见的或只限于土豪们的东西。 真正的改变发生在当某些事物变得如此廉价并且随手可得，从而改变了你的行为的时候。而在很多方面，这些行为上的改变要比技术本身来得更有趣。 例如，互联网带来的一大革命，是让你可以用极低的成本找到志趣相投的人并与他们进行交流。而且，我认为许多真正的改变正是来自于当人们无需付出太多努力就能找到其他对同一事物有相同兴趣的人时，他们的习惯会如何改变。 因此，你发现了所有的这些专业兴趣小组，许多人都在花大量时间讨论那些最神秘的问题，他们刚刚发现这些问题很有趣——这些事，你在之前不一定能实际去做，因为那时真的很难找到和你一样在某些不同寻常的专业上感兴趣的人并进行讨论。 而我认为那是生活真正改变的方式——不是因为任何新技术的出色特性，而完全是因为技术降低边际成本后带来的惊喜。 **TV**：就你而言，谁是当今科技界最举足轻重的人物？ **托沃兹**：我想大量的技术由消费市场推动，而不再是由军方或商业需求推动这一点很说明问题。我也常常认为，许多公司正在推进的愚蠢事情（特别是DRM）都忽略了一个事实：任何技术上最重要的人，最终总是“用户”。 因此，就我而言，我认为你的问题的答案是“用户”，或者叫“消费者”，而这确实是最重要的部分，因为用户正是市场需求和商业成功的根源。 **TV**：请谈一些你个人的观点吧，比如宗教？政治？ **托沃兹**：我完全是一个虔诚的——无神论者。我发现人们似乎认为宗教带给人道德和对自然的敬畏，但事实上我认为它反而把这两方面都削弱了。它给了人们借口说“哇，世界是被创造出来的”，而创世是神秘而不可测的。我更欣赏的说法是“哇，真让人难以置信，这样的事情竟然会首先发生”。具有讽刺意味的是，在许多欧洲国家，国家和宗教已经从法律意义上结合在了一起。 我现在是一位美国公民，并且我也拥有投票权。但是，坦率地说，我不支持任何政党，因为我的个人骄傲不允许我和任何政党有关联。 **TV**：谢谢，李纳斯！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/billrobinson/techview-linus-torvalds-i_b_5338844.html + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[reinoir](https://github.com/reinoir),mahua + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds diff --git a/translated/talk/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md b/translated/talk/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 560bab9dbb..0000000000 --- a/translated/talk/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,92 +0,0 @@ -技术视点：李纳斯·托沃兹，Linux的缔造者 -================================================================================ -![](http://images.huffingtonpost.com/2012-06-27-techscapelogocolumn1.jpg) - - -> 我们的第一个谈话对象是[李纳斯·托沃兹][1]，Linux的传奇缔造者以及开源改革先驱。托沃兹生于芬兰的赫尔辛基，是诗人奥尔·托沃兹的孙子。尽管他更喜欢告诉人们，他的名字来自于《花生漫画》中的角色，但事实是他是以李纳斯·鲍林——一位两次诺贝尔奖获得者的名字来命名的。他的计算机经历是从一台Commodore计算机上开始的，后来换成了Sinclair和IBM的386上。刚开始，他使用的是Minix操作系统，后来换成了他自己的Linux操作系统。托沃兹和他的妻子托芙——一位六次芬兰全国空手道冠军结婚了，婚后他们定居在加利佛尼亚的圣何塞，育有三个女儿。 - -**技术视点（TV）**：在当今的技术中，有什么令你感兴趣？ - -**托沃兹**：我差不多是个“鼠目寸光”的家伙，所以相对于那些更空洞的“大潮流”，我对技术中实在的新东西更感兴趣。 - -我喜欢关注硬件公司生产的新产品，关注他们最新的芯片，而其中可能最能吸引我的（因为毕竟我是个做软件的）是那些提出新的算法并开发出新的软件来利用这些新功能的人。 - -**TV**：那在当今科技中，什么真正让你感到恼火？它是怎么以及为什么让你生气？ - -**托沃兹**：我不会用生气这个词，但是如果真要说技术市场中有什么让人反感的，那就是对那些最令人瞩目的“领袖”们的赞美。 - -这里，当然也包括我。我认为，整个的“个人崇拜”相当令人不安。而且，我很痛恨把我以及我所说的话看得太重。对于乔布斯，埃里森，盖茨等所谓的领袖，都是如此。我希望更多的人能自己思考，并且意识到技术实际上来自遍布全球的那些默默无闻的伟大工程师中的任意一员。 - -我理解人们想要并且需要一个焦点，而这种事也不仅仅发生在技术世界中（嘿，毫无疑问，我希望这事在技术世界中要发生得比娱乐行业来得少 ;) ），但是，这事仍然有点令人沮丧。 - -**TV**：你是怎么错过“毕生机遇”，而其它像Red Hat，SuSE等等却抓住了它？这是因为如果Linux不开源，它起初就不会成为Linux了吗？你能谈谈更多情况吗？你是否曾在此事上感到过后悔？ - -**托沃兹**：我当然不会因为任何事情后悔。我现在身在一个令人羡慕的位置上，我能干我喜欢的事情。而且，人们因此而尊重我。况且，我自由的能做我想做（也做了）的事情。 - -我想，很少有人会喜欢自己变得与众不同，那么让我来告诉你吧，这种感觉真不错。对于商业方面，我从来都不感兴趣。而且，对我来说，那些可以采用Linux并把它商用的人和公司只是做了我从没有动力做的事情。而这项工作需要人做，也很有益。因此，事实上我很感谢那些商业实体：它们让我能集中精力干我想干的那部分事情。 - -**TV**：在当今的科技界，哪位是你尊敬的人？为什么？ - -**托沃兹**：嗨！看看我对于整个“个人崇拜”的控诉吧。我只是对“让我们找个人并把他置于令人尊敬的地位上”这种事一点兴趣都没有。 - -所以，比起列出一些著名的人，我更乐意给出一些像是EFF这样的组织，这些组织（以及有时候只是观念和想法）不是要试着去穷其一生提升他们自己，而是试着去做一些实质性的事情来给予帮助，让技术工作在一个更大的蓝图中变得更好。 - -在个人层面上，我更喜欢那些不把他们自己太当一回事，同时又在他们的本职工作上干得很好的人。如果一定要我说一些知名人士，我想我更愿意成为斯蒂芬·沃兹尼克那样的人，我想这也是我尊敬他的原因。 - -**TV**：在谷歌和微软的言行上，你更敬佩哪个？成功者为什么成功？ - -**托沃兹**：我不认为成功的结果会和成功的过程一样有趣。 - -在整个谷歌和微软的竞争中，我真的不认为公司本身相比技术环境中那些吸引人们视线的变革更为有趣。这个竞争，已经从对单个计算机的控制，升级为对成千上万独立计算机的整合。 - -**TV**：你认为像科技灾难、互联网泡沫崩溃以及电信业崩盘这样的事为什么会发生？我们在今后怎样来防止它们再发生？ - -**托沃兹**：实际上，我对此类事情持相反的看法，并且没有理由去“阻止它们反复”。 - -我坚信万物能够超越极限，但是我不太相信事物能够达到完全稳定、并且百分百“正常”的状态。 - -大量真正的进展在井喷似的发生，而后来成了被称为“夸大宣传”以及其它不讨好的事情的一部分。但在这件事上，太过努力去尝试变得稳定、无聊、不做蠢事，实在是与创造性的初衷相悖了。 - -我个人认为，稳定开发模型不是持续的增量改进的方案之一，而是一连串的超载和崩溃。 - -渐进增量改进常常可能看起来是更好的策略，但是如果你没有偶然地经历过超载和崩溃，你又怎么知道你确实是在超越极限呢？ - -**TV**：技术在将来会怎样改变我们的生活？你会和其它领域的领军者们一起创建新技术吗，比如生物信息学？ - -**托沃兹**：我个人的理论是，技术对我们的生活的改变，远没有我们构建技术来适应我们的生活来得多。 - -这就是为什么你看不到飞行汽车等科幻小说中受欢迎的东西——但是相反，你却看到了利用技术来降低交易成本等，这类此前就存在、但不能大规模应用或者量身定制的事情（除了有时候为那些富得冒油的人做）。 - -因此，技术很少直接改变我们的生活本身——虽然它往往意味着更多的人能获得那些以前罕见的或只限于土豪们的东西。 - -真正的改变发生在当某些事物变得如此廉价并且遍地都是让你的行为变得大不相同的时候。而在不同方面，这些行为上的改变要比技术本身来得更有趣。 - -例如，互联网真正做成的一件事，是让你寻找并与志趣相投的人交流的成本降得更低。而且，我认为许多真正的改变正是来自于人们无需付出太多努力就能找到其他对同一事物有相同兴趣的人，他们的习惯因此而在改变中得以体现。 - -因此，你发现了所有的这些专业兴趣小组，许多人都在花大量时间讨论那些最神秘的问题，他们刚刚发现这些问题很有趣——这些事，你在之前不一定能实际去做，因为那时真的很难找到和你在某些不同寻常的专业上志趣相投人并进行讨论。 - -而我认为那是生活真正改变的方式——不是因为任何新技术的出色特性，而完全是因为技术降低增量成本后的无意副作用。 - -**TV**：据你估计，当今科技界谁是举足轻重的人物？ - -**托沃兹**：我想大量的技术由消费市场推动，而不再是由军方或商业需求推动这一点很说明问题。我也常常认为公司正在做的许多貌似愚蠢的事情（特别是DRM）似乎正因为忽略了一个事实：任何技术上最重要的人，最终总是“用户”。 - -因此，就我而言，我认为你的问题的答案是“用户”，或者叫“消费者”，而那个确实是最重要的部分，因为那个正是需求和实际商业成功的根源。 - -**TV**：请谈一些你个人的观点吧，比如宗教？政治？ - -**托沃兹**：我完全是一个虔诚的——无神论者。我发现人们似乎认为宗教带给人道德和感激自然的情感。事实上我认为，它反而把这两方面都削弱了。它给人们理由来说“哦，自然刚被创立”，以及创世行为是神奇的事情。我欣赏着“哇，真让人难以置信，竟然首先发生了这样的事情”。在许多欧洲国家，国家和宗教之间实际上具有法律约束力，是的，这正是一种讽刺。 - -我成了一位美国公民，并且我注册取得了在美国的投票权。我不支持任何政党，因为相当坦率地说，我的前进道路上有太多个人引以为豪的东西，不想和他们中的任何人有什么关联。 - -**TV**：谢谢，李纳斯！ - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/billrobinson/techview-linus-torvalds-i_b_5338844.html - -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[reinoir](https://github.com/reinoir) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Torvalds From aca2f4c059ac4fa292ed0f5c116081c9a35d7e82 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: yujianxuechuan Date: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 22:37:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 196/713] Translating 20140610\ How\ to\ set\ up\ Internet\ connection\ sharing\ with\ iptables\ on\ Linux.md --- ...et up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md index 85561234d2..b66e51bd3f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by yujianxuechuan,占坑 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux ================================================================================ In this tutorial, I'll explain how to share a single Internet connection among multiple devices on Linux. While consumer-grade WiFi routers have become mainstream nowadays, making this problem a non-issue, suppose you don't have one at home. However, say you have a Linux box already assembled with a modem and a LAN card. The modem is connected to the Internet with a dynamic public IP address, and the LAN card connected to your switch/hub. Other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop) are connected to the switch without having any Internet connection. To share the Internet connection of the Linux box, you have to turn the box into a gateway, so that it can relay traffic to and from other devices. @@ -109,4 +110,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/internet-connection-sharing-iptables-linux.html 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 4fa07bde4324317391dfa59433e571b1577229b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 10 Jun 2014 23:38:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 197/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AInstall=20So?= =?UTF-8?q?undCloud=20In=20Ubuntu=2014.04?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @GOLinux 明天发布 --- .../Install SoundCloud In Ubuntu 14.04.md | 13 ++++++++----- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Install SoundCloud In Ubuntu 14.04.md (61%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Install SoundCloud In Ubuntu 14.04.md b/published/Install SoundCloud In Ubuntu 14.04.md similarity index 61% rename from translated/tech/Install SoundCloud In Ubuntu 14.04.md rename to published/Install SoundCloud In Ubuntu 14.04.md index 19a7b37f80..dc727f3885 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Install SoundCloud In Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/published/Install SoundCloud In Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -1,20 +1,23 @@ Ubuntu 14.04安装声云（SoundCloud） ================================================================================ -[SoundCloud][1]是一个发现交流音乐或印地音乐的很棒的平台。如果你是声云（SoundCloud）的粉丝，你可以在Ubuntu 14.04，或者其早期版本以及Linux Mint、Elementary OS等其它Linux发行版中作为“桌面应用”来尝试。 +[SoundCloud][1]是一个发现alternate音乐和 indi音乐的很棒的平台。如果你是声云（SoundCloud）的粉丝，你可以在Ubuntu 14.04，或者其早期版本以及Linux Mint、Elementary OS等其它Linux发行版中作为“桌面应用”来尝试。 要**在Ubuntu 14.04中安装声云（SoundCloud）**，我们将使用与[在Ubuntu中安装Google Keep][2]相同的方法来安装。上次我们使用Google Chrome来安装Google Keep，而这次我们将使用Firefox来安装声云（SoundCloud）。 + ### 在Ubuntu 14.04和Linux Mint中安装声云（SoundCloud）： ### + 由于Ubuntu（以及大多数其它Linux发行版）预装了Firefox，只需打开Firefox并转到该地址：[https://marketplace.firefox.com/][3]。 -Firefox应用市场是Chrome商店的替代品，里面提供了一些用于Firefox智能手机OS的应用，和Firefox网页浏览器一样。在Firefox应用市场中搜索声云（SoundCloud），点击安装（install）来安装，并作为Web应用添加到Ubuntu中。 +Firefox应用市场是Chrome商店的替代品，类似于Firefox网页浏览器的应用市场，里面提供了一些用于Firefox智能手机OS的应用。在Firefox应用市场中搜索声云（SoundCloud），点击安装（install）来安装，并作为Web应用添加到Ubuntu中。 ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Firefox_SoundClud.jpeg) -一旦完成，你可以通过在Unity Dash中搜索声云（SoundCloud）应用来启动它。下图展示了Ubuntu 14.04 Unity中该应用的外观： +完成后，你可以通过在Unity Dash中搜索声云（SoundCloud）应用来启动它。下图展示了Ubuntu 14.04 Unity中该应用的外观： ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/SoundCloud_Ubuntu.jpeg) ### 卸载从Firefox应用市场安装的声云（SoundCloud）应用 ### -不要过于兴奋了。该桌面没有整合声音菜单，我也不能对桌面通知持相同看法，但是这的确比Web应用要好，至少我是这么认为的。但是如果你感到不满意，那么就卸载它吧，这在Ubuntu中也很容易。 + +不要过于兴奋了。该桌面没有整合声音菜单，桌面通知也一样没有，但是这的确比Web版应用要好，至少我是这么认为的。但是如果你感到不满意，那么就卸载它吧，这在Ubuntu中也很容易。 运行声云（SoundCloud），在Unity启动器上**右击**声云（SoundCloud）图标，然后点击**卸载应用（uninstall app）**。 @@ -26,7 +29,7 @@ Firefox应用市场是Chrome商店的替代品，里面提供了一些用于Fire via: http://itsfoss.com/install-soundcloud-ubuntu-1404/ -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8d0d9783f986c7e8ac956df5fd7b0747393b7d8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 11 Jun 2014 00:17:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 198/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AGuide=20To?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Install=20Ubuntu=2014.04=20In=20Dual=20Boot=20Mode=20With=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Windows=208=20Or=208.1=20UEFI?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @alim0x 明天发布 --- ...al Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md | 21 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md (80%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md b/published/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md similarity index 80% rename from translated/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md rename to published/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md index c6a59514a0..ea718cc18a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md +++ b/published/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -第四步中的步骤根据实际情况进行了适当修改，Windows操作以及Ubuntu安装过程中的名词根据中文版实际情况进行了修改。第六步中从USB启动的步骤感觉不大对，需要确认。第六步第三段实际中选择语言和安装或试用在同一界面，选择语言那句翻译需要确认。 - 在UEFI模式下安装Ubuntu 14.04与Windows 8/8.1双启动 ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Dual_Boot_Windows8_Ubuntu_1404.jpeg) @@ -32,11 +30,11 @@ ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/disk_partition.jpeg) -在磁盘管理工具中，右键点击你想划分并压缩的卷。在我的演示中，我选择C盘进行压缩卷，划分出未分配空间： +在磁盘管理工具中，右键点击你想划分并缩小的卷。在我的演示中，我选择C盘的卷进行缩小，划分出未分配空间： ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/disk_partition_Windows8.jpeg) -你可以就这么保留着未分配空间。我们会在安装Ubuntu时用到它。 +缩小后出现的未分配空间就放在那里好了，不用对其分区和格式化。我们会在安装Ubuntu时用到它。 #### 第四步：在Windows中禁用快速启动 [可选] #### @@ -48,13 +46,15 @@ 这是最重要的步骤。Windows 8新的安全启动（secure boot）原本是针对rootkit病毒的安全特性，但它也阻止了Windows和Linux的双启动。为了实现Windows和Linux的双启动，我们必须在UEFI中禁用安全启动（secure boot）。 +可以参见：[如何在 Win8 上禁用 UEFI 安全引导以安装Linux][4]。 + #### 第六步：安装Ubuntu，与Windows 8共存 #### 一旦你禁用了安全启动（secure boot），那就是时候安装Ubuntu了。我希望你像第二步中提到的一样创建了一个USB启动盘。插入U盘，然后从U盘启动系统。 -要从USB启动，需要在Windows中选择从USB启动选项。从电脑设置（像UEFI）中选择或在点击重新启动的时候按住Shift键。 +要从USB启动，需要在Windows中选择从USB启动的选项。从电脑设置（像UEFI）中选择选项或在点击“重新启动”的时候按住Shift键。 -当你启动到live USB模式后，你会看到试用（try）或者安装（install）Ubuntu。选择语言，然后点击安装Ubuntu（install）。接下来是关于硬盘空间，电源和网络连接等等的一些检查。只需点击**继续**。 +当你用USB启动盘启动后，你会看到试用（try）或者安装（install）Ubuntu的选择，这里要点击“安装”。另外在屏幕上不多的设置选项里面，你可以选择你用的语言。接下来是关于硬盘空间，电源和网络连接等等的一些检查。只需点击**继续**。 ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu.jpeg) @@ -62,11 +62,11 @@ ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu_1.jpeg) -还记得我们事先划分的未分配空间吗？我们将用它来创建根分区（Root），交换空间（Swap）以及家目录（Home）。选择空闲（free space）然后点击加号（+）。 +还记得我们事先划分的未分配空间吗？我们将用它来创建根分区（ / ），交换空间（Swap）以及家目录（Home）。选择空闲（free space）然后点击加号（+）。 ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu_2.jpeg) -它会给你提供创建Linux分区的选项。我们正在创建根分区（Root）。10-20GB空间就足够了。选择大小（Size），选择Ext 4作为文件系统以及/（意思是根-root）作为挂载点（Mount point）。 +它会给你提供创建Linux分区的选项。我们正在创建根分区 /。10到20GB空间就足够了。选择大小（Size），然后选择Ext 4作为文件系统以及 /（意思是根）作为挂载点（Mount point）。 ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu_3.png) @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu_5.png) -分配好了根分区（Root），交换空间（Swap）和家目录（Home）之后，点击**现在安装（Install Now）**： +分配好了根分区（ / ），交换空间（Swap）和家目录（Home）之后，点击**现在安装（Install Now）**： ![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Installing_Windows8_Ubuntu_6.jpeg) @@ -92,10 +92,11 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-1404-dual-boot-mode-windows-8-81-uefi/ -译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [1]:http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-dual-boot-mode-windows/ [2]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/6-safest-ways-to-backup-restore-your-files-in-windows-7-8/ [3]:http://www.pendrivelinux.com/universal-usb-installer-easy-as-1-2-3/ +[4]:http://linux.cn/article-3061-1.html From 8ab79c55df7d6544a562e9fdcf0ee3f7e6f17d17 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chunxiao ye Date: Wed, 11 Jun 2014 11:19:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 199/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B9=8C=E9=BE=99=E8=8C=B6=E7=BF=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md | 55 ------------------- ... Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md | 54 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 55 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md diff --git a/sources/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md b/sources/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md deleted file mode 100644 index e11f0c74b1..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,55 +0,0 @@ -乌龙茶 占坑 -10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use! -================================================================================ -From content management systems to simple tables, databases are a part of every development project nowadays. That is why developers lay so much emphasis on using the right kind of database tools. Here are some that may be of help to you! - -![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/LuMX31155AM5132014.jpeg) - -#### 1. [Autotabla][1] #### - -Autotabla is a CGI web interface to your programs' SQL tables. Just provide an XML description of your schema, and you'll be able to create/modify/delete records. HTML output fully customisable through CSS. Database independence through Perl/DBI. - -#### 2. [Cruddy!][2] #### - -Cruddy! is an application of the CGI::CRUD framework that provides an instant web front-end CRUD interface to your database. - -#### 3. [myPhile][3] #### - -This is a customisable generic front-end for MySQL tables. - -#### 4. [NG-Admin][4] #### - -This is a content management tool for databases. - -#### 5. [phpMoAdmin][5] #### - -This is a MongoDB administration tool for PHP. - -#### 6. [phpMSAdmin][6] #### - -phpMSAdmin is a tool written in PHP that allows you to administer a Microsoft SQL Server through a web browser, without the need for Windows or the proprietary Enterprise Manager. It allows you to create/modify: databases, tables, views, triggers, etc. - -#### 7. [RockMongo][7] #### - -RockMongo, a MongoDB administration tool, written in PHP5, is Best in PHP world, more like PHPMyAdmin. - -#### 8. [WizMySQLAdmin][8] #### - -WizMySQLAdmin is a MySQL database manager like the most famous phpMyAdmin, but it's very simple to install and maintain. It's composed by only one file, and it support multiple databases and tables creation and manipulation. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=138307 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/autotabla/ -[2]:http://www.thesmbexchange.com/cruddy/ -[3]:http://efytimes.com/e1/companionway.net -[4]:http://www.ng-marketing.com/wuerzburg/ -[5]:http://phpmoadmin.com/ -[6]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/phpmsadmin/ -[7]:http://rockmongo.com/ -[8]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/wizmysqadmin/ diff --git a/translated/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md b/translated/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b47490add4 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +10款适合Linux用户使用的数据库！ +================================================================================ +从内容管理系统到简单的表格，数据库是每一个开发项目的一部分。这就是为什么开发者们如此强调使用正确类型的数据库工具。下面这些可能对您有所帮助！ + +![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/LuMX31155AM5132014.jpeg) + +#### 1. [Autotabla][1] #### + +Autotabla是一个对你的程序以CGI Web为界面的SQL表。只需要提供你架构的XML描述，你就可以创建/修改/删除记录。 HTML输出通过CSS完全自定义。通过Perl/DBI保证数据库的独立性。 + +#### 2. [Cruddy!][2] #### + +Cruddy！是一个以CGI::CRUD为框架的应用程序，它为你的数据库提供了一个即时的Web前端的CRUD接口。 + +#### 3. [myPhile][3] #### + +这是一个可定制通用前端的MySQL表。 + +#### 4. [NG-Admin][4] #### + +这是一个内容管理工具的数据库。 + +#### 5. [phpMoAdmin][5] #### + +这是一个PHP语言的MongoDB管理工具。 + +#### 6. [phpMSAdmin][6] #### + +phpMSAdmin是用PHP编写的工具，它允许您通过Web浏览器管理一个微软的SQL Server ，而不需要Windows或专有的企业管理器。它允许你创建/修改：数据库，表，视图，触发器等 + +#### 7. [RockMongo][7] #### + +RockMongo，一个MongoDB的管理工具，在PHP5中实现，最好是在PHP中使用，更多的，像phpMyAdmin。 + +#### 8. [WizMySQLAdmin][8] #### + +WizMySQLAdmin就像是最有名的phpMyAdmin的MySQL数据库管理器，但它非常易于安装和维护。它只由一个文件组成，并支持多种数据库和表的创建和处理。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=138307 + +译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechuxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/autotabla/ +[2]:http://www.thesmbexchange.com/cruddy/ +[3]:http://efytimes.com/e1/companionway.net +[4]:http://www.ng-marketing.com/wuerzburg/ +[5]:http://phpmoadmin.com/ +[6]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/phpmsadmin/ +[7]:http://rockmongo.com/ +[8]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/wizmysqadmin/ From 6f34520e9e2a82df568c54902a0542c4e4650478 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 11 Jun 2014 13:48:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 200/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140611-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md | 84 ++++++++++++++++++ ...ere Raise $10M From Andreessen Horowitz.md | 50 +++++++++++ ...s CEO Sees Open Source Cloud Domination.md | 33 +++++++ ...ing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 87 +++++++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 254 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140611 Little Known Apache Mesos Project Helps Mesosphere Raise $10M From Andreessen Horowitz.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140611 Red Hat's CEO Sees Open Source Cloud Domination.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md b/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5cdd7dc6ef --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +HTG Explains: What’s the Difference Between Linux and BSD? +================================================================================ +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/freebsd-devil-mascot-and-ubuntu-linux.jpg) + +Both Linux and the BSDs are free and open-source, Unix-like operating systems. They even use much of the same software — these operating systems have more things in common than they do differences. So why do they all exist? + +There are more differences than we can cover here, especially philosophical differences about the way one should build an operating system and license it. This should help you understand the basics, though. + +### The Basics ### + +[What most people call “Linux” isn’t actually Linux][1]. Linux is technically just the Linux kernel — typical Linux distributions are made up of many pieces of software. This is [why Linux is sometimes called GNU/Linux][2]. In fact, much of this same software on top of Linux is the same software used on the BSDs. + +Linux and the BSDs are both Unix-like operating systems. As we covered when we looked at [the history of Unix-like operating systems][3], Linux and BSD have a different lineage. Linux was written by Linus Torvalds when he was a student in Finland. BSD stands for “Berkeley Software Distribution,” as it was originally a set of modifications to Bell Unix created at the University of California, Berkeley. It eventually grew into a complete operating system and now there are multiple different BSDs. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/freebsd-boot-screen.png) + +### Kernel vs. Complete Operating System ### + +Officially, Linux is just a kernel. [Linux distributions][4] have to do the work of bringing together all the software required to create a complete Linux OS and combining it into a Linux distribution like Ubuntu, Mint, Debian, Fedora, Red Hat, or Arch. There are many different Linux distributions. + +In contrast, the BSDs are both a kernel and an operating system. For example, FreeBSD provides both the FreeBSD kernel and the FreeBSD operating system. It’s maintained as a single project. In other words, if you want to install FreeBSD, you just install FreeBSD. If you want to install Linux, you’ll need to choose among the many Linux distributions first. + +BSDs include the ports system. which provides a way of installing software packages. The ports system contains software in source form, so your computer has to compile them before they’ll run. (If you ever used Gentoo when it was popular, it’s a bit like that.) However, packages can also be installed in pre-installed binary form so you don’t have to spend time and system resources compiling them. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/ubuntu-14.04-unity-desktop.png) + +### Licensing ### + +Licensing is a significant difference, although it won’t matter to most people. Linux uses the GNU General Public License, or GPL. If you modify the Linux kernel and distribute it, you have to release the source code for your modifications. + +The BSDs use the BSD license. If you modify the BSD kernel or distribution and distribute it, you don’t have to release the source code at all. You’re free to do whatever you like with the BSD code and you’re not obligated to release the source code, although you can do so if you like. + +Both are [open-source][5], but in different ways. People sometimes get into debates about which license is “more free.” The GPL helps users by ensuring they can have the source code to GPL software, but it limits developers by forcing them to release the code. The BSD license doesn’t ensure users can have the source code, but it gives developers the freedom to do whatever they choose with the code, even if they want to turn it into a closed-source project. + +### The BSDs ### + +These are often thought of as the three “main” BSD operating systems: + +- [FreeBSD][6]: FreeBSD is the most popular BSD, aiming for high performance and ease of use. It works well on standard Intel and AMD 32-bit and 64-bit processors. +- [NetBSD][7]: NetBSD is designed to run on almost anything and supports many more architectures. The motto on their homepage is “Of course it runs NetBSD.” +- [OpenBSD][8]: OpenBSD is designed for maximum security — not just with its features, but with its implementation practices. It’s designed to be an operating system banks and other serious institutions would use for critical systems. + +There are two other notable BSD operating systems: + +- [DragonFly BSD][9]: DragonFly BSD was created with the design goal of providing an operating system that would run well in multithreaded environments — for example, in clusters of multiple computers. +- [Darwin / Mac OS X][10]: Mac OS X is actually based on the Darwin operating system, which is based on BSD. It’s a bit different from other BSDs. While the low-level kernel and other software is open-source BSD code, most of the rest of the operating system is closed-source Mac OS code. Apple built Mac OS X and iOS on top of BSD so they wouldn’t have to write the low-level operating system themselves, just as [Google built Android on top of Linux][11] + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/mac-os-x-is-built-on-darwin-bsd.png) + +### Why Would You Choose BSD Over Linux? ### + +Linux is still more popular than even FreeBSD. Linux tends to get new hardware support before FreeBSD does, for example. The BSDs have a compatibility package available so they can natively execute Linux binaries, and most of the software works similarly. + +If you’ve used Linux, FreeBSD won’t feel all that different. Install FreeBSD as a desktop operating system and you’ll end up using the same GNOME, KDE, or Xfce [desktop environments][12] you’d use on Linux along with most of the same other software. That’s once you get to that point, though — FreeBSD won’t automatically install a graphical desktop, so you’re left to fend for yourself more than you are with modern Linux distributions. It’s a more old-school experience. + +FreeBSD may be preferred on some server operating systems for its reliability and stability. Manufacturers creating devices may choose BSD for the operating system instead of Linux so they won’t have to release the modifications to their code. + +If you’re a desktop PC user, you really don’t need to care too much about the BSDs. You’ll probably prefer Linux for its superior hardware support, easier installation, and general modern and bleeding-edge nature. If you’re putting together a server or embedded device, you may prefer FreeBSD for another reason. + +We’ll probably get comments from people who use FreeBSD on their desktop computers now, and you certainly could do so! But an operating system like Ubuntu or Mint will be more user-friendly and modern for most people. + +Image Credit: [atzerok on Flickr][13] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.howtogeek.com/190773/htg-explains-whats-the-difference-between-linux-and-bsd/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/177213/linux-isnt-just-linux-8-pieces-of-software-that-make-up-linux-systems/ +[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/139287/the-great-debate-is-it-linux-or-gnulinux/ +[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/182649/htg-explains-what-is-unix/ +[4]:http://www.howtogeek.com/132624/htg-explains-whats-a-linux-distro-and-how-are-they-different/ +[5]:http://www.howtogeek.com/129967/htg-explains-what-is-open-source-software-and-why-you-should-care/ +[6]:http://www.freebsd.org/ +[7]:http://www.netbsd.org/ +[8]:http://www.openbsd.org/ +[9]:http://www.dragonflybsd.org/ +[10]:http://opensource.apple.com/ +[11]:http://www.howtogeek.com/189036/android-is-based-on-linux-but-what-does-that-mean/ +[12]:http://www.howtogeek.com/163154/linux-users-have-a-choice-8-linux-desktop-environments/ +[13]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/atzerok/5378691454 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140611 Little Known Apache Mesos Project Helps Mesosphere Raise $10M From Andreessen Horowitz.md b/sources/talk/20140611 Little Known Apache Mesos Project Helps Mesosphere Raise $10M From Andreessen Horowitz.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ede3ae1edf --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140611 Little Known Apache Mesos Project Helps Mesosphere Raise $10M From Andreessen Horowitz.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +Little Known Apache Mesos Project Helps Mesosphere Raise $10M From Andreessen Horowitz +================================================================================ +![](http://thenewstack.io/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/clouds.jpg) + +[Mesosphere][1], the company trying to build a business around the little-known open source [Apache Mesos][2] project, just racked up a $10 million investment from Andreessen Horowitz. Here’s why it attracted that kind of cash. + +Mesos, software for automatic scaling, was in fact built around five years ago and is already in use on more than 50,000 cores at Twitter, according to Florian Leibert, CEO and co-founder of Mesosphere. EBay, AirBnB, Netflix and HubSpot are also fans. + +While those big Web companies have discovered Mesos, the technology isn’t widely known among enterprises. But it could fill a need for companies which are trying to adopt some of the techniques available to them in public clouds on their internal data centers. + +Mesos manages clusters of machines, automatically scaling apps as needed. It requires a small bit of software on each machine – the software uses zero processing power and “negligible” memory, according to Liebert — which coordinates with a master scheduler. The software on each machine reports information about the capacity of the virtual machine or bare metal server to the scheduler, which allocates jobs to available machines. + +“If a task goes down and it doesn’t report back, the master knows to reschedule it and knows where it has resources,” said Matt Trifiro, senior vice president at Mesosphere. + +Mesos can automatically scale a variety of jobs including Hadoop databases, nodes running Ruby on Rails, and Cassandra. + +Using Mesos, Hubspot slashed its Amazon Web Services bill in half, said Liebert. That’s because Mesos efficiently assigns workloads to available machines. + +However, Mesos might be most appealing to businesses that are trying to essentially create an AWS-like environment internally, said Jay Lyman, an analyst at 451 Research. AWS offers some [tools for automatic scaling][3]. But many businesses are still shy about running everything on public cloud infrastructure. At the same time, they don’t want to block their developers from taking advantage of the capabilities available in public clouds like AWS. They’d like to make those capabilities available on their private clouds. + +“You’re seeing the interface of AWS-style strategy meets the old guard and command and control and stability,” he said. + +Mesos can run in both a private cloud and AWS, offering businesses the opportunity to most efficiently use their internal cloud and fallover to AWS when they need to scale. + +Mesos has some shortcomings in that regard, however. It [doesn’t run][4] any Windows or legacy apps like SAP, for instance. + +However, “if a team is contemplating cloud, they’re probably pretty deep into Linux already,” said Lyman. + +In the future, it’s possible Mesosphere could support Windows. Initially, technologies like Puppet and Chef only supported Linux too, Lyman noted. “It speaks to the early nature of Mesosphere. It’s pretty immature right now,” he said. + +Mesosphere is targeting the many enterprises that are building more and more apps running on Linux and modern programming languages as well as the first generation Web 2.0 companies like Twitter and Netflix that didn’t have technology like Mesos when they first launched. “Those are the two most common early adopter profiles,” Trifiro said. + +Before the end of the year, Mesosphere hopes to release commercial products with documentation, earning revenue from support and licensing. It has built a large-scale orchestration tool called Marathon and supports Docker integration. It’s currently offering packaged Mesos distributions for free in hopes of seeding the market. + +Mesosphere is also currently working with a handful of early customers. It helped HubSpot get going with its use of Mesos. + +Mesosphere isn’t alone in going after this use case. Rightscale, Scalr and Enstratius, now owned by Dell, all offer some version of scaling or cloud management technology. Mesosphere argues that Mesos, and the company’s own technologies, go above and beyond what’s on the market to create server clusters that essentially operate as one machine. The new investment from Andreessen could help it gain momentum. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thenewstack.io/little-known-apache-mesos-project-helps-mesosphere-raise-10m-from-andreessen/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://mesosphere.io/ +[2]:http://mesos.apache.org/ +[3]:http://aws.amazon.com/autoscaling/ +[4]:http://mesosphere.io/learn/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140611 Red Hat's CEO Sees Open Source Cloud Domination.md b/sources/talk/20140611 Red Hat's CEO Sees Open Source Cloud Domination.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9e57a2533a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140611 Red Hat's CEO Sees Open Source Cloud Domination.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +Red Hat's CEO Sees Open Source Cloud Domination +================================================================================ +Red Hat CEO Jim Whitehurst sees the business opportunity of a generation in what he calls a computing paradigm shift from client server to cloud architectures. “In those paradigm shifts, generally new winners emerge,” says Whitehurst and he intends to make sure Red Hat is one of those winners. His logic is sound and simple: disruptive technologies like the cloud that arise every couple decades level the playing field between large, established firms and smaller, innovative challengers since everyone, from corporate behemoth to a couple guys in a garage, starts from the same spot and must play by the same unfamiliar and changeable rules. With the cloud “there’s less of an installed based and an opportunity for new winners to be chosen,” Whitehurst adds. His mission is “to see that open source is the default choice for next generation architecture” and that Red Hat is the preferred choice, particularly for enterprise IT, of open source providers. + +The case for open source dominating the cloud rests on the fact that it’s already the foundation for many popular cloud services and enterprise applications. Whitehurst aptly notes that outside of Microsoft Azure, the underlying infrastructure of all the major public cloud services is built upon open source software. Furthermore, software like Linux, Apache, MySQL, WordPress and many others are already widely used and trusted by most enterprises. “In many cases [open source] already is the default choice for next generation architectures, but it hasn’t fully driven itself through the traditional enterprise data center,” he says. Cloud software is the next and most important software category up for open source disruption. + +![](http://blogs-images.forbes.com/kurtmarko/files/2014/06/redhat-logo.jpg) + +Yet open source is still saddled with a reputation for widely variable software quality and support, something the recent OpenSSL Heartbleed bug only reinforced. However Whitehurst contends that strong enterprise adoption of Red Hat’s Linux distribution and it’s training and skills certification programs lends credibility to a similar plan for the cloud: [Red Hat’s Cloud Partner Program][1]. He believes such insurance policies alleviate enterprise IT’s fears of adopting open source software for both internal, private clouds and external public cloud services. Red Hat wants its imprimatur to be the Good Housekeeping seal of approval for open source in general and cloud software in specific, namely IT’s assurance that their applications will work and the service is trustworthy and reliable. + +Red Hat’s strategy to make open source clouds safe for the enterprise is mirrors that used to break into the market for enterprise server software. There, “Job one for Red Hat is making sure our operating system and layers above that work well on anyone’s infrastructure underneath,” says Whitehurst. Red Hat is applying this same model of polishing, integrating and supporting open source software to cloud stacks. “One of the most important parts about cloud, public, private or hybrid, is a sense that you can confidently run your applications,” says Whitehurst and he believes Red Hat’s track record on Linux and other open source products will carry over to make Red Hat “the enterprise choice” for cloud architectures. + +### Cloud isn’t just virtualization 2.0 ### + +One of the conundrums for OpenStack advocates like Whitehurst is the entrenchment of Microsoft and VMware in the enterprise market. Although virtual servers are a prerequisite for clouds, they’re sufficient. Countering the notion that enterprise clouds are just a natural extension of virtualized servers and storage, Whitehurst argues that by setting new rules for infrastructure and application design, cloud infrastructure is more than just the natural evolution of server virtualization. + +![](http://blogs-images.forbes.com/kurtmarko/files/2014/06/RH_NEXT_HS-JIM-W-01.jpg) + +Whitehurst draws an important distinction between traditional client-server and cloud-optimized applications. “One of the big questions will be how much of this [cloud adoption] is moving traditional Windows workloads, which frankly were written as stateful apps in the first place. [Instead] are we talking about a new generation of applications that are actually built with elasticity and scalability in mind.” Whitehurst clearly believes cloud infrastructure is much more appropriate for the latter and that in such Greenfield scenarios, OpenStack and other open source software have established themselves as the preferred platform. Contrasting OpenStack, based on the Linux KVM hypervisor and VMware or Microsoft using their proprietary virtual machine platforms, Whitehurst says, “Longer term, nobody really cares what the hypervisor is, you just expect it to work and bluntly, as long as Red Hat supports you on it, why do you have to care,” adding “more and more, you’ll see the hypervisor mattering less and less.” Of course, VMware and Microsoft probably agree, both having moved their energies to building more sophisticated management platforms and making the hypervisor a baseline feature. + +But in Whitehurst’s view of the world, traditional virtualization platforms like VMware or Microsoft Hyper-V are legacy infrastructure designed for yesterday’s client-server software, not the sort of distributed, rapidly relocatable, elastically scalable applications that define the era of big data, SaaS and social software. “I’m not sure what good you get out of putting Exchange on a cloud,” he quips. Instead, he says this new generation of cloud-optimized applications are the sweet spot for OpenStack. According to Whitehurst, “If you look at where most new applications are getting built, and therefore where so much of the innovation around languages, frameworks and management paradigms are happening, it’s around an open infrastructure.” But there’s obviously some selection bias in Whitehurst’s account, as he lives in an open source world where it’s easy to be unaware, overlook or ignore the innovation happening on proprietary cloud platforms like Azure, AWS and vCloud. + +In sum, Whitehurst hopes and expects OpenStack to do to VMware what Linux did to Windows: to become the first choice of cloud-savvy startups and if not the default choice, at least an accepted and respectable alternative within the enterprise. In my next column I’ll explain that even for an open source champion like Whitehurst, OpenStack versus VMware vCloud or Microsoft Azure isn’t an either/or choice and how he sees the fundamental notion of cloud computing as based on virtual machines as an design model likely to change. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtmarko/2014/06/08/red-hat-ceo-open-source-clouds/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.redhat.com/partners/become/cloud/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ac99b4d384 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04 +================================================================================ +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/00_lead_image_home_directory.png) + +If you share your Ubuntu machine with other people, you probably have multiple users set up, thinking that the other users log into their own accounts and only have access to their own home directories. However, by default, any user can access any home directory. + +When you add a new user in Ubuntu, the adduser utility creates a new home directory for the new account. By default, the new home directory is placed in the /home/ directory on the root followed by the username. For example, /home/lori. User home directories in Ubuntu are created with world read/execute permissions, giving all other users on the system rights to read the contents of other users’ home directories. See our article for more information about [how file permissions work in Linux][1]. + +**NOTE**: When we say to type something in this article and there are quotes around the text, DO NOT type the quotes, unless we specify otherwise. + +You can easily change the permissions for your home directory to protect your private files. To check the permissions on your home directory, press Ctrl + Alt + T to open a Terminal window. Type the following line at the prompt and press Enter. Replace “” with your own username. + + ls –ld /home/lori + +**NOTE**: The command contains only lowercase L’s not the number 1. + +At the beginning of the line, the permissions for the file are listed. As said in our [article][1] about Linux permissions: + +> “The r stands for “read,” the w stands for “write,” and the x stands for “execute.” Directories will start with a “d” instead of a “-“. You’ll also notice that there are 10 spaces which hold value. You can ignore the first, and then there are 3 sets of 3. The first set is for the owner, the second set is for the group, and the last set is for the world.” + +So, the home directory listed below has read, write, and execute permissions for the owner and read and execute permission for the group and world. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/01_permissions_for_home_folder.png) + +To change these permissions, type the following line at the prompt and press Enter. + + sudo chmod 0750 /home/lori + +Type your password when prompted and press Enter. + +**NOTE**: The chmod command uses octal numbers as one way to indicate permissions. Our [article][1] about Linux file permissions uses a different method that requires more steps but may be easier to understand. Using the octal numbers to specify permissions is a quicker method. Use whichever method with which you are more comfortable. To learn about using octal numbers to set permissions, see this [article][2]. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/02_changing_permissions_for_home_folder.png) + +Press the up arrow twice to use the “ls –ld /home/” command again to check the permissions. Notice that the permissions for world are all dashes (-). That means that the world cannot read, write, or execute anything in your home directory. + +However, users in the same group as you can read and execute files and folders in your home directory. If you don’t want anyone else but yourself to have access to your home directory, enter “0700” as the numbers in the chmod command. + +**NOTE**: For more information about managing users and groups in Linux, see our [article][3]. + +To close the terminal window, type “exit” at the prompt and press Enter. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/03_new_permissions.png) + +Now, when other users on the system try to access your home directory, the following dialog box displays. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/04_location_could_not_be_displayed.png) + +You can also set up Ubuntu to use specific permissions when setting up the home directory for a new user you are creating. To do this, you need to edit the adduser configuration file. To do this, type the following command at the prompt and press Enter. + + gksudo gedit /etc/adduser.conf + +We are using gedit to edit the file. You can use a different text editor if you want. + +NOTE: The gksudo command is like the sudo command but is used to run graphical programs as root. The sudo command is used to run command line programs as root. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/05_opening_gedit_as_root.png) + +Enter your password in the Password edit box on the dialog box that displays and press Enter or click OK. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/06_entering_password.png) + +Scroll down to the DIR_MODE command in the adduser.conf file. The number set is “0755” by default. Change it to reflect the different types of permissions (r, w, x) you want to grant to the different types of users (owner, group, world), such as “0750” or “0700” as discussed earlier. Click Save. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/07_changing_dir_mode.png) + +Close gedit by selecting Quit from the File menu. You can also click the X button in the upper-left corner of the window to close gedit. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/08_closing_gedit.png) + +Close the Terminal window by clicking the X in the upper-left corner of the window. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/09_closing_terminal_window_with_x.png) + +Now, the files in your home directory will remain private. Just remember that, if there are other users in the same group as you, you might want to take away the permissions for both group and world for your home directory. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.howtogeek.com/190084/how-to-prevent-other-users-from-accessing-your-home-directory-in-ubuntu-14.04/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/67987/htg-explains-how-do-linux-file-permissions-work/ +[2]:http://www.linux.org/threads/file-permissions-chmod.4094/ +[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/36845/the-beginners-guide-to-managing-users-and-groups-in-linux/ \ No newline at end of file From cf2dc5b7bf5c18325d65d3af7e78954243833893 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 11 Jun 2014 13:57:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 201/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140611-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ns--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md | 72 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 72 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md b/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0652920c13 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +HTG Explains: What is Unix and Why Does It Matter? +================================================================================ +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/ken-thompson-and-dennis-richie-at-pdp-11.jpg) + +Most operating systems can be grouped into two different families. Aside from Microsoft’s Windows NT-based operating systems, nearly everything else traces its heritage back to Unix. + +Linux, Mac OS X, Android, iOS, Chrome OS, Orbis OS used on the PlayStation 4, whatever firmware is running on your router — all of these operating systems are often called “Unix-like” operating systems. + +### Unix’s Design Lives On Today ### + +Unix was developed in AT&T’s Bell Labs back in the mid-to-late 1960′s. The initial release of Unix had some important design attributes that live on today. + +One is the “Unix philosophy” of creating small, modular utilities that do one thing and do them well. If you’re familiar with using a Linux terminal, this should be familiar to you — the system offers a number of utilities that can be combined in different ways through [pipes and other features][1] to perform more complex tasks. Even graphical programs are likely calling simpler utilities in the background to do the heavy lifting. This also makes it easy to [create shell scripts][2], stringing together simple tools to do complicated things. + +Unix also had a single file system that programs use to communicate with each other. This is [why “everything is a file” on Linux][3] – including hardware devices and special files that provide system information or other data. It’s also why only Windows has drive letters, which it inherited from DOS — on other operating systems, every file on the system is part of a single directory hierarchy. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/unix-bell-labs.jpg) + +### Tracing the Unix Descendants ### + +Like any history going back over 40 years, the history of Unix and its descendants is messy. To simplify things, we can roughly group Unix’s descendants into two groups. + +One group of Unix descendants were developed in academia. The first was BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution), an open-source, Unix-like operating system. BSD lives on today through FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. NeXTStep was also based on the original BSD, Apple’s Mac OS X was based on NeXTStep, and iOS was based on Mac OS X. Many other operating systems, including the Orbis OS used on the PlayStation 4, are derived from types of BSD operating systems. + +Richard Stallman’s GNU project was also started as a reaction to AT&T’s increasingly restrictive Unix software licensing terms. MINIX was a Unix-like operating system created for educational purposes, and Linux was inspired by MINIX. [The Linux we know today is really GNU/Linux][4], as it’s made up of the Linux kernel and a lot of GNU utilities. GNU/Linux isn’t directly descended from BSD, but it is descended from Unix’s design and has its roots in academia. Many operating systems today, including Android, Chrome OS, Steam OS, and a huge amount of embedded operating systems for devices, are based on Linux. + +On the other hand, there were the commercial Unix operating systems. AT&T UNIX, SCO UnixWare, Sun Microsystems Solaris, HP-UX, IBM AIX, SGI IRIX — many big corporations wanted to create and license their own versions of Unix. These aren’t quite as common today, but some of them are still out there. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/history-of-unix.png) + +Image Credit: [Wikimedia Commons][5] + +### The Rise of DOS and Windows NT ### + +Many people expected Unix to become the industry standard operating system, but DOS and “IBM PC compatible” computers eventually exploded in popularity. Microsoft’s DOS became the most successful DOS of them all. DOS was never based on Unix at all, which is [why Windows uses a backslash for file paths while everything else uses a forward slash][6]. This decision was made back in the early days of DOS, and later versions of Windows inherited it, just as BSD, Linux, Mac OS X, and other Unix-like operating systems inherited many aspects of Unix’s design. + +Windows 3.1, Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows ME were all based on DOS underneath. Microsoft was developing a more modern and stable operating system at the time, which they named Windows NT — for “Windows New Technology.” Windows NT eventually made its way to regular computer users as Windows XP, but it was available for corporations as Windows 2000 and Windows NT before that. + +All of Microsoft’s operating systems are based on the Windows NT kernel today. Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows RT, Windows Phone 8, Windows Server, and the Xbox One’s operating system all use the Windows NT kernel. Unlike most other operating systems, Windows NT wasn’t developed as a Unix-like operating system. + +Microsoft didn’t start with a completely clean slate, of course. To maintain compatibility with DOS and old Windows software, Windows NT inherited many DOS conventions like drive letters, backslashes for file paths, and forward slashes for command-line switches. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/windows-2000-professional-built-on-nt-technology.jpg) + +Why it Matters + +Have you ever taken a look at the Mac OS X terminal or file system and noticed how similar it was to Linux’s, and how different they both were from Windows? Well, this is why — both Mac OSX and Linux are Unix-like operating systems. + +Knowing this bit of history helps you understand what a “Unix-like” operating system is, and why so many operating systems seem so similar to each other while Windows seems so different. This explains why the terminal on Mac OS X will feel so familiar to a Linux geek, while [the Command Prompt and PowerShell on Windows][7] are so different from other command-line environments. + +This was just a quick history that will help you understand how we got to where we are today without getting bogged down in the details. If you want more information, you can find entire books on the history of Unix. + +Image Credit: [Peter Hamer on Flickr][8], [Takuya Oikawa on Flickr][9], [CJ Sorg on Flickr][10] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.howtogeek.com/182649/htg-explains-what-is-unix/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/110150/become-a-linux-terminal-power-user-with-these-8-tricks/ +[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/107217/how-to-manage-processes-from-the-linux-terminal-10-commands-you-need-to-know/ +[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/117939/htg-explains-what-everything-is-a-file-means-on-linux/ +[4]:http://www.howtogeek.com/139287/the-great-debate-is-it-linux-or-gnulinux/ +[5]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_history.svg +[6]:http://www.howtogeek.com/181774/why-windows-uses-backslashes-and-everything-else-uses-forward-slashes/ +[7]:http://www.howtogeek.com/163127/how-powershell-differs-from-the-windows-command-prompt/ +[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/peter-hamer/2876612463/ +[9]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/takuyaoikawa/2060554607/ +[10]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/cjsorg/2726088549/ \ No newline at end of file From 00cda94ac59498d2dae3f388b74594a3eca842cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: sailing Date: Wed, 11 Jun 2014 16:29:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 202/713] translating 20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter --- ...140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md b/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md index 0652920c13..5ab74993a3 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +[translating | sailing] HTG Explains: What is Unix and Why Does It Matter? ================================================================================ ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/ken-thompson-and-dennis-richie-at-pdp-11.jpg) @@ -69,4 +70,4 @@ via: http://www.howtogeek.com/182649/htg-explains-what-is-unix/ [7]:http://www.howtogeek.com/163127/how-powershell-differs-from-the-windows-command-prompt/ [8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/peter-hamer/2876612463/ [9]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/takuyaoikawa/2060554607/ -[10]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/cjsorg/2726088549/ \ No newline at end of file +[10]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/cjsorg/2726088549/ From 302e93c0912a747f9c906cea81ce64926a988bc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wwhio Date: Wed, 11 Jun 2014 19:30:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 203/713] translating by wwhio MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 开始翻译 --- ...nslating] 20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md} | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) rename sources/talk/{20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md => [translating] 20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md} (99%) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md b/sources/talk/[translating] 20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md similarity index 99% rename from sources/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md rename to sources/talk/[translating] 20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md index 5c2d39eebd..895e38bb4e 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md +++ b/sources/talk/[translating] 20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md @@ -1,4 +1,6 @@ Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux + +translating by wwhio ================================================================================ Standard Linux circulations regularly default to one of two desktop environments, KDE or GNOME. Both of these give clients an instinctive and attractive desktop, and also offering a verity of media inbuilt softwares, system programs, games, utilities, web development tools, programming tools and so on. These two desktops center all the more on giving clients a cutting edge computing environment with all the accessories emphasized in Windows OS, instead of minimizing the measure of system resources they require. @@ -64,4 +66,4 @@ via: http://pulpybucket.com/top-7-desktop-environment-linux/ [4]:https://unity.ubuntu.com/ [5]:http://www.gnome.org/ [6]:http://xfce.org/ -[7]:http://lxde.org/ \ No newline at end of file +[7]:http://lxde.org/ From 5a2fa079a508610a3b4cac849bb29abcf8b3ae64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Wed, 11 Jun 2014 22:18:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 204/713] Merge branch 'master', remote-tracking branch 'lctt/master' From 57bdfd56ecc90f9ec447e6dd64f6460865f09659 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Wed, 11 Jun 2014 22:19:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 205/713] translating --- ...TG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md b/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md index 5cdd7dc6ef..cc65931128 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Mike Translating... + HTG Explains: What’s the Difference Between Linux and BSD? ================================================================================ ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/freebsd-devil-mascot-and-ubuntu-linux.jpg) From 51ff960346b56eff173d491fe21f15506369ab4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Wed, 11 Jun 2014 23:15:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 206/713] finish --- ... s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md | 86 ------------------- ... s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md | 82 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 86 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md b/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md deleted file mode 100644 index cc65931128..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,86 +0,0 @@ -Mike Translating... - -HTG Explains: What’s the Difference Between Linux and BSD? -================================================================================ -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/freebsd-devil-mascot-and-ubuntu-linux.jpg) - -Both Linux and the BSDs are free and open-source, Unix-like operating systems. They even use much of the same software — these operating systems have more things in common than they do differences. So why do they all exist? - -There are more differences than we can cover here, especially philosophical differences about the way one should build an operating system and license it. This should help you understand the basics, though. - -### The Basics ### - -[What most people call “Linux” isn’t actually Linux][1]. Linux is technically just the Linux kernel — typical Linux distributions are made up of many pieces of software. This is [why Linux is sometimes called GNU/Linux][2]. In fact, much of this same software on top of Linux is the same software used on the BSDs. - -Linux and the BSDs are both Unix-like operating systems. As we covered when we looked at [the history of Unix-like operating systems][3], Linux and BSD have a different lineage. Linux was written by Linus Torvalds when he was a student in Finland. BSD stands for “Berkeley Software Distribution,” as it was originally a set of modifications to Bell Unix created at the University of California, Berkeley. It eventually grew into a complete operating system and now there are multiple different BSDs. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/freebsd-boot-screen.png) - -### Kernel vs. Complete Operating System ### - -Officially, Linux is just a kernel. [Linux distributions][4] have to do the work of bringing together all the software required to create a complete Linux OS and combining it into a Linux distribution like Ubuntu, Mint, Debian, Fedora, Red Hat, or Arch. There are many different Linux distributions. - -In contrast, the BSDs are both a kernel and an operating system. For example, FreeBSD provides both the FreeBSD kernel and the FreeBSD operating system. It’s maintained as a single project. In other words, if you want to install FreeBSD, you just install FreeBSD. If you want to install Linux, you’ll need to choose among the many Linux distributions first. - -BSDs include the ports system. which provides a way of installing software packages. The ports system contains software in source form, so your computer has to compile them before they’ll run. (If you ever used Gentoo when it was popular, it’s a bit like that.) However, packages can also be installed in pre-installed binary form so you don’t have to spend time and system resources compiling them. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/ubuntu-14.04-unity-desktop.png) - -### Licensing ### - -Licensing is a significant difference, although it won’t matter to most people. Linux uses the GNU General Public License, or GPL. If you modify the Linux kernel and distribute it, you have to release the source code for your modifications. - -The BSDs use the BSD license. If you modify the BSD kernel or distribution and distribute it, you don’t have to release the source code at all. You’re free to do whatever you like with the BSD code and you’re not obligated to release the source code, although you can do so if you like. - -Both are [open-source][5], but in different ways. People sometimes get into debates about which license is “more free.” The GPL helps users by ensuring they can have the source code to GPL software, but it limits developers by forcing them to release the code. The BSD license doesn’t ensure users can have the source code, but it gives developers the freedom to do whatever they choose with the code, even if they want to turn it into a closed-source project. - -### The BSDs ### - -These are often thought of as the three “main” BSD operating systems: - -- [FreeBSD][6]: FreeBSD is the most popular BSD, aiming for high performance and ease of use. It works well on standard Intel and AMD 32-bit and 64-bit processors. -- [NetBSD][7]: NetBSD is designed to run on almost anything and supports many more architectures. The motto on their homepage is “Of course it runs NetBSD.” -- [OpenBSD][8]: OpenBSD is designed for maximum security — not just with its features, but with its implementation practices. It’s designed to be an operating system banks and other serious institutions would use for critical systems. - -There are two other notable BSD operating systems: - -- [DragonFly BSD][9]: DragonFly BSD was created with the design goal of providing an operating system that would run well in multithreaded environments — for example, in clusters of multiple computers. -- [Darwin / Mac OS X][10]: Mac OS X is actually based on the Darwin operating system, which is based on BSD. It’s a bit different from other BSDs. While the low-level kernel and other software is open-source BSD code, most of the rest of the operating system is closed-source Mac OS code. Apple built Mac OS X and iOS on top of BSD so they wouldn’t have to write the low-level operating system themselves, just as [Google built Android on top of Linux][11] - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/mac-os-x-is-built-on-darwin-bsd.png) - -### Why Would You Choose BSD Over Linux? ### - -Linux is still more popular than even FreeBSD. Linux tends to get new hardware support before FreeBSD does, for example. The BSDs have a compatibility package available so they can natively execute Linux binaries, and most of the software works similarly. - -If you’ve used Linux, FreeBSD won’t feel all that different. Install FreeBSD as a desktop operating system and you’ll end up using the same GNOME, KDE, or Xfce [desktop environments][12] you’d use on Linux along with most of the same other software. That’s once you get to that point, though — FreeBSD won’t automatically install a graphical desktop, so you’re left to fend for yourself more than you are with modern Linux distributions. It’s a more old-school experience. - -FreeBSD may be preferred on some server operating systems for its reliability and stability. Manufacturers creating devices may choose BSD for the operating system instead of Linux so they won’t have to release the modifications to their code. - -If you’re a desktop PC user, you really don’t need to care too much about the BSDs. You’ll probably prefer Linux for its superior hardware support, easier installation, and general modern and bleeding-edge nature. If you’re putting together a server or embedded device, you may prefer FreeBSD for another reason. - -We’ll probably get comments from people who use FreeBSD on their desktop computers now, and you certainly could do so! But an operating system like Ubuntu or Mint will be more user-friendly and modern for most people. - -Image Credit: [atzerok on Flickr][13] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.howtogeek.com/190773/htg-explains-whats-the-difference-between-linux-and-bsd/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/177213/linux-isnt-just-linux-8-pieces-of-software-that-make-up-linux-systems/ -[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/139287/the-great-debate-is-it-linux-or-gnulinux/ -[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/182649/htg-explains-what-is-unix/ -[4]:http://www.howtogeek.com/132624/htg-explains-whats-a-linux-distro-and-how-are-they-different/ -[5]:http://www.howtogeek.com/129967/htg-explains-what-is-open-source-software-and-why-you-should-care/ -[6]:http://www.freebsd.org/ -[7]:http://www.netbsd.org/ -[8]:http://www.openbsd.org/ -[9]:http://www.dragonflybsd.org/ -[10]:http://opensource.apple.com/ -[11]:http://www.howtogeek.com/189036/android-is-based-on-linux-but-what-does-that-mean/ -[12]:http://www.howtogeek.com/163154/linux-users-have-a-choice-8-linux-desktop-environments/ -[13]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/atzerok/5378691454 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md b/translated/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c308a2478c --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +HTG 解释:Linux 与 BSD 有什么不同? +================================================================================ +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/freebsd-devil-mascot-and-ubuntu-linux.jpg) + +Linux和BSD都是免费的，开源的，类Unix系统。他们甚至使用很多相同的软件。他们看上去简直就像是一个操作系统，那么，不同点真的不存在吗？ + +其实，两者之间的不同，远远超出了我们将提到的这些，尤其是在构建完整操作系统和许可授予的哲学思想上，更是相差深远。尽管这只能帮助你简单的理解他们的不同。 + +### 基础 ### +[许多人所称的“Linux”实际上不是Linux ] [1]。Linux从技术上说只是Linux内核，典型的Linux分支则包括了Linux内核，还有许多软件。这是[为什么Linux有时被称为GNU/Linux][2]。事实上，许多同样的软件在Linux上使用BSD相同的软件。 + +Linux和BSD 都是类UNIX操作系统。我们可以通过阅读[类UNIX操作系统历史][3]发现Linux和BSD有不同的谱系。Linux是由Linus Torvalds在芬兰上大学的时候开发的。BSD则代表“伯克利软件套件”。因为这是在1977至1995年间由加州大学伯克利分校开发和发布的。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/freebsd-boot-screen.png) + +### 内核 vs. 完整操作系统 ### +Linux 是只是一个内核。[Linux 发行版][4] 所要做的工作汇集了创建一个完整的 Linux 操作系统所需的所有软件，将它组合到一个 Linux 内核上，像 Ubuntu，Mint，Debian、 Red 或者是 Arch。当然还有许多不同的 Linux 发行版。 + +与此相反的是，Bsd 是一个内核和操作系统。例如，FreeBSD 提供了 FreeBSD 内核和 FreeBSD 操作系统。它是作为一个单一的项目维护的。换句话说，如果你想要安装 FreeBSD，你只需安装 FreeBSD。如果你想要安装 Linux，你需要首先在许多 Linux 发行版之间选择。 + +BSDs include the ports system. which provides a way of installing software packages. The ports system contains software in source form, so your computer has to compile them before they’ll run. (If you ever used Gentoo when it was popular, it’s a bit like that.) However, packages can also be installed in pre-installed binary form so you don’t have to spend time and system resources compiling them. + +Bsd 包括Ports体系。提供了一种安装软件包的方式。Ports体系包含以源代码形式发布软件，所以您的计算机如果想安装，则需要先编译他们。（如果您曾经使用过 Gentoo，它就是那样的。然而，包也可以是预安装的二进制形式，所以你不需要花时间和系统资源编译他们就能运行。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/ubuntu-14.04-unity-desktop.png) + +### 授权 ### + +授权是显著的差异，虽然它不会对大多数人产生影响。Linux 使用 GNU 通用公共许可证或 GPL。如果你修改 Linux 内核，并将其分发，你必须释放您的修改的源代码。 + +Bsd 使用 BSD 许可证。如果你修改的 BSD 内核，你不需要发布其源代码。你可以自由地编写任何你喜欢的 BSD 代码，你不是有义务发布的源代码，虽然你可以这样做如果你喜欢。 + +两者都是 [开放源码] [5]，但以不同的方式。人们有时会陷入关于哪种许可是"更自由"的辩论。GPL 可以帮助用户通过确保他们可以有 GPL 软件的源代码，但它通过迫使他们开放代码来限制开发人员。BSD 许可证并不能确保用户可以拥有有源代码，但它给开发人员选择是否公布代码的权利，即使他们想要把它变成一个闭源项目。 + +### 有关BSDs ### + +这些都是通常被认为是"主要"BSD的三个操作系统： + +- [FreeBSD][6]: FreeBSD 是最受欢迎的 BSD，针对高性能和易用性。它支持英特尔和 AMD 32 位和 64 位处理器。 +- [NetBSD][7]: NetBSD 设计运行在几乎任何架构上，支持更多的体系结构。在他们的主页上的格言是"Of course it runs NetBSD"。 +- [OpenBSD][8]:OpenBSD 为安全性设计的 —— 不仅仅因为它的功能，还包括他执行的方法。它是为银行和其他重要机构的关键系统设计的。 + +有两个其他的 BSD 操作系统： + +- [DragonFly BSD][9]: DragonFly BSD 的设计目标是提供一个运行在多线程环境中的操作系统 — 例如，计算机集群。 +- [Darwin / Mac OS X][10]: Mac OS X 实际上基于Darwin操作系统，Darwin系统基于 BSD。它与其他的 Bsd 有点不同。虽然底层内核和其他的软件是开源代码(BSD 代码)，但操作系统的大部分是闭源代码(Mac OS 代码)。苹果内置 Mac OS X 和 iOS 基于BSD，这样他们就不必写操作系统底层，就像 [谷歌 android 系统在 Linux 上] [11] + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/mac-os-x-is-built-on-darwin-bsd.png) + +### 你为什么会选择 BSD 而不是 Linux？### + +Linux 仍然比 FreeBSD 更受欢迎。Linux 往往会在FreeBSD之前提供新硬件的支持，例如，BSD可以提供兼容包，使之能像大多数的其他软件一样执行Linux的二进制程序。 + +如果您使用过 Linux和FreeBSD，你也不会发现有所不同。安装 FreeBSD 作为桌面操作系统，你也可以使用相同的 GNOME，KDE 或 Xfce [桌面环境] [12] 你也会在BSD上使用 Linux 上的其他软件。有一点需要注意，FreeBSD 不会自动安装的图形化桌面，所以你要花相对于Linux更多的心思来照顾你的BSD。 + +如果你是一个桌面的 PC 用户，你真的不需要太过在意 Bsd。你可能会喜欢 Linux，因为它具有更高级的硬件支持，更容易安装，具有现代操作系统的特点。如果你聚集服务器或设计嵌入式的设备，你可能会喜欢 FreeBSD。 + +我们可能会听到在桌面电脑上使用FreeBSD的人发表的评论，你当然也可能是其中之一！但像Ubuntu或Mint一样的开源操作系统将会变得更加用户友好。 + +图片来源: [atzerok on Flickr][13] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.howtogeek.com/190773/htg-explains-whats-the-difference-between-linux-and-bsd/ + +译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/177213/linux-isnt-just-linux-8-pieces-of-software-that-make-up-linux-systems/ +[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/139287/the-great-debate-is-it-linux-or-gnulinux/ +[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/182649/htg-explains-what-is-unix/ +[4]:http://www.howtogeek.com/132624/htg-explains-whats-a-linux-distro-and-how-are-they-different/ +[5]:http://www.howtogeek.com/129967/htg-explains-what-is-open-source-software-and-why-you-should-care/ +[6]:http://www.freebsd.org/ +[7]:http://www.netbsd.org/ +[8]:http://www.openbsd.org/ +[9]:http://www.dragonflybsd.org/ +[10]:http://opensource.apple.com/ +[11]:http://www.howtogeek.com/189036/android-is-based-on-linux-but-what-does-that-mean/ +[12]:http://www.howtogeek.com/163154/linux-users-have-a-choice-8-linux-desktop-environments/ +[13]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/atzerok/5378691454 \ No newline at end of file From b1e9921e6c76245ac0685a9a02edc77312eedca5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 12 Jun 2014 10:33:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 207/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140612-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 25 ++++++ ...eing bombarded with offers to jump ship.md | 27 +++++++ ...Companies That Support Linux--Rackspace.md | 61 ++++++++++++++ ...612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md | 81 +++++++++++++++++++ ...0140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md | 62 ++++++++++++++ 5 files changed, 256 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140612 Linux hiring frenzy--Why open source devs are being bombarded with offers to jump ship.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140612 The Companies That Support Linux--Rackspace.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5112c69da9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04 +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Dpkg-Vulnerabilities-Closed-in-Ubuntu-14-04-446282-2.jpg) + +**Canonical has announced that a dpkg vulnerability in its Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, Ubuntu 13.10, Ubuntu 12.10, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, and Ubuntu 10.04 LTS operating systems has been corrected.** + +The company has just released a new update for the dpkg package, fixing a problem with this very important software that is used in all Ubuntu versions. + +“It was discovered that dpkg incorrectly handled certain patches when unpacking source packages. If a user or an automated system were tricked into unpacking a specially crafted source package, a remote attacker could modify files outside the target unpack directory, leading to a denial of service or potentially gaining access to the system,” reads the security notice. + +For a more detailed description of the problems, you can see Canonical's [security notification][1]. Users have been advised to upgrade their systems as soon as possible. + +The flaws can be fixed if you upgrade your system(s) to the latest libdpkg-perl packages specific to each distribution. To apply the patch, run the Update Manager application. + +In general, a standard system update will make all the necessary changes and users won't have to restart the PC or the laptop in order to apply the patch. This update can also be performed from the terminal, with the apt-get dist-upgrade command. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Dpkg-Vulnerabilities-Closed-in-Ubuntu-14-04-446282.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/usn-2242-1/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140612 Linux hiring frenzy--Why open source devs are being bombarded with offers to jump ship.md b/sources/talk/20140612 Linux hiring frenzy--Why open source devs are being bombarded with offers to jump ship.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4115b21b64 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140612 Linux hiring frenzy--Why open source devs are being bombarded with offers to jump ship.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +Linux hiring frenzy: Why open source devs are being bombarded with offers to jump ship +================================================================================ +> Summary: Figures from the Linux Foundation suggest skills shortages across disciplines and throughout Europe. + +Nine out of ten (87 percent) of hiring managers in Europe have "hiring Linux talent" on their list of priorities and almost half (48 percent) say they are looking to hire people with Linux skills within the next six months. + +But while they either need or want to hire more people with Linux skills, the data from the Linux Foundation suggests that this is easier said than done. Almost all — 93 percent — of the managers surveyed said they were having difficulty finding IT professionals with the Linux skills required and a quarter (25 percent) said they have "delayed projects as a result". + +All of this makes it a good time to be a Linux expert. + +Seven out of 10 Europe-based Linux professionals have received calls where they were pitched new positions in the past six months, and a third said they had received more calls than in the previous six months. One in three are looking to move anyway, and over half of them said it would be fairly or very easy. Salary is the biggest reason to move jobs, followed by work-life balance and the chance to gain additional skills. + +Employers are trying harder to keep hold of staff too: In the past six months, 29 percent of Linux professionals say they have been offered a higher salary from their current employers, while a quarter said they’ve been offered a flexible work schedule and one in five have been extended additional training opportunities or certification. + +The Linux Foundation, a non-profit organisation which supports the growth of Linux, and Dice Holdings, which provides career sites for technology professionals, produced the research which covers Europe and the US. + +In terms of the specific skills organisations are looking for people with the developer (69 percent) and enterprise management (51 percent) skills. These are followed by 32 percent of respondents who are looking for people with a combination of development and operations skills (DevOps), and 19 percent who are in management/IT management. + +The Linux Job Report has been produced for the last three years by the Linux Foundation and Dice but this is the first time that a specific report on European skills has been separated out of the worldwide report. Some 893 Linux professionals responded to the survey across Europe. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.zdnet.com/linux-hiring-frenzy-why-open-source-devs-are-being-bombarded-with-offers-to-jump-ship-7000030418/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140612 The Companies That Support Linux--Rackspace.md b/sources/talk/20140612 The Companies That Support Linux--Rackspace.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..20b5f7964b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140612 The Companies That Support Linux--Rackspace.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +The Companies That Support Linux: Rackspace +================================================================================ +[![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/Paul-Voccio-Rackspace.jpg)][1] + +[Rackspace][1] has lately been in the news for its stock market gains and a [potential acquisition][2]. But over the past 16 years the company has become well known, first as a web hosting provider built on Linux and open source, and later as a [pioneer of the open source cloud][3] and founder of the OpenStack cloud platform. + +In May, Rackspace became a [Xen Project][4] member and was one of [three companies to join the Linux Foundation][5] as a corporate member, along with CoreOS and Cumulus Networks. + +“Many of the applications and infrastructure that we need to run for internal use or for customers run best on Linux,” said Paul Voccio, Senior Director of Software Development at Rackspace, via email. “This includes all the popular language frameworks and open virtualization platforms such as Xen, LXC, KVM, Docker, etc.” + +In this Q&A, Voccio discusses the role of Rackspace in the cloud, how the company uses Linux, why they joined the Linux Foundation, as well as current trends and future technologies in the data center. + +### Linux.com: What is Rackspace? ### + +Paul Voccio: Rackspace is the managed cloud specialist and founder of OpenStack, the open-source operating system for the cloud. Hundreds of thousands of customers look to Rackspace to deliver the best-fit hybrid cloud solutions for their IT needs, leveraging a product and services portfolio that allows workloads to run where they perform best – whether on the public cloud, private cloud, dedicated servers, or a combination of platforms. + +As a managed cloud pioneer, we give our customers 24x7 access to cloud engineers for everything from planning and architecting to building and operating clouds through our award-winning Fanatical Support®. We help customers successfully architect, deploy and run their most critical applications. Or, more plainly put, we’re cloud specialists so you don’t have to be. We are headquartered in San Antonio, Texas, and operate a global support and engineering organization with data centers on four continents. + +### How and why do you use Linux? ### + +Rackspace uses Linux because it provides a stable and flexible platform for our customers' workloads. Our customers trust us to support their mission-critical applications and we need reliable infrastructure – including software and hardware – to meet their expectations. If you look under the hood in our dedicated environments or in our expansive cloud infrastructure, you'll find Linux running there. + +Many of the applications and infrastructure that we need to run for internal use or for customers run best on Linux. This includes all the popular language frameworks and open virtualization platforms such as Xen, LXC, KVM, Docker, etc. Running combinations of these platforms give us the stability and performance we demand for the Rackspace Cloud. Our Cloud Servers product runs OpenStack services that manage tens of thousands of hypervisors – all running Linux. + +Using Linux also allows us to tap into a community of experts to solve problems. When we have an issue, we're comfortable asking questions. When we have a solution, we enjoy sharing it with the community. At Rackspace, we understand how to work and contribute in an open community and Linux has many opportunities to build relationships with other groups that have similar goals. + +### Why did you join the Linux Foundation? ### + +Joining the Linux Foundation allows us to show our support and engage the Linux community in new ways. We've learned plenty from running Linux in highly demanding environments at a large scale and we're eager to share those experiences. Other members of the community have probably run into different challenges than we have and this gives us a greater opportunity to learn from them as well. + +### What interesting or innovative trends are you witnessing in the data center and what role does Linux play in them? ### + +Virtualization and automation have changed how companies deploy hardware and software. Linux gives us several virtualization options and these allow us to automate more of our infrastructure deployments and maintenance tasks. Automation and configuration management frameworks allow us to reduce our costs, improve our testing capabilities, and bring products to market faster. The majority of these open source automation frameworks run best on Linux servers. + +### How is Rackspace participating in that innovation? ### + +We leverage several open-source Linux-based tools and projects to deliver great customer outcomes. One of our largest efforts in this area is with OpenStack. It's the software that runs our public and private clouds and we're actively engaged with the community to improve it. We're using Linux to find new ways to scale our large virtualization platform and deliver infrastructure to customers quickly. + +The open-source nature of Linux inspires us to share the majority of these discoveries with the community. Our customers can improve OpenStack and those improvements will eventually make it into our product offering. We make contributions to a countless number of open source projects either as a company or as individual Rackers (our employees are called "Rackers") and many of these projects are designed to run on Linux. + +### What other future technologies or industries do you think Linux and open source will increasingly become important in and why? ### + +The move to software-defined infrastructure is a big shift. Customers already have access to virtualization platforms like Xen that allow them to define their infrastructure with software. Software-defined networking is quickly becoming more mature and scalable. However, customers want the ability to have a software defined datacenter at their fingertips. This may involve physical servers, virtual servers, and virtual networks that need high performance with flexible configurations. Many of the current technologies are designed to run on Linux due to technology already available in the kernel or userland frameworks provided by the community. + +### Are you hiring? ### + +From hacking on kernels to supporting thousands of virtual machines – we are always looking for talented admins, developers and engineers. You can find more information at Rackertalent.com. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/200-libby-clark/775890-the-companies-that-support-linux-rackspace/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.rackspace.com/ +[2]:http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-05-15/rackspace-hires-morgan-stanley-to-evaluate-options.html +[3]:http://www.informationweek.com/cloud/infrastructure-as-a-service/9-more-cloud-computing-pioneers/d/d-id/1109120 +[4]:http://www.xenproject.org/ +[5]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2014/05/new-linux-foundation-members-advance-massively-scalable-secure \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md b/sources/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0acb8877ef --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +What is a good text editor on Linux? +================================================================================ +Want to launch a heated debate among Linux aficionados? Ask them what is their favorite text editor. In the open source community, choosing a software to write text with, and potentially to write code with, is such an important decision that choosing a football team or a game console is less dangerous. But anyone new to Linux should not be apprehensive of the plethora of advice and the variety of trolls on the topic, and instead try to get familiar with a bunch of different text editors in the first place. So today I shall propose you a non-exhaustive thematic list of what you can find to write text with on Linux. This list will (try to) exclude the full-fledge IDEs, which are only made for programming, and the editors made specifically for LaTex. If you are interested in the latter, I can recommend you to [this post][1]. + +### 1. Vim & Emacs ### + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2936/14371977196_1a4522359b_z.jpg) + +Let's go straight to the big guys. When someone asks about text editors on Linux in a room, one person will immediately respond [Vim][2] and another will say [Emacs][3]. And there are very good reasons for that. They are both very powerful editors, with a lot of features, a lot of plugins, and a very strong community ready to support anyone. If you are not familiar with them at all, it would be a bit hard to describe the extent of their capabilities. But put simply, they allow you to move very quickly within the text, make huge edits very simply, record macros, and do basically any crazy things you might want to do with text. The downside to both of them is that the learning process to control what you are doing is unavoidable and takes time. Past this point, I will not sink into the debate of declaring one better than another, but really recommend that everyone learn at least one of the two. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3916/14393718612_a880b86a52_z.jpg) + +### 2. Sublime Text & Lime & Atom ### + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2917/14391734181_0f0ec76e4f_z.jpg) + +Another text editor which has been on the rise for these past years is [Sublime Text][4]. Some may see it as a friendlier version of Vim or Emacs, clearly designed for programming. Indeed, it retains some similarities like the batch edition and the goto function which will remind some of Emacs or [an energized Vim][5]. However, it remains more visual and accessible. Also, the large number of plugins will seduce those inclined to customization. + +The only gray point to Sublime Text is its license: if you only use open-source, go away. Hopefully, to deal with that, an ambitious clone called [Lime][6] appeared recently. It is still under heavy development, but the spirit is here: a similar experience to Sublime Text, with the after taste of open source. Nothing more to say except admiring the effort. + +Even more recently, [Atom][7], the official competition to Sublime Text coming from GitHub was released also as open source. Wanting to provide a full-featured out of the box editor, Atom comes packaged with all you need to jump around files, use code snippets, etc. However, its strength remains in its easy customization process based on HTML and CSS, and its Node.js integration. This is as far as we will go in this list before actually reaching the definition of an IDE. + +![](https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14395083745/) + +### 3. Gedit & Kate & Mousepad & Leafpad ### + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2927/14371977076_c95a557233_z.jpg) + +If we leave the realm of the super-powered editors, we can turn to what I see as the "desktop environment classics." These editors are more traditional in the sense that some can be enhanced with plugins, but that their focus is simply to write text. If you have an idea in mind and want to jolt down something before you forget about it (I blame video games for my short attentions span), you are not going to learn or even need the shortcuts in Vim or Sublime Text. You just want to some blank space. The good thing about these editors is that they are more or less well integrated with your desktop environment. In this category, [Gedit][8] and [Kate][9], for Gnome and KDE respectively, mirror their environment, and are customizable via plugins, which makes it easier to write LaTeX, for example. [Mousepad][10] and [Leafpad][11] are more appropriate for lightweight desktops like Xfce and LXDE. They are in a way close to Windows' notepad. So if you are looking for flexibility and accessibility, pick here. + +[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5522/14415259703_d3885b3952_z.jpg)][12] + +### 4. Nano & Qute ### + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2938/14208641327_49fc7286ba_z.jpg) + +Another popular "family" of text editors is the distraction-free editors. If you like to have Facebook or Twitter opened constantly in the background, or receive an email every five minutes, you know how difficult it can be to focus on that essay due tomorrow, or this code not compiling. In this case, you need an editor that will take the whole space on the screen, and block everything else. + +Probably the least favorite of this kind is Nano. If you want to block any distraction, go without X server. It is simple and straightforward. In fact, George R. R. Martin, the author of Game of Thrones, recently [revealed in an interview][13] that he uses a similar DOS Word processor to write his novels. + +If you prefer something a bit more keen on the eye, you could like my personal favorite: [Qute][14]. No fancy features, maybe a bit of LaTeX to look nice, but the weight is really on the interface. It proposes a beautiful navigation and edition experience. If you are uneasy because of the terminal, Qute is a good alternative. + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2927/14395083485_7f8f0d6d59_z.jpg) + +### 5. LibreOffice & Calligra & Abiword ### + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3845/14395083565_b07b33abf0_z.jpg) + +Finally, an office suite is also a text editor. I doubt you can code easily on that, but it will certainly be more appropriate for plain text and more quick to pick up than LaTeX. In this category, it would be impossible to avoid [LibreOffice][15] and [Calligra][16], the two behemoth in term of featues and fame. I like both of them, but a lot of people have a clear preference for the former over the latter. If you miss Microsoft Word, you will be in your realm. A bit of the underdog, [Abiword][17] is a lightweight alternative to those. If you goal is just to edit a word document, and you do not care about spreadsheets or databases, Abiword will do the trick while preserving the features. + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2915/14371976966_4d252928ec_z.jpg) + +To conclude briefly, if I had one advice to give, it would be to pick the editor that people around you use. If for some crazy reason everyone you know uses LibreOffice to code in C, or Sublime Text to write a novel, and that you have to do something similar, you should follow the trend. The reason being that if you encounter a problem and need some help, it will be easier for them to bring it to you. + +What is your favorite text editor? What do you use it for? Please let us know in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/good-text-editor-linux.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/04/latex-editor-software-linux.html +[2]:http://www.vim.org/ +[3]:https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/ +[4]:http://www.sublimetext.com/ +[5]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/turn-vim-full-fledged-ide.html +[6]:http://limetext.org/ +[7]:https://atom.io/ +[8]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Gedit +[9]:http://kate-editor.org/ +[10]:http://www.home.unix-ag.org/bmeurer/xfce/apps.html +[11]:http://tarot.freeshell.org/leafpad/ +[12]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14415259703/ +[13]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X5REM-3nWHg +[14]:http://www.inkcode.net/qute +[15]:https://www.libreoffice.org/ +[16]:http://www.calligra-suite.org/ +[17]:http://www.abisource.com/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md b/sources/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9cfd286527 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +Command Line Tuesdays – Part One +================================================================================ +Here we are geekos, back in action! Sorry it’s been a while, but let me just assure you we’re back on track, raging to meet the deadlines and to, well, have some fun :) + +Now, the whole idea was pretty much completely summed up in the introductory text posted a fortnight ago, so we may get down to business. As the book by Mr. Shotts instructs, we need to know what a shell is, as we’ll be operating withing it, and what a terminal emulator is. + +A shell, Mr Shotts states, is actually what we’re talking about when we’re talking about command-line. The shell is basically a program that passes the strokes of your keyboard to your computer, a translator of some sort, so your computer knows what you’re saying. There are many shells in existence, but the most widespread shell used in GNU/Linux distributions is called **bash**, or Bourne Again Shell. It’s a clever wordplay, as Mr Bourne created the bash’s predecessor, **sh**, and Brian Fox wrote it as a free alternative for sh. Ahhh, GNU people and their humor, very clever :) + +![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/54535272.jpg) + +Next thing we need so we can interact with the shell is a terminal emulator. Every Linux distribution comes with one, depending on the desktop environment you use, so it should be **Konsole** from KDE, **Gnome terminal** in Gnome etc. Mr. Shotts says you probably develop a preference for one, but I use what the desktop environment provides me, most of the time. + +Now, fire up your terminal. You get a line, stating your user name and the machine’s host name. This is called the shell prompt. It means it’s ready for you to enter a command. Let’s try something random. Type in anything, and press enter. + +Hehe, remember the introductory saying we need to learn the commands as a poem? There we go, random doesn’t work. + +Now, press the up arrow, and you’ll see the command reappear. What’s this sorcery? The up arrow key on your keyboard is for accessing the command history. The terminal saves up to 500 commands you entered, so to not type them over and over, you can look for them with the up/down arrow. The left and right arrows are for moving the cursor within a specific line, so you can edit the text in between. Now there’s another thing – **ctrl+v** for pasting text doesn’t work. You can set it up as a shortcut somewhere, but it’s usually something else. Check your terminal emulator’s shortcuts! (in Konsole, it’s Settings > Configure shortcuts) + +Now, for us not to get the ‘command not found’ slap to the face, let’s try something simple. Type **date**. (Yes, I didn’t know there’s a command for this, so it’s exciting for me also) :) + +![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/7123365.png) + +There you go. Why bother looking at your built in calendar in the clock, when you can fire up your terminal and type date, and see what day it is :) Just kidding, as Mr Shotts states, it’s a simple command, the more useful/difficult ones are coming next time. The related command to date is cal – it will display the current month’s calendar. + +You may also try **df**, and it will list free space on your drives. + +![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/44662534.png) + +Or **free**, to display the amount of free memory: + +![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/44548116.png) + +If you’re already in the type-only mood, you can enter the command **exit** to get out of the terminal emulator instead of pressing the x button. + +…and we’ll stop to a halt for this week so it won’t be too much to ingest on your already tight schedule. Too sum it up (you can write this conclusion down, for repetition), in part one, we learned: + +- what is a shell +- what do we need to communicate with the shell (terminal emulator) +- navigating the terminal commands with cursor buttons and exiting the terminal + +Four simple commands: + +- **date** – displays the current date +- **cal** – displays the current month’s calendar +- **df** – shows the amount of free space on your hard drives +- **free** – amount of free memory + +### What will we do next Tuesday? ### + +We learn navigation through the file system (what are all those bin etc etc. folders, what are they used for, how to navigate through them via the terminal). Until then… + +### …have a lot of fun! ### + +![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/40949666.jpg) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/10/command-line-tuesdays-part-one/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 19b90a90f5d908cb4477e8b739bb63bbfefc831f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 12 Jun 2014 11:01:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 208/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20to=20d?= =?UTF-8?q?ownload=20webcomics=20from=20the=20command=20line=20on=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @disylee 发布了 --- ...ebcomics from the command line on Linux.md | 107 ++++++++++++++++++ ...ebcomics from the command line on Linux.md | 106 ----------------- 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 106 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/How to download webcomics from the command line on Linux.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/How to download webcomics from the command line on Linux.md diff --git a/published/How to download webcomics from the command line on Linux.md b/published/How to download webcomics from the command line on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9efaa73c7a --- /dev/null +++ b/published/How to download webcomics from the command line on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +Linux + 漫画迷 = 二次元世界？ +================================================================================ +你是否从来都没有错过xkcd上的漫画连载？及时地阅读到网络漫画。或者你是否想过从你喜欢的网站上备份所有漫画连载？如你所愿，开源社区将为你提供解决方案：使用命令行程序从终端上下载所有你喜欢的漫画连载。 + +在我们开始之前，请记住一点，你下载的漫画连载仅供个人使用，在没有授权的情况下是不可以散播出去的。如果你确实喜欢该作者的作品，请支持通过捐赠或购买正版商品获得。 + +### 在Linux中安装Dosage + +有一个下载漫画连载的开源程序叫[dosage][1]。由于该程序是用python写的，所以安装漫画连载工具的方式有几种。今天我们就从一种简单的方法开始吧。 + +第一步，你需要[安装pip][2]（LCTT译注，这是一个用于安装和管理python包的工具），并确保你的python版本在2.7.0至3.3区间。接下来使用pip安装dosage。 + + $ sudo pip install dosage + +如果pip不能以某种方式来找到相关包（例如Ubuntu14.04系统），可以使用下列命令来找到。 + + $ sudo pip install http://wummel.github.io/dosage/dist/dosage-2.13.tar.gz + +dosage将会自动创建一个名为“Comics”新的文件夹。 + +### Dosage的基本用法 + +dosage的基本用法如下所述。使用dosage，你可以在数据库中找到你喜欢阅读的网络漫画，当最新一期的连载发布时，你可以及时获取最新一期。从某种意义来说，无论你在网络漫画中订阅多少连载，dosage都会确保一期不落地帮你把没有读过的漫画连载下载下来。 + +下载和阅读你的离线网络漫画，首先要用以下命令将它们列出： + + $ dosage -l + +现在，我们可以看到dosage将2000多套漫画从数据库列出。我个人建议用下面的这个命令来查找我们想要看的漫画： + + $ dosage -l | grep [keyword] + +这样就会返回所有包含关键字标题的漫画了。 + +一旦你确定列表中哪一本漫画是你想要阅读的，使用以下命令订阅这本漫画： + + $ dosage [name of the webcomic] + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2940/13943751585_978ef260de_z.jpg) + +订阅漫画时会自动在"Comics"目录下创建子目录，并把最新的连载漫画下载到在里边。 + +如果你不仅仅想下载最新连载的漫画而是完整的一部，那么你使用以下的命令就可以了： + + $ dosage -a [name of the comic] + +最后，订阅了几本网络漫画之后，你可以使用下面这条简单的命令，方便地下载到这几本漫画的所有更新： + + $ dosage @ + +如果你不想错过每天的漫画更新，你可以每天执行这条命令确保不会错过。 + +### Dosage的高级用法 + +玩了一天dosage，你也许想知道它的更多使用方法。这需要你掌握更多的命令语法和快捷入门。 + +如果你想在xkcd上下载更多的漫画连载，你应该会看到一条dosage拒绝的提示（使用成人选项，确认你的年龄）： + + use the --adult option to confirm your age + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2929/13920634111_9d63589f74_z.jpg) + +因为默认情况下，dosage会忽略任何标记为仅限18岁以上的成年人浏览的网络漫画（由于某些原因，xkcd也属于其中的一个）。如果你已经成人了，请输入： + + $ dosage --adult xkcd + +从之前的例子，你也许注意到'@'这个参数代表你所有已经下载的漫画书。而这个'@@'这个参数则是表示dosage数据库中的所有漫画书。 + + $ dosage @@ + +上面的命令会下载dosage所知道的每一本漫画的最新连载。 + +如果你想获取漫画从开始到特定的某一天的连载，你可以使用以下命令： + + $ dosage -a [name of the comic]:[year-month-day] + +举个例子，我们想看《Calvin and Hobbes》2014年之前的所有连载，运行这条命令： + + $ dosage -a calvinandhobbes:2014-01-01 + +最后，对于所有想自己做些开发的人来说，dosage可以在下载时生成rss，json和html日志文件。 + + $ dosage -o [type] [name of the comic] + +在以上命令中，，[type]可以是rss，json或者html，[name of comic]也可以只用'@'。例如，用'html'参数就会创建一个漂亮的HTML代码，以看到所有已经下载到的漫画连载。 + +下面的命令会下载所有关于Calvin and Hobbes的连载并生成一个网页，可以在你的浏览器中看到一个漂亮的网页，呈现出所有连载漫画。 + + $ dosage -o html -a calvinandhobbes + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3693/13920644962_1b041dc2f2_z.jpg) + +最后，我会建议你[阅读手册][3]获取更多相关信息。dosage的确是一个非常简洁的工具，它为广大网页漫画迷们服务。我很好奇地想知道像创建出一个json文件来下载连载漫画的这种创意是怎么诞生的？ + +你还有其它更好的取代dosage的工具么？或者说你是这些工具的粉丝并且用得非常过瘾，那就在评论里推荐给我们吧。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/04/download-webcomics-command-line-linux.html + +译者：[disylee](https://github.com/disylee) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://wummel.github.io/dosage/ +[2]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-pip-linux.html +[3]:http://wummel.github.io/dosage/dosage.1.html diff --git a/translated/tech/How to download webcomics from the command line on Linux.md b/translated/tech/How to download webcomics from the command line on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index ba3e53bb81..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/How to download webcomics from the command line on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,106 +0,0 @@ - - -在Linux系统中，如何通过命令行变出二次元世界？ -================================================================================ -你是否从来都没有错过xkcd上的漫画连载？及时地阅读到网络漫画。或者你是否考虑过从你喜欢的网站上备份所有漫画连载？如你所愿，开源社区将为你提供解决方案：使用命令行程序从终端上下载所有你喜欢的漫画连载。 - - -在我们开始之前，请记住一点，你下载的漫画连载仅供个人使用，在没有授权的情况下是不可以散播出去的。如果你确实喜欢该作者的作品，请支持通过捐赠或购买正版商品获得。 - - -在Linux中安装Dosage - - -有一个下载漫画连载的开源程序叫dosage。由于该程序是用python写的，所以安装漫画连载工具的方式有几种。今天我们就从一种简单的方法开始吧。 - -第一步，你需要安装pip（用于安装和管理python包的工具），并确保你的python版本在2.7.0至3.3区间。接下来使用pip安装dosage。 - - $ sudo pip install dosage - -如果pip不能以某种方式来找到相关包（例如Ubuntu14.04系统），可以使用下列命令来找到。 - - $ sudo pip install http://wummel.github.io/dosage/dist/dosage-2.13.tar.gz - -dosage将会自动创建一个名为“Comics”新的文件夹。 - - -Dosage的基本用法 - -dosage的基本用法可以被描述如下。使用dosage，你可以在数据库中找到你喜欢阅读的网络漫画，当最新一期的连载发布时，你可以几时获取最新一期。从某种意义来说，无论你在网络漫画中订阅多少连载，dosage都会确保一期不落地帮你把没有读过的漫画连载下载下来。 - -下载和阅读你的离线网络漫画，首先要用以下命令将它们列出： - - $ dosage -l - -马上，我们可以看到dosage将2000多套漫画从数据库列出。我个人建议用下面的这个命令来查找我们想要看的漫画： - - $ dosage -l | grep [keyword] - -这样就会返回所有包含关键字标题的漫画了。 -一旦你确定列表中哪一本漫画是你想要阅读的，使用一下命令订阅这本漫画： - $ dosage [name of the webcomic] - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2940/13943751585_978ef260de_z.jpg) - -订阅漫画时会自动生成一个名为"Comics"的目录，并把最新的连载漫画下载到在里边。 -如果你不仅仅像下载最新连载的漫画而是整一部，那么你使用一下的命令就可以了： - - $ dosage -a [name of the comic] - -最后，如果你订阅了几本网络漫画，你可以使用下面这条简单的命令，方便地下载到这几本漫画的所有更新： - - $ dosage @ - -如果你不想错过每天的漫画更新，你可以每天执行这条命令确保不会错过。 - -Dosage的高级用法 - -玩了一天dosage，你也许想知道它的更多使用方法。这需要你掌握更多的命令语法和快捷入门。 -如果你想在xkcd上下载更多的漫画连载，你应该会看到一条dosage拒绝的提示（使用成人选项，确认你的年龄）： - - use the --adult option to confirm your age - - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2929/13920634111_9d63589f74_z.jpg) -因为默认情况下，dosage会为18岁以上的成年人忽略所有网络漫画中产生的冲突（xkcd只是其中的一个）。跳过这一步，请输入： - - $ dosage --adult xkcd - -从之前的例子，你也许注意到'@'这个参数几乎用于所有关于漫画书的下载。接下来这个'@@'这个参数是关于dosage数据库的所有漫画书。 - - $ dosage @@ - -上面的命令会下载dosage所知道的每一本漫画的最新连载。 -如果你想获取漫画开始到特定某一天的连载，你可以使用以下命令： - $ dosage -a [name of the comic]:[year-month-day] - -举个例子，我们想看《Calvin and Hobbes》2014年之前的所有连载，运行这条命令： - - $ dosage -a calvinandhobbes:2014-01-01 - -最终对所有想把连载作为个人用途的开发者，dosage会在下载连载时生成rss，json和html日志文件。 - - $ dosage -o [type] [name of the comic] - -在以上命令中，，[type]可以是rss，json或者html，[name of comic]也可以只用'@'。例如，用'html'参数就回创建一个漂亮的HTML代码可以看到所有已经下载到的漫画连载。 - -下面的命令会下载所有关于Calvin and Hobbes的连载并生成一个网页代码，在你的浏览器中看到一个漂亮的网页格式呈现出所有连载漫画。 - $ dosage -o html -a calvinandhobbes - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3693/13920644962_1b041dc2f2_z.jpg) - -最后，我会建议你阅读手册3获取更多相关信息。dosage的确是一个非常简洁的工具，它为广大网页漫画迷们服务。我很好奇地想知道像创建出一个json文件来下载连载漫画的这种创意是怎么诞生的？ - -你还有其它更好的工具来取代dosage？或者说你是这种可以取代dosage工具的粉丝并且用得非常过瘾，那就在评论里推荐给我们吧。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/04/download-webcomics-command-line-linux.html - -译者：disylee(https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://wummel.github.io/dosage/ -[2]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-pip-linux.html -[3]:http://wummel.github.io/dosage/dosage.1.html From 2f0e6e5f782179196a50395e6faa48d91b3671ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wwhio Date: Thu, 12 Jun 2014 11:09:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 209/713] Delete [translating] 20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完成 --- ...610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md | 69 ------------------- 1 file changed, 69 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/[translating] 20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md diff --git a/sources/talk/[translating] 20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md b/sources/talk/[translating] 20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 895e38bb4e..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/[translating] 20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,69 +0,0 @@ -Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux - -translating by wwhio -================================================================================ -Standard Linux circulations regularly default to one of two desktop environments, KDE or GNOME. Both of these give clients an instinctive and attractive desktop, and also offering a verity of media inbuilt softwares, system programs, games, utilities, web development tools, programming tools and so on. These two desktops center all the more on giving clients a cutting edge computing environment with all the accessories emphasized in Windows OS, instead of minimizing the measure of system resources they require. - -If you are using Ubuntu (or other) and exhausted of utilizing Unity desktop constantly? At that point, you ought to look at different choices accessible that can swap unity for you. I have gathered 7 desktop environments that are great and you beyond any doubt would need to utilize them once you are finished with this article. - -### [Mate][1] ### - -![](http://i0.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/mate.png) - -Mate is a fork of GNOME2. It gives a natural and appealing desktop environment utilizing conventional representations for Linux and other Unix-like working frameworks. MATE is under dynamic improvement to include help for new advances while saving a conventional desktop experience. - -Ubuntu 14.04, surprisingly, permit clients to introduce the MATE desktop straight from the Ubuntu Software Center. - -### [KDE][2] ### - -![](http://i2.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Kubuntu-9.04-DesktopEffects.png) - -KDE is the other significant desktop look, close to Gnome. It is considered to be the flashier and most asset and heavy desktop environment of every one of them. It’s likewise the particular case that looks closest to Windows’ desktop without any extraordinary adjustments or templates. KDE has the most peculiarities, and in addition a huge measure of settings you can change to tweak your experience. There is likewise a considerable measure of topics accessible for KDE, so you can truly profit from KDE’s peculiarities and still have it look the way you need it to. - -### [Cinnamon][3] ### - -![](http://i1.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/WD9O-C08B-ESP5.jpg) - -Cinnamon is a Gtk+-based environment. It initially began as a fork of the GNOME Shell, which is a client interface, and was at first created by (and for) Linux Mint. Cinnamon is essentially proposed for utilization with a console and a Pointing gadget, in the same way as a mouse; use with a touchscreen is likewise conceivable. Rather than KDE Plasma Workspaces, there is one GUI. Cinnamon 2.0, the current version, was disclosed on 10 October 2013. - -### [Unity][4] ### - -![](http://i1.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Ubuntu_13.10_Desktop.png) - -Unity is an interface for the GNOME desktop environment created by Canonical Ltd. for its Ubuntu OS. Unity appeared in the netbook release of Ubuntu 10.10. It was at first intended to make more proficient utilization of space given the constrained screen size of netbooks, including, for instance, a vertical app switcher called launcher, and a vertical space saver multipurpose top menubar. Unity in not a collection of different applications, like GNOME, KDE, Xfce, or LXDE, it is developed to use available utilities. - -### [GNOME Shell][5] ### - -![](http://i0.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/GNOME_Shell_3.6.png) - -GNOME gives center interface capacities like exchanging windows, launch applications or see your notices. It exploits the capacities of cutting edge graphics hardware and gives attractive, innovative client interface ideas with give a delightful and simple to user experience. GNOME Shell is the defining technology of the GNOME 3 client experience. - -A stable release of GNOME Shell was disclosed as a vital a piece of GNOME on 3 March 2011. - -### [Xfce][6] ### - -![](http://i0.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/New-Picture1.jpg) - -Xfce is a lighter desktop environment that is focused around the GTK schema. It looks very like Gnome 2/MATE, however it’s a lighter alternative than those two. It’s additionally much lighter than KDEand Gnome 3, so it’s ideal for low-fueled gadgets or for frameworks whose holders look to achieve greatest execution. It’s not the lightest alternative accessible – continue perusing for that – however Xfce does accomplish an equalization of execution and capacity. - -### [LXDE][7] ### - -![](http://i2.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/LXDE_desktop_full.png) - -LXDE is ostensibly the lightest alternative accessible for a desktop environment, at least among those that the customary desktop standard. This GTK-based desktop environment replaces the greater part of the default apps with considerably lighter alternatives (think Abiword, Gnumeric, and so on rather than Libreoffice), and it offers no flash visual impacts – nor does it have great feel by and large, without highly weighted tweaks. But, it’s still has a nice looking desktop with full functionality that you ought to consider to use in the event that you need something fast and simple. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://pulpybucket.com/top-7-desktop-environment-linux/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://mate-desktop.org/ -[2]:http://kde.org/ -[3]:http://cinnamon.linuxmint.com/ -[4]:https://unity.ubuntu.com/ -[5]:http://www.gnome.org/ -[6]:http://xfce.org/ -[7]:http://lxde.org/ From d196718e0b09d339bf7cfa7a1e742cb641ff0fb1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wwhio Date: Thu, 12 Jun 2014 11:14:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 210/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=88=90=E3=80=91Top=207=20Desktop=20Environment=20For=20Linux?= =?UTF-8?q?.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完成 20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md --- ...610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md | 67 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 67 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md diff --git a/translated/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md b/translated/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8a64eb331a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +Linux 平台七大桌面环境 +================================================================================ +通常的 Linux 发行版上都使用 KDE 或者 GNOME 作为默认的桌面环境。它们都给用户提供了一个易用的并且有吸引力的桌面，并且内置了各式各样的多媒体软件、系统程序、游戏、实用程序、网页开发工具、编程工具等等。这两个桌面致力于提供给用户一个拥有类似于 Windows 操作系统体验的尖端的计算环境，而忽略了最小化它们所占用的系统资源。 + +如果你正在使用 Ubuntu (或者其他Linux发行版) 并且疲于始终使用 Unity 桌面，那么你应该看看这些可以替代 Unity 的选择。我收集了 7 种桌面环境。它们都很棒。在你读完这篇文章之后，请试着使用它们吧。 + +### [Mate][1] ### + +![](http://i0.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/mate.png) + +MATE 是 GNOME2 的一个分支。它提供了一个自然且吸引人的桌面环境。它是 Linux 和其他 Unix-like 工作环境中的传统工作框架的代表。MATE 正在改善以使用新的技术来保留传统的桌面体验。 + +在 Ubuntu 14.04 中，可以直接从 Ubuntu 软件中心获取 MATE 桌面。 + +### [KDE][2] ### + +![](http://i2.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Kubuntu-9.04-DesktopEffects.png) + +KDE 是一个类似于 GNOME 一样的重量级桌面环境。它在本文章所提及的7种桌面环境中被认为是最华丽最重量级的一个。它同样是一个类似于 Windows 的桌面，在这一点上没有什么特殊的变化。不过 KDE 非常有特点，但是随之而来的是大量的设置来提升你的桌面体验。同样的，有很多关于 KDE 的话题。所以真的可以从 KDE 的特点中获益，并且保持你所想的外观。 + +### [Cinnamon][3] ### + +![](http://i1.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/WD9O-C08B-ESP5.jpg) + +Cinnamon 是一个基于 Gtk+ 的环境。它最初作为 GNOME Shell 的一个用户界面分支，由 Linux Mint 创造。 Cinnamon 本质上是为了推行使用终端和定点装置。无论是使用鼠标，还是使用触摸屏都可以获得同样便捷的操作。不像 KDE Plasma 工作空间， 只有一种 GUI。 当前版本—— Cinnamon 2.0 展示于2013年10月10日。 + +### [Unity][4] ### + +![](http://i1.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Ubuntu_13.10_Desktop.png) + +Unity 是 GNOME 桌面环境的一个界面，由 Canonical 公司创建，使用于 Ubuntu 系统中。Unity 最初现身于 Ubuntu 10.10 的上网本版本中。它起初打算充分利用上网本的屏幕空间，例如一个被称为启动器的垂直应用切换器（a vertical app switcher called launcher）和一个节省垂直空间的多功能顶部菜单栏。Unity 不像 GNOME , KDE, Xfce 或者 LXDE 是许多软件的合集，它是作为使用实用程序而开发的（it is developed to use available utilities）。 + +### [GNOME Shell][5] ### + +![](http://i0.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/GNOME_Shell_3.6.png) + +GNOME 提供了桌面核心接口例如交换窗口，启动应用程序以及显示提示。它利用先进图形硬件来实现吸引人的，创新的界面思想，提供了愉悦简单的用户体验。GNOME Shell 定义了 GNOME 3 的客户体验。 + +作为 GNOME 的一个重要组成部分， GNOME Shell 的稳定版本首次发布于 2011年3月3日。 + +### [Xfce][6] ### + +![](http://i0.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/New-Picture1.jpg) + +Xfce 是一个轻量级的桌面环境，围绕 GTK 框架实现。他看起来很像 Gnome 2 或者 MATE，然而 Xfce 是它们的轻量级替代品。相较于 KDE 和 GNOME 3 而言，Xfce 非常轻量级，所以它是运行小工具或者那些希望实现最大执行效率的框架的理想环境。它还不是可以获得的最轻量级的选择 - 请继续往下看 - 然而，Xfce 的确完成了执行效率和功能的平衡。 + +### [LXDE][7] ### + +![](http://i2.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/LXDE_desktop_full.png) + +LXDE 显然是桌面环境中最轻量级的选择，至少在消费级的桌面标准中是这样。这个基于 GTK 的桌面环境使用了很多轻量级的选择替代了默认的应用（例如 Abiword, Gnumeric, 而不是 LibreOffice）。它提供了无闪烁的视觉冲击 - 总体感觉也没有很不错，没有复杂的设置。但是，LXDE 仍然提供了漂亮的桌面和完整的功能。当你需要快速简洁时，它就是你需要的选择。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://pulpybucket.com/top-7-desktop-environment-linux/ + +译者：[wwhio](https://github.com/wwhio) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://mate-desktop.org/ +[2]:http://kde.org/ +[3]:http://cinnamon.linuxmint.com/ +[4]:https://unity.ubuntu.com/ +[5]:http://www.gnome.org/ +[6]:http://xfce.org/ +[7]:http://lxde.org/ From 7b3e2b28443a56f2cd413b4eba9aa22c36ede7f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Thu, 12 Jun 2014 11:54:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 211/713] Translated:Making Linux Feel at Home.md --- translated/tech/Making Linux Feel at Home.md | 124 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 124 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/Making Linux Feel at Home.md diff --git a/translated/tech/Making Linux Feel at Home.md b/translated/tech/Making Linux Feel at Home.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6e02a51a3a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/Making Linux Feel at Home.md @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +让Linux宾至如归 +================================================================================ +**采用小企鹅不管是对于小企业还是大企业而言，都是一个明智的选择。Linux曾经被认为是业余爱好者的操作系统，但是经历了很长一段历程后，现在它成了企业级系统。它很稳定，而且很安全。Linux易于定制，而且有庞大的社区提供帮助。这只是迁移到Linux桌面的部分理由。** + +迁移到一个不同的系统，从来都不是件容易的事。开着窗户（Windows），或不品味苹果（MacIntosh）可能是个令人沮丧且代价高昂的体验。花钱升级新的硬件来赶上高贵的新软件时髦，这往往是毫无价值的做法。 + +在家里或一个小型的办公环境中运行一个Linux发行版，这是个卓有成效的努力，它可以带来开支的节约和效率的提升。对于企业环境而言，采用Linux服务器系统来取代追赶微软基础架构常常是个明智的商业选择。 + +然而，放弃熟悉操作系统下的舒适环境的过程看起来比实际更具挑战性。个人用户和中小型企业可以分阶段迁移到Linux桌面。软件是免费的，而用户也已经有了合适的可以支撑两个平台的硬件。 + +许多更大型的企业已经跑起了它们自己的Linux服务器仓库和完整的Linux桌面应用，这里它更容易适应。基于云的软件的使用使得办公室人员在使用他们的工作站工作时意识不到有很大的改变。 + +“是否迁移到Linux取决于使用情况。如果在家里使用，或者从事开发，那么你会想使用Linux中所有可用的功能。那是没脑子的想法。迁移到另外一个操作系统从来没有一帆风顺的。没有哪种使用情况可以适合所有场合，它取决于用户基础。“麦克 瓦伊塔尔，[Talkpoint][1]首席技术官，告诉Linux圈内人。 + +在中小型企业中和企业客户一起工作，瓦伊塔尔发现，利用新技术的个人用户和公司领导者的数量在增长，这些新技术将他们吸引到Linux中来。 + +### 舒适度期望值 ### +这些Linux技术之一就是Chrome OS,还有现在由基于Linux的Chrome浏览器操作系统驱动的廉价笔记本。 + +由于用户已经熟悉Google的Chrome浏览器，或这开源的Chronium浏览器项目，使用Chromebook或者基于云的运载系统使得迁移到Linux变得小菜一碟。 + +“忽略使用的操作系统，其中一个问题是浏览器的能力。我们已经发现，用户85%的时间花在浏览器中“托马斯 邓，[Splashtop][2的共同创立者及产品管理高级副总裁，告诉Linux圈内人。 + +邓发现，那些有着快速学习曲线、能适应较新技术的人对此越来越有兴趣。人们使用多种多样的产品。因此迁移到一个与他们在其它设备上使用过的系统类似的系统，会使得迁移更平稳。 + +### Chrome迎合潮流 ### +移动设备用户，不管是在家中还是工作中，越来越精通Linux，而他们根本不知道这是个什么系统。他们在几个操作系统间切换。伴随着熟练程度的提高，开源环境也越发让人感觉舒适。通过云平台来分发跨平台软件，这是一个附加的迁移措施。 + +“Google正在做的是与办公套件相关的真正有趣的事情。Google现在正在它的Chrome OS上敞开大门。“瓦伊塔尔说。 + +对于关闭窗户（Windows），敞开大门（Chrome OS），一个很好的例子是它的公司内部使用Chrome驱动的工具。例如，Talkpoint使用ChromeBox设备。 + +“那就为多媒体团队和传统的AV用户敞开了大门。我们看到该技术上的很多进展。“瓦伊塔尔解释说。 + +### 平板打破传统 ### +另外一个Linux设备为迁移到桌面OS铺平道路的例子是安卓系统的流行。加上这个为智能手机和平板电脑改良的Linux发行版。 + +“对于迁移到Linux的人而言，人们对平板界面感到很舒服，尤其是在对Windows 8界面感到不满之后。我认识的每个人都试着回到Windows 7.“瓦伊塔尔说。 + +### 云计算具有Linux影响力 ### +人们希望使用像MS Offcie这样熟悉的生产工具来进行文字处理。而在Windows平台上，开源产品不怎么被人熟知。因此，在开始迁移到完整的Linux桌面之前，先整合开源工具到原有平台会很有帮助。邓解释道。 + +随着Google Docs和Google Chrome浏览器的流行，Windows用户不知道开源的趋势正在发生改变。他指出。 + +““让迁移到Linux变得方便的另外一条路是迁移到云端，使用云端应用。”邓说。“对用户进行教育，是将用户迁移到Linux的最有效的方式。Chromebook正大量被采用，这是一条迁移到Linux便捷的道路。” + +### 小企鹅威猛 ### +聘请Tux，Linux的吉祥物小企鹅，对于小企业和大企业来说都是明智的选择。它是一个成熟、稳定而又灵活的操作系统，绝对可以帮你干活。据肖恩 塞乐，[视觉解决方案][3]高级产品经理说。 + +“对于小型商业公司，运行Linux来替代其它操作系统是令人信服的选择，而且也带来优势，当然这取决于你的公司的需求。“塞乐告诉Linux圈内人。 + +它曾经被认为是是业余爱好者的操作系统，但是经历了很长一段历程后，现在它成了企业级系统。它很稳定，而且很安全。Linux易于定制，而且有庞大的社区提供帮助。这只是迁移到Linux桌面的部分理由。 + +### 商业加分 ### +利用更多的社区支持模型可以节约成本，塞乐说。Linux可以获得免费的社区支持，也可以付费订阅完整的技术支持。一些Linux版本也有硬件和软件认证这些东西，这些对于某些工作环境是很重要的。 + +例如，小型商业公司和大型企业可以可以完整地运行像CentOS或者OpenSuse这样的发行版，或者也可以从[Red Hat][4]或者Suse来整合付费的版本。即便是一个完整的订阅模型，Linux也比Windows或者传统的Unix提供了更低的总拥有成本，以及更好的投资回报，塞乐解释道。 + +“我相信，让小型企业来切身体验一下Linux很有意义。”塞乐补充道。“由于在社区以及像IBM和Red Hat这样的公司的帮助下，开源软件总体上正以快速的步伐帮助推动革新，Linux有一个光明的前途。“ + +### 小心爽一把 ### +操作系统会家庭和工作地内部有不同的忠实用户。就拿BDNA的CTO沃克 怀特来说吧。他在家里使用Linux作为桌面操作系统，但是他的家人却对他热衷的东西并不买账。 + +“我的家人用Mac gear。他们盲目追随市场营销和功能炒作，而根本不考虑性能之类的东西。我在家里进行一个人的圣战，试着策反更多的人来加入Linux阵营。”怀特告诉Linux圈内人。 + +在他的公司里有类似的死忠派在奋斗，他说道，他公司里Linux桌面使用并不普遍 —— 但他们为Linux在工作中更广泛地部署打下了基础。 + +BDNA在内部使用Google应用很多。公司也在把越来越多的东西迁移到基于云计算的产品中。无论如何，这会给筹备中的工作更多的支持。 + +“当我切换到想OpenOffice这样的应用时，该操作必须真正实现无缝操作以捕获更多人的心。从纯市场角度看，开发者需要稍稍改变一下游戏规则。苹果赢得了年轻孩子和30岁年轻一代的心。我经常在我公司听到这样的想法。”他说。 + +### 小企鹅对战苹果 ### +请求新设备是高端的MacBook Pro的特点，怀特解释道。尽管他们主要使用的工具是在线工具，BDNA的工人还是想要华而不实的，高度宣传的硬件。 + +为了打破这种观念，他不得不将操作系统和硬件的功能分离。战役的一部分是将用户与操作系统本身隔离。而这只有在企业同时有在线和离线的生产力应用程序才会发生，据怀特说。 + +“即使是使用文件管理器这样简单的事情也需要将注意力放在操作系统允许我们在我们使用的应用里头做什么，而不是操作系统本身。”他说。 + +### 爽到极点 ### +操作系统多大程度上控制计算机用户？这个问题对于迁移到Linux而言很关键，怀特说。 + +想想Chromebook以及安卓手机和平板的不断成功，消费者真的需要知道他们正在运行Linux么？ + +“我认为迁移到Linux以及Linux在家里成功的关键在于，我们可以在线做多少事情。”怀特说，“因为我在家里使用Linux，所以我看到了其中的优势。” + +你是否启用家庭消费者层面的设置，或是转向家庭或小企业用户设置，重点在于用户可以兼容他们使用的工具和功能。这里头包括像共享和创建文档，以及与之相关的事情，他说明道。 + +### 迁移措施 ### +对于市场而言，软件和硬件生产商需要减少对操作系统的关注。例如，Chromebook正以苹果销售MacBook类似的方式获得大众认可。Google与其说是在贩卖Linux操作系统，倒不如说它是在销售应用，怀特回答道。 + +“开发者真正需要做的是改变工作重点，让用户和Linux相处融洽，而不是停留在使用非Windows，或者非Mac操作系统的踌躇上。不管你用什么，必须可以让它做你想让它做的事。像Chromebook这样的事物正是秉承了这样的观点，将Linux操作系统本身掩盖了起来。”他指出。 + +计算机生产商必须首先开始打破“它是Windows”或者“它是Mac”这样的模式。到那个时候，迁移到Linux的数量才会大幅攀升，怀特总结道。 + +“这无关操作系统品牌，”他说，“而在于运行该操作系统的设备所能做的事。” + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80415.html + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.talkpointcommunications.com/ +[2]:http://www.splashtop.com/ +[3]:http://www.visionsolutions.com/ +[4]:http://www.redhat.com/ +[5]:http://www.bdna.com/ +[6]:http://www.openoffice.org/ +[7]: +[8]: +[9]: +[10]: +[11]: +[12]: +[13]: +[14]: +[15]: +[16]: +[17]: +[18]: +[19]: +[20]: From 638d7a83c606def90aa3cd263727a136ff1b6856 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Thu, 12 Jun 2014 12:02:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 212/713] Translated:Open Source LDAP Solutions.md --- .../20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md | 33 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md b/translated/tech/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..72a1b79614 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +开源LDAP解决方案 +================================================================================ +LDAP（轻量级目录访问协议）是一个用于访问目录服务的应用协议，它运行在TCP/IP堆栈的上一层，采用简单的编码方法，并提供了便捷的方式来连接到互联网目录，特别是基于X.500的目录服务，并对它们进行搜索和修改。LDAP是一个开放的、中立的，并且具有工业标准的应用协议，它采用客户端-服务器模式。 + +该协议主要针对管理应用程序和提供对目录读/写操作的浏览器应用程序。 + +使用LDAP服务器的主要好处在于，整个组织的信息可以合并到一个中央仓库统一管理。LDAP支持安全套接协议层（SSL）和传输层安全协议（TLS），因而敏感信息可以受到保护。LDAP服务器用于多种任务，包括但不限于这些服务：用户认证、机器认证、用户/系统分组、资源追踪、组织演示以及应用配置存储。 + +为了提供对可用开源软件质量的深刻了解，我们列出了5个高品质的LDAP解决方案。 + +现在，让我们浏览手头上的5个LDAP解决方案吧。每个标题，我们都提供了连接页面，里面有对其功能特性的深度分析，同时提供了相关资源和评论的链接。 + +### LDAP解决方案 ### + +- [389目录服务器][1] - 企业级开源LDAP服务器 +- [OpenDJ][2] - API经济的云目录服务 +- [OpenLDAP][3] - 应用程序和开发工具的LDAP套件 +- [freeIPA][4] - 身份/策略管理 +- [ApacheDS][5] - 编写的LDAP和Kerberos服务器 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140607022012848/LDAPSolutions.html + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://port389.org/ +[2]:http://opendj.forgerock.org/ +[3]:http://www.openldap.org/ +[4]:http://www.freeipa.org/ +[5]:http://directory.apache.org/apacheds/ \ No newline at end of file From 4cfc1fceff0099eb5d9a68f1f2ebdd46dec0fadb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Thu, 12 Jun 2014 12:26:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 213/713] Update 20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md --- sources/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md b/sources/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md index 9cfd286527..d4de9e22f3 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +别占我的，该系列GOLinux独占了。 Command Line Tuesdays – Part One ================================================================================ Here we are geekos, back in action! Sorry it’s been a while, but let me just assure you we’re back on track, raging to meet the deadlines and to, well, have some fun :) @@ -59,4 +60,4 @@ via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/10/command-line-tuesdays-part-one/ 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 4dd0deb3398e34e0d6beba0147fcb6c85821a0fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: limox Date: Thu, 12 Jun 2014 12:40:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 214/713] alim0x translating --- .../20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md index 5112c69da9..e69de7f364 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/sources/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +alim0x translating + Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04 ================================================================================ ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Dpkg-Vulnerabilities-Closed-in-Ubuntu-14-04-446282-2.jpg) @@ -22,4 +24,4 @@ via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Dpkg-Vulnerabilities-Closed-in-Ubuntu-14-04- 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/usn-2242-1/ \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/usn-2242-1/ From e4b0249a005bccd38ef2a4dcb73ebe2e9c0e1245 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 12 Jun 2014 12:45:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 215/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140611=20H?= =?UTF-8?q?TG=20Explains--What'=20s=20the=20Difference=20Between=20Linux?= =?UTF-8?q?=20and=20BSD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @MikeCoder --- ... s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md | 84 +++++++++++++++++++ ... s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md | 82 ------------------ 2 files changed, 84 insertions(+), 82 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md delete mode 100644 translated/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md diff --git a/published/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md b/published/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c55fb6af45 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +Linux 与 BSD 有什么不同? +================================================================================ +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/freebsd-devil-mascot-and-ubuntu-linux.jpg) + +Linux 和 BSD 都是免费的，开源的，类Unix系统。他们甚至使用很多相同的软件。他们看上去简直就像是一个操作系统，那么，它们有什么不同吗？ + +其实，两者之间的不同，远远超出了我们下面提到的这些，尤其是在构建完整操作系统和许可授权的哲学思想上，更是相差甚远。通过这篇短文将可以简单的了解它们之间的不同。 + +### 基础 ### + +[许多人所称的“Linux”实际上不是 Linux][1]。Linux 从技术上说只是 Linux 内核，典型的 Linux 发行版则包括了 Linux 内核和许多软件。这是[为什么 Linux 有时被称为 GNU/Linux][2]。事实上，许多在 Linux 上使用的软件同样也在 BSD 上使用。 + +Linux 和 BSD 都是类 UNIX 操作系统。我们可以通过阅读[类 UNIX 操作系统历史][3]发现 Linux 和 BSD 有不同的谱系。Linux 是由 Linus Torvalds 在芬兰上大学的时候开发的。BSD 则代表“Berkeley Software Distribution，伯克利软件套件”，其源于对加州大学伯克利分校所开发的贝尔实验室UNIX的一系列修改，它最终发展成一个完整的操作系统，现在有多个不同的BSD分支。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/freebsd-boot-screen.png) + +### 内核 vs. 完整操作系统 ### + +严格的说，Linux 是只是一个内核。制作 Linux 发行版所要做的工作就是，汇集那些创建一个完整 Linux 操作系统所需的所有软件，将它组合成一个像 Ubuntu、Mint、Debian、RedHat 或者是 Arch 这样的 [Linux 发行版][4]。有许多不同的 Linux 发行版。 + +与此相反的是，BSD 这个名字则代表其内核和操作系统。例如，FreeBSD 提供了 FreeBSD 内核和 FreeBSD 操作系统。它是作为一个单一的项目维护的。换句话说，如果你想要安装 FreeBSD，就只有一个 FreeBSD 可供你安装。如果你想要安装 Linux，你首先需要在许多 Linux 发行版之间选择。 + +BSD 包括一个名为 Ports 的系统，它提供了一种安装软件包的方式。Ports 系统包含了软件包的源代码，所以您的计算机如果想安装软件的话，则需要先编译他们。（如果您曾经使用过以前流行的 Gentoo，有点类似那样。）不过，软件包也可以是预安装的二进制形式，以便你不需要花时间和系统资源编译他们就能运行。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/ubuntu-14.04-unity-desktop.png) + +### 许可证 ### + +许可证是典型的差异，虽然它不会对大多数人产生影响。Linux 使用 GNU 通用公共许可证，即 GPL。如果你修改了 Linux 内核，并将其分发，你就必须放出您的修改的源代码。 + +BSD 使用 BSD 许可证。如果你修改了 BSD 内核或发行版，并且发布它，你根本不需要必须发布其源代码。你可以自由地对你的 BSD 代码做任何你想做的事情，你没有义务发布的你修改的源代码，当然你想发布也行。 + +两者都是[开放源码][5]的，但是以不同的方式。人们有时会陷入关于哪种许可证是“更自由”的辩论。GPL 可以帮助用户以确保他们可以拥有 GPL 软件的源代码，并限制开发人员迫使他们开放代码。BSD 许可证并不能确保用户可以拥有源代码，而是给开发人员选择是否公布代码的权利，即使他们想要把它变成一个闭源项目。 + +### BSD分支 ### + +以下是通常认可的三个“主流” BSD 操作系统： + +- [FreeBSD][6]: FreeBSD 是最受欢迎的 BSD，针对高性能和易用性。它支持英特尔和 AMD 的32位和64位处理器。 +- [NetBSD][7]: NetBSD 被设计运行在几乎任何架构上，支持更多的体系结构。在他们的主页上的格言是"理所当然，我们运行在 NetBSD 上"。 +- [OpenBSD][8]:OpenBSD 为最大化的安全性设计的 —— 这不仅仅它宣称的功能，在实践中也确实如此。它是为银行和其他重要机构的关键系统设计的。 + +还有两个其他的重要 BSD 操作系统： + +- [DragonFly BSD][9]: DragonFly BSD 的设计目标是提供一个运行在多线程环境中的操作系统 —— 例如，计算机集群。 +- [Darwin / Mac OS X][10]: Mac OS X 实际上基于 Darwin 操作系统，而 Darwin 系统基于 BSD。它与其他的 BSD 有点不同，虽然底层内核和其他的软件是开源代码(BSD 代码)，但操作系统的大部分是闭源的 Mac OS 代码)。苹果在 BSD 基础上开发了 Mac OS X 和 iOS，这样他们就不必写操作系统底层，就像 [谷歌在 Linux 基础上开发 android 系统][11]一样。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/mac-os-x-is-built-on-darwin-bsd.png) + +### 你为什么会选择 BSD 而不是 Linux？### + +Linux 显然比 FreeBSD 更受欢迎。例如，Linux 往往会比 FreeBSD 更早提供新硬件的支持。BSD 有一个兼容包可用，使之能像大多数的其他软件一样原生的执行 Linux 二进制程序。 + +如果您使用过 Linux， FreeBSD 不会让你感觉到太大的不同。如果把 FreeBSD 作为桌面操作系统，你也可以使用相同的 GNOME，KDE 或 Xfce [桌面环境][12]，你也可以在BSD上使用 Linux 上的大多数的其他软件。有一点需要注意，FreeBSD 不会自动安装的图形化桌面，所以你要花相对于 Linux 更多的心思来照顾你的BSD。BSD 更守旧一些。 + +FreeBSD 的可靠性和稳定性也许更适合作为服务器的操作系统。而厂商也会选择 BSD 而不是 Linux 作为其操作系统，因为这样他们就不必放出他们修改的代码。 + +如果你是一个 PC 桌面用户，你真的不需要太过在意 BSD。你可能会喜欢 Linux，因为它具有更先进的硬件支持，更容易安装，具有现代操作系统的特点。如果你关注服务器或嵌入式的设备，你可能会更喜欢 FreeBSD。 + +我们可能会听到一些人说他们在桌面电脑上使用 FreeBSD，你当然也可能是其中之一！但像 Ubuntu 或 Mint 一样的开源操作系统对于多数用户来说更体验良好和更先进些。 + +图片来源: [atzerok on Flickr][13] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.howtogeek.com/190773/htg-explains-whats-the-difference-between-linux-and-bsd/ + +译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/177213/linux-isnt-just-linux-8-pieces-of-software-that-make-up-linux-systems/ +[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/139287/the-great-debate-is-it-linux-or-gnulinux/ +[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/182649/htg-explains-what-is-unix/ +[4]:http://www.howtogeek.com/132624/htg-explains-whats-a-linux-distro-and-how-are-they-different/ +[5]:http://www.howtogeek.com/129967/htg-explains-what-is-open-source-software-and-why-you-should-care/ +[6]:http://www.freebsd.org/ +[7]:http://www.netbsd.org/ +[8]:http://www.openbsd.org/ +[9]:http://www.dragonflybsd.org/ +[10]:http://opensource.apple.com/ +[11]:http://www.howtogeek.com/189036/android-is-based-on-linux-but-what-does-that-mean/ +[12]:http://www.howtogeek.com/163154/linux-users-have-a-choice-8-linux-desktop-environments/ +[13]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/atzerok/5378691454 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md b/translated/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md deleted file mode 100644 index c308a2478c..0000000000 --- a/translated/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,82 +0,0 @@ -HTG 解释:Linux 与 BSD 有什么不同? -================================================================================ -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/freebsd-devil-mascot-and-ubuntu-linux.jpg) - -Linux和BSD都是免费的，开源的，类Unix系统。他们甚至使用很多相同的软件。他们看上去简直就像是一个操作系统，那么，不同点真的不存在吗？ - -其实，两者之间的不同，远远超出了我们将提到的这些，尤其是在构建完整操作系统和许可授予的哲学思想上，更是相差深远。尽管这只能帮助你简单的理解他们的不同。 - -### 基础 ### -[许多人所称的“Linux”实际上不是Linux ] [1]。Linux从技术上说只是Linux内核，典型的Linux分支则包括了Linux内核，还有许多软件。这是[为什么Linux有时被称为GNU/Linux][2]。事实上，许多同样的软件在Linux上使用BSD相同的软件。 - -Linux和BSD 都是类UNIX操作系统。我们可以通过阅读[类UNIX操作系统历史][3]发现Linux和BSD有不同的谱系。Linux是由Linus Torvalds在芬兰上大学的时候开发的。BSD则代表“伯克利软件套件”。因为这是在1977至1995年间由加州大学伯克利分校开发和发布的。 - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/freebsd-boot-screen.png) - -### 内核 vs. 完整操作系统 ### -Linux 是只是一个内核。[Linux 发行版][4] 所要做的工作汇集了创建一个完整的 Linux 操作系统所需的所有软件，将它组合到一个 Linux 内核上，像 Ubuntu，Mint，Debian、 Red 或者是 Arch。当然还有许多不同的 Linux 发行版。 - -与此相反的是，Bsd 是一个内核和操作系统。例如，FreeBSD 提供了 FreeBSD 内核和 FreeBSD 操作系统。它是作为一个单一的项目维护的。换句话说，如果你想要安装 FreeBSD，你只需安装 FreeBSD。如果你想要安装 Linux，你需要首先在许多 Linux 发行版之间选择。 - -BSDs include the ports system. which provides a way of installing software packages. The ports system contains software in source form, so your computer has to compile them before they’ll run. (If you ever used Gentoo when it was popular, it’s a bit like that.) However, packages can also be installed in pre-installed binary form so you don’t have to spend time and system resources compiling them. - -Bsd 包括Ports体系。提供了一种安装软件包的方式。Ports体系包含以源代码形式发布软件，所以您的计算机如果想安装，则需要先编译他们。（如果您曾经使用过 Gentoo，它就是那样的。然而，包也可以是预安装的二进制形式，所以你不需要花时间和系统资源编译他们就能运行。 - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/ubuntu-14.04-unity-desktop.png) - -### 授权 ### - -授权是显著的差异，虽然它不会对大多数人产生影响。Linux 使用 GNU 通用公共许可证或 GPL。如果你修改 Linux 内核，并将其分发，你必须释放您的修改的源代码。 - -Bsd 使用 BSD 许可证。如果你修改的 BSD 内核，你不需要发布其源代码。你可以自由地编写任何你喜欢的 BSD 代码，你不是有义务发布的源代码，虽然你可以这样做如果你喜欢。 - -两者都是 [开放源码] [5]，但以不同的方式。人们有时会陷入关于哪种许可是"更自由"的辩论。GPL 可以帮助用户通过确保他们可以有 GPL 软件的源代码，但它通过迫使他们开放代码来限制开发人员。BSD 许可证并不能确保用户可以拥有有源代码，但它给开发人员选择是否公布代码的权利，即使他们想要把它变成一个闭源项目。 - -### 有关BSDs ### - -这些都是通常被认为是"主要"BSD的三个操作系统： - -- [FreeBSD][6]: FreeBSD 是最受欢迎的 BSD，针对高性能和易用性。它支持英特尔和 AMD 32 位和 64 位处理器。 -- [NetBSD][7]: NetBSD 设计运行在几乎任何架构上，支持更多的体系结构。在他们的主页上的格言是"Of course it runs NetBSD"。 -- [OpenBSD][8]:OpenBSD 为安全性设计的 —— 不仅仅因为它的功能，还包括他执行的方法。它是为银行和其他重要机构的关键系统设计的。 - -有两个其他的 BSD 操作系统： - -- [DragonFly BSD][9]: DragonFly BSD 的设计目标是提供一个运行在多线程环境中的操作系统 — 例如，计算机集群。 -- [Darwin / Mac OS X][10]: Mac OS X 实际上基于Darwin操作系统，Darwin系统基于 BSD。它与其他的 Bsd 有点不同。虽然底层内核和其他的软件是开源代码(BSD 代码)，但操作系统的大部分是闭源代码(Mac OS 代码)。苹果内置 Mac OS X 和 iOS 基于BSD，这样他们就不必写操作系统底层，就像 [谷歌 android 系统在 Linux 上] [11] - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/mac-os-x-is-built-on-darwin-bsd.png) - -### 你为什么会选择 BSD 而不是 Linux？### - -Linux 仍然比 FreeBSD 更受欢迎。Linux 往往会在FreeBSD之前提供新硬件的支持，例如，BSD可以提供兼容包，使之能像大多数的其他软件一样执行Linux的二进制程序。 - -如果您使用过 Linux和FreeBSD，你也不会发现有所不同。安装 FreeBSD 作为桌面操作系统，你也可以使用相同的 GNOME，KDE 或 Xfce [桌面环境] [12] 你也会在BSD上使用 Linux 上的其他软件。有一点需要注意，FreeBSD 不会自动安装的图形化桌面，所以你要花相对于Linux更多的心思来照顾你的BSD。 - -如果你是一个桌面的 PC 用户，你真的不需要太过在意 Bsd。你可能会喜欢 Linux，因为它具有更高级的硬件支持，更容易安装，具有现代操作系统的特点。如果你聚集服务器或设计嵌入式的设备，你可能会喜欢 FreeBSD。 - -我们可能会听到在桌面电脑上使用FreeBSD的人发表的评论，你当然也可能是其中之一！但像Ubuntu或Mint一样的开源操作系统将会变得更加用户友好。 - -图片来源: [atzerok on Flickr][13] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.howtogeek.com/190773/htg-explains-whats-the-difference-between-linux-and-bsd/ - -译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/177213/linux-isnt-just-linux-8-pieces-of-software-that-make-up-linux-systems/ -[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/139287/the-great-debate-is-it-linux-or-gnulinux/ -[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/182649/htg-explains-what-is-unix/ -[4]:http://www.howtogeek.com/132624/htg-explains-whats-a-linux-distro-and-how-are-they-different/ -[5]:http://www.howtogeek.com/129967/htg-explains-what-is-open-source-software-and-why-you-should-care/ -[6]:http://www.freebsd.org/ -[7]:http://www.netbsd.org/ -[8]:http://www.openbsd.org/ -[9]:http://www.dragonflybsd.org/ -[10]:http://opensource.apple.com/ -[11]:http://www.howtogeek.com/189036/android-is-based-on-linux-but-what-does-that-mean/ -[12]:http://www.howtogeek.com/163154/linux-users-have-a-choice-8-linux-desktop-environments/ -[13]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/atzerok/5378691454 \ No newline at end of file From 04bbdd659e9055c2722993fb87fc1de6c68d029a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 12 Jun 2014 12:48:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 216/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=B8=85=E9=99=A4=E5=8E=9F=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @GOLinux --- .../20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md | 33 ----- sources/talk/Making Linux Feel at Home.md | 134 ------------------ 2 files changed, 167 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md delete mode 100644 sources/talk/Making Linux Feel at Home.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md b/sources/talk/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md deleted file mode 100644 index 53bc7688b4..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,33 +0,0 @@ -Open Source LDAP Solutions -================================================================================ -LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is an application protocol for accessing directory services. It runs on a layer above the TCP/IP stack incorporating simplified encoding methods, and offers a convenient way to connect to, search, and modify Internet directories, specifically X.500-based directory services. It is an open, vendor-neutral, industry standard application protocol. LDAP utilizes a client-server model. - -This protocol is specifically targeted at management applications and browser applications that provide read/write interactive access to directories. - -The main benefit of using an LDAP server is that information for an entire organization can be consolidated into a central repository. LDAP supports Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS), so that sensitive data can be protected. LDAP servers are used for a variety of tasks including, but not limited to, user authentication, machine authentication, user/system groups, asset tracking, organization representation, and application configuration stores. - -To provide an insight into the quality of open source software that is available, we have compiled a list of 5 high quality LDAP solutions. - -Now, let's explore the 5 LDAP solutions at hand. For each title we have compiled its own portal page, a full description with an in-depth analysis of its features, together with links to relevant resources and reviews. - -### LDAP Solutions ### - -- [389 Directory Server][] - Enterprise-class Open Source LDAP server -- [OpenDJ][2] - Cloud Directory for the API Economy -- [OpenLDAP][3] - LDAP suite of applications and development tools -- [freeIPA][4] - Identity/Policy Management -- [ApacheDS][5] - LDAP and Kerberos server written in Java - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140607022012848/LDAPSolutions.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://port389.org/ -[2]:http://opendj.forgerock.org/ -[3]:http://www.openldap.org/ -[4]:http://www.freeipa.org/ -[5]:http://directory.apache.org/apacheds/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/Making Linux Feel at Home.md b/sources/talk/Making Linux Feel at Home.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6212774f5d..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/Making Linux Feel at Home.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,134 +0,0 @@ -Making Linux Feel at Home -================================================================================ -**Hiring Tux is a smart move for both small and large businesses. Linux once was considered a hobbyist's operating system, but it has come a long way and now is considered enterprise class. It is considered very stable and secure. Linux can easily be customized, and there is a huge community eager to help out. Those are just some of the reasons to migrate to the Linux desktop.** - -Migrating to a different operating system is never easy. Keeping the Windows opened or not chewing on a MacIntosh can be a frustrating and costly experience. Buying new upgraded hardware to keep up with costly new software releases is often an exercise in futility. - -Running a Linux distribution at home or in a small office environment can be a productive endeavor that brings cost savings and increased efficiency. Adopting a Linux server system instead of playing catch-up with a Microsoft infrastructure is often a smart business move for enterprise environments. - -However, the process of giving up a comfort zone around a familiar operating system often seems more of a challenge than it actually is. Individual users and SMBs can move into the Linux desktop in stages. The software is free, and users already have suitable hardware that can function with both platforms. - -Many larger enterprises already run their own Linux server silos and integrate Linux desktop use where it fits more easily. The growing use of cloud-based software lets office workers use their workstations without realizing any major change occurred. - -"Migrating to Linux is based on the use case. If you are home or are a developer, you are going to want to use all the power available in Linux. That is a no-brainer. There is no one easy way to migrate to another operating system. No one use case fits all. It is dependent on the user base," Mike Vitale, chief technology officer for [TalkPoint][1], told LinuxInsider. - -Working with enterprise clients in SMB environments, Vitale sees a growing movement of individual users and corporate leaders taking advantage of new technologies that draw them toward Linux. - -### Comfort Counts ### - -One of those Linux technologies is the Chrome OS and the low-cost laptop computers now powered by the Linux-based Chrome browser OS. - -For users already familiar with Google's Chrome browser or the open source Chromium browser project, using a Chromebook or cloud-based delivery system makes migrating to Linux an easy walk in the park. - -"One of the issues, regardless of which OS is used, is the browser capabilities. We have found that 85 percent of the time the user is in a browser," Thomas Deng, cofounder and senior vice president of product management for [Splashtop][2], told LinuxInsider. - -There's a growing interest in people adapting to newer technologies with quick learning curves, Deng observed. People use a variety of products. So migrating to an OS that resembles what they use on another device makes for a smoother transition. - -### hrome Craze Caters ### - -Mobile device users both at home and at work are becoming proficient with Linux without knowing it. They move back and forth among several operating systems. With that familiarity comes a comfort zone for open source. Using cross-platform software delivered from a cloud platform is an added migration measure. - -"What Google is doing is really interesting with the office suite. Google is opening the door with its Chrome OS now," said Vitale. - -A good example of opening doors while shutting Windows is how his company uses Chrome-driven tools in-house. For instance, TalkPoint uses the ChromeBox appliance. - -"That is opening the door for multimedia teams and traditional AV users. We are seeing a lot of inroads with that technology," Vitale explained. - -### Tablets Tackle Tradition ### - -Another instance of Linux devices paving the way for desktop OS migration is the popularity of the Android OS. Add to this the Linux distros retooled for smartphones and tablets. - -"As far as migrating people to Linux goes, people are getting more comfortable with the tablet interface, especially with their unhappiness over the Windows 8 interface. Everyone I know is trying to turn it back to Windows 7," said Vitale. - -### Cloud Has Linux Clout ### - -People expect to use their familiar productivity tools like MS Office for word processing. There is less familiarity with open source products on the Windows platform, so integrating open source before starting a move to fully implementing the Linux desktop helps, noted Deng. - -That trend of Windows users not knowing about open source is changing with the popularity of Google Docs and the Google Chrome browser, he pointed out. - -"What is also easing the transition to Linux is the shift to using cloud applications," Deng said. "Educating the user is the most effective way to move users into Linux. The Chromebook is becoming very widely adopted. It is an easy migration path into Linux." - -### Tux the Mighty ### - -Hiring Tux, the Penguin that is the Linux mascot, is a smart move for both small and large businesses. It is a mature, stable and flexible operating system that definitely can do the job, according to Shaun Seller, senior product manager at [Vision Solutions][3]. - -"For a small business, running Linux is a compelling alternative to other operating systems and may provide advantages, depending on your business needs," Seller told LinuxInsider. - -It once was considered a hobbyist's operating system. Linux has come a long way and now is considered enterprise class. It is considered very stable and secure. Linux can easily be customized, and there is a huge community eager to help out, he said. Those are just some of the reasons to migrate to the Linux desktop. - -### Good Business Cents ### - -Leveraging more of the community support model can create cost savings, Seller said. Linux is available free with community support or through subscriptions that offer full technical support. Some Linux distributions also come with things like hardware and software certifications, which may be important for some work environments. - -For example, small businesses and larger enterprises can run a distribution such as CentOS or OpenSuse completely or in combination with a subscription-based version from [Red Hat][4] or Suse. Even with a full subscription model, Linux offers a lower total cost of ownership and better return on investment than Windows or traditional Unix, explained Seller. - -"I believe it makes sense for smaller businesses to take a close look at Linux," added Sellers. "Linux has a bright future, as open source software in general is helping drive innovation at a fast pace, with help and collaboration from the community, and companies like IBM and Red Hat." - -### Cozy but Cautious ### - -Operating systems can produce divided loyalties within families and workplaces. Take the case of Walker White, CTO of [BDNA][5]. He uses Linux as a desktop OS at home, but his family is not so enthusiastic about his computing passion. - -"My family members use Mac gear. They blindly follow the marketing ploys and the feature hype without any consideration of performance and such. I am on a personal holy war at home to try slipping more allegiance towards Linux," White told LinuxInsider. - -There are similar allegiance struggles in his company, he said, where the Linux desktop is not yet universally used -- but he is laying the foundation for a wider Linux deployment at work. - -BDNA uses the Google applications internally quite a bit. The company is migrating more and more things to cloud-based offerings. However, that will take more support from ongoing preparations. - -"When I switch over to applications like [OpenOffice][6], that operation has to be really seamless for it to start getting better adoption. From a pure marketing perspective, developers need to change the game a little bit. Apple is winning the hearts and minds of the young kids and the younger generations through their 30s. I see that attitude often at my company," he said. - -### Tux Takes On Apple ### - -Requests for new equipment are very specific to the high-end MacBook Pro, explained White. Even though the tools they mostly are using are based online, workers BDNA want the flashy, highly advertised hardware names. - -To break that view, he has to separate function from OS and hardware. Part of that battle is to insulate the user from the operating system itself. That can happen only when the industry has productivity applications both online and offline, according to While. - -"Even simple things like using file managers need to focus on not the OS but what that OS allows us to do within the apps that we use," he said. - -### Making Comfy Complete ### - -How much should an operating system control the computer user? That question is critical in migrating to Linux, said Whites. - -Consider the growing success of the Chromebook and Android phones and tablets. Do consumers really need to know they are running Linux? - -"I think the key to Linux migration and success of the Linux desktop in the home is tied to how much can we actually do online," White said. "Since I use Linux at home, I see the advantages." - -Whether you start at the consumer level at home or move up to the business user in the home or in a small business setting, it's important that users be comfortable with all of the tools and features they use. That includes things like sharing and creating documents, and everything that goes along with that, he explained. - -### Migrating Measures ### - -As for marketing, software and hardware makers need to put less emphasis on the operating system. For example, Chromebook is gaining acceptance in much the same way as Apple sells the MacBook. Google is not so much hawking a Linux OS as it is selling an appliance, White reasoned. - -"What developers really need to do is change the focus, so users get comfortable with Linux in their homes without dwelling on using a non-Windows or non-Mac operating system. Whatever you use has to be able to do the things you want it to do. Something like Chromebook does that with Linux under the covers," he pointed out. - -Computer makers must first start to break that mold of "it is Windows" or "it is a Mac." Until that happens, migrating to Linux will be a steep climb, White concluded. - -"It is not about branding the OS," he said. "It is about the capabilities of the devices the OS runs." - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80415.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.talkpointcommunications.com/ -[2]:http://www.splashtop.com/ -[3]:http://www.visionsolutions.com/ -[4]:http://www.redhat.com/ -[5]:http://www.bdna.com/ -[6]:http://www.openoffice.org/ -[7]: -[8]: -[9]: -[10]: -[11]: -[12]: -[13]: -[14]: -[15]: -[16]: -[17]: -[18]: -[19]: -[20]: From 412c5804be4bdbffd132815eb199b83bded1d215 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Thu, 12 Jun 2014 14:31:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 217/713] Merge branch 'master', remote-tracking branch 'lctt/master' From 9c11911ddd7eda71d70ab695a3127ef35f998cb2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Thu, 12 Jun 2014 14:39:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 218/713] Translated:Command Line Tuesday--Part One.md --- ...0140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md | 62 ------------------ ...0140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md | 63 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md b/sources/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9cfd286527..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,62 +0,0 @@ -Command Line Tuesdays – Part One -================================================================================ -Here we are geekos, back in action! Sorry it’s been a while, but let me just assure you we’re back on track, raging to meet the deadlines and to, well, have some fun :) - -Now, the whole idea was pretty much completely summed up in the introductory text posted a fortnight ago, so we may get down to business. As the book by Mr. Shotts instructs, we need to know what a shell is, as we’ll be operating withing it, and what a terminal emulator is. - -A shell, Mr Shotts states, is actually what we’re talking about when we’re talking about command-line. The shell is basically a program that passes the strokes of your keyboard to your computer, a translator of some sort, so your computer knows what you’re saying. There are many shells in existence, but the most widespread shell used in GNU/Linux distributions is called **bash**, or Bourne Again Shell. It’s a clever wordplay, as Mr Bourne created the bash’s predecessor, **sh**, and Brian Fox wrote it as a free alternative for sh. Ahhh, GNU people and their humor, very clever :) - -![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/54535272.jpg) - -Next thing we need so we can interact with the shell is a terminal emulator. Every Linux distribution comes with one, depending on the desktop environment you use, so it should be **Konsole** from KDE, **Gnome terminal** in Gnome etc. Mr. Shotts says you probably develop a preference for one, but I use what the desktop environment provides me, most of the time. - -Now, fire up your terminal. You get a line, stating your user name and the machine’s host name. This is called the shell prompt. It means it’s ready for you to enter a command. Let’s try something random. Type in anything, and press enter. - -Hehe, remember the introductory saying we need to learn the commands as a poem? There we go, random doesn’t work. - -Now, press the up arrow, and you’ll see the command reappear. What’s this sorcery? The up arrow key on your keyboard is for accessing the command history. The terminal saves up to 500 commands you entered, so to not type them over and over, you can look for them with the up/down arrow. The left and right arrows are for moving the cursor within a specific line, so you can edit the text in between. Now there’s another thing – **ctrl+v** for pasting text doesn’t work. You can set it up as a shortcut somewhere, but it’s usually something else. Check your terminal emulator’s shortcuts! (in Konsole, it’s Settings > Configure shortcuts) - -Now, for us not to get the ‘command not found’ slap to the face, let’s try something simple. Type **date**. (Yes, I didn’t know there’s a command for this, so it’s exciting for me also) :) - -![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/7123365.png) - -There you go. Why bother looking at your built in calendar in the clock, when you can fire up your terminal and type date, and see what day it is :) Just kidding, as Mr Shotts states, it’s a simple command, the more useful/difficult ones are coming next time. The related command to date is cal – it will display the current month’s calendar. - -You may also try **df**, and it will list free space on your drives. - -![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/44662534.png) - -Or **free**, to display the amount of free memory: - -![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/44548116.png) - -If you’re already in the type-only mood, you can enter the command **exit** to get out of the terminal emulator instead of pressing the x button. - -…and we’ll stop to a halt for this week so it won’t be too much to ingest on your already tight schedule. Too sum it up (you can write this conclusion down, for repetition), in part one, we learned: - -- what is a shell -- what do we need to communicate with the shell (terminal emulator) -- navigating the terminal commands with cursor buttons and exiting the terminal - -Four simple commands: - -- **date** – displays the current date -- **cal** – displays the current month’s calendar -- **df** – shows the amount of free space on your hard drives -- **free** – amount of free memory - -### What will we do next Tuesday? ### - -We learn navigation through the file system (what are all those bin etc etc. folders, what are they used for, how to navigate through them via the terminal). Until then… - -### …have a lot of fun! ### - -![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/40949666.jpg) - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/10/command-line-tuesdays-part-one/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md b/translated/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ea20bb5f1e --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +命令行星期二 — 第一篇 +================================================================================ +极客们，我们又回来了！真抱歉让你们久等了，但我保证，我们又回归正轨了。我们满怀热情与大家相约，让我们激情燃烧，寻找刺激吧:) + +现在，整个的想法已经在两周前的开场白中告诉你们了，所以现在让我们来干点正事吧。就像Shotts先生书里讲得那样，我们需要来了解一下shell是个什么东西，终端模拟器又是个什么东西，因为我们要在这里头干活。 + +Shotts在他的书中写道，shell实际上是当我们谈论命令行时所谈论的东西。shell基本上一个程序，它将你敲击键盘的动作传递给计算机；它也是某种形式的翻译器，将你所讲的东西翻译给计算机听。在这世界上活着的shell真是五花八门，但是活得最好的要数**bash**了，它在GNU/Linux中随处可见。我们也叫它Bourne Again Shell，这是一个精巧的双关语，因为自从Bourne先生创造了它的祖先**sh**后，Brian Fox又把它重写成为一个自由的sh替代品。啊哈！GUN人和他们的幽默，真的很精明。:) + +![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/54535272.jpg) + +接下来我所需要，是一个让我们能和shell交互的东西，它就是终端模拟器。每个Linux发行版都自带了一个，至于长什么样就得看你使用的桌面环境了，可能是KDE的**Konsole**，也可能是Gnome的**Gnome terminal**等等。Shotts先生说了，你可以开发出你所偏爱的一个，但是大部分时间我还是用用桌面环境给我提供的那个吧。 + +现在来发动你的终端。打开后，你会见到一行字，这行字告诉你用户名和机器的主机名，它叫作shell提示符。它告诉你它准备好了，你可以输入命令了。让我们来随便玩玩，随便输入点什么东西进去，然后敲回车看看。 + +呵呵，还记开篇我们讲过，我们需要像学诗歌一样来学习命令吗？记得就好，随意乱来可干不了啥事。 + +现在，按那个上箭头，你会发现命令又回来了。这是啥魔法？你键盘上的上箭头用来取出历史命令。终端会保存总计500个你输入过的命令，所以别一次又一次地重复敲它们了，你可以用上/下箭头来查找它们。左右箭头用来在指定行中移动光标，这样你就可以在文本中编辑或者插入了。另外一个东西 — **ctrl+v**是用来粘贴不工作的文本的。你可以在某个地方将它设置成快捷键，但是它常常不是那么回事。检查你的模拟器的快捷键！（在Konsole中，它位于设置 > 配置快捷键） + +现在，为了我们不在挨‘命令找不到’这一巴掌，让我们试试一些简单的。敲个**date**来试试。（是的，我不知道有这么个命令，这真着实让我兴奋了一把）:) + +![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/7123365.png) + +你又来了。当你能打开终端并输入date命令来查看日期时，为什么在时钟中看看内建日历会让你不胜其烦 :) 只是开个玩笑。就像Shotts书里写的那样，它确实是个简单的命令，更有用/困难的命令会在以后介绍。跟date相关的命令是cal - 它会显示当前月的日历。 + +你也可以试试**df**，它会列出你驱动器上的空闲空间。 + +![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/44662534.png) + +或者试试**free**来显示空闲内存： + +![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/44548116.png) + +如果你已经跟上了敲击键盘的节奏，你可以输入**exit**命令来关闭终端模拟器了，而不是去点击那个x了。 + +嗯，本周我们就到此为止吧，免得有太多的要学的东西来占据你紧巴巴的日程了。下面来个小结（你可以把结论写下来，做个备份吧），在这一篇中，我们学习了： + +- 什么是shell +- 我们需要用什么来和shell交流（终端模拟器） +- 使用光标按钮来驾驭终端命令以及退出终端 + +是个简单的命令： + +- **date** – 显示当前日期 +- **cal** – 显示当前月份的日历 +- **df** – shows the amount of free space on your hard drives +- **free** – amount of free memory + +### 下周二我们将会做什么呢？ ### + +We learn navigation through the file system (what are all those bin etc etc. folders, what are they used for, how to navigate through them via the terminal). Until then… +我们会学习在文件系统中导航（bin、etc等等这所有的文件夹都是些什么东西？它们用来干什么？怎样通过终端来浏览它们）。到那时…… + +### 你就有得乐了！ ### + +![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/40949666.jpg) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/10/command-line-tuesdays-part-one/ + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 5f284a1b742e90adf6a2220dc021631ac9fd4a11 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 12 Jun 2014 15:46:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 219/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20to=20m?= =?UTF-8?q?anage=20ip=20addresses=20and=20subnets=20with=20phpIPAM?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @GOLinux --- ...e ip addresses and subnets with phpIPAM.md | 45 +++++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/How to manage ip addresses and subnets with phpIPAM.md (77%) diff --git a/translated/tech/How to manage ip addresses and subnets with phpIPAM.md b/published/How to manage ip addresses and subnets with phpIPAM.md similarity index 77% rename from translated/tech/How to manage ip addresses and subnets with phpIPAM.md rename to published/How to manage ip addresses and subnets with phpIPAM.md index a934939bb6..94f1587d5d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/How to manage ip addresses and subnets with phpIPAM.md +++ b/published/How to manage ip addresses and subnets with phpIPAM.md @@ -1,13 +1,12 @@ -Translating by GOLinux ... - 如何使用phpIPAM来管理IP地址和子网 ================================================================================ -通常，网络或系统管理员有责任来管理所管理的网络下的一个或多个子网。例如，当一个网段分配了/24子网，那么该子网就有254个IP地址可以用于不同目的。要跟踪某个IP被分配到了哪个主机，就需要某种文件编制。最简单的方法，就是使用一个电子表格来记录IP地址的分配信息。此方法对于只有一个管理员，并且网络很小的情况下比较奏效。然而，对于多个大型网络而言，依赖于电子表格并不方便，而且十分容易出错。更糟糕的是，如果有多个管理员参与管理，更新电子表格就十分麻烦了，因为每个管理员可能生成各种不同版本的文档记录。 -一种系统地管理IP地址分配的方式是使用网络化的IP地址管理工具。不仅仅是因为网络化管理工具能在任何地方访问并管理，而且其后端数据库也能保证所有更新能正确同步并实时生效。尽管有许多可用的网络化应用工具，但我们将在此教程中关注如何来安装[phpIPAM][1]（IP地址管理工具）。phpIPAM是一个开源、高效的IP地址管理应用软件，有着以下一些特性。 +通常，网络或系统管理员有责任来管理其所管理的网络下的一个或多个子网。例如，当一个网段分配了/24子网，那么该子网就有254个IP地址可以用于不同用途。要跟踪某个IP被分配到了哪个主机，就需要通过某种方式记录下来。最简单的方法，就是使用一个电子表格，如Excel来记录IP地址的分配信息。此方法对于只有一个管理员，并且网络很小的情况下比较奏效。然而，对于多个大型网络而言，依赖于电子表格并不方便，而且十分容易出错。更糟糕的是，如果有多个管理员参与管理，更新电子表格就十分麻烦了，因为每个管理员可能生成各种不同版本的文档记录。 + +一种系统地管理IP地址分配的方式是使用网络化的IP地址管理工具。不仅仅是因为网络化管理工具能在任何地方访问并管理，而且其后端数据库也能保证所有更新能正确同步并实时生效。尽管有许多可用的网络化应用工具，但我们将在此教程中关注如何来安装[phpIPAM][1]（IP Address Manager IP地址管理工具）。phpIPAM是一个开源、高效的IP地址管理应用软件，有着以下一些特性。 - 同时支持IPv4和IPv6（和其它工具不同，它对IPv6支持得很好） -- 内建IPv4和IPv6计算器 +- 内建的IPv4和IPv6计算器 - 支持无类域间路由（CIDR）标记 - 支持MySQL数据库 - 子网嵌套 @@ -22,18 +21,23 @@ Translating by GOLinux ... 可访问[http://demo.phpipam.net][2]查看phpIPAM演示网站。 在本教程中，我们将**在Ubuntu环境中使用Apache来配置phpIPAM**。 + ### 在Ubuntu上安装phpIPAM ### + 首先，使用apt-get来安装需要的软件包。 # apt-get install apache2 mysql-server php5 php5-gmp php-pear php5-mysql php5-ldap wget + 如果MySQL是首次安装，请使用以下命令来设置root密码。 # mysqladmin -u root password NEWPASSWORD + phpIPAM可以安装在任何Web服务器目录中，我们将会安装到Apache Web服务器的根目录下的/phpipam/子目录中。 下载phpIPAM软件包。 # wget http://kent.dl.sourceforge.net/project/phpipam/phpipam-1.0.tar + 将软件包解压到Web服务器相应目录。 # cp phpipam-1.0.tar /var/www/ @@ -64,13 +68,15 @@ phpIPAM可以安装在任何Web服务器目录中，我们将会安装到Apache 需要在提供的.htaccess文件中指定基准目录。 # vim /var/www/phpipam/.htaccess - -> RewriteBase /phpipam/ +--- + RewriteBase /phpipam/ ### 准备Apache Web服务器 ### -phpIPAM需要为该操作重写模块，该模块可以在Ubuntu或Debian机器上使用以下命令来启用。 + +phpIPAM的运行需要Apache 的 Rewrite模块，该模块可以在Ubuntu或Debian机器上使用以下命令来启用。 # a2enmod rewrite + 接下来，需要修改Apache的默认配置。请添加/修改你的配置，使它看起来像下面这样。 # vim /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default @@ -89,48 +95,57 @@ phpIPAM需要为该操作重写模块，该模块可以在Ubuntu或Debian机器 # service apache2 restart ### 完成安装 ### + 我们可以使用浏览器来完成phpIPAM的安装。将浏览器地址指向URL: http:///phpIPAM，将会显示以下phpIPAM安装页面。我们可以开始自动化数据库安装。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2928/14216904555_0095bf048f_z.jpg) ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2934/14193740116_afc44b8338_z.jpg) -现在，phpIPAM应该已经起来，并正在运行了，我们可以使用以下默认凭证来登录。 +现在，phpIPAM应该已经起来，并正在运行了，我们可以使用以下默认用户来登录。 - **URL**: http:///phpipam - **User**: Admin - **Pass**: ipamadmin ### 使用phpIPAM管理IP地址 ### + 在本教程的剩下部分，我们将引领你进入phpIPAM的子网和IP地址管理。 + #### 创建区域 #### + 让我们从为我们的网络创建区域开始吧。点击“管理” > “区域”。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2926/14213603451_3c2918805c.jpg) -点击“添加区域”。现在我们可以为我们的添加的区域取个你想要的名称了，填上区域的详细情况。 +点击“添加区域”。现在我们可以为我们的添加的区域取个你想要的名称了（如："Our Network"），填上区域的详细情况。 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5195/14030287410_3d07a582ce_z.jpg)][3] #### 创建子网 #### -接下来，在“我们的网络”区域下添加一个新的子网172.16.1.0/24。点击“我们的网络” > “添加子网” + +接下来，在上面场景的区域“Our Network”下添加一个新的子网172.16.1.0/24。点击“Our Network” > “添加子网” ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2925/14213603401_e16917bb7a_z.jpg) ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2937/14216715144_0427165702_z.jpg) -现在，我们可以很容易地在子网中添加IP地址了。一种方法是逐个来添加它们，phpIPAM提供了一个可供选择的方法：扫描所有主机并自动添加，这一点都不麻烦。它可以扫描位于同一广播域下的本地子网，也可以通过路由扫描到远程子网。在选择一个子网后，像下面这样点击“扫描子网中的新主机”来扫描IP地址。 +现在，我们可以很容易地在子网中添加IP地址了。一种方法是逐个来添加它们，phpIPAM提供了一个可选的方法：扫描所有主机并自动添加，这一点都不麻烦。它可以扫描位于同一广播域下的本地子网，也可以通过路由扫描到远程子网。在选择一个子网后，像下面这样点击“扫描子网中的新主机”来扫描IP地址。 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5157/14193740006_ac2a01a3aa_o.png)][4] 在扫描完成后，发现的IP地址可以通过点击底部“添加发现的主机”按钮来将IP地址添加到数据库。 + #### 创建IPv6子网 #### + 可以通过相似的步骤来创建IPv6子网，像下面截图中展示的那样来指定IPv6网络。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2922/14216715104_de8008bf94_z.jpg) 所有用于IPv4的工具也可以用于IPv6. + #### 创建嵌套子网 #### + phpIPAM也提供了创建嵌套子网的选项，可以用于IPv4和IPv6。例如，我们将172.16.1.0/24 IP区块划分成4个更小的子网（/26），每个子网用于组织内特定的部门。在选择/24子网后，我们可以使用“添加新的嵌套子网”按钮来创建嵌套子网。截图中展示了添加嵌套子网的图标。 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5272/14030318447_66e4511cd6_o.png)[5] @@ -140,7 +155,8 @@ phpIPAM也提供了创建嵌套子网的选项，可以用于IPv4和IPv6。例 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5231/14216904305_5af77616f7_z.jpg)[6] #### 添加用户和组 #### -首先，我们将为“我们的网络”创建一个具有读/写权限的组。这项工作可以通过选择“管理” > “组” > “创建组”来完成。 + +首先，我们将为区域“Our Network”创建一个具有读/写权限的组。这项工作可以通过选择“管理” > “组” > “创建组”来完成。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2899/14030230539_73b1d5f7d4_z.jpg) @@ -159,11 +175,12 @@ phpIPAM也提供了创建嵌套子网的选项，可以用于IPv4和IPv6。例 最后小结，phpIPAM是一个多样化的IP地址管理工具，可以用于IPv4和IPv6。本教程仅关注基本内容，以帮助你开始使用该工具。你一定要测试所有可用的特性，如使用IP地址计算器，添加设备，VLAN和VRF，以及使用.xls导入/导出。 希望本教程对你有所帮助。 + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/manage-ip-addresses-subnets-phpipam.html -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f50f9e3d2450db07eb9c28114276c98c02630724 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: limox Date: Thu, 12 Jun 2014 18:45:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 220/713] translate completed --- ... Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 27 ------------------- ... Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 25 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 27 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md deleted file mode 100644 index e69de7f364..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,27 +0,0 @@ -alim0x translating - -Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04 -================================================================================ -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Dpkg-Vulnerabilities-Closed-in-Ubuntu-14-04-446282-2.jpg) - -**Canonical has announced that a dpkg vulnerability in its Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, Ubuntu 13.10, Ubuntu 12.10, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, and Ubuntu 10.04 LTS operating systems has been corrected.** - -The company has just released a new update for the dpkg package, fixing a problem with this very important software that is used in all Ubuntu versions. - -“It was discovered that dpkg incorrectly handled certain patches when unpacking source packages. If a user or an automated system were tricked into unpacking a specially crafted source package, a remote attacker could modify files outside the target unpack directory, leading to a denial of service or potentially gaining access to the system,” reads the security notice. - -For a more detailed description of the problems, you can see Canonical's [security notification][1]. Users have been advised to upgrade their systems as soon as possible. - -The flaws can be fixed if you upgrade your system(s) to the latest libdpkg-perl packages specific to each distribution. To apply the patch, run the Update Manager application. - -In general, a standard system update will make all the necessary changes and users won't have to restart the PC or the laptop in order to apply the patch. This update can also be performed from the terminal, with the apt-get dist-upgrade command. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Dpkg-Vulnerabilities-Closed-in-Ubuntu-14-04-446282.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/usn-2242-1/ diff --git a/translated/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/translated/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..afd00a5808 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Ubuntu 14.04中Dpkg的漏洞已被修复 +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Dpkg-Vulnerabilities-Closed-in-Ubuntu-14-04-446282-2.jpg) + +**Canonical宣布存在于Ubuntu 14.04 LTS，Ubuntu 13.10，Ubuntu 12.10，Ubuntu 12.04 LTS以及Ubuntu 10.04 LTS操作系统中的dpkg漏洞已经被修复。** + +Canonical公司刚刚放出dpkg包的一个更新，修复了这个用于所有Ubuntu版本的重要软件中的一个问题。 + +“这个问题是在dpkg在解压源码包的时候发现的，它会使dpkg不能正确地处理某些补丁。如果一位用户或一个自动化系统被欺骗而解压了特别修改过的源码包，远程攻击者就能修改目标解压路径之外的文件，导致拒绝服务攻击或潜在的获取系统权限的风险。”安全通知中这样写道。 + +想了解这个问题的更多细节描述，你可以查看Canonical的[安全通知][1]。Canonical建议用户尽快升级自己的系统。 + +如果你将各个发行版系统的libdpkg-perl包升级到最新版本即可修复这个漏洞。要安装这个更新，你只需运行更新管理器/软件更新器即可。 + +一般来说，一个普通的系统更新就可以完成所有必需的改动，用户不必重启PC或笔记本来应用这个补丁。这个更新同样可以在终端中实现，只需使用 apt-get dist-upgrade 命令。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Dpkg-Vulnerabilities-Closed-in-Ubuntu-14-04-446282.shtml + +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/usn-2242-1/ From 243427cf55c3af14483ee435a9efdc279ff3c12a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Thu, 12 Jun 2014 22:15:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 221/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E4=B8=80?= =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=A8=E5=88=86=EF=BC=8C=E4=BF=9D=E5=AD=98=E4=B8=8B?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md | 142 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 142 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md diff --git a/translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md b/translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..555929b571 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md @@ -0,0 +1,142 @@ +给猫咪照片加密 +================================================================================ +事实上，我的硬盘上不存在那种不愿意被别人看到的东西，只存有一些猫咪的照片、一些记录着想写的书想法的文本文件或者是一些短篇故事的文本，也有一些写了一半的 NaNoWriMo 小说文件。简单的说，我的硬盘就没有加密的必要，因为没有什么可隐藏的。可问题是，我们错误的把“隐私的渴望”跟“要隐藏某东西”两概念混淆在一起。比如说我生活的美国，我们视隐私权利是理所当然的事，但不包括那些传统所认为的“某人隐藏色情或炸弹”。隐私考虑的是一些平常的事情。 + +我居住在密歇根州。这儿的冬天很冷，我趋向于把温度设置在 75 度左右。对您们来说这个温度可能高了，但在我的家里刚好合适。多亏我的家是属于私有的，我的邻居不可能知道我们保持了这么高的温度，否则一但他们看到冬天如此“浪费”能源的家庭，这些邻居心里会很不平衡的。事实上，本地条规中有一条明确指出任何超过 60 度的就算是生态浪费。我并不想与这种僵老的条例较真，所以我仅仅想保守我们舒适的房子的秘密。我们并不想隐藏任何事情，但也并不是任何事情都要让外人知道。 + +很明显，我举的例子有点弱智，但我希望的是这能引起大家的思考。现代的 Linux 系统很容易的就可以对我们的数据进行加密，并且很可靠，所以为什么不好好利用利用呢？ + +### 加密原理? ### + +我不会涉及太多关于加密原理的细节，但要明白最基本的原理，即使是最简单的实现，这是必须的。要加密和解密一个文件，需要两把“钥匙”。一把是私钥，正如名字所示，属于私有的。我宁愿把私钥看作是真实的钥匙-你想要多少就可造出多少，但这样做是不明智的。同样的私钥你造的越多，某些不怀好意的人得到其中一把的机率就越大，他们就会闯入你的公寓（额，我的意思的文件）。 + +公钥更像是锁的样子，只有你能打开（用你的私钥）此锁。这公钥任何人都可以得到，你可以将它张贴在网站上、把它放在你的 E-mail 中、甚至纹在你的背上。其它人想创建一个只有你能访问的文件，就可以使用此公钥来加密。 + +这种一对多的情况也有个很酷的副作用。如果你用你的私钥来加密一些东西，任何人都可以用你提供的公钥来解密它们。这听起来很傻，但这种情景很有用。虽然加密的文件不能免于被窥视，但是它能保证此文件确实来自于你而没有被恶意改动过。用你的公钥能解密的文件仅仅只能是用你私钥加密过的。用这种方式，用私钥加密的文件即是数字“签名”文件。 + +#### 通用加密步骤: #### + +1. 你有一个文件想要发送给苏茜 ，所以你得使用苏茜的公钥来加密，这样就只有 苏茜才能打开这个文件，但苏茜没有办法知道是谁给她发送的文件。因为任何一个人都可以用她的公钥来加密文件。 +2. 因此，你得把你的文件用苏茜的公钥和你的私钥都加密。苏茜将不得不解密两次，但她知道它是来自于你的文件。 +3. 苏茜接收到此文件后会用能证明来自于你的公钥来解密第一层。 +4. 然后用她的私钥来解密第二层的密码，这是唯一的能够将原始文件进行解密的钥匙了（因为你是用她的公钥来加密的）。 + +当然，这情景就是用来安全传输文件的加密手段。这也是加密你的文件（或者分区）相当常用及简单的方法。就让我们开始来对文件进行加密吧，因为大多数人都想加密他们的系统。 + +### 始于简 ### + +在深入更复杂的各种加密设置操作前，我们先做简单的对文件加密例子。能处理加密的应用程序有很多很多，事实上，对文件和系统进行加密的各种可用软件选择，很容易就会让我们变得焦头烂额。现在，我们就使用一款很基本的（但非常强大）命令行工具来对文件加密。 GPG （英文名：Gnu Privacy Guard）是一款对商业软件 PGP（英文名：Pretty Good Protection）的开源实现软件。它具有加密、签名及管理多个密钥等功能。用例子说明，让我们简单的加密一个文件吧。 + +我们假设你有一个名叫 secret_manifesto.txt 的文件，它包含有关于生命、宇宙及一切事物的秘密。使用 GPG，你只需要一个密码就可以加密此文件。使用密码远比使用公钥和私钥对简单，因为它只是用你的密码加密。虽然这很容易就让你的文件遭受到破解（使用彩虹表或其他黑客工具），但像锡上的标签上所说的：这是相当不错的保护。要加密你的文件，可以这样做： + + # gpg -c secret_manifesto.txt + # Enter passphrase: + # Repeat passphrase: + +一但完成，在相同的目录下就会多出个新的文件，它默认的名字是 secret_manifesto.txt.gpg 。这是一个二进制文件，这意味着它非常非常小，但是要拷贝/粘贴进电子邮件（e-mail）或 即时消息（IM） 就不可能了。要使其可拷贝等操作，可以添加 -a 标志，这将创建一个只包含 ASCII 码文本的加密文件： + + # gpg -a -c secret_manifesto.txt + # Enter passphrase: + # Repeat passphrase: + # ls -l + -rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 6 Nov 23 1:26 secret_manifesto.txt + -rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 174 Nov 23 1:27 secret_manifesto.txt.asc + -rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 55 Nov 23 1:26 secret_manifesto.txt.gpg + +注意到现在多了一个以 .asc 为扩展名的文件。它是个纯文本文件，从上面的代码段示例可以看到它比二进制的加密文件还大，当然比原文本文件就大的更多了。一但你把文件加密了，也确实想要对些信息保密，最明智的就是把原文本文件删除掉。 + +要解密文件，你需要再一次使用 GPG 程序。不管是二进制的还是 ASCII 文件，使用相同的命令就可以解密。如下示： + + # gpg secret_manifesto.txt.asc + # gpg: CAST5 encrypted data + # Enter passphrase: + # gpg: encrypted with 1 passphrase + # File `secret_manifesto.txt' exists. Overwrite? (y/N) + +注意到上面的例子中，我没有删除源文本文件，所以 GPG 给出了是否覆盖选项提示。一但操作完成，我的未加密的源文件又回来了。如果你仅仅只有一两个文件要保护，那基于命令行的 GPG 程序正是你所需的。但如果你想实现在系统上指定一个区域，任何保存到这区域的的文件都会自动加密的话，就有点复杂了。可这也并不是非常的困难，让我们用一个非常简单的示范例子来讲解吧。 + +### 加密 USB 驱动盘 ### + +Like I mentioned earlier, there are many options when it comes to encryption. One of the more popular methods of encrypting partitions is the LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) system. A USB drive with a LUKS-formatted partition should be detected automatically by most systems. In fact, if you're using a desktop environment like Ubuntu Desktop, encrypting a USB drive is a simple check box during the formatting process. Although that's a perfectly acceptable way to encrypt your USB drive, I'm going to demonstrate how to do it on the command line, so you understand what's actually happening behind the scenes. + +#### Step 1: identify your USB drive. #### + +If you type `dmesg` after plugging in your USB drive, you should get all sorts of system information, including the device name of your freshly plugged-in USB device. Make sure you have the correct device identified, because what you're doing will destroy any data on the drive. You wouldn't want to format the wrong disk accidentally. (It should go without saying, but I'll say it anyway, make sure there's nothing on your USB drive that you want to save—this is a destructive process.) + +#### Step 2: partition the USB drive. #### + +Assuming that your USB drive is the /dev/sdb device on your system, you need to create a single partition on the drive. Let's use fdisk. Below is the interaction with fdisk required. Basically, you create a new empty partition with the o command, then write changes with w. Then, you'll restart fdisk and use the n command to create a new primary partition, using the defaults so that the entire drive is used: + + # sudo fdisk /dev/sdb + + Command (m for help): o + Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x1234567. + Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. + After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. + + Command (m for help): w + The partition table has been altered! + + # sudo fdisk /dev/sdb + Command (m for help): n + Command action + e extended + p primary partition (1-4) + p + Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 + Using default value 1 + First sector (2048-1016522, default 2048): + Using default value 2048 + Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-1016522, default 1016522): + Using default value 1016522 + + Command (m for help): w + The partition table has been altered! + +Now you have a USB drive with a single partition (/dev/sdb1), but there is no filesystem on it. That's exactly what you want, because the LUKS system creates an encryption layer on the partition before you put a filesystem on it. So before creating a filesystem, let's create the LUKS layer on the partition, using the cryptsetup program. If you don't have cryptsetup, search for it in your distribution's repository; it should be there. To create the LUKS encrypted partition layer: + + # cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdb1 + + WARNING! + ======== + This will overwrite data on /dev/sdb1 irrevocably. + + Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): YES + Enter LUKS passphrase: + Verify passphrase: + +Follow the directions, and be sure to remember your passphrase! Note, that a "passphrase" is usually more than just a word. It's most often a phrase, thus the name. The longer the phrase, the tougher to crack. + +Once the process completes, you have an encrypted partition, but it's not mounted or formatted yet. The first step is to mount the partition, which again uses the cryptsetup utility: + + # cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdb1 my_crypto_disk + Enter passphrase for /dev/sdb1: + +When you type in your passphrase, the device name you entered will be mounted like a virtual hard drive. Usually, it's mounted under /dev/mapper/devicename, so this example mounts a partition at /dev/mapper/my_crypto_disk. + +This device is now being accessed as an unencrypted volume. As long as it stays mounted, it will act like any other unencrypted volume. That means you need to write a filesystem to it if you want to use it: + + # mkfs.vfat /dev/mapper/my_crypto_disk -n my_crypto_disk + mkfs.vfat 3.0.9 (31 Jan 2010) + +Now the drive is fully functional and can be mounted like any other disk. In fact, when you put the USB drive into your computer, if you have a modern GUI desktop, it should prompt you for a password and mount it automatically. Then you can eject it like a normal disk, and it will be encrypted until you next enter your passphrase. It's simple to unmount and, therefore, re-encrypt the drive on the command line too, using cryptsetup: + + # cryptsetup luksClose my_crypto_disk + +That's Only the Tip of the Iceberg + +In this article, my hope is to peel back some of the mystery behind encryption. It's simple to encrypt and decrypt a file. It's not too much more difficult (especially if you use the GUI desktop tools) to encrypt an entire USB drive. With most distributions, it's possible to encrypt the entire home directory during the installation process! When encryption is set up on your entire home directory, however, there are some issues you need to address. For example, jobs that run while you're not logged in most likely will not have access to your home directory. If you have cron jobs that need access to your home directory, you should rewrite them to access data elsewhere on the system. I find a happy medium between security and convenience is to encrypt a USB drive and store my personal data on it. + +Once you get the encryption bug, I must warn you, you'll want to start encrypting everything. That's not a bad thing, but like the home directory scenario, you'll run into a few snags. Cross-platform accessibility is a big one if you go between systems. For situations like that, I highly recommend [TrueCrypt][1]. I've mentioned TrueCrypt in UpFront pieces before, but it's basically an open-source, cross-platform encryption system that allows you to encrypt files, folders, partitions and more while being able to access that data on any system. Windows, Mac and Linux clients are all available, and the community has great support. + +You don't have to have something to hide in order to desire encryption for your files. Just like it's wise to lock your house at night, even if you live in a good neighborhood, it's a smart move to encrypt your personal data. If you want to share your photos of Mr Whiskerton in his cute little beanie hat with everyone on the Internet, that's your right. But others don't need to see those things if they're being nosey and poking around your hard drive! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/encrypting-your-cat-photos + +译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.truecrypt.org/ \ No newline at end of file From 106242e6de0d6bec47f82f9b071f1f582b7cac78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: yujianxuechuan Date: Fri, 13 Jun 2014 08:53:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 222/713] translated --- ...nnection sharing with iptables on Linux.md | 80 +++++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 65 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) rename {sources/tech => translated}/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md (50%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md b/translated/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md similarity index 50% rename from sources/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md rename to translated/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md index b66e51bd3f..3027c6a535 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md +++ b/translated/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md @@ -1,46 +1,96 @@ Translating by yujianxuechuan,占坑 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux +怎样使用linux的iptables工具进行网络共享 ================================================================================ In this tutorial, I'll explain how to share a single Internet connection among multiple devices on Linux. While consumer-grade WiFi routers have become mainstream nowadays, making this problem a non-issue, suppose you don't have one at home. However, say you have a Linux box already assembled with a modem and a LAN card. The modem is connected to the Internet with a dynamic public IP address, and the LAN card connected to your switch/hub. Other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop) are connected to the switch without having any Internet connection. To share the Internet connection of the Linux box, you have to turn the box into a gateway, so that it can relay traffic to and from other devices. - +在本教程中，我将解释多个设备怎样在linux下共享一个网络连接。目前无线路由器已经成为主流的消费品，从而解决了本文这一问题，假设你家中并没有一台无线路由器。然而，你却有一台已经有"猫"和局lan网卡的的linux主机。"猫"是以动态公有IP地址的模式连接的互联网，主机的lan网卡连接到你的交换机或者集线器。其他设备（如linux或者windows的PC或者笔记本）以网桥的形式连接并无互联网连接。为了共享linux主机的互联网，你必须把主机摄制成网关，于是它才能实现从其他设备中传送和接受信息。 ### Glossary of Terms ### - +术语字汇 - **Private IP address** (non-routeable address) is an IP address used for a Local Area Network (not visible through Internet). - **Public IP address** (routeable address) is an IP address that is visible through Internet. - **IP masquerading** is a function that allows set of machines to reach the Internet via a MASQ gateway. Those machines behind the MASQ gateway is never visible to the Internet. Any outgoing and incoming traffic from and to the machines behind the MASQ gateway must pass through the MASQ gateway. - **Network Address Translation** (NAT) is a function that can make a private IP address reaches the Internet with the help of IP masquerading. - +-私有IP地址（不可到达地址）是一个被用于本地局域网的IP地址（在互联网中不可见）。 +-公用IP地址（可到达地址）是一个在互联网中可见的IP地址。 +IP伪装是一项允许一系列机器通过MASQ网关连接互联网的功能。这些MASQ网关之外的机器在互联网中是不可见的。MASQ之后的机器中任何流入或流出的数据必须经过MASQ网关。 +-网络地址转换（NAT）是一项通过IP伪装技术可以使私有IP地址访问互联网的功能。 ### Hardware Requirements ### - +硬件要求 - One Linux box with two interfaces (one public IP address and the other private IP address), which will be used as a gateway. - One or more Linux/Windows PC or laptop with private IP addresses. - Switch/HUB (optional). - +-一台有两个接口（一个公有IP地址和其他的私有IP地址）的linux主机，这个主机将被用作网关。 +-一台或者多台拥有私有IP地址的linux/windows系统的PC或者笔记本。 +-交换机/集线器（可选）。 ### Step-by-Step Guide ### - +教程步骤 The following procedure is required on the Linux box (the connection sharing gateway). - +接下来的过程需要在linux主机（用于共享的网关）上完成。 #### 1. Activate IP forwarding #### - +1、激活IP转发 In order to set up Internet connection sharing, you need to enable IP forwarding on the Linux box with a kernel parameter. Startup kernel parameters stored in /etc/sysctl.conf. - +为了设置网络共享，你需要在linux主机上更改一个内核参数来使能IP转发功能。内核启动参数设定在/etc/sysctl.conf文件中。 Open the file, and locate line with the following parameter "# net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0". Remove hash mark (i.e., uncomment it), and set the value to 1. It should look like the following: - +打开这个文件，定位到含有"# net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0"的这一行，移除#号（即取消注释），然后将其值设置为1，改好之后应该和下面的一致。 net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 You may also activate IP forwaring at run time by the following command: - +你还要使激活IP转发功能生效，通过执行下面的命令： $ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 $ sudo sysctl -p #### 2. NAT configuration #### - +2、NAT配置 Another important part of Internet connection sharing is NAT configuration which can be done using iptables command. iptables maintains four firewall tables: - +另一个网络共享的重要部分是NAT配置，这可以通过使用iptables的命令，iptables包含四个防火墙的表格： - FILTER (the default table) - NAT - MANGLE - RAW +- FILTER (默认表格) +- NAT +- MANGLE +- RAW + +In this tutorial we will use only two tables: FILTER and NAT tables. +这个教程中我们将仅使用两个表格：FILTER和NAT表格。 +First, flush all active firewall rules. +首先，刷新所有活跃的防火墙的规则。 + $ sudo iptables -X + $ sudo iptables -F + $ sudo iptables -t nat -X + $ sudo iptables -t nat -F + +On the INPUT table, you have to set chain FORWARD to ACCEPT target, so all packets passed through the box will be processed correctly. +在输入表格中，你需要设置转发链成可接受的目的地，因此艘游通过主机的数据包将会被正确的处理。 + $ sudo iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + $ sudo iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + +On the NAT table, you have to enable IP masquerading for your WAN interface. We assume that the WAN interface is ppp0. To enable IP masquerading on ppp0 interface, you can use the following command: +在NAT表中，你必须为你的WAN口使能IP伪装，我们假设WAN口协议是ppp0。为了在ppp0接口上使能IP伪造技术，我们使用以下的命令： + $ sudo iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE + +#### 3. Configuring a private IP address #### +3、配置私有IP地址 +After all configuration is completed on the Linux box, you have to configure the DNS server and default gateway of other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop), so that they point to the Linux box. Note that you don't need to set up a DNS server on the Linux box. Every DNS request from other devices are automatically forwarded by the Linux box to your upstream ISP. +在linux主机上的所有配置完成后，你需要配置其他设备（linux/windows的PC或笔记本）的DNS服务器以及默认网关，因此他们的数据流可以指向linux主机。注意你不需要在linux主机上设置一个DNS服务器，从其他设备发出的每一个DNS请求都会通过上游的ISP自动转发到linux主机上。 +If you are using Linux on the other devices, you can use the following command to change their default gateway and DNS servers. I assume that you are using 192.168.1.0/24 private IP address segment, and that 192.168.1.1 is the IP address assigned to the Linux box. +如果你的其他设备上用的系统是linux，你可以通过以下命令来更改他们的默认网关和DNS服务器。假设你的网段是192.168.1.0/24的私有IP地址网段，linux主机上绑定的IP地址是192.168.1.1。 + $ sudo ip route del default + $ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.1.1 + $ sudo sh -c "echo 'nameserver 192.168.1.1' > /etc/resolv.conf" + +If you have other Linux devices, you can repeat the command above on other devices. +如果还有其他的linux设备，那么你可以重复以上命令。 +If you have a Windows device, you can change the default gateway and the DNS server via network connection properties on the control panel. +如果你有windows设备，你可以通过控制面板的网络连接属性来更改默认网关和DNS服务器。 +#### 4. The complete script #### +4、完整的脚本 +Here is the complete script which sets up Internet connection sharing on the Linux box. The WAN interface (ppp0) needs to be replaced according to your environment. +这是一个在linux主机上设置网络连接共享的一个完整的脚本。WAN口（ppp0协议）需要根据你具体的网络接口协议来替换。 + $ sudo vi /usr/local/bin/ishare + +---------- In this tutorial we will use only two tables: FILTER and NAT tables. @@ -97,11 +147,11 @@ Here is the complete script which sets up Internet connection sharing on the Lin iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE Save the above script to /usr/local/bin/ishare, and then change the executable bit by the following command. - +保存以上的脚本到/usr/local/bin/ishare，然后添加可执行权限通过执行下面的命令。 $ sudo chmox +x /usr/local/bin/ishare If you want the script executed every startup, you can register the script to /etc/rc.local. Open /etc/rc.local, before statement "exit 0", add the following line: - +如果你需要这个脚本开机启动，你需要在/etc/rc.local文件中注册这个脚本，在文件中的"exit 0"之前添加下面一行。 /usr/local/bin/ishare -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From d8c7cf70e8d9d2ee146edf2ebf2d5b78e156695b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hunanchenxingyu Date: Sat, 14 Jun 2014 09:33:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 223/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=20by=20huna?= =?UTF-8?q?nchenxingyu?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/news/20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md b/sources/news/20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md index eb9b250090..cadca12da2 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md +++ b/sources/news/20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +hunanchenxingyu translating .... +================================================================================ Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable ================================================================================ ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Linus-Torvalds-Releases-Linux-Kernel-3-15-Stable-445785-2.jpg) From d6107caf7907889efa5a07ddcc434aeb8c08d0cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Sat, 14 Jun 2014 09:34:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 224/713] Update 20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md --- ...Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md index ac99b4d384..b52babcf8d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GOLinux How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04 ================================================================================ ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/00_lead_image_home_directory.png) @@ -84,4 +85,4 @@ via: http://www.howtogeek.com/190084/how-to-prevent-other-users-from-accessing-y [1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/67987/htg-explains-how-do-linux-file-permissions-work/ [2]:http://www.linux.org/threads/file-permissions-chmod.4094/ -[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/36845/the-beginners-guide-to-managing-users-and-groups-in-linux/ \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/36845/the-beginners-guide-to-managing-users-and-groups-in-linux/ From 110ef6f6ced717c7b47149acc101f769d2585da2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Sat, 14 Jun 2014 14:55:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 225/713] translating --- ... applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md b/sources/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md index 21bea6eb61..86b3dafa14 100644 --- a/sources/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md +++ b/sources/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Mike Translating... + How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop ================================================================================ The biggest complaint you can hear those days about Ubuntu is the new Unity interface. I remember leaving for Archlinux precisely when Unity started to rise, and when it was made clear that it was here to stay. However, Unity indirectly has led to good consequences: it allowed other distributions and other desktop environments to become more prominent as people were unhappy with it. If your system can support it, no one is against a bit of eye candy. From 597a57cfa38822b8db859866708df9aafd1da680 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Sat, 14 Jun 2014 15:29:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 226/713] finish translating --- ...erently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md | 72 ------------------- ...erently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md | 71 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 71 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md diff --git a/sources/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md b/sources/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md deleted file mode 100644 index 86b3dafa14..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,72 +0,0 @@ -Mike Translating... - -How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop -================================================================================ -The biggest complaint you can hear those days about Ubuntu is the new Unity interface. I remember leaving for Archlinux precisely when Unity started to rise, and when it was made clear that it was here to stay. However, Unity indirectly has led to good consequences: it allowed other distributions and other desktop environments to become more prominent as people were unhappy with it. If your system can support it, no one is against a bit of eye candy. - -So today I shall propose you a different type of application launcher which is definitely original: Gnome-Pie. Some of you may recognize the inspiration from the World of Warcraft addon "OPie." The concept is similar: a keyboard shortcut opens a circular "pie" from which you can select an application or a command to launch. The main idea behind that design is that a user does not have to remember the name of a command, but its direction. The fact that it is circular makes every application at the same distance from the pointer. Plus we get the combo that so many gamers adopted: left hand on the keyboard and right hand on the mouse. The two combined intend to minimize the amount of time needed and maximize the ergonomy. - -### Gnome-Pie Installation ### - -On Ubuntu, Gnome-Pie is available from the universe repository, but for some reason this version crashes at startup. Instead, I advise you to get it from the official PPA repository: - - $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:simonschneegans/testing - $ sudo apt-get update - $ sudo apt-get install gnome-pie - -On Fedora, use this command to install it: - - $ sudo yum install gnome-pie - -For Archlinux, the package is on [AUR][1]. - -### Basic Usage of Gnome-Pie ### - -By default, Gnome-Pie comes with a very decent initial configuration. The first pie, summoned with Ctrl+Alt+a, displays your system's basic applications. - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2917/14040269128_6dc6544c14_z.jpg) - -The second pie, associated with Ctrl+Alt+b, brings your file manager's bookmarks. - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2903/14040269088_8de29edd18.jpg) - -The third pie is maybe the most useful as it displays your application menu, callable by Ctrl+Alt+Space. - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2903/14040345657_071f40b22f_z.jpg) - -The fourth pie is exclusively to control the music player. As you can guess, the shortcut is Ctrl+Alt+m. - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2925/14226915065_8b0e3841c6_o.png) - -The fifth pie is a quick access to the reboot, shutdown, and log out commands (with Ctrl+Alt+q, q for quit I suppose). - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2931/14040303600_5b3a517335_o.png) - -Finally, the sixth pie controls the windows, allowing you to minimize, scale, close, etc. And of course, the shortcut is Ctrl+Alt+w. - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2904/14226699514_42d364a4d4_o.png) - -I find this default setup already pretty satisfactory, almost as good as an out-of-the-box launcher. However, if I wanted to be picky, I would say that some shortcuts are hard to perform with just one hand, and it is kind of frustrating to use two hands to call a pie, and then go back to the mouse to select the option. But again I am being picky. - -However, we are on Linux! Who cares about the default? The whole point is to configure like crazy, and make the system our own. With Gnome-Pie, you are well served. The configuration screen lets you edit the current pies, change the shortcuts, select the icons, make your own pie, change the theme, and even make pie menu that summons another pie. - -[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5508/14247093043_1fe1188709_z.jpg)][2] - -You can even edit the pie to launch an URL, simulate a hotkey activation, or just your own command. The only thing that is potentially missing is the possibility to have widgets. - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2927/14040264609_b7aa66f078_z.jpg) - -In conclusion, Gnome-Pie is a quite attractive visual application launcher which differs from traditional text-based launchers. I really like the combo left hand on the keyboard and right hand on the mouse, which does indeed remind me of Warcraft or even Leagues of Legend. If players adopted this kind of system, it is because it is convenient and efficient. I would even advise it if you are trying to save some space on the screen, and don't want a launcher constantly on the screen. As a last word, I would even dare to say that it provides an interesting alternative to the awesome Gnome-Do. - -What do you think? Do you believe in eye candy at all? Or is Gnome-Pie out of the question since the new Gnome shell entered the competition? Please let us know in the comments. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/launch-applications-differently-gnome-pie-linux-desktop.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/gnome-pie/ -[2]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14247093043/ diff --git a/translated/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md b/translated/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ab6183fd0f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +如何使用GNOME-Pie桌面环境启动应用程序 +================================================================================ + +最近，你能听到很多关于Ubuntu新的Unity界面的抱怨。我记得，当Unity开始兴起的时候，我正好离开Archlinux。然而，Unity间接地导致了一个后果：随着人们对它不满意，人们开始关注其他的桌面环境和Linux发行版。如果你的系统支持Unity，没有人会反对安装他。 + +所以今天我向你推荐一个绝对原创的程序启动器： Gnome-Pie。你们可能会认为他的灵感来自魔兽世界插件"OPie"。因为他们有着相似的概念： 键盘快捷方式可以打开圆形"菜单"，您可以从中选择一个应用程序或命令来启动。这种设计背后的主要思想是用户不必记住命令，但需要记住他的方向和操作。它是圆形的事实从指针使每个应用程序在相同的距离。再加上我们得到如此多自定义组合： 可以通过快捷键，极大的提高效率并且最大限度地实现了人机工程学。 + +### 安装Gnome-Pie ### + +在Ubuntu上，Gnome-Pie 可以从universe仓库中获得, 但是，某些原因，这个版本不是很稳定，常常会崩溃。作为一个备选方案，我建议你从官方的源进行下载。 + + $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:simonschneegans/testing + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get install gnome-pie + +在Fedora, 你可以使用以下命令： + + $ sudo yum install gnome-pie + +对于Archlinux, 你可以在[AUR][1]找到他. + +### Gnome-Pie的基本用法 ### + +默认的，Gnome-Pie有一个比较可靠的初始配置。首先，你可以使用Ctrl + Alt + a呼唤出他的控制界面，他将显示你的系统的基本应用程序。 + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2917/14040269128_6dc6544c14_z.jpg) + +接下来, 按下Ctrl+Alt+b, 他将显示你得文件管理器的书签。 + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2903/14040269088_8de29edd18.jpg) + +第三个，也许是最有用的，它会显示你的应用程序菜单，按下 Ctrl + Alt + 空格可调用。 + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2903/14040345657_071f40b22f_z.jpg) + +第四，你可以完全控制音乐播放器。快捷键是 Ctrl + Alt + m。 + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2925/14226915065_8b0e3841c6_o.png) + +第五，你可以是快速访问到重新启动、 关机和注销命令 (Ctrl + Alt + q，q 为退出，我猜得）。 + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2931/14040303600_5b3a517335_o.png) + +最后，你可以用Pie来控制窗口，可以最小化、 规模、 关闭， 等等. 并且，快捷键是Ctrl+Alt+w. + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2904/14226699514_42d364a4d4_o.png) + +虽然我发现这种默认设置已经是相当令人满意，几乎和预置的启动器一样好。然而，如果让我鸡蛋里找骨头，我会说一些快捷方式很难用一只手执行。大多数情况是，我们用两只手打开菜单，然后再回到鼠标以选择该选项。太不爽了。 + +然而，我们是在 Linuxer！谁会在乎默认设置？自定义才是王道。Gnome-Pie将为你提供优良的服务。通过配置，你可以编辑现有的Pie,改变程序图标，设计自己的Pie，改变主题，甚至将另外一个Pie菜单作为一个子菜单。 + +[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5508/14247093043_1fe1188709_z.jpg)][2] + +你甚至可以编辑他来启动 URL、 你可以自由的设置热键开启这一功能，惟一的缺憾可能是他缺少Widgets。 + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2927/14040264609_b7aa66f078_z.jpg) + +总之，相较于传统的基于文本的启动器，Gnome-Pie是一个相当有吸引力的可视化应用程序。我很喜欢他的自定义键盘和鼠标组合键，让我想起了我在War3或者LOL中的神级操作。如果玩家通过这种方法，它可以为你带来方便和高效。我甚至建议你可以将它放在桌面上，来节省你的空间。我甚至敢说它可以替代Gnome。 + +你觉得怎么样？你在所有相信世界上有这么好的东西吗？或者说，随着新的Gnome shell出现，Gnome-Pie开始失去竞争？欢迎评论。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/launch-applications-differently-gnome-pie-linux-desktop.html + +译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/gnome-pie/ +[2]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14247093043/ From 413747da51cf1bffd820f1b07cdd036e584618b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linchenguang <1573453077@qq.com> Date: Sat, 14 Jun 2014 17:01:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 227/713] =?UTF-8?q?[=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90]L?= =?UTF-8?q?inux--Bash=20Delete=20All=20Files=20In=20Directory=20Except=20F?= =?UTF-8?q?ew?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...elete All Files In Directory Except Few.md | 112 ------------------ ...elete All Files In Directory Except Few.md | 111 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 111 insertions(+), 112 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md b/sources/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md deleted file mode 100644 index 54a66f6d9f..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,112 +0,0 @@ ->> chenguang is translating - -Linux: Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few -================================================================================ -![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/images/category/old/terminal.png) - -I'm a new Linux system user. I need to cleanup in a download directory i.e. delete all files from ~/Downloads/ folders except the following types: - -*.iso - All iso images files. -*.zip - All zip files. - -How do I delete all file except some in bash shell on a Linux, OS X or Unix-like systems? - -Bash shell supports rich file pattern matching such as follows: - -- * - Match any files. -- ? - Matches any single character in filenames. -- [...] - Matches any one of the enclosed characters. - -### Method #1: Say hello to extended pattern matching operators ### - -You need to use the extglob shell option using the shopt builtin command to use extended pattern matching operators such as: - -1. ?(pattern-list) - Matches zero or one occurrence of the given patterns. -1. *(pattern-list) - Matches zero or more occurrences of the given patterns. -1. +(pattern-list) - Matches one or more occurrences of the given patterns. -1. @(pattern-list) - Matches one of the given patterns. -1. !(pattern-list) - Matches anything except one of the given patterns. - -A pattern-list is nothing but a list of one or more patterns (filename) separated by a |. First, turn on extglob option: - - shopt -s extglob - -#### Bash remove all files except *.zip and *.iso files #### - -The rm command syntax is: - - ## Delete all file except file1 ## - rm !(file1) - - ## Delete all file except file1 and file2 ## - rm !(file1|file2) - - ## Delete all file except all zip files ## - rm !(*.zip) - - ## Delete all file except all zip and iso files ## - rm !(*.zip|*.iso) - - ## You set full path too ## - rm /Users/vivek/!(*.zip|*.iso|*.mp3) - - ## Pass options ## - rm [options] !(*.zip|*.iso) - rm -v !(*.zip|*.iso) - rm -f !(*.zip|*.iso) - rm -v -i !(*.php) - -Finally, turn off extglob option: - - shopt -u extglob - -### Method #2: Using bash GLOBIGNORE variable to remove all files except specific ones ### - -From the [bash(1)][1] page: - -> A colon-separated list of patterns defining the set of filenames to be ignored by pathname expansion. If a filename matched by a pathname expansion pattern also matches one of the patterns in GLOBIGNORE, it is removed from the list of matches. - -To delete all files except zip and iso files, set GLOBIGNORE as follows: - - ## only works with BASH ## - cd ~/Downloads/ - GLOBIGNORE=*.zip:*.iso - rm -v * - unset GLOBIGNORE - -### Method #3: Find command to rm all files except zip and iso files ### - -If you are using tcsh/csh/sh/ksh or any other shell, try the following find command syntax on a Unix-like system to delete files: - - find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -delete - -OR - - ## deals with weird file names using xargs ## - find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm {} - find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm [options] {} - -To delete all files except php files in ~/sources/ directory, type: - - find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -delete - -OR - - find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm -v {} - -The syntax to delete all files except *.zip and *.iso is as follows: - - find . -type f -not \( -name '*zip' -or -name '*iso' \) -delete - -For more information see [bash command man page][1] and [find command man page][2]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-bash-delete-all-files-in-directory-except-few/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/bash.1.html -[2]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/find.1.html diff --git a/translated/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md b/translated/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..da9ce214c9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +Linux：使用bash删除目录中的特定文件 +================================================================================ +![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/images/category/old/terminal.png) + +我是一个Linux新手用户。现在我需要清理一个下载目录中的文件，其实我就是想删除～/Download/文件夹下面除了以下格式的文件外所以其它文件： +*.iso - 所有的iso格式的文件。 +*.zip - 所有zip格式的文件。 + +我如何在一个基于Linux，OS X 或者Unix-like系统上的bash shell中删除特定的文件呢？ + +Bash shell 支持丰富的文件模式匹配符例如： + +- * － 匹配所有的文件。 +- ？ － 匹配文件名中的单个字母。 +- [...] － 匹配封闭括号中的任何一个字母。 + +### 策略 #1: 见识一下扩展的模式匹配符 ### + +这里你需要用系统内置的shopt命令来开启shell中的extglob选项，然后你就可以使用扩展的模式符了，这些模式匹配符如下： + +1. ?(pattern-list) － 匹配零次或一次给定的模式。 +1. *(pattern-list) －至少匹配零次给定的模式。 +1. +(pattern-list) － 至少匹配一次给定的模式。 +1. @(pattern-list) － 匹配一次给定的模式。 +1. !(pattern-list) － 匹配所有除给定模式以外的模式。 + +一个模式列表就是一个或多个用 | 分开的模式（文件名）。首先打开extgolb选项： + + shopt -s extglob + +#### 在Bash中删掉除*.zip和*.iso文件以外的所有文件 #### + +rm 命令的语法格式为： + + ## 仅保留 file1 文件 ## + rm !(file1) + + ## 仅保留 file1 和 file2 文件## + rm !(file1|file2) + + ## 仅保留 zip 文件 ## + rm !(*.zip) + + ## 仅保留 zip 和 iso 文件 ## + rm !(*.zip|*.iso) + + ## 你也可以使用完整的目录 ## + rm /Users/vivek/!(*.zip|*.iso|*.mp3) + + ## 传递参数 ## + rm [options] !(*.zip|*.iso) + rm -v !(*.zip|*.iso) + rm -f !(*.zip|*.iso) + rm -v -i !(*.php) + +最后，关闭 extglob 选项： + + shopt -u extglob + +### 策略 #2: 使用bash的 GLOBIGNORE 变量删除指定文件以外的所有文件 ### + +摘自 [bash(1)][1] 手册页: +> 一个用冒号分开的模式列表定义了被路径扩展忽略的文件的集合。如果一个文件同时与路径扩展模式和GLOBIGNORE中的模式匹配，那么它就从匹配列表中移除了。 + +要删除所有文件只保留 zip 和 iso 文件，应如下设置 GLOBIGNORE： + + ## 只在 BASH 中可行 ## + cd ~/Downloads/ + GLOBIGNORE=*.zip:*.iso + rm -v * + unset GLOBIGNORE + +### 策略 #3: 用 find 命令删除所有其它文件仅保留 zip 和 iso 文件 ### + + +如果你正在使用 tcsh/csh/sh/ksh 或者其它shell，你可以在Unix－like系统上试着用下面find命令的语法格式来删除文件： + + find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -delete + +或者 + + ## 对于怪异的文件名可以使用 xargs ## + find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm {} + find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm [options] {} + + +为了删除 ～/source 目录下除 php 以外的文件，键入： + + find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -delete + +或者 + + find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm -v {} + +只保留 *.zip 和 *.iso 文件的语法如下： + + find . -type f -not \( -name '*zip' -or -name '*iso' \) -delete + + +更多信息参见[bash command man page][1]和[find command man page][2]。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-bash-delete-all-files-in-directory-except-few/ + +译者：[Linchenguang](https://github.com/Linchenguang) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/bash.1.html +[2]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/find.1.html From d1abcb020ffa0daa05d538b842a4d95fd25049a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Sat, 14 Jun 2014 18:48:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 228/713] [translated] Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers --- ...We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md | 190 ------------------ ...We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md | 190 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 190 insertions(+), 190 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md diff --git a/sources/talk/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md b/sources/talk/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md deleted file mode 100644 index bdd449e3f6..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,190 +0,0 @@ -zpl1025, so loooooooooooooooog........... -Raspberry Pi's Eben Upton: How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers -================================================================================ -> Inside the mind that prototyped a $35 computer for tinkerers. - -I’ll never forget my first time seeing a Raspberry Pi. The tiny, credit-card sized computer is powerful enough to operate as a home PC, a media center, a gaming console, or anything you can dream up. At only $35, it’s a bargain for tinkerers of all ages who want to try out hardware and software experiments without worrying about bricking their pricier family computers. - -[Eben Upton][1], cofounder of the Raspberry Pi Foundation, is generally credited as the magician behind this incredible machine. While working on his doctorate in philosophy at the University of Cambridge's computer laboratory, Upton painstakingly put together Raspberry Pi prototypes by hand. - -Today, Upton is CEO of the Raspberry Pi Foundation’s trading company, where he oversees production and sales of the Raspberry Pi. The foundation has now sold more than 2.5 million units. - -### Pi In The Sky ### - -ReadWrite: What got you really interested in technology in the first place? How did that lead you eventually to the Raspberry Pi project? - -**Eben Upton**: So I actually got started when I was a kid. I have a father who has a certain amount of interest in engineering. He’s not an engineer, he’s an English academic. There were always piles of electrical stuff around the house that I used to play with before I understood what it did. Little things like making a light to have by your bed so you could read after “lights out” and stuff. - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/raspberry%20pi%20black-and-white%20flickr%20johan%20larsson.jpg) - -And then I got a computer. In the UK we have these machines called [BBC Microcomputers][2], which were 8-bit micros that were build for education. We had them at school, I got into programming at school, and I enjoyed it. - -These things weren’t necessarily in school for programming, or at least they didn’t tend to get used for programming. They would get used to run educational software. But I used to program on them. And then I bought one to program at home. I mean, the day I got my BBC micro, I went in my room, turned it on, and never came out again. [Laughs] - -Programming is amazing for a kid. When you’re a kid you don’t have a lot of power. You don’t have a lot of agency, a lot of control over the world around you. The great thing about programming is it’s a little world where you do whatever you want. And I certainly found that very compelling. - -I’d always been interested in science, math, kind of hard science subjects. Did a lot of computing, did a lot of programming on my BBC. I had a Commodore Amiga after that. - -At university I did a mixture of physics, engineering, and computer science. And then that really kind of led me to the Pi. Because after I’d been at university for a decade [while getting a doctorate], I realized that the kids who were arriving hadn’t had the chance to have that set of experiences as a child. You could still get Legos but … that ladder. - -We’d kind of pulled the ladder up after us. We built these very sophisticated and user-friendly computers for children to use now. Or not even computers—game consoles and phones and tablets, kind of appliances. But people were being denied that opportunity to tinker. So really Raspberry Pi is an attempt to get back—without kind of being too retro—some of what we kind of feel was lost from the evolution of computers over the last 25 years. - -**RW:** What were some of the biggest hurdles you had to overcome? - -**EU:** Well, we didn’t have any investors, so that was one nice thing. We’ve been trying to do this since 2006 so you can see it took us a long time to get from the idea of a Raspberry Pi to something you could sell. Finding something that had the right tradeoff between price and performance, or price and programmability was a big deal. - -Getting the money together. We’re a not-for-profit, so we had to go find some money, and there ended up being a few of us on the board of trustees just loaning money out of our own pockets. So we had about a quarter of a million dollars of startup funding which was entirely loans from me and a couple of other people. So having the guts to do that, I guess. - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/raspberry%20pi%20flickr%20clive%20darra.jpg) - -### From East To West ### - -Finding a way to get it manufactured at the right price. We ended up taking an unusual route. Generally when people make more conventional products, what they do is make them locally, when they’re low volume. And they [manufacturers] charge a high price. Most people have thicker margins than Raspberry Pi. - -So what people do is manufacture in the west. Later on, in search of a squeeze, they got the volume and are looking to improve their production costs, so they go to the far east. - -The issue for us was that, because we didn’t have enough margin to support that kind of order, we built our very first units in China. Which was of course, at first a slightly daunting prospect. I knew nothing about manufacturing in China, and we ended up sending $50,000 of chips and $50,000 to some guy in Hong Kong. And he sent us back 2,000 working Raspberry Pis. - -It got to the point where there was a little bit of a delay and we were convinced that we’d gotten shafted. And then one day, the first 2,000 of now 2.5 million Raspberry Pis turned up on the doorstep on a pallet. - -This UPS guy comes out of his truck with a pallet and a pallet jack and jacks this pallet into the garage. It’s got 2,000 Raspberry Pis on it and each one of those is massively more powerful than any computer I had when I was a kid. And we were just picking them out at random out of the pallet just to sample them and they all worked perfectly. - -So getting lucky, I guess, with China, and then finally having got the volume, we went in the other direction from everyone else. I guess the other defining moment in the project was when we realized that, having got the volume, we could now build in the west for the same price we would have been able to build in China. So we were able to repatriate, to reshore all the manufacturing back to Wales, which is where I was born. Kind of a nice sort of circle. - -**RW:** Were there any precursors to the Pi that didn’t work out? - -**EU:** Yeah, we built a number of different prototype devices. We were trying to build something that was programmable but interesting to kids. “Interesting to kids” means kind of … powerful in some respects. Able to play video and games and go on the Web. - -We had a number of prototypes that met the price goal and the programmability goal, but it was only very late, post 2010 and 2011, that we were able to identify a path that allowed us to build something that was also powerful enough that kids were going to engage with it. - -### Whence The Pi Was Baked ### - -**RW:** Tell me about inventing the Raspberry Pi. - -**EU:** We tried building some units based on what you’d call microcontroller technology. I don’t know if you’ve come across an [open source electronics prototyping] platform called Arduino? Sort of a similar level of performance to the Arduino. The nice thing about those chips is they’re very available, they’re commodity parts, they’re very cheap and easy to get ahold of. - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/raspberry%20pi%20pibow%20flickr%20peet%20sneekes.jpg) - -So we tried that. And we ended up with something which was technically a computer—you plug it into your television and stuff. But it was kind of primitive and it was clear that kids weren’t going to engage with it. So that was prototype one, and that prototype is coming to a museum in Ireland in an exhibition called “Fail.” [Laughs] I’m going to go see it next month. It’s in a glass cabinet as an example of a glorious failure. - -The nice thing about that was that was hand built. You can’t really build a modern Raspberry Pi by hand. But this one was primitive enough that you could actually solder it together and I soldered it together in a week. And it was a nice little toy. - -After I’d been at university for a decade of so, I went to work for a company called Broadcom, which is based in southern California but has a big office in Cambridge. They make cellphone chips. And we realized that cell phone chips are quite a good fit. They’re quite a good platform for building a Pi-like device, since they have a lot of graphics performance. - -I built a prototype based on that, based on a Broadcom dev kit. And that was much more powerful, much more capable, again at the same price point. But the challenge we had with that was that it was really a custom environment. It wasn’t a standards based platform. - -We were writing our own SD card drivers, our own file system, our own text editor. You find yourself doing a lot of basic work and although you end up with a platform which is powerful and programmable, it's completely nonstandard [and] completely unlike any other machine. You don’t get to leverage any of the work that’s already been done by people on desktop platforms. That was prototype two. - -The real breakthrough for us was with prototype three. We got hold of another chip from Broadcom which had an ARM processor which was able to run standard Linux. That was really the point where we realized we had something that met all our goals. And that was the product we went to market with. - -### Hacking The Next Generation Of Hackers ### - -**RW:** Kids as young as eight have built projects using the Raspberry Pi. Did you intend that, or did it take you by surprise? - -**EU:** Eight is a good age. I think everyone defines the right age as being the age when they started programming. I was eight when I started programming. To some extent, all a child needs is to be old enough to have the relevant suite of cognitive skills, kind of problem solving type skills. A little bit of math maybe, at school. - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/raspberry%20pi%20lego%20flickr%20luca%20sbardella.jpg) - -To be old enough to be able to plan activities—programming is the ultimate planned activity. You need to have the mental equipment to do that. By the age of eight, a lot of children are quite mature in their way of thinking. You also need mechanical dexterity; another challenge that younger children have is the lack of mechanical dexterity required to use a keyboard. - -So eight’s a great age. You’ve got the physical equipment, the mental equipment, and you’re still at that point in your life where you’re able to learn new things very easily. Your brain’s very plastic, you’re able to learn languages.... - -I mean, if you want a child to learn French, start teaching them at eight, don’t start teaching them at 16. One of the weaknesses we have historically in our formal teaching of computing is we start people incredibly late, and then are surprised when people have difficulty picking up the concepts. So I think the younger you can get them the better and eight is a fantastic age. Eight, 10, 12—12 is maybe a little bit late. - -Our foundation CEO, [Lance][3] [Howarth], is particularly passionate about primary education. He really perceives a real opportunity there to do something quite special. - -**RW:** So that was an intention of the Raspberry Pi, to get really young kids programming? - -**EU:** I think we’ve always thought that young kids could do programming just by example. But the intention of the Raspberry Pi was to make this thing available and just see who buys it. We always believed that at least a subset of young children would find it exciting. Now we have the breadth and scale to get it to young kids with support. - -There’s a big difference between [just] making a platform like Raspberry Pi available and offering support for it. I think if you just make it available, you’ll find one percent of eight-year-olds will be the one percent who love that sort of thing and will get into it, regardless of how much or how little support you give them. - -I think the real opportunity for the foundation right now is that, since we can afford to pay for the development of educational material, we can afford to advocate for good training for teachers throughout this. There’s an opportunity to get more than one percent. There’s an opportunity to reach the bright kids who don’t quite have the natural inclination to personally tackle complicated technical tasks. If you give them good teaching and compelling material that’s relevant and interesting to them, you can reach ten percent, twenty percent, fifty percent, many more. - -We look back to the 1980s as this golden era [of learning to program], and in practice, only a very few percent of people were learning to program to any great degree. Most people could probably write a couple of lines. But doing any significant programming was still rare. - -I think the real opportunity for us now, because we can intervene on the material and teacher training levels, we can potentially blow past where we were in the 1980s. There’s much more participation, there’s much more gender equality. Programming was largely a boy’s activity in the 1980s, and that’s now reflected in the makeup of our engineering community. I think there’s a real opportunity to get more girls programming computers. That’s the lowest of low hanging fruit. If we do that, we instantly double the number of people. - -There are a lot of opportunities and I think the most satisfying thing for Pi is we’re kind of at the scale where we can start to attack some of them. - -### Pi For Everyone ### - -**RW:** What does that say to you about the potential demand for DIY projects like the Pi? Are we all going to be DIY hackers one day? - -**EU:** Yeah, I mean, that’s the thing. There is an enormous demand for it. And I think that there is a tie to the maker community. The maker community is much more developed in American than it is in the UK. We do have maker fairs and hackerspaces now, but it’s probably five years behind where it is in the U.S. - -So one thing we found when we started talking about Raspberry Pi, when it started getting international attention, we found we were launching into this very well established community of people who like doing all sorts of DIY activity: knitting, or, you know, woodworking. - -So that’s one of the things that led to that surprise increase in volume for the Pi. Makers who see it as a component they can use to build their projects. Which is great! - -**RW:** What do you think about the emergence of mainstream hardware-hacking culture? - -**EU:** I mean, it’s fantastic, right? It’s something we would never have predicted on the software engineering front. I’ve come to this stuff from a software background, so the fact that most of the cool stuff people do with the Raspberry Pi is hardware related is surprising to me. It’s not surprising to me anymore, but it was surprising to me originally. - -![](http://readwrite.com/files/raspberry%20pi%20robot%20flickr%20ashley%20basil.jpg) - -I think it’s a very positive trend, for all sorts of reasons. It’s positive because it provides children with relevant experiences. In my mind, moving pixels around on the screen is still cool, but in reality, it’s much less cool than it was in the 1980s. I think moving objects around in the world, like robots, is what’s cool for kids now. - -When you get more relevance, you attract more girls. There’s a really insidious tendency to try and design activities for girls around tech, and it actually isn’t about girls. It’s about appealing to a broader audience. - -There is this tiny segment—I’ve talked about the one percent, the kids who find the abstract computer programming exciting. “Let’s learn about variables!” And I was one of those kids. But that’s only a small number of people, and it seems to be boys, more often. I don’t know whether that’s a cultural thing or what but it just seems to be the way the world is. - -Quite often when people are talking about pursuing relevance in order to attract girls, it’s not about attracting girls at all. It’s about attracting anyone other than that tiny little sliver of boys. You’re not just attracting girls, you’re attracting all the other boys as well. - -One of the wonderful things from an education standpoint is that part of actually doing stuff in the real world with a computer is automatically more relevant than just doing things on the computer itself. So it gives you a route to attract girls into the subject, it gives you a route to track more than one percent of boys into the subject. - -It’s great not to be alone. It’s fantastic to be launching into this tidal wave of interest, of people doing stuff in the real world. I know a guy in southern California whose two hobbies are Pi hacking and making his own chainmail. It’s just a wonderful thing that people are doing that sort of stuff. - -### Sharing The Pi ### - -**RW:** Can you give me an example of the sort of “relevant” projects that attract more than the one percent? - -**EU:** The whole broad area of robotics is one. There are just vast numbers of people using the Pi as a base to make little robots that run around and do stuff, particularly now that we have the camera module, which acts as kind of computer vision. - -I think other camera-based projects as well tend to get a lot of play. People doing wildlife photography type things, people doing time lapse photography, a wide range of stuff because we have this $25 camera module, and an infrared version so you can do nighttime animal photography—writing scripts to take pictures at night and save away the ones that have some motion in them. So those ones are nice. - -I’m particularly fond of anything that has to do with high altitude ballooning. Environmental monitoring—there are some high school kids in the UK who did an IndieGoGo called [AirPi][4], which is a pollution monitoring shield that would sit on top of the Pi. So lots of those things that let you do physics or chemistry or biology using the Pi—those are the things that I think have relevance. Those are the things that are much easier to justify to the bulk of kids as a thing that’s worth paying attention to. - -**RW:** When will we be seeing a Raspberry Pi Model C? - -**EU:** We have no plans at the moment. We are mostly doing software work at the moment. I think we’ve discovered that there is a large amount of performance gain available by nickel and diming the software, buffing it a little bit. - -If we go and make a Model C, we orphan 2.5 million people who are committed to the current platform. So I think we are, at least for now, pretty committed to trying to do software work because that helps all of those people who are in the field. We feel there is still significant performance gain available through software optimization. - -Obviously, we’ll have to do something [about hardware] at some point. I don’t really known when. If we’re still shipping the Pi Model B in 2017, 2018, that would be bad. But I think we’re probably a year away from giving any serious consideration to what to do next. - -**RW:** Lots of people are building projects using both the Pi and Arduino, the DIY electronics-hacking kit. Did you design Pi with kits like Arduino in mind? - -**EU:** Not really, but we realized very early on there could sometimes be a tendency in the press to see us as a competitor to the Arduino. We were always skeptical, I think, as to whether that was really the case because I think the Pi and Arduino do different things and do them well. - -We didn’t design it to work with the Arduino, but the Arduino is designed to work with a house PC. We make a great low power house PC for the Arduino. So yeah, it was just lucky, I guess. - -**RW:** What do you use Raspberry Pi for at home? At work? - -**EU:** At home, I use it as a media center; that’s a fairly common use of the Pi. It’s an interesting thing that you have people doing actual consumer electronics, using it as a piece of consumer electronics. And I’m certainly one of those. - -I don’t have anywhere near as much time to play with it at work as I would like. Usually when I get a Pi at work it’s because I’m testing some new piece of software that I’ve commissioned. Mostly I’m just using it to check that the contractors I’ve paid to do work have done a good job. - -I’m really hoping that I will get some more downtime over the next year. Sometimes it feels like, aside from the media center, I’ve been involved with making this fantastic toy, and because it’s been so successful I don’t get much time to play with it. - -But it’s really gratifying to see how many people are having fun with it, to see it show up in different places. I understand we got mentioned on The Big Bang Theory, I need to track down the episode. It shows up in all these unusual places. It’s really nice to see how many people have taken it to heart and started doing stuff with it. - -Eben Upton image courtesy of the Raspberry Pi Foundation; Raspberry Pi images by Flickr users [Johan Larsson][5], [Clive Darra][6], [Pete Sneekes][7], [Luca Sbardella][8] and [Ashley Basil][9] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://readwrite.com/2014/04/08/raspberry-pi-eben-upton-builders#awesm=~oBGnazhOCOfaUd - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://twitter.com/EbenUpton -[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Micro -[3]:http://www.raspberrypi.org/welcome-lance/ -[4]:http://airpi.es/ -[5]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/johanl/8384790662 -[6]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/osde-info/8626662243 -[7]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/p8/7950485168 -[8]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/sbardella/7473604878 -[9]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/28438417@N08/8006786385/in/photolist-dcwSD8-d8PKa3-bmosVm-bmosWG-bz3YJF-e8NRQD-btyqN1-dorXrE-hTF7id-hTF7jL-hTF4mJ-hTF4jj-hTF4q1-hTF7jA-hTF7gj-gKRLrn-ftALdo-c7Qnjs-c7Qnyh-c7QmZj-c7QnY1-c7QmNY-cu8zs3-cu8BWm-cu8u5S-cu8yC3-cu8DBN-cu8wRq-cu8xNL-cu8CJj-cu8tss-cu8BcG-cu8uVL-cu8AoW-hTF7dU-hTEzCr-hTFBCp-hTFBvR-hTFBBH-hTF4hA-hTF7c1-hTEzza-hTFBM2-cdtf1b-bz7n87-gKQSJ7-gKQUko-ds8x8q-dqweVP-cVwvJq diff --git a/translated/talk/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md b/translated/talk/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..83d6ff53cc --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md @@ -0,0 +1,190 @@ +来自树莓派的Eben Upton：我们是怎么让大家都成为DIY黑客的。 +================================================================================ +> 请记住它是为喜欢折腾的人准备的只要35美元的计算机 + +我永远不会忘记我第一次看到树莓派的情形。那个小巧的，信用卡大小的计算机，性能却足够强劲，可以作为一般家用PC，媒体中心，电视游戏机，或是其他任何你能够想像的东西。只有35美元的价格，它是任何年龄段的动手爱好者都可以拥有的小东西，可以在上面捣腾硬件和软件试验，而不用担心会弄坏昂贵的家庭电脑。 + +[Eben Upton][1]，是树莓派基金会的共同创始人，通常被誉为这个神奇机器背后的魔法师。在剑桥大学的计算机实验室攻读哲学博士学位的时候，他费尽苦心地手工打造了树莓派的原型机。 + +如今，Upton是树莓派基金会下面贸易公司的CEO，监督着树莓派的生产和销售，目前销量已经达到250万台。 + +### 天上的派 ### + +ReadWrite网: 一开始是什么让你对技术这么感兴趣？它又是如何偶然地引导你创建树莓派项目的？ + +**Eben Upton**: 在我还是孩子的时候就开始对技术感兴趣了。我有个对工程技术有很大兴趣的父亲，他自己不是工程师，而是一个英语老师。我们的房子里经常到处堆着各种电子器件，在还不知道这些东西是干嘛的时候，我就开始摆弄了。都是些小玩意，比如在床头装个灯，在“关灯”后还可以继续看书之类的。 + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/raspberry%20pi%20black-and-white%20flickr%20johan%20larsson.jpg) + +之后我有了一台计算机。在英国，我们把这种机器叫做[BBC微计算机][2]，实际上是8位单片机，做教学用的。我们在学校的时候接触到这种机器，我之后就学会了编程，而且还蛮喜欢的。 + +这些机器在学校里并不一定是用来编程的，或者说他们根本不是用来编程的，一般都运行教学软件。但是我却给它编程，之后我还买了一台回家，在我买了这台BBC微机后，我就泡在了房间里，再没出来过。[笑] + +编程对于小孩来说太神奇了。当你还是小孩的时候，并没有太多力量。没有听话的随从，反而身边有很多的限制。编程最伟大的地方在于，这是一个可以让你随喜所欲的小世界。而这当然让我无法抗拒。 + +我一直都对科学和数学，以及硬科学学科感兴趣。我在我的BBC微机上做了大量的计算和编程，之后我拥有了一台Commodore Amiga。 + +在大学里我学习了物理，工程和计算机科学。这是激发树莓派项目想法的原因，因为当我在学校呆了10年的时候[当时在读博士学位]，我发现那些新来的孩子们在他们小时候并没有机会获得这方面的经验。你也许仍然能拥有乐高玩具，但是问题是梯子。 + +在一定程度上我们把身后的梯子撤掉了。我们造出了这些非常复杂而且用户友好的计算机给小孩使用，或者不仅仅是计算机，还包括电视游戏机，电话和平板，以及一些家用电器。但是，人们却没有机会自己动手改一改。所以实际上，树莓派是回到最初的一种尝试，当然也不会过于原始，希望找到在过去25年里计算机发展中迷失掉的那种感觉。 + +**RW:** 你需要克服的最大的障碍有哪些？ + +**EU:** 好吧，我们没有任何投资者，当然这也是一件好事情。我们从2006年就开始尝试做这件事情，你可以看到它花了我们很长时间才把树莓派从一个想法变成一件能卖的东西。在价格和性能之间或是价格和可编程性之间找到平衡，是一件很重要的事情。 + +另外一件麻烦事是募集资金。我们是非营利组织，所以我们得去找人赞助，而这最后都变成了董事会中的几个人自掏腰包。我们有25万美元的启动资金是从我和其他几个成员自己借的。所以我觉得，当初这样做还挺有勇气。 + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/raspberry%20pi%20flickr%20clive%20darra.jpg) + +### 从东方到西方 ### + +为了找到价格合适的生产方式，我们选了一条不同寻常的路线。通常人们生产更传统的产品时，当量不大的时候都会选择在本地生产，然后[制造商]再制定较高的价格。大多数都能获得比树莓派丰厚的利润。 + +所以他们开始会在西方生产。然后，为了追求更高的利润，当产品有一定的量就会想减少生产成本，所以转到远东地区。 + +我们的问题是，因为我们没有足够的利润来支撑这种模式的订单，所以我们在中国制造了第一批产品。当然一开始会有一点不好的预感。我一点也不了解中国制造，最后，我们把价值5万美元的芯片和5万美元现金交给一个香港人，他需要还给我们2000片可以工作的树莓派。 + +之后交期出现了延时，我们甚至都开始相信自己被骗了。然后终于有一天，现在250万台树莓派中最早的2000台放在托板上来到了门口。 + +那个UPS快递员从卡车里拖出一个托板，并拉到我们车库里。托板上放着2000台树莓派，它们中每一台都比我小时候用过的计算机强多了。我们随机抽查了几台，都可以完美地工作。 + +所以我觉得还挺幸运，中国你懂的。然后我们的产品终于开始有量了，我们选择了跟其他所有人不同的方向。我觉得这是这个项目中的另一个决定性时刻，我们认识到，以目前的订单量，我们可以用和在中国同样的成本在西方生产。所以我们可以回归，把所有的生产制造搬回威尔士，也是我出生的地方。像是一个美妙的圆圈。 + +**RW:** 有没有一些树莓派的前身没有被制造出来的？ + +**EU:** 有的，我们做了许多不同的原型机。我们希望做出一个可以编程，也能吸引小朋友兴趣的东西。“吸引小朋友兴趣”意味着，在某些方面要足够强大。比如，播放视频，玩游戏，以及上网。 + +我们有许多能够达到价格目标和可编程目标的原型，但是等我们确定一个合适的方案，它足够强大能够吸引孩子们的热情，已经挺晚了，都到2010年底2011年初了。 + +### 派是从哪儿烤好的 ### + +**RW:** 跟我们说说发明树莓派的故事 + +**EU:** 我们尝试过基于所谓的微控制器技术做了几台机器。不知道你有没有听过一个叫Arduino的[开源电子原型]平台？它们的性能跟Arduino是一个级别的，优点是很容易买到，是常用的元器件，非常便宜，也很容易掌握。 + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/raspberry%20pi%20pibow%20flickr%20peet%20sneekes.jpg) + +所以我们试了一下。最后的成品只能从技术上来说还是计算机，你可以把它接到电视机或其他显示设备上。但是，它太原始了，很明显不能吸引孩子们的兴趣。这个是一号原型机，它在爱尔兰一家博物馆的叫“失败”的展览中展出[笑]。我下个月会去看看。它现在被装载一个玻璃盒子里，作为一次辉煌失败的典型。 + +好的一面是它是手工制作的，你不可能手工制作一块现代的树莓派。但是，这个原型太原始了，你实际上可以把所有器件手工焊接到一起，它就是我一个星期里做好的，是个挺好的小玩具。 + +我在大学里呆了差不多10年以后，进入到一家叫Broadcom的公司工作，总部在南加利福尼亚但是在剑桥有个大办公室，主要生产手机芯片。然后，我意识到这种手机芯片非常适合，它是制作像派这样的设备的非常合适的平台，因为它有优秀的图形性能。 + +我基于Broadcom开发工具制作了一个原型。这次的原型非常强大，也有更多功能，价格也差不多。不过问题是，它有一套定制的开发环境，而不是一个标准的平台。 + +我们得写自己的SD卡驱动，自己的文件系统，自己的文本编辑器。你会发现你得做大量基础工作，虽然最后你能够得到一个强大的可编程的平台，但是它却是完全非标准的[而且]和其他设备完全不一样。从而无法重用那些已经在台式机系统中已经做过的工作。这个是二号原型机。 + +真正的突破是三号原型机。我们从Broadcom拿到了另一种应用了ARM处理器的芯片，可以直接运行标准Linux。我们意识到终于可以做出能够满足所有的需求的机器了，这就是我们推向市场的产品。 + +### 黑黑下一代黑客 ### + +**RW:** 八岁的孩子就开始用树莓派做项目了。这在你意料中吗，还是说让你意外了？ + +**EU:** 八岁是很好的年纪。我想每个人都会把自己开始编程的年龄定义成合适的年龄。我就是八岁开始编程的。某种程度上来说，孩子们所需要的只是年龄大到拥有相对完整的认知技能，或者说是解决问题的技能。也许在学校学一点数学就够了。 + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/raspberry%20pi%20lego%20flickr%20luca%20sbardella.jpg) + +年龄大到可以计划任务，编程就是终极的计划任务。还是得有一定的智力基础去做这个事情。八岁的时候，大多数孩子在自己的思维上已经非常成熟了。另外还需要敏捷的身手，对更小的孩子来说还存在一个问题就是，他们还不够灵巧去使用键盘。 + +所以说，八岁是很好的年纪。你有合适的身体，有合适的心智，而且还处于生命中能轻松学习新知识的时候。你的大脑还具有非常大的可塑性，可以学习语言。。。 + +我的意思是，你要是想让你的小孩学习法语的话，八岁就开始教他，不要等到16岁才开始。正式的计算机教育有一个历史性的缺点，就是太晚开始了，然后就很惊讶为何学生们理解起来概念有困难。所以我认为越早接触越好，而八岁是奇妙的年纪。八岁，十岁，十二岁，十二岁可能都有点晚了。 + +我们基金会的CEO，[Lance][3] [Howarth]，对初级教育特别热心。他真的认为这是一个实际的机会来做点非常特别的事情。 + +**RW:** 所以这是树莓派项目的目的，让小孩子们编程？ + +**EU:** 我想我们一直认为可以让孩子们玩编程只是举个例子。但是树莓派的目的是把这个东西做出来看看谁会买它。我们一直相信至少有一部分年轻的孩子会觉得它令人激动。现在我们已经有知识宽度和规模来支持孩子们玩它了。 + +[仅仅]做出一个像树莓派的平台和提供相关支持是有很大区别的，如果只是做出来的话，你会发现有1%的八岁孩子会喜欢它并且玩起来，不管你提供多或者少的支持。 + +我觉得现在基金会的一个实际的机会是，我们已经可以承担得起开发教材了，我们还可以提倡培训这方面的教师。有个机会是我们可以吸引比1%更多的孩子。还有个机会是吸引那些没有独自处理复杂技术问题倾向的机灵小孩。如果能够提供良好的教程和让他们感兴趣的教材，就能够吸引10%，20%，50%，甚至更多的孩子。 + +我们认为80年代是[学习编程]的黄金年代，而实际上，只有很少一部分人学习编程并达到一定深度。大部分人也许可以写个几行，但是能够编写大型程序的还是很少见。 + +所以我认为我们目前有一个实际的机会，因为我们可以参与到教材和教师培训的级别，我们也许可以超越80年代。现在有更多的参与者，两性之间也更平等。在80年代，编程很大程度上是男孩们的事情，而这也能反映到我们的工程师社区构成上。我觉得现在有个很好的机会，让更多的女孩子接触电脑编程。这个是挂在枝头上垂得最低的果子了，做到这个，人数马上增加了一半。 + +机会有很多，我对树莓派最满意的地方就是我们已经有点规模可以吸引部分人的注意了。 + +### 每个人的派 ### + +**RW:** 关于像派这样的项目的潜在需求，对于你来说意味着什么？是不是有一天我们都会变成DIY黑客？ + +**EU:** 是的，我意思是，就是这样的。有非常大的这种需求。而且我认为有一条通向制作者社区的纽带。美国的制作者社区比英国成熟多了。我们也确实在举办制作者集会和黑客空间，但是差不多比美国落后了5年左右。 + +所以在开始讨论树莓派之后我发现了一件事情，在它获得国际关注的时候，我们发现我们受到一些非常稳定的社区的成员的追捧，他们喜欢各种各样的DIY活动：编织，或者，你知道的，木工。 + +所以，这也是为树莓派带来意外增长的其中一个因素。制作者们把它当作用来构建自己项目的模块。这太棒了！ + +**RW:** 你怎么看现在出现的主流硬件黑客文化？ + +**EU:** 我觉得，这太美妙了，不是吗？这是在软件工程领域里完全无法想到的。我接触这些之前就有软件背景，所以，实际上人们用树莓派制作的多数很酷的东西都是硬件相关的，让我很惊讶。当然现在没那么吃惊了，不过一开始是有的。 + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/raspberry%20pi%20robot%20flickr%20ashley%20basil.jpg) + +我认为这是非常积极的趋势，基于所有这些因素。因为它给孩子们带来了相关的经验。在我看来，在屏幕上移动一下像素还是很酷的，不过事实上，它没有像80年代那样酷了。我觉得，在现实世界里移动一些物体，比如机器人，对于现在的孩子来说是非常酷的。 + +当有更多实用性的时候，就会吸引更多的女孩。确实存在一种潜在趋势，尝试和设计针对女孩子的科技活动。不过实际上这并不是关于女孩子，而是关于扩展用户的迫切要求。 + +有这样一小段－我之前谈过的关于有1%的小孩会觉得抽象的计算机编程很有趣。“让我们开始学习变量！”我就是他们其中一个。但是，那只是很小一部分，而且看起来更大部分是男孩子。我不知道是不是文化因素或其他的，但是看起来这个世界就是这样的。 + +在人们谈论追求实用性来吸引女孩子的时候，根本不关女孩子的事。而是吸引那一小部分男孩之外的所有人。不仅仅吸引女孩，也包括其他男孩。 + +从教育的角度来看有一件美妙的事情是，在现实世界里应用计算机做点实际的东西，自然而然会比仅仅在计算机本身上面做点事情有用多了。所以，这就提供了一个方式来吸引女孩子进入这个领域，同样也可以吸引更多的男孩子进入这个领域。 + +不再是一个人很好。能够加入到这波兴趣的浪潮中，和许多制作现实世界东西的人一起，也是很精彩的事情。我认识一个南加利福尼亚的小伙，他有两个兴趣就是倒腾派和制作他的锁链甲。有人做这些事情本身就是一件很美妙的事情。 + +### 分享你的派 ### + +**RW:** 关于吸引比1%更多人的“实用”项目，能举个例子吗？ + +**EU:** 整个机器人技术领域就是个很好的例子。有很多人基于派来制作小型机器人，让它们四周跑跑或做点事情。特别是现在，我们增加了摄像头模块，可以一定程度上实现计算机视觉。 + +我觉得其他基于摄像头的项目也会变得更活跃。那些从事野外摄影的人们，以及从事缩时摄影的人们，因为有了这个25美元的摄像头模块，应用范围宽了许多。还有红外版本的模块，所以你可以在晚上拍摄野生动物－写脚本在晚上拍摄相片，然后选择保存里面包含了动作的。这些都非常好。 + +我特别喜欢应用到高空气球的任何项目。环境监控－有一些英国的高中学生在IndieGoGo发起了一个叫[AirPi][4]的项目，这是一个污染监控防御系统，底层将用到树莓派。所以会有许多这样的项目，你可以用派来处理物理的，或化学的，或者生物的事情。－这些都是我认为有实用性的事情。这种项目也更容易向孩子们证明，这是值得他们关注的项目。 + +**RW:** 我们什么时候可以看到树莓派C型？ + +**EU:** 暂时还没有计划。我们目前都还在处理软件工作。我觉得我们还有机会通过调整软件来大幅提升系统性能，再优化一下。 + +如果我们现在就启动制作C型，将会抛弃250万使用目前平台的用户。所以我觉得，至少现在，我们决心要继续软件工作，因为这可以帮到所有已经在这个领域里的人。我们感觉通过软件优化还有很大的性能提升空间。 + +显然，我们同时也必须做一点[硬件方面]的事情。我真的不知道具体在什么时候。如果到了2017，2018，我们还在销售树莓派B型的话，那也挺糟糕的。但是，我认为我们也许在一年后再认真考虑后面要做什么。 + +**RW:** 很多人的项目同时用到了派和Arduino，一个DIY电子调试工具套件。你在设计派的时候，有考虑类似Arduino的工具吗？ + +**EU:** 实际上没有，但是我们很早就意识到，媒体可能会倾向于把我们和Arduino看作竞争者。对于这件事情我们有点多疑，我觉得，因为我认为派和Arduino分别处理不同的事情，而且他们都做得很好。 + +我们并没有把它设计成配合Arduino工作，但是Arduino被设计成配合家用PC一起工作。所以，我们为Arduino制作了一台非常低功耗的家用PC。所以好吧，只是巧合，我猜。 + +**RW:** 你在家里用树莓派做什么？工作中呢？ + +**EU:** 在家里，我把它当作一个媒体中心；这是树莓派一个非常普通的应用。有趣的事，有些从事消费电子的人，把它当作消费电子来用。我当然也是其中之一。 + +在工作中，我总是没有我想要的那么多时间来玩玩树莓派。通常在工作的时候如果在用派的话，那是因为我需要测试刚拿到的一些软件更新。大多数时候我用它来检查我花钱请的承包人是否把工作做好了。 + +我真心希望明年会有更多休息时间。有时我感觉，除了媒体中心之外，我参与制作了这么神奇的玩具，但是因为它太成功了，我都没有时间去好好玩玩它。 + +不过，看到这么多的人喜欢它，看到它被出现在各种不同的地方，也是很开心的。我听说在《生活大爆炸》中提到了我们，我要去找找是哪一集。它出现在所有的这些不可思议的地方。真是非常开心，看到这么多人把它放在心上，开始用它做点事情。 + +承蒙树莓派基金会提供Eben Upton的图片； +树莓派图片来自Flickr用户：[Johan Larsson][5], [Clive Darra][6], [Pete Sneekes][7], [Luca Sbardella][8]和[Ashley Basil][9] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://readwrite.com/2014/04/08/raspberry-pi-eben-upton-builders#awesm=~oBGnazhOCOfaUd + +译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://twitter.com/EbenUpton +[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Micro +[3]:http://www.raspberrypi.org/welcome-lance/ +[4]:http://airpi.es/ +[5]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/johanl/8384790662 +[6]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/osde-info/8626662243 +[7]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/p8/7950485168 +[8]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/sbardella/7473604878 +[9]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/28438417@N08/8006786385/in/photolist-dcwSD8-d8PKa3-bmosVm-bmosWG-bz3YJF-e8NRQD-btyqN1-dorXrE-hTF7id-hTF7jL-hTF4mJ-hTF4jj-hTF4q1-hTF7jA-hTF7gj-gKRLrn-ftALdo-c7Qnjs-c7Qnyh-c7QmZj-c7QnY1-c7QmNY-cu8zs3-cu8BWm-cu8u5S-cu8yC3-cu8DBN-cu8wRq-cu8xNL-cu8CJj-cu8tss-cu8BcG-cu8uVL-cu8AoW-hTF7dU-hTEzCr-hTFBCp-hTFBvR-hTFBBH-hTF4hA-hTF7c1-hTEzza-hTFBM2-cdtf1b-bz7n87-gKQSJ7-gKQUko-ds8x8q-dqweVP-cVwvJq From fd0a0d0536605df951db992085f154e13b405ab5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 14 Jun 2014 23:14:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 229/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140612=20D?= =?UTF-8?q?pkg=20Vulnerabilities=20Closed=20in=20Ubuntu=2014.04?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @alim0x --- .../20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md (75%) diff --git a/translated/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/published/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md similarity index 75% rename from translated/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md rename to published/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md index afd00a5808..8285809c1a 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/published/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Ubuntu 14.04中Dpkg的漏洞已被修复 Canonical公司刚刚放出dpkg包的一个更新，修复了这个用于所有Ubuntu版本的重要软件中的一个问题。 -“这个问题是在dpkg在解压源码包的时候发现的，它会使dpkg不能正确地处理某些补丁。如果一位用户或一个自动化系统被欺骗而解压了特别修改过的源码包，远程攻击者就能修改目标解压路径之外的文件，导致拒绝服务攻击或潜在的获取系统权限的风险。”安全通知中这样写道。 +“我们发现这个问题出现在dpkg在解压源码包的时候，它会使dpkg不能正确地处理某些补丁。如果一位用户或一个自动化系统被欺骗而解压了特别修改过的源码包，远程攻击者就能修改目标解压路径之外的文件，导致拒绝服务攻击或潜在的获取系统权限的风险。”安全通知中这样写道。 想了解这个问题的更多细节描述，你可以查看Canonical的[安全通知][1]。Canonical建议用户尽快升级自己的系统。 @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ Canonical公司刚刚放出dpkg包的一个更新，修复了这个用于所有U via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Dpkg-Vulnerabilities-Closed-in-Ubuntu-14-04-446282.shtml -译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 2f216c92101dbabe8da10afed3e82324f5307d5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ramerzhang Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 07:52:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 230/713] Update 20140607 Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.md --- ...ur Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140607 Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.md b/sources/talk/20140607 Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.md index 874770aded..3c58c0ac03 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140607 Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140607 Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translated by Ramerzhang Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ass.jpg) @@ -123,4 +124,4 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/three-alternatives-ubuntu-one [5]:http://owncloud.org/ [6]:https://spideroak.com/ [7]:https://onedrive.live.com/ -[8]:https://www.box.com/ \ No newline at end of file +[8]:https://www.box.com/ From b3fc3e8469dbbcff668380fc2db728e29adddb01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 08:44:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 231/713] Translated:20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md --- ...ing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 88 ------------------- 1 file changed, 88 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md deleted file mode 100644 index b52babcf8d..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,88 +0,0 @@ -Translating by GOLinux -How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04 -================================================================================ -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/00_lead_image_home_directory.png) - -If you share your Ubuntu machine with other people, you probably have multiple users set up, thinking that the other users log into their own accounts and only have access to their own home directories. However, by default, any user can access any home directory. - -When you add a new user in Ubuntu, the adduser utility creates a new home directory for the new account. By default, the new home directory is placed in the /home/ directory on the root followed by the username. For example, /home/lori. User home directories in Ubuntu are created with world read/execute permissions, giving all other users on the system rights to read the contents of other users’ home directories. See our article for more information about [how file permissions work in Linux][1]. - -**NOTE**: When we say to type something in this article and there are quotes around the text, DO NOT type the quotes, unless we specify otherwise. - -You can easily change the permissions for your home directory to protect your private files. To check the permissions on your home directory, press Ctrl + Alt + T to open a Terminal window. Type the following line at the prompt and press Enter. Replace “” with your own username. - - ls –ld /home/lori - -**NOTE**: The command contains only lowercase L’s not the number 1. - -At the beginning of the line, the permissions for the file are listed. As said in our [article][1] about Linux permissions: - -> “The r stands for “read,” the w stands for “write,” and the x stands for “execute.” Directories will start with a “d” instead of a “-“. You’ll also notice that there are 10 spaces which hold value. You can ignore the first, and then there are 3 sets of 3. The first set is for the owner, the second set is for the group, and the last set is for the world.” - -So, the home directory listed below has read, write, and execute permissions for the owner and read and execute permission for the group and world. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/01_permissions_for_home_folder.png) - -To change these permissions, type the following line at the prompt and press Enter. - - sudo chmod 0750 /home/lori - -Type your password when prompted and press Enter. - -**NOTE**: The chmod command uses octal numbers as one way to indicate permissions. Our [article][1] about Linux file permissions uses a different method that requires more steps but may be easier to understand. Using the octal numbers to specify permissions is a quicker method. Use whichever method with which you are more comfortable. To learn about using octal numbers to set permissions, see this [article][2]. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/02_changing_permissions_for_home_folder.png) - -Press the up arrow twice to use the “ls –ld /home/” command again to check the permissions. Notice that the permissions for world are all dashes (-). That means that the world cannot read, write, or execute anything in your home directory. - -However, users in the same group as you can read and execute files and folders in your home directory. If you don’t want anyone else but yourself to have access to your home directory, enter “0700” as the numbers in the chmod command. - -**NOTE**: For more information about managing users and groups in Linux, see our [article][3]. - -To close the terminal window, type “exit” at the prompt and press Enter. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/03_new_permissions.png) - -Now, when other users on the system try to access your home directory, the following dialog box displays. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/04_location_could_not_be_displayed.png) - -You can also set up Ubuntu to use specific permissions when setting up the home directory for a new user you are creating. To do this, you need to edit the adduser configuration file. To do this, type the following command at the prompt and press Enter. - - gksudo gedit /etc/adduser.conf - -We are using gedit to edit the file. You can use a different text editor if you want. - -NOTE: The gksudo command is like the sudo command but is used to run graphical programs as root. The sudo command is used to run command line programs as root. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/05_opening_gedit_as_root.png) - -Enter your password in the Password edit box on the dialog box that displays and press Enter or click OK. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/06_entering_password.png) - -Scroll down to the DIR_MODE command in the adduser.conf file. The number set is “0755” by default. Change it to reflect the different types of permissions (r, w, x) you want to grant to the different types of users (owner, group, world), such as “0750” or “0700” as discussed earlier. Click Save. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/07_changing_dir_mode.png) - -Close gedit by selecting Quit from the File menu. You can also click the X button in the upper-left corner of the window to close gedit. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/08_closing_gedit.png) - -Close the Terminal window by clicking the X in the upper-left corner of the window. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/09_closing_terminal_window_with_x.png) - -Now, the files in your home directory will remain private. Just remember that, if there are other users in the same group as you, you might want to take away the permissions for both group and world for your home directory. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.howtogeek.com/190084/how-to-prevent-other-users-from-accessing-your-home-directory-in-ubuntu-14.04/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/67987/htg-explains-how-do-linux-file-permissions-work/ -[2]:http://www.linux.org/threads/file-permissions-chmod.4094/ -[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/36845/the-beginners-guide-to-managing-users-and-groups-in-linux/ From 5ff1cae25cc9f93a00509572510eadffd3780e12 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 08:45:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 232/713] Translated:20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md --- ...nnection sharing with iptables on Linux.md | 163 ------------------ ...ing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 87 ++++++++++ 2 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 163 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 translated/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/translated/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md b/translated/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3027c6a535..0000000000 --- a/translated/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,163 +0,0 @@ -Translating by yujianxuechuan,占坑 -How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux -怎样使用linux的iptables工具进行网络共享 -================================================================================ -In this tutorial, I'll explain how to share a single Internet connection among multiple devices on Linux. While consumer-grade WiFi routers have become mainstream nowadays, making this problem a non-issue, suppose you don't have one at home. However, say you have a Linux box already assembled with a modem and a LAN card. The modem is connected to the Internet with a dynamic public IP address, and the LAN card connected to your switch/hub. Other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop) are connected to the switch without having any Internet connection. To share the Internet connection of the Linux box, you have to turn the box into a gateway, so that it can relay traffic to and from other devices. -在本教程中，我将解释多个设备怎样在linux下共享一个网络连接。目前无线路由器已经成为主流的消费品，从而解决了本文这一问题，假设你家中并没有一台无线路由器。然而，你却有一台已经有"猫"和局lan网卡的的linux主机。"猫"是以动态公有IP地址的模式连接的互联网，主机的lan网卡连接到你的交换机或者集线器。其他设备（如linux或者windows的PC或者笔记本）以网桥的形式连接并无互联网连接。为了共享linux主机的互联网，你必须把主机摄制成网关，于是它才能实现从其他设备中传送和接受信息。 -### Glossary of Terms ### -术语字汇 -- **Private IP address** (non-routeable address) is an IP address used for a Local Area Network (not visible through Internet). -- **Public IP address** (routeable address) is an IP address that is visible through Internet. -- **IP masquerading** is a function that allows set of machines to reach the Internet via a MASQ gateway. Those machines behind the MASQ gateway is never visible to the Internet. Any outgoing and incoming traffic from and to the machines behind the MASQ gateway must pass through the MASQ gateway. -- **Network Address Translation** (NAT) is a function that can make a private IP address reaches the Internet with the help of IP masquerading. --私有IP地址（不可到达地址）是一个被用于本地局域网的IP地址（在互联网中不可见）。 --公用IP地址（可到达地址）是一个在互联网中可见的IP地址。 -IP伪装是一项允许一系列机器通过MASQ网关连接互联网的功能。这些MASQ网关之外的机器在互联网中是不可见的。MASQ之后的机器中任何流入或流出的数据必须经过MASQ网关。 --网络地址转换（NAT）是一项通过IP伪装技术可以使私有IP地址访问互联网的功能。 -### Hardware Requirements ### -硬件要求 -- One Linux box with two interfaces (one public IP address and the other private IP address), which will be used as a gateway. -- One or more Linux/Windows PC or laptop with private IP addresses. -- Switch/HUB (optional). --一台有两个接口（一个公有IP地址和其他的私有IP地址）的linux主机，这个主机将被用作网关。 --一台或者多台拥有私有IP地址的linux/windows系统的PC或者笔记本。 --交换机/集线器（可选）。 -### Step-by-Step Guide ### -教程步骤 -The following procedure is required on the Linux box (the connection sharing gateway). -接下来的过程需要在linux主机（用于共享的网关）上完成。 -#### 1. Activate IP forwarding #### -1、激活IP转发 -In order to set up Internet connection sharing, you need to enable IP forwarding on the Linux box with a kernel parameter. Startup kernel parameters stored in /etc/sysctl.conf. -为了设置网络共享，你需要在linux主机上更改一个内核参数来使能IP转发功能。内核启动参数设定在/etc/sysctl.conf文件中。 -Open the file, and locate line with the following parameter "# net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0". Remove hash mark (i.e., uncomment it), and set the value to 1. It should look like the following: -打开这个文件，定位到含有"# net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0"的这一行，移除#号（即取消注释），然后将其值设置为1，改好之后应该和下面的一致。 - net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 - -You may also activate IP forwaring at run time by the following command: -你还要使激活IP转发功能生效，通过执行下面的命令： - $ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 - $ sudo sysctl -p - -#### 2. NAT configuration #### -2、NAT配置 -Another important part of Internet connection sharing is NAT configuration which can be done using iptables command. iptables maintains four firewall tables: -另一个网络共享的重要部分是NAT配置，这可以通过使用iptables的命令，iptables包含四个防火墙的表格： -- FILTER (the default table) -- NAT -- MANGLE -- RAW -- FILTER (默认表格) -- NAT -- MANGLE -- RAW - -In this tutorial we will use only two tables: FILTER and NAT tables. -这个教程中我们将仅使用两个表格：FILTER和NAT表格。 -First, flush all active firewall rules. -首先，刷新所有活跃的防火墙的规则。 - $ sudo iptables -X - $ sudo iptables -F - $ sudo iptables -t nat -X - $ sudo iptables -t nat -F - -On the INPUT table, you have to set chain FORWARD to ACCEPT target, so all packets passed through the box will be processed correctly. -在输入表格中，你需要设置转发链成可接受的目的地，因此艘游通过主机的数据包将会被正确的处理。 - $ sudo iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT - $ sudo iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT - -On the NAT table, you have to enable IP masquerading for your WAN interface. We assume that the WAN interface is ppp0. To enable IP masquerading on ppp0 interface, you can use the following command: -在NAT表中，你必须为你的WAN口使能IP伪装，我们假设WAN口协议是ppp0。为了在ppp0接口上使能IP伪造技术，我们使用以下的命令： - $ sudo iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE - -#### 3. Configuring a private IP address #### -3、配置私有IP地址 -After all configuration is completed on the Linux box, you have to configure the DNS server and default gateway of other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop), so that they point to the Linux box. Note that you don't need to set up a DNS server on the Linux box. Every DNS request from other devices are automatically forwarded by the Linux box to your upstream ISP. -在linux主机上的所有配置完成后，你需要配置其他设备（linux/windows的PC或笔记本）的DNS服务器以及默认网关，因此他们的数据流可以指向linux主机。注意你不需要在linux主机上设置一个DNS服务器，从其他设备发出的每一个DNS请求都会通过上游的ISP自动转发到linux主机上。 -If you are using Linux on the other devices, you can use the following command to change their default gateway and DNS servers. I assume that you are using 192.168.1.0/24 private IP address segment, and that 192.168.1.1 is the IP address assigned to the Linux box. -如果你的其他设备上用的系统是linux，你可以通过以下命令来更改他们的默认网关和DNS服务器。假设你的网段是192.168.1.0/24的私有IP地址网段，linux主机上绑定的IP地址是192.168.1.1。 - $ sudo ip route del default - $ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.1.1 - $ sudo sh -c "echo 'nameserver 192.168.1.1' > /etc/resolv.conf" - -If you have other Linux devices, you can repeat the command above on other devices. -如果还有其他的linux设备，那么你可以重复以上命令。 -If you have a Windows device, you can change the default gateway and the DNS server via network connection properties on the control panel. -如果你有windows设备，你可以通过控制面板的网络连接属性来更改默认网关和DNS服务器。 -#### 4. The complete script #### -4、完整的脚本 -Here is the complete script which sets up Internet connection sharing on the Linux box. The WAN interface (ppp0) needs to be replaced according to your environment. -这是一个在linux主机上设置网络连接共享的一个完整的脚本。WAN口（ppp0协议）需要根据你具体的网络接口协议来替换。 - $ sudo vi /usr/local/bin/ishare - ----------- - -In this tutorial we will use only two tables: FILTER and NAT tables. - -First, flush all active firewall rules. - - $ sudo iptables -X - $ sudo iptables -F - $ sudo iptables -t nat -X - $ sudo iptables -t nat -F - -On the INPUT table, you have to set chain FORWARD to ACCEPT target, so all packets passed through the box will be processed correctly. - - $ sudo iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT - $ sudo iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT - -On the NAT table, you have to enable IP masquerading for your WAN interface. We assume that the WAN interface is ppp0. To enable IP masquerading on ppp0 interface, you can use the following command: - - $ sudo iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE - -#### 3. Configuring a private IP address #### - -After all configuration is completed on the Linux box, you have to configure the DNS server and default gateway of other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop), so that they point to the Linux box. Note that you don't need to set up a DNS server on the Linux box. Every DNS request from other devices are automatically forwarded by the Linux box to your upstream ISP. - -If you are using Linux on the other devices, you can use the following command to change their default gateway and DNS servers. I assume that you are using 192.168.1.0/24 private IP address segment, and that 192.168.1.1 is the IP address assigned to the Linux box. - - $ sudo ip route del default - $ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.1.1 - $ sudo sh -c "echo 'nameserver 192.168.1.1' > /etc/resolv.conf" - -If you have other Linux devices, you can repeat the command above on other devices. - -If you have a Windows device, you can change the default gateway and the DNS server via network connection properties on the control panel. - -#### 4. The complete script #### - -Here is the complete script which sets up Internet connection sharing on the Linux box. The WAN interface (ppp0) needs to be replaced according to your environment. - - $ sudo vi /usr/local/bin/ishare - ----------- - - #!/bin/bash - - ## Internet connection shating script - - sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 - sysctl -p - iptables -X - iptables -F - iptables -t nat -X - iptables -t nat -F - iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT - iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT - iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE - -Save the above script to /usr/local/bin/ishare, and then change the executable bit by the following command. -保存以上的脚本到/usr/local/bin/ishare，然后添加可执行权限通过执行下面的命令。 - $ sudo chmox +x /usr/local/bin/ishare - -If you want the script executed every startup, you can register the script to /etc/rc.local. Open /etc/rc.local, before statement "exit 0", add the following line: -如果你需要这个脚本开机启动，你需要在/etc/rc.local文件中注册这个脚本，在文件中的"exit 0"之前添加下面一行。 - /usr/local/bin/ishare - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/internet-connection-sharing-iptables-linux.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/translated/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..085ef6bbd0 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +如何在Ubuntu 14.04中阻止其它用户访问你的家目录 +================================================================================ +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/00_lead_image_home_directory.png) + +如果你和其他人共享Ubuntu机器，那么你可能要设置多个用户，并考虑让其他用户登录到他们自己的帐号，而只能访问他们自己的家目录。但是，默认情况下，任何一个用户都可以访问任何一个家目录。 + +当你在Ubuntu中添加一个新用户时，adduser工具为新的帐号添加了一个新的家目录。默认情况下，该目录位于根下面的/home/目录下，并以该帐号的用户名命名。例如，/home/lori。Ubuntu中创建的用户家目录具有全局读/写权限，这就给系统中所有其他用户可以读因外一些用户的家目录中的内容的权利。具体请阅读我们的[文件权限在Linux中是如何工作的][1]一文。 + +**注**：当我们在文中提到输入什么时，输入的文字内容是在引号中的，不要输入引，除非我们另外指定。 + +你可以很容易地修改你的家目录的权限来保护你的私人文件。要检查你家目录的权限，输入Ctrl + Alt + T打开终端窗口，并在提示符后输入以下行，然后按回车。使用你自己的用户名来替换“”。 + + ls –ld /home/lori + +**注**：该命令使用的是小写的L，而不是数字1. + +在该行的开头，列出了该文件的权限。就像我们在[文章][1]中关于Linux权限部分讲的那样。 + +> ”r表示“读”，w表示“写”，而x表示“执行”。目录权限以“d”开头，而不是“-”。你也会注意到权限值占了10个位置。你可以忽略第一个，后面是3个一组，分为3组。第一组是属主权限，第二组是属组权限，最后一组是大众权限“。 + +因此，下面列出的家目录的属主具有读、写和执行权限，而属组和大众具有读和执行权限。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/01_permissions_for_home_folder.png) + +要修改这些权限，在提示符下输入以下行并回车 + + sudo chmod 0750 /home/lori + +当提示你输入密码时，请输入并回车。 + +**注**：chmod命令使用八进制数作为一种指定权限的方式。我们讲Linux权限的[文章][1]中使用了一种不同的方法，它需要几个步骤，但是可能更易于理解。使用八进制数来指定权限，是一种更快的方法。不管使用什么方法，只要你用着舒服就好。要学习使用八进制数设置权限，请阅读此[文章][2]。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/02_changing_permissions_for_home_folder.png) + +按上箭头两次，再次调用“ls -ld /home/“命令来检查权限。注意，全局权限现在都是破折号（-），这就意味着大众将无法读、写或执行你家目录中的任何东西了。 + +然而，和你同组的用户可以读和执行你家目录中的文件和文件夹。如果你不想除你之外的任何人访问你的家目录，可以在chmod命令中输入“0700”。 + +**注**：要获取关于Linux中用户和组管理的更多信息，请查看我们的[文章][3] + +要关闭终端窗口，在提示符下输入“exit”并回车。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/03_new_permissions.png) + +现在，当其系统中的其他用户试着要访问你的家目录时，下面的对话框就会弹出来了。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/04_location_could_not_be_displayed.png) + +你也可以在创建新用户时，甚至Ubuntu使用指定的权限。要完成此项任务，你需要编辑adduser配置文件。要编辑该文件，在提示符下输入以下命令并回车。 + + gksudo gedit /etc/adduser.conf + +我们使用gedit来编辑该文件，你也可以使用你想要的其它文本编辑器。 + +注：gksudo命令看似和sudo命令一样，但是它是用来以root身份运行图形化程序的，而sudo命令用来以root身份运行命令行程序。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/05_opening_gedit_as_root.png) + +在弹出对话框中的密码编辑框内输入你的密码并按回车或点击确定（OK）。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/06_entering_password.png) + +在adduser.conf文件中向下滚动到DIR_MODE命令处，这里的默认值是“0755”。修改该值来反映你想要授权给各种用户类型（用户，组，大众）的不同权限（r，w，x），如我们先前讨论过的“0750”或“0700“。点击保存（Save）。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/07_changing_dir_mode.png) + +从gedit的文件（File）菜单选择退出（Quit）来关闭gedit，你也可以点击窗口左上角的X按钮来关闭它。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/08_closing_gedit.png) + +点击窗口左上角的X来关闭终端窗口。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/09_closing_terminal_window_with_x.png) + +现在，你家目录中文件会保持私有。切记，如果有其他用户和你处于同一组中，你也需要为你的家目录权限剔除组和大众权限。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.howtogeek.com/190084/how-to-prevent-other-users-from-accessing-your-home-directory-in-ubuntu-14.04/ + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/67987/htg-explains-how-do-linux-file-permissions-work/ +[2]:http://www.linux.org/threads/file-permissions-chmod.4094/ +[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/36845/the-beginners-guide-to-managing-users-and-groups-in-linux/ From 3abcee9718e16ce0fa1a9234a0c3f0c8fe7014dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 10:59:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 233/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140530=20L?= =?UTF-8?q?inux=20script=20command--A=20recorder=20inside=20your=20Termina?= =?UTF-8?q?l?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @GOLinux --- ...ommand--A recorder inside your Terminal.md | 21 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md (75%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md b/published/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md similarity index 75% rename from translated/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md rename to published/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md index a5d741a48a..c26bcc8afa 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md +++ b/published/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -Linux script命令—— 终端里的记录器 +Linux script命令 —— 终端里的记录器 ================================================================================ -当你在终端或者控制台工作时，你可能想要记录在终端中所做的一切。这些记录可以用来当作史料，保存终端所发生的一切。比如说，你和一些Linux管理员们同时管理着相同的机器，或者你让某人远程登陆到了你的服务器上，你可能想要终端里发生的一切。要实现这个目标，你可以使用script命令。 +当你在终端或者控制台工作时，你可能想要记录在终端中所做的一切。这些记录可以用来当作史料，保存终端所发生的一切。比如说，你和一些Linux管理员们同时管理着相同的机器，或者你让某人远程登陆到了你的服务器上，你可能记录想要终端里发生的一切。要实现这个目标，你可以使用script命令。 ### script是什么 ### -scirpt就是一个命令，可以把打字稿打印到终端。对于那些想要记录终端会话的硬拷贝的人来说，这很有用。该记录可以保存并在以后再打印出来。 +scirpt就是一个命令，可以制作一份记录输出到终端的记录。对于那些想要真实记录终端会话的人来说，这很有用。该记录可以保存并在以后再打印出来。 ### 怎么用 ### @@ -21,23 +21,26 @@ scirpt就是一个命令，可以把打字稿打印到终端。对于那些想 ![Define script file](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/start_script.png) 当你再次见到命令提示符，这意味着终端将记录打印到终端的任何东西。 -你会看到当前目录，有个名为typescript的文件。 + +你会看到当前目录，有个名为myscript的文件。（LCTT译注，此处原文有误。这里指定了记录文件名为myfile，而不是默认的 typescript。） ### 为什么我们要用script命令 ### -因为在之前已经提到过，script命令的主要功能是记录所有的东西。下面给出了两个使用该命令的环境。 +因为在之前已经提到过，script命令的主要功能是记录所有的东西。下面给出了两个使用该命令的场景。 #### 和同事共事时 #### -当和同事一起工作时，我们可以通过script来记录大家的活动。 +当和同事一起工作时，我们可以通过script来记录你的活动。 + 比如，我们会使用名为**collaborate**的打印文件，来完成打印： $ script collaborate ![Create collaborate file](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/collaborate.png) -然后，在完成一些任务后，试想一下你需要把你干的活发给另外一个工程师，那就把那文件发给他。所以当另外一个工程师需要复查所做的事情，他只要用文本编辑器打开这个文件就行了。 -如果他想要更新该文件，可以使用**-a**选项。 +然后，在完成一些任务后，假如你需要把你干的活发给另外一个工程师，那就把那文件发给他。所以当另外一个工程师需要复查所做的事情，他只要用文本编辑器打开这个文件就行了。 + +如果他想要更新该文件（以增加他的工作部分），可以使用**-a**选项。 $ script -a collaborate @@ -78,6 +81,6 @@ Script命令在你需要记录或者存档终端活动时可能很有用，记 via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/script-command-recorder/ -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9c1094cddc7bc09a1344cd9bc746d9e5bee4a5f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 11:37:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 234/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20to=20t?= =?UTF-8?q?ake=20a=20screenshot=20from=20the=20command=20line=20on=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @alim0x --- ...take a screenshot from the command line on Linux.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/How to take a screenshot from the command line on Linux.md (75%) diff --git a/translated/tech/How to take a screenshot from the command line on Linux.md b/published/How to take a screenshot from the command line on Linux.md similarity index 75% rename from translated/tech/How to take a screenshot from the command line on Linux.md rename to published/How to take a screenshot from the command line on Linux.md index c422f5e414..2681c03ff2 100644 --- a/translated/tech/How to take a screenshot from the command line on Linux.md +++ b/published/How to take a screenshot from the command line on Linux.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -如何从Linux命令行截屏 + 如何从Linux命令行截屏 ================================================================================ -Linux上有着许多不同口味儿的截屏工具，包括桌面环境专用的截屏程序（如： KSnapshot for KDE，gnome-screenshot for GNOM，Screenshooter for Xfce），或者是通用的截屏程序（如 Shutter）。而Scort（"SCReen shOT"的缩写）是最独一无二的截屏工具之一，它是一个**命令行截屏工具**。虽然它的界面十分简约，但Scrotas在功能上和其它专用的基于GUI的屏幕捕获工具一样强大。举个例子，Scrot支持延时截屏，截屏调整品质/大小，命令行传递等功能。如果你是那些命令行迷中的一个，Scrot应该是你加入兵器库中的又一实用工具。在这个教程中，我将会描述**如何在命令行中用Scrot截屏**。 +Linux上有着许多不同口味儿的截屏工具，包括桌面环境专用的截屏程序（如： KDE里面的KSnapshot，GNOME里面的gnome-screenshot，Xfce的Screenshooter），或者是通用的截屏程序（如 Shutter）。而Scort（"SCReen shOT"的缩写）是最独一无二的截屏工具之一，它是一个**命令行截屏工具**。虽然它的界面十分简约，但Scrot在功能上和其它专用的基于GUI的屏幕捕获工具一样强大。举个例子，Scrot支持延时截屏，截屏调整品质/大小，命令行传递等功能。如果你是那些热衷命令行的爱好者之一，Scrot应该是你加入兵器库中的又一实用工具。在这个教程中，我将会描述**如何在命令行中用Scrot截屏**。 ### 在Linux中安装Scrot ### @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Linux上有着许多不同口味儿的截屏工具，包括桌面环境专用的 ### 用Scrot截屏 ### -在这个教程的剩余部分，我会描述如何通过几种不同方法用Scrot截屏。 +在这个教程的下面的部分，我会描述如何通过几种不同方法用Scrot截屏。 #### 1. 截下整个桌面 #### @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Scrot允许你在桌面选择一个特定的窗口或定义一个矩形区域来 $ scrot -s -运行这个命令后，继续用你的鼠标单击任意窗口或画出一个矩形，它能够触发对选定窗口/区域的屏幕截取。 +运行这个命令后，继续用你的鼠标单击任意窗口或画出一个矩形，它能够触发对选定窗口/区域的屏幕截取。（LCTT译注，还要使用鼠标，伐快乐） 有时候你选定的区域或窗口可能会被桌面的其它窗口部分遮挡。在这种情况下，你在截屏前需要一点时间来清理那个部分。那正是延迟截屏能够帮到你的，就像下面所描述的那样。 @@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ Scrot允许你发送保存的截屏图像给任意一个命令作为它们的输 via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/take-screenshot-command-line-linux.html -译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 3be023814a3fac2514d174d0fcdcec13fc40925a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 11:54:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 235/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A10=20Databas?= =?UTF-8?q?e=20Tools=20For=20Linux=20Users=20To=20Use!?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @yechunxiao19 --- .../10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md (65%) diff --git a/translated/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md b/published/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md similarity index 65% rename from translated/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md rename to published/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md index b47490add4..0afc6794bf 100644 --- a/translated/tech/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md +++ b/published/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -10款适合Linux用户使用的数据库！ +10款适合Linux用户使用的数据库管理工具！ ================================================================================ 从内容管理系统到简单的表格，数据库是每一个开发项目的一部分。这就是为什么开发者们如此强调使用正确类型的数据库工具。下面这些可能对您有所帮助！ @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ #### 1. [Autotabla][1] #### -Autotabla是一个对你的程序以CGI Web为界面的SQL表。只需要提供你架构的XML描述，你就可以创建/修改/删除记录。 HTML输出通过CSS完全自定义。通过Perl/DBI保证数据库的独立性。 +Autotabla是一个你的程序的SQL数据表的CGI管理界面。只需要提供你数据库架构的XML描述，你就可以创建/修改/删除数据库记录。 HTML输出可以通过CSS完全自定义。使用Perl/DBI模块而支持各种数据库。 #### 2. [Cruddy!][2] #### @@ -14,15 +14,15 @@ Cruddy！是一个以CGI::CRUD为框架的应用程序，它为你的数据库 #### 3. [myPhile][3] #### -这是一个可定制通用前端的MySQL表。 +这是一个可定制的MySQL表的通用管理界面。 #### 4. [NG-Admin][4] #### -这是一个内容管理工具的数据库。 +这是一个数据库内容的管理工具。 #### 5. [phpMoAdmin][5] #### -这是一个PHP语言的MongoDB管理工具。 +这是一个PHP写的MongoDB管理工具。 #### 6. [phpMSAdmin][6] #### @@ -30,17 +30,17 @@ phpMSAdmin是用PHP编写的工具，它允许您通过Web浏览器管理一个 #### 7. [RockMongo][7] #### -RockMongo，一个MongoDB的管理工具，在PHP5中实现，最好是在PHP中使用，更多的，像phpMyAdmin。 +RockMongo，一个MongoDB的管理工具，在PHP5中实现，类似phpMyAdmin。 #### 8. [WizMySQLAdmin][8] #### -WizMySQLAdmin就像是最有名的phpMyAdmin的MySQL数据库管理器，但它非常易于安装和维护。它只由一个文件组成，并支持多种数据库和表的创建和处理。 +WizMySQLAdmin类似最有名的MySQL数据库管理器phpMyAdmin，但它非常易于安装和维护。它只由一个文件组成，并支持多种数据库和表的创建和处理。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=138307 -译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechuxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechuxiao19) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8134a7119d2adefade7533243d5c17347bef4dab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hunanchenxingyu Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 12:23:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 236/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=96=E6=B6=88=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=20?= =?UTF-8?q?by=20hunanchenxingyu=20(=E8=AF=A5=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0=E5=B7=B2?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BB=8F=E8=BF=87=E6=97=B6=E4=BA=86...)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md b/sources/news/20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md index cadca12da2..eb9b250090 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md +++ b/sources/news/20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -hunanchenxingyu translating .... -================================================================================ Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable ================================================================================ ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Linus-Torvalds-Releases-Linux-Kernel-3-15-Stable-445785-2.jpg) From 2d9a8a275ff273c92664536a4c76e78789c8af6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: recNeps Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 15:00:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 237/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8D=A0=E5=9D=91,=20good=20text=20edi?= =?UTF-8?q?tor=20on=20Linux.?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md | 3 +++ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md b/sources/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md index 0acb8877ef..b9a4d6bf1a 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +CNprober 翻译中 + + What is a good text editor on Linux? ================================================================================ Want to launch a heated debate among Linux aficionados? Ask them what is their favorite text editor. In the open source community, choosing a software to write text with, and potentially to write code with, is such an important decision that choosing a football team or a game console is less dangerous. But anyone new to Linux should not be apprehensive of the plethora of advice and the variety of trolls on the topic, and instead try to get familiar with a bunch of different text editors in the first place. So today I shall propose you a non-exhaustive thematic list of what you can find to write text with on Linux. This list will (try to) exclude the full-fledge IDEs, which are only made for programming, and the editors made specifically for LaTex. If you are interested in the latter, I can recommend you to [this post][1]. From d4157cd8494ff1d00dbbe72de7e3260cd29408dc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 16:25:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 238/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=B8=85=E9=99=A4=E8=BF=87=E6=9C=9F?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Enterprise Linux launched for SAP HANA.md | 42 ------------------- ...u 14.04--Hardware Compatibility Updates.md | 38 ----------------- 2 files changed, 80 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140607 Red Hat Enterprise Linux launched for SAP HANA.md delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu 14.04--Hardware Compatibility Updates.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140607 Red Hat Enterprise Linux launched for SAP HANA.md b/sources/news/20140607 Red Hat Enterprise Linux launched for SAP HANA.md deleted file mode 100644 index f2844dfc4c..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140607 Red Hat Enterprise Linux launched for SAP HANA.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,42 +0,0 @@ -Red Hat Enterprise Linux launched for SAP HANA -================================================================================ -Red Hat has expanded the company’s strategic alliance with SAP AG to make it easier for customers to adopt and run the SAP Data Management portfolio, including the SAP HANA platform, SAP Adaptive Server Enterprise (SAP ASE), SAP IQ software, and the SAP SQL Anywhere suite on Red Hat’s open source solutions. - -The expanded collaboration is expected to enable real-time, in-memory innovation by providing an open, scalable, integrated and highly-available platform for solutions from SAP along with those that are custom-built in an effort to expand customer choice when it comes to fueling business performance and helping enterprises realize increased value from cloud computing and big data. - -Steve Lucas, president, Platform Solutions, SAP AG added: “By joining forces with Red Hat to enable SAP HANA on Red Hat Enterprise Linux, we plan to give our customers an additional choice upon which to base deployments of SAP solutions; an open, flexible and scalable platform that is intended to support customers’ data management needs across on-premise and cloud environments.” - -As the foundation of the enhanced partnership, Red Hat Enterprise Linux is now available and qualified for production use of SAP HANA and supported by partners’ SAP-certified hardware solutions. SAP HANA enables customers to capture business transactions to help make smarter, faster decisions through real-time analysis and reporting combined with dramatically accelerated business processes. Customers can now also enjoy expanded choice when it comes to their deployments of SAP HANA to experience the reliability, quality and stability offered by Red Hat Enterprise Linux. They can also standardize deployments of SAP solutions on Red Hat’s high-performing, secure and open platform, helping to ensure consistency of operations across the business. - -> We are looking for aspiring bloggers and journalists for The Mukt. If you are interested, [apply now!][1] - -Red Hat Enterprise Linux for SAP HANA is designed for easy deployment and simplified integration, and will be available via SAP-certified hardware appliances from partners. Delivered through the power of the partner ecosystems of Red Hat and SAP, it is planned for customers to now have access to a portfolio of cross-industry experience and expertise that harnesses the flexible, scalable and open nature of SAP software and Red Hat solutions that are designed to meet a variety of enterprise information requirements. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.muktware.com/2014/06/red-hat-enterprise-linux-launched-sap-hana/27946 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.themukt.com/write-mukt/ -[2]: -[3]: -[4]: -[5]: -[6]: -[7]: -[8]: -[9]: -[10]: -[11]: -[12]: -[13]: -[14]: -[15]: -[16]: -[17]: -[18]: -[19]: -[20]: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu 14.04--Hardware Compatibility Updates.md b/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu 14.04--Hardware Compatibility Updates.md deleted file mode 100644 index ac9340f9ab..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140607 Ubuntu 14.04--Hardware Compatibility Updates.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38 +0,0 @@ -Ubuntu 14.04: Hardware Compatibility Updates -================================================================================ -As Ubuntu moves more and more spiritually away from being another “Linux” Distribution (check their site, the word Linux is not to be found, they have changed the language to refer to themselves as “the world’s most popular open source desktop operating system” instead), they continue to make efforts in certifying hardware from various vendors as “Ubuntu compatible”. Let’s take a quick look at some of the work that has gone into the Ubuntu 14.04 LTS hardware compatibility. - -### What Does Certified Mean? ### - -In the case of Ubuntu Certified Compatibility, it means that either the component or the entire desktop/laptop and all its various components are certified to have full driver support within the kernel for the version of Ubuntu it is certified for. Now, there appear to be two levels of this certification: - -- Components Within Device Certification: This is where major components of a device are certified for a particular LTS version of Ubuntu (like the CPU, Video, Network and Storage Controllers) but not necessarily other components as they may vary (sound, wireless, specialized chipsets). -- Full System Certification: This is where an entire device (laptop, desktop or more commonly, a server) and all its myriad of device options are all certified as driver available for a version of Ubuntu LTS - -In the example below, the Dell Inspiron 1545 has had its major components and various other device options certified to run with Ubuntu 12.04 LTS: - -![](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/ubuhdwccert.png) - -### So Do My Components Work or Not? ### - -Well, as in most things related to Linux, the answer is “it depends”. The older your system or component, strangely enough, the more likely that it will be supported in the LTS version you are using. A LOT of work has gone into certifying hardware in LTS in general and strides have been made between versions 12.04 and 14.04 LTS (some estimates have the system certifications increasing almost 30% whereas component additions are almost 40% up since the last major version). - -The newest components are going to be hit and miss (particularly if you are looking for official binary drivers from your friendly neighborhood video chip makers – both NVidia and ATI have fallen behind lately when it comes to getting support for their latest chips in the repository channels for the latest kernel versions). - -If you have any doubt whether your system or server is fully compatible, check [Ubuntu’s handy “Certified Hardware”][1] site and see if your component or system is listed. - -### Final Thoughts ### - -Ubuntu has come a long way (literally and figuratively) in terms of hardware support in regards to Linux. Whereas everyone really used to be pretty hit and miss and getting any component to work properly in Linux could mean hours of searching for drivers, patches, configuration strings and/or special settings for a particular chip and revision. Now, for most major system components made within 90 days of the LTS release, you will find you have a pretty decent shot at getting your system up and running in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS. - -Have a different experience or a long standing component with a lack of compatibility? Drop me a note and let me know, I would love to hear about your experiences! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-hardware-compatibility-updates/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/certification/ \ No newline at end of file From 687d8641ea69341157bc4eb029fa3184653f42a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 16:26:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 239/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=B8=85=E9=99=A4=E8=BF=87=E6=9C=9F?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...valds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md | 34 ------------------- 1 file changed, 34 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md b/sources/news/20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md deleted file mode 100644 index eb9b250090..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140609 Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,34 +0,0 @@ -Linus Torvalds Releases Linux Kernel 3.15 Stable -================================================================================ -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Linus-Torvalds-Releases-Linux-Kernel-3-15-Stable-445785-2.jpg) - -**Linus Torvalds has just announced that the final version in the new Linux kernel 3.15 branch has been released and is now available for download.** - -Linux kernel 3.15 arrived a little early than anticipated, but it looks like the final build is on track and that Linus Torvalds managed to launch it with all the bells and whistles - -“So I ended up doing an rc8 because I was a bit worried about some last-minute dcache fixes, but it turns out that nobody seemed to even notice those. We did have other issues during the week, though, so it was just as well. The futex fixes and cleanups may stand out, but as usual there's various other random fixes since rc8 in there too: mainly drivers (drm, networking, sound, usb etc), networking, scheduling and perf tooling.” - -“But it's all been fairly small and quiet, which *may* of course be due to the fact that last week was also the first week of the merge window for 3.16. That might have distracted some developers. I'm not entirely convinced I liked the overlap, but it seemed to work ok, and unless people scream really loudly (‘Please don't _ever_ do that again’) and give good reasons for doing so, I might end up doing that overlapping merge window in the future too if it ends up helping out with some particular timing issue,” said Linus Torvalds in the official announcement. - -According to the changelog, Netgear AirCard 341U support has been added, additional Sierra Wireless QMI devices are now supported, support has been added for Novatel E371 PCIe card, page table updates have been implemented for Radeon, C0 tracking has been removed, beacon filtering has been disabled, inet_getid() and ipv6_select_ident() bugs have been fixed, corrupted path strings for long paths have been repaired, NovaTech OrionLXm product ID has been added, and mux settling delay has been added. - -Also, list/memory corruption on the CPU hotplug has been fixed, the missing support of 10mbit in emac/rgmii has been added, runtime dependencies have been set, support for iPad 2 and iPad 3 has been added, EFI_MIXED should not prohibit loading above 4G, a kernel panic caused by a non-linear skb has been fixed, locking checks are now skipped in the panicking path, and correct available vectors are now received for CPU_disable. - -A complete list of changes, improvements, and fixes can be found in the official [changelog][1]. - -### Download Linux kernel 3.15: ### - -- [tar.xz (3.15)][2][sources] [76 MB] -- [tar.xz (3.14.6)][3][sources] [74.80 MB] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linus-Torvalds-Releases-Linux-Kernel-3-15-Stable-445785.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.mail-archive.com/linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org/msg659672.html -[2]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.15.tar.xz -[3]:https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v3.x/linux-3.14.6.tar.xz \ No newline at end of file From 5f70d955553883fe0e5d2f9d73e5627ee06a501f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 17:43:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 240/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ALinux=20Pros?= =?UTF-8?q?'=20Top=20Command=20Line=20Secrets?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @GOLinux 今晚发布 --- .../Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md | 106 ++++++++++++++++ .../Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md | 117 ------------------ 2 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 117 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md delete mode 100644 translated/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md diff --git a/published/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md b/published/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..816583a130 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +Linux大神们的顶级命令行秘诀 +================================================================================ +![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rw509807/command-line.jpg) + +**好吧**，Linux博客圈这里这周相对比较平静，给网民们一个拖了很久的机会集体喘口气吧，去享受一下龙舌兰、燕尾服、鸡尾酒带来的欢快吧，然后评估一下过去几周来发生的和自由开放软件相关的事件吧。 + +“你是否曾经在听一张专辑的时候想过‘伙计，这听起来不错，但是我希望它能经常从用户空间过渡到内核空间去！’”粉丝们在Facebook上写道，“我们会全力支持你的。我们的专辑现在完全可以作为一个可加载的Linux内核模块来播放。” + +Linux女孩曾经认为她自己已经完全进入Linux世界了，但是她现在却意识到她的想法是错误的。谢谢你们，粉丝们，是你们让生活一直这么有趣！ + +### ‘命令行秘诀’ ### + +![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/article_images/linuxgirl_bg_pinkswirl_150x245.jpg) + +说到有趣，没什么比围坐在吧台前谈论行业内的事情来度过平静的一周更带劲了，而上周搞了一次。Linux博客圈内的生活很惬意。 + +座谈会内容是《Linux之声》——那本炫目出世的新杂志，读者也许记得它是[去年年底发布的][6]——而谈话的主题恰恰就是[命令行秘诀][7] + +Linux女孩太激动了。 + +### ‘它打算渲染大多数网页’ ### + +“有很多使用命令行的真正的好理由，”《Linux之声》的策划者写道，“它是让你和计算机进行交互的强大而简明的方法“ + +“然而，我想花点时间来看看它里头一些更为晦涩的用法（有人会说毫无意义，不值得去做了）。“他们补充说。 + +杂志首先列出的是elinks网页浏览器：“它可能看起来没有它的竞争对手那样光彩照人，但它的目标是能够渲染大多数网页。”他们解释道，“它也有着极客时尚，当你需要快速检查你是否能从只能通过SSH访问的计算机上去访问网页时，它就会派上用场了。“ + +之后谈到的包含了从维基百科上查阅一些定义等其它一些实用的小建议。 + +### '对维护很重要' ### + +“命令行的小技巧很有趣，真的很有趣。”比如，Google+博主亚历桑德鲁：埃伯索尔满怀热情地说，“但是他们忘了[cowsay][8]，它可以用来在黑漆漆的终端里博你一笑。“ + +”命令行对于维护很重要。“他补充说，”大家可以使用bash脚本来自动化，只需按几个快捷键（或者只要一个就行）来完成复杂的任务。” + +其它命令行秘诀，埃伯索尔会把它们放进原来的列表的包括sl（蒸汽机车），以及这些[这些奇怪的点子][9]： + + * % cat "food in cans" + cat: can't open food in cans + * % nice man woman + No manual entry for woman. + * % [Where is Jimmy Hoffa? + Missing ]. + * % make love + Make: Don't know how to make love. Stop. + * % man: why did you get a divorce? + man:: Too many arguments. + +### '最珍贵的精华' ### + +“命令行秘诀？根本没这玩意。”博主[罗伯特：伯格森][10]告诉Linux女孩道，”失望了吧，新手？那就猛敲‘help’吧。还想要点提示？随便‘man’个什么吧。想更多来点不同？敲‘ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less’，随便捡几个宝贝命令出来，整晚地‘man’去吧。我已经干那活超过十年了，到现在还玩得不亦乐乎。” + +伯格森记不得多久以前他发现了‘ssh’，但是“它是自由/开源软件世界中最璀璨的宝石了。“他说。 + +”ssh的强大力量在于，你可以在一台计算机上输入命令获得快乐，你更可以在100台计算机上干同样的事情来获得100倍的快乐。“他补充道，”当然，要输入100次命令可不是闹着玩的。所以，学习一下通过ssh安全地无密码登陆，可以让ssh的远程登陆透明化。“ + +### '带着尊重来用吧' ### + +当然，”就像干任何快乐的事一样，有人会沉迷于搞破坏。“伯格森警告道，”作为root用户，你可以输入命令来删除所有的东西，或者把这一切搞乱。“ + +”这是核弹按钮，就像全球领袖处理世界事务一样，在按下那个键之前一定要三思而后行，评估干这事所产生的结果，带着尊重和高尚的动机来使用它。“他补充道。 + +”我曾经删除了一个文件系统，因为我的大拇指在输入一个命令时不小心蹭到了空格键。“伯格森总结道，”坦白地说，这种蠢事我只干过一次。“ + +### '很强大' ### + +Google+博主贡萨洛：贝拉斯科C不那么热情。 + +“即使[GUI][11]工具更易用，在*nix领域，命令行仍然很强大。“他告诉Linux女孩，”甚至一些高级MacOS用户也用它们。” + +对于贡萨洛：贝拉斯科C他自己而言，“我想要掌握的唯一一些命令是进程控制和杀死命令，想要使用ctrl+alt+退格键，因为我可以用来处理给我造成麻烦的那个进程，我还想要掌握tar.gz文件的管理——那玩意到现在还让我头痛。“他说。 + +#### '你正在做错事' #### + +最后一点，但并非不重要，SoylentNews博主hairyfeet有一个完全不同的观点。 + +“我只想谈一件事情来充实一下命令行界面这个报道：如果你不干IT，而且做着一些重复的事情，而这些事情只是很简单、很原始地去记录一些有用的事情，但你还在用命令行，那么‘你在走一条不归路’“hairyfeet告诉Linux女孩，”命令行界面没什么神奇——它只是1970年代以来的一个图形化界面！“ + +今天，有很多“有用的图形化界面，这要多亏了CPU速度的提升和内存的增加，而不是一美元店里的廉价手表——我们甚至有IDE和脚本语言，大大超过70年代那些古董，可以在广域网或者局域网上工作，并与操作系统最底层交互，一切都在变得更易用，这多亏了智能感应和自动完成这样的技术。“他解释说，”所以上天作证，如果你不是那3%的系统管理员，工作在以字节计数的世界里，你会把那一堆垃圾从陈年旧帐中翻出来？ + +这是Hairyfeet的最佳命令行建议？“不要——被21世纪那些不切实际的想法所左右，学学怎样真正来使用语言和工具吧。“他总结道，”让命令行成为泡影，把软盘都扔进历史的垃圾桶吧。“ + +> 本文作者Katherine Noyes总是尽忠职守扮演好她的Linux女孩，那件斗篷她从2007穿到现在了。作为一个白天举止温和的女记者，她晚上像逛夜店一样，为了搜寻最新的小道消息，在Linux博客圈上灌水。你也能在 [Twitter][12]和[Google+][13]上找到她。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80437.html?rss=1 + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.computer.org/portal/web/pressroom/Linus-Torvalds-Named-Recipient-of-the-2014-IEEE-Computer-Society-Computer-Pioneer-Award +[2]:http://www.ieee.org/ +[3]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80386.html +[4]:https://www.facebook.com/netcatband/posts/755205877853161?stream_ref=10 +[5]:http://www.netcat.co/ +[6]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/79448.html +[7]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/commandline-secrets/ +[8]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowsay +[9]:https://www.linux.com/community/blogs/133-general-linux/10408 +[10]:http://mrpogson.com/ +[11]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI +[12]:http://twitter.com/noyesk +[13]:https://plus.google.com/+KatherineNoyes?rel=author diff --git a/translated/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md b/translated/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md deleted file mode 100644 index 975768661c..0000000000 --- a/translated/talk/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,117 +0,0 @@ -Linux大神们的顶级命令行秘诀 -================================================================================ -![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rw509807/command-line.jpg) - -<<<<<<< HEAD -> “命令行秘诀？根本就没这玩样。”博主罗伯特·柏格森说。“新手们，你们失望了？那就猛敲‘help’吧。还想要点提示？随便‘man’个什么吧。想更多来点不同？敲‘ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less’，随便捡几个宝贝命令出来，整晚地‘man’去吧。我已经干那活超过十年了，到现在还玩得不亦乐乎。”当然，“某人可要对破坏之类的事情上瘾了。” -======= -> “命令行秘诀？根本就没这玩样。”博主罗伯特·柏格森说。“失望了吧，新手？那就猛敲‘help’吧。还想要点提示？随便‘man’个什么吧。想更多来点不同？敲‘ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less’，随便捡几个宝贝命令出来，整晚地‘man’去吧。我已经干那活超过十年了，到现在还玩得不亦乐乎。”当然，“某人可要对破坏之类的事情上瘾了。” ->>>>>>> 51f3aeffb27a659d5154c500cf16bafe572a4007 - -**好**吧，Linux博客圈这里这周相对比较平静，给网民们一个拖了很久的机会集体喘口气吧，去享受一下龙舌兰、燕尾服、鸡尾酒带来的欢快吧，然后评估一下过去几周来发生的和自由开放软件相关的事件吧。 - -有些人错过了这些重大新闻：[IEEE][2]的[颁奖礼][1]，计算机世界的2014计算机先驱奖正是颁发给了李纳斯·托沃兹；Tails OS 1.0的[到来][3]；以及，也许是最令人激动的事情，位于西雅图的乐队[网猫][5][发布了][4]作为Linux内核模块的首张唱片。 - -“你是否曾经在听一张专辑的时候想过‘伙计，这听起来不错，但是我希望它能经常从用户空间过渡到内核空间去！’”网猫在Facebook上写道，“我们会全力支持你的。我们的专辑现在完全可以作为一个可加载的Linux内核模块来播放。” -<<<<<<< HEAD -Linux Girl thought she had seen it all here in the Linux world, but now she realizes she was wrong. Thank you, netcat, for keeping life interesting! -======= -Linux女孩曾经认为她自己已经完全进入Linux世界了，但是她现在却意识到她的想法是错误的。谢谢你们，网猫，是你们让生活一直这么有趣！ ->>>>>>> 51f3aeffb27a659d5154c500cf16bafe572a4007 - -### ‘命令行秘诀’ ### - -![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/article_images/linuxgirl_bg_pinkswirl_150x245.jpg) - -说到有趣，没什么比围坐在吧台前谈论行业内的事情来度过平静的一周更带劲了，而上周搞了一次。Linux博客圈内的生活很惬意。 - -座谈会内容是Linux声音杂志——那本闪亮的新杂志让读者可以记得它是[去年年底发布的][6]——而谈话的主题恰恰就是[命令行秘诀][7] - -Linux女孩要忍不住了。 - -### ‘它打算渲染大多数网页’ ### - -“有很多使用命令行的真正的好理由，”Linux声音的策划者写道，“它是让你和计算机进行交互的强大而简明的方法“ - -“然而，我想花点时间来看看它里头一些更为晦涩的用法（有人会说毫无意义，不值得去做了）。“他们补充说。 - -杂志列表顶端是elinks网页浏览器：“它可能看起来没有它的竞争对手那样光彩照人，但它打算渲染大多数网页。”他们解释道，“它也有着极客时尚，当你需要快速检查你是否能从只能通过SSH访问的计算机上去访问网页时，它就会派上用场了。“ - -列表从那里继续，包含了从维基百科上查阅一些定义等其它一些实用的小建议。 - -从破窗休息室下来，老主顾们获得了大量他们自己的建议。 - -### '对维护很重要' ### - -“命令行命令的提示很不错，真的很不错。”比如，Google+博主亚历桑德鲁：埃伯索尔满怀热情地说，“但是他们忘了[cowsay][8]，它可以用来在黑漆漆的终端里博你一笑。“ -”命令行对于维护很重要。“他补充说，”大家可以使用bash脚本来自动化，只需按几个快捷键（或者只要一个就行）来完成复杂的任务。” - -其它命令行秘诀，埃伯索尔会把它们放进原始列表的是sl（蒸汽机车），还有这些[这些金点子][9]： - - * % cat "food in cans" - cat: can't open food in cans - * % nice man woman - No manual entry for woman. - * % [Where is Jimmy Hoffa? - Missing ]. - * % make love - Make: Don't know how to make love. Stop. - * % man: why did you get a divorce? - man:: Too many arguments. - -### '最珍贵的精华' ### - -“命令行秘诀？根本没这玩样。”博主[罗伯特：伯格森][10]告诉Linux女孩道，”失望了吧，新手？那就猛敲‘help’吧。还想要点提示？随便‘man’个什么吧。想更多来点不同？敲‘ls /bin /sbin /usr/bin /usr/sbin | less’，随便捡几个宝贝命令出来，整晚地‘man’去吧。我已经干那活超过十年了，到现在还玩得不亦乐乎。” - -伯格森记不得多久以前他发现了‘ssh’，但是“它是自由/开源软件世界中最珍贵的精华了。“他说。 - -”ssh的强大力量在于，你可以在一台计算机上输入命令获得快乐，你更可以在100台计算机上干同样的事情来获得100倍的快乐。“他补充道，”当然，要输入100次命令可不是闹着玩的。所以，学习一下通过ssh安全地无密码登陆，可以让ssh的远程登陆透明化。“ -### '带着尊重来用吧' ### - -当然，”就像干任何快乐的事一样，有人会沉迷于搞破坏。“伯格森警告道，”作为root用户，你可以输入命令来删除所有的东西，或者把这一切搞乱。“ - -”这是核心选择权，就像处理世界事务一样，在按下那个键之前一定要三思而后行，评估干这事所产生的结果，带着尊重和高尚的动机来使用它。“他补充道。 - -”我曾经删除了一个文件系统，因为我的大拇指蹭到了空格键调出了一个命令。“伯格森总结道，”坦白地说，我只干过这样的事情一次。“ - -### '很强大' ### - -Google+博主贡萨洛：贝拉斯科C不那么热情。 - -“即使[GUI][11]工具更易用，在*nix领域，命令行仍然很强大。“他告诉Linux女孩，”甚至一些有能力的MacOS用户也用它们。” - -对于贡萨洛：贝拉斯科C他自己而言，“我想要掌握的唯一一些命令是进程控制和杀死命令，想要使用ctrl+alt+退格键，因为我可以用来处理给我造成麻烦的那个进程，我还想要掌握tar.gz文件的管理——那玩样到现在还让我头痛。“他说。 - -#### '你正在做错事' #### - -最后一点，但并非不重要，SoylentNews博主hairyfeet有一个完全不同的观点。 - -“我只想谈一件事情来充实一下命令行界面这个报道：如果你不干IT，而且做着一些重复的事情，而这些事情只是很简单、很原始地去记录一些有用的事情，但你还在用命令行，那么‘你在走一条不归路’“hairyfeet告诉Linux女孩，”命令行界面没什么神奇——它只是1970年代以来的一个图形化界面！“ - -今天，有很多“有用的图形化界面，这要多亏了CPU频率和内存的增加，而不是一美元店里的廉价手表——我们甚至有IDE和脚本语言大大超过70年代那个复辟古董货，在广域网或者局域网上工作，并与操作系统最底层交互，一切都在变得更易用，这多亏了智能感应和自动完成这样的技术。“他解释说，”所以上天作证，如果你不是那3%的系统管理员，工作在以字节计数的世界里，你会把那一堆垃圾从陈年旧帐中翻出来？ - -Hairyfeet的最佳命令行建议？“不要——被21世纪那些不切实际的想法所左右，学学怎样真正来使用语言和工具吧。“他总结道，”让命令行成为泡影，把软盘都扔进历史的垃圾桶吧。“ - -> 银汉鱼诺伊斯总是尽忠职守当好她的Linux女孩，那件斗篷她从2007穿到现在了。作为一个白天举止温和的女记者，她晚上像逛夜店一样，为了搜寻最新的小道消息，在Linux博客圈上灌水。你也能在 [Twitter][12]和[Google+][13]上找到她。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80437.html?rss=1 - -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.computer.org/portal/web/pressroom/Linus-Torvalds-Named-Recipient-of-the-2014-IEEE-Computer-Society-Computer-Pioneer-Award -[2]:http://www.ieee.org/ -[3]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80386.html -[4]:https://www.facebook.com/netcatband/posts/755205877853161?stream_ref=10 -[5]:http://www.netcat.co/ -[6]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/79448.html -[7]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/commandline-secrets/ -[8]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cowsay -[9]:https://www.linux.com/community/blogs/133-general-linux/10408 -[10]:http://mrpogson.com/ -[11]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GUI -[12]:http://twitter.com/noyesk -[13]:https://plus.google.com/+KatherineNoyes?rel=author From 49e10409b9ee8959975825d05b164a8cdd9f697b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 17:50:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 241/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AUbuntu=20Lin?= =?UTF-8?q?ux=20Community=20Manager=20Jono=20Bacon=20Leaves=20Canonical?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @linuhap 晚上发布 --- ...buntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md (93%) diff --git a/translated/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md b/published/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md similarity index 93% rename from translated/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md rename to published/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md index 889b9f5b3a..b3558a2816 100644 --- a/translated/talk/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md +++ b/published/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Ubuntu Linux社区经理Jono Bacon离开Canonical公司 ================================================================================ ![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/05/jonobacon.jpg) -几天后，Canonical——Ubuntu Linux背后的公司，将告别其任职已久的社区经理。[Jono Bacon][1]，一直是 Ubuntu 业界最熟悉的面孔之一，他将在[XPRIZE基金会][2]任新职。 +Canonical——Ubuntu Linux背后的公司，其任职已久的社区经理将离职。[Jono Bacon][1]，一直是 Ubuntu 业界最熟悉的面孔之一，他将在[XPRIZE基金会][2]任新职。 Bacon于2006年加入Canonical，从[其博客可知][3]他是在收到XPRIZE的录用通知后决定离开Canonical的，XPRIZE[自称][4]为“创新引擎”和“造福人类的催化剂”。他将会在XPRIZE就任社区主管，施展他过去八年中在帮助协调Ubuntu社区方面所获得的能力。 From de7ada0a103e6f903f6daccb5cd93c3901d50497 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: recNeps Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:27:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 242/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= =?UTF-8?q?=EF=BC=8Cby=20CNprober=EF=BC=8Cwhat=20is=20a=20good=20text=20ed?= =?UTF-8?q?ito?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md | 35 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md b/sources/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md index b9a4d6bf1a..d49d7e5f03 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md @@ -1,27 +1,26 @@ -CNprober 翻译中 +CNprober 翻译完成。 - -What is a good text editor on Linux? +优秀的Linux文本编辑器 ================================================================================ -Want to launch a heated debate among Linux aficionados? Ask them what is their favorite text editor. In the open source community, choosing a software to write text with, and potentially to write code with, is such an important decision that choosing a football team or a game console is less dangerous. But anyone new to Linux should not be apprehensive of the plethora of advice and the variety of trolls on the topic, and instead try to get familiar with a bunch of different text editors in the first place. So today I shall propose you a non-exhaustive thematic list of what you can find to write text with on Linux. This list will (try to) exclude the full-fledge IDEs, which are only made for programming, and the editors made specifically for LaTex. If you are interested in the latter, I can recommend you to [this post][1]. + +想要挑起狂热Linux爱好者之间的激烈争辩吗？那就问他们什么是他们最喜欢的文本编辑器。在开源社区中，选择一个用来写文本，或者更进一步，用来写代码的编辑器，比选择一个球队或者游戏控制器还要重要。但是任何一个Linux新手都不需要为大把大把的建议和各种各样的煽动而感到焦虑不安，取而代之，先去试着熟悉熟悉一堆不同的文本编辑器吧。所以今天我将要给你建议一个简单主题的列表，里面的编辑器都可以用在Linux下编辑文本。这个列表会排除那些成熟的只用来写代码的IDE，也不包括那些专门的进行LaTex排版的编辑器。如果你对后者感兴趣，我可以建议你去看看[这里][1]. ### 1. Vim & Emacs ### ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2936/14371977196_1a4522359b_z.jpg) -Let's go straight to the big guys. When someone asks about text editors on Linux in a room, one person will immediately respond [Vim][2] and another will say [Emacs][3]. And there are very good reasons for that. They are both very powerful editors, with a lot of features, a lot of plugins, and a very strong community ready to support anyone. If you are not familiar with them at all, it would be a bit hard to describe the extent of their capabilities. But put simply, they allow you to move very quickly within the text, make huge edits very simply, record macros, and do basically any crazy things you might want to do with text. The downside to both of them is that the learning process to control what you are doing is unavoidable and takes time. Past this point, I will not sink into the debate of declaring one better than another, but really recommend that everyone learn at least one of the two. - +让我们直接从这两个最大咖的开始。当有人在一个聊天室里问关于Linux下的编辑器时，会有一个人立马回答[Vim][2]，然后会有另外一个说[Emacs][3]. 之所以会这样，是有很充分的理由的。这两个都是非常强大的编辑器，有很多的特性，很多插件，很强大的社区支持。如果你一点都不熟悉他们的话，要描述清楚他们功能的有多么强大是有点困难的。但是简单来讲，它们允许你非常快速的在文本中移动，简单地做出大量的修改，记录宏以及你能想到基本上任何疯狂的编辑方式。这两个编辑器都有的缺点是不可避免的学习过程并且需要花费一定的时间。讲完这点之后，我不会陷入到哪一个更好的争论中去，但是我真的想建议每一个人至少学习这两者之一。 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3916/14393718612_a880b86a52_z.jpg) ### 2. Sublime Text & Lime & Atom ### ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2917/14391734181_0f0ec76e4f_z.jpg) -Another text editor which has been on the rise for these past years is [Sublime Text][4]. Some may see it as a friendlier version of Vim or Emacs, clearly designed for programming. Indeed, it retains some similarities like the batch edition and the goto function which will remind some of Emacs or [an energized Vim][5]. However, it remains more visual and accessible. Also, the large number of plugins will seduce those inclined to customization. +另一个在过去几年冉冉升起的文本编辑器是[Sublime Text][4].一些人可能会将它视为Vim或者Emacs的友好版，专为编程而设计的。事实上，它保持了一些与Vim和Emacs的相似特性。比如，批量编辑和函数跳转都会让人或多或少想起Emacs或者[一个充满活力的Vim][5].然而，它保留了更多的可视性并且更加容易使用。同样，大量的插件引诱大家进行个性化定制。 -The only gray point to Sublime Text is its license: if you only use open-source, go away. Hopefully, to deal with that, an ambitious clone called [Lime][6] appeared recently. It is still under heavy development, but the spirit is here: a similar experience to Sublime Text, with the after taste of open source. Nothing more to say except admiring the effort. +Sublime Text唯一的“污点”是它的许可证：如果你只使用开源软件的话，你可以放弃它了。为此，最近出现了一个雄心勃勃的克隆版 [Lime][6] 。这个软件正处在繁重的开发当中，但是它的精神是：跟Sublime Text相似的用户体验，但是带着开源的韵味。对于Lime，除了满满的期待没有更多要说的了。 -Even more recently, [Atom][7], the official competition to Sublime Text coming from GitHub was released also as open source. Wanting to provide a full-featured out of the box editor, Atom comes packaged with all you need to jump around files, use code snippets, etc. However, its strength remains in its easy customization process based on HTML and CSS, and its Node.js integration. This is as far as we will go in this list before actually reaching the definition of an IDE. +离现在更近的，GitHub以开源形式发布了[Atom][7]，展开了与Sublime Text正式的竞争。Atom打包了所有你想要的文件跳转，代码片段使用等特性，提供一个完整特性的编辑器而不是简单的编辑框。使用HTML，CSS和集成Node.js环境，可以轻易地定制文本处理过程，这正是他魅力所在。这其实已经要涉及到IDE的定义了，我们的列表最多会覆盖到这里。 ![](https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14395083745/) @@ -29,7 +28,7 @@ Even more recently, [Atom][7], the official competition to Sublime Text coming f ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2927/14371977076_c95a557233_z.jpg) -If we leave the realm of the super-powered editors, we can turn to what I see as the "desktop environment classics." These editors are more traditional in the sense that some can be enhanced with plugins, but that their focus is simply to write text. If you have an idea in mind and want to jolt down something before you forget about it (I blame video games for my short attentions span), you are not going to learn or even need the shortcuts in Vim or Sublime Text. You just want to some blank space. The good thing about these editors is that they are more or less well integrated with your desktop environment. In this category, [Gedit][8] and [Kate][9], for Gnome and KDE respectively, mirror their environment, and are customizable via plugins, which makes it easier to write LaTeX, for example. [Mousepad][10] and [Leafpad][11] are more appropriate for lightweight desktops like Xfce and LXDE. They are in a way close to Windows' notepad. So if you are looking for flexibility and accessibility, pick here. +如果我们离开这些超级厉害的编辑器，我们可以转向我认为的“桌面环境经典版”编辑器。这些编辑器感觉上更加的传统，有些也可以用插件进行强化，但是它们的重点是简单输入。如果你头脑里有一些想法想要在忘记之前赶快记下来（我必须怪罪那些视频游戏让我的注意力范围变小）。[译注：这一句意思应该是作者因为玩游戏导致注意力下降，记不住东西，所以需要快速的记下头脑中的东西以免忘掉] 你不需要学习Vim或者Sublime Text的快捷键。你只需要一些空白的地方进行输入。这类编辑器的好处是他们或多或少的和你的桌面环境集成在一起。在这一类编辑器中， Gnome 下的 [Gedit][8] 和 KDE下的 [Kate][9] 都很好的集成在桌面系统中，可以通过插件进行个性化定制。比如，更容易的进行LaTeX排版。[Mousepad][10] 和 [Leafpad][11] 更适合于轻量级的桌面，比如Xfce和LXDE。它们在某种程度上很像Windows的记事本。所以，如果你需要的是灵活和便捷，请选择他们。 [![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5522/14415259703_d3885b3952_z.jpg)][12] @@ -37,11 +36,12 @@ If we leave the realm of the super-powered editors, we can turn to what I see as ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2938/14208641327_49fc7286ba_z.jpg) -Another popular "family" of text editors is the distraction-free editors. If you like to have Facebook or Twitter opened constantly in the background, or receive an email every five minutes, you know how difficult it can be to focus on that essay due tomorrow, or this code not compiling. In this case, you need an editor that will take the whole space on the screen, and block everything else. +另外一个流行的文本编辑器“大家庭”是“无分心编辑器”。如果你喜欢在后台持续地开着Facebook或者Twitter，或者每5分钟就收一次邮件，你就会知道把注意力集中在那篇明天就过期的散文或者这些还没编译通过的代码是多么困难的事。如果是这样，你需要一个编辑器，它可以占满整个屏幕空间，并且屏蔽掉所有的其他事情。 -Probably the least favorite of this kind is Nano. If you want to block any distraction, go without X server. It is simple and straightforward. In fact, George R. R. Martin, the author of Game of Thrones, recently [revealed in an interview][13] that he uses a similar DOS Word processor to write his novels. +也许这类编辑器里面最不受欢迎的是Nano。如果你想屏蔽所有分心的事，关掉X server（[译注：关掉桌面，只用文字终端界面，Nano就是工作在这种模式下]）。这是最简单和直接的方式。事实上，《权力游戏(Game of Thrones)》的作者Geogge R. R. Martin最近就在[一次采访][13]中说他使用一个类似DOS Word的文本处理程序写他的小说。 + +如果你想要一款更顺眼一点的编辑器，你可以试试我的最爱：[Qute][14]. 没有酷炫的特性，也许有一点LaTeX排版使它开起来更美观，但是重点其实是在他的界面的。它提供了一个舒适的导航和编辑体验。如果你对终端感觉不太舒服，Qute是个不错的选择。 -If you prefer something a bit more keen on the eye, you could like my personal favorite: [Qute][14]. No fancy features, maybe a bit of LaTeX to look nice, but the weight is really on the interface. It proposes a beautiful navigation and edition experience. If you are uneasy because of the terminal, Qute is a good alternative. ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2927/14395083485_7f8f0d6d59_z.jpg) @@ -49,19 +49,18 @@ If you prefer something a bit more keen on the eye, you could like my personal f ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3845/14395083565_b07b33abf0_z.jpg) -Finally, an office suite is also a text editor. I doubt you can code easily on that, but it will certainly be more appropriate for plain text and more quick to pick up than LaTeX. In this category, it would be impossible to avoid [LibreOffice][15] and [Calligra][16], the two behemoth in term of featues and fame. I like both of them, but a lot of people have a clear preference for the former over the latter. If you miss Microsoft Word, you will be in your realm. A bit of the underdog, [Abiword][17] is a lightweight alternative to those. If you goal is just to edit a word document, and you do not care about spreadsheets or databases, Abiword will do the trick while preserving the features. - +最后，办公套件也是文本编辑器。我很怀疑你能否轻松的用办公套件编程，但是它确实更适合纯文本编辑，也比LaTeX更容易学习。在这类编辑器中，[LibreOffice][15] 和 [Calligra][16] 是没办法绕过去的。这两个编辑器因为他们丰富的特性和响亮的名声成为这类编辑器中的巨兽。这两者我都喜欢，但是很多人明确的偏向于前者。如果你怀念微软的Word处理软件，你会有自己的选择。稍处下风的[Abiword][17]相对前面的两个是一个轻量级的选择。如果你的目的只是编辑一个文本文档，不关心电子表格或者数据库，Abiword的特性可以达到理想的效果。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2915/14371976966_4d252928ec_z.jpg) -To conclude briefly, if I had one advice to give, it would be to pick the editor that people around you use. If for some crazy reason everyone you know uses LibreOffice to code in C, or Sublime Text to write a novel, and that you have to do something similar, you should follow the trend. The reason being that if you encounter a problem and need some help, it will be easier for them to bring it to you. +简单总结一下，如果我有一条建议给你，那么就是选择你周围的人正在用的编辑器。如果因为某些疯狂的理由，每一个你周围的人都用LibreOffice写C程序，或者用Sublime Text写小说，而你也要做同样的事，你应该跟随潮流。原因就是当你遇到一个问题需要帮助的时候，他们可以更容易的给你提供帮助。 -What is your favorite text editor? What do you use it for? Please let us know in the comments. +你最喜欢的文本编辑器是什么？你用它来干嘛？请在评论里告我们吧。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/good-text-editor-linux.html -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[love_daisy_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 15f264723df9904392b292b7e73aec90a599af91 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: recNeps Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 18:31:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 243/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=A7=BB=E5=8A=A8=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0,by?= =?UTF-8?q?=20CNprober?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md b/translated/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md rename to translated/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md From 96009757762ddc283f9453ffc3f392054a5f665c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 21:25:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 244/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=81=A2=E5=A4=8D=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=9A=84=E8=AF=91=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 备注，这篇译文有一些问题 --- ...nnection sharing with iptables on Linux.md | 163 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 163 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3027c6a535 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,163 @@ +Translating by yujianxuechuan,占坑 +How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux +怎样使用linux的iptables工具进行网络共享 +================================================================================ +In this tutorial, I'll explain how to share a single Internet connection among multiple devices on Linux. While consumer-grade WiFi routers have become mainstream nowadays, making this problem a non-issue, suppose you don't have one at home. However, say you have a Linux box already assembled with a modem and a LAN card. The modem is connected to the Internet with a dynamic public IP address, and the LAN card connected to your switch/hub. Other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop) are connected to the switch without having any Internet connection. To share the Internet connection of the Linux box, you have to turn the box into a gateway, so that it can relay traffic to and from other devices. +在本教程中，我将解释多个设备怎样在linux下共享一个网络连接。目前无线路由器已经成为主流的消费品，从而解决了本文这一问题，假设你家中并没有一台无线路由器。然而，你却有一台已经有"猫"和局lan网卡的的linux主机。"猫"是以动态公有IP地址的模式连接的互联网，主机的lan网卡连接到你的交换机或者集线器。其他设备（如linux或者windows的PC或者笔记本）以网桥的形式连接并无互联网连接。为了共享linux主机的互联网，你必须把主机摄制成网关，于是它才能实现从其他设备中传送和接受信息。 +### Glossary of Terms ### +术语字汇 +- **Private IP address** (non-routeable address) is an IP address used for a Local Area Network (not visible through Internet). +- **Public IP address** (routeable address) is an IP address that is visible through Internet. +- **IP masquerading** is a function that allows set of machines to reach the Internet via a MASQ gateway. Those machines behind the MASQ gateway is never visible to the Internet. Any outgoing and incoming traffic from and to the machines behind the MASQ gateway must pass through the MASQ gateway. +- **Network Address Translation** (NAT) is a function that can make a private IP address reaches the Internet with the help of IP masquerading. +-私有IP地址（不可到达地址）是一个被用于本地局域网的IP地址（在互联网中不可见）。 +-公用IP地址（可到达地址）是一个在互联网中可见的IP地址。 +IP伪装是一项允许一系列机器通过MASQ网关连接互联网的功能。这些MASQ网关之外的机器在互联网中是不可见的。MASQ之后的机器中任何流入或流出的数据必须经过MASQ网关。 +-网络地址转换（NAT）是一项通过IP伪装技术可以使私有IP地址访问互联网的功能。 +### Hardware Requirements ### +硬件要求 +- One Linux box with two interfaces (one public IP address and the other private IP address), which will be used as a gateway. +- One or more Linux/Windows PC or laptop with private IP addresses. +- Switch/HUB (optional). +-一台有两个接口（一个公有IP地址和其他的私有IP地址）的linux主机，这个主机将被用作网关。 +-一台或者多台拥有私有IP地址的linux/windows系统的PC或者笔记本。 +-交换机/集线器（可选）。 +### Step-by-Step Guide ### +教程步骤 +The following procedure is required on the Linux box (the connection sharing gateway). +接下来的过程需要在linux主机（用于共享的网关）上完成。 +#### 1. Activate IP forwarding #### +1、激活IP转发 +In order to set up Internet connection sharing, you need to enable IP forwarding on the Linux box with a kernel parameter. Startup kernel parameters stored in /etc/sysctl.conf. +为了设置网络共享，你需要在linux主机上更改一个内核参数来使能IP转发功能。内核启动参数设定在/etc/sysctl.conf文件中。 +Open the file, and locate line with the following parameter "# net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0". Remove hash mark (i.e., uncomment it), and set the value to 1. It should look like the following: +打开这个文件，定位到含有"# net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0"的这一行，移除#号（即取消注释），然后将其值设置为1，改好之后应该和下面的一致。 + net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 + +You may also activate IP forwaring at run time by the following command: +你还要使激活IP转发功能生效，通过执行下面的命令： + $ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 + $ sudo sysctl -p + +#### 2. NAT configuration #### +2、NAT配置 +Another important part of Internet connection sharing is NAT configuration which can be done using iptables command. iptables maintains four firewall tables: +另一个网络共享的重要部分是NAT配置，这可以通过使用iptables的命令，iptables包含四个防火墙的表格： +- FILTER (the default table) +- NAT +- MANGLE +- RAW +- FILTER (默认表格) +- NAT +- MANGLE +- RAW + +In this tutorial we will use only two tables: FILTER and NAT tables. +这个教程中我们将仅使用两个表格：FILTER和NAT表格。 +First, flush all active firewall rules. +首先，刷新所有活跃的防火墙的规则。 + $ sudo iptables -X + $ sudo iptables -F + $ sudo iptables -t nat -X + $ sudo iptables -t nat -F + +On the INPUT table, you have to set chain FORWARD to ACCEPT target, so all packets passed through the box will be processed correctly. +在输入表格中，你需要设置转发链成可接受的目的地，因此艘游通过主机的数据包将会被正确的处理。 + $ sudo iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + $ sudo iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + +On the NAT table, you have to enable IP masquerading for your WAN interface. We assume that the WAN interface is ppp0. To enable IP masquerading on ppp0 interface, you can use the following command: +在NAT表中，你必须为你的WAN口使能IP伪装，我们假设WAN口协议是ppp0。为了在ppp0接口上使能IP伪造技术，我们使用以下的命令： + $ sudo iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE + +#### 3. Configuring a private IP address #### +3、配置私有IP地址 +After all configuration is completed on the Linux box, you have to configure the DNS server and default gateway of other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop), so that they point to the Linux box. Note that you don't need to set up a DNS server on the Linux box. Every DNS request from other devices are automatically forwarded by the Linux box to your upstream ISP. +在linux主机上的所有配置完成后，你需要配置其他设备（linux/windows的PC或笔记本）的DNS服务器以及默认网关，因此他们的数据流可以指向linux主机。注意你不需要在linux主机上设置一个DNS服务器，从其他设备发出的每一个DNS请求都会通过上游的ISP自动转发到linux主机上。 +If you are using Linux on the other devices, you can use the following command to change their default gateway and DNS servers. I assume that you are using 192.168.1.0/24 private IP address segment, and that 192.168.1.1 is the IP address assigned to the Linux box. +如果你的其他设备上用的系统是linux，你可以通过以下命令来更改他们的默认网关和DNS服务器。假设你的网段是192.168.1.0/24的私有IP地址网段，linux主机上绑定的IP地址是192.168.1.1。 + $ sudo ip route del default + $ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.1.1 + $ sudo sh -c "echo 'nameserver 192.168.1.1' > /etc/resolv.conf" + +If you have other Linux devices, you can repeat the command above on other devices. +如果还有其他的linux设备，那么你可以重复以上命令。 +If you have a Windows device, you can change the default gateway and the DNS server via network connection properties on the control panel. +如果你有windows设备，你可以通过控制面板的网络连接属性来更改默认网关和DNS服务器。 +#### 4. The complete script #### +4、完整的脚本 +Here is the complete script which sets up Internet connection sharing on the Linux box. The WAN interface (ppp0) needs to be replaced according to your environment. +这是一个在linux主机上设置网络连接共享的一个完整的脚本。WAN口（ppp0协议）需要根据你具体的网络接口协议来替换。 + $ sudo vi /usr/local/bin/ishare + +---------- + +In this tutorial we will use only two tables: FILTER and NAT tables. + +First, flush all active firewall rules. + + $ sudo iptables -X + $ sudo iptables -F + $ sudo iptables -t nat -X + $ sudo iptables -t nat -F + +On the INPUT table, you have to set chain FORWARD to ACCEPT target, so all packets passed through the box will be processed correctly. + + $ sudo iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + $ sudo iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + +On the NAT table, you have to enable IP masquerading for your WAN interface. We assume that the WAN interface is ppp0. To enable IP masquerading on ppp0 interface, you can use the following command: + + $ sudo iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE + +#### 3. Configuring a private IP address #### + +After all configuration is completed on the Linux box, you have to configure the DNS server and default gateway of other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop), so that they point to the Linux box. Note that you don't need to set up a DNS server on the Linux box. Every DNS request from other devices are automatically forwarded by the Linux box to your upstream ISP. + +If you are using Linux on the other devices, you can use the following command to change their default gateway and DNS servers. I assume that you are using 192.168.1.0/24 private IP address segment, and that 192.168.1.1 is the IP address assigned to the Linux box. + + $ sudo ip route del default + $ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.1.1 + $ sudo sh -c "echo 'nameserver 192.168.1.1' > /etc/resolv.conf" + +If you have other Linux devices, you can repeat the command above on other devices. + +If you have a Windows device, you can change the default gateway and the DNS server via network connection properties on the control panel. + +#### 4. The complete script #### + +Here is the complete script which sets up Internet connection sharing on the Linux box. The WAN interface (ppp0) needs to be replaced according to your environment. + + $ sudo vi /usr/local/bin/ishare + +---------- + + #!/bin/bash + + ## Internet connection shating script + + sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 + sysctl -p + iptables -X + iptables -F + iptables -t nat -X + iptables -t nat -F + iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE + +Save the above script to /usr/local/bin/ishare, and then change the executable bit by the following command. +保存以上的脚本到/usr/local/bin/ishare，然后添加可执行权限通过执行下面的命令。 + $ sudo chmox +x /usr/local/bin/ishare + +If you want the script executed every startup, you can register the script to /etc/rc.local. Open /etc/rc.local, before statement "exit 0", add the following line: +如果你需要这个脚本开机启动，你需要在/etc/rc.local文件中注册这个脚本，在文件中的"exit 0"之前添加下面一行。 + /usr/local/bin/ishare + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/internet-connection-sharing-iptables-linux.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From ae9cc12f9275b49a0737168a720d6400d83b9e1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jiajia <1534574360@qq.com> Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 21:38:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 245/713] Update 20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md --- ...h FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md b/sources/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md index e48a027dbd..e70b057195 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +jiajia translating... + Cup 2014 Brazil: Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop ================================================================================ Football is the most played and most watched sports on Earth. The present form of football originated in Britain. Football players run an average of more than six miles during a single match. Over one billion fans watched last world cup football matches on Television. This figure is estimated to rise on an above note, this year. @@ -122,4 +124,4 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/view-fifa-world-cup-matche-results/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://www.e-link.it/icup/brazil2014/icup-brazil-2014-desktop-app.php \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://www.e-link.it/icup/brazil2014/icup-brazil-2014-desktop-app.php From b7f51ea718ad6356c8b8650c623e6fedb09af255 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jiajia <1534574360@qq.com> Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 21:45:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 246/713] Update 20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md --- sources/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md b/sources/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md index df1bac5757..996f738c66 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +jiajia translating... + Got Linux? Add Proprietary Code ================================================================================ ![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rw661226/linux-enterprise-proprietary-code.jpg) @@ -109,4 +111,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80555.html [1]:http://www.icewarp.com/ [2]:https://lucerahq.com [3]:http://www.fsmlabs.com/ -[4]:http://www.bell-labs.com/ \ No newline at end of file +[4]:http://www.bell-labs.com/ From 21f64525f8e4f552cd32526cd1f43ec36fe48200 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jiajia <1534574360@qq.com> Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 21:47:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 247/713] Update 20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md --- ...Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md b/sources/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md index 6d923b1e20..bfda83b9b5 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +jiajia translating... Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source? ================================================================================ > **In today's open source roundup: Microsoft may or may not have a new attitude toward open source. Plus: Android versus Windows, and Cinnamon versus Unity in Ubuntu 14.04** @@ -78,4 +79,4 @@ via: http://www.itworld.com/open-source/421894/has-microsoft-really-changed-its- [4]:http://www.zdnet.com/the-five-most-popular-end-user-linux-distributions-7000030058/http://www.zdnet.com/the-five-most-popular-end-user-linux-distributions-7000030058/ [5]:http://www.amazon.com/Best-Sellers-Electronics-Desktop-Computers/zgbs/electronics/565098/?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&linkCode=ur2&tag=fnh-20&linkId=REWXUPB7SQXPDSOL [6]:http://www.amazon.com/Best-Sellers-Computers-Accessories-Laptop/zgbs/pc/565108/?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&linkCode=ur2&tag=fnh-20&linkId=POG3J2CFBHDWBAVL -[7]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/is-cinnamon-a-worthy-replacement-for-ubuntu-unity/ \ No newline at end of file +[7]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/is-cinnamon-a-worthy-replacement-for-ubuntu-unity/ From 37c1ba6d3bbbce6869717cd79ba2a59dd15b2199 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 15 Jun 2014 23:11:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 248/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E8=A1=A8=EF=BC=9APros'=20Secr?= =?UTF-8?q?ets=20and=20Red=20Hat=207=20and=20PCLinuxOS=202014.05=20Reviews?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @jiajia9linuxer --- ...Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md | 36 ++++++++++++++++ ...Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md | 43 ------------------- 2 files changed, 36 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md delete mode 100644 translated/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md diff --git a/published/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md b/published/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a9c9d21cce --- /dev/null +++ b/published/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +点评 Redhat RHEL 7和PclinuxOS 2014.05 +================= + +在最近的Distrowatch杂志上，Jesse Smith尝试了一下RHEL 7桌面版本。在安装上，“从RHEL安装介质启动到一个图形化的系统安装界面，RHEL用了和最近发布的Fedora一样的新的Anaconda安装方式。就我个人来说新的安装方式是一种倒退”他说道。这没啥大不了的，他猜测在桌面版本就是这样的吧。Smith说他希望有一种图形化的软件包管理工具，因为用户只能在命令行下使用YUM源，只能使用标准的默认库。之后，GNOME shell登录崩溃了，只能使用KDE登录。虽然有些困惑但是他非常喜欢新的防火墙配置工具。请看他的[详细报告][2]。 + +**在**ZDNet.com上，Jamie Watson对新发布的PCLinuxOS 2014.05发表了自己的看法。他说道： + +> 这是个有趣的看法，你可能从它的名字当中想到它包含了很多软件，补丁，驱动在非标准的分支中。最有趣的一点是，基于活动聚焦的虚拟桌面配置。这种趋势使PCLinuxOS使用起来既有趣又简单，提供了以下的桌面环境，个性化的图标: + +> 互联网：浏览器，邮件，聊天工具 + +> 工作：office、kile、scribus + +> 娱乐：游戏 + +> 多媒体：音乐，视频的编辑和创作 + +> 图形和图像：浏览，编辑和创作 + +> 管理：系统管理任务 + + +“PCLinuxOS始终使用原来的安装方式，它来源于Mandriva/Mandrake安装方式”Watson提到。它还带来了新的内核，最新的软件，和多样化互动的界面。[他总结道][3]：“这个新发布的PcLinuxOS版本很不错”。另外Watson在几周前也测试过了Ubuntu、Debian和LMDE。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ostatic.com/blog/pros-secrets-and-red-hat-7-and-pclinuxos-2014-05-reviews + +译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/Linux-Pros-Top-Command-Line-Secrets-80437.html +[2]:http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20140512#feature +[3]:http://www.zdnet.com/hands-on-with-pclinuxos-2014-05-kde-and-lxde-the-linux-with-something-for-everyone-7000029297/ +[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/testing-ubuntu-debian-and-lmde-on-my-new-notebook-7000029202/ diff --git a/translated/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md b/translated/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9d190437b8..0000000000 --- a/translated/talk/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,43 +0,0 @@ -回顾Redhat 7和PclinuxOS 2014.05支持者的秘密 -==================== -![](http://www.tuxmachines.org/images/redhatlogo.png) - -今天Katherine Noyes 宣称自己找到了“linux支持者们命令行中最大的秘密”，但是有位博主却怀疑是否真的有这种说法。其他的消息有Jesse Smith对RHEL 7候选版本和Jamie Watson对新发布的PCLinuxOS 2014.05的一些评论 -。 -Katherine Noyes写道：“没有比在安静的周末去酒吧闲聊消磨时间更好的事了，当然上周也是这样做的”。他这样的说法引起了争论，Robert Pogson却说道：“命令行的秘密？根本就没有这样的事情”。是否还有新的东西[等待着你呢][1]？ - -在今天的Distrowatch杂志上，Jesse Smith尝试了一下RHEL 7桌面候选版本。在安装上，“从RHEL安装介质启动到一个图形化的系统安装界面，RHEl用了和最近发布的Fedora一样的新的Anaconda安装方式。就我个人来说新的安装方式是一种倒退”他说道。从那儿就有点让人留意，他猜测在桌面版本上那就是大家想要的吧。Smith说他希望有一种图形化的软件包管理工具因为用户只能在命令行下使用YUM源，只能标准的从库里使用。随后GNOME桌面彻底的打垮KDE桌面，有些困惑但是他非常喜欢新配置的防火墙。请看的的[详细报告][2]。 - - -**在**ZDNet.com上，Jamie Watson对新发布的PCLinuxOS 2014.05发表了自己的看法。他说道： - -> 这是个有趣的观点，你可能从它的名字当中想到它包含了很多软件，补丁，驱动在非标准的分支中。最有趣的一点是，基于活动状态对虚拟桌面的配置。这种趋势使PCLinuxOS使用起来既有趣又简单，通过提供一下的桌面环境，个性化的图标:” - -> 互联网包括：浏览器，邮件，聊天工具 - -> 工作包括：office、kile、scribus - -> 娱乐包括：游戏 - -> 多媒体包括：音乐，视频的编辑和创作 - -> 图片：浏览，编辑和创作 - -> 管理包括：系统管理任务 - - - -“PCLinuxOS始终使用原来的安装方式，它来自于Mandriva/Mandrake安装方式”Watson提到。它还带来了新的内核，最新的软件，和多样化互动的界面。[他总结道][3]：“这个新发布的PcLinuxOS版本很不错”。另外Watson在几周前也测试过了Ubuntu、Debian和LMDE。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://ostatic.com/blog/pros-secrets-and-red-hat-7-and-pclinuxos-2014-05-reviews - -译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/Linux-Pros-Top-Command-Line-Secrets-80437.html -[2]:http://distrowatch.com/weekly.php?issue=20140512#feature -[3]:http://www.zdnet.com/hands-on-with-pclinuxos-2014-05-kde-and-lxde-the-linux-with-something-for-everyone-7000029297/ -[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/testing-ubuntu-debian-and-lmde-on-my-new-notebook-7000029202/ From a03f78e038d02bfa04d027ec6478e68f216f0cb2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2014 07:04:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 249/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=9D=E5=AD=98=E4=B8=8B?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md b/translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md index 555929b571..f5cac7f7a9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md +++ b/translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md @@ -57,15 +57,15 @@ ### 加密 USB 驱动盘 ### -Like I mentioned earlier, there are many options when it comes to encryption. One of the more popular methods of encrypting partitions is the LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) system. A USB drive with a LUKS-formatted partition should be detected automatically by most systems. In fact, if you're using a desktop environment like Ubuntu Desktop, encrypting a USB drive is a simple check box during the formatting process. Although that's a perfectly acceptable way to encrypt your USB drive, I'm going to demonstrate how to do it on the command line, so you understand what's actually happening behind the scenes. +如我前面提到的，要加密有很多可选的方式方法。加密磁盘分区最通用的一种方法是 LUKS（Linux Unified Key Setup） 系统。一个使用 LUKS 格式化分区的 USB 驱动盘可以被大多数系统自动被别到。实际上，如果你使用的是像 Ubuntu 桌面这样的桌面环境系统的话，加密 USB 驱动盘其实就是在格式化过程中简单的勾选上一个复选框而已。虽然这是加密 USB 盘最容易让人接受的方式，但我还是想演示如何在命令行下进行加密，因为这种方式可以让你明白在加密的后面具体发生了什么。 -#### Step 1: identify your USB drive. #### +#### 步骤 1: 识别您的 USB 驱动盘。 #### -If you type `dmesg` after plugging in your USB drive, you should get all sorts of system information, including the device name of your freshly plugged-in USB device. Make sure you have the correct device identified, because what you're doing will destroy any data on the drive. You wouldn't want to format the wrong disk accidentally. (It should go without saying, but I'll say it anyway, make sure there's nothing on your USB drive that you want to save—this is a destructive process.) +在您插入 USB 驱动盘后，如果输入 `dmesg` 命令，将会显示出所有的系统信息，包括刚插入的 USB 驱动盘的设备名字。 确保设备标识是正确的，因为后面要进行的操作会破坏驱动盘上的所有数据。您也不想一不小心就格式化掉正常的磁盘吧。（虽然不用提醒，但我还是要说，确保您的 USB 驱动盘已经没有你想保留的数据，因为这是一个破坏性的过程。） -#### Step 2: partition the USB drive. #### +#### 步骤 2: 对 USB 驱动盘进行分区。 #### -Assuming that your USB drive is the /dev/sdb device on your system, you need to create a single partition on the drive. Let's use fdisk. Below is the interaction with fdisk required. Basically, you create a new empty partition with the o command, then write changes with w. Then, you'll restart fdisk and use the n command to create a new primary partition, using the defaults so that the entire drive is used: +假设，在您的系统上 USB 驱动盘是 /dev/sdb 这个设备，您需要在这个驱动上创建一个单分区。我们使用 fdisk 命令。下面是 fdisk 必须的交互操作。一般地，用 o 命令来创建一个新的空分区，然后用 w 命令来保存设置。然后重新运行 fdisk 命令，并用 n 命令来创建一个新的主分区，接下来保持默认的以使用整个设备空间： # sudo fdisk /dev/sdb @@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ Assuming that your USB drive is the /dev/sdb device on your system, you need to Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! -Now you have a USB drive with a single partition (/dev/sdb1), but there is no filesystem on it. That's exactly what you want, because the LUKS system creates an encryption layer on the partition before you put a filesystem on it. So before creating a filesystem, let's create the LUKS layer on the partition, using the cryptsetup program. If you don't have cryptsetup, search for it in your distribution's repository; it should be there. To create the LUKS encrypted partition layer: +现在你的 USB 驱动盘有了一个单分区了（/dev/sdb1），但还没有文件系统，这正是我们所想要的，因为 LUKS 系统需要在创建文件系统前在您的分区上创建一个加密层。因此，在创建文件系统之前，就让我们在分区上先创建一个 LUKS 层吧，可以使用 cryptsetup 程序。如果您还没有安装 cryptsetup 的话，可以搜索您系统发布版本的仓库源，里有就有。下面就开始创建 LUKS 加密分区层: # cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdb1 @@ -105,9 +105,9 @@ Now you have a USB drive with a single partition (/dev/sdb1), but there is no fi Enter LUKS passphrase: Verify passphrase: -Follow the directions, and be sure to remember your passphrase! Note, that a "passphrase" is usually more than just a word. It's most often a phrase, thus the name. The longer the phrase, the tougher to crack. +按照提示的操作，一定要确保记得您的密码！注意，这儿的“密码单词”不仅仅只表示一个单词。这只是一个习惯，因而得名，设置的越长，越难被破解。 -Once the process completes, you have an encrypted partition, but it's not mounted or formatted yet. The first step is to mount the partition, which again uses the cryptsetup utility: +Once the process completes, you have an encrypted partition, but it's not mounted or formatted yet. The first step is to mount the partition, which again uses the cryptsetup utility: 一但上面的操作完成，就创建好了一个加密的分区，但它还没有被挂载或格式化。 # cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdb1 my_crypto_disk Enter passphrase for /dev/sdb1: From 19ac1e3a66c570d7385eeb2866509a3565149b29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2014 09:13:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 250/713] [translating] Raspberry Pi In Schools --- sources/talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md b/sources/talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md index 6fac29403b..db9a7bb9b1 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +zpl1025 translating Raspberry Pi In Schools ================================================================================ > Teaching the world to code is a noble goal, but how is it going to work in practice? @@ -175,4 +176,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/education-education-education/ 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5f66aa8d175b774e2d3c2a2b6e6d6f3c777e6d39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2014 11:12:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 251/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140616-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=20runni?= =?UTF-8?q?ngwater=E6=8E=A8=E8=8D=90=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...based Gaming Operating System Announced.md | 34 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140616 Valve SteamOS--A Linux-based Gaming Operating System Announced.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140616 Valve SteamOS--A Linux-based Gaming Operating System Announced.md b/sources/talk/20140616 Valve SteamOS--A Linux-based Gaming Operating System Announced.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..174360e754 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140616 Valve SteamOS--A Linux-based Gaming Operating System Announced.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Valve SteamOS: A Linux-based Gaming Operating System Announced +================================================================================ +![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/images/faq/2013/09/steam-os.jpg) + +The year of Linux on the desktop or living room is here. Today Valve software announced SteamOS, a free Linux-based gaming operating system designed for the TV, DIY enthusiast and the living room. From the announcement page: + +> As we've been working on bringing Steam to the living room, we’ve come to the conclusion that the environment best suited to delivering value to customers is an operating system built around Steam itself. SteamOS combines the **rock-solid architecture of Linux with a gaming experience** built for the big screen. It will be available soon as a free stand-alone operating system for living room machines. + +### More about SteamOS ### + +- Hundreds of great games are already running natively on SteamOS. More AAA titles coming natively to SteamOS in 2014. +- You can stream games from your desktop and stream those games over your home network to your TV via a SteamOS machine. +- You can play all your Windows and Mac games on your SteamOS machine, too. +- Stream music and video with the SteamOS media services. +- In SteamOS, Valve have achieved significant performance increases in graphics processing, and Valve working on audio performance and reductions in input latency at the operating system level. Game developers are already taking advantage of these gains as they target SteamOS for their new releases. +- You can modify or replace any part of the software or hardware you want. No more lock-ins. +- Valve are working on improving Linux kernel, drivers and debugging tools. This is a great news for both developers and users. +- Standard parental controls for games and streaming services. + +### Input lag over a network... a horrible experience? ### + +Streaming games over the internet adds the the network latency. However, SteamOS machine and TV will be in a local network. This will keep delay to minimum including encoding and decoding video between the two systems. This is just a guess and I will wait for the reviews. + +I think Valve is following Android model. User will get consistent environment for all your devices or you can build your own device. SteamOS will be available soon as a free download for users and as a freely licensable operating system for manufacturers. For more information see [SteamOS][1] announcement page. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/linux-games/valve-announces-linux-based-steamos/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://store.steampowered.com/livingroom/SteamOS/ \ No newline at end of file From 02c2c519b838f1394c83633206a1ce8a64b58fb7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2014 11:24:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 252/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140616-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md | 29 +++++++++++++++ ...hutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md | 37 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 66 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9f0085effc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Ubuntu-for-Phones-Activated-on-10-000-Devices-446824-2.jpg) + +**Canonical has announced that their Ubuntu for phones operating system has been activated on 10,000 devices, marking an important milestone for the company.** + +Ubuntu for phones was announced at the beginning of 2013 and the development team has been working on it since then. It took them a while to get a functioning version and they've been improving it constantly. + +This new 10,000 milestone is important because company doesn't have devices shipping with the operating system. So far, only users with Nexus devices, phones and tablets, have been able to install it. This means a lot for an OS that you can only download. + +“Ubuntu phone (and tablet) users sign into their Ubuntu One account on their device in order to download or update the applications on their phone. This allows us to provide many useful features that users expect coming from Android or iOS, such as being able to re-install their collection of apps on a new phone or after resetting their current one, or browsing the store’s website (coming soon) and having the option to install an app directly to their device from there.” + +“As a side effect, it means we know how many unique Ubuntu One accounts have connected to the store to in order to download an app, and that number has this week passed the 10,000 mark,” [said][1] Canonical’s Michal Hall. + +Currently, user don’t have to delete their Android from their Nexus devices because it’s possible to dual boot, and there are even a few ways to do it. The first devices that will ship with Ubuntu preinstalled will arrive later this year, most likely before the holiday season, and the community’s interest is already at an all-high level. + +Canonical also created an Ubuntu SDK to help developers make apps for the new operating systems and there are already quite a few native apps that rival the ones on other platforms. They are not there yet, but they still have a few months until the official release and there is still plenty of time get a decent amount of applications and not just some web app replacements. + +If you have a Nexus 4 phones or a Nexus 7 tablet, you can install Ubuntu right now. It’s still rough around the edges and you might find it a little too different from what you were used to, but give it time and you will grow to like it. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-for-Phones-Activated-on-10-000-Devices-446824.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://developer.ubuntu.com/2014/06/10000-users-of-ubuntu-phone/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md b/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4b41f73447 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon +================================================================================ +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/shutter.jpg) + +**[Shutter][1], our favourite screenshot tool for Linux, has been updated with select bug fixes and a new application icon. ** + +The open-source and feature-rich screenshot utility allows you to snap sections of your desktop, app windows or the whole screen and add annotations, text or effects. + +Version 0.91 fixes a number of outstanding bugs, including an issue where thumbnails were not shown in the Session tab on 14.04, and removes the option to upload screenshots to Pixlr’s image hosting service ‘imm.io’, which was discontinued earlier this year. + +Finally, the update features a refined version of the familiar camera shutter application icon courtesy of artist Lucas Romero Di Benedetto. + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/compare-350x200.png) + +### Install Shutter 0.91 in Ubuntu ### + +Upgrading to the new version of Shutter is simple enough — providing you add the official PPA. [The Shutter PPA][2] provides new stable releases to Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, 13.10 and 14.04 LTS. + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:shutter/ppa + + sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install shutter + +Don’t like PPAs? You can also download Debian installers from the download section on the project homepage. If you’re running Ubuntu 14.04 LTS you can grab the installer by hitting the button below. + +- [Download Shutter 0.91 for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS][3] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/shutter-0-91-new-icon + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/shutter/ +[2]:https://launchpad.net/~shutter/+archive/ppa +[3]:https://launchpad.net/~shutter/+archive/ppa/+files/shutter_0.91%7Eppa2%7Eubuntu14.04.1_all.deb \ No newline at end of file From 1dd8ad276e426bd278e5ca1eda05c57c9db269e2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2014 12:58:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 253/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ABash=20Getop?= =?UTF-8?q?ts--Scripts=20with=20Command=20Line=20Options?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @CNprober --- .../Bash Getopts--Scripts with Command Line Options.md | 4 +--- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Bash Getopts--Scripts with Command Line Options.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Bash Getopts--Scripts with Command Line Options.md b/published/Bash Getopts--Scripts with Command Line Options.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/tech/Bash Getopts--Scripts with Command Line Options.md rename to published/Bash Getopts--Scripts with Command Line Options.md index da9c2c42d9..1d4e812272 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Bash Getopts--Scripts with Command Line Options.md +++ b/published/Bash Getopts--Scripts with Command Line Options.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -CNprober 翻译完成 - Bash Getopts - 让你的脚本支持命令行参数 ================================================================================ @@ -152,7 +150,7 @@ Bash Getopts - 让你的脚本支持命令行参数 via: http://tuxtweaks.com/2014/05/bash-getopts/ -译者：[daisy_love_daisy](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者： CNprober \ 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c7fef774bc0f4e8ae0f9a4b8442b0ed3dd111425 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2014 13:41:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 254/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20to=20m?= =?UTF-8?q?onitor=20Nginx=20web=20server=20from=20the=20command=20line=20i?= =?UTF-8?q?n=20real=20time?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @shipsw 发布 --- ... server from the command line in real time.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md (85%) diff --git a/translated/tech/How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md b/published/How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md similarity index 85% rename from translated/tech/How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md rename to published/How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md index 6d82634165..0aa26102b1 100644 --- a/translated/tech/How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md +++ b/published/How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md @@ -1,17 +1,17 @@ -如何使用命令行实时监控 Nginx 网站服务器 +ngxtop：在命令行实时监控 Nginx 的神器 ================================================================================ Nginx网站服务器在生产环境中[运行][1]的时候需要进行实时监控。实际上，诸如[Nagios][2], Zabbix, Munin 的网络监控软件是支持 Nginx 监控的。 如果你不需要以上软件提供的综合性报告或者长期数据统计功能，只是需要一种快速简便的办法去监控 Nginx 服务器的请求的话，我建议你采用一个叫 [ngxtop][3] 的命令行工具。 -你马上就会发现 ngxtop 从界面和名称都借鉴了著名的top命令。ngxtop 是通过分析 Nginx 或者其他的日志文件，使用类似 top 命令的界面实时展示出来的。你可以说你知道的其他高端监控工具，但是在简洁这方面 ngxtop 无疑是最好的。简单是不是就意味着不可替代。 +你马上就会发现 ngxtop 从界面和名称都借鉴了著名的top命令。ngxtop 是通过分析 Nginx 或者其他的日志文件，使用类似 top 命令的界面实时展示出来的。你可以说你知道的其他高端监控工具，但是在简洁这方面 ngxtop 无疑是最好的。简单就意味着不可替代。 本指南中，我将介绍如何使用 ngxtop 实时监控 Nginx 网站服务器。 ### Linux 上安装 ngxtop ### -首先在 Linux 系统中安装依赖库[pip][4]。 +首先在 Linux 系统中安装依赖库[pip][4]（LCTT译注：ngxtop是用python编写的）。 然后使用如下命令安装 ngxtop。 @@ -27,12 +27,12 @@ Nginx网站服务器在生产环境中[运行][1]的时候需要进行实时监 这里是一些通用选项。 -- **-l **: 日志文件的完整路径 (Nginx 或 Apache2) +- **-l **: 指定日志文件的完整路径 (Nginx 或 Apache2) - **-f **: 日志格式 -- **--no-follow**: 处理当前日志文件的快照，而不是实时处理日志文件 +- **--no-follow**: 处理当前已经写入的日志文件，而不是实时处理新添加到日志文件的日志 - **-t **: 更新频率 -- **-n **: 命令显示行数 -- **-o **: 排序规则(默认 行数) +- **-n **: 显示行号 +- **-o **: 排序规则(默认是访问计数) - **-a ..., --a ...**: 添加表达式(一般是聚合表达式如： sum, avg, min, max 等)到输出中。 - **-v**: 输出详细信息 - **-i **: 只处理符合规则的记录 @@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ ngxtop 默认会从其配置文件 (/etc/nginx/nginx.conf) 中查找 Nginx 日 via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/monitor-nginx-web-server-command-line-real-time.html -译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 24c2abae22f125ada5fc53bf2b050e9ab1c85eaa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2014 14:04:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 255/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140616-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md | 38 ++++++++++++++++ ...o Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md | 45 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 83 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..885e80f7bb --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download +================================================================================ +![Unity 8′s tablet face](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/1.jpg) +Unity 8′s tablet face + +**Desktop builds of Ubuntu 14.10 using Unity 8 and Mir by default have [been made available][1] to download — not that most users will want to.** + +Plans for a separate Unity 8 desktop flavour were [discussed last month][2]. The aim of the images is to provide developers and testers with a means to identify and document the types of changes needed to tailor both fledgling technologies to traditional desktop usage. + +What these images are not is any sort of stable consumer release ready for production testing. These builds are, and will continue to be, highly unstable, buggy and in a state of feature flux from now up until October — and possibly beyond. Anyone expecting a polished, useable or ‘converged’ desktop will be sorely disappointed as the Unity 8 desktop ISO currently uses the Tablet UI. + +### Work Getting Underway ### + +Work on building competent window management features into Mir and Unity 8 is only just getting underway. Similarly, since desktop-grade graphics chips are yet to add Mir compatible GPU drivers the experience will vary wildly between hardware and users. Virtual machine support is also not a given. + +As Unity 8 on the desktop starts to come together users won’t be presented with a UI too dissimilar to what they’re used to, hinted Ubuntu’s founder Mark Shuttleworth in a recent video Q&A. + +This is good news. Microsoft tried to foist a tablet, touch-orientated UI on desktop users with Windows 8. Reception was mixed and the critical mauling severe. It has had to continually issue “refinements” — ‘concessions’ if you want to be cynical — to counter the complaints. + +### Download Unity 8 Desktop Builds ### + +Regular Ubuntu 14.10, due for release on October 23, will continue to be based on X.Org, Compiz and Unity 7. Unity 8 running on Mir is expected to be made default desktop before the next LTS, due in April 2016. + +Largely unusable at this point, the images linked to below are designed primarily to assist developers test and improve, not help Joe User spin TARDIS-style to Ubuntu’s future. + +- [Download Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 (.iso)][3] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/unity-8-daily-build-images-go-live + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://blueprints.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+spec/client-1410-unity8-desktop-iso +[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/ubuntu-unity-8-desktop-flavour-discussed +[3]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-desktop-next/daily-live/current/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md b/sources/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f842ef6f88 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20 +================================================================================ +[Numix Themes][1] have been around for a while now and I think most of us know about it. In a previous post, I’ve written about [how to install Numix theme and other community forks on Manjaro Linux][2]. + +Today we’re going to do same on Fedora 20. + +First of we need to install **fedy** which will help us in this installation. If you currently don’t have Fedy installed on your Fedora system, [follow our previous tutorial on how to install it][3]. + +### Installing Numix themes ### + +Open Terminal and run the command below (Make sure you have installed fedy). + + sudo fedy -e numix_themes + +![sudo fedy -e numix_themes](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sudo-fedy-e-numix_themes.png) + +### Install Gnome Tweak Tool ### + + sudo yum install gnome-tweak-tool + +Launch Gnome Tweak Tools: + +![Gnome_Tweak_tool_launch](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gnome_Tweak_tool_launch.png) + +Now change all the settings under Appearance to point Numix as shown in the Fig. below. + +![Numix_apply_done](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Numix_apply_done.png) + +You’re done! + +![Fedora 20 Numix Enock Seth](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Fedora-20-Numix-Enock-Seth.png) + +Enjoy! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-numix-icon-theme-fedora-20/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://numixproject.org/ +[2]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-numix-icon-theme-manjaro-linux/ +[3]:http://www.unixmen.com/tweak-fedora-system-using-fedy/ \ No newline at end of file From fd9e77db52b723d8c919bd0cf6f36e888b2f4843 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2014 14:22:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 256/713] Update 20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md --- .../20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md b/sources/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md index f842ef6f88..0c145c5639 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GoLinux ... How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20 ================================================================================ [Numix Themes][1] have been around for a while now and I think most of us know about it. In a previous post, I’ve written about [how to install Numix theme and other community forks on Manjaro Linux][2]. @@ -42,4 +43,4 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-numix-icon-theme-fedora-20/ [1]:http://numixproject.org/ [2]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-numix-icon-theme-manjaro-linux/ -[3]:http://www.unixmen.com/tweak-fedora-system-using-fedy/ \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://www.unixmen.com/tweak-fedora-system-using-fedy/ From f17ef079ecdb566a1e3d1907139e9a3f8f75e63f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2014 14:42:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 257/713] Translated:Numix Theme --- ...o Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md | 45 ------------------- ...o Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md | 45 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 45 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md b/sources/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md deleted file mode 100644 index f842ef6f88..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,45 +0,0 @@ -How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20 -================================================================================ -[Numix Themes][1] have been around for a while now and I think most of us know about it. In a previous post, I’ve written about [how to install Numix theme and other community forks on Manjaro Linux][2]. - -Today we’re going to do same on Fedora 20. - -First of we need to install **fedy** which will help us in this installation. If you currently don’t have Fedy installed on your Fedora system, [follow our previous tutorial on how to install it][3]. - -### Installing Numix themes ### - -Open Terminal and run the command below (Make sure you have installed fedy). - - sudo fedy -e numix_themes - -![sudo fedy -e numix_themes](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sudo-fedy-e-numix_themes.png) - -### Install Gnome Tweak Tool ### - - sudo yum install gnome-tweak-tool - -Launch Gnome Tweak Tools: - -![Gnome_Tweak_tool_launch](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gnome_Tweak_tool_launch.png) - -Now change all the settings under Appearance to point Numix as shown in the Fig. below. - -![Numix_apply_done](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Numix_apply_done.png) - -You’re done! - -![Fedora 20 Numix Enock Seth](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Fedora-20-Numix-Enock-Seth.png) - -Enjoy! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-numix-icon-theme-fedora-20/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://numixproject.org/ -[2]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-numix-icon-theme-manjaro-linux/ -[3]:http://www.unixmen.com/tweak-fedora-system-using-fedy/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md b/translated/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3b2aa15f6b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +Numix图标主题张冠李戴，Fedora 20劲爆酷爽 +================================================================================ +[Numix主题][1]现在已经风行了有一段时间了，我想我们大多数人都知道它。在上一篇稿子中，我们已经讨论了[在Manjaro Linux上安装Numix主题和其它社区分支][2]。 + +今天，我们打算在Fedora 20上搞点相同的花样出来。 + +我们首先需要安装**fedy**，这个东西将帮助我们一起来干这事。如果你现在还没在你的Fedora系统上安上Fedy，那么[追随我们前一教程的脚步来安装它][3]。 + +### 安装Numix主题 ### + +打开终端，把下面的命令跑一遍吧（确定你已经安装了fedy了吧）。 + + sudo fedy -e numix_themes + +![sudo fedy -e numix_themes](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/sudo-fedy-e-numix_themes.png) + +### 安装Gnome优化工具 ### + + sudo yum install gnome-tweak-tool + +启动Gnome优化工具： + +![Gnome_Tweak_tool_launch](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Gnome_Tweak_tool_launch.png) + +现在修改外观设置下的所有设置，把他们全都指向Numix吧，就像下面的图表中那样。 + +![Numix_apply_done](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Numix_apply_done.png) + +你已经搞定了！ + +![Fedora 20 Numix Enock Seth](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Fedora-20-Numix-Enock-Seth.png) + +尽情爽吧！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-numix-icon-theme-fedora-20/ + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://numixproject.org/ +[2]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-numix-icon-theme-manjaro-linux/ +[3]:http://www.unixmen.com/tweak-fedora-system-using-fedy/ From b0d9b5ceb1ab7a2485b4eaaa3a81a73f40b35583 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2014 14:58:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 258/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140616-4=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md | 128 +++++++++++++++ ...16 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md | 150 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 278 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2317067c92 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux +================================================================================ +![Figure 1: GRUB 2 menu with cool Apollo 17 background.](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/grub-command-shell.jpg) +Figure 1: GRUB 2 menu with cool Apollo 17 background. + +Once upon a time we had legacy GRUB, the Grand Unified Linux Bootloader version 0.97. Legacy GRUB had many virtues, but it became old and its developers did yearn for more functionality, and thus did GRUB 2 come into the world. + +GRUB 2 is a major rewrite with several significant differences. It boots removable media, and can be configured with an option to enter your system BIOS. It's more complicated to configure with all kinds of scripts to wade through, and instead of having a nice fairly simple `/boot/grub/menu.lst` file with all configurations in one place, the default is `/boot/grub/grub.cfg`. Which you don't edit directly, oh no, for this is not for mere humans to touch, but only other scripts. We lowly humans may edit `/etc/default/grub`, which controls mainly the appearance of the GRUB menu. We may also edit the scripts in `/etc/grub.d/`. These are the scripts that boot your operating systems, control external applications such as memtest and os_prober, and theming`./boot/grub/grub.cfg` is built from `/etc/default/grub` and `/etc/grub.d/*` when you run the update-grub command, which you must run every time you make changes. + +The good news is that the update-grub script is reliable for finding kernels, boot files, and adding all operating systems to your GRUB boot menu, so you don't have to do it manually. + +We're going to learn how to fix two of the more common failures. When you boot up your system and it stops at the grub> prompt, that is the full GRUB 2 command shell. That means GRUB 2 started normally and loaded the normal.mod module (and other modules which are located in /boot/grub/[arch]/), but it didn't find your grub.cfg file. If you see grub rescue> that means it couldn't find normal.mod, so it probably couldn't find any of your boot files. + +How does this happen? The kernel might have changed drive assignments or you moved your hard drives, you changed some partitions, or installed a new operating system and moved things around. In these scenarios your boot files are still there, but GRUB can't find them. So you can look for your boot files at the GRUB prompt, set their locations, and then boot your system and fix your GRUB configuration. + +### GRUB 2 Command Shell ### + +The GRUB 2 command shell is just as powerful as the shell in legacy GRUB. You can use it to discover boot images, kernels, and root filesystems. In fact, it gives you complete access to all filesystems on the local machine regardless of permissions or other protections. Which some might consider a security hole, but you know the old Unix dictum: whoever has physical access to the machine owns it. + +When you're at the `grub>` prompt, you have a lot of functionality similar to any command shell such as history and tab-completion. The `grub rescue>` mode is more limited, with no history and no tab-completion. + +If you are practicing on a functioning system, press C when your GRUB boot menu appears to open the GRUB command shell. You can stop the bootup countdown by scrolling up and down your menu entries with the arrow keys. It is safe to experiment at the GRUB command line because nothing you do there is permanent. If you are already staring at the `grub>` or `grub rescue>`prompt then you're ready to rock. + +The next few commands work with both `grub>` and `grub rescue>`. The first command you should run invokes the pager, for paging long command outputs: + + grub> set pager=1 + +There must be no spaces on either side of the equals sign. Now let's do a little exploring. Type ls to list all partitions that GRUB sees: + + grub> ls + (hd0) (hd0,msdos2) (hd0,msdos1) + +What's all this msdos stuff? That means this system has the old-style MS-DOS partition table, rather than the shiny new Globally Unique Identifiers partition table (GPT). (See [Using the New GUID Partition Table in Linux (Goodbye Ancient MBR)][1]. If you're running GPT it will say (hd0,gpt1). Now let's snoop. Use the ls command to see what files are on your system: + + grub> ls (hd0,1)/ + lost+found/ bin/ boot/ cdrom/ dev/ etc/ home/ lib/ + lib64/ media/ mnt/ opt/ proc/ root/ run/ sbin/ + srv/ sys/ tmp/ usr/ var/ vmlinuz vmlinuz.old + initrd.img initrd.img.old + +Hurrah, we have found the root filesystem. You can omit the msdos and gpt labels. If you leave off the slash it will print information about the partition. You can read any file on the system with the cat command: + + grub> cat (hd0,1)/etc/issue + Ubuntu 14.04 LTS \n \l + +Reading /etc/issue could be useful on a multi-boot system for identifying your various Linuxes. + +### Booting From grub> ### + +This is how to set the boot files and boot the system from the grub> prompt. We know from running the ls command that there is a Linux root filesystem on (hd0,1), and you can keep searching until you verify where /boot/grub is. Then run these commands, using your own root partition, kernel, and initrd image: + + grub> set root=(hd0,1) + grub> linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic root=/dev/sda1 + grub> initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic + grub> boot + +The first line sets the partition that the root filesystem is on. The second line tells GRUB the location of the kernel you want to use. Start typing /boot/vmli, and then use tab-completion to fill in the rest. Type root=/dev/sdX to set the location of the root filesystem. Yes, this seems redundant, but if you leave this out you'll get a kernel panic. How do you know the correct partition? hd0,1 = /dev/sda1. hd1,1 = /dev/sdb1. hd3,2 = /dev/sdd2. I think you can extrapolate the rest. + +The third line sets the initrd file, which must be the same version number as the kernel. + +The fourth line boots your system. + +On some Linux systems the current kernels and initrds are symlinked into the top level of the root filesystem: + + $ ls -l / + vmlinuz -> boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic + initrd.img -> boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic + +So you could boot from grub> like this: + + grub> set root=(hd0,1) + grub> linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 + grub> initrd /initrd.img + grub> boot + +### Booting From grub-rescue> ### + +If you're in the GRUB rescue shell the commands are different, and you have to load the normal.mod andlinux.mod modules: + + grub rescue> set prefix=(hd0,1)/boot/grub + grub rescue> set root=(hd0,1) + grub rescue> insmod normal + grub rescue> normal + grub rescue> insmod linux + grub rescue> linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic root=/dev/sda1 + grub rescue> initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic + grub rescue> boot + +Tab-completion should start working after you load both modules. + +### Making Permanent Repairs ### + +When you have successfully booted your system, run these commands to fix GRUB permanently: + + # update-grub + Generating grub configuration file ... + Found background: /usr/share/images/grub/Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.tga + Found background image: /usr/share/images/grub/Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.tga + Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic + Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic + Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-27-generic + Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-27-generic + Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-24-generic + Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-24-generic + Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.elf + Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.bin + done + # grub-install /dev/sda + Installing for i386-pc platform. + Installation finished. No error reported. + +When you run grub-install remember you're installing it to the boot sector of your hard drive and not to a partition, so do not use a partition number like /dev/sda1. + +### But It Still Doesn't Work ### + +If your system is so messed up that none of this works, try the [Super GRUB2 live rescue disk][2]. The official [GNU GRUB Manual 2.00][3] should also be helpful. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/776643-how-to-rescue-a-non-booting-grub-2-on-linux + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/730440-using-the-new-guid-partition-table-in-linux-good-bye-ancient-mbr- +[2]:http://www.supergrubdisk.org/ +[3]:https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md b/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..86870d7d55 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ +How to diskless boot a Linux machine +================================================================================ +Diskless booting implies that a client computer does not have any disk storage when booting an operating system. In that case, the computer can load the kernel as well as the root filesystem from a remote NFS server over network. It may use several different methods to load the kernel and the root filesystem from an NFS server: RARP, BOOTP or DHCP protocols. In this tutorial, I will use BOOTP/DHCP protocol because they are supported by many network cards. + +### Advantage of Diskless Computers ### + +Imagine you have 30 computers in your office, all of which need to access the same application. If you are managing the computers as an administrator, what would you do? It will be a waste of your time if you install the application on every computer. On the other hand, a diskless system can eliminate the problem. With a diskless system, you just need to install the application on a central NFS server, and then boot all 30 clients over network. + +### Requirements ### + +Two or more Linux computers equipped with network cards that support DHCP protocol. The computer that will act as an NFS server should have a hard drive, and the other client computer(s) do not need any hard drive. The server and client computer(s) need to be connected to the same local network. + +There are five steps to setting up the diskless system. + +1. Install required packages +1. Configure a TFTP server +1. Configure a DHCP server +1. Configure an NFS server +1. Booting diskless clients + +In this tutorial, I assume that the computer which will run as a booting server is running Ubuntu. If you are using other Linux distribution, the principle is the same. + +### Step One: Install Required Packages ### + +Use apt-get to install all necessary packages as follows. + + $ sudo apt-get install dhcp3-server tftpd-hpa syslinux nfs-kernel-server initramfs-tools + +### Step Two: Configure a TFTP Server ### + +TFTP server is a small FTP server which is needed for automated transfer of boot files between a client computer and server in the local network. + +Add the following lines to /etc/default/tftpd-hpa + + RUN_DAEMON="yes" + OPTIONS="-l -s /var/lib/tftpboot/" + +Next, create a boot directory. + + $ sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg + +Copy the bootstrap ROM. + + $ sudo cp /usr/lib/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftpboot + +Create a default boot configuration file as follows. + + $ sudo vi /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default + +---------- + + LABEL Ubuntu + KERNEL vmlinuz + APPEND root=/dev/nfs initrd=initrd.img nfsroot=10.10.101.1:/nfsroot ip=dhcp rw + +Note: + +- "root=/dev/nfs" means the network filesystem on the server (doesn't need to change). +- "initrd=initrd.img" is a boot script for system startup. +- "nfsroot=10.10.101.1/nfsroot" indicates the server's IP address and the NFS share folder name. Substitute the IP address with your server's address. +- "ip=dhcp" means that client computers use DHCP addressing scheme. +- "rw" means that the NFS share is read/write. + +Finally, restart the TFTPD service. + + sudo /etc/init.d/tftpd-hpa restart + +### Step Three: Configure DHCP Service ### + +You also need to configure DHCP service on the NFS server to allow booting with /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.0. Your configuration might look like the following, assuming you using subnet 10.10.101.0. + + $ sudo vi /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf + +---------- + + allow booting; + allow bootp; + + subnet 10.10.101.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { + range 10.10.101.2 10.10.101.254; + option broadcast-address 10.10.101.255; + option routers 10.10.101.1; + filename "/pxelinux.0"; + } + +Then restart DHCP service. + + $ sudo service isc-dhcp-server restart + +### Step Four: Configure an NFS server ### + +Create a directory that holds the client root filesystem. + + $ sudo mkdir /nfsroot + +Next, configure the NFS server to export the client root filesystem. For that, add the following line to /etc/exports. + + /nfsroot *(rw,no_root_squash,async,insecure,no_subtree_check) + +Run the following command to reload modified /etc/exports. + + $ sudo exportfs -rv + +By default, Ubuntu does not add network boot support to the initrd image. Thus you need to create a new initrd.img file. For that, first add the following line to /etc/initramfs-tools/initramfs.conf + + BOOT=nfs + MODULES=netboot + +Then run the following command to create a new initrd.img. + + $ sudo mkinitramfs -o /var/lib/tftpboot/initrd.img + +Copy the new kernel image to /var/lib/tftpboot. + +$ sudo cp /boot/vmlinuz-`uname -r` /var/lib/tfftpboot/vmlinuz +Now it is time to copy the entire root filesystem to /nfsroot. + +Assuming tgat you are using a fresh Ubuntu server installation, you just need to clone the server filesystem to the NFS root. + + $ sudo cp -ax / /nfsroot + +Then open /nfsroot/etc/fstab with a text editor to add the following line. + + /dev/nfs / nfs defaults 1 1 + +The directory /var/lib/tftpboot should have world read/write permissions. Otherwise the client would not be able to boot from network. + + $ sudo chmod -R 777 /var/lib/tfftpboot + +Lastly, to avoid any misconfiguration on the server, I recommend using a static IP address for the interface which DHCP service is running on. For example, if its network interface is named eth0, your configuration in /etc/network/interfaces should look like this: + + iface eth0 inet static + address 10.10.101.1 + netmask 255.255.255.0 + broadcast 10.10.101.255 + network 10.10.101.0 + +### Step Five: Booting a Diskless Client ### + +After you completed the configuration on the server. Boot your client from network. To boot from network, you typically need to change the boot order priority in your BIOS configuration. + +If a client booted successful, then your diskless environment is ready. You can add one or more client computers without changing anything. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/diskless-boot-linux-machine.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 80f02aa1dd65e99209e4da65fa796b54df232d0a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2014 16:24:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 259/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140616-5=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md | 86 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 86 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md b/sources/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..34e28ae657 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle +================================================================================ +[NeoBundle][1] is a third-generation extension manager for [Vim][2], building on [Vundle][3], which builds on [Pathogen][4]. In an earlier article, I [advised against using Neobundle][5] because of its rapid development and minimal English documentation. Now, more than a year later, both problems are more manageable. + +Why use an extension manager? Vim supports a healthy number of plugins, but its unmodified structure makes administering them difficult because extension files can be spread over several directories. Vim extension managers simplify things. Pathogen, Vundle, and NeoBundle create the directory ~/.vim/bundle, with a separate subdirectory for all the files of each extension. This structure allows users to easily and thoroughly delete extensions, either manually or via a file manager, and helps minimize potential conflicts when you have a couple of dozen extensions. + +NeoBundle openly models itself on Vundle. Like Vundle, it both installs and updates extensions. However, the help file openly admits that "Neobundle is not a stable plugin manager. If you want [a] stable plugin manager, you should use Vundle." New releases, the help warns, "may break compatibility" – a comment that is less than reassuring, coming from the developers. + +So why should you use NeoBundle? One reason is that Vundle works only with [Git][6], while NeoBundle also supports [Subversion][7] and [Mercurial][8] repositories. Another reason is that, if you want to keep extension updates from breaking your Vim ecosystem, you can lock NeoBundle so that it uses only a specific version of any particular extension. + +In addition, NeoBundle's creator, Shougo Matsuishita, is adding its command structures to several other extensions in order to reduce the list of commands they use. Currently, NeoBundle supports three such extensions: [unite.vim][9], a file and buffer manager that works within Vim; [vimshell.vim][10], a scripting shell for Vim; and [vimproc.vim][11], which works within vimshell.vim to allow asynchronous events. That's an idiosyncratic collection, and all three are poorly documented in English, so average users may wish to forgo them. Before tackling any of them, most users should focus on the basics of NeoBundle. + +### Installing and initializing NeoBundle ### + +NeoBundle requires Vim 7.2.051 or higher and requires git be installed, and depends on [cURL][12] for downloading files. You can install NeoBundle manually, but the fast way to install it is to clone its repository on GitHub using cURL. From your home directory, enter the following command to copy the files for NeoBundle into .vim/bundle/neobundle.vim, where the extension can manage itself: + + curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Shougo/neobundle.vim/master/bin/install.sh | sh + +You also need to modify your .vimrc file. NeoBundle's GitHub page offers a sample .vimrc file, but copying it means installing five plugins you may not want. This is the minimal content that you need: + + if has('vim_starting') + set nocompatible + set runtimepath+=~/.vim/bundle/neobundle.vim/ + call neobundle#begin(expand('~/.vim/bundle/')) + NeoBundleFetch 'Shougo/neobundle.vim' + call neobundle#end() + filetype plugin indent on + +These lines set up and start NeoBundle, and set NeoBundle to update itself just like any other plugin. NeoBundle defaults to updating itself from GitHub repositories, so if you use GitHub, all you have to do is specify the maintainer's username and the directory for the plugin; in the lines above, NeoBundleFetch needs to specify only "Shougo/neobundle.vim" instead of the complete path on GitHub. If you want to use another site instead, including one that supports Subversion or Mecurial, you need to add the complete URL to the repository. + +If you want to install other NeoBundle plugins, use this generic form: + + curl -k https://github.com/[MAINTAINER]/ [PLUGIN PATH] > ~/.vim/bundle/[PLUGIN PATH] + +or, to give a more specific example, you can install the [vim-abolish plugin][13], a super-charged search and replace extension, with the command + + curl -k https://github.com/tpope/vim-abolish > ~/.vim/bundle/abolish + +To have the extension updated automatically, add a line below the NeoBundleFetch line that gives the path to its repository. For example: + + NeoBundle 'tpope/vim-abolish' + +Optionally, you can specify a particular branch or revision of NeoBundle to use, preventing any updates. This option can be useful if you are using extensions that are in rapid development and you want to avoid having them break when you update any other extensions. For instance: + + NeoBundle 'Shougo/vimshell', { 'rev' : '3787e5' } + +Another option is to place the directive NeoBundleCheck on a line at the end of the NeoBundle stanza in .vimrc. When this line is present, NeoBundle checks for uninstalled bundles and prompts you to install them. You can also run the utility `:NeoBundleInstall` from within NeoBundle to initialize or update installed extensions. + +### NeoBundle utilities ### + +Many of NeoBundle's utilities function similarly to Vundle's, but they are differently named. You use the utilities to administer plugins from within NeoBundle: + +- Run `:NeoBundleUpdate` when you install or update extensions, and when you manually remove an extension's files. It can be followed by a specific plugin, such as "/Shougo/neobundle.vim," or without a plugin name to configure all plugins that are installed but not configured. The command NeoBundleInstall! provides the same functionality. +- `:NeoBundle {REPOSITORY URI} [[REVISION}] [,OPTIONS}]]` configures an extension while locking it into a specified version, preventing any updates. +- `:NeoBundleList` lists unintialized extensions. +- `:NeoBundleClean` runs an interactive utility for removing unused extensions. + +These utilities are also available in slightly different forms when you run NeoBundle with unite.vim. You can learn more about the utilities in all their forms by running the command `:help neobundle`. + + Deciding whether to use NeoBundle + +NeoBundle is a powerful tool, but its seemingly permanent state of rapid development can be a blessing or a curse, depending on your preferences. If you want the latest features and extensions, NeoBundle can make Vundle and Pathogen look decidedly old-fashioned. + +However, with the online help itself warning of instability, ignoring the possibility of the latest version of one extension interfering with the proper functioning of another would be rash. At the very least, you should specify in your .vimrc a version of NeoBundle that you know to be stable. You might also do the same for any extension that you use regularly. With this precaution, you can enjoy following the development of NeoBundle and its related extensions while avoiding the consequence of working on the bleeding edge. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.openlogic.com/wazi/bid/348084/Managing-Vim-extensions-with-NeoBundle + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://github.com/Shougo/neobundle.vim +[2]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/vim +[3]:https://github.com/gmarik/Vundle.vim +[4]:https://github.com/tpope/vim-pathogen +[5]:http://www.openlogic.com/wazi/bid/262302/Three-tools-for-managing-Vim-plugins +[6]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/git +[7]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/subversion +[8]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/mercurial +[9]:https://github.com/Shougo/unite.vim +[10]:https://github.com/Shougo/vimshell.vim/blob/master/doc/vimshell.txt +[11]:https://github.com/Shougo/vimproc.vim/blob/master/doc/vimproc.txt +[12]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/curl +[13]:https://github.com/tpope/vim-abolish \ No newline at end of file From f5e167831e6c8a1d3787ac546496cd93d06050c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: shipsw Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2014 20:18:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 260/713] Update 20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md Translating by shipsw --- ...Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md b/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md index 4b41f73447..befaf9834a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translating by shipsw + Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/shutter.jpg) @@ -34,4 +36,4 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/shutter-0-91-new-icon [1]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/shutter/ [2]:https://launchpad.net/~shutter/+archive/ppa -[3]:https://launchpad.net/~shutter/+archive/ppa/+files/shutter_0.91%7Eppa2%7Eubuntu14.04.1_all.deb \ No newline at end of file +[3]:https://launchpad.net/~shutter/+archive/ppa/+files/shutter_0.91%7Eppa2%7Eubuntu14.04.1_all.deb From 17a0730aa323501780357fc6a0ae26d30ab07866 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zsJacky Date: Mon, 16 Jun 2014 23:30:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 261/713] zsJacky translating --- sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md b/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md index 86870d7d55..37d980bc8d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +zsJacky translating + How to diskless boot a Linux machine ================================================================================ Diskless booting implies that a client computer does not have any disk storage when booting an operating system. In that case, the computer can load the kernel as well as the root filesystem from a remote NFS server over network. It may use several different methods to load the kernel and the root filesystem from an NFS server: RARP, BOOTP or DHCP protocols. In this tutorial, I will use BOOTP/DHCP protocol because they are supported by many network cards. From 1105381dec4e4ab18fa232711360f45e8c81f34e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 00:42:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 262/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140604=20C?= =?UTF-8?q?ommand=20line=20secrets?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @johnhoow --- published/20140604 Command line secrets.md | 42 +++++++++++++++++++ .../tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md | 25 ----------- 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140604 Command line secrets.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md diff --git a/published/20140604 Command line secrets.md b/published/20140604 Command line secrets.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0717b6e6a0 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140604 Command line secrets.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +命令行之秘 +================================================================================ +有很多使用命令行的理由。正如我们在[issue 3 of Linux Voice][1]中展示的那样，它是与你的计算机交互的最强大和简明的方法。但是，我们还是先来看一下命令行的一些隐晦的使用场景（或许有些人会觉得没有意义）。 + +### 浏览网页 ### + +Firefox和Chromium都是很好的浏览器，但是你有没有发现它们有点太图形化了？没有？看一下下面的视频，我们使用elinks web浏览器显示了与黑客相关的新闻。界面可能没有其他浏览器好看，但是它的目标是显示绝大多数的web页面！ + + + +作为一个极客，当你只有SSH连接方式时，需要快速检查一下能否访问网页时，这将是一个很便利的方法。 + +### 在维基百科上查找想要的信息 ### + +是的，上面我们已经提到了使用Web，但是web不是查看维基百科的唯一方式。David Leadbeater已经构建了一个将维基百科的内容放入DNS记录的DNS服务器。这能够让你使用像dig这样的命令行工具来抓取你想要的信息。 + + + +### 看电影 ### + +当你想要看《星球大战 4 ：新的希望》时，不再需要使用Netflix或者YouTube，只要在你的终端中直接telnet towel.blinkenlights.nl就行了。 + + + +### 玩游戏 ### + +再Steam来之前Linux下就有许多游戏，并且很多都不需要图形界面，比如NetHack、Robots和Greed。下面是Moon Buggy 的一个演示： + + + +LCTT译注：大家注意到这篇文章中的视频了么？不是通常的FLA，也不是MP4、AVI。而是一个专门演示脚本“功夫”的一个网站提供的：http://shelr.tv/ ，欢迎大家也去演练下你的脚本功夫吧！ +LCTT译注：为了正常呈现，我专门临时打开了网站对IFRAME的限制。。。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/commandline-secrets/ + +译者：[johnhoow](https://github.com/johnhoow ) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/issue-3-is-out/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md b/translated/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md deleted file mode 100644 index f3181779df..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/20140604 Command line secrets.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25 +0,0 @@ -命令行的秘密 -================================================================================ -有很多使用命令行的理由.它是与你的计算机交互的最强大和简明的方法,正如我们在[issue 3 of Linux Voice][1]中展示的那样.但是,我们决定先来看一下命令行的一些隐晦的使用场景(或许有些人会觉得没有意义). -### 浏览网页 ### -Firefox和Chromium都是很好的浏览器,但是你有没有发现它们有点太图像化了?没有?看一下下面的视频,我们使用elinks web浏览器显示了与黑客相关的新闻.界面可能没有其他浏览器好看,但是它能够显示更多的web页面. - -当你只想在你通过SSH方式登录的计算机上检查一下能否上网的时候,这将是一个很便利的方法. -### 在维基百科上查找想要的信息 ### -是的,上文我们已经提到了使用Web,但是web不是查看维基百科的唯一方式.David Leadbeater已经构建了一个将维基百科DNS入口提取出来的DNS服务器.这能够让你使用想dig这样的命令行工具来抓取你想要的信息. - -### 看电影 ### -当你想要看Star Wars Episode IV时,不再需要使用Netflix或者YouTube,只要在你的终端中直接telnet towel.blinkenlights.nl就行了. - -### 玩游戏 ### -再Steam来之前Linux下就有许多游戏,并且很多都不需要图形界面比如NetHack,Robots和Greed. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/commandline-secrets/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/issue-3-is-out/ From 612134d0c163341233104ecab6bd38a5a66a12b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 00:59:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 263/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md | 143 --------- translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md | 282 +++++++++--------- 2 files changed, 141 insertions(+), 284 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md mode change 100644 => 100755 translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md diff --git a/sources/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md b/sources/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md deleted file mode 100644 index cc1ef959f9..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,143 +0,0 @@ -(翻译中 by runningwater) -Encrypting Your Cat Photos -================================================================================ -The truth is, I really don't have anything on my hard drive that I would be upset over someone seeing. I have some cat photos. I have a few text files with ideas for future books and/or short stories, and a couple half-written starts to NaNoWriMo novels. It would be easy to say that there's no point encrypting my hard drive, because I have nothing to hide. The problem is, we wrongly correlate a "desire for privacy" with "having something to hide". I think where I live, in America, we've taken our rights to privacy for granted. Rather than the traditional "he must be hiding porn or bombs", think about something a little more mundane. - -I live in Michigan. It's cold here in the winter, and I tend to keep my thermostat set around 75 degrees. That might seem high to you, but for my family, it's just right. Thanks to the privacy of my own home, my neighbors don't know how toasty warm we keep it. Some of those neighbors would be very upset to see how "wasteful" the Powers family is in the winter. In fact, there's one local man who makes it a point to let everyone know that anything over 60 degrees is ecologically wasteful. I don't want to get into a fight with Old Man Icebritches, so we just keep our comfortable house a secret. We don't have anything to hide, but it's not something everyone needs to know about. - -Obviously my example is silly, but hopefully it makes you think. Modern Linux allows us to encrypt our data easily and reliably, so why not take advantage of it? - -### How Does It Work? ### - -I won't go into too much detail about how encryption works, but a basic understanding is necessary for even the simplest implementation. To encrypt and decrypt a file, two "keys" are required. One is the private key, which is just that, private. I like to think of the private key as an actual key—you can make copies if you want, but it's not wise to do so. The more copies of your private keys you make, the more likely someone nefarious will get one and break into your apartment—er, I mean files. - -The public key is more like a schematic for a lock that only you can open (with your private key). You make this key available for anyone. You can post it on a Web site, put it in your e-mail, tattoo it on your back, whatever. When others want to create a file that only you can see, they encrypt it using your public key. - -This one-to-many scenario also has a cool side effect. If you encrypt something using your private key, anyone can decrypt it using your public key. This may sound silly, but what makes such a scenario useful is that although the encrypted file isn't protected from prying eyes, it is guaranteed to be from you. Only a file encrypted with your private key can be decrypted with your public key. In this way, encrypting something with your private key digitally "signs" the file. - -#### Usually it works like this: #### - -1. You have a file you want to send to Suzy, so you encrypt it with Suzy's public key. Only Suzy can open it, but there's no way for Suzy to know that you are the one who sent it, since anyone could encrypt a file with her public key. -1. Therefore, you take the file you encrypted with Suzy's public key and encrypt that file with your private key. Suzy will have to decrypt the file twice, but she'll know it came from you. -1. Suzy receives the file and decrypts the first layer with your public key, proving it came from you. -1. Suzy then decrypts the second layer of encryption with her private key, as that's the only key able to decrypt the original file. (Because you originally encrypted it with her public key.) - -That scenario is when encryption is used for safely transferring files, of course. It's also quite common simply to encrypt your files (or partitions) so that no one can see them unless you decrypt them first. Let's start with file encryption, because that's what most people will want to do on their systems. - -### Starting Simple ### - -Before I go into more complex type setting, let's discuss simply encrypting a file. There are various programs to handle encryption. In fact, it's easy to get overwhelmed with the available options for file and system encryption. Today, let's use a basic (but very powerful) command-line tool for encrypting a file. GPG (Gnu Privacy Guard) is an open-source implementation of PGP (Pretty Good Protection). It allows encryption and signing, and manages multiple keys and so on. For this example, let's simply encrypt a file. - -Let's say you have a file called secret_manifesto.txt, which contains the secrets to life, the universe and everything. Using GPG, you can encrypt the file with a passphrase. Using a passphrase is far simpler than using a public and private key pair, because it's simply encrypted using your passphrase. This does make your file more susceptible to cracking (using rainbow tables or other hacking tools), but like the label on the tin says, it's Pretty Good Protection. To encrypt your file, you can do this: - - # gpg -c secret_manifesto.txt - # Enter passphrase: - # Repeat passphrase: - -Once complete, you'll have a new file in the same directory. It will be named secret_manifesto.txt.gpg by default. This is a binary file, which means it's fairly small, but it can't be copy/pasted into an e-mail or IM. For portability, you can add the -a flag, which will create an encrypted file that contains only ASCII text: - - # gpg -a -c secret_manifesto.txt - # Enter passphrase: - # Repeat passphrase: - # ls -l - -rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 6 Nov 23 1:26 secret_manifesto.txt - -rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 174 Nov 23 1:27 secret_manifesto.txt.asc - -rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 55 Nov 23 1:26 secret_manifesto.txt.gpg - - Notice there is now a file with .asc as the extension. This is text-only, but you can see in the code snippet that it's also much larger than the binary encrypted file, and much much larger than the original text file. Once you've encrypted your file, if you truly want to keep your information secret, it would be wise to delete the original text file. - -To decrypt the file, you'll again use the gpg program. The same command will decrypt either file, whether it's binary or ASCII: - - # gpg secret_manifesto.txt.asc - # gpg: CAST5 encrypted data - # Enter passphrase: - # gpg: encrypted with 1 passphrase - # File `secret_manifesto.txt' exists. Overwrite? (y/N) - -Notice in the example above, I hadn't deleted the original text file, so gpg gave me the option of overwriting. Once complete, I have my original file back, unencrypted. If you just have a file or two you want to protect, the command-line gpg program might be all you need. If you'd rather have an area on your system that automatically encrypts everything you save, it's a little more complicated. It's still not terribly difficult, but let's start with a fairly simplistic model. - -### Encrypting a USB Drive ### - -Like I mentioned earlier, there are many options when it comes to encryption. One of the more popular methods of encrypting partitions is the LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) system. A USB drive with a LUKS-formatted partition should be detected automatically by most systems. In fact, if you're using a desktop environment like Ubuntu Desktop, encrypting a USB drive is a simple check box during the formatting process. Although that's a perfectly acceptable way to encrypt your USB drive, I'm going to demonstrate how to do it on the command line, so you understand what's actually happening behind the scenes. - -#### Step 1: identify your USB drive. #### - -If you type `dmesg` after plugging in your USB drive, you should get all sorts of system information, including the device name of your freshly plugged-in USB device. Make sure you have the correct device identified, because what you're doing will destroy any data on the drive. You wouldn't want to format the wrong disk accidentally. (It should go without saying, but I'll say it anyway, make sure there's nothing on your USB drive that you want to save—this is a destructive process.) - -#### Step 2: partition the USB drive. #### - -Assuming that your USB drive is the /dev/sdb device on your system, you need to create a single partition on the drive. Let's use fdisk. Below is the interaction with fdisk required. Basically, you create a new empty partition with the o command, then write changes with w. Then, you'll restart fdisk and use the n command to create a new primary partition, using the defaults so that the entire drive is used: - - # sudo fdisk /dev/sdb - - Command (m for help): o - Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x1234567. - Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. - After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. - - Command (m for help): w - The partition table has been altered! - - # sudo fdisk /dev/sdb - Command (m for help): n - Command action - e extended - p primary partition (1-4) - p - Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 - Using default value 1 - First sector (2048-1016522, default 2048): - Using default value 2048 - Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-1016522, default 1016522): - Using default value 1016522 - - Command (m for help): w - The partition table has been altered! - -Now you have a USB drive with a single partition (/dev/sdb1), but there is no filesystem on it. That's exactly what you want, because the LUKS system creates an encryption layer on the partition before you put a filesystem on it. So before creating a filesystem, let's create the LUKS layer on the partition, using the cryptsetup program. If you don't have cryptsetup, search for it in your distribution's repository; it should be there. To create the LUKS encrypted partition layer: - - # cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdb1 - - WARNING! - ======== - This will overwrite data on /dev/sdb1 irrevocably. - - Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): YES - Enter LUKS passphrase: - Verify passphrase: - -Follow the directions, and be sure to remember your passphrase! Note, that a "passphrase" is usually more than just a word. It's most often a phrase, thus the name. The longer the phrase, the tougher to crack. - -Once the process completes, you have an encrypted partition, but it's not mounted or formatted yet. The first step is to mount the partition, which again uses the cryptsetup utility: - - # cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdb1 my_crypto_disk - Enter passphrase for /dev/sdb1: - -When you type in your passphrase, the device name you entered will be mounted like a virtual hard drive. Usually, it's mounted under /dev/mapper/devicename, so this example mounts a partition at /dev/mapper/my_crypto_disk. - -This device is now being accessed as an unencrypted volume. As long as it stays mounted, it will act like any other unencrypted volume. That means you need to write a filesystem to it if you want to use it: - - # mkfs.vfat /dev/mapper/my_crypto_disk -n my_crypto_disk - mkfs.vfat 3.0.9 (31 Jan 2010) - -Now the drive is fully functional and can be mounted like any other disk. In fact, when you put the USB drive into your computer, if you have a modern GUI desktop, it should prompt you for a password and mount it automatically. Then you can eject it like a normal disk, and it will be encrypted until you next enter your passphrase. It's simple to unmount and, therefore, re-encrypt the drive on the command line too, using cryptsetup: - - # cryptsetup luksClose my_crypto_disk - -That's Only the Tip of the Iceberg - -In this article, my hope is to peel back some of the mystery behind encryption. It's simple to encrypt and decrypt a file. It's not too much more difficult (especially if you use the GUI desktop tools) to encrypt an entire USB drive. With most distributions, it's possible to encrypt the entire home directory during the installation process! When encryption is set up on your entire home directory, however, there are some issues you need to address. For example, jobs that run while you're not logged in most likely will not have access to your home directory. If you have cron jobs that need access to your home directory, you should rewrite them to access data elsewhere on the system. I find a happy medium between security and convenience is to encrypt a USB drive and store my personal data on it. - -Once you get the encryption bug, I must warn you, you'll want to start encrypting everything. That's not a bad thing, but like the home directory scenario, you'll run into a few snags. Cross-platform accessibility is a big one if you go between systems. For situations like that, I highly recommend [TrueCrypt][1]. I've mentioned TrueCrypt in UpFront pieces before, but it's basically an open-source, cross-platform encryption system that allows you to encrypt files, folders, partitions and more while being able to access that data on any system. Windows, Mac and Linux clients are all available, and the community has great support. - -You don't have to have something to hide in order to desire encryption for your files. Just like it's wise to lock your house at night, even if you live in a good neighborhood, it's a smart move to encrypt your personal data. If you want to share your photos of Mr Whiskerton in his cute little beanie hat with everyone on the Internet, that's your right. But others don't need to see those things if they're being nosey and poking around your hard drive! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/encrypting-your-cat-photos - -译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.truecrypt.org/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md b/translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md old mode 100644 new mode 100755 index f5cac7f7a9..4589cafd80 --- a/translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md +++ b/translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md @@ -1,142 +1,142 @@ -给猫咪照片加密 -================================================================================ -事实上，我的硬盘上不存在那种不愿意被别人看到的东西，只存有一些猫咪的照片、一些记录着想写的书想法的文本文件或者是一些短篇故事的文本，也有一些写了一半的 NaNoWriMo 小说文件。简单的说，我的硬盘就没有加密的必要，因为没有什么可隐藏的。可问题是，我们错误的把“隐私的渴望”跟“要隐藏某东西”两概念混淆在一起。比如说我生活的美国，我们视隐私权利是理所当然的事，但不包括那些传统所认为的“某人隐藏色情或炸弹”。隐私考虑的是一些平常的事情。 - -我居住在密歇根州。这儿的冬天很冷，我趋向于把温度设置在 75 度左右。对您们来说这个温度可能高了，但在我的家里刚好合适。多亏我的家是属于私有的，我的邻居不可能知道我们保持了这么高的温度，否则一但他们看到冬天如此“浪费”能源的家庭，这些邻居心里会很不平衡的。事实上，本地条规中有一条明确指出任何超过 60 度的就算是生态浪费。我并不想与这种僵老的条例较真，所以我仅仅想保守我们舒适的房子的秘密。我们并不想隐藏任何事情，但也并不是任何事情都要让外人知道。 - -很明显，我举的例子有点弱智，但我希望的是这能引起大家的思考。现代的 Linux 系统很容易的就可以对我们的数据进行加密，并且很可靠，所以为什么不好好利用利用呢？ - -### 加密原理? ### - -我不会涉及太多关于加密原理的细节，但要明白最基本的原理，即使是最简单的实现，这是必须的。要加密和解密一个文件，需要两把“钥匙”。一把是私钥，正如名字所示，属于私有的。我宁愿把私钥看作是真实的钥匙-你想要多少就可造出多少，但这样做是不明智的。同样的私钥你造的越多，某些不怀好意的人得到其中一把的机率就越大，他们就会闯入你的公寓（额，我的意思的文件）。 - -公钥更像是锁的样子，只有你能打开（用你的私钥）此锁。这公钥任何人都可以得到，你可以将它张贴在网站上、把它放在你的 E-mail 中、甚至纹在你的背上。其它人想创建一个只有你能访问的文件，就可以使用此公钥来加密。 - -这种一对多的情况也有个很酷的副作用。如果你用你的私钥来加密一些东西，任何人都可以用你提供的公钥来解密它们。这听起来很傻，但这种情景很有用。虽然加密的文件不能免于被窥视，但是它能保证此文件确实来自于你而没有被恶意改动过。用你的公钥能解密的文件仅仅只能是用你私钥加密过的。用这种方式，用私钥加密的文件即是数字“签名”文件。 - -#### 通用加密步骤: #### - -1. 你有一个文件想要发送给苏茜 ，所以你得使用苏茜的公钥来加密，这样就只有 苏茜才能打开这个文件，但苏茜没有办法知道是谁给她发送的文件。因为任何一个人都可以用她的公钥来加密文件。 -2. 因此，你得把你的文件用苏茜的公钥和你的私钥都加密。苏茜将不得不解密两次，但她知道它是来自于你的文件。 -3. 苏茜接收到此文件后会用能证明来自于你的公钥来解密第一层。 -4. 然后用她的私钥来解密第二层的密码，这是唯一的能够将原始文件进行解密的钥匙了（因为你是用她的公钥来加密的）。 - -当然，这情景就是用来安全传输文件的加密手段。这也是加密你的文件（或者分区）相当常用及简单的方法。就让我们开始来对文件进行加密吧，因为大多数人都想加密他们的系统。 - -### 始于简 ### - -在深入更复杂的各种加密设置操作前，我们先做简单的对文件加密例子。能处理加密的应用程序有很多很多，事实上，对文件和系统进行加密的各种可用软件选择，很容易就会让我们变得焦头烂额。现在，我们就使用一款很基本的（但非常强大）命令行工具来对文件加密。 GPG （英文名：Gnu Privacy Guard）是一款对商业软件 PGP（英文名：Pretty Good Protection）的开源实现软件。它具有加密、签名及管理多个密钥等功能。用例子说明，让我们简单的加密一个文件吧。 - -我们假设你有一个名叫 secret_manifesto.txt 的文件，它包含有关于生命、宇宙及一切事物的秘密。使用 GPG，你只需要一个密码就可以加密此文件。使用密码远比使用公钥和私钥对简单，因为它只是用你的密码加密。虽然这很容易就让你的文件遭受到破解（使用彩虹表或其他黑客工具），但像锡上的标签上所说的：这是相当不错的保护。要加密你的文件，可以这样做： - - # gpg -c secret_manifesto.txt - # Enter passphrase: - # Repeat passphrase: - -一但完成，在相同的目录下就会多出个新的文件，它默认的名字是 secret_manifesto.txt.gpg 。这是一个二进制文件，这意味着它非常非常小，但是要拷贝/粘贴进电子邮件（e-mail）或 即时消息（IM） 就不可能了。要使其可拷贝等操作，可以添加 -a 标志，这将创建一个只包含 ASCII 码文本的加密文件： - - # gpg -a -c secret_manifesto.txt - # Enter passphrase: - # Repeat passphrase: - # ls -l - -rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 6 Nov 23 1:26 secret_manifesto.txt - -rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 174 Nov 23 1:27 secret_manifesto.txt.asc - -rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 55 Nov 23 1:26 secret_manifesto.txt.gpg - -注意到现在多了一个以 .asc 为扩展名的文件。它是个纯文本文件，从上面的代码段示例可以看到它比二进制的加密文件还大，当然比原文本文件就大的更多了。一但你把文件加密了，也确实想要对些信息保密，最明智的就是把原文本文件删除掉。 - -要解密文件，你需要再一次使用 GPG 程序。不管是二进制的还是 ASCII 文件，使用相同的命令就可以解密。如下示： - - # gpg secret_manifesto.txt.asc - # gpg: CAST5 encrypted data - # Enter passphrase: - # gpg: encrypted with 1 passphrase - # File `secret_manifesto.txt' exists. Overwrite? (y/N) - -注意到上面的例子中，我没有删除源文本文件，所以 GPG 给出了是否覆盖选项提示。一但操作完成，我的未加密的源文件又回来了。如果你仅仅只有一两个文件要保护，那基于命令行的 GPG 程序正是你所需的。但如果你想实现在系统上指定一个区域，任何保存到这区域的的文件都会自动加密的话，就有点复杂了。可这也并不是非常的困难，让我们用一个非常简单的示范例子来讲解吧。 - -### 加密 USB 驱动盘 ### - -如我前面提到的，要加密有很多可选的方式方法。加密磁盘分区最通用的一种方法是 LUKS（Linux Unified Key Setup） 系统。一个使用 LUKS 格式化分区的 USB 驱动盘可以被大多数系统自动被别到。实际上，如果你使用的是像 Ubuntu 桌面这样的桌面环境系统的话，加密 USB 驱动盘其实就是在格式化过程中简单的勾选上一个复选框而已。虽然这是加密 USB 盘最容易让人接受的方式，但我还是想演示如何在命令行下进行加密，因为这种方式可以让你明白在加密的后面具体发生了什么。 - -#### 步骤 1: 识别您的 USB 驱动盘。 #### - -在您插入 USB 驱动盘后，如果输入 `dmesg` 命令，将会显示出所有的系统信息，包括刚插入的 USB 驱动盘的设备名字。 确保设备标识是正确的，因为后面要进行的操作会破坏驱动盘上的所有数据。您也不想一不小心就格式化掉正常的磁盘吧。（虽然不用提醒，但我还是要说，确保您的 USB 驱动盘已经没有你想保留的数据，因为这是一个破坏性的过程。） - -#### 步骤 2: 对 USB 驱动盘进行分区。 #### - -假设，在您的系统上 USB 驱动盘是 /dev/sdb 这个设备，您需要在这个驱动上创建一个单分区。我们使用 fdisk 命令。下面是 fdisk 必须的交互操作。一般地，用 o 命令来创建一个新的空分区，然后用 w 命令来保存设置。然后重新运行 fdisk 命令，并用 n 命令来创建一个新的主分区，接下来保持默认的以使用整个设备空间： - - # sudo fdisk /dev/sdb - - Command (m for help): o - Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x1234567. - Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. - After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. - - Command (m for help): w - The partition table has been altered! - - # sudo fdisk /dev/sdb - Command (m for help): n - Command action - e extended - p primary partition (1-4) - p - Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 - Using default value 1 - First sector (2048-1016522, default 2048): - Using default value 2048 - Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-1016522, default 1016522): - Using default value 1016522 - - Command (m for help): w - The partition table has been altered! - -现在你的 USB 驱动盘有了一个单分区了（/dev/sdb1），但还没有文件系统，这正是我们所想要的，因为 LUKS 系统需要在创建文件系统前在您的分区上创建一个加密层。因此，在创建文件系统之前，就让我们在分区上先创建一个 LUKS 层吧，可以使用 cryptsetup 程序。如果您还没有安装 cryptsetup 的话，可以搜索您系统发布版本的仓库源，里有就有。下面就开始创建 LUKS 加密分区层: - - # cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdb1 - - WARNING! - ======== - This will overwrite data on /dev/sdb1 irrevocably. - - Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): YES - Enter LUKS passphrase: - Verify passphrase: - -按照提示的操作，一定要确保记得您的密码！注意，这儿的“密码单词”不仅仅只表示一个单词。这只是一个习惯，因而得名，设置的越长，越难被破解。 - -Once the process completes, you have an encrypted partition, but it's not mounted or formatted yet. The first step is to mount the partition, which again uses the cryptsetup utility: 一但上面的操作完成，就创建好了一个加密的分区，但它还没有被挂载或格式化。 - - # cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdb1 my_crypto_disk - Enter passphrase for /dev/sdb1: - -When you type in your passphrase, the device name you entered will be mounted like a virtual hard drive. Usually, it's mounted under /dev/mapper/devicename, so this example mounts a partition at /dev/mapper/my_crypto_disk. - -This device is now being accessed as an unencrypted volume. As long as it stays mounted, it will act like any other unencrypted volume. That means you need to write a filesystem to it if you want to use it: - - # mkfs.vfat /dev/mapper/my_crypto_disk -n my_crypto_disk - mkfs.vfat 3.0.9 (31 Jan 2010) - -Now the drive is fully functional and can be mounted like any other disk. In fact, when you put the USB drive into your computer, if you have a modern GUI desktop, it should prompt you for a password and mount it automatically. Then you can eject it like a normal disk, and it will be encrypted until you next enter your passphrase. It's simple to unmount and, therefore, re-encrypt the drive on the command line too, using cryptsetup: - - # cryptsetup luksClose my_crypto_disk - -That's Only the Tip of the Iceberg - -In this article, my hope is to peel back some of the mystery behind encryption. It's simple to encrypt and decrypt a file. It's not too much more difficult (especially if you use the GUI desktop tools) to encrypt an entire USB drive. With most distributions, it's possible to encrypt the entire home directory during the installation process! When encryption is set up on your entire home directory, however, there are some issues you need to address. For example, jobs that run while you're not logged in most likely will not have access to your home directory. If you have cron jobs that need access to your home directory, you should rewrite them to access data elsewhere on the system. I find a happy medium between security and convenience is to encrypt a USB drive and store my personal data on it. - -Once you get the encryption bug, I must warn you, you'll want to start encrypting everything. That's not a bad thing, but like the home directory scenario, you'll run into a few snags. Cross-platform accessibility is a big one if you go between systems. For situations like that, I highly recommend [TrueCrypt][1]. I've mentioned TrueCrypt in UpFront pieces before, but it's basically an open-source, cross-platform encryption system that allows you to encrypt files, folders, partitions and more while being able to access that data on any system. Windows, Mac and Linux clients are all available, and the community has great support. - -You don't have to have something to hide in order to desire encryption for your files. Just like it's wise to lock your house at night, even if you live in a good neighborhood, it's a smart move to encrypt your personal data. If you want to share your photos of Mr Whiskerton in his cute little beanie hat with everyone on the Internet, that's your right. But others don't need to see those things if they're being nosey and poking around your hard drive! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/encrypting-your-cat-photos - -译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - +给猫咪照片加密 +================================================================================ +事实上，我的硬盘上不存在那种不愿意被别人看到的东西，只存有一些猫咪的照片、一些记录着想写的书想法的文本文件或者是一些短篇故事的文本，也有一些写了一半的 NaNoWriMo 小说文件。简单的说，我的硬盘就没有加密的必要，因为没有什么可隐藏的。可问题是，我们错误的把“隐私的渴望”跟“要隐藏某东西”两概念混淆在一起。比如说我生活的美国，我们视隐私权利是理所当然的事，但不包括那些传统所认为的“某人隐藏色情或炸弹”。隐私考虑的是一些平常的事情。 + +我居住在密歇根州。这儿的冬天很冷，我趋向于把温度设置在 75 度左右。对您们来说这个温度可能高了，但在我的家里刚好合适。多亏我的家是属于私有的，我的邻居不可能知道我们保持了这么高的温度，否则一但他们看到冬天如此“浪费”能源的家庭，这些邻居心里会很不平衡的。事实上，本地条规中有一条明确指出任何超过 60 度的就算是生态浪费。我并不想与这种僵老的条例较真，所以我仅仅想保守我们舒适的房子的秘密。我们并不想隐藏任何事情，但也并不是任何事情都要让外人知道。 + +很明显，我举的例子有点弱智，但我希望的是这能引起大家的思考。现代的 Linux 系统很容易的就可以对我们的数据进行加密，并且很可靠，所以为什么不好好利用利用呢？ + +### 加密原理? ### + +我不会涉及太多关于加密原理的细节，但要明白最基本的原理，即使是最简单的实现，这是必须的。要加密和解密一个文件，需要两把“钥匙”。一把是私钥，正如名字所示，属于私有的。我宁愿把私钥看作是真实的钥匙-你想要多少就可造出多少，但这样做是不明智的。同样的私钥你造的越多，某些不怀好意的人得到其中一把的机率就越大，他们就会闯入你的公寓（额，我的意思的文件）。 + +公钥更像是锁的样子，只有你能打开（用你的私钥）此锁。这公钥任何人都可以得到，你可以将它张贴在网站上、把它放在你的 E-mail 中、甚至纹在你的背上。其它人想创建一个只有你能访问的文件，就可以使用此公钥来加密。 + +这种一对多的情况也有个很酷的副作用。如果你用你的私钥来加密一些东西，任何人都可以用你提供的公钥来解密它们。这听起来很傻，但这种情景很有用。虽然加密的文件不能免于被窥视，但是它能保证此文件确实来自于你而没有被恶意改动过。用你的公钥能解密的文件仅仅只能是用你私钥加密过的。用这种方式，用私钥加密的文件即是数字“签名”文件。 + +#### 通用加密步骤: #### + +1. 你有一个文件想要发送给苏茜 ，所以你得使用苏茜的公钥来加密，这样就只有 苏茜才能打开这个文件，但苏茜没有办法知道是谁给她发送的文件。因为任何一个人都可以用她的公钥来加密文件。 +2. 因此，你得把你的文件用苏茜的公钥和你的私钥都加密。苏茜将不得不解密两次，但她知道它是来自于你的文件。 +3. 苏茜接收到此文件后会用能证明来自于你的公钥来解密第一层。 +4. 然后用她的私钥来解密第二层的密码，这是唯一的能够将原始文件进行解密的钥匙了（因为你是用她的公钥来加密的）。 + +当然，这情景就是用来安全传输文件的加密手段。这也是加密你的文件（或者分区）相当常用及简单的方法。就让我们开始来对文件进行加密吧，因为大多数人都想加密他们的系统。 + +### 始于简 ### + +在深入更复杂的各种加密设置操作前，我们先做简单的对文件加密例子。能处理加密的应用程序有很多很多，事实上，对文件和系统进行加密的各种可用软件选择，很容易就会让我们变得焦头烂额。现在，我们就使用一款很基本的（但非常强大）命令行工具来对文件加密。 GPG （英文名：Gnu Privacy Guard）是一款对商业软件 PGP（英文名：Pretty Good Protection）的开源实现软件。它具有加密、签名及管理多个密钥等功能。用例子说明，让我们简单的加密一个文件吧。 + +我们假设你有一个名叫 secret_manifesto.txt 的文件，它包含有关于生命、宇宙及一切事物的秘密。使用 GPG，你只需要一个密码就可以加密此文件。使用密码远比使用公钥和私钥对简单，因为它只是用你的密码加密。虽然这很容易就让你的文件遭受到破解（使用彩虹表或其他黑客工具），但像锡上的标签上所说的：这是相当不错的保护。要加密你的文件，可以这样做： + + # gpg -c secret_manifesto.txt + # Enter passphrase: + # Repeat passphrase: + +一但完成，在相同的目录下就会多出个新的文件，它默认的名字是 secret_manifesto.txt.gpg 。这是一个二进制文件，这意味着它非常非常小，但是要拷贝/粘贴进电子邮件（e-mail）或 即时消息（IM） 就不可能了。要使其可拷贝等操作，可以添加 -a 标志，这将创建一个只包含 ASCII 码文本的加密文件： + + # gpg -a -c secret_manifesto.txt + # Enter passphrase: + # Repeat passphrase: + # ls -l + -rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 6 Nov 23 1:26 secret_manifesto.txt + -rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 174 Nov 23 1:27 secret_manifesto.txt.asc + -rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 55 Nov 23 1:26 secret_manifesto.txt.gpg + +注意到现在多了一个以 .asc 为扩展名的文件。它是个纯文本文件，从上面的代码段示例可以看到它比二进制的加密文件还大，当然比原文本文件就大的更多了。一但你把文件加密了，也确实想要对些信息保密，最明智的就是把原文本文件删除掉。 + +要解密文件，你需要再一次使用 GPG 程序。不管是二进制的还是 ASCII 文件，使用相同的命令就可以解密。如下示： + + # gpg secret_manifesto.txt.asc + # gpg: CAST5 encrypted data + # Enter passphrase: + # gpg: encrypted with 1 passphrase + # File `secret_manifesto.txt' exists. Overwrite? (y/N) + +注意到上面的例子中，我没有删除源文本文件，所以 GPG 给出了是否覆盖选项提示。一但操作完成，我的未加密的源文件又回来了。如果你仅仅只有一两个文件要保护，那基于命令行的 GPG 程序正是你所需的。但如果你想实现在系统上指定一个区域，任何保存到这区域的的文件都会自动加密的话，就有点复杂了。可这也并不是非常的困难，让我们用一个非常简单的示范例子来讲解吧。 + +### 加密 USB 驱动盘 ### + +如我前面提到的，要加密有很多可选的方式方法。加密磁盘分区最通用的一种方法是 LUKS（Linux Unified Key Setup） 系统。一个使用 LUKS 格式化分区的 USB 驱动盘可以被大多数系统自动被别到。实际上，如果你使用的是像 Ubuntu 桌面这样的桌面环境系统的话，加密 USB 驱动盘其实就是在格式化过程中简单的勾选上一个复选框而已。虽然这是加密 USB 盘最容易让人接受的方式，但我还是想演示如何在命令行下进行加密，因为这种方式可以让你明白在加密的后面具体发生了什么。 + +#### 步骤 1: 识别您的 USB 驱动盘。 #### + +在您插入 USB 驱动盘后，如果输入 `dmesg` 命令，将会显示出所有的系统信息，包括刚插入的 USB 驱动盘的设备名字。 确保设备标识是正确的，因为后面要进行的操作会破坏驱动盘上的所有数据。您也不想一不小心就格式化掉正常的磁盘吧。（虽然不用提醒，但我还是要说，确保您的 USB 驱动盘已经没有你想保留的数据，因为这是一个破坏性的过程。） + +#### 步骤 2: 对 USB 驱动盘进行分区。 #### + +假设，在您的系统上 USB 驱动盘是 /dev/sdb 这个设备，您需要在这个驱动上创建一个单分区。我们使用 fdisk 命令。下面是 fdisk 必须的交互操作。一般地，用 o 命令来创建一个新的空分区，然后用 w 命令来保存设置。然后重新运行 fdisk 命令，并用 n 命令来创建一个新的主分区，接下来保持默认的以使用整个设备空间： + + # sudo fdisk /dev/sdb + + Command (m for help): o + Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x1234567. + Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. + After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. + + Command (m for help): w + The partition table has been altered! + + # sudo fdisk /dev/sdb + Command (m for help): n + Command action + e extended + p primary partition (1-4) + p + Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 + Using default value 1 + First sector (2048-1016522, default 2048): + Using default value 2048 + Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-1016522, default 1016522): + Using default value 1016522 + + Command (m for help): w + The partition table has been altered! + +现在你的 USB 驱动盘有了一个单分区了（/dev/sdb1），但还没有文件系统，这正是我们所想要的，因为 LUKS 系统需要在创建文件系统前在您的分区上创建一个加密层。因此，在创建文件系统之前，就让我们在分区上先创建一个 LUKS 层吧，可以使用 cryptsetup 程序。如果您还没有安装 cryptsetup 的话，可以搜索您系统发布版本的仓库源，里有就有。下面就开始创建 LUKS 加密分区层: + + # cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdb1 + + WARNING! + ======== + This will overwrite data on /dev/sdb1 irrevocably. + + Are you sure? (Type uppercase yes): YES + Enter LUKS passphrase: + Verify passphrase: + +按照提示的操作，一定要确保记得您的密码！注意，这儿的“密码单词”不仅仅只表示一个单词。这只是一个习惯，因而得名，设置的越长，越难被破解。 + +一但上面的操作完成，就创建好了一个加密的分区，但它还没有被挂载或格式化。要做的第一步就是挂载分区，可以再一次使用 cryptsetup 工具： + + # cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdb1 my_crypto_disk + Enter passphrase for /dev/sdb1: + +当输入完密码后，您输入名字的设备就会像虚拟硬盘一样被挂载上。通常，它挂载在 /dev/mapper/devicename 目录下，所以这个例子所示的分区就挂载到了 /dev/mapper/my_crypto_disk 目录。 + +现在这个设备就可当做未加密的卷来访问了。 只要它一被挂载，就跟其它未加密的卷是一样的了，这就意味着您想要使用它的话就需要先写入文件系统： + + # mkfs.vfat /dev/mapper/my_crypto_disk -n my_crypto_disk + mkfs.vfat 3.0.9 (31 Jan 2010) + +现在驱动功能完备，可以像其它驱动盘一样正常挂载使用了。实际上，如果你使用的是现代的图形用户界面系统的话，只要你把 USB 驱动盘一插入计算机，将会提示您输入密码，然后就自动挂载上了。退出的时候跟普通盘一样，里面存储的数据会被加密，直到下次输入密码。在命令行里使用 cryptsetup 卸载以及重加密驱动盘也是很简单的： + + # cryptsetup luksClose my_crypto_disk + +这仅仅只是冰山一角 + +写这篇文章，我的目的是希望剥开加密后面的秘密。加密和解密单个文件很简单，要加密整个 USB 驱动盘也不是太困难（如果使用的是图形用户界面工具就更容易了）。对于大多数系统的发布版本来说，在安装过程中就可以对整个 home 目录进行加密。加密是对您的整个 home 目录起作用，然而有些问题就需要特别处理了。例如，您没登陆时就运行的任务在大多数情况下是不会访问您的 home 目录的，但如果您有调度任务需要访问 home 目录的话，应该进行修改，让其访问系统中其它目录的数据。我觉得安全和便利平衡的中庸之道还是加密 USB 驱动盘，然后在上面存储个人资料。 + +我必须警告您，一但您考虑安全的问题，就会想要把任何东西都加密起来。这不是什么坏的事情，但是像要对 home 目录加密这种情况，是会碰到一些问题的。如果您使用不用系统的话，跨平台访问也是个大问题。像这种情况，我强烈建议您使用 [TrueCrypt][1]。在前期的文章片段里我提到过 TrueCrypt，它是一款开源的，跨平台的加密系统软件。可以对文件、文件夹、分区等等进行加密，同时可以在任何系统中访问加密的数据。像 Windows、Mac 及 Linux 客户端都可以使用。社区也有大力的支持。 + +希望对文件进行加密的目的并不是为了隐藏某些东西。就像即使您有个好邻居，最好夜里也得锁门一样，对您的个人数据进行加密也是个很正常的举动。如果您想在网上与大家分享你的 Whiskerton 先生戴着可爱的小豆豆帽子的照片的话，这是您的权利。但其它的人，比如他们索检你硬盘的时候，就不需要让看到了。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/encrypting-your-cat-photos + +译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + [1]:http://www.truecrypt.org/ \ No newline at end of file From 7be56d817c73b82e48b3fb46202ce9a0f855f49b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 09:26:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 264/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140617-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md | 80 +++++++++++++++++ ...indows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md | 85 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 165 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md b/sources/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2b9e43d017 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu +================================================================================ +Making the switch to Ubuntu – or any popular Linux distribution – is more than the mere act of changing operating systems. You must also have apps that allow you to get work done. + +In this article, I'll be sharing critical applications that I rely on, and I’ll talk about how I use them in my daily activities. + +### Apps for Daily Use ### + +Generally when it comes to software on the Linux desktop, I drop app titles into one of two categories. These would be stuff I use every day, and everything else. Below are applications I find myself running each and every day. + +1) **Firefox** – Sometimes I use other browsers, but lately [Firefox][1] has been my long trusted friend. Reliable, safe and cross platform, Firefox is generally what I use for my daily browsing needs. + +In addition to accessing bookmarks and webpages, I also rely on Firefox to handle my various LAN server duties as well. Duties such as: [Plex][2], [Zoneminder][3], router/WAPs, and my file server. All of these are accessed each day using Firefox. + +2) **Parcelite** – I can't begin to function without a decent clipboard manager, and for me, you can't beat [Parcelite][4] on the GNOME desktop. Simple to use, easy to access and it's also chalked full of useful options. Parcelite options include everything from hotkeys to white space handling. There are a ton of great clipboard managers out there, but it's tough to beat what Parcelite offers. + +3) **Bittorrent Sync** – I have used various open source alternatives for file syncing that needed more development before being released. That being said [Bittorrent Synchas][5] NEVER let me down. It's easy to run and install thanks to the new GUI offering, and Bittorrent Sync allows me to transfer huge video files quickly from machine to machine without wasting time syncing stuff to the "cloud." + +I've also found it to be a fantastic way to share large files easily with others, while maintaining IP address and directory privacy along the way. Despite the numerous alternatives available, I remain firmly grounded as a Bittorrent Sync fanboy. + +4) **System Monitor** – Because TOP only goes so far, I prefer a tabbed GUI as it's much easier on my eyes. Using GNOME's [System Monitor][6], I can quickly discover a runaway process and easily kill it without ever needing to break a sweat. Unlike a terminal app like [TOP][7], I can also get a visual perspective using graphs in real-time for my CPU, memory and disk usage. Being a visual person, it's difficult to beat the bar graph showing me how much space I have. Same applies to real-time resource usage as well. + +5) **PulseAudioControl** – Each day, I tend to bounce between multiple sound devices. Sometimes I need to make one the default, but then switch from Firefox audio to another device altogether. Because I like to have as much control over my audio as possible, I've found that [PulseAudioControl][8] is an invaluable tool. + +### Everything else software ### + +In this section, I'll share apps that I use, but may not necessarily use each and every day. Many of these apps are open source, some are not, all are of great value to me personally. + +6) **Skype** – Whether it's calling into [Jupiter Broadcasting][9] to co-host a weekly podcast, or simply catching up with a business contact, [Skype][10] is how Internet video conversations happen. After testing countless alternatives, I always find myself coming back to Skype. Even though there are really awesome open source options like [Ekiga][11] or [Jitsi][12], at the end of the day Skype is where everyone is at – good luck getting people to switch. + +7) **Kdenlive** – I use two different video editors, and when it comes to banging out a heavily edited video, [Kdenlive][13] is the tool I use for picture in picture compositing and editing really large, complex videos. I've successfully managed 6 track edits in Kdenlive that have crashed in other video editors. + +8) **OpenShot** – For the most part, [OpenShot][14] is my goto video editor for most of my video editing tasks. Quick edits, and two track work goes by quickly and easily using this editor. I have also found that it offers great effects that are difficult to match elsewhere. Blender title effects and great video transitions make OpenShot a fantastic editor for my own projects. + +9) **SpiderOak** – After using countless cloud backup services over the years, I've settled on [SpiderOak][15] as my favorite. Easy to use and setup, I love the incremental options provided and how simple it is use. Just set it and forget it, then SpiderOak does all the heavy lifting. + +10) **Dropbox** – I've had a love/hate relationship with [Dropbox][16] for many years now. Despite being cross platform, which means I can access files from anywhere, I'm slowly finding my self less and less reliant on this cloud-based backup solution. Still, it does allow me to access files from any web browser even if it's not from a computer I'm normally using, which makes dropping the Dropbox habit even harder. + +11) **Writer** – I've been relying on [Writer][17] since I first used it on Windows via OpenOffice. Today, I am using Writer with LibreOffice and for my needs, it does everything I could need a word processor to do. Now it's fair to point out that some proprietary office suites might offer additional functionality not found in Writer, however 99% of what most people need is covered here with Writer. For me personally, I'll always be a LibreOffice Writer fan. + +12) **SimpleScreenRecorder** – Over the years, I've come to find myself using [SimpleScreenRecorder][18] over other alternatives as it does a nice job with multiple monitor support, plus it can even capture OpenGL applications as well. Easy to use and reliable, SimpleScreenRecorder has served me well. I recommend it to anyone who is tired of playing with other screen capturing software that only works some of the time. + +13) **SimpleScan** – When I need to scan a document, I don't want to spend a lot of time configuring a bloated program. [Simple Scan][19] is great in this capacity. Rocking the SANE scanner database, Simple Scan will work with just about any scanner or all-in-one printer/scanner you throw at it. What's also nice is that it's setup to work with the best resolution out of the box, yet you're still free to make any manual adjustments you see fit. + +14) **Baobab** (Disk Usage Analyzer) – I keep hearing how hard drive prices have come down. Be that as it may, the fact is I'm not made of money and each dollar I spend is usually part of a tight budget. This means I need to make the best use of the hard drive space I have available. To help me do this, I rely on [Baobab][20] to give me both a clear view of my available space on my hard drive, but also a clearer picture of which directories are eating away at my precious hard drive space. + +### Apps That Really Work, Regardless ### + +When it comes to applications I rely on, it's really less about their titles and licenses and more about the tasks that they allow me to accomplish. The myth that Linux doesn't really have required software is becoming a thing of the past. Most computing tasks, barring a few limited exceptions, can be done easily from the Linux desktop as I've explained above. + +Obviously there are applications that are "must haves" for you, that I might not use myself. What applications do you rely on? Hit the Comments below and share your best applications with the readers here. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.datamation.com/applications/14-apps-to-boost-ubuntu-1.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/ +[2]:https://plex.tv/ +[3]:http://www.zoneminder.com/ +[4]:http://parcellite.sourceforge.net/ +[5]:http://www.bittorrent.com/sync +[6]:https://help.gnome.org/users/gnome-system-monitor/3.12/ +[7]:http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl1_top.htm +[8]:http://freedesktop.org/software/pulseaudio/pavucontrol/ +[9]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Broadcasting +[10]:http://www.skype.com/en/download-skype/skype-for-linux/ +[11]:http://ekiga.org/ +[12]:https://jitsi.org/ +[13]:http://www.kdenlive.org/ +[14]:http://www.openshot.org/ +[15]:https://spideroak.com/ +[16]:https://www.dropbox.com/ +[17]:http://www.libreoffice.org/discover/writer/ +[18]:http://www.maartenbaert.be/simplescreenrecorder/ +[19]:https://launchpad.net/simple-scan +[20]:http://www.marzocca.net/linux/baobab/baobab-getting-started.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md b/sources/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..656e467294 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network +================================================================================ +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/windows-mac-and-linux-network.jpg) + +Home [file sharing][1] used to be a nightmare, even between different versions of Windows — never mind Mac and Linux! These operating systems can now talk to each other and share files without any special software. + +We’ll be using the SMB protocol for this. Windows uses SMB for file sharing, while both Macs and popular Linux distributions have built-in support for SMB. Microsoft even [submitted patches][2] to the open-source Samba project to improve it! + +### Share a Folder on Windows ### + +You’ll need to [enable old-fashioned file sharing on Windows][3], as other operating systems can’t access homegroups. To do this, open the Control Panel and navigate to Network and Sharing > Change advanced sharing settings. Enable “network discovery” and “file and print sharing.” + +Tweak the other options here if you’d like to share public folders over the network without requiring a password. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/enable-file-and-printer-sharing-for-mac-and-linux-on-windows.png) + +Locate the folder you want to share in Windows Explorer or File Explorer, right-click it, and select Properties. Click the Sharing tab and use the options here to share a folder and configure its permissions. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/share-windows-folders-with-mac-and-linux-on-local-network.png) + +### Access a Shared Folder from Windows ### + +Visit the Network pane in Windows Explorer or File Explorer to view other computers sharing files with you. You’ll see properly configured Mac and Linux computers appear in this list along with nearby Windows PCs. Double-click a computer to view its shared files. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/access-ubuntu-linux-shared-folder-on-windows.png) + +You can also connect directly to a computer if you know its name or IP address. Just type //COMPUTERNAME into Windows Explorer or File Explorer’s location bar and press Enter. Replace COMPUTERNAME with the computer’s local IP address if you want to connect directly to an IP address instead. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/directly-access-network-share-on-windows.png) + +### Share a Folder on Mac OS X ### + +You’ll need to enable network file sharing to share folders on your Mac. Open System Preferences by clicking the Apple logo and selecting System Preferences. Click the Sharing icon and enable File Sharing. Click the Options button here and ensure “Share files and folders using SMB” is enabled. + +Use the Shared Folders column to choose additional folders to share. Use the Users column to choose which users and groups can access and write to them. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/share-folder-with-windows-from-mac-os-x.png) + +### Access a Shared Folder from Mac OS X ### + +Open the Finder, click Go on the menu at the top of the screen, and select Connect to Server. Enter the following address, replacing COMPUTERNAME with the Windows computer’s name: smb://COMPUTERNAME. You can also enter the other computer’s local IP address instead of its name. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/directly-connect-to-windows-file-share-on-a-mac.png) + +You’ll be prompted to authenticate with the appropriate credentials or log in as a guest. After you’ve connected, the computer will appear under the Shared column in the Finder’s sidebar. + +To automatically connect to the shared folder each time you log in, open the System Preferences window and navigate to Users and Groups > Login Items. Drag and drop the network share from under the Shared column in Finder to the list of Login Items. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/windows-shared-folder-on-mac.png) + +### Share a Folder on Linux ### + +Use your desktop’s file manager to share a folder on Linux. We used the Nautilus file manager on Ubuntu 14.04 here, but the process should be similar with other file managers. + +Open the file manager, right-click a folder you want to share, and select Properties. Click the Local Network Share tab and enable sharing for that folder. If this is the first time you’ve enabled sharing, you’ll be prompted to download and install the Samba software — this happens automatically when you provide your password. + +Configure your sharing settings after installing the Samba software — be sure to click the Create Share button to start sharing the folder. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/share-folder-from-ubuntu-linux-with-windows-pc-over-local-network.png) + +### Access a Shared Folder from Linux ### + +Your Linux deksotp’s file manager probably includes a network browser you can use to locate and access shared folders on the local network. + +Click the Browse Network option in the file manager’s sidebar. You can then double-click the Windows Network option, double-click your workgroup (WORKGROUP by default), and double-click a nearby computer to view its shared files. + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/browse-windows-network-shares-on-ubuntu.png) + +To connect directly to a computer, select the Connect to Server option in Nautilus instead and enter the path to the remote computer like so: smb://COMPUTERNAME + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/directly-connect-to-windows-shared-folder-on-ubuntu.png) + +However you connect, you may need to authenticate with a user account name and password that has access to the files on the remote machine. This depends on whether you enabled guest access and how you set up your folder sharing permissions. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.howtogeek.com/191116/how-to-share-files-between-windows-mac-and-linux-pcs-on-a-network/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/166407/how-to-easily-share-files-between-nearby-computers/ +[2]:http://www.samba.org/samba/news/developers/ms-patch.html +[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/school/windows-network-sharing/lesson3/ \ No newline at end of file From 26ca832540f35464de8bee751592df2c6146e55a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 11:36:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 265/713] [Translating]How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network --- ...Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md | 5 ++++- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md b/sources/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md index 656e467294..083e62459d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +Translating----------geekpi + + How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network ================================================================================ ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/windows-mac-and-linux-network.jpg) @@ -82,4 +85,4 @@ via: http://www.howtogeek.com/191116/how-to-share-files-between-windows-mac-and- [1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/166407/how-to-easily-share-files-between-nearby-computers/ [2]:http://www.samba.org/samba/news/developers/ms-patch.html -[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/school/windows-network-sharing/lesson3/ \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/school/windows-network-sharing/lesson3/ From 172e87f207447fe4aa0ce90bc354724210043d44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 13:25:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 266/713] [Translated]20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md --- ...indows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md | 88 ------------------- ...indows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md | 86 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md b/sources/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md deleted file mode 100644 index 083e62459d..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,88 +0,0 @@ -Translating----------geekpi - - -How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network -================================================================================ -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/windows-mac-and-linux-network.jpg) - -Home [file sharing][1] used to be a nightmare, even between different versions of Windows — never mind Mac and Linux! These operating systems can now talk to each other and share files without any special software. - -We’ll be using the SMB protocol for this. Windows uses SMB for file sharing, while both Macs and popular Linux distributions have built-in support for SMB. Microsoft even [submitted patches][2] to the open-source Samba project to improve it! - -### Share a Folder on Windows ### - -You’ll need to [enable old-fashioned file sharing on Windows][3], as other operating systems can’t access homegroups. To do this, open the Control Panel and navigate to Network and Sharing > Change advanced sharing settings. Enable “network discovery” and “file and print sharing.” - -Tweak the other options here if you’d like to share public folders over the network without requiring a password. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/enable-file-and-printer-sharing-for-mac-and-linux-on-windows.png) - -Locate the folder you want to share in Windows Explorer or File Explorer, right-click it, and select Properties. Click the Sharing tab and use the options here to share a folder and configure its permissions. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/share-windows-folders-with-mac-and-linux-on-local-network.png) - -### Access a Shared Folder from Windows ### - -Visit the Network pane in Windows Explorer or File Explorer to view other computers sharing files with you. You’ll see properly configured Mac and Linux computers appear in this list along with nearby Windows PCs. Double-click a computer to view its shared files. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/access-ubuntu-linux-shared-folder-on-windows.png) - -You can also connect directly to a computer if you know its name or IP address. Just type //COMPUTERNAME into Windows Explorer or File Explorer’s location bar and press Enter. Replace COMPUTERNAME with the computer’s local IP address if you want to connect directly to an IP address instead. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/directly-access-network-share-on-windows.png) - -### Share a Folder on Mac OS X ### - -You’ll need to enable network file sharing to share folders on your Mac. Open System Preferences by clicking the Apple logo and selecting System Preferences. Click the Sharing icon and enable File Sharing. Click the Options button here and ensure “Share files and folders using SMB” is enabled. - -Use the Shared Folders column to choose additional folders to share. Use the Users column to choose which users and groups can access and write to them. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/share-folder-with-windows-from-mac-os-x.png) - -### Access a Shared Folder from Mac OS X ### - -Open the Finder, click Go on the menu at the top of the screen, and select Connect to Server. Enter the following address, replacing COMPUTERNAME with the Windows computer’s name: smb://COMPUTERNAME. You can also enter the other computer’s local IP address instead of its name. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/directly-connect-to-windows-file-share-on-a-mac.png) - -You’ll be prompted to authenticate with the appropriate credentials or log in as a guest. After you’ve connected, the computer will appear under the Shared column in the Finder’s sidebar. - -To automatically connect to the shared folder each time you log in, open the System Preferences window and navigate to Users and Groups > Login Items. Drag and drop the network share from under the Shared column in Finder to the list of Login Items. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/windows-shared-folder-on-mac.png) - -### Share a Folder on Linux ### - -Use your desktop’s file manager to share a folder on Linux. We used the Nautilus file manager on Ubuntu 14.04 here, but the process should be similar with other file managers. - -Open the file manager, right-click a folder you want to share, and select Properties. Click the Local Network Share tab and enable sharing for that folder. If this is the first time you’ve enabled sharing, you’ll be prompted to download and install the Samba software — this happens automatically when you provide your password. - -Configure your sharing settings after installing the Samba software — be sure to click the Create Share button to start sharing the folder. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/share-folder-from-ubuntu-linux-with-windows-pc-over-local-network.png) - -### Access a Shared Folder from Linux ### - -Your Linux deksotp’s file manager probably includes a network browser you can use to locate and access shared folders on the local network. - -Click the Browse Network option in the file manager’s sidebar. You can then double-click the Windows Network option, double-click your workgroup (WORKGROUP by default), and double-click a nearby computer to view its shared files. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/browse-windows-network-shares-on-ubuntu.png) - -To connect directly to a computer, select the Connect to Server option in Nautilus instead and enter the path to the remote computer like so: smb://COMPUTERNAME - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/directly-connect-to-windows-shared-folder-on-ubuntu.png) - -However you connect, you may need to authenticate with a user account name and password that has access to the files on the remote machine. This depends on whether you enabled guest access and how you set up your folder sharing permissions. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.howtogeek.com/191116/how-to-share-files-between-windows-mac-and-linux-pcs-on-a-network/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/166407/how-to-easily-share-files-between-nearby-computers/ -[2]:http://www.samba.org/samba/news/developers/ms-patch.html -[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/school/windows-network-sharing/lesson3/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md b/translated/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..540b9bc718 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +如何在网络上在Windows,MAC和Linux之间共享文件 +================================================================================ +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/windows-mac-and-linux-network.jpg) + +家庭[文件共享][1]曾经是一个噩梦,即使在不同的Windows版本之间- 没有考虑Mac和Linux! 这些操作系统现在可以相互通信并且无需特殊软件就可共享文件。 + +我们之前使用SMB协议来做到这点。Windows使用SMB来做文件共享，同时Mac和Linux发行版都内置支持SMB。Microsoft甚至给开源Samba项目[提交补丁][2]来改进它！ + +### 在Windows上共享一个文件夹 ### + +既然其他操作系统不能访问家庭组,您需要[启用Windows老式的文件共享][3]。要做到这点，打开控制面板进入网络和共享> 更改高级共享设置。启用“网络发现”和“文件与打印共享”。 + + +如果你想要无需密码访问共享文件夹你还需要微调一下选项。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/enable-file-and-printer-sharing-for-mac-and-linux-on-windows.png) + +在Windows Explorer或者File Explorer中定位你想共享的文件夹，右键点击，选择属性。点击共享标签，并使用这里的选项来共享和配置文件夹的权限。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/share-windows-folders-with-mac-and-linux-on-local-network.png) + +### 在Windows上访问共享文件夹 ### + +在Windows Explorer或者File Explorer中访问窗格来浏览其他计算机共享给你的文件。你会看到正确配置后的Mac和Linux计算机在Windows PC机附近出现了。双击一台计算机来查看它的共享文件。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/access-ubuntu-linux-shared-folder-on-windows.png) + +如果你知道计算机名或者IP地址，你同样可以直接连接到这台计算机上，只需要在Windows Explorer或者File Explorer中输入//计算名后按下回车就可以了 如果你希望直接通过IP地址连接，只需要将计算机名换成IP地址就可以了 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/directly-access-network-share-on-windows.png) + +### 在Mac OS X 上共享文件夹 ### + +你需要在你的Mac上启用网络文件共享来共享文件。双击苹果logo，并选择系统偏好。点击共享图标并启用文件共享。点击选项按钮，并确认“使用SMB共享文件和文件夹”已经启用。 + +在共享文件夹那列中选择额外要共享的文件夹。使用用户列来选择哪些用户和组可以访问和写入它们 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/share-folder-with-windows-from-mac-os-x.png) + +### 在 Mac OS X 访问共享目录### + +打开Finder，在屏幕顶部的菜单中点击Go，选择连接到服务器，输入下面的地址，用Windows计算机名代替COMPUTERNAME：smb://COMPUTERNAME。你同样可以输入计算机IP来代替计算机名。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/directly-connect-to-windows-file-share-on-a-mac.png) + +你会被提示你用相应的凭证来验证或者以访客方式登录。连接完成后，在Finder的侧边栏的共享列中就会出现这台计算机， + +要在你每次登录后自动链接到共享文件夹，打开系统偏好窗口并进入用户与组> 登录项。从finder中的共享列中的网络共享拖拽到登录项列表中 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/windows-shared-folder-on-mac.png) + +### 在 Linux 中共享一个文件夹 ### + +在Linux上使用你桌面文件管理器来共享一个文件。这里我们在Ubuntu 14.04上使用Nautilus，但是在其他文件管理器上的过程应该是相似的。 + +打开文件管理器，在想要共享的文件上右键，选择属性。剪辑本地网络共享标签并对这个文件启用共享。如果这是你第一次启用共享，你会被提示要求安装Samba软件- 这在你提供密码的时候会自动显示。 + +在安装玩Samba软件后配置共享设置- 确认点击创建共享按钮来开始共享文件夹。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/share-folder-from-ubuntu-linux-with-windows-pc-over-local-network.png) + +### 在 Linux 上访问共享文件夹 ### + +你的Linux桌面文件管理器可能包含了一个网络浏览器，它可以用来定位并访问在本地网络的共享文件夹。 + +在文件管理器的侧边栏点击浏览网络选项。接着双击Windows网络选项，双击你的工作组（默认是WORKFROUP），双击临近的计算机来浏览它的共享文件。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/browse-windows-network-shares-on-ubuntu.png) + +为了直接连接到一台计算机，选中Nautilus中的连接到服务器选项，并输入像这样的远程计算机：smb://COMPUTERNAME + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/directly-connect-to-windows-shared-folder-on-ubuntu.png) + +然而在你连接时，你可能需要使用具有访问远程计算机权限的用户名和密码来验证。这依赖于你是否启用了访客访问以及你如何设置你的文件夹共享权限。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.howtogeek.com/191116/how-to-share-files-between-windows-mac-and-linux-pcs-on-a-network/ + +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/166407/how-to-easily-share-files-between-nearby-computers/ +[2]:http://www.samba.org/samba/news/developers/ms-patch.html +[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/school/windows-network-sharing/lesson3/ From b17137042e6728388ad7d1df0d26e2098ca9cdf6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 16:05:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 267/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140617-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ommand to List Block Device Information.md | 107 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 107 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md b/sources/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2f2ca6da16 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information +================================================================================ +The command **lsblk** (list block devices) is used to list information about all available block devices, however, **it does not list information about RAM disks**. Examples of block devices are hard disk, flash drives, CD-ROM e.t.c + +### How To Install lsblk ### + +The command lsblk comes in the package util-linux-ng, now renamed util-linux. The package comes with several other utilities such as dmesg. To install lsblk download util-linux [here][1]. + +### How To Install lsblk In Fedora ### + +Fedora users can install the package as follows: + + $ sudo yum install util-linux-ng + +The command has several options: + +### The Default Option ### + +The command lsblk by default will list all block devices in a tree-like format. Open your terminal and type the command as follows: + + $ lsblk + +The output is as follows: + +![lsblk default](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/lsblk-default.jpg) + +There are seven columns namely: + +**NAME** : This is the device name. + +**MAJ:MIN** : This column shows the major and minor device number. + +**RM** : This column shows whether the device is removable or not. Note in this example the device sdb and sr0 have their RM values equals to 1 indicating they are removable. + +**SIZE** : This is column give information on the size of the device. For example 298.1G indicate the device is 298.1GB and 1K indicate the device size is 1KB. + +**RO** : This indicates whether a device is read-only. In this case all devices have a RO=0, indicating they are not read only. + +**TYPE** :This column shows information whether the block device is a disk or a partition(part) within a disk. In this example sda and sdb are disks while sr0 is a read only memory (rom). + +**MOUNTPOINT** : This column indicates mount point on which the device is mounted. + +### List All Devices ### + +The default option does not list all empty devices. To view these also use the command as follows: + + $ lsblk -a + +This option will list all devices including empty ones. + +![lsblk bytes sda](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/lsblk-bytes-sda.png) + +### List Device Permissions and Owner ### + +The command lsblk can also be used to list the ownership of a particular device as well as the group the mode. This can be achieved as follows: + + $ lsblk -m + +![lsblk permissions](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/lsblk-permissions.png) + +### List Specific Devices ### + +It is possible also to get information about a specific device only. This can be achieved by specifying the device name after the option supplied to lsblk. For example you would be interested to know your hard drive size in bytes. You can accomplish this by running the command as follows: + + $ lsblk -b /dev/sda + +or if you prefer: + + $ lsblk --bytes /dev/sda + +### List Devices Without Header in List Form ### + +You can also combine several options to get a specific output. For example you might want to list the devices in a list format instead of the default tree format. You may also be interested in removing the header with the name of the different columns. The two different options can be combined to achieve the desired output as follows: + + $ lsblk -nl + +or still you can use the option which will give the same output. + + $ lsblk --noheadings --list + +![lsblk no header and list](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/lsblk-no-header-and-list.png) + +### List SCSI Devices ### + +To get a list of SCSI devices only you can use the option -S. This option is capital S and it should not be confused with the option -s which prints dependencies in inverse order. + + $ lsblk -S + +lsblk SCSI devices On the contrary the inverse option will give output as follows: Type the command: + + $ lsblk -s + +or + + $ lsblk --inverse + +lsblk inverse You can use lsblk to get more information about your block devices, try it out today! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-lsblk-command/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/ \ No newline at end of file From bcb2d1b5b9e3af6a309e3b5169ec59b72f69510d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 16:23:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 268/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140617-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md | 51 ++++ ...disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md | 231 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 282 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md b/sources/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b6ad7bf368 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System +================================================================================ +Securing your Linux-based system is very important nowadays. But you have to know how to do this. A simple anti-malware software is usually not good enough and you need to take some other steps. Try these, + +![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/2Rak10143PM6172014.jpeg) + +### 1. Use SELinux ### + +[SELinux][1] is a security enhancement to Linux, which allows users and administrators more control over access control. SELinux adds finer granularity to access controls. Instead of only being able to specify who can read, write or execute a file, for example, SELinux lets you specify who can unlink, append only, move a file and so on. + +### 2. Subscribe to a Vulnerability Alert Service ### + +Your operating system may not necessarily be the one that is vulnerable. In fact, vulnerabilities are most often found in the applications that one installs. In order to avoid this, you must keep your applications updated to the newest version. In addition, subscribe to alert services like [SecurityFocus][2]. + +### 3. Disable Unused Services and Applications ### + +In general, users do not use half of the services and applications on their system for most of the time. These services and applications though are kept running, which could make for an invitation to attackers. It is best to keep unused services stopped. + +### 4. Check System Logs ### + +Your system logs tell you what activity has happened on the system, including whether an attacker has been successful in or tried to access the system. Being careful is your first line of defense and your system logs should be regularly monitored for this. + +### 5. Consider Port Knocking ### + +Setting up port knocking is a good way to establish a secure connection with a server. What basically happens is that a special package is sent to the server, which triggers a response/connection from the server. Port knocking is a good defensive manuever for those who have open ports on their systems. + +### 6. Use Iptables ### + +What is Iptables? This is an application framework, which allows the user to write their own powerful firewall for the system. So, learn how to write a good firewall and use the Iptables framework in order to do well. + +### 7. Deny All by Default ### + +Firewalls follow two philosophies: one is to allow every bit of traffic and the other is to deny access to everything, prompting you for permission. The second option is the better of the two. You should only allow the traffic that is important to come in. + +### 8. Use an Intrusion Detection System ### + +An Intrusion Detection System or IDS allows you to manage the traffic and attacks on your system better. [Snort][3] + +Encrypted data is harder and sometimes impossible to steal, which is why you should keep your entire drive encrypted. This way if someone does get access to your system, they will still have a very hard time getting by the encryption. According to some reports, most data loss is through stolen machines. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=141368 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://selinuxproject.org/page/Main_Page +[2]:http://www.securityfocus.com/rss/vulnerabilities.xml +[3]:http://www.snort.org/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9255ed24d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,231 @@ +9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux +================================================================================ +In this post we are taking a look at some commands that can be used to check up the partitions on your system. The commands would check what partitions there are on each disk and other details like the total size, used up space and file system etc. + +Commands like fdisk, sfdisk and cfdisk are general partitioning tools that can not only display the partition information, but also modify them. + +### 1. fdisk ### + +Fdisk is the most commonly used command to check the partitions on a disk. The fdisk command can display the partitions and details like file system type. However it does not report the size of each partitions. + + $ sudo fdisk -l + + Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes + 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors + Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes + Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes + I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes + Disk identifier: 0x30093008 + + Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System + /dev/sda1 * 63 146801969 73400953+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT + /dev/sda2 146802031 976771071 414984520+ f W95 Ext'd (LBA) + /dev/sda5 146802033 351614654 102406311 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT + /dev/sda6 351614718 556427339 102406311 83 Linux + /dev/sda7 556429312 560427007 1998848 82 Linux swap / Solaris + /dev/sda8 560429056 976771071 208171008 83 Linux + + Disk /dev/sdb: 4048 MB, 4048551936 bytes + 54 heads, 9 sectors/track, 16270 cylinders, total 7907328 sectors + Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes + Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes + I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes + Disk identifier: 0x0001135d + + Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System + /dev/sdb1 * 2048 7907327 3952640 b W95 FAT32 + +Each device is reported separately with details about size, seconds, id and individual partitions. + +### 2. sfdisk ### + +Sfdisk is another utility with a purpose similar to fdisk, but with more features. It can display the size of each partition in MB. + + $ sudo sfdisk -l -uM + + Disk /dev/sda: 60801 cylinders, 255 heads, 63 sectors/track + Warning: extended partition does not start at a cylinder boundary. + DOS and Linux will interpret the contents differently. + Units = mebibytes of 1048576 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0 + + Device Boot Start End MiB #blocks Id System + /dev/sda1 * 0+ 71680- 71681- 73400953+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT + /dev/sda2 71680+ 476938 405259- 414984520+ f W95 Ext'd (LBA) + /dev/sda3 0 - 0 0 0 Empty + /dev/sda4 0 - 0 0 0 Empty + /dev/sda5 71680+ 171686- 100007- 102406311 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT + /dev/sda6 171686+ 271693- 100007- 102406311 83 Linux + /dev/sda7 271694 273645 1952 1998848 82 Linux swap / Solaris + /dev/sda8 273647 476938 203292 208171008 83 Linux + + Disk /dev/sdb: 1020 cylinders, 125 heads, 62 sectors/track + Warning: The partition table looks like it was made + for C/H/S=*/54/9 (instead of 1020/125/62). + For this listing I'll assume that geometry. + Units = mebibytes of 1048576 bytes, blocks of 1024 bytes, counting from 0 + + Device Boot Start End MiB #blocks Id System + /dev/sdb1 * 1 3860 3860 3952640 b W95 FAT32 + start: (c,h,s) expected (4,11,6) found (0,32,33) + end: (c,h,s) expected (1023,53,9) found (492,53,9) + /dev/sdb2 0 - 0 0 0 Empty + /dev/sdb3 0 - 0 0 0 Empty + /dev/sdb4 0 - 0 0 0 Empty + +### 3. cfdisk ### + +Cfdisk is a linux partition editor with an interactive user interface based on ncurses. It can be used to list out the existing partitions as well as create or modify them. + +Here is an example of how to use cfdisk to list the partitions. + +![linux cfdisk disk partitions](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/linux-cfdisk.png) + +Cfdisk works with one partition at a time. So if you need to see the details of a particular disk, then pass the device name to cfdisk. + + $ sudo cfdisk /dev/sdb + +### 4. parted ### + +Parted is yet another command line utility to list out partitions and modify them if needed. +Here is an example that lists out the partition details. + + $ sudo parted -l + Model: ATA ST3500418AS (scsi) + Disk /dev/sda: 500GB + Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B + Partition Table: msdos + + Number Start End Size Type File system Flags + 1 32.3kB 75.2GB 75.2GB primary ntfs boot + 2 75.2GB 500GB 425GB extended lba + 5 75.2GB 180GB 105GB logical ntfs + 6 180GB 285GB 105GB logical ext4 + 7 285GB 287GB 2047MB logical linux-swap(v1) + 8 287GB 500GB 213GB logical ext4 + + + Model: Sony Storage Media (scsi) + Disk /dev/sdb: 4049MB + Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B + Partition Table: msdos + + Number Start End Size Type File system Flags + 1 1049kB 4049MB 4048MB primary fat32 boot + +### 5. df ### + +Df is not a partitioning utility, but prints out details about only mounted file systems. The list generated by df even includes file systems that are not real disk partitions. + +Here is a simple example + + $ df -h + Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on + /dev/sda6 97G 43G 49G 48% / + none 4.0K 0 4.0K 0% /sys/fs/cgroup + udev 3.9G 8.0K 3.9G 1% /dev + tmpfs 799M 1.7M 797M 1% /run + none 5.0M 0 5.0M 0% /run/lock + none 3.9G 12M 3.9G 1% /run/shm + none 100M 20K 100M 1% /run/user + /dev/sda8 196G 154G 33G 83% /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1 + /dev/sda5 98G 37G 62G 38% /media/4668484A68483B47 + +Only the file systems that start with a /dev are actual devices or partitions. + +Use grep to filter out real hard disk partitions/file systems. + + $ df -h | grep ^/dev + /dev/sda6 97G 43G 49G 48% / + /dev/sda8 196G 154G 33G 83% /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1 + /dev/sda5 98G 37G 62G 38% /media/4668484A68483B47 + +To display only real disk partitions along with partition type, use df like this + + $ df -h --output=source,fstype,size,used,avail,pcent,target -x tmpfs -x devtmpfs + Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on + /dev/sda6 ext4 97G 43G 49G 48% / + /dev/sda8 ext4 196G 154G 33G 83% /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1 + /dev/sda5 fuseblk 98G 37G 62G 38% /media/4668484A68483B47 + +Note that df shows only the mounted file systems or partitions and not all. + +### 6. pydf ### + +Improved version of df, written in python. Prints out all the hard disk partitions in a easy to read manner. + + $ pydf + Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on + /dev/sda6 96G 43G 48G 44.7 [####.....] / + /dev/sda8 195G 153G 32G 78.4 [#######..] /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1 + /dev/sda5 98G 36G 61G 37.1 [###......] /media/4668484A68483B47 + +Again, pydf is limited to showing only the mounted file systems. + +### 7. lsblk ### + +Lists out all the storage blocks, which includes disk partitions and optical drives. Details include the total size of the partition/block and the mount point if any. +Does not report the used/free disk space on the partitions. + + $ lsblk + NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT + sda 8:0 0 465.8G 0 disk + ├─sda1 8:1 0 70G 0 part + ├─sda2 8:2 0 1K 0 part + ├─sda5 8:5 0 97.7G 0 part /media/4668484A68483B47 + ├─sda6 8:6 0 97.7G 0 part / + ├─sda7 8:7 0 1.9G 0 part [SWAP] + └─sda8 8:8 0 198.5G 0 part /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1 + sdb 8:16 1 3.8G 0 disk + └─sdb1 8:17 1 3.8G 0 part + sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom + +If there is no MOUNTPOINT, then it means that the file system is not yet mounted. For cd/dvd this means that there is no disk. + +Lsblk is capbale of displaying more information about each device like the label and model. Check out the man page for more information + +### 8. blkid ### + +Prints the block device (partitions and storage media) attributes like uuid and file system type. Does not report the space on the partitions. + + $ sudo blkid + /dev/sda1: UUID="5E38BE8B38BE6227" TYPE="ntfs" + /dev/sda5: UUID="4668484A68483B47" TYPE="ntfs" + /dev/sda6: UUID="6fa5a72a-ba26-4588-a103-74bb6b33a763" TYPE="ext4" + /dev/sda7: UUID="94443023-34a1-4428-8f65-2fb02e571dae" TYPE="swap" + /dev/sda8: UUID="13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1" TYPE="ext4" + /dev/sdb1: UUID="08D1-8024" TYPE="vfat" + +### 9. hwinfo ### + +The hwinfo is a general purpose hardware information tool and can be used to print out the disk and partition list. The output however does not print details about each partition like the above commands. + + $ hwinfo --block --short + disk: + /dev/sda ST3500418AS + /dev/sdb Sony Storage Media + partition: + /dev/sda1 Partition + /dev/sda2 Partition + /dev/sda5 Partition + /dev/sda6 Partition + /dev/sda7 Partition + /dev/sda8 Partition + /dev/sdb1 Partition + cdrom: + /dev/sr0 SONY DVD RW DRU-190A + +### Summary ### + +The output of parted is concise and complete to get an overview of different partitions, file system on them and the total space. Pydf and df are limited to showing only mounted file systems and the same on them. + +Fdisk and Sfdisk show a whole lot of information that can take sometime to interpret whereas, Cfdisk is an interactive partitioning tool that display a single device at a time. + +So try them out, and do not forget to comment below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-command-check-disk-partitions/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From f8e69a45cf4b3383461be5d48adc8bd2f74fd284 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 16:33:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 269/713] [translating] Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices --- .../20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md index 9f0085effc..7b2e2b4159 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md +++ b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +zpl1025 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices ================================================================================ ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Ubuntu-for-Phones-Activated-on-10-000-Devices-446824-2.jpg) @@ -26,4 +27,4 @@ via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-for-Phones-Activated-on-10-000-Device 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://developer.ubuntu.com/2014/06/10000-users-of-ubuntu-phone/ \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://developer.ubuntu.com/2014/06/10000-users-of-ubuntu-phone/ From 1bf40348b9a121e7f61dbc92df74a42e743a492b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 16:33:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 270/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140617-4=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20140617 Does Linux Lack a Killer App.md | 112 ++++++++++++++++++ ... 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md | 51 ++++++++ 2 files changed, 163 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140617 Does Linux Lack a Killer App.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140617 Does Linux Lack a Killer App.md b/sources/talk/20140617 Does Linux Lack a Killer App.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9f21e4c1cc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140617 Does Linux Lack a Killer App.md @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +Does Linux Lack a Killer App? +================================================================================ +![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rw302843/linux-killer-app.jpg) + +**What Linux needs most is games, said Hyperlogos blogger Martin Espinoza. However, "if you were trying to narrow it down to one app, it would probably still be Photoshop. For all the talk of how great GIMP has become, usability is still an abject nightmare, and in spite of the OSS community's self-back-patting regarding documentation, there is no documentation for GIMP which is not pathetic."** + +Well the days are heating up here in the Linux blogosphere, and FOSS fans are flocking to the Broken Windows Lounge as much for the frosty air-conditioning as for the conversation. + +Even Linux Girl, whose days generally involve far more pavement-pounding than she'd like, has found herself seeking solace in the blogobar's arctic climes far more often than she probably should. + +It's a good thing she has been, though, or she might have missed the latest juicy debate. "What killer app is Linux missing?" was the question that [kicked things off][1], and the discussion has been escalating ever since. + +"The Free Software world is incredibly rich, and covers pretty much all bases," **Linux Voice's** Mike Saunders began. "We have a wealth of desktop, server, development and multimedia tools to choose from -- some of which are the best in their field. + +"But what is missing?" Sanders went on provocatively. "Is there a killer app that prevents you from running Linux 24x7 on your main machine?" + +There was a momentary lull in the conversation around the bar as patrons pondered the suggestion. Linux Girl tried to enjoy the fleeting peace, but it didn't last for more than an instant. + +### 'Depends on What You Do' ### + +![Linux Girl](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/article_images/linuxgirl_bg_pinkswirl_150x245.jpg) + +"A long time ago Linux needed a lot of things," Google+ blogger Alessandro Ebersol offered. "These days, when every software and the kitchen sink are migrating to the cloud, everything is going to be multiplatform. + +"I would say we lacked games, but that also is being taken care of," Ebersol said. "So I don't feel that we desperately need a killer app anymore." + +The killer app "depends on what you do with your computer," consultant and [Slashdot][2] blogger Gerhard Mack opined. "If you are drafting, then the killer app is Autocad. But for other industries the killer app will be something else." + +### 'The Enterprise Space' ### + +Google+ blogger Kevin O'Brien had a similar view. + +"There isn't much left on the consumer level," O'Brien said. "I could maybe gripe about games or Nvidia drivers, and I don't really see anything that can replace Quicken. But for me the big difference maker is in the enterprise space. + +"Microsoft owns that, and there is nothing that compares to Outlook/Exchange server, Sharepoint, etc.," he asserted. "I suspect part of the reason is that there are not a lot of open source developers who really care about that stuff." + +### 'The Tide Is Changing' ### + +It's not so much a "missing app" situation as a "not-enough-critical-mass" kind of problem, Google+ blogger Gonzalo Velasco C. suggested. + +Many more people use Linux today than did five years ago, he noted; at the same time, many are tied to non-Linux-friendly applications. + +"'Everybody' uses $kype, but we have half a dozen apps for that in GNU/Linux, from the simple and very useful Pidgin (my favorite) to Ekiga and similar VoIP apps," Gonzalo Velasco C. explained. "Some users still claim they need Photo$hop and don't take the time to master and suggest improvements for GIMP, Inkscape, Bender and others." + +Games used to be missing, "but the tide is changing, mainly -- but not only -- because of Valve's brave SteamOS movement," he added. + +### 'Retail Shelf Space' ### + +"I don't think there are any 'killer' apps these days," blogger [Robert Pogson][3] agreed. "In Debian GNU/Linux, there are 40K packages. My main PC has only 3K installed and I lack nothing. I have multiple browsers, editors, compilers/interpreters, platforms, and with virtual machinery like KVM, I can play with multiple operating systems and different versions of software as needed. + +"I can treat multiple machines as if they were a single machine from anywhere on the LAN," Pogson added. "I can access resources on any node on the LAN from any machine. What more do I need?" + +That said, "several professionals have told me that video and image editors in GNU/Linux are a bit weak," he noted. "GIMP is being improved in bit-depth, so that should be covered. Lightworks will eventually be released as FLOSS, so video should be covered." + +Nevertheless, "these are tiny niches in IT," he pointed out. "Many ordinary folks go decades without using those other special applications, so I don't think this is anything holding GNU/Linux back." + +The real killer in the market, however, is lack of shelf space in retail stores, Pogson asserted. "Where that is covered, GNU/Linux thrives." + +### 'Linux Has Lost Out to OS X' ### + +Chris Travers, a [blogger][4] who works on the [LedgerSMB][5] project, had a different perspective. + +"I don't think that it is a question of killer apps," he began. "The real issue is that on the desktop, Linux has generally lost out to OS X, while it is increasingly dominating the server market along with the BSDs. People who use Linux on the desktop tend to be looking for openness." + +What Linux needs is either "the momentum of Microsoft or the smooth UI and attention to detail of OS X," Travers said. "These may come over time." + +### The Documentation Problem ### + +Linux isn't missing one killer app -- "what it's missing is polish, as always," [Hyperlogos][6] blogger Martin Espinoza opined. "No desktop environment for Linux has the polish of Windows XP, let alone Windows 7. + +"Move away from the bloat and oversimplicity of GNOME or from the widget salad of [KDE][7] to what, Xfce or LXDE, with their perfectly horrible file managers and primitive panels?" Espinoza added. "GNOME is the only DE that ever got close, and then they decided to remove all the complexity and eliminate their reason to exist." + +Windows is just "a nicer place to hang out," he asserted. + +Still, if Linux is missing anything for broader acceptance, "that is games," Espinoza said. "If you were trying to narrow it down to one app, it would probably still be Photoshop. For all the talk of how great GIMP has become, usability is still an abject nightmare, and in spite of the OSS community's self-back-patting regarding documentation, there is no documentation for GIMP which is not pathetic." + +GIMP "might be able to do most of the things Photoshop can do, but I'll probably never know," Espinoza concluded. "I suppose if I spent hours trolling fora I could find out how to use GIMP. This failing is shared by most OSS projects, including the ones that think they're really well-documented." + +### 'Ease of Use and Support' ### + +Ease of use and support are the "killer app" SoylentNews blogger hairyfeet named. + +"Oh, a freshly installed Linux distro LOOKS nice, it works great; the problem is it doesn't CONTINUE to look nice or work great," he explained. "First update and whoops! Wireless no longer can use WPA V2. Second update? Whoops, say goodbye to sound, as Pulse has puked. First 'upgrade'? Uh oh, hope you didn't need that! + +"THIS is what Windows and OS X have that Linux doesn't: the ease of use and support," hairyfeet concluded. "As long as it takes 15+ Linux releases to equal the same support cycle a single Windows release gets? Then I'm sorry, but your product is just not in the same league -- you are comparing HS baseball to the majors." + +### 'Windows 8' ### + +Last but not least, [Linux Rants][8] blogger Mike Stone had a surprising suggestion. + +"The killer app that Linux has been missing all these years is Windows 8," Stone quipped. + +"Seriously, I don't think there is a particular app that can be the 'killer app,'" he said. "Linux needs to have more mainstream application support, and that's going to mean Photoshop and Microsoft Office at the minimum. Thankfully, Microsoft has done their best to make Office less relevant, and most people don't need Photoshop." + +Linux "could be reaching critical mass, and I was only partially joking when I said Windows 8 earlier," he concluded. "The application base in Linux is starting to arrive, and the current version of Windows is remarkably unpopular. Fingers crossed we see some motion here soon." + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/voice-of-the-masses-what-killer-app-is-linux-missing/ +[2]:http://slashdot.org/ +[3]:http://mrpogson.com/ +[4]:http://ledgersmbdev.blogspot.com/ +[5]:http://www.ledgersmb.org/ +[6]:http://hyperlogos.org/ +[7]:http://www.kde.org/ +[8]:http://linuxrants.com/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md b/sources/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..28b76d3e52 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme +================================================================================ +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Make_Ubuntu_Look_Like_Mac_OS.jpeg) + +Ubuntu Unity itself is a beautiful desktop but people over the world are smitten by the looks of Mac OS X. If you are among one of those, you don’t need to ditch Ubuntu just for the sake of OS X looks. Instead you can give it a makeover and **make Ubuntu 14.04 look like Mac OS X**. + +### Make Ubuntu 14.04 look like Mac OS X ### + +To give Ubuntu a makeover of Mac, we shall be using Zukimac theme. + +- Get Zukimac theme from the link below:[Download Zukimac Theme for Ubuntu 14.04][1] +- Extract the downloaded zipped file. You will find two directories in there, Zukimac and Zukimac-ml. Copy these to .themes directory in your home directory. Go to Home and press Ctrl+H to show all the hidden folders. If there is no .themes folder here, create one. +- Use [Unity Tweak Tool to change the theme][2]. + +That’s it. Zukimac gives some a basic look and feel of Mac OS. Here is what it looks like with default OS X Maveric wallpaper. + +![Make Ubuntu 14.04 look like Mac OS X](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Ubuntu_MAC_OS_Looks.jpeg) + +### Further changes to get Mac feel in Ubuntu 14.04 ### + +Additionally, you can **install a dock launcher like Plank** or Docky. To install Plank in Ubuntu 14.04 use the commands below: + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ricotz/docky + sudo apt-get update + sudo apt-get install plank + +Along with the dock launcher, you can also install S**ynapse indicator as an alternative of Mac Spotlight**. Use the following PPA from Noobslabs to install Synapse indicator: + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps + sudo apt-get update + sudo apt-get install indicator-synapse + +Apart from these two, you can also install **Slingscold launcher, alternative of Mac OS X launchpad**. Use the same Noobslabs PPA as mentioned above to install Slingscold launcher in Ubuntu 14.04: + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps + sudo apt-get update + sudo apt-get install slingscold + +Honestly, I am an avid Ubuntu fan and I like Ubuntu’s default Unity looks. In addition, there are plenty of [beautiful icon themes in Ubuntu 14.04][3] to beautify it. But as I mentioned before there are plenty of people who like Mac OS X and I hope this tutorial helped them to make Ubuntu 14.04 look and feel like Mac OS X. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-1404-mac-zukimac-theme/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://gnome-look.org/content/show.php/Zukimac?content=165450 +[2]:http://itsfoss.com/how-to-install-themes-in-ubuntu-13-10/ +[3]:http://itsfoss.com/best-icon-themes-ubuntu-1404/ \ No newline at end of file From 0a68a2c8fc478f33dc093e17db6c135d37c1487f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 17:46:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 271/713] [translated] 20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices --- ... for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md | 30 ------------------- ... for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md | 29 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7b2e2b4159..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -zpl1025 -Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices -================================================================================ -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Ubuntu-for-Phones-Activated-on-10-000-Devices-446824-2.jpg) - -**Canonical has announced that their Ubuntu for phones operating system has been activated on 10,000 devices, marking an important milestone for the company.** - -Ubuntu for phones was announced at the beginning of 2013 and the development team has been working on it since then. It took them a while to get a functioning version and they've been improving it constantly. - -This new 10,000 milestone is important because company doesn't have devices shipping with the operating system. So far, only users with Nexus devices, phones and tablets, have been able to install it. This means a lot for an OS that you can only download. - -“Ubuntu phone (and tablet) users sign into their Ubuntu One account on their device in order to download or update the applications on their phone. This allows us to provide many useful features that users expect coming from Android or iOS, such as being able to re-install their collection of apps on a new phone or after resetting their current one, or browsing the store’s website (coming soon) and having the option to install an app directly to their device from there.” - -“As a side effect, it means we know how many unique Ubuntu One accounts have connected to the store to in order to download an app, and that number has this week passed the 10,000 mark,” [said][1] Canonical’s Michal Hall. - -Currently, user don’t have to delete their Android from their Nexus devices because it’s possible to dual boot, and there are even a few ways to do it. The first devices that will ship with Ubuntu preinstalled will arrive later this year, most likely before the holiday season, and the community’s interest is already at an all-high level. - -Canonical also created an Ubuntu SDK to help developers make apps for the new operating systems and there are already quite a few native apps that rival the ones on other platforms. They are not there yet, but they still have a few months until the official release and there is still plenty of time get a decent amount of applications and not just some web app replacements. - -If you have a Nexus 4 phones or a Nexus 7 tablet, you can install Ubuntu right now. It’s still rough around the edges and you might find it a little too different from what you were used to, but give it time and you will grow to like it. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-for-Phones-Activated-on-10-000-Devices-446824.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://developer.ubuntu.com/2014/06/10000-users-of-ubuntu-phone/ diff --git a/translated/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md b/translated/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5737fb60a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +手机版Ubuntu在第10,000台设备上被激活 +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Ubuntu-for-Phones-Activated-on-10-000-Devices-446824-2.jpg) + +**科能公司(Canonical)日前宣布手机版Ubuntu操作系统在第10,000台设备上被激活，这为公司奠定了一个重要的里程碑。** + +手机版Ubuntu项目于2013年初公布，开发团队之后就一直在上面工作。他们花了一些时间才拿出一个可用的版本，之后在这个基础上不断地改善。 + +这个10,000台里程碑之所以重要，是因为公司本身并没有销售任何装载这款操作系统的设备。到目前为止，只有Nexus用户，手机或平板，才可以安装它。这对于一个只提供下载的操作系统来说意义重大。 + +“Ubuntu手机（平板）用户需要在他们的设备上登录Ubuntu One账号，才可以下载或更新应用。这就让我们可以为用户提供许多从Android或iOS借鉴过来的功能，例如在新手机上或是手机重置之后自动重新安装所有应用，或是浏览商城网站（很快发布）时可以选择直接安装应用到设备上。” + +“这个功能的另外一个效果是，它可以让我们知道有多少唯一的Ubuntu One账号登陆过商城来下载应用，而这个数字在本周突破了10,000的记录。”科能公司的Michal Hall[说][1]。 + +目前，用户不需要在Nexus设备上删除Android，因为可以支持双启动，而且还有好几种方式。而预装Ubuntu系统的设备将在今年晚些时候出货，希望赶在假日旺季之前，社区成员已经有非常高的热情了。 + +科能公司还建立了一套Ubuntu SDK来帮助开发者为这个新操作系统开发应用，而且已经有很多从其他平台移植的原生应用了。它们还没做好，但是离正式发布还有几个月，还有大量时间来准备足够数量的原生应用，不仅仅是替代的网页应用。 + +如果你有Nexus 4手机或是Nexus 7平板，你现在就可以在上面安装Ubuntu。细节上仍然还有些粗糙，但是你会发现你已经熟悉的设备变得大不一样，请多花点时间，然后你会喜欢它的。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-for-Phones-Activated-on-10-000-Devices-446824.shtml + +译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://developer.ubuntu.com/2014/06/10000-users-of-ubuntu-phone/ From 1d7b046c1e93f0b19a3f07a4055c17eaedf6e1d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tenght Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 21:16:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 272/713] Update 20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md translating by tenght --- ...ds to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md index 9255ed24d3..8ae56072a2 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +-------------translating by tenght~ 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux ================================================================================ In this post we are taking a look at some commands that can be used to check up the partitions on your system. The commands would check what partitions there are on each disk and other details like the total size, used up space and file system etc. @@ -228,4 +229,4 @@ via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-command-check-disk-partitions/ 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e34e5c95ce0797d52ad03d2d30f33d88b6cf7910 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 22:23:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 273/713] =?UTF-8?q?2q1w2007=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 2q1w2007翻译中 --- ...6 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md index 885e80f7bb..e52cf4cd90 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md +++ b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +2q1w2007翻译中 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download ================================================================================ ![Unity 8′s tablet face](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/1.jpg) @@ -35,4 +36,4 @@ via:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/unity-8-daily-build-images-go-live [1]:https://blueprints.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+spec/client-1410-unity8-desktop-iso [2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/ubuntu-unity-8-desktop-flavour-discussed -[3]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-desktop-next/daily-live/current/ \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-desktop-next/daily-live/current/ From 2d7bd51a0a0854da879d7467f3269fc066e68825 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 22:48:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 274/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9ALinux=20Term?= =?UTF-8?q?inal--Dstat=20monitoring=20tools?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @disylee --- .../Linux Terminal--Dstat monitoring tools.md | 126 ++++++++++++++++ .../Linux Terminal--Dstat monitoring tools.md | 142 ------------------ 2 files changed, 126 insertions(+), 142 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/Linux Terminal--Dstat monitoring tools.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/Linux Terminal--Dstat monitoring tools.md diff --git a/published/Linux Terminal--Dstat monitoring tools.md b/published/Linux Terminal--Dstat monitoring tools.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..198db278cc --- /dev/null +++ b/published/Linux Terminal--Dstat monitoring tools.md @@ -0,0 +1,126 @@ +Linux终端下 dstat 监控工具 +================================================================================ + +dstat 是一个可以取代vmstat，iostat，netstat和ifstat这些命令的多功能产品。dstat克服了这些命令的局限并增加了一些另外的功能，增加了监控项，也变得更灵活了。dstat可以很方便监控系统运行状况并用于基准测试和排除故障。 + +dstat可以让你实时地看到所有系统资源，例如，你能够通过统计IDE控制器当前状态来比较磁盘利用率，或者直接通过网络带宽数值来比较磁盘的吞吐率（在相同的时间间隔内）。 + +dstat将以列表的形式为你提供选项信息并清晰地告诉你是在何种幅度和单位显示输出。这样更好地避免了信息混乱和误报。更重要的是，它可以让你更容易编写插件来收集你想要的数据信息，以从未有过的方式进行扩展。 + +Dstat的默认输出是专门为人们实时查看而设计的，不过你也可以将详细信息通过CSV输出到一个文件，并导入到Gnumeric或者Excel生成表格中。 + +###特性### + +- 结合了vmstat，iostat，ifstat，netstat以及更多的信息 +- 实时显示统计情况 +- 在分析和排障时可以通过启用监控项并排序 +- 模块化设计 +- 使用python编写的，更方便扩展现有的工作任务 +- 容易扩展和添加你的计数器（请为此做出贡献） +- 包含的许多扩展插件充分说明了增加新的监控项目是很方便的 +- 可以分组统计块设备/网络设备，并给出总数 +- 可以显示每台设备的当前状态 +- 极准确的时间精度，即便是系统负荷较高也不会延迟显示 +- 显示准确地单位和和限制转换误差范围 +- 用不同的颜色显示不同的单位 +- 显示中间结果延时小于1秒 +- 支持输出CSV格式报表，并能导入到Gnumeric和Excel以生成图形 + +### 安装方法 ### + +Ubuntu/Mint和Debin系统： + +本地软件库中有相关安装包，你可以用下面命令安装： + + # sudo apt-get install dstat + +RHEL/Centos和Fedora系统: + +你可以在romforge软件库中添加有相关安装包，参照[指导][2]，使用如下命令很简单就能进行安装： + + # yum install dstat + +ArchLinux系统： + +相关软件包在社区资源库中，你可以用这个命令来安装： + + # pacman -S dstat + +###使用方法 ### + +dstat的基本用法就是输入dstat命令，输出如下： + +![](http://cdn.linuxaria.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/dstat.png) + +这是默认输出显示的信息： + +**CPU状态**：CPU的使用率。这项报告更有趣的部分是显示了用户，系统和空闲部分，这更好地分析了CPU当前的使用状况。如果你看到"wait"一栏中，CPU的状态是一个高使用率值，那说明系统存在一些其它问题。当CPU的状态处在"waits"时，那是因为它正在等待I/O设备（例如内存，磁盘或者网络）的响应而且还没有收到。 + +**磁盘统计**：磁盘的读写操作，这一栏显示磁盘的读、写总数。 + +**网络统计**：网络设备发送和接受的数据，这一栏显示的网络收、发数据总数。 + +**分页统计**：系统的分页活动。分页指的是一种内存管理技术用于查找系统场景，一个较大的分页表明系统正在使用大量的交换空间，或者说内存非常分散，大多数情况下你都希望看到page in（换入）和page out（换出）的值是0 0。 + +**系统统计**：这一项显示的是中断（int）和上下文切换（csw）。这项统计仅在有比较基线时才有意义。这一栏中较高的统计值通常表示大量的进程造成拥塞，需要对CPU进行关注。你的服务器一般情况下都会运行运行一些程序，所以这项总是显示一些数值。 + +默认情况下，dstat每秒都会刷新数据。如果想退出dstat，你可以按"CTRL-C"键。 + +需要注意的是报告的第一行，通常这里所有的统计都不显示数值的。 + +这是由于dstat会通过上一次的报告来给出一个总结，所以第一次运行时是没有平均值和总值的相关数据。 + +但是dstat可以通过传递2个参数运行来控制报告间隔和报告数量。例如，如果你想要dstat输出默认监控、报表输出的时间间隔为3秒钟,并且报表中输出10个结果，你可以运行如下命令： + + dstat 3 10 + +在dstat命令中有很多参数可选，你可以通过man dstat命令查看，大多数常用的参数有这些： + +- -l ：显示负载统计量 +- -m ：显示内存使用率（包括used，buffer，cache，free值） +- -r ：显示I/O统计 +- -s ：显示交换分区使用情况 +- -t ：将当前时间显示在第一行 +- –fs ：显示文件系统统计数据（包括文件总数量和inodes值） +- –nocolor ：不显示颜色（有时候有用） +- –socket ：显示网络统计数据 +- –tcp ：显示常用的TCP统计 +- –udp ：显示监听的UDP接口及其当前用量的一些动态数据 + +当然不止这些用法，dstat附带了一些**插件**很大程度地扩展了它的功能。你可以通过查看/usr/share/dstat目录来查看它们的一些使用方法，常用的有这些： + +- -–disk-util ：显示某一时间磁盘的忙碌状况 +- -–freespace ：显示当前磁盘空间使用率 +- -–proc-count ：显示正在运行的程序数量 +- -–top-bio ：指出块I/O最大的进程 +- -–top-cpu ：图形化显示CPU占用最大的进程 +- -–top-io ：显示正常I/O最大的进程 +- -–top-mem ：显示占用最多内存的进程 + + +举一些例子： + +查看全部内存都有谁在占用： + + dstat -g -l -m -s --top-mem + +显示一些关于CPU资源损耗的数据： + + dstat -c -y -l --proc-count --top-cpu + +###如何输出一个csv文件### + +想输出一个csv格式的文件用于以后，可以通过下面的命令： + + # dstat –output /tmp/sampleoutput.csv -cdn + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linuxaria.com/howto/linux-terminal-dstat-monitoring-tools + +译者：[disylee](https://github.com/disylee) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://linuxaria.com/tag/network +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-and-enable-rpmforge-repository-in-rhel-centos-6-5-4/ diff --git a/translated/tech/Linux Terminal--Dstat monitoring tools.md b/translated/tech/Linux Terminal--Dstat monitoring tools.md deleted file mode 100644 index c7b9b751af..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/Linux Terminal--Dstat monitoring tools.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,142 +0,0 @@ - - -Linux终端：Dstat监控工具 -================================================================================ - -Dstat 是一个可以取代vmstat，iostat，netstat和ifstat这些命令的多功能产品。Dstat克服了这些命令的局限并增加了一些另外的功能，比如增加了运算能力和变得更灵活了。Dstat在很方便监控系统运行状况并用于基准测试和排除故障。 - - -Dstat可以让你实时地看到所有系统资源，例如，你能够通过中断IDE控制器来比较磁盘利用率，或者直接通过网络带宽数来比较磁盘的吞吐率（在相同的时间间隔内）。 - -Dstat将以列表的形式为你提供选项信息并清晰地告诉你是在何种幅度和单位显示输出。这样更好地避免了信息混乱和误报。更重要的是，它让你更方便写插件来收集你想要的数据信息，并且这种方式会令你意想不到。 - - -Dstat的默认输出是专门为人们实时解释而设计的，然而你却可以将详细信息通过CSV输出到一个文件或导入到Gnumeric或者Excel生成表格。 - - -###特征### - - -- 结合了vmstat，iostat，ifstat，netstat等信息 -- 实时显示统计情况 -- 运算结果在分析和排障时具有重要意义 -- 模块化设计 -- 使用python编写的，更方便扩展现有的工作任务 -- 容易扩展和添加你的计数器（请为此做出贡献） -- 包含了许多扩展插件以方便添加计数器 -- 分组统计节点/网络设备总数 -- 显示每台设备说明 -- 极准确的时间帧，当系统负荷时不存在时间差 -- 显示准确地单位和限制转换过程中产生的错误 -- 用不同的颜色显示不同的单元内容 -- 显示中间结果延时小于1秒 -- 支持输出CSV格式报表，并能导入到Gnumeric和Excel生成表格 - -### 安装方法 ### - -Ubuntu/Mint和Debin系统： -本地软件库中有相关安装包，你可以用下面命令安装： - - - # sudo apt-get install dstat - - -RHEL/Centos和Fedora系统: -你可以在romforge软件库中添加有相关安装包，参照[2】指导后，使用命令很简单就能进行安装： - # yum install dstat - -ArchLinux系统： - -相关软件包在社区资源库中，你可以用这个命令来安装： - - # pacman -S dstat - - -###使用方法 ### - - -dstat的基本用法只是用dstat命令就会像这样输出： -![](http://cdn.linuxaria.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/dstat.png) - - -这是默认输出显示的信息： - - -CPU状态：CPU的使用率。这项报告更有趣的部分是显示了用户，系统，和空闲，这更好地分析了CPU当前的使用状况。如果你看到"wait"一栏中，CPU的状态是一个高使用率值，那说明系统存在一些其它问题。当CPU的状态在"waits"时，那是因为它正在等待I/O设备（例如内存，磁盘或者网络）的响应而且还没有收到。 - - -**磁盘统计**：磁盘的读写操作，这一栏显示磁盘的读写总数。 - - -**网络统计**：网络设备发送和接受的数据，这一栏显示的网络收发数据的总数。 - - -**分页统计**：系统的分页活动。分页指的是一种内存管理技术用于查找系统场景，一个高水平的分页表明系统正在使用大量的交换空间，或者说内存非常分散，大多数情况下你都希望看到page in和page out的值是0 0。 - -**系统统计**：这一项显示的是中断（int）和文本转换（csw）。如果你需要一个基线来比较他们的话，这项统计通常是唯一有用的。这一栏中较高的统计值通常表示大量的进程造成拥塞，需要对CPU进行关注。当你的服务器默认情况下正在运行一些程序时，那一项将会显示一些数值。 - - -默认情况下，dstat每秒都会刷新数据。如果想退出dstat，你可以按"control-C"键。 - -需要注意的是报告的第一行通常所有统计都不显示数值的。 - - -这是由于dstat会通过上一次的报告来给出一个总结。所以第一次运行时是没有平均值和总值的相关数据。 - -但是dstat可以通过传递2个参数运行输出来控制报告和报告数量之间的延迟。例如，如果你想要dstat输出默认统计，和报表输出的时间间隔未3秒钟,并且报表中输出10个结果，你可以运行如下命令： - - - dstat 3 10 - - -在dstat命令中有很多参数可选，你可以通过man dstat命令查看，大多数常用的参数有这些： - -- -l = shows load statistics #显示加载统计量# -- -m = shows the memory usage (used, buffer, cache, free) #显示内存使用率（包括used，buffer，cache，free值）# -- -r = displays I/O statistics, #显示I/O统计# -- -s = shows the swap usage #显示swap使用情况# -- -t = puts the current time in the first column #将当前时间显示在第一行# -- –fs = displays file system stats (includes amount of files and used inodes)#显示系统数据（包括文件总数量和inodes值）# -- –nocolor = sometimes very useful… -- –socket = shows interesting network statistics #显示感兴趣的网络数据# -- –tcp = displays common TCP stats #显示常用的CPU统计# -- –udp = shows you the listen and active figures for the UDP usage #显示你监听的和UDP用法中的一些动态数据# - - -当然不止这些用法，dstat附带了一些**插件**很大程度地扩展了它的功能。你可以通过查看/usr/share/dstat目录来查看它们的一些使用方法，常用的有这些： - -- –disk-util = shows how much the disks are busy at the moment#显示某一时间磁盘的忙碌状况# -- –freespace = shows the current disk usage#显示当前磁盘使用率# -- –proc-count = displays the number of running processes#显示正在运行的程序数量# -- –top-bio = points to the most expensive block I/O process #指出最大块I/O进程# -- –top-cpu = draws the attention on the most expensive CPU process#图形化显示最值得引起注意的CPU进程# -- –top-io = shows the most expensive “normal” I/O process#显示大多数正常的I/O进程# -- –top-mem = displays the process using the most memory#显示占用最多内存的进程# - - -举一些例子： - -查看全部内存都有谁在占用： - - dstat -g -l -m -s --top-mem - -显示一些关于CPU资源损耗的数据： - - dstat -c -y -l --proc-count --top-cpu - - -###如何输出一个csv文件### -在往后的使用中，想输出一个csv格式的文件可以通过下面的命令： - - # dstat –output /tmp/sampleoutput.csv -cdn - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://linuxaria.com/howto/linux-terminal-dstat-monitoring-tools - -译者：disylee (https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://linuxaria.com/tag/network -[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-and-enable-rpmforge-repository-in-rhel-centos-6-5-4/ From 8495e4e17515352097cc61bf7968d18fcd833e78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 23:00:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 275/713] Update 20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md --- ...Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md | 31 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md index e52cf4cd90..05cb9b9c08 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md +++ b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md @@ -1,36 +1,35 @@ 2q1w2007翻译中 -Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download +下一代Ubuntu14.10镜像已开放下载 ================================================================================ -![Unity 8′s tablet face](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/1.jpg) -Unity 8′s tablet face +![Ubuntu 运行在8寸平板上](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/1.jpg) +Ubuntu 运行在8寸平板上 -**Desktop builds of Ubuntu 14.10 using Unity 8 and Mir by default have [been made available][1] to download — not that most users will want to.** +**不像大多数用户想得那样，Ubuntu 14.10 的桌面版默认使用Unity 8和Mir[已可下载][1]** -Plans for a separate Unity 8 desktop flavour were [discussed last month][2]. The aim of the images is to provide developers and testers with a means to identify and document the types of changes needed to tailor both fledgling technologies to traditional desktop usage. +Ubuntu 14.10镜像计划提供单独的Unity 8桌面 [上个月讨论的][2]。 提供此镜像目的是给开发者和测试人员提供一个识别并记录从传统界面到使用两种新技术的界面的变化的手段 -What these images are not is any sort of stable consumer release ready for production testing. These builds are, and will continue to be, highly unstable, buggy and in a state of feature flux from now up until October — and possibly beyond. Anyone expecting a polished, useable or ‘converged’ desktop will be sorely disappointed as the Unity 8 desktop ISO currently uses the Tablet UI. +此镜像并不为为任何稳定的消费者进行生产测试。这个版本会并将会是极不稳定而充满bug的，在十月之前还会不断有变动。所有想要一个完美的、可用的或统一的的桌面的人都会失望因为Unity 8 桌面版 ISO 用的是平板的UI。 -### Work Getting Underway ### +### 工作进行中 ### -Work on building competent window management features into Mir and Unity 8 is only just getting underway. Similarly, since desktop-grade graphics chips are yet to add Mir compatible GPU drivers the experience will vary wildly between hardware and users. Virtual machine support is also not a given. +为Mir和Unity 8建立足够的窗口管理特性的工作正在进行中。同样的，在桌面显卡完全兼容Mir之前，硬件和用户之间发生的经历将会不同，而且不会支持虚拟机。支持 -As Unity 8 on the desktop starts to come together users won’t be presented with a UI too dissimilar to what they’re used to, hinted Ubuntu’s founder Mark Shuttleworth in a recent video Q&A. +桌面Unity 8界面将开始融合，用户会提出界面与原来相差太大的问题，详见Ubuntu的创始人Mark Shuttleworth最近的视频的问答模块 -This is good news. Microsoft tried to foist a tablet, touch-orientated UI on desktop users with Windows 8. Reception was mixed and the critical mauling severe. It has had to continually issue “refinements” — ‘concessions’ if you want to be cynical — to counter the complaints. +这是个好消息，微软在桌面Windows8上强加了平板界面和为触摸屏设计的UI。结果被骂的不轻，不得不不断地发出"改进"来对付投诉——在你吐槽后让步。 -### Download Unity 8 Desktop Builds ### +### 下载Unity 8桌面版本 ### +按计划 Ubuntu 14.10，预定在 10 月 23 日发行稳定版，将继续基于 X.Org，Compiz 和Unity 7。运行在Mir的Unity8预计将在 2016 年 4 月作出下一个 LTS 之前,成为新的的默认桌面。 -Regular Ubuntu 14.10, due for release on October 23, will continue to be based on X.Org, Compiz and Unity 7. Unity 8 running on Mir is expected to be made default desktop before the next LTS, due in April 2016. +此版本还不具有可用性，下方链接的镜像只是为了协助开发人员测试和完善，不是为了用户适应新的TARDIS样式。 -Largely unusable at this point, the images linked to below are designed primarily to assist developers test and improve, not help Joe User spin TARDIS-style to Ubuntu’s future. - -- [Download Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 (.iso)][3] +- [下载下一代Ubuntu14.10 (.iso)][3] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/unity-8-daily-build-images-go-live -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 418e42e8e7d56c060452c4fdb2a8fae8cd5e200f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 23:02:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 276/713] Update 20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md --- ...16 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md index 05cb9b9c08..e8d7ce4110 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md +++ b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ Ubuntu 运行在8寸平板上 **不像大多数用户想得那样，Ubuntu 14.10 的桌面版默认使用Unity 8和Mir[已可下载][1]** -Ubuntu 14.10镜像计划提供单独的Unity 8桌面 [上个月讨论的][2]。 提供此镜像目的是给开发者和测试人员提供一个识别并记录从传统界面到使用两种新技术的界面的变化的手段 +根据[上个月的讨论][2]Ubuntu 14.10镜像计划提供单独的Unity 8桌面 。 提供此镜像目的是给开发者和测试人员提供一个识别并记录从传统界面到使用两种新技术的界面的变化的手段 此镜像并不为为任何稳定的消费者进行生产测试。这个版本会并将会是极不稳定而充满bug的，在十月之前还会不断有变动。所有想要一个完美的、可用的或统一的的桌面的人都会失望因为Unity 8 桌面版 ISO 用的是平板的UI。 From 99db802aa775bd25670a252652e4f9720e69f98e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 23:02:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 277/713] Update 20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md --- ...616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md index e8d7ce4110..a59a3f2329 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md +++ b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md @@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ 下一代Ubuntu14.10镜像已开放下载 ================================================================================ ![Ubuntu 运行在8寸平板上](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/1.jpg) + Ubuntu 运行在8寸平板上 **不像大多数用户想得那样，Ubuntu 14.10 的桌面版默认使用Unity 8和Mir[已可下载][1]** From 57019d7d5edc163dc83592433f38b5ada6bf5e61 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 23:03:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 278/713] Update 20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md --- ...16 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md index a59a3f2329..24c80688b8 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md +++ b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ Ubuntu 运行在8寸平板上 -**不像大多数用户想得那样，Ubuntu 14.10 的桌面版默认使用Unity 8和Mir[已可下载][1]** +**不像大多数用户想得那样，Ubuntu 14.10 的桌面版默认使用Unity 8和Mir([现已可下载][1])** 根据[上个月的讨论][2]Ubuntu 14.10镜像计划提供单独的Unity 8桌面 。 提供此镜像目的是给开发者和测试人员提供一个识别并记录从传统界面到使用两种新技术的界面的变化的手段 From 6719b3660ae06c0b9ed704b016e8a9e3a9c5918d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 23:07:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 279/713] Update 20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md --- ...esktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md index 24c80688b8..e5e760723b 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md +++ b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md @@ -7,20 +7,20 @@ Ubuntu 运行在8寸平板上 **不像大多数用户想得那样，Ubuntu 14.10 的桌面版默认使用Unity 8和Mir([现已可下载][1])** -根据[上个月的讨论][2]Ubuntu 14.10镜像计划提供单独的Unity 8桌面 。 提供此镜像目的是给开发者和测试人员提供一个识别并记录从传统界面到使用两种新技术的界面的变化的手段 +根据[上个月的讨论][2]Ubuntu 14.10镜像计划提供单独的Unity 8桌面。 提供此镜像目的是给开发者和测试人员提供一个识别并记录从传统界面到使用两种新技术的界面的变化的手段。 -此镜像并不为为任何稳定的消费者进行生产测试。这个版本会并将会是极不稳定而充满bug的，在十月之前还会不断有变动。所有想要一个完美的、可用的或统一的的桌面的人都会失望因为Unity 8 桌面版 ISO 用的是平板的UI。 +此镜像并不为为任何稳定的消费者进行生产测试。这个版本会并将会是极不稳定而充满bug的，在十月之前还会不断有变动。所有想要一个完美的、可用的或统一的的桌面的人都会失望，因为Unity 8桌面版镜像用的是平板的UI。 ### 工作进行中 ### -为Mir和Unity 8建立足够的窗口管理特性的工作正在进行中。同样的，在桌面显卡完全兼容Mir之前，硬件和用户之间发生的经历将会不同，而且不会支持虚拟机。支持 +为Mir和Unity 8建立足够的窗口管理特性的工作正在进行中。同样的，在桌面显卡完全兼容Mir之前，硬件和用户之间发生的经历将会不同，而且不会支持虚拟机。 -桌面Unity 8界面将开始融合，用户会提出界面与原来相差太大的问题，详见Ubuntu的创始人Mark Shuttleworth最近的视频的问答模块 +桌面Unity 8界面将开始融合平板UI，用户会提出界面与原来相差太大的问题，详见Ubuntu的创始人Mark Shuttleworth最近的视频的问答模块。 -这是个好消息，微软在桌面Windows8上强加了平板界面和为触摸屏设计的UI。结果被骂的不轻，不得不不断地发出"改进"来对付投诉——在你吐槽后让步。 +这是个好消息，微软在桌面Windows8上强加了平板界面和为触摸屏设计的UI。结果被骂的不轻，不得不不断地发出"改进"——在你吐槽后让步，来对付投诉。 ### 下载Unity 8桌面版本 ### -按计划 Ubuntu 14.10，预定在 10 月 23 日发行稳定版，将继续基于 X.Org，Compiz 和Unity 7。运行在Mir的Unity8预计将在 2016 年 4 月作出下一个 LTS 之前,成为新的的默认桌面。 +按计划Ubuntu 14.10预定在10月23日发行稳定版，继续基于 X.Org，Compiz和Unity 7。运行在Mir的Unity8预计将在2016年4月作出下一个 LTS之前成为新的的默认桌面。 此版本还不具有可用性，下方链接的镜像只是为了协助开发人员测试和完善，不是为了用户适应新的TARDIS样式。 From 044b01aa3ac4870a429eb6443371e23c181dd3b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 23:09:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 280/713] Create 20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md --- ...Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md | 38 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md diff --git a/translated/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md b/translated/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6cbd497d00 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +下一代Ubuntu14.10镜像已开放下载 +================================================================================ +![Ubuntu 运行在8寸平板上](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/1.jpg) + +Ubuntu 运行在8寸平板上 + +**不像大多数用户想得那样，Ubuntu 14.10 的桌面版默认使用Unity 8和Mir([现已可下载][1])** + +根据[上个月的讨论][2]Ubuntu 14.10镜像计划提供单独的Unity 8桌面。 提供此镜像目的是给开发者和测试人员提供一个识别并记录从传统界面到使用两种新技术的界面的变化的手段。 + +此镜像并不为为任何稳定的消费者进行生产测试。这个版本会并将会是极不稳定而充满bug的，在十月之前还会不断有变动。所有想要一个完美的、可用的或统一的的桌面的人都会失望，因为Unity 8桌面版镜像用的是平板的UI。 + +### 工作进行中 ### + +为Mir和Unity 8建立足够的窗口管理特性的工作正在进行中。同样的，在桌面显卡完全兼容Mir之前，硬件和用户之间发生的经历将会不同，而且不会支持虚拟机。 + +桌面Unity 8界面将开始融合平板UI，用户会提出界面与原来相差太大的问题，详见Ubuntu的创始人Mark Shuttleworth最近的视频的问答模块。 + +这是个好消息，微软在桌面Windows8上强加了平板界面和为触摸屏设计的UI。结果被骂的不轻，不得不不断地发出"改进"——在你吐槽后让步，来对付投诉。 + +### 下载Unity 8桌面版本 ### +按计划Ubuntu 14.10预定在10月23日发行稳定版，继续基于 X.Org，Compiz和Unity 7。运行在Mir的Unity8预计将在2016年4月作出下一个 LTS之前成为新的的默认桌面。 + +此版本还不具有可用性，下方链接的镜像只是为了协助开发人员测试和完善，不是为了用户适应新的TARDIS样式。 + +- [下载下一代Ubuntu14.10 (.iso)][3] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/unity-8-daily-build-images-go-live + +译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://blueprints.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+spec/client-1410-unity8-desktop-iso +[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/ubuntu-unity-8-desktop-flavour-discussed +[3]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-desktop-next/daily-live/current/ From c06b3d18c9d0e2e2eb73028a25e24b01aec09314 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 23:10:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 281/713] Delete 20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md --- ...Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md | 39 ------------------- 1 file changed, 39 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md b/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md deleted file mode 100644 index e5e760723b..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,39 +0,0 @@ -2q1w2007翻译中 -下一代Ubuntu14.10镜像已开放下载 -================================================================================ -![Ubuntu 运行在8寸平板上](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/1.jpg) - -Ubuntu 运行在8寸平板上 - -**不像大多数用户想得那样，Ubuntu 14.10 的桌面版默认使用Unity 8和Mir([现已可下载][1])** - -根据[上个月的讨论][2]Ubuntu 14.10镜像计划提供单独的Unity 8桌面。 提供此镜像目的是给开发者和测试人员提供一个识别并记录从传统界面到使用两种新技术的界面的变化的手段。 - -此镜像并不为为任何稳定的消费者进行生产测试。这个版本会并将会是极不稳定而充满bug的，在十月之前还会不断有变动。所有想要一个完美的、可用的或统一的的桌面的人都会失望，因为Unity 8桌面版镜像用的是平板的UI。 - -### 工作进行中 ### - -为Mir和Unity 8建立足够的窗口管理特性的工作正在进行中。同样的，在桌面显卡完全兼容Mir之前，硬件和用户之间发生的经历将会不同，而且不会支持虚拟机。 - -桌面Unity 8界面将开始融合平板UI，用户会提出界面与原来相差太大的问题，详见Ubuntu的创始人Mark Shuttleworth最近的视频的问答模块。 - -这是个好消息，微软在桌面Windows8上强加了平板界面和为触摸屏设计的UI。结果被骂的不轻，不得不不断地发出"改进"——在你吐槽后让步，来对付投诉。 - -### 下载Unity 8桌面版本 ### -按计划Ubuntu 14.10预定在10月23日发行稳定版，继续基于 X.Org，Compiz和Unity 7。运行在Mir的Unity8预计将在2016年4月作出下一个 LTS之前成为新的的默认桌面。 - -此版本还不具有可用性，下方链接的镜像只是为了协助开发人员测试和完善，不是为了用户适应新的TARDIS样式。 - -- [下载下一代Ubuntu14.10 (.iso)][3] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/unity-8-daily-build-images-go-live - -译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://blueprints.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+spec/client-1410-unity8-desktop-iso -[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/ubuntu-unity-8-desktop-flavour-discussed -[3]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-desktop-next/daily-live/current/ From 4de78d34decb9729f058a9558c82ce899ddce71e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 23:36:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 282/713] Create 20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md --- ...N Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md | 28 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/news/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md diff --git a/translated/news/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md b/translated/news/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b0e8ded09f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +开源SDN项目OpenDaylight添加新成员 +================================================================================ +[Linux基金会][1]的[OpenDaylight][2] 项目促进开源。[软件定义网络][3] (SDN) 继续增长。 [Extreme Networks][4] (EXTR), [Flextronics][5]和[Oracle][6] (ORCL) 现在也是该项目成员了。 + +三个公司6月5日正式加入OpenDaylight，成员数达到到39。该项目还有195位合作开发人员，以建立一个开放源码的SDN平台。 + +新成员带来在数据中心和云计算的设计和基础设施的知识。Extreme Networks是专业提供高性能网络解决方案的企业，而Flextronics提供系统设计、制作和组织工作。Oracle有广泛的业务，同时专注于各种领域的云计算和数据中心。 + + +OpenDaylight 领导人正在庆祝项目的会员增长并进一步走向创造一个以开放标准为中心和避免垄断的SDN生态系统。OpenDaylight执行主任Jacques Neela说："更多的声音意味着更强的辩论和更好的代码，我们很高兴看到这种多样性的新成员加入来加宽探讨SDN和NFV的领域"。 + +OpenDaylight的第一款正式软件就是在2013年4月发布的OpenDaylight，该软件首次以Hydrogen的名字在二月出现 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/open-source-sdn-project-opendaylight-adds-new-members + +译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/ +[2]:http://www.opendaylight.org/ +[3]:http://thevarguy.com/sdn +[4]:http://www.extremenetworks.com/ +[5]:http://www.flextronics.com/ +[6]:http://oracle.com/ +[7]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/020514/embargo-until-feb-4-1130-am-est-opendaylight-releases-fir From 5f41d47f4f4fd1252fa0f01bf1ba3fe60d2d4cc9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Tue, 17 Jun 2014 23:37:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 283/713] Delete 20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md --- ...N Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md | 27 ------------------- 1 file changed, 27 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md b/sources/news/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md deleted file mode 100644 index dd56dae010..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,27 +0,0 @@ -Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members -================================================================================ -The [Linux Foundation][1]'s [OpenDaylight][2] project for promoting open source [software-defined networking][3] (SDN) continues to grow. [Extreme Networks][4] (EXTR), [Flextronics][5] and [Oracle][6] (ORCL) are now among the initiative's members. - -The three companies, which officially joined OpenDaylight June 5, bring the total number of OpenDaylight project members to 39. The project also enjoys the support of 195 developers collaborating to help build an open source SDN platform. - -The new members bring additional expertise in data center and cloud computing design and infrastructure to OpenDaylight's portfolio. Extreme Networks specializes in high-performance networking solutions for enterprises, while Flextronics provides systems design, manufacturing and logistics. Oracle's broad operations, meanwhile, focus on a variety of areas in the cloud and the data center. - -OpenDaylight leaders are celebrating the project's membership growth as a further step toward creating an SDN ecosystem that is centered on open standards and free from domination by particular organizations. "More voices at the table means stronger debate and better code," said Jacques Neela, executive director, OpenDaylight. "We are thrilled to see such a diversity of new members joining who represent an even broader range of perspectives on SDN and NFV." - -The first software release from OpenDaylight, which was itself formed in April 2013, [appeared in February][7] under the name Hydrogen. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/open-source-sdn-project-opendaylight-adds-new-members - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/ -[2]:http://www.opendaylight.org/ -[3]:http://thevarguy.com/sdn -[4]:http://www.extremenetworks.com/ -[5]:http://www.flextronics.com/ -[6]:http://oracle.com/ -[7]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/020514/embargo-until-feb-4-1130-am-est-opendaylight-releases-fir \ No newline at end of file From a8201bdc889128ffaeafb74694761f4cb31649d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 00:34:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 284/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AOpen=20Sourc?= =?UTF-8?q?e's=20Cult=20Of=20Personality=20Is=20Dying--Thankfully?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @jiajia9linuxer --- ...ult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md | 60 +++++++++++++++++++ ...ult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md | 57 ------------------ 2 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 57 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md delete mode 100644 translated/talk/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md diff --git a/published/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md b/published/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ae25e4e17a --- /dev/null +++ b/published/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +谢天谢地，开源软件中的个人崇拜正在消亡！ +================================================================================ +“开源之神圣独裁者”越来越少了，不过没事！ + +Roy Rubin这位流行的电子商务开源项目[Magento][1]的联合创始人，从这一2008年启动的项目中功成身退后在[这周说出了][2]上面这样的话语。 + +![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/richardstallman_0.jpg) + +这已经不是第一次一个开源项目的领导者出走项目了，但值得注意的是对于它带来的反响是：没啥大的反应。 + +并不是因为Rubin对于Magento项目不重要，实际上他非常重要。六年来，Rubin实际上是Magento项目的灵魂。但是开源软件一直在成长，它一直在削弱个人对其的影响。当然没人希望Linux的创始人Linus Torvalds不小心被车撞了，在这点上我们是[爱他][3]的。但是另外一方面其实我们并不太在意。 + +但是并不总是这样的。 + +### 崇拜开源之神圣独裁者！ ### + +在好的一面，成功的开源项目一直以来都和伟大的领导者密不可分。对一个充满活力又有独立思想的一个开发团体施加影响，必定是众口难调的事情。在一个专门的开源项目当中不同的观点会产生各种不同的路线（在代码层上，管它叫做“分支”），通常这时候，要么是“开源之神圣独裁者”，要么是项目领袖，将会介入，施展自己的领导才能让开发人员团结在一起。 + +“[开源之神圣独裁者 BDFL][0]”这个词[可能第一个用于Python项目的领导者Guido von Rossum][4]。它现在也被用到了Linux的发明人Linus Torvalds身上，以及Ubuntu的领导者Mark Shuttleworth和其他人身上。有时候另外两个人也会冠以这个称号，比如[Django][5]项目的Adrian Holovaty和Kaplan-Moss。（LCTT译注：BDFL，benevolent dictator for life ，由LCTT 核心译者 Viz 建议译作“开源之神圣独裁者”。） + +在他们影响力最大的时候，这些领袖离开项目会对项目的将来产生灾难性的影响，这展现出这些伟大领导者与项目之间紧密的关联。但是，有时候，也不总是这样。Django的领导者[去了其他的项目][6]，但是Django依然不断前行着，像Python、Lucene（领导者Doug Cutting）、Jboss（领导者Marc Fleury）和其他很多的项目也是这样。 + +现在开源软件研发的团体依然围绕着伟大的领导者，但我们似乎并不像曾经的那样依赖他们了。开源软件的“个人崇拜”正在褪色，也有可能已经消亡了，但是接下来会怎么样呢？ + +### Apache和开源社区的崛起 ### + +是的，社区开始崛起了。我意识到我在做出一些自以为是的论调，但是根据我在开源项目15年的经验来说，我观察到开源软件项目从非常严格的控制阶段缓慢的转向了松散的开源团体，他们经常是因为兴趣才互相合作的。 + +当然并不清楚是先有 BSD/Apache之类的许可证的“鸡”还是后有开源软件相互合作的“蛋”，这两个很明显的一起改变了开源软件的运作模式。 + +当然还是需要“开源之神圣独裁者”。举个例子，当自由GNU还不是一个项目时，很难想象如果没有了Richard Stallman会是怎么样。相反的，很容易想象Apache Hadoop如果没有领导会怎么样…，等等，好像Hadoop真的没有人领导… + +如果真的要说答案的话，那就是这里每个人或者[许多人][7]。当然Hadoop由Doug Cutting启动，但是它已经发展成了一个公司和个人（不过大多数的公司雇佣了这些人）的协作的社区。 + +OpenStack与之类似，[被涉及的公司所主导][8]，如果某一个Openstack的开发者离开了，Openstack依然能够继续。因此，对于一个成员正在增加的开源项目来说，这种类似是确信无疑的。 + +### 未来不需要“开源之神圣独裁者”吗？ ### + +并不是说在以后的开源项目中不需要领导者。需要，但是越来越多的开源项目转为团体之间的合作，失去他们的风险消失了。坦白的说，即使公司们没有深入的参入进来，Apache许可证的项目反正也不依赖“开源之神圣独裁者”们。 + +Photo of Richard Stallman [courtesy of Friprog on Flickr][9] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://readwrite.com/2014/05/02/open-source-magento-roy-rubin-bdfl#feed=/hack&awesm=~oDgSTEdnXAjUv0 + +译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://magento.com/ +[2]:http://magento.com/blog/magento-news/note-roy-and-mark#.U2JhPK1dVii +[3]:http://www.serverwatch.com/server-news/if-linus-torvalds-got-hit-by-a-bus-would-linux-die.html +[4]:http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=235725 +[5]:https://www.djangoproject.com/ +[6]:http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/01/on-the-reign-of-benevolent-dictators-for-life-in-software/283139/ +[7]:http://hadoop.apache.org/who.html +[8]:http://activity.openstack.org/dash/releases/ +[9]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/friprog/ +[0]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benevolent_dictator_for_life diff --git a/translated/talk/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md b/translated/talk/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5e6cdf2813..0000000000 --- a/translated/talk/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,57 +0,0 @@ -谢天谢地，开源软件中的个人崇拜正在消亡！ -================================================================================ -Roy Rubin这位流行的电子商务开源项目[Magento][1]的联合创始人，从这一2008年启动的项目中功成身退后在[这周说出了][2]上面这样的话语。 - -![](url("http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/richardstallman_0.jpg")) - -这已经不是第一次一个开源项目的领导者出走项目了，但值得注意的是对于它的回应是：相对的沉默。 - -但是开源软件一直在成长，它一直在削弱个人对其的影响。当然没人希望linux的创始人Linus Torvalds不小心被车撞了，在这点上我们是[爱他][3]的，但是另外一方面其实我们并不太在意。 - - -But it wasn't always this way. - -### 崇拜仁慈的独裁者！ ### - -在好的一面，成功的开源项目一直以来都和伟大的领导者密不可分。对一个充满活力又有独立思想的一个开发团体施加影响，必定是众口难调的事情。在一个专门的开源项目当中不同的观点会产生各种不同的方法途径（在代码层上，管它叫做“分支“），通常这时候项目的领导者，一个“生活中并不仁慈的独裁者”，将会介入，施展自己的领导才能让开发人员团结在一起。 - -“生活中仁慈的独裁者BDFL”这个词[可能第一个开始于Python项目的领导者Guido von Rossum][4]。它现在也被用到了linux的发明人Linus Torvalds身上，当然Ubuntu的领导者还有其他的人也被用到这个词上。有时候会是两个人，比如[Django][5]项目的Adrian Holovaty和Kaplan-Moss。 - -在他们这点上，他们之间的分歧会对未来的项目产生灾难性的影响，展现出这些伟大领导者与项目之间紧密的关联。但是，有时候，它会发生变化。Django的领导者[去了其他的项目][6]，但是Django依然不断前行着，Ditto Python，Lucene（领导者Doug Cutting），Jboss（领导者Marc Fleury）和其他很多的项目也是。 - -现在开源软件研发的团体依然围绕着伟大的领导者，我们看起来并不是独立的，但是我们的确是。开源软件的“个人崇拜”正在褪色，也有可能已经消亡了，但是接下来怎么办呢？ - -### Apache和开源社区的兴起 ### - -社区对于初学者来说，我意识到我在做出一些自以为是的论调，但是根据我在开源项目15年的经验来说，我观察到开源软件项目从非常严格的控制阶段缓慢的转向了松散的开源团体，他们经常是因为兴趣才互相合作的。 - -当然并不清楚是先有open BSD/Apache风格的“鸡”还是后有开源软件相互合作的“蛋”，两者之间很明显的改变了开源软件的运作模式。 - -当然还是需要“生活中仁慈的独裁者”，只是它不是一个项目比如GNU如果没有了Richard Stallman真的难以想象。相反的，很容易想象Apache Hadoop这样如果没有谁的领导，但是好像Hadoop真的没有人领导… - -如果真的要说答案的话，那就是这里每个人或者[许多人][7]。当然它由Doug Cutting启动，但是它已经发展成了一个独立并合作的团体（大多数成员在独立的公司工作）在一起工作。 - -OpenStack与之类似，[有很多的成员][8]，如果某一个Openstack的开发者离开了，Openstack依然能够继续。因此，对于一个成员正在增加的开源项目来说，这种类似是确信无疑的。 - -### 一个“仁慈独裁者”并不存在的未来吗？ ### - -并不是说在以后的开源项目中不需要领导者。需要，但是越来越多的开源项目转为团体之间的合作，失去他们的风险消失了。坦白的说，即使那么多人没有深入的参入进来，如果没有Apache的授权很多项目没有了“生活中的独裁者”是根本不可能独立起来的。 - -Photo of Richard Stallman [courtesy of Friprog on Flickr][9] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://readwrite.com/2014/05/02/open-source-magento-roy-rubin-bdfl#feed=/hack&awesm=~oDgSTEdnXAjUv0 - -译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://magento.com/ -[2]:http://magento.com/blog/magento-news/note-roy-and-mark#.U2JhPK1dVii -[3]:http://www.serverwatch.com/server-news/if-linus-torvalds-got-hit-by-a-bus-would-linux-die.html -[4]:http://www.artima.com/weblogs/viewpost.jsp?thread=235725 -[5]:https://www.djangoproject.com/ -[6]:http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/01/on-the-reign-of-benevolent-dictators-for-life-in-software/283139/ -[7]:http://hadoop.apache.org/who.html -[8]:http://activity.openstack.org/dash/releases/ -[9]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/friprog/ From d5fbe3735a4d8991dc013d6bf2ebdef172a878cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 08:20:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 285/713] Update 20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md --- .../tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md b/sources/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md index b6ad7bf368..da91261387 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GoLinux ... 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System ================================================================================ Securing your Linux-based system is very important nowadays. But you have to know how to do this. A simple anti-malware software is usually not good enough and you need to take some other steps. Try these, @@ -48,4 +49,4 @@ via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=141368 [1]:http://selinuxproject.org/page/Main_Page [2]:http://www.securityfocus.com/rss/vulnerabilities.xml -[3]:http://www.snort.org/ \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://www.snort.org/ From 5bc8c7a3b21c54f91405058460c6b65fba68c88f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 09:30:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 286/713] Translated:9 Good Ways --- ... Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md | 52 ------------------- ... Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md | 52 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md b/sources/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md deleted file mode 100644 index da91261387..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,52 +0,0 @@ -Translating by GoLinux ... -9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System -================================================================================ -Securing your Linux-based system is very important nowadays. But you have to know how to do this. A simple anti-malware software is usually not good enough and you need to take some other steps. Try these, - -![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/2Rak10143PM6172014.jpeg) - -### 1. Use SELinux ### - -[SELinux][1] is a security enhancement to Linux, which allows users and administrators more control over access control. SELinux adds finer granularity to access controls. Instead of only being able to specify who can read, write or execute a file, for example, SELinux lets you specify who can unlink, append only, move a file and so on. - -### 2. Subscribe to a Vulnerability Alert Service ### - -Your operating system may not necessarily be the one that is vulnerable. In fact, vulnerabilities are most often found in the applications that one installs. In order to avoid this, you must keep your applications updated to the newest version. In addition, subscribe to alert services like [SecurityFocus][2]. - -### 3. Disable Unused Services and Applications ### - -In general, users do not use half of the services and applications on their system for most of the time. These services and applications though are kept running, which could make for an invitation to attackers. It is best to keep unused services stopped. - -### 4. Check System Logs ### - -Your system logs tell you what activity has happened on the system, including whether an attacker has been successful in or tried to access the system. Being careful is your first line of defense and your system logs should be regularly monitored for this. - -### 5. Consider Port Knocking ### - -Setting up port knocking is a good way to establish a secure connection with a server. What basically happens is that a special package is sent to the server, which triggers a response/connection from the server. Port knocking is a good defensive manuever for those who have open ports on their systems. - -### 6. Use Iptables ### - -What is Iptables? This is an application framework, which allows the user to write their own powerful firewall for the system. So, learn how to write a good firewall and use the Iptables framework in order to do well. - -### 7. Deny All by Default ### - -Firewalls follow two philosophies: one is to allow every bit of traffic and the other is to deny access to everything, prompting you for permission. The second option is the better of the two. You should only allow the traffic that is important to come in. - -### 8. Use an Intrusion Detection System ### - -An Intrusion Detection System or IDS allows you to manage the traffic and attacks on your system better. [Snort][3] - -Encrypted data is harder and sometimes impossible to steal, which is why you should keep your entire drive encrypted. This way if someone does get access to your system, they will still have a very hard time getting by the encryption. According to some reports, most data loss is through stolen machines. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=141368 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://selinuxproject.org/page/Main_Page -[2]:http://www.securityfocus.com/rss/vulnerabilities.xml -[3]:http://www.snort.org/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md b/translated/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e2ef93832b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System +保护你的Linux系统的9种好方法 +================================================================================ +在现在这个世道中，保障基于Linux的系统的安全是十分重要的。但是，你得知道怎么干。一个简单反恶意程序软件这是远远不够的，你需要采取其它措施来协同工作。那么试试下面这些手段吧。 + +![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/2Rak10143PM6172014.jpeg) + +### 1. 使用SELinux ### + +[SELinux][1]是用来对Linux进行安全加固的，有了它，用户和管理们就可以对访问控制进行更多控制。SELinux为访问控制添加了更细的颗粒度控制。与仅可以指定谁可以读、写或执行一个文件的权限不同的是，SELinux可以让你指定谁可以解链接，仅追加，移动一个文件之类。 + +### 2. 订阅漏洞警报服务 ### + +你的操作系统可能不一定受伤害的那一台。事实上，漏洞多见于安装的应用程序之中。为了避免这个问题的发生，你必须保持你的应用程序更新到最新版本。此外，订阅漏洞警报服务，如[SecurityFocus][2]。 + +### 3. 禁用不用的服务和应用 ### + +通常来讲，用户大多数时候都用不到他们系统上的服务和应用的一半。然而，这些服务和应用还是会运行，这会招来攻击者。因而，最好是把这些不用的服务停掉。 + +### 4. 检查系统日志 ### + +你的系统日志告诉你在系统上发生了什么活动，包括攻击者是否成功进入或试着访问系统。时刻保持警惕，是你第一条防线，而经常性地监控系统日志就是为了守好这道防线。 + +### 5. 考虑使用端口敲门 ### + +设置端口敲门是建立服务器安全连接的好方法。而基本上会发生的问题是，别有用心的人会发送一个特别的包给服务器，这个包会开启来自服务器的回应/连接。端口敲门对于那些有开放端口的系统上是一个很好的防护措施。 + +### 6. 使用Iptables ### + +Iptables是什么？这是一个应用程序框架，它允许用户自己为系统写一个强大的防火墙。因此，要做得好，就要学习怎样一个好的防火墙以及怎样使用Iptables框架。 + +### 7. 默认拒绝所有 ### + +防火墙允许两个宗旨：一个是允许每一点通信，另一个是拒绝所有访问，提示你是否许可。第二个选项是两者中更好的一个。你应该只允许那些重要的通信进入。 + +### 8. 使用入侵检测系统 ### + +入侵检测系统，或者叫IDS，允许你更好地管理系统上的通信和受到的攻击。[Snort][3] + +加密的数据更难窃取，有时候根本不可能被窃取，这就是你应该对整个驱动器加密的原因。采用这种方式后，如果有某个人进入到你的系统，那么他看到这些加密的数据后，就有得头痛了。根据一些报告，大多数数据丢失源于机器被盗。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=141368 + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://selinuxproject.org/page/Main_Page +[2]:http://www.securityfocus.com/rss/vulnerabilities.xml +[3]:http://www.snort.org/ From 3c88afb5dd7b4efa7b6c17df9f715e443b054a2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 09:31:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 287/713] Update 20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md --- .../tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md b/translated/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md index e2ef93832b..9899e99412 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System 保护你的Linux系统的9种好方法 ================================================================================ 在现在这个世道中，保障基于Linux的系统的安全是十分重要的。但是，你得知道怎么干。一个简单反恶意程序软件这是远远不够的，你需要采取其它措施来协同工作。那么试试下面这些手段吧。 From 4b4328d8d1125b8d3c03d679cc5617772007d8b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: owen-carter Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 10:56:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 288/713] owen-carter zhan --- ...9 OpenELEC 4.0.4 Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 'Gotham'.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 'Gotham'.md b/sources/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 'Gotham'.md index 3fb1588714..2112ad24ff 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 'Gotham'.md +++ b/sources/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 'Gotham'.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +owen-carter translating OpenELEC 4.0.4 Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 “Gotham” ================================================================================ ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/OpenELEC-4-0-4-Is-Out-and-Based-on-XBMC-13-1-quot-Gotham-quot-445802-2.jpg) @@ -37,4 +38,4 @@ via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/OpenELEC-4-0-4-Is-Out-and-Based-on-XBMC-13-1 [1]:http://openelec.tv/news/22-releases/129-openelec-4-0-4-released [2]:http://openelec.tv/get-openelec/download/viewdownload/8/339 -[3]:http://openelec.tv/get-openelec/download/viewdownload/8/338 \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://openelec.tv/get-openelec/download/viewdownload/8/338 From f2d75f2a26c27429f9e1a98064ee61dae98e852f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 13:44:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 289/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20to=20u?= =?UTF-8?q?se=20LVM=20in=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @Vic020 --- .../How to use LVM in Linux.md | 65 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/How to use LVM in Linux.md (75%) diff --git a/translated/tech/How to use LVM in Linux.md b/published/How to use LVM in Linux.md similarity index 75% rename from translated/tech/How to use LVM in Linux.md rename to published/How to use LVM in Linux.md index 1b92c0dabb..6679df3ba7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/How to use LVM in Linux.md +++ b/published/How to use LVM in Linux.md @@ -1,38 +1,38 @@ Linux LVM简明教程 ================================================================================ -LVM是一个多才多艺的硬盘系统工具。无论在Linux或者其他相似的系统，都是非常的好用。传统分区使用固定大小分区，重新分区十分麻烦。但是，LVM创建和管理从硬盘中分出来的“逻辑”卷，提供管理员弹性管理逻辑卷的扩大缩小，操作简单，还不损坏已存储的数据。附加硬盘可以随意增加到LVM，而且可以直接增加已经存在的逻辑卷。LVM不需要重启而只要内核知道分区的存在。 +逻辑卷管理LVM是一个多才多艺的硬盘系统工具。无论在Linux或者其他类似的系统，都是非常的好用。传统分区使用固定大小分区，重新调整大小十分麻烦。但是，LVM可以创建和管理“逻辑”卷，而不是直接使用物理硬盘。可以让管理员弹性的管理逻辑卷的扩大缩小，操作简单，而不损坏已存储的数据。可以随意将新的硬盘添加到LVM，以直接扩展已经存在的逻辑卷。LVM并不需要重启就可以让内核知道分区的存在。 LVM使用分层结构，如下图所示。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2910/14127487464_96b24a906b_z.jpg) -图中顶层，首先是实际的物理卷。下一层，一个或多个物理卷可以用来创建卷组。再下一层，然后逻辑卷的创建基于卷组。只要在卷组中有可用空间，就可以随心所欲的创建逻辑卷。最下面层，文件系统的分区就是从逻辑卷上创建，然后可以在操作系统挂载和访问。 +图中顶部，首先是实际的物理磁盘及其划分的分区和其上的物理卷（PV）。一个或多个物理卷可以用来创建卷组（VG）。然后基于卷组可以创建逻辑卷（LV）。只要在卷组中有可用空间，就可以随心所欲的创建逻辑卷。文件系统就是在逻辑卷上创建的，然后可以在操作系统挂载和访问。 ### LVM测试说明 ### -本文将介绍**怎么在linux中创建和管理LVM卷**。我们将会分成两个部分。第一个部分，我们首要要在一个硬盘上创建多个逻辑卷，然后将它们挂载在/lvm-mount目录。然后我们将要对创建好的卷调整大小。而第二部分，我们将会从另外一块硬盘增加额外的卷到LVM中。 +本文将介绍**怎么在linux中创建和管理LVM卷**。我们将会分成两个部分。第一个部分，我们首先要在一个硬盘上创建多个逻辑卷，然后将它们挂载在/lvm-mount目录。然后我们将要对创建好的卷调整大小。而第二部分，我们将会从另外一块硬盘增加额外的卷到LVM中。 ### 准备磁盘分区 ### -通过使用fdisk，创建磁盘分区。我们需要创建3个1G分区，注意，相同大小的分区不是强制的。同样，分区需要使用‘8e’类型来使他们兼容LVM。 +通过使用fdisk，创建磁盘分区。我们需要创建3个1G分区，注意，并不要求分区的大小一致。同样，分区需要使用‘8e’类型来使他们可用于LVM。 # fdisk /dev/sdb ---------- - Command (m for help): n ## new + Command (m for help): n ## 新建 Command action e extended p primary partition (1-4) - p ## primary + p ## 主分区 - Partition number (1-4): 1 ## partition number - First cylinder (1-1044, default 1): ## hit enter - Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1044, default 1044): +1G ## size + Partition number (1-4): 1 ## 分区号 + First cylinder (1-1044, default 1): ## 回车用默认的1 + Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-1044, default 1044): +1G ## 大小 - Command (m for help): t ## change type + Command (m for help): t ## 改变类型 Selected partition 1 - Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e ## code for LVM + Hex code (type L to list codes): 8e ## LVM 的分区代码 Changed system type of partition 1 to 8e (Linux LVM) 重复上面的操作来创建其他两个分区。分区创建完成后，我们应该有类似如下的输出： @@ -46,15 +46,15 @@ LVM使用分层结构，如下图所示。 /dev/sdb2 133 264 1060290 8e Linux LVM /dev/sdb3 265 396 1060290 8e Linux LVM -### 准备物理卷 ### +### 准备物理卷(PV) ### -刚创建的分区是用来储存物理卷的。LVM可以在不同大小的物理卷上工作。 +刚创建的分区是用来储存物理卷的。LVM可以使用不同大小的物理卷。 # pvcreate /dev/sdb1 # pvcreate /dev/sdb2 # pvcreate /dev/sdb3 -使用下列命令检查物理卷已经创建。下面截取部分输出。"/dev/sdb2"是一个新的"1.01 GiB"物理卷。 +使用下列命令检查物理卷的创建情况。下面截取部分输出。"/dev/sdb2"是一个新的"1.01 GiB"物理卷。 # pvdisplay @@ -75,8 +75,7 @@ LVM使用分层结构，如下图所示。 # pvremove /dev/sdb1 -### 准备卷组 ### - +### 准备卷组(VG) ### 下列命令用来创建名为'volume-group1'的卷组，使用/dev/sdb1, /dev/sdb2 和 /dev/sdb3创建。 @@ -109,20 +108,19 @@ LVM使用分层结构，如下图所示。 Free PE / Size 774 / 3.02 GiB VG UUID bwd2pS-fkAz-lGVZ-qc7C-TaKv-fFUC-IzGNBK - 从输出中，我们可以看见卷组的使用量/总量。物理卷给卷组提供空间。只要在这个卷组中还有可用空间，我们就可以随意创建逻辑卷。 使用下列命令删除卷组。 # vgremove volume-group1 -### 创建逻辑卷 ### +### 创建逻辑卷(LV) ### -下列命令创建一个名为'1v1'、大小为100MB的逻辑卷。我们使用小分区减少执行时间。逻辑卷使用之前创建的卷组的空间。 +下列命令创建一个名为'1v1'、大小为100MB的逻辑卷。我们使用小分区减少执行时间。这个逻辑卷使用之前创建的卷组的空间。 # lvcreate -L 100M -n lv1 volume-group1 -逻辑卷使用lvdisplay命令查看。 +逻辑卷可使用lvdisplay命令查看。 # lvdisplay @@ -143,13 +141,13 @@ LVM使用分层结构，如下图所示。 - currently set to 256 Block device 253:2 -现在逻辑卷已经准备好了，我们可以格式化和挂载逻辑卷，就像ext2/3/4分区一样！ +现在逻辑卷已经准备好了，我们可以格式化和挂载逻辑卷，就像其它ext2/3/4分区一样！ # mkfs.ext4 /dev/volume-group1/lv1 # mkdir /lvm-mount # mount /dev/volume-group1/lv1 /lvm-mount/ -一旦逻辑卷挂载，我们就可以到挂载点/lvm-mount/读取/写入了。为了创建和挂载额外的逻辑卷，我们重复这个过程。 +一旦逻辑卷挂载，我们就可以到挂载点 /lvm-mount/ 上读写了。要创建和挂载其它的逻辑卷，我们重复这个过程。 最后，使用lvremove我们可以删除逻辑卷。 @@ -158,9 +156,9 @@ LVM使用分层结构，如下图所示。 ### 扩展一个LVM卷 ### -调整逻辑卷大小的功能是LVM最好的部分。这个章节会讨论我们怎么样扩展一个存在的逻辑卷。接下来，我们将会扩展先前创建的逻辑卷‘lv1’扩大到200MB。 +调整逻辑卷大小的功能是LVM最有用的功能。这个部分会讨论我们怎么样扩展一个存在的逻辑卷。下面，我们将会扩展先前创建的逻辑卷‘lv1’扩大到200MB。 -注意，调整逻辑卷大小之后，也需要对文件系统调整大小进行匹配。有个额外的步骤各不相同,这取决于创建文件系统的类型。在本文中，我们使用'lv1'创建了ext4类型的文件系统，所以这里的操作是针对ext4文件系统的。（它也兼容ext2/3文件系统）。命令的执行顺序是很重要的。 +注意，调整逻辑卷大小之后，也需要对文件系统调整大小进行匹配。这个额外的步骤各不相同，取决于创建文件系统的类型。在本文中，我们使用'lv1'创建了ext4类型的文件系统，所以这里的操作是针对ext4文件系统的。（ext2/3文件系统也类同）。命令的执行顺序是很重要的。 首先，我们卸载掉lv1卷 @@ -174,13 +172,12 @@ LVM使用分层结构，如下图所示。 # e2fsck -f /dev/volume-group1/lv1 -完成以后，ext4信息已经更新。 +运行以下命令扩展文件系统以后，ext4信息就更新了。 # resize2fs /dev/volume-group1/lv1 现在，这个逻辑卷应该已经扩展到200MB了。我们检查LV的状态来验证。 - # lvdisplay ---------- @@ -200,14 +197,13 @@ LVM使用分层结构，如下图所示。 - currently set to 256 Block device 253:2 -现在，这个逻辑卷可以再次挂载，同样这个方法使用其他分区。 +现在，这个逻辑卷可以再次挂载，同样这个方法也可用于其他分区。 ### 缩减一个LVM卷 ### 这章节介绍缩减LVM卷大小的方法。命令的顺序同样重要。并且，下列命令对ext2/3/4文件系统同样有效。 - -注意减少逻辑卷的大小值若小于储存的数据大小，会出现数据丢失。 +注意减少逻辑卷的大小值若小于储存的数据大小，存储在后面的数据会丢失。 首先，卸载掉卷。 @@ -217,7 +213,7 @@ LVM使用分层结构，如下图所示。 # e2fsck -f /dev/volume-group1/lv1 -接下来，更新ext4信息。 +接下来缩小文件系统，更新ext4信息。 # resize2fs /dev/volume-group1/lv1 100M @@ -254,8 +250,7 @@ LVM使用分层结构，如下图所示。 ### 扩展一个卷组 ### -本节将讨论扩展卷组的方法，将一个物理卷添加到卷组。让我们假设我们的卷组'volume-group1'已经满了，需要扩大。收上的硬盘（sdb）已经没有其他空闲分区，我们添加了另外一个硬盘（sdc）。我们将看到如何从sdc扩展一个卷组，并增加一个分区。 - +本节将讨论扩展卷组的方法，将一个物理卷添加到卷组。让我们假设我们的卷组'volume-group1'已经满了，需要扩大。手上的硬盘（sdb）已经没有其他空闲分区，我们添加了另外一个硬盘（sdc）。我们将看到如何把sdc的分区添加到卷组以扩展。 检测现在卷组状态 @@ -316,7 +311,7 @@ LVM使用分层结构，如下图所示。 # vgextend volume-group1 /dev/sdc1 -使用vgdisplay来验证。 +使用vgdisplay来验证（可以看到卷组大小已经增大）。 # vgdisplay @@ -343,7 +338,7 @@ LVM使用分层结构，如下图所示。 Free PE / Size 1262 / 4.93 GiB VG UUID bwd2pS-fkAz-lGVZ-qc7C-TaKv-fFUC-IzGNBK -注意，尽管我们使用一个单独的磁盘做示范，其实只要是‘8e’类型的磁盘都可以用来扩展卷组。 +注意，尽管我们使用一个单独的磁盘做示范，其实只要是‘8e’类型的磁盘分区都可以用来扩展卷组。 总结一下，LVM是一个非常给力的工具，用来创建和管理可变大小的分区。本文中，我们已经看见了动态分区如何在LVM中创建和使用。我们也看见了扩展/缩小逻辑卷和卷组的方法，和如何增加一个新的磁盘到LVM。 @@ -353,6 +348,6 @@ LVM使用分层结构，如下图所示。 via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/use-lvm-linux.html -译者：[Vic___](http://www.vicyu.net) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Vic___](http://www.vicyu.net) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 91ee52997443dff23662902559634fcf606b65a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: owen-carter Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 14:54:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 290/713] translated --- ...Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 'Gotham'.md | 41 ---------------- ...4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md | 47 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 'Gotham'.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 'Gotham'.md b/sources/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 'Gotham'.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2112ad24ff..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 'Gotham'.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,41 +0,0 @@ -owen-carter translating -OpenELEC 4.0.4 Now Out, Is Based on XBMC 13.1 “Gotham” -================================================================================ -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/OpenELEC-4-0-4-Is-Out-and-Based-on-XBMC-13-1-quot-Gotham-quot-445802-2.jpg) - -**OpenELEC 4.0.4, an embedded operating system built specifically to run XBMC, the open source entertainment media hub, is out and uses XBMC 13.1 as a base.** - -The OpenELEC makers are following the XBMC development cycle very closely and they have released a new version of their distribution, 4.0.4. It comes packed with all the goodies from XBMC 13.1 “Gotham” and the devs have made some changes of their own. - -“This release includes some bugfixes, security fixes and improvements since OpenELEC-4.0.3. Besides the usual bugfixes and package updates we updated XBMC with the last fixes to XBMC 13.1 (final) which contains a lot of fixes for issues found after the XBMC-13.0 release (some of them we already shipped with OpenELEC-4.0.0).” - -“We found and fixed with the help of ‘popcornmix’ some RaspberryPi related issues in kernel, firmware and XBMC code. Many thanks to him for the help! OpenELEC-4.0.4 is now the next stable release, which is a bugfix and securityfix release of the OpenELEC-4.0 series,” said the developers on the official website. - -OpenELEC 4.0.3 features some pretty interesting updates and fixes. For example, e2fsprogs has been updated to version 1.42.10, bluez has been updated to version 5.19, fontconfig is now at version 2.11.1, systemd 213 has been integrated by default, gnutls 3.2.12 has been added to fix some security problems, and a new Linux kernel, 3.14.5, has been implemented. - -Also, the DVB-T2 support for GeniaTech T220 / August T210 devices has been fixed, support has been added to disable WOL for broken drivers, “e1000e” has been added as broken driver, and the RPi support patch has been updated. - -If you already have an older version of OpenELEC, you might consider upgrading the system instead of installing it from scratch. This can be done safely if the OS is at least at version 3.2. - -If you try to update from an older version of the operating system you might find that some of the plugins and add-ons are no longer working. It's also advisable to back up the system before attempting an upgrade. - -XBMC 13.1 “Gotham,” the distribution used as a base, comes with Android hardware decoding, various Raspberry Pi and Android speed improvements, stereoscopic 3D Rendering, better touchscreen support, improved UPnP capabilities, lots of audio engine improvements, better subtitle searches, extended Python and JSON-RPC API for developers, FFmpeg 1.2, and much more. - -Check out the official [announcement][1] for a complete list of changes and improvements. - -### Download the latest OpenELEC 4.0.4: ### - -- [OpenELEC 4.0.4 (tar.bz2) 64-bit][2][binary] [145 MB] -- [OpenELEC 4.0.4 (tar.bz2) 32-bit][3][binary] [142 MB] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/OpenELEC-4-0-4-Is-Out-and-Based-on-XBMC-13-1-quot-Gotham-quot-445802.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://openelec.tv/news/22-releases/129-openelec-4-0-4-released -[2]:http://openelec.tv/get-openelec/download/viewdownload/8/339 -[3]:http://openelec.tv/get-openelec/download/viewdownload/8/338 diff --git a/translated/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md b/translated/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..44836dab43 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham” +================================================================================ + +![] (http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/OpenELEC-4-0-4-Is-Out-and-Based-on-XBMC-13-1-quot-Gotham-quot-445802-2.jpg) + + +**OpenELEC 4.0.4，一个嵌入式的专门为运行XBMC的操作系统，开放源代码的娱乐媒体中心，已经发布并且使用 XBMC 13.1 作为 基础版本 .** + +OpenELEC 开发商非常密切地关注着 XBMC +的产品开发周期而且他们已经发布了他们的最新的 4.0.4 的版本。它来自 XBMC +13.1"Gotham"满载着大量的好点子，并且开发者们做了一些了自己的改动。 + +"此版本包括一些bug修正、 安全修复和来自于 OpenELEC +4.0.3的改进。除了通常的错误修正和软件包更新，我们已经使用最新的补丁文件升级 XBMC 至最新的 XBMC 13.1 (final) +这个版本包含了很多已知问题的修复（其中有些我们已附带 OpenELEC 4.0.0中） 在 XBMC 13.0 发布之后 。 + +"我们发现并修复了一些和RaspberryPi相关内核问题、 固件和 XBMC 代码中的问题，在 ‘popcornmix’ 的帮助下 ，非常感谢他的帮助 ！OpenELEC 4.0.4 现在是下一个稳定版本，这是一款bug修正和 security修复 的 OpenELEC-4.0 系列版本，"开发商的官方网站上如是写道。 + +OpenELEC 4.0.3 界面更加美观而且更新和修复了许多问题。例如，e2fsprogs 已更新到版本 1.42.10、 bluez 已更新到版本 5.19、 版本 2.11.1 现在是系统中的字型、 字体设置 213 已被集成并设为默认，gnutls 3.2.12 已被添加用来修复一些安全问题，而且一个新的 Linux 内核，3.14.5，已经来到。 + +此外，DVB T2 已经添加了对 GeniaTech T220 / August T210 设备的支持，支持禁用 WOL 由于其破碎的驱动程序、"e1000e"已添加为破碎的驱动程序， RPi 支持补丁已更新。 + +如果你已经有一个旧版的 OpenELEC，你可能需要考虑升级的系统而不是从头开始安装它。如果想顺利地完成安装，至少应该是 3.2 版本。 + +如果您尝试从旧版本操作系统的更新，您可能发现一些插件和插件都不再工作。所以最明智的办法就是，在尝试升级之前备份你的系统。 + +XBMC 13.1"Gotham，"版本作为一个基础版本，配有 Android 硬件解码、 许多树莓派和 Android 速度方面的改善，立体 3D 渲染，更好的触摸屏支持，改进了 UPnP 功能，很多的音频引擎的改进，更好地字幕搜索、 对开发者友好的扩展如 Python 和 JSON RPC API ，FFmpeg 1.2，还有更多。 + + +查阅官方 [公告] [1] 的更改和改进的完整列表。 + + +# # # 下载最新的 OpenELEC 4.0.4： # # # +- [OpenELEC 4.0.4 (tar.bz2) 64-bit][2][binary] [145 MB] +- [OpenELEC 4.0.4 (tar.bz2) 32-bit][3][binary] [142 MB] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/OpenELEC-4-0-4-Is-Out-and-Based-on-XBMC-13-1-quot-Gotham-quot-445802.shtml + +译者：[owen-carter](https://github.com/owen-carter) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://openelec.tv/news/22-releases/129-openelec-4-0-4-released +[2]:http://openelec.tv/get-openelec/download/viewdownload/8/339 +[3]:http://openelec.tv/get-openelec/download/viewdownload/8/338 From 5d9b371815a5545d3d7dbbf6a9214714771c6ab8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 15:06:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 291/713] Update 20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md --- ...use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md b/sources/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md index 2f2ca6da16..47becf6d59 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GOLinux ... How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information ================================================================================ The command **lsblk** (list block devices) is used to list information about all available block devices, however, **it does not list information about RAM disks**. Examples of block devices are hard disk, flash drives, CD-ROM e.t.c @@ -104,4 +105,4 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-lsblk-command/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/ \ No newline at end of file +[1]:ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/ From 5ecac8abaa90a0d0837b4feb9814e776418b7175 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 16:06:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 292/713] Translated:20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md --- ...ommand to List Block Device Information.md | 108 ------------------ ...ommand to List Block Device Information.md | 107 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 108 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md b/sources/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md deleted file mode 100644 index 47becf6d59..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,108 +0,0 @@ -Translating by GOLinux ... -How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information -================================================================================ -The command **lsblk** (list block devices) is used to list information about all available block devices, however, **it does not list information about RAM disks**. Examples of block devices are hard disk, flash drives, CD-ROM e.t.c - -### How To Install lsblk ### - -The command lsblk comes in the package util-linux-ng, now renamed util-linux. The package comes with several other utilities such as dmesg. To install lsblk download util-linux [here][1]. - -### How To Install lsblk In Fedora ### - -Fedora users can install the package as follows: - - $ sudo yum install util-linux-ng - -The command has several options: - -### The Default Option ### - -The command lsblk by default will list all block devices in a tree-like format. Open your terminal and type the command as follows: - - $ lsblk - -The output is as follows: - -![lsblk default](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/lsblk-default.jpg) - -There are seven columns namely: - -**NAME** : This is the device name. - -**MAJ:MIN** : This column shows the major and minor device number. - -**RM** : This column shows whether the device is removable or not. Note in this example the device sdb and sr0 have their RM values equals to 1 indicating they are removable. - -**SIZE** : This is column give information on the size of the device. For example 298.1G indicate the device is 298.1GB and 1K indicate the device size is 1KB. - -**RO** : This indicates whether a device is read-only. In this case all devices have a RO=0, indicating they are not read only. - -**TYPE** :This column shows information whether the block device is a disk or a partition(part) within a disk. In this example sda and sdb are disks while sr0 is a read only memory (rom). - -**MOUNTPOINT** : This column indicates mount point on which the device is mounted. - -### List All Devices ### - -The default option does not list all empty devices. To view these also use the command as follows: - - $ lsblk -a - -This option will list all devices including empty ones. - -![lsblk bytes sda](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/lsblk-bytes-sda.png) - -### List Device Permissions and Owner ### - -The command lsblk can also be used to list the ownership of a particular device as well as the group the mode. This can be achieved as follows: - - $ lsblk -m - -![lsblk permissions](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/lsblk-permissions.png) - -### List Specific Devices ### - -It is possible also to get information about a specific device only. This can be achieved by specifying the device name after the option supplied to lsblk. For example you would be interested to know your hard drive size in bytes. You can accomplish this by running the command as follows: - - $ lsblk -b /dev/sda - -or if you prefer: - - $ lsblk --bytes /dev/sda - -### List Devices Without Header in List Form ### - -You can also combine several options to get a specific output. For example you might want to list the devices in a list format instead of the default tree format. You may also be interested in removing the header with the name of the different columns. The two different options can be combined to achieve the desired output as follows: - - $ lsblk -nl - -or still you can use the option which will give the same output. - - $ lsblk --noheadings --list - -![lsblk no header and list](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/lsblk-no-header-and-list.png) - -### List SCSI Devices ### - -To get a list of SCSI devices only you can use the option -S. This option is capital S and it should not be confused with the option -s which prints dependencies in inverse order. - - $ lsblk -S - -lsblk SCSI devices On the contrary the inverse option will give output as follows: Type the command: - - $ lsblk -s - -or - - $ lsblk --inverse - -lsblk inverse You can use lsblk to get more information about your block devices, try it out today! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-lsblk-command/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md b/translated/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ace45377b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +使用Linux的lsblk命令列出块设备信息 +================================================================================ +**lsblk**（列出块设备）命令勇于列出所有可用块设备的信息，但是，它**不列出RAM盘的信息**。块设备有硬盘，闪存盘，CD-ROM等等。 + +### 如何安装lsblk ### + +lsblk命令包含在util-linux-ng包中，现在该包改名为util-linux。这个包带了几个其它工具，如dmesg。要安装lsblk，请在[此处][1]下载util-linux包。 + +### Fedora中安装lsblk ### + +Fedora用户可以通过以下方法来安装该包： + + $ sudo yum install util-linux-ng + +该命令有几个选项： + +### 默认选项 ### + +lsblk命令默认情况下将以树状列出所有块设备。打开终端，并输入以下命令： + + $ lsblk + +输出如下： + +![lsblk default](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/lsblk-default.jpg) + +7个栏目名称如下： + +**NAME** : 这是块设备名。 + +**MAJ:MIN** : 本栏显示主要和次要设备号。 + +**RM** : 本栏显示设备是否可移动设备。注意，在本例中设备sdb和sr0的RM值等于1，这说明他们是可移动设备。 + +**SIZE** : 本栏列出设备的容量大小信息。例如298.1G表明该设备大小为298.1GB，而1K表明该设备大小为1KB。 + +**RO** : 该项表明设备是否为只读。在本案例中，所有设备的RO值为0，表明他们不是只读的。 + +**TYPE** :本栏显示块设备是否是磁盘或磁盘上的一个分区。在本例中，sda和sdb是磁盘，而sr0是只读存储（rom）。 + +**MOUNTPOINT** : 本栏指出设备挂载的挂载点。 + +### 列出所有设备 ### + +默认选项不会列出所有空设备。要查看这些空设备，请使用以下命令： + + $ lsblk -a + +该选项将列出所有设备，包括控设备在内。 + +![lsblk bytes sda](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/lsblk-bytes-sda.png) + +### 列出设备权限和属主 ### + +lsblk命令也可以用于列出一个特定设备的拥有关系，同时也可以列出组和模式。可以通过以下命令来获取这些信息： + + $ lsblk -m + +![lsblk permissions](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/lsblk-permissions.png) + +### 列出指定设备 ### + +该命令也可以只获取指定设备的信息。这可以通过在提供给lsblk命令的选项后指定设备名来实现。例如，你可能对了解以字节显示你的磁盘驱动器大小比较感兴趣，那么你可以通过运行以下命令来实现： + + $ lsblk -b /dev/sda + +或者，如果你偏好： + + $ lsblk --bytes /dev/sda + +### 以列表形式列出不带头的设备 ### + +你也可以组合几个选项来获取指定的输出。例如，你也许想要以列表格式列出设备，而不是默认的树状格式。你可能也对移除不同栏目名称的头感兴趣。可以将两个不同的选项组合，以获得期望的输出，命令如下： + + $ lsblk -nl + +或者，你可以使用下面的选项，它们也能给出相同的输出。 + + $ lsblk --noheadings --list + +![lsblk no header and list](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/lsblk-no-header-and-list.png) + +### 列出SCSI设备 ### + +要获取SCSI设备的列表，你只能使用-S选项。该选项是大写字母S，不能和-s选项混淆，该选项是用来以颠倒的顺序打印依赖的。 + + $ lsblk -S + +lsblk列出SCSI设备，相反，逆序选项将给出如下输出。输入命令： + + $ lsblk -s + +或者 + + $ lsblk --inverse + +lsblk逆序。你可以使用lsblk来获取关于你的块设备的更多信息，自己把它试着显示出来吧！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-lsblk-command/ + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/ From 60f72225933684ecd0f194d701816c1a51cf6fba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 16:37:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 293/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140618-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md | 301 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 301 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md b/sources/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3a8bef10ba --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md @@ -0,0 +1,301 @@ +20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon +================================================================================ +### Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon ### + +Linux Mint 17 has been [released][1] and is named Qiana. Mint is one of the best linux distros that targets desktop users with focus on usability and simplicity. It comes in various flavors with different desktop environments like Mate and Cinnamon and different base distros like Ubuntu or Debian. + +In this post we are playing with the cinnamon edition of Linux Mint 17. More information about the Cinnamon edition (including download links) can be found at - [http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2626][2] +Download the correct iso (32bit or 64bit) for your system, burn to a dvd or write to a usb drive and boot in. Once you install completes, its time to charge up the system with some tweaks and essential apps to get the best performance and experience. + +### 1. Update the system ### + +The first thing to do always is to make the system up-to-date. Run the following commands in a terminal. + + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get upgrade + +Or use the Update Manager (mintUpdate) that can be found in Menu > Administration. + +![linux mint 17 qiana](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/linux-mint-17-qiana.png) + +### 2. Get old wallpapers ### + +Every release of Linux Mint comes with a new set of nice wallpapers. But you can also install wallpapers from the previous versions. + + $ sudo apt-get install mint-backgrounds-* + +### 3. Get more browsers ### + +Linux Mint 17 has firefox installed by default. You can get more browsers like Chromium and Google Chrome. + +The chromium browser is available in the repositories. + + $ sudo apt-get install chromium-browser + +For Google Chrome visit google.com/chrome and download the deb files and install them using gdebi. +Or run the following commands + + # 64 bit + $ wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb + $ sudo gdebi google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb + + # 32 bit + $ wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_i386.deb + $ sudo gdebi google-chrome-stable_current_i386.deb + +### 4. Install Flash Player ### + +The adobe flash plugin package (adobe-flashplugin) is installed by default on Mint so should be able to play flash games and videos inside Firefox. + +Google Chrome now uses the Pepper API based flash player which comes inbuilt with it, so you don't need to do anything for Chrome either. + +For Chromium however, the Pepper based flash player is not included (being a non-free component) and has to be installed manually. + +Install the following package to install the pepper flash player for Chromium. It will download the pepper flash player from Google Chrome browser and put it inside Chromium. + + $ sudo apt-get install pepperflashplugin-nonfree + +The above command should setup the flash player in Chromium. Incase it fails to download, redo the process with the following command + + $ sudo dpkg-reconfigure pepperflashplugin-nonfree + +### 5. Install multimedia codecs ### + +The restricted extras package would install most of the essential codecs for playing formats like mp3. It would also install the microsoft fonts. + + $ sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras + +To enable playback of encrypted dvds, install the following package. + + $ sudo apt-get install libdvdread4 + $ sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread4/install-css.sh + +### 6. Install proprietory drivers ### + +If you are having an nvidia or ati graphics card or broadcom wireless card, then install the proprietory drivers provided by the vendor. These drivers would get you the best hardware performance. + +For installing nvidia drivers you can follow the previous post here + +How to install the latest Nvidia drivers on Linux Mint + +### 7. Install Dropbox ### + +Linux mint repository already has the package for dropbox client, so you need not go elsewhere. + + $ sudo apt-get install dropbox python-gpgme + +If you still prefer to download dropbox from the official website then head straigh to [https://www.dropbox.com/install?os=lnx][4] and follow the instructions and download the deb installers for Ubuntu. + +Copy is another cloud storage solution that has a native Linux client. Check it out at [copy.com][5]. It also has a [ppa repository][6]. + +### 8. Skype ### + +Skype is available in the Ubuntu canonical partner repositories. + + $ sudo apt-get install skype + +### 9. Install rar and other archiving utilities ### + +To be able to create rar archives from the context menu in file managers like Nemo, install the rar utility. Along with rar, install a few more packages to add support for other archive formats. + + $ sudo apt-get install unace p7zip-rar sharutils rar arj lunzip lzip + +### 10. Install a clipboard manager ### + +Clipboard managers allow you to maintain and access history of items that you copied in the past using Ctrl+C for example. There are many clipboard managers for gnome like diodon, clipit, glipper, parcellite. + +Diodon seemd to have some issues on the cinnamon desktop, that scrollers would appear as the history list grows. Clipit and Glipper worked very well. You can install either + + $ sudo apt-get install glipper + # or + $ sudo apt-get install clipit + +Then launch them from the Application menu and they should start everytime you login. + +### 11. Tweak the desktop ### + +#### 1. Fix the date format on the system tray #### + +The time applet at the bottom right shows only the time. It can be made to show the date as well. Right click the date-time applet on the bottom right and click Configure + +Check the box labelled "Use a custom date format" and fill in + + %B %e, %I:%M %p + +This would show the month name, date and time in 12 hour format with AM/PM + +#### 2. Install Themes, Extensions, Applets, Desklets #### + +Get some goodies for your desktop. You have desklets for the desktop area, applets for the panel, extensions for desktop effects and themes for the desktop design. + +Go to system settings, click on the specific icon and you would see a list to select from. Click the "Get more online" tab to download more such goodies. + +#### 3. Change Firefox search engine #### + +You might notice that Firefox has the Yahoo search engine selected by default and the search engine list does not have Google in it. Click "Manage Search Engines" > Get more search engines. It will take you to [http://www.linuxmint.com/searchengines.php][7]. + +Scroll down to the section of commercial search engines and find the Google logo and click on it. Once you are on the next page, click on the search engine list again and this time you would see an option "Add Google". Click on it and Google search engine would be available. + +### 12. Optimise font rendering ### + +Linux mint uses the Dejavu Sans fonts by default, which look very ordinary. You can get far more good looking fonts using the Droid and Noto fonts. Following our previous tutorial for step by step instructions on how to do it. + +[How to get gorgeous looking fonts on Linux Mint][8] + +### 13. Guake dropdown terminal ### + +Dropdown terminals allow you to access terminals at the press of a single key. Guake is one such dropdown terminal for gtk based desktops. Dropdown terminals show/hide upon request and keep running so you do not need to open the terminal from the menu or launcher. +This is a must have tool for terminal addicts + + $ sudo apt-get install guake + +Guake needs to be configured to start everytime on Logon. First find out the path to the guake command. + + $ which guake + /usr/bin/guake + +Now add it to the list of startup applications. Go to system settings > startup programs and click Add. Fill the dialog + +> Name - Guake dropdown terminal +> Command - /usr/bin/guake + +Click Add. Now Guake is in the list of running applications and would start automatically everytime. + +### 14. Uget download manager ### + +Uget is a simple and robust cross platform download manager and works very well on Linux. It lacks the ability to download files in multiple parts, but is still a very stable download manager. + + $ sudo apt-get install uget + +### 15. Deluge BitTorrent client ### + +Linux Mint comes with Transmission which is a simple and efficient torrent client. If you are looking for a more featureful torrent client, than you can try out the deluge or vuze (formerly azureus), or qbittorrent. + + $ sudo apt-get install deluge-torrent + +### 16. Hardinfo - System information tool ### + +Hardinfo is a very convenient gui tool that reports a whole lot of information about various hardware parts on your system. You can check information about processor, memory, storage device, network configuration, printers, usb devices, sound/video adapters etc all in one place. It also has features to test and measure the performance of your system + + $ sudo apt-get install hardinfo + +17. Install MATE desktop environment + +Apart from Cinnamon the other popular desktop environment that comes with Linux Mint is the MATE (Maatay) desktop. Install it if you want to try it. + + $ sudo apt-get install mint-meta-mate + +Now you can select the MATE session at the login screen. + +### 18. Make other partitions writable ### + +If you have other ext partitions, to store and backup files for example, then you need to make them writable to avoid using root privileges every time. + +First open the partition mount directory in a file manager using gksudo. + + $ gksudo nemo + +Navigate to the partition directory. Right click and go to Properties > Permissions tab + +Give "Folder access" - create and delete files to owner, group and others +Give "File access - read and write to owner, group and others. + +For Ntfs partitions you do not need to do this. + +### 19. Install Conky ### + +Conky is a lightweight system monitor that displays statistics about various system resources like cpu, memory, network etc on the desktop using graphical widgets. Its not a necessary thing, but gets you some eye candy for the desktop. + + $ sudo apt-add-repository -y ppa:teejee2008/ppa + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get install conky-manager + +Launch Conky Manager from the applications menu and add widgets to the desktop. Also check the option to start Conky on system startup. + +### 20. Install some games ### + +Linux does have some cool games that are quite entertaining and yet free. Note that some of these games like supertuxkart and 0ad require dedicated graphics processors for optimal performance. + + # 0ad - strategy game like age of empires + $ aptitude search 0ad + + # supertuxkart - car racing game + $ aptitude search supertuxkart + + # openarena + $ aptitude search openarena + +There are a lot more games in the repository that you can install. Alien arena, secret maryo chronicles, supertux, frozen bubbles etc. + +### Cleanup ### + +After everything, cleanup the system by removing unnecessary packages. + + $ sudo apt-get autoremove + +### Notes ### + +#### Support for Java applets on Google Chrome/Chromium #### + +The "icedtea-plugin" is already installed which enables firefox to play java applets. + +However Chrome and Chromium no longer support NPAPI based plugins. So java applets would not work in those browsers till a Pepper api based java plugin is available. More information [here][9]. + +#### More applications #### + +If you are looking for still more applications for your Mint box, then here a small list of more good apps. All of them can be installed from Software Manager. + +Opera - Web browser +Gnome Encfs Manager - Manager files and folders encrypted with Encfs +Smplayer - Multimedia player +Rhythmbox, Clementine - Music players +Openshot, Kdenlive - Video editor +Audacity - Audio editor +Inkscape - Graphics and image editing +Gparted - Partition editor +Gufw - Firewall configuration tool +qBittorrent, Vuze - Torrent clients +Gwenview - Image viewing +Team viewer - remote desktop +Tv-maxe - view tv channels +Grub Customizer - Modify GRUB boot menu settings +Linrunner TLP - Power management tool. Useful to save power on laptops +Virtualbox - Virtualization +Kazam, recordMyDesktop - Desktop recording/screencasting +Bleachbit - Free disk space by deleting old/temporary files. +Cheese - Take pictures using webcam +Shutter - Screenshot tool with loads of features + +So grab your favorite ones and enjoy Linux Mint !! + +### Resources ### + +Download latest Linux Mint +[http://www.linuxmint.com/download.php][10] + +Community Tutorials +[http://community.linuxmint.com/tutorial][11] + +Linux Mint forums +[http://forums.linuxmint.com/][12] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/better-linux-mint-17-cinnamon/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2626 +[2]:http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2626 +[3]:http://www.binarytides.com/install-nvidia-drivers-linux-mint-16/ +[4]:http://www.dropbox.com/install?os=lnx +[5]:http://copy.com/?r=DSwtSd +[6]:http://launchpad.net/~paolorotolo/+archive/copy +[7]:http://www.linuxmint.com/searchengines.php +[8]:http://www.binarytides.com/optimize-fonts-linux-mint/ +[9]:http://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/chromium-browser/+bug/1309508 +[10]:http://www.linuxmint.com/download.php +[11]:http://community.linuxmint.com/tutorial +[12]:http://forums.linuxmint.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 283521a018f1d1c7b07dcaf1d162dd31bb6e9088 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 16:45:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 294/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=96=B0=E5=A2=9ECore=EF=BC=9AGOLinux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- README.md | 48 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------- 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 028b39d48f..9c4a58755f 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -44,48 +44,57 @@ LCTT的组成 - CORE [jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng), - CORE [willqian](https://github.com/willqian), - CORE [vizv](https://github.com/vizv), +- CORE [GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux), - [luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat), - [runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater), - [bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2), -- [flsf](https://github.com/flsf), - [Vic020](https://github.com/Vic020), +- [flsf](https://github.com/flsf), +- [alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x), +- [crowner](https://github.com/crowner), - [Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz), - [KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu), -- [crowner](https://github.com/crowner), -- [woodboow](https://github.com/woodboow), - [Linchenguang](https://github.com/Linchenguang), +- [woodboow](https://github.com/woodboow), - [zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025), -- [blueabysm](https://github.com/blueabysm), - [yechunxiao19](https://github.com/yechunxiao19), +- [blueabysm](https://github.com/blueabysm), +- [linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap), - [scusjs](https://github.com/scusjs), - [hyaocuk](https://github.com/hyaocuk), - [theo-l](https://github.com/theo-l), -- [NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan), -- [ThomazL](https://github.com/ThomazL), - [l3b2w1](https://github.com/l3b2w1), +- [ThomazL](https://github.com/ThomazL), +- [NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan), +- [MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder), - [boredivan](https://github.com/boredivan), -- [rogetfan](https://github.com/rogetfan), -- [liuaiping](https://github.com/liuaiping), -- [whatever1992](https://github.com/whatever1992), -- [tenght](https://github.com/tenght), -- [linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap), +- [shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw), +- [jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer), - [icybreaker](https://github.com/icybreaker), +- [tenght](https://github.com/tenght), +- [liuaiping](https://github.com/liuaiping), +- [rogetfan](https://github.com/rogetfan), +- [whatever1992](https://github.com/whatever1992), +- [disylee](https://github.com/disylee), +- [2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007), - [SteveArcher](https://github.com/SteveArcher), +- [JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang), +- [zzlyzq](https://github.com/zzlyzq), +- [yujianxuechuan](https://github.com/yujianxuechuan), - [FineFan](https://github.com/FineFan), - [ailurus1991](https://github.com/ailurus1991), -- [zzlyzq](https://github.com/zzlyzq), +- [stduolc](https://github.com/stduolc), - [tomatoKiller](https://github.com/tomatoKiller), -- [small-Wood](https://github.com/small-Wood), -- [ggaaooppeenngg](https://github.com/ggaaooppeenngg), -- [yujianxuechuan](https://github.com/yujianxuechuan), - [Hao-Ding](https://github.com/Hao-Ding), - [Maclauring](https://github.com/Maclauring), -- [lijhg](https://github.com/lijhg), +- [ggaaooppeenngg](https://github.com/ggaaooppeenngg), +- [small-Wood](https://github.com/small-Wood), +- [CHINAANSHE](https://github.com/CHINAANSHE), - [zsJacky](https://github.com/zsJacky), -- [stduolc](https://github.com/stduolc), +- [lijhg](https://github.com/lijhg), -（更新于2014/05/16） +（更新于2014/06/18） 谢谢大家的支持！ @@ -102,4 +111,5 @@ LCTT的组成 * 2013/11/10 举行第一次北京线下聚会。 * 2014/01/02 增加了Core Translators 成员: geekpi。 * 2014/05/04 更换了新的QQ群：198889102 -* 2014/05/16 增加了Core Translators 成员: will.qian、vizv。 \ No newline at end of file +* 2014/05/16 增加了Core Translators 成员: will.qian、vizv。 +* 2014/06/18 由于GOLinux令人惊叹的翻译速度和不错的翻译质量，升级为Core Translators 成员。 \ No newline at end of file From a3ca266219c2d1b756b717ca6dc3919034d44cf0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 16:56:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 295/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=9B=B4=E6=96=B0=E9=A1=BA=E5=BA=8F?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- README.md | 18 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 9c4a58755f..ddff91f237 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -63,34 +63,34 @@ LCTT的组成 - [scusjs](https://github.com/scusjs), - [hyaocuk](https://github.com/hyaocuk), - [theo-l](https://github.com/theo-l), +- [NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan), - [l3b2w1](https://github.com/l3b2w1), - [ThomazL](https://github.com/ThomazL), -- [NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan), - [MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder), -- [boredivan](https://github.com/boredivan), - [shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw), +- [boredivan](https://github.com/boredivan), - [jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer), - [icybreaker](https://github.com/icybreaker), -- [tenght](https://github.com/tenght), - [liuaiping](https://github.com/liuaiping), +- [tenght](https://github.com/tenght), - [rogetfan](https://github.com/rogetfan), - [whatever1992](https://github.com/whatever1992), -- [disylee](https://github.com/disylee), - [2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007), +- [disylee](https://github.com/disylee), - [SteveArcher](https://github.com/SteveArcher), - [JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang), - [zzlyzq](https://github.com/zzlyzq), -- [yujianxuechuan](https://github.com/yujianxuechuan), - [FineFan](https://github.com/FineFan), - [ailurus1991](https://github.com/ailurus1991), -- [stduolc](https://github.com/stduolc), +- [yujianxuechuan](https://github.com/yujianxuechuan), - [tomatoKiller](https://github.com/tomatoKiller), -- [Hao-Ding](https://github.com/Hao-Ding), +- [stduolc](https://github.com/stduolc), - [Maclauring](https://github.com/Maclauring), -- [ggaaooppeenngg](https://github.com/ggaaooppeenngg), +- [Hao-Ding](https://github.com/Hao-Ding), - [small-Wood](https://github.com/small-Wood), -- [CHINAANSHE](https://github.com/CHINAANSHE), - [zsJacky](https://github.com/zsJacky), +- [CHINAANSHE](https://github.com/CHINAANSHE), +- [ggaaooppeenngg](https://github.com/ggaaooppeenngg), - [lijhg](https://github.com/lijhg), From 5e736fab963248d1cc0f54bc6ef57666d18c3a22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 17:13:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 296/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=20by=20runn?= =?UTF-8?q?ingwater?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...40617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md b/sources/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md index 28b76d3e52..ae92f1ac56 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +（翻译中 by runningwater） Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Make_Ubuntu_Look_Like_Mac_OS.jpeg) @@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ Honestly, I am an avid Ubuntu fan and I like Ubuntu’s default Unity looks. In via: http://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-1404-mac-zukimac-theme/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 46f528a287800da0f5baa7dca6aeb8a2b4cb1271 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 21:34:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 297/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=EF=BC=9A7=20Improvem?= =?UTF-8?q?ents=20The=20Linux=20Desktop=20Needs?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../7 Improvements The Linux Desktop Needs.md | 95 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 95 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/7 Improvements The Linux Desktop Needs.md diff --git a/sources/talk/7 Improvements The Linux Desktop Needs.md b/sources/talk/7 Improvements The Linux Desktop Needs.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9a5c215d2e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/7 Improvements The Linux Desktop Needs.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +7 Improvements The Linux Desktop Needs +====================================== + +In the last fifteen years, the Linux desktop has gone from a collection of marginally adequate solutions to an unparalleled source of innovation and choice. Many of its standard features are either unavailable in Windows, or else available only as a proprietary extension. As a result, using Linux is increasingly not only a matter of principle, but of preference as well. + +Yet, despite this progress, gaps remain. Some are missing features, others missing features, and still others pie-in-the sky extras that could be easily implemented to extend the desktop metaphor without straining users' tolerance of change. + +For instance, here are 7 improvements that would benefit the Linux desktop: + +### 7. Easy Email Encryption + +These days, every email reader from Alpine to Thunderbird and Kmail include email encryption. However, documentation is often either non-existent or poor. + +But, even if you understand the theory, the practice is difficult. Controls are generally scattered throughout the configuration menus and tabs, requiring a thorough search for all the settings that you require or want. Should you fail to set up encryption properly, usually you receive no feedback about why. + +The closest to an easy process is [Enigmail][1], a Thunderbird extension that includes a setup wizard aimed at beginners. But you have to know about Enigmail to use it, and the menu it adds to the composition window buries the encryption option one level down and places it with other options guaranteed to mystify everyday users. + +No matter what the desktop, the assumption is that, if you want encrypted email, you already understand it. Today, though, the constant media references to security and privacy have ensured that such an assumption no longer applies. + +### 6. Thumbnails for Virtual Workspaces + +Virtual workspaces offer more desktop space without requiring additional monitors. Yet, despite their usefulness, management of virtual workspaces hasn't changed in over a decade. On most desktops, you control them through a pager in which each workspace is represented by an unadorned rectangle that gives few indications of what might be on it except for its name or number -- or, in the case of Ubuntu's Unity, which workspace is currently active. + +True, GNOME and Cinnamon do offer better views, but the usefulness of these views is limited by the fact that they require a change of screens. Nor is KDE's written list of contents, which is jarring in the primarily graphic-oriented desktop. + +A less distracting solution might be mouseover thumbnails large enough for those with normal vision to see exactly what is on each workspace. + +### 5. A Workable Menu + +The modern desktop long ago outgrew the classic menu with its sub-menus cascading across the screen. Today, the average computer simply has too many applications to fit comfortably into such a format. + +The trouble is, neither of the major alternatives is as convenient as the classic menu. Confining the menu into a single window is less than ideal, because you either have to endure truncated sub-menus or else continually resize the window with the mouse. + +Yet the alternative of a full-screen menu is even worse. It means changing screens before you even begin to work, and relying on a search field that is only useful if you already know what applications are available -- in which case you are almost better off launching from the command line. + +Frankly, I don't know what the solution might be. Maybe spinner racks, like those in OS X? All I can say for certain is that all alternatives for a modern menu make a carefully constructed set of icons on the desktop seem a more reasonable alternative. + +### 4. A Professional, Affordable Video Editor + +Over the years, Linux has slowly filled the gaps in productivity software. However, one category in which it is still lacking is in reasonably priced software for editing videos. + +The problem is not that such free software is non-existent. After all, [Maya][2] is one of the industry standards for animation. The problem is that the software costs several thousand dollars. + +At the opposite end of the spectrum are apps like Pitivi or Blender, whose functionality -- despite brave efforts by their developers -- remain basic. Progress happens, but far more slowly than anyone hopes for. + +Although I have heard of indie directors using native Linux video editors, the reason I have heard of their efforts is usually because of their complaints. Others prefer to minimize the struggle and edit on other operating systems instead. + +### 3. A Document Processor + +At one extreme are users whose need for word processing is satisfied by Google Docs. At the other extreme are layout experts for whom Scribus is the only feasible app. + +In-between are those like publishers and technical writers who produce long, text-oriented documents. This category of users is served by [Adobe FrameMaker][3] on Windows, and to some extent by LibreOffice Writer on Linux. + +Unfortunately, these users are apparently not a priority in LibreOffice, Calligra Words, AbiWord, or any other office suite. Features that would provide for these users include: + +- separate bibliographic databases for each file +- tables that are treated like styles in the same way that paragraphs and characters are +- page styles with persistent content other than headers or footers that would appear each time the style is used +- storable formats for cross-references, so that the structure doesn't need to be recreated manually each time that it is needed + +Whether LibreOffice or another application provides these features is irrelevant comparing to whether they are available. Without them, the Linux desktop is an imperfect place for a large class of potential users. +2. Color-Coded Title Bars + +Browser extensions have taught me how useful color coded tabs can be for workspaces. The titles of open tabs disappear when more than eight or nine or open, so the color is often the quickest visual guide to the relation between tabs. + +The same system could be just as useful on the desktop. Better yet, the color coding might be preserved between sessions, allowing users to open all the apps needed for a specific task at the same time. So far, I know of no desktop with such a feature. + +### 1. Icon Fences + +For years, Stardock Systems has been selling a Windows extension called [Fences][4], which lets icons be grouped. You can name each group and move the icons in it together. In addition, you can assign which fence different types of files are automatically added to, and hide and arrange fences as needed. + +In other words, fences automate the sort of arrangements that users make on their desktop all the time. Yet aside from one or two minor functions they share with KDE's Folder Views, fences remain completely unknown on Linux desktops. Perhaps the reason is that designers are focused on mobile devices as the source of ideas, and fences are decidedly a feature of the traditional workstation desktop. + +### Personalized Lists + +As I made this list, what struck me was how few of the improvements were general. Several of these improvement would appeal largely to specific audiences, and only one even implies the porting of a proprietary application. At least one is cosmetic rather than functional. + +What this observation suggests is that, for the general user, Linux has very little left to add. As an all-purpose desktop, Linux arrive some years ago, and has been diversifying ever since, until today users can choose from over half a dozen major desktops. + +None of that means, of course, that specialists wouldn't have other suggestions. In addition, changing needs can make improvements desirable that nobody once cared about. But it does mean that many items on a list of desirable improvements will be highly personal. + +All of which raises the question: what other improvements do you think would benefit the desktop? + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/7-improvements-the-linux-desktop-needs-1.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/thunderbird/addon/enigmail/ +[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk_Maya +[3]:http://www.adobe.com/products/framemaker.html +[4]:http://www.stardock.com/products/fences/ From f38590e85782b8542a01fe76be740c317ce23c1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 21:36:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 298/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=E6=94=B9=E5=90=8D?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...eeds.md => 20140617 7 Improvements The Linux Desktop Needs.md} | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/talk/{7 Improvements The Linux Desktop Needs.md => 20140617 7 Improvements The Linux Desktop Needs.md} (100%) diff --git a/sources/talk/7 Improvements The Linux Desktop Needs.md b/sources/talk/20140617 7 Improvements The Linux Desktop Needs.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/talk/7 Improvements The Linux Desktop Needs.md rename to sources/talk/20140617 7 Improvements The Linux Desktop Needs.md From 1a3510763230e0b6814675086fbebec4bb185290 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 22:18:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 299/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AMaking=20Lin?= =?UTF-8?q?ux=20Feel=20at=20Home?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @GOLinux 明早发布 --- .../Making Linux Feel at Home.md | 58 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Making Linux Feel at Home.md (68%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Making Linux Feel at Home.md b/published/Making Linux Feel at Home.md similarity index 68% rename from translated/tech/Making Linux Feel at Home.md rename to published/Making Linux Feel at Home.md index 6e02a51a3a..64f115d2e8 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Making Linux Feel at Home.md +++ b/published/Making Linux Feel at Home.md @@ -2,66 +2,75 @@ ================================================================================ **采用小企鹅不管是对于小企业还是大企业而言，都是一个明智的选择。Linux曾经被认为是业余爱好者的操作系统，但是经历了很长一段历程后，现在它成了企业级系统。它很稳定，而且很安全。Linux易于定制，而且有庞大的社区提供帮助。这只是迁移到Linux桌面的部分理由。** -迁移到一个不同的系统，从来都不是件容易的事。开着窗户（Windows），或不品味苹果（MacIntosh）可能是个令人沮丧且代价高昂的体验。花钱升级新的硬件来赶上高贵的新软件时髦，这往往是毫无价值的做法。 +![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rw979454/linux-migration.jpg) -在家里或一个小型的办公环境中运行一个Linux发行版，这是个卓有成效的努力，它可以带来开支的节约和效率的提升。对于企业环境而言，采用Linux服务器系统来取代追赶微软基础架构常常是个明智的商业选择。 +迁移到一个不同的系统，从来都不是件容易的事。继续开着窗户（Windows），或吃着苹果（MacIntosh）可能是个令人沮丧且代价高昂的体验。花钱升级新的硬件来赶上高贵的新软件时髦，这往往是毫无价值的做法。 -然而，放弃熟悉操作系统下的舒适环境的过程看起来比实际更具挑战性。个人用户和中小型企业可以分阶段迁移到Linux桌面。软件是免费的，而用户也已经有了合适的可以支撑两个平台的硬件。 +在家里或一个小型的办公环境中运行一个Linux发行版，这是个有益的尝试，它可以带来开支的节约和效率的提升。对于企业环境而言，采用Linux服务器系统来替代微软基础架构常常是个明智的商业选择。 + +然而，放弃熟悉操作系统下的舒适环境的过程看起来比实际更具挑战性。个人用户和中小型企业可以分阶段迁移到Linux桌面。软件是免费的，而用户已有的硬件是可以支持Window和Linux架构的。 许多更大型的企业已经跑起了它们自己的Linux服务器仓库和完整的Linux桌面应用，这里它更容易适应。基于云的软件的使用使得办公室人员在使用他们的工作站工作时意识不到有很大的改变。 -“是否迁移到Linux取决于使用情况。如果在家里使用，或者从事开发，那么你会想使用Linux中所有可用的功能。那是没脑子的想法。迁移到另外一个操作系统从来没有一帆风顺的。没有哪种使用情况可以适合所有场合，它取决于用户基础。“麦克 瓦伊塔尔，[Talkpoint][1]首席技术官，告诉Linux圈内人。 +“是否迁移到Linux取决于使用情况。如果在家里使用，或者从事开发，那么你会想使用Linux中所有可用的功能。那是没脑子的想法。迁移到另外一个操作系统从来没有一帆风顺的。没有哪种使用情况可以适合所有场合，它取决于用户基础。“麦克 瓦伊塔尔，[Talkpoint][1]首席技术官，告诉LinuxInsider。 在中小型企业中和企业客户一起工作，瓦伊塔尔发现，利用新技术的个人用户和公司领导者的数量在增长，这些新技术将他们吸引到Linux中来。 ### 舒适度期望值 ### -这些Linux技术之一就是Chrome OS,还有现在由基于Linux的Chrome浏览器操作系统驱动的廉价笔记本。 -由于用户已经熟悉Google的Chrome浏览器，或这开源的Chronium浏览器项目，使用Chromebook或者基于云的运载系统使得迁移到Linux变得小菜一碟。 +这些Linux技术之一就是Chrome OS，还有现在由基于Linux的Chrome操作系统驱动的廉价笔记本。 -“忽略使用的操作系统，其中一个问题是浏览器的能力。我们已经发现，用户85%的时间花在浏览器中“托马斯 邓，[Splashtop][2的共同创立者及产品管理高级副总裁，告诉Linux圈内人。 +由于用户已经熟悉Google的Chrome浏览器，或者开源的Chronium浏览器项目，使用Chromebook或者基于云的运载系统使得迁移到Linux变得小菜一碟。 + +“忽略使用的操作系统，其中一个问题是浏览器的能力。我们已经发现，用户85%的时间花在浏览器中”[Splashtop][2]的共同创立者及产品管理高级副总裁托马斯.邓这样对LinuxInsider说。 邓发现，那些有着快速学习曲线、能适应较新技术的人对此越来越有兴趣。人们使用多种多样的产品。因此迁移到一个与他们在其它设备上使用过的系统类似的系统，会使得迁移更平稳。 ### Chrome迎合潮流 ### + 移动设备用户，不管是在家中还是工作中，越来越精通Linux，而他们根本不知道这是个什么系统。他们在几个操作系统间切换。伴随着熟练程度的提高，开源环境也越发让人感觉舒适。通过云平台来分发跨平台软件，这是一个附加的迁移措施。 -“Google正在做的是与办公套件相关的真正有趣的事情。Google现在正在它的Chrome OS上敞开大门。“瓦伊塔尔说。 +“Google正在做的是与办公套件相关的一些真正有趣的事情。Google现在正在它的Chrome OS上敞开大门。”瓦伊塔尔说。 对于关闭窗户（Windows），敞开大门（Chrome OS），一个很好的例子是它的公司内部使用Chrome驱动的工具。例如，Talkpoint使用ChromeBox设备。 -“那就为多媒体团队和传统的AV用户敞开了大门。我们看到该技术上的很多进展。“瓦伊塔尔解释说。 +“那就为多媒体团队和传统的AV用户敞开了大门。我们看到该技术上的很多进展。”瓦伊塔尔解释说。 ### 平板打破传统 ### + 另外一个Linux设备为迁移到桌面OS铺平道路的例子是安卓系统的流行。加上这个为智能手机和平板电脑改良的Linux发行版。 -“对于迁移到Linux的人而言，人们对平板界面感到很舒服，尤其是在对Windows 8界面感到不满之后。我认识的每个人都试着回到Windows 7.“瓦伊塔尔说。 +“对于迁移到Linux的人而言，人们对平板界面感到很舒服，尤其是在对Windows 8界面感到不满之后。我认识的每个人都试着回到Windows 7。”瓦伊塔尔说。 ### 云计算具有Linux影响力 ### + 人们希望使用像MS Offcie这样熟悉的生产工具来进行文字处理。而在Windows平台上，开源产品不怎么被人熟知。因此，在开始迁移到完整的Linux桌面之前，先整合开源工具到原有平台会很有帮助。邓解释道。 随着Google Docs和Google Chrome浏览器的流行，Windows用户不知道开源的趋势正在发生改变。他指出。 -““让迁移到Linux变得方便的另外一条路是迁移到云端，使用云端应用。”邓说。“对用户进行教育，是将用户迁移到Linux的最有效的方式。Chromebook正大量被采用，这是一条迁移到Linux便捷的道路。” +“让迁移到Linux变得方便的另外一条路是迁移到云端，使用云端应用。”邓说。“对用户进行教育，是将用户迁移到Linux的最有效的方式。Chromebook正大量被采用，这是一条迁移到Linux便捷的道路。” ### 小企鹅威猛 ### -聘请Tux，Linux的吉祥物小企鹅，对于小企业和大企业来说都是明智的选择。它是一个成熟、稳定而又灵活的操作系统，绝对可以帮你干活。据肖恩 塞乐，[视觉解决方案][3]高级产品经理说。 -“对于小型商业公司，运行Linux来替代其它操作系统是令人信服的选择，而且也带来优势，当然这取决于你的公司的需求。“塞乐告诉Linux圈内人。 +聘请Tux，Linux的吉祥物小企鹅，对于小企业和大企业来说都是明智的选择。它是一个成熟、稳定而又灵活的操作系统，绝对可以帮你干活。据肖恩.塞乐，[视觉解决方案][3]高级产品经理说。 -它曾经被认为是是业余爱好者的操作系统，但是经历了很长一段历程后，现在它成了企业级系统。它很稳定，而且很安全。Linux易于定制，而且有庞大的社区提供帮助。这只是迁移到Linux桌面的部分理由。 +“对于小型商业公司，运行Linux来替代其它操作系统是令人信服的选择，而且也带来优势，当然这取决于你的公司的需求。”塞乐告诉LinuxInsider。 + +它曾经被认为是业余爱好者的操作系统，但是经历了很长一段历程后，现在它成了企业级系统。它很稳定，而且很安全。Linux易于定制，而且有庞大的社区提供帮助。这只是迁移到Linux桌面的部分理由。 ### 商业加分 ### -利用更多的社区支持模型可以节约成本，塞乐说。Linux可以获得免费的社区支持，也可以付费订阅完整的技术支持。一些Linux版本也有硬件和软件认证这些东西，这些对于某些工作环境是很重要的。 -例如，小型商业公司和大型企业可以可以完整地运行像CentOS或者OpenSuse这样的发行版，或者也可以从[Red Hat][4]或者Suse来整合付费的版本。即便是一个完整的订阅模型，Linux也比Windows或者传统的Unix提供了更低的总拥有成本，以及更好的投资回报，塞乐解释道。 +利用更多的社区支持模式可以节约成本，塞乐说。Linux可以获得免费的社区支持，也可以付费订阅完整的技术支持。一些Linux版本也有硬件和软件认证这些东西，这些对于某些工作环境是很重要的。 -“我相信，让小型企业来切身体验一下Linux很有意义。”塞乐补充道。“由于在社区以及像IBM和Red Hat这样的公司的帮助下，开源软件总体上正以快速的步伐帮助推动革新，Linux有一个光明的前途。“ +例如，小型商业公司和大型企业可以完整地免费运行像CentOS或者OpenSuse这样的发行版，或者也可以从[Red Hat][4]或者Suse来整合付费的版本。即便是一个完整的订阅服务，Linux也比Windows或者传统的Unix提供了更低的总拥有成本，以及更好的投资回报，塞乐解释道。 + +“我相信，让小型企业来切身体验一下Linux很有意义。”塞乐补充道，“由于在社区以及像IBM和Red Hat这样的公司的帮助下，开源软件总体上正以快速的步伐帮助推动革新，Linux有一个光明的前途。” ### 小心爽一把 ### -操作系统会家庭和工作地内部有不同的忠实用户。就拿BDNA的CTO沃克 怀特来说吧。他在家里使用Linux作为桌面操作系统，但是他的家人却对他热衷的东西并不买账。 -“我的家人用Mac gear。他们盲目追随市场营销和功能炒作，而根本不考虑性能之类的东西。我在家里进行一个人的圣战，试着策反更多的人来加入Linux阵营。”怀特告诉Linux圈内人。 +操作系统在家庭和工作场所有不同的忠实用户。就拿BDNA的CTO沃克.怀特来说吧。他在家里使用Linux作为桌面操作系统，但是他的家人却对他热衷的东西并不买账。 + +“我的家人用Mac之类的。他们盲目追随市场营销和功能炒作，而根本不考虑性能之类的东西。我在家里进行一个人的圣战，试着策反更多的人来加入Linux阵营。”怀特告诉LinuxInsider。 在他的公司里有类似的死忠派在奋斗，他说道，他公司里Linux桌面使用并不普遍 —— 但他们为Linux在工作中更广泛地部署打下了基础。 @@ -70,13 +79,15 @@ BDNA在内部使用Google应用很多。公司也在把越来越多的东西迁 “当我切换到想OpenOffice这样的应用时，该操作必须真正实现无缝操作以捕获更多人的心。从纯市场角度看，开发者需要稍稍改变一下游戏规则。苹果赢得了年轻孩子和30岁年轻一代的心。我经常在我公司听到这样的想法。”他说。 ### 小企鹅对战苹果 ### -请求新设备是高端的MacBook Pro的特点，怀特解释道。尽管他们主要使用的工具是在线工具，BDNA的工人还是想要华而不实的，高度宣传的硬件。 + +增加新的硬件设备是高端的MacBook Pro的特点，怀特解释道。尽管他们主要使用的工具是在线工具，BDNA的职员还是想要华而不实的，高度宣传的硬件。 为了打破这种观念，他不得不将操作系统和硬件的功能分离。战役的一部分是将用户与操作系统本身隔离。而这只有在企业同时有在线和离线的生产力应用程序才会发生，据怀特说。 -“即使是使用文件管理器这样简单的事情也需要将注意力放在操作系统允许我们在我们使用的应用里头做什么，而不是操作系统本身。”他说。 +“即使是使用文件管理器这样简单的事情，也应该将注意力放在操作系统允许我们在我们使用的应用里头做什么，而不是操作系统本身。”他说。 ### 爽到极点 ### + 操作系统多大程度上控制计算机用户？这个问题对于迁移到Linux而言很关键，怀特说。 想想Chromebook以及安卓手机和平板的不断成功，消费者真的需要知道他们正在运行Linux么？ @@ -86,9 +97,10 @@ BDNA在内部使用Google应用很多。公司也在把越来越多的东西迁 你是否启用家庭消费者层面的设置，或是转向家庭或小企业用户设置，重点在于用户可以兼容他们使用的工具和功能。这里头包括像共享和创建文档，以及与之相关的事情，他说明道。 ### 迁移措施 ### + 对于市场而言，软件和硬件生产商需要减少对操作系统的关注。例如，Chromebook正以苹果销售MacBook类似的方式获得大众认可。Google与其说是在贩卖Linux操作系统，倒不如说它是在销售应用，怀特回答道。 -“开发者真正需要做的是改变工作重点，让用户和Linux相处融洽，而不是停留在使用非Windows，或者非Mac操作系统的踌躇上。不管你用什么，必须可以让它做你想让它做的事。像Chromebook这样的事物正是秉承了这样的观点，将Linux操作系统本身掩盖了起来。”他指出。 +“开发者真正需要做的是改变工作重点，让用户和Linux相处融洽，而不是让他们停留在使用非Windows，或者非Mac操作系统的踌躇上。不管你用什么，必须可以让它做你想让它做的事。像Chromebook这样的事物正是秉承了这样的观点，将Linux操作系统本身掩盖了起来。”他指出。 计算机生产商必须首先开始打破“它是Windows”或者“它是Mac”这样的模式。到那个时候，迁移到Linux的数量才会大幅攀升，怀特总结道。 @@ -98,7 +110,7 @@ BDNA在内部使用Google应用很多。公司也在把越来越多的东西迁 via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80415.html -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 3a5da02dc968cbe375d3c9007236e496e4e19983 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 22:33:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 300/713] Create 20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md --- ...inux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md | 32 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md diff --git a/translated/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md b/translated/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5d3ce7dc51 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux防火墙系统接受了OpenSSL补丁 +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876-2.jpg) + +**Michael Tremer, ipfire.org团队的一位开发者,宣布IPFire 2.13 Core 78, 一个新的基于Linux的防火墙的稳定发行版,已经接受了最新的OpenSSL补丁。** + +IPFire 是一个模块化 Linux 发行版，这就意味着它可以作为防火墙、 代理服务器或 VPN 网关部署。IPFire 开发人员的主要关切之一就是安全，每一步修改都确保用户的安全。 + +"在一直负责执行重要的SSL/TLS协议和其他加密任务openssl库中发现了几个安全漏洞。所有这些细节都可以在原始的openssl 安全咨询发现”开发者在其博客上说。 + +他们解释说所有计划为Core Update 78准备的更新被提交到ore Update 79。这意味着用户为了更一致的版本需要等更长时间。 + +OpenSSL 的开发人员发现了另一轮的 OpenSSL 的问题，但问题很快被修复，最新Linux发行版已包含此次修复 + +开发者推荐 IPFire 所有用户升级。更多的细节可以在[这里][1]发现. + +下载IPFire 2.13 Core 78: + +- [IPFire 2.15 Core 78 (ISO)][2][iso] [122 MB] +- [IPFire 3.0 Alpha 1 (ISO)][3][iso] [76 MB] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876.shtml + +译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.ipfire.org/news/ipfire-2-15-core-update-78-released +[2]:http://downloads.ipfire.org/releases/ipfire-2.x/2.15-core78/ipfire-2.15.i586-full-core78.iso +[3]:http://www.rowie.at/ipfire/iso/ipfire-3.0-alpha1.i686.iso From 45022dd4806bfdd6afb1be00c2d088c46ea8f28f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 22:33:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 301/713] Delete 20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md --- ...inux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md | 32 ------------------- 1 file changed, 32 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md b/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md deleted file mode 100644 index 81d8918893..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,32 +0,0 @@ -IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes -================================================================================ -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876-2.jpg) - -**Michael Tremer, a developer for the ipfire.org team, has announced that IPFire 2.13 Core 78, a new stable build of the popular Linux-based firewall distribution, has been released to implement the latest OpenSSL fixes.** - -IPFire is a modular Linux distribution, which means that it can be deployed as a firewall, a proxy server, or a VPN gateway. One of the main concerns of the IPFire developers is security, and every step has been taken to ensure users’ complete security. - -“There have been several vulnerabilities discovered in the openssl library which is responsible for implementing the SSL/TLS protocol and other cryptographic tasks. All details about these can be found in the original openssl security advisory,” said the devs on their blog. - -They have also explained that all the changes that they planned and built for Core Update 78 have been postponed to Core Update 79. This means that users will have to wait a little longer for a more consistent update. - -OpenSSL developers have found another round of OpenSSL problems, but they have been fixed quickly and now the Linux distributions are including it in the latest versions. - -The developers recommend all users of IPFire to upgrade their distributions. More details can be found on the official [website][1]. - -Download IPFire 2.13 Core 78: - -- [IPFire 2.15 Core 78 (ISO)][2][iso] [122 MB] -- [IPFire 3.0 Alpha 1 (ISO)][3][iso] [76 MB] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.ipfire.org/news/ipfire-2-15-core-update-78-released -[2]:http://downloads.ipfire.org/releases/ipfire-2.x/2.15-core78/ipfire-2.15.i586-full-core78.iso -[3]:http://www.rowie.at/ipfire/iso/ipfire-3.0-alpha1.i686.iso \ No newline at end of file From 601928e2d6c3a851c0574749cb6c40f6d734daee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 22:38:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 302/713] Update 20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md --- ...ire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md b/translated/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md index 5d3ce7dc51..72d1008fe4 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md +++ b/translated/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md @@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux防火墙系统接受了OpenSSL补丁 **Michael Tremer, ipfire.org团队的一位开发者,宣布IPFire 2.13 Core 78, 一个新的基于Linux的防火墙的稳定发行版,已经接受了最新的OpenSSL补丁。** -IPFire 是一个模块化 Linux 发行版，这就意味着它可以作为防火墙、 代理服务器或 VPN 网关部署。IPFire 开发人员的主要关切之一就是安全，每一步修改都确保用户的安全。 +IPFire 是一个模块化 Linux 发行版，这就意味着它可以作为防火墙、 代理服务器或 VPN 网关部署。IPFire 开发人员的主要关注点之一就是安全，每一步修改都确保用户的安全。 "在一直负责执行重要的SSL/TLS协议和其他加密任务openssl库中发现了几个安全漏洞。所有这些细节都可以在原始的openssl 安全咨询发现”开发者在其博客上说。 From ccc1e3838af3a619601944eaf07fde1bf14d55a5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 22:38:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 303/713] Update 20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md --- ...ire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md b/translated/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md index 72d1008fe4..12b6598f89 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md +++ b/translated/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ IPFire 是一个模块化 Linux 发行版，这就意味着它可以作为防火 "在一直负责执行重要的SSL/TLS协议和其他加密任务openssl库中发现了几个安全漏洞。所有这些细节都可以在原始的openssl 安全咨询发现”开发者在其博客上说。 -他们解释说所有计划为Core Update 78准备的更新被提交到ore Update 79。这意味着用户为了更一致的版本需要等更长时间。 +他们解释说所有计划为Core Update 78准备的更新被提交到core Update 79。这意味着用户为了更一致的版本需要等更长时间。 OpenSSL 的开发人员发现了另一轮的 OpenSSL 的问题，但问题很快被修复，最新Linux发行版已包含此次修复 From 535f262efebdd4f309306813ded69680ee418508 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 22:44:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 304/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140609=20O?= =?UTF-8?q?penELEC=204.0.4=20=E7=8E=B0=E5=B7=B2=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83,=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=9F=BA=E4=BA=8E=20XBMC=2013.1=20=E2=80=9CGotham=E2=80=9D?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @owen-carter 文件名不用翻译的哈 --- ...4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md | 40 ++++++++++++++++ ...4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md | 47 ------------------- 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md delete mode 100644 translated/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md diff --git a/published/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md b/published/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f68626be5f --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +嵌入式多媒体中心 OpenELEC 4.0.4 +================================================================================ + +![] (http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/OpenELEC-4-0-4-Is-Out-and-Based-on-XBMC-13-1-quot-Gotham-quot-445802-2.jpg) + +**OpenELEC 4.0.4已经发布，它是一个专门设计运行XBMC的嵌入式系统，一个开放源代码的娱乐媒体中心。它构建 XBMC 13.1 基础之上。** + +OpenELEC 开发商非常密切地跟着 XBMC 的产品开发周期，目前已经发布了他们的最新的 4.0.4 的版本。它基于 XBMC 13.1 "Gotham"，并且开发者们做了一些自己的改动。 + +“此版本包括一些bug修正、安全修复和来自于 OpenELEC 4.0.3 的改进。除了通常的错误修正和软件包更新，我们已经使用最新的补丁文件升级 XBMC 至最新的 XBMC 13.1 (final)。这个版本包含了在 XBMC 13.0 发布之后的很多已知问题的修复（其中有些我们已包括 OpenELEC 4.0.0中）。” + +“我们在popcornmix的帮助下发现并修复了一些和树莓派相关内核问题、 固件和 XBMC 代码中的问题，非常感谢他的帮助 ！OpenELEC 4.0.4 现在是一个稳定版本，包含了OpenELEC 4.0系列的bug修正和安全漏洞修复 。”开发商的官方网站上如是写道。 + +OpenELEC 4.0.4 界面更加美观而且更新和修复了许多问题。例如，e2fsprogs 已更新到版本 1.42.10、 bluez 已更新到版本 5.19、 fontconfig 版本更新到 2.11.1，也默认集成了 systemd 213 和修复了一些安全问题的gnutls 3.2.12，而且使用了一个新的 Linux 内核3.14.5。 + +此外，DVB T2 已经添加了对 GeniaTech T220 / August T210 设备的支持，由于其驱动程序尚不完善而允许禁用WOL、也添加了尚不完善的"e1000e"驱动，树莓派的支持补丁已更新。 + +如果你已经有一个旧版的 OpenELEC，你可能需要考虑升级的系统而不是从头开始安装它。如果想顺利地完成安装，至少应该是 3.2 版本。 + +如果您尝试从旧版本操作系统的更新，您可能发现一些插件和插件都不再工作。所以最明智的办法就是，在尝试升级之前备份你的系统。 + +以 XBMC 13.1 "Gotham" 版本为基，配有 Android 硬件解码、 许多树莓派和 Android 速度方面的改善，立体 3D 渲染，更好的触摸屏支持，改进了 UPnP 功能，很多的音频引擎的改进，更好地字幕搜索、 对开发者增加的如 Python 和 JSON RPC API等 ，FFmpeg 1.2，还有更多。 + +查阅官方 [公告] [1] 的更改和改进的完整列表。 + +### 下载最新的 OpenELEC 4.0.4： ### +- [OpenELEC 4.0.4 (tar.bz2) 64-bit][2][binary] [145 MB] +- [OpenELEC 4.0.4 (tar.bz2) 32-bit][3][binary] [142 MB] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/OpenELEC-4-0-4-Is-Out-and-Based-on-XBMC-13-1-quot-Gotham-quot-445802.shtml + +译者：[owen-carter](https://github.com/owen-carter) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://openelec.tv/news/22-releases/129-openelec-4-0-4-released +[2]:http://openelec.tv/get-openelec/download/viewdownload/8/339 +[3]:http://openelec.tv/get-openelec/download/viewdownload/8/338 diff --git a/translated/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md b/translated/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md deleted file mode 100644 index 44836dab43..0000000000 --- a/translated/news/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,47 +0,0 @@ -OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham” -================================================================================ - -![] (http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/OpenELEC-4-0-4-Is-Out-and-Based-on-XBMC-13-1-quot-Gotham-quot-445802-2.jpg) - - -**OpenELEC 4.0.4，一个嵌入式的专门为运行XBMC的操作系统，开放源代码的娱乐媒体中心，已经发布并且使用 XBMC 13.1 作为 基础版本 .** - -OpenELEC 开发商非常密切地关注着 XBMC -的产品开发周期而且他们已经发布了他们的最新的 4.0.4 的版本。它来自 XBMC -13.1"Gotham"满载着大量的好点子，并且开发者们做了一些了自己的改动。 - -"此版本包括一些bug修正、 安全修复和来自于 OpenELEC -4.0.3的改进。除了通常的错误修正和软件包更新，我们已经使用最新的补丁文件升级 XBMC 至最新的 XBMC 13.1 (final) -这个版本包含了很多已知问题的修复（其中有些我们已附带 OpenELEC 4.0.0中） 在 XBMC 13.0 发布之后 。 - -"我们发现并修复了一些和RaspberryPi相关内核问题、 固件和 XBMC 代码中的问题，在 ‘popcornmix’ 的帮助下 ，非常感谢他的帮助 ！OpenELEC 4.0.4 现在是下一个稳定版本，这是一款bug修正和 security修复 的 OpenELEC-4.0 系列版本，"开发商的官方网站上如是写道。 - -OpenELEC 4.0.3 界面更加美观而且更新和修复了许多问题。例如，e2fsprogs 已更新到版本 1.42.10、 bluez 已更新到版本 5.19、 版本 2.11.1 现在是系统中的字型、 字体设置 213 已被集成并设为默认，gnutls 3.2.12 已被添加用来修复一些安全问题，而且一个新的 Linux 内核，3.14.5，已经来到。 - -此外，DVB T2 已经添加了对 GeniaTech T220 / August T210 设备的支持，支持禁用 WOL 由于其破碎的驱动程序、"e1000e"已添加为破碎的驱动程序， RPi 支持补丁已更新。 - -如果你已经有一个旧版的 OpenELEC，你可能需要考虑升级的系统而不是从头开始安装它。如果想顺利地完成安装，至少应该是 3.2 版本。 - -如果您尝试从旧版本操作系统的更新，您可能发现一些插件和插件都不再工作。所以最明智的办法就是，在尝试升级之前备份你的系统。 - -XBMC 13.1"Gotham，"版本作为一个基础版本，配有 Android 硬件解码、 许多树莓派和 Android 速度方面的改善，立体 3D 渲染，更好的触摸屏支持，改进了 UPnP 功能，很多的音频引擎的改进，更好地字幕搜索、 对开发者友好的扩展如 Python 和 JSON RPC API ，FFmpeg 1.2，还有更多。 - - -查阅官方 [公告] [1] 的更改和改进的完整列表。 - - -# # # 下载最新的 OpenELEC 4.0.4： # # # -- [OpenELEC 4.0.4 (tar.bz2) 64-bit][2][binary] [145 MB] -- [OpenELEC 4.0.4 (tar.bz2) 32-bit][3][binary] [142 MB] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/OpenELEC-4-0-4-Is-Out-and-Based-on-XBMC-13-1-quot-Gotham-quot-445802.shtml - -译者：[owen-carter](https://github.com/owen-carter) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://openelec.tv/news/22-releases/129-openelec-4-0-4-released -[2]:http://openelec.tv/get-openelec/download/viewdownload/8/339 -[3]:http://openelec.tv/get-openelec/download/viewdownload/8/338 From b38552441d7a203b360008d228c874e5e89f0891 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 18 Jun 2014 22:53:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 305/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140610=20O?= =?UTF-8?q?pen=20Source=20SDN=20Project=20OpenDaylight=20Adds=20New=20Memb?= =?UTF-8?q?ers?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @2q1w2007 --- ...N Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md | 27 ++++++++++++++++++ ...N Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md | 28 ------------------- 2 files changed, 27 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md delete mode 100644 translated/news/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md diff --git a/published/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md b/published/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6b322e7495 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md @@ -0,0 +1,27 @@ +开源SDN项目OpenDaylight添加新成员 +================================================================================ +[Linux基金会][1]的[OpenDaylight][2] 项目旨在促进开源的[软件定义网络][3] (SDN) 发展。 [Extreme Networks][4] (EXTR), [Flextronics][5]和[Oracle][6] (ORCL) 现在也加入了该项目。 + +三个公司6月5日正式加入OpenDaylight，其成员数达到到39。该项目还有195位协作开发人员，以建立一个开放源码的SDN平台。 + +新成员带来了在数据中心和云计算的设计和基础设施的专长。Extreme Networks是专业提供高性能网络解决方案的企业，而Flextronics提供系统设计、生产和物流。Oracle有广泛的业务，同时专注于各种领域的云计算和数据中心。 + +OpenDaylight 领导人很高兴该项目的会员增多，并进一步走向创造一个以开放标准为中心和避免垄断的SDN生态系统。OpenDaylight执行主任Jacques Neela说："更多的声音意味着更多的讨论和更好的代码，我们很高兴看到各种多样性的新成员加入来加宽探讨SDN和NFV的领域"。 + +OpenDaylight的第一款正式软件是在2013年4月发布的，该软件在同年二月首次以Hydrogen的名字出现。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/open-source-sdn-project-opendaylight-adds-new-members + +译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/ +[2]:http://www.opendaylight.org/ +[3]:http://thevarguy.com/sdn +[4]:http://www.extremenetworks.com/ +[5]:http://www.flextronics.com/ +[6]:http://oracle.com/ +[7]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/020514/embargo-until-feb-4-1130-am-est-opendaylight-releases-fir diff --git a/translated/news/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md b/translated/news/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md deleted file mode 100644 index b0e8ded09f..0000000000 --- a/translated/news/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,28 +0,0 @@ -开源SDN项目OpenDaylight添加新成员 -================================================================================ -[Linux基金会][1]的[OpenDaylight][2] 项目促进开源。[软件定义网络][3] (SDN) 继续增长。 [Extreme Networks][4] (EXTR), [Flextronics][5]和[Oracle][6] (ORCL) 现在也是该项目成员了。 - -三个公司6月5日正式加入OpenDaylight，成员数达到到39。该项目还有195位合作开发人员，以建立一个开放源码的SDN平台。 - -新成员带来在数据中心和云计算的设计和基础设施的知识。Extreme Networks是专业提供高性能网络解决方案的企业，而Flextronics提供系统设计、制作和组织工作。Oracle有广泛的业务，同时专注于各种领域的云计算和数据中心。 - - -OpenDaylight 领导人正在庆祝项目的会员增长并进一步走向创造一个以开放标准为中心和避免垄断的SDN生态系统。OpenDaylight执行主任Jacques Neela说："更多的声音意味着更强的辩论和更好的代码，我们很高兴看到这种多样性的新成员加入来加宽探讨SDN和NFV的领域"。 - -OpenDaylight的第一款正式软件就是在2013年4月发布的OpenDaylight，该软件首次以Hydrogen的名字在二月出现 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/open-source-sdn-project-opendaylight-adds-new-members - -译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/ -[2]:http://www.opendaylight.org/ -[3]:http://thevarguy.com/sdn -[4]:http://www.extremenetworks.com/ -[5]:http://www.flextronics.com/ -[6]:http://oracle.com/ -[7]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/020514/embargo-until-feb-4-1130-am-est-opendaylight-releases-fir From 792726120008baec1c5072825b187bed94ab76b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 08:18:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 306/713] Update 20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md --- ...re 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md b/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md index 81d8918893..b9f6cefb08 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md +++ b/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GOLinux ... IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes ================================================================================ ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876-2.jpg) @@ -29,4 +30,4 @@ via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receiv [1]:http://www.ipfire.org/news/ipfire-2-15-core-update-78-released [2]:http://downloads.ipfire.org/releases/ipfire-2.x/2.15-core78/ipfire-2.15.i586-full-core78.iso -[3]:http://www.rowie.at/ipfire/iso/ipfire-3.0-alpha1.i686.iso \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://www.rowie.at/ipfire/iso/ipfire-3.0-alpha1.i686.iso From 938d249a155062a41ed1515686b1a2522b42a58d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Linchenguang <1573453077@qq.com> Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 08:26:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 307/713] [translating]How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 --- .../20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md | 5 ++++- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md index 2317067c92..b7b8119d0c 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ + +>>chenguang is translating it + How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux ================================================================================ ![Figure 1: GRUB 2 menu with cool Apollo 17 background.](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/grub-command-shell.jpg) @@ -125,4 +128,4 @@ via: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/776643-how-to-rescue-a-non-booting-gru [1]:http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/730440-using-the-new-guid-partition-table-in-linux-good-bye-ancient-mbr- [2]:http://www.supergrubdisk.org/ -[3]:https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html \ No newline at end of file +[3]:https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html From 8d7f8455afe6e749a19ecd9f8b3ba35376c9c514 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 09:31:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 308/713] deleted: sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md --- ...inux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md | 33 ------------------- 1 file changed, 33 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md b/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md deleted file mode 100644 index b9f6cefb08..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,33 +0,0 @@ -Translating by GOLinux ... -IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes -================================================================================ -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876-2.jpg) - -**Michael Tremer, a developer for the ipfire.org team, has announced that IPFire 2.13 Core 78, a new stable build of the popular Linux-based firewall distribution, has been released to implement the latest OpenSSL fixes.** - -IPFire is a modular Linux distribution, which means that it can be deployed as a firewall, a proxy server, or a VPN gateway. One of the main concerns of the IPFire developers is security, and every step has been taken to ensure users’ complete security. - -“There have been several vulnerabilities discovered in the openssl library which is responsible for implementing the SSL/TLS protocol and other cryptographic tasks. All details about these can be found in the original openssl security advisory,” said the devs on their blog. - -They have also explained that all the changes that they planned and built for Core Update 78 have been postponed to Core Update 79. This means that users will have to wait a little longer for a more consistent update. - -OpenSSL developers have found another round of OpenSSL problems, but they have been fixed quickly and now the Linux distributions are including it in the latest versions. - -The developers recommend all users of IPFire to upgrade their distributions. More details can be found on the official [website][1]. - -Download IPFire 2.13 Core 78: - -- [IPFire 2.15 Core 78 (ISO)][2][iso] [122 MB] -- [IPFire 3.0 Alpha 1 (ISO)][3][iso] [76 MB] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.ipfire.org/news/ipfire-2-15-core-update-78-released -[2]:http://downloads.ipfire.org/releases/ipfire-2.x/2.15-core78/ipfire-2.15.i586-full-core78.iso -[3]:http://www.rowie.at/ipfire/iso/ipfire-3.0-alpha1.i686.iso From 16ec4ce27dab543ae34e2b28e4335b1c58a5477a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 10:21:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 309/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140619-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0618 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md | 592 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 592 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140618 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140618 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md b/sources/talk/20140618 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fb0a69e24f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140618 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md @@ -0,0 +1,592 @@ +110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps +================================================================================ +Once again, we're celebrating the arrival of summer with a list of some of the best open source games available. We've updated [last year's list][1] with some new arrivals, as well as getting rid of some of the older games that are no longer under active development. You'll find arcade, board, casual, puzzle, educational, first-person shooter, music, racing, role-playing, adventure, simulator and strategy games, as a well as a few apps that aren't really games but are still a lot of fun. + +This year, more open source games than ever before are now available for mobile devices, primarily Android devices. Hopefully, this trend will continue in coming years. + +Please note that this list is not a ranking. The apps are arranged in categories and listed alphabetically within each category. + +If you would like to suggest a game for next year's version of the list, feel free to make note in the comments section below. + +### Arcade Games ### + +#### 1. [Andy's Super Great Park][2] #### + +Retrieve balloons while avoiding obstacles as you ride a roller coaster. Comes with 25 main levels, plus 18 more levels you can unlock by getting a high score. Operating System: Windows, Linux, Android. + +#### 2. [Armagetron Advanced][3] #### + +A 3D Tron clone, this game challenges you to guide your light cycle so that opponents run into a wall before you do. It supports single-player or networked games with up to 16 players. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X, Android. + +#### 3. [BZFlag][4] #### + +Also known as "Battle Zone Capture the Flag," BZFlag is a popular online tank game. In development since 1992, it features 3D graphics, multiple game modes and competitive multi-player matches. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 4. [Chromium B.S.U.][5] #### + +Don't let the name fool you—it has nothing to do with the Chromium browser. It's a fast-paced, top-scrolling shooter where the difficulty is set so that games will last less than fifteen minutes. Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +#### 5. [The Legend of Edgar][6] #### + +Legend of Edgar is an old-school platform game where the hero must overcome obstacles and enemies in order to accomplish his quest. It includes lots of different weapons and large levels. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 6. [JVGS][7] #### + +Instead of highly detailed graphics, JVGS takes a minimalist approach where stick figures cross a landscape that looks like it was hand-drawn in pencil. The main character in this highly unusual game is a poet who is losing his memories. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 7. [No Gravity][8] #### + +This space-based arcade shooter takes players to the year 8002 where they must complete a variety of missions. Related, but not free, games are also available for Android and iOS. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 8. [Open Sonic][9] #### + +Based on the Sonic the Hedgehog games, Open Sonic offers cooperative gameplay where the user can control three characters at once. Only two levels are available in the original game, but several fans have built mods that offer additional play. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 9. [Powermanga][10] #### + +Similar to the old arcade game Galaga, Powermanga is a 2D, top-scrolling space shooter. It's got more than 41 levels, and it can run on older hardware. Operating System: Linux. + +#### 10. [Scorched3D][11] #### + +Scorched3D is a modern take on the DOS game Scorched Earth, and it's noteworthy for its excellent graphics. You can play in single-player mode or connect to one of the many online servers for multi-player action. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 11. [Sonic Robo Blast 2][12] #### + +Another Sonic-inspired platform game, SRB2 is a 3D platform game built using the Doom engine. It includes three different playable characters and more than twenty levels. Operating System: Linux. + +#### 12. [SuperTux][13] #### + +SuperTux is a lot like the old Mario Bros. games, but with Tux the Linux penguin as the hero. It's a 2D side-scrolling platform game with nine different bad guys and 26 levels to play. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 13. [Those Funny Funguloids][14] #### + +This one-of-a-kind game challenges players to collect mushrooms in space. The website proclaims, "Never before has collecting mushrooms been this mildly entertaining. At least not in outer space. It's more of a lifestyle than a game, really." Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +#### 14. [Teeworlds][15] #### + +This online game describes itself as a "retro multiplayer shooter." It's a side-scrolling 2D game with support for up to 16 players and several different game modes. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 15. [XMoto][16] #### + +In this game, you ride a motorbike through a side-scrolling landscape while collecting strawberries and avoiding the spiky "wreckers." It's harder than it looks! Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 16. [Yo Frankie!][17] #### + +Created with the Blender open source 3D animation tool, Yo Frankie! features characters from the open source movie Peach. Players must guide Frankie, a sugar glider, or Momo, a monkey, over, around and through the obstacles in a highly detailed 3D environment. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +### Board Games ### + +#### 17. [Domination][18] #### + +Java-based Domination brings the board game Risk to your PC or Android device. The latest version lets you play against your Google+ friends through the Google Play Game Services Real-time Multiplayer feature. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X, Android. + +#### 18. [GNU Backgammon][19] #### + +This "world-class" backgammon engine gets better every time you play against it, and it can analyze your play to help you get better. The interface is very nice with customizable graphics. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 19. [Scrabble 3D][20] #### + +With this variation of Scrabble you can choose your own board—the classic version, Superscrabble, 3D Scrabble or your own custom board. Play against the AI or connect to an online server for multi-player games. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 20. [PokerTH][21] #### + +This high-quality Texas Hold 'Em app features an excellent, customizable interface. To play online and see how you rank against other players, register online at Poker-Heroes.com. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X, Android. + +#### 21. [PySolFC][22] #### + +Did you know there were more than 1,000 variations of Solitaire? This huge collection features "games that use the 52 card International Pattern deck, games for the 78 card Tarock deck, eight and ten suit Ganjifa games, Hanafuda games, Matrix games, Mahjongg games, and games for an original hexadecimal-based deck." Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +### Casual and Puzzle Games ### + +#### 22. [2048][23] #### + +In this simple but addictive puzzle game, the player moves blocks around to combine like numbers. You win when you hit 2048. Operating System: Online, iOS, Android. + +#### 23. [Billiards][24] #### + +Billiards aims to be realistic enough to let you practice cue sports when you don't have a table available. It has a good-looking 3D interface, but also runs in 2D for systems without a good graphics processor. Operating System: Linux. + +#### 24. [Cube Trains][25] #### + +Lay tracks to connect tunnels and bridges while maneuvering around obstacles. You can play the many built-in levels or create one of your own. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 25. [Enigma][26] #### + +Similar to the old Oxyd and Rock'n'Roll games, Enigma challenges users to find identical stones amid mazes, traps, laser beams and other obstacles. With more than 1,000 levels, this is one puzzle game that will keep you occupied for a long, long time. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 26. [Fish Fillets NG][27] #### + +In this puzzle game, players must try to find a safe way out of each of the 70 levels. Along the way, fish and other underwater residents offer humorous commentary on the user's progress. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 27. [Frozen Bubble][28] #### + +One of the oldest bubble shooter games around, Frozen Bubble features Tux the Linux Penguin and more than 100 levels for single-players. You can also play against two to five other players via a LAN or the Internet. Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +#### 28. [GnomeGames][29] #### + +This collection includes fifteen different casual games that you can play in five minutes or less. It includes Sudoku, a minesweeper game, Mahjong, a version of Reversi and more. Operating System: Linux. + +#### 29. [I Have No Tomatoes][30] #### + +How many tomatoes can you smash in ten minutes? This "extreme leisure time activity" comes from the same team as Those Funny Funguloids. Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +#### 30. [KDE Games][31] #### + +This is the collection of casual games for the KDE desktop. It includes a solitaire variation, a version of breakout, a golf game, a version of Risk, a minesweeper, sudoku and more. Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +#### 31. [Neverball][32] #### + +In this game, players must tilt the floor to guide a ball through an obstacle course. The game includes lots of levels or you can design your own. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 32. [Pingus][33] #### + +Did you spend hours playing Lemmings back in the 90s? If so, Pingus is for you. It's a remake of Lemmings (with penguins instead of lemmings) with 77 different levels. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 33. [Pushover][34] #### + +This puzzle game features ants who can push over dominoes arranged in various patterns. The player must get all the dominoes to fall and send the special trigger through the exit in order to get to the next level. Operating System: Windows. + +#### 34. [Zaz][35] #### + +Another bubble shooter, Zaz challenges you to hit balls as they travel along a preset path. The twist is that your shooter is also traveling along a path, making things just a little more difficult. Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +### Educational Games ### + +#### 35. [ChildsPlay][36] #### + +Designed for those age five and under, ChildsPlay helps teach sounds, letters, numbers and basic keyboard skills. It also includes some games like memory, pong and pacman. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 36. [GBrainy][37] #### + +Exercise your mind with GBrainy's logic, word, math and memory games. It's fun and educational for players of all ages. Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +#### 37. [GCompris][38] #### + +Made for children ages 2 to 10, GCompris includes more than 100 different activities, most of them educational. It includes math, geography, science, reading, keyboarding and art games, plus chess, sudoku, memory and much more. Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +#### 38. [TuxMath][39] #### + +Solve arithmetic problems quickly before the incoming comets kill the penguins. This simple game reinforces math facts for elementary age students. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +### First-Person Shooter Games ### + +#### 39. [Alien Arena][40] #### + +Built "for fraggers by fraggers," Alien Arena is an intense deathmatch shooter with a retro sci-fi theme. Many different sites offer hosted servers for online games, and there are also plenty of fan sites with playing tips and more. Operating System: Linux, Windows, OS X. + +#### 40. [AssaultCube][41] #### + +Because of its light weight, AssaultCube can run on older hardware, despite its very good realistic graphics. It supports single-player or multi-player games and includes 26 different maps and 12 different game modes. Operating System: Linux, Windows, OS X. + +#### 41. [Classic Nexuiz][42] #### + +Downloaded more than 6 million times, Nexuiz is one of the most popular open source shooter games. A few years ago, a new closed-source version of the game was created, but you can still download the classic version from the link above or from SourceForge. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 42. [OpenArena][43] #### + +This multi-player game is a clone of Quake III Arena and features 13 different weapons, 51 arenas, 18 player characters and 12 types of games. The project's owners warn, "Due to violent and occasional racy content, it's unsuitable for children under the age of 17." Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 43. [Red Eclipse][44] #### + +This casual first-person shooter has received excellent reviews. Features include Parkour, impulse boosts, dashing, several game modes and a built-in level editor. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 44. [Tremulous][45] #### + +This award-winning game mixes elements of a real-time strategy game with a first-person shooter. Users can choose to play as aliens or humans, always with the goal of eliminating the other team. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X, XBox. + +#### 45. [TrueCombat][46] #### + +TrueCombat claims to be "perhaps the best free tactical-realism shooter. EVER." It's a modern world combat simulator with two opposing teams. Note that in order to use it, you will also need Wolfenstein: Enemy Terriroty (see below). Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X + +#### 46. [Unvanquished][47] #### + +Forked from Tremulous, Unvanquished pits "technologically advanced humans against hordes of highly adaptable aliens." It's under very active development with a new release every month. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X + +#### 47. [Warsow][48] #### + +The self-proclaimed "most fast-paced sport on the Web," Warsow is a cartoonish shooter featuring "Rocketlauncher-wielding pigs and lasergun-carrying cyberpunks." Unlike most shooters, it doesn't have a lot of blood and guts, and the emphasis is on movement. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 48. [Wolfenstein: Enemy Terriorty][49] #### + +Although there are several proprietary Wolfenstein games, this one is open source. It's a World War II-era game that pits the Axis against the Allies. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X + +#### 49. [World of Padman][50] #### + +Based on the Quake engine, this shooter is very cartoonish with little gore. Quite a few online servers are available, or you can play offline. Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +#### 50. [Xonotic][51] #### + +Xonotic was forked from the classic version of Nexuiz. It has more than 22 different maps, 16 weapons and lots of different gameplay modes. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 51. [Zero Ballistics][52] #### + +Part first-person shooter, part tank game, Zero Ballistics is set in a picturesque mountain environment and has more than 81 different tank setups available. Play deathmatch, team deathmatch or the unique beaconstrike game mode. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +### Music Games ### + +#### 52. [Frets on Fire][53] #### + +Frets on Fire is a lot like Guitar Hero, and it can even play Guitar Hero songs (though other songs are available as well). No worries if you don't have a guitar controller—you can also play with the keyboard. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 53. [StepMania][54] #### + +This is a free version of Dance Dance Revolution, which challenges users to stay in rhythm to the beat of the music. You can use dance pads (if you have them) to play, or you can just use the keyboard. Operating System: Windows, Linux/Unix, OS X, XBox. + +#### 54. [Ultrastar Deluxe][55] #### + +If karaoke is your thing, you'll love Ultrastar Deluxe. For this game, you must sing along to the music on pitch and in the correct rhythm. It comes with more than 10,000 songs included. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +### Racing Games ### + +#### 55. [Extreme Tux Racer][56] #### + +Tux Racer is a much-loved older game that features Tux the Linux penguin sliding down a mountain on his belly. Extreme Tux Racer updates the classic game for today's players. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 56. [Speed Dreams][57] #### + +This fork of the TORCS auto-racing game (see below) features an updated UI and many new cars and tracks. As in TORCS, the visuals are excellent. Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +#### 57. [SuperTuxKart][58] #### + +This cartoonish racer features Tux the Linux Penguin and friends driving go karts. Guide them around the tracks, while avoiding a horde of silly obstacles. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 58. [TORCS][59] #### + +Short for "The Open Racing Care Simulator," TORCS is an outstanding realistic racing game with a large fan base. Race alone or against friends on one of the many tracks available. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 59. [Ultimate Stunts][60] #### + +Inspired by the classic DOS game Stunts, Ultimate Stunts requires players to guide vehicles across broken bridges, jumps, loops, corkscrews and other obstacles. It allows offers the option of designing your own track with even more crazy stunts. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 60. [VDrift][61] #### + +As much a simulator as a racing game, VDrift introduces players to world of drift racing with a realistic physics engine. It includes more than 45 cars, more than 45 tracks, and support for a wide variety of controllers. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +### Role-Playing and Adventure Games ### + +#### 61. [Crossfire][62] #### + +Sometimes described as a cross between NetHack and Gauntlet, Crossfire is an arcade adventure game with very old-school graphics. It has more than 3,000 different maps featuring more than 150 different monsters. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 62. [Epic Inventor][63] #### + +Epic Inventor describes itself as a "side-scrolling action RPG." It's similar to Minecraft with simple, pixelated graphics and open-ended play. Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +#### 63. [Excalibur: Morganna's Revenge][64] #### + +This time-traveling epic puts you in the role of a futuristic space marine who must travel back to the time of King Arthur and Camelot. The graphics aren't anything special (think Minecraft), but the storyline and gameplay are good. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 64. [Flare][65] #### + +Inspired by Diablo, this role-playing game places the emphasis on combat. It's still an alpha release but is playable. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 65. [Lips of Suna][66] #### + +For adults only, this "tongue-in-cheek action RPG" features "violence, crude humor, nudity and other themes you can rarely see in other games anymore." It offers lots of action and a constantly changing landscape. Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +#### 66. [The Mana World][67] #### + +This is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) that isn't so massive. (At the time of writing there were 31 people playing.) Still, it's a good attempt to create an ever-expanding world full of monsters, quests and mini-games. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 67. [NetHack][68]注：此链接原文有错误，和上面的链接地址一样了 #### + +One of the classics, NetHack is an intricate dungeon crawler with extremely simple graphics. It's been called one of the 100 best video games of all time. Operating System: Windows, Linux, Classic Mac. + +#### 68. [PlaneShift][69] #### + +Set in the fantasy realm of Yliakum, this unique online role-playing game features ten different races and a well-developed world with its own economy, government, religion and rules. It's playable but still in the early stages of development. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 69. [Ryzom][70] #### + +One of the better open source MMORPGs, award-winning Ryzom is set on the treelike planet of Atys, where several different races of beings interact and sometimes come into conflict. You can play for free, but those who choose to subscribe get some special benefits. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 70. [Stendhal][71] #### + +This online role-playing game aims to be more friendly than most. The website explains, "You may be asked to help protect land, feed the hungry, heal the sick, make someone happy, solve a puzzle or simply lend a hand." Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 71. [Summoning Wars][72] #### + +Up to eight people can play this fantasy role-playing game at once. There's a trailer for the game at Youtube that lets you see it in action. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +### Simulator Games ### + +#### 72. [FlightGear][73] #### + +Extremely realistic, FlightGear is a top-notch flight simulator that rivals proprietary software. It includes accurate terrain for the entire world and lifelike models of 20,000 airports and numerous aircraft. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X, others. + +#### 73. [Golems][74] #### + +With this physics simulator you can build almost anything you want and see how it would act in the real world. It's great for learning about basic machines, building robots, and inventing contraptions of all kinds. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 74. [LinCity NG][75] #### + +Based on the original SimCity game, LinCity NG challenges players to build a sustainable metropolis with a thriving economy. Note that because it is based on older code, the graphics are similar to old DOS games. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 75. [Micropolis/OLPC SimCity][76] #### + +Another SimCity imitator, Micropolis is a Java-based city simulator. It also features fairly old-school graphics rather than the 3D look of newer SimCity games. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 76. [Minetest][77] #### + +Extremely similar to Minecraft, Minetest is set in an infinite world of basic building blocks. Players can explore, mine or craft new objects as they see fit. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 77. [Pioneer][78] #### + +Pioneer describes itself as "a game of lonely space adventure." It transports players to an open-ended world where they decide what to do and where to go. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 78. [Oolite][79] #### + +Based on Elite, Oolite is a space simulator where you can trade with other spacefarers or become embroiled in combat. It's been around for quite a while, and many expansions are available. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 79. [OpenCity][80] #### + +This 3D city simulator does not aim to be a SimCity clone, but does offer a similar style of play. It's fairly basic but is playable. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 80. [OpenTTD][81] #### + +Based on Transport Tycoon Deluxe, OpenTTD invites players to build a transportation empire. It supports up to 255 players at once and improves on the original TTD in many ways. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 81. [Rigs of Rods][82] #### + +This vehicle simulator with a unique soft-body physics engine enjoys a very active and enthusiastic fan base. Use it to create land, sea or air vehicles and drive or fly them around the country. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 82. [Simutrans][83] #### + +This transportation simulator offers the option of connecting to online games hosted throughout the world. Use buses, trucks, trains, trams, ships, airplanes, monorails, maglevs or other vehicles to move people and goods where they need to go. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 83. [Vega Strike][84] #### + +This is another space simulator that lets you trade and fight throughout the galaxy. You choose whether to fly a trade route, accept a bounty-hunting mission, turn pirate or just explore the vastness of space. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +### Strategy Games ### + +#### 84. [0 A.D.][85] #### + +Now in its 16th alpha release, 0 A.D. is an award-winning civilization-building game that strives for historical accuracy. Choose to play as the Carthaginians, Celts, Greeks, Iberians, Mauryans, Persians or Romans. Operating System: Linux, Windows, OS X. + +#### 85. [Advanced Strategic Command][86] #### + +This turn-based strategy game is based on the Battle Isle series. Players battle on a grid-like landscape in single- or multi-player games. Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +#### 86. [Battle for Wesnoth][87] #### + +This turn-based tactical strategy game puts players in a mythic world where they fight to reclaim the throne. Orcs, elves, necromancers and hundreds of other familiar high fantasy characters populate a large environment. Supports both single- and multi-player games. Operating System: Linux, Windows, OS X, iOS. + +#### 87. [BosWars][88] #### + +This futuristic real time strategy game requires players to build up energy stores and an economy in order to support military battles. Play against the computer opponent or connect over a LAN for multi-player games. Operating System: Windows, Linux, BSD, OS X. + +#### 88. [CommanderStalin][89] #### + +This variation of BosWars is set in Stalin's Soviet Union. Be prepared for the inevitable Nazi attack! Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +#### 89. [FreeCol][90] #### + +Inspired by the games Colonization and Civilization, FreeCol is a turn-based civilization-building strategy game. You start in the New World in 1492 and win by creating an independent country with free speech. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 90. [FreeCiv][91] #### + +Also inspired by Civilization, this turn-based strategy game starts in the stone age and ends in the space age. It includes 50 playable units and 541 nations and comes with several playable scenarios. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 91. [FreeOrion][92] #### + +While it isn't a clone or remake, FreeOrion is loosely based on the Master of Orion games. It's a turn-based strategy game set in space. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 92. [Glest][93] #### + +The forces of Tech battle the forces of Magic in this real-time strategy game. While it's still available for download, most Linux distributions now include the fork Megaglest (see below) instead of this older project. Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +#### 93. [Globulation 2][94] #### + +This real-time civilization-building strategy game aims to reduce the need for micro-management and allow players to focus on strategy. Single- or multi-player games and a level editor are available. Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +#### 94. [Hedgewars][95] #### + +One of the more lighthearted strategy games around, Hedgewars features "the antics of pink hedgehogs with attitude as they battle from the depths of hell to the depths of space." Features 31 environments, 48 set maps, infinite randomly generated maps, 55 weapons, 280 costumes and support for up to 8 players at once. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X, iOS. + +#### 95. [Kernel Panic][96] #### + +Set in a digital landscape, Kernel Panic is a real-time strategy game with Tron-like graphics. All the resources are free, so players don't need to worry about building an economy—only about fighting against the other hackers on the network. Operating System: Linux, Windows + +#### 96. [Liquid War][97] #### + +Way back in 2002, Liquid War was named the "most original Linux Game," and it's still worth a look. Control a liquid army as you try to consume your enemies. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 97. [MegaGlest][98] #### + +This fork of Glest adds five new teams to the original Tech and Magic: Egypt, Indians, Norsemen, Persian or Romans. It offers 17 different map types, both single- and multi-player games, and tutorials for new players. Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +#### 98. [Pax Brittanica][99] #### + +Up to four players can battle at once using the same keyboard on this submarine strategy game. The controls are easy to learn (you only use one button), but the gameplay can be very intense. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 99. [Spring: 1944][100] #### + +This World War II strategy game offers realistic units and strengths. Choose to play as the U.S., Germany, the U.S.S.R. or Great Britain. Operating System: Linux. + +#### 100. [UFO: Alien Invasion][101] #### + +Seventy years in the future, a secret organization struggles to defend earth from vicious alien invaders. Play as the humans or the aliens in single-player or multi-player combat. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 101. [Unknown Horizons][102] #### + +In this civilization-building strategy game, the emphasis is on building a strong economy. You start with a handful of settlers and resources on an isolated archipelago and work to build a thriving city. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 102. [Warzone 2100][103] #### + +Can you rebuild Earth after nuclear devastation? This game offers an unusually large tech tree and single- or multi-player games. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 103. [Widelands][104] #### + +Inspired by Settlers II, Widelands is another real-time strategy game that challenges players to build a civilization. It features three tribes—Barbarians, Imperials, and Atlanteans—and unlike most civilization games, the player doesn't tell each unit what to do but instead gives orders and delegates, more like a real ruler. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 104. [Zero-K][105] #### + +In this fast-moving real-time strategy game, robot armies fight a never-ending battle. Key features include more than 100 different units, a streamlined economy system, a realistic physics engine, terraforming and more. Operating System: Windows, Linux. + +#### 105. [Zombies][106] #### + +Can you kill all the zombies before they kill you? This turn-based game offers addictive gameplay and settings that allow the player to determine the level of gore. Operating System: OS X. + +### Fun Non-Games ### + +#### 106. [Celestia][107] #### + +Perfect for budding astronomers and wanna-be astronauts, Celestia allows you to see the sky as it would appear at any point in time from any point in the known universe. Take a quick trip to Jupiter or plot your starwatching for the evening. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 107. [Electric Sheep][108] #### + +Inspired by the Philip K. Dick novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? this screensaver connects your system to thousands of others to create abstract designs and patterns. Vote for your favorite patterns to see them reappear more often. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X, Android, iOS. + +#### 108. [LCARS 24][109] #### + +If you've got an old PC around the house (and who doesn't), why not turn it into a Star Trek-themed conversation piece. With this app, you get an alarm clock and file manager with graphics that look like they came right off the Enterprise. Operating System: Windows, DOS. + +#### 109. [Stellarium][110] #### + +Turn your PC into a planetarium. Stellarium can display the night skies from any point on earth at any time, and it's used by many planetariums to power their displays. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + +#### 110. [Tux Paint][111] #### + +Tux Paint makes it easy for pre-schoolers to create their own "drawings" on the computer. It features an interface with big buttons, fun sound effects and friendly characters. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/110-fun-open-source-games-and-apps-1.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.datamation.com/open-source/101-most-fun-open-source-games-and-apps-1.html +[2]:http://www.stuff-o-matic.com/asgp/ +[3]:http://armagetronad.org/index.php +[4]:http://bzflag.org/ +[5]:http://chromium-bsu.sourceforge.net/ +[6]:http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/p/legend-of-edgar.html +[7]:http://www.penguspy.com/jvgs/ +[8]:http://www.nogravitythegame.com/classic/ +[9]:http://opensnc.sourceforge.net/home/index.php +[10]:http://linux.tlk.fr/games/Powermanga/ +[11]:http://www.scorched3d.co.uk/ +[12]:http://www.srb2.org/ +[13]:http://supertux.lethargik.org/ +[14]:http://funguloids.sourceforge.net/ +[15]:http://www.teeworlds.com/ +[16]:http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ +[17]:http://www.yofrankie.org/ +[18]:http://domination.sourceforge.net/ +[19]:http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/scrabble/index.php?title=Main_Page +[20]:http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/scrabble/index.php?title=Main_Page +[21]:http://www.pokerth.net/ +[22]:http://pysolfc.sourceforge.net/ +[23]:http://gabrielecirulli.github.io/2048/ +[24]:http://www.nongnu.org/billiards/ +[25]:http://cubetrains.com/ +[26]:http://www.nongnu.org/enigma/ +[27]:http://fillets.sourceforge.net/ +[28]:http://www.frozen-bubble.org/ +[29]:http://live.gnome.org/GnomeGames +[30]:http://tomatoes.sourceforge.net/about.html +[31]:http://games.kde.org/ +[32]:http://neverball.org/ +[33]:http://pingus.seul.org/welcome.html +[34]:http://pushover.sourceforge.net/ +[35]:http://zaz.sourceforge.net/ +[36]:http://www.schoolsplay.org/ +[37]:https://live.gnome.org/gbrainy +[38]:http://gcompris.net/index-en.html +[39]:http://tux4kids.alioth.debian.org/tuxmath/index.php +[40]:http://icculus.org/alienarena/rpa/ +[41]:http://assault.cubers.net/ +[42]:http://www.alientrap.org/games/nexuiz +[43]:http://openarena.ws/smfnews.php +[44]:http://www.redeclipse.net/ +[45]:http://tremulous.net/ +[46]:http://www.truecombatelite.com/ +[47]:http://www.unvanquished.net/ +[48]:http://www.warsow.net/ +[49]:http://www.splashdamage.com/wolfet +[50]:http://worldofpadman.net/website/news +[51]:http://www.xonotic.org/ +[52]:http://www.zeroballistics.com/ +[53]:http://www.stepmania.com/ +[54]:http://www.stepmania.com/ +[55]:http://www.ultrastardeluxe.org/ +[56]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/extremetuxracer/ +[57]:http://www.speed-dreams.org/ +[58]:http://supertuxkart.sourceforge.net/ +[59]:http://torcs.sourceforge.net/ +[60]:http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/ +[61]:http://vdrift.net/ +[62]:http://crossfire.real-time.com/intro/index.html +[63]:http://www.epicinventor.com/ +[64]:http://excaliburworld.com/emr/emr3/index.html +[65]:http://flarerpg.org/media/ +[66]:http://lipsofsuna.org/ +[67]:http://themanaworld.org/ +[68]:http://themanaworld.org/ +[69]:http://www.planeshift.it/about.html +[70]:http://www.ryzom.com/en/ +[71]:http://stendhalgame.org/ +[72]:http://sumwars.org/wiki/Main_Page +[73]:http://www.flightgear.org/ +[74]:http://www.golemgame.com/ +[75]:http://lincity.sourceforge.net/ +[76]:https://code.google.com/p/micropolis/ +[77]:http://minetest.net/ +[78]:http://pioneerspacesim.net/ +[79]:http://www.oolite.org/ +[80]:http://www.opencity.info/ +[81]:http://www.openttd.org/en/ +[82]:http://www.rigsofrods.com/content/ +[83]:http://www.simutrans.com/ +[84]:http://vegastrike.sourceforge.net/ +[85]:http://play0ad.com/ +[86]:http://www.asc-hq.org/ +[87]:http://www.wesnoth.org/ +[88]:http://www.boswars.org/ +[89]:http://commanderstalin.sourceforge.net/ +[90]:http://www.freecol.org/ +[91]:http://freeciv.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page +[92]:http://freeorion.org/index.php/Main_Page +[93]:http://glest.org/en/index.php +[94]:http://globulation2.org/wiki/Main_Page +[95]:http://www.hedgewars.org/ +[96]:http://springrts.com/wiki/Kernel_Panic +[97]:http://www.ufoot.org/liquidwar/v5 +[98]:http://glest.org/en/index.php +[99]:http://paxbritannica.henk.ca/ +[100]:http://spring1944.net/ +[101]:http://ufoai.org/wiki/News +[102]:http://www.unknown-horizons.org/ +[103]:http://wz2100.net/ +[104]:http://wl.widelands.org/ +[105]:http://zero-k.info/ +[106]:http://codenautics.com/zombies/ +[107]:http://www.shatters.net/celestia/index.html +[108]:http://community.electricsheep.org/ +[109]:http://lcars24.com/ +[110]:http://stellarium.org/ +[111]:http://tuxpaint.org/ \ No newline at end of file From 1a70d6298b3fe8e044b47c3c35436eb176a32f4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: owen-carter Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 12:04:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 310/713] owen-carter translating --- sources/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md b/sources/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md index f5b8b38dae..943dd6df2b 100644 --- a/sources/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md +++ b/sources/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +owen-carter translating 10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems ========================================== Linux has a wide variety of uses. The platform is used by many for simple home use, while it is also the chosen platform for programmers and hackers. In addition, Linux is widely used in embedded systems and there are distributions that are tailored specifically to such systems. Here are 10 Linux platforms that can work great on embedded systems! @@ -34,6 +35,7 @@ This one has a pretty simple and easy-to-use interface and offers the unique sit ### 8. [eLux NG][8] ### +owen-carter translating This one adds new models to the list of supported processors for eLux. ### 9. [Embedded Coyote Linux][9] ### From aedab0d98c4dc1a3821eef856ba308e182d850a1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 13:24:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 311/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md b/translated/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md index d49d7e5f03..2d4f1ebdac 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md +++ b/translated/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ Sublime Text唯一的“污点”是它的许可证：如果你只使用开源 ### 3. Gedit & Kate & Mousepad & Leafpad ### -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2927/14371977076_c95a557233_z.jpg) +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2927/14371977076_c95a557233_z.jpg) 如果我们离开这些超级厉害的编辑器，我们可以转向我认为的“桌面环境经典版”编辑器。这些编辑器感觉上更加的传统，有些也可以用插件进行强化，但是它们的重点是简单输入。如果你头脑里有一些想法想要在忘记之前赶快记下来（我必须怪罪那些视频游戏让我的注意力范围变小）。[译注：这一句意思应该是作者因为玩游戏导致注意力下降，记不住东西，所以需要快速的记下头脑中的东西以免忘掉] 你不需要学习Vim或者Sublime Text的快捷键。你只需要一些空白的地方进行输入。这类编辑器的好处是他们或多或少的和你的桌面环境集成在一起。在这一类编辑器中， Gnome 下的 [Gedit][8] 和 KDE下的 [Kate][9] 都很好的集成在桌面系统中，可以通过插件进行个性化定制。比如，更容易的进行LaTeX排版。[Mousepad][10] 和 [Leafpad][11] 更适合于轻量级的桌面，比如Xfce和LXDE。它们在某种程度上很像Windows的记事本。所以，如果你需要的是灵活和便捷，请选择他们。 @@ -80,4 +80,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/good-text-editor-linux.html [14]:http://www.inkcode.net/qute [15]:https://www.libreoffice.org/ [16]:http://www.calligra-suite.org/ -[17]:http://www.abisource.com/ \ No newline at end of file +[17]:http://www.abisource.com/ From 322b4a32489d46f4734b66f41fc219dc9595cc36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 13:41:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 312/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140619-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...attery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md | 30 ++++++++++++ ...e eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md | 29 +++++++++++ ... Hat designs RHEL for a decade-long run.md | 48 +++++++++++++++++++ ...auncher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md | 19 ++++++++ 4 files changed, 126 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md create mode 100644 sources/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140619 Red Hat designs RHEL for a decade-long run.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140619 How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md diff --git a/sources/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md b/sources/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b0e5535f55 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65 +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Improve-Battery-Life-with-Laptop-Mode-Tools-1-65-447397-2.jpg) + +Laptop Mode Tools, a power-saving package for Linux systems that allows users to extend the battery life of their laptop in several ways, is now at version 1.65. + +The Laptop Mode Tools releases are few and far in between, but the developers have made some very interesting changes and improvements in this latest version, although the update is not as consistent as would like it to be. + +According to the changelog, a grep error on missing $device/uevent has been fixed, sysfs/enabled has been replaced by “ip link down”, iwlwifi support has been added, the Runtime Power Managemet Framework is now a lot more robust, and the module usb-autosuspend has been deprecated. + +Also, when the laptop is resuming, Laptop Mode Tools is run in force initialization mode, a module for the Intel PState driver has been added, and the suspend/hibernate interface has been implemented. + +Users must not change the autonegotiation settings. Fiddling with auto-negotiation settings can cause more problems and the standards expect them to be always on. Also, pay attention to what every function does because you might do more damage than good. + +Check the official [announcement][1] for more details about this released. + +Download Laptop Mode Tools 1.65 right now: + +- [http://samwel.tk/laptop_mode/packages][2] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Improve-Battery-Life-with-Laptop-Mode-Tools-1-65-447397.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://launchpad.net/laptop-mode-tools/+announcement/12779 +[2]:http://samwel.tk/laptop_mode/packages \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md b/sources/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3f028a3149 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack +================================================================================ +![](http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3108/3191608123_67e1da2b79_o.jpg) + +In conjunction with the recent OpenStack Summit in Atlanta, Red Hat had confirmed many new OpenStack-centric initiatives, one of which was that the company [is collaborating][1] with eNovance, a leader in the open source cloud computing market, tto drive Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and telecommunications features into OpenStack. Now, Red Hat has [announced][2] that it will acquire eNovance for about 70 million euros, or $95 million, in cash and stock. + +eNovance is an important player on the OpenStack scene, and is especially known for its work with telecommunications companies. eNovance helps service providers and large-scale private enterprises build and deploy cloud infrastructures quickly and cost effectively, and will create new lines of business for Red Hat. +As noted by IDC analysts Laura DuBois and Ashish Nadkarni in their recent recap of the spring 2014 OpenStack Summit, "Integrators such as eNovance will continue to assist cloud service providers and enterprises in building large OpenStack clouds. ... The future for OpenStack is looking very bright." + +eNovance is one of the top 10 contributors to the upstream OpenStack project, and is the only European Gold Member company of the OpenStack Foundation. The company has more than 150 global customers, including Alcatel-Lucent, AXA, Cisco, Cloudwatt, and Ericsson. The company has offices in Paris; Montreal; and Bangalore, India. + +Red Hat and eNovance [first partnered in 2013][3] to deliver OpenStack implementation and integration services to joint customers, based on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform. At OpenStack Summit in May, the two companies announced an [expanded collaboration][4] to drive Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and telecommunications innovations into OpenStack, aimed at delivering the industry’s most complete, carrier-grade telecommunications offering based on Linux, Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM), and OpenStack. + +Raphaël Ferreira, co-founder & chief executive officer, eNovance, said in a statement: + +> “eNovance, like Red Hat, understands the transformative power OpenStack can have on the enterprise market when it is both deployed and integrated in the right fashion. We are excited to become part of Red Hat, a company that not only offers one of the best-in-class OpenStack distributions on the market today, but also which shares our common belief that OpenStack is best deployed and integrated in a continuous and seamless manner." + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ostatic.com/blog/red-hat-to-acquire-enovance-focus-together-on-openstack + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.redhat.com/about/news/press-archive/2014/5/red-hat-and-enovance-to-deliver-carrier-grade-openstack +[2]:http://www.marketwatch.com/story/red-hat-to-acquire-enovance-a-leader-in-openstack-integration-services-2014-06-18 +[3]:http://cts.businesswire.com/ct/CT?id=smartlink&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redhat.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fpress-archive%2F2013%2F11%2Fred-hat-and-enovance-partner-to-accelerate-adoption-of-red-hat-enterprise-linux-openstack-platform&esheet=50888828&newsitemid=20140618005543&lan=en-US&anchor=first+partnered+in+2013&index=1&md5=1721061ca22652d2a4413085db70361b +[4]:http://cts.businesswire.com/ct/CT?id=smartlink&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redhat.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fpress-archive%2F2014%2F5%2Fred-hat-and-enovance-to-deliver-carrier-grade-openstack&esheet=50888828&newsitemid=20140618005543&lan=en-US&anchor=expanded+collaboration&index=2&md5=a34aaf179e4aac7417917e55c991ef87 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140619 Red Hat designs RHEL for a decade-long run.md b/sources/talk/20140619 Red Hat designs RHEL for a decade-long run.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..baf39438f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140619 Red Hat designs RHEL for a decade-long run.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +Red Hat designs RHEL for a decade-long run +================================================================================ +> The newly released RHEL 7 includes Docker containers and the new terabyte-scaled XFS file system + +IDG News Service - Knowing how system administrators enjoy continuity, Red Hat has designed the latest release of its flagship Linux distribution to be run, with support, until 2024. + +Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 (RHEL 7), the completed version of which was shipped Tuesday, also features a number of new technologies that the company sees as instrumental for the next decade, including the Docker Linux Container system and the advanced XFS file system. + +"XFS opens the door for a new class of business analytics, big data and data analytics," said Mark Coggin, Red Hat senior director of product marketing. + +The last major update to RHEL, RHEL 6, was released in November 2010. Since then, server software has been used in an increasingly wide variety of operational scenarios, including providing the basis for bare metal servers, virtual machines, IaaS (infrastructure-as-a-service) and PaaS (platform-as-a-service) cloud packages. + +Red Hat will support RHEL 7 with bug fixes and commercial support for up to 10 years. The company generally releases a major version of RHEL every three years. + +In contrast, Canonical's Ubuntu LTS (long-term support) distributions are supported for five years. Suse Enterprise Linux [is also supported][1], in most aspects, for up to 10 years, + +This is the first edition to include Docker, a container technology [that could act as a nimbler replacement][2] to full virtual machines used in cloud operations. Docker provides a way to package an application in a virtual container so that it can be run across different Linux servers. + +Red Hat expects that containers will be widely deployed over the next few years as a way to package and run applications, thanks to their portable nature. + +"Customers have told us they are looking for a lighter weight version of developing applications. The applications themselves don't need a full operating system or a virtual machine," Coggin said. The system calls are answered by the server's OS and the container includes only the necessary support libraries and the application. "We only put into that container what we need," he said. + +Containers are also easier to maintain because users don't have to worry about updating or patching the full OS within a virtual machine, Coggin said. + +Red Hat is also planning a special stripped-down release of RHEL, now code-named RHEL Atomic, which will be a distribution for just running containers. Containers that run on the regular RHEL can easily be transferred to RHEL Atomic, once that OS is available. They will also run on Red Hat OpenShift PaaS. + +Red Hat is also supporting Docker through its switch in RHEL 7 to the systemd process manager, replacing Linux's long used init process manager. Systemd "gives the administrator a lot of additional flexibility in managing the underlying processes inside of RHEL. It also has a tie back to the container initiative and is very integral to the way the processes are stood up and managed in containers," Coggin said. + +Red Hat has switched the default file system in RHEL 7 to XFS, which is able to keep track of up to 500TBs on a single partition. The previous default file system, ext4, was only able to support 50TBs. Ext4 is still available as an option, as well as another of other file systems such as GFS2 and Btrfs (under technology preview). + +Red Hat has added greater interoperability with the Microsoft Windows environment. Organizations can now use Microsoft Active Directory to securely authenticate users on Red Hat systems. Tools are also included in RHEL 7 to offer Red Hat credentials for Windows servers. + +"Customers have thousands of Windows servers and thousands of RHEL servers, and they to need ways to integrate the two," Coggin said. + +The installation process has been sped up as well, thanks to an update to the Anaconda installer, which now allows administrators to preselect server configurations on the start of the installation process. The inclusion of the industry standard OpenLMI (Open Linux Management Infrastructure), which allows the administrator to manage services at a granular level through a standardized API (application programming interface). + +"OpenLMI is another important way of improving stability and efficiency by helping to manage systems better," Coggin said. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9248988/Red_Hat_designs_RHEL_for_a_decade_long_run?taxonomyId=122 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://www.suse.com/support/policy.html +[2]:http://www.infoworld.com/d/virtualization/docker-all-geared-the-enterprise-244020 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140619 How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md b/sources/tech/20140619 How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f544a68328 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140619 How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips] +================================================================================ +**A question sent by a reader**: How can I remove those drive icons from Unity Launcher in Ubuntu 14.04? I never use it and it eats up space in the launcher. + +By default all the partition on your system is visible in Unity launcher, no matter if it is mounted or not. And in fact it might be crowding up the Unity Launcher space. Absolute beginners to Ubuntu may have to struggle a bit pondering over how to remove the drive icons from launcher but the solution to this problem is very easy. + +To **remove the drive icons permanently from Unity Launcher in Ubuntu 14.04**, right click on the drive and select Unlock from Launcher. + +![Remove drive cons from Ubuntu 14.04 unity launcher](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Remove_Drive_Icons_Ubuntu_Unity.jpeg) + +That’s it. You don’t need to anything else. You won’t see the drive icons again in Unity Launcher, even if it is mounted. I hope it helps you. Feel free to ask if you have questions. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/remove-drive-icons-from-unity-launcher-in-ubuntu/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From aa8306078bf8ae1ea0008abb0be1a1359ca84fe4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lousam Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 14:08:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 313/713] Update 20140619 How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md --- ...ons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140619 How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md b/sources/tech/20140619 How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md index f544a68328..83bb81e0e6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140619 How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md +++ b/sources/tech/20140619 How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translating by lousam + How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips] ================================================================================ **A question sent by a reader**: How can I remove those drive icons from Unity Launcher in Ubuntu 14.04? I never use it and it eats up space in the launcher. @@ -16,4 +18,4 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/remove-drive-icons-from-unity-launcher-in-ubuntu/ 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 00f401788ba4cdca56fa53b2291f6ff4b4dd5ca0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 14:09:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 314/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140619-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...19 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md | 113 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 113 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md b/sources/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2a3bb9e8b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md @@ -0,0 +1,113 @@ +How To Flush Linux / UNIX DNS Cache +================================================================================ +![](http://figs.cyberciti.biz/3rdparty/configure.png) + +I'm on a Dial UP Internet connection under Linux and frequent dial up disconnection causing dns problems. How do I flush DNS cache under UNIX / Linux distribution using a shell prompt? + +Under MS-Windows you can use the [ipconfig command to flush dns cache][1]. However, Linux and UNIX provides various ways to flush cache. Linux can run nscd or BIND or dnsmasq as the name service caching daemon. Large and work-group servers may use BIND or dnsmasq as a dedicated caching server to speed up queries. + +### HowTo: Flush nscd dns cache ### + +Nscd caches libc-issued requests to the Name Service. If retrieving NSS data is fairly expensive, nscd is able to speed up consecutive access to the same data dramatically and increase overall system performance. Just restart nscd: + + $ sudo /etc/init.d/nscd restart + +OR + + # service nscd restart + +OR + + # service nscd reload + +This daemon provides a cache for the most common name service requests. The default configuration file, /etc/nscd.conf, determines the behavior of the cache daemon. + +### Flush dnsmasq dns cache ### + +[dnsmasq is a lightweight DNS][2], TFTP and DHCP server. It is intended to provide coupled DNS and DHCP service to a LAN. Dnsmasq accepts DNS queries and either answers them from a small, local, cache or forwards them to a real, recursive, DNS server. This software is also installed many cheap routers to cache dns queries. Just restart the dnsmasq service to flush out dns cache: + + $ sudo /etc/init.d/dnsmasq restart + +OR + + # service dnsmasq restart + +### Flush caching BIND server dns cache ### + +A caching BIND server obtains information from another server (a Zone Master) in response to a host query and then saves (caches) the data locally. All you have to do is restart bind to clear its cache: + + # /etc/init.d/named restart + +You can also use rndc command as follows flush out all cache: + + # rndc restart + +OR + + # rndc exec + +BIND v9.3.0 and above will support flushing all of the records attached to a particular domain name with rndc flushname command. In this example flush all records releated to cyberciti.biz domain: + + # rndc flushname cyberciti.biz + +It is also possible to flush out BIND views. For example, lan and wan views can be flushed using the following +command: + + # rndc flush lan + # rndc flush wan + +### A note about Mac OS X Unix users ### + +Type the following command as root user: + + # dscacheutil -flushcache + +OR + + $ sudo dscacheutil -flushcache + +If you are using OS X 10.5 or earlier try the following command: + + lookupd -flushcache + +### A note about /etc/hosts file ### + +/etc/hosts act as the static table lookup for hostnames. You need to remove and/or update records as per your requirements under Unix like operating systems: + + # vi /etc/hosts + +#### Sample outputs: #### + + 127.0.0.1 localhost + 127.0.1.1 wks01.WAG160N wks01 + # The following lines are desirable for IPv6 capable hosts + ::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback + fe00::0 ip6-localnet + ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix + ff02::1 ip6-allnodes + ff02::2 ip6-allrouters + 10.37.34.2 build + 192.168.1.10 nas01 + 192.168.1.11 nas02 + 192.168.1.12 nas03 + #192.168.2.50 nfs2.nixcraft.net.in nfs2 + #192.168.2.51 nfs1.nixcraft.net.in nfs1 + 172.168.232.50 nfs1.nixcraft.net.in nfs1 + 172.168.232.51 nfs2.nixcraft.net.in nfs2 + 192.168.1.101 vm01 + +### See also: ### + +Related: [Windows Vista / XP Flush DNS Cache][3] with ipconfig Command + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-debian-ubuntu-flush-clear-dns-cache/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://theos.in/windows-vista/flush-dns-cache-with-ipconfig/ +[2]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/how-do-i-improve-dns-performance-on-linuxwindows-desktop.html +[3]:http://theos.in/windows-vista/flush-dns-cache-with-ipconfig/ \ No newline at end of file From 7df3c55780cb2baef3dc1fed911418f079416ccb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: owen-carter Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 14:30:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 315/713] done --- ...ux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md | 66 --------------- ...ux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md | 80 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 80 insertions(+), 66 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md diff --git a/sources/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md b/sources/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md deleted file mode 100644 index 943dd6df2b..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,66 +0,0 @@ -owen-carter translating -10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems -========================================== -Linux has a wide variety of uses. The platform is used by many for simple home use, while it is also the chosen platform for programmers and hackers. In addition, Linux is widely used in embedded systems and there are distributions that are tailored specifically to such systems. Here are 10 Linux platforms that can work great on embedded systems! - -![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/UJVP24130PM532014.jpeg) - -### 1. [Ampro Embedded Linux][1] ### - -This is a free and open source reduced footprint operating system that has been derived from Ubuntu packages. - -### 2. [BlueCat Linux from Lynx][2] ### - -This Linux-based distribution is a part of the Lynx suite and is meant for embedded systems. - -### 3. [CacheGuard OS][3] ### - -CacheGuard OS is an integrated Security solution based on a custom-hardened version of Linux built from scratch and specially designed to manage Web traffic. - -### 4. [Darma NAS OS][4] ### - -This distribution has an SSL-based encrypted client server and a Java-based graphical user interface. - -### 5. [DIET-PC][5] ### - -This is an open source thin client software kitset that allows users to build network appliances. - -### 6. [ELinOS][6] ### - -This distribution provides a number of technologies for users working on embedded systems. It is a pretty popular Linux platform for these systems. - -### 7. [eLux][7] ### - -This one has a pretty simple and easy-to-use interface and offers the unique situation where neither the client nor the administrator needs to have any knowledge in Linux. - -### 8. [eLux NG][8] ### - -owen-carter translating -This one adds new models to the list of supported processors for eLux. - -### 9. [Embedded Coyote Linux][9] ### - -This Firewall and VPN server-based on Coyote Linux has been the platform of choice for many. - -### 10. [Embedded Debian Project][10] ### - -This project aims to make the Debian GNU/Linux the first choice for embedded systems. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=137612 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.ampro.com/company/News/04_08_08_Ampro_Reveals_Ubuntu_Embedded_Linux.htm -[2]:http://www.lynuxworks.com/embedded-linux/embedded-linux-virtualization.php -[3]:http://www.cacheguard.com/cacheguard-os.html -[4]:http://nas.darma.com/ -[5]:http://www.dietpc.org/ -[6]:http://www.sysgo.com/products/elinos-embedded-linux/ -[7]:http://www.myelux.com/index.htm?Unicon_Session=32bf53f198c94ba2ac2ce1ea45211754 -[8]:http://www.myelux.com/eluxng.htm -[9]:http://www.myelux.com/eluxng.htm -[10]:http://www.emdebian.org/ diff --git a/translated/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md b/translated/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..76e42fdeec --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +10款专为嵌入式系统打造的Linux平台 + +========================================== + +Linux 有着广泛的用途。该平台被许多简单的家用电器所使用，同时它也深受程序员和黑客们的青睐。此外，Linux 还广泛地应用在嵌入式系统中，有一系列专门适用于此类系统的发行版。我们将为大家推荐十个非常优秀的专为嵌入式系统发行的linux版本！ + + +![] (http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/UJVP24130PM532014.jpeg) + + +### 1.[Ampro 嵌入式 Linux][1] ### + + +这是一个自由和开放源代码的从Ubuntu派生来的轻量级操作系统。 + +### 2. [BlueCat Linux from Lynx][2] ### +这个基于 Linux 的发行版是Lynx套件的一部分，并为嵌入式系统打造。 + + +### 3. [CacheGuard OS][3] ### + +CacheGuard OS 是一个从零开始建立的集成了安全解决方案的基于Linux的可自定义版本 ，专门为网络管理设计的。 + + +### 4. [Darma NAS OS][4] ### + +这个发行版有一个基于 SSL 的加密客户端服务器和基于 Java 的图形用户界面。 + + +### 5. [DIET-PC][5] ### + + +这是开源的瘦客户端软件 kitset，它允许用户建立网络设备。 + + +### 6. [ELinOS][6] ### + +这个发行版为在嵌入式系统上工作的用户提供大量的技术。它是一个相当受欢迎的嵌入式 Linux 平台。 + + +### 7. [eLux][7] ### + + +这个发行版有一个非常简单和容易使用的界面，适用于用户和管理员都不具有任何有关 Linux 的知识的特殊情况下。 + + +### 8. [eLux NG][8] ### + + +这一个发行版为支持 eLux 的列表中的处理器添加了新的模式。 + + +### 9. [Embedded Coyote Linux][9] ### + + +这种基于 Coyote Linux的防火墙和 VPN 服务器 一直为很多人选择的平台。 + + +# # # 10。[嵌入式 Debian 项目][10] # # # + + +这个项目的目的是使 Debian GNU/Linux 成为嵌入式系统的第一选择。 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=137612 + +译者：[owen-carter](https://github.com/owen-carter) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.ampro.com/company/News/04_08_08_Ampro_Reveals_Ubuntu_Embedded_Linux.htm +[2]:http://www.lynuxworks.com/embedded-linux/embedded-linux-virtualization.php +[3]:http://www.cacheguard.com/cacheguard-os.html +[4]:http://nas.darma.com/ +[5]:http://www.dietpc.org/ +[6]:http://www.sysgo.com/products/elinos-embedded-linux/ +[7]:http://www.myelux.com/index.htm?Unicon_Session=32bf53f198c94ba2ac2ce1ea45211754 +[8]:http://www.myelux.com/eluxng.htm +[9]:http://www.myelux.com/eluxng.htm +[10]:http://www.emdebian.org/ From c563767d9a10d1c74a7c87cff38ea1026013dea9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 14:46:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 316/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140610=20I?= =?UTF-8?q?PFire=202.13=20Core=2078=20Linux=20Firewall=20OS=20Receives=20O?= =?UTF-8?q?penSSL=20Fixes?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @2q1w2007 --- ...inux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md | 32 +++++++++++++++++++ ...inux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md | 32 ------------------- 2 files changed, 32 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md delete mode 100644 translated/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md diff --git a/published/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md b/published/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d067b72f80 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Linux防火墙发行版 IPFire 发布新版本 +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876-2.jpg) + +**ipfire.org团队的 Michael Tremer 发布了 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 的最新稳定版本， 这是一个基于Linux的防火墙发行版，本次发布已经包含了最新的OpenSSL补丁。** + +IPFire 是一个模块化 Linux 发行版，它可以用为防火墙、 代理服务器或 VPN 网关。IPFire 开发人员的主要关注点之一就是安全，每一步修改都确保用户的安全。 + +开发者在其博客上说：“在负责提供SSL/TLS协议和其他加密功能的openssl库中发现了几个安全漏洞。详细的细节可以在原始的 openssl 安全建议里面找到” + +他们解释说所有计划为Core Update 78准备的更新被延迟提交到core Update 79。这意味着用户为其需要等更长时间。 + +OpenSSL 的开发人员发现了另一轮的 OpenSSL 的问题，但问题很快被修复，最新Linux发行版已包含此次修复。 + +开发者推荐 IPFire 的所有用户升级。更多的细节可以在[这里][1]发现. + +下载IPFire 2.13 Core 78: + +- [IPFire 2.15 Core 78 (ISO)][2][iso] [122 MB] +- [IPFire 3.0 Alpha 1 (ISO)][3][iso] [76 MB] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876.shtml + +译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.ipfire.org/news/ipfire-2-15-core-update-78-released +[2]:http://downloads.ipfire.org/releases/ipfire-2.x/2.15-core78/ipfire-2.15.i586-full-core78.iso +[3]:http://www.rowie.at/ipfire/iso/ipfire-3.0-alpha1.i686.iso diff --git a/translated/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md b/translated/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md deleted file mode 100644 index 12b6598f89..0000000000 --- a/translated/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,32 +0,0 @@ -IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux防火墙系统接受了OpenSSL补丁 -================================================================================ -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876-2.jpg) - -**Michael Tremer, ipfire.org团队的一位开发者,宣布IPFire 2.13 Core 78, 一个新的基于Linux的防火墙的稳定发行版,已经接受了最新的OpenSSL补丁。** - -IPFire 是一个模块化 Linux 发行版，这就意味着它可以作为防火墙、 代理服务器或 VPN 网关部署。IPFire 开发人员的主要关注点之一就是安全，每一步修改都确保用户的安全。 - -"在一直负责执行重要的SSL/TLS协议和其他加密任务openssl库中发现了几个安全漏洞。所有这些细节都可以在原始的openssl 安全咨询发现”开发者在其博客上说。 - -他们解释说所有计划为Core Update 78准备的更新被提交到core Update 79。这意味着用户为了更一致的版本需要等更长时间。 - -OpenSSL 的开发人员发现了另一轮的 OpenSSL 的问题，但问题很快被修复，最新Linux发行版已包含此次修复 - -开发者推荐 IPFire 所有用户升级。更多的细节可以在[这里][1]发现. - -下载IPFire 2.13 Core 78: - -- [IPFire 2.15 Core 78 (ISO)][2][iso] [122 MB] -- [IPFire 3.0 Alpha 1 (ISO)][3][iso] [76 MB] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876.shtml - -译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.ipfire.org/news/ipfire-2-15-core-update-78-released -[2]:http://downloads.ipfire.org/releases/ipfire-2.x/2.15-core78/ipfire-2.15.i586-full-core78.iso -[3]:http://www.rowie.at/ipfire/iso/ipfire-3.0-alpha1.i686.iso From 0071fb4abc17fe21ecdedba898fc20b1e4c67d39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 15:04:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 317/713] [Translating]How To Flush Linux / UNIX DNS Cache --- .../tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md | 6 +++++- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md b/sources/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md index 2a3bb9e8b6..fd4b142845 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md @@ -1,3 +1,7 @@ +Translating--------------geekpi + + + How To Flush Linux / UNIX DNS Cache ================================================================================ ![](http://figs.cyberciti.biz/3rdparty/configure.png) @@ -110,4 +114,4 @@ via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-debian-ubuntu-flush-clear-dns-cache/ [1]:http://theos.in/windows-vista/flush-dns-cache-with-ipconfig/ [2]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/how-do-i-improve-dns-performance-on-linuxwindows-desktop.html -[3]:http://theos.in/windows-vista/flush-dns-cache-with-ipconfig/ \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://theos.in/windows-vista/flush-dns-cache-with-ipconfig/ From ad081cb74b8502663029a832da69ba3599479f3f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 15:16:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 318/713] pub: 20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download @2q1w2007 --- ...Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md | 39 +++++++++++++++++++ ...Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md | 38 ------------------ 2 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md delete mode 100644 translated/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md diff --git a/published/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md b/published/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3ba634f919 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +运行Unity 8的Ubuntu镜像已可下载测试 +================================================================================ +![ ](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/1.jpg) + +*运行在平板上的Unity 8 * + +**出乎意料，默认使用Unity 8和Mir的Ubuntu 14.10 桌面版，[现已可下载了][1]** + +根据[上个月的讨论][2]Ubuntu 14.10镜像计划提供单独的Unity 8桌面。 提供此镜像目的是给开发者和测试人员提供一个了解从传统界面到使用两种新技术的界面的变化的手段。 + +此镜像并不用于普通用户测试。这个版本会并将会是极不稳定而充满bug的，在十月之前还会不断有变动。所有想要一个完美的、可用的或统一的的桌面的人都会失望，因为这个Unity 8桌面版镜像现在用的是平板的UI。 + +### 工作进行中 ### + +为Mir和Unity 8建立完备的窗口管理特性的工作正在进行中。同样的，在桌面显卡完全兼容Mir之前，硬件支持和用户体验之间还相距甚远，而且还不支持虚拟机。 + +桌面Unity 8界面将开始融合平板UI，用户会提出界面与原来相差太大的问题，对此详见Ubuntu的创始人Mark Shuttleworth最近的视频的问答模块。 + +这是个好消息，微软在桌面Windows8上强加了平板界面和为触摸屏设计的UI。结果被骂的不轻，不得不总是进行"改进"——在你吐槽后才让步，来对付投诉。 + +### 下载Unity 8桌面版本 ### + +按计划标准的Ubuntu 14.10预定在10月23日发行稳定版，其继续基于 X.Org，Compiz和Unity 7。而运行在Mir的Unity8则预计在2016年4月的下一个 LTS之前成为新的的默认桌面。 + +此版本还不具有可用性，下方链接的镜像只是为了协助开发人员测试和完善，并不能让你穿越体验到未来的Ubuntu。 + +- [下载下一代Ubuntu14.10 (.iso)][3] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/unity-8-daily-build-images-go-live + +译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://blueprints.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+spec/client-1410-unity8-desktop-iso +[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/ubuntu-unity-8-desktop-flavour-discussed +[3]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-desktop-next/daily-live/current/ diff --git a/translated/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md b/translated/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6cbd497d00..0000000000 --- a/translated/news/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38 +0,0 @@ -下一代Ubuntu14.10镜像已开放下载 -================================================================================ -![Ubuntu 运行在8寸平板上](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/1.jpg) - -Ubuntu 运行在8寸平板上 - -**不像大多数用户想得那样，Ubuntu 14.10 的桌面版默认使用Unity 8和Mir([现已可下载][1])** - -根据[上个月的讨论][2]Ubuntu 14.10镜像计划提供单独的Unity 8桌面。 提供此镜像目的是给开发者和测试人员提供一个识别并记录从传统界面到使用两种新技术的界面的变化的手段。 - -此镜像并不为为任何稳定的消费者进行生产测试。这个版本会并将会是极不稳定而充满bug的，在十月之前还会不断有变动。所有想要一个完美的、可用的或统一的的桌面的人都会失望，因为Unity 8桌面版镜像用的是平板的UI。 - -### 工作进行中 ### - -为Mir和Unity 8建立足够的窗口管理特性的工作正在进行中。同样的，在桌面显卡完全兼容Mir之前，硬件和用户之间发生的经历将会不同，而且不会支持虚拟机。 - -桌面Unity 8界面将开始融合平板UI，用户会提出界面与原来相差太大的问题，详见Ubuntu的创始人Mark Shuttleworth最近的视频的问答模块。 - -这是个好消息，微软在桌面Windows8上强加了平板界面和为触摸屏设计的UI。结果被骂的不轻，不得不不断地发出"改进"——在你吐槽后让步，来对付投诉。 - -### 下载Unity 8桌面版本 ### -按计划Ubuntu 14.10预定在10月23日发行稳定版，继续基于 X.Org，Compiz和Unity 7。运行在Mir的Unity8预计将在2016年4月作出下一个 LTS之前成为新的的默认桌面。 - -此版本还不具有可用性，下方链接的镜像只是为了协助开发人员测试和完善，不是为了用户适应新的TARDIS样式。 - -- [下载下一代Ubuntu14.10 (.iso)][3] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/unity-8-daily-build-images-go-live - -译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://blueprints.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+spec/client-1410-unity8-desktop-iso -[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/ubuntu-unity-8-desktop-flavour-discussed -[3]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-desktop-next/daily-live/current/ From 23e058c31513881ce21bed9247e4640ffd108a4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 15:35:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 319/713] pub : 20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @zpl1025 晚上发布 --- ... Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md (59%) diff --git a/translated/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md b/published/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md similarity index 59% rename from translated/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md rename to published/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md index 5737fb60a2..518da4deb2 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md +++ b/published/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md @@ -2,27 +2,27 @@ ================================================================================ ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Ubuntu-for-Phones-Activated-on-10-000-Devices-446824-2.jpg) -**科能公司(Canonical)日前宣布手机版Ubuntu操作系统在第10,000台设备上被激活，这为公司奠定了一个重要的里程碑。** +**Canonical公司日前宣布手机版Ubuntu操作系统在第10,000台设备上被激活，这是一个重要的里程碑。** 手机版Ubuntu项目于2013年初公布，开发团队之后就一直在上面工作。他们花了一些时间才拿出一个可用的版本，之后在这个基础上不断地改善。 -这个10,000台里程碑之所以重要，是因为公司本身并没有销售任何装载这款操作系统的设备。到目前为止，只有Nexus用户，手机或平板，才可以安装它。这对于一个只提供下载的操作系统来说意义重大。 +这个10,000台里程碑之所以重要，是因为公司本身并没有销售任何装载这款操作系统的设备。到目前为止，只有Nexus用户（手机或平板）才可以安装它。这对于一个只提供下载的操作系统来说意义重大。 -“Ubuntu手机（平板）用户需要在他们的设备上登录Ubuntu One账号，才可以下载或更新应用。这就让我们可以为用户提供许多从Android或iOS借鉴过来的功能，例如在新手机上或是手机重置之后自动重新安装所有应用，或是浏览商城网站（很快发布）时可以选择直接安装应用到设备上。” +“Ubuntu手机/平板用户需要在他们的设备上登录Ubuntu One账号，才可以下载或更新应用。这就让我们可以为用户提供许多从Android或iOS借鉴过来的功能，例如在新手机上或是手机重置之后自动重新安装所有应用，或是浏览商城网站（很快发布）时可以选择直接安装应用到设备上。” “这个功能的另外一个效果是，它可以让我们知道有多少唯一的Ubuntu One账号登陆过商城来下载应用，而这个数字在本周突破了10,000的记录。”科能公司的Michal Hall[说][1]。 目前，用户不需要在Nexus设备上删除Android，因为可以支持双启动，而且还有好几种方式。而预装Ubuntu系统的设备将在今年晚些时候出货，希望赶在假日旺季之前，社区成员已经有非常高的热情了。 -科能公司还建立了一套Ubuntu SDK来帮助开发者为这个新操作系统开发应用，而且已经有很多从其他平台移植的原生应用了。它们还没做好，但是离正式发布还有几个月，还有大量时间来准备足够数量的原生应用，不仅仅是替代的网页应用。 +Canonical公司还建立了一套Ubuntu SDK来帮助开发者为这个新操作系统开发应用，而且已经有很多从其他平台移植的原生应用了。它们还没做好，但是离正式发布还有几个月，还有大量时间来准备足够数量的原生应用，不仅仅是替代的网页应用。 -如果你有Nexus 4手机或是Nexus 7平板，你现在就可以在上面安装Ubuntu。细节上仍然还有些粗糙，但是你会发现你已经熟悉的设备变得大不一样，请多花点时间，然后你会喜欢它的。 +如果你有Nexus 4手机或是Nexus 7平板，你现在就可以在上面安装Ubuntu。细节上仍然还有些粗糙，但是你会发现你已经熟悉的设备会变得大不一样，请多花点时间，然后你会喜欢它的。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-for-Phones-Activated-on-10-000-Devices-446824.shtml -译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 355bec04387f278298936bdac80c34d2c561d0f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 15:54:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 320/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140619-4=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=20ships?= =?UTF-8?q?w=E6=8E=A8=E8=8D=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...namic Perspective tracks eyes for 3D UI.md | 79 +++++++++++++++ ...at will your business look like in 2030.md | 99 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 178 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140619 Fire Phone Dynamic Perspective tracks eyes for 3D UI.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140619 What will your business look like in 2030.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140619 Fire Phone Dynamic Perspective tracks eyes for 3D UI.md b/sources/talk/20140619 Fire Phone Dynamic Perspective tracks eyes for 3D UI.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..65b0e250d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140619 Fire Phone Dynamic Perspective tracks eyes for 3D UI.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +Fire Phone Dynamic Perspective tracks eyes for 3D UI +================================================================================ +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/fire-phone-dynamic-perspective-1-820x420.jpg) + +3D on phones is back, and it's Amazon giving it a try this time with Dynamic Perspective on the new [Fire Phone][1]. Eschewing a "true" 3D display as we've seen before, the Fire Phone's system instead uses four front-facing cameras to track the user's eyes, and adjusts the on-screen UI so that the various layers shift around to give the impression of 3D. + +A combination of physically tilting the phone and moving your head as you hold it can be used to navigate through the interface and apps. So, tilting the Fire Phone can scroll through the browser, rather than having to swipe around with a fingertip. + +youtube视频链接地址：[http://www.youtube.com/embed/iB75HJe8eiI][2] + +Similarly, with a carousel of items in Amazon's store on the phone, tilting the handset left and right pans through the products. + +youtube视频链接地址：[http://www.youtube.com/embed/lwj0hlE8CJc][3] + +In ebooks, the Kindle app can scroll through according to how you're holding it. The settings can be switched between adjusting speed depending on how extreme the tilt angle is, or locking it to a fixed rate if you'd rather have things be predictable. + +### This is the Amazon Fire Phone ### + +Maps, too, get Dynamic Perspective support. Moving the Fire Phone around can show what's "hiding" behind 3D buildings or on different layers. Tilting can also be used to open up menus, in games for motion control, and even to navigate between the now-playing and lyrics UIs in the Prime Music app. + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010143-XL-600x337.jpg) + +All that 3D didn't come easy, though. Based on the fact that every face is different, with variations in hair color, shape, whether they wear glasses, and other factors, Amazon had to put Dynamic Perspective through some serious testing. + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010006-XL-600x337.jpg) + +In the companies labs, that involved a somewhat nightmarish rubber head on a stick, but then Amazon expanded that to use real-world data from thousands of photos of people. The use of four cameras means that, no matter what may be blocking the screen, the Fire Phone should be able to spot the user properly. + +youtube视频链接地址：[http://www.youtube.com/embed/X-wPOq27iXk][5] + +Whether it'll all work as Bezos says, or be something owners quickly turn off, remains to be seen. We'll know more when we spend some hands-on time with the Fire Phone soon. + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/fire-phone-dynamic-perspective-1.jpg) + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010143-XL.jpg) + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010012-XL1.jpg) + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010010-XL.jpg) + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010007-XL.jpg) + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010003-XL.jpg) + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010153-XL.jpg) + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010145-XL.jpg) + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010019-XL.jpg) + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010030-XL.jpg) + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010022-XL.jpg) + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010004-XL.jpg) + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010010-XL-1.jpg) + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010015-XL.jpg) + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010014-XL.jpg) + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010008-XL1.jpg) + +![](http://cdn.slashgear.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/P1010006-XL.jpg) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.slashgear.com/fire-phone-dynamic-perspective-tracks-eyes-for-3d-ui-18334229/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.slashgear.com/tags/fire-phone +[2]:http://www.youtube.com/embed/iB75HJe8eiI +[3]:http://www.youtube.com/embed/lwj0hlE8CJc +[4]:http://www.slashgear.com/this-is-the-amazon-fire-phone-18334195/ +[5]:http://www.youtube.com/embed/X-wPOq27iXk \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140619 What will your business look like in 2030.md b/sources/talk/20140619 What will your business look like in 2030.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d30888bede --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140619 What will your business look like in 2030.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +What will your business look like in 2030? +================================================================================ +![](http://cdn1.tnwcdn.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2014/06/business-man-roof-deck-798x310.jpg) + +lya Pozin is a serial entrepreneur, writer, and investor. He is the founder of online video entertainment platform [Pluto.TV][1], social greeting card company [Open Me][2], and digital marketing agency [Ciplex][3]. + +The year is 2030, and you’re walking into the front doors of your company. What will it look like, what functions will your employees be performing and how will you stack up against the competition? + +You might not be considering the future, but remember that [25 years ago][4], only 15 percent of US households had a personal computer. While 73 percent of online adults currently have a social media account, social media barely existed 15 years ago. + +Technology is always changing, and with it come disruptions to industries, companies and the employment marketplace. The future is closing in, but is your company ready? + +### Why should you be worried? ### + +In business, to stop moving forward means your company is stagnating; for many companies, stagnation equates to eventual death. Companies clinging to outmoded and outdated business practices eventually run into major problems. There are examples everywhere in the marketplace, from struggling BlackBerry phones to Kodak slowly shuttering its film business. + +According to [futurist and TED talk speaker Thomas Frey][5], two billion jobs will disappear by 2030 thanks to shifting technologies and changing needs. You can’t afford to be behind the pack when the future comes calling. + +### What will 2030 look like? ### + +![](http://cdn1.tnwcdn.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2014/05/calendar.jpg) + +Recently, the [Canadian Scholarship Trust][6], as part of its Inspired Minds campaign, [put together a list of the jobs][7] we might all be hiring for in 2030. These jobs range from “Company Culture Ambassador” to – get this! – “Nostalgist.” + +Taking CST’s lead, I spoke to some entrepreneurs and innovators in different fields, from medicine to marketing, to see their predictions for how businesses will be run in the future. Hopping in our time travel machine, here’s a glimpse at what 2030 might look like: + +### Cloud-based ### + +“Everything will be cloud-based with faster speeds,” said Marjorie Adams, [AQB][8] CEO and President. “The technologies coming out now will be better defined and connected. While innovation from the business side could be a lot slower-going than the consumer side, we will have a lot more data to understand real needs.” + +### Automated ### + +Google is already leading the way with the self-driving car, but automation might creep into other aspects of our lives in the future. + +“Home automation will be very different in 2030,” said Andrew Thomas, co-founder of [SkyBell Technologies, Inc][9] .“We’ll all have brain-sensing headbands and glasses and we’ll just ‘think’ about locking the door or turning off the lights. Our fridge will email the store when we’re low on food and our self-driving cars will go pick up the groceries for us!” + +### Human curated ### + +As more and more options become available to consumers, we’ll all become overwhelmed by choice. Human curation will come back into vogue for everything from music to online video. + +We’re already seeing the trend start now with [Apple’s acquisition][10] of human curated music service Beats. After all, do you really think apps are [smarter than you][11]? + +### Socially-connected ### + +If you can’t watch the latest episode of Scandal or Game of Thrones, it’s common sense to stay off your Facebook and Twitter feeds. + +“Imagine a media environment 15 years into the future where no object or entertainment venue is out of reach for second-screen integration with social media,” said Jared Feldman, CEO and founder of [Mashwork][12]. “Social platforms like Facebook and Twitter might as well be agnostic at this point in time since consumers will have aggregated all of their digital social life into consolidated user profiles designed to curate multiple feeds and allow for single-source user engagement.” + +### Targeted ### + +Already advertising is becoming more and more targeted to consumers needs thanks to big data and algorithms. Don’t expect this trend to move backwards, at least according to [FlexOne][13] CEO Matthijs Keij. + +“Advertisers will know more about you than you yourself. Which products you like, how to improve your personal and work life, and even how to be more healthy. Sounds a little like Huxley’s Brave New World? Maybe…but consumers might actually like it.” + +### How do your prepare? ### + +![](http://cdn1.tnwcdn.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2011/01/Crystal-Ball-12-27-09-iStock_000003107697XSmall.jpg) + +Preparing for the future might seem impossible, but you don’t need a crystal ball to keep abreast of changes. It’s important to always keep up with trends and emerging technology, both in the economy in general and within your industry in particular. + +Go to conferences, attend industry talks, and make time for industry trade shows. Pay attention to the new technology entering your sector, and don’t turn your nose up at something new just because it’s different than the way things have always been. + +Understand your customers and know what they need, because the future is looking more consumer-focused than ever before, even in segments like healthcare. “The paradigm is shifting to a more “consumer-centric” model,” said Robert Grajewski, CEO of [Edison Nation Medical][14]. “Healthcare as a whole will shift to this individual care focus.” + +Companies that understand their core competencies and their consumer needs will have a leg up on the competition. + +As more digital natives come of age and flock into the economy, some highly skilled fields will see consumers picking up additional skills. + +“By 2030 virtually everyone will be a designer, equipped with knowledge of the hottest mega trends and ripe and ready to replace those who can’t keep up with the latest software,” said Ashley Mady, CEO of [Brandberry][15]. + +“The best way to prepare for this inevitable shift in the design world is to focus on creative, big picture thinking over production, which will soon become a commodity. Designers should remain innovative by developing their own adaptable brands and technology that will grow alongside the quickly evolving world we live in.” + +Finally, it’s important to be open, curious, and willing to pivot. New technologies are going to come along to improve, and sometimes complicate, your business. You need to be willing to embrace these new paradigms, or you risk your company becoming obsolete. + +What do you think? How do you plan to prepare for the future? Share in the comments! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thenextweb.com/entrepreneur/2014/06/18/will-business-look-like-2030/?utm_campaign=share%20button&utm_content=What%20will%20your%20business%20look%20like%20in%202030?&awesm=tnw.to_q3L0P&utm_source=copypaste&utm_medium=referral + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://pluto.tv/ +[2]:http://www.openme.com/ +[3]:http://www.ciplex.com/ +[4]:http://www.cnbc.com/id/101611509 +[5]:http://www.futuristspeaker.com/2012/02/2-billion-jobs-to-disappear-by-2030/ +[6]:http://www.cst.org/ +[7]:http://careers2030.cst.org/jobs/ +[8]:http://www.aqb.com/ +[9]:http://www.skybell.com/ +[10]:http://thenextweb.com/apple/2014/05/28/apple-confirms-acquisition-beats/ +[11]:http://thenextweb.com/apps/2013/10/19/i-let-apps-tell-me-how-to-live-for-a-day/ +[12]:http://mashwork.com/ +[13]:http://www.flxone.com/ +[14]:http://www.edisonnationmedical.com/ +[15]:http://www.brandberry.com/ \ No newline at end of file From e69eef602a9c8c8eed0d0ac6d6aa8e16e8e40877 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 15:59:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 321/713] Update 20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md --- ...19 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md | 58 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 28 insertions(+), 30 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md b/sources/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md index fd4b142845..620b8012ad 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md @@ -1,86 +1,84 @@ -Translating--------------geekpi - - - -How To Flush Linux / UNIX DNS Cache +如何清除 Linux/Unix DNS缓存 ================================================================================ ![](http://figs.cyberciti.biz/3rdparty/configure.png) -I'm on a Dial UP Internet connection under Linux and frequent dial up disconnection causing dns problems. How do I flush DNS cache under UNIX / Linux distribution using a shell prompt? +我在Linux下使用拨号连接上网，频繁的拨号断线造成DNS的问题。我如何在Linux/Unix发行版下使用shell命令清除DNS缓存？ -Under MS-Windows you can use the [ipconfig command to flush dns cache][1]. However, Linux and UNIX provides various ways to flush cache. Linux can run nscd or BIND or dnsmasq as the name service caching daemon. Large and work-group servers may use BIND or dnsmasq as a dedicated caching server to speed up queries. -### HowTo: Flush nscd dns cache ### +在MS-Windows下,你可以使用[ipconfig命令来清除dns缓存][1]。然而，Linux和Unix提供了不同的方法来清除缓存。Linux可以运行nscd或者BIND或者dnsmasq作为名称服务缓存守护进程。大型或者工作组服务器可能使用BIND或者dnsmasq作为专用缓存服务器来加速查询。 + +### 如何: 清除 nscd dns 缓存 ### Nscd caches libc-issued requests to the Name Service. If retrieving NSS data is fairly expensive, nscd is able to speed up consecutive access to the same data dramatically and increase overall system performance. Just restart nscd: +Nscd缓存libc发给名称服务的请求。如果检索NSS数据是很昂贵的，那么nscd能够显著加快连续访问同一数据并提高整个系统的性能。只需重启nscd： $ sudo /etc/init.d/nscd restart -OR +或 # service nscd restart -OR +或 # service nscd reload -This daemon provides a cache for the most common name service requests. The default configuration file, /etc/nscd.conf, determines the behavior of the cache daemon. +这个守护进程给最常用的名称服务请求提供了高速缓存。默认的配置文件/etc/nscd.conf，决定了高速缓存守护进程的行为。 -### Flush dnsmasq dns cache ### +### 清除 dnsmasq dns 缓存 ### -[dnsmasq is a lightweight DNS][2], TFTP and DHCP server. It is intended to provide coupled DNS and DHCP service to a LAN. Dnsmasq accepts DNS queries and either answers them from a small, local, cache or forwards them to a real, recursive, DNS server. This software is also installed many cheap routers to cache dns queries. Just restart the dnsmasq service to flush out dns cache: +[dnsmasq的是一个轻量级的DNS][2]，TFTP和DHCP服务器。它的目的是给局域网提供耦合的DNS和DHCP服务。 dnsmasq的接受DNS查询，并从本地高速缓存应答它们或将其转发到一个真正的递归DNS服务器。该软件也安装了很多便宜的路由器来缓存DNS查询。只需启动dnsmasq的服务来清除DNS缓存： $ sudo /etc/init.d/dnsmasq restart -OR +或者 # service dnsmasq restart -### Flush caching BIND server dns cache ### +### 清除BIND缓存服务器的dns缓存 ### A caching BIND server obtains information from another server (a Zone Master) in response to a host query and then saves (caches) the data locally. All you have to do is restart bind to clear its cache: +一台BIND缓存服务器从另一台服务器（区域主）响应主机的查询而获得信息，然后保存（缓存)数据到本地。您所要做的就是重新绑定以清除其缓存： # /etc/init.d/named restart -You can also use rndc command as follows flush out all cache: +你也可以使用下面rndc命令来清除所有的缓存: # rndc restart -OR +或者 # rndc exec -BIND v9.3.0 and above will support flushing all of the records attached to a particular domain name with rndc flushname command. In this example flush all records releated to cyberciti.biz domain: +flushname命令刷新所有的连接到一个特定的域名的记录。本例中刷新cyberciti.biz相关域的所有记录： # rndc flushname cyberciti.biz -It is also possible to flush out BIND views. For example, lan and wan views can be flushed using the following -command: +它同样也可以用来清除BIND View.比如,LAN和WAN的View可以用下面的命令清除: # rndc flush lan # rndc flush wan -### A note about Mac OS X Unix users ### +### Mac OS X Unix 用户提示 ### -Type the following command as root user: +使用root用户输入下面的命令: # dscacheutil -flushcache -OR +或者 $ sudo dscacheutil -flushcache -If you are using OS X 10.5 or earlier try the following command: +如果你正在使用OSX 10.5 或者更早的版本,尝试使用下面的命令: lookupd -flushcache -### A note about /etc/hosts file ### +### /etc/hosts 文件的一个提示 ### -/etc/hosts act as the static table lookup for hostnames. You need to remove and/or update records as per your requirements under Unix like operating systems: +/etc/hosts作为一个静态查询主机的表格。你需要在类Unix操作系统下依据你的要求移除并且/或者更新它： # vi /etc/hosts -#### Sample outputs: #### +#### 示例输出: #### 127.0.0.1 localhost 127.0.1.1 wks01.WAG160N wks01 @@ -100,15 +98,15 @@ If you are using OS X 10.5 or earlier try the following command: 172.168.232.51 nfs2.nixcraft.net.in nfs2 192.168.1.101 vm01 -### See also: ### +### 再看这里: ### -Related: [Windows Vista / XP Flush DNS Cache][3] with ipconfig Command +相关: 在Windows Vista / XP中用ipconfig 命令[ 清除 DNS 缓存][3] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-debian-ubuntu-flush-clear-dns-cache/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[geekpi](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 877ce2f0309295a7c61bc90468b6e805db961edf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 15:59:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 322/713] [Translated]How To Flush Linux / UNIX DNS Cache --- .../tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md b/translated/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md rename to translated/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md From 221b7c333cefa32dc7d05f5a23bf0db437e3d1c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 16:12:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 323/713] pub:20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04 @geekpi --- ...Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md | 19 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md (87%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md b/published/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md similarity index 87% rename from translated/tech/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md rename to published/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md index 0e79919449..1f5b87207a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/published/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ 在Ubuntu 14.04 上使用Bacula和Webmin设置备份服务器 ================================================================================ -**Bacula**是一个开源网络备份解决方案,允许你在本地或者远程计算机组上备份或者还原数据。许多高级存储管理特性配置与安装是很容易的。 +**Bacula**是一个开源网络备份解决方案，允许你在本地或者远程计算机组上备份或者还原数据。配置与安装很容易，并支持许多高级存储管理特性。 -主机名是**server.unixmen.local**。现在让我们进入教程吧。 +本教程中，让我们来学习一下如何在Ubuntu 14.04服务器上安装和配置Bacula。我的机器的IP是**192.168.1.250/24**，主机名是**server.unixmen.local**。现在让我们进入教程吧。 ### 安装 Bacula ### @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Bacula默认使用Postfix MTA。安装过程中，你会被要求配置Postfix ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0041.png) -输入服务器完整网域名称： +输入服务器完整域名（FQDN）： ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0051.png) @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Bacula默认使用Postfix MTA。安装过程中，你会被要求配置Postfix ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0071.png) -设置bacula-director-mysql密码注册数据库。如果空白，会生成一个随机密码。 +设置数据库的bacula-director-mysql用户的密码。如果留空不输入，会生成一个随机密码。 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/sk@server-_0081.png) @@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ Bacula有很多配置文件需要我们配置。 } [...] -滚动到“list of files to be backed up”字段，并设置备份的目录。本篇教程中，我希望备份“**/home/sk**”目录。所以我包这个目录包含进了“File”参数中。 +滚动到“list of files to be backed up”字段，并设置备份的目录。本篇教程中，我希望备份“**/home/sk**”目录。所以我把这个目录包含进了“File”参数中。 [...] @@ -121,9 +121,9 @@ Bacula有很多配置文件需要我们配置。 保存并关闭文件。 -**更新 Bacula 存储守护进程设置:** +**更新 Bacula 存储守护进程设置：** -编辑 **/etc/bacula/bacula-sd.conf**, +编辑 **/etc/bacula/bacula-sd.conf**， sudo vi /etc/bacula/bacula-sd.conf @@ -163,7 +163,6 @@ Bacula有很多配置文件需要我们配置。 使用下面的命令在Ubuntu 14.04上安装Webmin。 - [在 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS上安装Webmin][1] -注：此链接文章在另一篇里，如果也翻译发布了，那么可以更改这个链接地址 现在使用URL https://ip-address:10000进入Webmin界面。在左边的窗格中进入系统标签并点击模块配置链接。如果在系统下没有找到它，在未使用模块一栏中查找。 @@ -183,8 +182,8 @@ Bacula有很多配置文件需要我们配置。 via: http://www.unixmen.com/setup-backup-server-using-bacula-webmin-ubuntu-14-04/ -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-webmin-ubuntu-14-04/ +[1]:http://linux.cn/article-3113-1.html From f986a60ec24e250517707b07ce278358418ce4f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lousam Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 17:15:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 324/713] Delete 20140619 How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 删除原文件 --- ...auncher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md | 21 ------------------- 1 file changed, 21 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140619 How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140619 How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md b/sources/tech/20140619 How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md deleted file mode 100644 index 83bb81e0e6..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140619 How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,21 +0,0 @@ -Translating by lousam - -How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips] -================================================================================ -**A question sent by a reader**: How can I remove those drive icons from Unity Launcher in Ubuntu 14.04? I never use it and it eats up space in the launcher. - -By default all the partition on your system is visible in Unity launcher, no matter if it is mounted or not. And in fact it might be crowding up the Unity Launcher space. Absolute beginners to Ubuntu may have to struggle a bit pondering over how to remove the drive icons from launcher but the solution to this problem is very easy. - -To **remove the drive icons permanently from Unity Launcher in Ubuntu 14.04**, right click on the drive and select Unlock from Launcher. - -![Remove drive cons from Ubuntu 14.04 unity launcher](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Remove_Drive_Icons_Ubuntu_Unity.jpeg) - -That’s it. You don’t need to anything else. You won’t see the drive icons again in Unity Launcher, even if it is mounted. I hope it helps you. Feel free to ask if you have questions. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://itsfoss.com/remove-drive-icons-from-unity-launcher-in-ubuntu/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 90a47b4a7189c6782d5b761bb9b67ceda6b098c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lousam Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 17:17:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 325/713] Create How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips] ok --- ...y Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips] | 31 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 31 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips] diff --git a/translated/tech/How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips] b/translated/tech/How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips] new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..90cd8bce40 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips] @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips] +在Ubuntu 14.04系统中，如何从Unity启动器上移除盘符图标 [新手提示] + +A question sent by a reader: How can I remove those drive icons from Unity Launcher in Ubuntu 14.04? I never use it and it eats up space in the launcher. +一个读者发来的问题：在Ubuntu 14.04系统中，我如何从Unity启动器上移除这些盘符图标？我从来不使用它，然而它占用着启动器的位置。 + +By default all the partition on your system is visible in Unity launcher, no matter if it is mounted or not. And in fact it might be crowding up the Unity Launcher space. Absolute beginners to Ubuntu may have to struggle a bit pondering over how to remove the drive icons from launcher but the solution to this problem is very easy. +默认情况下，无论你挂载与否，系统上所有分区的盘符图标在Unity启动器上都是存在的。事实上它可能会使Unity启动器的位置变得拥挤。 + +To remove the drive icons permanently from Unity Launcher in Ubuntu 14.04, right click on the drive and select Unlock from Launcher. +要从Ubuntu 14.04系统的Untiy启动器上永久地移除盘符图标，右键点击盘符，然后选择"Unlock from Launcher"即可。 + +That’s it. You don’t need to anything else. You won’t see the drive icons again in Unity Launcher, even if it is mounted. I hope it helps you. Feel free to ask if you have questions. +就这样。你不需要做任何操作了。即使分区被挂载，在Unity启动器上你再也看不到盘符图标了。我希望这能帮到你。如果你有任何问题可以随时问我。 + + ++在Ubuntu 14.04系统中，如何从Unity启动器上移除盘符图标 [新手提示] + +================================================================================ + +**一个读者发来的问题**：在Ubuntu 14.04系统中，我如何从Unity启动器上移除这些盘符图标？我从来不使用它，然而它还占用着启动器的位置。 + +默认情况下，无论你挂载与否，系统上所有分区的盘符图标在Unity启动器上都是可见的。事实上它可能会使Unity启动器的位置变得拥挤。 + +要从Ubuntu 14.04系统的Untiy启动器上永久地移除盘符图标，右键点击盘符，然后选择"Unlock from Launcher"即可。 + +![Remove drive cons from Ubuntu 14.04 unity launcher](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Remove_Drive_Icons_Ubuntu_Unity.jpeg) + +就这样。你不需要做任何操作了。即使分区被挂载，在Unity启动器上你再也看不到盘符图标了。我希望这能帮到你。如果你有任何问题可以随时问我。 + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + + + +via: http://itsfoss.com/remove-drive-icons-from-unity-launcher-in-ubuntu/ + + + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + + + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 6360de29bba3c74d6cbd5df5ea4ae11fc4b98227 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 17:32:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 326/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md | 29 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md b/translated/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md index 2d4f1ebdac..e9e065634b 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md +++ b/translated/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md @@ -1,26 +1,25 @@ -CNprober 翻译完成。 - 优秀的Linux文本编辑器 ================================================================================ -想要挑起狂热Linux爱好者之间的激烈争辩吗？那就问他们什么是他们最喜欢的文本编辑器。在开源社区中，选择一个用来写文本，或者更进一步，用来写代码的编辑器，比选择一个球队或者游戏控制器还要重要。但是任何一个Linux新手都不需要为大把大把的建议和各种各样的煽动而感到焦虑不安，取而代之，先去试着熟悉熟悉一堆不同的文本编辑器吧。所以今天我将要给你建议一个简单主题的列表，里面的编辑器都可以用在Linux下编辑文本。这个列表会排除那些成熟的只用来写代码的IDE，也不包括那些专门的进行LaTex排版的编辑器。如果你对后者感兴趣，我可以建议你去看看[这里][1]. +想要挑起狂热Linux爱好者之间的激烈争辩吗？那就问问他们最喜欢的文本编辑器是什么吧。在开源社区中，选择一个用来写文本，或者更进一步，用来写代码的编辑器，比选择一个球队或者游戏控制器还要重要。但是任何一个Linux新手都不该为过多的建议和各种各样的煽动而感到焦虑不安，取而代之，先去试着熟悉熟悉一堆不同的文本编辑器吧。所以今天我将要给你建议一个简单主题的列表，里面的编辑器都可以在Linux下编辑文本。这个列表不包括那些成熟的只用来编程的IDE，也不包括那些专门进行LaTex排版的编辑器。如果你对后者感兴趣，我可以建议你去看看[这里][1]. ### 1. Vim & Emacs ### ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2936/14371977196_1a4522359b_z.jpg) -让我们直接从这两个最大咖的开始。当有人在一个聊天室里问关于Linux下的编辑器时，会有一个人立马回答[Vim][2]，然后会有另外一个说[Emacs][3]. 之所以会这样，是有很充分的理由的。这两个都是非常强大的编辑器，有很多的特性，很多插件，很强大的社区支持。如果你一点都不熟悉他们的话，要描述清楚他们功能的有多么强大是有点困难的。但是简单来讲，它们允许你非常快速的在文本中移动，简单地做出大量的修改，记录宏以及你能想到基本上任何疯狂的编辑方式。这两个编辑器都有的缺点是不可避免的学习过程并且需要花费一定的时间。讲完这点之后，我不会陷入到哪一个更好的争论中去，但是我真的想建议每一个人至少学习这两者之一。 +让我们直接从这两个“大咖”开始。当有人在一个聊天室里问关于Linux下的编辑器时，会有一个人立马回答[Vim][2]，然后会有另外一个说[Emacs][3]. 之所以会这样，理由很充分。这两个都是非常强大的编辑器，有很多的特性，很多插件，很强大的社区支持。如果你一点都不熟悉它们的话，要描述清楚它们强大的功能是有点困难。但是简单来讲，它们允许你在文本中快速移动，简单地做出大量的修改，记录宏以及你能想到基本上任何疯狂的编辑方式。这两个编辑器共同的缺点是，不可避免地花时间去学习。讲完这点之后，我不会陷入到哪一个更好的争论中去，但是我真的想建议每一个人至少学习这两者之一。 + ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3916/14393718612_a880b86a52_z.jpg) ### 2. Sublime Text & Lime & Atom ### ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2917/14391734181_0f0ec76e4f_z.jpg) -另一个在过去几年冉冉升起的文本编辑器是[Sublime Text][4].一些人可能会将它视为Vim或者Emacs的友好版，专为编程而设计的。事实上，它保持了一些与Vim和Emacs的相似特性。比如，批量编辑和函数跳转都会让人或多或少想起Emacs或者[一个充满活力的Vim][5].然而，它保留了更多的可视性并且更加容易使用。同样，大量的插件引诱大家进行个性化定制。 +一款叫做[Sublime Text][4]的文本编辑器在过去几年逐渐兴起.一些人可能会将它视为Vim或者Emacs的友好版，专为编程而设计的。事实上，它保持了一些与Vim和Emacs的相似特性。比如，批量编辑和函数跳转都会让人或多或少想起Emacs或者[一个充满活力的Vim][5].然而，它保留了更多的可视性并且更加容易使用。同样，大量的插件吸引大家进行个性化定制。 -Sublime Text唯一的“污点”是它的许可证：如果你只使用开源软件的话，你可以放弃它了。为此，最近出现了一个雄心勃勃的克隆版 [Lime][6] 。这个软件正处在繁重的开发当中，但是它的精神是：跟Sublime Text相似的用户体验，但是带着开源的韵味。对于Lime，除了满满的期待没有更多要说的了。 +Sublime Text唯一的“污点”是它的许可证：如果你只使用开源软件的话，你可以放弃它了。为此，最近出现了一个雄心勃勃的克隆版 [Lime][6] 。这个软件正处在繁重的开发当中，但是它的理念是：跟Sublime Text相似的用户体验，但是带着开源的韵味。对于Lime，除了满满的期待没有更多要说的了。 -离现在更近的，GitHub以开源形式发布了[Atom][7]，展开了与Sublime Text正式的竞争。Atom打包了所有你想要的文件跳转，代码片段使用等特性，提供一个完整特性的编辑器而不是简单的编辑框。使用HTML，CSS和集成Node.js环境，可以轻易地定制文本处理过程，这正是他魅力所在。这其实已经要涉及到IDE的定义了，我们的列表最多会覆盖到这里。 +距现在更近的，GitHub以开源形式发布了[Atom][7]，展开了与Sublime Text正式的竞争。Atom打包了所有你想要的文件跳转，代码片段使用等特性，提供一个完整特性的编辑器而不是简单的编辑框。使用HTML，CSS和集成Node.js环境，可以轻易地定制文本处理过程，这正是它的魅力所在。这其实已经要涉及到IDE的定义了，我们的列表最多会覆盖到这里。 ![](https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14395083745/) @@ -28,7 +27,7 @@ Sublime Text唯一的“污点”是它的许可证：如果你只使用开源 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2927/14371977076_c95a557233_z.jpg) -如果我们离开这些超级厉害的编辑器，我们可以转向我认为的“桌面环境经典版”编辑器。这些编辑器感觉上更加的传统，有些也可以用插件进行强化，但是它们的重点是简单输入。如果你头脑里有一些想法想要在忘记之前赶快记下来（我必须怪罪那些视频游戏让我的注意力范围变小）。[译注：这一句意思应该是作者因为玩游戏导致注意力下降，记不住东西，所以需要快速的记下头脑中的东西以免忘掉] 你不需要学习Vim或者Sublime Text的快捷键。你只需要一些空白的地方进行输入。这类编辑器的好处是他们或多或少的和你的桌面环境集成在一起。在这一类编辑器中， Gnome 下的 [Gedit][8] 和 KDE下的 [Kate][9] 都很好的集成在桌面系统中，可以通过插件进行个性化定制。比如，更容易的进行LaTeX排版。[Mousepad][10] 和 [Leafpad][11] 更适合于轻量级的桌面，比如Xfce和LXDE。它们在某种程度上很像Windows的记事本。所以，如果你需要的是灵活和便捷，请选择他们。 +如果不谈这些超级厉害的编辑器，我们可以转向我认为的“桌面环境经典版”编辑器。这些编辑器感觉上更加的传统，有些也可以用插件进行强化，但是它们的重点是输入简单。如果你头脑里有一些想法想要在忘记之前赶快记下来（我必须怪罪那些视频游戏让我的注意力变得短暂）。你不需要学习Vim或者Sublime Text的快捷键。你只需要一些空白的地方进行输入。这类编辑器的好处是它们或多或少的和你的桌面环境集成在一起。在这一类编辑器中，Gnome 下的 [Gedit][8] 和 KDE下的 [Kate][9] 都很好的集成在桌面系统中，可以通过插件进行个性化定制。比如，更容易的进行LaTeX排版。[Mousepad][10] 和 [Leafpad][11] 更适合于轻量级的桌面，比如Xfce和LXDE。它们在某种程度上很像Windows的记事本。所以，如果你需要的是灵活和便捷，请选择它们。 [![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5522/14415259703_d3885b3952_z.jpg)][12] @@ -36,11 +35,11 @@ Sublime Text唯一的“污点”是它的许可证：如果你只使用开源 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2938/14208641327_49fc7286ba_z.jpg) -另外一个流行的文本编辑器“大家庭”是“无分心编辑器”。如果你喜欢在后台持续地开着Facebook或者Twitter，或者每5分钟就收一次邮件，你就会知道把注意力集中在那篇明天就过期的散文或者这些还没编译通过的代码是多么困难的事。如果是这样，你需要一个编辑器，它可以占满整个屏幕空间，并且屏蔽掉所有的其他事情。 +另外一个流行的文本编辑器“大家族”是“无打扰编辑器”。如果你喜欢在后台持续地开着Facebook或者Twitter，或者每5分钟就收一次邮件，你就会知道把注意力集中在那篇明天要交的散文，或者这些还没编译通过的代码是多么困难的事。如果是这样，你需要一个编辑器，它可以占满整个屏幕空间，并且屏蔽掉所有的其它事情。 也许这类编辑器里面最不受欢迎的是Nano。如果你想屏蔽所有分心的事，关掉X server（[译注：关掉桌面，只用文字终端界面，Nano就是工作在这种模式下]）。这是最简单和直接的方式。事实上，《权力游戏(Game of Thrones)》的作者Geogge R. R. Martin最近就在[一次采访][13]中说他使用一个类似DOS Word的文本处理程序写他的小说。 -如果你想要一款更顺眼一点的编辑器，你可以试试我的最爱：[Qute][14]. 没有酷炫的特性，也许有一点LaTeX排版使它开起来更美观，但是重点其实是在他的界面的。它提供了一个舒适的导航和编辑体验。如果你对终端感觉不太舒服，Qute是个不错的选择。 +如果你想要一款更顺眼一点的编辑器，你可以试试我的最爱：[Qute][14]. 没有酷炫的特性，也许有一点LaTeX排版使它开起来更美观，但是重点其实是在它的界面的。它提供了一个舒适的导航和编辑体验。如果你对终端感觉不太舒服，Qute是个不错的选择。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2927/14395083485_7f8f0d6d59_z.jpg) @@ -49,18 +48,19 @@ Sublime Text唯一的“污点”是它的许可证：如果你只使用开源 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3845/14395083565_b07b33abf0_z.jpg) -最后，办公套件也是文本编辑器。我很怀疑你能否轻松的用办公套件编程，但是它确实更适合纯文本编辑，也比LaTeX更容易学习。在这类编辑器中，[LibreOffice][15] 和 [Calligra][16] 是没办法绕过去的。这两个编辑器因为他们丰富的特性和响亮的名声成为这类编辑器中的巨兽。这两者我都喜欢，但是很多人明确的偏向于前者。如果你怀念微软的Word处理软件，你会有自己的选择。稍处下风的[Abiword][17]相对前面的两个是一个轻量级的选择。如果你的目的只是编辑一个文本文档，不关心电子表格或者数据库，Abiword的特性可以达到理想的效果。 +最后，办公套件也是文本编辑器。我不确定你能否轻松使用办公套件编程，但是它确实更适合纯文本编辑，也比LaTeX更容易学习。在这类编辑器中，[LibreOffice][15] 和 [Calligra][16] 必能避而不谈。这两个编辑器因为它们丰富的特性和响亮的名声成为这类编辑器中的巨兽。这两者我都喜欢，但是很多人明确的偏向于前者。如果你怀念微软的Word处理软件，你会有自己的选择。稍处下风的[Abiword][17]相对前面的两个是一个轻量级的选择。如果你的目的只是编辑一个文本文档，不关心电子表格或者数据库，Abiword的特性可以达到理想的效果。 + ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2915/14371976966_4d252928ec_z.jpg) -简单总结一下，如果我有一条建议给你，那么就是选择你周围的人正在用的编辑器。如果因为某些疯狂的理由，每一个你周围的人都用LibreOffice写C程序，或者用Sublime Text写小说，而你也要做同样的事，你应该跟随潮流。原因就是当你遇到一个问题需要帮助的时候，他们可以更容易的给你提供帮助。 +简单总结一下，如果我仅有一条建议给你，那么就是选择你周围的人正在使用的编辑器。如果因为某些疯狂的理由，每一个你周围的人都用LibreOffice写C程序，或者用Sublime Text写小说，而你也要做同样的事，你应该跟随潮流。原因就是当你遇到一个问题需要帮助的时候，他们可以更容易的给你提供帮助。 -你最喜欢的文本编辑器是什么？你用它来干嘛？请在评论里告我们吧。 +你最喜欢的文本编辑器是什么？你都用它来做什么？请在评论中和我们分享吧。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/good-text-editor-linux.html -译者：[love_daisy_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[love_daisy_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -81,3 +81,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/good-text-editor-linux.html [15]:https://www.libreoffice.org/ [16]:http://www.calligra-suite.org/ [17]:http://www.abisource.com/ + From aca097480bfdfdc45f399b1dda0547f8cf224c6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 22:33:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 327/713] Create 20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md --- ...attery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md | 30 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md diff --git a/translated/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md b/translated/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bdbef43275 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +用笔记本模式工具1.65来延长电池续航 +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Improve-Battery-Life-with-Laptop-Mode-Tools-1-65-447397-2.jpg) + +笔记本模式工具是一个Liunx省电工具包，它可以让用户以多种方式延长笔记本电池续航，现在它已经升级到1.65。 + +笔记本模式工具的版本曾经很少而且间隔很长，但开发者在最新的版本中做了一些很有意思的改变，虽然此次更新与以前不同。 + +根据更新日志，grep找不到$device/uevent的错误已得到修复、 sysfs/enabled已被"ip link down"所取代、 添加了对iwlwifi的支持，运行时电源管理框架现在更健壮，和usb-autosuspend模块已被去除。 + +此外，当笔记本电脑恢复时，笔记本模式工具将强制以初始化模式运行，最新版本已添加英特尔 PState 驱动程序的模块，并已实现挂起/休眠接口。 + +用户不须更改自动设置。更改自动设置可能会导致更多的问题但标准期望他们总是要打开。此外，要注意到每个函数所做的因为你可能会搞出更多问题。 + +看官方[公告][1]来了解更多细节。 + +现在就下载用笔记本模式工具1.65: + +- [http://samwel.tk/laptop_mode/packages][2] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Improve-Battery-Life-with-Laptop-Mode-Tools-1-65-447397.shtml + +译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://launchpad.net/laptop-mode-tools/+announcement/12779 +[2]:http://samwel.tk/laptop_mode/packages From f9e83c4c24315360def59230c2d6116d3d459957 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 22:35:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 328/713] Update 20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md --- ...140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md b/translated/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md index bdbef43275..67625babe6 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md +++ b/translated/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md @@ -6,11 +6,11 @@ 笔记本模式工具的版本曾经很少而且间隔很长，但开发者在最新的版本中做了一些很有意思的改变，虽然此次更新与以前不同。 -根据更新日志，grep找不到$device/uevent的错误已得到修复、 sysfs/enabled已被"ip link down"所取代、 添加了对iwlwifi的支持，运行时电源管理框架现在更健壮，和usb-autosuspend模块已被去除。 +根据更新日志，grep找不到$device/uevent的错误已得到修复、 sysfs/enabled已被"ip link down"所取代、 添加了对iwlwifi的支持，运行时电源管理框架现在更健壮，并且usb-autosuspend模块已被去除。 此外，当笔记本电脑恢复时，笔记本模式工具将强制以初始化模式运行，最新版本已添加英特尔 PState 驱动程序的模块，并已实现挂起/休眠接口。 -用户不须更改自动设置。更改自动设置可能会导致更多的问题但标准期望他们总是要打开。此外，要注意到每个函数所做的因为你可能会搞出更多问题。 +用户不须更改自动设置。更改自动设置可能会导致更多的问题但一般准期望他们总是要打开。此外，要注意到每个功能所做的因为你可能会搞出更多问题。 看官方[公告][1]来了解更多细节。 From 04bffe4f63e7188cc07e8ede386b19182714c125 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 22:37:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 329/713] Delete 20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md --- ...attery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md | 30 ------------------- 1 file changed, 30 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md b/sources/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md deleted file mode 100644 index b0e5535f55..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,30 +0,0 @@ -Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65 -================================================================================ -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Improve-Battery-Life-with-Laptop-Mode-Tools-1-65-447397-2.jpg) - -Laptop Mode Tools, a power-saving package for Linux systems that allows users to extend the battery life of their laptop in several ways, is now at version 1.65. - -The Laptop Mode Tools releases are few and far in between, but the developers have made some very interesting changes and improvements in this latest version, although the update is not as consistent as would like it to be. - -According to the changelog, a grep error on missing $device/uevent has been fixed, sysfs/enabled has been replaced by “ip link down”, iwlwifi support has been added, the Runtime Power Managemet Framework is now a lot more robust, and the module usb-autosuspend has been deprecated. - -Also, when the laptop is resuming, Laptop Mode Tools is run in force initialization mode, a module for the Intel PState driver has been added, and the suspend/hibernate interface has been implemented. - -Users must not change the autonegotiation settings. Fiddling with auto-negotiation settings can cause more problems and the standards expect them to be always on. Also, pay attention to what every function does because you might do more damage than good. - -Check the official [announcement][1] for more details about this released. - -Download Laptop Mode Tools 1.65 right now: - -- [http://samwel.tk/laptop_mode/packages][2] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Improve-Battery-Life-with-Laptop-Mode-Tools-1-65-447397.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://launchpad.net/laptop-mode-tools/+announcement/12779 -[2]:http://samwel.tk/laptop_mode/packages \ No newline at end of file From 5e4f14e932e6b9c9de2f825ffea092ea0c979802 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: owen-carter Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 22:52:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 330/713] translating by owen-carter --- .../20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md b/sources/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md index b0e5535f55..6b3dfc8f8a 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md +++ b/sources/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +translating by owen-carter Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65 ================================================================================ ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Improve-Battery-Life-with-Laptop-Mode-Tools-1-65-447397-2.jpg) From f50c258d4d595b031e6b3855b7b0e8193cbc2667 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: owen-carter Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 23:49:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 331/713] Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject Conflicts: sources/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md --- ...attery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md | 30 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md diff --git a/translated/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md b/translated/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..67625babe6 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md @@ -0,0 +1,30 @@ +用笔记本模式工具1.65来延长电池续航 +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Improve-Battery-Life-with-Laptop-Mode-Tools-1-65-447397-2.jpg) + +笔记本模式工具是一个Liunx省电工具包，它可以让用户以多种方式延长笔记本电池续航，现在它已经升级到1.65。 + +笔记本模式工具的版本曾经很少而且间隔很长，但开发者在最新的版本中做了一些很有意思的改变，虽然此次更新与以前不同。 + +根据更新日志，grep找不到$device/uevent的错误已得到修复、 sysfs/enabled已被"ip link down"所取代、 添加了对iwlwifi的支持，运行时电源管理框架现在更健壮，并且usb-autosuspend模块已被去除。 + +此外，当笔记本电脑恢复时，笔记本模式工具将强制以初始化模式运行，最新版本已添加英特尔 PState 驱动程序的模块，并已实现挂起/休眠接口。 + +用户不须更改自动设置。更改自动设置可能会导致更多的问题但一般准期望他们总是要打开。此外，要注意到每个功能所做的因为你可能会搞出更多问题。 + +看官方[公告][1]来了解更多细节。 + +现在就下载用笔记本模式工具1.65: + +- [http://samwel.tk/laptop_mode/packages][2] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Improve-Battery-Life-with-Laptop-Mode-Tools-1-65-447397.shtml + +译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://launchpad.net/laptop-mode-tools/+announcement/12779 +[2]:http://samwel.tk/laptop_mode/packages From 9ba10e3c0181538dcf2ffcd97f659cca42ba7425 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 08:04:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 332/713] Update 20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md --- ...ings to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md b/sources/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md index 3a8bef10ba..a274e53df2 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GOLinux 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon ================================================================================ ### Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon ### @@ -298,4 +299,4 @@ via: http://www.binarytides.com/better-linux-mint-17-cinnamon/ [9]:http://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/chromium-browser/+bug/1309508 [10]:http://www.linuxmint.com/download.php [11]:http://community.linuxmint.com/tutorial -[12]:http://forums.linuxmint.com/ \ No newline at end of file +[12]:http://forums.linuxmint.com/ From 9ab21a3de369f14e633961a81e629d79b2dfc454 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Joseph Peng Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 08:57:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 333/713] Tengpeng translating --- ...e eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md | 29 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/Tengpeng Translating-20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md diff --git a/sources/news/Tengpeng Translating-20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md b/sources/news/Tengpeng Translating-20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3f028a3149 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/Tengpeng Translating-20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack +================================================================================ +![](http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3108/3191608123_67e1da2b79_o.jpg) + +In conjunction with the recent OpenStack Summit in Atlanta, Red Hat had confirmed many new OpenStack-centric initiatives, one of which was that the company [is collaborating][1] with eNovance, a leader in the open source cloud computing market, tto drive Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and telecommunications features into OpenStack. Now, Red Hat has [announced][2] that it will acquire eNovance for about 70 million euros, or $95 million, in cash and stock. + +eNovance is an important player on the OpenStack scene, and is especially known for its work with telecommunications companies. eNovance helps service providers and large-scale private enterprises build and deploy cloud infrastructures quickly and cost effectively, and will create new lines of business for Red Hat. +As noted by IDC analysts Laura DuBois and Ashish Nadkarni in their recent recap of the spring 2014 OpenStack Summit, "Integrators such as eNovance will continue to assist cloud service providers and enterprises in building large OpenStack clouds. ... The future for OpenStack is looking very bright." + +eNovance is one of the top 10 contributors to the upstream OpenStack project, and is the only European Gold Member company of the OpenStack Foundation. The company has more than 150 global customers, including Alcatel-Lucent, AXA, Cisco, Cloudwatt, and Ericsson. The company has offices in Paris; Montreal; and Bangalore, India. + +Red Hat and eNovance [first partnered in 2013][3] to deliver OpenStack implementation and integration services to joint customers, based on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform. At OpenStack Summit in May, the two companies announced an [expanded collaboration][4] to drive Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and telecommunications innovations into OpenStack, aimed at delivering the industry’s most complete, carrier-grade telecommunications offering based on Linux, Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM), and OpenStack. + +Raphaël Ferreira, co-founder & chief executive officer, eNovance, said in a statement: + +> “eNovance, like Red Hat, understands the transformative power OpenStack can have on the enterprise market when it is both deployed and integrated in the right fashion. We are excited to become part of Red Hat, a company that not only offers one of the best-in-class OpenStack distributions on the market today, but also which shares our common belief that OpenStack is best deployed and integrated in a continuous and seamless manner." + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ostatic.com/blog/red-hat-to-acquire-enovance-focus-together-on-openstack + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.redhat.com/about/news/press-archive/2014/5/red-hat-and-enovance-to-deliver-carrier-grade-openstack +[2]:http://www.marketwatch.com/story/red-hat-to-acquire-enovance-a-leader-in-openstack-integration-services-2014-06-18 +[3]:http://cts.businesswire.com/ct/CT?id=smartlink&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redhat.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fpress-archive%2F2013%2F11%2Fred-hat-and-enovance-partner-to-accelerate-adoption-of-red-hat-enterprise-linux-openstack-platform&esheet=50888828&newsitemid=20140618005543&lan=en-US&anchor=first+partnered+in+2013&index=1&md5=1721061ca22652d2a4413085db70361b +[4]:http://cts.businesswire.com/ct/CT?id=smartlink&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redhat.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fpress-archive%2F2014%2F5%2Fred-hat-and-enovance-to-deliver-carrier-grade-openstack&esheet=50888828&newsitemid=20140618005543&lan=en-US&anchor=expanded+collaboration&index=2&md5=a34aaf179e4aac7417917e55c991ef87 \ No newline at end of file From 595cd9ecad761649e837f2f425ddb0bb2e3b062c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 09:17:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 334/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B8=B4=E6=97=B6=E5=A4=84=E7=90=86?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B8=80=E4=B8=8B=20tengpeng=20=20=E7=9A=84=E9=94=99=E8=AF=AFP?= =?UTF-8?q?R?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...e eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md | 29 ------------------- 1 file changed, 29 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md b/sources/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3f028a3149..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,29 +0,0 @@ -Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack -================================================================================ -![](http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3108/3191608123_67e1da2b79_o.jpg) - -In conjunction with the recent OpenStack Summit in Atlanta, Red Hat had confirmed many new OpenStack-centric initiatives, one of which was that the company [is collaborating][1] with eNovance, a leader in the open source cloud computing market, tto drive Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and telecommunications features into OpenStack. Now, Red Hat has [announced][2] that it will acquire eNovance for about 70 million euros, or $95 million, in cash and stock. - -eNovance is an important player on the OpenStack scene, and is especially known for its work with telecommunications companies. eNovance helps service providers and large-scale private enterprises build and deploy cloud infrastructures quickly and cost effectively, and will create new lines of business for Red Hat. -As noted by IDC analysts Laura DuBois and Ashish Nadkarni in their recent recap of the spring 2014 OpenStack Summit, "Integrators such as eNovance will continue to assist cloud service providers and enterprises in building large OpenStack clouds. ... The future for OpenStack is looking very bright." - -eNovance is one of the top 10 contributors to the upstream OpenStack project, and is the only European Gold Member company of the OpenStack Foundation. The company has more than 150 global customers, including Alcatel-Lucent, AXA, Cisco, Cloudwatt, and Ericsson. The company has offices in Paris; Montreal; and Bangalore, India. - -Red Hat and eNovance [first partnered in 2013][3] to deliver OpenStack implementation and integration services to joint customers, based on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform. At OpenStack Summit in May, the two companies announced an [expanded collaboration][4] to drive Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and telecommunications innovations into OpenStack, aimed at delivering the industry’s most complete, carrier-grade telecommunications offering based on Linux, Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM), and OpenStack. - -Raphaël Ferreira, co-founder & chief executive officer, eNovance, said in a statement: - -> “eNovance, like Red Hat, understands the transformative power OpenStack can have on the enterprise market when it is both deployed and integrated in the right fashion. We are excited to become part of Red Hat, a company that not only offers one of the best-in-class OpenStack distributions on the market today, but also which shares our common belief that OpenStack is best deployed and integrated in a continuous and seamless manner." - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://ostatic.com/blog/red-hat-to-acquire-enovance-focus-together-on-openstack - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.redhat.com/about/news/press-archive/2014/5/red-hat-and-enovance-to-deliver-carrier-grade-openstack -[2]:http://www.marketwatch.com/story/red-hat-to-acquire-enovance-a-leader-in-openstack-integration-services-2014-06-18 -[3]:http://cts.businesswire.com/ct/CT?id=smartlink&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redhat.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fpress-archive%2F2013%2F11%2Fred-hat-and-enovance-partner-to-accelerate-adoption-of-red-hat-enterprise-linux-openstack-platform&esheet=50888828&newsitemid=20140618005543&lan=en-US&anchor=first+partnered+in+2013&index=1&md5=1721061ca22652d2a4413085db70361b -[4]:http://cts.businesswire.com/ct/CT?id=smartlink&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redhat.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fpress-archive%2F2014%2F5%2Fred-hat-and-enovance-to-deliver-carrier-grade-openstack&esheet=50888828&newsitemid=20140618005543&lan=en-US&anchor=expanded+collaboration&index=2&md5=a34aaf179e4aac7417917e55c991ef87 \ No newline at end of file From b75a1ca7a1f92b0c07434ffc3dc86f33c88c10b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 09:36:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 335/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A=20How=20To?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Remove=20Drive=20Icons=20From=20Unity=20Launcher=20In=20Ubun?= =?UTF-8?q?tu=2014.04=20[Beginner=20Tips]?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @lousam --- ...auncher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md | 19 ++++++++++++ ...y Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips] | 31 ------------------- 2 files changed, 19 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips] diff --git a/published/How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md b/published/How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fde49451b8 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md @@ -0,0 +1,19 @@ +[小白技巧]在Ubuntu 14.04中，如何从Unity启动器上移除盘符图标 +======================================================= + +一个读者发来的问题：在Ubuntu 14.04系统中，我如何从Unity启动器上移除这些盘符图标？我从来不使用它，然而它占用着启动器的位置。 + +默认情况下，无论你挂载与否，系统上所有分区的盘符图标都会显示在Unity启动器上。事实上它可能会使 Unity 启动器的位置变得拥挤。刚刚接触 Ubuntu 的小白可能对如何将这些盘符移去感觉比较困扰，但是实际上这很容易。 + +要从Ubuntu 14.04系统的Untiy启动器上永久地移除盘符图标，右键点击盘符，然后选择"Unlock from Launcher"即可。 + +![Remove drive cons from Ubuntu 14.04 unity launcher](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Remove_Drive_Icons_Ubuntu_Unity.jpeg) + +就这样。你不需要做更多操作了。即使分区被挂载，在Unity启动器上你再也看不到盘符图标了。我希望这能帮到你。如果你有任何问题可以随时问我。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +via: http://itsfoss.com/remove-drive-icons-from-unity-launcher-in-ubuntu/ + +译者：[lousam](https://github.com/lousam) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/tech/How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips] b/translated/tech/How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips] deleted file mode 100644 index 90cd8bce40..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips] +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips] -在Ubuntu 14.04系统中，如何从Unity启动器上移除盘符图标 [新手提示] - -A question sent by a reader: How can I remove those drive icons from Unity Launcher in Ubuntu 14.04? I never use it and it eats up space in the launcher. -一个读者发来的问题：在Ubuntu 14.04系统中，我如何从Unity启动器上移除这些盘符图标？我从来不使用它，然而它占用着启动器的位置。 - -By default all the partition on your system is visible in Unity launcher, no matter if it is mounted or not. And in fact it might be crowding up the Unity Launcher space. Absolute beginners to Ubuntu may have to struggle a bit pondering over how to remove the drive icons from launcher but the solution to this problem is very easy. -默认情况下，无论你挂载与否，系统上所有分区的盘符图标在Unity启动器上都是存在的。事实上它可能会使Unity启动器的位置变得拥挤。 - -To remove the drive icons permanently from Unity Launcher in Ubuntu 14.04, right click on the drive and select Unlock from Launcher. -要从Ubuntu 14.04系统的Untiy启动器上永久地移除盘符图标，右键点击盘符，然后选择"Unlock from Launcher"即可。 - -That’s it. You don’t need to anything else. You won’t see the drive icons again in Unity Launcher, even if it is mounted. I hope it helps you. Feel free to ask if you have questions. -就这样。你不需要做任何操作了。即使分区被挂载，在Unity启动器上你再也看不到盘符图标了。我希望这能帮到你。如果你有任何问题可以随时问我。 - - -+在Ubuntu 14.04系统中，如何从Unity启动器上移除盘符图标 [新手提示] - +================================================================================ - +**一个读者发来的问题**：在Ubuntu 14.04系统中，我如何从Unity启动器上移除这些盘符图标？我从来不使用它，然而它还占用着启动器的位置。 - +默认情况下，无论你挂载与否，系统上所有分区的盘符图标在Unity启动器上都是可见的。事实上它可能会使Unity启动器的位置变得拥挤。 - +要从Ubuntu 14.04系统的Untiy启动器上永久地移除盘符图标，右键点击盘符，然后选择"Unlock from Launcher"即可。 - +![Remove drive cons from Ubuntu 14.04 unity launcher](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Remove_Drive_Icons_Ubuntu_Unity.jpeg) - +就这样。你不需要做任何操作了。即使分区被挂载，在Unity启动器上你再也看不到盘符图标了。我希望这能帮到你。如果你有任何问题可以随时问我。 - + - +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - + - +via: http://itsfoss.com/remove-drive-icons-from-unity-launcher-in-ubuntu/ - + - +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - + - +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 1bd4ee979187af3f754347ffc439d43a91fde408 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 10:27:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 336/713] Translated:20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md --- ...inux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md | 2 +- ...installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md | 301 ------------------ ...installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md | 297 +++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 298 insertions(+), 302 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md b/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md index b9f6cefb08..75cc9c0dd3 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md +++ b/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -Translating by GOLinux ... IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes + ================================================================================ ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876-2.jpg) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md b/sources/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3a8bef10ba..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,301 +0,0 @@ -20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon -================================================================================ -### Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon ### - -Linux Mint 17 has been [released][1] and is named Qiana. Mint is one of the best linux distros that targets desktop users with focus on usability and simplicity. It comes in various flavors with different desktop environments like Mate and Cinnamon and different base distros like Ubuntu or Debian. - -In this post we are playing with the cinnamon edition of Linux Mint 17. More information about the Cinnamon edition (including download links) can be found at - [http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2626][2] -Download the correct iso (32bit or 64bit) for your system, burn to a dvd or write to a usb drive and boot in. Once you install completes, its time to charge up the system with some tweaks and essential apps to get the best performance and experience. - -### 1. Update the system ### - -The first thing to do always is to make the system up-to-date. Run the following commands in a terminal. - - $ sudo apt-get update - $ sudo apt-get upgrade - -Or use the Update Manager (mintUpdate) that can be found in Menu > Administration. - -![linux mint 17 qiana](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/linux-mint-17-qiana.png) - -### 2. Get old wallpapers ### - -Every release of Linux Mint comes with a new set of nice wallpapers. But you can also install wallpapers from the previous versions. - - $ sudo apt-get install mint-backgrounds-* - -### 3. Get more browsers ### - -Linux Mint 17 has firefox installed by default. You can get more browsers like Chromium and Google Chrome. - -The chromium browser is available in the repositories. - - $ sudo apt-get install chromium-browser - -For Google Chrome visit google.com/chrome and download the deb files and install them using gdebi. -Or run the following commands - - # 64 bit - $ wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb - $ sudo gdebi google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb - - # 32 bit - $ wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_i386.deb - $ sudo gdebi google-chrome-stable_current_i386.deb - -### 4. Install Flash Player ### - -The adobe flash plugin package (adobe-flashplugin) is installed by default on Mint so should be able to play flash games and videos inside Firefox. - -Google Chrome now uses the Pepper API based flash player which comes inbuilt with it, so you don't need to do anything for Chrome either. - -For Chromium however, the Pepper based flash player is not included (being a non-free component) and has to be installed manually. - -Install the following package to install the pepper flash player for Chromium. It will download the pepper flash player from Google Chrome browser and put it inside Chromium. - - $ sudo apt-get install pepperflashplugin-nonfree - -The above command should setup the flash player in Chromium. Incase it fails to download, redo the process with the following command - - $ sudo dpkg-reconfigure pepperflashplugin-nonfree - -### 5. Install multimedia codecs ### - -The restricted extras package would install most of the essential codecs for playing formats like mp3. It would also install the microsoft fonts. - - $ sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras - -To enable playback of encrypted dvds, install the following package. - - $ sudo apt-get install libdvdread4 - $ sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread4/install-css.sh - -### 6. Install proprietory drivers ### - -If you are having an nvidia or ati graphics card or broadcom wireless card, then install the proprietory drivers provided by the vendor. These drivers would get you the best hardware performance. - -For installing nvidia drivers you can follow the previous post here - -How to install the latest Nvidia drivers on Linux Mint - -### 7. Install Dropbox ### - -Linux mint repository already has the package for dropbox client, so you need not go elsewhere. - - $ sudo apt-get install dropbox python-gpgme - -If you still prefer to download dropbox from the official website then head straigh to [https://www.dropbox.com/install?os=lnx][4] and follow the instructions and download the deb installers for Ubuntu. - -Copy is another cloud storage solution that has a native Linux client. Check it out at [copy.com][5]. It also has a [ppa repository][6]. - -### 8. Skype ### - -Skype is available in the Ubuntu canonical partner repositories. - - $ sudo apt-get install skype - -### 9. Install rar and other archiving utilities ### - -To be able to create rar archives from the context menu in file managers like Nemo, install the rar utility. Along with rar, install a few more packages to add support for other archive formats. - - $ sudo apt-get install unace p7zip-rar sharutils rar arj lunzip lzip - -### 10. Install a clipboard manager ### - -Clipboard managers allow you to maintain and access history of items that you copied in the past using Ctrl+C for example. There are many clipboard managers for gnome like diodon, clipit, glipper, parcellite. - -Diodon seemd to have some issues on the cinnamon desktop, that scrollers would appear as the history list grows. Clipit and Glipper worked very well. You can install either - - $ sudo apt-get install glipper - # or - $ sudo apt-get install clipit - -Then launch them from the Application menu and they should start everytime you login. - -### 11. Tweak the desktop ### - -#### 1. Fix the date format on the system tray #### - -The time applet at the bottom right shows only the time. It can be made to show the date as well. Right click the date-time applet on the bottom right and click Configure - -Check the box labelled "Use a custom date format" and fill in - - %B %e, %I:%M %p - -This would show the month name, date and time in 12 hour format with AM/PM - -#### 2. Install Themes, Extensions, Applets, Desklets #### - -Get some goodies for your desktop. You have desklets for the desktop area, applets for the panel, extensions for desktop effects and themes for the desktop design. - -Go to system settings, click on the specific icon and you would see a list to select from. Click the "Get more online" tab to download more such goodies. - -#### 3. Change Firefox search engine #### - -You might notice that Firefox has the Yahoo search engine selected by default and the search engine list does not have Google in it. Click "Manage Search Engines" > Get more search engines. It will take you to [http://www.linuxmint.com/searchengines.php][7]. - -Scroll down to the section of commercial search engines and find the Google logo and click on it. Once you are on the next page, click on the search engine list again and this time you would see an option "Add Google". Click on it and Google search engine would be available. - -### 12. Optimise font rendering ### - -Linux mint uses the Dejavu Sans fonts by default, which look very ordinary. You can get far more good looking fonts using the Droid and Noto fonts. Following our previous tutorial for step by step instructions on how to do it. - -[How to get gorgeous looking fonts on Linux Mint][8] - -### 13. Guake dropdown terminal ### - -Dropdown terminals allow you to access terminals at the press of a single key. Guake is one such dropdown terminal for gtk based desktops. Dropdown terminals show/hide upon request and keep running so you do not need to open the terminal from the menu or launcher. -This is a must have tool for terminal addicts - - $ sudo apt-get install guake - -Guake needs to be configured to start everytime on Logon. First find out the path to the guake command. - - $ which guake - /usr/bin/guake - -Now add it to the list of startup applications. Go to system settings > startup programs and click Add. Fill the dialog - -> Name - Guake dropdown terminal -> Command - /usr/bin/guake - -Click Add. Now Guake is in the list of running applications and would start automatically everytime. - -### 14. Uget download manager ### - -Uget is a simple and robust cross platform download manager and works very well on Linux. It lacks the ability to download files in multiple parts, but is still a very stable download manager. - - $ sudo apt-get install uget - -### 15. Deluge BitTorrent client ### - -Linux Mint comes with Transmission which is a simple and efficient torrent client. If you are looking for a more featureful torrent client, than you can try out the deluge or vuze (formerly azureus), or qbittorrent. - - $ sudo apt-get install deluge-torrent - -### 16. Hardinfo - System information tool ### - -Hardinfo is a very convenient gui tool that reports a whole lot of information about various hardware parts on your system. You can check information about processor, memory, storage device, network configuration, printers, usb devices, sound/video adapters etc all in one place. It also has features to test and measure the performance of your system - - $ sudo apt-get install hardinfo - -17. Install MATE desktop environment - -Apart from Cinnamon the other popular desktop environment that comes with Linux Mint is the MATE (Maatay) desktop. Install it if you want to try it. - - $ sudo apt-get install mint-meta-mate - -Now you can select the MATE session at the login screen. - -### 18. Make other partitions writable ### - -If you have other ext partitions, to store and backup files for example, then you need to make them writable to avoid using root privileges every time. - -First open the partition mount directory in a file manager using gksudo. - - $ gksudo nemo - -Navigate to the partition directory. Right click and go to Properties > Permissions tab - -Give "Folder access" - create and delete files to owner, group and others -Give "File access - read and write to owner, group and others. - -For Ntfs partitions you do not need to do this. - -### 19. Install Conky ### - -Conky is a lightweight system monitor that displays statistics about various system resources like cpu, memory, network etc on the desktop using graphical widgets. Its not a necessary thing, but gets you some eye candy for the desktop. - - $ sudo apt-add-repository -y ppa:teejee2008/ppa - $ sudo apt-get update - $ sudo apt-get install conky-manager - -Launch Conky Manager from the applications menu and add widgets to the desktop. Also check the option to start Conky on system startup. - -### 20. Install some games ### - -Linux does have some cool games that are quite entertaining and yet free. Note that some of these games like supertuxkart and 0ad require dedicated graphics processors for optimal performance. - - # 0ad - strategy game like age of empires - $ aptitude search 0ad - - # supertuxkart - car racing game - $ aptitude search supertuxkart - - # openarena - $ aptitude search openarena - -There are a lot more games in the repository that you can install. Alien arena, secret maryo chronicles, supertux, frozen bubbles etc. - -### Cleanup ### - -After everything, cleanup the system by removing unnecessary packages. - - $ sudo apt-get autoremove - -### Notes ### - -#### Support for Java applets on Google Chrome/Chromium #### - -The "icedtea-plugin" is already installed which enables firefox to play java applets. - -However Chrome and Chromium no longer support NPAPI based plugins. So java applets would not work in those browsers till a Pepper api based java plugin is available. More information [here][9]. - -#### More applications #### - -If you are looking for still more applications for your Mint box, then here a small list of more good apps. All of them can be installed from Software Manager. - -Opera - Web browser -Gnome Encfs Manager - Manager files and folders encrypted with Encfs -Smplayer - Multimedia player -Rhythmbox, Clementine - Music players -Openshot, Kdenlive - Video editor -Audacity - Audio editor -Inkscape - Graphics and image editing -Gparted - Partition editor -Gufw - Firewall configuration tool -qBittorrent, Vuze - Torrent clients -Gwenview - Image viewing -Team viewer - remote desktop -Tv-maxe - view tv channels -Grub Customizer - Modify GRUB boot menu settings -Linrunner TLP - Power management tool. Useful to save power on laptops -Virtualbox - Virtualization -Kazam, recordMyDesktop - Desktop recording/screencasting -Bleachbit - Free disk space by deleting old/temporary files. -Cheese - Take pictures using webcam -Shutter - Screenshot tool with loads of features - -So grab your favorite ones and enjoy Linux Mint !! - -### Resources ### - -Download latest Linux Mint -[http://www.linuxmint.com/download.php][10] - -Community Tutorials -[http://community.linuxmint.com/tutorial][11] - -Linux Mint forums -[http://forums.linuxmint.com/][12] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.binarytides.com/better-linux-mint-17-cinnamon/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2626 -[2]:http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2626 -[3]:http://www.binarytides.com/install-nvidia-drivers-linux-mint-16/ -[4]:http://www.dropbox.com/install?os=lnx -[5]:http://copy.com/?r=DSwtSd -[6]:http://launchpad.net/~paolorotolo/+archive/copy -[7]:http://www.linuxmint.com/searchengines.php -[8]:http://www.binarytides.com/optimize-fonts-linux-mint/ -[9]:http://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/chromium-browser/+bug/1309508 -[10]:http://www.linuxmint.com/download.php -[11]:http://community.linuxmint.com/tutorial -[12]:http://forums.linuxmint.com/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md b/translated/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..694e4b4757 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md @@ -0,0 +1,297 @@ +安装Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon后要做的20件事 +================================================================================ +### Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon ### + +Linux Mint 17已经[发布][1]，定名为Qiana。Mint是Linux最佳发行版之一，它定位于桌面用户，关注可用性和简洁。它携带了风格迥异的桌面环境，如Mate以及Cinnamon，并基于不同的发行版，如Ubuntu或Debian。 + +在本文中，我们使用的是Linux Mint 17的cinnamon版本。要获取更多关于Cinnamon版本的信息（包括下载链接），可以访问 - [http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2626][2] + +下载适合你系统的正确的iso，烧录成dvd，或者也可以制作成usb启动盘来启动。安装完毕了，是时候来使用一些优化工具和基本应用程序来优化系统性能和体验，让你系统激情澎湃吧！ + +### 1. 更新系统 ### + +第一件事情是重中之重，就是让你的系统保持时刻最新。赶紧在终端中运行以下命令吧。 + + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get upgrade + +或者，你也可以使用更新管理器（mintUpdate）来干这事，你可以在菜单（Menu）> 管理（Administration）中找到它。 + +![linux mint 17 qiana](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/linux-mint-17-qiana.png) + +### 2. 找回旧壁纸 ### + +每个Linux Mint发行版都自带了一套最新的漂亮的壁纸。但是，你也可以安装先前版本中的壁纸。 + + $ sudo apt-get install mint-backgrounds-* + +### 3. 多安装些浏览器 ### + +Linux Mint 17默认安装了firefox，你也可以获得更多的浏览器，如Chronium和Google Chrome。 + +Chronium浏览器可以在仓库中获取。 + + $ sudo apt-get install chromium-browser + +至于Google Chrome，请访问google.com/chrome下载deb包，并使用gdebi来安装。 + # 64 位 + $ wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb + $ sudo gdebi google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb + + # 32 位 + $ wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_i386.deb + $ sudo gdebi google-chrome-stable_current_i386.deb + +### 4. 安装Flash Player ### + +Mint上默认安装adobe flash插件包（adobe-flashplugin），因此，你可以在Firefox中畅玩flash游戏，也可以尽情享受网页版视频了。 + +Google Chrome现在使用了基于flash player的Pepper API，而且该插件也内建于Chrome中，因此，你也不需要为它做任何事情了。 + +然而对于Chronium，基于flash player的Pepper没有被囊括进来（因为它不是个自由组件），所以你需要手动安装了。 + +安装以下包来为Chronium安装pepper flash player。它会自动从Google Chrome浏览器中下载pepper flash player并加入到Chronium中。 + + $ sudo apt-get install pepperflashplugin-nonfree + +上面的命令应该帮你将flash player安装到Chronium里头了。万一下载失败，你可以使用下面的命令重新进行安装。 + + $ sudo dpkg-reconfigure pepperflashplugin-nonfree + +### 5. 安装多媒体解码 ### + +受限的额外包可以帮你安装大多数基本的解码，可以让你播放像mp3这样的格式。它也会帮你安装微软字体。 + + $ sudo apt-get install ubuntu-restricted-extras + +要启用加密dvd的回放，请安装以下包。 + + $ sudo apt-get install libdvdread4 + $ sudo /usr/share/doc/libdvdread4/install-css.sh + +### 6. 安装专有驱动 ### + +如果你有一张英伟达或者ati的图形卡，或者broadcom的无线网卡，那么请安装厂商提供的专有驱动，这些驱动会为你带来最佳的硬件性能。 + +要安装英伟达驱动，你可以参照先前的这篇文章 + +如何在Linux Mint上安装最新的Nvidia驱动 + +### 7. 安装Dropbox ### + +Linux mint仓库已经提供了dropbox的客户端软件包，所以你不必满世界找了。 + + $ sudo apt-get install dropbox python-gpgme + +如果你还是比较喜欢从官方网站下载，那么出门可直达[https://www.dropbox.com/install?os=lnx][4]，请遵照说明下载用于Ubuntu的deb安装包。 + +Copy是另外一个云存储解决方案，它也有本地Linux客户端。详情可查阅[copy.com][5]，它也有[ppa仓库][6]。 + +### 8. Skype ### + +Skype可以在Ubuntu canonical合作仓库中找到。 + + $ sudo apt-get install skype + +### 9. 安装rar和其它归档工具 ### + +要想在Nemo这样的文件管理器中通过上下文菜单创建rar归档，请安装rar工具。安装rar的同时，请安装其它几个包以增加对其它归档格式的支持。 + + $ sudo apt-get install unace p7zip-rar sharutils rar arj lunzip lzip + +### 10. 安装剪贴板管理器 ### + +剪贴板管理器允许你维护和访问通过像Ctr+C这样的操作拷贝的项目历史，gnome下有很多的剪贴板管理器，像diodon，clipit，glipper，parcellite。 + +Diodon在cinnamon桌面上似乎存在一些问题，在历史列表增长时会出现滚动条。Clipit和Gipper工作得很好，你也可以安装 + + $ sudo apt-get install glipper + # 或者 + $ sudo apt-get install clipit + +然后，你可以从应用程序菜单中启动它们，它们应该会在你每次登陆时启动。 + +### 11. 优化桌面 ### + +#### 1. 修复系统托盘上的日期格式 #### + +在底部面板右边的时间小程序只显示了时间，它也可以设置显示日期。右击底部面板右边的日期-时间小程序，然后点击配置 +Check the box labelled "Use a custom date format" and fill in +选中标有“使用自定义日期格式”的选框，然后填入 + + %B %e, %I:%M %p + +这会以带有AM/PM的12小时格式显示月份名称、日期和时间。 + +#### 2. 安装主题、扩展、小程序、桌面组件 #### + +为你的桌面搞一些好东西玩玩。你可以在桌面区域放置一些桌面组件，在面板上放些小程序，为桌面效果添加一些扩展，以及为桌面设计安装一些主题。 + +去系统设置吧，点击指定的图标，你可以看见一个可供选择的列表。点击“在线获取更多”标签来下载更多的好东西。 + +#### 3. 修改Firefox的搜索引擎 #### + +你也许注意到，Firefox默认选择了Yahoo搜索引擎，而搜索引擎列表中并没有Google。点击“管理搜索引擎” > 获取更多搜索引擎，它会带你去[http://www.linuxmint.com/searchengines.php][7]。 + +向下拉动滚动条到商业搜索引擎部分，找到并点击Google图标。进入下一页后，再次点击搜索引擎列表，而这次你会看到“添加Google”选项，点击它就可以用上Google搜索了。 + +### 12. 优化字体渲染 ### + +Linux mint默认使用Dejavu Sans字体，它看起来真普通啊。你可以使用Droid和Noto字体获得好看得多视觉享受。请参照我们先前的教程，它会一步一步带你渐入佳境。 +[如何在Linux Mint上获得华丽好看的字体][8] + +### 13. Guake下拉终端 ### + +下拉终端让你可以通过点击单个键来访问终端，Guake就是这其中之一，它用于基于gtk的桌面。下拉终端按要求显示/隐藏，并保持运行，因此你无需从菜单或者启动器中打开终端了。这对于热衷于终端的人来说，这是一个必不可少的工具。 + + $ sudo apt-get install guake + +Guake需要配置，以便在每次登陆时启动。首先，找到guake命令的路径。 + + $ which guake + /usr/bin/guake + +现在，把它添加到启动程序列表中。出门左拐，请往系统设置 > 启动程序，然后点击添加。在对话框中填写 + +> 名称 - Guake下拉终端 +> 命令 - /usr/bin/guake + +点击添加。现在Guake已经跑到你的运行程序列表中去了，并每次会自动启动。 + +### 14. Uget下载管理器 ### + +Uget是一个简洁而健壮的跨平台下载管理器，在Linux上工作得很好。虽然它缺少分段下载文件功能，但是仍然是一个十分稳定的下载管理器。 + + $ sudo apt-get install uget + +### 15. Deluge BitTorrent客户端 ### + +Linux Mint自带了Transmission，这是个简洁而高效的torrent客户端。如果正在寻找一个更有特色的torrent客户端，那么你可以试试deluge或者vuze（正式名称是azureus），还可以试试qbittorent。 + + $ sudo apt-get install deluge-torrent + +### 16. Hardinfo - 系统信息工具 ### + +Hardinfo是一个十分便利的gui工具，它可以用来报告大量完整的系统硬件信息。你可以通过它来集中查看处理器、内存、存储设备、网络配置、打印机、usb设备、声音/视频适配器等等信息。它具有测试和评估系统性能的功能。 + + $ sudo apt-get install hardinfo + +### 17. 安装MATE桌面环境 ### + +除了Cinnamon，Linux Mint还自带了另一个流行的桌面环境MATE（Maatay）桌面。如果你想试试，那么就来安装吧。 + + $ sudo apt-get install mint-meta-mate + +现在你可以在登陆屏幕选择MATE会话了。 + +### 18. 让其它分区可写 ### + +如果你有其它ext分区，比如想用来存储和备份文件，那么你需要让它们可写，以免每次都要使用root特权。 + +首先，使用gksudo在文件管理器里打开分区挂载目录 + + $ gksudo nemo + +导航到分区目录，右击去往属性 > 权限标签 + +赋予“目录访问” - 创建和删除文件权限给用户、组和其它。 + +赋予“文件访问” - 读和写权限给用户、组和其它。 + +对于NTFS分区，你不需要做此事。 + +### 19. 安装Conky ### + +Conky是一个轻量级系统监控工具，它通过桌面图形组件显示系统各种资源的统计数据，如cpu、内存、网络等。它不是必须的，但是可以让你的桌面更加绚丽夺目。 + + $ sudo apt-add-repository -y ppa:teejee2008/ppa + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get install conky-manager + +从应用程序菜单启动Conky管理器，并添加组件到桌面。也可以选中开机启动选项来让Conky开机启动。 + +### 20. 安装一些游戏 ### + +Linux确实有一些酷爽的游戏，很具娱乐性，而且是免费的。注意，某些游戏像supertuxkart和0ad要求专用的图形处理器以优化性能。 + + # 0ad - 像帝国时代那样的策略游戏 + $ aptitude search 0ad + + # supertuxkart - 赛车游戏 + $ aptitude search supertuxkart + + # openarena + $ aptitude search openarena + +仓库中还有更多的游戏可供你安装，像Alien arena, secret maryo chronicles, supertux, frozen bubbles等等。 + +### 清除 ### + +做完这一切后，请为系统进行一次大扫除，移除一些不必要的包。 + + $ sudo apt-get autoremove + +### 注 ### + +#### 为Google Chrome/Chronium提供Java小程序支持 #### + +默认情况下已经安装了"icedtea-plugin"，用以为firefox提供java小程序支持。 +然而，Chrome和Chronium却不再支持基于NPAPI的插件。因此java小程序，在没有获得基于Pepper api的java插件前，java小程序是不能在这些浏览器中工作的。要查看更多信息，请往[这里][9]。 + +#### 更多应用程序 #### + +如果你正在为你的Mint盒子寻找更多的应用程序，那么这里列出了一部分更好的应用程序，所有这些都可以在软件管理器中安装。 +Opera - 网页浏览器 +Gnome Encfs Manager - 管理使用Encfs加密的文件和文件夹 +Smplayer - 多媒体播放器 +Rhythmbox, Clementine - 音乐播放器 +Openshot, Kdenlive - 视频编辑器 +Audacity - 音频编辑器 +Inkscape - 图形和图像编辑 +Gparted - 分区编辑器 +Gufw - 防火墙配置工具 +qBittorrent, Vuze - Torrent客户端 +Gwenview - 图像浏览 +Team viewer - 远程桌面 +Tv-maxe - 查看电视频道 +Grub Customizer - 修改GRUB启动菜单设置 +Linrunner TLP - 电源管理工具，对笔记本节电很有用 +Virtualbox - 虚拟化 +Kazam, recordMyDesktop - 桌面录像/演示 +Bleachbit - 通过删除旧的/临时文件释放磁盘空间 +Cheese - 使用网络摄像头拍照 +Shutter - 带有众多功能的屏幕截图工具 + +那么，请选择你喜欢的那些，并尽情享受Linux Mint吧！！ + +### 资源 ### + +下载最新Linux Mint +[http://www.linuxmint.com/download.php][10] + +社区教程 +[http://community.linuxmint.com/tutorial][11] + +Linux Mint论坛 +[http://forums.linuxmint.com/][12] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/better-linux-mint-17-cinnamon/ + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2626 +[2]:http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2626 +[3]:http://www.binarytides.com/install-nvidia-drivers-linux-mint-16/ +[4]:http://www.dropbox.com/install?os=lnx +[5]:http://copy.com/?r=DSwtSd +[6]:http://launchpad.net/~paolorotolo/+archive/copy +[7]:http://www.linuxmint.com/searchengines.php +[8]:http://www.binarytides.com/optimize-fonts-linux-mint/ +[9]:http://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/chromium-browser/+bug/1309508 +[10]:http://www.linuxmint.com/download.php +[11]:http://community.linuxmint.com/tutorial +[12]:http://forums.linuxmint.com/ From 3b73dc9ef8a8de2009e2f2836cd487c10d21c2be Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 10:51:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 337/713] pub : 20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux @MikeCoder --- ... using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md | 74 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+), 35 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md (75%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md b/published/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md similarity index 75% rename from translated/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md rename to published/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md index b8d0270aae..7b014557c2 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md +++ b/published/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -使用`Nginx和Apache`安装RainLoop Webmail(一个网页邮件客户端) +在Arch上使用Nginx/Apache安装RainLoop Webmail ================================================================================ -Rainloop是一个使用PHP编写的，开源免费的网页邮件客户端。他支持包括Google,Yahoo,OutLook在内的主流的邮件服务器，当然，他也支持你自己的本地邮件服务器。他主要的表现看起来像使用IMAP和SMTP协议的MUA(邮件客户端)。 +Rainloop是一个使用PHP编写的，开源免费的网页邮件客户端。他支持包括Google、Yahoo、OutLook在内的主流的邮件服务器，当然，他也支持你自己的本地邮件服务器。它看起来大致就像使用IMAP和SMTP协议的MUA(邮件客户端)一样。 #### RainLoop 示例 #### -可以看一下作者编写的安装文档： [http://demo.rainloop.net/][1]. +可以看一下RainLoop作者安装的演示页面： [http://demo.rainloop.net/][1]。 ![在Arch Linux上安装RainLoop](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux.jpg) 在Arch Linux上安装RainLoop @@ -17,24 +17,28 @@ If you also need references on installing Rainloop on **Debian** and **Red Hat** 如果你还是需要一篇在**Debian** 和 **Red Hat** 安装 RainLoop Webmail 的教程，你可以看这篇文章： -- [Install RainLoop Webmail on Debian and Red Hat based Systems][2] +- [在 Debian 和 RedHat 系的 Linux 上安装 RainLoop Webmail][2] + +以及在 **Ubuntu** 服务器中安装 RainLoop Webmail 的教程，你可以看这篇文章： + +- [如何在 Ubuntu server 中设置 RainLoop Webmail][8] ### 系统要求 ### #### 对 Nginx #### -- [Install LEMP (Nginx, PHP, MySQL with MariaDB engine and PhpMyAdmin) in Arch Linux][3] -- [Create Virtual Hosts in Nginx Web Server][4] +- [在 Arch Linux 上安装 LEMP (Nginx, PHP, MySQL/MariaDB 和 PhpMyAdmin)][3] +- [在 Nginx 上创建虚拟主机][4] #### 对 Apache #### -- [Install LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL/MariaDB, and PHP/PhpMyAdmin) in Arch Linux][5] +- [在 Arch Linux 上安装 LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL/MariaDB 和 PHP/PhpMyAdmin)][5] -### Step 1:为 Nginx 或者 Apache 提供虚拟Host### +### Step 1:在 Nginx 或者 Apache 上创建虚拟主机### -**1.** 假设你已经配置您的服务器（**Nginx**或**Apache**），如上面介绍的链接描述的，你需要做的第一件事是在Hosts文件里创建一个指向**的Arch Linux*系统的IP。 +**1.** 假设你已经如上面介绍的链接所述，配置好了您的服务器（**Nginx**或**Apache**），你需要做的第一件事是在Hosts文件里创建一个原始解析记录，以指向**的Arch Linux**系统的IP。 -对与Linux系统，修改 **/etc/hosts** 文件并且在你得localhost下添加 Rainloop virtual 域。如下： +对于Linux系统，修改 **/etc/hosts** 文件并且在你的localhost条目之下添加 Rainloop 的虚拟域。如下： 127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost rainloop.lan 192.168.1.33 rainloop.lan @@ -42,11 +46,11 @@ If you also need references on installing Rainloop on **Debian** and **Red Hat** ![Add Domain Host Entry](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-01.jpg) 添加域信息 -对于Windows系统，则修改 **C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts** 并且将接下来的内容添加到你的文件里： +如果是Windows系统，则修改 **C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts** 并且将接下来的内容添加到你的文件里： 192.168.1.33 rainloop.lan -**2.** After you verify local domain using **ping** command, create the necessary **Virtual Hosts** and **SSL** configurations for **Apache** or **Nginx**. +**2.** 使用 **ping** 命令确认本地的 Rainloop 域名创建成功之后，然后在 **Apache** 或 **Nginx** 中创建所需的 **虚拟主机** 和 **SSL** 配置。 #### Nginx 虚拟主机 #### @@ -141,10 +145,10 @@ If you also need references on installing Rainloop on **Debian** and **Red Hat** $ sudo nginx_gen_ssl.sh -![Generate Certificate and Keys](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-04.jpg\) +![Generate Certificate and Keys](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-04.jpg) 生成证书和密钥 -生成证书和SSL密钥后，创建Rainloop**根**网络服务器的文件路径（Rainloop PHP文件所在的位置），然后启用虚拟主机，并重新启动Nginx的守护进程，应用配置。 +生成证书和SSL密钥后，创建Rainloop Web服务器**根**的文件路径（Rainloop PHP文件所在的位置），然后启用虚拟主机，并重新启动Nginx的守护进程，应用配置。 $ sudo mkdir -p /srv/www/rainloop $ sudo n2ensite rainloop @@ -232,7 +236,7 @@ If you also need references on installing Rainloop on **Debian** and **Red Hat** 输入组织信息 After the Certificate and SSL keys are created, add Rainloop **DocumentRoot** path, then enable Virtual Hosts and restart Apache daemon to apply configurations. -在证书和密钥建立之后，添加RainLoop **DocumentRoot**目录，之后激活虚拟主机，并且重启Apache应用设置。 +在证书和密钥建立之后，创建 RainLoop 的 **DocumentRoot** 所指向的目录，之后激活虚拟主机，并且重启Apache应用设置。 $ sudo mkdir -p /srv/www/rainloop $ sudo a2ensite rainloop @@ -244,11 +248,11 @@ After the Certificate and SSL keys are created, add Rainloop **DocumentRoot** pa ### Step 2: 添加必要的PHP支持 ### -**3.** 无论您使用的是**Apache**或**Nginx**Web服务器，您需要激活**php.ini**文件下中的PHP扩展，包括新的服务器**DocumentRoot**目录。 +**3.** 无论您使用的是**Apache**或**Nginx**Web服务器，您需要激活**php.ini**文件下中的PHP扩展，并将新服务器的**DocumentRoot**目录放到 open_basedir 配置中。 $ sudo nano /etc/php/php.ini -找到并且取消如下的PHP扩展的注释： +找到并且取消如下的PHP扩展的注释（LCTT译注，即启用这些模块）： extension=iconv.so extension=imap.so @@ -258,12 +262,11 @@ After the Certificate and SSL keys are created, add Rainloop **DocumentRoot** pa extension=openssl.so ( enables IMAPS and SMTP SSL protocols on mail servers) extension=pdo_mysql.so -open_basedir语句应该看起来和这个一样。 +open_basedir语句应该看起来类似如下： open_basedir = /srv/http/:/home/:/tmp/:/usr/share/pear/:/usr/share/webapps/:/etc/webapps/:/srv/www/ -**4.** After the **php.ini** file was modified restart your server than check **phpinfo** file to see if **SSL** protocols are enabled. -**4.** 在修改好**php.ini**之后，重启你得服务器，然后检查 **phpinfo** 文件，去看看**SSL**协议是否已经激活。 +**4.** 在修改好**php.ini**之后，重启你的服务器，然后检查 **phpinfo()** 输出，去看看**SSL**协议是否已经激活。 ----------对于 Apache Web 服务器---------- $ sudo systemctl restart httpd @@ -275,22 +278,22 @@ open_basedir语句应该看起来和这个一样。 $ sudo systemctl restart php-fpm ![Check PHP Information](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-10.png) -Check PHP Information +查看 PHP 信息 ### Step 3: 下载和安装 RainLoop Webmail ### -**5.**现在是时候从官方网站下载并解压缩Rainloop应用到文档根目录，但是需要首先安装**wget的**和**unzip**程序。 +**5.**现在可以从官方网站下载Rainloop应用并解压缩到文档根目录了，但是需要首先安装**wget的**和**unzip**程序（LCTT译注，如果你已经有了可以忽略此步）。 $ sudo pacman -S unzip wget -**6.** 使用**wget**命令或通过使用浏览器导航到[http://rainloop.net/downloads/] [6]下载最新的源码包Rainloop zip归档。 +**6.** 使用**wget**命令或通过使用浏览器访问[http://rainloop.net/downloads/] [6]下载最新的源码包Rainloop 压缩包。 $ wget http://repository.rainloop.net/v1/rainloop-latest.zip ![Download RainLoop Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-11.png) 下载 RainLoop 包 -**7.** 下载过程完成后，解压Rainloop归档到虚拟主机文档根目录路径( **/srv/www/rainloop/** )。 +**7.** 下载过程完成后，解压Rainloop压缩包到虚拟主机文档根目录路径( **/srv/www/rainloop/** )。 $ sudo unzip rainloop-latest.zip -d /srv/www/rainloop/ @@ -309,7 +312,7 @@ Check PHP Information **9.** Rainloop应用程序可以通过两种方式进行配置：使用浏览器或者系统shell。如果要在终端配置就打开和编辑位于**/ srv/www/rainloop/data/_data_da047852f16d2bc7352b24240a2f1599/_default_/configs/**的application.ini**文件。 -**10.** 若要从浏览器访问管理界面，使用下面的URL地址** https://rainloop.lan/?admin**，然后提供默认的应用程序用户名密码。 +**10.** 若要从浏览器访问管理界面，使用下面的URL地址** https://rainloop.lan/?admin**，然后提供输入默认的应用程序用户名密码，如下： User= admin Password= 12345 @@ -317,7 +320,7 @@ Check PHP Information ![Rainloop Web Interface](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-14.png) Rainloop Web 界面 -**11.** 首次登录后，你将被警告更改默认密码，所以我劝你做这一点。 +**11.** 首次登录后，你会被警示需要更改默认密码，所以我劝你做这一点。 ![Change Default Password](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-15.png) 修改默认 Password @@ -325,7 +328,7 @@ Rainloop Web 界面 ![Set New Admin Password](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-16.png) 设置新的 Admin Password -**12.** 如果您要启用**Contact**，就登录到MySQL数据库并创建上有一个特权用户和一个新的数据库，然后提供**Contacts**字段的数据库凭据。 +**12.** 如果您要启用**Contact**（联系人）功能，就登录到MySQL数据库并创建一个新的数据库及其用户，然后提供在**Contacts**字段里面输入数据库信息。 mysql -u root -p create database if not exists rainloop; @@ -338,9 +341,9 @@ Rainloop Web 界面 在 RainLoop 中激活联系人 ![Enter Contact Database Details](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-18.png) -添加联系人数据 +添加联系人数据库配置 -**13.** 默认情况下Rainloop提供** Gmail**，**Yahoo**和**Outlook**的邮件服务器的配置文件，但是你如果愿意，你也可以添加其他的邮件服务器域。 +**13.** 默认情况下Rainloop提供了** Gmail**，**Yahoo**和**Outlook**的邮件服务器的配置文件，但是你如果愿意，你也可以添加其他的邮件服务器域。 ![Default Mail Domains](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-19.png) 默认 Mail 域 @@ -348,26 +351,26 @@ Rainloop Web 界面 ![Add New Domain](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-20.png) 添加新域 -**14.** 登录你的邮件服务器，浏览** https://rainloop.lan**，并提供您的域名服务器验证信息。 +**14.** 登录你的邮件服务器，访问** https://rainloop.lan**，并提供您的域名服务器验证信息。 ![Login to Mail Domain](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-21.png) -登录到邮件页面 +登录到Yahoo邮件页面 ![Login to Gmail Domain](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-22.png) 登录Gmail ![RainLoop Email Interface](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-RainLoop-in-Arch-Linux-23.png) -RainLoop Email 界面 +RainLoop 登录后的Email 界面 想要了解更多的文件，可以访问：[http://rainloop.net/docs/][7]. -通过Rainloop你可以从浏览器中访问具有Internet连接的任何邮件服务器。唯一的缺憾就是在Arch Linux下使用Rainloop应用的人缺乏修改电子邮件帐户密码的poppassd插件包。 +通过Rainloop你可以从浏览器中访问具有Internet连接的任何邮件服务器。唯一的缺憾就是在Arch Linux下使用Rainloop应用的话，少一个修改电子邮件帐户密码的poppassd插件包。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-rainloop-webmail-in-arch-linux/ -译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -377,4 +380,5 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-rainloop-webmail-in-arch-linux/ [4]:http://www.tecmint.com/create-virtual-hosts-using-nginx-on-arch-linux/ [5]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-lamp-in-arch-linux/ [6]:http://rainloop.net/downloads/ -[7]:http://rainloop.net/docs/ \ No newline at end of file +[7]:http://rainloop.net/docs/ +[8]:http://linux.cn/article-2794-1.html \ No newline at end of file From af5061a5fe786c23269f32c67b16ba31a451a361 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 10:54:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 338/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E8=A1=A5=E5=85=85=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...inux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md | 33 ------------------- 1 file changed, 33 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md b/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md deleted file mode 100644 index 75cc9c0dd3..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,33 +0,0 @@ -IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes - -================================================================================ -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876-2.jpg) - -**Michael Tremer, a developer for the ipfire.org team, has announced that IPFire 2.13 Core 78, a new stable build of the popular Linux-based firewall distribution, has been released to implement the latest OpenSSL fixes.** - -IPFire is a modular Linux distribution, which means that it can be deployed as a firewall, a proxy server, or a VPN gateway. One of the main concerns of the IPFire developers is security, and every step has been taken to ensure users’ complete security. - -“There have been several vulnerabilities discovered in the openssl library which is responsible for implementing the SSL/TLS protocol and other cryptographic tasks. All details about these can be found in the original openssl security advisory,” said the devs on their blog. - -They have also explained that all the changes that they planned and built for Core Update 78 have been postponed to Core Update 79. This means that users will have to wait a little longer for a more consistent update. - -OpenSSL developers have found another round of OpenSSL problems, but they have been fixed quickly and now the Linux distributions are including it in the latest versions. - -The developers recommend all users of IPFire to upgrade their distributions. More details can be found on the official [website][1]. - -Download IPFire 2.13 Core 78: - -- [IPFire 2.15 Core 78 (ISO)][2][iso] [122 MB] -- [IPFire 3.0 Alpha 1 (ISO)][3][iso] [76 MB] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.ipfire.org/news/ipfire-2-15-core-update-78-released -[2]:http://downloads.ipfire.org/releases/ipfire-2.x/2.15-core78/ipfire-2.15.i586-full-core78.iso -[3]:http://www.rowie.at/ipfire/iso/ipfire-3.0-alpha1.i686.iso From 15c5210db2a9754d795993e22a70e43e28025840 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Joseph Peng Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 11:03:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 339/713] translated second PR --- ...e eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md | 29 ------------------- ...e eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md | 0 2 files changed, 29 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/Tengpeng Translating-20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md rename {sources => translated}/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/news/Tengpeng Translating-20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md b/sources/news/Tengpeng Translating-20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3f028a3149..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/Tengpeng Translating-20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,29 +0,0 @@ -Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack -================================================================================ -![](http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3108/3191608123_67e1da2b79_o.jpg) - -In conjunction with the recent OpenStack Summit in Atlanta, Red Hat had confirmed many new OpenStack-centric initiatives, one of which was that the company [is collaborating][1] with eNovance, a leader in the open source cloud computing market, tto drive Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and telecommunications features into OpenStack. Now, Red Hat has [announced][2] that it will acquire eNovance for about 70 million euros, or $95 million, in cash and stock. - -eNovance is an important player on the OpenStack scene, and is especially known for its work with telecommunications companies. eNovance helps service providers and large-scale private enterprises build and deploy cloud infrastructures quickly and cost effectively, and will create new lines of business for Red Hat. -As noted by IDC analysts Laura DuBois and Ashish Nadkarni in their recent recap of the spring 2014 OpenStack Summit, "Integrators such as eNovance will continue to assist cloud service providers and enterprises in building large OpenStack clouds. ... The future for OpenStack is looking very bright." - -eNovance is one of the top 10 contributors to the upstream OpenStack project, and is the only European Gold Member company of the OpenStack Foundation. The company has more than 150 global customers, including Alcatel-Lucent, AXA, Cisco, Cloudwatt, and Ericsson. The company has offices in Paris; Montreal; and Bangalore, India. - -Red Hat and eNovance [first partnered in 2013][3] to deliver OpenStack implementation and integration services to joint customers, based on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform. At OpenStack Summit in May, the two companies announced an [expanded collaboration][4] to drive Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and telecommunications innovations into OpenStack, aimed at delivering the industry’s most complete, carrier-grade telecommunications offering based on Linux, Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM), and OpenStack. - -Raphaël Ferreira, co-founder & chief executive officer, eNovance, said in a statement: - -> “eNovance, like Red Hat, understands the transformative power OpenStack can have on the enterprise market when it is both deployed and integrated in the right fashion. We are excited to become part of Red Hat, a company that not only offers one of the best-in-class OpenStack distributions on the market today, but also which shares our common belief that OpenStack is best deployed and integrated in a continuous and seamless manner." - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://ostatic.com/blog/red-hat-to-acquire-enovance-focus-together-on-openstack - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.redhat.com/about/news/press-archive/2014/5/red-hat-and-enovance-to-deliver-carrier-grade-openstack -[2]:http://www.marketwatch.com/story/red-hat-to-acquire-enovance-a-leader-in-openstack-integration-services-2014-06-18 -[3]:http://cts.businesswire.com/ct/CT?id=smartlink&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redhat.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fpress-archive%2F2013%2F11%2Fred-hat-and-enovance-partner-to-accelerate-adoption-of-red-hat-enterprise-linux-openstack-platform&esheet=50888828&newsitemid=20140618005543&lan=en-US&anchor=first+partnered+in+2013&index=1&md5=1721061ca22652d2a4413085db70361b -[4]:http://cts.businesswire.com/ct/CT?id=smartlink&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redhat.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fpress-archive%2F2014%2F5%2Fred-hat-and-enovance-to-deliver-carrier-grade-openstack&esheet=50888828&newsitemid=20140618005543&lan=en-US&anchor=expanded+collaboration&index=2&md5=a34aaf179e4aac7417917e55c991ef87 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md b/translated/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md rename to translated/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md From 77d8bb2eccc2dc1490edaff08c2c3c5fe918ce88 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Joseph Peng Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 11:11:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 340/713] translated,2nd PR --- ...e eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md | 21 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md b/translated/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md index 3f028a3149..9cb6b03d10 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md +++ b/translated/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md @@ -1,29 +1,30 @@ -Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack +红帽携手eNovance，共进OpenStack市场 ================================================================================ ![](http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3108/3191608123_67e1da2b79_o.jpg) -In conjunction with the recent OpenStack Summit in Atlanta, Red Hat had confirmed many new OpenStack-centric initiatives, one of which was that the company [is collaborating][1] with eNovance, a leader in the open source cloud computing market, tto drive Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and telecommunications features into OpenStack. Now, Red Hat has [announced][2] that it will acquire eNovance for about 70 million euros, or $95 million, in cash and stock. +正在OpenStack峰会于亚特兰大举办的同时,红帽确认了数项与OpenStack相关的项目。其中一项是，红帽正与开源云计算市场的领导者eNovance进行 [合作][1] 。双方将推动网络功能虚拟（Network Functions Virtualization）和电信功能融入OpenStack. 红帽 [宣布][2] 将以七千万欧元或九千五百万美金的现金和股票，购买eNovance. -eNovance is an important player on the OpenStack scene, and is especially known for its work with telecommunications companies. eNovance helps service providers and large-scale private enterprises build and deploy cloud infrastructures quickly and cost effectively, and will create new lines of business for Red Hat. -As noted by IDC analysts Laura DuBois and Ashish Nadkarni in their recent recap of the spring 2014 OpenStack Summit, "Integrators such as eNovance will continue to assist cloud service providers and enterprises in building large OpenStack clouds. ... The future for OpenStack is looking very bright." +eNovance 是OpenStack市场上重要的角色， 特别以其和电信公司的合作而为人所知。eNovance帮助服务提供商和大型私企搭建部署云基础架构，快速且成本低廉。这也将为红帽开创新的产品线。 -eNovance is one of the top 10 contributors to the upstream OpenStack project, and is the only European Gold Member company of the OpenStack Foundation. The company has more than 150 global customers, including Alcatel-Lucent, AXA, Cisco, Cloudwatt, and Ericsson. The company has offices in Paris; Montreal; and Bangalore, India. +IDC 分析员 Laura DuBois and Ashish Nadkarni 在2014春季OpenStack 峰会上指出 “像eNovance这样的集成商将继续助力云服务提供商和企业，建立OpenStack云。OpenStack的前景开起来十分光明。" -Red Hat and eNovance [first partnered in 2013][3] to deliver OpenStack implementation and integration services to joint customers, based on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform. At OpenStack Summit in May, the two companies announced an [expanded collaboration][4] to drive Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) and telecommunications innovations into OpenStack, aimed at delivering the industry’s most complete, carrier-grade telecommunications offering based on Linux, Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM), and OpenStack. +eNovance 是OpenStack十大上游贡献者之一, 也是OpenStack 基金唯一的欧洲金牌合作商。 该公司在全球有超过150家客户，包括 Alcatel-Lucent, AXA, Cisco, Cloudwatt, and Ericsson. 在巴黎、蒙特利尔、班加罗尔、印度，都设有办公室。 -Raphaël Ferreira, co-founder & chief executive officer, eNovance, said in a statement: +2013年，红帽和 eNovance 第一次展开[合作][3] ，为其共同客户，提供OpenStack 部署和集成服务。该服务基于Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack 平台。 五月的OpenStack峰会上, 两家公司宣布了 [进一步的合作][4] ，推动网络功能虚拟(NFV) 和电信在OpenStack上的创新, 意在提供业界最完整、电信级的 通讯服务，基于Linux, 基于内核的虚拟机 (KVM), 和 OpenStack. -> “eNovance, like Red Hat, understands the transformative power OpenStack can have on the enterprise market when it is both deployed and integrated in the right fashion. We are excited to become part of Red Hat, a company that not only offers one of the best-in-class OpenStack distributions on the market today, but also which shares our common belief that OpenStack is best deployed and integrated in a continuous and seamless manner." +eNovance的联合创始人、首席执行官Raphaël Ferreira, 在声明中说: + +> “和红帽一样，eNovance理解OpenStack改变企业市场的力量，当其正确部署且集成时。 我们非常高兴能成为红帽的一部分。红帽不仅仅提供一流的OpenStack发行版本, 也和我们一样坚信： 最好以连续、无缝的方式部署、集成OpenStack." -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://ostatic.com/blog/red-hat-to-acquire-enovance-focus-together-on-openstack -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[tengpeng](https://github.com/tengpeng) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [1]:http://www.redhat.com/about/news/press-archive/2014/5/red-hat-and-enovance-to-deliver-carrier-grade-openstack [2]:http://www.marketwatch.com/story/red-hat-to-acquire-enovance-a-leader-in-openstack-integration-services-2014-06-18 [3]:http://cts.businesswire.com/ct/CT?id=smartlink&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redhat.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fpress-archive%2F2013%2F11%2Fred-hat-and-enovance-partner-to-accelerate-adoption-of-red-hat-enterprise-linux-openstack-platform&esheet=50888828&newsitemid=20140618005543&lan=en-US&anchor=first+partnered+in+2013&index=1&md5=1721061ca22652d2a4413085db70361b -[4]:http://cts.businesswire.com/ct/CT?id=smartlink&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redhat.com%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fpress-archive%2F2014%2F5%2Fred-hat-and-enovance-to-deliver-carrier-grade-openstack&esheet=50888828&newsitemid=20140618005543&lan=en-US&anchor=expanded+collaboration&index=2&md5=a34aaf179e4aac7417917e55c991ef87 \ No newline at end of file +[4]:http://cts.businesswire.com/ct/CT?id=smartlink&ppppppppt-pt-lopppppppppptpt-lpt-pt-locapt-pt-ptptppptppppt-ptptptppp \ No newline at end of file From 9a81c7b35dd18968627b8c367ae6b1a05cabf6a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 12:15:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 341/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=94=B6=E5=9B=9E=E8=B6=85=E6=9C=9F?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91=E6=96=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md b/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md index e1fd2397fb..132976a1b6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -Translating by CHINAANSHE - How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina ================================================================================ ![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/linux-macbook-pro-retina-840x420.jpg?ec7b17) From 34892f724cee22a04281f2df42a3153dc41e3b6f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 12:51:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 342/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9AHow=20to=20l?= =?UTF-8?q?aunch=20applications=20differently=20with=20Gnome-Pie=20on=20Li?= =?UTF-8?q?nux=20desktop?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @MikeCoder --- ...erently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md | 30 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md (63%) diff --git a/translated/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md b/published/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md similarity index 63% rename from translated/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md rename to published/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md index ab6183fd0f..8fe5b3090c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md +++ b/published/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md @@ -1,9 +1,9 @@ -如何使用GNOME-Pie桌面环境启动应用程序 +Linux桌面上的小饼饼，让启动应用分外不同！ ================================================================================ -最近，你能听到很多关于Ubuntu新的Unity界面的抱怨。我记得，当Unity开始兴起的时候，我正好离开Archlinux。然而，Unity间接地导致了一个后果：随着人们对它不满意，人们开始关注其他的桌面环境和Linux发行版。如果你的系统支持Unity，没有人会反对安装他。 +最近，你能听到很多关于Ubuntu新的Unity界面的抱怨。我记得，当Unity开始兴起的时候，我正好离开Archlinux。然而，Unity间接地导致了一个后果：随着人们对它不满意，人们开始关注其他的桌面环境和Linux发行版。而如果你的系统支持Unity，没有人会反对将它弄得更顺眼些。 -所以今天我向你推荐一个绝对原创的程序启动器： Gnome-Pie。你们可能会认为他的灵感来自魔兽世界插件"OPie"。因为他们有着相似的概念： 键盘快捷方式可以打开圆形"菜单"，您可以从中选择一个应用程序或命令来启动。这种设计背后的主要思想是用户不必记住命令，但需要记住他的方向和操作。它是圆形的事实从指针使每个应用程序在相同的距离。再加上我们得到如此多自定义组合： 可以通过快捷键，极大的提高效率并且最大限度地实现了人机工程学。 +所以今天我向你推荐一个绝对原创的程序启动器： Gnome-Pie。你们可能会认为他的灵感来自魔兽世界插件"OPie"。因为他们有着相似的概念： 键盘快捷方式可以打开圆形"菜单"，您可以从中选择一个应用程序或命令来启动。这种设计背后的主要思想是用户不必记住命令，但需要记住他的方向和操作。它的饼形设计让指针可以用同样的距离启动每个应用程序。再加上我们还有如此多自定义组合键，极大的提高效率并且最大限度地实现了人机工程学。 ### 安装Gnome-Pie ### @@ -17,53 +17,53 @@ $ sudo yum install gnome-pie -对于Archlinux, 你可以在[AUR][1]找到他. +对于Archlinux, 你可以在[AUR][1]找到它。 ### Gnome-Pie的基本用法 ### -默认的，Gnome-Pie有一个比较可靠的初始配置。首先，你可以使用Ctrl + Alt + a呼唤出他的控制界面，他将显示你的系统的基本应用程序。 +默认的，Gnome-Pie有一个比较可靠的初始配置。首先，你可以使用 **Ctrl + Alt + a** 调出，它将显示你的系统的基本应用程序。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2917/14040269128_6dc6544c14_z.jpg) -接下来, 按下Ctrl+Alt+b, 他将显示你得文件管理器的书签。 +接下来， 按下 **Ctrl+Alt+b** 调出第二个圆，这将显示你的文件管理器的书签。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2903/14040269088_8de29edd18.jpg) -第三个，也许是最有用的，它会显示你的应用程序菜单，按下 Ctrl + Alt + 空格可调用。 +第三个，也许是最有用的，它会显示你的应用程序菜单，按下 **Ctrl + Alt + 空格** 可调出。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2903/14040345657_071f40b22f_z.jpg) -第四，你可以完全控制音乐播放器。快捷键是 Ctrl + Alt + m。 +第四个，仅用于控制音乐播放器。你可以猜到，快捷键是 **Ctrl + Alt + m**。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2925/14226915065_8b0e3841c6_o.png) -第五，你可以是快速访问到重新启动、 关机和注销命令 (Ctrl + Alt + q，q 为退出，我猜得）。 +第五个，你可以快速访问重新启动、 关机和注销命令 (**Ctrl + Alt + q**，我猜q是代表退出吧）。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2931/14040303600_5b3a517335_o.png) -最后，你可以用Pie来控制窗口，可以最小化、 规模、 关闭， 等等. 并且，快捷键是Ctrl+Alt+w. +最后，第六个，你可以用Pie来控制窗口，可以最小化、 规模、 关闭， 等等. 并且，快捷键是 **Ctrl+Alt+w**。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2904/14226699514_42d364a4d4_o.png) 虽然我发现这种默认设置已经是相当令人满意，几乎和预置的启动器一样好。然而，如果让我鸡蛋里找骨头，我会说一些快捷方式很难用一只手执行。大多数情况是，我们用两只手打开菜单，然后再回到鼠标以选择该选项。太不爽了。 -然而，我们是在 Linuxer！谁会在乎默认设置？自定义才是王道。Gnome-Pie将为你提供优良的服务。通过配置，你可以编辑现有的Pie,改变程序图标，设计自己的Pie，改变主题，甚至将另外一个Pie菜单作为一个子菜单。 +然而，我们在用 Linux！谁会在乎默认设置？自定义才是王道。Gnome-Pie将为你提供优良的服务。通过配置，你可以编辑现有的Pie，改变程序图标，设计自己的Pie，改变主题，甚至将另外一个Pie菜单作为一个子菜单。 [![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5508/14247093043_1fe1188709_z.jpg)][2] -你甚至可以编辑他来启动 URL、 你可以自由的设置热键开启这一功能，惟一的缺憾可能是他缺少Widgets。 +你甚至可以编辑它来访问 URL、 自由设置热键、运行你自己的命令。惟一的缺憾可能是它缺少Widgets。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2927/14040264609_b7aa66f078_z.jpg) -总之，相较于传统的基于文本的启动器，Gnome-Pie是一个相当有吸引力的可视化应用程序。我很喜欢他的自定义键盘和鼠标组合键，让我想起了我在War3或者LOL中的神级操作。如果玩家通过这种方法，它可以为你带来方便和高效。我甚至建议你可以将它放在桌面上，来节省你的空间。我甚至敢说它可以替代Gnome。 +总之，相较于传统的基于文本的启动器，Gnome-Pie是一个相当有吸引力的可视化应用程序。我很喜欢他的自定义键盘和鼠标组合键，让我想起了我在War3或者LOL中的神级操作。如果玩家使用这种操作方式，它可以为你带来方便和高效。如果你想节约桌面空间，我甚至建议你不要将预置的启动器放到桌面上。总之，我甚至敢说它可以替代Gnome。 -你觉得怎么样？你在所有相信世界上有这么好的东西吗？或者说，随着新的Gnome shell出现，Gnome-Pie开始失去竞争？欢迎评论。 +你觉得怎么样？你在所有相信世界上有这么好的东西吗？或者说，随着新的Gnome shell出现，Gnome-Pie开始失去竞争力？欢迎评论。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/05/launch-applications-differently-gnome-pie-linux-desktop.html -译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 02f5bf555553ad528b76ca2aeae1b2e5bdedfd69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ryan Hu <213edu@gmail.com> Date: Thu, 19 Jun 2014 22:19:55 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 343/713] [Translating] How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina --- .../20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md b/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md index 132976a1b6..6db7fd1068 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translation in progress [213edu][https://github.com/213edu] + How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina ================================================================================ ![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/linux-macbook-pro-retina-840x420.jpg?ec7b17) From 981dc1d60e3a95f3bcd3cb4c28dfd41ff01d5b5a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ryan Hu <213edu@gmail.com> Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 00:28:51 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 344/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=20?= =?UTF-8?q?/tech/20140530=20How=20To=20Install=20Linux=20On=20A=20MacBook?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Pro=20Retina=20->=20/tech/=E5=A6=82=E4=BD=95=E5=9C=A8MacBook?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Pro=20Retina=E4=B8=8A=E5=AE=89=E8=A3=85Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...o Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md | 144 ------------------ ...o Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md | 141 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 141 insertions(+), 144 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md b/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6db7fd1068..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,144 +0,0 @@ -Translation in progress [213edu][https://github.com/213edu] - -How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina -================================================================================ -![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/linux-macbook-pro-retina-840x420.jpg?ec7b17) - -MacBook Pros come with some very nice hardware, but some people want more. Some people want Linux. - -Whether you’d like a more open and customizable operating system or simply need to dual-boot in order to access certain software, you might want Linux on your MacBook. The thing is, MacBook Pros are also pretty closed-down pieces of hardware that make installing other operating systems difficult – Linux more so than Windows. Boot Camp won’t help you with Linux, even though it doesn’t mean it’s impossible. Here’s how to do it. - -### Why Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina? ### - -The reasoning for installing Linux on a MacBook Pro might seem a bit strange at first – isn’t OS X one of the main reasons to get a Mac? That might be true, but another great reason to get a Mac is the hardware. They offer excellent performance, superb battery life, and long durability. For the ones with a Retina display, you’re also wanting a HiDPI experience for ultra-crisp photos and text. - -But if you don’t like Mac OS X, or simply need to use Linux, you may want to put another operating system on that Mac hardware. Linux is lean, open, and highly customizable. Who says that you can’t bring the two together in a happy marriage? Well, Apple might have a word to say about that, but you probably don’t care anyways. - -Note: For the purposes of this tutorial, we’ll be using Ubuntu, the [most popular Linux distribution][1], as our preferred choice. You’re free to choose a different distribution, but you can then only follow these steps are generic guidelines and not exact instructions. We claim no responsibility for any damage that is done to your system. Additionally, this tutorial assumes that you want to dual-boot between Linux and Mac OS X. It’s recommended to keep Mac OS X on the hard drive so that you can update the firmware if needed — something you cannot do in Linux. - -Before we even start with the first step, make sure that your computer is backed up in case anything goes wrong. How you do this is up to you, so feel free to use Time Machine, CrashPlan, or whatever else you might prefer. - -### Download Ubuntu ### - -First, you’ll want to get a [copy of the Ubuntu desktop ISO image][2]. Be sure to choose the 64-bit desktop flavor, and not the image made for Macs. The regular image can boot up in BIOS and EFI modes, while the Mac image can only boot up in BIOS mode. This was done on purpose for some Macs, but we want to be able to boot it up in EFI mode. - -### Write to USB Drive ### - -Next, grab a USB flash drive that is at least 2GB large – we’ll use this to boot up the Ubuntu installer on. To make this drive you can follow [the official Ubuntu steps][3], or [use the dedicated GUI tool for the job][4]. - -### Resize Partitions ### - -![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_disk_utility.jpg?ec7b17) - -nce you’ve done that, you can get your MacBook Pro ready for the installation. Open up the Disk Utility, click on your hard drive on the left side, and then choose the Partitions tab. Resize the Mac partition to whatever size you’d like it to be — we’ll use the newly created free space to install Ubuntu. - -### Boot Up Ubuntu Image ### - -![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_boot.jpg?ec7b17) - -After that’s completed, plug in the USB flash drive you prepared and restart your MacBook Pro. Be sure to hold down the Options button from when the screen blanks out for a second to when you see a screen with various boot options. Choose the EFI option (the left one in case you see two of them) to boot up your Ubuntu USB flash drive. - -When prompted to choose between “Try Ubuntu” and “Install Ubuntu”, choose “Try Ubuntu” because we’ll need to perform a step after the installer completes but before you restart the system. - -### Installer ### - -Once the Ubuntu desktop loads, start the installer and go through it normally until you reach the partitioning step. If you cannot access WiFi, it’s because Ubuntu currently doesn’t recognize your WiFi chipset. Don’t worry – we don’t need to have Internet access right now, and it’ll detect the right driver to use whenever you boot up into your new installation later on. - -![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_installer_partitions.jpg?ec7b17) - -Once you come to the partitioning step, choose to “Do something else”. Then, make sure that the small partition that’s ~128MB large is recognized as an EFI boot partition (you can check by clicking on it and choosing Options; additionally, that should be /dev/sda1). Next, you can create an ext4 partition in the new space and have the path “/” be mounted to it. You can also create multiple partitions here if you prefer that and know what you’re doing. - -Before you continue to the next step, make sure that the bootloader installation location says /dev/sda1, as you want GRUB to be installed into that partition. Then, finish off the installation like normal. - -### EFI Boot Fix ### - -![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_efibootmgr.jpg?ec7b17) - -When the installer completes, don’t restart just yet! We still need to do one more thing so that we’ll be able to use GRUB. Run the following command: - - sudo apt-get install efibootmgr - -This will temporarily install a configuration tool for EFI boot setups. Next, run - - sudo efibootmgr - -This will print out the current boot configuration to your screen. In this, you should be able to see “ubuntu” and “Boot0000*”. Currently, the EFI system will point to Boot0080*, which skips GRUB and goes directly to Mac OS X. To fix this, run the command - - sudo efibootmgr -o 0,80` - -Now you can restart! - -Congratulations! Your Ubuntu installation should now be working! However, there are a few tweaks that you can perform to have a better experience. - -### Various Tweaks ### - -First, you’ll need to make a quick change to a GRUB setting so that the SSD won’t occasionally freeze. Type - - sudo nano /etc/default/grub - -in a terminal, and then find the line with **GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX** and change it to **GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="libata.force=noncq"**. Hit CTRL+X to save, and Y then Enter to confirm. Then, you’ll want to type - - sudo nano /etc/grub.d/40_custom - -into the terminal, which will open up a new file. In it, type this exactly: - - menuentry "Mac OS X" { - exit - } - -This will allow you to boot into your Mac OS X installation (the 32-bit and 64-bit entries in GRUB do not work). Do the same thing to save and exit, then type in - - sudo update-grub - -for the changes to go into effect. Finally, restart your system for good measure. - -![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_small_retina.jpg?ec7b17) - -As you can see, everything is ridiculously small on the Retina display. To fix this, System Settings –> Display and change the scaling factor to something larger. On the Retina screen, everything will look extremely tiny and it will make your life much more difficult if you don’t change it to something you like. - -You may also find that it’s difficult to grab the edges of a window for resizing. This can also be changed. Type - - sudo nano /usr/share/themes/Ambiance/metacity-1/metacity-theme-1.xml - -into a terminal, and then change these values appropriately: - - - - - -If that’s not big enough, you can also change those values to “6″ instead. - -Finally, if you experience any washed out colors, you can grab the display color profile from Mac OS X and use it in Ubuntu. Mount your Mac OS X drive and navigate to - - /Library/ColorSync/Profiles/Displays/Color LCD-xxxxxx.icc - -where xxxxxx is some random string (there should only be one file anyways, but this string gets randomized). Copy it into your Ubuntu home folder, and then go to System Settings –> Color and choose Add New Profile and choose the profile you saved in your home folder. - -### Conclusion ### - -![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_final.jpg?ec7b17) - -Congratulations! You now have a great working Linux installation on your MacBook Pro Retina! Feel free to make additional tweaks to [make Ubuntu feel more like home][5]. I’m sure that these instructions can be applied to other Mac systems, but each new release has its own pitfalls and advantages. If you use a different machine, it’s a good idea to look up some documentation first, such as [this][6] for Ubuntu. - -Additionally, feel free to check out [other great Linux distros][7] that you can install to your Mac! - -Have you installed Linux on a Mac? What problems did you encounter and how did you solve it? Let us know in the comments! - -Image Credits: [K?rlis Dambr?ns][8] Via Flickr - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/install-linux-macbook-pro/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/windows-xp-users-switch-ubuntu-14-04-lts-trusty-tahr/ -[2]:http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop/ -[3]:http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop/create-a-usb-stick-on-mac-osx -[4]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/how-to-boot-a-linux-live-usb-stick-on-your-mac/ -[5]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/11-tweaks-perform-ubuntu-installation/ -[6]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MacBookPro -[7]:http://www.makeuseof.com/pages/best-linux-distributions -[8]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/janitors/10037346335 diff --git a/translated/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md b/translated/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d7570154f3 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +如何在MacBook Pro Retina上安装Linux +================================================================================ +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/linux-macbook-pro-retina-840x420.jpg?ec7b17) + +MacBook Pros拥有非常强大的配置，有些人想强上加强，他们想用Linux系统。 + +不管您是想要更开放和个性化的操作系统又或者您只想要需要用某些在Linux特有的软件，您都会想要把Linux装载您的MacBook上。 可惜的是MacBook Pros们可是一块块密不透风砖头，让您想装其他系统又无从下手。尤其是Linux，比在MacBooks上装Windows还难。 Boot Camp在此时对于Linux来说也是手无对策。 虽然如此，但并不代表您完全不能做到，装机走起! + +### 为什么要在MacBook Pro Retina上装Linux？ ### + +买MacBook不就是为了OS X吗？为何要装Linux？ 其实买MacBook的原因不必须只是因为它的系统， 其极致的性能，极其耐用的电池以及高大上的持久力都是购买它的原因。 这些这么好的硬件再加上一块能让您体验到HiDPI的清晰度Retina显示屏，其不皆是买入的理由乎？ + +但是如果您对OS X无爱，又或者您真心需要使用Linux，为何不将这自由，开源，小巧，个性化的Linux塞进您的高大上硬件呢？苹果可能有话要说了，可谁在乎呢~ + +注：在本期教程我们将会使用[最流行的Linux发行版][1] - Ubuntu来作为我们这次安装的选择。您也可以用自己想用的的Linux发行版，但相关的步骤会和本教程有出入。 如果您把自己的系统玩坏了，我们将不承担任何责任。 本教程将教您如何Linux 和 OS X 双系统启动，另外只有在OS X 才能升级固件，所以我们建议您不要将OS X 删除。 + +但在我们开始之前，请您用您喜欢的方法（比如Time Machine 或 CrashPlan）将您的电脑彻底备份，以防万一。 + +### 下载 Ubuntu ### + +首先您需要下载一份[copy of the Ubuntu desktop ISO image][2] 。 该镜像在BIOS和EFI模式下都能启动，而Mac版的只能在BIOS启动。 可是我们需要在EFI模式启动，所以请确保您选择的是64-bit（64位），而不是Mac版的64-bit。 + +### 存入U盘（USB） ### + +其次第二步， 找个2GB以上的USB, 我们将会用该USB作为Ubuntu的安装启动盘。 你可以按照 [the official Ubuntu steps][3] 或者 [use the dedicated GUI tool for the job][4] 的步骤来准备安装盘. + +### 调整分区大小 ### + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_disk_utility.jpg?ec7b17) + +当你这一步也完成的时候，你的大Mac就做好安装的准备了。 打开Disk Utility（磁盘工具）， 点击左边选择你的硬盘， 选择Partitions（分区）标签页。 把分区调整到你喜欢的大小 - 我们将会用新创建的空间来安装Ubuntu。 + +### 启动Ubuntu镜像 ### + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_boot.jpg?ec7b17) + +当关机之后屏幕一黑时，请按住Option键（alt）知道你看到不同的启动选项。选择EFI选项（如果有两个的话选择左边的哪一个）来从USB启动Ubuntu. + +当你看到“Try Ubuntu" 和 "Install Ubuntu" 两个选项的时候， 选择 "Try Ubuntu" 因为我们需要在安装完成之后重启之前弄一些其他的东西。 + +### 安装器 ### + +当Ubuntu的桌面加载好之后，一路向下走直到你看到分区的这一步。 如果你连接不上WiFi的话就代表你的Ubuntu还暂时不知道如何跟你这位高大上Mac做朋友， 不过不用担心， 我们暂时还不需要网络， 在你迟些重启的时候会自动识别你的驱动。 + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_installer_partitions.jpg?ec7b17) + +一路来到分区这个步骤之后， 选择 "Do Something else" 这个选项。 然后请确保那块大约128MB左右的分区已经设置成EFI启动分区（你可以按他一下然后选择Option来确定一下； 另外，那一块盘应该是 /dev/sda1）. 下一步， 你要在新建的空间里创建一个 ext4分区，用“/”路径来安装它。 如果你知道你自己在干嘛的话也可以创建几个不同的分区（切记这不是Windows啊孩纸）。 + +在你开始下一步之前，请确保你的安装引导程序（boot loader）是选择了 /dev/sda1，GRUB也是装到该分区的。 然后按照平常一样该咋装咋装。 + +### EFI Boot Fix ### + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_efibootmgr.jpg?ec7b17) + +当你的安装器装完Ubuntu之后，不要按重启！！！ 我们还需要弄这么点东西才能使用GRUB。 请运行下列的指令: + + sudo apt-get install efibootmgr + +这个将会暂时地安装一个EFI boot的配置工具，然后 运行： + + sudo efibootmgr + +这个将会列印出当前的启动设置， 你应该看到的是 "ubuntu" 和 "Boot0000", 当前的EFI设置是把系统指向 Boot0080, 这样的话就会跳过GRUB然后直接跳入OS X，所以我们要用一下指令来修复它： + + sudo efibootmgr -o 0,80` + +现在就可以重启了！ + +恭喜你啦~你的Ubuntu现在应该就可以用了哦！不过下列的一些调整会让性能提升哦！ + +### 坑爹地调整设置 ### + +首先你需要改一下GRUB的设置，这样你的SSD盘才不会偶尔死机， 输入： + + sudo nano /etc/default/grub + +在Terminal找到 **GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX** ， 把他改成 **GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="libata.force=noncq"** 。 按下CTRL + X保存，然后按Y来确定保存。 接下来你要输入： + + sudo nano /etc/grub.d/40_custom + +在Terminal会打开一个新的文件，请使用真丶精准手指准确地一字一字输入： + + menuentry "Mac OS X" { + exit + } + +这将会让你boot到你的Mac OS X安装程序（GRUB的32-bit和64bit项不能用）。然后CTRL+X 和 Y 保存退出，然后输入： + + sudo update-grub + +最后必须要重启才能生效。 + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_small_retina.jpg?ec7b17) + +在极其高清的Retina显示屏上神马都这么小，坑爹啊啊？ 去Setting -> Display 里把 Scaling Factor弄大一点吧，不然妈妈又要担心你的近视眼了。 + +你也可能觉得在边边改变窗口大小是一件极其困难的事情，坑爹啊啊？ 去Terminal输入： + + sudo nano /usr/share/themes/Ambiance/metacity-1/metacity-theme-1.xml + +然后在里面修改下面的参数： + + + + + +如果还是太小，把上面的东西改成6吧！ + +最后，如果你觉得你的Linux把你那Retina鲜艳的颜色洗掉了，请到你的OS X盘，找到以下的文件： + + /Library/ColorSync/Profiles/Displays/Color LCD-xxxxxx.icc + +xxxxxx只是一串随机的字符，不过这路径应该只有一个文件。把他搬到你Ubuntu的Home folder， 然后到 System Settings –> Color 选择 Add New Profile 并选择你那刚弄过来的icc文件 + +### 总结 ### + +![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_final.jpg?ec7b17) + +恭喜你啦， 现在终于有一台属于你的Linux MacBook Pro Retina啦！如果你想把你的Ubuntu弄得更手熟，请按 [make Ubuntu feel more like home][5] 尽情地修改配置吧！ 该教程也弄用于其他的Mac系统，当然每个release都不由不同的好处和坏处。 如果你用的是其他的电脑，请翻一翻[这篇为Ubuntu写的文档][6] + +Additionally, feel free to check out [other great Linux distros][7] that you can install to your Mac! +另外，你还可以看一下其他可以在Mac安装的[Linux 发行包][7]哦！ + +Image Credits: [K?rlis Dambr?ns][8] Via Flickr + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/install-linux-macbook-pro/ + +译者：[213edu](https://github.com/213edu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/windows-xp-users-switch-ubuntu-14-04-lts-trusty-tahr/ +[2]:http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop/ +[3]:http://www.ubuntu.com/download/desktop/create-a-usb-stick-on-mac-osx +[4]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/how-to-boot-a-linux-live-usb-stick-on-your-mac/ +[5]:http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/11-tweaks-perform-ubuntu-installation/ +[6]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/MacBookPro +[7]:http://www.makeuseof.com/pages/best-linux-distributions +[8]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/janitors/10037346335 From c5d94a1d25266fef1b0ff277c030ee9d382f2331 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 15:50:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 345/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140620-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=20ships?= =?UTF-8?q?w=20=E6=8E=A8=E8=8D=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...IC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md | 69 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 69 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md b/sources/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..343074b026 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS) +================================================================================ +**DNSCrypt, as its name suggests, encrypts DNS traffic between your computer and OpenDNS, in the same way SSL turns HTTP traffic into HTTPS encrypted traffic.** + +Initially, DNSCrypt was announced as being available for Mac only for now, but according to an OpenDNS [article][1] posted yesterday, the source code for DNSCrypt was published on GitHub when they've released the Mac preview and even though there's no user interface yet, Linux users can already install DNSCrypt. + +### Why use DNSCrypt? ### + +**DNSCrypt encrypts all DNS traffic between your computer and the OpenDNS servers (so you'll be using OpenDNS) and can protect you from man-in-the-middle attacks, spying, resolver impersonation, can prevent Internet service providers from blocking various websites and more.** + +This is the first tool that encrypts DNS traffic - for instance, TOR encrypts DNS requests, but they are decrypted at the exit node. + +> It doesn’t require any changes to domain names or how they work, it simply provides a method for securely encrypting communication between our customers and our DNS servers in our data centers. + +You can read more about DNSCrypt @ [OpenSND DNSCrypt][2] page and on [GitHub][3]. + +### How to use DNSCrypt in Linux ### + +[Download DNSCrypt][4], install it and then run the following command in a terminal: + + sudo /usr/sbin/dnscrypt-proxy --daemonize + +![](http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WLefdXHIzwg/Tz45kGKAZdI/AAAAAAAAH0k/KLBnWJom6-g/s1600/edit-network.png) + +Then set your DNS server to "127.0.0.1" - to do this under GNOME, go to your Network Connections and select "Edit" and enter "127.0.0.1" under "DNS servers". If you are using DHCP, just select "Automatic (DHCP) addresses only, so you can enter a DNS server. Then, restart your network connection. + +You can then check if you're using OpenDNS by visiting [THIS][5] link. + +To get DNSCrypt to start automatically, you must create an init script. For Ubuntu, see below. + +**Arch Linux users can install DNSCrypt-proxy via [AUR][6]** (it includes an rc.d script). + +### DNSCrypt in Ubuntu ### + +To make DNSCrypt start automatically in Ubuntu, I've created an Upstart script which you can use if you want - [download it][7]. + +Update: Because in Ubuntu 12.04 there is a local DNS cache running on 127.0.0.1 (dnsmasq), I've updated the script to make DNSCrypt use 127.0.0.2, so you should add "**127.0.0.2**" as your DNS and not "127.0.0.1" if you're using this script (for any Ubuntu version). Thanks to zzecool for testing it in Ubuntu 12.04! + +To install the script, use the commands below (firstly extract the downloaded archive): + + sudo cp dnscrypt.conf /etc/init/ + sudo ln -s /lib/init/upstart-job /etc/init.d/dnscrypt + +And finally, start it with: + + sudo start dnscrypt + +DNSCrypt should now start automatically when you boot. To stop it, you can use: + + sudo stop dnscrypt + +[Download DNSCrypt][8] (.deb, .rpm and source code available) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.webupd8.org/2012/02/encrypt-dns-traffic-in-linux-with.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://blog.opendns.com/2012/02/16/tales-from-the-dnscrypt-linux-rising/ +[2]:http://www.opendns.com/technology/dnscrypt/ +[3]:https://github.com/opendns/dnscrypt-proxy +[4]:http://download.dnscrypt.org/dnscrypt-proxy/ +[5]:http://www.opendns.com/welcome +[6]:http://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=54702 +[7]:http://webupd8.googlecode.com/files/dnscrypt-0.2.tar.gz +[8]:https://github.com/opendns/dnscrypt-proxy/downloads \ No newline at end of file From e950fd6c18509017b7ee9249e8a82badb2d5e297 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ryan Hu <213edu@gmail.com> Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 01:08:31 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 346/713] [Translating]ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WI*** [Translating] 20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md --- ...NCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md b/sources/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md index 343074b026..ea9575c715 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md +++ b/sources/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +[Tranlation] in progress -- [213edu][https://github.com/213edu] + ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS) ================================================================================ **DNSCrypt, as its name suggests, encrypts DNS traffic between your computer and OpenDNS, in the same way SSL turns HTTP traffic into HTTPS encrypted traffic.** @@ -66,4 +68,4 @@ via: http://www.webupd8.org/2012/02/encrypt-dns-traffic-in-linux-with.html [5]:http://www.opendns.com/welcome [6]:http://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=54702 [7]:http://webupd8.googlecode.com/files/dnscrypt-0.2.tar.gz -[8]:https://github.com/opendns/dnscrypt-proxy/downloads \ No newline at end of file +[8]:https://github.com/opendns/dnscrypt-proxy/downloads From 99e1e5cb77744f2dc904d74110296e5052cadaee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 16:09:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 347/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140620-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ny Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md | 86 ++++++++ ... Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md | 204 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 290 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md b/sources/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a4eb9c11eb --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know? +================================================================================ +![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/code%20example%20Flickr%20Ruiwen%20Chua.jpg) + +> Big companies like Apple, Facebook and Google are developing their own programming languages, forcing developers to adapt. + +At its Worldwide Developer Conference last week, Apple announced its new programming language [Swift][1]. It’s the latest in a rash of new languages developed by big tech companies, in some cases for specific use with their own platforms. + +Apple has Swift for iOS developers; [Facebook has Hack][2], a language for back-end development. Google, meanwhile, has its own entries—the would-be Javascript replacement Dart and a new general programming language called Go. + +This rash of new languages raises a number of issues for developers. Perhaps the most significant is one my colleague [Adriana Lee][3] raised after Apple's Swift announcement: + +> (How many languages are devs supposed to learn?) +> — Adriana Lee (@adra_la) [June 2, 2014][4] + +### A Computer-Language Babel ### + +There are already [hundreds of programming languages][5] in existence, and more are popping into existence all the time. Many are designed for use in a relatively narrow range of applications, and large numbers never catch on beyond small groups of coders. + +Similarly, big tech companies have been developing new languages for about as long as there have been big tech companies. The [seminal general-purpose language C][6] originated at AT&T Bell Labs in the early 1970s. Java, now the primary language for development of Android apps, was [born at Sun Microsystems][7] in the 1990s. + +What's different these days is the extent to which companies embrace new languages to further their specific business objectives—a process that also has the effect of creating a dedicated base of developers who are effectively "locked in" to a company's particular platform. That sort of dual strategy dates back at least to Sun's introduction of Java, which the company promoted as a way to challenge Microsoft's dominance on the PC desktop. (Things didn't work out the way Sun planned, although Java eventually found a home in enterprise middleware systems before Google adopted it for Android.) + +It's also clearly Apple's goal with Swift. Should it live up to the company's early hype, Swift seems likely to simplify iOS app development by filing the rough edges off Objective-C, the current lingua franca of iOS and Mac OS X developers. But it will also require those same developers to learn the ins and outs of a new language that they're unlikely to use anywhere else. + +### Why Companies Roll Their Own ### + +Which cuts against the ingrained "don’t reinvent the wheel” philosophy that animates most developers. So why don't more companies just adopt already existing languages to new uses? + +One answer is simply that companies build their own languages because they can. Designing a new language can be complex, but it's not particularly resource-intensive. What's hard is building support for it, both in terms of providing software resources (shared code libraries, APIs, compilers, documentation and so forth) and winning the hearts and minds of developers. Companies are uniquely positioned to do both. + +There's also the fact that existing languages are often difficult to shoehorn into today's complex code frameworks. Take, for instance, [Facebook's decision to create Hack][8], a superset of the [scripting language PHP][9] that's commonly used in Web development. + +Facebook's main goal with Hack—a common one these days—was to improve code reliability, in this case by enforcing data-type checking before a program is executed. Such checks ensure that a program won't, say, try to interpret an integer as a string of characters, an error that could yield unpredictable results if not caught. In Hack, those checks take place in advance so that programmers can identify such errors long before their code goes live. + +According to Julien Verlaguet, a core developer on Facebook’s Hack team, the company first looked for an an existing language that might allow for more efficient programming. But much of Facebook was already built on PHP, and the company has built up a substantial software infrastructure to support PHP and its offshoots. While it's possible to make PHP work with code written in a different language, it's not easy—nor is it fast. + +“Let’s say I try to rewrite our PHP codebase in Scala,” Verlaguet said. “It’s a well designed, beautiful language, but it’s not at all compatible with PHP. Everytime I need to call to PHP from the Scala part of the code base, I’ll lose performance speed. We would have liked to use an existing language but for us, it just wasn’t an option.” + +Instead, Facebook invented Hack, which has enough in common with PHP that it can share the company's existing infrastructure. The vast majority of the Facebook codebase has been migrated from PHP to Hack, said Verlaguet, but the company has open sourced the language in hopes that independent developers will find uses for it outside of Facebook. + +“You can still use PHP,” he said. “But we’re hoping you’ll want to use Hack.” + +### Who Holds The Power ### + +Therein lies the balance of power between companies and developers. Companies can make their languages as specific as they like. But if developers don’t want to use them, nobody is going to—outside, that is, of anyone who might harbor hopes of one day working at the company that invented the language. + +It’s not unusual for companies to make it easiest to develop in one language over another. For example, you would use Objective-C to develop iOS apps, but Java to develop Android apps. This has never been a major sticking point with developers because both Objective-C and Java are general purpose object-oriented languages. They’re useful for a number of purposes. + +Hack, Dart, Go, and Swift, however, so far have only proven useful for particular company-designated programming solutions, usually in tandem with that company’s programming environment of choice. Granted, it may be too soon to judge. Hack, for example, can be used in several back-end implementations; it’s just so new that Facebook doesn’t yet have any data that people want to use it that way. + +It’s not that developers aren’t capable of learning multiple languages. Most already do. Think of them like the Romance languages—if you know Spanish, it’ll be easier to learn French and so on than if you didn’t already know one. Likewise, if you already know Java, it’ll be easier to learn Ruby or Perl. And if you know PHP, you basically already know Hack. + +On the contrary, it’s more of a question of habit. If Java already solves your specific problems, you don’t have any incentive to learn Ruby. And if you are happy coding iOS apps in Objective-C, you’re not going to feel very tempted to pick up Swift. + +To some developers, though, ecosystem-specific languages just make life harder for everybody. Freelance designer Jack Watson-Hamblin, for instance, told me that initiatives like Apple's Swift risk overburdening programmers and fragmenting the developer community: + +> It's important for programmers to know multiple languages, but forcing them to keep up with new languages all the time doesn't make sense. If I'm making a simple cross-platform app, I don't want to have to know four languages to do it. I only want to use the single-purpose language if I really need to. + +Watson-Hamblin argues that when companies each build their own language for their own needs, it slows down overall progress both by dividing the attention of coders and by enforcing a monolithic perspective on development within that language. "When companies are in charge of a language vs. an open-source community, it's like the difference between a corporation and a start-up," he said. Communities are more flexible and adaptive by definition. + +Of course, Apple had [a lot of very good reasons to start from scratch][10] with Swift, just as Facebook did when it invented Hack. That doesn't mean it's not going to force change on developers—some of it doubtless unwelcome. + +“As new languages are invented, it gets more hegemonic,” said Verlaguet. “It can be frustrating to have to keep up. But on the other hand, you’re more likely to have a new language to fit your exact problem. Imagine the reverse—a world where programmers used the same language for everything. It’d be a language that could do everything poorly but nothing well.” + +Lead image by [Flickr user Ruiwen Chua][11], CC 2.0 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://readwrite.com/2014/06/17/apple-swift-facebook-hack-google-dart + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://developer.apple.com/swift/ +[2]:http://readwrite.com/2014/03/20/facebook-new-programming-language-hack +[3]:http://readwrite.com/author/adriana-lee#awesm=~oGfPbJlSrFBamJ +[4]:https://twitter.com/adra_la/statuses/473537386266112000 +[5]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages +[6]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) +[7]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) +[8]:http://readwrite.com/2014/03/20/facebook-new-programming-language-hack +[9]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP +[10]:http://blog.erratasec.com/2014/06/why-it-had-to-be-swift.html#.U58BJI1dXtA +[11]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/ruiwen/3260095534 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md b/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9cfdd6f10e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md @@ -0,0 +1,204 @@ +11 Advance MySQL Database “Interview Questions and Answers” for Linux Users +================================================================================ +We have already published two MySQL articles, well appreciated by Tecmint Community. This is the third article on MySQL Interview series and sixteen in the the Interview Genre Column. + +- [15 Basic MySQL Interview Questions][1] +- [10 MySQL Database Interview Questions for Intermediates][1] +注：上面这两篇文章我们都翻译过，可以适当修改成我们的链接 + +![11 MySQL Interview Questions](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/MySQL-Interview-Questions.jpeg) + +We have reached here all because of yours support and we seek the same in future form your end. Here in this article we will be concentrating on the practical aspect of MySQL, the question relevant for Interview aspect. + +### 1. Using SELECT statement find the version of the server you are running and print the name of the current database? ### + +**Ans**: The below MySQL command will show server version and currently selected Database. + + mysql> SELECT VERSION(), DATABASE(); + + +-------------------------+------------+ + | VERSION() | DATABASE() | + +-------------------------+------------+ + | 5.5.34-0ubuntu0.13.10.1 | NULL | + +-------------------------+------------+ + 1 row in set (0.06 sec) + +In the Database Column it is showing **NULL** value because we have not selected any database. So, select database as shown in the following command. + + mysql> use Tecmint; + + Reading table information for completion of table and column names + You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A + + Database changed + +---------- + + mysql> select VERSION(), DATABASE(); + + +-------------------------+------------+ + | VERSION() | DATABASE() | + +-------------------------+------------+ + | 5.5.34-0ubuntu0.13.10.1 | tecmint | + +-------------------------+------------+ + 1 row in set (0.00 sec) + +### 2. USE NOT Operator (!) to select all the users except ‘SAM’ from a table say ‘Tecmint’ ### + +**Ans**: The below statement will show all the columns of all the users from table ‘**Tecmint**‘ except the user ‘**SAM**‘. + + mysql> SELECT * FROM Tecmint WHERE user !=SAM; + + +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ + | date | user | host | root | local | size | + +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ + | 2001-05-14 14:42:21 | Anthony | venus | barb | venus | 98151 | + | 2001-05-15 08:50:57 | TIM | venus | phil | venus | 978 | + +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ + +### 3. Is it possible to implement ‘AND’ with NOT (!) Operator. ### + +**Ans**: The AND operator is used when we use (=) and the operator OR is used when we use (!=). An example of (=) with AND Operator. + + mysql> SELECT * FROM mail WHERE user = SAM AND root = phil + +An Example of (!=) with OR Operator. + + mysql> SELECT * FROM mail WHERE user != SAM OR root != phil + + +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ + | date | user | host | root | local | size | + +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ + | 2001-05-14 14:42:21 | Anthony | venus | barb | venus | 98151 | + +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ + +- = : means Equal to +- != : Not Equal to +- ! : represents NOT Operator + +The AND & OR are treated as joining operators in MySQL. + +### 4. What IFNULL() statement is used for in MySQL? ### + +**Ans**: The Query in MySQL can be written precisely using **IFNULL()** statement. The IFNULL() statement test its first argument and returns if it’s not NULL, or returns its second argument, otherwise. + + mysql> SELECT name, IFNULL(id,'Unknown') AS 'id' FROM taxpayer; + + +---------+---------+ + | name | id | + +---------+---------+ + | bernina | 198-48 | + | bertha | Unknown | + | ben | Unknown | + | bill | 475-83 | + +---------+---------+ + +### 5. You want to see only certain rows from a result set from the beginning or end of a result set. How will you do it? ### + +**Ans**: We need to use **LIMIT** clause along with ORDER BY to achieve the above described scenario. + +#### Show 1 Record #### + + mysql> SELECT * FROM name LIMIT 1; + + +----+------+------------+-------+----------------------+------+ + | id | name | birth | color | foods | cats | + +----+------+------------+-------+----------------------+------+ + | 1 | Fred | 1970-04-13 | black | lutefisk,fadge,pizza | 0 | + +----+------+------------+-------+----------------------+------+ + +#### Show 5 Record #### + + mysql> SELECT * FROM profile LIMIT 5; + + +----+------+------------+-------+-----------------------+------+ + | id | name | birth | color | foods | cats | + +----+------+------------+-------+-----------------------+------+ + | 1 | Fred | 1970-04-13 | black | lutefisk,fadge,pizza | 0 | + | 2 | Mort | 1969-09-30 | white | burrito,curry,eggroll | 3 | + | 3 | Brit | 1957-12-01 | red | burrito,curry,pizza | 1 | + | 4 | Carl | 1973-11-02 | red | eggroll,pizza | 4 | + | 5 | Sean | 1963-07-04 | blue | burrito,curry | 5 | + +----+------+------------+-------+-----------------------+------+ + +---------- + + mysql> SELECT * FROM profile ORDER BY birth LIMIT 1; + + +----+------+------------+-------+----------------+------+ + | id | name | birth | color | foods | cats | + +----+------+------------+-------+----------------+------+ + | 9 | Dick | 1952-08-20 | green | lutefisk,fadge | 0 | + +----+------+------------+-------+----------------+------+ + +### 6. Oracle Vs MySQL. Which one and Why? ### + +**Ans**: Well both has its advantages and disadvantages. As a matter of time I prefer MySQL. + +#### Reason for Selection MySQL Over oracle #### + +- Mysql is FOSS. +- MySQL is portable. +- MYSQL supports both GUI as well as Command Prompt. +- MySQL Administration is supported over Query Browser. + +### 7. How will you get current date in MySQL? ### + +**Ans**: Getting current date in MySQL is as simple as executing the below SELECT Statement. + + mysql> SELECT CURRENT_DATE(); + + +----------------+ + | CURRENT_DATE() | + +----------------+ + | 2014-06-17 | + +----------------+ + +### 8. How will you export tables as an XML file in MySQL? ### + +**Ans**: We use ‘-e‘ (export) option to export MySQL table or the whole database into an XML file. With large tables we may need to implement it manually but for small tables, applications like phpMyAdmin can do the job. +A native command of MySQL can do it. + + mysql -u USER_NAME –xml -e 'SELECT * FROM table_name' > table_name.xml + +Where USER_NAME is username of Database, table_name is the table we are exporting to XML and table_name.xml is the xml file where data is stored. + +### 9. What is MySQL_pconnect? And how it differs from MySQL_connect? ### + +**Ans**: MySQL_pconnect() opens a connection that is persistent to the MySQL Database which simply means that the database is not opened every-time the page loads and hence we can not use MySQL_close() to close a persistent connection. + +A brief difference between MySQL_pconnect and MySQL_connect are. + +Unlike MySQL_pconnect, MySQL_connect – Opens the Database every-time the page is loaded which can be closed any-time using statement MySQL_close(). + +### 10. You need to show all the indexes defined in a table say ‘user’ of Database say ‘mysql’. How will you achieve this? ### + +**Ans**: The following command will show all the indexes of a table ‘user’. + + mysql> show index from user; + +-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+ + | Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment | + +-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+ + | user | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | Host | A | NULL | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | | + | user | 0 | PRIMARY | 2 | User | A | 4 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | | + +-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+ + 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) + +### 11. What are CSV tables? ### + +**Ans**: CSV stands for Comma-Separated Values aka Character-Separated Values. CSV table stores data in plain text and tabular format. It typically contains one record per line. + +Each record is separated by specific delimiters (Comma, Semi-colon, …) where each record has same sequence of field. CSV tables are most widely used to store phone contacts to Import and Export and can be used to store any sort of plain text data. + +That’s all for now. I’ll be here again with another Interesting article, you people will love to read. Till then stay tuned and connected to Tecmint and Don’t forget to provide us with your valuable feedback in the comment section below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/mysql-advance-interview-questions/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/basic-mysql-interview-questions-for-database-administrators/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-mysql-database-interview-questions-for-beginners-and-intermediates/ \ No newline at end of file From d68322b4ac5a392a8e0a1a47e391287d2588ea1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 16:22:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 348/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- translated/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md b/translated/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md index 8a64eb331a..b21f714ff9 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md +++ b/translated/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md @@ -65,3 +65,4 @@ via: http://pulpybucket.com/top-7-desktop-environment-linux/ [5]:http://www.gnome.org/ [6]:http://xfce.org/ [7]:http://lxde.org/ + From 3ba07f96d01f5db0d9531d90887ac24072eff495 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 16:35:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 349/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140620-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Poetry Explains the Kernel Line By Line.md | 120 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 120 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140620 Linux Poetry Explains the Kernel Line By Line.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140620 Linux Poetry Explains the Kernel Line By Line.md b/sources/talk/20140620 Linux Poetry Explains the Kernel Line By Line.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e46e7d34e3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140620 Linux Poetry Explains the Kernel Line By Line.md @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +Linux Poetry Explains the Kernel, Line By Line +================================================================================ +> Editor's Note: Feeling inspired? Send your Linux poem to [editors@linux.com][1] for your chance to win a free pass to [LinuxCon North America][2] in Chicago, Aug. 20-22. Be sure to include your name, contact information and a brief explanation of your poem. We'll draw one winner at random from all eligible entries each week through Aug. 1, 2014. + +![Software developer Morgan Phillips is teaching herself how the Linux kernel works by writing poetry.](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/Morgan-Phillips-2.jpg) + +Software developer Morgan Phillips is teaching herself how the Linux kernel works by writing poetry. + +Writing poems about the Linux kernel has been enlightening in more ways than one for software developer Morgan Phillips. + +Over the past few months she's begun to teach herself how the Linux kernel works by studying text books, including [Understanding the Linux Kernel][3], Unix Network Programming, and The Unix Programming Environment. But instead of taking notes, she weaves the new terminology and ideas she learns into poetry about system architecture and programming concepts. (See some examples, below, and on her [Linux Poetry blog][4].) + +It's a “pedagogical hack” she adopted in college and took up again a few years ago when she first landed a job as a data warehouse engineer at Facebook and needed to quickly learn Hadoop. + +“I could remember bits and pieces of information but it was too rote, too rigid in my mind, so I started writing poems,” she said. “It forced me to wrap all of these bits of information into context and helped me learn things much more effectively.” + +The Linux kernel's history, architecture, abundant terminology and complex concepts, are rich fodder for her poetry. + +“I could probably write thousands of poems about just one subsystem in the kernel,” she said. + +### Why learn Linux? ### + +![Phillips publishes on her Linux Poetry blog.](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/multiplexing-poem.png) +Phillips publishes on her Linux Poetry blog. + +Phillips started her software career through a somewhat unconventional route as a physics major in a research laboratory. Instead of writing journal articles she was writing Python scripts to parse research project data on active galactic nuclei. She never learned the fundamentals of computer science (CS), but picked up the information on the job, as the need arose. + +She soon got a job doing network security research for the Army Research Laboratory in Adelphi, Maryland, working with Linux. That was her first foray into the networking stack and the lower levels of the operating system. + +Most recently she worked at Facebook until about six months ago when she moved from the Silicon Valley back to Nashville, near her home state of Kentucky, to work for a software startup that helps major record labels manage their business. + +“I have all this experience but I suffer from a thing that almost every person who doesn’t have an actual background in CS does: I have islands of knowledge with big gaps in between,” she said. “Every time I'd come across some concept, some data structure in the kernel, I'd have to go educate myself on it.” + +A few weeks ago her frustration peaked. She was trying to do a form of message passing between web application processes and a web socket server she had written and found herself having to brush up on all the ways she could do interprocess communication. + +“I was like, that's it. I'm going to start really learning everything I should have known starting at the bottom up with the Linux kernel,” she said. “So I bought some textbooks and started reading.” + +![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/process-poem.png) + +### What she's learned ### + +Over the course of a few months of reading books and writing poems she's learned about how the virtual memory subsystem works. She's learned about the data structures that hold process information, about the virtual memory layout and how pages are mapped into memory, and about memory management. + +“I hadn't thought about a lot of things, like that a system that's multiprocessing shouldn’t bother with semaphores,” she said. “Spin locks are often more efficient.” + +Writing poems has also given her insight into her own way of thinking about the world. In some small way she is communicating not just her knowledge of Linux systems, but also the way that she conceptualizes them. + +“It's a deep look into my mind,” she said. “Poetry is the best way to share these abstract ideas and things that we can't possibly truly share with other people.” + +Writing a Linux poem + +The inspiration for her Linux poems starts with reading a textbook chapter. She hones the topics down to the key concepts that she wants to remember and what others might find interesting, as well as things she can “wrap a conceptual bubble around.” + +A concept like demand paging is too broad to fit into a single poem, for example. “So I'm working my way down deeper in it,” she said. “Instead I'm looking at writing a poem about the actual data structure where process memory is laid out and then mapped into a page map.” + +She hasn't had any formal training writing poetry, but writes the lines so that they are visually appealing and have a nice rhythm when they're read aloud. + +In her poem, “The Reentrant Kernel,” Phillips writes about an important property in software that allows a function to be paused and restarted later with the same result. System calls need to have this reentrant property in order to make the scheduler run as efficiently as possible, Phillips explains. The poem also includes a program, written in C style pseudocode, to help illustrate the concept. + +Phillips hopes her Linux poetry helps her increase her understanding enough to start contributing to the Linux kernel. + +“I've been very intimidated for a long time by the idea of submitting a patch to the kernel, being a kernel hacker,” she said. “To me that's the pinnacle of success. + +“My ultimate dream is that I can gain a good enough understanding of the kernel and C to submit a patch and have it accepted.” + + The Reentrant Kernel + + A reentrant function, + if interrupted, + will return a result, + which is not perturbed. + + int global_int; + int is_not_reentrant(int x) { + int x = x; + return global_int + x; }, + depends on a global variable, + which may change during execution. + + int global_int; + int is_reentrant(int x) { + int saved = global_int; + return saved + x; }, + mitigates external dependency, + it is reentrant, though not thread safe. + + UNIX kernels are reentrant, + a process may be interrupted while in kernel mode, + so that, for instance, time is not wasted, + waiting on devices. + + Process alpha requests to read from a device, + the kernel obliges, + CPU switches into kernel mode, + system call begins execution. + + Process alpha is waiting for data, + it yields to the scheduler, + process beta writes to a file, + the device signals that data is available. + + Context switches, + process alpha continues execution, + data is fetched, + CPU enters user mode. + +注：上面代码内文本发布时请参考原文排版（第一行着重，全部居中） + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/200-libby-clark/777473-linux-poetry-explains-the-kernel-line-by-line/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:editors@linux.com +[2]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/linuxcon-north-america +[3]:http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596005658.do +[4]:http://www.linux-poetry.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 1554dd49c7c535cf1092832c48f7930db2b9dd78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 17:18:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 350/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140620-4=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md | 188 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 188 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md b/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fbeb65a665 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md @@ -0,0 +1,188 @@ +10 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level +================================================================================ +Recently we published a couple of tutorials to get you familiar with [Git basics][1] and [using Git in a team environment][2]. The commands that we discussed were about enough to help a developer survive in the Git world. In this post, we will try to explore how to manage your time effectively and make full use of the features that Git provides. + +> Note: Some commands in this article include part of the command in square brackets (e.g. `git add -p [file_name]`). In those examples, you would insert the necessary number, identifier, etc. without the square brackets. + +### 1. Git Auto Completion ### + +If you run Git commands through the command line, it’s a tiresome task to type in the commands manually every single time. To help with this, you can enable auto completion of Git commands within a few minutes. + +To get the script, run the following in a Unix system: + + cd ~ + curl https://raw.github.com/git/git/master/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash -o ~/.git-completion.bash + +Next, add the following lines to your ~/.bash_profile file: + + if [ -f ~/.git-completion.bash ]; then + . ~/.git-completion.bash + fi + +Although I have mentioned this earlier, I can not stress it enough: If you want to use the features of Git fully, you should definitely shift to the command line interface! + +### 2. Ignoring Files in Git ### + +Are you tired of compiled files (like `.pyc`) appearing in your Git repository? Or are you so fed up that you have added them to Git? Look no further, there is a way through which you can tell Git to ignore certain files and directories altogether. Simply create a file with the name `.gitignore` and list the files and directories that you don’t want Git to track. You can make exceptions using the exclamation mark(!). + + *.pyc + *.exe + my_db_config/ + + !main.pyc + +### 3. Who Messed With My Code? ### + +It’s the natural instinct of human beings to blame others when something goes wrong. If your production server is broke, it’s very easy to find out the culprit — just do a `git blame`. This command shows you the author of every line in a file, the commit that saw the last change in that line, and the timestamp of the commit. + + git blame [file_name] + +![git blame demonstration](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946443git-ninja-01.png) + +And in the screenshot below, you can see how this command would look on a bigger repository: + +![git blame on the ATutor repository](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946441git-ninja-02.png) + +### 4. Review History of the Repository ### + +We had a look at the use of `git log` in a previous tutorial, however, there are three options that you should know about. + + +- **--oneline** – Compresses the information shown beside each commit to a reduced commit hash and the commit message, all shown in a single line. +- **--graph** – This option draws a text-based graphical representation of the history on the left hand side of the output. It’s of no use if you are viewing the history for a single branch. +- **--all** – Shows the history of all branches. + +Here’s what a combination of the options looks like: + +![Use of git log with all, graph and oneline](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946444git-ninja-03.png) + +### 5. Never Lose Track of a Commit ### + +Let’s say you committed something you didn’t want to and ended up doing a hard reset to come back to your previous state. Later, you realize you lost some other information in the process and want to get it back, or at least view it. This is where `git reflog` can help. + +A simple `git log` shows you the latest commit, its parent, its parent’s parent, and so on. However, `git reflog` is a list of commits that the head was pointed to. Remember that it’s local to your system; it’s not a part of your repository and not included in pushes or merges. + +If I run `git log`, I get the commits that are a part of my repository: + +![Project history](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946446git-ninja-04.png) + +However, a `git reflog` shows a commit (`b1b0ee9` – `HEAD@{4}`) that was lost when I did a hard reset: + +![Git reflog](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946447git-ninja-05.png) + +### 6. Staging Parts of a Changed File for a Commit ### + +It is generally a good practice to make feature-based commits, that is, each commit must represent a feature or a bug fix. Consider what would happen if you fixed two bugs, or added multiple features without committing the changes. In such a situation situation, you could put the changes in a single commit. But there is a better way: Stage the files individually and commit them separately. + +Let’s say you’ve made multiple changes to a single file and want them to appear in separate commits. In that case, we add files by prefixing `-p` to our add commands. + + git add -p [file_name] + +Let’s try to demonstrate the same. I have added three new lines to `file_name` and I want only the first and third lines to appear in my commit. Let’s see what a `git diff` shows us. + +![Changes in repo](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946449git-ninja-06.png) + +And let’s see what happes when we prefix a `-p` to our `add` command. + +![Running add with -p](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946450git-ninja-07.png) + +It seems that Git assumed that all the changes were a part of the same idea, thereby grouping it into a single hunk. You have the following options: + +- Enter y to stage that hunk +- Enter n to not stage that hunk +- Enter e to manually edit the hunk +- Enter d to exit or go to the next file. +- Enter s to split the hunk. + +In our case, we definitely want to split it into smaller parts to selectively add some and ignore the rest. + +![Adding all hunks](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946452git-ninja-08.png) + +As you can see, we have added the first and third lines and ignored the second. You can then view the status of the repository and make a commit. + +![Repository after selectively adding a file](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946454git-ninja-09.png) + +### 7. Squash Multiple Commits ### + +When you submit your code for review and create a pull request (which happens often in open source projects), you might be asked to make a change to your code before it’s accepted. You make the change, only to be asked to change it yet again in the next review. Before you know it, you have a few extra commits. Ideally, you could squash them into one using the rebase command. + + git rebase -i HEAD~[number_of_commits] + +If you want to squash the last two commits, the command that you run is the following. + + git rebase -i HEAD~2 + +On running this command, you are taken to an interactive interface listing the commits and asking you which ones to squash. Ideally, you `pick` the latest commit and `squash` the old ones. + +![Git squash interactive](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946455git-ninja-10.png) + +You are then asked to provide a commit message to the new commit. This process essentially re-writes your commit history. + +![Adding a commit message](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946457git-ninja-11.png) + +### 8. Stash Uncommitted Changes ### + +Let’s say you are working on a certain bug or a feature, and you are suddenly asked to demonstrate your work. Your current work is not complete enough to be committed, and you can’t give a demonstration at this stage (without reverting the changes). In such a situation, `git stash` comes to the rescue. Stash essentially takes all your changes and stores them for further use. To stash your changes, you simply run the following- + + git stash + +To check the list of stashes, you can run the following: + + git stash list + +![Stash list](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946458git-ninja-12.png) + +If you want to un-stash and recover the uncommitted changes, you apply the stash: + + git stash apply + +In the last screenshot, you can see that each stash has an indentifier, a unique number (although we have only one stash in this case). In case you want to apply only selective stashes, you add the specific identifier to the apply command: + + git stash apply stash@{2} + +![After un-stashing changes](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946461git-ninja-13.png) + +### 9. Check for Lost Commits ### + +Although `reflog` is one way of checking for lost commits, it’s not feasible in large repositories. That is when the `fsck` (file system check) command comes into play. + + git fsck --lost-found + +![Git fsck results](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946463git-ninja-14.png) + +Here you can see a lost commit. You can check the changes in the commit by running git show [commit_hash] or recover it by running `git merge [commit_hash]`. + +`git fsck` has an advantage over `reflog`. Let’s say you deleted a remote branch and then cloned the repository. With `fsck` you can search for and recover the deleted remote branch. + +### 10. Cherry Pick ### + +I have saved the most elegant Git command for the last. The `cherry-pick` command is by far my favorite Git command, because of its literal meaning as well as its utility! + +In the simplest of terms, `cherry-pick` is picking a single commit from a different branch and merging it with your current one. If you are working in a parallel fashion on two or more branches, you might notice a bug that is present in all branches. If you solve it in one, you can cherry pick the commit into the other branches, without messing with other files or commits. + +Let’s consider a scenario where we can apply this. I have two branches and I want to cherry-pick the commit `b20fd14: Cleaned junk` into another one. + +![Before cherry pick](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946465git-ninja-15.png) + +I switch to the branch into which I want to cherry-pick the commit, and run the following: + + git cherry-pick [commit_hash] + +![After cherry pick](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946467git-ninja-16.png) + +Although we had a clean `cherry-pick` this time, you should know that this command can often lead to conflicts, so use it with care. + +### Conclusion ### + +With this, we come to the end of our list of tips that I think can help you take your Git skills to a new level. Git is the best out there and it can accomplish anything you can imagine. Therefore, always try to challenge yourself with Git. Chances are, you will end up learning something new! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.sitepoint.com/10-tips-git-next-level/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.sitepoint.com/git-for-beginners/ +[2]:http://www.sitepoint.com/getting-started-git-team-environment/ \ No newline at end of file From 3d120ebbd66e70b1ee0197778694cf38a488b8b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 17:24:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 351/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140620-5=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md | 42 +++++++++++++++++++ ... Red Hat Revenues Power Forward in 2015.md | 41 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 83 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md create mode 100644 sources/news/20140620 Red Hat Revenues Power Forward in 2015.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md b/sources/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aece4de6c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Celebrating 30 Years of X +================================================================================ +The X.Org Foundation is proud to announce a special birthday: 30 years ago, +on 19 June 1984, Bob Scheifler announced the X Window System. + +[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X11#Introduction][1] + +Over these 30 years, X has come to be the base for Unix desktops everywhere. +With desktop environments such as GNOME, KDE, XFCE, Unity, Enlightenment, +millions of users are using X as the underlying technology today. + +The X developers have pushed the boundaries and moved X from a system +originally written to run on the CPU of a VAX VS100 to one that runs the +GUI on today's laptops with 3D rendering capabilities. Indeed, X predates +the concept of a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) as we currently know it, and +even the company that popularized this term in 1999, Nvidia. + +X continues to see improvements and despite its long service record, it will +stay with us for a while longer. + +And in case you're wondering, X predates: + +- Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris, Microsoft Windows +- POSIX, C89, C99, C++, Java +- the World Wide Web +- the GPL and the FSF + +X was one of the first major open source software projects, years before the +terms Free Software and Open Source Software were commonplace. Celebrate with +us, for without X, the desktop would not be what it is today. + +-The X.Org Board of Directors + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.comp.freedesktop.xorg.announce/2177 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X11#Introduction \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140620 Red Hat Revenues Power Forward in 2015.md b/sources/news/20140620 Red Hat Revenues Power Forward in 2015.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..61c0ca008c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140620 Red Hat Revenues Power Forward in 2015.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Red Hat Revenues Power Forward in 2015 +================================================================================ +Red Hat reported its first quarter fiscal 2015 revenues on June 18, showing continued demand and momentum for its Linux and open-source technologies. Red Hat has been particularly busy of late, acquiring a pair of companies and launching its Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 (RHEL) flagship platform. + +For the quarter, Red Hat reported revenue of $424 million, which is a 17 percent year-over-year gain. + +![](http://www.serverwatch.com/imagesvr_ce/7990/icon-redhatlinux-r.jpg) + +"The main driver of our total revenue growth was subscription revenue of $372 million," Red Hat CFO Charlie Peters said during his company's earnings call. "Subscription revenue was up 18 percent year-over-year and it's important to point out that this renewable revenue stream now constitutes 88 percent of total revenue." + +Looking forward, Red Hat provided second quarter guidance for approximately $432 million to $436 million in revenue. + +One of the key metrics for growth that Red Hat provides is its top 30 deals during a given quarter. Peters noted that for the first time, all of the top 30 deals were valued at over $1 million. + +"We also had a Q1 record with four deals that were in excess of $5 million and one that was greater than $10 million," Peters said. "Cross-selling was strong with 65 percent of these deals including one or more components from our group of applications development and emerging technologies offerings." + +At the core of Red Hat's product portfolio is the Red Hat Enterprise Linux platform, which hit a major milestone last week with the debut of RHEL 7. + +"RHEL 7 is significant because it was designed to meet both modern data center and next generation IT requirements for cloud, Linux containers and Big Data," Red Hat CEO Jim Whitehurst said during the earnings call. "As the worlds of physical, virtual and cloud systems converge Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 delivers a true foundation for open hybrid cloud that will serve as the backbone for future application architectures." + +### Acquisitions and Cloud Provide Opportunities for Further Growth ### + +Red Hat has also been busy acquiring a pair of companies that further expand the company's ability to grow. In April, Red Hat acquired Inktank, the lead commercial sponsor behind the Ceph open-source storage filesystem. And on June 18, Red Hat announced the acquisition of OpenStack services vendor eNovance. + +"With eNovance as a part of the Red Hat consulting team, we can enhance our consulting resources to be able to reach more customers with world-class OpenStack technologies and implementation services," Whitehurst said. + +While cloud remains a growth opportunity for Red Hat, Whitehurst sees growth also coming from continuing to take market share away from other server operating system platforms. In particular, Whitehurst noted that there is still a continued move from mainframe and Unix to Linux. + +"I was just on the phone today with a massive European customer that is literally just ready to start on the journey right now," Whitehurst said. "We continue to believe we're taking share from Windows especially with net new workloads." + +Another driver of growth for Red Hat is the maturity and expansion of its sales force. + +"We definitely have more boots on the street because we have been hiring consistently," Whitehurst said. "But I think our sales guys are more experienced, they are better trained, their confidence level is high and their enthusiasm is high." + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.serverwatch.com/server-news/red-hat-revenues-power-forward-in-2015.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From e74b5450849060b47aaf6a00a7e162c9c5d8fca4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 17:29:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 352/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140620-6=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...sting and unstable repository on Debian.md | 157 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 157 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md b/sources/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..56f470ad83 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md @@ -0,0 +1,157 @@ +How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian +================================================================================ +Testing/Unstable sources + +The testing and unstable repositories of Debian provide with a higher version of software applications than what is present in the stable repository. Note that these names are actually aliases such that the stable repository points to the current Debian stable release and the Testing repository is what is going to be part of the next Debian stable release. So at the time of this post, Wheezy 7.x is the Stable release and Jessie is the Testing source which is going to be the next stable release. + +At times, when you need to get a more recent version of a particular application, then the testing/unstable repository is a good option. I had the task of installing Apache 2.4.x onto a Debian wheezy system. But the repo had only 2.2.x and the testing repo had the required 2.4.x version. So the solution is to grab it from the testing repo. + +Most of the time, when looking for newer versions of software applications, we would fiddle with the "Testing" repository only. + +This post is going to show you how to setup the Testing and Unstable sources on a Debian system and how to install software from them, without breaking your existing system. + +> Stable < Testing < Unstable +> Wheezy < Jessie < Sid + +### 1. Setup the apt sources for testing/unstable repo ### + +The first step is to add the testing/unstable sources to your sources.list file. The /etc/apt/sources.list file on a Debian wheezy system looks something like this by default. + + $ cat /etc/apt/sources.list + +---------- + + ... + deb http://security.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main + deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ wheezy main + deb-src http://security.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main + ... + +Note down the url of the repository server - http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ +This repository server is a mirror that is located nearest to you. It shall be different in your sources.list file. The same shall be used in the next steps + +To add the testing and unstable sources you need to add something like this to your sources.list file + + # Testing repository - main, contrib and non-free branches + deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian testing main non-free contrib + deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian testing main non-free contrib + + + # Testing security updates repository + deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib non-free + deb-src http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib non-free + + + # Unstable repo main, contrib and non-free branches, no security updates here + deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian unstable main non-free contrib + deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian unstable main non-free contrib + +The format is + + deb + +Instead of testing/unstable the corresponding codenames jessie and sid can also be used + + deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian jessie main non-free contrib + deb http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates main contrib non-free + deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian sid main non-free contrib + +### 2. Do some apt pinning - Important ! ### + +> After adding the testing and unstable repos, if you update the system then all available updates for all installed applications would be installed right away, leading the system to an unpredictable state. + +Therefore some rules have to be setup in order to restrict the package selection during regular updates/upgrades. + +This is done through "apt pinning" where we tell the apt system to use only the stable system as always, but we may select to install a particular package from the testing or unstable repository if we wish to. + +The apt pinning preferences can be configured into either of the following 2 files. + + /etc/apt/preferences + OR + /etc/apt/preferences.d/my_preferences + +Open either of the 2 locations (create one if it does not exist) and fill the following into the file + + Package: * + Pin: release a=stable + Pin-Priority: 700 + + Package: * + Pin: release a=testing + Pin-Priority: 650 + + Package: * + Pin: release a=unstable + Pin-Priority: 600 + +Mentioned earlier, stable will point to your current debian version, testing to the next, and unstable would be further away in future. Main thing to note is the priority. The stable/current version has been given the highest priority which means that for regular tasks apt-get will install packages only from the current stable repository (wheezy in this case). + +#### Update the package cache #### + +After adding the new repository and specify the pinning rules, update the package cache. + + $ sudo apt-get update + +#### Confirm the apt policy #### + +We must ensure that the pinning configuration is correct and that the priorities are met correctly. Check the effective apt policy with the apt-cache command + + $ apt-cache policy apache2 + apache2: + Installed: (none) + Candidate: 2.2.22-13 + Version table: + 2.4.7-1 0 + 600 http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ unstable/main amd64 Packages + 2.4.6-3 0 + 650 http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ testing/main amd64 Packages + 2.2.22-13 0 + 700 http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ wheezy/main amd64 Packages + +The above output confirms that version 2.2.22 ( the wheezy main/stable ) repository is selected, its on highest priority. + +### 3. Install apps from testing/unstable source ### + +Now its time to pick a particular package out from the testing or unstable repo and install it. So lets say we want to install apache2 from testing source. + +There are 2 ways to do it and each has a different effect. + +#### Method 1 #### + + # apt-get install apache2/testing + +The above command will install the apache2 package from the testing source and install dependencies from stable source (or whatever the apt policy holds). This command fail in situations where the dependencies are outdated compared to what the installation package (apache2) needs. + +#### Method 2 #### + + # apt-get -t testing install apache2 + +The above command will install apache2 from testing source and install all dependencies from testing source as well. This should work better than the above command. + +So to install newer version of any package, simply head towards the testing/unstable sources and enjoy. Note that the priority numbers are not just plain numbers, but have special meanings. Check the man page on apt preferences to learn more about them + + $ man 5 apt_preferences + +### Summary ### + +Using the testing/unstable repository with pinning is an easy way to get newer versions of packages, but it is not recommended. If done wrong, it can mess up the system by pulling packages from different branches that may not be compatible. + +A more recommended method to install updated packages is using the backports repository. It provides newer versions of selected packages from testing/unstable repo, but compiled for the current stable version. So on debian wheezy you can use wheezy-backports repository. Check out http://backports.debian.org/ for more information. + +### Resources ### + +- [https://wiki.debian.org/AptPreferences][1] +- [https://wiki.debian.org/DebianTesting][2] +- [https://www.debian.org/security/][3] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/enable-testing-repo-debian/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://wiki.debian.org/AptPreferences +[2]:http://wiki.debian.org/DebianTesting +[3]:http://www.debian.org/security/ \ No newline at end of file From 9887dbf9c23a7c3109c4a1139abc10770d0251d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 19:35:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 353/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md | 20 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md b/translated/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md index b21f714ff9..a5fa5b7d59 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md +++ b/translated/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ Linux 平台七大桌面环境 ================================================================================ -通常的 Linux 发行版上都使用 KDE 或者 GNOME 作为默认的桌面环境。它们都给用户提供了一个易用的并且有吸引力的桌面，并且内置了各式各样的多媒体软件、系统程序、游戏、实用程序、网页开发工具、编程工具等等。这两个桌面致力于提供给用户一个拥有类似于 Windows 操作系统体验的尖端的计算环境，而忽略了最小化它们所占用的系统资源。 +通常的 Linux 发行版都使用 KDE 或者 GNOME 作为默认的桌面环境。它们都给用户提供了一个原始的并且有吸引力的桌面，并且内置了各式各样的多媒体软件、系统程序、游戏、实用程序、网页开发工具、编程工具等等。这两个桌面致力于提供给用户一个拥有类似于 Windows 操作系统体验的尖端计算环境，而忽略了最小化它们所占用的系统资源。 -如果你正在使用 Ubuntu (或者其他Linux发行版) 并且疲于始终使用 Unity 桌面，那么你应该看看这些可以替代 Unity 的选择。我收集了 7 种桌面环境。它们都很棒。在你读完这篇文章之后，请试着使用它们吧。 +如果你正在使用 Ubuntu (或者其他Linux发行版) 并且厌倦始终使用 Unity 桌面，那么你应该看看这些可以替代 Unity 的选择。我收集了 7 种桌面环境。它们都很棒。在你读完这篇文章之后，请试着使用它们吧。 ### [Mate][1] ### ![](http://i0.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/mate.png) -MATE 是 GNOME2 的一个分支。它提供了一个自然且吸引人的桌面环境。它是 Linux 和其他 Unix-like 工作环境中的传统工作框架的代表。MATE 正在改善以使用新的技术来保留传统的桌面体验。 +MATE 是 GNOME2 的一个分支。它提供了一个自然且吸引人的桌面环境。它是 Linux 和其它类 Unix 工作环境中的传统工作框架的代表。MATE 正在改善以使用新的技术来保留传统的桌面体验。 在 Ubuntu 14.04 中，可以直接从 Ubuntu 软件中心获取 MATE 桌面。 @@ -16,19 +16,19 @@ MATE 是 GNOME2 的一个分支。它提供了一个自然且吸引人的桌面 ![](http://i2.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Kubuntu-9.04-DesktopEffects.png) -KDE 是一个类似于 GNOME 一样的重量级桌面环境。它在本文章所提及的7种桌面环境中被认为是最华丽最重量级的一个。它同样是一个类似于 Windows 的桌面，在这一点上没有什么特殊的变化。不过 KDE 非常有特点，但是随之而来的是大量的设置来提升你的桌面体验。同样的，有很多关于 KDE 的话题。所以真的可以从 KDE 的特点中获益，并且保持你所想的外观。 +KDE 是另一个类似于 GNOME 一样的重量级桌面环境。它在本文章所提及的7种桌面环境中被认为是最华丽最重量级的一个。它同样是一个类似于 Windows 的桌面，在这一点上没有什么特殊的变化。不过 KDE 非常有特点，但是随之而来的是大量的设置来提升你的桌面体验。同样的，有很多关于 KDE 的话题。所以真的可以从 KDE 的特点中获益，并且保持你所想的外观。 ### [Cinnamon][3] ### ![](http://i1.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/WD9O-C08B-ESP5.jpg) -Cinnamon 是一个基于 Gtk+ 的环境。它最初作为 GNOME Shell 的一个用户界面分支，由 Linux Mint 创造。 Cinnamon 本质上是为了推行使用终端和定点装置。无论是使用鼠标，还是使用触摸屏都可以获得同样便捷的操作。不像 KDE Plasma 工作空间， 只有一种 GUI。 当前版本—— Cinnamon 2.0 展示于2013年10月10日。 +Cinnamon 是一个基于 Gtk+ 的环境。它最初作为 GNOME Shell 的一个用户界面分支，由 Linux Mint 创造。 Cinnamon 本质上是为了推行使用终端和定点装置。无论是使用鼠标，还是使用触摸屏都可以获得同样便捷的操作。不像 KDE Plasma 工作空间，只有一种 GUI。 当前版本—— Cinnamon 2.0 于2013年10月10日发布。 ### [Unity][4] ### ![](http://i1.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Ubuntu_13.10_Desktop.png) -Unity 是 GNOME 桌面环境的一个界面，由 Canonical 公司创建，使用于 Ubuntu 系统中。Unity 最初现身于 Ubuntu 10.10 的上网本版本中。它起初打算充分利用上网本的屏幕空间，例如一个被称为启动器的垂直应用切换器（a vertical app switcher called launcher）和一个节省垂直空间的多功能顶部菜单栏。Unity 不像 GNOME , KDE, Xfce 或者 LXDE 是许多软件的合集，它是作为使用实用程序而开发的（it is developed to use available utilities）。 +Unity 是 GNOME 桌面环境的一个界面，由 Canonical 公司创建，使用于 Ubuntu 系统中。Unity 最初现身于 Ubuntu 10.10 的上网本版本中。它起初打算充分利用上网本的屏幕空间，例如一个被称为启动器的垂直应用切换器（a vertical app switcher called launcher）和一个节省垂直空间的多功能顶部菜单栏。Unity 不像 GNOME、KDE、 Xfce 或者 LXDE 是许多软件的合集，它是作为使用实用功能而开发的。 ### [GNOME Shell][5] ### @@ -36,25 +36,25 @@ Unity 是 GNOME 桌面环境的一个界面，由 Canonical 公司创建，使 GNOME 提供了桌面核心接口例如交换窗口，启动应用程序以及显示提示。它利用先进图形硬件来实现吸引人的，创新的界面思想，提供了愉悦简单的用户体验。GNOME Shell 定义了 GNOME 3 的客户体验。 -作为 GNOME 的一个重要组成部分， GNOME Shell 的稳定版本首次发布于 2011年3月3日。 +作为 GNOME 的一个重要组成部分， GNOME Shell 的稳定版本首次发布于2011年3月3日。 ### [Xfce][6] ### ![](http://i0.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/New-Picture1.jpg) -Xfce 是一个轻量级的桌面环境，围绕 GTK 框架实现。他看起来很像 Gnome 2 或者 MATE，然而 Xfce 是它们的轻量级替代品。相较于 KDE 和 GNOME 3 而言，Xfce 非常轻量级，所以它是运行小工具或者那些希望实现最大执行效率的框架的理想环境。它还不是可以获得的最轻量级的选择 - 请继续往下看 - 然而，Xfce 的确完成了执行效率和功能的平衡。 +Xfce 是一个轻量级的桌面环境，围绕 GTK 框架实现。它看起来很像 Gnome 2 和 MATE，然而 Xfce 是它们的轻量级替代品。相较于 KDE 和 GNOME 3 而言，Xfce 非常轻量级，所以它对于运行轻量级的工具或者那些希望实现最大执行效率的框架使用者来说是理想的环境。它还不是可以获得的最轻量级的选择 - 请继续往下看 - 然而，Xfce 的确完成了执行效率和功能的平衡。 ### [LXDE][7] ### ![](http://i2.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/LXDE_desktop_full.png) -LXDE 显然是桌面环境中最轻量级的选择，至少在消费级的桌面标准中是这样。这个基于 GTK 的桌面环境使用了很多轻量级的选择替代了默认的应用（例如 Abiword, Gnumeric, 而不是 LibreOffice）。它提供了无闪烁的视觉冲击 - 总体感觉也没有很不错，没有复杂的设置。但是，LXDE 仍然提供了漂亮的桌面和完整的功能。当你需要快速简洁时，它就是你需要的选择。 +LXDE 显然是桌面环境中最轻量级的选择，至少在传统的桌面标准中是这样。这个基于 GTK 的桌面环境使用了很多轻量级的选择替代了默认的应用（例如 Abiword, Gnumeric, 而不是 LibreOffice）。它没有提供 flash 视觉冲击 ，总体感觉也不是特别的棒，没有高级的设置。但是，LXDE 仍然提供了漂亮的桌面和完整的功能。当你需要快速简洁时，它就是你的选择。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://pulpybucket.com/top-7-desktop-environment-linux/ -译者：[wwhio](https://github.com/wwhio) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[wwhio](https://github.com/wwhio) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8eee131287b86ca701827b70d66f609abc19e9cb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Terence Ng Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 21:26:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 354/713] =?UTF-8?q?[=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD/Translatin?= =?UTF-8?q?g]?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md b/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md index fbeb65a665..c174a4c4bf 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +hyaocuk is translating + 10 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level ================================================================================ Recently we published a couple of tutorials to get you familiar with [Git basics][1] and [using Git in a team environment][2]. The commands that we discussed were about enough to help a developer survive in the Git world. In this post, we will try to explore how to manage your time effectively and make full use of the features that Git provides. @@ -185,4 +187,4 @@ via: http://www.sitepoint.com/10-tips-git-next-level/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [1]:http://www.sitepoint.com/git-for-beginners/ -[2]:http://www.sitepoint.com/getting-started-git-team-environment/ \ No newline at end of file +[2]:http://www.sitepoint.com/getting-started-git-team-environment/ From 5a8ea779e4b358fbd566a56b3567abfcac7fdbbe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2014 11:10:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 355/713] =?UTF-8?q?2q1w2007=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md b/sources/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md index aece4de6c2..064b8be26b 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md +++ b/sources/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +2q1w2007翻译中 Celebrating 30 Years of X ================================================================================ The X.Org Foundation is proud to announce a special birthday: 30 years ago, From 56e7b50139e9474350d228d6936137fa395564ce Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2014 11:17:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 356/713] =?UTF-8?q?2q1w2007=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=88=9020140620=20Celebrating=2030=20Years=20of=20X.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md | 43 ------------------- .../20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md | 0 2 files changed, 43 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md b/sources/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md deleted file mode 100644 index 064b8be26b..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,43 +0,0 @@ -2q1w2007翻译中 -Celebrating 30 Years of X -================================================================================ -The X.Org Foundation is proud to announce a special birthday: 30 years ago, -on 19 June 1984, Bob Scheifler announced the X Window System. - -[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X11#Introduction][1] - -Over these 30 years, X has come to be the base for Unix desktops everywhere. -With desktop environments such as GNOME, KDE, XFCE, Unity, Enlightenment, -millions of users are using X as the underlying technology today. - -The X developers have pushed the boundaries and moved X from a system -originally written to run on the CPU of a VAX VS100 to one that runs the -GUI on today's laptops with 3D rendering capabilities. Indeed, X predates -the concept of a Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) as we currently know it, and -even the company that popularized this term in 1999, Nvidia. - -X continues to see improvements and despite its long service record, it will -stay with us for a while longer. - -And in case you're wondering, X predates: - -- Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris, Microsoft Windows -- POSIX, C89, C99, C++, Java -- the World Wide Web -- the GPL and the FSF - -X was one of the first major open source software projects, years before the -terms Free Software and Open Source Software were commonplace. Celebrate with -us, for without X, the desktop would not be what it is today. - --The X.Org Board of Directors - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.comp.freedesktop.xorg.announce/2177 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X11#Introduction \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md b/translated/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e69de29bb2 From 2c00c00704e684bff982827caa7692fd1a90d14d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2014 11:19:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 357/713] =?UTF-8?q?2q1w2007=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md | 32 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+) diff --git a/translated/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md b/translated/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md index e69de29bb2..49c1ac163b 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md +++ b/translated/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +庆祝下X已经30岁了! +================================================================================ +X.org基金会很自豪地宣布一个特别的日子：30年前，1984年六月19日，Bob Scheifler发布了X窗口系统。 + +[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X11#Introduction][1] + +在这30年中，X作为UNIX桌面无处不在。通过使用桌面环境如GNOME，KDE，Xfce，Unity，Enlightenment，在今天，数以百万计的用户使用X作为底层技术。 + +X的开发者做出了巨大的突破，把X从运行在VAX VS100 CPU的一个程序发展成为在今天的笔记本电脑上渲染3D界面的程序。事实上，X的出现早于图形处理单元（GPU）概念的出现，甚至是比推广这项技术公司——于1999上市的Nvidia更早。 + +尽管X已经服务了很长时间，但是X仍将做出改进并继续陪伴我们。 + +请不要感到惊奇, X的出现早于: + +- Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris, Microsoft Windows +- POSIX, C89, C99, C++, Java +- 万维网 +- GPL 和 FSF + +X是第一个主要的开源软件项目，比Free Software 和 Open Source Software更早。和我们一起庆祝吧，因为没有X，桌面会不会是今天这个样子。 + +-The X.Org Board of Directors + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.comp.freedesktop.xorg.announce/2177 + +译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X11#Introduction From 17ebc101b969ae8b7fd86514d990c3bf4eafa81a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ryan Hu <213edu@gmail.com> Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 21:19:18 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 358/713] [Translated] 20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md --- ...IC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md | 71 ------------------- ...IC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md | 70 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md b/sources/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md deleted file mode 100644 index ea9575c715..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,71 +0,0 @@ -[Tranlation] in progress -- [213edu][https://github.com/213edu] - -ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS) -================================================================================ -**DNSCrypt, as its name suggests, encrypts DNS traffic between your computer and OpenDNS, in the same way SSL turns HTTP traffic into HTTPS encrypted traffic.** - -Initially, DNSCrypt was announced as being available for Mac only for now, but according to an OpenDNS [article][1] posted yesterday, the source code for DNSCrypt was published on GitHub when they've released the Mac preview and even though there's no user interface yet, Linux users can already install DNSCrypt. - -### Why use DNSCrypt? ### - -**DNSCrypt encrypts all DNS traffic between your computer and the OpenDNS servers (so you'll be using OpenDNS) and can protect you from man-in-the-middle attacks, spying, resolver impersonation, can prevent Internet service providers from blocking various websites and more.** - -This is the first tool that encrypts DNS traffic - for instance, TOR encrypts DNS requests, but they are decrypted at the exit node. - -> It doesn’t require any changes to domain names or how they work, it simply provides a method for securely encrypting communication between our customers and our DNS servers in our data centers. - -You can read more about DNSCrypt @ [OpenSND DNSCrypt][2] page and on [GitHub][3]. - -### How to use DNSCrypt in Linux ### - -[Download DNSCrypt][4], install it and then run the following command in a terminal: - - sudo /usr/sbin/dnscrypt-proxy --daemonize - -![](http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WLefdXHIzwg/Tz45kGKAZdI/AAAAAAAAH0k/KLBnWJom6-g/s1600/edit-network.png) - -Then set your DNS server to "127.0.0.1" - to do this under GNOME, go to your Network Connections and select "Edit" and enter "127.0.0.1" under "DNS servers". If you are using DHCP, just select "Automatic (DHCP) addresses only, so you can enter a DNS server. Then, restart your network connection. - -You can then check if you're using OpenDNS by visiting [THIS][5] link. - -To get DNSCrypt to start automatically, you must create an init script. For Ubuntu, see below. - -**Arch Linux users can install DNSCrypt-proxy via [AUR][6]** (it includes an rc.d script). - -### DNSCrypt in Ubuntu ### - -To make DNSCrypt start automatically in Ubuntu, I've created an Upstart script which you can use if you want - [download it][7]. - -Update: Because in Ubuntu 12.04 there is a local DNS cache running on 127.0.0.1 (dnsmasq), I've updated the script to make DNSCrypt use 127.0.0.2, so you should add "**127.0.0.2**" as your DNS and not "127.0.0.1" if you're using this script (for any Ubuntu version). Thanks to zzecool for testing it in Ubuntu 12.04! - -To install the script, use the commands below (firstly extract the downloaded archive): - - sudo cp dnscrypt.conf /etc/init/ - sudo ln -s /lib/init/upstart-job /etc/init.d/dnscrypt - -And finally, start it with: - - sudo start dnscrypt - -DNSCrypt should now start automatically when you boot. To stop it, you can use: - - sudo stop dnscrypt - -[Download DNSCrypt][8] (.deb, .rpm and source code available) - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.webupd8.org/2012/02/encrypt-dns-traffic-in-linux-with.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://blog.opendns.com/2012/02/16/tales-from-the-dnscrypt-linux-rising/ -[2]:http://www.opendns.com/technology/dnscrypt/ -[3]:https://github.com/opendns/dnscrypt-proxy -[4]:http://download.dnscrypt.org/dnscrypt-proxy/ -[5]:http://www.opendns.com/welcome -[6]:http://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=54702 -[7]:http://webupd8.googlecode.com/files/dnscrypt-0.2.tar.gz -[8]:https://github.com/opendns/dnscrypt-proxy/downloads diff --git a/translated/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md b/translated/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..aedb3e0790 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +使用DNSCrypt来加密您与OpenDNS之间的通信 +================================================================================ +**正如SSL能将HTTP通信变为加密过的HTTPS通信，DNSCrypt, 物如其名， 是一款能加密你电脑与OpenDNS之间的通信的小神器。** +Initially, DNSCrypt was announced as being available for Mac only for now, but according to an OpenDNS [article][1] posted yesterday, the source code for DNSCrypt was published on GitHub when they've released the Mac preview and even though there's no user interface yet, Linux users can already install DNSCrypt. +DNSCrypt刚问世的时候，官方公布为是一款只有Mac才能用的工具，但根据最近一片由OpenDNS发的[文章][1]表明，虽然还没有用户界面，但其实当Mac版DNSCrypt推出的时候源码已经放到了Github上了， Linux的用户也可以安装以及使用哦！ + +### 为神马要使用 DNSCrypt? ### + +**DNSCrypt可以加密你电脑与OpenDNS服务器的所有通信，加密可以防止中间人攻击，信息窥觑，DNS劫持。更能防止网络供应商对某些网站的封锁。** + +这是世界上第一款加密DNS通信的工具，虽然TOR可以加密DNS的请求，但毕竟它们只是在出口节点加密而已。 + +> It doesn’t require any changes to domain names or how they work, it simply provides a method for securely encrypting communication between our customers and our DNS servers in our data centers. +> 这款工具并不需要对域名或其工作方式做任何的改变，它只是提供了个该工具的用户与机房里的DNS服务器之间的加密方式而已。 + +你可以在[GitHub][3]的[OpenSND DNSCrypt][2]页面阅读更多的相关信息。 + +### 如何在Linux使用DNSCrypt ### + +首先下载安装[Download DNSCrypt][4]， 然后在Terminal里输入这个命令: + + sudo /usr/sbin/dnscrypt-proxy --daemonize + +![](http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WLefdXHIzwg/Tz45kGKAZdI/AAAAAAAAH0k/KLBnWJom6-g/s1600/edit-network.png) + +然后把你的DNS服务器调成"127.0.0.1" - 在GNOME界面下的话，只要到Network Connections（网络连接）选项然后选择"Edit"并在"DNS servers"输入"127.0.0.1"就好了。如果你用的是DHCP的话，请选择Automatic (DHCP) addresses only"， 这样的话才会进入DNS服务器。然后只要重连便可。 + +你可以访问这条[链接][5]来测试你连接到了OpenDNS了没。 + +如果你想设置开机启动DNSCrypt，可以自建一个init的脚本，如果你用的是Ubuntu，可以参考下面的。 + +**Arch Linux的用户可以通过[AUR][6]来安装DNSCrypt-proxy** （内含rc.d脚本） + +### Ubuntu下的DNSCrypt ### + +如果你想在Ubuntu设置开机启动，你可以使用这个[Upstart脚本][7]。 + +注： 在Ubuntu 12.04版在127.0.0.1有个本地的DNS cache （dnsmasq）在跑，所以已经把改脚本改成让DNSCrypt使用127.0.0.2了， 所以按照上面的教程，应该把127.0.0.1换成127.0.0.2了。 + +要安装此脚本请使用以下的指令（要首先解压下下来的压缩文件）： + + sudo cp dnscrypt.conf /etc/init/ + sudo ln -s /lib/init/upstart-job /etc/init.d/dnscrypt + +然后用这个指令来启动: + + sudo start dnscrypt + +现在DNSCrypt就应该是开机自启了，如果你想停止的话，可以使用： + + sudo stop dnscrypt + +[下载DNSCrypt][8] (.deb, .rpm以及源码都可供下载哦！) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.webupd8.org/2012/02/encrypt-dns-traffic-in-linux-with.html + +译者：[213edu](https://github.com/213edu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://blog.opendns.com/2012/02/16/tales-from-the-dnscrypt-linux-rising/ +[2]:http://www.opendns.com/technology/dnscrypt/ +[3]:https://github.com/opendns/dnscrypt-proxy +[4]:http://download.dnscrypt.org/dnscrypt-proxy/ +[5]:http://www.opendns.com/welcome +[6]:http://aur.archlinux.org/packages.php?ID=54702 +[7]:http://webupd8.googlecode.com/files/dnscrypt-0.2.tar.gz +[8]:https://github.com/opendns/dnscrypt-proxy/downloads From 3616965afb4ce75b617c82a8b81bd743b01adefc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ryan Hu <213edu@gmail.com> Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 21:22:36 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 359/713] [Translated] 20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md --- ...FIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md | 18 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md b/translated/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md index aedb3e0790..1a9c5a1443 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md +++ b/translated/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ 使用DNSCrypt来加密您与OpenDNS之间的通信 ================================================================================ -**正如SSL能将HTTP通信变为加密过的HTTPS通信，DNSCrypt, 物如其名， 是一款能加密你电脑与OpenDNS之间的通信的小神器。** -Initially, DNSCrypt was announced as being available for Mac only for now, but according to an OpenDNS [article][1] posted yesterday, the source code for DNSCrypt was published on GitHub when they've released the Mac preview and even though there's no user interface yet, Linux users can already install DNSCrypt. +**正如SSL能将HTTP通信变为加密过的HTTPS通信，DNSCrypt, 物如其名， 是一款能加密您电脑与OpenDNS之间的通信的小神器。** + DNSCrypt刚问世的时候，官方公布为是一款只有Mac才能用的工具，但根据最近一片由OpenDNS发的[文章][1]表明，虽然还没有用户界面，但其实当Mac版DNSCrypt推出的时候源码已经放到了Github上了， Linux的用户也可以安装以及使用哦！ ### 为神马要使用 DNSCrypt? ### -**DNSCrypt可以加密你电脑与OpenDNS服务器的所有通信，加密可以防止中间人攻击，信息窥觑，DNS劫持。更能防止网络供应商对某些网站的封锁。** +**DNSCrypt可以加密您电脑与OpenDNS服务器的所有通信，加密可以防止中间人攻击，信息窥觑，DNS劫持。更能防止网络供应商对某些网站的封锁。** 这是世界上第一款加密DNS通信的工具，虽然TOR可以加密DNS的请求，但毕竟它们只是在出口节点加密而已。 > It doesn’t require any changes to domain names or how they work, it simply provides a method for securely encrypting communication between our customers and our DNS servers in our data centers. > 这款工具并不需要对域名或其工作方式做任何的改变，它只是提供了个该工具的用户与机房里的DNS服务器之间的加密方式而已。 -你可以在[GitHub][3]的[OpenSND DNSCrypt][2]页面阅读更多的相关信息。 +您可以在[GitHub][3]的[OpenSND DNSCrypt][2]页面阅读更多的相关信息。 ### 如何在Linux使用DNSCrypt ### @@ -23,17 +23,17 @@ DNSCrypt刚问世的时候，官方公布为是一款只有Mac才能用的工具 ![](http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WLefdXHIzwg/Tz45kGKAZdI/AAAAAAAAH0k/KLBnWJom6-g/s1600/edit-network.png) -然后把你的DNS服务器调成"127.0.0.1" - 在GNOME界面下的话，只要到Network Connections（网络连接）选项然后选择"Edit"并在"DNS servers"输入"127.0.0.1"就好了。如果你用的是DHCP的话，请选择Automatic (DHCP) addresses only"， 这样的话才会进入DNS服务器。然后只要重连便可。 +然后把您的DNS服务器调成"127.0.0.1" - 在GNOME界面下的话，只要到Network Connections（网络连接）选项然后选择"Edit"并在"DNS servers"输入"127.0.0.1"就好了。如果您用的是DHCP的话，请选择Automatic (DHCP) addresses only"， 这样的话才会进入DNS服务器。然后只要重连便可。 -你可以访问这条[链接][5]来测试你连接到了OpenDNS了没。 +您可以访问这条[链接][5]来测试您连接到了OpenDNS了没。 -如果你想设置开机启动DNSCrypt，可以自建一个init的脚本，如果你用的是Ubuntu，可以参考下面的。 +如果您想设置开机启动DNSCrypt，可以自建一个init的脚本，如果您用的是Ubuntu，可以参考下面的。 **Arch Linux的用户可以通过[AUR][6]来安装DNSCrypt-proxy** （内含rc.d脚本） ### Ubuntu下的DNSCrypt ### -如果你想在Ubuntu设置开机启动，你可以使用这个[Upstart脚本][7]。 +如果您想在Ubuntu设置开机启动，您可以使用这个[Upstart脚本][7]。 注： 在Ubuntu 12.04版在127.0.0.1有个本地的DNS cache （dnsmasq）在跑，所以已经把改脚本改成让DNSCrypt使用127.0.0.2了， 所以按照上面的教程，应该把127.0.0.1换成127.0.0.2了。 @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ DNSCrypt刚问世的时候，官方公布为是一款只有Mac才能用的工具 sudo start dnscrypt -现在DNSCrypt就应该是开机自启了，如果你想停止的话，可以使用： +现在DNSCrypt就应该是开机自启了，如果您想停止的话，可以使用： sudo stop dnscrypt From f024b2675bf7baa0546f7224817535ed5c6317fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ryan Hu <213edu@gmail.com> Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 21:27:27 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 360/713] [Translated]20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md --- ...0 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md b/translated/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md index 1a9c5a1443..72826fb70b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md +++ b/translated/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md @@ -10,7 +10,6 @@ DNSCrypt刚问世的时候，官方公布为是一款只有Mac才能用的工具 这是世界上第一款加密DNS通信的工具，虽然TOR可以加密DNS的请求，但毕竟它们只是在出口节点加密而已。 -> It doesn’t require any changes to domain names or how they work, it simply provides a method for securely encrypting communication between our customers and our DNS servers in our data centers. > 这款工具并不需要对域名或其工作方式做任何的改变，它只是提供了个该工具的用户与机房里的DNS服务器之间的加密方式而已。 您可以在[GitHub][3]的[OpenSND DNSCrypt][2]页面阅读更多的相关信息。 From 930109dec4f5af8803bc1b570aa49a00cbeea0cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ryan Hu <213edu@gmail.com> Date: Fri, 20 Jun 2014 21:43:30 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 361/713] [Translating] 20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md --- ...How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md b/sources/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md index 56f470ad83..4c22d5c1ee 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +[Translating] --213edu + How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian ================================================================================ Testing/Unstable sources @@ -154,4 +156,4 @@ via: http://www.binarytides.com/enable-testing-repo-debian/ [1]:http://wiki.debian.org/AptPreferences [2]:http://wiki.debian.org/DebianTesting -[3]:http://www.debian.org/security/ \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://www.debian.org/security/ From a4770c3cae85e357decc31c01eb176d8edd7df2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2014 18:50:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 362/713] translating by john --- ...tabase 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md b/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md index 9cfdd6f10e..51f1a52960 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +translating by johnhoow... 11 Advance MySQL Database “Interview Questions and Answers” for Linux Users ================================================================================ We have already published two MySQL articles, well appreciated by Tecmint Community. This is the third article on MySQL Interview series and sixteen in the the Interview Genre Column. @@ -201,4 +202,4 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/mysql-advance-interview-questions/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [1]:http://www.tecmint.com/basic-mysql-interview-questions-for-database-administrators/ -[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-mysql-database-interview-questions-for-beginners-and-intermediates/ \ No newline at end of file +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-mysql-database-interview-questions-for-beginners-and-intermediates/ From 4e1d843a7fcba48a71d3e4c21f9b1b88f708866a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2014 20:00:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 363/713] translate1 --- ... Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md | 30 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md b/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md index 51f1a52960..1dcd0d5b04 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md @@ -1,19 +1,16 @@ translating by johnhoow... -11 Advance MySQL Database “Interview Questions and Answers” for Linux Users +给linux用户的11个高级MySQL数据库面试问题和答案 ================================================================================ -We have already published two MySQL articles, well appreciated by Tecmint Community. This is the third article on MySQL Interview series and sixteen in the the Interview Genre Column. +我们已经发表了两篇MySQL的文章,非常感谢Tecmint社区的大力支持.这是MySQL面试系列的第三篇文章,并且在面试专栏中排第16. +- [15个基本的MySQL面试问题][1] +- [给中级人员的10个MySQL面试问题][1] -- [15 Basic MySQL Interview Questions][1] -- [10 MySQL Database Interview Questions for Intermediates][1] -注：上面这两篇文章我们都翻译过，可以适当修改成我们的链接 +![11个MySQL面试问题](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/MySQL-Interview-Questions.jpeg) -![11 MySQL Interview Questions](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/MySQL-Interview-Questions.jpeg) +感谢你们这一路上对我们的支持.这篇文章主要针对MySQL的实用性,讲面试方面的问题. -We have reached here all because of yours support and we seek the same in future form your end. Here in this article we will be concentrating on the practical aspect of MySQL, the question relevant for Interview aspect. - -### 1. Using SELECT statement find the version of the server you are running and print the name of the current database? ### - -**Ans**: The below MySQL command will show server version and currently selected Database. +### 1. 如何使用SELECT语句找到你正在运行的服务器的版本并打印出当前数据库的名称? ### +**答案**:下面的语句的结果会显示服务器的版本和当前的数据库名称 mysql> SELECT VERSION(), DATABASE(); @@ -24,7 +21,7 @@ We have reached here all because of yours support and we seek the same in future +-------------------------+------------+ 1 row in set (0.06 sec) -In the Database Column it is showing **NULL** value because we have not selected any database. So, select database as shown in the following command. +在Database一栏中显示**NULL**是因为我们当前没有选择任何数据库.因此,使用下面的语句先选择一个数据库,就能看到相应的结果. mysql> use Tecmint; @@ -44,9 +41,9 @@ In the Database Column it is showing **NULL** value because we have not selected +-------------------------+------------+ 1 row in set (0.00 sec) -### 2. USE NOT Operator (!) to select all the users except ‘SAM’ from a table say ‘Tecmint’ ### +### 2. 使用非运算符(!)从表"Tecmint"中列出除了user等于"SAM"的所有记录 -**Ans**: The below statement will show all the columns of all the users from table ‘**Tecmint**‘ except the user ‘**SAM**‘. +**答案**:使用下面的语句 mysql> SELECT * FROM Tecmint WHERE user !=SAM; @@ -57,9 +54,10 @@ In the Database Column it is showing **NULL** value because we have not selected | 2001-05-15 08:50:57 | TIM | venus | phil | venus | 978 | +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ -### 3. Is it possible to implement ‘AND’ with NOT (!) Operator. ### +### 3. 是否能够使用非运算符(!)来实现'AND'运算 -**Ans**: The AND operator is used when we use (=) and the operator OR is used when we use (!=). An example of (=) with AND Operator. +**答案**: The AND operator is used when we use (=) and the operator OR is used when we use (!=). An example of (=) with AND Operator. +**答案**: mysql> SELECT * FROM mail WHERE user = SAM AND root = phil From 4db00cfdf63068d9d79e3d58e99bdcfbb20264d6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2014 22:01:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 364/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140620=20C?= =?UTF-8?q?elebrating=2030=20Years=20of=20X?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @2q1w2007 --- .../20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md | 18 ++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md (50%) diff --git a/translated/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md b/published/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md similarity index 50% rename from translated/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md rename to published/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md index 49c1ac163b..9466266aea 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md +++ b/published/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md @@ -1,12 +1,14 @@ -庆祝下X已经30岁了! +X 窗口系统已经30岁了！ ================================================================================ X.org基金会很自豪地宣布一个特别的日子：30年前，1984年六月19日，Bob Scheifler发布了X窗口系统。 -[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X11#Introduction][1] +有关X窗口系统的介绍参见： [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X11#Introduction][1] -在这30年中，X作为UNIX桌面无处不在。通过使用桌面环境如GNOME，KDE，Xfce，Unity，Enlightenment，在今天，数以百万计的用户使用X作为底层技术。 +在这30年中，X作为UNIX桌面无处不在。在今天，数以百万计的用户使用着桌面环境如GNOME，KDE，Xfce，Unity，Enlightenment等等，而这些都使用X作为其底层技术。 -X的开发者做出了巨大的突破，把X从运行在VAX VS100 CPU的一个程序发展成为在今天的笔记本电脑上渲染3D界面的程序。事实上，X的出现早于图形处理单元（GPU）概念的出现，甚至是比推广这项技术公司——于1999上市的Nvidia更早。 +X的开发者们做出了巨大的突破，把X从原本为VAX VS100 CPU编写的一个程序发展成为在今天可在笔记本电脑上进行3D渲染的图形用户界面。事实上，X的出现早于图形处理单元（GPU）概念的出现，甚至是比推广这项技术公司——于1999上市的Nvidia更早。 + +![](http://static.cnbetacdn.com/newsimg/2014/0620/77_1403265316.png_600x600.png) 尽管X已经服务了很长时间，但是X仍将做出改进并继续陪伴我们。 @@ -14,18 +16,18 @@ X的开发者做出了巨大的突破，把X从运行在VAX VS100 CPU的一个 - Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, Solaris, Microsoft Windows - POSIX, C89, C99, C++, Java -- 万维网 +- 互联网 - GPL 和 FSF -X是第一个主要的开源软件项目，比Free Software 和 Open Source Software更早。和我们一起庆祝吧，因为没有X，桌面会不会是今天这个样子。 +X是第一个主要的开源软件项目，比Free Software 和 Open Source Software更早。和我们一起庆祝吧，因为没有X，桌面就不会是今天这个样子。 --The X.Org Board of Directors +- X.Org 品牌总监 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://comments.gmane.org/gmane.comp.freedesktop.xorg.announce/2177 -译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 912fc98f2fd2bb3961fe0589dd9588afcf441ce9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2014 22:15:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 365/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140619=20R?= =?UTF-8?q?ed=20Hat=20to=20Acquire=20eNovance,=20Focus=20Together=20on=20O?= =?UTF-8?q?penStack?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @tengpeng --- ...quire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md | 15 ++++++++------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md (54%) diff --git a/translated/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md b/published/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md similarity index 54% rename from translated/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md rename to published/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md index 9cb6b03d10..88ef29adb0 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md +++ b/published/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md @@ -1,26 +1,27 @@ 红帽携手eNovance，共进OpenStack市场 ================================================================================ + ![](http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3108/3191608123_67e1da2b79_o.jpg) -正在OpenStack峰会于亚特兰大举办的同时,红帽确认了数项与OpenStack相关的项目。其中一项是，红帽正与开源云计算市场的领导者eNovance进行 [合作][1] 。双方将推动网络功能虚拟（Network Functions Virtualization）和电信功能融入OpenStack. 红帽 [宣布][2] 将以七千万欧元或九千五百万美金的现金和股票，购买eNovance. +正在OpenStack峰会于亚特兰大举办的同时，红帽确认了数项与OpenStack相关的项目。其中一项是，红帽正与开源云计算市场的领导者eNovance进行[合作][1] 。双方将推动网络功能虚拟化（Network Functions Virtualization）及将电信功能融入OpenStack中。红帽[宣布][2]将以七千万欧元或九千五百万美金的现金和股票投资eNovance。 eNovance 是OpenStack市场上重要的角色， 特别以其和电信公司的合作而为人所知。eNovance帮助服务提供商和大型私企搭建部署云基础架构，快速且成本低廉。这也将为红帽开创新的产品线。 -IDC 分析员 Laura DuBois and Ashish Nadkarni 在2014春季OpenStack 峰会上指出 “像eNovance这样的集成商将继续助力云服务提供商和企业，建立OpenStack云。OpenStack的前景开起来十分光明。" +IDC 分析员 Laura DuBois 和 Ashish Nadkarni 在2014春季OpenStack 峰会上指出 “像eNovance这样的集成商将继续助力云服务提供商和企业，建立OpenStack云。OpenStack的前景开起来十分光明。" -eNovance 是OpenStack十大上游贡献者之一, 也是OpenStack 基金唯一的欧洲金牌合作商。 该公司在全球有超过150家客户，包括 Alcatel-Lucent, AXA, Cisco, Cloudwatt, and Ericsson. 在巴黎、蒙特利尔、班加罗尔、印度，都设有办公室。 +eNovance 是OpenStack十大上游贡献者之一, 也是OpenStack 基金唯一的欧洲金牌合作商。 该公司在全球有超过150家客户，包括 Alcatel-Lucent、 AXA,、 Cisco、 Cloudwatt 和 Ericsson. 在巴黎、蒙特利尔、班加罗尔、印度，都设有办公室。 -2013年，红帽和 eNovance 第一次展开[合作][3] ，为其共同客户，提供OpenStack 部署和集成服务。该服务基于Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack 平台。 五月的OpenStack峰会上, 两家公司宣布了 [进一步的合作][4] ，推动网络功能虚拟(NFV) 和电信在OpenStack上的创新, 意在提供业界最完整、电信级的 通讯服务，基于Linux, 基于内核的虚拟机 (KVM), 和 OpenStack. +2013年，红帽和 eNovance 第一次展开[合作][3] ，为其共同客户提供OpenStack 部署和集成服务。该服务基于Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack 平台。 今年五月的OpenStack峰会上, 两家公司宣布了[进一步的合作][4] ，推动网络功能虚拟(NFV) 和电信在OpenStack上的创新，意在提供业界最完整、电信级的 通讯服务，基于Linux、内核级虚拟机 (KVM)和 OpenStack。 -eNovance的联合创始人、首席执行官Raphaël Ferreira, 在声明中说: +eNovance的联合创始人、首席执行官Raphaël Ferreira， 在声明中说: -> “和红帽一样，eNovance理解OpenStack改变企业市场的力量，当其正确部署且集成时。 我们非常高兴能成为红帽的一部分。红帽不仅仅提供一流的OpenStack发行版本, 也和我们一样坚信： 最好以连续、无缝的方式部署、集成OpenStack." +> “和红帽一样，eNovance也认为部署和集成OpenStack已成趋势，这是企业市场上的变革力量。 我们非常高兴能成为红帽的一部分。红帽不仅仅提供一流的OpenStack发行版本，也和我们一样坚信： 最好以连续、无缝的方式部署、集成OpenStack。” -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://ostatic.com/blog/red-hat-to-acquire-enovance-focus-together-on-openstack -译者：[tengpeng](https://github.com/tengpeng) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[tengpeng](https://github.com/tengpeng) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 010b786b6e5a6508aa31e6fda0b2e5bc43a97d24 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2014 22:33:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 366/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140619=20I?= =?UTF-8?q?mprove=20Battery=20Life=20with=20Laptop=20Mode=20Tools=201.65?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @2q1w2007 --- ...mprove Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md | 11 ++++++----- 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md (66%) diff --git a/translated/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md b/published/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md similarity index 66% rename from translated/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md rename to published/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md index 67625babe6..c0b86bc475 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md +++ b/published/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md @@ -1,16 +1,17 @@ -用笔记本模式工具1.65来延长电池续航 +用笔记本模式工具1.65来延长电池续航能力 ================================================================================ + ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Improve-Battery-Life-with-Laptop-Mode-Tools-1-65-447397-2.jpg) -笔记本模式工具是一个Liunx省电工具包，它可以让用户以多种方式延长笔记本电池续航，现在它已经升级到1.65。 +笔记本模式工具是一个Liunx电源管理工具包，它可以让用户以多种方式延长笔记本电池续航能力，现在它已经升级到1.65。 -笔记本模式工具的版本曾经很少而且间隔很长，但开发者在最新的版本中做了一些很有意思的改变，虽然此次更新与以前不同。 +笔记本模式工具的发布的版本曾经很少而且间隔很长，但开发者在最新的版本中做了一些很有意思的改变，虽然此次更新与以前不同。 根据更新日志，grep找不到$device/uevent的错误已得到修复、 sysfs/enabled已被"ip link down"所取代、 添加了对iwlwifi的支持，运行时电源管理框架现在更健壮，并且usb-autosuspend模块已被去除。 此外，当笔记本电脑恢复时，笔记本模式工具将强制以初始化模式运行，最新版本已添加英特尔 PState 驱动程序的模块，并已实现挂起/休眠接口。 -用户不须更改自动设置。更改自动设置可能会导致更多的问题但一般准期望他们总是要打开。此外，要注意到每个功能所做的因为你可能会搞出更多问题。 +用户不须更改自动设置。更改自动设置可能会导致更多的问题，但通常看来他们总是会去动它。此外，要注意到每个功能究竟是做什么的，否则你可能会搞出更多问题。 看官方[公告][1]来了解更多细节。 @@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Improve-Battery-Life-with-Laptop-Mode-Tools-1-65-447397.shtml -译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From cb22058466c4032a879981767aabe9d54f4aca55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jiajia <1534574360@qq.com> Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2014 23:07:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 367/713] Update and rename sources/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md to translated/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md --- ...changed its attitude toward open source.md | 82 ------------------- ...changed its attitude toward open source.md | 82 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 82 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md b/sources/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md deleted file mode 100644 index bfda83b9b5..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,82 +0,0 @@ -jiajia translating... -Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source? -================================================================================ -> **In today's open source roundup: Microsoft may or may not have a new attitude toward open source. Plus: Android versus Windows, and Cinnamon versus Unity in Ubuntu 14.04** - -Microsoft became infamous for its very negative early remarks about open source software. But restructuring at the company may be giving it a more positive attitude toward open source. CNet reports on changes in Microsoft's perceptions and behavior when it comes to open source software. - -> According to [CNet][1]: -> -> But Microsoft's feud with open source has been sputtering for quite some time, and the senior managers who led the anti-open source charge are gone from the scene -- or at least no longer in positions of authority. Open source is now routinely used by corporations around the world, and the company's sniffy put-downs only fed into the perception of Microsoft as out of touch. -> -> Some of that new thinking reflects the change at the top of the corporate pyramid, with Satya Nadella replacing Ballmer as CEO in early February. Since taking over, Nadella has talked up his vision of a Microsoft whose future isn't shackled to its Windows past. -> -> [More at CNet][2] -> -> ![](http://www.itworld.com/sites/default/files/microsoft-open-source-communist_1.jpg) -> -> Microsoft and Communist Open Source -> Image credit: [Curako's Blog][3] - -Okay, I hate to be a Negative Ned here, but I'm firmly in the "trust but verify" camp when it comes to Microsoft and open source. Yes, a new CEO and other changes may be helping Microsoft to adjust to living in an open source world. But change never comes easy or fast in such a large organization, so I think the jury is still out on whether or not Microsoft has really changed for the better when it comes to open source software. - -Also, I've never forgotten the company's "embrace, extend, extinguish" strategy that they used in the past to destroy competitive software products. That alone is reason enough to keep a wary eye on Microsoft's involvement with any open source project. Perhaps the company really has changed, but maybe it hasn't. I think it bears watching for at least another few years to see if enduring change has really set in or not. - -### Android versus Windows ### - -ZDNet has an article that covers the top end-user Linux distributions. It notes that Windows still rules the desktop for now, but Android may eventually be the big kahuna among end-user operating systems by the end of this year. - -> According to [ZDNet][4]: -> -> If smartphones and tablet sales continue to grow as expected, Android tablet vendors continue to erode Apple's market share, and PCs continue their decline, Android may end up being the top end-user operating system by the end of 2014—regardless of what happens with the proposed Android PCs. -> -> Taken as a whole, Android clearly rules the Linux end-user space. No, you may not think of it as a desktop yet —although AMD and Intel would both like you to change your mind about that — but Android is on its way to being the top end-user operating system of all. -> -> [More at ZDNet][4] -> -> ![](http://www.itworld.com/sites/default/files/android-devices-versus-windows-pcs.jpg) -> Image credit: [ZDNet][4] - -The numbers mentioned in the article aren't really a surprise, given the mobile revolution that's happened over the last ten years. The desktop just isn't as important as it used to be, and Microsoft just never really mattered in mobile devices. Even now, as they struggle desperately for traction in tablets and phones, Microsoft is still mostly irrelevant in the mobile devices market. - -Google has wreaked absolute havoc on Microsoft's efforts in mobile and is now beginning to be a threat to Microsoft in the desktop market. Between Chrome OS and Android, Google has been battering Microsoft on a number of fronts. If you look at Amazon's list of [top selling desktops][5] and [top selling laptops][6], you see plenty of Chrome OS computers and even some Android PCs. So people are actually buying alternatives to Windows computers and aren't bothered in the least by it. - -### Cinnamon versus Unity in Ubuntu 14.04 ### - -Tech Republic takes a look at whether or not Cinnamon is a viable replacement for Unity in Ubuntu 14.04. The article includes instructions on how to install Cinnamon in Ubuntu 14.04. - -> According to [Tech Republic][7]: -> -> If you want a performance-centric desktop that doesn't toss aside feature and customization, Cinnamon is for you. Cinnamon is a straight-forward desktop interface that pretty much anyone can use -- from your IT staff to your grandmother. It really is that easy to use. Cinnamon doesn't surprise you, it doesn't trick you, but it also (in my opinion) doesn't wow you. But that's not what Cinnamon is about. This take on the desktop is all about functionality -- on a standard level. It doesn't break rules, push envelopes, or have new tricks up its sleeve. -> -> Cinnamon is a fairly pedestrian desktop that takes the bits and pieces of what's worked well over the years and cobbles them together into one, well-designed piece. So, if you're okay with using a desktop that looks and feels a bit long in the tooth (but one that functions very, very well), Cinnamon is for you. If you lean towards the bleeding edge of design and prefer a more modern look and feel, Cinnamon will most likely disappoint. -> -> [More at Tech Republic][7] -> -> ![](http://www.itworld.com/sites/default/files/cinnamon-versus-unity-in-ubuntu-1404.jpg) -> -> Image credit: [Tech Republic][7] - -I'll have to weigh in on the side of Cinnamon here. While Unity has its pluses, I have never really been able to warm up to it. Cinnamon is closer to a more traditional desktop interface and that seems to work the best for me. - -But as always, beauty is in the eye of the beholder. The great thing about Linux is that it offers so many different choices. So you really can't go wrong with Unity or Cinnamon, just use whichever one you like best. - -What's your take on all this? Tell me in the comments below. - -The opinions expressed by the author do not necessarily reflect the views of ITworld. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.itworld.com/open-source/421894/has-microsoft-really-changed-its-attitude-toward-open-source - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.cnet.com/news/dead-and-buried-microsofts-holy-war-on-open-source-software/ -[2]:http://www.cnet.com/news/dead-and-buried-microsofts-holy-war-on-open-source-software/ -[3]:http://curako.wordpress.com/2010/12/06/the-uneasy-alliance-free-software-vs-open-source/ -[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/the-five-most-popular-end-user-linux-distributions-7000030058/http://www.zdnet.com/the-five-most-popular-end-user-linux-distributions-7000030058/ -[5]:http://www.amazon.com/Best-Sellers-Electronics-Desktop-Computers/zgbs/electronics/565098/?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&linkCode=ur2&tag=fnh-20&linkId=REWXUPB7SQXPDSOL -[6]:http://www.amazon.com/Best-Sellers-Computers-Accessories-Laptop/zgbs/pc/565108/?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&linkCode=ur2&tag=fnh-20&linkId=POG3J2CFBHDWBAVL -[7]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/is-cinnamon-a-worthy-replacement-for-ubuntu-unity/ diff --git a/translated/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md b/translated/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..367b6e16e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +微软真的改变对开源软件的态度了吗？ +================================================================================ +> **在今天的开源软件摘要中：微软或许没有对开源软件有一个新的态度，就像安卓和windows的对抗，Cinnamon和Unity在Ubuntu14.04的对抗。** + +微软因为以前对开源软件的态度而臭名昭著，但是公司改建后对开源软件发出了积极的信号。CNet报道了微软对开源软件认知的行为的改变。 + +> [CNet][1]消息： +> 微软自助开源软件有一些时间了，那些曾经反对开源软件的领导者们已经退出了或者不在位了。开软软件现在用在遍布全世界的公司当中，这些公司有些自命不凡但这只是在认识到微软帝国之外的事。 +> 一些新的想法反映了企业顶层的一些变化，今年二月初Satya Nadella代替鲍尔默成为了微软CEO，Nadella已经给微软带来了一些新的东西改变了微软以前的一些束缚。 +> +> [更多报道][2] +> +> ![](http://www.itworld.com/sites/default/files/microsoft-open-source-communist_1.jpg) +> +> 微软和开源社区 +> Image credit: [Curako's Blog][3] + +我是一个持悲观态度的人，但是我认为微软和开源软件之间的信任关系是有待确定的。一个新的CEO和些许改变或许会改变微软在开源世界中的存在状态，但是对于微软这么大的企业来说改变并不容易，所以对于开源的世界来说微软是否真的改变还有待确定。 + +我也从来不会忘记微软“欢迎，扩大，压死”的策略来打翻其他的竞争软件，光这一条凡是微软参合的开源项目就必须多一只谨慎的眼,或许这家公司真的改了，但如果没有呢！我们还是用几年时间来观察下吧。 + +### 安卓对抗windows ### + +ZDNet曾经报道过使用数量最多的Linux发行版本，但是现在桌面环境仍然是windows的天下，但是安卓今年很可能会是用户数量最大的用户终端操作系统。 + +> [ZDNet][4]报道: +> +> 如果桌面和平板依旧像预期增长的销量，安卓平板渐渐蚕食苹果的市场，PC市场继续萎缩，安卓在2014年末很有可能成为终端用户数量最多的操作系统而且不算安卓PC。 +> +> 总而言之，安卓几乎统治了Linux终端用户。你可能不会想到它作为桌面使用，尽管Intel和AMD努力在让它变成现实，但是安卓正在变成使用量第一的终端操作系统。 + +> +> [更多消息][4] +> +> ![](http://www.itworld.com/sites/default/files/android-devices-versus-windows-pcs.jpg) +> Image credit: [ZDNet][4] + +上面提到的并不算真的惊喜，移动终端的革命发展了接近10年了。桌面依然还像原来那样重要，微软也确实没有真正的在乎过移动设备。即使现在，微软在艰难的推他的手机和平板，他仍旧认为移动终端市场并不重要。 + + +谷歌严重的破坏了微软在移动领域的努力，而现在他在桌面市场又对微软发起了挑战。从chrome OS到安卓，谷歌给微软一连串的打击，如果你查看下Amazon最受欢迎的[台式机][5]和[笔记本][6]的话，你会看到很多chrome OS的电脑甚至是装有安卓的PC。所以人们的购买需求在变得多样化，并不局限在windows一家了。 + +### Cinnamon和Unity在Ubuntu14.04上的对抗 ### + +Tech Republic发表了一篇文章介绍了如何在Ubuntu14.04上安装cinnamon，研究了一下Ubuntu14.04上用cinnamon替换unity的可行性。 + +> [Tech Republic][7]报道: +> +> 如果你寻求性能为主不需要其他有特色的可自定义的桌面，cinnamon适合你。Cinnamon是一个直观简洁的桌面，任何人都可以使用，不论你是IT工作者还是你的老妈妈。它非常的简单易用。Cinnamon很平淡，不会和你开什么玩笑，也不会让你感到有惊奇的感觉，但这就是它所注重的。它只会给桌面带来在标准层面上带来实用性，它不求突破，不耍花招，不加条条框框。 +> +> Cinnamon是一个很平凡的桌面它只集成了最好的功能并且把它们集成到一起，完美整合到一块。如果你可以用一个看起来和用起来都点老掉牙但是性能很好的桌面的话，cinnamon完全适合你。如果你喜欢各种花哨的界面和看起来很现代的感觉，cinnamon可能就不适合你了。 + +> [ 更多消息][7] +> +> ![](http://www.itworld.com/sites/default/files/cinnamon-versus-unity-in-ubuntu-1404.jpg) +> +> Image credit: [Tech Republic][7] + +我是站在cinnamon这边的,unity有自己的长处，但是我从来没用习惯过。Cinnamon更接近传统桌面，我用起来不错！ + +但是在别人眼里，漂亮的桌面总是很受欢迎。Linux最大的特色就是提供很多很多不同的选择，如果你真不知道unity和cinnamon该选择谁，你就用自己最喜欢的就行了。 + +你赞成那些呢？请在下方留下你的评论吧 + +作者的观点和ITworld无关！ + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.itworld.com/open-source/421894/has-microsoft-really-changed-its-attitude-toward-open-source + +译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.cnet.com/news/dead-and-buried-microsofts-holy-war-on-open-source-software/ +[2]:http://www.cnet.com/news/dead-and-buried-microsofts-holy-war-on-open-source-software/ +[3]:http://curako.wordpress.com/2010/12/06/the-uneasy-alliance-free-software-vs-open-source/ +[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/the-five-most-popular-end-user-linux-distributions-7000030058/http://www.zdnet.com/the-five-most-popular-end-user-linux-distributions-7000030058/ +[5]:http://www.amazon.com/Best-Sellers-Electronics-Desktop-Computers/zgbs/electronics/565098/?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&linkCode=ur2&tag=fnh-20&linkId=REWXUPB7SQXPDSOL +[6]:http://www.amazon.com/Best-Sellers-Computers-Accessories-Laptop/zgbs/pc/565108/?_encoding=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&linkCode=ur2&tag=fnh-20&linkId=POG3J2CFBHDWBAVL +[7]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/is-cinnamon-a-worthy-replacement-for-ubuntu-unity/ From dc0f0b00d220203c656cb811ce64d48acab402ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jiajia <1534574360@qq.com> Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2014 23:16:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 368/713] Update and rename sources/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md to translated/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md --- ... 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md | 127 ----------------- ... 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md | 131 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 131 insertions(+), 127 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md b/sources/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md deleted file mode 100644 index e70b057195..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,127 +0,0 @@ -jiajia translating... - -Cup 2014 Brazil: Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop -================================================================================ -Football is the most played and most watched sports on Earth. The present form of football originated in Britain. Football players run an average of more than six miles during a single match. Over one billion fans watched last world cup football matches on Television. This figure is estimated to rise on an above note, this year. - -Yeah! 2014 FIFA World Cup is going to start from 12th of June and will last on 13th of July. This will be the 20th FIFA World Cup, which is scheduled to be played in Brazil. A total of 32 countries are participating in this event. - -For the fan-boys of football, here we are going to throw light on an application software called “icup 2014 Brazil”, which will update you with latest scores, keep tracks of the match score of your favourite team. Here in this article we will be discussing its features, usages, installation, etc. - -![iCup 2014 Brazil](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014.jpeg) -iCup 2014 Brazil - -### What is icup 2014 Brazil? ### - -icup 2014 Brazil is an application which is capable of keeping a track of match results of the FIFA world cup 2014 into your Linux desktop, starting shortly. - -### Features of icup 2014 Brazil ### - -- Adaptive User Interface, i.e., auto-resize of user interface. -- Fast Access to Statistics. -- Social Network Sharing Enabled, which extends to Facebook, Twitter and Google+. -- Latest one is – Retina display Support. -- Detailed data with time events and Statistics related to match and Team. -- Audio Kit which comprise of the ‘National-Anthem’ of all the participating countries (32) in high quality effect along with the stadium background sound which makes the whole thing real. -- An inbuilt calendar with the support of time zone for better understanding of events in local time zone, grouping of data and statistics for real time comparison groupable by day or stage, Graphical 2nd stage table, Result and Scores of Teams in real time. -- Proxy support. - -### Platforms and Architecture Supported ### - -The application is designed to run on all major platforms including **Mac**, **Windows** and **Linux**. For the point of Linux, it is important to mention that the application is designed for **x86** processor only. However installing an **x86** application on **x86_64** architecture is possible. We have to tweak a little to make it work **x86_64** systems. - -#### An insight of the Technical Specification on different Platforms #### - -- Live Result, Calendar, Grouping of Data, 2nd stage Table, Social Network Linking and Multi-language support – Available for all supported platform. -- Retina Display – No support in Windows and Linux, however supported in Mac OS. -- Detailed Statistics – Supported in Linux. Donation-ware for Windows and Mac. -- Audio Kit – Supported in Mac and Linux. Unknown for Windows. - -**Important**: As visible in the above specification, some of the features like detailed specification are not available on platform other than Linux, for free. It is just to support Server and Bandwidth cost. For a Linux user, nothing needs to be cared about as far as detailed statistics are concerned, a proud moment. - -### Installing iCup 2014 Brazil in Linux ### - -First go to official [iCup 2014 Brazil download][1] page and download application according to your platform and architecture. - -#### On 32-Bit System #### - - # cd Downloads/ - # tar xvf iCup_2014_FREE-Brazil_1.1_linux.tar.bz2 - # cd iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil\ 1.1/ - # chmod 755 iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil - -As I said above, this application is designed for x86 systems only. In order to Install a 32 bit application on 64 bit architecture, we need to prepare our system by installing some packages – **GTK+2** and **libstdc++.so.6**. - -Well not for this Application only, but there are a whole lot of application in Linux which is not supported in 64-bit e.g., **Skype**. We need to build our System to install those applications. - -#### On 64-Bit Systems #### - -Install **GTK+2** and **libstdc++so.6**, using apt or yum command as shown below. - - $ sudo apt-get install libgtk2.0-0 libstdc++6 [on Debian based systems] - -If you get any dependency error, run the following command to resolve those dependencies - - $ sudo apt-get -f install - ----------- - - # yum install gtk2 libstdc++ [on RedHat based systems] - -Once all the required packages are installed. Now the System is capable of running 32 bit applications on 64-bit systems, now go the directory where you’ve downloaded ‘**iCup 2014 Brazil**‘ package and run the following commands to install it. - - # cd Downloads/ - # tar xvf iCup_2014_FREE-Brazil_1.1_linux.tar.bz2 - # cd iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil\ 1.1/ - # chmod 755 iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil - -Next, move to the directory and double click the executable to start the application. In the below screen-shot you may not get the full information since the FIFA 2014 has not started till now. Although the glimpse of what we can get once the event starts. - -![iCup Brazil 2014](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-01-620x437.jpeg) -iCup Brazil 2014 - -No detailed Information : World cup hasn’t started Yet. - -![Match Detailed Information](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-02-620x439.jpeg) -Match Detailed Information - -Groups and Teams - -![Groups and Teams](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-03-620x439.jpeg) -Groups and Teams - -2nd stage Detailed Information - -![2nd stage Detailed Information](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-04-620x438.jpeg) -2nd stage Detailed Information - -Match Details. Seems incomplete now. - -![Match Summary](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-05-620x440.jpeg) -Match Summary - -Language Change window and Social share button Integrated. - -![Language Change](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-06-620x440.jpeg) -Language Change - -Donation is optional for Linux. You can always contribute. - -![Donation](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-07-620x435.jpeg) -Donation - -### Conclusion ### - -The above Application seems promising and may prove to be a boon for those Football fan-wall who can now remain connected. - -That’s all for now. I’ll be here again with another interesting article soon. In that mean keep connected to Tecmint.com. Don’t forget to provide us with your valuable feedback in the comment section below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/view-fifa-world-cup-matche-results/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.e-link.it/icup/brazil2014/icup-brazil-2014-desktop-app.php diff --git a/translated/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md b/translated/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4272c2a49a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ +在linux桌面上观看2014年巴西世界杯比赛！ +================================================================================ +足球是世界上受众最广和观众最多的运动，现代足球起源于英国。足球运动员平均每场比赛要跑6个多英里。上届南非世界杯有近10亿的电视观众，而今年的的观赛数量预计还要增加。 + +2014年第20界世界杯将会在巴西举行，时间安排为从6月12号开始持续到7月13号，共有32个国家参加这项赛事。 + +爱足球的小伙子们，我们将要介绍一款可以提供最新的赛况以及你喜欢的球队的进球数信息的应用程序，它叫做“icup 2014 Brazil”。下面让我们介绍它的特点，用法和安装等。 + +![iCup 2014 Brazil](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014.jpeg) +iCup 2014 Brazil + +### 什么是“icup 2014 Brazil” ### + +“icup 2014 Brazil”简单的说是一个应用程序，在linux桌面为你提供2014年世界杯的最新比赛赛况。 + +### “icup 2014 Brazil”的特点### + +- 自适应灵活的用户接口 +- 查看状态迅速 +- 支持Facebook、twitter和Google+社交分享功能 +- 支持Retina显示输出 +- 实时跟踪比赛结果 +- 包括32个国家的国歌小工具配合露天广场效果很不错 +- 内置日历和时区工具，实时的显示当天数据，图像化展示最新的战况和得分 +- 支持代理 + + +### 平台和框架支持 ### + +这款软件可以运行在Mac、windows和linux上，特别提醒它只能支持X86的CPU。 +当然它也可以在X64的平台上安装，我们需要做一下设置。 + + +#### 在不同平台的技术规范 #### + +- 实时结果，日历，数据分组，第二阶段整合，社交网络连接和多语言支持，全平台支持 +- Retina显示支持，不支持windows和linux，仅支持Mac OS +- 详细的统计-支持linux windows和Mac +- 声音小工具-支持MAC和linux，windows未知 + + +**Important**: 面的特点都是可见的，一些具体的特性除了linux外都不是免费提供的，为了服务器和带宽费用。对于linux用户来说，任何细节不需要关心，高兴的用去吧。 + + +### Linux下安装“icup 2014 Brazil” ### + +首先去[“icup 2014 Brazil”官方下载页面][1]下载你电脑平台的软件版本 + +#### 32位下的安装步骤 #### + + # cd Downloads/ + # tar xvf iCup_2014_FREE-Brazil_1.1_linux.tar.bz2 + # cd iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil\ 1.1/ + # chmod 755 iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil + +如上文所说，这个应用程序只为X86架构设计，为了在64位架构下安装32位的软件，我们需要安装一些软件包**GTK+2**和**libstdc++.so.6**给我们的系统。 + +不只是这款软件，一大堆Linux下的软件不支持64位架构，例如**Skype**，我们改建我们的系统来安装这些软件。 + +#### 在64位系统下 #### + +安装**GTK+2**和**libstdc++so.6**，用如下apt或者yum命令 + + $ sudo apt-get install libgtk2.0-0 libstdc++6 [在基于Debian系统上执行这个命令] + +如果有报错的话，运行下面的命令来解决 + + $ sudo apt-get -f install + +---------- + + # yum install gtk2 libstdc++ [在基于Redhat系统上执行这个命令] + +需要的软件包安装完后，就可以在64位系统下安装32位的软件了，进入你的下载目录，找到“**icup 2014 Brazil**”安装包然后执行下面的命令 + + # cd Downloads/ + # tar xvf iCup_2014_FREE-Brazil_1.1_linux.tar.bz2 + # cd iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil\ 1.1/ + # chmod 755 iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil + +然后，进入软件所在目录，双击可执行文件启动软件。下面的截屏图中看不到所有的信息，因为2014年世界杯现在还没开始呢，开始后我们就能看到结果了。 + +![iCup Brazil 2014](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-01-620x437.jpeg) +iCup Brazil 2014 + +无具体信息，世界杯尚未开始。 + +![Match Detailed Information](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-02-620x439.jpeg) +Match Detailed Information + +分组和队伍 + +![Groups and Teams](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-03-620x439.jpeg) +Groups and Teams + +第二阶段详细信息 + +![2nd stage Detailed Information](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-04-620x438.jpeg) +2nd stage Detailed Information + +比赛细节，尚未完整 + +![Match Summary](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-05-620x440.jpeg) +Match Summary + +集成语言切换和社交分享按钮 + +![Language Change](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-06-620x440.jpeg) +Language Change + +Linux开启捐赠，可以贡献你的心意。 + +![Donation](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-07-620x435.jpeg) +Donation + +### 结果 ### + +上面的这个软件有望成为足球粉丝的一大福利，赶快在线试用吧。 + +好了，我马上又有一个有趣的文章了。请保持关注Tecmint.com。请在评论区对我们的工作给予反馈。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/view-fifa-world-cup-matche-results/ + +译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.e-link.it/icup/brazil2014/icup-brazil-2014-desktop-app.php From 7e07b22150db2d731bb0fd5cc0dccdfb5bcbc494 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ryan Hu <213edu@gmail.com> Date: Sat, 21 Jun 2014 09:53:46 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 369/713] =?UTF-8?q?[=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9]20140607=20How=20To?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Install=20iCup=202014=20In=20Linux.md?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...40607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md | 21 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md index 1c11d6f7e8..954c99b76a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md @@ -1,33 +1,32 @@ -用iCup在linux追世界杯 +在Linux上用iCup追世界杯 ================================================================================ ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/icup2014-790x389.png) 嗨，Linux 极客们， -在本文简短的叙述中，我将教你如何在Linux中安装一个非常棒的2014FIFA世界杯APP。这个应用叫iCup，支持Windows，Mac以及伟大的Linux。 +在本文简短的叙述中，我将教您如何在Linux中安装一个非常棒的2014FIFA世界杯APP。这个应用叫iCup，支持Windows，Mac以及伟大的Linux。 -我看足球比赛已经有很长的时间了，所以我得我的电脑上安装这样的应用来保持更新2014世界杯的最新情况。我不想在我朋友们面前看起来一无所知。iCup应用正好提供了每一场赛程、比分、球队教练组等信息。更有提供实时比赛更新，给你正在进行的比赛的最新数据。 +我看足球比赛已经有很长的时间了，所以我得在我的电脑上装个这样的应用来保持更新2014世界杯的最新情况。我可不想在我朋友们面前看起来像一无所知的笨货。iCup应用正好提供了每一场赛程、比分、球队教练组等信息。更有提供实时比赛更新，给您提供 正在进行的比赛的最新数据。 -### 支持一下功能： ### +### 支持以下功能： ### - 30种语言支持，完全本地化（使用语言菜单选择） -- 可以随意调整窗口大小的独家灵活的界面 -- 可按天、阶段检索的比赛日历 +- 独家的灵活界面可随意调整窗口大小 +- 可按日期或阶段检索比赛日历 - 可视化分组 - 支持自动转变比赛时间来适应本地时间和格式 - 一键化社交网络发表比赛评论（支持Facebook，Google+和Twitter） - 支持代理（支持基本认证和摘要认证方法） -我已经在Ubuntu12.04LTS上测试并且运很好！目前为止，我没有经历过任何错误或崩溃。你可以十分轻松地安装这个很棒的应用，通过[官方网站][1]你可以得到压缩包，然后你可以解压到任何你喜欢的地方。解压完成后，双击iCup 2014 FREE- Brazil运行。 - -iCup 对我非常有用，我希你也能享受到。 +我已经在Ubuntu12.04LTS上用过而且真的很好用！目前为止，这款软件还没有出错或者崩溃过。通过[官方网站][1]您可以下载到压缩包并且十分轻松地安装这个很棒的应用，然后您可以解压到任何您喜欢的地方。解压完成后，双击iCup 2014 FREE- Brazil运行。 +iCup真心好用，我希望您也能用其享受世界杯！ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-icup-2014-linux/ -译者：[Vic020](http://www.vicyu.net) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Vic020](http://www.vicyu.net) 校对：[213edu](http://ryanhu.me/) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://www.e-link.it/icup/brazil2014/icup-brazil-2014-desktop-app.php \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://www.e-link.it/icup/brazil2014/icup-brazil-2014-desktop-app.php From 5adc82c265633f0d8e541f5ffc12a220ac526f45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 22 Jun 2014 11:22:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 370/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140607=20H?= =?UTF-8?q?ow=20To=20Install=20iCup=202014=20In=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @Vic020 @213edu --- .../20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md b/published/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md rename to published/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md index 954c99b76a..dd38b3238c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md +++ b/published/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md @@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ 我已经在Ubuntu12.04LTS上用过而且真的很好用！目前为止，这款软件还没有出错或者崩溃过。通过[官方网站][1]您可以下载到压缩包并且十分轻松地安装这个很棒的应用，然后您可以解压到任何您喜欢的地方。解压完成后，双击iCup 2014 FREE- Brazil运行。 iCup真心好用，我希望您也能用其享受世界杯！ + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-icup-2014-linux/ From ee76724a256868f22f17a3ad732ce99e597f9ad5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 22 Jun 2014 11:42:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 371/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140607=20C?= =?UTF-8?q?up=202014=20Brazil--Watch=20FIFA=20World=20Cup=202014=20Competi?= =?UTF-8?q?tion=20in=20Your=20Linux=20Desktop?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @jiajia9linuxer --- ... 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md | 44 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md (76%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md b/published/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md similarity index 76% rename from translated/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md rename to published/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md index 4272c2a49a..d7922c31ee 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md +++ b/published/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md @@ -2,12 +2,13 @@ ================================================================================ 足球是世界上受众最广和观众最多的运动，现代足球起源于英国。足球运动员平均每场比赛要跑6个多英里。上届南非世界杯有近10亿的电视观众，而今年的的观赛数量预计还要增加。 -2014年第20界世界杯将会在巴西举行，时间安排为从6月12号开始持续到7月13号，共有32个国家参加这项赛事。 +2014年第20界世界杯在巴西举行，时间安排为从6月12号开始持续到7月13号，共有32个国家参加这项赛事。 爱足球的小伙子们，我们将要介绍一款可以提供最新的赛况以及你喜欢的球队的进球数信息的应用程序，它叫做“icup 2014 Brazil”。下面让我们介绍它的特点，用法和安装等。 ![iCup 2014 Brazil](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014.jpeg) -iCup 2014 Brazil + +*iCup 2014 Brazil* ### 什么是“icup 2014 Brazil” ### @@ -15,8 +16,8 @@ iCup 2014 Brazil ### “icup 2014 Brazil”的特点### -- 自适应灵活的用户接口 -- 查看状态迅速 +- 自适应的用户界面，比如自动缩放 +- 迅速查看战绩 - 支持Facebook、twitter和Google+社交分享功能 - 支持Retina显示输出 - 实时跟踪比赛结果 @@ -27,20 +28,16 @@ iCup 2014 Brazil ### 平台和框架支持 ### -这款软件可以运行在Mac、windows和linux上，特别提醒它只能支持X86的CPU。 -当然它也可以在X64的平台上安装，我们需要做一下设置。 - +这款软件可以运行在Mac、windows和linux上，特别提醒，在Linux上，它是为x86的CPU设计的，虽然它也可以在x64的平台上安装，不过我们需要做一下设置。 #### 在不同平台的技术规范 #### -- 实时结果，日历，数据分组，第二阶段整合，社交网络连接和多语言支持，全平台支持 -- Retina显示支持，不支持windows和linux，仅支持Mac OS -- 详细的统计-支持linux windows和Mac -- 声音小工具-支持MAC和linux，windows未知 - - -**Important**: 面的特点都是可见的，一些具体的特性除了linux外都不是免费提供的，为了服务器和带宽费用。对于linux用户来说，任何细节不需要关心，高兴的用去吧。 +- 实时结果，日历，数据分组，第二阶段整合，社交网络连接和多语言支持，这些支持全平台 +- Retina显示支持，这个不支持windows和linux，仅支持Mac OS +- 详细的统计-支持linux。在windows和Mac需要捐赠才行 +- 声音小工具-支持MAC和linux，windows不确定 +**重要**: 上面的特点都支持，一些具体的特性除了linux外都不是免费提供的，这是为了支付服务器和带宽费用。对于linux用户来说，任何细节不需要关心，高兴的用去吧。 ### Linux下安装“icup 2014 Brazil” ### @@ -53,9 +50,9 @@ iCup 2014 Brazil # cd iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil\ 1.1/ # chmod 755 iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil -如上文所说，这个应用程序只为X86架构设计，为了在64位架构下安装32位的软件，我们需要安装一些软件包**GTK+2**和**libstdc++.so.6**给我们的系统。 +如上文所说，这个应用程序只为X86架构设计，为了在64位架构下安装32位的软件，我们需要在系统上安装一些软件包：**GTK+2**和**libstdc++.so.6**。 -不只是这款软件，一大堆Linux下的软件不支持64位架构，例如**Skype**，我们改建我们的系统来安装这些软件。 +不只是这款软件，一大堆Linux下的软件不支持64位架构，例如**Skype**，我们也需要这样调整我们的系统来安装这些软件。 #### 在64位系统下 #### @@ -78,42 +75,49 @@ iCup 2014 Brazil # cd iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil\ 1.1/ # chmod 755 iCup\ 2014\ FREE\ -\ Brazil -然后，进入软件所在目录，双击可执行文件启动软件。下面的截屏图中看不到所有的信息，因为2014年世界杯现在还没开始呢，开始后我们就能看到结果了。 +然后，进入软件所在目录，双击可执行文件启动软件。下面的截屏图中看不到所有的信息，**因为本文写作时2014年世界杯现在还没开始呢，开始后我们就能看到结果了**。 ![iCup Brazil 2014](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-01-620x437.jpeg) + iCup Brazil 2014 无具体信息，世界杯尚未开始。 ![Match Detailed Information](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-02-620x439.jpeg) + Match Detailed Information 分组和队伍 ![Groups and Teams](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-03-620x439.jpeg) + Groups and Teams 第二阶段详细信息 ![2nd stage Detailed Information](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-04-620x438.jpeg) + 2nd stage Detailed Information 比赛细节，尚未完整 ![Match Summary](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-05-620x440.jpeg) + Match Summary 集成语言切换和社交分享按钮 ![Language Change](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-06-620x440.jpeg) + Language Change -Linux开启捐赠，可以贡献你的心意。 +Linux上捐赠是可选的，你可以贡献你的心意。 ![Donation](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Football-World-Cup-2014-07-620x435.jpeg) + Donation -### 结果 ### +### 总结 ### 上面的这个软件有望成为足球粉丝的一大福利，赶快在线试用吧。 @@ -124,7 +128,7 @@ Donation via: http://www.tecmint.com/view-fifa-world-cup-matche-results/ -译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d6680f61e8df86d062bc1fed7596be737b0d6aa2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 22 Jun 2014 12:41:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 372/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140620=20E?= =?UTF-8?q?NCRYPT=20DNS=20TRAFFIC=20IN=20LINUX=20WITH=20DNSCRYPT=20(VIA=20?= =?UTF-8?q?OPENDNS)?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @213edu --- ...DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md (79%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md b/published/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md similarity index 79% rename from translated/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md rename to published/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md index 72826fb70b..f46c2ad7de 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md +++ b/published/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ ================================================================================ **正如SSL能将HTTP通信变为加密过的HTTPS通信，DNSCrypt, 物如其名， 是一款能加密您电脑与OpenDNS之间的通信的小神器。** -DNSCrypt刚问世的时候，官方公布为是一款只有Mac才能用的工具，但根据最近一片由OpenDNS发的[文章][1]表明，虽然还没有用户界面，但其实当Mac版DNSCrypt推出的时候源码已经放到了Github上了， Linux的用户也可以安装以及使用哦！ +DNSCrypt刚问世的时候，官方公布它只是一款Mac才能用的工具，但根据最近一篇由OpenDNS发的[文章][1]表明，虽然还没有用户界面，但其实当Mac版DNSCrypt推出的时候源码已经放到了Github上了， Linux的用户也可以安装以及使用哦！ ### 为神马要使用 DNSCrypt? ### @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ DNSCrypt刚问世的时候，官方公布为是一款只有Mac才能用的工具 ![](http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-WLefdXHIzwg/Tz45kGKAZdI/AAAAAAAAH0k/KLBnWJom6-g/s1600/edit-network.png) -然后把您的DNS服务器调成"127.0.0.1" - 在GNOME界面下的话，只要到Network Connections（网络连接）选项然后选择"Edit"并在"DNS servers"输入"127.0.0.1"就好了。如果您用的是DHCP的话，请选择Automatic (DHCP) addresses only"， 这样的话才会进入DNS服务器。然后只要重连便可。 +然后把您的DNS服务器调成"127.0.0.1" - 在GNOME界面下的话，只要到Network Connections（网络连接）选项然后选择"Edit"并在"DNS servers"输入"127.0.0.1"就好了。如果您用的是DHCP的话，请选择Automatic (DHCP) addresses only"， 这样的话才能输入DNS服务器。然后只要重连网络便可。 您可以访问这条[链接][5]来测试您连接到了OpenDNS了没。 @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ DNSCrypt刚问世的时候，官方公布为是一款只有Mac才能用的工具 如果您想在Ubuntu设置开机启动，您可以使用这个[Upstart脚本][7]。 -注： 在Ubuntu 12.04版在127.0.0.1有个本地的DNS cache （dnsmasq）在跑，所以已经把改脚本改成让DNSCrypt使用127.0.0.2了， 所以按照上面的教程，应该把127.0.0.1换成127.0.0.2了。 +注： 在Ubuntu 12.04版在127.0.0.1有个本地的DNS cache 服务器（dnsmasq）在跑，所以已经把改脚本改成让DNSCrypt使用127.0.0.2了， 所以按照上面的教程，应该把127.0.0.1换成127.0.0.2了。 要安装此脚本请使用以下的指令（要首先解压下下来的压缩文件）： @@ -49,13 +49,13 @@ DNSCrypt刚问世的时候，官方公布为是一款只有Mac才能用的工具 sudo stop dnscrypt -[下载DNSCrypt][8] (.deb, .rpm以及源码都可供下载哦！) +[下载DNSCrypt][8] (.deb、 .rpm以及源码都可供下载哦！) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.webupd8.org/2012/02/encrypt-dns-traffic-in-linux-with.html -译者：[213edu](https://github.com/213edu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[213edu](https://github.com/213edu) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0c9eb70bed12e7eb7ad6044e2232b310d33a668c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tenght Date: Sun, 22 Jun 2014 16:08:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 373/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 请校对~ --- ...disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md | 65 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md index 8ae56072a2..53b0bf9e26 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md @@ -1,13 +1,14 @@ --------------translating by tenght~ -9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux + translated by tenght~ + +查看Linux硬盘分区和磁盘空间的9个命令 ================================================================================ -In this post we are taking a look at some commands that can be used to check up the partitions on your system. The commands would check what partitions there are on each disk and other details like the total size, used up space and file system etc. -Commands like fdisk, sfdisk and cfdisk are general partitioning tools that can not only display the partition information, but also modify them. +在这篇文章中，我们将看看用来检查你的系统分区的一些命令，这些命令将检查每个磁盘的分区情况和其他细节，例如总大小，用完的空间和文件系统等。 +像fdisk，sfdisk和cfdisk命令是一般分区工具，不仅可以显示分区信息，还可以修改。 ### 1. fdisk ### -Fdisk is the most commonly used command to check the partitions on a disk. The fdisk command can display the partitions and details like file system type. However it does not report the size of each partitions. +Fdisk是检查磁盘上分区的最常用命令，fdisk命令可以显示分区和细节，如文件系统类型，但是它并不报告每个分区的大小。 $ sudo fdisk -l @@ -36,11 +37,10 @@ Fdisk is the most commonly used command to check the partitions on a disk. The f Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 2048 7907327 3952640 b W95 FAT32 -Each device is reported separately with details about size, seconds, id and individual partitions. - +单独显示了每个设备的详细信息：大小，秒，ID和单个分区。 ### 2. sfdisk ### -Sfdisk is another utility with a purpose similar to fdisk, but with more features. It can display the size of each partition in MB. +Sfdisk是另一种跟fdisk目的相似的实用工具，但具有更多的功能。它可以以MB为单位显示每个分区的大小。 $ sudo sfdisk -l -uM @@ -75,20 +75,20 @@ Sfdisk is another utility with a purpose similar to fdisk, but with more feature ### 3. cfdisk ### -Cfdisk is a linux partition editor with an interactive user interface based on ncurses. It can be used to list out the existing partitions as well as create or modify them. +Cfdisk是一个基于ncurses（提供字符终端处理库，包括面板和菜单）的带有交互式用户界面的Linux分区编辑器，它可以用来列出现有分区以及创建或修改这些分区。 -Here is an example of how to use cfdisk to list the partitions. +下面是一个如何使用Cfdisk来列出分区的例子。 ![linux cfdisk disk partitions](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/linux-cfdisk.png) -Cfdisk works with one partition at a time. So if you need to see the details of a particular disk, then pass the device name to cfdisk. +Cfdisk工作在同一个分区，所以如果你需要看某一磁盘的细节，可以把设备名传给Cfdisk。 $ sudo cfdisk /dev/sdb ### 4. parted ### -Parted is yet another command line utility to list out partitions and modify them if needed. -Here is an example that lists out the partition details. +Parted是另一个命令行实用程序用来列出分区，如果需要的话，也可进行修改。 +下面是一个例子，列出了详细的分区信息。 $ sudo parted -l Model: ATA ST3500418AS (scsi) @@ -115,9 +115,9 @@ Here is an example that lists out the partition details. ### 5. df ### -Df is not a partitioning utility, but prints out details about only mounted file systems. The list generated by df even includes file systems that are not real disk partitions. +Df是不是一个分区工具，但它打印出挂装文件系统的细节，Df可以列出甚至不是真实的磁盘分区的文件系统。 -Here is a simple example +这里是个简单的例子： $ df -h Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on @@ -131,16 +131,16 @@ Here is a simple example /dev/sda8 196G 154G 33G 83% /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1 /dev/sda5 98G 37G 62G 38% /media/4668484A68483B47 -Only the file systems that start with a /dev are actual devices or partitions. +文件系统只有以 /dev 开始的，是实际设备或分区。 -Use grep to filter out real hard disk partitions/file systems. +使用grep命令来筛选出实际的硬盘分区或文件系统。 $ df -h | grep ^/dev /dev/sda6 97G 43G 49G 48% / /dev/sda8 196G 154G 33G 83% /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1 /dev/sda5 98G 37G 62G 38% /media/4668484A68483B47 -To display only real disk partitions along with partition type, use df like this +为了只显示真正的磁盘分区与分区类型，可以这样使用Df： $ df -h --output=source,fstype,size,used,avail,pcent,target -x tmpfs -x devtmpfs Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on @@ -148,11 +148,11 @@ To display only real disk partitions along with partition type, use df like this /dev/sda8 ext4 196G 154G 33G 83% /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1 /dev/sda5 fuseblk 98G 37G 62G 38% /media/4668484A68483B47 -Note that df shows only the mounted file systems or partitions and not all. +请注意，Df只显示已挂载的文件系统或分区，并不是所有。 ### 6. pydf ### -Improved version of df, written in python. Prints out all the hard disk partitions in a easy to read manner. +用Python写的Df的改进版本，以一个易于阅读的方式打印出所有磁盘分区。 $ pydf Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on @@ -160,12 +160,13 @@ Improved version of df, written in python. Prints out all the hard disk partitio /dev/sda8 195G 153G 32G 78.4 [#######..] /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1 /dev/sda5 98G 36G 61G 37.1 [###......] /media/4668484A68483B47 -Again, pydf is limited to showing only the mounted file systems. +另外，pydf限制为仅显示已挂载的文件系统 ### 7. lsblk ### -Lists out all the storage blocks, which includes disk partitions and optical drives. Details include the total size of the partition/block and the mount point if any. -Does not report the used/free disk space on the partitions. +列出了所有的存储块，包括磁盘分区和光盘驱动器。细节包括所有分区/块总大小和挂载点。 + +不报告分区上的已使用和空闲磁盘空间。 $ lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT @@ -180,13 +181,14 @@ Does not report the used/free disk space on the partitions. └─sdb1 8:17 1 3.8G 0 part sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom -If there is no MOUNTPOINT, then it means that the file system is not yet mounted. For cd/dvd this means that there is no disk. -Lsblk is capbale of displaying more information about each device like the label and model. Check out the man page for more information +如果没有挂载点，这就意味着文件系统未安装，对于cd/dvd这意味着没有磁盘。 + +lsblk能够显示每个设备的更多信息，如标签和模型，更多请查看信息手册。 ### 8. blkid ### -Prints the block device (partitions and storage media) attributes like uuid and file system type. Does not report the space on the partitions. +打印块设备（分区和存储介质）属性，例如UUID和文件系统类型，不报告分区空间。 $ sudo blkid /dev/sda1: UUID="5E38BE8B38BE6227" TYPE="ntfs" @@ -198,7 +200,7 @@ Prints the block device (partitions and storage media) attributes like uuid and ### 9. hwinfo ### -The hwinfo is a general purpose hardware information tool and can be used to print out the disk and partition list. The output however does not print details about each partition like the above commands. +hwinfo是一个通用的硬件信息的工具，可以用来打印出磁盘和分区表，输出不再像上面的命令那样打印每个分区的详细信息。 $ hwinfo --block --short disk: @@ -216,17 +218,18 @@ The hwinfo is a general purpose hardware information tool and can be used to pri /dev/sr0 SONY DVD RW DRU-190A ### Summary ### +### 总结 ### -The output of parted is concise and complete to get an overview of different partitions, file system on them and the total space. Pydf and df are limited to showing only mounted file systems and the same on them. +parted的输出简洁而完整的得到不同分区的概述、上面的文件系统以及总空间。pydf和df被限制为只显示和他们一样的已挂载的文件系统。 -Fdisk and Sfdisk show a whole lot of information that can take sometime to interpret whereas, Cfdisk is an interactive partitioning tool that display a single device at a time. +fdisk和sfdisk显示完整的大量的可以花些时间来解释的信息，，cfdisk是一个互动的分区工具，每次显示一个单一的设备。 -So try them out, and do not forget to comment below. +来尝试下吧，别忘了在下面评论哟！ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-command-check-disk-partitions/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[tenght](https://github.com/tenght) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 27486cc840fc2515de6517495ee450fe7afce230 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: disylee Date: Sun, 22 Jun 2014 16:15:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 374/713] Signed-off-by: disylee translated OK --- ...622Write your first Linux Kernel module.md | 495 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 495 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140622Write your first Linux Kernel module.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20140622Write your first Linux Kernel module.md b/translated/tech/20140622Write your first Linux Kernel module.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a6232bf273 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140622Write your first Linux Kernel module.md @@ -0,0 +1,495 @@ + + +如何编写你的第一个Linux内核模块 + +================================================================================ + + +>你是否曾经想过开始去攻击一个内核？然而却不知道从何开始？让我们来告诉你该怎么做… + + +内核程序通常被视为一个黑色魔术。从Arthur C Clarke的理念来说，确实是这样。Linux内核与用户空间的确存在很多不同：许多抽象的东西被搁置，你需要格外小心，当一个bug存在代码中时将会影响到整个系统。这不是一个简单的方法去改浮点数，堆栈既被固定了而且很小，你写的代码通常是异步的，所以你需要考虑到并发性的问题。尽管如此，Linux内核是一个庞大且复杂的C程序，对每个人都提供开源阅读、学习和改进，你也可以成为其中的一份子。 + +> “The easiest way to start kernel programming +> is to write a module – a piece of code that +> can be dynamically loaded into the kernel.” + +> “最简单的方法来开始写内核程序 +> 就是写一个内核模块 - 这段代码 +> 可以动态加载到内核中。” + + +可能开始学习内核程序的最简单方式来就是先编写一个模块——一段代码可以动态加载到你的内核和卸载。但是也存在一些限制，比如说什么模块可以这样做——例如，它们不能添加或者删除常用数据结构的一些字段例如过程描述。但是在其它方面它们是成熟的内核级别代码，根据需要并经常被编译到内核中（因此删除所有受限）。在Linux源代码树开发和编译一个模块（这不出乎医疗应该成为out-of-tree构建）是完全有可以的，如果你只想玩一下而不去提交你主线内核的改动，这是非常方便的。 + + + +在这个教程中，我们将开发一个简单的内核模块，创建**/dev/reverse**设备。当字符写到这个设备就回次序颠倒读出来（就像“Hello World”会变成“World Hello”。这是一个很受欢迎的程序员面试难题，当你利用自己的能力在内核级别实现这个功能时，可以使你得到一些加分。在我们开始之前会有一句提示：有一个bug寸在你的模块有可能导致你的系统崩溃（不太可能，但是可能）和数据丢失。 + +###尽可能避开root用户 ### + + + +>默认情况下，**/dev/reverse**只能对根用户可用，所以你只能通过**sudo**来运行你的测试程序。为了修复这个问题，创建一个**/lib/udev/rules.d/99-reverse.rules**文件，其中包含： +> +> SUBSYSTEM=="misc", KERNEL=="reverse", MODE="0666" + +>不要忘记重新插入模块。通常来说使设备接点可访问对非根用户来说通常不是一个好主意，但是在开发过程中的确非常有用。更不值得一提的是作为根用户运行测试二进制文件也不是一个好主意。 + + + + +#### 关于模块的剖析 #### + + + +由于大多数Linux内核模块都是用C编写的（除了底层的特定于体系结构的部分），所以建议把你的内核保存在一个独立的文件中（叫做，reverse.c).我们会将整份源代码放在GitHub中——在这里不我们可以看到一些小片段。首先，我们要把一些常见的头文件和描述该模块使用预定义的宏包含进来： + + #include + #include + #include + + MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); + MODULE_AUTHOR("Valentine Sinitsyn "); + MODULE_DESCRIPTION("In-kernel phrase reverser"); + + + +这一切其实都很简单，除了**MODULE_LICENSE()**之外：这不是一个纯粹的标记。内核尤其钟情于GPL－compatible 代码，所以如果你设置一些非GPL兼容的认证（也就是说，“私有认证”），某些特定的内核功能在你的模块中将不可用。 + + + + + +### 什么时候不该一个内核模块 ### + + + +>- 你开发一个USB驱动时 - 需要查阅[libusb][1]. +>- 你开发一个系统文件时 - 试试 [FUSE][2]. +>- 你扩展Netfilter - [libnetfilter_queue][3] 也许能够对你有所帮助。 + +>通常，本地代码会运行得更好，但是很多程序来说这种情况并不是至关重要的。 + + + +由于内核程序通常是异步的，它并没有 **main()** 功能，Linux是按顺序运行你的模块。取而代之，你将会提供各种事件的回滚，例如： + + static int __init reverse_init(void) + { + printk(KERN_INFO "reverse device has been registered\n"); + return 0; + } + + static void __exit reverse_exit(void) + { + printk(KERN_INFO "reverse device has been unregistered\n"); + } + + module_init(reverse_init); + module_exit(reverse_exit); + + + +这里，我们定义的函数被称为模块的插入和删除。只有第一个是必要的。目前，他们简单地发送一条内核指令给缓存中（可以通过用户界面发送 **dmesg** 命令）；**KERN_INFO**是一个日至级别（切记这里没有逗号）.**__init** 和 **__exit** 都是特性 - 把元数据添加到函数（或者变量）。在用户界面中C代码的属性是很罕见的但是在内核中却很普遍。标有**__init**都会经过初始化以后被回收（要记得之前释放未使用的内核内寸...这条消息？）。**__exit** 表示，当代码静态构建到内核中时，函数会安全地优化。最后，**module_init()** 和**module_exit()**宏设置**reverse_init()** 和 **reverse_exit()**作为我们模块生命周期的回滚。实际的函数名称并不重要；你可以按着你的想法命名为**init()** 和**exit()** 或者 **start()** 和 **stop()**。他们都是静态声明，你在外部模块是看不到的。实际上，许多内核中的模块是可视的除非是明显的导出。然而，在函数前面添加你的函数作为前缀通常是内核程序员约定俗成的做法。 + + + +这些都是些基本概念 - 让我们来做更多有趣的事情吧。模块可以添加参数，例如： + + # modprobe foo bar=1 + + +**modinfo**显示了所有模块可以接受的参数，这些也可以在**/sys/module//parameters**文件中找到。我们的模块需要一个缓存区来存储参数 - 让我们来调整大小使用户可配置。在**MODULE_DESCRIPTION()**添加如下三行： + + static unsigned long buffer_size = 8192; + module_param(buffer_size, ulong, (S_IRUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)); + MODULE_PARM_DESC(buffer_size, "Internal buffer size"); + + + +这里，我们定义一个变量来存储值，封装成一个参数，使得每个人都可以通过sysfs对其进行阅读。这个参数的描述（在最后一行）出现在modinfo的输出里。 + + + +由于用户可以直接设置**buffer_size**，我们需要在**reverse_init()**中对其进行清理。你应该经常检查来自内核意外数据 - 付过你不这样做，你将是在给自己制造内核异常甚至是安全漏洞。 + + static int __init reverse_init() + { + if (!buffer_size) + return -1; + printk(KERN_INFO + "reverse device has been registered, buffer size is %lu bytes\n", + buffer_size); + return 0; + } + + + +来自模块初始化函数的非0返回值意味着执行失败。 + + +### 导航 ### + + + +>当你正在开发模块时linux内核就是无限的源头。然而，它确实很大，你也许在寻找的过程中会遇到很多困难。幸运的是，在庞大的代码库面前，有许多工具使这个过程变得简单。首先，有一个叫Cscope的工具，——在终端运行中一个比较经典的工具。简单地运行**make cscope && cscope**在源代码一级目录。Cscope很好地集成了Vim和Emacs，于是你又可以不离开你喜爱地编辑工具。 + + + +>基于终端工具的使用也许不是你的强项，请访问[http://lxr.free-electrons.com][4].这是一个基于网站的内核导航工具没有太多的类似Cscope的特性（例如，你不能轻易地查找函数的用法），但是它还是可以给你提供快速的查找。 + + + +现在，是时候编译模块了。你需要你正在运行的内核版本头文件（**linux-headers**或者同等包）和**build-essential** （或者类是）。接下来，是时候创建一个叫Makefile的样板： + + obj-m += reverse.o + all: + make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules + clean: + make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean + + + +现在，使用**make**来创建你的第一个模块。如果你正确输入，你将会找到在当前目录里找到 **reverse.ko**。插入**sudo insmod reverse.ko**并运行： + + $ dmesg | tail -1 + [ 5905.042081] reverse device has been registered, buffer size is 8192 bytes + + + +祝贺你！可是，现在这一行告诉你一个假象 —— 这里并不存在设备接点。让我们修复它吧。 + + +#### 混杂设备 #### + + + +在Linux中，有一种特殊的字符设备类型成为“miscellaneous”（简写“misc”）。这是专为单点小型设备驱动而涉及的，而且能恰好满足我们的需求。所有的misc设备共享相同的主设备号（10），所以一个驱动程序(**drivers/char/misc.c**)可以查看到他们的所有设备，你可以从他们的次设备号分辨出他们。从其他意义来说，他们也只是普通的字符设备。 + + +为了给设备注册一个次要设备号（和一个接入点），你需要先声明**struct misc_device**，填写字段（注意语法），并调用**misc_register()**这个结构的指针。为此，你还需要把**linux/miscdevice.h** 头文件包含进去： + + static struct miscdevice reverse_misc_device = { + .minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR, + .name = "reverse", + .fops = &reverse_fops + }; + static int __init reverse_init() + { + ... + misc_register(&reverse_misc_device); + printk(KERN_INFO ... + } + + +在这里，我们要求第一个可用的（动态的）次设备号命名为“reverse”;省略号表示已经省略了的代码，这些省略了的代码是我们之前看过的。别忘了在模块卸载后注销该设备： + + static void __exit reverse_exit(void) + { + misc_deregister(&reverse_misc_device); + ... + } + + + +‘fop’字段存储了一个指向**file_operations**（在linux/fs.h中声明）结构的指针，这是指向我们模块的接入点。**reverse_fops**定义如下： + + static struct file_operations reverse_fops = { + .owner = THIS_MODULE, + .open = reverse_open, + ... + .llseek = noop_llseek + }; + + + +另外，**reverse_fops**包含了一组将要执行的回调函数（也成为方法），当用户空间代码打开了一个设备，从中进行读写或者关闭文件描述。如果你忽略了这些，那么将会有一个只能的回退来取代它。这就是我们要明确地给**noop_llseek()**设置**llseek**的方法，（顾名思义）而它却什么都不干。默认地实现是改变了文件的指针，我们也不想我们的设备被识别（这将是你们今天的家庭作业）。 + + + +#### 在结束时开启 #### + + + +让我们来实现这个方法。我们将会为每一个文件描述的打开分配一个新的缓冲区来给它自由关闭。这确实是不安全：如果一个用户空间应用的漏洞描述（或者是故意的），但它可能占用着内存，导致系统无法正常使用。在真实应用中，你应该经常考虑到这些可能性。但是在本教程中，这个方法是可接受的。 + + + +我们需要一个结构来描述缓冲区。内核提供了许多通用的数据结构：链表（双键链表），哈希表，树等等。然而，缓冲区通常从零开始实现的。我们将调用我们的“struct buffer”: + + struct buffer { + char *data, *end, *read_ptr; + unsigned long size; + }; + + +**data**是一个寸在缓冲区指向字符串的指针数据，而结尾是在字符串结束后的第一个字节。缓冲区的大小是为完整性而存储的 —— 目前，我们不使用该字段。你不应该认为你的用户结构会正确地初始化所有这些，所以你应更好地在函数中封装缓冲区和重新分配分配。他们通常命名为**buffer_alloc()** 和 **buffer_free()**. + + static struct buffer *buffer_alloc(unsigned long size) + { + struct buffer *buf; + buf = kzalloc(sizeof(*buf), GFP_KERNEL); + if (unlikely(!buf)) + goto out; + ... + out: + return buf; + } + +Kernel memory is allocated with **kmalloc()** and freed with **kfree()**; the **kzalloc()** flavour sets the memory to all-zeroes. Unlike standard **malloc()**, its kernel counterpart receives flags specifying the type of memory requested in the second argument. Here, **GFP_KERNEL** means we need a normal kernel memory (not in DMA or high-memory zones) and the function can sleep (reschedule the process) if needed. **sizeof(*buf)** is a common way to get the size of a structure accessible via pointer. + +内核内存使用通过**kmalloc()**来分配并**kfree()**来释放内存；**kzalloc()**会将内存设置为全零。不像标准的**malloc()**，它的内核版本接收标志在第二个参数指定内存的类型。这里，**GFP_KERNEL**意味着我们需要一个正常的内核内存（并非直接内存存取或者高内存区）以及函数可以按需休眠（重新安排流程）。**sizeof(*buf)**是一种常用的方式通过指针来获取结构的大小。 + + + +你应该经常检查**kmalloc()**的返回值；非空指针将会导致内核崩溃。另外还要注意到**unlikely()**宏的用法。它（与**likely()**宏相反）广泛用于表示内核中判断条件几乎是真（或假）。它不影响流控制，但是有助于现代处理器提高分支预测的性能。 + + +最后，注意**gotos**。他们通常被认为是邪恶的，然而，在Linux内核中（和一些其它系统软件）利用他们集中实现函数退出。这将导致更少的深度嵌套和可读代码，就更像**try-ctach**块中使用的更高级语言。 + + +有**buffer_alloc()** 和 **buffer_free()**的存在，**open** 和 **close**的方法就回变得非常简单。 + + static int reverse_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) + { + int err = 0; + file->private_data = buffer_alloc(buffer_size); + ... + return err; + } + + +**struct file**是一个标准的内核数据结构，用于存储关于打开的文件信息，例如当前文件位置(**file->f_pos**),标志(**file->f_flags**),或者打开方式(**file->f_mode**).另外一个字段， **file->private_data**常用于关联文件和一些任意数据。它的类型是void *，但是对内核意外的文件拥有者是不透明的。我们将把它存储在缓冲区内。 + + +如果缓存区分配失败，我们通过返回负值显示调用用户空间代码(**-ENOMEM**).C库中利用**open(2)**系统调用(可能是, **glibc**)将会进行检测并适当地设置**errno** 。 + + +#### 学习如何读和写 #### + + +读和写的方法才是真正工作的完成。当数据在缓冲区被读和写时，我们放弃之前的内容和反向地存储该字段，不需要任何临时存储。读的方法是简单地复制内核缓冲区到用户空间。但是如果还是没有数据在缓冲区时，什么是**reverse_read()**方法应该做的呢？在用户空间，**read()**调用会阻塞，知道数据可用。在内核中，你需要等待。幸运的是，有一个叫做“等待列队”的机制。 + + +这个想法是很简单的。如果一个当前的进程需要等待一些事件，它的描述(a **struct task_struct** 存储为 ‘当前’)被放在非运行状态（sleeping）并添加到队列。接着**schedule()**会计划选择另一个进程来运行。生成事件的代码通过使用队列把等待事件放进**TASK_RUNNING** 状态来唤醒它们。调度表会选择在未来的某个点选择它们中的一个。Linux有许多非运行进程状态，尤其是**TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE**（睡眠状态可以被一个信号中断）和**TASK_KILLABLE**（正在睡眠状态的进程可以被阻断）。所有这些都会被正确把握，而等待队列将会为你安排好这一切。 + + +存储我们的读写队列头的一个天然场所是结构缓存区，所以通过添加**wait_queue_head_t read_queue**字段开始。你将会将**linux/sched.h**包含其中。一个等待队列将会通过DECLARE_WAITQUEUE()宏被静态声明。在我们的例子中，是需要动态初始化的，于是我们添加**buffer_alloc()**这一行： + + init_waitqueue_head(&buf->read_queue); + + +我们等待可用数据；或者**read_ptr != end**条为真时。我们需要等待可终端（例如，通过Ctrl+C).所以读的方法应该这样开始： + + static ssize_t reverse_read(struct file *file, char __user * out, + size_t size, loff_t * off) + { + struct buffer *buf = file->private_data; + ssize_t result; + while (buf->read_ptr == buf->end) { + if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) { + result = -EAGAIN; + goto out; + } + if (wait_event_interruptible + (buf->read_queue, buf->read_ptr != buf->end)) { + result = -ERESTARTSYS; + goto out; + } + } + ... + + +我们会进行循环，直到有可用数据出现，并且在如果不是的情况下使用**wait_event_interruptible()**（这是一个宏，不是一个函数，这就是为什么队列要通过一个值来传送）来等待。如果是**wait_event_interruptible()**的情况下，很好，会中断，并返回一个非零值，我们将它翻译为**-ERESTARTSYS**.这段代码意味着系统调用将会重启。**file->f_flags**在一个非阻塞模式检查打开的文件数量：如果没有数据，我们会返回**-EAGAIN**. + + +我们不能使用**if()**来取代**while()**，由于还有许多进程正在等待数据。当**write**方法唤醒他们，调度表会用不可预知的方法来选择一个运行，那么这段代码将在适时有一个机会执行，缓冲区会再次清空。现在我们需要从**buf->data**复制数据到用户空间。**copy_to_user()**内核函数是实现如下： + + size = min(size, (size_t) (buf->end - buf->read_ptr)); + if (copy_to_user(out, buf->read_ptr, size)) { + result = -EFAULT; + goto out; + } + +如果用户空间指针是错误的，这个调用将可能失败；如果发生这种情况，我们会返回**-EFAULT**.切记不要相信任何来自内核意外的东西！ + + buf->read_ptr += size; + result = size; + out: + return result; + } + + + +为了使数据在任意块可读，简单的算法往往是必要的。这个方法返回了读或者一段错误代码的字节数。 + + +这个写的方法更简单和更简短。首先，我们检查缓冲区是否有足够的空间，接着我们使用**copy_from_userspace()**功能来获取数据。接着**read_ptr**和结束指针重置和缓冲区内容是相反的： + + buf->end = buf->data + size; + buf->read_ptr = buf->data; + if (buf->end > buf->data) + reverse_phrase(buf->data, buf->end - 1); + + +这里，**reverse_phrase()**干了所有重活。这有赖于**reverse_word()**函数，既简短有可以做内联标记。这是另一种常见的优化；然而，你不应该过度使用它，因为内敛使用会使内核镜像变得不必要的大。 + + +最后，我们需要唤醒正在**read_queue**等待数据的进程，正如先前面熟。**wake_up_interruptible()**实现如下： + + wake_up_interruptible(&buf->read_queue); + + +喲！你现在拥有一个至少可以成功调试的内核模块。现在是时候来测试它了。 + + +### 调试内核代码 ### + + + +>也许在内核中大多数常用的调试方法是打印。你可以使用纯**printk()**（大概和**KERN_DEBUG**日志级别相似）如果你愿意。然而，也有更好的方法。使用**pr_debug()** 或者 **dev_dbg()**,如果你正在写一个有“struct device”设备驱动：他们支持动态调试(**dyndbg**)特征并可以启用或者禁止请求（请看**Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt**）。对于纯开发的信息，使用**pr_devel()**，除非DEBUG被定义，这将成为一个空操作。要为我们的模块启用DEBUG，包括： + +> +> CFLAGS_reverse.o := -DDEBUG +> + + +>在 Makefile中。在这之后，使用**dmesg**来查看通过**pr_debug()** 或者 **pr_devel()**生成调试信息。 + + + +>或者，你可以通过发送调试信息到控制台。做这一步，你也可以设置**console_loglevel**内核变量为8甚至更高(**echo 8 /proc/sys/kernel/printk**)或者临时在日志级别高的问题上打印调试信息例如**KERN_ERR**.自然而然，你将会在你发布代码之前删除这类调试语句。 + +>注意内核在控制台出现的内核信息，并不是像Xterm的一个在终端模拟窗口；这就是为什么你会发现建议不要在X环境下开发内核。 + + + +### 惊喜，惊喜！ ### + + + +编译模块并加载大内核： + + $ make + $ sudo insmod reverse.ko buffer_size=2048 + $ lsmod + reverse 2419 0 + $ ls -l /dev/reverse + crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 10, 58 Feb 22 15:53 /dev/reverse + + +一切似乎都就绪了。现在，来测试模块如何工作，我们将要写一段小程序来反转第一个命令行参数。在**main()**函数(sans error checking)你可以看到如下： + + int fd = open("/dev/reverse", O_RDWR); + write(fd, argv[1], strlen(argv[1])); + read(fd, argv[1], strlen(argv[1])); + printf("Read: %s\n", argv[1]); + + + +像这样运行： + + $ ./test 'A quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog' + Read: dog lazy the over jumped fox brown quick A + + + +它正常工作了！玩得跟尽兴一点：尝试传递一个单词或者一个字母的字符串，空的或者是非英语字符串（如果你有一个键盘布局设置）以及其它人和东西。 + + + +现在让我们把事情变得更棘手一点。我们将要创建2个进程用于共享文件描述（因此还有内核缓冲区）。一个将持续写字符串到设备中去，而另一个回去读取它们。**fork(2)**系统笤俑在下面例子中用到，但是线程还是会很好地工作。我也省略了开关设备的代码和错误检查（再次提到）： + + char *phrase = "A quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog"; + if (fork()) + /* Parent is the writer */ + while (1) + write(fd, phrase, len); + else + /* child is the reader */ + while (1) { + read(fd, buf, len); + printf("Read: %s\n", buf); + } + + + +你希望这段程序输出什么呢？下面是我从我的笔记本电脑上获得的： + + Read: dog lazy the over jumped fox brown quick A + Read: A kcicq brown fox jumped over the lazy dog + Read: A kciuq nworb xor jumped fox brown quick A + Read: A kciuq nworb xor jumped fox brown quick A + ... + + +这里接下来会发生什么？这是一场比赛。我们认为**read**和**write**是原子，或者从一开始到结束执行一个指令。然而内核是一个并发的猛兽，它可以很轻易地重新安排在内核**write**操作部分运行的进程，这个进程在**reverse_phrase()**函数中。如果进程是在作者有机会完成之前，**read()**是按计划执行的，它将会看到数据处于不一致的状态。这些错误真的很难调试出来。那么要如何修复它呢？ + + +基本上，我们需要确保没有**read**方法可以被执行，知道写方法有返回。如果你曾经设定一个多线程应用，你可能已经看到原始同步（锁）像互斥锁和信号。Linux也同样有这些，但是存在细微差别。内核代码可以运行进程上下文（用户空间代码的“代表”工作，就像我们使用的方法）和终端上下文（例如，一个IRQ处理线程）。如果你已经在进程上下文中和你所需要的锁，你只需要简单地睡眠和重试直到成功位置。在终端上下文时你不能处于休眠状态，因此代码会在一个循环中运行直到锁是可使用。相应的原子成为自旋锁，但在我们的例子中，是一个简单的互斥 —— 这个对象只有一个进程可以在特定的时间“hold”住 —— 这就足够了。根据性能因素，在现实的代码中也可以使用读写信号。 + + + +锁通常用来保护一些数据（在我们的例子中，一个“就够缓冲区”实例），是一种非常常见的嵌入结构。所以我们结构缓冲区中添加一个互斥锁（‘结构互斥锁’).我们必须初始化使用**mutex_init()**对锁进行初始化；**buffer_alloc()**恰好用来处理这个。这段代码使用锁也必须包含**linux/mutex.h**. + + +一个锁就像一个交通灯 ——除非司机看它和遵守信号否则将起不了作用。所以我们需要升级**reverse_read()** 和 **reverse_write()** 来确保在对缓冲区做任何事情或者释放时完成获得互斥锁。让我们来看一看**read**方法 —— **write**也是用同样的方式工作的： + + + + static ssize_t reverse_read(struct file *file, char __user * out, + size_t size, loff_t * off) + { + struct buffer *buf = file->private_data; + ssize_t result; + if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&buf->lock)) { + result = -ERESTARTSYS; + goto out; + } + + +我们需要在每个函数的开始有锁。**mutex_lock_interruptible()**也可以获取锁或者将进程返回至休眠状态，直到锁是可利用。正如之前，**_interruptible**后缀意味着休眠状态也可以被一个信号阻断。 + + while (buf->read_ptr == buf->end) { + mutex_unlock(&buf->lock); + /* ... wait_event_interruptible() here ... */ + if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&buf->lock)) { + result = -ERESTARTSYS; + goto out; + } + } + + + +下面是”我们等待数据“的循环。当有互斥锁时，你不应该处于休眠状态，或可能发生一种情况叫”死锁“。所以，如果没有数据，我们要释放锁并调用**wait_event_interruptible()**.当它返回时，我们需要锁并继续和往常一样： + + if (copy_to_user(out, buf->read_ptr, size)) { + result = -EFAULT; + goto out_unlock; + } + ... + out_unlock: + mutex_unlock(&buf->lock); + out: + return result; + + +最后，当函数结束时互斥对象已经被解锁了或者当一个错误发生时互斥锁被持有。重新编译模块（不要忘记重新加载它）并再次运行第二个测试。现在你应该看到没有损坏的数据了。 + +### 接下来做什么呢？ ### + + +现在你已经尝试了做内核黑客了。我们只是触及表面的话题，还有更多呢。我们的第一个模块是特意设成简单的，然而你学到的概念将在更复杂的场景中保持不变。并发性、方法表、注册回调，将进程设置成睡眠状态和唤醒它们是每个内核黑客需要使用的，现在你已经看到它们所有都在行动啦。也许总有一天内核代码会在主线Linux代码树上 —— 如果这一天到来，请联系我们！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/be-a-kernel-hacker/ + +译者：disylee(https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.libusb.org/ +[2]:http://fuse.sf.net/ +[3]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/be-a-kernel-hacker/www.netfilter.org/projects/libnetfilter_queue +[4]:http://lxr.free-electrons.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 0ea661c975f8c64d883853d086dcbf5958f02442 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Sun, 22 Jun 2014 16:16:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 375/713] move to translated --- ...nds to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md (99%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md similarity index 99% rename from sources/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md rename to translated/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md index 53b0bf9e26..c4e2e61a69 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ - translated by tenght~ - 查看Linux硬盘分区和磁盘空间的9个命令 ================================================================================ From 8878dd016234da7545a6184df28cbd72b6881ebe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 22 Jun 2014 21:53:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 376/713] move MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @tenght 下回要记得将译文挪到translated里面 --- ... 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Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated => sources}/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md b/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md rename to sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md From 4d0fb077d57292d047e72ccba9ae354db9fa57ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 23 Jun 2014 00:35:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 378/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140530=20H?= =?UTF-8?q?ow=20To=20Install=20Linux=20On=20A=20MacBook=20Pro=20Retina?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @213edu --- ...o Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md | 47 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md (54%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md b/published/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md similarity index 54% rename from translated/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md rename to published/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md index d7570154f3..573545184e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md +++ b/published/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md @@ -2,39 +2,39 @@ ================================================================================ ![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/linux-macbook-pro-retina-840x420.jpg?ec7b17) -MacBook Pros拥有非常强大的配置，有些人想强上加强，他们想用Linux系统。 +MacBook Pros拥有非常强大的配置，但是有些人想强上加强，他们想用Linux系统。 -不管您是想要更开放和个性化的操作系统又或者您只想要需要用某些在Linux特有的软件，您都会想要把Linux装载您的MacBook上。 可惜的是MacBook Pros们可是一块块密不透风砖头，让您想装其他系统又无从下手。尤其是Linux，比在MacBooks上装Windows还难。 Boot Camp在此时对于Linux来说也是手无对策。 虽然如此，但并不代表您完全不能做到，装机走起! +不管您是想要更开放和个性化的操作系统又或者是您只想要使用某些在Linux特有的软件，您都会想要在您的MacBook上安装Linux。 可惜的是MacBook Pro们可是一块块密不透风砖头，让您想装其他系统又无从下手。尤其是Linux，比在MacBook上装Windows还难。 Boot Camp对于Linux来说也没有什么用处。 虽然如此，但并不代表您完全不能做到，装机走起！ ### 为什么要在MacBook Pro Retina上装Linux？ ### -买MacBook不就是为了OS X吗？为何要装Linux？ 其实买MacBook的原因不必须只是因为它的系统， 其极致的性能，极其耐用的电池以及高大上的持久力都是购买它的原因。 这些这么好的硬件再加上一块能让您体验到HiDPI的清晰度Retina显示屏，其不皆是买入的理由乎？ +买MacBook不就是为了OS X吗？为何要装Linux？ 其实买MacBook的原因不仅仅只是因为它的操作系统， 其极致的硬件性能，超长的电池寿命，以及抗操抗造都是购买它的原因。 这些这么好的硬件再加上一块能让您体验到HiDPI的清晰度Retina显示屏，其不皆是买入的理由乎？ -但是如果您对OS X无爱，又或者您真心需要使用Linux，为何不将这自由，开源，小巧，个性化的Linux塞进您的高大上硬件呢？苹果可能有话要说了，可谁在乎呢~ +但是如果您对OS X无爱，又或者您真心想要使用Linux，为何不将这自由、开源、小巧、个性化的Linux塞进您的高大上的硬件呢？苹果可能有话要说了，可谁在乎呢~ -注：在本期教程我们将会使用[最流行的Linux发行版][1] - Ubuntu来作为我们这次安装的选择。您也可以用自己想用的的Linux发行版，但相关的步骤会和本教程有出入。 如果您把自己的系统玩坏了，我们将不承担任何责任。 本教程将教您如何Linux 和 OS X 双系统启动，另外只有在OS X 才能升级固件，所以我们建议您不要将OS X 删除。 +注：在本期教程我们将会使用[最流行的Linux发行版][1] - Ubuntu来作为我们这次安装的选择。您也可以用自己想用的的Linux发行版，但相关的步骤会和本教程略有出入。 如果您把自己的系统玩坏了，我们将不承担任何责任。 本教程将教您如何 Linux 和 OS X 双系统启动，另外只有在OS X才能升级固件，所以我们建议您不要将OS X 删除。 但在我们开始之前，请您用您喜欢的方法（比如Time Machine 或 CrashPlan）将您的电脑彻底备份，以防万一。 ### 下载 Ubuntu ### -首先您需要下载一份[copy of the Ubuntu desktop ISO image][2] 。 该镜像在BIOS和EFI模式下都能启动，而Mac版的只能在BIOS启动。 可是我们需要在EFI模式启动，所以请确保您选择的是64-bit（64位），而不是Mac版的64-bit。 +首先您需要下载一份[Ubuntu桌面版安装镜像][2] 。 务必选择64位的桌面版，虽然该镜像并不是为Mac提供的。该镜像在BIOS和EFI模式下都能启动，而Mac的镜像却只能在BIOS启动。Mac是专门设计成这样的，但是我们要使之以EFI模式下启动。 -### 存入U盘（USB） ### +### 写到U盘（USB） ### -其次第二步， 找个2GB以上的USB, 我们将会用该USB作为Ubuntu的安装启动盘。 你可以按照 [the official Ubuntu steps][3] 或者 [use the dedicated GUI tool for the job][4] 的步骤来准备安装盘. +其次， 找个2GB以上的USB， 我们将会用该USB作为Ubuntu的安装启动盘。 你可以按照 [Ubuntu官方指导的步骤][3] 或者 [使用专用的图形化工具][4] 来准备安装盘. ### 调整分区大小 ### ![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_disk_utility.jpg?ec7b17) -当你这一步也完成的时候，你的大Mac就做好安装的准备了。 打开Disk Utility（磁盘工具）， 点击左边选择你的硬盘， 选择Partitions（分区）标签页。 把分区调整到你喜欢的大小 - 我们将会用新创建的空间来安装Ubuntu。 +当你完成上一步后，你的Mac Book Pro就做好安装的准备了。 打开Disk Utility（磁盘工具）， 点击左边选择你的硬盘， 选择Partitions（分区）标签页。 把Mac分区缩小到你喜欢的大小 - 我们将会用新创建的可用空间来安装Ubuntu。 ### 启动Ubuntu镜像 ### ![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_boot.jpg?ec7b17) -当关机之后屏幕一黑时，请按住Option键（alt）知道你看到不同的启动选项。选择EFI选项（如果有两个的话选择左边的哪一个）来从USB启动Ubuntu. +上述步骤完成后，将U盘插入并重启Mac Book Pro。当关机之后屏幕一黑时，请按住Option键（alt）直到你看到不同的启动选项。选择EFI选项（如果有两个的话选择左边的哪一个）来从USB启动Ubuntu. 当你看到“Try Ubuntu" 和 "Install Ubuntu" 两个选项的时候， 选择 "Try Ubuntu" 因为我们需要在安装完成之后重启之前弄一些其他的东西。 @@ -44,11 +44,11 @@ MacBook Pros拥有非常强大的配置，有些人想强上加强，他们想 ![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_installer_partitions.jpg?ec7b17) -一路来到分区这个步骤之后， 选择 "Do Something else" 这个选项。 然后请确保那块大约128MB左右的分区已经设置成EFI启动分区（你可以按他一下然后选择Option来确定一下； 另外，那一块盘应该是 /dev/sda1）. 下一步， 你要在新建的空间里创建一个 ext4分区，用“/”路径来安装它。 如果你知道你自己在干嘛的话也可以创建几个不同的分区（切记这不是Windows啊孩纸）。 +到分区这个步骤之后， 选择 "Do Something else" 这个选项。 然后请确保那块大约128MB左右的分区已经被识别为EFI启动分区（你可以点击它然后选择Option来确定一下； 另外，那个分区应该是 /dev/sda1）。下一步， 你要在新建的空间里创建一个 ext4分区，在其上挂载“/”路径。 如果你知道你自己在干嘛的话也可以创建几个不同的分区（切记这不是Windows啊孩纸）。 在你开始下一步之前，请确保你的安装引导程序（boot loader）是选择了 /dev/sda1，GRUB也是装到该分区的。 然后按照平常一样该咋装咋装。 -### EFI Boot Fix ### +### 修改 EFI 引导 ### ![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_efibootmgr.jpg?ec7b17) @@ -60,9 +60,9 @@ MacBook Pros拥有非常强大的配置，有些人想强上加强，他们想 sudo efibootmgr -这个将会列印出当前的启动设置， 你应该看到的是 "ubuntu" 和 "Boot0000", 当前的EFI设置是把系统指向 Boot0080, 这样的话就会跳过GRUB然后直接跳入OS X，所以我们要用一下指令来修复它： +这个将会显示出当前的启动设置， 你应该看到的是 "ubuntu" 和 "Boot0000*"，当前的EFI设置是把系统指向 Boot0080*，这样的话就会跳过GRUB然后直接跳入OS X，所以我们要用以下指令来修复它： - sudo efibootmgr -o 0,80` + sudo efibootmgr -o 0,80 现在就可以重启了！ @@ -70,21 +70,21 @@ MacBook Pros拥有非常强大的配置，有些人想强上加强，他们想 ### 坑爹地调整设置 ### -首先你需要改一下GRUB的设置，这样你的SSD盘才不会偶尔死机， 输入： +首先你需要改一下GRUB的设置，这样你的SSD盘才不会偶尔死机， 在Terminal输入： sudo nano /etc/default/grub -在Terminal找到 **GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX** ， 把他改成 **GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="libata.force=noncq"** 。 按下CTRL + X保存，然后按Y来确定保存。 接下来你要输入： +找到 **GRUB\_CMDLINE\_LINUX**那一行 ， 把它改成 **GRUB\_CMDLINE\_LINUX="libata.force=noncq"** 。 按下CTRL + X保存，然后按Y来确定保存。 接下来你要在Terminal输入： sudo nano /etc/grub.d/40_custom -在Terminal会打开一个新的文件，请使用真丶精准手指准确地一字一字输入： +打开一个新的文件，请使用真丶精准手指准确地一字一字输入： menuentry "Mac OS X" { exit } -这将会让你boot到你的Mac OS X安装程序（GRUB的32-bit和64bit项不能用）。然后CTRL+X 和 Y 保存退出，然后输入： +这将会让你boot到你安装好的Mac OS X（GRUB的32-bit和64-bit项不能用）。然后CTRL+X 和 Y 保存退出，然后输入： sudo update-grub @@ -94,11 +94,11 @@ MacBook Pros拥有非常强大的配置，有些人想强上加强，他们想 在极其高清的Retina显示屏上神马都这么小，坑爹啊啊？ 去Setting -> Display 里把 Scaling Factor弄大一点吧，不然妈妈又要担心你的近视眼了。 -你也可能觉得在边边改变窗口大小是一件极其困难的事情，坑爹啊啊？ 去Terminal输入： +你也可能觉得在边边上改变窗口大小是一件极其困难的事情，坑爹啊啊？ 去Terminal输入： sudo nano /usr/share/themes/Ambiance/metacity-1/metacity-theme-1.xml -然后在里面修改下面的参数： +然后在里面修改成下面的参数： @@ -110,15 +110,14 @@ MacBook Pros拥有非常强大的配置，有些人想强上加强，他们想 /Library/ColorSync/Profiles/Displays/Color LCD-xxxxxx.icc -xxxxxx只是一串随机的字符，不过这路径应该只有一个文件。把他搬到你Ubuntu的Home folder， 然后到 System Settings –> Color 选择 Add New Profile 并选择你那刚弄过来的icc文件 +xxxxxx只是一串随机的字符，不过这路径应该只有一个文件。把他搬到你Ubuntu的Home folder， 然后到 System Settings –> Color 选择 Add New Profile 并选择你那刚弄过来的icc文件。 ### 总结 ### ![](http://main.makeuseoflimited.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/mac_linux_final.jpg?ec7b17) -恭喜你啦， 现在终于有一台属于你的Linux MacBook Pro Retina啦！如果你想把你的Ubuntu弄得更手熟，请按 [make Ubuntu feel more like home][5] 尽情地修改配置吧！ 该教程也弄用于其他的Mac系统，当然每个release都不由不同的好处和坏处。 如果你用的是其他的电脑，请翻一翻[这篇为Ubuntu写的文档][6] +恭喜你啦， 现在终于有一台属于你的Linux MacBook Pro Retina啦！如果你想把你的Ubuntu弄得更手熟，请按 [让你的Ubuntu 像家一样舒服][5] 尽情地修改配置吧！ 该教程也可用于其他的Mac系统，当然每种Mac都有不同的好处和坏处。 如果你用的是其他的Mac，请翻一翻[这篇为Ubuntu写的文档][6] -Additionally, feel free to check out [other great Linux distros][7] that you can install to your Mac! 另外，你还可以看一下其他可以在Mac安装的[Linux 发行包][7]哦！ Image Credits: [K?rlis Dambr?ns][8] Via Flickr @@ -127,7 +126,7 @@ Image Credits: [K?rlis Dambr?ns][8] Via Flickr via: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/install-linux-macbook-pro/ -译者：[213edu](https://github.com/213edu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[213edu](https://github.com/213edu) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 684bee1c36be6232ab34b8252d5ed91208766781 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Mon, 23 Jun 2014 16:01:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 379/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md b/translated/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md index da9ce214c9..7b180d47df 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md @@ -108,4 +108,4 @@ via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-bash-delete-all-files-in-directory-excep 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [1]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/bash.1.html -[2]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/find.1.html +[2]:http://www.manpager.com/linux/man1/find.1.html From 9805d632dae1bd7a402b8010b9d428ed42b56e28 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 23 Jun 2014 16:19:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 380/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140623-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ry Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md | 91 +++++++++++++++++++ ...irectory navigation in a Linux terminal.md | 87 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 178 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2ed47c7dd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux +================================================================================ +Directory navigation is one of the most basic concepts when it comes to understanding any command line system. Although it’s not a very difficult thing to understand when it comes to Linux, there are certain tips and tricks that can enhance your experience, and help you do things faster. In this article, we will discuss some advanced directory navigation tips. + +### The Stuff We Already Know ### + +Before jumping on to the advanced concepts, here is the basics of directory navigation that the article expects its readers to know: + +- ‘pwd’ command is used to display the current working directory. +- ‘cd’ command is used to change the current working directory. +- ‘cd’ followed by space and followed by a couple of periods (cd ..) brings the control back to the parent directory +- ‘cd’ followed by just the name of a subdirectory changes to that subdirectory +- ‘cd’ followed by a complete path changes to that directory + +### Advanced Tips ### + +In this section we will discuss some directory navigation tips and tricks that will help you easily switch between directories. + +### Change to the home directory from anywhere ### + +Your home directory is an important directory, and everyone switches back and forth quite frequently. While typing ‘cd /home/’, isn’t a big deal, there is another way out which is not only easier but faster too. And that alternative is typing only ‘cd’. + +Here is an example : + + $ pwd + /usr/include/netipx + $ cd + $ pwd + /home/himanshu + +So you can see, no matter where the current control is, just type ‘cd’ command and you can immediately change to your home directory. + +**NOTE**- To change to the home directory of a particular user, just type ‘cd ~user_name' + +### Switch between directories using cd - ### + +Suppose your current working directory is this: + + $ pwd + /home/himanshu/practice + +and you want to switch to the directory **/usr/bin/X11**, and then switch back to the directory mentioned above. So what will you do? The most straight forward way is : + + $ cd /usr/bin/X11 + $ cd /home/himanshu/practice/ + +Although it seems a good way out, it really becomes tiring when the path to the directories is very long and complicated. In those cases, you can use the ‘cd -’ command. + +While using ‘cd -’ command, the first step will remain the same, i.e., you have to do a cd to the directory to you want to change to, but for coming back to the previous directory, just do a ‘cd -’, and that’s it. + + $ cd /usr/bin/X11 + $ cd - + /home/himanshu/practice + $ pwd + /home/himanshu/practice + +And if you want to again go back to the last directory, which in this case is /usr/bin/X11, run the ‘cd -’ command again. So you can see that using ‘cd -’ you can switch between directories easily. The only limitation is that it works with the last switched directories only. + +### Switch between directories using pushd and popd ### + +![directory navigation](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/pushd-popd.jpg) + +If you closely analyse the ‘cd -’ trick, you’ll find that it helps switching between only the last two directories, but what if there is a situation in which you switch multiple directories, and then want to switch back to the first one. For example, if you switch from directory A to directory B, and then to directory C and directory D. Now, you want to change back to Directory A. + +As a general solution, you can type ‘cd’ followed by the path to directory A. But then again, if the path is long or complicated, the process can be time-consuming, especially when you have to switch between them frequently. + +In these kind of situations, you can use the ‘pushd’ and ‘popd’ commands. The ‘pushd’ command saves the path to a directory in memory, and the ‘popd’ command removes it, and switches back to it too. + +For example : + + $ pushd . + /usr/include/netipx /usr/include/netipx + $ cd /etc/hp/ + $ cd /home/himanshu/practice/ + $ cd /media/ + $ popd + /usr/include/netipx + $ pwd + /usr/include/netipx + +So you can see that I used ‘pushd’ command to save the path to current working directory (represented by .), and then changed multiple directories. To come back to the saved directory, I just executed the ‘popd’ command. + +**NOTE**- You can also use ‘pushd’ command to switch back to the saved directory, but that doesn’t remove it from the memory, like ‘popd’ does. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/directory-navigations-tips-tricks/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md b/sources/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4f5d5e0556 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal +================================================================================ +As useful as navigating through directories from the command line is, rarely anything has become as frustrating as repeating over and over "cd ls cd ls cd ls ..." If you are not a hundred percent sure of the name of the directory you want to go to next, you have to use ls. Then use cd to go where you want to. Hopefully, a lot of terminals and shell languages now propose a powerful auto-completion feature to cope with that problem. But it remains that you have to hit the tabulation key frenetically all the time. If you are as lazy as I am, you will be very interested in autojump. autojump is a command line utility that allows you to jump straight to your favorite directory, regardless of where you currently are. + +### Install autojump on Linux ### + +To install autojump on Ubuntu or Debian: + + $ sudo apt-get install autojump + +To install autojump on CentOS or Fedora, use yum command. On CentOS, you need to [enable EPEL repository][1] first. + + $ sudo yum install autojump + +To install autojump on Archlinux: + + $ sudo pacman -S autojump + +If you cannot find a package for your distribution, you can always compile from the sources on [GitHub][2]. + +### Basic Usage of autojump ### + +The way autojump works is simple: it records your current location every time you launch a command, and adds it in its database. That way, some directories will be added more than others, typically your most important ones, and their "weight" will then be greater. + +From there you can jump straight to them using the syntax: + + autojump [name or partial name of the directory] + +Notice that you do not need a full name as autojump will go through its database and return its most probable result. + +For example, assume that we are working in a directory structure such as the following. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3921/14276240117_9f56b42fec_z.jpg) + +Then the command below will take you straight to /root/home/doc regardless of where you were. + + $ autojump do + +If you hate typing too, I recommend making an alias for autojump or using the default one. + + $ j [name or partial name of the directory] + +Another notable feature is that autojump supports both zsh shell and auto-completion. If you are not sure of where you are about to jump, just hit the tabulation key and you will see the full path. + +So keeping the same example, typing: + + $ autojump d + +and then hitting tab will return either /root/home/doc or /root/home/ddl. + +Finally for the advanced user, you can access the directory database and modify its content. It then becomes possible to manually add a directory to it via: + + $ autojump -a [directory] + +If you suddenly want to make it your favorite and most frequently used folder, you can artificially increase its weight by launching from within it the command + + $ autojump -i [weight] + +This will result in this directory being more likely to be selected to jump to. The opposite would be to decrease its weight with: + + $ autojump -d [weight] + +To keep track of all these changes, typing: + + $ autojump -s + +will display the statistics in the database, while: + + $ autojump --purge + +will remove from the database any directory that does not exist anymore. + +To conclude, autojump will be appreciated by all the command line power users. Whether you are ssh-ing into a server, or just like to do things the old fashion way, reducing your navigation time with fewer keystrokes is always a plus. If you are really into that kind of utilities, you should definitely look into [Fasd][3] too, which deserves a post in itself. + +What do you think of autojump? Do you use it regularly? Let us know in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/speed-up-directory-navigation-linux-terminal.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html +[2]:https://github.com/joelthelion/autojump +[3]:https://github.com/clvv/fasd \ No newline at end of file From f3c2d16be51352e5235b9f8b52c5d869daee0e00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 23 Jun 2014 16:25:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 381/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140623-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md | 136 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 136 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md b/sources/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..056da1a703 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Debian +================================================================================ +### Ipv6 ### + +Ipv6 is the next version of the addressing scheme Ipv4 that is currently being used to assign numerical address to domain names like google.com over the internet. + +Ipv6 allows for more addresses than what Ipv4 supports. However it is not yet widely supported and its adoption is still in progress. + +### Does your system support ipv6 ? ### + +For Ipv6 to work for you, there are many things needed. First of all you need a system/OS that supports IPv6. Ubuntu Linux Mint and most modern distros do that. If you take a look at the output of ifconfig you can see ipv6 addresses assigned to the network interfaces + + $ ifconfig + eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:1c:c0:f8:79:ee + inet addr:192.168.1.2 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 + inet6 addr: fe80::21c:c0ff:fef8:79ee/64 Scope:Link + UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 + RX packets:110880 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 + TX packets:111960 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 + collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 + RX bytes:62289395 (62.2 MB) TX bytes:25169458 (25.1 MB) + Interrupt:20 Memory:e3200000-e3220000 + + lo Link encap:Local Loopback + inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 + inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host + UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:65536 Metric:1 + RX packets:45258 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 + TX packets:45258 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 + collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 + RX bytes:4900560 (4.9 MB) TX bytes:4900560 (4.9 MB) + +Check the line "inet6 addr". + +Next you need a router/modem that also supports ipv6. And beyond that, your ISP must also support ipv6. + +Instead of checking every part of the network infrastructure, its better to just find out if you can connect to websites over ipv6. +There are lots of websites that test ipv6 support on your connection. Check out [http://testmyipv6.com/][1] for example. + +The kernel parameters that enable ipv6 are as follows + + $ sysctl net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 + net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 0 + + $ sysctl net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 + net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 0 + + $ sysctl net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 + net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 0 + +The same can be also be checked from the proc files + + $ cat /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/disable_ipv6 + 0 + +Note that the variables control "disabling" of ipv6. So setting them to 1 would disable ipv6 + +### Disable ipv6 if its not supported ### + +So if ipv6 is not supported on your network infrastructure, it might be useful to disable it all together. Why ? It can cause issues like delayed domain lookups, un-necessary attempts to connect to ipv6 addresses causing delay in network connection etc. + +I did come across some problems like that. The apt-get command occasionally tries to connect to ipv6 addresses and fails and then retries an ipv4 address. Take a look at this output + + $ sudo apt-get update + Ign http://archive.canonical.com trusty InRelease + Ign http://archive.canonical.com raring InRelease + Err http://archive.canonical.com trusty Release.gpg + Cannot initiate the connection to archive.canonical.com:80 (2001:67c:1360:8c01::1b). - connect (101: Network is unreachable) [IP: 2001:67c:1360:8c01::1b 80] + Err http://archive.canonical.com raring Release.gpg + Cannot initiate the connection to archive.canonical.com:80 (2001:67c:1360:8c01::1b). - connect (101: Network is unreachable) [IP: 2001:67c:1360:8c01::1b 80] + + ..... + +Errors like those have been more frequent in the recent Ubuntu versions, probably because they try to use Ipv6 more than before. + +I noticed similar issues happen in other applications like Hexchat and also Google Chrome which would sometimes take longer than usual to lookup a domain name. + +So the best solution is to disable Ipv6 entirely to get rid of those things. It takes only a small configuration and can help you solve many network issues on your system. Users have even reported an increase in internet speed. + +#### Disable Ipv6 - Method 1 #### + +Edit the file - /etc/sysctl.conf + + $ sudo gedit /etc/sysctl.conf + +And fill in the following lines at the end of that file + + # IPv6 disabled + net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1 + net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 1 + net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 1 + +Save the file and close it + +Restart sysctl with + + $ sudo sysctl -p + +Check the output of ifconfig again and there should be no ipv6 address + + $ ifconfig + eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:5f:28:8b + inet addr:192.168.1.3 Bcast:192.168.1.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 + UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 + RX packets:1346 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 + TX packets:965 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 + collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 + RX bytes:1501691 (1.5 MB) TX bytes:104883 (104.8 KB) + +If it does not work, then try rebooting the system and check ifconfig again. + +#### Disable ipv6 - GRUB method #### + +Ipv6 can also be disabled by editing the grub configuration file + + $ sudo gedit /etc/default/grub + +Look for the line containing "GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX" and edit it as follows + + GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="ipv6.disable=1" + +The same can also be added to the value of the variable named "GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT" and either would work. Save the file, close it and regenerate the grub configuration + + $ sudo update-grub2 + +Reboot. Now ipv6 should be disabled. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/disable-ipv6-ubuntu/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://testmyipv6.com/ \ No newline at end of file From ef5dff91e153bf1dd1502e0fef94e0c28206ebfa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 23 Jun 2014 16:33:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 382/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140623-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...mes You'll Want to Play Again and Again.md | 190 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 190 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140623 9 ASCII Games You'll Want to Play Again and Again.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140623 9 ASCII Games You'll Want to Play Again and Again.md b/sources/talk/20140623 9 ASCII Games You'll Want to Play Again and Again.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cc1cf60b2b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140623 9 ASCII Games You'll Want to Play Again and Again.md @@ -0,0 +1,190 @@ +9 ASCII Games You'll Want to Play Again and Again +================================================================================ +Modern Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) offer exceptional gaming capabilities, and have contributed to the trend of astonishing leaps in graphics fidelity. There is not a year that has gone by without a game being released that makes significant advances in technical graphics wizardry. Computer graphics have been advancing at a staggering pace. At the current rate of progress, in the next 10 years it may not be possible to distinguish computer graphics from reality. + +Personally, these developments do not overly interest me. I find little fascination playing games that focus so much on the visuals they neglect the essential elements. Too often the storyline and game play has been compromised for visual quality. Most of my favourite games are somewhat deficient in the graphics department. Gameplay is always king in my eyes. + +Linux has an excellent library of free games many of which are released under an open source license. The vast majority of these games are aesthetically pleasing. Popular games often have full motion video, vector graphics, 3D graphics, realistic 3D rendering, animation, texturing, a physics engine, and much more. Early computer games did not have these graphic techniques. The earliest video games were text games or text-based games that used text characters rather than vector or bitmapped graphics. + +Text-based games often receive little coverage in the Linux press. However, there are some real ASCII gems out there waiting to be explored which are immensely addictive and great fun to play. + +The idiom 'don't judge a book by its cover' can be extended to 'don't judge a computer game by its graphics'. Whilst the games featured in this article have extremely basic graphics, they have many redeeming qualities beyond evoking fond memories of the early days of computer gaming. + +There are no fancy graphics here, just great gameplay coupled with the urge of always having just one more play. + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/UnNetHack.png) + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Games2/Screenshot-UnNetHack.png) + +The first game in this roundup is UnNetHack, a fork of NetHack, originally based on the hugely popular roguelike game NetHack. NetHack was first released in 1987, and is considered by many gamers to be one of the best gaming experiences the computing world offers. + +UnNetHack adds a number of enhancements to NetHack, such as additional monsters, more levels, a few new objects, additional dangers, more challenging gameplay, and most importantly more entertainment than vanilla NetHack. It offers a tutorial to help new players get started. + +Be warned, UnNetHack is fiendishly addictive. + +- Website: [sourceforge.net/apps/trac/unnethack][1] +- Authors: Patric Mueller +- License: Nethack General Public License +- Version Number: 5.1.0 + +---------- + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/VMSEmpire.png) + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Games2/Screenshot-vms-empire.png) + +Empire is a simulation of a full-scale war between two emperors, the computer and you. Naturally, there is only room for one, so the object of the game is to destroy the other. The computer plays by the same rules that you do. + +This game is the ancestor of all the multiplayer 4X simulations out there, including Civilization and Master of Orion. The classic game from the 1980s uses text mode graphical output, drawing your units, cities and the world in color. Commands are issued using the keyboard. + +The world on which the game takes place is a square rectangle containing cities, land, and water. Cities are used to build armies, planes, and ships which can move across the world destroying enemy pieces, exploring, and capturing more cities. The objective of the game is to destroy all the enemy pieces, and capture all the cities. + +The game starts by assigning you one city and the computer one city. Cities can produce new pieces. Every city that you own produces more pieces for you according to the cost of the desired piece. The typical play of the game is to issue the Automove command until you decide to do something special. During movement in each round, the player is prompted to move each piece that does not otherwise have an assigned function. + +- Website: [www.catb.org/~esr/vms-empire][2] +- Authors: Chuck Simmons, Eric S. Raymond +- License: GNU GPL v2 +- Version Number: 1.12 + +---------- + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/Intricacy.png) + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Games2/Screenshot-Intricacy.png) + +Intricacy is an addictive, open source, networked, video puzzle game. It is written in Haskell, using the Curses and SDL libraries. + +Intricacy runs directly from the command-line, and provides a turn-based, abstract puzzle game where the players need to pick locks, simply by coordinating a couple of tools in order to manipulate the lock’s mechanism. Constructing and solving difficult puzzles within certain strict design constraints is both challenging and good fun. + +The catch is that you will be able to pick locks that are designed by other players. It has multi-platform support, with binaries for both Linux and Windows. + +- Website: [mbays.freeshell.org/intricacy][3] +- Authors: Chuck Simmons, Eric S. Raymond +- License: GNU GPL v3 +- Version Number: 0.2.6.3 + +---------- + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/XorCurses.png) + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Games2/Screenshot-XorCurses.png) + +XorCurses is a puzzle game set inside a series of mazes. It is a remake of XOR by Astral Software, a game published in 1987 and released on the popular home computers of the day including the Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, Atari ST, and Amiga. XOR is a pure puzzle game with no random or arcade elements. + +In some respects, XorCurses is a regression from the graphics of the old 8 bit computers as it uses even more simplistic graphics, with coloured ASCII characters instead of pixel based graphics. + +XorCurses attempts to faithfully recreate that game for Linux, with particular attention placed on the behaviour of the objects within the original game. + +The basic premise of Xor is to roam around a series of mazes collecting all of the blue masks and then finding the exit. You have two player-shields to aid you and you can use either one at any time and switch between them. The first few levels are easy to progress, but the rest are progressively harder to solve. A particularly challenging and difficult puzzle game that will keep you engaged for hours. + +- Website: [www.jwm-art.net/dark.php?p=XorCurses][4] +- Authors: James W. Morris +- License: GNU GPL +- Version Number: 0.2.2 + +---------- + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/GoblinHack.png) + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Games2/Screenshot-GoblinHack.png) + +Goblin Hack is an open source roguelike OpenGL-based smooth-scrolling ASCII graphics game. The game is inspired by the likes of NetHack, but faster with fewer keys. + +Goblin Hack has a simple interface that appears to appeal to players of all ages, and fires their imagination in today's world of over-rendered games. + +Players can choose one of several classes before being thrown into the first floor of a randomized, ongoing dungeon. + +- Website: [goblinhack.sourceforge.net][5] +- Authors: Neil McGill +- License: GNU GPL v2 +- Version Number: 1.18 + +---------- + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/CurseofWar.png) + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Games2/Screenshot-CurseofWar.png) + +Curse of War is a fast-paced real time strategy game released under an open source license. It is implemented using C and ncurses. There is also an SDL version available. + +The core game mechanics turns out to be quite close to WWI-WWII type of warfare, however, there is no explicit reference to any historical period. + +Unlike most real time strategy games, in Curse of War players do not control units, but instead they concentrate on high-level strategic planning: Building infrastructure, securing resources, and moving armies. + +A multiplayer mode is available. Computer opponents differ in personality, and it affects the way they fight. + +- Website: [a-nikolaev.github.io/curseofwar][6] +- Authors: Alexey Nikolaev +- License: GNU GPL v3 +- Version Number: 1.2.0 + +---------- + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/Brogue.png) + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Games2/Screenshot-Brogue.png) + +Brogue is an open source Roguelike game for Mac OS X, Windows, Linux, iOS and Android. + +Brogue is a direct descendant of Rogue, a dungeon crawling video game first developed by Michael Toy and Glenn Wichman around 1980. Unlike other popular modern roguelikes, Brogue favors simplicity over complexity, while trying to ensure that the interactions between components are interesting and varied. + +Your goal is to travel to the 26th subterranean floor of the dungeon, retrieve the Amulet of Yendor and return with it to the surface. For the truly skillful who desire further challenge, depths below 26 contain three lumenstones each, items which confer an increased score upon victory. + +Brogue is a challenging game, but still great fun to play. Try not to be disheartened by the difficulty of the game; with some application, Brogue will become very addictive. + +- Website: [sites.google.com/site/broguegame][7] +- Authors: Brian Walker +- License: GNU Affero GPL +- Version Number: 1.7.3 + +---------- + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/DiabloRL.png) + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Games2/Screenshot-DiabloRL.png) + +DiabloRL is a roguelike "unmake" of the popular Blizzard game Diablo 1 classic RPG to a turn-based ASCII roguelike. + +The game was created for the 7 Day Roguelike Competition, but has since been expanded with magic items, spells, more classes and levels, as well as fast travelling to known locations, and high scores. + +DiabloRL gives you a choice of classes, the Warrior, Rogue, or Sorcerer. Each of these has different starting and maximum stats, as well as completely different play styles. + +- Website: [diablo.chaosforge.org][8] +- Authors: Kornel Kisielewicz, Chris Johnson and Mel'nikova Anastasia +- License: GNU GPL +- Version Number: 0.5.0 + +---------- + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/CataclysmDarkDaysAhead.png) + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Games2/Screenshot-Cataclysm.png) + +Cataclysm is an open source post-apocalyptic roguelike, set in the countryside of fictional New England after a devastating plague of monsters and zombies. It is a continuation of Whale's original Cataclysm, which expands it with numerous new creatures, buildings, gameplay mechanics and many other features. + +While some have described it as a "zombie game", there's far more to Cataclysm than that. Struggle to survive in a harsh, persistent, procedurally generated world. Scavenge the remnants of a dead civilization for for food, equipment, or, if you're lucky, a vehicle with a full tank of gas to get you the hell out of Dodge. Fight to defeat or escape from a wide variety of powerful monstrosities, from zombies to giant insects to killer robots and things far stranger and deadlier, and against the others like yourself, that want what you have... + +Cataclysm is very different from most roguelikes in many ways. Rather than being set in a vertical, linear dungeon, it is set in an unbounded, 3D world. This means that exploration plays a much bigger role than in most roguelikes, and the game is much less linear. As the map is so huge, it is actually completely persistant between games. If you die, and start a new character, your new game will be set in the same game world as your last. Like in many roguelikes, you will be able to loot the dead bodies of previous characters; unlike most roguelikes, you will also be able to retrace their steps completely, and any dramatic changes made to the world will persist into your next game. + +- Website: [en.cataclysmdda.com][9] +- Authors: Kevin Granade +- License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License +- Version Number: 0.A + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140621060017503/9ASCIIGames.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://sourceforge.net/apps/trac/unnethack/ +[2]:http://www.catb.org/~esr/vms-empire/ +[3]:http://mbays.freeshell.org/intricacy/ +[4]:http://www.jwm-art.net/dark.php?p=XorCurses +[5]:http://goblinhack.sourceforge.net/ +[6]:http://a-nikolaev.github.io/curseofwar/ +[7]:https://sites.google.com/site/broguegame/ +[8]:http://diablo.chaosforge.org/ +[9]:http://en.cataclysmdda.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 87811bfd14e0b5dd95b1cfb9211868c35469f76b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Mon, 23 Jun 2014 17:46:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 383/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...-Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md | 12 +++++++----- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md b/translated/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md index 7b180d47df..0f00332184 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md @@ -2,11 +2,12 @@ Linux：使用bash删除目录中的特定文件 ================================================================================ ![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/images/category/old/terminal.png) -我是一个Linux新手用户。现在我需要清理一个下载目录中的文件，其实我就是想删除～/Download/文件夹下面除了以下格式的文件外所以其它文件： +我是一名Linux新用户。现在我需要清理一个下载目录中的文件，其实我就是想从～/Download/文件夹删去除了以下格式的文件外所以其它文件： + *.iso - 所有的iso格式的文件。 *.zip - 所有zip格式的文件。 -我如何在一个基于Linux，OS X 或者Unix-like系统上的bash shell中删除特定的文件呢？ +我如何在一个基于Linux，OS X 或者 Unix-like 系统上的bash shell中删除特定的文件呢？ Bash shell 支持丰富的文件模式匹配符例如： @@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ Bash shell 支持丰富的文件模式匹配符例如： 这里你需要用系统内置的shopt命令来开启shell中的extglob选项，然后你就可以使用扩展的模式符了，这些模式匹配符如下： 1. ?(pattern-list) － 匹配零次或一次给定的模式。 -1. *(pattern-list) －至少匹配零次给定的模式。 +1. *(pattern-list) － 至少匹配零次给定的模式。 1. +(pattern-list) － 至少匹配一次给定的模式。 1. @(pattern-list) － 匹配一次给定的模式。 1. !(pattern-list) － 匹配所有除给定模式以外的模式。 @@ -60,6 +61,7 @@ rm 命令的语法格式为： ### 策略 #2: 使用bash的 GLOBIGNORE 变量删除指定文件以外的所有文件 ### 摘自 [bash(1)][1] 手册页: + > 一个用冒号分开的模式列表定义了被路径扩展忽略的文件的集合。如果一个文件同时与路径扩展模式和GLOBIGNORE中的模式匹配，那么它就从匹配列表中移除了。 要删除所有文件只保留 zip 和 iso 文件，应如下设置 GLOBIGNORE： @@ -84,7 +86,7 @@ rm 命令的语法格式为： find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm [options] {} -为了删除 ～/source 目录下除 php 以外的文件，键入： +想要删除 ～/source 目录下除 php 以外的文件，键入： find ~/sources/ -type f -not -name '*.php' -delete @@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ rm 命令的语法格式为： via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-bash-delete-all-files-in-directory-except-few/ -译者：[Linchenguang](https://github.com/Linchenguang) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Linchenguang](https://github.com/Linchenguang) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 5a9010390751ef9ead9ba6963f53a5a23d7aa845 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 23 Jun 2014 21:47:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 384/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140603=20A?= =?UTF-8?q?pp=20Grid=20Is=20A=20Superior=20Ubuntu=20Software=20Center=20Al?= =?UTF-8?q?ternative?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @GOLinux --- ...Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md | 15 ++++++++------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md (75%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md b/published/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md similarity index 75% rename from translated/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md rename to published/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md index fca82a41ca..02bee2befb 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md +++ b/published/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md @@ -8,15 +8,15 @@ APP Grid:一个优秀的Ubuntu软件中心替代品 ### App Grid：Ubuntu软件中心替代品 ### -自从2011年的彻底改造后，Ubuntu的旗舰应用商店的界面就没怎么变过。这并不是说它在此期间被完全忽略了，12.04的开发周期中可以看到[在启动时间上的工作][1]已经做了一些。 +自从2011年的彻底改造后，Ubuntu的旗舰应用商店的界面就没怎么变过。这并不是说它在此期间被完全忽略了，在12.04的开发周期中可以看到已经做了一些[减少打开耗时的工作][1]。 -撇开那个不算，ol’ USC还是一如既往：一篮子的潜力还没被开发。 +撇开那个不算，Ubuntu软件中心还是一如既往，还有许多潜在功能还没被开发。 -App Grid的目标时解决这些问题。从零开始，它要求更快的启动时间，更快的反应时间，而且“不感觉混乱，不让人失望”。 +App Grid的目标是解决这些问题。从零开始，它要求更快的启动时间，更快的反应时间，而且“不感觉混乱，不让人失望”。 在大部分这些方面，App Grid取得了成功。它几乎可以立即打开，而在界面上点击也确实反应迅速。“不感觉混乱”这一承诺，或许有一点小小的争议。该应用有时候要你横向滚动，而另外的时候，又要你纵向滚动。也有人禁不住会想，如果这个应用能把它的网格背景样式扔了，可能看起来会显得更专业一些。 -作为在Ubuntu上从筛选应用程序的一个方式，App Grid做出了极大的努力。它支持Ubuntu One上的订购、评级和评论，作为Ubuntu默认应用商店的替代品，它更好用。 +作为在Ubuntu上筛选应用程序的一个方式，App Grid做出了极大的努力。它支持Ubuntu One上的订购、评级和评论，作为Ubuntu默认应用商店的替代品，它更好用。 如果非要说点什么缺点的话，那就是它不是一个开源的应用程序，第一次运行时会显示以下免责声明： @@ -27,18 +27,19 @@ App Grid的目标时解决这些问题。从零开始，它要求更快的启动 App Grid可运行在Ubuntu 12.04 LTS，13.10以及14.04 LTS版本下。可以通过添加以下PPA软件源来安装： sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:appgrid/stable - sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install app grid + sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install appgrid 或者，也可以[从项目网站][2]抓取一个.deb安装包来安装。 - [下载用于Ubuntu 14.04的App Grid安装包][3] -试试吧，试过后请到我们开的空间里来发表一下你的看法吧…… +试试吧，试过后请发表一下你的看法吧…… + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/05/appgrid-ubuntu-software-centre-alternative -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d02585cd6de37cb4e2bb2c90f0bb50dca7fc24d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 24 Jun 2014 01:30:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 385/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140603=20W?= =?UTF-8?q?rite=20your=20first=20Linux=20Kernel=20module?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @GOLinux @disylee 明早发布~ 累死我了，花了3+小时才校对完。最终译文综合了你们二位的成果，谢谢。可能最终认真读这篇文章的不会很多，但是这才是真正有价值的技术文章啊。 --- ...03 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md | 370 +++++++++++++ ...03 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md | 369 ------------- ...622Write your first Linux Kernel module.md | 495 ------------------ 3 files changed, 370 insertions(+), 864 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/20140622Write your first Linux Kernel module.md diff --git a/published/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md b/published/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3e88177799 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md @@ -0,0 +1,370 @@ +黑客内核：编写属于你的第一个Linux内核模块 +================================================================================ +> 曾经多少次想要在内核游荡？曾经多少次茫然不知方向？你不要再对着它迷惘，让我们指引你走向前方…… + +内核编程常常看起来像是黑魔法，而在亚瑟 C 克拉克的眼中，它八成就是了。Linux内核和它的用户空间是大不相同的：抛开漫不经心，你必须小心翼翼，因为你编程中的一个bug就会影响到整个系统。浮点运算做起来可不容易，堆栈固定而狭小，而你写的代码总是异步的，因此你需要想想并发会导致什么。而除了所有这一切之外，Linux内核只是一个很大的、很复杂的C程序，它对每个人开放，任何人都去读它、学习它并改进它，而你也可以是其中之一。 + +学习内核编程的最简单的方式也许就是写个内核模块：一段可以动态加载进内核的代码。模块所能做的事是有限的——例如，他们不能在类似进程描述符这样的公共数据结构中增减字段（LCTT译注：可能会破坏整个内核及系统的功能）。但是，在其它方面，他们是成熟的内核级的代码，可以在需要时随时编译进内核（这样就可以摒弃所有的限制了）。完全可以在Linux源代码树以外来开发并编译一个模块（这并不奇怪，它称为树外开发），如果你只是想稍微玩玩，而并不想提交修改以包含到主线内核中去，这样的方式是很方便的。 + +在本教程中，我们将开发一个简单的内核模块用以创建一个**/dev/reverse**设备。写入该设备的字符串将以相反字序的方式读回（“Hello World”读成“World Hello”）。这是一个很受欢迎的程序员面试难题，当你利用自己的能力在内核级别实现这个功能时，可以使你得到一些加分。在开始前，有一句忠告：你的模块中的一个bug就会导致系统崩溃（虽然可能性不大，但还是有可能的）和数据丢失。在开始前，请确保你已经将重要数据备份，或者，采用一种更好的方式，在虚拟机中进行试验。 + +### 尽可能不要用root身份 ### + +> 默认情况下，**/dev/reverse**只有root可以使用，因此你只能使用**sudo**来运行你的测试程序。要解决该限制，可以创建一个包含以下内容的**/lib/udev/rules.d/99-reverse.rules**文件： +> +> SUBSYSTEM=="misc", KERNEL=="reverse", MODE="0666" +> +> 别忘了重新插入模块。让非root用户访问设备节点往往不是一个好主意，但是在开发其间却是十分有用的。这并不是说以root身份运行二进制测试文件也不是个好主意。 + +#### 模块的构造 #### + +由于大多数的Linux内核模块是用C写的（除了底层的特定于体系结构的部分），所以推荐你将你的模块以单一文件形式保存（例如，reverse.c）。我们已经把完整的源代码放在GitHub上——这里我们将看其中的一些片段。开始时，我们先要包含一些常见的文件头，并用预定义的宏来描述模块： + + #include + #include + #include + + MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); + MODULE_AUTHOR("Valentine Sinitsyn "); + MODULE_DESCRIPTION("In-kernel phrase reverser"); + +这里一切都直接明了，除了**MODULE\_LICENSE()**：它不仅仅是一个标记。内核坚定地支持GPL兼容代码，因此如果你把许可证设置为其它非GPL兼容的（如，“Proprietary”[专利]），某些特定的内核功能将在你的模块中不可用。 + +### 什么时候不该写内核模块 ### + +> 内核编程很有趣，但是在现实项目中写（尤其是调试）内核代码要求特定的技巧。通常来讲，在没有其它方式可以解决你的问题时，你才应该在内核级别解决它。以下情形中，可能你在用户空间中解决它更好： + +> - 你要开发一个USB驱动 —— 请查看[libusb][1]。 +> - 你要开发一个文件系统 —— 试试[FUSE][2]。 +> - 你在扩展Netfilter —— 那么[libnetfilter\_queue][3]对你有所帮助。 + +> 通常，内核里面代码的性能会更好，但是对于许多项目而言，这点性能丢失并不严重。 + +由于内核编程总是异步的，没有一个**main()**函数来让Linux顺序执行你的模块。取而代之的是，你要为各种事件提供回调函数，像这个： + + static int __init reverse_init(void) + { + printk(KERN_INFO "reverse device has been registered\n"); + return 0; + } + + static void __exit reverse_exit(void) + { + printk(KERN_INFO "reverse device has been unregistered\n"); + } + + module_init(reverse_init); + module_exit(reverse_exit); + +这里，我们定义的函数被称为模块的插入和删除。只有第一个的插入函数是必要的。目前，它们只是打印消息到内核环缓冲区（可以在用户空间通过**dmesg**命令访问）；**KERN\_INFO**是日志级别（注意，没有逗号）。**\_\_init**和**\_\_exit**是属性 —— 联结到函数（或者变量）的元数据片。属性在用户空间的C代码中是很罕见的，但是内核中却很普遍。所有标记为**\_\_init**的，会在初始化后释放内存以供重用（还记得那条过去内核的那条“Freeing unused kernel memory…[释放未使用的内核内存……]”信息吗？）。**\_\_exit**表明，当代码被静态构建进内核时，该函数可以安全地优化了，不需要清理收尾。最后，**module\_init()**和**module\_exit()**这两个宏将**reverse\_init()**和**reverse_exit()**函数设置成为我们模块的生命周期回调函数。实际的函数名称并不重要，你可以称它们为**init()**和**exit()**，或者**start()**和**stop()**，你想叫什么就叫什么吧。他们都是静态声明，你在外部模块是看不到的。事实上，内核中的任何函数都是不可见的，除非明确地被导出。然而，在内核程序员中，给你的函数加上模块名前缀是约定俗成的。 + +这些都是些基本概念 - 让我们来做更多有趣的事情吧。模块可以接收参数，就像这样： + + # modprobe foo bar=1 + +**modinfo**命令显示了模块接受的所有参数，而这些也可以在**/sys/module//parameters**下作为文件使用。我们的模块需要一个缓冲区来存储参数 —— 让我们把这大小设置为用户可配置。在**MODULE_DESCRIPTION()**下添加如下三行： + + static unsigned long buffer_size = 8192; + module_param(buffer_size, ulong, (S_IRUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)); + MODULE_PARM_DESC(buffer_size, "Internal buffer size"); + +这儿，我们定义了一个变量来存储该值，封装成一个参数，并通过sysfs来让所有人可读。这个参数的描述（最后一行）出现在modinfo的输出中。 + +由于用户可以直接设置**buffer\_size**，我们需要在**reverse\_init()**来清除无效取值。你总该检查来自内核之外的数据 —— 如果你不这么做，你就是将自己置身于内核异常或安全漏洞之中。 + + static int __init reverse_init() + { + if (!buffer_size) + return -1; + printk(KERN_INFO + "reverse device has been registered, buffer size is %lu bytes\n", + buffer_size); + return 0; + } + +来自模块初始化函数的非0返回值意味着模块执行失败。 + +### 导航 ### + +> 但你开发模块时，Linux内核就是你所需一切的源头。然而，它相当大，你可能在查找你所要的内容时会有困难。幸运的是，在庞大的代码库面前，有许多工具使这个过程变得简单。首先，是Cscope —— 在终端中运行的一个比较经典的工具。你所要做的，就是在内核源代码的顶级目录中运行**make cscope && cscope**。Cscope和Vim以及Emacs整合得很好，因此你可以在你最喜爱的编辑器中使用它。 + +> 如果基于终端的工具不是你的最爱，那么就访问[http://lxr.free-electrons.com][4]吧。它是一个基于web的内核导航工具，即使它的功能没有Cscope来得多（例如，你不能方便地找到函数的用法），但它仍然提供了足够多的快速查询功能。 + +现在是时候来编译模块了。你需要你正在运行的内核版本头文件（**linux-headers**，或者等同的软件包）和**build-essential**（或者类似的包）。接下来，该创建一个标准的Makefile模板： + + obj-m += reverse.o + all: + make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules + clean: + make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean + +现在，调用**make**来构建你的第一个模块。如果你输入的都正确，在当前目录内会找到reverse.ko文件。使用**sudo insmod reverse.ko**插入内核模块，然后运行如下命令： + + $ dmesg | tail -1 + [ 5905.042081] reverse device has been registered, buffer size is 8192 bytes + +恭喜了！然而，目前这一行还只是假象而已 —— 还没有设备节点呢。让我们来搞定它。 + +#### 混杂设备 #### + +在Linux中，有一种特殊的字符设备类型，叫做“混杂设备”（或者简称为“misc”）。它是专为单一接入点的小型设备驱动而设计的，而这正是我们所需要的。所有混杂设备共享同一个主设备号（10），因此一个驱动(**drivers/char/misc.c**）就可以查看它们所有设备了，而这些设备用次设备号来区分。从其他意义来说，它们只是普通字符设备。 + +要为该设备注册一个次设备号（以及一个接入点），你需要声明**struct misc\_device**，填上所有字段（注意语法），然后使用指向该结构的指针作为参数来调用**misc\_register()**。为此，你也需要包含**linux/miscdevice.h**头文件： + + static struct miscdevice reverse_misc_device = { + .minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR, + .name = "reverse", + .fops = &reverse_fops + }; + static int __init reverse_init() + { + ... + misc_register(&reverse_misc_device); + printk(KERN_INFO ... + } + +这儿，我们为名为“reverse”的设备请求一个第一个可用的（动态的）次设备号；省略号表明我们之前已经见过的省略的代码。别忘了在模块卸下后注销掉该设备。 + + static void __exit reverse_exit(void) + { + misc_deregister(&reverse_misc_device); + ... + } + +‘fops’字段存储了一个指针，指向一个**file\_operations**结构（在Linux/fs.h中声明），而这正是我们模块的接入点。**reverse\_fops**定义如下： + + static struct file_operations reverse_fops = { + .owner = THIS_MODULE, + .open = reverse_open, + ... + .llseek = noop_llseek + }; + +另外，**reverse\_fops**包含了一系列回调函数（也称之为方法），当用户空间代码打开一个设备，读写或者关闭文件描述符时，就会执行。如果你要忽略这些回调，可以指定一个明确的回调函数来替代。这就是为什么我们将**llseek**设置为**noop\_llseek()**，（顾名思义）它什么都不干。这个默认实现改变了一个文件指针，而且我们现在并不需要我们的设备可以寻址（这是今天留给你们的家庭作业）。 + +#### 关闭和打开 #### + +让我们来实现该方法。我们将给每个打开的文件描述符分配一个新的缓冲区，并在它关闭时释放。这实际上并不安全：如果一个用户空间应用程序泄漏了描述符（也许是故意的），它就会霸占RAM，并导致系统不可用。在现实世界中，你总得考虑到这些可能性。但在本教程中，这种方法不要紧。 + +我们需要一个结构函数来描述缓冲区。内核提供了许多常规的数据结构：链接列表（双联的），哈希表，树等等之类。不过，缓冲区常常从头设计。我们将调用我们的“struct buffer”： + + struct buffer { + char *data, *end, *read_ptr; + unsigned long size; + }; + +**data**是该缓冲区存储的一个指向字符串的指针，而**end**指向字符串结尾后的第一个字节。**read_ptr**是**read()**开始读取数据的地方。缓冲区的size是为了保证完整性而存储的 —— 目前，我们还没有使用该区域。你不能假设使用你结构体的用户会正确地初始化所有这些东西，所以最好在函数中封装缓冲区的分配和收回。它们通常命名为**buffer\_alloc()**和**buffer\_free()**。 + + static struct buffer *buffer_alloc(unsigned long size) + { + struct buffer *buf; + buf = kzalloc(sizeof(*buf), GFP_KERNEL); + if (unlikely(!buf)) + goto out; + ... + out: + return buf; + } + +内核内存使用**kmalloc()**来分配，并使用**kfree()**来释放；**kzalloc()**的风格是将内存设置为全零。不同于标准的**malloc()**，它的内核对应部分收到的标志指定了第二个参数中请求的内存类型。这里，**GFP_KERNEL**是说我们需要一个普通的内核内存（不是在DMA或高内存区中）以及如果需要的话函数可以睡眠（重新调度进程）。**sizeof(*buf)**是一种常见的方式，它用来获取可通过指针访问的结构体的大小。 + +你应该随时检查**kmalloc()**的返回值：访问NULL指针将导致内核异常。同时也需要注意**unlikely()**宏的使用。它（及其相对宏**likely()**）被广泛用于内核中，用于表明条件几乎总是真的（或假的）。它不会影响到控制流程，但是能帮助现代处理器通过分支预测技术来提升性能。 + +最后，注意**goto**语句。它们常常为认为是邪恶的，但是，Linux内核（以及一些其它系统软件）采用它们来实施集中式的函数退出。这样的结果是减少嵌套深度，使代码更具可读性，而且非常像更高级语言中的**try-catch**区块。 + +有了**buffer\_alloc()**和**buffer\_free()**，**open**和**close**方法就变得很简单了。 + + static int reverse_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) + { + int err = 0; + file->private_data = buffer_alloc(buffer_size); + ... + return err; + } + +**struct file**是一个标准的内核数据结构，用以存储打开的文件的信息，如当前文件位置（**file->f\_pos**)、标志(**file->f\_flags**），或者打开模式（**file->f\_mode**)等。另外一个字段**file->privatedata**用于关联文件到一些专有数据，它的类型是void *，而且它在文件拥有者以外，对内核不透明。我们将一个缓冲区存储在那里。 + +如果缓冲区分配失败，我们通过返回否定值（**-ENOMEM**）来为调用的用户空间代码标明。一个C库中调用的**open(2)**系统调用(如 **glibc**)将会检测这个并适当地设置**errno** 。 + +#### 学习如何读和写 #### + +“read”和“write”方法是真正完成工作的地方。当数据写入到缓冲区时，我们放弃之前的内容和反向地存储该字段，不需要任何临时存储。**read**方法仅仅是从内核缓冲区复制数据到用户空间。但是如果缓冲区还没有数据，**revers\_eread()**会做什么呢？在用户空间中，**read()**调用会在有可用数据前阻塞它。在内核中，你就必须等待。幸运的是，有一项机制用于处理这种情况，就是‘wait queues’。 + +想法很简单。如果当前进程需要等待某个事件，它的描述符（**struct task_struct**存储‘current’信息）被放进非可运行（睡眠中）状态，并添加到一个队列中。然后**schedule()**就被调用来选择另一个进程运行。生成事件的代码通过使用队列将等待进程放回**TASK\_RUNNING**状态来唤醒它们。调度程序将在以后在某个地方选择它们之一。Linux有多种非可运行状态，最值得注意的是**TASK\_INTERRUPTIBLE**（一个可以通过信号中断的睡眠）和**TASK\_KILLABLE**（一个可被杀死的睡眠中的进程）。所有这些都应该正确处理，并等待队列为你做这些事。 + +一个用以存储读取等待队列头的天然场所就是结构缓冲区，所以从为它添加**wait\_queue\_head_t read\_queue**字段开始。你也应该包含**linux/sched.h**头文件。可以使用DECLARE\_WAITQUEUE()宏来静态声明一个等待队列。在我们的情况下，需要动态初始化，因此添加下面这行到**buffer\_alloc()**： + + init_waitqueue_head(&buf->read_queue); + +我们等待可用数据；或者等待**read\_ptr != end**条件成立。我们也想要让等待操作可以被中断（如，通过Ctrl+C）。因此，“read”方法应该像这样开始： + + static ssize_t reverse_read(struct file *file, char __user * out, + size_t size, loff_t * off) + { + struct buffer *buf = file->private_data; + ssize_t result; + while (buf->read_ptr == buf->end) { + if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) { + result = -EAGAIN; + goto out; + } + if (wait_event_interruptible + (buf->read_queue, buf->read_ptr != buf->end)) { + result = -ERESTARTSYS; + goto out; + } + } + ... + +我们让它循环，直到有可用数据，如果没有则使用**wait\_event\_interruptible()**（它是一个宏，不是函数，这就是为什么要通过值的方式给队列传递）来等待。好吧，如果**wait\_event\_interruptible()**被中断，它返回一个非0值，这个值代表**-ERESTARTSYS**。这段代码意味着系统调用应该重新启动。**file->f\_flags**检查以非阻塞模式打开的文件数：如果没有数据，返回**-EAGAIN**。 + +我们不能使用**if()**来替代**while()**，因为可能有许多进程正等待数据。当**write**方法唤醒它们时，调度程序以不可预知的方式选择一个来运行，因此，在这段代码有机会执行的时候，缓冲区可能再次空出。现在，我们需要将数据从**buf->data** 复制到用户空间。**copy\_to\_user()**内核函数就干了此事： + + size = min(size, (size_t) (buf->end - buf->read_ptr)); + if (copy_to_user(out, buf->read_ptr, size)) { + result = -EFAULT; + goto out; + } + +如果用户空间指针错误，那么调用可能会失败；如果发生了此事，我们就返回**-EFAULT**。记住，不要相信任何来自内核外的事物！ + + buf->read_ptr += size; + result = size; + out: + return result; + } + +为了使数据在任意块可读，需要进行简单运算。该方法返回读入的字节数，或者一个错误代码。 + +写方法更简短。首先，我们检查缓冲区是否有足够的空间，然后我们使用**copy\_from\_userspace()**函数来获取数据。再然后**read\_ptr**和结束指针会被重置，并且反转存储缓冲区内容： + + buf->end = buf->data + size; + buf->read_ptr = buf->data; + if (buf->end > buf->data) + reverse_phrase(buf->data, buf->end - 1); + +这里， **reverse\_phrase()**干了所有吃力的工作。它依赖于**reverse\_word()**函数，该函数相当简短并且标记为内联。这是另外一个常见的优化；但是，你不能过度使用。因为过多的内联会导致内核映像徒然增大。 + +最后，我们需要唤醒**read\_queue**中等待数据的进程，就跟先前讲过的那样。**wake\_up\_interruptible()**就是用来干此事的： + + wake_up_interruptible(&buf->read_queue); + +耶！你现在已经有了一个内核模块，它至少已经编译成功了。现在，是时候来测试了。 + +### 调试内核代码 ### + +> 或许，内核中最常见的调试方法就是打印。如果你愿意，你可以使用普通的**printk()** （假定使用**KERN\_DEBUG**日志等级）。然而，那儿还有更好的办法。如果你正在写一个设备驱动，这个设备驱动有它自己的“struct device”，可以使用**pr\_debug()**或者**dev\_dbg()**：它们支持动态调试（**dyndbg**）特性，并可以根据需要启用或者禁用（请查阅**Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt**）。对于单纯的开发消息，使用**pr\_devel()**，除非设置了DEBUG，否则什么都不会做。要为我们的模块启用DEBUG，请添加以下行到Makefile中： + +> CFLAGS_reverse.o := -DDEBUG +> +> 完了之后，使用**dmesg**来查看**pr_debug()**或**pr_devel()**生成的调试信息。 +> 或者，你可以直接发送调试信息到控制台。要想这么干，你可以设置**console_loglevel**内核变量为8或者更大的值（**echo 8 /proc/sys/kernel/printk**），或者在高日志等级，如**KERN_ERR**，来临时打印要查询的调试信息。很自然，在发布代码前，你应该移除这样的调试声明。 + +> 注意内核消息出现在控制台，不要在Xterm这样的终端模拟器窗口中去查看；这也是在内核开发时，建议你不在X环境下进行的原因。 + +### 惊喜，惊喜！ ### + +编译模块，然后加载进内核： + + $ make + $ sudo insmod reverse.ko buffer_size=2048 + $ lsmod + reverse 2419 0 + $ ls -l /dev/reverse + crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 10, 58 Feb 22 15:53 /dev/reverse + +一切似乎就位。现在，要测试模块是否正常工作，我们将写一段小程序来翻转它的第一个命令行参数。**main()**（再三检查错误）可能看上去像这样： + + int fd = open("/dev/reverse", O_RDWR); + write(fd, argv[1], strlen(argv[1])); + read(fd, argv[1], strlen(argv[1])); + printf("Read: %s\n", argv[1]); + +像这样运行： + + $ ./test 'A quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog' + Read: dog lazy the over jumped fox brown quick A + +它工作正常！玩得更逗一点：试试传递单个单词或者单个字母的短语，空的字符串或者是非英语字符串（如果你有这样的键盘布局设置），以及其它任何东西。 + +现在，让我们让事情变得更好玩一点。我们将创建两个进程，它们共享一个文件描述符（及其内核缓冲区）。其中一个会持续写入字符串到设备，而另一个将读取这些字符串。在下例中，我们使用了**fork(2)**系统调用，而pthreads也很好用。我也省略打开和关闭设备的代码，并在此检查代码错误（又来了）： + + char *phrase = "A quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog"; + if (fork()) + /* Parent is the writer */ + while (1) + write(fd, phrase, len); + else + /* child is the reader */ + while (1) { + read(fd, buf, len); + printf("Read: %s\n", buf); + } + +你希望这个程序会输出什么呢？下面就是在我的笔记本上得到的东西： + + Read: dog lazy the over jumped fox brown quick A + Read: A kcicq brown fox jumped over the lazy dog + Read: A kciuq nworb xor jumped fox brown quick A + Read: A kciuq nworb xor jumped fox brown quick A + ... + +这里发生了什么呢？就像举行了一场比赛。我们认为**read**和**write**是原子操作，或者从头到尾一次执行一个指令。然而，内核确实无序并发的，随便就重新调度了**reverse\_phrase()**函数内部某个地方运行着的写入操作的内核部分。如果在写入操作结束前就调度了**read()**操作呢？就会产生数据不完整的状态。这样的bug非常难以找到。但是，怎样来处理这个问题呢？ + +基本上，我们需要确保在写方法返回前没有**read**方法能被执行。如果你曾经编写过一个多线程的应用程序，你可能见过同步原语（锁），如互斥锁或者信号。Linux也有这些，但有些细微的差别。内核代码可以运行进程上下文（用户空间代码的“代表”工作，就像我们使用的方法）和终端上下文（例如，一个IRQ处理线程）。如果你已经在进程上下文中和并且你已经得到了所需的锁，你只需要简单地睡眠和重试直到成功为止。在中断上下文时你不能处于休眠状态，因此代码会在一个循环中运行直到锁可用。关联原语被称为自旋锁，但在我们的环境中，一个简单的互斥锁 —— 在特定时间内只有唯一一个进程能“占有”的对象 —— 就足够了。处于性能方面的考虑，现实的代码可能也会使用读-写信号。 + +锁总是保护某些数据（在我们的环境中，是一个“struct buffer”实例），而且也常常会把它们嵌入到它们所保护的结构体中。因此，我们添加一个互斥锁（‘struct mutex lock’）到“struct buffer”中。我们也必须用**mutex\_init()**来初始化互斥锁；**buffer\_alloc**是用来处理这件事的好地方。使用互斥锁的代码也必须包含**linux/mutex.h**。 + +互斥锁很像交通信号灯 —— 要是司机不看它和不听它的，它就没什么用。因此，在对缓冲区做操作并在操作完成时释放它之前，我们需要更新**reverse\_read()**和**reverse\_write()**来获取互斥锁。让我们来看看**read**方法 —— **write**的工作原理相同： + + static ssize_t reverse_read(struct file *file, char __user * out, + size_t size, loff_t * off) + { + struct buffer *buf = file->private_data; + ssize_t result; + if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&buf->lock)) { + result = -ERESTARTSYS; + goto out; + } + +我们在函数一开始就获取锁。**mutex\_lock\_interruptible()**要么得到互斥锁然后返回，要么让进程睡眠，直到有可用的互斥锁。就像前面一样，**\_interruptible**后缀意味着睡眠可以由信号来中断。 + + while (buf->read_ptr == buf->end) { + mutex_unlock(&buf->lock); + /* ... wait_event_interruptible() here ... */ + if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&buf->lock)) { + result = -ERESTARTSYS; + goto out; + } + } + +下面是我们的“等待数据”循环。当获取互斥锁时，或者发生称之为“死锁”的情境时，不应该让进程睡眠。因此，如果没有数据，我们释放互斥锁并调用**wait\_event\_interruptible()**。当它返回时，我们重新获取互斥锁并像往常一样继续： + + if (copy_to_user(out, buf->read_ptr, size)) { + result = -EFAULT; + goto out_unlock; + } + ... + out_unlock: + mutex_unlock(&buf->lock); + out: + return result; + +最后，当函数结束，或者在互斥锁被获取过程中发生错误时，互斥锁被解锁。重新编译模块（别忘了重新加载），然后再次进行测试。现在你应该没发现毁坏的数据了。 + +### 接下来是什么？ ### + +现在你已经尝试了一次内核黑客。我们刚刚为你揭开了这个话题的外衣，里面还有更多东西供你探索。我们的第一个模块有意识地写得简单一点，在从中学到的概念在更复杂的环境中也一样。并发、方法表、注册回调函数、使进程睡眠以及唤醒进程，这些都是内核黑客们耳熟能详的东西，而现在你已经看过了它们的运作。或许某天，你的内核代码也将被加入到主线Linux源代码树中 —— 如果真这样，请联系我们！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/be-a-kernel-hacker/ + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) [disylee](https://github.com/disylee) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.libusb.org/ +[2]:http://fuse.sf.net/ +[3]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/be-a-kernel-hacker/www.netfilter.org/projects/libnetfilter_queue +[4]:http://lxr.free-electrons.com/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md b/translated/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md deleted file mode 100644 index c70ec1ec11..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,369 +0,0 @@ -编写属于你的第一个Linux内核模块 -================================================================================ -> 曾经多少次想要在内核游荡？曾经多少次茫然不知方向？你不要再对着它迷惘，让我们指引你走向前方…… -内核编程常常看起来像是黑魔法，而在亚瑟 C 克拉克的眼中，它八成就是了。Linux内核和它的用户空间是大不相同的：抛开漫不经心，你必须小心翼翼，因为你编程中的一个bug就会影响到整个系统。浮点数学做起来可不容易，堆栈固定而渺小，而你写的代码总是异步的，因此你需要想想怎样让它并发。而除了所有这一切之外，Linux内核只是一个很大的、很复杂的C程序，它对每个人开放，任何人都去读它、学习它并改进它，而你也可以是其中之一。 - -> “开始内核编程的最简单的方式 -> 是写模块——一段代码 -> 可以用来动态加载进内核。” - -可能，开始内核编程的最简单的方式，就是写模块——一段可以动态加载进内核并从内核移除的代码。模块所能做的事是有限的——例如，他们不能添加或移除像进程描述符这样的常规数据结构域。但是，在其它方面，他们是成熟的内核级的代码，可以在需要时随时编译进内核（这样就可以摒弃所有的限制了）。完全可以在Linux源代码树以外来开发并编译一个模块（这并不奇怪，它称为树外开发），如果你只是想稍微玩玩，而并不想提交修改以包含到主线内核中去，这样的方式是很方便的。 - -在本教程中，我们将开发一个简单的内核模块用以创建一个**/dev/reverse**设备。写入该设备的字符串将以逆序的方式读回（“Hello World”读成“World Hello”）。这是一个流行的节目采访智力游戏，而当你展示能力来实施时，你也可能获得一些奖励分。在开始前，有一句忠告：你的模块中的一个bug会导致系统崩溃（虽然可能性不大，但还是有可能的）和数据丢失。在开始前，请确保你已经将重要数据备份，或者，采用一种更好的方式，在虚拟机中进行试验。 -### 尽可能避免root身份 ### - -> 默认情况下，**/dev/reverse**只有root可以使用，因此你不得不使用**sudo**来测试该程序。要解决该问题，可以创建一个包含以下内容的**/lib/udev/rules.d/99-reverse.rules**文件： -> -> SUBSYSTEM=="misc", KERNEL=="reverse", MODE="0666" -> -> 别忘了重新插入模块。让设备节点让非root用户访问这往往不是一个好主意，但是在开发其间却是十分有用的，这不是说以root身份运行二进制测试文件也不是个好主意。 - -#### 模块的构造 #### - -由于大多数的Linux内核模块是用C写的（除了低级别特定架构部分），所以推荐你将模块以单一文件形式保存（例如，reverse.c）。我们已经把完整的源代码放在GitHub上——这里我们将看其中的一些片段。开始时，我们先要包含一些常见的文件头，并用预定义的宏来描述模块： - - #include - #include - #include - - MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); - MODULE_AUTHOR("Valentine Sinitsyn "); - MODULE_DESCRIPTION("In-kernel phrase reverser"); - -这里一切都直接明了，除了**MODULE_LICENSE()**：它不仅仅是一个标记。内核坚定地支持GPL兼容代码，因此如果你把许可证设置为其它非GPL兼容的（如，“专利”），特定的内核功能将在你的模块中不可用。 - -### 什么时候不该写内核模块 ### - -> 内核编程很有趣，但是在现实项目中写（尤其是调试）内核代码要求特定的技巧。通常来讲，在没有其它方式解决你的问题时，你才应该沉入内核级别。可能你可以待在用户空间中，如果： - -> - 你开发一个USB驱动 —— 请查看[libusb][1]。 -> - 你开发一个文件系统 —— 试试[FUSE][2]。 -> - 你在扩展Netfilter —— 那么[libnetfilter_queue][3]对你有所帮助。 -> -> 通常，本地内核代码会干得更好，但是对于许多项目而言，这点性能丢失并不严重。 -由于内核编程总是异步的，没有Linux顺序执行得**main()**函数来运行你的模块。取而代之的是，你为各种事件提供了回调函数，像这个： - - static int __init reverse_init(void) - { - printk(KERN_INFO "reverse device has been registered\n"); - return 0; - } - - static void __exit reverse_exit(void) - { - printk(KERN_INFO "reverse device has been unregistered\n"); - } - - module_init(reverse_init); - module_exit(reverse_exit); - -这儿，我们定义了函数，用来访问模块的插入和移除功能，只有第一个是必要的。目前，它们只是打印消息到内核环缓冲区（可以通过**dmesg**命令从用户空间访问）；**KERN_INFO**是日志等级（注意，没有逗号）。**_init**和**_exit**是属性 —— 联结到函数的元数据片（或者变量）。属性在用户空间的C代码中是很罕见的，但是内核中却很普遍。所有标记为**_init**的，会在初始化后再生（还记得那条老旧的“释放未使用的内核内存……”信息？）。**__exit**表明，当代码被静态构建进内核时，该函数可以安全地优化。最后，**module_init()**和**module_exit()**这两个宏将**reverse_init()**和**reverse_exit()**函数设置成为我们模块的生命周期回调函数。实际的函数名称并不重要，你可以称它们为**init()**和**exit()**，或者**start()**和**stop()**，你想叫什么就叫什么吧。在你的模块外，它们被申明成为静态的和不可见的。事实上，内核中的任何函数都是不可见的，除非明确地被导出。然而，在内核程序员中，给你的函数加上模块名前缀是约定俗成的。 - -这些是基本要素 —— 让我们把事情变得更有趣些。模块可以接收参数，就像这样： - - # modprobe foo bar=1 - -**modinfo**命令显示了所有模块接受的参数，而这些也可以在**/sys/module//parameters**下作为文件使用。我们的模块需要一个缓冲区来存储短语 —— 让我们把这大小设置为用户可配置。添加**MODULE_DESCRIPTION()**以下的三行： - - static unsigned long buffer_size = 8192; - module_param(buffer_size, ulong, (S_IRUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)); - MODULE_PARM_DESC(buffer_size, "Internal buffer size"); - -这儿，我们定义了一个变量来存储该值，将其包裹到一个参数中，并通过sysfs来让所有人可读。参数的描述（最后一行）会出现在modinfo的输出中。 - -由于用户可以直接设置**buffer_size**，我们需要在**reverseinit()**来清除它。你总该检查来自内核外的数据 —— 如果你不这么做，你就是会将你自身置于内核异常之中，设置造成安全漏洞。 - - static int __init reverse_init() - { - if (!buffer_size) - return -1; - printk(KERN_INFO - "reverse device has been registered, buffer size is %lu bytes\n", - buffer_size); - return 0; - } - -来自模块初始化函数的非0返回值意味着模块执行失败。 - -### 导航 ### - -> 但你开发模块时，Linux内核就是你所需一切的源头。然而，它相当大，你可能在查找你所要的内容时会有困难。幸运的是，在浏览庞大的代码库时，有工具可以帮助你干得轻松一点。首先，是Cscope —— 在终端中运行的一个令人肃然起敬的工具。你所要做的，就是在内核源代码的顶级目录中运行**make cscope && cscope**。Cscope和Vim以及Emacs整合得很好，因此你可以在使用你最喜爱的编辑器舒适地工作时来使用它。 - -> 如果基于终端的工具不是你的最爱，那么就访问[http://lxr.free-electrons.com][4]吧。它是一个基于web的内核导航工具，即使它的功能没有Cscope来得多（例如，你不能方便地找到函数的用法），但它仍然提供了足够多的快速查询功能。 -现在是时候来编译模块了。你将需要用于正在运行的内核版本的头文件（**linux-headers**，或者同等软件包）和**build-essential**（或者类似的包）。接下来，该创建一个标准的Makefile模板： - - obj-m += reverse.o - all: - make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules - clean: - make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean - -现在，调用**make**来构建你的第一个模块。如果你输入的都正确，在当前目录内会发现reverse.ko文件。使用**sudo insmod reverse.ko**插入，然后运行： - - $ dmesg | tail -1 - [ 5905.042081] reverse device has been registered, buffer size is 8192 bytes - -恭喜了！然而，目前这一行还只是在逗你玩而已 —— 还没有设备节点呢。让我们来修复它。 - -#### 混杂设备 #### - -在Linux中，有一种特殊的字符设备类型，叫做“混杂设备”（或者简称为“misc”）。它设计用于只有一个单一接入点的小型设备驱动，而这正是我们所需要的。所有混杂设备共享同一个主设备号（10），因此一个驱动(**drivers/char/misc.c**）就可以查看它们所有设备了，而这些设备用次设备号来区分。在所有其它意义上，它们只是普通字符设备。 - -要为该设备注册一个次设备号（以及一个接入点），你需要声明**struct misc_device**，填上所有字段（注意语法），然后使用指针指向该结构函数来调用**misc_register()**。为了这个能工作，你也需要包含**linux/miscdevice.h**头文件： - - static struct miscdevice reverse_misc_device = { - .minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR, - .name = "reverse", - .fops = &reverse_fops - }; - static int __init reverse_init() - { - ... - misc_register(&reverse_misc_device); - printk(KERN_INFO ... - } - -这儿，我们为名为“reverse”的设备请求一个第一个可用的（动态的）次设备号；省略号表明我们已经见过的省略的代码。别忘了在模块卸下后注销掉该设备。 - - static void __exit reverse_exit(void) - { - misc_deregister(&reverse_misc_device); - ... - } - -‘fops’字段存储了一个指针，指向结构函数**file_operations**（在Linux/fs.h中已声明），而这真是我们模块的接入点。**reverse_fops**定义如下： - - static struct file_operations reverse_fops = { - .owner = THIS_MODULE, - .open = reverse_open, - ... - .llseek = noop_llseek - }; - -再者，**reverse_fops**包含了一系列回调函数（也称之为方法），当用户空间代码打开一个设备时，就会执行。从该设备读取，向该设备写入，或者关闭文件描述符。如果你忽略了所有这些，就会使用一个灵敏的回调函数来替代。这就是为什么我们明确给**noop_llseek()**设置了**llseek**方法，而它却什么也不干（就像名称中暗指的）。默认部署改变了文件指针，我们现在也不想我们的设备被找到（这是你们的今天的回家作业）。 - -#### 我在关闭时打开 #### - -让我们实施该方法。我们将分配一个新的缓冲区给每个打开的文件描述符，并在它关闭时释放。这事实上并不安全：如果一个用户空间应用程序泄漏了描述符（也许是故意的），它就会霸占RAM，并使系统不可用。在现实世界中，你总得考虑到这些可能性。但在本教程中，这种方法可以接受。 - -我们需要一个结构函数来描述缓冲区。内核提供了许多常规的数据结构：链接列表（双联的），哈希表，树等等之类。然而，缓冲区常常从零开始实施。我们将调用我们的“struct buffer”： - - struct buffer { - char *data, *end, *read_ptr; - unsigned long size; - }; - -**data**是该缓冲区存储的一个指向字符串的指针，而最后部分是字符串结尾后的第一个字节。**read_ptr**是**read()**开始读取数据的地方。缓冲区大小为了完整性而存储 —— 目前，我们还没有使用该区域。你不能假设使用你结构体的用户会正确地初始化所有这些东西，所以最好在函数中封装缓冲区分配和解除。它们通常命名为**buffer_alloc()**和**buffer_free()**。 - - static struct buffer *buffer_alloc(unsigned long size) - { - struct buffer *buf; - buf = kzalloc(sizeof(*buf), GFP_KERNEL); - if (unlikely(!buf)) - goto out; - ... - out: - return buf; - } - -内核内存使用**kmalloc()**来分配，并使用**kfree()**来释放；**kzalloc()**的风格是将内存设置为全零。不同于标准的**malloc()**，它的内核对应部分收到的标志指定了第二个参数中请求的内存类型。这里，**GFP_KERNEL**是说我们需要一个普通的内核内存（不是在DMA或高内存中）以及函数可以按需睡眠（重新编排进程）。**sizeof(*buf)**是一种常见的方式，它用来获取可通过指针访问的结构体的大小。 - -你应该随时检查**kmalloc()**的返回值：解应用NULL指针将导致内核异常。同时也需要注意**unlikely()**宏的使用。它（及其相对宏**likely()**）被广泛用于内核中，用于表明条件几乎总是真的（或假的）。它不会影响到控制流，但是能帮助现代处理器通过分支预测技术来提升性能。 - -最后，注意**gotos**。它们常常为认为是邪恶的，但是，Linux内核（以及一些其它系统软件）采用它们来实施集中式的函数退出。这样的结果是减少嵌套深度，使代码更具可读性，而且非常像更高级语言中的**try-catch**区块。 - -有了**buffer_alloc()**和**buffer_free()**，**open**和**close**方法就变得很简单了。 - - static int reverse_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) - { - int err = 0; - file->private_data = buffer_alloc(buffer_size); - ... - return err; - } - -**struct file**是一个标准的内核数据结构，用以存储打开的文件的信息，如当前文件位置（**file->fpos**),标志(**file->flags**），或者打开模式（**file->fmode**)。另外一个字段**file->privatedata**用于关联文件到一些专有数据，它的类型是void *，而且它在文件拥有者以外对内核不透明。我们将一个缓冲区存储在那里。 - -如果缓冲区分配失败，我们通过返回否定值（**-ENOMEM**）来为调用的用户空间代码标明。 - -#### 学会读写 #### - -“read”和“write”方法是真正完成工作的地方。当数据写入到缓冲区时，我们就丢弃它里头先前的内容，并在没有任何临时存储时将短语恢复原状。**read**方法仅仅是从内核缓冲区复制数据到用户空间。但是如果缓冲区还没有数据，**reverseread()**会做什么呢？在用户空间中，**read()**调用会在有可用数据前阻塞它。在内核中，你必须等待。幸运的是，有一项机制用于处理这种情况，就是‘wait queues’。 - -想法很简单。如果当前进程需要等待某个事件，它的描述符（**struct task_struct**存储为‘current’）被放进非可运行（睡眠中）状态，并添加到一个队列中。然后**schedule()**就被调用来选择另一个进程运行。生成事件的代码通过使用队列将等待进程放回**TASKRUNNING**状态来唤醒它们。调度程序将在以后在某个地方选择它们之一。Linux有多种非可运行状态，最值得注意的是**TASKINTERRUPTIBLE**（一个可以通过信号中断的睡眠）和**TASKKILLABLE**（一个可被杀死的睡眠中的进程）。所有这些都应该正确处理，并等待队列为你做这些事。 - -一个用以存储读取等待队列头的天然场所就是结构缓冲区，所以从为它添加**wait_queue_head_t read_queue**字段开始。你也应该包含**linux/sched.h**。可以使用DECLARE_WAITQUEUE()宏来静态声明一个等待队列。在我们这种情况下，需要动态初始化，因此添加下面这行到**buffer_alloc()**： - - init_waitqueue_head(&buf->read_queue); - -我们等待可用数据；或者等待**read_ptr != end**条件成立。我们也想要让等待操作可以被中断（如，通过Ctrl+C）。因此，“read”方法应该像这样开始： - - static ssize_t reverse_read(struct file *file, char __user * out, - size_t size, loff_t * off) - { - struct buffer *buf = file->private_data; - ssize_t result; - while (buf->read_ptr == buf->end) { - if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) { - result = -EAGAIN; - goto out; - } - if (wait_event_interruptible - (buf->read_queue, buf->read_ptr != buf->end)) { - result = -ERESTARTSYS; - goto out; - } - } - ... - -我们让它循环，直到有可用数据，如果没有则使用**wait_event_interruptible()**（它是一个宏，不是函数，这就是为什么要给队列传递值）来等待。好吧，如果**wait_event_interruptible()**被中断，它返回一个非0值，这个值代表**-ERESTARTSYS**。这段代码意味着系统调用应该重新启动。**file->f_flags**检查以非阻塞模式打开的文件数：如果没有数据，返回**-EAGAIN**。 - -我们不能使用**if()**来替代**while()**，因为可能有许多进程正等待数据。当**write**方法唤醒它们时，调度程序选择一个来以不可预知的方式运行，因此，在这段代码有机会执行的时候，缓冲区可能再次空出。现在，我们需要将数据从**buf->data** 复制到用户空间。**copytouser()**内核函数就干了此事： - - size = min(size, (size_t) (buf->end - buf->read_ptr)); - if (copy_to_user(out, buf->read_ptr, size)) { - result = -EFAULT; - goto out; - } - -如果用户空间指针错误，那么调用可能会失败；如果发生了此事，我们就返回**-EFAULT**。记住，不要相信任何来自内核外的事物！ - - buf->read_ptr += size; - result = size; - out: - return result; - } - -为了让数据能读入到专有组块中，需要进行简单运算。该方法返回读入的字节数，或者一个错误代码。 - -写方法更简短。首先，我们检查缓冲区是否有足够的空间，然后我们使用**copy_from_userspace()**函数来获取数据。再然后**read_ptr**和结束指针会被重置，缓冲区内容会被撤销掉： - - buf->end = buf->data + size; - buf->read_ptr = buf->data; - if (buf->end > buf->data) - reverse_phrase(buf->data, buf->end - 1); - -这里， **reverse_phrase()**干了所有吃力的工作。它依赖于**reverse_word()**函数，该函数相当简短并且标记为内联。这是另外一个常见的优化；但是，你不能过度使用。因为积极的内联会导致内核映像徒然增大。 - -最后，我们需要唤醒**read_queue**中等待数据的进程，就跟先前讲过的那样。**wake_up_interruptible()**就是用来干此事的： - - wake_up_interruptible(&buf->read_queue); - -唷！你现在已经有了一个内核模块，它至少已经编译成功了。现在，是时候来测试了。 - -### 调试内核代码 ### - -> 或许，内核中最常见的调试方法就是打印。如果你愿意，你可以使用普通的**printk()** （假定使用**KERN_DEBUG**日志等级）。然而，那儿还有更好的办法。如果你正在写一个设备驱动，这个设备驱动有它自己的“struct device”，可以使用**pr_debug()**或者**dev_dbg()**：它们支持动态调试（**dyndbg**）特性，并可以根据需要启用或者禁用（请查阅**Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt**）。对于单纯的开发消息，使用**prdevel()**，该函数没有操作符，除非设置了DEBUG。要为我们的模块启用DEBUG，请添加以下行到Makefile中： - -> CFLAGS_reverse.o := -DDEBUG -> -> 完了之后，使用**dmesg**来查看**pr_debug()**或**pr_devel()**生成的调试信息。 -> 或者，你可以直接发送调试信息到控制台。要想这么干，你可以设置**console_loglevel**内核变量为8或者更大的值（**echo 8 /proc/sys/kernel/printk**），或者在高日志等级，如**KERN_ERR**，来临时打印要查询的调试信息。很自然，在发布代码前，你应该移除这样的调试声明。 - -> 注意出现在控制台的内核消息，而不要在Xterm这样的终端模拟器窗口中去查看；那也是你在内核开发时，经常会建议你不要再X环境下进行的原因。 - -### 惊喜，惊喜！ ### - -编译模块，然后加载进内核： - - $ make - $ sudo insmod reverse.ko buffer_size=2048 - $ lsmod - reverse 2419 0 - $ ls -l /dev/reverse - crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 10, 58 Feb 22 15:53 /dev/reverse - -一切似乎就位。现在，要测试模块是否正常工作，我们将写一段小程序来翻转它的第一个命令行参数。**main()**（没有错误检查）可能看上去像这样： - - int fd = open("/dev/reverse", O_RDWR); - write(fd, argv[1], strlen(argv[1])); - read(fd, argv[1], strlen(argv[1])); - printf("Read: %s\n", argv[1]); - -像这样运行： - - $ ./test 'A quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog' - Read: dog lazy the over jumped fox brown quick A - -它工作正常！玩得更逗一点：试试传递单个单词或者单个字母的短语，空的字符串或者是非英语字符串（如果你有这样的键盘布局设置），以及其它任何东西。 - -现在，让我们让事情变得更好玩一点。我们将创建两个进程，它们共享一个文件描述符（因而还有内核缓冲区）。其中一个会持续写入字符串到设备，而另一个将读取这些字符串。在下例中，我们使用了**fork(2)**系统调用，而pthreads也很好用。我也忽略了打开和关闭设备，以及错误检查部分的代码（又来了）： - - char *phrase = "A quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog"; - if (fork()) - /* Parent is the writer */ - while (1) - write(fd, phrase, len); - else - /* child is the reader */ - while (1) { - read(fd, buf, len); - printf("Read: %s\n", buf); - } - -你希望这个程序会输出什么呢？下面就是在我的笔记本上得到的东西： - - Read: dog lazy the over jumped fox brown quick A - Read: A kcicq brown fox jumped over the lazy dog - Read: A kciuq nworb xor jumped fox brown quick A - Read: A kciuq nworb xor jumped fox brown quick A - ... - -这里发生了什么呢？举行了一场比赛。我们认为**read**和**write**是很小的，或者从头到尾一次执行一个指令。然而，内核是并发的野兽，它可以很容易地重排**reverse_phrase()**函数内部某个地方运行着的内核模式部分的写入操作。如果进行**read()**操作的进程在写入操作结束前就被编排进去，就会产生数据不连续状态。这些bug非常难以排除。但是，怎样来处理这个问题呢？ - -基本上，我们需要确保在写方法返回前没有**read**方法能被执行。如果你曾经编写过一个多线程的应用程序，你可能见过同步原语（锁），如互斥锁或者信号。Linux也有这些，但有些细微的差别。内核代码可以运行在进程条件中（“代表”用户空间代码工作，就像我们的方法那样）以及运行在中断条件中（例如，在IRQ处理器中）。如果你的程序处于进程条件中，并且你需要的锁已经被拿走，你的程序就会睡眠并重试直至成功。在中断条件中是无法睡眠的，因此代码在循环中流转，直到有可用的锁为止。关联原语被称为自旋锁，但在我们的环境中，一个简单的互斥锁 —— 在特定时间内只有唯一一个进程能“占有”的对象 —— 就足够了。处于性能方面的考虑，现实的代码可能也会使用读-写信号。 - -锁总是保护某些数据（在我们的环境中，是一个“struct buffer”实例），而且也常常会把它们嵌入到它们所保护的结构体中。因此，我们添加一个互斥锁（‘struct mutex lock’）到“struct buffer”中。我们也必须用**mutex_init()**来初始化互斥锁；**buffer_alloc**是用来处理这件事的好地方。使用互斥锁的代码也必须包含**linux/mutex.h**。 - -互斥锁很像交通信号灯 —— 除非驱动查看并跟踪信号，否则它没什么用。因此，在对缓冲区做操作并在操作完成时释放它之前，我们需要更新**reverse_read()**和**reverse_write()**来获取互斥锁。让我们来看看**read**方法 —— **write**的工作原理相同： - - static ssize_t reverse_read(struct file *file, char __user * out, - size_t size, loff_t * off) - { - struct buffer *buf = file->private_data; - ssize_t result; - if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&buf->lock)) { - result = -ERESTARTSYS; - goto out; - } - -我们在函数一开始就获取锁。**mutex_lock_interruptible()**要么抓取互斥锁然后返回，要么让进程睡眠，直到有可用的互斥锁。就像前面一样，**_interruptible**后缀意味着睡眠可以由信号来中断。 - - while (buf->read_ptr == buf->end) { - mutex_unlock(&buf->lock); - /* ... wait_event_interruptible() here ... */ - if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&buf->lock)) { - result = -ERESTARTSYS; - goto out; - } - } - -下面是我们的“等待数据”循环。当持有互斥锁，或者发生称之为“死锁”的情境时，不应该让进程睡眠。因此，如果没有数据，我们释放互斥锁并调用**wait_event_interruptible()**。当它返回时，我们重新获取互斥锁并像往常一样继续： - - if (copy_to_user(out, buf->read_ptr, size)) { - result = -EFAULT; - goto out_unlock; - } - ... - out_unlock: - mutex_unlock(&buf->lock); - out: - return result; - -最后，当函数结束，或者在互斥锁被占有过程中发生错误时，互斥锁被解锁。重新编译模块（别忘了重新加载），然后再次进行测试。现在你应该没发现毁坏的数据了。 - -### 接下来是什么？ ### -现在，你体验了一把内核侵入。我们刚刚为你揭开了今天话题的外衣，里面还有更多东西供你探索。我们的第一个模块是有意识地写得简单一点，在从中学到的概念在更复杂的环境中也一样。并发、方法表、注册回调函数、使进程睡眠以及唤醒进程，这些都是内核黑客们耳熟能详的东西，而现在你已经看过了它们的运作。或许某天，你的内核代码也将被加入到主线Linux源代码树中 —— 如果真这样，请联系我们！ - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/be-a-kernel-hacker/ - -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.libusb.org/ -[2]:http://fuse.sf.net/ -[3]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/be-a-kernel-hacker/www.netfilter.org/projects/libnetfilter_queue -[4]:http://lxr.free-electrons.com/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20140622Write your first Linux Kernel module.md b/translated/tech/20140622Write your first Linux Kernel module.md deleted file mode 100644 index a6232bf273..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/20140622Write your first Linux Kernel module.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,495 +0,0 @@ - - -如何编写你的第一个Linux内核模块 - -================================================================================ - - ->你是否曾经想过开始去攻击一个内核？然而却不知道从何开始？让我们来告诉你该怎么做… - - -内核程序通常被视为一个黑色魔术。从Arthur C Clarke的理念来说，确实是这样。Linux内核与用户空间的确存在很多不同：许多抽象的东西被搁置，你需要格外小心，当一个bug存在代码中时将会影响到整个系统。这不是一个简单的方法去改浮点数，堆栈既被固定了而且很小，你写的代码通常是异步的，所以你需要考虑到并发性的问题。尽管如此，Linux内核是一个庞大且复杂的C程序，对每个人都提供开源阅读、学习和改进，你也可以成为其中的一份子。 - -> “The easiest way to start kernel programming -> is to write a module – a piece of code that -> can be dynamically loaded into the kernel.” - -> “最简单的方法来开始写内核程序 -> 就是写一个内核模块 - 这段代码 -> 可以动态加载到内核中。” - - -可能开始学习内核程序的最简单方式来就是先编写一个模块——一段代码可以动态加载到你的内核和卸载。但是也存在一些限制，比如说什么模块可以这样做——例如，它们不能添加或者删除常用数据结构的一些字段例如过程描述。但是在其它方面它们是成熟的内核级别代码，根据需要并经常被编译到内核中（因此删除所有受限）。在Linux源代码树开发和编译一个模块（这不出乎医疗应该成为out-of-tree构建）是完全有可以的，如果你只想玩一下而不去提交你主线内核的改动，这是非常方便的。 - - - -在这个教程中，我们将开发一个简单的内核模块，创建**/dev/reverse**设备。当字符写到这个设备就回次序颠倒读出来（就像“Hello World”会变成“World Hello”。这是一个很受欢迎的程序员面试难题，当你利用自己的能力在内核级别实现这个功能时，可以使你得到一些加分。在我们开始之前会有一句提示：有一个bug寸在你的模块有可能导致你的系统崩溃（不太可能，但是可能）和数据丢失。 - -###尽可能避开root用户 ### - - - ->默认情况下，**/dev/reverse**只能对根用户可用，所以你只能通过**sudo**来运行你的测试程序。为了修复这个问题，创建一个**/lib/udev/rules.d/99-reverse.rules**文件，其中包含： -> -> SUBSYSTEM=="misc", KERNEL=="reverse", MODE="0666" - ->不要忘记重新插入模块。通常来说使设备接点可访问对非根用户来说通常不是一个好主意，但是在开发过程中的确非常有用。更不值得一提的是作为根用户运行测试二进制文件也不是一个好主意。 - - - - -#### 关于模块的剖析 #### - - - -由于大多数Linux内核模块都是用C编写的（除了底层的特定于体系结构的部分），所以建议把你的内核保存在一个独立的文件中（叫做，reverse.c).我们会将整份源代码放在GitHub中——在这里不我们可以看到一些小片段。首先，我们要把一些常见的头文件和描述该模块使用预定义的宏包含进来： - - #include - #include - #include - - MODULE_LICENSE("GPL"); - MODULE_AUTHOR("Valentine Sinitsyn "); - MODULE_DESCRIPTION("In-kernel phrase reverser"); - - - -这一切其实都很简单，除了**MODULE_LICENSE()**之外：这不是一个纯粹的标记。内核尤其钟情于GPL－compatible 代码，所以如果你设置一些非GPL兼容的认证（也就是说，“私有认证”），某些特定的内核功能在你的模块中将不可用。 - - - - - -### 什么时候不该一个内核模块 ### - - - ->- 你开发一个USB驱动时 - 需要查阅[libusb][1]. ->- 你开发一个系统文件时 - 试试 [FUSE][2]. ->- 你扩展Netfilter - [libnetfilter_queue][3] 也许能够对你有所帮助。 - ->通常，本地代码会运行得更好，但是很多程序来说这种情况并不是至关重要的。 - - - -由于内核程序通常是异步的，它并没有 **main()** 功能，Linux是按顺序运行你的模块。取而代之，你将会提供各种事件的回滚，例如： - - static int __init reverse_init(void) - { - printk(KERN_INFO "reverse device has been registered\n"); - return 0; - } - - static void __exit reverse_exit(void) - { - printk(KERN_INFO "reverse device has been unregistered\n"); - } - - module_init(reverse_init); - module_exit(reverse_exit); - - - -这里，我们定义的函数被称为模块的插入和删除。只有第一个是必要的。目前，他们简单地发送一条内核指令给缓存中（可以通过用户界面发送 **dmesg** 命令）；**KERN_INFO**是一个日至级别（切记这里没有逗号）.**__init** 和 **__exit** 都是特性 - 把元数据添加到函数（或者变量）。在用户界面中C代码的属性是很罕见的但是在内核中却很普遍。标有**__init**都会经过初始化以后被回收（要记得之前释放未使用的内核内寸...这条消息？）。**__exit** 表示，当代码静态构建到内核中时，函数会安全地优化。最后，**module_init()** 和**module_exit()**宏设置**reverse_init()** 和 **reverse_exit()**作为我们模块生命周期的回滚。实际的函数名称并不重要；你可以按着你的想法命名为**init()** 和**exit()** 或者 **start()** 和 **stop()**。他们都是静态声明，你在外部模块是看不到的。实际上，许多内核中的模块是可视的除非是明显的导出。然而，在函数前面添加你的函数作为前缀通常是内核程序员约定俗成的做法。 - - - -这些都是些基本概念 - 让我们来做更多有趣的事情吧。模块可以添加参数，例如： - - # modprobe foo bar=1 - - -**modinfo**显示了所有模块可以接受的参数，这些也可以在**/sys/module//parameters**文件中找到。我们的模块需要一个缓存区来存储参数 - 让我们来调整大小使用户可配置。在**MODULE_DESCRIPTION()**添加如下三行： - - static unsigned long buffer_size = 8192; - module_param(buffer_size, ulong, (S_IRUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IROTH)); - MODULE_PARM_DESC(buffer_size, "Internal buffer size"); - - - -这里，我们定义一个变量来存储值，封装成一个参数，使得每个人都可以通过sysfs对其进行阅读。这个参数的描述（在最后一行）出现在modinfo的输出里。 - - - -由于用户可以直接设置**buffer_size**，我们需要在**reverse_init()**中对其进行清理。你应该经常检查来自内核意外数据 - 付过你不这样做，你将是在给自己制造内核异常甚至是安全漏洞。 - - static int __init reverse_init() - { - if (!buffer_size) - return -1; - printk(KERN_INFO - "reverse device has been registered, buffer size is %lu bytes\n", - buffer_size); - return 0; - } - - - -来自模块初始化函数的非0返回值意味着执行失败。 - - -### 导航 ### - - - ->当你正在开发模块时linux内核就是无限的源头。然而，它确实很大，你也许在寻找的过程中会遇到很多困难。幸运的是，在庞大的代码库面前，有许多工具使这个过程变得简单。首先，有一个叫Cscope的工具，——在终端运行中一个比较经典的工具。简单地运行**make cscope && cscope**在源代码一级目录。Cscope很好地集成了Vim和Emacs，于是你又可以不离开你喜爱地编辑工具。 - - - ->基于终端工具的使用也许不是你的强项，请访问[http://lxr.free-electrons.com][4].这是一个基于网站的内核导航工具没有太多的类似Cscope的特性（例如，你不能轻易地查找函数的用法），但是它还是可以给你提供快速的查找。 - - - -现在，是时候编译模块了。你需要你正在运行的内核版本头文件（**linux-headers**或者同等包）和**build-essential** （或者类是）。接下来，是时候创建一个叫Makefile的样板： - - obj-m += reverse.o - all: - make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) modules - clean: - make -C /lib/modules/$(shell uname -r)/build M=$(PWD) clean - - - -现在，使用**make**来创建你的第一个模块。如果你正确输入，你将会找到在当前目录里找到 **reverse.ko**。插入**sudo insmod reverse.ko**并运行： - - $ dmesg | tail -1 - [ 5905.042081] reverse device has been registered, buffer size is 8192 bytes - - - -祝贺你！可是，现在这一行告诉你一个假象 —— 这里并不存在设备接点。让我们修复它吧。 - - -#### 混杂设备 #### - - - -在Linux中，有一种特殊的字符设备类型成为“miscellaneous”（简写“misc”）。这是专为单点小型设备驱动而涉及的，而且能恰好满足我们的需求。所有的misc设备共享相同的主设备号（10），所以一个驱动程序(**drivers/char/misc.c**)可以查看到他们的所有设备，你可以从他们的次设备号分辨出他们。从其他意义来说，他们也只是普通的字符设备。 - - -为了给设备注册一个次要设备号（和一个接入点），你需要先声明**struct misc_device**，填写字段（注意语法），并调用**misc_register()**这个结构的指针。为此，你还需要把**linux/miscdevice.h** 头文件包含进去： - - static struct miscdevice reverse_misc_device = { - .minor = MISC_DYNAMIC_MINOR, - .name = "reverse", - .fops = &reverse_fops - }; - static int __init reverse_init() - { - ... - misc_register(&reverse_misc_device); - printk(KERN_INFO ... - } - - -在这里，我们要求第一个可用的（动态的）次设备号命名为“reverse”;省略号表示已经省略了的代码，这些省略了的代码是我们之前看过的。别忘了在模块卸载后注销该设备： - - static void __exit reverse_exit(void) - { - misc_deregister(&reverse_misc_device); - ... - } - - - -‘fop’字段存储了一个指向**file_operations**（在linux/fs.h中声明）结构的指针，这是指向我们模块的接入点。**reverse_fops**定义如下： - - static struct file_operations reverse_fops = { - .owner = THIS_MODULE, - .open = reverse_open, - ... - .llseek = noop_llseek - }; - - - -另外，**reverse_fops**包含了一组将要执行的回调函数（也成为方法），当用户空间代码打开了一个设备，从中进行读写或者关闭文件描述。如果你忽略了这些，那么将会有一个只能的回退来取代它。这就是我们要明确地给**noop_llseek()**设置**llseek**的方法，（顾名思义）而它却什么都不干。默认地实现是改变了文件的指针，我们也不想我们的设备被识别（这将是你们今天的家庭作业）。 - - - -#### 在结束时开启 #### - - - -让我们来实现这个方法。我们将会为每一个文件描述的打开分配一个新的缓冲区来给它自由关闭。这确实是不安全：如果一个用户空间应用的漏洞描述（或者是故意的），但它可能占用着内存，导致系统无法正常使用。在真实应用中，你应该经常考虑到这些可能性。但是在本教程中，这个方法是可接受的。 - - - -我们需要一个结构来描述缓冲区。内核提供了许多通用的数据结构：链表（双键链表），哈希表，树等等。然而，缓冲区通常从零开始实现的。我们将调用我们的“struct buffer”: - - struct buffer { - char *data, *end, *read_ptr; - unsigned long size; - }; - - -**data**是一个寸在缓冲区指向字符串的指针数据，而结尾是在字符串结束后的第一个字节。缓冲区的大小是为完整性而存储的 —— 目前，我们不使用该字段。你不应该认为你的用户结构会正确地初始化所有这些，所以你应更好地在函数中封装缓冲区和重新分配分配。他们通常命名为**buffer_alloc()** 和 **buffer_free()**. - - static struct buffer *buffer_alloc(unsigned long size) - { - struct buffer *buf; - buf = kzalloc(sizeof(*buf), GFP_KERNEL); - if (unlikely(!buf)) - goto out; - ... - out: - return buf; - } - -Kernel memory is allocated with **kmalloc()** and freed with **kfree()**; the **kzalloc()** flavour sets the memory to all-zeroes. Unlike standard **malloc()**, its kernel counterpart receives flags specifying the type of memory requested in the second argument. Here, **GFP_KERNEL** means we need a normal kernel memory (not in DMA or high-memory zones) and the function can sleep (reschedule the process) if needed. **sizeof(*buf)** is a common way to get the size of a structure accessible via pointer. - -内核内存使用通过**kmalloc()**来分配并**kfree()**来释放内存；**kzalloc()**会将内存设置为全零。不像标准的**malloc()**，它的内核版本接收标志在第二个参数指定内存的类型。这里，**GFP_KERNEL**意味着我们需要一个正常的内核内存（并非直接内存存取或者高内存区）以及函数可以按需休眠（重新安排流程）。**sizeof(*buf)**是一种常用的方式通过指针来获取结构的大小。 - - - -你应该经常检查**kmalloc()**的返回值；非空指针将会导致内核崩溃。另外还要注意到**unlikely()**宏的用法。它（与**likely()**宏相反）广泛用于表示内核中判断条件几乎是真（或假）。它不影响流控制，但是有助于现代处理器提高分支预测的性能。 - - -最后，注意**gotos**。他们通常被认为是邪恶的，然而，在Linux内核中（和一些其它系统软件）利用他们集中实现函数退出。这将导致更少的深度嵌套和可读代码，就更像**try-ctach**块中使用的更高级语言。 - - -有**buffer_alloc()** 和 **buffer_free()**的存在，**open** 和 **close**的方法就回变得非常简单。 - - static int reverse_open(struct inode *inode, struct file *file) - { - int err = 0; - file->private_data = buffer_alloc(buffer_size); - ... - return err; - } - - -**struct file**是一个标准的内核数据结构，用于存储关于打开的文件信息，例如当前文件位置(**file->f_pos**),标志(**file->f_flags**),或者打开方式(**file->f_mode**).另外一个字段， **file->private_data**常用于关联文件和一些任意数据。它的类型是void *，但是对内核意外的文件拥有者是不透明的。我们将把它存储在缓冲区内。 - - -如果缓存区分配失败，我们通过返回负值显示调用用户空间代码(**-ENOMEM**).C库中利用**open(2)**系统调用(可能是, **glibc**)将会进行检测并适当地设置**errno** 。 - - -#### 学习如何读和写 #### - - -读和写的方法才是真正工作的完成。当数据在缓冲区被读和写时，我们放弃之前的内容和反向地存储该字段，不需要任何临时存储。读的方法是简单地复制内核缓冲区到用户空间。但是如果还是没有数据在缓冲区时，什么是**reverse_read()**方法应该做的呢？在用户空间，**read()**调用会阻塞，知道数据可用。在内核中，你需要等待。幸运的是，有一个叫做“等待列队”的机制。 - - -这个想法是很简单的。如果一个当前的进程需要等待一些事件，它的描述(a **struct task_struct** 存储为 ‘当前’)被放在非运行状态（sleeping）并添加到队列。接着**schedule()**会计划选择另一个进程来运行。生成事件的代码通过使用队列把等待事件放进**TASK_RUNNING** 状态来唤醒它们。调度表会选择在未来的某个点选择它们中的一个。Linux有许多非运行进程状态，尤其是**TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE**（睡眠状态可以被一个信号中断）和**TASK_KILLABLE**（正在睡眠状态的进程可以被阻断）。所有这些都会被正确把握，而等待队列将会为你安排好这一切。 - - -存储我们的读写队列头的一个天然场所是结构缓存区，所以通过添加**wait_queue_head_t read_queue**字段开始。你将会将**linux/sched.h**包含其中。一个等待队列将会通过DECLARE_WAITQUEUE()宏被静态声明。在我们的例子中，是需要动态初始化的，于是我们添加**buffer_alloc()**这一行： - - init_waitqueue_head(&buf->read_queue); - - -我们等待可用数据；或者**read_ptr != end**条为真时。我们需要等待可终端（例如，通过Ctrl+C).所以读的方法应该这样开始： - - static ssize_t reverse_read(struct file *file, char __user * out, - size_t size, loff_t * off) - { - struct buffer *buf = file->private_data; - ssize_t result; - while (buf->read_ptr == buf->end) { - if (file->f_flags & O_NONBLOCK) { - result = -EAGAIN; - goto out; - } - if (wait_event_interruptible - (buf->read_queue, buf->read_ptr != buf->end)) { - result = -ERESTARTSYS; - goto out; - } - } - ... - - -我们会进行循环，直到有可用数据出现，并且在如果不是的情况下使用**wait_event_interruptible()**（这是一个宏，不是一个函数，这就是为什么队列要通过一个值来传送）来等待。如果是**wait_event_interruptible()**的情况下，很好，会中断，并返回一个非零值，我们将它翻译为**-ERESTARTSYS**.这段代码意味着系统调用将会重启。**file->f_flags**在一个非阻塞模式检查打开的文件数量：如果没有数据，我们会返回**-EAGAIN**. - - -我们不能使用**if()**来取代**while()**，由于还有许多进程正在等待数据。当**write**方法唤醒他们，调度表会用不可预知的方法来选择一个运行，那么这段代码将在适时有一个机会执行，缓冲区会再次清空。现在我们需要从**buf->data**复制数据到用户空间。**copy_to_user()**内核函数是实现如下： - - size = min(size, (size_t) (buf->end - buf->read_ptr)); - if (copy_to_user(out, buf->read_ptr, size)) { - result = -EFAULT; - goto out; - } - -如果用户空间指针是错误的，这个调用将可能失败；如果发生这种情况，我们会返回**-EFAULT**.切记不要相信任何来自内核意外的东西！ - - buf->read_ptr += size; - result = size; - out: - return result; - } - - - -为了使数据在任意块可读，简单的算法往往是必要的。这个方法返回了读或者一段错误代码的字节数。 - - -这个写的方法更简单和更简短。首先，我们检查缓冲区是否有足够的空间，接着我们使用**copy_from_userspace()**功能来获取数据。接着**read_ptr**和结束指针重置和缓冲区内容是相反的： - - buf->end = buf->data + size; - buf->read_ptr = buf->data; - if (buf->end > buf->data) - reverse_phrase(buf->data, buf->end - 1); - - -这里，**reverse_phrase()**干了所有重活。这有赖于**reverse_word()**函数，既简短有可以做内联标记。这是另一种常见的优化；然而，你不应该过度使用它，因为内敛使用会使内核镜像变得不必要的大。 - - -最后，我们需要唤醒正在**read_queue**等待数据的进程，正如先前面熟。**wake_up_interruptible()**实现如下： - - wake_up_interruptible(&buf->read_queue); - - -喲！你现在拥有一个至少可以成功调试的内核模块。现在是时候来测试它了。 - - -### 调试内核代码 ### - - - ->也许在内核中大多数常用的调试方法是打印。你可以使用纯**printk()**（大概和**KERN_DEBUG**日志级别相似）如果你愿意。然而，也有更好的方法。使用**pr_debug()** 或者 **dev_dbg()**,如果你正在写一个有“struct device”设备驱动：他们支持动态调试(**dyndbg**)特征并可以启用或者禁止请求（请看**Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt**）。对于纯开发的信息，使用**pr_devel()**，除非DEBUG被定义，这将成为一个空操作。要为我们的模块启用DEBUG，包括： - -> -> CFLAGS_reverse.o := -DDEBUG -> - - ->在 Makefile中。在这之后，使用**dmesg**来查看通过**pr_debug()** 或者 **pr_devel()**生成调试信息。 - - - ->或者，你可以通过发送调试信息到控制台。做这一步，你也可以设置**console_loglevel**内核变量为8甚至更高(**echo 8 /proc/sys/kernel/printk**)或者临时在日志级别高的问题上打印调试信息例如**KERN_ERR**.自然而然，你将会在你发布代码之前删除这类调试语句。 - ->注意内核在控制台出现的内核信息，并不是像Xterm的一个在终端模拟窗口；这就是为什么你会发现建议不要在X环境下开发内核。 - - - -### 惊喜，惊喜！ ### - - - -编译模块并加载大内核： - - $ make - $ sudo insmod reverse.ko buffer_size=2048 - $ lsmod - reverse 2419 0 - $ ls -l /dev/reverse - crw-rw-rw- 1 root root 10, 58 Feb 22 15:53 /dev/reverse - - -一切似乎都就绪了。现在，来测试模块如何工作，我们将要写一段小程序来反转第一个命令行参数。在**main()**函数(sans error checking)你可以看到如下： - - int fd = open("/dev/reverse", O_RDWR); - write(fd, argv[1], strlen(argv[1])); - read(fd, argv[1], strlen(argv[1])); - printf("Read: %s\n", argv[1]); - - - -像这样运行： - - $ ./test 'A quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog' - Read: dog lazy the over jumped fox brown quick A - - - -它正常工作了！玩得跟尽兴一点：尝试传递一个单词或者一个字母的字符串，空的或者是非英语字符串（如果你有一个键盘布局设置）以及其它人和东西。 - - - -现在让我们把事情变得更棘手一点。我们将要创建2个进程用于共享文件描述（因此还有内核缓冲区）。一个将持续写字符串到设备中去，而另一个回去读取它们。**fork(2)**系统笤俑在下面例子中用到，但是线程还是会很好地工作。我也省略了开关设备的代码和错误检查（再次提到）： - - char *phrase = "A quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog"; - if (fork()) - /* Parent is the writer */ - while (1) - write(fd, phrase, len); - else - /* child is the reader */ - while (1) { - read(fd, buf, len); - printf("Read: %s\n", buf); - } - - - -你希望这段程序输出什么呢？下面是我从我的笔记本电脑上获得的： - - Read: dog lazy the over jumped fox brown quick A - Read: A kcicq brown fox jumped over the lazy dog - Read: A kciuq nworb xor jumped fox brown quick A - Read: A kciuq nworb xor jumped fox brown quick A - ... - - -这里接下来会发生什么？这是一场比赛。我们认为**read**和**write**是原子，或者从一开始到结束执行一个指令。然而内核是一个并发的猛兽，它可以很轻易地重新安排在内核**write**操作部分运行的进程，这个进程在**reverse_phrase()**函数中。如果进程是在作者有机会完成之前，**read()**是按计划执行的，它将会看到数据处于不一致的状态。这些错误真的很难调试出来。那么要如何修复它呢？ - - -基本上，我们需要确保没有**read**方法可以被执行，知道写方法有返回。如果你曾经设定一个多线程应用，你可能已经看到原始同步（锁）像互斥锁和信号。Linux也同样有这些，但是存在细微差别。内核代码可以运行进程上下文（用户空间代码的“代表”工作，就像我们使用的方法）和终端上下文（例如，一个IRQ处理线程）。如果你已经在进程上下文中和你所需要的锁，你只需要简单地睡眠和重试直到成功位置。在终端上下文时你不能处于休眠状态，因此代码会在一个循环中运行直到锁是可使用。相应的原子成为自旋锁，但在我们的例子中，是一个简单的互斥 —— 这个对象只有一个进程可以在特定的时间“hold”住 —— 这就足够了。根据性能因素，在现实的代码中也可以使用读写信号。 - - - -锁通常用来保护一些数据（在我们的例子中，一个“就够缓冲区”实例），是一种非常常见的嵌入结构。所以我们结构缓冲区中添加一个互斥锁（‘结构互斥锁’).我们必须初始化使用**mutex_init()**对锁进行初始化；**buffer_alloc()**恰好用来处理这个。这段代码使用锁也必须包含**linux/mutex.h**. - - -一个锁就像一个交通灯 ——除非司机看它和遵守信号否则将起不了作用。所以我们需要升级**reverse_read()** 和 **reverse_write()** 来确保在对缓冲区做任何事情或者释放时完成获得互斥锁。让我们来看一看**read**方法 —— **write**也是用同样的方式工作的： - - - - static ssize_t reverse_read(struct file *file, char __user * out, - size_t size, loff_t * off) - { - struct buffer *buf = file->private_data; - ssize_t result; - if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&buf->lock)) { - result = -ERESTARTSYS; - goto out; - } - - -我们需要在每个函数的开始有锁。**mutex_lock_interruptible()**也可以获取锁或者将进程返回至休眠状态，直到锁是可利用。正如之前，**_interruptible**后缀意味着休眠状态也可以被一个信号阻断。 - - while (buf->read_ptr == buf->end) { - mutex_unlock(&buf->lock); - /* ... wait_event_interruptible() here ... */ - if (mutex_lock_interruptible(&buf->lock)) { - result = -ERESTARTSYS; - goto out; - } - } - - - -下面是”我们等待数据“的循环。当有互斥锁时，你不应该处于休眠状态，或可能发生一种情况叫”死锁“。所以，如果没有数据，我们要释放锁并调用**wait_event_interruptible()**.当它返回时，我们需要锁并继续和往常一样： - - if (copy_to_user(out, buf->read_ptr, size)) { - result = -EFAULT; - goto out_unlock; - } - ... - out_unlock: - mutex_unlock(&buf->lock); - out: - return result; - - -最后，当函数结束时互斥对象已经被解锁了或者当一个错误发生时互斥锁被持有。重新编译模块（不要忘记重新加载它）并再次运行第二个测试。现在你应该看到没有损坏的数据了。 - -### 接下来做什么呢？ ### - - -现在你已经尝试了做内核黑客了。我们只是触及表面的话题，还有更多呢。我们的第一个模块是特意设成简单的，然而你学到的概念将在更复杂的场景中保持不变。并发性、方法表、注册回调，将进程设置成睡眠状态和唤醒它们是每个内核黑客需要使用的，现在你已经看到它们所有都在行动啦。也许总有一天内核代码会在主线Linux代码树上 —— 如果这一天到来，请联系我们！ - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/be-a-kernel-hacker/ - -译者：disylee(https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.libusb.org/ -[2]:http://fuse.sf.net/ -[3]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/be-a-kernel-hacker/www.netfilter.org/projects/libnetfilter_queue -[4]:http://lxr.free-electrons.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 20b1c95dc86496d334764fc68a855ab366cc4160 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Tue, 24 Jun 2014 07:09:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 386/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=9D=E5=AD=98=E4=B8=8B?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md | 51 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 51 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md b/translated/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4f52f07565 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +Zukimac 主题使 Ubuntu 14.04 桌面变成 Mac 桌面 +================================================================================ +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Make_Ubuntu_Look_Like_Mac_OS.jpeg) + +虽然 Ubuntu Unity 本身已经是一款很漂亮的桌面了，但世界各地还是有很人被 Mac OS X 的外观所震撼。如果您恰好是其中之一，为了获得 OS X 的主题，是不需要换掉 Ubuntu 的，相反，您可以对它来个美化改造，**使 Ubuntu 14.04 看起来就像 Mac OS X**。 + +### 让 Ubuntu 14.04 看起来像 Mac OS X ### + +要使 Ubuntu 美化成 Mac 的样子，我们得使用 Zukimac 主题。 + +- 从后面的链接获得 Zukimac 主题包:[下载 Zukimac Theme for Ubuntu 14.04][1] +- 解压下载的 Zip 包，解压后会出现 Zukimac 和 Zukimac-ml 两个目录文件。把这些目录拷贝到您的 home 目录下的 .themes 文件夹中。进入 Home 目录中，按下快捷键 Ctrl+H 可以显示所有隐藏的文件，如果没有 .themes 文件夹，需要创建一个。 +- 使用 [Unity Tweak Tool 来改变主题][2]. + +That’s it. Zukimac gives some a basic look and feel of Mac OS. Here is what it looks like with default OS X Maveric wallpaper. + +![Make Ubuntu 14.04 look like Mac OS X](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Ubuntu_MAC_OS_Looks.jpeg) + +### Further changes to get Mac feel in Ubuntu 14.04 ### + +Additionally, you can **install a dock launcher like Plank** or Docky. To install Plank in Ubuntu 14.04 use the commands below: + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ricotz/docky + sudo apt-get update + sudo apt-get install plank + +Along with the dock launcher, you can also install S**ynapse indicator as an alternative of Mac Spotlight**. Use the following PPA from Noobslabs to install Synapse indicator: + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps + sudo apt-get update + sudo apt-get install indicator-synapse + +Apart from these two, you can also install **Slingscold launcher, alternative of Mac OS X launchpad**. Use the same Noobslabs PPA as mentioned above to install Slingscold launcher in Ubuntu 14.04: + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps + sudo apt-get update + sudo apt-get install slingscold + +Honestly, I am an avid Ubuntu fan and I like Ubuntu’s default Unity looks. In addition, there are plenty of [beautiful icon themes in Ubuntu 14.04][3] to beautify it. But as I mentioned before there are plenty of people who like Mac OS X and I hope this tutorial helped them to make Ubuntu 14.04 look and feel like Mac OS X. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-1404-mac-zukimac-theme/ + +译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://gnome-look.org/content/show.php/Zukimac?content=165450 +[2]:http://itsfoss.com/how-to-install-themes-in-ubuntu-13-10/ +[3]:http://itsfoss.com/best-icon-themes-ubuntu-1404/ \ No newline at end of file From 7a5fbba441ab47534ae4ca5866e22e391fd61bcc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 24 Jun 2014 10:05:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 387/713] [Translating]How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Debian --- ... How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md | 5 ++++- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md b/sources/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md index 056da1a703..7af8b0bd34 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +Translating--------------geekpi + + How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Debian ================================================================================ ### Ipv6 ### @@ -133,4 +136,4 @@ via: http://www.binarytides.com/disable-ipv6-ubuntu/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://testmyipv6.com/ \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://testmyipv6.com/ From 5cc2e2c509e463c6df880e45d6fbd27172461ff5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 24 Jun 2014 10:42:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 388/713] [Translated]How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian --- ... Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md | 65 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md (53%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md b/translated/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md similarity index 53% rename from sources/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md rename to translated/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md index 7af8b0bd34..f25eb78aec 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md @@ -1,17 +1,14 @@ -Translating--------------geekpi - - -How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Debian +如何在Ubuntu,Linux Mint,Debian上禁用Ipv6 ================================================================================ ### Ipv6 ### -Ipv6 is the next version of the addressing scheme Ipv4 that is currently being used to assign numerical address to domain names like google.com over the internet. +IPv6是寻址方案Ipv4的下一个版本,被用来给如google.com这样的域名分配数字地址。 -Ipv6 allows for more addresses than what Ipv4 supports. However it is not yet widely supported and its adoption is still in progress. +Ipv6比Ipv4支持更多的地址。然而，它还没有被广泛支持，还在被接受的过程中。 -### Does your system support ipv6 ? ### +### 你的系统支持Ipv6么? ### -For Ipv6 to work for you, there are many things needed. First of all you need a system/OS that supports IPv6. Ubuntu Linux Mint and most modern distros do that. If you take a look at the output of ifconfig you can see ipv6 addresses assigned to the network interfaces +为了支持Ipv6，需要很多事情。首先你需要系统/操作系统支持Ipv6。Ubuntu，Linux Mint，和大多是现代发行版都支持它。如果你看一下ifconfig指令的输出，你就会看见你的网络接口被分配了ipv6地址。 $ ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:1c:c0:f8:79:ee @@ -33,14 +30,15 @@ For Ipv6 to work for you, there are many things needed. First of all you need a collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:4900560 (4.9 MB) TX bytes:4900560 (4.9 MB) -Check the line "inet6 addr". +看一下行“inet6 addr”。 -Next you need a router/modem that also supports ipv6. And beyond that, your ISP must also support ipv6. +接下来你需要一个支持ipv6的路由器/调制解调器。额外地，你的ISP也必须支持ipv6。 -Instead of checking every part of the network infrastructure, its better to just find out if you can connect to websites over ipv6. -There are lots of websites that test ipv6 support on your connection. Check out [http://testmyipv6.com/][1] for example. +除了检查网络设备的每一部分，最好查出你是否可以通过ipv6访问网站。 -The kernel parameters that enable ipv6 are as follows +有很多网站可以检测你的连接是否支持ipv6. 这里就是个例子：[http://testmyipv6.com/][1] + +下面是在内核中启用ipv6的参数： $ sysctl net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 0 @@ -51,18 +49,18 @@ The kernel parameters that enable ipv6 are as follows $ sysctl net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 0 -The same can be also be checked from the proc files +同样可以在proc文件中检查 $ cat /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/disable_ipv6 0 -Note that the variables control "disabling" of ipv6. So setting them to 1 would disable ipv6 +注意这里的变量是控制ipv6的“禁用”。所以设置1就会禁用ipv6。 -### Disable ipv6 if its not supported ### +### 如果它不支持就禁用ipv6 ### -So if ipv6 is not supported on your network infrastructure, it might be useful to disable it all together. Why ? It can cause issues like delayed domain lookups, un-necessary attempts to connect to ipv6 addresses causing delay in network connection etc. +如果你的网络设备中不支持ipv6，那最好就全部禁用它们。为什么？因为这回引起延迟域查询，在网络连接中不必要地尝试连接到ipv6地址导致延迟等等问题。 -I did come across some problems like that. The apt-get command occasionally tries to connect to ipv6 addresses and fails and then retries an ipv4 address. Take a look at this output +我也遇到过像这样的问题，apt-get命令偶尔会尝试连接到ipv6地址失败接着检索ipv4地址。看一下下面的输出。 $ sudo apt-get update Ign http://archive.canonical.com trusty InRelease @@ -74,32 +72,32 @@ I did come across some problems like that. The apt-get command occasionally trie ..... -Errors like those have been more frequent in the recent Ubuntu versions, probably because they try to use Ipv6 more than before. +像这样的错误在最近的Ubuntu中更频繁了，或许它比以前更频繁地尝试使用IPv6地址。 -I noticed similar issues happen in other applications like Hexchat and also Google Chrome which would sometimes take longer than usual to lookup a domain name. +我在其他的应用上也注意到了相似的问题，如Hexchat，同样Google Chrome也会有时会在查询域名的时候花费更长的时间。 -So the best solution is to disable Ipv6 entirely to get rid of those things. It takes only a small configuration and can help you solve many network issues on your system. Users have even reported an increase in internet speed. +所以最好的方案是完全禁用Ipv6来摆脱这些事情。这只需要一点点配置但可以帮助你解决很多你系统上的很多问题。用户甚至反应这可以加速网络。 -#### Disable Ipv6 - Method 1 #### +#### 禁用 Ipv6 - 方案1 #### -Edit the file - /etc/sysctl.conf +编辑文件 - /etc/sysctl.conf $ sudo gedit /etc/sysctl.conf -And fill in the following lines at the end of that file +在文件的最后加入下面的行。 # IPv6 disabled net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 1 net.ipv6.conf.default.disable_ipv6 = 1 net.ipv6.conf.lo.disable_ipv6 = 1 -Save the file and close it +保存并关闭 -Restart sysctl with +重启sysctl $ sudo sysctl -p -Check the output of ifconfig again and there should be no ipv6 address +再次检查ifconfig的输出，这里应该没有ipv6地址了。 $ ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:5f:28:8b @@ -111,28 +109,29 @@ Check the output of ifconfig again and there should be no ipv6 address RX bytes:1501691 (1.5 MB) TX bytes:104883 (104.8 KB) If it does not work, then try rebooting the system and check ifconfig again. +如果不行，尝试重启系统并再次检查ifconfig -#### Disable ipv6 - GRUB method #### +#### 禁用 ipv6 - GRUB 方案 #### -Ipv6 can also be disabled by editing the grub configuration file +Ipv6同样可以通过编辑grub配置文件禁用。 $ sudo gedit /etc/default/grub -Look for the line containing "GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX" and edit it as follows +查找包含"GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX"的行，并如下编辑： GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="ipv6.disable=1" -The same can also be added to the value of the variable named "GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT" and either would work. Save the file, close it and regenerate the grub configuration +同样可以加入名为"GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT"的变量，这同样有用。保存并关闭文件，重新生成grub配置。 $ sudo update-grub2 -Reboot. Now ipv6 should be disabled. +重启，现在ipv应该就已经禁用了。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.binarytides.com/disable-ipv6-ubuntu/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b5b8b335c54fb75c9875b02142b1dc489f7b0a50 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Tue, 24 Jun 2014 15:01:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 389/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...nds to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md index c4e2e61a69..2609149aec 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md @@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ fdisk和sfdisk显示完整的大量的可以花些时间来解释的信息，， -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-command-check-disk-partitions/ - + 译者：[tenght](https://github.com/tenght) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 758d90610f8a6b33c743e3ad0e1450a0e89fd0ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 24 Jun 2014 15:13:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 390/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140607=20L?= =?UTF-8?q?inux--Bash=20Delete=20All=20Files=20In=20Directory=20Except=20F?= =?UTF-8?q?ew?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @Linchenguang --- ...elete All Files In Directory Except Few.md | 32 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md (75%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md b/published/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md similarity index 75% rename from translated/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md rename to published/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md index 0f00332184..d75e0c9ce5 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md +++ b/published/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md @@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ Linux：使用bash删除目录中的特定文件 我是一名Linux新用户。现在我需要清理一个下载目录中的文件，其实我就是想从～/Download/文件夹删去除了以下格式的文件外所以其它文件： -*.iso - 所有的iso格式的文件。 -*.zip - 所有zip格式的文件。 +- *.iso - 所有的iso格式的文件。 +- *.zip - 所有zip格式的文件。 我如何在一个基于Linux，OS X 或者 Unix-like 系统上的bash shell中删除特定的文件呢？ @@ -19,13 +19,15 @@ Bash shell 支持丰富的文件模式匹配符例如： 这里你需要用系统内置的shopt命令来开启shell中的extglob选项，然后你就可以使用扩展的模式符了，这些模式匹配符如下： -1. ?(pattern-list) － 匹配零次或一次给定的模式。 -1. *(pattern-list) － 至少匹配零次给定的模式。 -1. +(pattern-list) － 至少匹配一次给定的模式。 -1. @(pattern-list) － 匹配一次给定的模式。 -1. !(pattern-list) － 匹配所有除给定模式以外的模式。 +1. ?(模式列表) － 匹配零次或一次给定的模式。 +1. *(模式列表) － 匹配零次或多次给定的模式。 +1. +(模式列表) － 至少匹配一次给定的模式。 +1. @(模式列表) － 匹配一次给定的模式。 +1. !(模式列表) － 不匹配给定模式。 -一个模式列表就是一个或多个用 | 分开的模式（文件名）。首先打开extgolb选项： +一个模式列表就是一个或多个用 | 分开的模式（文件名）。 + +首先要打开extgolb选项： shopt -s extglob @@ -48,13 +50,13 @@ rm 命令的语法格式为： ## 你也可以使用完整的目录 ## rm /Users/vivek/!(*.zip|*.iso|*.mp3) - ## 传递参数 ## - rm [options] !(*.zip|*.iso) + ## 也可以传递参数 ## + rm [选项] !(*.zip|*.iso) rm -v !(*.zip|*.iso) rm -f !(*.zip|*.iso) rm -v -i !(*.php) -最后，关闭 extglob 选项： +最后，关闭 extglob 选项方法如下： shopt -u extglob @@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ rm 命令的语法格式为： 摘自 [bash(1)][1] 手册页: -> 一个用冒号分开的模式列表定义了被路径扩展忽略的文件的集合。如果一个文件同时与路径扩展模式和GLOBIGNORE中的模式匹配，那么它就从匹配列表中移除了。 +> 这是一个用冒号分开的模式列表，通过路径展开方式定义了要忽略的文件集合。如果一个匹配到路径展开模式的文件也匹配GLOBIGNORE中的模式，那么它会从匹配列表中移除。 要删除所有文件只保留 zip 和 iso 文件，应如下设置 GLOBIGNORE： @@ -77,13 +79,13 @@ rm 命令的语法格式为： 如果你正在使用 tcsh/csh/sh/ksh 或者其它shell，你可以在Unix－like系统上试着用下面find命令的语法格式来删除文件： - find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -delete + find /dir/ -type f -not -name '匹配模式' -delete 或者 ## 对于怪异的文件名可以使用 xargs ## - find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm {} - find /dir/ -type f -not -name 'PATTERN' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm [options] {} + find /dir/ -type f -not -name '匹配模式' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm {} + find /dir/ -type f -not -name '匹配模式' -print0 | xargs -0 -I {} rm [选项] {} 想要删除 ～/source 目录下除 php 以外的文件，键入： From 5382680a2d135aade75bda7543b6b362289ad548 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Tue, 24 Jun 2014 15:49:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 391/713] Update 20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md --- ...How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md b/sources/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md index 4f5d5e0556..36aa1127a7 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GOLinux How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal ================================================================================ As useful as navigating through directories from the command line is, rarely anything has become as frustrating as repeating over and over "cd ls cd ls cd ls ..." If you are not a hundred percent sure of the name of the directory you want to go to next, you have to use ls. Then use cd to go where you want to. Hopefully, a lot of terminals and shell languages now propose a powerful auto-completion feature to cope with that problem. But it remains that you have to hit the tabulation key frenetically all the time. If you are as lazy as I am, you will be very interested in autojump. autojump is a command line utility that allows you to jump straight to your favorite directory, regardless of where you currently are. @@ -84,4 +85,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/speed-up-directory-navigation-linux-terminal.htm [1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html [2]:https://github.com/joelthelion/autojump -[3]:https://github.com/clvv/fasd \ No newline at end of file +[3]:https://github.com/clvv/fasd From b4f34be46765e71d1d1ad6429c5ad0b096eccef2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Tue, 24 Jun 2014 16:00:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 392/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md | 25 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md index 2609149aec..173d2f773b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md @@ -1,9 +1,10 @@ 查看Linux硬盘分区和磁盘空间的9个命令 ================================================================================ -在这篇文章中，我们将看看用来检查你的系统分区的一些命令，这些命令将检查每个磁盘的分区情况和其他细节，例如总大小，用完的空间和文件系统等。 +在这篇文章中，我们来了解一些用来检查你的系统分区的一些命令，这些命令将检查每个磁盘的分区情况和其它细节，例如总空间容量，已用完的空间和文件系统等。 + +像fdisk，sfdisk和cfdisk命令这样的常规分区工具，不仅可以显示分区信息，还可以修改。 -像fdisk，sfdisk和cfdisk命令是一般分区工具，不仅可以显示分区信息，还可以修改。 ### 1. fdisk ### Fdisk是检查磁盘上分区的最常用命令，fdisk命令可以显示分区和细节，如文件系统类型，但是它并不报告每个分区的大小。 @@ -36,9 +37,10 @@ Fdisk是检查磁盘上分区的最常用命令，fdisk命令可以显示分区 /dev/sdb1 * 2048 7907327 3952640 b W95 FAT32 单独显示了每个设备的详细信息：大小，秒，ID和单个分区。 + ### 2. sfdisk ### -Sfdisk是另一种跟fdisk目的相似的实用工具，但具有更多的功能。它可以以MB为单位显示每个分区的大小。 +Sfdisk是另一种跟fdisk用途相似的实用工具，但具有更多的功能。它能够以MB为单位显示每个分区的大小。 $ sudo sfdisk -l -uM @@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ Cfdisk是一个基于ncurses（提供字符终端处理库，包括面板和菜 ![linux cfdisk disk partitions](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/linux-cfdisk.png) -Cfdisk工作在同一个分区，所以如果你需要看某一磁盘的细节，可以把设备名传给Cfdisk。 +Cfdisk一次只能列出一个分区，所以如果你需要看某一磁盘的细节，可以把设备名传给Cfdisk。 $ sudo cfdisk /dev/sdb @@ -138,7 +140,7 @@ Df是不是一个分区工具，但它打印出挂装文件系统的细节，Df /dev/sda8 196G 154G 33G 83% /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1 /dev/sda5 98G 37G 62G 38% /media/4668484A68483B47 -为了只显示真正的磁盘分区与分区类型，可以这样使用Df： +要只显示真正的磁盘分区与分区类型，可以这样使用Df： $ df -h --output=source,fstype,size,used,avail,pcent,target -x tmpfs -x devtmpfs Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on @@ -150,7 +152,7 @@ Df是不是一个分区工具，但它打印出挂装文件系统的细节，Df ### 6. pydf ### -用Python写的Df的改进版本，以一个易于阅读的方式打印出所有磁盘分区。 +它是用Python写的Df的改进版本，以一个方便阅读的方式打印出所有磁盘分区。 $ pydf Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on @@ -198,7 +200,7 @@ lsblk能够显示每个设备的更多信息，如标签和模型，更多请查 ### 9. hwinfo ### -hwinfo是一个通用的硬件信息的工具，可以用来打印出磁盘和分区表，输出不再像上面的命令那样打印每个分区的详细信息。 +hwinfo是一个通用的硬件信息的工具，可以用来打印出磁盘和分区表，但是输出不再像上面的命令那样打印每个分区的详细信息。 $ hwinfo --block --short disk: @@ -215,19 +217,18 @@ hwinfo是一个通用的硬件信息的工具，可以用来打印出磁盘和 cdrom: /dev/sr0 SONY DVD RW DRU-190A -### Summary ### ### 总结 ### -parted的输出简洁而完整的得到不同分区的概述、上面的文件系统以及总空间。pydf和df被限制为只显示和他们一样的已挂载的文件系统。 +parted的输出可以得到简洁而完整的不同分区的概述、上面的文件系统以及总空间。pydf和df被限制为只显示和它们一样的已挂载的文件系统。 -fdisk和sfdisk显示完整的大量的可以花些时间来解释的信息，，cfdisk是一个互动的分区工具，每次显示一个单一的设备。 +fdisk和sfdisk显示完整大量的信息，需要花些时间来解释。cfdisk是一个互动的分区工具，每次显示一个单一的设备。 -来尝试下吧，别忘了在下面评论哟！ +来尝试下这些命令吧，别忘了在下面评论哟！ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-command-check-disk-partitions/ -译者：[tenght](https://github.com/tenght) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[tenght](https://github.com/tenght) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From eb843774f5cbadc56d138a589f1bf9309c7ebf78 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 24 Jun 2014 16:19:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 393/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140624-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md | 94 +++++++++++++++++++ ...ree--should GCC allow non-free plug ins.md | 37 ++++++++ ...Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s.md | 35 +++++++ sources/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md | 70 ++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 236 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140624 Staying free--should GCC allow non-free plug ins.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md b/sources/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b00ff11616 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +Performance benchmarks: KVM vs. Xen +================================================================================ +After having some interesting discussions last week around KVM and Xen performance improvements over the past years, I decided to do a little research on my own. The last complete set of benchmarks I could find were from the [Phoronix Haswell tests in 2013][1]. There were [some other benchmarks from 2011][2] but those were hotly debated due to the Xen patches headed into kernel 3.0. + +The 2011 tests had a [good list of benchmarks][3] and I’ve done my best to replicate that list here three years later. I’ve removed two or three of the benchmark tests because they didn’t run well without extra configuration or they took an extremely long time to run. + +### Testing environment ### + +My testing setup consists of two identical SuperMicro servers. Both have a single [Intel Xeon E3-1220][4] (four cores, 3.10GHz), 24GB Kingston DDR3 RAM, and four Western Digital RE-3 160GB drives in a RAID 10 array. BIOS versions are identical. + +All of the tests were run in Fedora 20 (with SELinux enabled) for the hosts and the virtual machines. Very few services were left running during the tests. Here are the relevant software versions: + +- Kernel: 3.14.8 +- For KVM: qemu-kvm 1.6.2 +- For Xen: xen 4.3.2 + +All root filesystems are XFS with the default configuration. Virtual machines were created using virt-manager using the default configuration available for KVM and Xen. Virtual disks used raw images and were allotted 8GB RAM with 4 virtual CPU’s. Xen guests used [PVHVM][5]. + +### Caveats ### + +One might argue that Fedora’s parent owner, Red Hat, puts a significant amount of effort into maintaining and improving KVM within their distribution. Red Hat hasn’t made significant contributions to Xen in years and they [made the switch to KVM back in 2009][6]. I’ve left this out of scope for these tests, but it’s still something worth considering. + +Also, contention was tightly controlled and minimized. On most virtualized servers, you’re going to have multiple virtual machines fighting for CPU time, disk I/O, and access to the network. These tests didn’t take that type of activity into consideration. One hypervisor might have poor performance at low contention but then perform much better than its competitors when contention for resources is high. + +These tests were performed only on Intel CPU’s. Results may vary on AMD and ARM. + +### Results ### + +The tests against the bare metal servers served as a baseline for the virtual machine tests. The deviation in performance between the two servers without virtualization was at 0.51% or less. + +KVM’s performance fell within 1.5% of bare metal in almost all tests. Only two tests fell outside that variance. One of those tests was the 7-Zip test where KVM was 2.79% slower than bare metal. Oddly enough, KVM was 4.11% faster than bare metal with the PostMark test (which simulates a really busy mail server). I re-ran the PostMark tests again on both servers and those results fell within 1% of my original test results. I’ll be digging into this a bit more as my knowledge of virtio’s internals isn’t terribly deep. + +Xen’s performance varied more from bare metal than KVM. Three tests came within 2.5% of bare metal speeds but the remainder were anywhere from 2-4x slower than KVM. The PostMark test was 14.41% slower in KVM than bare metal and I found that result surprising. I re-ran the test and the results during the second run were within 2% of my original results. KVM’s best performing CPU test, the MAFFT alignment, was Xen’s second worst. + +I’ve provided a short summary table here with the final results: + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
 
Best Value
Bare Metal
KVM
Xen
C-Raylower35.3535.6636.13
POV-Raylower230.02232.44235.89
Smallptlower160162167.5
John the Ripper (Blowfish)higher30262991.52856
John the Ripper (DES)higher7374833.57271833.56911167
John the Ripper (MD5)higher4954848899.546653.5
OpenSSLhigher397.68393.95388.25
7-Ziphigher12467.512129.511879
Timed MAFFT Alignmentlower7.787.7958.42
CLOMPhigher3.33.2853.125
PostMarkhigher366738243205
+ +If you’d like to see the full data, feel free to review the [spreadsheet on Google Docs][7]. + +### Conclusion ### + +Based on this testing environment, KVM is almost always within 2% of bare metal performance. Xen fell within 2.5% of bare metal performance in three out of ten tests but often had a variance of up to 5-7%. Although KVM performed much better with the PostMark test, there was only one I/O test run in this group of tests and more testing is required before a clear winner in disk I/O could be found. + +As for me, I’d like to look deeper into how KVM and Xen handle disk I/O and why their results were so different. I may also run some tests under contention to see if one hypervisor can deal with that stress with better performance. + +I’d encourage readers to review the list of benchmark tests available in the [Phoronix test suite][8] and find some that emulate portions of their normal workloads. If your workloads are low CPU and high I/O in nature, look for some of the I/O stress tests in the suite. On the other hand, if you do a lot of audio/video transcoding, try some of the x264 or mp3 tests within the suite. + +UPDATE: [Chris Behrens pointed out][9] that I neglected to mention the type of virtual machine I tested with Xen. I used PVHVM for the tests as it’s the fastest performing option for Linux guests on Xen 4.3. Keep in mind that PVH is available in Xen 4.4 but that version of Xen isn’t available in Fedora 20 at this time. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://major.io/2014/06/22/performance-benchmarks-kvm-vs-xen/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=intel_haswell_virtualization&num=1 +[2]:http://blog.xen.org/index.php/2011/11/29/baremetal-vs-xen-vs-kvm-redux/ +[3]:http://blog.xen.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/overview.png +[4]:http://ark.intel.com/products/52269/Intel-Xeon-Processor-E3-1220-8M-Cache-3_10-GHz?q=e3-1220 +[5]:http://wiki.xen.org/wiki/Xen_Linux_PV_on_HVM_drivers +[6]:http://www.infoworld.com/d/virtualization/red-hat-releases-first-kvm-support-rhel-54-376 +[7]:https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1kmudbOjCDUgfw76b8qP2GqNqF1ddlTOKyOjc0GmNOIE/edit?usp=sharing +[8]:http://www.phoronix-test-suite.com/ +[9]:https://twitter.com/comstud/status/480785742730252288 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140624 Staying free--should GCC allow non-free plug ins.md b/sources/talk/20140624 Staying free--should GCC allow non-free plug ins.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d2865199fc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140624 Staying free--should GCC allow non-free plug ins.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Staying free – should GCC allow non-free plug ins? +================================================================================ +> Arguments in favour of the use of non-free plug-ins in GCC have again been raised on GCC mailing-lists, but are trumped by the arguments for GCC as a vehicle for free software development + +Once again, Gcc and its lack of modularity has been raised as an issue and contrasted with LLVm, the new compiler on the block. GCC is huge and venerable: 5 million lines, 30 years, and growing. LLVM, in contrast, is relatively youthful and modular and allows free and proprietary languages to be added as modules. + +The core of LLVM is ‘open source’. GCC is copyleft and unreservedly free software and doesn’t allow plug-ins or other means to add proprietary extensions to the GCC code. The argument, as delivered by Eric Raymond, is that “FSF can no longer prevent proprietary vendors from plugging into a free compiler to improve their tools. That horse has left the barn; the strategic goal of the anti-plug-in policy has been definitively busted.” + +LLVM has been sponsored by Apple as a replacement for GCC on OS X and Apple hardware and has grown in popularity, especially among users of the BSDs. Advocates of LLVM see it as a putative replacement for GCC in the wider market for applications developers and mobile devices. The argument against GCC is that its complexity, and the commitment of its developers to copyleft licensing, constrains the possibilities for proprietary developers, who do not want to release their language or architectural specifications under a copyleft licence. Apple, of course, has a long history of antipathy to free software, and doesn’t allow applications licensed under copyleft licences to be distributed through its App Store. + +To this extent, the argument between LLVM and GCC is a retread of the historic differences between GNU/Linux and the BSDs, between ‘open source’ and free software. Open source developers allow the code to be reused in any context, free or proprietary. Free software is restrictive in that it insists that the code, and any modifications to the code, must remain free in perpetuity. Advocates of free software would argue that the integrity of copyleft licensing has been instrumental in the spread of GCC, and has taken Linux and free software into places it would not otherwise have reached, and that free software cannot be bought or corrupted by commercial or corporate interests. Open source advocates argue that open source is more free because the user has no restrictions and can do what he or she likes, including developing closed source versions of the code. + +Since the beginning, the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) was vital to the spread of free software. Compilers were a rare and expensive commodity and the compilers of the proprietary software companies were rife with ‘features’ that were non-compliant with ANSI programming standards. Porting software between different machines and operating systems was an unnecessarily complicated task. GCC, the first truly free cross-platform compiler, commoditised this process. + +GCC was a breakthrough product for applications developers and mobile device developers – not just those who were committed to the idea of free software. Not only was GCC free and portable, its ubiquity and commonality across different architectures made it easier to port software between machines and to expect robust and consistent results – as the likes of John Gilmore, Michael Tiemann and David Henkel- Wallace were to discover when they made GCC and its development the key selling point of Cygnus Solutions, the first company to make money by selling free software. + +The primary technical difference between LLVM and GCC emerges in the separation between the modules that form the ‘front ends’, ‘middle end’ and ‘back ends’ of both GCC and LLVM. ‘Front ends’ are used to interpret the code specific to the translation of a particular language. The ‘middle end’ optimises the translated code. The ‘back ends’ take the optimised code and apply the results to a specific target architecture. LLVM separates these modules into distinct entities, but for semantic and historical reasons, GCC obfuscates the separation between the modules. + +Perhaps untypically for a free software project, it is a difficult process to add a new language or architecture to GCC and the adding of proprietary plug-ins is not allowed. There is little clear separation between the modules, and the path of least resistance is to add any feature under a free software licence. The early ports of C++ and Objective C (via Apple) are cited as examples where the original developers might have preferred to keep the code in-house and proprietary, and instead released the code as free software. + +In contrast, LLVM has allowed, or perhaps even encouraged, the addition and development of proprietary languages and architectures – one example being Nvidia’s NVCC for GPU computing, based on Clang and LLVM. The source code of NVCC is inaccessible to free software or ‘open source’ developers. + +Richard Stallman’s [take on this][1] is characteristically resolute: “In the free software movement, we campaign for the freedom of the users of computing. The values of free software are fundamentally different from the values of open source, which make‘bettercode’theultimategoal. IfGCCwere to change from a free compiler into a platform for non-free compilers, it would no longer serve the goal of freedom very well. + +“The Clang and LLVM developers reach different conclusions from ours because they do not share our values and goals. They object to the measures we have taken to defend freedom because they see the inconvenience of them and do not recognise (or don’t care about) the need for them. I would guess they describe their work as ‘open source’ and do not talk about freedom.” + +The GCC developers are unlikely to compromise on the licensing terms. While LLVM is fashionable among certain sectors of industry, because it is young and new and has been quicker to jump on developing trands in programming languages, the prevailing wind is towards greater openness, and GCC’s resolve to be incorruptible and free from commercial interests, may be the greater asset in the long term. The Unix companies learnt something from the Unix wars of the Eighties and Nineties. Languages and operating systems are tools, and are better open and shared. GCC is free software and belongs to nobody. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/features/staying-free-should-gcc-allow-non-free-plug-ins + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://lwn.net/articles/582241 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s.md b/sources/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..63e1581586 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops/s +================================================================================ +The Tianhe-2 first jumped onto the world's supercomputing stage a year ago, taking the crown of world's most powerful computer. At the time, the Tianhe-2 was rated with a performance of 33.86 petaflops per second. + +One full year later and Tianhe-2's performance numbers are unchanged and it still holds down the top spot as the world's most powerful supercomputer. + +![](http://www.serverwatch.com/imagesvr_ce/7184/icon-titan-r.jpg) + +Back in June of 2013 the number two supercomputer in the world was the Cray Titan, at the U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Lab. A year ago, Titan clocked in at 17.59 petaflops per second. Titan's performance, like that of Tianhe-2, remains unchanced for June 2014 and it still holds down the number two spot. + +In fact, over the course of the last year, very little has changed among the performance rankings for the top 10 supercomputers in the world, as ranked by the Top500 list. + +Looking at the list from the bottom up, the number 500 system on the list, a Cray XC30 at Deutcher Wetterdienst in Germany, clocked in at 133.7 teraflops per second. + +"The last system on the newest list was listed at position 384 in the previous TOP500," the TOP500 site stated. "This represents the lowest turnover rate in the list in two decades." + +Once again, Intel chips dominate the list with 85.4 percent of the supercomputers, and IBM Power processors hold an 8 percent share. AMD's share now stands at 6 percent. + +In terms of chip architectures, 53.6 percent of all systems had 8 or more cores per socket, and 13.4 percent had 10 or more cores. + +Looking at the networking interconnects, Infiniband and Ethernet continue to split the field. On the June 2014 list, Infiniband holds a 44.4 percent share of systems. + +In contrast, Gigabit Ethernet was reported to have a 25.4 percent share and 10 Gigabit Ethernet had 15 percent, for a combined Ethernet share of 40.4 percent. + +HP and IBM once again dominate the list of supercomputing vendors. HP now holds a 36.4 percent share, while IBM holds 35.2 percent. Cray holds down the third spot with a 10.2 percent share. + +While there are competing vendors, chip architectures, core counts and networking fabrics at play in the list of the worlds top 500 supercomputers, when it comes to the operating system of choice, there is no debate. Linux dominates the list with a 97 percent share, being installed on 485 systems on the top 500 list. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.serverwatch.com/server-news/top500-supercomputer-remains-stuck-at-33.86-petaflops.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md b/sources/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9e0ef9b0fd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +Super Pi Brothers +================================================================================ +I don't game as much as I used to. Although I've certainly spent countless hours of my life in front of a Nintendo, SNES, or after that, playing a first-person shooter on my computer (Linux only, thank you), these days, my free time tends to go toward one of the many nongaming hobbies I've accumulated. Recently though, I found myself dusting off my Wii console just so I could play an NES and SNES game I re-purchased for it. The thing is, those games require using a somewhat strange controller, and I already have a modified SNES controller that can connect over USB. That was enough to encourage me to search for a better solution. Of course, I simply could connect three or four consoles and stack up games in my living room, but I've grown accustomed to ripping my CDs and DVDs and picking what I want to listen to or watch from a central media center. It would be nice if I didn't have to get up and find a cartridge every time I wanted to switch games. This, of course, means going with emulation, but although in the past I'd had success with a modified classic Xbox, I didn't have that hardware anymore. I figured someone must have gotten this set up on the Raspberry Pi, and sure enough, after a brief search and a few commands, I had a perfect retro-gaming arcade set up on a spare Raspberry Pi. + +One nice thing about the Raspberry Pi project is the large number of people out there with identical hardware. For me, that meant instead of having to go through someone else's instructions, knowing I'd likely have to tweak it to suit my setup, I basically could follow someone else's guide verbatim. In my case, I found the RetroPie project, which wrapped up all of the commands you would need to install everything on a Raspberry Pi into a single large script. At the end, you have the RetroArch project fully installed and configured, which includes all of the major emulators you'd want and a centralized method to configure them, plus an EmulationStation graphical front end the Pi can boot directly into that makes it simple to navigate to the game you want, all from a gamepad. + +### Install RetroPie ### + +Before you install RetroPie, you will want to make sure your Raspbian distribution (the default Linux distribution for a Raspberry Pi, and the one this project assumes you will use) is completely up to date, including any new firmware images. This just means a few common `apt` commands. Although you certainly could connect a keyboard to your Raspberry Pi for this step, I've found it more convenient to `ssh` in to the device so I could copy and paste commands: + + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get -y upgrade + +Now that the Raspberry Pi is up to date, make sure the git and dialog packages are installed, and then use git to download RetroPie: + + + $ sudo apt-get -y install git dialog + $ cd + $ git clone --depth=0 + ↪git://github.com/petrockblog/RetroPie-Setup.git + +This will create a RetroPie-Setup directory containing the main setup script. Now you just need to go inside that directory and execute it: + + $ cd RetroPie-Setup + $ chmod +x retropie_setup.sh + $ sudo ./retropie_setup.sh + +This script presents you with an in-terminal menu (Figure 1) where you can choose to perform a binary installation or source installation, set up RetroPie, or perform a series of updates for the RetroPie setup script and binaries. Choose either the binary or source installation. The binary installation won't take as much time, but you may risk running older versions of some of the software. The source installation requires you to compile software, so it takes longer, but at the end, you will have the latest possible versions of everything. Personally, I opted for the binary install, knowing I always could re-run the script and go with the source install if I found any problems. + +![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/medium-350px-centered/u1002061/11576f1.png) + +#### Figure 1. RetroPie Setup Menu #### + +This part of the process will take quite some time on a vanilla Raspbian image, as there are a lot of different packages to download and install. Once the installation completes, go back to the main RetroPie setup screen and select SETUP from the main menu. In this submenu, you can tweak settings, such as whether to start EmulationStation from boot (recommended) and whether to enable a splash screen. In my case, I enabled both settings as I intended my device to be a standalone emulation machine. Note that if you do allow EmulationStation to start up from boot, you still can always ssh in to the machine and run the original RetroPie configuration script to change the settings. + +### Adding ROMs ### + +You also can add ROMs within the RetroPie setup screen. If you choose the Samba method in the menu, you then can locate a local Samba mountpoint on your network, and you can copy ROMs from that. With the USB stick method, RetroPie will generate a directory structure on a USB stick that you plug in to your Raspberry Pi that represents the different emulators it supports. After this point, you can take that USB stick to another computer and copy ROMs over to the appropriate directory, and the next time you plug it in to the Raspberry Pi, it automatically will sync the files over. Finally (and this is what I did), you just can use scp or rsync to copy over ROMs to the appropriate directory under ~/RetroPie/roms/. So for instance, NES games would be copied to ~/RetroPie/roms/nes/. + +Once you are done with the configuration and exit out of the RetroPie setup script, you will want to reboot back into EmulationStation, but before you do, you should reconfigure the memory split on the Raspberry Pi so that it is set to 192 or 128, so run: + + + $ sudo raspi-config + +and go to the Advanced Settings to change the memory split setting. Now you can reboot safely. + +### EmulationStation ### + +Once you reboot, you should be greeted with the initial EmulationStation screen, which will prompt you to set up your joystick, gamepad or keyboard buttons so it can work with the EmulationStation menu. Note that this doesn't affect how your controllers work within games, just within the EmulationStation menu. After your controller or controllers are set up, you should be able to press right and left on your controller to switch between the different emulator menus. In my case, all of the buttons on my gamepad were going to be used within games, so I made a point to bind a key on a separate keyboard to the menu function so I could exit out of games when I was done without having to reboot the Raspberry Pi. + +EmulationStation will show you only menus that represent emulators for which it has detected ROMs, so if you haven't copied ROMs for a particular emulator yet, you will want to do that and potentially restart your Raspberry Pi before you can see them. Also, by default, your controller will not be configured for any games, but if you press the right arrow enough times within EmulationStation, you will get to an input configuration screen that allows you to map keys on your controller to keys inside a game. The nice thing about this setup is that after you configure the keys, it will apply appropriately within each emulator. + +That's it. From this point, you can browse through your collection of games and press whatever button you bound to Accept to start playing. At first I was concerned the Raspberry Pi wouldn't have the horsepower to play my games, but so far, it has been able to play any games I tried without a problem. + +### Resources ### + +The RetroPie Project: [http://blog.petrockblock.com/retropie][1] + +RetroPie Installation Docs: [https://github.com/petrockblog/RetroPie-Setup][2] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/super-pi-brothers + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://blog.petrockblock.com/retropie +[2]:https://github.com/petrockblog/RetroPie-Setup \ No newline at end of file From 60f2324b47935d26340a535c5383bcf1576cadf7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 24 Jun 2014 16:38:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 394/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140624-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md | 80 +++++++++++++++++++ ...imedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md | 38 +++++++++ 2 files changed, 118 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..59b9f48e35 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux +================================================================================ +[OneDrive][1] (previously known as SkyDrive) is a popular cloud storage offering from Microsoft. Currently OneDrive offers 7GB free storage for every new signup. As you can imagine, OneDrive is well integrated with other Microsoft software products. Microsoft also offers a standalone OneDrive client which automatically backs up pictures and videos taken by a camera to OneDrive storage. But guess what. This client is available for all major PC/mobile platforms except Linux. "OneDrive on any device, any time"? Well, it is not there, yet. + +Don't get disappointed. The open-source community already has already come up with a solution for you. [onedrive-d][2] written by a Boilermaker in Lafayette can get the job done. Running as a monitoring daemon, onedrive-d can automatic sync a local folder with OneDrive cloud storage. + +In this tutorial, I will describe **how to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux by using onedrive-d**. + +### Install onedrive-d on Linux ### + +While onedrive-d was originally developed for Ubuntu/Debian, it now supports CentOS/Fedora/RHEL as well. + +Installation is as easy as typing the following. + + $ git clone https://github.com/xybu92/onedrive-d.git + $ cd onedrive-d + $ ./inst install + +### First-Time Configuration ### + +After installation, you need to go through one-time configuration which involves granting onedrive-d read/write access to your OneDrive account. + +First, create a local folder which will be used to sync against a remote OneDrive account. + + $ mkdir ~/onedrive + +Then run the following command to start the first-time configuration. + + $ onedrive-d + +It will pop up a onedrive-d's Settings window as shown below. In "Location" option, choose the local folder you created earlier. In "Authentication" option, you will see "You have not authenticated OneDrive-d yet" message. Now click on "Connect to OneDrive.com" box. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3885/14470579955_1fb92e7cfe.jpg) + +It will pop up a new window asking you to sign in to OneDrive.com. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3903/14467221981_3d74140f61_z.jpg) + +After logging in to OneDrive.com, you will be asked to grant access to onedrive-d. Choose "Yes". + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2925/14283963819_86cf52e1fd_z.jpg) + +Coming back to the Settings window, you will see that the previous status has changed to "You have connected to OneDrive.com". Click on "OK" to finish. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3896/14284004048_3e718d1e30.jpg) + +### Sync a Local Folder with OneDrive ### + +There are two ways to sync a local folder with your OneDrive storage by using onedrive-d. + +One way is to **sync with OneDrive manually from the command line**. That is, whenever you want to sync a local folder against your OneDrive account, simply run: + + $ onedrive-d + +`onedrive-d` will then scan the content of both a local folder and a OneDrive account, and make the two in sync. This means either uploading newly added files in a local folder, or downloading newly found files from a remote OneDrive account. If you remove any file from a local folder, the corresponding file will automatically be deleted from a OneDrive account after sync. The same thing will happen in the reverse direction as well. + +Once sync is completed, you can kill the foreground-running onedrive-d process by pressing Ctrl+C. + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5509/14283967750_b9ebf1b05d_z.jpg) + +Another way is to run onedrive-d as an always-on daemon which launches automatically upon start. In that case, the background daemon will monitor both the local folder and OneDrive account, to keep them in sync. For that, simply add onedrive-d to the [auto-start program list][3] of your desktop. + +When onedrive-d daemon is running in the background, you will see OneDrive icon in the desktop status bar as shown below. Whenever sync update is triggered, you will see a desktop notification. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3924/14290119448_3b1144db77.jpg) + +A word of caution: According to the author, onedrive-d is still under active development. It is not meant for any kind of production environment. If you encounter any bug, feel free to file a [bug report][4]. Your contribution will be appreciated by the author. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/sync-microsoft-onedrive-linux.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/go/onedrive +[2]:http://xybu.me/projects/onedrive-d/ +[3]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/start-program-automatically-linux-desktop.html +[4]:https://github.com/xybu92/onedrive-d/issues?state=open \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md b/sources/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1255d562c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out +================================================================================ +![Curlew interface](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Open-Source-Multimedia-Converter-Curlew-0-1-22-3-Is-Out-448028-2.jpg) + +**Curlew, an easy to use, free, and open source multimedia converter for Linux, has reached version 0.1.22.3.** + +Curlew can be used to convert more than 100 different formats, show detailed file information, preview conversion, insert subtitles, and much more. + +According to the changelog, the last size and position is now remembered from one instance to another, a few missing dialog icons have been added, and the filesystem is now synced before suspending. + +The application has a number of dependencies: at least python version 2.7 (no more than 3.0), python-gobject 3.0, gir1.2-gtk 3.0, ffmpeg 0.8, libav-tools 0.8, mencoder, libavcodec-extra, xdg-utils, and mediainfo. + +The guys from noobslab.com also provide an easy way of installing the application with the help of a PPA. All you have to do is to enter a few commands in the terminal (you will need to be root in order to make it work): + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps + sudo apt-get update + sudo apt-get install curlew + +Check out the official [changelog][1] for a complete list of new features and updates. + +You can download the Curlew 0.1.22.3 source package: + +- [Ubuntu 14.04 DEB ALL][2][ubuntu_deb] [172 KB] +- [tar.gz][3][sources] [152 KB] + +Remember that this is a development version and it should NOT be installed on production machines. It is intended for testing purposes only. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Open-Source-Multimedia-Converter-Curlew-0-1-22-3-Is-Out-448028.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://gtk-apps.org/content/show.php/Curlew?content=155664 +[2]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/curlew/files/curlew-0.1.22.3/curlew_0.1.22.3ubuntu14.04_all.deb/download +[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/curlew/files/curlew-0.1.22.3/curlew-0.1.22.3.tar.gz/download \ No newline at end of file From 087bd569b79d81b6252291ce26af0a36eb385889 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Tue, 24 Jun 2014 17:27:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 395/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=20?= =?UTF-8?q?by=20runningwater?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md | 52 ------------------- ... 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md | 12 ++--- 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md b/sources/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md deleted file mode 100644 index ae92f1ac56..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,52 +0,0 @@ -（翻译中 by runningwater） -Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme -================================================================================ -![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Make_Ubuntu_Look_Like_Mac_OS.jpeg) - -Ubuntu Unity itself is a beautiful desktop but people over the world are smitten by the looks of Mac OS X. If you are among one of those, you don’t need to ditch Ubuntu just for the sake of OS X looks. Instead you can give it a makeover and **make Ubuntu 14.04 look like Mac OS X**. - -### Make Ubuntu 14.04 look like Mac OS X ### - -To give Ubuntu a makeover of Mac, we shall be using Zukimac theme. - -- Get Zukimac theme from the link below:[Download Zukimac Theme for Ubuntu 14.04][1] -- Extract the downloaded zipped file. You will find two directories in there, Zukimac and Zukimac-ml. Copy these to .themes directory in your home directory. Go to Home and press Ctrl+H to show all the hidden folders. If there is no .themes folder here, create one. -- Use [Unity Tweak Tool to change the theme][2]. - -That’s it. Zukimac gives some a basic look and feel of Mac OS. Here is what it looks like with default OS X Maveric wallpaper. - -![Make Ubuntu 14.04 look like Mac OS X](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Ubuntu_MAC_OS_Looks.jpeg) - -### Further changes to get Mac feel in Ubuntu 14.04 ### - -Additionally, you can **install a dock launcher like Plank** or Docky. To install Plank in Ubuntu 14.04 use the commands below: - - sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ricotz/docky - sudo apt-get update - sudo apt-get install plank - -Along with the dock launcher, you can also install S**ynapse indicator as an alternative of Mac Spotlight**. Use the following PPA from Noobslabs to install Synapse indicator: - - sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps - sudo apt-get update - sudo apt-get install indicator-synapse - -Apart from these two, you can also install **Slingscold launcher, alternative of Mac OS X launchpad**. Use the same Noobslabs PPA as mentioned above to install Slingscold launcher in Ubuntu 14.04: - - sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps - sudo apt-get update - sudo apt-get install slingscold - -Honestly, I am an avid Ubuntu fan and I like Ubuntu’s default Unity looks. In addition, there are plenty of [beautiful icon themes in Ubuntu 14.04][3] to beautify it. But as I mentioned before there are plenty of people who like Mac OS X and I hope this tutorial helped them to make Ubuntu 14.04 look and feel like Mac OS X. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-1404-mac-zukimac-theme/ - -译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://gnome-look.org/content/show.php/Zukimac?content=165450 -[2]:http://itsfoss.com/how-to-install-themes-in-ubuntu-13-10/ -[3]:http://itsfoss.com/best-icon-themes-ubuntu-1404/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md b/translated/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md index 4f52f07565..9e3765b52e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md @@ -12,31 +12,31 @@ Zukimac 主题使 Ubuntu 14.04 桌面变成 Mac 桌面 - 解压下载的 Zip 包，解压后会出现 Zukimac 和 Zukimac-ml 两个目录文件。把这些目录拷贝到您的 home 目录下的 .themes 文件夹中。进入 Home 目录中，按下快捷键 Ctrl+H 可以显示所有隐藏的文件，如果没有 .themes 文件夹，需要创建一个。 - 使用 [Unity Tweak Tool 来改变主题][2]. -That’s it. Zukimac gives some a basic look and feel of Mac OS. Here is what it looks like with default OS X Maveric wallpaper. +就这些操作。Zukimac 提供了一些基本的 Mac OS 系统的外观和视窗感觉。下面是带有默认的 OS X MaVeric 壁纸的外观。 ![Make Ubuntu 14.04 look like Mac OS X](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Ubuntu_MAC_OS_Looks.jpeg) -### Further changes to get Mac feel in Ubuntu 14.04 ### +### Ubuntu 14.04 中获得 Mac 感觉更多的调整### -Additionally, you can **install a dock launcher like Plank** or Docky. To install Plank in Ubuntu 14.04 use the commands below: +通常，您可以**安装像 Plank 或 Docky 这样的 dock 启动面板**。在 Ubuntu 14.04 中要安装 Plank 可以使用下面的命令： sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ricotz/docky sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install plank -Along with the dock launcher, you can also install S**ynapse indicator as an alternative of Mac Spotlight**. Use the following PPA from Noobslabs to install Synapse indicator: +安装完 dock 启动面板后，您也可以安装 **Synapse indicator 来代替模拟 Mac 中的 Spotlight**。使用来自于 Noobslabs 的 PPA 源来安装 Synapse indicator，如下示： sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install indicator-synapse -Apart from these two, you can also install **Slingscold launcher, alternative of Mac OS X launchpad**. Use the same Noobslabs PPA as mentioned above to install Slingscold launcher in Ubuntu 14.04: +不想安装上面的两软件的话，您也可以安装 **Slingscold launcher，用来代替模拟 Mac OS X 的启动面板**。在 Ubuntu 14.04 中，使用上面提到的 Noobslabs 的 PPA 源来安装 Slingscold 启动面板,如下示： sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps sudo apt-get update sudo apt-get install slingscold -Honestly, I am an avid Ubuntu fan and I like Ubuntu’s default Unity looks. In addition, there are plenty of [beautiful icon themes in Ubuntu 14.04][3] to beautify it. But as I mentioned before there are plenty of people who like Mac OS X and I hope this tutorial helped them to make Ubuntu 14.04 look and feel like Mac OS X. +老实说，我是个狂热的 Ubuntu 迷，我喜欢 Ubuntu 默认的 Unity 主题样式外观。此外，还有很多[关于 Ubuntu 14.04 的漂亮图标主题样式][3] 可用来美化默认的外观。但正如我上面提到的仍有很多用户喜欢 Mac OS X 的主题样式，我希望这篇文章能帮助到他们，使其能把 Ubuntu 14.4 装扮成 Mac OS X 的样式。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From ea0efd9b1e0204264322402509cf4c2ecc20ae4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: runningwater Date: Tue, 24 Jun 2014 17:41:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 396/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=20by=20runn?= =?UTF-8?q?ingwater?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/talk/20140617 Does Linux Lack a Killer App.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140617 Does Linux Lack a Killer App.md b/sources/talk/20140617 Does Linux Lack a Killer App.md index 9f21e4c1cc..dce3b05415 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140617 Does Linux Lack a Killer App.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140617 Does Linux Lack a Killer App.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +(翻译中 by runningwater) Does Linux Lack a Killer App? ================================================================================ ![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rw302843/linux-killer-app.jpg) @@ -98,7 +99,7 @@ Linux "could be reaching critical mass, and I was only partially joking when I s via: -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 260c854f9f0bceb82eee31c225d6e494895c1441 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 24 Jun 2014 20:29:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 397/713] PUB:20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting @MikeCoder --- ...ns and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md | 37 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md (79%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md b/published/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md similarity index 79% rename from translated/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md rename to published/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md index 9157a8dbfe..460f0d01ec 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md +++ b/published/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ ### 1. 写一个shell脚本来得到当前的日期，时间，用户名和当前工作目录。 ### -> **Answer** : 将输出用户名，当前日期和时间，以及当前工作目录的命令就是logname，date，who i am和pwd。 +> **答案** : 输出用户名，当前日期和时间，以及当前工作目录的命令就是logname，date，who i am和pwd。 现在，创建一个名为**`userstats.sh`**文件，将下面的代码添加到它。 @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ echo "User is `who i am`" echo "Current directory `pwd`" -给他添加执行权限，并且执行他。 +给它添加执行权限，并且执行他。 # chmod 755 userstats.sh # ./userstats.sh @@ -34,10 +34,9 @@ User is avi pts/0 2014-06-07 11:59 (:0) Current directory /home/avi/Desktop -### 2.写一个shell脚本，进行两个数字的相加，如果没有输入参数就输出错误信息和使用说明的### +### 2.写一个shell脚本，进行两个数字的相加，如果没有输入参数就输出错误信息和一行使用说明### -> **Answer** : -下面是简单的shell脚本以及描述，如果没有命令行参数，它会抛出错误与如何使用脚本的说明。 +> **答案** : 下面是简单的shell脚本以及描述，如果没有命令行参数，它会抛出错误与如何使用脚本的说明。 再创建一个名为**`twonumbers.sh`**文件和下面的内容添加到文件里。 @@ -70,24 +69,24 @@ # chmod 755 two-numbers.sh -**Condition 1**: 未输入两个数字作为命令行参数运行脚本，你将得到下面的输出。 +**情形一**: 未输入两个数字作为命令行参数运行脚本，你将得到下面的输出。 -#### Sample Output #### +#### 样例输出 #### # ./two-numbers.sh Usage - ./two-numbers.sh x y Where x and y are two nos for which I will print sum -**Condition 2**: 当数字存在时，你会得到如图所示的结果。 +**情形二**: 当数字存在时，你会得到如图所示的结果。 $ ./two-numbers.sh 4 5 Sum of 4 and 5 is 9 -因此，上述shell脚本满足条件作为问题提出了建议。 +因此，上述shell脚本满足了问题的要求。 -### 3.你需要打印一个给定的数字的反序，如输入10572，输出27501，如果没有输入数据，应该抛出错误和使用脚本说明。在此之前，告诉我，你需要在这里使用的算法。 ### +### 3.你需要打印一个给定的数字的反序，如输入10572，输出27501，如果没有输入数据，应该抛出错误和使用脚本说明。在此之前，告诉我你需要在这里使用的算法。 ### #### 算法 #### @@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ 2. 赋值 rev=0, sd=0 (反向和单个数字设置为0) 3. n % 10, 将得到最左边的数字 4. 反向数字可以用这个方法生成 rev * 10 + sd -5. 对输入数字进行-1操作 +5. 对输入数字进行右位移操作（除以10） 6. 如果n > 0, 进入第三步，否则进行第七步 7. 输出rev @@ -126,9 +125,9 @@ # chmod 755 numbers.h -**Condition 1**: 当输入不包含命令行参数，你将得到下面的输出。 +**情形一**: 当输入不包含命令行参数，你将得到下面的输出。 -#### Sample Output #### +#### 样例输出 #### ./numbers.sh @@ -136,7 +135,7 @@ I will find reverse of given number For eg. ./2.sh 123, I will print 321 -**Condition 2**: 正常输入 +**情形二**: 正常输入 $ ./numbers.sh 10572 @@ -146,9 +145,7 @@ ### 4. 你应该直接用终端，而不是依靠任何shell脚本来进行实数计算。你会怎么做（比如实数7.56+2.453）？ ### -> **Answer** : - -我们需要用如下所述的特殊方式使用bc命令。将7.56+2.453作为输入通过管道进入bc中。 +> **答案** : 我们需要用如下所述的特殊方式使用bc命令。将7.56+2.453作为输入通过管道进入bc中。 $ echo 7.56 + 2.453 | bc @@ -156,13 +153,13 @@ ### 5. 你需要给出圆周率的值，精度为小数点后100位，什么是最简单的方法。 ### -> **Answer** : 找圆周率的值最简单的方法，我们只是需要发出以下命令。 +> **答案** : 找圆周率的值最简单的方法，我们只是需要发出以下命令。 # pi 100 3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169399375105820974944592307816406286208998628034825342117067 -很明显！安装我们必须有包**`pi`**。只是一个**apt**或**yum**命令，就能获得所需的软件包，同时用最简单方法来实现这个需求。 +很明显！安装我们必须有包**`pi`**。只用一个**apt**或**yum**命令，就能获得所需的软件包，同时用最简单方法来实现这个需求。 就是这样。我会很快在Tecmint.com发表另一个有趣的文章。至此敬请关注。别忘了向我们提供您在的评论和反馈。 @@ -170,7 +167,7 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/practical-interview-questions-on-linux-shell-scripting/ -译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c16ef3b011694051c9fcf8d0bc42be04f208ff01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 24 Jun 2014 20:39:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 398/713] PUB:20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip] @geekpi --- ... Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md | 9 +++++---- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md (75%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md b/published/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md similarity index 75% rename from translated/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md rename to published/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md index 3cdf02123d..4b4e7a03e2 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md +++ b/published/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ -如何在Linux中知道你的系统是否有USB 3.0 端口[快速技巧] +[小白技巧]如何在Linux中知道你的系统是否有USB 3.0 端口 ================================================================================ -Most of the new computers come with USB 3.0 ports these days. But **how can you know if your computer has USB 3.0 port** or not? In this quick tip, we shall see how to find if your system has USB 3 or USB 2 in Linux. + +近来的大多数的新计算机都有了USB 3.0接口了。但是**你怎么知道你的计算机有没有USB 3.0接口**？这篇短文中，我们会告诉如何在Linux下知道你的系统上有USB 3还是USB3接口。 ### 在Linux终端中检测是否有USB 3.0 端口 ### @@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ Most of the new computers come with USB 3.0 ports these days. But **how can you ### 辨别哪个口是USB 3.0 ### -通常USB 3.0 口被标记为SS（“Super Speed”的缩写）。如果你的系统制造商没有标记SS或者USB 3,那么你可以检查端口的内部通常是颜色的。 +通常USB 3.0 口被标记为SS（“Super Speed”的缩写）。如果你的系统制造商没有标记SS或者USB 3,那么你可以检查端口的内部通常是蓝色的。 ![find usb 3.0 port](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/usb3.0port.jpg) @@ -26,6 +27,6 @@ Most of the new computers come with USB 3.0 ports these days. But **how can you via: http://itsfoss.com/find-usb-3-port-linux/ -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e00fe8b2e901d41ea67dbb8acf236bc2945cf55a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 24 Jun 2014 21:31:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 399/713] PUB:20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux @wwhio --- ...0610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md | 18 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md (65%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md b/published/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md similarity index 65% rename from translated/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md rename to published/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md index a5fa5b7d59..0047b56864 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md +++ b/published/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -Linux 平台七大桌面环境 +Linux 平台七大桌面环境通览 ================================================================================ -通常的 Linux 发行版都使用 KDE 或者 GNOME 作为默认的桌面环境。它们都给用户提供了一个原始的并且有吸引力的桌面，并且内置了各式各样的多媒体软件、系统程序、游戏、实用程序、网页开发工具、编程工具等等。这两个桌面致力于提供给用户一个拥有类似于 Windows 操作系统体验的尖端计算环境，而忽略了最小化它们所占用的系统资源。 +通常的 Linux 发行版都使用 KDE 或者 GNOME 作为默认的桌面环境。它们都给用户提供了一个原始的并且有吸引力的桌面，并且内置了各式各样的多媒体软件、系统程序、游戏、实用程序、网页开发工具、编程工具等等。这两个桌面致力于提供给用户一个拥有类似于 Windows 操作系统体验的尖端计算环境，而不是如何更少的占用系统资源。 -如果你正在使用 Ubuntu (或者其他Linux发行版) 并且厌倦始终使用 Unity 桌面，那么你应该看看这些可以替代 Unity 的选择。我收集了 7 种桌面环境。它们都很棒。在你读完这篇文章之后，请试着使用它们吧。 +如果你正在使用 Ubuntu (或者其他Linux发行版) 并且厌倦了始终使用 Unity 桌面，那么你应该看看这些可以替代 Unity 的选择。我收集了 7 种桌面环境。它们都很棒。在你读完这篇文章之后，请试着使用它们吧。 ### [Mate][1] ### ![](http://i0.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/mate.png) -MATE 是 GNOME2 的一个分支。它提供了一个自然且吸引人的桌面环境。它是 Linux 和其它类 Unix 工作环境中的传统工作框架的代表。MATE 正在改善以使用新的技术来保留传统的桌面体验。 +MATE 是 GNOME2 的一个分支。它提供了一个自然且吸引人的桌面环境。它是 Linux 和其它类 Unix 工作环境中的传统工作框架的代表。MATE 在保留传统的桌面体验的同时正在不断进步使用新的技术。 在 Ubuntu 14.04 中，可以直接从 Ubuntu 软件中心获取 MATE 桌面。 @@ -16,25 +16,25 @@ MATE 是 GNOME2 的一个分支。它提供了一个自然且吸引人的桌面 ![](http://i2.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Kubuntu-9.04-DesktopEffects.png) -KDE 是另一个类似于 GNOME 一样的重量级桌面环境。它在本文章所提及的7种桌面环境中被认为是最华丽最重量级的一个。它同样是一个类似于 Windows 的桌面，在这一点上没有什么特殊的变化。不过 KDE 非常有特点，但是随之而来的是大量的设置来提升你的桌面体验。同样的，有很多关于 KDE 的话题。所以真的可以从 KDE 的特点中获益，并且保持你所想的外观。 +KDE 是另一个类似于 GNOME 一样的重量级桌面环境。它在本文章所提及的7种桌面环境中被认为是最华丽最重量级的一个。它同样是一个类似于 Windows 的桌面，在这一点上没有什么特殊的变化。不过 KDE 非常有特点，但是随之而来的是可以通过大量的设置来提升你的桌面体验。同样的，有很多关于 KDE 的话题，所以你可以很舒服的使用 KDE，并让它以你希望的方式工作。 ### [Cinnamon][3] ### ![](http://i1.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/WD9O-C08B-ESP5.jpg) -Cinnamon 是一个基于 Gtk+ 的环境。它最初作为 GNOME Shell 的一个用户界面分支，由 Linux Mint 创造。 Cinnamon 本质上是为了推行使用终端和定点装置。无论是使用鼠标，还是使用触摸屏都可以获得同样便捷的操作。不像 KDE Plasma 工作空间，只有一种 GUI。 当前版本—— Cinnamon 2.0 于2013年10月10日发布。 +Cinnamon 是一个基于 Gtk+ 的环境。它最初作为 GNOME Shell 的一个用户界面分支，由 Linux Mint 为其创建的。 Cinnamon 的核心设计目标是让桌面终端和触屏设备都能完美操作。无论是使用鼠标，还是使用触摸屏都可以获得同样便捷的操作。不像 KDE Plasma 工作空间，只有一种图形用户体验。当前版本—— Cinnamon 2.0 于2013年10月10日发布。 ### [Unity][4] ### ![](http://i1.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Ubuntu_13.10_Desktop.png) -Unity 是 GNOME 桌面环境的一个界面，由 Canonical 公司创建，使用于 Ubuntu 系统中。Unity 最初现身于 Ubuntu 10.10 的上网本版本中。它起初打算充分利用上网本的屏幕空间，例如一个被称为启动器的垂直应用切换器（a vertical app switcher called launcher）和一个节省垂直空间的多功能顶部菜单栏。Unity 不像 GNOME、KDE、 Xfce 或者 LXDE 是许多软件的合集，它是作为使用实用功能而开发的。 +Unity 是 GNOME 桌面环境的一个界面，由 Canonical 公司创建，用于 Ubuntu 系统中。Unity 最初现身于 Ubuntu 10.10 的上网本版本中。它起初打算充分利用上网本的屏幕空间，例如一个竖直的应用启动器和一个节省空间的多功能顶部菜单栏。Unity 不像 GNOME、KDE、 Xfce 或者 LXDE 是许多软件的合集，它是为了可用性而开发的。 ### [GNOME Shell][5] ### ![](http://i0.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/GNOME_Shell_3.6.png) -GNOME 提供了桌面核心接口例如交换窗口，启动应用程序以及显示提示。它利用先进图形硬件来实现吸引人的，创新的界面思想，提供了愉悦简单的用户体验。GNOME Shell 定义了 GNOME 3 的客户体验。 +GNOME 提供了桌面核心接口例如交换窗口，启动应用程序以及显示提示。它利用先进的图形硬件来实现吸引人的、创新的界面思想，提供了愉悦简单的用户体验。GNOME Shell 定义了 GNOME 3 的客户体验。 作为 GNOME 的一个重要组成部分， GNOME Shell 的稳定版本首次发布于2011年3月3日。 @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Xfce 是一个轻量级的桌面环境，围绕 GTK 框架实现。它看起来 ![](http://i2.wp.com/pulpybucket.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/LXDE_desktop_full.png) -LXDE 显然是桌面环境中最轻量级的选择，至少在传统的桌面标准中是这样。这个基于 GTK 的桌面环境使用了很多轻量级的选择替代了默认的应用（例如 Abiword, Gnumeric, 而不是 LibreOffice）。它没有提供 flash 视觉冲击 ，总体感觉也不是特别的棒，没有高级的设置。但是，LXDE 仍然提供了漂亮的桌面和完整的功能。当你需要快速简洁时，它就是你的选择。 +LXDE 显然是桌面环境中最轻量级的选择，至少在传统的桌面标准中是这样。这个基于 GTK 的桌面环境使用了很多轻量级的选择替代了默认的应用（例如 Abiword, Gnumeric, 而不是 LibreOffice）。它没有提供炫目的视觉震撼 ，总体感觉也不是特别的棒，没有高级的设置。但是，LXDE 仍然提供了漂亮的桌面和完整的功能。当你需要快速简洁时，它就是你的选择。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 77319aca9b69f3eaedc9533029a1695975f52d53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 24 Jun 2014 21:57:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 400/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A25=20The=20L?= =?UTF-8?q?inux=20Kernel--Configuring=20the=20Kernel=20Part=2021?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 21.md | 21 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/The Linux Kernel/25 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 21.md (88%) diff --git a/translated/The Linux Kernel/25 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 21.md b/published/The Linux Kernel/25 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 21.md similarity index 88% rename from translated/The Linux Kernel/25 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 21.md rename to published/The Linux Kernel/25 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 21.md index 03d3ce0196..32b67ad644 100644 --- a/translated/The Linux Kernel/25 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 21.md +++ b/published/The Linux Kernel/25 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 21.md @@ -1,20 +1,20 @@ 戴文的Linux内核专题：25 配置内核 (21) ================================================================================ -![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.689/) +![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.689/.jpg) -大家好！本篇我们将会配置Linux内核的网路文件系统支持。网络文件系统是一个通过网络远程访问计算机的远程文件系统。 +大家好！本篇我们将会配置Linux内核的网络文件系统支持。网络文件系统是一个可以通过网络远程访问计算机的远程文件系统。 -首先，"NFS client support"驱动允许linux系统使用NFS网络文件系统。这里还有3个不同版本的NFS - (NFS client support for NFS version 2)、 (NFS client support for NFS version 3)、 (NFS client support for NFS version 4) 和 (NFS client support for NFSv4.1)。如果你有一个处理NFS的网络，找出你正在使用NFS的版本，或者启用所有的NFS驱动。 +首先，"NFS client support"驱动允许linux系统使用NFS网络文件系统。这里还有3个不同版本的NFS - (NFS client support for NFS version 2)、 (NFS client support for NFS version 3)、 (NFS client support for NFS version 4) 和 (NFS client support for NFSv4.1)。如果你有一个使用NFS的网络，找出你正在使用NFS的版本，或者启用所有的NFS驱动。 -交换空间并不需要在本地存储单元上。这个驱动允许Linux使用NFS作为远程交换空间(Provide swap over NFS support)。 +交换空间并不需要总在本地存储单元上。这个驱动允许Linux使用NFS作为远程交换空间(Provide swap over NFS support)。 NFS系统可以通过缓存系统加速 (Provide NFS client caching support)。这是一个本地缓存。 -启用这个驱动允许DNS对NFS服务器使用主机名(Use the legacy NFS DNS resolver)。 +启用这个驱动允许NFS服务器使用DNS解析器(Use the legacy NFS DNS resolver)。 "NFS server support"给予需要满足这个需求的服务器提供了NFS的特性。其他一些NFS驱动包括(NFS server support for NFS version 3) 和 (NFS server support for NFS version 4)。 -"NFS server manual fault injection"驱动是一个调试驱动，它允许开发者让NFS服务器认为在NFS上发生了一个错误。特别地，这是用于测试服务器如何处理NFS错误。 +"NFS server manual fault injection"驱动是一个调试驱动，它允许开发者让NFS服务器认为在NFS上发生了一个错误。特别地，这用于测试服务器如何处理NFS错误。 "Secure RPC: Kerberos V mechanism"被用于RPC安全调用。由于安全原因，没有这个特性，NFS无法被加入到内核中。 @@ -26,8 +26,7 @@ CIFS是一个用于Samba和Windows服务器的虚拟文件系统(CIFS support (a 有两个特性被用于调试或监视CIFS驱动(CIFS statistics) 和 (Extended statistics)。 - -一个特殊的需要在有LANMAN安全的服务器上需要(Support legacy servers which use weaker LANMAN security)。LANMAN或者LM哈希是一种有一些弱点的特殊的密码哈希函数。 +要在服务器上支持LANMAN安全需要一个特定的驱动(Support legacy servers which use weaker LANMAN security)。LANMAN或者LM哈希是一种较弱的特殊的密码哈希函数。 CIFS在被挂载到安全服务器上之前需要Kerberos票据(Kerberos/SPNEGO advanced session setup)。这个驱动提供了CIFS使用能够提供票据的用户空间工具的能力。 @@ -37,7 +36,7 @@ CIFS在被挂载到安全服务器上之前需要Kerberos票据(Kerberos/SPNEGO CIFS有两个其他的调试工具(Enable CIFS debugging routines) 和 (Enable additional CIFS debugging routines)。 -CIFS有"DFS feature support",它允许共享在被移除后仍可以访问。DFS代表"Distributed FileSystem"(分布式文件系统)。 +CIFS有"DFS feature support"，它允许共享在被移除后仍可以访问。DFS代表"Distributed FileSystem"(分布式文件系统)。 SMB2是CIFS的一个提升替代品(SMB2 network file system support)。SMB2代表的是"Server Message Block version 2"(服务器消息块第2版)。 @@ -85,7 +84,7 @@ Linux内核有一个实验性的驱动，通过9P2000协议访问Plan 9资源(Pl 这个设定分会启用/禁用普遍不需要或者废除的符号 (Enable unused/obsolete exported symbols)。然而，一些模块可能需要这些符号。启用这个会增加内核的大小。Linux用户很少会需要这些符号。通常上，禁用这个特性，除非你了解一个重要的模块需要这个符号。 -如果启用这个shehi，内核会在用户内核头上执行健康检查(Run 'make headers_check' when building vmlinux)。 +如果启用这个设施，内核会在用户内核头上执行健康检查(Run 'make headers_check' when building vmlinux)。 在编译期，这个特性会检查无效的引用(Enable full Section mismatch analysis)。 @@ -115,6 +114,6 @@ Linux内核有一个实验性的驱动，通过9P2000协议访问Plan 9资源(Pl via: http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-configuring-the-kernel-part-21.4988/ -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 1fdc287041f67780d58e4c088eb9005265d185ab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: owen-carter Date: Wed, 25 Jun 2014 09:25:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 401/713] Update 20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md owen-carter translating Apps To Boost Ubuntu --- sources/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md b/sources/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md index 2b9e43d017..05d89ba210 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ + owen-carter translating 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu ================================================================================ Making the switch to Ubuntu – or any popular Linux distribution – is more than the mere act of changing operating systems. You must also have apps that allow you to get work done. @@ -77,4 +78,4 @@ via: http://www.datamation.com/applications/14-apps-to-boost-ubuntu-1.html [17]:http://www.libreoffice.org/discover/writer/ [18]:http://www.maartenbaert.be/simplescreenrecorder/ [19]:https://launchpad.net/simple-scan -[20]:http://www.marzocca.net/linux/baobab/baobab-getting-started.html \ No newline at end of file +[20]:http://www.marzocca.net/linux/baobab/baobab-getting-started.html From c7b8394d8431b0dd3049a8c802f3ddd64b7e99e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 25 Jun 2014 13:34:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 402/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140625-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...e Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md | 37 ++++ ...l Designers Update Ubuntu Linux Website.md | 41 ++++ ...s Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md | 37 ++++ ...ntu Uncertainty and Nerdy Enlightenment.md | 26 +++ ...n eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md | 57 +++++ ...ate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md | 200 ++++++++++++++++++ ...rge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md | 200 ++++++++++++++++++ 7 files changed, 598 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md create mode 100644 sources/news/20140625 Canonical Designers Update Ubuntu Linux Website.md create mode 100644 sources/news/20140625 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md create mode 100644 sources/news/20140625 Linux Domination or Ubuntu Uncertainty and Nerdy Enlightenment.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md b/sources/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e64d0bd10d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos +================================================================================ +> The Orange Box, a portable server cluster that Canonical will use for Ubuntu-based OpenStack cloud demonstrations and training, is now available. + +![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/06/grayscale_7.jpg) + +Canonical's Orange Box, the portable server cluster that the company intends to use to showcase [OpenStack][1], [MAAS][2], [Juju][3] and other aspects of the Ubuntu Linux-based cloud, is out. Here's what it's all about. + +For starters, it's important to understand what the Orange Box is not: A revenue-generating hardware product from Canonical. The company has given no indication so far that it plans to sell these devices on a large scale—although if you truly want you can [buy one][4], for the equivalent of around $12,900, from [TranquilPC Limited][5], the company that has the contract for manufacturing them. + +Primarily, the Orange Box is a tool for convincing enterprises to invest in the Ubuntu-based cloud. It's a key part of the Ubuntu OpenStack strategy that Canonical founder Mark Shuttleworth [outlined last month][6], especially the OpenStack training program the company is offering, called [Jumpstart][7]. + +As part of Jumpstart, Canonical will loan an Orange Box to a participating organization so its employees can practice configuring OpenStack and related software on an Ubuntu cluster. Canonical staff also will provide consultation during the training period. + +But training purposes aside, the Orange Box [looks pretty cool][8]. And with 10 [Intel NUCs][9] inside—packing a collective punch of 160GB of RAM, 1,200GB of storage space and 10 i5 CPUs—the device fits quite a bit of computing power into a tiny space. + +Better still, the Orange Box comes preconfigured with software that provides a basis for launching Ubuntu-based cloud technologies. + +For Canonical, however, the real test will be making sure enterprises take advantage of the Orange Boxes that the company lends them not just to poke around an unusual hardware device, but to experience the Ubuntu cloud in a truly compelling way—compelling enough to convince IT decision-makers to ground the next-generation cloud infrastructure that they are building in Ubuntu. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/062314/canonical-debuts-orange-box-ubuntu-openstack-cloud-demos + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://openstack.org/ +[2]:https://maas.ubuntu.com/ +[3]:http://juju.ubuntu.com/ +[4]:http://www.tranquilpcshop.co.uk/ubuntu-orange-box/ +[5]:http://www.tranquilpcshop.co.uk/ +[6]:http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/051614/shuttleworth-highlights-ubuntu-openstack-cloud-innovations +[7]:http://www.ubuntu.com/cloud/tools/jumpstart +[8]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/06/hands-on-with-canonicals-orange-box-and-a-peek-into-cloud-nirvana/ +[9]:http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/nuc/overview.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140625 Canonical Designers Update Ubuntu Linux Website.md b/sources/news/20140625 Canonical Designers Update Ubuntu Linux Website.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0aceb53c8a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140625 Canonical Designers Update Ubuntu Linux Website.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Canonical Designers Update Ubuntu Linux Website +================================================================================ +> The website for Canonical's Ubuntu Linux operating system has received several enhancements tailored for Chinese speakers, Ubuntu cloud users and others. + +![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/06/untitled_6.png) + +[Ubuntu.com][1], the website of [Canonical][2]'s Linux-based operating system for PCs, servers, the cloud and (maybe soon) mobile devices, has received a series of subtle but significant upgrades recently, and more are on the way. Here's a look at the latest site updates and additions for the cloud, Canonical's partner network and more. + +The Ubuntu design team outlined the enhancements to ubuntu.com in a recent [blog post][3]. The full list of changes is available there, but the most significant tweaks and updates include: + +- The creation of a Chinese site for Ubuntu, [ubuntu-china.cn][4], which could help create new inroads for Canonical in the Asian market, where Ubuntu has traditionally taken a backseat to locally grown Linux distributions. The move may also help to strengthen Canonical's relationship with China-based [Meizu][5], one of the two hardware manufacturers with which it has [partnered][6] to deliver mobile phones running Ubuntu by the end of this year. +- A new version of [Ubuntu Insights][7], a Web portal where Canonical publishes news about the Ubuntu world. + +Those are only the changes that the design team has already completed. Currently in the works for future implementation are: + +- Updates to the Web interface for Canonical's [Juju][8] cloud orchestration service. +- The debut of a series of changes throughout the Ubuntu website that will make it more "[responsive][9]," which means enhancing readability, accessibility and the general visitor experience across different types of devices. +- A new [Ubuntu Partners][10] website. +- Further development of the Chinese Ubuntu website, including the addition of cloud and server sections. + +All of these updates are good news for Canonical's customers and partners. But what makes the changes truly remarkable is how far Ubuntu's Web presence has evolved since the operating system's debut nearly 10 years ago, when ubuntu.com looked like [this][11], and the landing page primarily featured images of people dressed in workout clothes. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/062314/canonical-designers-update-ubuntu-linux-website + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://ubuntu.com/ +[2]:http://canonical.com/ +[3]:http://design.canonical.com/2014/06/latest-from-the-web-team-june-2014/ +[4]:http://ubuntu-china.cn/ +[5]:http://www.meizu.com/ +[6]:http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/022014/ubuntu-linux-phones-will-ship-2014-says-canonical +[7]:http://insights.ubuntu.com/ +[8]:https://juju.ubuntu.com/ +[9]:http://design.canonical.com/2014/03/making-ubuntu-com-responsive/ +[10]:http://www.ubuntu.com/partners +[11]:http://web.archive.org/web/20041106014450/http://www.ubuntu.com/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140625 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md b/sources/news/20140625 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6094b99e87 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140625 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code +================================================================================ +> Google's BoringSSL, a fork of the open source OpenSSL software for encrypting Web data, will spread the open source community's resources thinner. + +![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/06/grayscale6jpgcropdisplay.jpg) + +In the wake of [Heartbleed][1], there may soon be as many variants of the open source OpenSSL software for encrypting Web traffic as there are Pokemon characters—or something like that. A few days ago, Google (GOOG) became the latest organization to announce its own OpenSSL spin, which it's calling BoringSSL. + +Google developer Adam Langley announced BoringSSL—a name he described as "aspirational," presumably because Google hopes the new software will prove more drama-free than OpenSSL—in a [blog post][2] on June 20. + +Google has made its own modifications to the OpenSSL code for some time for use in Chrome and other offerings, Langley said. But going forward, the company intends to fork OpenSSL entirely to create a separate solution, a change it hopes will simplify development on Google's end. + +That said, Langley emphasized that Google is "not aiming to replace OpenSSL as an open source project," and will continue sharing code with the OpenSSL developers when it will help them fix bugs in their own software. Those code contributions will be available under an [ISC license][3], a type of open source license that the [GNU folks][4]—who probably spend more time than anyone else worrying about keeping software Free—regard as essentially [kosher][5]. + +Yet while BoringSSL may do little to upset the Free Software crowd, it's making a confusing situation worse for the open source community. Previously, OpenSSL was the sole widely used open source solution for encrypting traffic sent to and from Web pages on millions of servers. But following the security fiasco called Heartbleed, when it became apparent that a bug (which has now been fixed) in OpenSSL allowed third parties to snoop data, consensus around OpenSSL as the best solution for implementing this very important piece of Web functionality has evaporated. + +Shortly after Heartbleed, a group of open source developers forked the OpenSSL code into [LibReSSL][6] because they believe the former was "[not developed by a responsible team][7]." At the same time, the [Linux Foundation][8] and its partners are spending potentially millions of dollars trying to inject new life—and public faith—into OpenSSL through the [Core Infrastructure Initiative][9]. + +Now Google has gone off on in yet another direction with BoringSSL, a move that does nothing to advance faith in either OpenSSL or LibReSSL. And that means the open source community's development resources are being spread even thinner, a situation that can only be resolved if one OpenSSL-variant emerges to rule them all. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/062314/google-forks-open-source-openssl-web-security-code-boring + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://heartbleed.com/ +[2]:https://www.imperialviolet.org/2014/06/20/boringssl.html +[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISC_license +[4]:https://www.gnu.org/ +[5]:https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#ISC +[6]:http://www.libressl.org/ +[7]:http://opensslrampage.org/post/82973312181/openssl-is-not-developed-by-a-responsible-team +[8]:http://linuxfoundation.org/ +[9]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/053014/core-infrastructure-initiative-endorses-open-source-netwo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140625 Linux Domination or Ubuntu Uncertainty and Nerdy Enlightenment.md b/sources/news/20140625 Linux Domination or Ubuntu Uncertainty and Nerdy Enlightenment.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5aa5c0e487 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140625 Linux Domination or Ubuntu Uncertainty and Nerdy Enlightenment.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +Linux Domination, Ubuntu Uncertainty, and Nerdy Enlightenment +================================================================================ +![](http://www.tuxmachines.org/images/tux.png) + +here are some interesting stories today in Linuxville. Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols is reporting that Linux dominates on supercomputers more than ever. Arstechnica says "Mint 17 is the perfect place for Linux-ers to wait out Ubuntu uncertainty." Linux Tycoon Bryan Lunduke reviews Enlightenment 17 and Jamie Watson says Makulu Linux 6 makes him smile. This and more in tonight's Linux news recap. + +**Over at ZDNet**, Steven J. [Vaughan-Nichols reports][1] the findings that Linux is once again the fastest operating system on the world's leading supercomputers. But not only that, Vaughan-Nichols says, "In the latest contest, not only did Linux dominate, but Linux showed that is slowly pushing out all its competitors." Linux runs on 97% of them. Only two of the Top 500 run Windows, the other 13 Unix. Despite their speed records, Linux developers are still trying to go even faster because Vaughan-Nichols says, "research and businesses, especially the stock markets and trading companies, not only want but need even faster computers." + +**Another notable** on ZDNet today is Jamie Watson's review of Makulu Linux 6.0 KDE saying it's "guaranteed to make you smile." This release ships with Linux 3.14.7, KDE 4.13.1, and a more modern but cranky installer. He says of this release, "It's big, it's beautiful, it's fun, and it is chock full of just about everything imaginable." [He concludes][2] that it's about as much fun as one can have with a Linux distribution. + +**arstechnica** reviews Mint 17 saying it's an important release because of being based on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS. They contend Mint and its users can sit back and enjoy Mint while Ubuntu suffers the growing pains of Mir and Unity until 2016. Reviewer Scott Gilbertson says Mint 17 is a "great base" to update the next two years. He looks at both the Cinnamon and MATE versions of Mint 17 closely, but touches on the Xfce and Debian editions as well as the common elements of them all. [Gilbertson concludes][3], "Linux Mint 17 makes a fantastic Linux desktop right now. It's stable, familiar enough for Windows refugees to pick it up without missing a beat, and has all the familiar tools Ubuntu fans would expect." + +**Speaking of Ubuntu**, The Var Guy posted of the Ubuntu website updates. Posts from the Design Team have been appearing on the company website on the topic of its designs for a while, but today Christopher [Tozzi summed][4] it all up nicely saying, "All of these updates are good news for Canonical's customers and partners. But what makes the changes truly remarkable is how far Ubuntu's Web presence has evolved since the operating system's debut nearly 10 years ago, when ubuntu.com looked like this, and the landing page primarily featured images of people dressed in workout clothes." + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ostatic.com/blog/linux-domination-ubuntu-uncertainty-and-nerdy-enlightenment + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.zdnet.com/linux-dominates-supercomputers-as-never-before-7000030890/ +[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/makulu-linux-6-0-kde-guaranteed-to-make-you-smile-7000030833/ +[3]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/mint-17-the-perfect-place-for-linux-ers-to-wait-out-ubuntu-uncertainty/ +[4]:http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/062314/canonical-designers-update-ubuntu-linux-website \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md b/sources/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fbe8d23a71 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7 +================================================================================ +> RHEL 7 supports Docker containers, systemd, Microsoft-compatible ID management, and XFS for 500TB filesystems + +![](http://www.infoworld.com/sites/infoworld.com/files/media/image/140.jpg) + +After six-plus months of [public beta testing][1] and more than three years after its previous major point release, RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux) version 7 is out. The update speaks to Red Hat's interests in outfitting RHEL with many of the latest enterprise and data center features. Here are the five top-of-the-line new additions to RHEL 7 that caught our eyes. + +### 1. Docker ### + +The biggest new addition to RHEL 7 is [tight integration][2] of [Docker][3], the explosively popular application-virtualization technology. With Docker itself [hitting 1.0 status][4], the timing on RHEL 7 couldn't be more fitting. + +Apps packaged by Docker are isolated from the system and from each other, so they can be moved between systems and still run as expected. RHEL 7 is meant to be able to use Docker as efficiently as possible so that apps don't contend for resources or get confused about which edition of a runtime to use. + +Long-term plans on the road map for Docker in RHEL involve possibly breaking the OS itself into a series of Docker containers, allowing as little or as much of a system to be deployed as needed with minimal overhead. Dubbed "[Project Atomic][5]," the initiative is still in the early stages, with Red Hat planning to deploy it first via its Fedora Linux distribution, nominally used as a testing ground for cutting-edge technologies. + +### 2. Systemd ### + +The inclusion of the systemd process manager may spark controversy among system administrators and Linux mavens. Systemd was developed to replace the init system in use since the days of proprietary Unix, and it allows, for example, more efficient loading of services during the boot process. + +With systemd as a potential sore spot, Red Hat has not rushed in to add it. Fedora has included systemd as a default since version 15, released in 2010, giving Red Hat good experience with how systemd behaves in the real world. Also, systemd isn't joining RHEL 7 arbitrarily, but as part of larger plans for the OS. Red Hat wants to enhance the way Docker containers are supported in RHEL 7 by using systemd, for example. + +### 3. XFS by default ### + +A third major change, though not likely to raise nearly as many eyebrows, applies to the default file system used by RHEL to XFS. + +Originally created by Silicon Graphics International, XFS has long been in production use with Linux systems, and on RHEL 7 it'll support file systems of up to 500TB in size. RHEL 6 used ext4 as the default, although it shipped with XFS as an option. Red Hat competitor Suse Linux [also supports XFS][6], although it [defaults to ext3][7] on installation. + +Unfortunately, there's no real way to migrate from other file systems currently in use on RHEL -- such as ext4 or btrfs-- other than backing up and restoring. + +### 4. Microsoft-compatible identity management ### + +Even admins who aren't fans of Microsoft Windows have a grudging respect for Microsoft Active Directory. RHEL 7 improves the way RHEL deals with AD by adding two key new features. Cross-realm trusts can now be established between RHEL 7 and AD, so AD users can access resources on the Linux side without having to go through another sign-on step. The other big AD-related addition to RHEL 7, realmd, automates both the discovery of AD (or other Red Hat identity services) based on DNS information and the process of joining to it. + +### 5. Performance Co-Pilot ### + +Performance tuning without live statistics is like driving with the windshield painted over, so RHEL 7 introduces a new performance-monitoring system PCP ([Performance Co-Pilot][8]), [originally created][9] by Silicon Graphics International but now available as part of RHEL 7. In addition to monitoring and recording system stats, PCP sports APIs and a tool set for making that data available to other subsystems, such as -- you guessed it -- the newly introduced systemd. + +Another minor addition in this vein: new performance profiles. RHEL 6 already had performance profiles, which are ways to tune RHEL overall to meet specific usage scenarios. RHEL 7 not only defaults to a new profile that emphasizes maximum throughput performance, but includes another new default profile for balancing performance against energy savings. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via:http://www.infoworld.com/t/linux/keep-eye-these-5-new-features-in-rhel-7-244023 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/linux/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-beta-now-available-232520 +[2]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/application-virtualization/red-hat-fast-tracks-docker-apps-enterprise-linux-238122 +[3]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/application-virtualization/docker-unleashed-app-portability-gets-boost-231716 +[4]:http://www.infoworld.com/d/application-development/review-docker-10-ready-prime-time-243935 +[5]:http://www.projectatomic.io/ +[6]:https://www.suse.com/products/server/technical-information/ +[7]:https://www.suse.com/products/server/technical-information/ +[8]:http://developerblog.redhat.com/2013/11/19/exploratory-performance-pcp/ +[9]:http://oss.sgi.com/projects/pcp/index.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md b/sources/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ba7ca167c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +Betty: Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands +================================================================================ +**Betty** is an open source tool that translates English-like phrases into Linux commands. The main goal of this project is to use the Linux powered systems through natural language input. Let us see some examples how it works. + +### Installation ### + +Betty installation is very simple and straight forward. Make sure you’ve installed the following prerequisites packages. + +#### On Debian based systems: #### + + sudo apt-get install git curl ruby + +On RPM based systems: + + yum install git curl ruby + +Now, git clone the Betty repository to any preferred location. I am going to clone the betty repo in my home directory **i.e /home/sk/**. + + git clone https://github.com/pickhardt/betty + +Add the betty alias in your bashrc file. + + sudo nano ~/.bashrc + +Add the following line at the end: + + alias betty="/home/sk/betty/main.rb" + +Make sure you’ve replaced the correct path of the betty directory. + +It’s done. Now, it’s time to play with betty. + +### Usage ### + +You should include the word “betty” in-front of every English phrases. As you may know already, if we want to know the user name of our system, we run the following command: + + whoami + +Sample output: + + sk + +As you see above, my current user name is **sk**. Well, now we can get the same result using betty as shown below. + + betty whats my username + +Sample output: + + Betty: Running whoami + sk + +Cool, isn’t it? Yes. Betty understands the normal English phrase “whats my username” that I entered, and ran the command “whoami” automatically, and finally displayed the correct output. + +Let us see some other commands too. + +Betty will respond in multiple ways if you didn’t enter exactly what you’re looking for. For example, we run the following command: + + betty whats my name + +Betty isn’t sure whether she should find the system username or full name. In this case, she will ask you multiple questions to find the exact result. As you see below, Betty asks me which command(whoami or finger $(whoami) | sed ‘s/.*: *//;q’) should I want to execute. I just want it to display my username, so i chose number **1**. + + Betty: Okay, I have multiple ways to respond. + Betty: Enter the number of the command you want me to run, or N (no) if you don't want me to run any. + [1] whoami + Gets your system username. + [2] finger $(whoami) | sed 's/.*: *//;q' + Gets your full name. + 1 + Betty: Running whoami + sk + +### Compress And Uncompress Folders ### + +If you want to compress a file or a folder, use the following command. For example, I want to compress a folder called “test” folder in my home directory. + + betty compress test/ test.tar.gz + +Sample output: + + Betty: Running tar -czvf test.tar.gz test/ + test/ + test/home/ + test/home/sk/ + test/home/sk/test/ + test/home/sk/test/sample + +Similarly, we can use the following command to uncompress an archive file. + + betty uncompress test.tar.gz + +Sample output: + + Betty: Running mkdir test && tar -zxvf test.tar.gz -C test + test/ + test/home/ + test/home/sk/ + test/home/sk/test/ + test/home/sk/test/sample + +### Complete list of Betty commands ### + +Betty tool has some command formats. It doesn’t understand if you put the command “what is my user name” instead of “whats my username”. So, you have to enter the correct English phrase that supported by Betty. + +The complete list of supported commands are given below. + + Count: + betty how many words are in this directory + betty how many characters are in myfile.py + betty count lines in this folder + (Note that there's many ways to say more or less the same thing.) + + Config: + betty change your name to Joe + betty speak to me + betty stop speaking to me + + Datetime: + betty what time is it + betty what is todays date + betty what month is it + betty whats today + + Find: + betty find me all files that contain california + + Internet: + betty download http://www.mysite.com/something.tar.gz to something.tar.gz + betty uncompress something.tar.gz + betty unarchive something.tar.gz to somedir + (You can use unzip, unarchive, untar, uncompress, and expand interchangeably.) + betty compress /path/to/dir + + iTunes: + betty mute itunes + betty unmute itunes + betty pause the music + betty resume itunes + betty stop my music + betty next song + betty prev track + betty what song is playing + (Note that the words song, track, music, etc. are interchangeable) + + Fun: + betty go crazy + betty whats the meaning of life + ...and more that are left for you to discover! + + Map: + betty show me a map of mountain view + + Meta: + betty what version are you (or just betty version) + betty whats your github again + + Permissions: + betty give me permission to this directory + betty give anotheruser ownership of myfile.txt + + Process: + betty show me all processes by root containing grep + betty show me all my processes containing netbio + + Sizes: + betty show size for myfile.txt + + Spotify: + betty play spotify + betty pause spotify + betty next spotify + betty previous spotify + + User: + betty whats my username + betty whats my real name + betty whats my ip address + betty who else is logged in + betty whats my version of ruby + + Web queries: + betty turn web on + betty please tell me what is the weather like in London + +Betty seems very nice tool to Linux novice users. Hope this tool will useful for you too. + +Cheers! + +Source: + +- [Betty Homepage][1] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/betty-translate-english-phrases-linux-commands/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://github.com/pickhardt/betty \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4b3aab3993 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +Create A “.deb Pacakge Repository” at Sourceforge.net Using “Reprepro” Tool in Ubuntu +================================================================================ +**Reprepro** is a small command-line tool to create and manage **.deb** repositories easily, Today we’ll be showing how to create a Debian package repositories easily using reprepro and how to upload it to Sourceforge.net using **rsync** command. + +![Create Deb Package Repository](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Create-Debian-Package-Repository1.png) + +### Step 1: Install Reprepro and Generate Key ### + +First, install all the necessary packages, using the following apt-get command. + + $ sudo apt-get install reprepro gnupg + +Now you need to generate a gpg key using gnupg, to do this, apply this command. + + $ gpg --gen-key + +It will ask you some questions, like the kind of the key you want, how long the key should be valid, if you don’t know what to answer, just click **Enter** for the default options (recommended). + +Of course, it will ask you for a username and a password, keep those in mind, because we will need them later. + + gpg (GnuPG) 1.4.14; Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. + There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. + + Please select what kind of key you want: + (1) RSA and RSA (default) + (2) DSA and Elgamal + (3) DSA (sign only) + (4) RSA (sign only) + Your selection? + RSA keys may be between 1024 and 4096 bits long. + What keysize do you want? (2048) + Requested keysize is 2048 bits + Please specify how long the key should be valid. + 0 = key does not expire + = key expires in n days + w = key expires in n weeks + m = key expires in n months + y = key expires in n years + Key is valid for? (0) + Key does not expire at all + Is this correct? (y/N) Y + + You need a user ID to identify your key; the software constructs the user ID + from the Real Name, Comment and Email Address in this form: + "Heinrich Heine (Der Dichter) " + + Real name: ravisaive + Email address: tecmint.com@gmail.com + Comment: tecmint + You selected this USER-ID: + "Ravi Saive (tecmint) " + + Change (N)ame, (C)omment, (E)mail or (O)kay/(Q)uit? O + You need a Passphrase to protect your secret key. + + We need to generate a lot of random bytes. It is a good idea to perform + some other action (type on the keyboard, move the mouse, utilize the + disks) during the prime generation; this gives the random number + generator a better chance to gain enough entropy. + + +++++ + gpg: key 2EB446DD marked as ultimately trusted + public and secret key created and signed. + + gpg: checking the trustdb + gpg: 3 marginal(s) needed, 1 complete(s) needed, PGP trust model + gpg: depth: 0 valid: 1 signed: 0 trust: 0-, 0q, 0n, 0m, 0f, 1u + pub 2048R/2EB446DD 2014-06-24 + Key fingerprint = D222 B1C9 342E 5911 02B1 9147 3BD6 7918 2EB4 46DD + uid Ravi Saive (tecmint) + sub 2048R/7EF2F750 2014-06-24 + +Now your key will be generated, to Check if so, run this command as a root privileges. + + $ sudo gpg --list-keys + +#### Sample Output #### + + /home/ravisaive/.gnupg/pubring.gpg + ---------------------------------- + pub 2048R/2EB446DD 2014-06-24 + uid ravisaive (tecmint) + sub 2048R/7EF2F750 2014-06-24 + +### Step 2: Create a Package Repository and Export Key ### + +We’ll start the work now to create the repository, first you have to create some folders, our repository will be in **/var/www/apt** directory, so let’s create some folders. + + $ sudo su + # cd /var/www + # mkdir apt + # mkdir -p ./apt/incoming + # mkdir -p ./apt/conf + # mkdir -p ./apt/key + +You have now to export the key you created to the repository folder, run. + + # gpg --armor --export username yourmail@mail.com >> /var/www/apt/key/deb.gpg.key + +Note: Replace username with the username you entered in above step, and yourmail@mail.com with your email. + +We need to create a file called “**distributions**” inside **/var/www/apt/conf**. + + # touch /var/www/apt/conf/distributions + +Add these following lines to the distributions file and save the file. + + Origin: (yourname) + Label: (name of repository) + Suite: (stable or unstable) + Codename: (the codename for the distribution you are using, like trusty) + Version: (the version for the distribution you are using, like 14.04) + Architectures: (the repository packages architecture, like i386 or amd64) + Components: (main restricted universe multiverse) + Description: (Some information about the repository) + SignWith: yes + +Next, We’ll have to create the repository tree, to do this, run those commands. + + # reprepro --ask-passphrase -Vb /var/www/apt export + +#### Sample Output #### + + Created directory "/var/www/apt/db" + Exporting Trusty... + Created directory "/var/www/apt/dists" + Created directory "/var/www/apt/dists/Trusty" + Created directory "/var/www/apt/dists/Trusty/universe" + Created directory "/var/www/apt/dists/Trusty/universe/binary-i386" + FF5097B479C8220C ravisaive (tecmint) needs a passphrase + Please enter passphrase: + Successfully created '/var/www/apt/dists/Trusty/Release.gpg.new' + FF5097B479C8220C ravisaive (tecmint) needs a passphrase + Please enter passphrase: + Successfully created '/var/www/apt/dists/Trusty/InRelease.new' + +### Step 3: Add Packages to Newly Created Repository ### + +Now prepare your **.deb** packages to be added to the repository. Go to the **/var/www/apt** directory, you have to do this each time you want to add packages. + + # cd /var/www/apt + # reprepro --ask-passphrase -Vb . includedeb Trusty /home/ravisaive/packages.deb + +**Note**: Replace **trusty** with the codename you entered for the repository in the distributions file, and replace **/home/username/package.deb** with the path to the package, you will be asked for the passphrase to enter. + +#### Sample Output #### + + /home/ravisaive/packages.deb : component guessed as 'universe' + Created directory "./pool" + Created directory "./pool/universe" + Created directory "./pool/universe/o" + Created directory "./pool/universe/o/ojuba-personal-lock" + Exporting indices... + FF5097B479C8220C ravisaive (tecmint) needs a passphrase + Please enter passphrase: + Successfully created './dists/Trusty/Release.gpg.new' + FF5097B479C8220C ravisaive (tecmint) needs a passphrase + Please enter passphrase: + Successfully created './dists/Trusty/InRelease.new' + +Your package is added to the repository, to remove it. + + # reprepro --ask-passphrase -Vb /var/www/apt remove trusty package.deb + +And of course, you need to modify the command with your package name and the repository codename. + +### Step 4: Upload Repository to Sourceforge.net ### + +To upload the repository to **Sourceforge.net**, you need to have a running account there of course, and a running project, let’s assume that you want to upload the repository to **http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository** where myfoo is your project name (UNIX name, not URL, not the Title), and testrepository is the folder where you want to upload the files into, We will do this using [rsync command][1]. + + # rsync -avP -e ssh /var/www/apt/ username@frs.sourceforge.net:/home/frs/project/myfoo/testrepository/ + +**Note**: Replace username with your username on sourceforge.net and myfoo with your project UNIX-name and testrepository with the folder you want to store the files in. + +Now thats your repository is uploaded to **http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository**, to add it to your installed system, first you have to import the repository key, it will be in **/var/www/apt/key/deb.gpg.key**, but that’s a local path and the users for your repository won’t be able to add it to their systems, thats why we’ll be importing the key from sourceforge.net. + + $ sudo su + # wget -O - http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository/apt/key/deb.gpg.key | apt-key add - + +You can add the repository easily now to your system, open **/etc/apt/sources.list** and add this line. + + deb http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository/apt/key/deb.gpg.key trusty main + +**Note**: Replace myfoo with your project UNIX-Name, trusty with your repository codename, testrepository with the folder you uploaded the files into, and main with repository components you added to the distributions file. +Next, run following to update the repositories list. + + $ sudo apt-get update + +**Congratulations**! Your repository is active! You can now install packages easily from it if you want. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/create-deb-pacakge-repository-in-ubuntu/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/rsync-local-remote-file-synchronization-commands/ \ No newline at end of file From 655032417e7d00025025beb25a2671a6141bb252 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: CNprober Date: Wed, 25 Jun 2014 22:05:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 403/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8D=A0=E5=9D=91=EF=BC=8C=E6=98=8E?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=A4=A9=E5=BC=80=E7=BF=BB=20Betty--Translate=20...?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md b/sources/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md index ba7ca167c6..d54f40f309 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +CNprober翻译中。。。619913541 + Betty: Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands ================================================================================ **Betty** is an open source tool that translates English-like phrases into Linux commands. The main goal of this project is to use the Linux powered systems through natural language input. Let us see some examples how it works. From f99d77254f102cbe386e9edf53f4eae6563fd833 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 08:35:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 404/713] Translated:20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md --- ...irectory navigation in a Linux terminal.md | 88 ------------------- ...irectory navigation in a Linux terminal.md | 87 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md b/sources/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md deleted file mode 100644 index 36aa1127a7..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,88 +0,0 @@ -Translating by GOLinux -How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal -================================================================================ -As useful as navigating through directories from the command line is, rarely anything has become as frustrating as repeating over and over "cd ls cd ls cd ls ..." If you are not a hundred percent sure of the name of the directory you want to go to next, you have to use ls. Then use cd to go where you want to. Hopefully, a lot of terminals and shell languages now propose a powerful auto-completion feature to cope with that problem. But it remains that you have to hit the tabulation key frenetically all the time. If you are as lazy as I am, you will be very interested in autojump. autojump is a command line utility that allows you to jump straight to your favorite directory, regardless of where you currently are. - -### Install autojump on Linux ### - -To install autojump on Ubuntu or Debian: - - $ sudo apt-get install autojump - -To install autojump on CentOS or Fedora, use yum command. On CentOS, you need to [enable EPEL repository][1] first. - - $ sudo yum install autojump - -To install autojump on Archlinux: - - $ sudo pacman -S autojump - -If you cannot find a package for your distribution, you can always compile from the sources on [GitHub][2]. - -### Basic Usage of autojump ### - -The way autojump works is simple: it records your current location every time you launch a command, and adds it in its database. That way, some directories will be added more than others, typically your most important ones, and their "weight" will then be greater. - -From there you can jump straight to them using the syntax: - - autojump [name or partial name of the directory] - -Notice that you do not need a full name as autojump will go through its database and return its most probable result. - -For example, assume that we are working in a directory structure such as the following. - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3921/14276240117_9f56b42fec_z.jpg) - -Then the command below will take you straight to /root/home/doc regardless of where you were. - - $ autojump do - -If you hate typing too, I recommend making an alias for autojump or using the default one. - - $ j [name or partial name of the directory] - -Another notable feature is that autojump supports both zsh shell and auto-completion. If you are not sure of where you are about to jump, just hit the tabulation key and you will see the full path. - -So keeping the same example, typing: - - $ autojump d - -and then hitting tab will return either /root/home/doc or /root/home/ddl. - -Finally for the advanced user, you can access the directory database and modify its content. It then becomes possible to manually add a directory to it via: - - $ autojump -a [directory] - -If you suddenly want to make it your favorite and most frequently used folder, you can artificially increase its weight by launching from within it the command - - $ autojump -i [weight] - -This will result in this directory being more likely to be selected to jump to. The opposite would be to decrease its weight with: - - $ autojump -d [weight] - -To keep track of all these changes, typing: - - $ autojump -s - -will display the statistics in the database, while: - - $ autojump --purge - -will remove from the database any directory that does not exist anymore. - -To conclude, autojump will be appreciated by all the command line power users. Whether you are ssh-ing into a server, or just like to do things the old fashion way, reducing your navigation time with fewer keystrokes is always a plus. If you are really into that kind of utilities, you should definitely look into [Fasd][3] too, which deserves a post in itself. - -What do you think of autojump? Do you use it regularly? Let us know in the comments. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/speed-up-directory-navigation-linux-terminal.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html -[2]:https://github.com/joelthelion/autojump -[3]:https://github.com/clvv/fasd diff --git a/translated/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md b/translated/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..570ee173d0 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +在Linux终端中加速目录导航 +================================================================================ +与在命令行中导航目录一样令人称道的是，很少有比一遍又一遍重复”cd ls cd ls cd ls……“更令人沮丧的事情了。如果你不是百分百确定你想要进入的下一个目录的名字，那么你不得不使用ls来确认，然后使用cd来进入你想要进的那一个。所幸的是，现在大量的终端和shell语言提供了强大的自动补全功能来处理该问题。但是，你仍然需要一直疯狂地敲击制表键来干这事。如果你和我一样懒惰，你就会对autojump十分痴迷。自动跳转是一个命令行工具，它允许你可以直接跳转到你喜爱的目录，而不用管你现在身在何处。 + +### 在Linux上安装autojump ### + +在Ubuntu或Debian上autojump： + + $ sudo apt-get install autojump + +要在CentOS或Fedora上安装autojump，请使用yum命令。在CentOS上，你需要先[启用EPEL仓库][1]。 + + $ sudo yum install autojump + +在Archlinux上安装autojump： + + $ sudo pacman -S autojump + +如果你找不到适合你的版本的包，你可以从[GitHub][2]上下载源码包来编译。 + +### autojump的基本用法 ### + +autojump的工作方式很简单：它会在你每次启动命令时记录你当前位置，并把它添加进它自身的数据库中。那样，某些目录比其它一些目录添加的次数多，这些目录一般就代表你最重要的目录，而它们的“weight”也会增大。 + +从那儿，你可以使用下面的语法来直接跳转到这些目录： + + autojump [name or partial name of the directory] + +注意，你不需要输入完整的名称，因为autojump会检索它的数据库，并返回最可能的结果。 + +例如，假定我们正在下面的目录结构中工作。 + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3921/14276240117_9f56b42fec_z.jpg) + +那么下面的命令将直接让你跳到/root/home/doc下，不管你当前位置在哪里。 + + $ autojump do + +如果你也很讨厌打字，那么我推荐你为autojump起个别名，或者使用默认的别名。 + + $ j [name or partial name of the directory] + +另外一个引人注目的功能是，autojump支持 + +还是同样的例子，输入： + + $ autojump d + +然后敲击tab键，将会返回/root/home/doc或者/root/home/ddl。 + +最后，对于高级用户，你可以访问目录数据库，并修改它的内容。它使得使用下面的命令来手动添加一个目录成为可能： + + $ autojump -a [directory] + +如果你突然想要把它变成你的最爱和使用最频繁的文件夹，你可以通过命令的内部参数来手工增加它的weight + + $ autojump -i [weight] + +这将使得该目录更可能被选择跳转。相反的例子是使用内部参数来减少weight： + + $ autojump -d [weight] + +要跟踪所有这些改变，输入： + + $ autojump -s + +这会显示数据库中的统计数据，然而： + + $ autojump --purge + +上面的命令将会把不再存在的目录从数据库移除。 + +简言之，autojump将会受到所有命令行高级用户的欢迎。不管你是在ssh进一台服务器，还是仅仅想要追随复古潮流，敲更少的键来减少导航时间总是件好事。如果你真的热衷于此类工具，你也肯定会看看[Fasd][3]，它应该会很称职。 + +你觉得autojump怎么样？你会经常用它么？发表一下你的评论吧。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/speed-up-directory-navigation-linux-terminal.html + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html +[2]:https://github.com/joelthelion/autojump +[3]:https://github.com/clvv/fasd From 657304a6290f2eea0e56b6003b67edb78f5de076 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 09:45:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 405/713] [Translating]Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out --- ...pen Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md | 5 ++++- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md b/sources/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md index 1255d562c4..f771e53f26 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +Translating-----------geekpi + + Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out ================================================================================ ![Curlew interface](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Open-Source-Multimedia-Converter-Curlew-0-1-22-3-Is-Out-448028-2.jpg) @@ -35,4 +38,4 @@ via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Open-Source-Multimedia-Converter-Curlew-0-1- [1]:http://gtk-apps.org/content/show.php/Curlew?content=155664 [2]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/curlew/files/curlew-0.1.22.3/curlew_0.1.22.3ubuntu14.04_all.deb/download -[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/curlew/files/curlew-0.1.22.3/curlew-0.1.22.3.tar.gz/download \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/curlew/files/curlew-0.1.22.3/curlew-0.1.22.3.tar.gz/download From db1aa90e70da9aebbce7ec074d7fb8f419b300c3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 10:01:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 406/713] [Translated]Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out --- ...imedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md | 41 ------------------- ...imedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md | 39 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 39 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md b/sources/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md deleted file mode 100644 index f771e53f26..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,41 +0,0 @@ -Translating-----------geekpi - - -Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out -================================================================================ -![Curlew interface](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Open-Source-Multimedia-Converter-Curlew-0-1-22-3-Is-Out-448028-2.jpg) - -**Curlew, an easy to use, free, and open source multimedia converter for Linux, has reached version 0.1.22.3.** - -Curlew can be used to convert more than 100 different formats, show detailed file information, preview conversion, insert subtitles, and much more. - -According to the changelog, the last size and position is now remembered from one instance to another, a few missing dialog icons have been added, and the filesystem is now synced before suspending. - -The application has a number of dependencies: at least python version 2.7 (no more than 3.0), python-gobject 3.0, gir1.2-gtk 3.0, ffmpeg 0.8, libav-tools 0.8, mencoder, libavcodec-extra, xdg-utils, and mediainfo. - -The guys from noobslab.com also provide an easy way of installing the application with the help of a PPA. All you have to do is to enter a few commands in the terminal (you will need to be root in order to make it work): - - sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps - sudo apt-get update - sudo apt-get install curlew - -Check out the official [changelog][1] for a complete list of new features and updates. - -You can download the Curlew 0.1.22.3 source package: - -- [Ubuntu 14.04 DEB ALL][2][ubuntu_deb] [172 KB] -- [tar.gz][3][sources] [152 KB] - -Remember that this is a development version and it should NOT be installed on production machines. It is intended for testing purposes only. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Open-Source-Multimedia-Converter-Curlew-0-1-22-3-Is-Out-448028.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://gtk-apps.org/content/show.php/Curlew?content=155664 -[2]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/curlew/files/curlew-0.1.22.3/curlew_0.1.22.3ubuntu14.04_all.deb/download -[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/curlew/files/curlew-0.1.22.3/curlew-0.1.22.3.tar.gz/download diff --git a/translated/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md b/translated/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6f7077377d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +开源多媒体转换器Curlew 0.1.22.3发布了 +================================================================================ +![Curlew interface](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Open-Source-Multimedia-Converter-Curlew-0-1-22-3-Is-Out-448028-2.jpg) + +**Curlew是linux下的一款容易使用,开源多媒体转换器,现在的版本是0.1.22.3。** + + +Curlew可以转换超过100种不同的格式、显示文件的详细信息、转换预览、插入字幕等等。 + +根据变更日志，转换前后实例的最后大小和位置会被记住、加入了一些失去对话图标、文件系统会在挂起前同步。 + +这个程序有一些依赖：至少Python 2.7 （小于3.0）、python-gobject 3.0、gir1.2-gtk 3.0、 ffmpeg 0.8、libav-tools 0.8、 mencoder、libavcodec-extra、xdg-utils、mediainfo。 + +来自noobslab.com的人提供一种通过PPA来简单地安装这个应用的方法。你要做的是在命令行下输入少量的命令（你需要使用root权限来生效） + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps + sudo apt-get update + sudo apt-get install curlew + +查看官方[更新日志][1]来获取完整的特性与更新列表。 + +你可以下载Curlew 0.1.22.3 的软件包： + +- [Ubuntu 14.04 DEB ALL][2][ubuntu_deb] [172 KB] +- [tar.gz][3][sources] [152 KB] + +记住这是一个开发版因此不应该安装在生产机器上。它只用于测试。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Open-Source-Multimedia-Converter-Curlew-0-1-22-3-Is-Out-448028.shtml + +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://gtk-apps.org/content/show.php/Curlew?content=155664 +[2]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/curlew/files/curlew-0.1.22.3/curlew_0.1.22.3ubuntu14.04_all.deb/download +[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/curlew/files/curlew-0.1.22.3/curlew-0.1.22.3.tar.gz/download From 88595f119cf07822a62bad3b1e387a6795a2ad13 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 10:01:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 407/713] =?UTF-8?q?[Translating]Create=20A=20=E2=80=9C.deb?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Pacakge=20Repository=E2=80=9D=20at=20Sourceforge.net=20Using?= =?UTF-8?q?=20=E2=80=9CReprepro=E2=80=9D=20Tool=20in=20Ubuntu?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...y' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md | 6 +++++- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md index 4b3aab3993..4ef2e846e4 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md @@ -1,3 +1,7 @@ +Translating-----------geekpi + + + Create A “.deb Pacakge Repository” at Sourceforge.net Using “Reprepro” Tool in Ubuntu ================================================================================ **Reprepro** is a small command-line tool to create and manage **.deb** repositories easily, Today we’ll be showing how to create a Debian package repositories easily using reprepro and how to upload it to Sourceforge.net using **rsync** command. @@ -197,4 +201,4 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/create-deb-pacakge-repository-in-ubuntu/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/rsync-local-remote-file-synchronization-commands/ \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/rsync-local-remote-file-synchronization-commands/ From c200c96ef213e331140a0e39420ebc4744e6df01 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 10:42:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 408/713] Update 20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md --- ...rge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md | 69 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md index 4ef2e846e4..9c33329655 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md @@ -1,26 +1,22 @@ -Translating-----------geekpi - - - -Create A “.deb Pacakge Repository” at Sourceforge.net Using “Reprepro” Tool in Ubuntu +在Ubuntu下使用“Reprepro”工具在Sourceforge.net中创建".deb"包仓库 ================================================================================ -**Reprepro** is a small command-line tool to create and manage **.deb** repositories easily, Today we’ll be showing how to create a Debian package repositories easily using reprepro and how to upload it to Sourceforge.net using **rsync** command. +**Reprepro**是一款小巧的命令行工具来方便地创建并管理**.deb**仓库。今天我们会战士如何人使用reprepro简单地创建一个Debian包仓库，并使用**rsync**上传到Sourceforge.net。 ![Create Deb Package Repository](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Create-Debian-Package-Repository1.png) -### Step 1: Install Reprepro and Generate Key ### +### 步骤 1: 安装Reprepro并生成key ### -First, install all the necessary packages, using the following apt-get command. +首先，安装所有需要的包，使用下面的apt-get命令。 $ sudo apt-get install reprepro gnupg -Now you need to generate a gpg key using gnupg, to do this, apply this command. +现在你需要使用hnupg生成一个gpg key，这里使用下面的命令。 $ gpg --gen-key -It will ask you some questions, like the kind of the key you want, how long the key should be valid, if you don’t know what to answer, just click **Enter** for the default options (recommended). +它会询问你一些问题，比如你想要哪种key、key的有效期、如果你不知道如何回答，只需点击**Enter** 来选择默认选项（建议） -Of course, it will ask you for a username and a password, keep those in mind, because we will need them later. +当然，它会询问你用户名和密码，在脑海中记住这些，因为我们会在之后需要它。 gpg (GnuPG) 1.4.14; Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. @@ -75,11 +71,11 @@ Of course, it will ask you for a username and a password, keep those in mind, be uid Ravi Saive (tecmint) sub 2048R/7EF2F750 2014-06-24 -Now your key will be generated, to Check if so, run this command as a root privileges. +现在你的key已经生成了，要检查一下，用root权限运行这条命令。 $ sudo gpg --list-keys -#### Sample Output #### +#### 示例输出 #### /home/ravisaive/.gnupg/pubring.gpg ---------------------------------- @@ -87,9 +83,9 @@ Now your key will be generated, to Check if so, run this command as a root privi uid ravisaive (tecmint) sub 2048R/7EF2F750 2014-06-24 -### Step 2: Create a Package Repository and Export Key ### +### 步骤 2: 创建一个包仓库并导出key ### -We’ll start the work now to create the repository, first you have to create some folders, our repository will be in **/var/www/apt** directory, so let’s create some folders. +我们现在要开始创建仓库，首先你需要创建一些文件夹，我们的仓库会在**/var/www/apt**目录，让我们先创建这些目录。 $ sudo su # cd /var/www @@ -98,17 +94,17 @@ We’ll start the work now to create the repository, first you have to create so # mkdir -p ./apt/conf # mkdir -p ./apt/key -You have now to export the key you created to the repository folder, run. +你现在需要将key导出到仓库文件夹，运行： # gpg --armor --export username yourmail@mail.com >> /var/www/apt/key/deb.gpg.key -Note: Replace username with the username you entered in above step, and yourmail@mail.com with your email. +注意：用你之前步骤中输入的用户名代替username，用你的email代替yourmail@mail.com。 -We need to create a file called “**distributions**” inside **/var/www/apt/conf**. +我们需要在**/var/www/apt/conf**创建一个文件“**distributions**”。 # touch /var/www/apt/conf/distributions -Add these following lines to the distributions file and save the file. +加入下面这几行到distributions这个文件中并保存。 Origin: (yourname) Label: (name of repository) @@ -120,11 +116,11 @@ Add these following lines to the distributions file and save the file. Description: (Some information about the repository) SignWith: yes -Next, We’ll have to create the repository tree, to do this, run those commands. +接下来我们会创建仓库树，运行这些命令： # reprepro --ask-passphrase -Vb /var/www/apt export -#### Sample Output #### +#### 示例输出 #### Created directory "/var/www/apt/db" Exporting Trusty... @@ -139,16 +135,16 @@ Next, We’ll have to create the repository tree, to do this, run those commands Please enter passphrase: Successfully created '/var/www/apt/dists/Trusty/InRelease.new' -### Step 3: Add Packages to Newly Created Repository ### +### 步骤 3: 在新创建的仓库中加入包 ### -Now prepare your **.deb** packages to be added to the repository. Go to the **/var/www/apt** directory, you have to do this each time you want to add packages. +现在准备你的**.deb**包来加入到仓库中。进入 **/var/www/apt**目录，你每次要加包的时候都不得不这么做。 # cd /var/www/apt # reprepro --ask-passphrase -Vb . includedeb Trusty /home/ravisaive/packages.deb -**Note**: Replace **trusty** with the codename you entered for the repository in the distributions file, and replace **/home/username/package.deb** with the path to the package, you will be asked for the passphrase to enter. +**注意**:用你在distributions文件中输入的仓库代号来代替**trusty** ，并且用包的路径替换**/home/username/package.deb**，你会被要求输入密码。 -#### Sample Output #### +#### 示例输出#### /home/ravisaive/packages.deb : component guessed as 'universe' Created directory "./pool" @@ -163,41 +159,42 @@ Now prepare your **.deb** packages to be added to the repository. Go to the **/v Please enter passphrase: Successfully created './dists/Trusty/InRelease.new' -Your package is added to the repository, to remove it. +你的包已经加入了仓库，要移除它： # reprepro --ask-passphrase -Vb /var/www/apt remove trusty package.deb -And of course, you need to modify the command with your package name and the repository codename. +当然你需要用你的包名与仓库代号来修改命令。 -### Step 4: Upload Repository to Sourceforge.net ### +### 步骤 4: 上传仓库到Sourceforge.net ### -To upload the repository to **Sourceforge.net**, you need to have a running account there of course, and a running project, let’s assume that you want to upload the repository to **http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository** where myfoo is your project name (UNIX name, not URL, not the Title), and testrepository is the folder where you want to upload the files into, We will do this using [rsync command][1]. +要上传仓库到**Sourceforge.net**，你当然需要一个活跃账号与一个活跃项目，让我假设你想要上传仓库到**http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository**，这里的myfoo是项目名（UNIX名称，不是URL，不是标题），testrepository是你想要上传文件到这上面的目录，这里我们会使用[rsync 命令][1] # rsync -avP -e ssh /var/www/apt/ username@frs.sourceforge.net:/home/frs/project/myfoo/testrepository/ -**Note**: Replace username with your username on sourceforge.net and myfoo with your project UNIX-name and testrepository with the folder you want to store the files in. +**注意**：用你在sourceforge.net上的用户名代替username，用你的项目的UNIX类型名称代替myfoo，用你想要存储的文件夹代替testrepository。 -Now thats your repository is uploaded to **http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository**, to add it to your installed system, first you have to import the repository key, it will be in **/var/www/apt/key/deb.gpg.key**, but that’s a local path and the users for your repository won’t be able to add it to their systems, thats why we’ll be importing the key from sourceforge.net. +现在你的仓库上传到了**http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository**，要把它加入到已安装的系统，首先你需要导入仓库key，它会在**/var/www/apt/key/deb.gpg.key**，但是这是一个本地路径，并且你仓库的用户不能添加到他们的系统中，这就是为什么我们要导入来自sourceforge.net的key的原因。 $ sudo su # wget -O - http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository/apt/key/deb.gpg.key | apt-key add - -You can add the repository easily now to your system, open **/etc/apt/sources.list** and add this line. +你现在可以非常轻松地把仓库加入到系统中了，打开**/etc/apt/sources.list**，并加入下面这行： deb http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository/apt/key/deb.gpg.key trusty main -**Note**: Replace myfoo with your project UNIX-Name, trusty with your repository codename, testrepository with the folder you uploaded the files into, and main with repository components you added to the distributions file. -Next, run following to update the repositories list. +**Note**：用你的项目的UNIX类型名称代替myfoo，用你的仓库代码代替trusty，用你上传存储的文件夹代替testrepository，用你在distributionsj加入的仓库组件代替main。 + +接下来，运行下面的命令来更新仓库列表。 $ sudo apt-get update -**Congratulations**! Your repository is active! You can now install packages easily from it if you want. +**祝贺你**! 你的软件仓库已经激活了！你现在可以非常简单地在你需要的时候安装包了。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.tecmint.com/create-deb-pacakge-repository-in-ubuntu/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 941bc6d1308bd9cc6a0f9739977640d1be60dddf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 10:42:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 409/713] Rename sources/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md to translated/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md --- ...ository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md b/translated/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md rename to translated/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md From 1000898b5ecd520659d4893e2261b31303b24971 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 10:48:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 410/713] [Translating]How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux --- .../20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md | 6 +++++- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md index 59b9f48e35..0f9e43bdfc 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,7 @@ +Translating--------------geekpi + + + How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux ================================================================================ [OneDrive][1] (previously known as SkyDrive) is a popular cloud storage offering from Microsoft. Currently OneDrive offers 7GB free storage for every new signup. As you can imagine, OneDrive is well integrated with other Microsoft software products. Microsoft also offers a standalone OneDrive client which automatically backs up pictures and videos taken by a camera to OneDrive storage. But guess what. This client is available for all major PC/mobile platforms except Linux. "OneDrive on any device, any time"? Well, it is not there, yet. @@ -77,4 +81,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/sync-microsoft-onedrive-linux.html [1]:http://xmodulo.com/go/onedrive [2]:http://xybu.me/projects/onedrive-d/ [3]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/start-program-automatically-linux-desktop.html -[4]:https://github.com/xybu92/onedrive-d/issues?state=open \ No newline at end of file +[4]:https://github.com/xybu92/onedrive-d/issues?state=open From f63dc9d447fb29e5c22749c3581fb37fed674fd5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 11:26:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 411/713] [Translated]How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux --- ...How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md | 84 ------------------- ...How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md | 81 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 81 insertions(+), 84 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0f9e43bdfc..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,84 +0,0 @@ -Translating--------------geekpi - - - -How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux -================================================================================ -[OneDrive][1] (previously known as SkyDrive) is a popular cloud storage offering from Microsoft. Currently OneDrive offers 7GB free storage for every new signup. As you can imagine, OneDrive is well integrated with other Microsoft software products. Microsoft also offers a standalone OneDrive client which automatically backs up pictures and videos taken by a camera to OneDrive storage. But guess what. This client is available for all major PC/mobile platforms except Linux. "OneDrive on any device, any time"? Well, it is not there, yet. - -Don't get disappointed. The open-source community already has already come up with a solution for you. [onedrive-d][2] written by a Boilermaker in Lafayette can get the job done. Running as a monitoring daemon, onedrive-d can automatic sync a local folder with OneDrive cloud storage. - -In this tutorial, I will describe **how to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux by using onedrive-d**. - -### Install onedrive-d on Linux ### - -While onedrive-d was originally developed for Ubuntu/Debian, it now supports CentOS/Fedora/RHEL as well. - -Installation is as easy as typing the following. - - $ git clone https://github.com/xybu92/onedrive-d.git - $ cd onedrive-d - $ ./inst install - -### First-Time Configuration ### - -After installation, you need to go through one-time configuration which involves granting onedrive-d read/write access to your OneDrive account. - -First, create a local folder which will be used to sync against a remote OneDrive account. - - $ mkdir ~/onedrive - -Then run the following command to start the first-time configuration. - - $ onedrive-d - -It will pop up a onedrive-d's Settings window as shown below. In "Location" option, choose the local folder you created earlier. In "Authentication" option, you will see "You have not authenticated OneDrive-d yet" message. Now click on "Connect to OneDrive.com" box. - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3885/14470579955_1fb92e7cfe.jpg) - -It will pop up a new window asking you to sign in to OneDrive.com. - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3903/14467221981_3d74140f61_z.jpg) - -After logging in to OneDrive.com, you will be asked to grant access to onedrive-d. Choose "Yes". - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2925/14283963819_86cf52e1fd_z.jpg) - -Coming back to the Settings window, you will see that the previous status has changed to "You have connected to OneDrive.com". Click on "OK" to finish. - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3896/14284004048_3e718d1e30.jpg) - -### Sync a Local Folder with OneDrive ### - -There are two ways to sync a local folder with your OneDrive storage by using onedrive-d. - -One way is to **sync with OneDrive manually from the command line**. That is, whenever you want to sync a local folder against your OneDrive account, simply run: - - $ onedrive-d - -`onedrive-d` will then scan the content of both a local folder and a OneDrive account, and make the two in sync. This means either uploading newly added files in a local folder, or downloading newly found files from a remote OneDrive account. If you remove any file from a local folder, the corresponding file will automatically be deleted from a OneDrive account after sync. The same thing will happen in the reverse direction as well. - -Once sync is completed, you can kill the foreground-running onedrive-d process by pressing Ctrl+C. - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5509/14283967750_b9ebf1b05d_z.jpg) - -Another way is to run onedrive-d as an always-on daemon which launches automatically upon start. In that case, the background daemon will monitor both the local folder and OneDrive account, to keep them in sync. For that, simply add onedrive-d to the [auto-start program list][3] of your desktop. - -When onedrive-d daemon is running in the background, you will see OneDrive icon in the desktop status bar as shown below. Whenever sync update is triggered, you will see a desktop notification. - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3924/14290119448_3b1144db77.jpg) - -A word of caution: According to the author, onedrive-d is still under active development. It is not meant for any kind of production environment. If you encounter any bug, feel free to file a [bug report][4]. Your contribution will be appreciated by the author. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/sync-microsoft-onedrive-linux.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://xmodulo.com/go/onedrive -[2]:http://xybu.me/projects/onedrive-d/ -[3]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/start-program-automatically-linux-desktop.html -[4]:https://github.com/xybu92/onedrive-d/issues?state=open diff --git a/translated/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7a6528348e --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +如何在Linux中同步微软 OneDrive +================================================================================ +[OneDrive][1]（以前称为SkyDrive）是微软的一个广受欢迎的云存储产品。目前OneDrive为每一个新注册用户提供7GB免费存储空间。正如你所想，OneDrive与微软其他软件产品很好地集成。微软还提供了一个独立的OneDrive客户端，它会自动备份照相机拍摄的图片和视频到OneDrive。但你猜怎么着。该客户端可用于除Linux的各大PC/移动平台。 “OneDrive在任何设备，任何时间”？嗯，这还不存在。 + +不要失望。开源社区已经已经拿出了解决方案。 Boilermaker写的[onedrive-d][2]可以完成这项工作。作为监测守护进程运行，onedrive-D可自动将本地文件夹同步到OneDrive云存储。 + +I在本教程中，我将介绍**如何在Linux上使用onedrive-d同步微软OneDrive**。 + +### 在linux上onedrive-d ### + +虽然onedrive-d最初是为Ubuntu/ Debian开发的，但它仍然支持CentOS/ Fedora的/ RHEL。 + +安装就像输入下面的命令一样容易。 + + + $ git clone https://github.com/xybu92/onedrive-d.git + $ cd onedrive-d + $ ./inst install + +### 第一次配置 ### + +安装之后，你需要进行一次性配置来授予onedrive-d对您OneDrive账户的读/写权限。 + +首先，创建将用于对远程OneDrive账户同步的本地文件夹。 + + $ mkdir ~/onedrive + +接着运行下面的命令开开启一次性配置。 + + $ onedrive-d + +它接着会弹出如下onedrive-d的设置窗口。在“Location”选项中，选择你之前创建的本地文件夹。在“Authentication”选项中，你会看见“You have not authenticated OneDrive-d yet”（“你还没有授权OneDrive-d”）的信息。现在点击"Connect to OneDrive.com"按钮。 + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3885/14470579955_1fb92e7cfe.jpg) + +它会弹出一个新窗口来要求你登录OneDrivecom。 + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3903/14467221981_3d74140f61_z.jpg) + +登录OneDrive.com之后，你会被要求授权onedrive-d访问。选择“Yes”。 + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2925/14283963819_86cf52e1fd_z.jpg) + +回到先前的设置窗口，你会看到之前的状态已经变成了You have connected to OneDrive.com"（“你已经连接到了OneDrive.com”）。点击“OK”完成。 + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3896/14284004048_3e718d1e30.jpg) + +### 与OneDrive同步一个本地文件夹 ### + +这里有两种方法来使用onedrice-d将本地文件夹与OneDrive存储同步。 + +一种是“手动使用命令行来同步OneDrive”。就是当你需要与你的OneDrive账户同步时运行： + + $ onedrive-d + +`onedrive-d`接着将扫描本地文件夹与OneDrive帐户的内容并使两者同步。这意味着要么上传一个在本地文件夹新添加的文件，或者从远程OneDrive帐户下载最新发现的文件。如果你从本地文件夹删除任何文件，相应的文件将自动在与OneDrive帐户同步后被删除。同样的事情也会在相反的方向发生。 + +一旦同步完成，你可以使用Ctrl-C杀掉onedirve-d的前台运行进程。 + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5509/14283967750_b9ebf1b05d_z.jpg) + +另一种方法是将onedrive-d作为一个始终运行的守护进程在开机时自动启动。在这种情况下，后台守护进程会同时监视本地文件夹和OneDrive账户，以使它们保持同步。对于这一点，只需将onedrive-D加入到你桌面[自动启动程序列表][3]中就行了。 + +当onedrive-D作为守护进程在后台运行，你会在桌面状态栏中看到OneDrive图标，如下图所示。每当同步更新被触发，你就会看到一个桌面通知。 + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3924/14290119448_3b1144db77.jpg) + +要注意的是：根据作者所言，onedrive-d仍在积极开发中。这并不能用于任何形式的生产环境。如果您遇到任何bug，请随时提交一份[bug报告][4]。你的贡献，笔者将不胜感激。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/sync-microsoft-onedrive-linux.html + +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/go/onedrive +[2]:http://xybu.me/projects/onedrive-d/ +[3]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/start-program-automatically-linux-desktop.html +[4]:https://github.com/xybu92/onedrive-d/issues?state=open From c6404f3f9994442ae67f0a209b1b714bc0ddc0c9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bazz2 Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 12:00:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 412/713] [bazz2]Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle --- .../tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md b/sources/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md index 34e28ae657..fc2ef7cf79 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +[bazz2 hehehe] Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle ================================================================================ [NeoBundle][1] is a third-generation extension manager for [Vim][2], building on [Vundle][3], which builds on [Pathogen][4]. In an earlier article, I [advised against using Neobundle][5] because of its rapid development and minimal English documentation. Now, more than a year later, both problems are more manageable. @@ -83,4 +84,4 @@ via: http://www.openlogic.com/wazi/bid/348084/Managing-Vim-extensions-with-NeoBu [10]:https://github.com/Shougo/vimshell.vim/blob/master/doc/vimshell.txt [11]:https://github.com/Shougo/vimproc.vim/blob/master/doc/vimproc.txt [12]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/curl -[13]:https://github.com/tpope/vim-abolish \ No newline at end of file +[13]:https://github.com/tpope/vim-abolish From eaab481c7de8de0dcbdc138c1e4dd4856285697c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bazz2 Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 14:24:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 413/713] [work complete] Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle --- ... Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md | 87 ------------------- ... Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md | 86 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 87 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md b/sources/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md deleted file mode 100644 index fc2ef7cf79..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,87 +0,0 @@ -[bazz2 hehehe] -Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle -================================================================================ -[NeoBundle][1] is a third-generation extension manager for [Vim][2], building on [Vundle][3], which builds on [Pathogen][4]. In an earlier article, I [advised against using Neobundle][5] because of its rapid development and minimal English documentation. Now, more than a year later, both problems are more manageable. - -Why use an extension manager? Vim supports a healthy number of plugins, but its unmodified structure makes administering them difficult because extension files can be spread over several directories. Vim extension managers simplify things. Pathogen, Vundle, and NeoBundle create the directory ~/.vim/bundle, with a separate subdirectory for all the files of each extension. This structure allows users to easily and thoroughly delete extensions, either manually or via a file manager, and helps minimize potential conflicts when you have a couple of dozen extensions. - -NeoBundle openly models itself on Vundle. Like Vundle, it both installs and updates extensions. However, the help file openly admits that "Neobundle is not a stable plugin manager. If you want [a] stable plugin manager, you should use Vundle." New releases, the help warns, "may break compatibility" – a comment that is less than reassuring, coming from the developers. - -So why should you use NeoBundle? One reason is that Vundle works only with [Git][6], while NeoBundle also supports [Subversion][7] and [Mercurial][8] repositories. Another reason is that, if you want to keep extension updates from breaking your Vim ecosystem, you can lock NeoBundle so that it uses only a specific version of any particular extension. - -In addition, NeoBundle's creator, Shougo Matsuishita, is adding its command structures to several other extensions in order to reduce the list of commands they use. Currently, NeoBundle supports three such extensions: [unite.vim][9], a file and buffer manager that works within Vim; [vimshell.vim][10], a scripting shell for Vim; and [vimproc.vim][11], which works within vimshell.vim to allow asynchronous events. That's an idiosyncratic collection, and all three are poorly documented in English, so average users may wish to forgo them. Before tackling any of them, most users should focus on the basics of NeoBundle. - -### Installing and initializing NeoBundle ### - -NeoBundle requires Vim 7.2.051 or higher and requires git be installed, and depends on [cURL][12] for downloading files. You can install NeoBundle manually, but the fast way to install it is to clone its repository on GitHub using cURL. From your home directory, enter the following command to copy the files for NeoBundle into .vim/bundle/neobundle.vim, where the extension can manage itself: - - curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Shougo/neobundle.vim/master/bin/install.sh | sh - -You also need to modify your .vimrc file. NeoBundle's GitHub page offers a sample .vimrc file, but copying it means installing five plugins you may not want. This is the minimal content that you need: - - if has('vim_starting') - set nocompatible - set runtimepath+=~/.vim/bundle/neobundle.vim/ - call neobundle#begin(expand('~/.vim/bundle/')) - NeoBundleFetch 'Shougo/neobundle.vim' - call neobundle#end() - filetype plugin indent on - -These lines set up and start NeoBundle, and set NeoBundle to update itself just like any other plugin. NeoBundle defaults to updating itself from GitHub repositories, so if you use GitHub, all you have to do is specify the maintainer's username and the directory for the plugin; in the lines above, NeoBundleFetch needs to specify only "Shougo/neobundle.vim" instead of the complete path on GitHub. If you want to use another site instead, including one that supports Subversion or Mecurial, you need to add the complete URL to the repository. - -If you want to install other NeoBundle plugins, use this generic form: - - curl -k https://github.com/[MAINTAINER]/ [PLUGIN PATH] > ~/.vim/bundle/[PLUGIN PATH] - -or, to give a more specific example, you can install the [vim-abolish plugin][13], a super-charged search and replace extension, with the command - - curl -k https://github.com/tpope/vim-abolish > ~/.vim/bundle/abolish - -To have the extension updated automatically, add a line below the NeoBundleFetch line that gives the path to its repository. For example: - - NeoBundle 'tpope/vim-abolish' - -Optionally, you can specify a particular branch or revision of NeoBundle to use, preventing any updates. This option can be useful if you are using extensions that are in rapid development and you want to avoid having them break when you update any other extensions. For instance: - - NeoBundle 'Shougo/vimshell', { 'rev' : '3787e5' } - -Another option is to place the directive NeoBundleCheck on a line at the end of the NeoBundle stanza in .vimrc. When this line is present, NeoBundle checks for uninstalled bundles and prompts you to install them. You can also run the utility `:NeoBundleInstall` from within NeoBundle to initialize or update installed extensions. - -### NeoBundle utilities ### - -Many of NeoBundle's utilities function similarly to Vundle's, but they are differently named. You use the utilities to administer plugins from within NeoBundle: - -- Run `:NeoBundleUpdate` when you install or update extensions, and when you manually remove an extension's files. It can be followed by a specific plugin, such as "/Shougo/neobundle.vim," or without a plugin name to configure all plugins that are installed but not configured. The command NeoBundleInstall! provides the same functionality. -- `:NeoBundle {REPOSITORY URI} [[REVISION}] [,OPTIONS}]]` configures an extension while locking it into a specified version, preventing any updates. -- `:NeoBundleList` lists unintialized extensions. -- `:NeoBundleClean` runs an interactive utility for removing unused extensions. - -These utilities are also available in slightly different forms when you run NeoBundle with unite.vim. You can learn more about the utilities in all their forms by running the command `:help neobundle`. - - Deciding whether to use NeoBundle - -NeoBundle is a powerful tool, but its seemingly permanent state of rapid development can be a blessing or a curse, depending on your preferences. If you want the latest features and extensions, NeoBundle can make Vundle and Pathogen look decidedly old-fashioned. - -However, with the online help itself warning of instability, ignoring the possibility of the latest version of one extension interfering with the proper functioning of another would be rash. At the very least, you should specify in your .vimrc a version of NeoBundle that you know to be stable. You might also do the same for any extension that you use regularly. With this precaution, you can enjoy following the development of NeoBundle and its related extensions while avoiding the consequence of working on the bleeding edge. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.openlogic.com/wazi/bid/348084/Managing-Vim-extensions-with-NeoBundle - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://github.com/Shougo/neobundle.vim -[2]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/vim -[3]:https://github.com/gmarik/Vundle.vim -[4]:https://github.com/tpope/vim-pathogen -[5]:http://www.openlogic.com/wazi/bid/262302/Three-tools-for-managing-Vim-plugins -[6]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/git -[7]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/subversion -[8]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/mercurial -[9]:https://github.com/Shougo/unite.vim -[10]:https://github.com/Shougo/vimshell.vim/blob/master/doc/vimshell.txt -[11]:https://github.com/Shougo/vimproc.vim/blob/master/doc/vimproc.txt -[12]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/curl -[13]:https://github.com/tpope/vim-abolish diff --git a/translated/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md b/translated/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..991a62e597 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +教你用NeoBundle管理Vim插件 +================================================================================ +[NeoBundle][1] 是一个 [Vim][2] 的插件管理器，以 [Vundle][3] 为基础（Vundle 是一个基于 [Pathogen][4] 的 Vim 插件管理器）。在之前的文章中，我[非常不推荐使用 Neobundle][5]，原因是它当时还处于高速开发阶段（LCTT：意味着不稳定、变数大），并且当时它的英文文档很少。现在，已经过了一年多了，这两个问题都早已不再是问题。 + +我们为什么要使用插件管理器？Vim 支持大量插件，但是由于它没有严格定义框架，插件的文件可以胡乱分布在不同目录下，导致用户管理起来会很困难（LCTT：当然，前提是你有很多插件，还有点小小的强迫症，觉得理一理这些插件心里会舒服点）。而一款插件管理器能让管理变得简单许多。Pathogen, Vundle 和 NeoBundle 的工作就是为不同插件建立一个目录，然后将这些目录扔到 ~/.vim/bundle 目录下。这个文件整理方法可以让你方便彻底地删除插件，使用 'rm -rf <插件目录>' 或直接 'Ctrl + Del' 组合键把插件所在的目录删除就可以了，绝对绿色环保无残留。同时，这种方法还能最大程度避免插件与插件之间的不兼容性。 + +NeoBundle 是一个基于 Vundle 的项目，如同 Vundle，它们都可以安装和升级插件。然而 NeoBundle 的说明文件上明确指出：“NeoBundle 不是一个稳定的插件管理器，如果你想要一个稳定的，请选择 Vundle”。最新的 release-note 上也有警“可能会造成兼容性问题”——这是一个开发者写的注解，说明这个管理器还不能让人放心使用。 + +所以，我们为什么要使用 NeoBundle？它都不能保证稳定运行！好吧，它还是有可取之处的。Vundle 只支持 [Git][6] 这种版本控制系统，而 NeoBundle 可以支持 [Subversion][7] 和 [Mercurial][8]。另一个原因是如果你不想插件升级时破坏你的 Vim 生态环境，你可以锁住 NeoBundle，让它只使用某个插件的固定版本。 + +另外，NeoBundle 创建者，Shougo Matsuishita（LCTT：名字看着像日本人），正在将它的命令接口添加到其他插件项目，以便减少他们的命令使用量。现在 NeoBundle 支持3种插件：[unite.vim][9]，Vim 使用的文件和缓存管理器；[vimshell.vim][10]，Vim 使用的脚本程序；[vimproc.vim][11]，运行于 vimshell.vim 中，用于对异步事件的支持。上面说的都是特殊案例，缺少英文文档，所以用户希望有人能完善它们。在正式使用它们之前，我们需要把注意力先集中在一些基本操作上。 + +### 安装并初始化 NeoBundle ### + +NeoBundle 依赖 Vim 7.2.051 或更高版本，依赖 git，依赖 [cURL][12]（用于下载文件）。你可以手动下载 NeoBundle，也可以使用 cURL 下载它在 GitHub 上的库。在你的 home 目录下使用如下命令，可以将 NeoBundle 插件下载到 .vim/bundle/neobundle.vim 目录里，然后 NeoBundle 就能管理它自己了。 + + curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Shougo/neobundle.vim/master/bin/install.sh | sh + +你还需要修改 .vimrc 文件。NeoBundle 的 GitHub 主页提供一个 .vimrc 范本，使用这个范本后，NeoBundle 会为你下载5个插件。如果不需要它们，你可以使用下面的最小配置： + + if has('vim_starting') + set nocompatible + set runtimepath+=~/.vim/bundle/neobundle.vim/ + call neobundle#begin(expand('~/.vim/bundle/')) + NeoBundleFetch 'Shougo/neobundle.vim' + call neobundle#end() + filetype plugin indent on + +上述配置的作用是：启动 NeoBundle 并且像其他插件一样升级自己。NeoBundle 默认从 GitHub 下载并升级，如果你正好在使用 GitHub，你只需要为这个插件指定维护者的用户名和路径。在上面的配置中，NeoBundleFetch 只需要指定为“Shougo/neobundle.vim”，而不是完整的 GitHub 路径。如果你想使用其他网站，比如是 Subversion 或 Mecurial 的网站，你就需要添加完整的 URL。 + +如果你想安装其他插件，你可以使用下面的命令： + + curl -k https://github.com/[项目维护者]/[插件路径] > ~/.vim/bundle/[插件路径] + +举个例子：你想安装 [vim-abolish][13]，一个超级 NB 的文本搜索和替换插件，就使用下面的命令： + + curl -k https://github.com/tpope/vim-abolish > ~/.vim/bundle/abolish + +如果要让它自动升级，在 NeoBundleFetch 那行下面添加一行： + + NeoBundle 'tpope/vim-abolish' + +再介绍一个小技巧：你可以为插件指定一个分支或版本号。什么意思？NeoBundle 只会关注这个插件的某个分支或版本的更新，而忽略其他更新。如果你使用的某个插件处于高速开发过程，你就可以使用这个技巧，避免用到有 bug 的插件版本。举个例子： + + NeoBundle 'Shougo/vimshell', { 'rev' : '3787e5' } + +还有一个技巧：在 .vimtc 文件内添加一行关于“NeoBundleCheck”的属性。NeoBundle 会检查被卸载的插件，并提示你安装它们。你也可以使用命令“:NeoBundleInstall”（LCTT：这是要在 Vim 编辑器的命令模式下输入）来安装或升级插件。 + +### NeoBundle 用法 ### + +很多 NeoBundle 命令用起来和 Vundle 类似，但命令的名字不一样。下面是 NeoBundle 命令的用法： + +- `:NeoBundleUpdate`：安装或升级插件，如果你手动把一个插件的目录删除了，这个命令会重新安装这个插件。在这个命令后面加上插件名称，就只升级一个插件；不加参数，会将所有己安装但没被记录在案的插件给记录下来。“:NeoBundleInstall”命令效果相同。 +- `:NeoBundle {REPOSITORY URI} [[REVISION}] [,OPTIONS}]]`：将一个插件锁定到固定版本，防止胡乱升级。 +- `:NeoBundleList`：列出所有未初始化的插件。 +- `:NeoBundleClean`：进入交互界面，删除插件。 + +这些命令在配合 unite.vim （LCTT：就是上面举过的32个例子之一）使用时，效果会稍微有些出入。你可以使用“:help neobundle”命令了解更多信息。 + +### 是否使用 NeoBundle，自己决定 ### + +NeoBundle 是强大的工具，正处于高速开发状态。任何处于这种状态的项目，都会被帖上“有前途”和“不稳定”两个标签，看你自己怎么选。如果你想要最新的稳定版本的插件，NeoBundle 可以让 Vundle 和 Pathogen 永远保持在老界面。 + +然而在线帮助文档已经给出警告，它不是个稳定的产品，不及时更新版本可能造成一些插件运行出错。最后，你需要在 .vimrc 文件为你的 Neoundle 和其他插件指定一个稳定的版本。记住这警告，然后你可以在使用这些尖端技术产品时游刃有余。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.openlogic.com/wazi/bid/348084/Managing-Vim-extensions-with-NeoBundle + +译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://github.com/Shougo/neobundle.vim +[2]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/vim +[3]:https://github.com/gmarik/Vundle.vim +[4]:https://github.com/tpope/vim-pathogen +[5]:http://www.openlogic.com/wazi/bid/262302/Three-tools-for-managing-Vim-plugins +[6]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/git +[7]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/subversion +[8]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/mercurial +[9]:https://github.com/Shougo/unite.vim +[10]:https://github.com/Shougo/vimshell.vim/blob/master/doc/vimshell.txt +[11]:https://github.com/Shougo/vimproc.vim/blob/master/doc/vimproc.txt +[12]:http://olex.openlogic.com/packages/curl +[13]:https://github.com/tpope/vim-abolish From 857ae351310ff3a295745b20d3d3a952f6ae68b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 16:33:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 414/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140626-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md | 58 +++++++++++++++++++ ...x Administration--A Smart Career Choice.md | 41 +++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 99 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140626 Linux Administration--A Smart Career Choice.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md b/sources/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..31fe1a14fd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +Joy of Programming: Fail Fast! +================================================================================ +![](http://www.opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/fail-350x262.jpg) + +> When a problem occurs in the software, it should fail immediately, in an easily noticeable way. This “fail fast” behaviour is desirable, and we’ll discuss this important concept in this column. + +At first, a “fail fast” might appear to be a bad practice affecting reliability — why should a system crash (or fail), when it can continue execution? For this, we need to understand that fail fast is very relevant in the context of Heisenbugs. + +Consider Bohrbugs, which always crash for a given input, for example, with a null-pointer access. These bugs are easier to test, reproduce and fix. Now, all experienced programmers would have faced situations where the bug that caused the crash just disappears when the software is restarted. No matter how much time and effort is spent to reproduce the problem, the bug eludes us. These bugs are known as Heisenbugs. + +The effort required to find, fix and test Heisenbugs is an order of magnitude more than the effort required for Bohrbugs. One strategy to avoid Heisenbugs is to turn them into Bohrbugs. How? By anticipating the possible cases in which Heisenbugs can arise, and trying to make them Bohrbugs. Yes, it is not easy, and it is also not always possible, but let us look at a specific example where it is useful. + +Concurrent programming is one paradigm where Heisenbugs are common. Our example is a concurrency-related issue in Java. While iterating over a Java collection, we are supposed to modify the collection only through the Iterator methods, such as the remove() method. During iteration, if another thread attempts to modify that underlying collection (because of a programming mistake), the underlying collection will get corrupted (i.e., result in an incorrect state). + +Such an incorrect state can lead to an eventual failure — or if we are fortunate (actually, unfortunate!), the program continues execution without crashing, but gives the wrong results. It is difficult to reproduce and fix these bugs, because such programming mistakes are non-deterministic. In other words, it is a Heisenbug. + +Fortunately, the Java Iterators try to detect such concurrent modifications, and if found, will throw a `ConcurrentModificationException`, instead of failing late — and that too, silently. In other words, the Java Iterators follow the “fail fast” approach. + +What if a `ConcurrentModificationException` is observed in production software? As the Javadoc for this exception observes, it “…should be used only to detect bugs.” In other words, `ConcurrentModificationExceptions` are supposed to be found and fixed during software development, and should not leak to production code. + +Well, if production software does get this exception, it is certainly a bug in the software, and should be reported to the developer and fixed. At least, we know that there was an attempt for concurrent modification of the underlying data structure, and that’s why the software failed (instead of getting wrong results from the software, or failing later with some other symptoms, for which it is not feasible to trace the root cause). + +The “fail-safe” approach is meant for developing robust code. A very good example of writing fail-safe code is using assertions. Unfortunately, there is a lot of unnecessary controversy surrounding the use of asserts. The main criticism is this: the checks are enabled in the development version, and disabled in release versions. + +However, this criticism is wrong: asserts are never meant to replace the defensive checks that should be put in place in the release version of the software. For example, asserts should not be used to check if the argument passed to a function is null or not. Instead, an if condition should be used to check if the argument is passed correctly, or else an exception, or a premature return, should be performed, as appropriate to the context. However, asserts can be used to do additional checks for assumptions that are made in the code, which are supposed to hold true. For example, a condition that checks that the stack is not empty after a push operation is performed on it (i.e., checking for “invariants”). + +So, fail fast, be assertive, and you’re on the way to developing more robust code. + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via:http://www.opensourceforu.com/2011/12/joy-of-programming-fail-fast/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]: +[2]: +[3]: +[4]: +[5]: +[6]: +[7]: +[8]: +[9]: +[10]: +[11]: +[12]: +[13]: +[14]: +[15]: +[16]: +[17]: +[18]: +[19]: +[20]: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140626 Linux Administration--A Smart Career Choice.md b/sources/talk/20140626 Linux Administration--A Smart Career Choice.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..924056cdd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140626 Linux Administration--A Smart Career Choice.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Linux Administration: A Smart Career Choice +================================================================================ +![](http://www.opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/linux.jpeg) + +> This is a good year for IT professionals with a number of new jobs in emerging technologies like Big Data and Analytics, and Social Mobile Analytics and Cloud (SMAC) as employers look to strengthen their technological force. + +If we were to believe the reports by [Dice.com][1] and Linux foundation released in mid Feb, 2014, this year will be a high octane year for Linux professionals and aspirants particularly. Thus it only makes sense to be future-ready and find out about the details of career opportunities such as that of a Linux administrator. + +Dice.com, the leading job site for tech professionals and Linux Foundation did a comprehensive survey to find out about the advantage Linux professionals have in the current technology landscape. The findings were heavily skewed in favor of those who are looking for a good job opportunity on Linux platform. + +While seventy seven percent of hiring managers surveyed consider hiring Linux talent as one of their top priorities (up from 70 percent in 2013), 64 percent of professionals chose to work with Linux owing to its ubiquitous nature in the present day technology infrastructure. More than nine in ten recruitment manager is planning to hire a Linux professional in the next six months. This demand is surely going to translate in form of a lot of interview calls from employers. Most hiring managers also agree to the fact that it is rather difficult to find experienced professionals, and those who have the right mix of skills, knowledge, certifications and experience are being aggressively recruited. + +### Why Linux administration? ### + +The findings of this report make it clear that Linux professionals are amongst the most sought after in the current tech market. However, a more interesting finding of the report is that amongst all the skills, the hiring managers are most actively seeking system administration, with 58 percent confirming they were on look out of professionals with good system administration skills. The reason is quite simple. There aren’t too many good system administrators out there, which is also driving the salaries of system admins northwards. +Getting started in Linux administration + +Armed with all this data, it wouldn’t come as surprise if you decide right away to pursue a career in Linux administration. So, how do you become a pro Linux system admin? Well, the right mix of certification, education and experience will obviously land you the perfect Linux job, but if you are clueless about a place to start, then a degree in computers is what you should be looking at. This could be B.Tech with Computer Science or IT as specialisation or Bachelors in Computer Application or even a Bachelor in Science with IT as specialisation will do. This would actually make you familiar with the various aspects of computer science as a subject, likes of programming, hardware, and software. This understanding would come handy in the advancement of your career, when you climb the next ladder through certifications. + +### Certifications ### + +It is widely believed that IT certifications do help one in career advancement. However, it ultimately boils down to selecting the right certification to gain the maximum RoI. There are many Linux based certifications, the most famous of which is Red Hat Certification Program, which teaches general Linux related skills along with specific system administration skills. + +In addition to the vendor sponsored certifications, there is a vendor-independent Linux Professional Institute Certification offered by Linux Professional Institute, a non-profit organisation based in Toronto, Canada. + +These exams can be taken by anyone irrespective of their nationalities. The LPI programs have three level hierarchies that include LPIC-1: Junior Level Linux Administration, LPIC-2: Advanced Level Linux Administration and LPIC 3: Senior Level Linux Administration. In order to be considered seriously for any system administrator job opportunity in one must possess at least one of the above described certifications. The LPI also has partnerships with SUSE, which is the vendor for a famous enterprise operating system going by the same name. CompTIA, which is a global IT certification agency also provided a Linux+ certification which was phased out after an agreement between LPI and CompTIA. + +### Salaries and Benefits ### + +The compensations for Linux administrators are generally on the higher side. As per PayScale, the annual median salary is around INR 3 lacs for entry level professionals (as updated on 27th March, 2014). With experience, there is an exponential increase in the salary levels as individuals with 5+ years of experience getting annual packages in seven figures. +Well, with the grass being greener for Linux professionals this year, you won’t get a better opportunity or time for pursuing career as a Linux system administrator. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.opensourceforu.com/2014/04/career-overview-linux-administrator/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://dice.com/ \ No newline at end of file From e9c74abac0383daacba372316e077cd2b0c312a7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 22:41:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 415/713] partly translated --- ... Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md | 51 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 26 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md b/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md index 1dcd0d5b04..6efbe5400f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ translating by johnhoow... 感谢你们这一路上对我们的支持.这篇文章主要针对MySQL的实用性,讲面试方面的问题. ### 1. 如何使用SELECT语句找到你正在运行的服务器的版本并打印出当前数据库的名称? ### -**答案**:下面的语句的结果会显示服务器的版本和当前的数据库名称 +**Ans**:下面的语句的结果会显示服务器的版本和当前的数据库名称 mysql> SELECT VERSION(), DATABASE(); @@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ translating by johnhoow... ### 2. 使用非运算符(!)从表"Tecmint"中列出除了user等于"SAM"的所有记录 -**答案**:使用下面的语句 +**Ans**:使用下面的语句 mysql> SELECT * FROM Tecmint WHERE user !=SAM; @@ -56,12 +56,11 @@ translating by johnhoow... ### 3. 是否能够使用非运算符(!)来实现'AND'运算 -**答案**: The AND operator is used when we use (=) and the operator OR is used when we use (!=). An example of (=) with AND Operator. -**答案**: +**Ans**: 我们使用’=’号和OR运算符或者'!='和AND运算符，下面是'='和AND运算符的例子 mysql> SELECT * FROM mail WHERE user = SAM AND root = phil -An Example of (!=) with OR Operator. +'!='和OR运算符的例子 mysql> SELECT * FROM mail WHERE user != SAM OR root != phil @@ -71,15 +70,15 @@ An Example of (!=) with OR Operator. | 2001-05-14 14:42:21 | Anthony | venus | barb | venus | 98151 | +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ -- = : means Equal to -- != : Not Equal to -- ! : represents NOT Operator +- = : 等于 +- != : 不等于 +- ! : 非运算符 -The AND & OR are treated as joining operators in MySQL. +AND和OR在MySQL中被看作加入运算符 -### 4. What IFNULL() statement is used for in MySQL? ### +### 4. IFNULL()语句在MySQL中有什么作用? ### -**Ans**: The Query in MySQL can be written precisely using **IFNULL()** statement. The IFNULL() statement test its first argument and returns if it’s not NULL, or returns its second argument, otherwise. +**Ans**: **IFNULL**语句的使用使得MySQL中的查询更加精确。IFNULL()语句先测试它的的一个参数，若不为空就返回该参数的值，否则返回第二个参数的值 mysql> SELECT name, IFNULL(id,'Unknown') AS 'id' FROM taxpayer; @@ -93,10 +92,12 @@ The AND & OR are treated as joining operators in MySQL. +---------+---------+ ### 5. You want to see only certain rows from a result set from the beginning or end of a result set. How will you do it? ### +### 5. 如果你只想知道从一个结果集的开头或者结尾开始的特定条数的行记录改如何实现？ -**Ans**: We need to use **LIMIT** clause along with ORDER BY to achieve the above described scenario. +**Ans**: 我们可以用**LIMIT**和**ORDER BY**从句。 #### Show 1 Record #### +#### 显示一行记录 #### mysql> SELECT * FROM name LIMIT 1; @@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ The AND & OR are treated as joining operators in MySQL. | 1 | Fred | 1970-04-13 | black | lutefisk,fadge,pizza | 0 | +----+------+------------+-------+----------------------+------+ -#### Show 5 Record #### +#### 显示5行记录 #### mysql> SELECT * FROM profile LIMIT 5; @@ -120,7 +121,7 @@ The AND & OR are treated as joining operators in MySQL. | 5 | Sean | 1963-07-04 | blue | burrito,curry | 5 | +----+------+------------+-------+-----------------------+------+ ----------- +#### 显示按照ORDER BY排序后的第一条记录 #### mysql> SELECT * FROM profile ORDER BY birth LIMIT 1; @@ -130,20 +131,20 @@ The AND & OR are treated as joining operators in MySQL. | 9 | Dick | 1952-08-20 | green | lutefisk,fadge | 0 | +----+------+------------+-------+----------------+------+ -### 6. Oracle Vs MySQL. Which one and Why? ### +### 6. Oracle 和 MySQL.改如何选择? ### -**Ans**: Well both has its advantages and disadvantages. As a matter of time I prefer MySQL. +**Ans**: 它们都有各自的优点和缺点。 -#### Reason for Selection MySQL Over oracle #### +#### 选择MySQL而不选orcale的原因 #### -- Mysql is FOSS. -- MySQL is portable. -- MYSQL supports both GUI as well as Command Prompt. -- MySQL Administration is supported over Query Browser. +- 开源 +- 轻便快捷 +- 有命令行和图形界面 +- 能通过查询器进行数据库的管理 -### 7. How will you get current date in MySQL? ### +### 7. MySQL中如何得到当前日期? ### -**Ans**: Getting current date in MySQL is as simple as executing the below SELECT Statement. +**Ans**: 使用CURRENT_DATE()函数 mysql> SELECT CURRENT_DATE(); @@ -154,9 +155,9 @@ The AND & OR are treated as joining operators in MySQL. +----------------+ ### 8. How will you export tables as an XML file in MySQL? ### +### 8. MySQL中如何将表导出为XML文件? ### -**Ans**: We use ‘-e‘ (export) option to export MySQL table or the whole database into an XML file. With large tables we may need to implement it manually but for small tables, applications like phpMyAdmin can do the job. -A native command of MySQL can do it. +**Ans**: 使用'-e'(export)参数来把MySQL表或整个数据库导出到XML文件。当处理大型表的时候或许我们需要手动导出，但是只是导出小文件的话可以直接使用想phpMyAdmin这样的工具。 mysql -u USER_NAME –xml -e 'SELECT * FROM table_name' > table_name.xml From 5e8216c9ef597ed0d69287867b31beddbb3d57fa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 23:10:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 416/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A26=20The=20L?= =?UTF-8?q?inux=20Kernel--Configuring=20the=20Kernel=20Part=2022?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...e Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 22.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/The Linux Kernel/26 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 22.md (93%) diff --git a/translated/The Linux Kernel/26 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 22.md b/published/The Linux Kernel/26 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 22.md similarity index 93% rename from translated/The Linux Kernel/26 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 22.md rename to published/The Linux Kernel/26 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 22.md index a2e77c064f..ff43c1f0ac 100644 --- a/translated/The Linux Kernel/26 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 22.md +++ b/published/The Linux Kernel/26 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 22.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ 戴文的Linux内核专题：26 配置内核 (22) ================================================================================ -![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.703/) +![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.703/.jpg) 你好！本篇我们将继续配置"kernel hacks",接着我们会配置整个安全系统。 @@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Alpha和s390处理器需要配置下一个特性(Force weak per-cpu definitions) "Latency measuring infrastructure"驱动提供了延迟检测工具LatencyTop，以找出用户空间中由于内核执行/任务而被阻碍/干扰的对象。 -下面，我们有一个子菜单名为"Tracers",它包含了不同追踪器的列表。追踪器是一段监视不同内核函数的代码。每次某个特定的函数启动，追踪器将被调用来检测函数。 +下面，我们有一个子菜单名为"Tracers"，它包含了不同追踪器的列表。追踪器是一段监视不同内核函数的代码。每次某个特定的函数启动，追踪器将被调用来检测函数。 下面的模块用来测试红黑树库的性能(Red-Black tree test)。红黑树是一个排序和搜索算法。 @@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ printk()函数可以用来打印不同的调试信息，如果这个特性启用 Atomic64自我测试检查系统是否支持原子操作(Perform an atomic64_t self-test at boot)。这是一个32位系统执行64位操作。 -这个驱动提供了对于所有可能的RAID6恢复系统的自我测试(Self test for hardware accelerated raid6 recovery)。 +这个驱动提供了对于所有可能的RAID6恢复系统的自检(Self test for hardware accelerated raid6 recovery)。 -注意：自我测试是底层测试并且在绝大多数系统硬件和软件开启和执行前侦查软件。自我测试搜索硬件，失败的设备等等。自我测试也可能被编成应用测试它本身。 +注意：自检是底层测试并且在绝大多数系统硬件和软件开启和执行前侦查软件。自检搜索硬件，失败的设备等等。自检也可能被编成应用以测试它本身。 在"Kernel Hacking"菜单中(如果你是用的是像ncurses那样的菜单接口)，有一个名为"Sample kernel code"的子菜单。在以后的文章中，我们会讨论如何实现自定义/自制内核模块。只要记住这里是启用你自己的模块。 @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ printk()打印不同的消息到dmsg的启动界面，但是在串行和控制 下面的驱动提供了对"copy_from_user()"系统调用的基本测试（Strict copy size checks)。copy_fcrom_user()从用户空间拷贝数据块到内核空间中。 -这里还有一个自我测试；它用于NNI(NMI Selftest)。 +这里还有一个自检；它用于NMI(NMI Selftest)。 现在，我们会进入"Security Options"，如果你使用像ncurses的基于菜单的接口时。第一个选项允许访问内核中存储的键和验证令牌(Enable access key retention support)。这有很多原因用到，像访问加密文件系统。 @@ -114,6 +114,6 @@ Yama是另外一个LSM(Yama support)。如果启用这个特性Yama可以与另 via: http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-configuring-the-kernel-part-22.5017/ -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From bb37246a1e13cfce9c2558d82a8f46adaf414d98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggaaooppeenngg <471160171@qq.com> Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 23:14:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 417/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8D=A0=E5=9D=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md index 2ed47c7dd6..fa4c103cd6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +ggaaooppeenng translatihg Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux ================================================================================ Directory navigation is one of the most basic concepts when it comes to understanding any command line system. Although it’s not a very difficult thing to understand when it comes to Linux, there are certain tips and tricks that can enhance your experience, and help you do things faster. In this article, we will discuss some advanced directory navigation tips. @@ -88,4 +89,4 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/directory-navigations-tips-tricks/ 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 3b49956355f1c150dbb18e62c4a4e3f612fcc488 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 23:19:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 418/713] PUB:20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux @GOLinux --- ...- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md | 19 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md (88%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md b/published/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md similarity index 88% rename from translated/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md rename to published/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md index eaeb6e26ae..fe32c4c48d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md +++ b/published/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md @@ -1,28 +1,30 @@ Linux下的在线云音乐播放器 —— Nuvola Player 2.4.0发布 ================================================================================ -**Nuvola Player**是一个开源的播放器，在它自身的web界面中运行像Amazon云播放器，Bandcamp，Deezer，8tracks，Google Play音乐，Grooveshark，Hyper Machine以及Pandora等等云音乐服务，同时它也能整合到Linux桌面中。 +**Nuvola Player**是一个开源的播放器，可以在其web界面中运行像Amazon云播放器，Bandcamp，Deezer，8tracks，Google Play音乐，Grooveshark，Hyper Machine以及Pandora等等云音乐服务，同时它也能整合到Linux桌面中。 该应用程序以插件的形式提供了大量的功能特性，像桌面通知、系统托盘、多媒体键、媒体播放器小程序、停靠栏菜单、歌词、last.fm等等。 -**2014年5月31日**，**Nuvola Player 2.4.0**的一个新版本发布了 —— 它带来了一些新的特性，包括两个新的服务罗技媒体服务器和这是我的果酱，以及众多的bug修复。 +**2014年5月31日**，**Nuvola Player 2.4.0**的一个新版本发布了 —— 它带来了一些新的特性，包括两个新的服务“Logitech Media Server”和“This is My Jam ”，以及众多的bug修复。 ### 这个发布中有什么新东西 ### -- 删除了破损的隐藏Google+按钮选项，因为Google修改代码过于频繁。 +- 删除了破损的隐藏Google+按钮选项，因为Google修改代码过于频繁了。 - 加快了服务设置的启用速度，不需要再重新加载。 - 修复了暂停和播放/暂停动作开关。 - 为Chrome添加了兼容问题警告桌面通知。 - 提供了页面内导航按钮（现在用户可以在Google Play标识旁边的顶部栏中找到它）。 -- 添加了罗技媒体服务器和这是我的果酱服务。 +- 添加了“Logitech Media Server”和“This is My Jam ”服务。 - 包含了对鼠标后退/前进按钮的支持。 - 修复了对GNOME锁屏通知的支持。 要查看完整的特性列表，请访问官方发行[声明页面][1] -### 在Debian, Ubuntu和Linux Mint中安装Nuvola Player ### +## 在Debian, Ubuntu和Linux Mint中安装Nuvola Player ## + 官方的Nuvola Player仓库中包含了**Ubuntu 14.04, 13.10, 12.10, 12.04**以及**Linux Mint 17, 16, 15, 14.**可用的二进制包，你可以通过添加Nuvola Player仓库到你的系统中来安装二进制包‘nuvolaplayer’。 -#### 在Ubuntu和Linux Mint上 #### +### 在Ubuntu和Linux Mint上 ### + 打开终端并运行以下一系列命令： $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:nuvola-player-builders/stable @@ -36,7 +38,8 @@ Linux下的在线云音乐播放器 —— Nuvola Player 2.4.0发布 $ sudo apt-get --no-install-recommends install nuvolaplayer -#### 在Debian上 #### +### 在Debian上 ### + 对于**Debian Wheezy**和**Debian Sid**，可以从官方仓库中获取稳定的Nuvola Player二进制包。你可以使用下面这一堆命令来安装最新的稳定版。 首先，打开终端并导入公钥，然后添加仓库到‘**sources.list**‘文件，接着像下面这样进行一次系统更新来安装nuvolaplayer。 @@ -97,7 +100,7 @@ Rdio音乐服务 via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-nuvola-player-in-linux/ -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 6a510fb5c383dba40a5fd2e67b7bf22cf28d70f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 23:40:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 419/713] PUB:20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg @linuhap --- ...Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md | 25 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md (67%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md b/published/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md similarity index 67% rename from translated/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md rename to published/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md index 2de1fbfa63..d86b18b2b3 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md +++ b/published/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md @@ -1,26 +1,25 @@ -如何使用ffmpeg从视频中提取图片（有些专业词汇不太懂可能翻译错了，各位校译幸苦了） +如何使用ffmpeg从视频中提取图片 ================================================================================ -嗨，unixmen的读者们， -你曾想过从一个视频文件中提取图片吗？在Linux中做这件事是有可能的，教程中我将使用ffmpeg来从视频中获取图片。 +你曾想过从一个视频文件中提取图片吗？在Linux下就可以，在这个教程中我将使用ffmpeg来从视频中获取图片。 ### 什么是ffmpeg？What is ffmpeg? ### -ffmpeg是一个非常有用的命令行程序，它可以用来转码媒体文件。它是FFmpeg领先的多媒体框架的一部分，其有很多功能，比如解码、编码、转码、混流、分离、转化为流、过滤以及播放几乎所有的的由人和机器创建的媒体文件。 +ffmpeg是一个非常有用的命令行程序，它可以用来转码媒体文件。它是领先的多媒体框架FFmpeg的一部分，其有很多功能，比如解码、编码、转码、混流、分离、转化为流、过滤以及播放几乎所有的由人和机器创建的媒体文件。 -框架中包含有很多不同的工具，其中每一个都有特定的功能。例如，ffserver能够将多媒体文件转化为用于实时广播的流，ffprobe用于分析多媒体流，ffplay可以当作一个简易的媒体播放器，**ffmpeg**能够转换多媒体文件格式。 +在这个框架中包含有各种工具，每一个用于完成特定的功能。例如，ffserver能够将多媒体文件转化为用于实时广播的流，ffprobe用于分析多媒体流，ffplay可以当作一个简易的媒体播放器，**ffmpeg**则能够转换多媒体文件格式。 -如果你感兴趣，以下是包括在FFmpeg框架中的开发者库： +如果你感兴趣，以下列出的是FFmpeg框架中包含的开发者库： - libavutil是一个包含简化编程功能的库，其中包括随机数生成器，数据结构，数学代码，核心多媒体工具等更多东西。 - libavcodec是一个包含音频/视频解码器和编码器的库。 -- libavformat是一个包含了多媒体格式的解析器和产生器的库。 -- libavdevice是一个包含输入输出设备的库，用于捕捉和渲染很多公共多媒体输入/输出软件框架，包括Video4Linux，Video4Linux2，VfW和ALSA。 +- libavformat是一个包含了多媒体格式的分离器和混流器的库。 +- libavdevice是一个包含输入输出设备的库，用于捕捉和渲染很多来自常用的多媒体输入/输出软件框架的数据，包括Video4Linux，Video4Linux2，VfW和ALSA。 - libavfilter是一个包含媒体过滤器的库。 - libswscale是一个用于执行高度优化的图像缩放和颜色空间/像素格式转换操作的库。 -- libswresample是一个用于执行高度优化的音频重采样，重新矩阵和样本格式转换操作的库。 +- libswresample是一个用于执行高度优化的音频重采样，重新矩阵和取样格式转换操作的库。 -**注意**：ffmpeg和FFmpeg并不一样。FFmpeg是一个框架而ffmpeg是一个FFmpeg中的一个功能。 +**注意**：ffmpeg和FFmpeg不是同一个东西。FFmpeg是框架，而ffmpeg是一个其中的一个功能。 ### 开始行动 ### @@ -57,9 +56,9 @@ Fedora用户可以从源中直接安装ffmpeg。 之后我使用以下命令从视频中提取图片。 - ffmpeg -i "Тимати - Рентген ( Альбом '13')-C9Plztvv8ac.mp4" -r 1 -q:v 2 -f image2 image-3%d.jpeg + ffmpeg -i "你是我的小呀小苹果儿.mp4" -r 1 -q:v 2 -f image2 image-3%d.jpeg -**-i**选项用来获取输入文件，在这里是视频文件名**Тимати – Рентген ( Альбом ’13′)-C9Plztvv8ac.mp4**，-r选项设置每秒提取图片的帧数。我想要每秒提取一帧。 +**-i**选项用来获取输入文件，在这里是视频文件名**你是我的小呀小苹果儿.mp4**，-r选项设置每秒提取图片的帧数。我想要每秒提取一帧。 之后有一个重要的选项是-q:v，应该留意这个选项并且我很喜欢用它，它用来设置提取到的图片质量。我总是设置值为2来从视频中获取高质量图片。 @@ -67,6 +66,6 @@ Fedora用户可以从源中直接安装ffmpeg。 via: http://www.unixmen.com/extract-images-videos-using-ffmpeg/ -译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From ea1e686635df9ed65a2289c7d998a76272a579b2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ggaaooppeenngg <471160171@qq.com> Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 23:40:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 420/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=AF=95?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ry Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md | 92 ------------------ ...ry Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md | 94 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 94 insertions(+), 92 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index fa4c103cd6..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,92 +0,0 @@ -ggaaooppeenng translatihg -Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux -================================================================================ -Directory navigation is one of the most basic concepts when it comes to understanding any command line system. Although it’s not a very difficult thing to understand when it comes to Linux, there are certain tips and tricks that can enhance your experience, and help you do things faster. In this article, we will discuss some advanced directory navigation tips. - -### The Stuff We Already Know ### - -Before jumping on to the advanced concepts, here is the basics of directory navigation that the article expects its readers to know: - -- ‘pwd’ command is used to display the current working directory. -- ‘cd’ command is used to change the current working directory. -- ‘cd’ followed by space and followed by a couple of periods (cd ..) brings the control back to the parent directory -- ‘cd’ followed by just the name of a subdirectory changes to that subdirectory -- ‘cd’ followed by a complete path changes to that directory - -### Advanced Tips ### - -In this section we will discuss some directory navigation tips and tricks that will help you easily switch between directories. - -### Change to the home directory from anywhere ### - -Your home directory is an important directory, and everyone switches back and forth quite frequently. While typing ‘cd /home/’, isn’t a big deal, there is another way out which is not only easier but faster too. And that alternative is typing only ‘cd’. - -Here is an example : - - $ pwd - /usr/include/netipx - $ cd - $ pwd - /home/himanshu - -So you can see, no matter where the current control is, just type ‘cd’ command and you can immediately change to your home directory. - -**NOTE**- To change to the home directory of a particular user, just type ‘cd ~user_name' - -### Switch between directories using cd - ### - -Suppose your current working directory is this: - - $ pwd - /home/himanshu/practice - -and you want to switch to the directory **/usr/bin/X11**, and then switch back to the directory mentioned above. So what will you do? The most straight forward way is : - - $ cd /usr/bin/X11 - $ cd /home/himanshu/practice/ - -Although it seems a good way out, it really becomes tiring when the path to the directories is very long and complicated. In those cases, you can use the ‘cd -’ command. - -While using ‘cd -’ command, the first step will remain the same, i.e., you have to do a cd to the directory to you want to change to, but for coming back to the previous directory, just do a ‘cd -’, and that’s it. - - $ cd /usr/bin/X11 - $ cd - - /home/himanshu/practice - $ pwd - /home/himanshu/practice - -And if you want to again go back to the last directory, which in this case is /usr/bin/X11, run the ‘cd -’ command again. So you can see that using ‘cd -’ you can switch between directories easily. The only limitation is that it works with the last switched directories only. - -### Switch between directories using pushd and popd ### - -![directory navigation](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/pushd-popd.jpg) - -If you closely analyse the ‘cd -’ trick, you’ll find that it helps switching between only the last two directories, but what if there is a situation in which you switch multiple directories, and then want to switch back to the first one. For example, if you switch from directory A to directory B, and then to directory C and directory D. Now, you want to change back to Directory A. - -As a general solution, you can type ‘cd’ followed by the path to directory A. But then again, if the path is long or complicated, the process can be time-consuming, especially when you have to switch between them frequently. - -In these kind of situations, you can use the ‘pushd’ and ‘popd’ commands. The ‘pushd’ command saves the path to a directory in memory, and the ‘popd’ command removes it, and switches back to it too. - -For example : - - $ pushd . - /usr/include/netipx /usr/include/netipx - $ cd /etc/hp/ - $ cd /home/himanshu/practice/ - $ cd /media/ - $ popd - /usr/include/netipx - $ pwd - /usr/include/netipx - -So you can see that I used ‘pushd’ command to save the path to current working directory (represented by .), and then changed multiple directories. To come back to the saved directory, I just executed the ‘popd’ command. - -**NOTE**- You can also use ‘pushd’ command to switch back to the saved directory, but that doesn’t remove it from the memory, like ‘popd’ does. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/directory-navigations-tips-tricks/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9eb2eb87fc --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +Linux 高级目录导航技巧 +================================================================================ + +目录当行是命令行系统的基础概念.虽然不是什么难以理解的东西,但是知道一些技巧能够丰富你的经验并且提高工作效率.在这篇文章中,我们会讨论这些小技巧. + +### 我们已经知道的东西 ### + +在开始高级技巧之前,有一些必须知道的基本命令: + +- ‘pwd’显示当前目录 +- ‘cd’ 改变当前目录 +- ‘cd’ 跟两个点(cd ..)能返回父目录 +- ‘cd’ 跟着相对目录就能直接切换当相对目录下 +- ‘cd’ 跟着绝对目录就能切换到绝对目录下 + +### 高阶技巧 ### + +这节将介绍几个技巧方便你进行目录的切换 + +### 从任何地方回到home目录 ### + +虽然使用‘cd /home/’, 不是什么大麻烦, 但是有一种方法直接打‘cd’ 就能回到home目录. + +Here is an example : + + $ pwd + /usr/include/netipx + $ cd + $ pwd + /home/himanshu + +所以无论你在哪个目录下,都能这么干然后回到home目录. + +**注意**- 如果要切换到确定用户的目录下, 就使用 ‘cd ~user_name' + +### 用cd在目录间切换 - ### + +假设你的工作目录是这样的: + + $ pwd + /home/himanshu/practice + +如果你想切换到 **/usr/bin/X11**, 然后又想回到之前的目录. 你会怎么做? 最直接的 : + + $ cd /usr/bin/X11 + $ cd /home/himanshu/practice/ + +虽然这样行得通,但是要记住这些复杂的目录是个大困难.这种情况下使用 ‘cd -’ 命令就行. + +使用 ‘cd -’的第一步和上面的例子是一样的, 你可以 cd 到你想要切换到的下 , 但是回到之前的目录用 ‘cd -’就可以. + + $ cd /usr/bin/X11 + $ cd - + /home/himanshu/practice + $ pwd + /home/himanshu/practice + +如果你想回到最后访问的目录(在这个例子中是/usr/bin/X11),也使用'cd -'就可以.但是这个命令只会记住最后访问的目录,这是一个缺点. + +### 用 pushd 和 popd 来切换目录 ### + +![directory navigation](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/pushd-popd.jpg) + + +如果你对'cd -'非常了解了的话,你会发现这个命令只能帮助你在两个目录之间移动,但是很多场景下需要在很多目录之间切换.比如你要从A切换到B再到C然后又想回到A. + +一般来说,你需要打出A的完整路劲,但是如果这个路径非常复杂,将是非常烦人的一件事,热别是你的切换非常频繁的话. + +一些场景下可以使用 ‘pushd’ 还有 ‘popd’ 命令. The ‘pushd’ 将一个目录存到内存中,‘popd’ 将目录从内存中去除,并且转换到那个目录下. + +例如 : + + $ pushd . + /usr/include/netipx /usr/include/netipx + $ cd /etc/hp/ + $ cd /home/himanshu/practice/ + $ cd /media/ + $ popd + /usr/include/netipx + $ pwd + /usr/include/netipx + +使用‘pushd’ 命令存储当前的工作目录 (用 .表示), 然后切换到各种各样的目录去. 为了返回之前的目录 ,只要使用 ‘popd’命令就行了. +使用 + +**注意**- 你也可以使用 ‘pushd’ 来切换到之前存储的目录, 但是不会像 ‘popd’ 一样去除这个目录. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/directory-navigations-tips-tricks/ + +译者：[ggaaooppeenngg](https://github.com/ggaaooppeenngg) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 60360df6d7d8195f9d9a5c5f982d68c96c02fe8b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 26 Jun 2014 23:48:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 421/713] PUB:20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions @GOLinux --- .../tech => published}/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md (95%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md b/published/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md similarity index 95% rename from translated/tech/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md rename to published/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md index 72a1b79614..29d7b636d9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md +++ b/published/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ LDAP（轻量级目录访问协议）是一个用于访问目录服务的应用 via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140607022012848/LDAPSolutions.html -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 6d7c24abfd7f96705381f1a028f1d2b0e3f6ad5c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 27 Jun 2014 12:50:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 422/713] PUB:10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems @owen-carter --- ...ux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md | 35 ++++++------------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md (68%) diff --git a/translated/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md b/published/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md similarity index 68% rename from translated/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md rename to published/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md index 76e42fdeec..329345b9d4 100644 --- a/translated/talk/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md +++ b/published/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md @@ -1,8 +1,7 @@ 10款专为嵌入式系统打造的Linux平台 - ========================================== -Linux 有着广泛的用途。该平台被许多简单的家用电器所使用，同时它也深受程序员和黑客们的青睐。此外，Linux 还广泛地应用在嵌入式系统中，有一系列专门适用于此类系统的发行版。我们将为大家推荐十个非常优秀的专为嵌入式系统发行的linux版本！ +Linux 有着广泛的用途。该平台用于很多家庭的简单使用，同时它也深受程序员和黑客们的青睐。此外，Linux 还广泛地应用在嵌入式系统中，有一系列专门适用于此类系统的发行版。我们将为大家推荐十个非常优秀的专为嵌入式系统发行的linux版本！ ![] (http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/UJVP24130PM532014.jpeg) @@ -10,61 +9,49 @@ Linux 有着广泛的用途。该平台被许多简单的家用电器所使用 ### 1.[Ampro 嵌入式 Linux][1] ### - -这是一个自由和开放源代码的从Ubuntu派生来的轻量级操作系统。 +这是一个自由和开放源代码的从Ubuntu精简来的轻量级操作系统。 ### 2. [BlueCat Linux from Lynx][2] ### -这个基于 Linux 的发行版是Lynx套件的一部分，并为嵌入式系统打造。 +这个基于 Linux 的发行版是Lynx套件的一部分，并为嵌入式系统打造。 ### 3. [CacheGuard OS][3] ### -CacheGuard OS 是一个从零开始建立的集成了安全解决方案的基于Linux的可自定义版本 ，专门为网络管理设计的。 - +CacheGuard OS 是一个从零开始建立的集成了安全解决方案的基于Linux的版本，专门为网络管理设计的。 ### 4. [Darma NAS OS][4] ### -这个发行版有一个基于 SSL 的加密客户端服务器和基于 Java 的图形用户界面。 - +这个发行版有一个基于 SSL 的加密客户端的服务器和基于 Java 的图形用户界面。 ### 5. [DIET-PC][5] ### - -这是开源的瘦客户端软件 kitset，它允许用户建立网络设备。 - +这是开源的瘦客户端软件 kitset，它允许用户建立网络应用。 ### 6. [ELinOS][6] ### 这个发行版为在嵌入式系统上工作的用户提供大量的技术。它是一个相当受欢迎的嵌入式 Linux 平台。 - ### 7. [eLux][7] ### - 这个发行版有一个非常简单和容易使用的界面，适用于用户和管理员都不具有任何有关 Linux 的知识的特殊情况下。 - ### 8. [eLux NG][8] ### - -这一个发行版为支持 eLux 的列表中的处理器添加了新的模式。 - +这个发行版为支持 eLux 的处理器列表中添加了新的型号。 ### 9. [Embedded Coyote Linux][9] ### +这种基于 Coyote Linux的防火墙和 VPN 服务器一直为很多人选择的平台。 -这种基于 Coyote Linux的防火墙和 VPN 服务器 一直为很多人选择的平台。 - - -# # # 10。[嵌入式 Debian 项目][10] # # # - +### 10. [嵌入式 Debian 项目][10] ### 这个项目的目的是使 Debian GNU/Linux 成为嵌入式系统的第一选择。 + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=137612 -译者：[owen-carter](https://github.com/owen-carter) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[owen-carter](https://github.com/owen-carter) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From fc08bdbd6a3176ff44db452c8f5f8849ebb8f3de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 27 Jun 2014 16:20:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 423/713] PUB:20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20 @GOLinux --- .../20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md (94%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md b/published/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md similarity index 94% rename from translated/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md rename to published/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md index 3b2aa15f6b..e21aff39d7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md +++ b/published/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Numix图标主题张冠李戴，Fedora 20劲爆酷爽 via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-numix-icon-theme-fedora-20/ -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 098ac310190da63c377be1049307c025148ad600 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 27 Jun 2014 16:47:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 424/713] PUB:20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @yujianxuechuan 下回记得译文中不用保留英文原文了。：》 --- ...nnection sharing with iptables on Linux.md | 118 +++++++++++++ ...nnection sharing with iptables on Linux.md | 163 ------------------ 2 files changed, 118 insertions(+), 163 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md b/published/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..34066c0167 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,118 @@ +怎样使用linux的iptables工具进行网络共享 +================================================================================ + +在本教程中，我将解释多个设备怎样在linux下共享一个网络连接。目前无线路由器已经成为主流的消费品，从而解决了本文这一问题。这里假设你家中并没有一台无线路由器，不过，你却有一台已经有"猫"和有线网卡的的linux主机。"猫"是以动态公有IP地址的模式连接到互联网，主机的网卡连接到你的交换机或者集线器。其他设备（如linux或者windows的PC或者笔记本）以网桥的形式连接，并且没有连接到互联网。为了共享linux主机的互联网，你必须把主机转换成网关，以便它能实现从其他设备中传送和接受信息。 + +### 术语字汇 ### + + +- **私有IP地址**（路由不可达地址）是一个被用于本地局域网的IP地址（在互联网中不可见）。 +- **公用IP地址**（路由可达地址）是一个在互联网中可见的IP地址。 +- **IP伪装**是一项允许一系列机器通过MASQ网关连接互联网的功能。这些MASQ网关之外的机器在互联网中是不可见的。MASQ之后的机器中任何流入或流出的数据必须经过MASQ网关。 +- **网络地址转换**（NAT）是一项通过IP伪装技术可以使私有IP地址访问互联网的功能。 + +### Hardware Requirements ### + +硬件要求 + +- 一台有两个接口（一个公有IP地址和其他的私有IP地址）的linux主机，这个主机将被用作网关。 +- 一台或者多台拥有私有IP地址的linux/windows系统的PC或者笔记本。 +- 交换机/集线器（可选）。 + +### 教程步骤 ### + +接下来的过程需要在linux主机（用于共享的网关）上完成。 + +#### 1、激活IP转发 #### + +为了设置网络共享，你需要在linux主机上更改一个内核参数来使能IP转发功能。内核启动参数设定在/etc/sysctl.conf文件中。 + +打开这个文件，定位到含有"# net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0"的这一行，移除#号（即取消注释），然后将其值设置为1，改好之后应该和下面的一致。 + + net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 + +你还要使激活IP转发功能生效，通过执行下面的命令： + + $ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 + $ sudo sysctl -p + +#### 2、NAT配置 #### + +另一个网络共享的重要部分是NAT配置，这可以通过使用iptables的命令，iptables包含四个防火墙的规则表： + +- FILTER (默认表格) +- NAT +- MANGLE +- RAW + +这个教程中我们将仅使用两个表格：FILTER和NAT表格。 + +首先，刷新所有活跃的防火墙的规则。 + + $ sudo iptables -X + $ sudo iptables -F + $ sudo iptables -t nat -X + $ sudo iptables -t nat -F + + +在输入表格中，你需要设置转发链（FORWARD）成可接受的（ACCEPT）目的地，因此所有通过主机的数据包将会被正确的处理。 + + $ sudo iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + $ sudo iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + + +在NAT表中，你必须为你的WAN口启用IP伪装功能，我们假设WAN口协议是ppp0。为了在ppp0接口上使能IP伪造技术，我们使用以下的命令： + + $ sudo iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE + +#### 3、配置私有IP地址 #### + +在linux主机上的所有配置完成后，你需要配置其他设备（linux/windows的PC或笔记本）的DNS服务器以及默认网关，让它们的数据流可以指向linux主机。注意你不需要在linux主机上设置一个DNS服务器，从其他设备发出的每一个DNS请求都会通过上游的ISP自动转发到linux主机上。 + +如果你的其他设备上用的系统是linux，你可以通过以下命令来更改他们的默认网关和DNS服务器。假设你的网段是192.168.1.0/24的私有IP地址网段，linux主机上绑定的IP地址是192.168.1.1。 + + $ sudo ip route del default + $ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.1.1 + $ sudo sh -c "echo 'nameserver 192.168.1.1' > /etc/resolv.conf" + +如果还有其他的linux设备，那么你可以重复以上命令。 + +如果你有windows设备，你可以通过控制面板的网络连接属性来更改默认网关和DNS服务器。 + +#### 4、完整的脚本 #### + +这是一个在linux主机上设置网络连接共享的一个完整的脚本。WAN口（ppp0协议）需要根据你具体的网络接口协议来替换。 + + $ sudo vi /usr/local/bin/ishare + +---------- + + #!/bin/bash + + ## Internet connection shating script + + sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 + sysctl -p + iptables -X + iptables -F + iptables -t nat -X + iptables -t nat -F + iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE + +保存以上的脚本到/usr/local/bin/ishare，然后添加可执行权限通过执行下面的命令。 + + $ sudo chmox +x /usr/local/bin/ishare + +如果你需要这个脚本开机启动，你需要在/etc/rc.local文件中执行这个脚本，并在该文件中的"exit 0"之前添加下面一行。 + + /usr/local/bin/ishare + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/internet-connection-sharing-iptables-linux.html + +译者：[yujianxuechuan](https://github.com/yujianxuechuan) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3027c6a535..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,163 +0,0 @@ -Translating by yujianxuechuan,占坑 -How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux -怎样使用linux的iptables工具进行网络共享 -================================================================================ -In this tutorial, I'll explain how to share a single Internet connection among multiple devices on Linux. While consumer-grade WiFi routers have become mainstream nowadays, making this problem a non-issue, suppose you don't have one at home. However, say you have a Linux box already assembled with a modem and a LAN card. The modem is connected to the Internet with a dynamic public IP address, and the LAN card connected to your switch/hub. Other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop) are connected to the switch without having any Internet connection. To share the Internet connection of the Linux box, you have to turn the box into a gateway, so that it can relay traffic to and from other devices. -在本教程中，我将解释多个设备怎样在linux下共享一个网络连接。目前无线路由器已经成为主流的消费品，从而解决了本文这一问题，假设你家中并没有一台无线路由器。然而，你却有一台已经有"猫"和局lan网卡的的linux主机。"猫"是以动态公有IP地址的模式连接的互联网，主机的lan网卡连接到你的交换机或者集线器。其他设备（如linux或者windows的PC或者笔记本）以网桥的形式连接并无互联网连接。为了共享linux主机的互联网，你必须把主机摄制成网关，于是它才能实现从其他设备中传送和接受信息。 -### Glossary of Terms ### -术语字汇 -- **Private IP address** (non-routeable address) is an IP address used for a Local Area Network (not visible through Internet). -- **Public IP address** (routeable address) is an IP address that is visible through Internet. -- **IP masquerading** is a function that allows set of machines to reach the Internet via a MASQ gateway. Those machines behind the MASQ gateway is never visible to the Internet. Any outgoing and incoming traffic from and to the machines behind the MASQ gateway must pass through the MASQ gateway. -- **Network Address Translation** (NAT) is a function that can make a private IP address reaches the Internet with the help of IP masquerading. --私有IP地址（不可到达地址）是一个被用于本地局域网的IP地址（在互联网中不可见）。 --公用IP地址（可到达地址）是一个在互联网中可见的IP地址。 -IP伪装是一项允许一系列机器通过MASQ网关连接互联网的功能。这些MASQ网关之外的机器在互联网中是不可见的。MASQ之后的机器中任何流入或流出的数据必须经过MASQ网关。 --网络地址转换（NAT）是一项通过IP伪装技术可以使私有IP地址访问互联网的功能。 -### Hardware Requirements ### -硬件要求 -- One Linux box with two interfaces (one public IP address and the other private IP address), which will be used as a gateway. -- One or more Linux/Windows PC or laptop with private IP addresses. -- Switch/HUB (optional). --一台有两个接口（一个公有IP地址和其他的私有IP地址）的linux主机，这个主机将被用作网关。 --一台或者多台拥有私有IP地址的linux/windows系统的PC或者笔记本。 --交换机/集线器（可选）。 -### Step-by-Step Guide ### -教程步骤 -The following procedure is required on the Linux box (the connection sharing gateway). -接下来的过程需要在linux主机（用于共享的网关）上完成。 -#### 1. Activate IP forwarding #### -1、激活IP转发 -In order to set up Internet connection sharing, you need to enable IP forwarding on the Linux box with a kernel parameter. Startup kernel parameters stored in /etc/sysctl.conf. -为了设置网络共享，你需要在linux主机上更改一个内核参数来使能IP转发功能。内核启动参数设定在/etc/sysctl.conf文件中。 -Open the file, and locate line with the following parameter "# net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0". Remove hash mark (i.e., uncomment it), and set the value to 1. It should look like the following: -打开这个文件，定位到含有"# net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0"的这一行，移除#号（即取消注释），然后将其值设置为1，改好之后应该和下面的一致。 - net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1 - -You may also activate IP forwaring at run time by the following command: -你还要使激活IP转发功能生效，通过执行下面的命令： - $ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 - $ sudo sysctl -p - -#### 2. NAT configuration #### -2、NAT配置 -Another important part of Internet connection sharing is NAT configuration which can be done using iptables command. iptables maintains four firewall tables: -另一个网络共享的重要部分是NAT配置，这可以通过使用iptables的命令，iptables包含四个防火墙的表格： -- FILTER (the default table) -- NAT -- MANGLE -- RAW -- FILTER (默认表格) -- NAT -- MANGLE -- RAW - -In this tutorial we will use only two tables: FILTER and NAT tables. -这个教程中我们将仅使用两个表格：FILTER和NAT表格。 -First, flush all active firewall rules. -首先，刷新所有活跃的防火墙的规则。 - $ sudo iptables -X - $ sudo iptables -F - $ sudo iptables -t nat -X - $ sudo iptables -t nat -F - -On the INPUT table, you have to set chain FORWARD to ACCEPT target, so all packets passed through the box will be processed correctly. -在输入表格中，你需要设置转发链成可接受的目的地，因此艘游通过主机的数据包将会被正确的处理。 - $ sudo iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT - $ sudo iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT - -On the NAT table, you have to enable IP masquerading for your WAN interface. We assume that the WAN interface is ppp0. To enable IP masquerading on ppp0 interface, you can use the following command: -在NAT表中，你必须为你的WAN口使能IP伪装，我们假设WAN口协议是ppp0。为了在ppp0接口上使能IP伪造技术，我们使用以下的命令： - $ sudo iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE - -#### 3. Configuring a private IP address #### -3、配置私有IP地址 -After all configuration is completed on the Linux box, you have to configure the DNS server and default gateway of other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop), so that they point to the Linux box. Note that you don't need to set up a DNS server on the Linux box. Every DNS request from other devices are automatically forwarded by the Linux box to your upstream ISP. -在linux主机上的所有配置完成后，你需要配置其他设备（linux/windows的PC或笔记本）的DNS服务器以及默认网关，因此他们的数据流可以指向linux主机。注意你不需要在linux主机上设置一个DNS服务器，从其他设备发出的每一个DNS请求都会通过上游的ISP自动转发到linux主机上。 -If you are using Linux on the other devices, you can use the following command to change their default gateway and DNS servers. I assume that you are using 192.168.1.0/24 private IP address segment, and that 192.168.1.1 is the IP address assigned to the Linux box. -如果你的其他设备上用的系统是linux，你可以通过以下命令来更改他们的默认网关和DNS服务器。假设你的网段是192.168.1.0/24的私有IP地址网段，linux主机上绑定的IP地址是192.168.1.1。 - $ sudo ip route del default - $ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.1.1 - $ sudo sh -c "echo 'nameserver 192.168.1.1' > /etc/resolv.conf" - -If you have other Linux devices, you can repeat the command above on other devices. -如果还有其他的linux设备，那么你可以重复以上命令。 -If you have a Windows device, you can change the default gateway and the DNS server via network connection properties on the control panel. -如果你有windows设备，你可以通过控制面板的网络连接属性来更改默认网关和DNS服务器。 -#### 4. The complete script #### -4、完整的脚本 -Here is the complete script which sets up Internet connection sharing on the Linux box. The WAN interface (ppp0) needs to be replaced according to your environment. -这是一个在linux主机上设置网络连接共享的一个完整的脚本。WAN口（ppp0协议）需要根据你具体的网络接口协议来替换。 - $ sudo vi /usr/local/bin/ishare - ----------- - -In this tutorial we will use only two tables: FILTER and NAT tables. - -First, flush all active firewall rules. - - $ sudo iptables -X - $ sudo iptables -F - $ sudo iptables -t nat -X - $ sudo iptables -t nat -F - -On the INPUT table, you have to set chain FORWARD to ACCEPT target, so all packets passed through the box will be processed correctly. - - $ sudo iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT - $ sudo iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT - -On the NAT table, you have to enable IP masquerading for your WAN interface. We assume that the WAN interface is ppp0. To enable IP masquerading on ppp0 interface, you can use the following command: - - $ sudo iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE - -#### 3. Configuring a private IP address #### - -After all configuration is completed on the Linux box, you have to configure the DNS server and default gateway of other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop), so that they point to the Linux box. Note that you don't need to set up a DNS server on the Linux box. Every DNS request from other devices are automatically forwarded by the Linux box to your upstream ISP. - -If you are using Linux on the other devices, you can use the following command to change their default gateway and DNS servers. I assume that you are using 192.168.1.0/24 private IP address segment, and that 192.168.1.1 is the IP address assigned to the Linux box. - - $ sudo ip route del default - $ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.1.1 - $ sudo sh -c "echo 'nameserver 192.168.1.1' > /etc/resolv.conf" - -If you have other Linux devices, you can repeat the command above on other devices. - -If you have a Windows device, you can change the default gateway and the DNS server via network connection properties on the control panel. - -#### 4. The complete script #### - -Here is the complete script which sets up Internet connection sharing on the Linux box. The WAN interface (ppp0) needs to be replaced according to your environment. - - $ sudo vi /usr/local/bin/ishare - ----------- - - #!/bin/bash - - ## Internet connection shating script - - sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 - sysctl -p - iptables -X - iptables -F - iptables -t nat -X - iptables -t nat -F - iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT - iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT - iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE - -Save the above script to /usr/local/bin/ishare, and then change the executable bit by the following command. -保存以上的脚本到/usr/local/bin/ishare，然后添加可执行权限通过执行下面的命令。 - $ sudo chmox +x /usr/local/bin/ishare - -If you want the script executed every startup, you can register the script to /etc/rc.local. Open /etc/rc.local, before statement "exit 0", add the following line: -如果你需要这个脚本开机启动，你需要在/etc/rc.local文件中注册这个脚本，在文件中的"exit 0"之前添加下面一行。 - /usr/local/bin/ishare - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/internet-connection-sharing-iptables-linux.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d100d76ab324a16d3bfeed72edeba531b5da6265 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Fri, 27 Jun 2014 21:46:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 425/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=82=E3=80=82=E3=80=82?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0140625 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/news/20140625 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md b/sources/news/20140625 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md index 6094b99e87..4e31fcd3c4 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140625 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md +++ b/sources/news/20140625 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +2q1w2007翻译中 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code ================================================================================ > Google's BoringSSL, a fork of the open source OpenSSL software for encrypting Web data, will spread the open source community's resources thinner. From 14b677f51144c241373d910ba04308cbf8439cb8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: CNprober Date: Sat, 28 Jun 2014 11:21:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 426/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90By?= =?UTF-8?q?=20CNprober,=20Betty=20a=20funny=20tools=20for=20newhands?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md | 68 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md (56%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md b/translated/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md similarity index 56% rename from sources/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md rename to translated/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md index d54f40f309..f9b695fbbc 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md @@ -1,66 +1,67 @@ -CNprober翻译中。。。619913541 +CNprober翻译完成。。。619913541 -Betty: Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands +Betty：通过大白话执行Linux命令 ================================================================================ -**Betty** is an open source tool that translates English-like phrases into Linux commands. The main goal of this project is to use the Linux powered systems through natural language input. Let us see some examples how it works. -### Installation ### +**Betty** 是一个将类英语短语翻译成Linux命令的开源工具。这个项目的主要目的是让大家可以通过输入自然语言来使用强大的Linux系统。让我们来看一下它是怎么工作的。 -Betty installation is very simple and straight forward. Make sure you’ve installed the following prerequisites packages. +### 安装 ### -#### On Debian based systems: #### +Betty的安装非常简单直接。首先确认你已经安装了下面这些依赖包[译注，需要安装至少Ruby1.9以上版本]。 + +#### 对于基于Debian的系统：#### sudo apt-get install git curl ruby -On RPM based systems: +####对于基于RPM的系统：#### yum install git curl ruby -Now, git clone the Betty repository to any preferred location. I am going to clone the betty repo in my home directory **i.e /home/sk/**. +现在git工具把Betty库clone到你自定义的任何路径。这里我克隆到我的home目录，**例如 /home/sk/**. git clone https://github.com/pickhardt/betty -Add the betty alias in your bashrc file. +添加betty的别名到你的bashrc配置文件。 sudo nano ~/.bashrc -Add the following line at the end: +将下列行添加到文件的末尾： alias betty="/home/sk/betty/main.rb" -Make sure you’ve replaced the correct path of the betty directory. +确保你已经正确地设置好了betty的路径。 -It’s done. Now, it’s time to play with betty. +好了，现在是时候和betty好好地玩耍了。 -### Usage ### +### 用法 ### -You should include the word “betty” in-front of every English phrases. As you may know already, if we want to know the user name of our system, we run the following command: +你应该在英语短语之前加上单词“betty”。你也许已经知道，如果我们想知道在系统中我们的用户名，应该运行下面的命令： whoami -Sample output: +输出是这样的： sk -As you see above, my current user name is **sk**. Well, now we can get the same result using betty as shown below. +如你所见，我当前登录的用户名是 **sk**. 现在我也可以通过下面的betty命令获取相同的结果。 betty whats my username -Sample output: +输出是这样的： Betty: Running whoami sk -Cool, isn’t it? Yes. Betty understands the normal English phrase “whats my username” that I entered, and ran the command “whoami” automatically, and finally displayed the correct output. +真的好酷，是不是？Betty理解我输入的“whats my username”短语，然后运行“whoami”命令，最后输出结果。 -Let us see some other commands too. +让我们也来看其他命令。 -Betty will respond in multiple ways if you didn’t enter exactly what you’re looking for. For example, we run the following command: +如果你的输入不够准确，Betty也能以多种方式回应你。例如，我们运行下面的命令： betty whats my name -Betty isn’t sure whether she should find the system username or full name. In this case, she will ask you multiple questions to find the exact result. As you see below, Betty asks me which command(whoami or finger $(whoami) | sed ‘s/.*: *//;q’) should I want to execute. I just want it to display my username, so i chose number **1**. - +Betty不确定她应该查找系统用户名还是用户全名。这种情况下，她会询问你多个问题来找到准确的结果。如你下面所见，Betty问我想要运行哪一条命令（whoami 还是 finger $(whoami) | sed 's/.*:*//;q')[译注，需要你的系统已经安装finger]。我只想知道我的用户名，所以我选择数字**1**。 + Betty: Okay, I have multiple ways to respond. Betty: Enter the number of the command you want me to run, or N (no) if you don't want me to run any. [1] whoami @@ -71,13 +72,14 @@ Betty isn’t sure whether she should find the system username or full name. In Betty: Running whoami sk -### Compress And Uncompress Folders ### +### 压缩和解压缩文件夹 ### + +如果你想要压缩一个文件或者文件夹，用下面的命令。例如，我想压缩我home目录下的“test”文件夹。 -If you want to compress a file or a folder, use the following command. For example, I want to compress a folder called “test” folder in my home directory. betty compress test/ test.tar.gz -Sample output: +输出是这样的： Betty: Running tar -czvf test.tar.gz test/ test/ @@ -86,11 +88,11 @@ Sample output: test/home/sk/test/ test/home/sk/test/sample -Similarly, we can use the following command to uncompress an archive file. +类似的，我们可以用下面的命令来解压缩一个归档文件。 betty uncompress test.tar.gz -Sample output: +输出是这样的： Betty: Running mkdir test && tar -zxvf test.tar.gz -C test test/ @@ -99,11 +101,11 @@ Sample output: test/home/sk/test/ test/home/sk/test/sample -### Complete list of Betty commands ### +### 完整的Betty命令行列表 ### -Betty tool has some command formats. It doesn’t understand if you put the command “what is my user name” instead of “whats my username”. So, you have to enter the correct English phrase that supported by Betty. +Betty工具有一些命令格式。如果你输入“what is my user name”而不是“whats my username”，它是不能识别的。所以，你只能输入Betty支持的英语短语。 -The complete list of supported commands are given below. +下面给出一个Betty支持的完整的命令行列表。 Count: betty how many words are in this directory @@ -183,11 +185,11 @@ The complete list of supported commands are given below. betty turn web on betty please tell me what is the weather like in London -Betty seems very nice tool to Linux novice users. Hope this tool will useful for you too. +对Linux初级使用者来说，Betty似乎是一个非常nice的工具。希望这个工具对你也会非常有用。 Cheers! -Source: +源代码： - [Betty Homepage][1] @@ -195,7 +197,7 @@ Source: via: http://www.unixmen.com/betty-translate-english-phrases-linux-commands/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[love_daisy_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 2de973bb3d102025dee948fb18b653c4243bace2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ryan Hu <213edu@gmail.com> Date: Fri, 27 Jun 2014 21:01:18 -0700 Subject: [PATCH 427/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=83=82=E5=B0=BE=E4=BA=86=E5=B8=AE?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B8=AE=E5=BF=99?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...sting and unstable repository on Debian.md | 38 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md b/sources/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md index 4c22d5c1ee..aab26e9a18 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md @@ -1,23 +1,22 @@ -[Translating] --213edu - How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian +如何在Debian启用测试版/不稳定版的库（testing and unstable repository） ================================================================================ -Testing/Unstable sources +为何要启用测试版/不稳定版？ -The testing and unstable repositories of Debian provide with a higher version of software applications than what is present in the stable repository. Note that these names are actually aliases such that the stable repository points to the current Debian stable release and the Testing repository is what is going to be part of the next Debian stable release. So at the time of this post, Wheezy 7.x is the Stable release and Jessie is the Testing source which is going to be the next stable release. +测试版/不稳定版的Debian给开发者提供了一个比当前稳定版更新的环境以及软件。你们注意到了么？其实这些稳定版啊不稳定版啊神马的都是别名，比方说稳定版其实就是Debian的稳定发行版，而测试版将会是下一个Debian的稳定发行版（当然那是测试后的事了）。截至发稿为止，当前Debian的稳定发行版是Wheezy 7.x，将会成为下一个稳定版的测试版则是Jessie。 -At times, when you need to get a more recent version of a particular application, then the testing/unstable repository is a good option. I had the task of installing Apache 2.4.x onto a Debian wheezy system. But the repo had only 2.2.x and the testing repo had the required 2.4.x version. So the solution is to grab it from the testing repo. +当你需要一款应用的最新版本的时候，启用测试版/不稳定版将会是不二的选择。当初我工作需要安装个Apache的 2.4.x到我的Debian Wheezy。测试版需要的是2.4.x的，可是我的repo只有2.2.x的。所以最好的解决方案当时是在测试版下下来啦。 -Most of the time, when looking for newer versions of software applications, we would fiddle with the "Testing" repository only. +通常来说当我们想尝试最新版本的应用时都应只会使用测试版的系统。 -This post is going to show you how to setup the Testing and Unstable sources on a Debian system and how to install software from them, without breaking your existing system. +在这篇文章里我将教大家如何在不弄坏你系统的前提下设置好测试、不稳定版的Debain系统病在上面安装软件。 -> Stable < Testing < Unstable +> Stable < Testing < Unstable （稳定 < 测试版 < 不稳定版） > Wheezy < Jessie < Sid -### 1. Setup the apt sources for testing/unstable repo ### +### 1. 设置测试版/不稳定版的apt源 ### -The first step is to add the testing/unstable sources to your sources.list file. The /etc/apt/sources.list file on a Debian wheezy system looks something like this by default. +第一步是把测试版/不稳定版的源加到你的sources.list文件里。在Debian Wheezy系统上，/etc/apt/sources.list理应长得像这样： $ cat /etc/apt/sources.list @@ -29,10 +28,11 @@ The first step is to add the testing/unstable sources to your sources.list file. deb-src http://security.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main ... -Note down the url of the repository server - http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ -This repository server is a mirror that is located nearest to you. It shall be different in your sources.list file. The same shall be used in the next steps +把你repo服务器的链接记下来，比如：http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ -To add the testing and unstable sources you need to add something like this to your sources.list file +这个repo服务器将会是离你最近的一个服务器； 在不同的地理位置会有不同的url，这个将会用于下一步。 + +如果想加测试/不稳定源，则需要在sources.list文件加上这些东西： # Testing repository - main, contrib and non-free branches deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian testing main non-free contrib @@ -48,23 +48,25 @@ To add the testing and unstable sources you need to add something like this to y deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian unstable main non-free contrib deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian unstable main non-free contrib -The format is +格式将会是 deb + (deb <上一步弄的服务器/镜像url> ) -Instead of testing/unstable the corresponding codenames jessie and sid can also be used +当然啦，除了用testing或者unstable这么烂的词，他们的名称也是能使用的，比如Jessie或者Sid deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian jessie main non-free contrib deb http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates main contrib non-free deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian sid main non-free contrib -### 2. Do some apt pinning - Important ! ### +### 2. Do some apt pinning - Important ! ### <-怎么翻译 -> After adding the testing and unstable repos, if you update the system then all available updates for all installed applications would be installed right away, leading the system to an unpredictable state. +> 在加了测试/不稳定的repo之后，当你更新系统的时候所有安装过并且可用的软件就会立马更新，而后你的系统就被你玩火自焚了。 -Therefore some rules have to be setup in order to restrict the package selection during regular updates/upgrades. +所以在在升级的时候我们必须要加一些限制，才能让我们在升级的时候选择特定的包。 《-这句被我翻译坏了帮帮忙修一下 This is done through "apt pinning" where we tell the apt system to use only the stable system as always, but we may select to install a particular package from the testing or unstable repository if we wish to. +在这里，我们可以使用apt pinning来告诉apt系统哪些包需要保持不动，哪些包需要 The apt pinning preferences can be configured into either of the following 2 files. From fa63c5bbf3c7d17c9c39730a4b7507ce3b0bc9de Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: owen-carter Date: Sat, 28 Jun 2014 13:07:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 428/713] translatde by owen-carter --- .../talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md | 81 ------------- .../talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md | 107 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 107 insertions(+), 81 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md b/sources/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md deleted file mode 100644 index 05d89ba210..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,81 +0,0 @@ - owen-carter translating -14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu -================================================================================ -Making the switch to Ubuntu – or any popular Linux distribution – is more than the mere act of changing operating systems. You must also have apps that allow you to get work done. - -In this article, I'll be sharing critical applications that I rely on, and I’ll talk about how I use them in my daily activities. - -### Apps for Daily Use ### - -Generally when it comes to software on the Linux desktop, I drop app titles into one of two categories. These would be stuff I use every day, and everything else. Below are applications I find myself running each and every day. - -1) **Firefox** – Sometimes I use other browsers, but lately [Firefox][1] has been my long trusted friend. Reliable, safe and cross platform, Firefox is generally what I use for my daily browsing needs. - -In addition to accessing bookmarks and webpages, I also rely on Firefox to handle my various LAN server duties as well. Duties such as: [Plex][2], [Zoneminder][3], router/WAPs, and my file server. All of these are accessed each day using Firefox. - -2) **Parcelite** – I can't begin to function without a decent clipboard manager, and for me, you can't beat [Parcelite][4] on the GNOME desktop. Simple to use, easy to access and it's also chalked full of useful options. Parcelite options include everything from hotkeys to white space handling. There are a ton of great clipboard managers out there, but it's tough to beat what Parcelite offers. - -3) **Bittorrent Sync** – I have used various open source alternatives for file syncing that needed more development before being released. That being said [Bittorrent Synchas][5] NEVER let me down. It's easy to run and install thanks to the new GUI offering, and Bittorrent Sync allows me to transfer huge video files quickly from machine to machine without wasting time syncing stuff to the "cloud." - -I've also found it to be a fantastic way to share large files easily with others, while maintaining IP address and directory privacy along the way. Despite the numerous alternatives available, I remain firmly grounded as a Bittorrent Sync fanboy. - -4) **System Monitor** – Because TOP only goes so far, I prefer a tabbed GUI as it's much easier on my eyes. Using GNOME's [System Monitor][6], I can quickly discover a runaway process and easily kill it without ever needing to break a sweat. Unlike a terminal app like [TOP][7], I can also get a visual perspective using graphs in real-time for my CPU, memory and disk usage. Being a visual person, it's difficult to beat the bar graph showing me how much space I have. Same applies to real-time resource usage as well. - -5) **PulseAudioControl** – Each day, I tend to bounce between multiple sound devices. Sometimes I need to make one the default, but then switch from Firefox audio to another device altogether. Because I like to have as much control over my audio as possible, I've found that [PulseAudioControl][8] is an invaluable tool. - -### Everything else software ### - -In this section, I'll share apps that I use, but may not necessarily use each and every day. Many of these apps are open source, some are not, all are of great value to me personally. - -6) **Skype** – Whether it's calling into [Jupiter Broadcasting][9] to co-host a weekly podcast, or simply catching up with a business contact, [Skype][10] is how Internet video conversations happen. After testing countless alternatives, I always find myself coming back to Skype. Even though there are really awesome open source options like [Ekiga][11] or [Jitsi][12], at the end of the day Skype is where everyone is at – good luck getting people to switch. - -7) **Kdenlive** – I use two different video editors, and when it comes to banging out a heavily edited video, [Kdenlive][13] is the tool I use for picture in picture compositing and editing really large, complex videos. I've successfully managed 6 track edits in Kdenlive that have crashed in other video editors. - -8) **OpenShot** – For the most part, [OpenShot][14] is my goto video editor for most of my video editing tasks. Quick edits, and two track work goes by quickly and easily using this editor. I have also found that it offers great effects that are difficult to match elsewhere. Blender title effects and great video transitions make OpenShot a fantastic editor for my own projects. - -9) **SpiderOak** – After using countless cloud backup services over the years, I've settled on [SpiderOak][15] as my favorite. Easy to use and setup, I love the incremental options provided and how simple it is use. Just set it and forget it, then SpiderOak does all the heavy lifting. - -10) **Dropbox** – I've had a love/hate relationship with [Dropbox][16] for many years now. Despite being cross platform, which means I can access files from anywhere, I'm slowly finding my self less and less reliant on this cloud-based backup solution. Still, it does allow me to access files from any web browser even if it's not from a computer I'm normally using, which makes dropping the Dropbox habit even harder. - -11) **Writer** – I've been relying on [Writer][17] since I first used it on Windows via OpenOffice. Today, I am using Writer with LibreOffice and for my needs, it does everything I could need a word processor to do. Now it's fair to point out that some proprietary office suites might offer additional functionality not found in Writer, however 99% of what most people need is covered here with Writer. For me personally, I'll always be a LibreOffice Writer fan. - -12) **SimpleScreenRecorder** – Over the years, I've come to find myself using [SimpleScreenRecorder][18] over other alternatives as it does a nice job with multiple monitor support, plus it can even capture OpenGL applications as well. Easy to use and reliable, SimpleScreenRecorder has served me well. I recommend it to anyone who is tired of playing with other screen capturing software that only works some of the time. - -13) **SimpleScan** – When I need to scan a document, I don't want to spend a lot of time configuring a bloated program. [Simple Scan][19] is great in this capacity. Rocking the SANE scanner database, Simple Scan will work with just about any scanner or all-in-one printer/scanner you throw at it. What's also nice is that it's setup to work with the best resolution out of the box, yet you're still free to make any manual adjustments you see fit. - -14) **Baobab** (Disk Usage Analyzer) – I keep hearing how hard drive prices have come down. Be that as it may, the fact is I'm not made of money and each dollar I spend is usually part of a tight budget. This means I need to make the best use of the hard drive space I have available. To help me do this, I rely on [Baobab][20] to give me both a clear view of my available space on my hard drive, but also a clearer picture of which directories are eating away at my precious hard drive space. - -### Apps That Really Work, Regardless ### - -When it comes to applications I rely on, it's really less about their titles and licenses and more about the tasks that they allow me to accomplish. The myth that Linux doesn't really have required software is becoming a thing of the past. Most computing tasks, barring a few limited exceptions, can be done easily from the Linux desktop as I've explained above. - -Obviously there are applications that are "must haves" for you, that I might not use myself. What applications do you rely on? Hit the Comments below and share your best applications with the readers here. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.datamation.com/applications/14-apps-to-boost-ubuntu-1.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/ -[2]:https://plex.tv/ -[3]:http://www.zoneminder.com/ -[4]:http://parcellite.sourceforge.net/ -[5]:http://www.bittorrent.com/sync -[6]:https://help.gnome.org/users/gnome-system-monitor/3.12/ -[7]:http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl1_top.htm -[8]:http://freedesktop.org/software/pulseaudio/pavucontrol/ -[9]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Broadcasting -[10]:http://www.skype.com/en/download-skype/skype-for-linux/ -[11]:http://ekiga.org/ -[12]:https://jitsi.org/ -[13]:http://www.kdenlive.org/ -[14]:http://www.openshot.org/ -[15]:https://spideroak.com/ -[16]:https://www.dropbox.com/ -[17]:http://www.libreoffice.org/discover/writer/ -[18]:http://www.maartenbaert.be/simplescreenrecorder/ -[19]:https://launchpad.net/simple-scan -[20]:http://www.marzocca.net/linux/baobab/baobab-getting-started.html diff --git a/translated/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md b/translated/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..63fcec5938 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +14个可以提升Ubuntu体验的应用程序 + +转战到Ubuntu-或者是别的流行的Linux发行版-不仅仅是操作系统的操作方式的改变，更多的是你还需要一些能支持你完成工作的好的apps。 + + +在这篇文章中，我将分享一些我使用的关键的基础应用程序，我将谈谈在我的日常工作中如何有效地使用它们。 + + + + +### 日常使用的应用程序 ### + + +一般当说到Linux 桌面上的应用，我总是将这些应用划分为两大类，频繁使用的和一些别的应用。下边我为大家介绍的是一些自己日常使用的应用。 + + +1） **Firefox** — 有时我也会使用用其他的浏览器，但最近[火狐浏览器][1]已经成为我可以长期信赖的朋友。可靠的、 安全的、 跨平台的，火狐浏览器完全满足了我的日常冲浪需求。 + + +除了访问书签和网页，我还依靠火狐浏览器来处理我各种局域网服务器的事务，如 [Plex][2], [Zoneminder][3], router/WAPs, 和我的文件服务器。所有这些均可以使用火狐浏览器进行访问。 + + +2） **Parcelite**— 如果没有一个像样的剪贴板管理器我简直没法开始工作，至少对我来说，你无法吐槽在GNOME 桌面环境下的[Parcelite][4] 。使用简单，易于访问而且它提供了很多的有用的选项。Parcelite 选项包括一切从热键到white space handling的处理。尽管已经有很多的剪贴板管理器，但它们却很难击败 Parcelite 。 + + +3） **Bittorrent Sync** — 我已经使用过了各种开源替代方案，为了同步那些在发布之前还需要进行开发的那些项目，之后我发现[Bittorrent Synchas][5] 从来没有让我失望过。它运行和安装都很简单和方便这多亏了新的GUI的实现，而且 Bittorrent Sync 允许我快速地传输巨大的视频文件从机器到机器而无需浪费时间去将大量的文件同步到“云端”。 + + +我还发现它是很容易与别人分享大型文件，同时能一直保持 IP 地址和目录的隐蔽。尽管有许多的替代品，我仍然坚定地将Bittorrent Synchas作为 Bittorrent Sync变形金刚迷。 + + +4） **System Monitor** — 因为TOP实在是滚动地太快了，所以我个人更喜欢一个具有选项卡式的 GUI，因为它能够释放我的眼睛。使用 GNOME 的系统监视器，我可以很地会发现一个失控的进程，并且轻松地kill掉它而不需吹灰之力。与[TOP][7]终端应用程序不同的是，我可以使用实时图形在视觉角度去查看我的 CPU、 内存和磁盘的使用情况。作为一个拥有视觉的人，你不得不说，用条形图去展示我还拥有多少的空间，当然这也同样适用于实时的资源使用情况，这种GUI实现实在是太赞了。 + + +5） **PulseAudioControl** — 每一天，我总是需要在多个声音设备之间来回穿梭。有时我需要将其中一个设为默认设备，但然后却完全可能会从火狐浏览器音频切换到到另一个设备。因为我喜欢控制我尽可能多的音频，然后我就发现 [PulseAudioControl][8]是一个无价的工具。 + + + + +### 一些别的软件 ### + +在本节中，我将分享我使用，但可能并不一定是每天都使用的应用程序。许多这些应用程序都是开放源代码的，有一些不是，但是它们对我个人都非常具有价值。 + + +6） **Skype** — 无论它在呼唤[Jupiter Broadcasting][9] 进入每周共同主持的播客，或者只是联系上了一个业务，[Skype][10] 见证了互联网视频会议的发展史。测试完成无数的替代品后，我总是会发现自己还是终归回到 了Skype。即使有真的很棒的开源选择像[Ekiga][11] 和 [Jitsi][12]，在年底的一天，Skype 与大家同在 — — 希望切换到Skype是一件很愉快的事。 + + +7）**Kdenlive** — 我使用两个不同的视频编辑器，当我要导出一个庞大的视频剪辑项目的时候。[Kdenlive][13]是我使用的图片合成和编辑大型的、 复杂的视频的工具。我已经成功地在 Kdenlive 里边管理了6个素材轨道，但同样的负载量早已经让别的视频剪辑软件崩溃了。 + + + +8）**OpenShot** — 大多数情况下，我会将[OpenShot][14]作为视频剪辑任务的首选神兵利器。快速的编辑和两个素材轨道工作区的流畅的简单操作、 方便地使用此编辑器。我还发现它提供了很棒的无与伦比的特效。混合标题效果和超赞的的视频转场效果使OpenShot成为一款超棒的视频制作软件，在我自己的视频项目上。 + + +9）**SpiderOak** — 在使用了无数云备份服务这么多年后， [SpiderOak][15] 已经成为了我的至爱，。易于安装和使用，我超喜欢它所提供的增量选项而且使用起来是如此的简单。只需一次完美设置，然后忘记，之后SpiderOak将会挑起你的文件搬运大任。 + + +10） **Dropbox** — 许多年来，我已经与[Dropbox][16] 爱恨交织。尽管它的跨平台特性这意味着我可以从任何位置访问文件，我慢慢地发现我自己越来越少依赖这个基于云计算的备份解决方案。尽管如此，它允许我从任何 web 浏览器中访问文件，即使是从我不经常使用的计算机，这使得抛弃 Dropbox 更是难上加难。 + + +11） **Writer** — 我一直以来都在使用[Writer][17] 自从我第一次使用它在 Windows 上通过 OpenOffice。今天，我使用Writer与 LibreOffice 来满足我的需求，它可以做一切一个文字处理器可以做的。现在它是公正地指出，一些在作家中找不到专有的办公套件可能会提供附加功能，但是 99%的大多数人需要的功能在Writer这里都有。就我个人而言，我会永远是一个LibreOffice Writer粉。 + + +12）**SimpleScreenRecorder** — 多年来，我发现自己使用 [SimpleScreenRecorder][18]远超过其他同类软件，它能很好支持多监视器模式，再加上它甚至可以捕获基于 OpenGL 的应用程序。易于使用和可靠的 SimpleScreenRecorder 让我的工作更加得心应手。我把它推荐给那些已经疲于使用甚至很少使用同类软件屏幕捕捉软件的同学们。 + + +13）**SimpleScan** — 当我需要扫描文档的时候，我一点都不想将大把大把的时间花费在配置的臃肿的程序上。 [Simple Scan][19] 可以在这方面做得很好。智能的扫描数据库，Simple Scan将与市面上的任何扫描仪或多功能一体打印机/扫描仪很好的进行协作。此外还有一点好处就是它会设置成的最佳分辨率，当然现在你还可以很自由的去进行任何你认为合适的手动调整。 + + +14）**Baobab**（磁盘使用分析器） — — 我不断听到关于如何硬盘价格已回落。这或许没错，但现实却是我却囊中羞涩。这意味着我需要充分利用我能利用的所有硬盘空间，为了实现这个目的，我使用 [Baobab][20] 来观察我在我的硬盘上的可用空间，而且还可以直观地看到到底是哪一个目录正在蚕食我宝贵的硬盘空间。 + + +### 真正的具有生产力的软件 ### + +谈到我所依赖的这些软件，我们真正关心的更多的是他们能为我们完成什么样的任务而不是它们所拥有的光辉头衔和自身的许可证。linux不需要软件的传奇时代早已过去。大量的计算任务，除了有限的几个例外，大都可以在linux桌面上轻松地如我所说的那样完成。 + + +很明显你应该装备一些必不可少的软件，当然那些软件并不一定是我也使用的。你所倚重的软件是什么？您可在下方进行评论并与我们的读者进行分享那些优秀的软件。 + + + +via: http://www.datamation.com/applications/14-apps-to-boost-ubuntu-1.html + +译者：[owen-carter](https://github.com/owen-carter) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/ +[2]:https://plex.tv/ +[3]:http://www.zoneminder.com/ +[4]:http://parcellite.sourceforge.net/ +[5]:http://www.bittorrent.com/sync +[6]:https://help.gnome.org/users/gnome-system-monitor/3.12/ +[7]:http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl1_top.htm +[8]:http://freedesktop.org/software/pulseaudio/pavucontrol/ +[9]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Broadcasting +[10]:http://www.skype.com/en/download-skype/skype-for-linux/ +[11]:http://ekiga.org/ +[12]:https://jitsi.org/ +[13]:http://www.kdenlive.org/ +[14]:http://www.openshot.org/ +[15]:https://spideroak.com/ +[16]:https://www.dropbox.com/ +[17]:http://www.libreoffice.org/discover/writer/ +[18]:http://www.maartenbaert.be/simplescreenrecorder/ +[19]:https://launchpad.net/simple-scan +[20]:http://www.marzocca.net/linux/baobab/baobab-getting-started.html \ No newline at end of file From bc25997e41ccce3b51bd2e3b83d2ea2d4f737da0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 28 Jun 2014 21:35:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 429/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A27=20The=20L?= =?UTF-8?q?inux=20Kernel--Configuring=20the=20Kernel=20Part=2023?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...27 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 23.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/The Linux Kernel/27 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 23.md (95%) diff --git a/translated/The Linux Kernel/27 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 23.md b/published/The Linux Kernel/27 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 23.md similarity index 95% rename from translated/The Linux Kernel/27 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 23.md rename to published/The Linux Kernel/27 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 23.md index c1d766f56b..5a10971a31 100644 --- a/translated/The Linux Kernel/27 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 23.md +++ b/published/The Linux Kernel/27 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 23.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ 戴文的Linux内核专题：27 配置内核 (23) ================================================================================ -![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.735/) +![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.735/.jpg) -欢迎来到内核配置的下一章！本篇中我们会配置密码API，虚拟化和运行库。密码学指的是在需要的计算机之间加密和安全通信。用户可能加密数据以保证是收件人而不是黑客收到数据。 +欢迎来到内核配置的下一章！本篇中我们会配置密码API，虚拟化和运行库。密码学指的是在需要的计算机之间加密和安全通信的科学。用户可能加密数据以保证是收件人而不是黑客收到数据。 Linux内核需要在内核中启用"Cryptographic algorithm manager"(密码算法管理器)。这个特性提供了操作内核的加密特性所需的软件。 @@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ CORDIC algorithm - 双曲线和三角函数。 JEDEC DDR data - JEDEC双倍数据速率SD-RAM规范 -你猜怎么了？我们已经完成便宜内核。在23篇之后，我敢肯定这是你的感觉 - +你猜怎么了？我们已经完成配置内核。在23篇之后，我敢肯定这是你的感觉 - 视频链接:[http://www.youtube.com/embed/barWV7RWkq0?wmode=opaque][1] @@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ JEDEC DDR data - JEDEC双倍数据速率SD-RAM规范 via: http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-configuring-the-kernel-part-23.5112/ -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 7c1c5c53035d9217e2a58f9f78aed7d2ee3c25ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Oolong Tea Date: Sat, 28 Jun 2014 21:38:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 430/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B9=8C=E9=BE=99=E8=8C=B6=20=E7=BF=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...cal Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md b/sources/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md index e64d0bd10d..3748577b02 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md +++ b/sources/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +乌龙茶占坑 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos ================================================================================ > The Orange Box, a portable server cluster that Canonical will use for Ubuntu-based OpenStack cloud demonstrations and training, is now available. @@ -34,4 +35,4 @@ via: http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/062314/canonical-debuts-orange-box-ubuntu-opens [6]:http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/051614/shuttleworth-highlights-ubuntu-openstack-cloud-innovations [7]:http://www.ubuntu.com/cloud/tools/jumpstart [8]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/06/hands-on-with-canonicals-orange-box-and-a-peek-into-cloud-nirvana/ -[9]:http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/nuc/overview.html \ No newline at end of file +[9]:http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/nuc/overview.html From 73fc2c2edef47d08359190fa26bdf44a8d7384f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Sat, 28 Jun 2014 21:45:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 431/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=83=82=E5=B0=BE=E4=BA=86=E3=80=82?= =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=82=E3=80=82=E8=A2=AB=E8=B5=B6=E5=8E=BB=E5=A4=8D=E4=B9=A0?= =?UTF-8?q?=E3=80=82=E3=80=82=E3=80=82?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140625 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md b/sources/news/20140625 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md index 4e31fcd3c4..ca2f033ab4 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140625 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md +++ b/sources/news/20140625 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ 2q1w2007翻译中 -Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code +谷歌分支了开源的 OpenSSL 网站安全代码 ================================================================================ -> Google's BoringSSL, a fork of the open source OpenSSL software for encrypting Web data, will spread the open source community's resources thinner. +> 谷的 BoringSSL, 一个开源用来加盟网站数据的的OpenSSL分支，将会向开源社区提交代码 ![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/06/grayscale6jpgcropdisplay.jpg) -In the wake of [Heartbleed][1], there may soon be as many variants of the open source OpenSSL software for encrypting Web traffic as there are Pokemon characters—or something like that. A few days ago, Google (GOOG) became the latest organization to announce its own OpenSSL spin, which it's calling BoringSSL. +因为[Heartbleed][1]暴露出的脆弱, 用来加密网页传输的开源OpenSSL的变种可能和口袋妖怪里的角色一样多。前两天, Google (GOOG) 成为了最早宣布自己的OpenSSL分支的组织,其分支叫做BoringSSL。 -Google developer Adam Langley announced BoringSSL—a name he described as "aspirational," presumably because Google hopes the new software will prove more drama-free than OpenSSL—in a [blog post][2] on June 20. +Google的开发者Adam Langley announced BoringSSL—a name he described as "aspirational," presumably because Google hopes the new software will prove more drama-free than OpenSSL—in a [blog post][2] on June 20. Google has made its own modifications to the OpenSSL code for some time for use in Chrome and other offerings, Langley said. But going forward, the company intends to fork OpenSSL entirely to create a separate solution, a change it hopes will simplify development on Google's end. From cc1fcb19f12d159c38a8a2fba169dd23e948cc08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 28 Jun 2014 21:48:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 432/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A28=20The=20L?= =?UTF-8?q?inux=20Kernel--Compiling=20and=20Installing?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Linux Kernel--Compiling and Installing.md | 22 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) rename {translated => published}/The Linux Kernel/28 The Linux Kernel--Compiling and Installing.md (56%) diff --git a/translated/The Linux Kernel/28 The Linux Kernel--Compiling and Installing.md b/published/The Linux Kernel/28 The Linux Kernel--Compiling and Installing.md similarity index 56% rename from translated/The Linux Kernel/28 The Linux Kernel--Compiling and Installing.md rename to published/The Linux Kernel/28 The Linux Kernel--Compiling and Installing.md index 40f655885b..5beb3945bf 100644 --- a/translated/The Linux Kernel/28 The Linux Kernel--Compiling and Installing.md +++ b/published/The Linux Kernel/28 The Linux Kernel--Compiling and Installing.md @@ -1,32 +1,32 @@ 戴文的Linux内核专题：28 编译与安装 ================================================================================ -![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.762/) +![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/slide-jpg.762/.jpg) -你好！在花费了大量的时间在配置你需要的内核后，你现在可以编译它了。源代码是纯文本形式的C代码。这对人来可读但是对机器不这样。编译会将代码转换成计算机可理解的一种称之为二进制码的形式(1是 [开],0 是 [关])。编译同样会将所有内核代码文件变成一个内核的文件。 +你好！在花费了大量的时间在配置你需要的内核后，你现在可以编译它了。源代码是纯文本形式的C代码。这对人来可读但是对机器可不是这样。编译会将代码转换成计算机可理解的一种称之为二进制码的形式(1是 [开]，0 是 [关])。编译同样会将所有内核代码文件变成一个内核的文件。 -为了编译内核，在内核源代码相同目录下，在终端内输入"make"。这会花费一些时间。一旦完成，模块必须通过"make modules"来编译。为了从一开始就简化编译过程，输入"make; make modules"。这会先编译接着是模块，而不用用户再回来输入"make modules"。 +为了编译内核，在内核源代码相同目录下，在终端内输入"make"。这会花费一些时间。完成之后，必须通过"make modules"来编译模块。为了从一开始就简化编译过程，输入"make; make modules"。这会先编译接着是模块，而不用用户再回来输入"make modules"。 -![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/compiling_01-png.763/) +![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/compiling_01-png.763/.jpg) 警告：在你安装一个内核时，备份所有的重要数据，确保有一份/boot目录备份在FAT32的存储卡上。这可以在如果安装失败后帮助修复系统。FAT32不会存储权限，因此它更容易被用作live盘来还原数据。记住设置原始文件权限和可执行位。 一旦编译已经成功完成，我们可以安装内核到本地系统中(我会马上解释如何在其他系统上安装内核[交叉编译])。在相同的终端下，在编译完成后，输入"make install"。这会在/boot目录下存放一些文件。"vmlinuz"(或者其他相似的名字)是内核自身。"initrd"是基于内存的文件系统，它被置于内存中且在启动中使用。"System-map"包含了一张内核符号列表。这些全局变量和函数用于内核代码。"config" 是内核的配置文件。grub.cfg会自动更新。然而，有些bootloder需要手动配置。内核安装器会自动配置Grub，LILO和SysLinux bootloder。像BURG这类bootloder需要手动配置。模块的安装同样需要输入"make modules install"。 -![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/compiling_04-png.764/) +![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/compiling_04-png.764/.jpg) 注：内核和模块的安装可以写在一行-“make install && make modules_install”。 -![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/compiling_05-png.765/) +![](http://www.linux.org/attachments/compiling_05-png.765/.jpg) 一旦上面的过程完成了，用户可以通过重启系统并在开机后在终端内输入"uname -r"来确保内核已经安装。如果系统无法启动或者uname报告你预期外的版本号，这个问题可能众多问题之一引起。或者是bootloader没有正确设置，特性/配置冲突，编译失败，不正确的安装，或者其他原因。找出问题源头最好的方法是查看系统日志(如果系统已经启动到足以产生日志)。"dmsg"是一个在屏幕上打印内核日志的命令。查看错误、警告或者未预料的结果。如果系统没有启动或者没有足够启动完全来生成日志，使用live linux盘来执行诊断和修复。如果所有的都失败了，再次编译内核并确保你已经用root或者"sudo"安装了内核。 注：最好的修复系统的方式是使用live Linux发行版来移除新的/损坏的内核，接着手动修复Grub文件(或者复制一个备份)。 -一些Linux用户也喜欢安装文档，但这并不是必要。对于那些想要安装文档的用户，输入这行，这里的version是你的内核版本号 "install -d /usr/share/doc/linux-VERSION && cp -r Documentation/* /usr/share/doc/linux-VERSION"(VERSION 是内核版本号)。很明显，这需要root特权。 +一些Linux用户也喜欢安装内核文档，但这并不是必要。对于那些想要安装文档的用户，输入这行，这里的version是你的内核版本号 "install -d /usr/share/doc/linux-VERSION && cp -r Documentation/* /usr/share/doc/linux-VERSION"(VERSION 是内核版本号)。很明显，这需要root特权。 -为了编译一个如你目前内核一样特性的内核，输入这条命令"zcat /proc/config.gz > .config"。这个文件可能不存在，如果是这样，你可能需要询问你发行版/内核的开发者这个文件。"zcat"命令解压并写入数据到一个".config"文件中。记住在你希望的地方输入".config"。这个文件放置在Linux内核目录下并允许它替换当前的文件。接着，像往常一样编译安装你的内核。 +要是想编译一个如你目前内核一样特性的内核，输入这条命令"zcat /proc/config.gz > .config"。这个文件可能不存在，如果是这样，你可能需要询问你发行版/内核的开发者这个文件。"zcat"命令解压并写入数据到一个".config"文件中。记住把".config"放到合适的位置。这个文件应该放置在Linux内核目录下，并允许它替换当前的文件。接着，像往常一样编译安装你的内核即可。 -交叉编译稍微有点不同。为目标系统配置内核。确保内核配置完后，它在脑海中交叉配置过了。当交叉编译时，需要熟悉两条术语。"Host"是执行编译的系统，"Target"是接收新内核的系统。确保主机系统有合适的编译器。比如，对于ARM系统的交叉编译，用户需要在主机系统上有gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi。通常来说，开发这可以在他们的包管理器上搜寻或者Googledao合适/最好的适合他们需要的交叉编译器。特定的用于ARM系统交叉编译的命令是"make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi-"。"ARCH=arm"指的是目标处理器的类型，"CROSS_COMPILE"指明了交叉编译器。注意交叉编译器前面缺少了"gcc-"并以破折号结束。这是用户在使用交叉编译器作为参数使用时必须使用的格式。模块可以通过输入"make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- modules".交叉编译。为了在目标系统上安装内核，复制内核文件夹到目标系统上。一旦文件已在目标系统上并在该目录下打开了终端，输入"make install && make modules_install"。当然你必须是root或者使用"sudo"。 +交叉编译稍微有点不同。为目标系统配置内核。确保内核配置完后，它是以交叉编译配置的。当交叉编译时，需要熟悉两条术语。"Host"是执行编译的系统，"Target"是接收新内核的系统。确保Host主机系统有合适的编译器。比如，对于ARM系统的交叉编译，用户需要在主机系统上有gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi。通常来说，开发者可以在他们的包管理器上搜寻或者Google到合适/最好的适合他们需要的交叉编译器。比如用于ARM系统交叉编译的命令是"make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi-"。"ARCH=arm"指的是目标处理器的类型，"CROSS_COMPILE"指明了交叉编译器。注意交叉编译器前面缺少了"gcc-"并以连字符结束。这是用户在使用交叉编译器作为参数使用时必须使用的格式。模块可以通过输入"make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- modules"来交叉编译。为了在目标系统上安装内核，将内核文件夹复制到目标系统上。一旦文件已在目标系统上并在该目录下打开了终端，输入"make install && make modules_install"。当然你必须是root或者使用"sudo"。 信息：Kernel.org放了一个支持的交叉编译器列表([https://www.kernel.org/pub/tools/crosstool/][1])。 @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ make && make modules && make install && make modules_install -#### 做一个更新的版本或者重混你的内核: #### +#### 做一个更新的版本或者重整你的内核: #### zcat /proc/config.gz > .config && make && make modules && make install && make modules_install @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ via: http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-compiling-and-installing.5208/ -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f8c6d29138610fc0da3b88ac8bcd3236566aa1af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 28 Jun 2014 21:50:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 433/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=9B=B4=E6=96=B0?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../28 The Linux Kernel--Compiling and Installing.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/published/The Linux Kernel/28 The Linux Kernel--Compiling and Installing.md b/published/The Linux Kernel/28 The Linux Kernel--Compiling and Installing.md index 5beb3945bf..cb5b9a500d 100644 --- a/published/The Linux Kernel/28 The Linux Kernel--Compiling and Installing.md +++ b/published/The Linux Kernel/28 The Linux Kernel--Compiling and Installing.md @@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ 要是想编译一个如你目前内核一样特性的内核，输入这条命令"zcat /proc/config.gz > .config"。这个文件可能不存在，如果是这样，你可能需要询问你发行版/内核的开发者这个文件。"zcat"命令解压并写入数据到一个".config"文件中。记住把".config"放到合适的位置。这个文件应该放置在Linux内核目录下，并允许它替换当前的文件。接着，像往常一样编译安装你的内核即可。 -交叉编译稍微有点不同。为目标系统配置内核。确保内核配置完后，它是以交叉编译配置的。当交叉编译时，需要熟悉两条术语。"Host"是执行编译的系统，"Target"是接收新内核的系统。确保Host主机系统有合适的编译器。比如，对于ARM系统的交叉编译，用户需要在主机系统上有gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi。通常来说，开发者可以在他们的包管理器上搜寻或者Google到合适/最好的适合他们需要的交叉编译器。比如用于ARM系统交叉编译的命令是"make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi-"。"ARCH=arm"指的是目标处理器的类型，"CROSS_COMPILE"指明了交叉编译器。注意交叉编译器前面缺少了"gcc-"并以连字符结束。这是用户在使用交叉编译器作为参数使用时必须使用的格式。模块可以通过输入"make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- modules"来交叉编译。为了在目标系统上安装内核，将内核文件夹复制到目标系统上。一旦文件已在目标系统上并在该目录下打开了终端，输入"make install && make modules_install"。当然你必须是root或者使用"sudo"。 +交叉编译稍微有点不同。为目标系统配置内核。确保内核配置完后，它是以交叉编译配置的。当交叉编译时，需要熟悉两条术语。"Host"是执行编译的系统，"Target"是接收新内核的系统。确保Host主机系统有合适的编译器。比如，对于ARM系统的交叉编译，用户需要在主机系统上有gcc-arm-linux-gnueabi。通常来说，开发者可以在他们的包管理器上搜寻或者Google到合适/最好的适合他们需要的交叉编译器。比如用于ARM系统交叉编译的命令是"make ARCH=arm CROSS\_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi-"。"ARCH=arm"指的是目标处理器的类型，"CROSS\_COMPILE"指明了交叉编译器。注意交叉编译器前面缺少了"gcc-"并以连字符结束。这是用户在使用交叉编译器作为参数使用时必须使用的格式。模块可以通过输入"make ARCH=arm CROSS\_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- modules"来交叉编译。为了在目标系统上安装内核，将内核文件夹复制到目标系统上。一旦文件已在目标系统上并在该目录下打开了终端，输入"make install && make modules_install"。当然你必须是root或者使用"sudo"。 信息：Kernel.org放了一个支持的交叉编译器列表([https://www.kernel.org/pub/tools/crosstool/][1])。 From 9424e5c2a6392450ffd8777b814974fc986d9ebb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 28 Jun 2014 22:16:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 434/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=94=B6=E5=9B=9E=E8=BF=87=E6=9C=9F?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=9C=AA=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=E7=9A=84=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=EF=BC=8C?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B8=80=E5=91=A8=E5=86=85=E6=9C=AA=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=EF=BC=8C?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B9=9F=E6=B2=A1=E6=9C=89=E5=91=8A=E7=9F=A5=E7=9A=84=EF=BC=8C?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BC=9A=E6=94=B6=E5=9B=9E=E9=87=8D=E5=8F=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ur Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.md | 1 - sources/talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md | 1 - .../talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md | 1 - ...140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md | 1 - .../20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md | 3 --- sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md | 2 -- ... Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md | 2 -- .../20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md | 2 -- 8 files changed, 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140607 Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.md b/sources/talk/20140607 Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.md index 3c58c0ac03..e699df2cae 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140607 Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140607 Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -Translated by Ramerzhang Four Awesome Free Alternatives to Ubuntu One Cloud Storage ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ass.jpg) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md b/sources/talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md index db9a7bb9b1..131a046d42 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140607 Raspberry Pi In Schools.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -zpl1025 translating Raspberry Pi In Schools ================================================================================ > Teaching the world to code is a noble goal, but how is it going to work in practice? diff --git a/sources/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md b/sources/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md index b504580b11..e9764674a8 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -linuhap翻译中 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users ================================================================================ This is a debate that most certainly brings out the beast in many a Linux user. The argument doesn't generally boil down to which distribution is truly best suited for new users, but which distribution is favored by those in the debate. If we set our personal preferences aside, a clearer picture can arise. But even that clarity can quickly get obscured by the needs and desires of the new users. Given that, I decided to take a different approach to finding the “best distro for new users." My criteria for best distribution must not only be easy to use, but also must appeal to a more modern design aesthetic brought about by the ever-growing thrust of the mobile interface metaphor. diff --git a/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md b/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md index 5ab74993a3..bb30d87f14 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -[translating | sailing] HTG Explains: What is Unix and Why Does It Matter? ================================================================================ ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/ken-thompson-and-dennis-richie-at-pdp-11.jpg) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md index b7b8119d0c..d53dd78844 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md @@ -1,6 +1,3 @@ - ->>chenguang is translating it - How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux ================================================================================ ![Figure 1: GRUB 2 menu with cool Apollo 17 background.](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/grub-command-shell.jpg) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md b/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md index 37d980bc8d..86870d7d55 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -zsJacky translating - How to diskless boot a Linux machine ================================================================================ Diskless booting implies that a client computer does not have any disk storage when booting an operating system. In that case, the computer can load the kernel as well as the root filesystem from a remote NFS server over network. It may use several different methods to load the kernel and the root filesystem from an NFS server: RARP, BOOTP or DHCP protocols. In this tutorial, I will use BOOTP/DHCP protocol because they are supported by many network cards. diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md b/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md index befaf9834a..49f33e777e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -Translating by shipsw - Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/shutter.jpg) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md b/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md index c174a4c4bf..39265c0150 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -hyaocuk is translating - 10 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level ================================================================================ Recently we published a couple of tutorials to get you familiar with [Git basics][1] and [using Git in a team environment][2]. The commands that we discussed were about enough to help a developer survive in the Git world. In this post, we will try to explore how to manage your time effectively and make full use of the features that Git provides. From afe320feba785da17e4964b722dde3e3e161c4fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: CNprober Date: Sat, 28 Jun 2014 22:25:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 435/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8D=A0=E5=9D=91,=20Tips=20to=20Push?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Your=20Git=20skills...?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md b/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md index 39265c0150..41b7324b6f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +CNprober 翻译中... 619913541 + 10 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level ================================================================================ Recently we published a couple of tutorials to get you familiar with [Git basics][1] and [using Git in a team environment][2]. The commands that we discussed were about enough to help a developer survive in the Git world. In this post, we will try to explore how to manage your time effectively and make full use of the features that Git provides. From ee5baaa17a7a13a8d64dc71e938c7f9ba4a73e9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 28 Jun 2014 23:04:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 436/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E8=A1=A5=E5=AE=8C?= =?UTF-8?q?=EF=BC=9A20140620=20How=20to=20enable=20testing=20and=20unstabl?= =?UTF-8?q?e=20repository=20on=20Debian?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @213edu --- ...sting and unstable repository on Debian.md | 161 ------------------ ...sting and unstable repository on Debian.md | 159 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 159 insertions(+), 161 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md b/sources/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md deleted file mode 100644 index aab26e9a18..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,161 +0,0 @@ -How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian -如何在Debian启用测试版/不稳定版的库（testing and unstable repository） -================================================================================ -为何要启用测试版/不稳定版？ - -测试版/不稳定版的Debian给开发者提供了一个比当前稳定版更新的环境以及软件。你们注意到了么？其实这些稳定版啊不稳定版啊神马的都是别名，比方说稳定版其实就是Debian的稳定发行版，而测试版将会是下一个Debian的稳定发行版（当然那是测试后的事了）。截至发稿为止，当前Debian的稳定发行版是Wheezy 7.x，将会成为下一个稳定版的测试版则是Jessie。 - -当你需要一款应用的最新版本的时候，启用测试版/不稳定版将会是不二的选择。当初我工作需要安装个Apache的 2.4.x到我的Debian Wheezy。测试版需要的是2.4.x的，可是我的repo只有2.2.x的。所以最好的解决方案当时是在测试版下下来啦。 - -通常来说当我们想尝试最新版本的应用时都应只会使用测试版的系统。 - -在这篇文章里我将教大家如何在不弄坏你系统的前提下设置好测试、不稳定版的Debain系统病在上面安装软件。 - -> Stable < Testing < Unstable （稳定 < 测试版 < 不稳定版） -> Wheezy < Jessie < Sid - -### 1. 设置测试版/不稳定版的apt源 ### - -第一步是把测试版/不稳定版的源加到你的sources.list文件里。在Debian Wheezy系统上，/etc/apt/sources.list理应长得像这样： - - $ cat /etc/apt/sources.list - ----------- - - ... - deb http://security.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main - deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ wheezy main - deb-src http://security.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main - ... - -把你repo服务器的链接记下来，比如：http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ - -这个repo服务器将会是离你最近的一个服务器； 在不同的地理位置会有不同的url，这个将会用于下一步。 - -如果想加测试/不稳定源，则需要在sources.list文件加上这些东西： - - # Testing repository - main, contrib and non-free branches - deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian testing main non-free contrib - deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian testing main non-free contrib - - - # Testing security updates repository - deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib non-free - deb-src http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib non-free - - - # Unstable repo main, contrib and non-free branches, no security updates here - deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian unstable main non-free contrib - deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian unstable main non-free contrib - -格式将会是 - - deb - (deb <上一步弄的服务器/镜像url> ) - -当然啦，除了用testing或者unstable这么烂的词，他们的名称也是能使用的，比如Jessie或者Sid - - deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian jessie main non-free contrib - deb http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates main contrib non-free - deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian sid main non-free contrib - -### 2. Do some apt pinning - Important ! ### <-怎么翻译 - -> 在加了测试/不稳定的repo之后，当你更新系统的时候所有安装过并且可用的软件就会立马更新，而后你的系统就被你玩火自焚了。 - -所以在在升级的时候我们必须要加一些限制，才能让我们在升级的时候选择特定的包。 《-这句被我翻译坏了帮帮忙修一下 - -This is done through "apt pinning" where we tell the apt system to use only the stable system as always, but we may select to install a particular package from the testing or unstable repository if we wish to. -在这里，我们可以使用apt pinning来告诉apt系统哪些包需要保持不动，哪些包需要 - -The apt pinning preferences can be configured into either of the following 2 files. - - /etc/apt/preferences - OR - /etc/apt/preferences.d/my_preferences - -Open either of the 2 locations (create one if it does not exist) and fill the following into the file - - Package: * - Pin: release a=stable - Pin-Priority: 700 - - Package: * - Pin: release a=testing - Pin-Priority: 650 - - Package: * - Pin: release a=unstable - Pin-Priority: 600 - -Mentioned earlier, stable will point to your current debian version, testing to the next, and unstable would be further away in future. Main thing to note is the priority. The stable/current version has been given the highest priority which means that for regular tasks apt-get will install packages only from the current stable repository (wheezy in this case). - -#### Update the package cache #### - -After adding the new repository and specify the pinning rules, update the package cache. - - $ sudo apt-get update - -#### Confirm the apt policy #### - -We must ensure that the pinning configuration is correct and that the priorities are met correctly. Check the effective apt policy with the apt-cache command - - $ apt-cache policy apache2 - apache2: - Installed: (none) - Candidate: 2.2.22-13 - Version table: - 2.4.7-1 0 - 600 http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ unstable/main amd64 Packages - 2.4.6-3 0 - 650 http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ testing/main amd64 Packages - 2.2.22-13 0 - 700 http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ wheezy/main amd64 Packages - -The above output confirms that version 2.2.22 ( the wheezy main/stable ) repository is selected, its on highest priority. - -### 3. Install apps from testing/unstable source ### - -Now its time to pick a particular package out from the testing or unstable repo and install it. So lets say we want to install apache2 from testing source. - -There are 2 ways to do it and each has a different effect. - -#### Method 1 #### - - # apt-get install apache2/testing - -The above command will install the apache2 package from the testing source and install dependencies from stable source (or whatever the apt policy holds). This command fail in situations where the dependencies are outdated compared to what the installation package (apache2) needs. - -#### Method 2 #### - - # apt-get -t testing install apache2 - -The above command will install apache2 from testing source and install all dependencies from testing source as well. This should work better than the above command. - -So to install newer version of any package, simply head towards the testing/unstable sources and enjoy. Note that the priority numbers are not just plain numbers, but have special meanings. Check the man page on apt preferences to learn more about them - - $ man 5 apt_preferences - -### Summary ### - -Using the testing/unstable repository with pinning is an easy way to get newer versions of packages, but it is not recommended. If done wrong, it can mess up the system by pulling packages from different branches that may not be compatible. - -A more recommended method to install updated packages is using the backports repository. It provides newer versions of selected packages from testing/unstable repo, but compiled for the current stable version. So on debian wheezy you can use wheezy-backports repository. Check out http://backports.debian.org/ for more information. - -### Resources ### - -- [https://wiki.debian.org/AptPreferences][1] -- [https://wiki.debian.org/DebianTesting][2] -- [https://www.debian.org/security/][3] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.binarytides.com/enable-testing-repo-debian/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://wiki.debian.org/AptPreferences -[2]:http://wiki.debian.org/DebianTesting -[3]:http://www.debian.org/security/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md b/translated/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e506e95088 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ +如何在Debian中启用测试版/不稳定版的软件库 +================================================================================ +为何要启用测试版/不稳定版？ + +测试版/不稳定版的Debian给开发者提供了一个比当前稳定版更新的环境以及软件。你们注意到了么？其实这些稳定版啊不稳定版啊神马的都是别名，比方说稳定版其实就是Debian的稳定发行版，而测试版将会是下一个Debian的稳定发行版（当然那是测试后的事了）。截至发稿为止，当前Debian的稳定发行版是Wheezy 7.x，将会成为下一个稳定版的测试版则是Jessie。 + +当你需要一款应用的最新版本的时候，启用测试版/不稳定版将会是不二的选择。当初我因为工作需要，要安装个Apache的 2.4.x到我的Debian Wheezy。测试版需要的是2.4.x的，可是我的软件库里面只有2.2.x的。所以最好的解决方案当时是将测试版下下来啦。 + +通常来说当我们想尝试最新版本的应用时，都应该只在测试版软件库中搜索。 + +在这篇文章里我将教大家如何在不弄坏你系统的前提下设置好测试、不稳定版的Debain系统并在上面安装软件。 + +> Stable < Testing < Unstable （稳定 < 测试版 < 不稳定版） +> Wheezy < Jessie < Sid + +### 1. 设置测试版/不稳定版的apt源 ### + +第一步是把测试版/不稳定版的源加到你的sources.list文件里。在Debian Wheezy系统上，/etc/apt/sources.list理应长得像这样： + + $ cat /etc/apt/sources.list + +---------- + + ... + deb http://security.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main + deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ wheezy main + deb-src http://security.debian.org/ wheezy/updates main + ... + +把你repo服务器的链接记下来，比如：http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ + +这个repo服务器将会是离你最近的一个服务器； 在不同的地理位置会有不同的url，这个将会用于下一步。 + +如果想加测试/不稳定源，则需要在sources.list文件加上这些东西： + + # Testing repository - main, contrib and non-free branches + deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian testing main non-free contrib + deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian testing main non-free contrib + + + # Testing security updates repository + deb http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib non-free + deb-src http://security.debian.org/ testing/updates main contrib non-free + + + # Unstable repo main, contrib and non-free branches, no security updates here + deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian unstable main non-free contrib + deb-src http://http.us.debian.org/debian unstable main non-free contrib + +格式将会是 + + deb + (deb <上一步弄的服务器或镜像url> ) + +当然啦，除了用testing或者unstable这么烂的词，也能使用他们的发行版代号，比如Jessie或者Sid + + deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian jessie main non-free contrib + deb http://security.debian.org/ jessie/updates main contrib non-free + deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian sid main non-free contrib + +### 2. 钉住 apt！这非常重要 ### + +> 在加了测试/不稳定的repo之后，当你更新系统的时候所有安装过并且可用的软件就会立马更新，而后你的系统就被你玩火自焚了。 + +所以需要设置一些规则，以便选定的软件包在正常的更新时不会被更新到一个不稳定的测试版本。 + +我们需要使用“钉住APT”的方式来告诉apt系统，除了我们希望使用测试版或不稳定版的特定软件包之外，其它的总是使用稳定版的软件包来更新。 + +可以通过如下两个文件之一来设置如何设置APT的优先级来“钉住”。 + + /etc/apt/preferences + 或 + /etc/apt/preferences.d/my_preferences + +打开这两个文件之一（如果没有的话就创建一个），然后输入如下内容： + + Package: * + Pin: release a=stable + Pin-Priority: 700 + + Package: * + Pin: release a=testing + Pin-Priority: 650 + + Package: * + Pin: release a=unstable + Pin-Priority: 600 + +前面我们提到过，稳定版指的是你当前的debian版本，测试版是下一个，而不稳定版则是更远的将来发行版。上面的设置中最主要的是优先级（Pin-Priority）。当前的稳定版应该有最高的优先级，这就是说，正常的apt-get操作只会从当前的稳定版的软件库（现在是wheezy）里面安装软件。 + +#### 更新包缓存 #### + +在增加了新的软件库和指定了优先规则后，需要更新一下包缓存。 + + $ sudo apt-get update + +#### 确认APT规则 #### + +我们必须确认“钉住”的设置正确，优先级也没问题。使用 apt-cache 的 policy 参数来检查： + + $ apt-cache policy apache2 + apache2: + Installed: (none) + Candidate: 2.2.22-13 + Version table: + 2.4.7-1 0 + 600 http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ unstable/main amd64 Packages + 2.4.6-3 0 + 650 http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ testing/main amd64 Packages + 2.2.22-13 0 + 700 http://http.us.debian.org/debian/ wheezy/main amd64 Packages + +如上的输出，确认在wheezy 稳定版中， 2.2.22 版本的Apache是选定的版本，它有最高的优先级。 + +### 3. 从测试版/不稳定版软件库中安装软件 ### + +现在可以从测试版或不稳定版中选择一个特定的软件来安装它了。假如说我们要从测试版软件源中安装 apache2。 + +有两个不同的方法，并且其结果也有所不同。 + +#### 方式一 #### + + # apt-get install apache2/testing + +上述命令会从测试版软件库中安装 apache2，并从稳定版软件库中安装其依赖包（稳定版通过apt规则确定）。这个命令在某些情况下会失败，比如安装的软件包（apache2）所需的依赖包在稳定版软件库中没有更新到可以支持该软件时。 + +#### 方式二 #### + + # apt-get -t testing install apache2 + +上述命令会从测试版软件库中安装apache2，并从测试版软件库中安装其依赖包。这要比上面的命令工作的更好。 + +所以，要安装较新的软件包，直接从测试版/不稳定版的软件库中安装就行了。注意，优先级号码不只是一个数字而已，还有其特定意义。可以查看 apt_preferences的man页面了解更多： + + $ man 5 apt_preferences + +### 总结 ### + +使用“钉住”方式的测试版/不稳定版的软件库是一个获取较新版本软件包的一个好办法，不过其实并不推荐使用它们。如果弄错了，可能会从也许不兼容的分支上下载软件包，这会把你的系统搞乱。 + +一个更好的方式是，使用向后移植的软件库来安装更新的包。它从测试版和不稳定版的软件库中获取较新版本的软件包，但是为当前的稳定版软件库而编译。所以，对于 debian wheezy来说，你可以使用wheezy-backports 软件库。访问http://backports.debian.org/ 了解更多。 + +### 资源 ### + +- [https://wiki.debian.org/AptPreferences][1] +- [https://wiki.debian.org/DebianTesting][2] +- [https://www.debian.org/security/][3] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/enable-testing-repo-debian/ + +译者：[213edu](https://github.com/213edu) [wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://wiki.debian.org/AptPreferences +[2]:http://wiki.debian.org/DebianTesting +[3]:http://www.debian.org/security/ From fe64622656e3225af8ca96f040a26e2cb6a63605 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 29 Jun 2014 00:04:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 437/713] PUB:20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian --- ...620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md b/published/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md rename to published/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md From 7c6dad7e8779964e7bb66652cf80e9f4f1dcc8f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 29 Jun 2014 18:41:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 438/713] PUB:20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu @owen-carter --- published/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md | 82 ++++++++++++++ .../talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md | 107 ------------------ 2 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 107 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md delete mode 100644 translated/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md diff --git a/published/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md b/published/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..943eddf5d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +14个可以提升Linux桌面体验的应用程序 +============================== + +转战到Ubuntu，或者是别的流行的Linux发行版，不仅仅是操作系统的操作方式的改变，更多的是你还需要一些能支持你完成工作的好的应用。 + +在这篇文章中，我将分享一些我精选出来不可或缺的应用程序，并谈谈在我的日常工作中如何有效地使用它们。 + +### 日常使用的应用程序 ### + +一般当说到Linux桌面上的应用，我总是将这些应用划分为两大类，频繁使用的和一些别的应用。下边我为大家介绍的是一些自己日常使用的应用。 + +1） **Firefox** — 有时我也会使用用其他的浏览器，但最近[火狐浏览器][1]已经成为我可以长期信赖的朋友。可靠的、 安全的、 跨平台的，火狐浏览器完全满足了我的日常冲浪需求。 + +除了访问书签和网页，我还依靠火狐浏览器来处理我的各种部署在局域网服务器上的工作，如 [Plex][2], [Zoneminder][3], 路由器/WEB应用防火墙, 及我的文件服务器。所有这些均可以使用火狐浏览器进行访问。 + +2） **Parcelite**— 如果没有一个像样的剪贴板管理器我简直没法开始工作，至少对我来说，你无法找到在GNOME 下的[Parcelite][4]有什么不足。使用简单，易于访问而且它提供了很多的有用的选项。Parcelite选项应有尽有，包括了从热键设置到空格处理方式。尽管已经有很多的剪贴板管理器，但它们却很难击败 Parcelite。 + +3） **Bittorrent Sync** — 我已经使用过了各种开源替代方案进行文件同步，但是他们在正式发布之前还需要进行进一步开发。应该说[Bittorrent Synchas][5]从来没有让我失望过。它运行和安装都很简单和方便，这多亏了新的GUI的实现，而且 Bittorrent Sync 允许我快速地从一台机器到另外一台机器传输巨大的视频文件，而无需浪费时间去将大量的文件同步到“云端”。 + +我还发现它是与别人分享大型文件的最佳方法，在分享的同时能一直保持 IP 地址和目录的隐蔽。尽管有许多的替代品，我仍然坚定地成为了Bittorrent Sync的骨灰粉丝。 + +4） **System Monitor** — 因为TOP实在是滚动地太快了，所以我个人更喜欢一个具有选项卡式的 GUI，因为它能够让我的眼睛更轻松些。使用 GNOME 的系统监视器，我可以很快地发现一个失控的进程，并且轻松地kill掉它而不需吹灰之力。与[TOP][7]这样的终端程序不同的是，我可以实时的以图形化的方式去查看我的 CPU、 内存和磁盘的使用情况。作为一个拥有正常视觉的人，很难找到一个比用条形图来展示我还拥有多少的空间的更好方式。当然这也同样适用于其它的实时资源使用情况的监视。 + +5） **PulseAudioControl** — 每一天，我总是需要在多个声音设备之间来回穿梭。有时我需要将其中一个设为默认设备，然后却可能会从火狐浏览器音频完全切换到到另一个设备。因为我想控制我的尽可能多的音频，然后我就发现 [PulseAudioControl][8]是一个无价的工具。 + +### 一些别的软件 ### + +在本节中，我将分享我使用，但可能并不一定是每天都使用的应用程序。许多这些应用程序都是开放源代码的，有一些不是，但是它们对我个人都非常具有价值。 + + +6） **Skype** — 无论是拨入[Jupiter Broadcasting][9] 收听每周共同主持的播客，或者只是简单联系一个业务，[Skype][10] 见证了互联网视频会议的发展史。测试完成无数的替代品后，我总是会发现自己还是终回到了Skype。即使有真的很棒的开源选择像[Ekiga][11] 和 [Jitsi][12]，而在最后Skype总是与大家同在 —— 切换到Skype是一件很幸运的事。 + +7）**Kdenlive** — 我使用两个不同的视频编辑器，当我要处理一个需要大量编辑的视频剪辑项目的时候，[Kdenlive][13]是我用于图片合成和编辑大型的复杂的视频的工具。我已经成功地在 Kdenlive 里边做过6个素材轨道的编辑，但同样的负载量早已经让别的视频剪辑软件崩溃了。 + +8）**OpenShot** — 大多数情况下，我会将[OpenShot][14]作为视频剪辑任务的首选神兵利器。快速的编辑和两个素材轨道工作区让你可以流畅而操作简单。我还发现它提供了很棒的无与伦比的特效。调制标题效果和超赞的的视频转场效果使OpenShot在我自己的视频项目上成为一款超棒的视频制作软件。 + +9）**SpiderOak** — 在使用了无数云备份服务这么多年后， [SpiderOak][15] 已经成为了我的至爱。易于安装和使用，我超喜欢它所提供的增量选项而且使用起来是如此的简单。只需一次设置，不再操心，之后SpiderOak将会挑起你的文件搬运大任。 + +10） **Dropbox** — 许多年来，我已经与[Dropbox][16] 爱恨交织。尽管它的跨平台特性这意味着我可以从任何位置访问文件，我慢慢地发现我自己越来越少依赖这个基于云计算的备份解决方案。尽管如此，它允许我从任何 web 浏览器中访问文件，即使是从我不经常使用的计算机，这使得抛弃 Dropbox 更是难上加难。 + +11） **Writer** — 自从我第一次在Windows的OpenOffice里面使用过它之后，我一直都在使用[Writer][17]。今天，我使用LibreOffice 所带的Writer来满足我的需求，它可以做一切一个文字处理器可以做的事情。现在，公正地说，一些专有的办公套件可能会提供附加功能在Writer中是没有的，但是99%的人需要的功能在Writer这里都有。就我个人而言，我会永远是一个LibreOffice Writer粉。 + +12）**SimpleScreenRecorder** — 多年来，我发现自己使用 [SimpleScreenRecorder][18]远超过其他同类软件，它能很好支持多监视器模式，再加上它甚至可以捕获基于 OpenGL 的应用程序的视频。易于使用和可靠的 SimpleScreenRecorder 让我的工作更加得心应手。我把它推荐给那些只是偶尔需要，懒得使用其它屏幕捕捉软件的同学们。 + +13）**SimpleScan** — 当我需要扫描文档的时候，我一点都不想将大把大把的时间花费在配置的臃肿的程序上。 [Simple Scan][19] 可以在这方面做得很好。智能的SANE扫描数据库，Simple Scan将与市面上的任何扫描仪或多功能一体打印机/扫描仪很好的进行协作。此外还有一点好处就是它会设置成的最佳分辨率，当然你还可以很方便手动调整任何你需要的设置。 + +14）**Baobab**（磁盘使用分析器） — 我不断听到关于如何硬盘价格已回落。这或许没错，但现实却是我却囊中羞涩。这意味着我需要充分利用我能利用的所有硬盘空间，为了实现这个目的，我使用 [Baobab][20] 来观察我在我的硬盘上的可用空间，而且还可以直观地看到到底是哪一个目录正在蚕食我宝贵的硬盘空间。 + +### 真正的具有生产力的软件 ### + +谈到我所依赖的这些软件，我们真正关心的是他们能为我们完成什么样的任务，而不是它们所拥有的光辉头衔和自身的许可证。linux不需要软件的传奇时代早已过去。多数的计算机上的工作，除了有限的几个例外，大都可以在linux桌面上轻松地如我所说的那样完成。 + +很明显有一些对于你来说是必不可少的软件，但是也许不是我必须用的。你所倚重的软件是什么？您可在下方进行评论并与我们的读者进行分享那些优秀的软件。 + +------ + +via: http://www.datamation.com/applications/14-apps-to-boost-ubuntu-1.html + +译者：[owen-carter](https://github.com/owen-carter) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/ +[2]:https://plex.tv/ +[3]:http://www.zoneminder.com/ +[4]:http://parcellite.sourceforge.net/ +[5]:http://www.bittorrent.com/sync +[6]:https://help.gnome.org/users/gnome-system-monitor/3.12/ +[7]:http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl1_top.htm +[8]:http://freedesktop.org/software/pulseaudio/pavucontrol/ +[9]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Broadcasting +[10]:http://www.skype.com/en/download-skype/skype-for-linux/ +[11]:http://ekiga.org/ +[12]:https://jitsi.org/ +[13]:http://www.kdenlive.org/ +[14]:http://www.openshot.org/ +[15]:https://spideroak.com/ +[16]:https://www.dropbox.com/ +[17]:http://www.libreoffice.org/discover/writer/ +[18]:http://www.maartenbaert.be/simplescreenrecorder/ +[19]:https://launchpad.net/simple-scan +[20]:http://www.marzocca.net/linux/baobab/baobab-getting-started.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md b/translated/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md deleted file mode 100644 index 63fcec5938..0000000000 --- a/translated/talk/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,107 +0,0 @@ -14个可以提升Ubuntu体验的应用程序 - -转战到Ubuntu-或者是别的流行的Linux发行版-不仅仅是操作系统的操作方式的改变，更多的是你还需要一些能支持你完成工作的好的apps。 - - -在这篇文章中，我将分享一些我使用的关键的基础应用程序，我将谈谈在我的日常工作中如何有效地使用它们。 - - - - -### 日常使用的应用程序 ### - - -一般当说到Linux 桌面上的应用，我总是将这些应用划分为两大类，频繁使用的和一些别的应用。下边我为大家介绍的是一些自己日常使用的应用。 - - -1） **Firefox** — 有时我也会使用用其他的浏览器，但最近[火狐浏览器][1]已经成为我可以长期信赖的朋友。可靠的、 安全的、 跨平台的，火狐浏览器完全满足了我的日常冲浪需求。 - - -除了访问书签和网页，我还依靠火狐浏览器来处理我各种局域网服务器的事务，如 [Plex][2], [Zoneminder][3], router/WAPs, 和我的文件服务器。所有这些均可以使用火狐浏览器进行访问。 - - -2） **Parcelite**— 如果没有一个像样的剪贴板管理器我简直没法开始工作，至少对我来说，你无法吐槽在GNOME 桌面环境下的[Parcelite][4] 。使用简单，易于访问而且它提供了很多的有用的选项。Parcelite 选项包括一切从热键到white space handling的处理。尽管已经有很多的剪贴板管理器，但它们却很难击败 Parcelite 。 - - -3） **Bittorrent Sync** — 我已经使用过了各种开源替代方案，为了同步那些在发布之前还需要进行开发的那些项目，之后我发现[Bittorrent Synchas][5] 从来没有让我失望过。它运行和安装都很简单和方便这多亏了新的GUI的实现，而且 Bittorrent Sync 允许我快速地传输巨大的视频文件从机器到机器而无需浪费时间去将大量的文件同步到“云端”。 - - -我还发现它是很容易与别人分享大型文件，同时能一直保持 IP 地址和目录的隐蔽。尽管有许多的替代品，我仍然坚定地将Bittorrent Synchas作为 Bittorrent Sync变形金刚迷。 - - -4） **System Monitor** — 因为TOP实在是滚动地太快了，所以我个人更喜欢一个具有选项卡式的 GUI，因为它能够释放我的眼睛。使用 GNOME 的系统监视器，我可以很地会发现一个失控的进程，并且轻松地kill掉它而不需吹灰之力。与[TOP][7]终端应用程序不同的是，我可以使用实时图形在视觉角度去查看我的 CPU、 内存和磁盘的使用情况。作为一个拥有视觉的人，你不得不说，用条形图去展示我还拥有多少的空间，当然这也同样适用于实时的资源使用情况，这种GUI实现实在是太赞了。 - - -5） **PulseAudioControl** — 每一天，我总是需要在多个声音设备之间来回穿梭。有时我需要将其中一个设为默认设备，但然后却完全可能会从火狐浏览器音频切换到到另一个设备。因为我喜欢控制我尽可能多的音频，然后我就发现 [PulseAudioControl][8]是一个无价的工具。 - - - - -### 一些别的软件 ### - -在本节中，我将分享我使用，但可能并不一定是每天都使用的应用程序。许多这些应用程序都是开放源代码的，有一些不是，但是它们对我个人都非常具有价值。 - - -6） **Skype** — 无论它在呼唤[Jupiter Broadcasting][9] 进入每周共同主持的播客，或者只是联系上了一个业务，[Skype][10] 见证了互联网视频会议的发展史。测试完成无数的替代品后，我总是会发现自己还是终归回到 了Skype。即使有真的很棒的开源选择像[Ekiga][11] 和 [Jitsi][12]，在年底的一天，Skype 与大家同在 — — 希望切换到Skype是一件很愉快的事。 - - -7）**Kdenlive** — 我使用两个不同的视频编辑器，当我要导出一个庞大的视频剪辑项目的时候。[Kdenlive][13]是我使用的图片合成和编辑大型的、 复杂的视频的工具。我已经成功地在 Kdenlive 里边管理了6个素材轨道，但同样的负载量早已经让别的视频剪辑软件崩溃了。 - - - -8）**OpenShot** — 大多数情况下，我会将[OpenShot][14]作为视频剪辑任务的首选神兵利器。快速的编辑和两个素材轨道工作区的流畅的简单操作、 方便地使用此编辑器。我还发现它提供了很棒的无与伦比的特效。混合标题效果和超赞的的视频转场效果使OpenShot成为一款超棒的视频制作软件，在我自己的视频项目上。 - - -9）**SpiderOak** — 在使用了无数云备份服务这么多年后， [SpiderOak][15] 已经成为了我的至爱，。易于安装和使用，我超喜欢它所提供的增量选项而且使用起来是如此的简单。只需一次完美设置，然后忘记，之后SpiderOak将会挑起你的文件搬运大任。 - - -10） **Dropbox** — 许多年来，我已经与[Dropbox][16] 爱恨交织。尽管它的跨平台特性这意味着我可以从任何位置访问文件，我慢慢地发现我自己越来越少依赖这个基于云计算的备份解决方案。尽管如此，它允许我从任何 web 浏览器中访问文件，即使是从我不经常使用的计算机，这使得抛弃 Dropbox 更是难上加难。 - - -11） **Writer** — 我一直以来都在使用[Writer][17] 自从我第一次使用它在 Windows 上通过 OpenOffice。今天，我使用Writer与 LibreOffice 来满足我的需求，它可以做一切一个文字处理器可以做的。现在它是公正地指出，一些在作家中找不到专有的办公套件可能会提供附加功能，但是 99%的大多数人需要的功能在Writer这里都有。就我个人而言，我会永远是一个LibreOffice Writer粉。 - - -12）**SimpleScreenRecorder** — 多年来，我发现自己使用 [SimpleScreenRecorder][18]远超过其他同类软件，它能很好支持多监视器模式，再加上它甚至可以捕获基于 OpenGL 的应用程序。易于使用和可靠的 SimpleScreenRecorder 让我的工作更加得心应手。我把它推荐给那些已经疲于使用甚至很少使用同类软件屏幕捕捉软件的同学们。 - - -13）**SimpleScan** — 当我需要扫描文档的时候，我一点都不想将大把大把的时间花费在配置的臃肿的程序上。 [Simple Scan][19] 可以在这方面做得很好。智能的扫描数据库，Simple Scan将与市面上的任何扫描仪或多功能一体打印机/扫描仪很好的进行协作。此外还有一点好处就是它会设置成的最佳分辨率，当然现在你还可以很自由的去进行任何你认为合适的手动调整。 - - -14）**Baobab**（磁盘使用分析器） — — 我不断听到关于如何硬盘价格已回落。这或许没错，但现实却是我却囊中羞涩。这意味着我需要充分利用我能利用的所有硬盘空间，为了实现这个目的，我使用 [Baobab][20] 来观察我在我的硬盘上的可用空间，而且还可以直观地看到到底是哪一个目录正在蚕食我宝贵的硬盘空间。 - - -### 真正的具有生产力的软件 ### - -谈到我所依赖的这些软件，我们真正关心的更多的是他们能为我们完成什么样的任务而不是它们所拥有的光辉头衔和自身的许可证。linux不需要软件的传奇时代早已过去。大量的计算任务，除了有限的几个例外，大都可以在linux桌面上轻松地如我所说的那样完成。 - - -很明显你应该装备一些必不可少的软件，当然那些软件并不一定是我也使用的。你所倚重的软件是什么？您可在下方进行评论并与我们的读者进行分享那些优秀的软件。 - - - -via: http://www.datamation.com/applications/14-apps-to-boost-ubuntu-1.html - -译者：[owen-carter](https://github.com/owen-carter) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/ -[2]:https://plex.tv/ -[3]:http://www.zoneminder.com/ -[4]:http://parcellite.sourceforge.net/ -[5]:http://www.bittorrent.com/sync -[6]:https://help.gnome.org/users/gnome-system-monitor/3.12/ -[7]:http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl1_top.htm -[8]:http://freedesktop.org/software/pulseaudio/pavucontrol/ -[9]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_Broadcasting -[10]:http://www.skype.com/en/download-skype/skype-for-linux/ -[11]:http://ekiga.org/ -[12]:https://jitsi.org/ -[13]:http://www.kdenlive.org/ -[14]:http://www.openshot.org/ -[15]:https://spideroak.com/ -[16]:https://www.dropbox.com/ -[17]:http://www.libreoffice.org/discover/writer/ -[18]:http://www.maartenbaert.be/simplescreenrecorder/ -[19]:https://launchpad.net/simple-scan -[20]:http://www.marzocca.net/linux/baobab/baobab-getting-started.html \ No newline at end of file From 095e8d8ba7a4590564ead7b78508837dc60af72c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 29 Jun 2014 19:14:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 439/713] PUB:20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04 @GOLinux --- ...ing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 28 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md (68%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/published/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md similarity index 68% rename from translated/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md rename to published/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md index 085ef6bbd0..1fc3f32824 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/published/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -1,24 +1,24 @@ -如何在Ubuntu 14.04中阻止其它用户访问你的家目录 +[小白技巧]如何在Linux中阻止其它用户访问你的家目录 ================================================================================ ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/00_lead_image_home_directory.png) -如果你和其他人共享Ubuntu机器，那么你可能要设置多个用户，并考虑让其他用户登录到他们自己的帐号，而只能访问他们自己的家目录。但是，默认情况下，任何一个用户都可以访问任何一个家目录。 +如果你和其他人共享Ubuntu机器，那么你可能要设置多个用户，希望其他用户登录到他们自己的帐号，并只能访问他们自己的家目录。但是，默认情况下，任何一个用户都可以访问任何一个家目录。 -当你在Ubuntu中添加一个新用户时，adduser工具为新的帐号添加了一个新的家目录。默认情况下，该目录位于根下面的/home/目录下，并以该帐号的用户名命名。例如，/home/lori。Ubuntu中创建的用户家目录具有全局读/写权限，这就给系统中所有其他用户可以读因外一些用户的家目录中的内容的权利。具体请阅读我们的[文件权限在Linux中是如何工作的][1]一文。 +当你在Ubuntu中添加一个新用户时，adduser工具为新的帐号添加了一个新的家目录。默认情况下，该目录位于根下面的/home/目录下，并以该帐号的用户名命名。例如，/home/lori。Ubuntu中创建的用户家目录具有其它人可读/执行权限，这就给系统中所有其他用户可以读另外外一些用户的家目录中的内容的权利。具体请阅读我们的[文件权限在Linux中是如何工作的][1]一文。 -**注**：当我们在文中提到输入什么时，输入的文字内容是在引号中的，不要输入引，除非我们另外指定。 +**注**：当我们在文中提到输入什么时，输入的文字内容是在引号中的，不要输入引号，除非我们另外指定。 -你可以很容易地修改你的家目录的权限来保护你的私人文件。要检查你家目录的权限，输入Ctrl + Alt + T打开终端窗口，并在提示符后输入以下行，然后按回车。使用你自己的用户名来替换“”。 +你可以很容易地修改你的家目录的权限来保护你的私人文件。要检查你家目录的权限，输入Ctrl + Alt + T打开终端窗口，并在提示符后输入以下命令，然后按回车。使用你自己的用户名来替换下面的“用户名”。 - ls –ld /home/lori + ls -ld /home/lori -**注**：该命令使用的是小写的L，而不是数字1. +**注**：该命令仅包含小写的L，而不是数字1。（LCTT译注：这是给完全小白的提示，绝大部分人可以无视这个备注了） 在该行的开头，列出了该文件的权限。就像我们在[文章][1]中关于Linux权限部分讲的那样。 -> ”r表示“读”，w表示“写”，而x表示“执行”。目录权限以“d”开头，而不是“-”。你也会注意到权限值占了10个位置。你可以忽略第一个，后面是3个一组，分为3组。第一组是属主权限，第二组是属组权限，最后一组是大众权限“。 +> r表示“读”，w表示“写”，而x表示“执行”。目录权限以“d”开头，而不是“-”。你也会注意到权限值占了10个位置。你可以忽略第一个，后面是3个一组，分为3组。第一组是属主（owner）权限，第二组是属组（group）权限，最后一组是其它人（other或world）权限。 -因此，下面列出的家目录的属主具有读、写和执行权限，而属组和大众具有读和执行权限。 +因此，下面列出的家目录的属主具有读、写和执行权限，而属组和其它人具有读和执行权限。 ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/01_permissions_for_home_folder.png) @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/02_changing_permissions_for_home_folder.png) -按上箭头两次，再次调用“ls -ld /home/“命令来检查权限。注意，全局权限现在都是破折号（-），这就意味着大众将无法读、写或执行你家目录中的任何东西了。 +按上箭头两次，再次调用“ls -ld /home/用户名”命令来检查权限。注意，其它人权限现在都是破折号（-），这就意味着其它人将无法读、写或执行你家目录中的任何东西了。 然而，和你同组的用户可以读和执行你家目录中的文件和文件夹。如果你不想除你之外的任何人访问你的家目录，可以在chmod命令中输入“0700”。 @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/04_location_could_not_be_displayed.png) -你也可以在创建新用户时，甚至Ubuntu使用指定的权限。要完成此项任务，你需要编辑adduser配置文件。要编辑该文件，在提示符下输入以下命令并回车。 +甚至你也可以在创建新用户时让Ubuntu使用指定的权限。要完成此项任务，你需要编辑adduser配置文件。要编辑该文件，在提示符下输入以下命令并回车。 gksudo gedit /etc/adduser.conf @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/06_entering_password.png) -在adduser.conf文件中向下滚动到DIR_MODE命令处，这里的默认值是“0755”。修改该值来反映你想要授权给各种用户类型（用户，组，大众）的不同权限（r，w，x），如我们先前讨论过的“0750”或“0700“。点击保存（Save）。 +在adduser.conf文件中向下滚动到DIR_MODE命令处，这里的默认值是“0755”。修改该值来反映你想要授权给各种用户类型（属主，属组，其它人）的不同权限（r，w，x），如我们先前讨论过的“0750”或“0700”。点击保存（Save）。 ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/07_changing_dir_mode.png) @@ -72,13 +72,13 @@ ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/09_closing_terminal_window_with_x.png) -现在，你家目录中文件会保持私有。切记，如果有其他用户和你处于同一组中，你也需要为你的家目录权限剔除组和大众权限。 +现在，你家目录中文件会保持私有。切记，如果有其他用户和你处于同一组中，你也许要为你的家目录权限剔除组和大众权限。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.howtogeek.com/190084/how-to-prevent-other-users-from-accessing-your-home-directory-in-ubuntu-14.04/ -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 423ada5c4deaecf07d233accb24adea641021ab4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chunxiao ye Date: Mon, 30 Jun 2014 12:06:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 440/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B9=8C=E9=BE=99=E8=8C=B6=E7=BF=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...e Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md | 38 ------------------- ...e Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md | 38 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md b/sources/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3748577b02..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38 +0,0 @@ -乌龙茶占坑 -Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos -================================================================================ -> The Orange Box, a portable server cluster that Canonical will use for Ubuntu-based OpenStack cloud demonstrations and training, is now available. - -![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/06/grayscale_7.jpg) - -Canonical's Orange Box, the portable server cluster that the company intends to use to showcase [OpenStack][1], [MAAS][2], [Juju][3] and other aspects of the Ubuntu Linux-based cloud, is out. Here's what it's all about. - -For starters, it's important to understand what the Orange Box is not: A revenue-generating hardware product from Canonical. The company has given no indication so far that it plans to sell these devices on a large scale—although if you truly want you can [buy one][4], for the equivalent of around $12,900, from [TranquilPC Limited][5], the company that has the contract for manufacturing them. - -Primarily, the Orange Box is a tool for convincing enterprises to invest in the Ubuntu-based cloud. It's a key part of the Ubuntu OpenStack strategy that Canonical founder Mark Shuttleworth [outlined last month][6], especially the OpenStack training program the company is offering, called [Jumpstart][7]. - -As part of Jumpstart, Canonical will loan an Orange Box to a participating organization so its employees can practice configuring OpenStack and related software on an Ubuntu cluster. Canonical staff also will provide consultation during the training period. - -But training purposes aside, the Orange Box [looks pretty cool][8]. And with 10 [Intel NUCs][9] inside—packing a collective punch of 160GB of RAM, 1,200GB of storage space and 10 i5 CPUs—the device fits quite a bit of computing power into a tiny space. - -Better still, the Orange Box comes preconfigured with software that provides a basis for launching Ubuntu-based cloud technologies. - -For Canonical, however, the real test will be making sure enterprises take advantage of the Orange Boxes that the company lends them not just to poke around an unusual hardware device, but to experience the Ubuntu cloud in a truly compelling way—compelling enough to convince IT decision-makers to ground the next-generation cloud infrastructure that they are building in Ubuntu. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/062314/canonical-debuts-orange-box-ubuntu-openstack-cloud-demos - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://openstack.org/ -[2]:https://maas.ubuntu.com/ -[3]:http://juju.ubuntu.com/ -[4]:http://www.tranquilpcshop.co.uk/ubuntu-orange-box/ -[5]:http://www.tranquilpcshop.co.uk/ -[6]:http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/051614/shuttleworth-highlights-ubuntu-openstack-cloud-innovations -[7]:http://www.ubuntu.com/cloud/tools/jumpstart -[8]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/06/hands-on-with-canonicals-orange-box-and-a-peek-into-cloud-nirvana/ -[9]:http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/nuc/overview.html diff --git a/translated/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md b/translated/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..087b29a1a4 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +正式亮相的Ubuntu的OpenStack云演示Orange Box +================================================================================ + +> Orange Box，即将规范使用基于Ubuntu的OpenStack的云计算的便携式服务器集群，现已推出。 + +![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/06/grayscale_7.jpg) + +Canonical的Orange Box，该公司打算用它来展示便携式服务器集群[OpenStack][1]，[MAAS][2]，[Juju][3]和以Ubuntu Linux操作系统为基础的其他云计算方面，现已发布。下面是它的介绍。 + +对于初学者来说，重要的是要了解Orange Box不是：按照规范产生收益的硬件产品。到目前为止，该公司并无表示计划大规模销售这些设备--如果你真的想[买一款][4]，大概价格为$12,900，信息来自具有合同制造它们的公司[TranquilPC有限公司][5]。 + +主要的，Orange Box是说服企业投资基于Ubuntu的云计算的工具。这是Ubuntu的OpenStack的战略的一个关键组成部分，该规范的创始人马克·沙特尔沃思[上个月概述][6]，特别是OpenStack的培训计划，公司将提供[快速入门][7]。 + +作为Jumpstart的一部分，出借Orange Box给参与组织，以便员工可以练习OpenStack的配置和Ubuntu的群集上的相关软件。工作人员也将在培训期间提供咨询。 + +但培训的目的不谈，Orange Box[看起来很酷][8]。并用10个[英特尔NUCs][9]内分装160GB集体冲的RAM，1200GB的存储空间和10个酷睿i5处理器，该设备在一个狭小的空间内具有相当强大的计算能力。 + +更妙的是，Orange Box预配置的软件中，提供用于启动基于Ubuntu的云技术。 + +为规范，然而，真正的考验将确保企业采取Orange Box，该公司借给他们不只是体验一个不寻常的硬件设备，而是为了通过一个真正令人信服的方式体验Ubuntu的云，足以吸引IT决策者选择下一代云基础设施为他们正在Ubuntu中建设的。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/062314/canonical-debuts-orange-box-ubuntu-openstack-cloud-demos + +译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://openstack.org/ +[2]:https://maas.ubuntu.com/ +[3]:http://juju.ubuntu.com/ +[4]:http://www.tranquilpcshop.co.uk/ubuntu-orange-box/ +[5]:http://www.tranquilpcshop.co.uk/ +[6]:http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/051614/shuttleworth-highlights-ubuntu-openstack-cloud-innovations +[7]:http://www.ubuntu.com/cloud/tools/jumpstart +[8]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/06/hands-on-with-canonicals-orange-box-and-a-peek-into-cloud-nirvana/ +[9]:http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/nuc/overview.html From 51f3bdea865e613d8cc34db410bba8b595d7c904 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 30 Jun 2014 16:38:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 441/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140630-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ndroid File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md | 51 +++++++++ ...pp 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md | 33 ++++++ ...630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md | 62 +++++++++++ ... engines from the command line on Linux.md | 104 ++++++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 250 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md create mode 100644 sources/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md b/sources/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a477b6abef --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation +================================================================================ +**A new version of KDE Connect for Android that adds a number of new features has been released.** + +![KDE Connect can now share files between desktop and mobile](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/kde-connect-share-feature.jpg) +KDE Connect can now share files between desktop and mobile + +KDE Connect for Android and the Plasma desktop now allow the touchscreen of a connected device to be used as a touchpad for your computer. + +This additional wireless input device will act just like a basic mouse, though doesn’t (yet) support multitouch features like two finger scrolling or right-clicking. + +Android’s share intent now supports KDE Connect, allowing you to send files from Android to your desktop and vice versa using a menu entry in the Dolphin file manager or by pushing files using a new command line option. + +Similar features for [iOS 8 and OS X Yosemite][1] and [Android ‘L’ and Chrome OS][2] are planned to debut this fall. + +The updated version also fixes a number of bugs and includes numerous improvements, including support for FreeBSD systems. + +Full Feature List: + +- Share files to/from Android and KDE +- Touchpad emulation +- Receive notifications from Android 4.3+ on desktop +- Shared clipboard supports copy and paste between phone and PC +- Multimedia remote control for select desktop media players (MPRIS) +- Battery status +- Wi-Fi connection sharing +- RSA Encryption + +### Download KDE Connect 0.7 ### + +The KDE Connect Android application is free to download from the Google Play and F-Droid stores. + +- [Download KDE Connect from Google Play][3] + +To make use of the newest features you will also need to install the latest version of KDE Connect (version 0.7) for Plasma. As of writing this is not yet available as a .deb installer or through a PPA. It can, however, be installed from source on Kubuntu 14.04 LTS and above by following the instructions [provided here][4]. + +- [Download KDE Connect 0.7 Source][5] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/kde-connect-android-notifications-linux-desktop + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/os-x-10-10-feature-ubuntu-already +[2]:http://www.omgchrome.com/android-apps-notifications-call-alerts-chromebook/ +[3]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.kde.kdeconnect_tp +[4]:https://albertvaka.wordpress.com/2014/06/28/awesome-contributions-to-kde-connect/#comment-1175 +[5]:http://download.kde.org/unstable/kdeconnect/0.7/src/kdeconnect-kde-0.7.tar.xz.mirrorlist \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md b/sources/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7a5e397b9c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +New Linux Podcast App ‘Vocal’ Hits Beta, Ready for Testing +================================================================================ +**Back in April we found ourselves enamoured by a promising new [podcast app for Ubuntu called ‘Vocal‘][1]. Well, the app has since gone from being a stylish mockup to real working code — and you can help test it.** + +The project’s developer, Nathan Dyer, has made beta builds — still unstable and not feature complete — available for testing through a dedicated PPA for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS and 14.10. + +The kicker to this (rather sweet) news is that the beta builds of the app **can only be installed if you’re using the next-gen elementary desktop**. And since elementary do not provide official pre-beta development builds for users to test, that makes it a trite difficult. + +Not quite as difficult as trying it out on Unity, GNOME or KDE desktops, mind. If you’re an Ubuntu user wanting to kick the tires on Vocal you will first need to add an unstable elementary desktop PPA to your systems, something we strongly advise against doing. + +Dyer suggests interested users wait until the first beta of the next elementary version is made available. + +For now we can at least look at it: + +![Vocal Beta running on Elementary (Image: Dyer)](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/vocal-beta.png) +Vocal Beta running on Elementary (Image: Dyer) + +Since Vocal is open source there’s nothing to stop it being ported over to mainstream Linux desktop environments such as Unity. + +In the meantime to learn more visit [the developer’s blog][1], [check out the unstable PPA][2] or hit up [Vocal on Launchpad][3]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/linux-podcast-app-vocal-hits-preview-kicker + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/vocal-podcast-manager-linux +[2]:http://nathandyer.me/2014/06/28/vocal-beta-released-daily-ppa-available/ +[3]:https://launchpad.net/~nathandyer/+archive/vocal-daily +[4]:https://launchpad.net/vocal \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md b/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..80bb5b9492 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Customizing Unity +================================================================================ +Although the Unity Desktop Manager has made HUGE performance and usability strides since the initial release in Ubuntu 11.10, some people are still put off by a number of the limitations in customizing the look and behavior of the window manager. We are going to take a look at how to customize Unity and bring back a sense of control to your desktop. + +### Unity Customizations Available ### + +In Ubuntu 14.04, Unity has several customizations that are available that were not previously. If you log into Unity, go the the “Settings” and choose “Display”, you will see the following screen: + +![Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Display and Unity Settings](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/unitysettings.png) +Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Display and Unity Settings + +Most of what you see is new since the Ubuntu 11.10 Unity introduction and several are new since just the latest version of Ubuntu 13.10. New since 13.10 are the ability to scale the menu and title bars. This is useful in very high resolution screens OR as a visual impairment option. Everything scales equally. + +Specific to Unity we can also turn on or off that “sticky edges” option. This is the somewhat annoying “pause” your mouse does on the edge of each screen of a multi-monitor setup. It stops the mouse momentarily at the edge, like it gets stuck. Finally, we have to option to turn that off. + +In the “Settings” screen still, choose the “Appearance” option to see the following: + +![Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Appearance and Unity Settings](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/unityappearance.png) +Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Appearance and Unity Settings + +Here we have one of the most requested options for the Unity Dock, the ability to change the Launcher size. Although it could be done in multiple ways in various versions of Ubuntu since 11.10, including it in the Appearance setting just makes it all official. I like that it allows you to change the icon size all the way down to 16 (even the tool we will talk about next only supports 24). + +### Unity Tweak Tool – Now Repo Strong! ### + +This tool has been around since the early days of Ubuntu 11.10 when Unity was first introduced, although you had to jump through a large number of hoops (and progressively smaller as the versions went on) to get it installed and it would be broken by Unity updates. + +Now however, it has officially been added to the default Ubuntu repositories and gets updated when Unity gets updated. There are a large number of customizations, so let’s get it installed: + + sudo apt-get install unity-tweak-tool + +After installation, start it up and you will see the following screen: + +![Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Official Unity Tweak Tool](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/unitytweaktool.png) +Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Official Unity Tweak Tool + +This tool encapsulates a large number of Unity Desktop customizations all in once convenient location. Most of these options can be had in the default Unity settings, at the command line or by editing sometimes hard to find configuration files. + +We can change the behavior of the dock, the panel, web applet integration, search within the Unity menu, etc. all within this one tool. Take the time to explore the options available to you – Unity Tweak Tool – learn it, live it, love it (at least if you use Unity). + +### Final Thoughts ### + +Ubuntu 14.04 LTS is shaping up more and more to be the Linux Desktop (sorry Canonical, you are still Linux) of choice for both the casual Linux user (is there such a thing) as well as the die hard professional. + +We now have more control than every over the Unity Desktop without resorting to tools, utilities or configuration file edits that may break with each subsequent Unity update. The desktop performance is pretty rock solid and, by adding some flavor with the Unity Tweak Tool, looks pretty cool as well! Drop us your thoughts or post links to your Unity Desktop set up in the comments below, we would be interested to see how you are using Ubuntu 14.04 LTS. + +---------- + +#### Terrence T. Cox #### + +Developer, Linux Advocate, Open Source Junkie. Been at this whole tech thing long enough to be considered 'very experienced' but not so long as to be bored of it. + +[Twitter][1] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-lts-customizing-unity/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://twitter.com/mourngrymtc/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f49a1701bd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux +================================================================================ +Why would anyone want to search things on the Internet via a terminal? I don't know. There are probably a lot of reasons. But since an answer that no one asked for is always less frustrating than a question that no one can answer, here is a list of popular search engines with the command-line tools that allow you to access them from a Linux terminal. + +### 1. Google ### + +Let's start right with a giant: Bing! No just kidding, Google. To be frank, you don't really need a utility to search on Google from the command line. A simple: + + $ xdg-open https://www.google.com/search?q="[query]" + +would open your web browser on the appropriate search page. However, if what you want is to see the results of that search from a terminal window, without opening any kind of web browser, I would recommend using [cli-google][1]. It is super old (last updated in 2009) but I like it. It is a simple and straightforward application which does exactly what it's supposed to do. + +Once you install cli-google, you can do searches with a colored output. You can also adjust the amount of results and the language that you want. Just type: + + $ google + +in your terminal to see all the options. + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5491/14330385480_91b0e138ee_z.jpg) + +### 2. YouTube ### + +There is going to be a lot of Google in this list. I will try to keep it as minimal as possible, but there is no escape. YouTube is for a lot of people the go to when it comes to finding a video of something quickly. To do such things from a terminal, my go to is [mps-youtube][2]. This software lets you search, make playlists, download videos, and read the comments from the terminal. Once you install mps-youtube, launch it with: + + $ mpsyt + +Then type h to see the options. For quick usage, you can just do: + + /[query] + +to search for something, then type the number ID of the video to listen to its sound, or type: + + i [video-number] + +to see its information, and type: + + d [video-number] + +to download it. If just listening is not enough for you, here is the trick: + + set player mplayer + set show_video True + +Now the video will show up in another window on mplayer. + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2925/14517040865_1d54ccce3b_z.jpg) + +### 3. Wikipedia ### + +Same as for Google, for Wikipedia I like an old script that works just fine: [cliWiki][3]. Once you install it, just run: + + $ cliwiki + +And then type in your search. If there is a direct match, the page will be displayed in the terminal. The output can be quite long so I advise you to channel it with the less command. It is certainly not the most efficient way to do it, but if your goal is to get a block of text concerning a keyword, this is exactly what you need. + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2903/14330600657_065d26cdf2_z.jpg) + +### 4. The Pirate Bay ### + +Now let's talk dirty. There are surprisingly (or not) a lot of utilities to find torrents on The Pirate Bay from the command line. However my preference goes to [pirate-get][4]. It comes with a ton of options that you can discover with: + + $ pirate-get -h + +But to keep it simple: + + $ pirate-get --color -c [category] [query] + +will return the result from a certain category of the search corresponding to a query, and with a colored output! From there, the application will prompt you to enter the number of the result that you want, and will then download the torrent from a magnet link. Simple and easy. Use only on non-copyrighted material! + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3923/14330448479_ae503561e6_z.jpg) + +### 5. Twitter ### + +Twitter is a good search engine for trends. We already covered [how to access Twitter from the command line][5] using t, but I personally prefer [TTYtter][6] to it. This utility is extermely powerful, could deserve its own post, and cannot be resumed to simply searching. But I am just going to use it as a search engine here. Once installed and configured, you can log in and search using the command: + + /search [query] + +The interface is a bit rough on the eye, but you will get accustomed quickly. Notice that this will work with plain words but also hash-tags. + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5077/14537153013_cc32a98b08_z.jpg) + +To conclude, these are in my opinion the big five search engines that people tend to use the most and which are accessible via the command line. The absents are probably Google Images and Google Maps, but those are kind of hard to adapt to the console I guess. I also wanted to look for a music search engine, but did not find any "worthy" of this list. As you have probably noticed, the tools on this list are uneven in term of features and options: some are simplistic while others go deep into functionality. But in the end they all do the job. + +Which search engines are missing from this list? Do you know some utilities that were not mentioned? Let us know in the comments. + +---------- + +#### Adrien Brochard #### + +I am a Linux aficionado from France. After trying multiple distributions, I finally settled for Archlinux. But I am always trying to improve my system by stacking up tips and tricks. +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/access-popular-search-engines-command-line-linux.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://github.com/henux/cli-google +[2]:https://github.com/np1/mps-youtube +[3]:https://github.com/AnirudhBhat/cliWiki.py +[4]:https://github.com/vikstrous/pirate-get +[5]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/access-twitter-command-line-linux.html +[6]:http://www.floodgap.com/software/ttytter/ \ No newline at end of file From c71c31fa4b1e9e28dbb32d893d967165824b9f6a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 30 Jun 2014 17:07:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 442/713] PUB:20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos @yechunxiao19 --- ...e Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md | 42 +++++++++++++++++++ ...e Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md | 38 ----------------- 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md delete mode 100644 translated/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md diff --git a/published/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md b/published/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5a16cec25b --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Ubuntu的Orange Box首次亮相 +================================================================================ + +> Orange Box现已推出，它是一个便携的服务器集群，Canonical用它来演示和培训基于Ubuntu的OpenStack云。 + +![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/06/grayscale_7.jpg) + +Canonical刚刚发布的Orange Box是一个便携式服务器集群，该公司用来展示[OpenStack][1]，[MAAS][2]，[Juju][3]和其它的基于Ubuntu Linux的云服务。 + +下面是它的介绍。 + +对于刚刚接触到它的人来说，重要的是要了解Orange Box不是什么：它不是一台Canonical用来盈利的硬件产品。到目前为止，该公司并无表示计划大规模销售这些设备。如果你真的想[买一款][4]的话，大概价格为$12,900，这个价格来自其合同制造商[TranquilPC Limited][5]。 + +从大的方面来说，Orange Box是一个说服企业在基于Ubuntu的云计算投入资金的工具。Canonical的创始人马克·沙特尔沃思[上个月宣布了][6]Ubuntu OpenStack的战略，这是该战略的一个关键组成部分，更是该公司提供的称作[Jumpstart][7]的OpenStack的培训计划的一部分。 + +作为Jumpstart的一部分，Canonical会将Orange Box借给合作伙伴，以便他们的员工可以在Ubuntu集群上练习配置OpenStack和相关软件。Canonical的工作人员也将在培训期间提供咨询。 + +不过除开培训的目的不谈，Orange Box[看起来真的很酷][8]。它装有10个[英特尔NUC][9]，总计集成了160GB的RAM，1200GB的存储空间和10个酷睿i5处理器，这种设备在一个袖珍空间内提供了相当强大的计算能力。 + +![](http://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/images/product/wilson-canyon-nuc-front-angle-with-board.jpg) + +更好的是，Orange Box通过预装软件为启动基于Ubuntu的云技术打下了良好基础。 + +不过，对于Canonical来说，真正的考验是确保企业能够从Orange Box中获益。借出它们不只是为了让合作伙伴们体验一下不错的硬件设备，而是为了通过一个真正令人信服的方式体验Ubuntu的云，以吸引IT决策者选择Ubuntu所建立的下一代云基础设施。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/062314/canonical-debuts-orange-box-ubuntu-openstack-cloud-demos + +译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://openstack.org/ +[2]:https://maas.ubuntu.com/ +[3]:http://juju.ubuntu.com/ +[4]:http://www.tranquilpcshop.co.uk/ubuntu-orange-box/ +[5]:http://www.tranquilpcshop.co.uk/ +[6]:http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/051614/shuttleworth-highlights-ubuntu-openstack-cloud-innovations +[7]:http://www.ubuntu.com/cloud/tools/jumpstart +[8]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/06/hands-on-with-canonicals-orange-box-and-a-peek-into-cloud-nirvana/ +[9]:http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/nuc/overview.html diff --git a/translated/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md b/translated/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md deleted file mode 100644 index 087b29a1a4..0000000000 --- a/translated/news/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38 +0,0 @@ -正式亮相的Ubuntu的OpenStack云演示Orange Box -================================================================================ - -> Orange Box，即将规范使用基于Ubuntu的OpenStack的云计算的便携式服务器集群，现已推出。 - -![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/06/grayscale_7.jpg) - -Canonical的Orange Box，该公司打算用它来展示便携式服务器集群[OpenStack][1]，[MAAS][2]，[Juju][3]和以Ubuntu Linux操作系统为基础的其他云计算方面，现已发布。下面是它的介绍。 - -对于初学者来说，重要的是要了解Orange Box不是：按照规范产生收益的硬件产品。到目前为止，该公司并无表示计划大规模销售这些设备--如果你真的想[买一款][4]，大概价格为$12,900，信息来自具有合同制造它们的公司[TranquilPC有限公司][5]。 - -主要的，Orange Box是说服企业投资基于Ubuntu的云计算的工具。这是Ubuntu的OpenStack的战略的一个关键组成部分，该规范的创始人马克·沙特尔沃思[上个月概述][6]，特别是OpenStack的培训计划，公司将提供[快速入门][7]。 - -作为Jumpstart的一部分，出借Orange Box给参与组织，以便员工可以练习OpenStack的配置和Ubuntu的群集上的相关软件。工作人员也将在培训期间提供咨询。 - -但培训的目的不谈，Orange Box[看起来很酷][8]。并用10个[英特尔NUCs][9]内分装160GB集体冲的RAM，1200GB的存储空间和10个酷睿i5处理器，该设备在一个狭小的空间内具有相当强大的计算能力。 - -更妙的是，Orange Box预配置的软件中，提供用于启动基于Ubuntu的云技术。 - -为规范，然而，真正的考验将确保企业采取Orange Box，该公司借给他们不只是体验一个不寻常的硬件设备，而是为了通过一个真正令人信服的方式体验Ubuntu的云，足以吸引IT决策者选择下一代云基础设施为他们正在Ubuntu中建设的。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/062314/canonical-debuts-orange-box-ubuntu-openstack-cloud-demos - -译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://openstack.org/ -[2]:https://maas.ubuntu.com/ -[3]:http://juju.ubuntu.com/ -[4]:http://www.tranquilpcshop.co.uk/ubuntu-orange-box/ -[5]:http://www.tranquilpcshop.co.uk/ -[6]:http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/051614/shuttleworth-highlights-ubuntu-openstack-cloud-innovations -[7]:http://www.ubuntu.com/cloud/tools/jumpstart -[8]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/06/hands-on-with-canonicals-orange-box-and-a-peek-into-cloud-nirvana/ -[9]:http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/nuc/overview.html From 1b3a3b892537680e523488a2c2c1062dc5608790 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JonathanKang Date: Mon, 30 Jun 2014 17:33:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 443/713] JonathanKang is translating --- ...x Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md b/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md index 49f33e777e..3b03d90e8e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +JonathanKang is translating + Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/shutter.jpg) From 5147fbcd470b7a9573a47e8036cbe5d46baf7b3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JonathanKang Date: Mon, 30 Jun 2014 18:50:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 444/713] translated --- ...hutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md | 39 ------------------- ...hutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md | 37 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 37 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md b/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3b03d90e8e..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,39 +0,0 @@ -JonathanKang is translating - -Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon -================================================================================ -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/shutter.jpg) - -**[Shutter][1], our favourite screenshot tool for Linux, has been updated with select bug fixes and a new application icon. ** - -The open-source and feature-rich screenshot utility allows you to snap sections of your desktop, app windows or the whole screen and add annotations, text or effects. - -Version 0.91 fixes a number of outstanding bugs, including an issue where thumbnails were not shown in the Session tab on 14.04, and removes the option to upload screenshots to Pixlr’s image hosting service ‘imm.io’, which was discontinued earlier this year. - -Finally, the update features a refined version of the familiar camera shutter application icon courtesy of artist Lucas Romero Di Benedetto. - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/compare-350x200.png) - -### Install Shutter 0.91 in Ubuntu ### - -Upgrading to the new version of Shutter is simple enough — providing you add the official PPA. [The Shutter PPA][2] provides new stable releases to Ubuntu 12.04 LTS, 13.10 and 14.04 LTS. - - sudo add-apt-repository ppa:shutter/ppa - - sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install shutter - -Don’t like PPAs? You can also download Debian installers from the download section on the project homepage. If you’re running Ubuntu 14.04 LTS you can grab the installer by hitting the button below. - -- [Download Shutter 0.91 for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS][3] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/shutter-0-91-new-icon - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/shutter/ -[2]:https://launchpad.net/~shutter/+archive/ppa -[3]:https://launchpad.net/~shutter/+archive/ppa/+files/shutter_0.91%7Eppa2%7Eubuntu14.04.1_all.deb diff --git a/translated/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md b/translated/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5f50c474b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Linux截屏软件Shutter获得更新，修复bug，更换新图标 +================================================================================ +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/shutter.jpg) + +**[Shutter][1]，是一款Linux平台下最受欢迎的截屏软件。最近的更新中，该软件修复了若干bug，并且使用了新的应用图标。** + +这款开源并且功能强大的截屏工具可以让你选择桌面的任意区域、指定应用窗口或者整个屏幕区域来进行截屏。此外，你还可以添加注释、文本或者特效。 + +0.91版本修复了若干之前遗留的bug，包括在Ubuntu 14.04中缩略图无法正常地在应用切换栏中显示的问题。由于'imm.io'在今年早些停止服务，所以此次更新还取消了将截图上传到Pixlr图像服务的选项。 + +最后，这次更新突出了由Lucas Romero Di Benedetto精心设计的百叶窗相机式的应用图标。 + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/compare-350x200.png) + +### 在Ubuntu环境下安装Shutter 0.91版本 ### + +升级到Shutter的最新版本是非常简单的——前提是你添加了该软件的PPA。[The Shutter PPA][2] 面向Ubuntu 12.04 LTS、13.10、14.04 LTS提供该软件最新稳定的发行版。 + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:shutter/ppa + + sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install shutter + +不喜欢PPA？那么你也可以从该项目的主页下载Debian安装包。如果你使用的是Ubuntu 14.04 LTS系统，你可以点击下面的链接来下载安装包。 + +- [下载适用于Ubuntu 14.04 LTS系统的Shutter 0.91][3] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/shutter-0-91-new-icon + +译者：[JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/shutter/ +[2]:https://launchpad.net/~shutter/+archive/ppa +[3]:https://launchpad.net/~shutter/+archive/ppa/+files/shutter_0.91%7Eppa2%7Eubuntu14.04.1_all.deb From 97741b0627cd984a4ab624fe8bb07c8ae743bcf5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Mon, 30 Jun 2014 19:14:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 445/713] mike translating... --- .../20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md index d53dd78844..f34f496f7b 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +MikeCoder Translating... + How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux ================================================================================ ![Figure 1: GRUB 2 menu with cool Apollo 17 background.](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/grub-command-shell.jpg) From 46e23ca473ef27c4d3f1df020cb7cf11a11c15e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: MikeCoder Date: Mon, 30 Jun 2014 20:00:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 446/713] finish translating --- ...to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md | 130 ------------------ ...to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md | 128 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 128 insertions(+), 130 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index f34f496f7b..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,130 +0,0 @@ -MikeCoder Translating... - -How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux -================================================================================ -![Figure 1: GRUB 2 menu with cool Apollo 17 background.](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/grub-command-shell.jpg) -Figure 1: GRUB 2 menu with cool Apollo 17 background. - -Once upon a time we had legacy GRUB, the Grand Unified Linux Bootloader version 0.97. Legacy GRUB had many virtues, but it became old and its developers did yearn for more functionality, and thus did GRUB 2 come into the world. - -GRUB 2 is a major rewrite with several significant differences. It boots removable media, and can be configured with an option to enter your system BIOS. It's more complicated to configure with all kinds of scripts to wade through, and instead of having a nice fairly simple `/boot/grub/menu.lst` file with all configurations in one place, the default is `/boot/grub/grub.cfg`. Which you don't edit directly, oh no, for this is not for mere humans to touch, but only other scripts. We lowly humans may edit `/etc/default/grub`, which controls mainly the appearance of the GRUB menu. We may also edit the scripts in `/etc/grub.d/`. These are the scripts that boot your operating systems, control external applications such as memtest and os_prober, and theming`./boot/grub/grub.cfg` is built from `/etc/default/grub` and `/etc/grub.d/*` when you run the update-grub command, which you must run every time you make changes. - -The good news is that the update-grub script is reliable for finding kernels, boot files, and adding all operating systems to your GRUB boot menu, so you don't have to do it manually. - -We're going to learn how to fix two of the more common failures. When you boot up your system and it stops at the grub> prompt, that is the full GRUB 2 command shell. That means GRUB 2 started normally and loaded the normal.mod module (and other modules which are located in /boot/grub/[arch]/), but it didn't find your grub.cfg file. If you see grub rescue> that means it couldn't find normal.mod, so it probably couldn't find any of your boot files. - -How does this happen? The kernel might have changed drive assignments or you moved your hard drives, you changed some partitions, or installed a new operating system and moved things around. In these scenarios your boot files are still there, but GRUB can't find them. So you can look for your boot files at the GRUB prompt, set their locations, and then boot your system and fix your GRUB configuration. - -### GRUB 2 Command Shell ### - -The GRUB 2 command shell is just as powerful as the shell in legacy GRUB. You can use it to discover boot images, kernels, and root filesystems. In fact, it gives you complete access to all filesystems on the local machine regardless of permissions or other protections. Which some might consider a security hole, but you know the old Unix dictum: whoever has physical access to the machine owns it. - -When you're at the `grub>` prompt, you have a lot of functionality similar to any command shell such as history and tab-completion. The `grub rescue>` mode is more limited, with no history and no tab-completion. - -If you are practicing on a functioning system, press C when your GRUB boot menu appears to open the GRUB command shell. You can stop the bootup countdown by scrolling up and down your menu entries with the arrow keys. It is safe to experiment at the GRUB command line because nothing you do there is permanent. If you are already staring at the `grub>` or `grub rescue>`prompt then you're ready to rock. - -The next few commands work with both `grub>` and `grub rescue>`. The first command you should run invokes the pager, for paging long command outputs: - - grub> set pager=1 - -There must be no spaces on either side of the equals sign. Now let's do a little exploring. Type ls to list all partitions that GRUB sees: - - grub> ls - (hd0) (hd0,msdos2) (hd0,msdos1) - -What's all this msdos stuff? That means this system has the old-style MS-DOS partition table, rather than the shiny new Globally Unique Identifiers partition table (GPT). (See [Using the New GUID Partition Table in Linux (Goodbye Ancient MBR)][1]. If you're running GPT it will say (hd0,gpt1). Now let's snoop. Use the ls command to see what files are on your system: - - grub> ls (hd0,1)/ - lost+found/ bin/ boot/ cdrom/ dev/ etc/ home/ lib/ - lib64/ media/ mnt/ opt/ proc/ root/ run/ sbin/ - srv/ sys/ tmp/ usr/ var/ vmlinuz vmlinuz.old - initrd.img initrd.img.old - -Hurrah, we have found the root filesystem. You can omit the msdos and gpt labels. If you leave off the slash it will print information about the partition. You can read any file on the system with the cat command: - - grub> cat (hd0,1)/etc/issue - Ubuntu 14.04 LTS \n \l - -Reading /etc/issue could be useful on a multi-boot system for identifying your various Linuxes. - -### Booting From grub> ### - -This is how to set the boot files and boot the system from the grub> prompt. We know from running the ls command that there is a Linux root filesystem on (hd0,1), and you can keep searching until you verify where /boot/grub is. Then run these commands, using your own root partition, kernel, and initrd image: - - grub> set root=(hd0,1) - grub> linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic root=/dev/sda1 - grub> initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic - grub> boot - -The first line sets the partition that the root filesystem is on. The second line tells GRUB the location of the kernel you want to use. Start typing /boot/vmli, and then use tab-completion to fill in the rest. Type root=/dev/sdX to set the location of the root filesystem. Yes, this seems redundant, but if you leave this out you'll get a kernel panic. How do you know the correct partition? hd0,1 = /dev/sda1. hd1,1 = /dev/sdb1. hd3,2 = /dev/sdd2. I think you can extrapolate the rest. - -The third line sets the initrd file, which must be the same version number as the kernel. - -The fourth line boots your system. - -On some Linux systems the current kernels and initrds are symlinked into the top level of the root filesystem: - - $ ls -l / - vmlinuz -> boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic - initrd.img -> boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic - -So you could boot from grub> like this: - - grub> set root=(hd0,1) - grub> linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 - grub> initrd /initrd.img - grub> boot - -### Booting From grub-rescue> ### - -If you're in the GRUB rescue shell the commands are different, and you have to load the normal.mod andlinux.mod modules: - - grub rescue> set prefix=(hd0,1)/boot/grub - grub rescue> set root=(hd0,1) - grub rescue> insmod normal - grub rescue> normal - grub rescue> insmod linux - grub rescue> linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic root=/dev/sda1 - grub rescue> initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic - grub rescue> boot - -Tab-completion should start working after you load both modules. - -### Making Permanent Repairs ### - -When you have successfully booted your system, run these commands to fix GRUB permanently: - - # update-grub - Generating grub configuration file ... - Found background: /usr/share/images/grub/Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.tga - Found background image: /usr/share/images/grub/Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.tga - Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic - Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic - Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-27-generic - Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-27-generic - Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-24-generic - Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-24-generic - Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.elf - Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.bin - done - # grub-install /dev/sda - Installing for i386-pc platform. - Installation finished. No error reported. - -When you run grub-install remember you're installing it to the boot sector of your hard drive and not to a partition, so do not use a partition number like /dev/sda1. - -### But It Still Doesn't Work ### - -If your system is so messed up that none of this works, try the [Super GRUB2 live rescue disk][2]. The official [GNU GRUB Manual 2.00][3] should also be helpful. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/776643-how-to-rescue-a-non-booting-grub-2-on-linux - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/730440-using-the-new-guid-partition-table-in-linux-good-bye-ancient-mbr- -[2]:http://www.supergrubdisk.org/ -[3]:https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html diff --git a/translated/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0146576f04 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +如何拯救一台没有成功通过Grub启动的Linux电脑 +================================================================================ +![Figure 1: GRUB 2 menu with cool Apollo 17 background.](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/grub-command-shell.jpg) +Figure 1: GRUB 2 menu with cool Apollo 17 background. + +自从我们拥有GRUB以来，Linux Bootloader 0.97就开始了传奇的一生。尽管传统的GRUB有很多的有点，但是他开始陈旧了，并且他的开发者也开始添加更多的功能，于是，Grub2.0时代就要来了。 + +GRUB 2 做了几个明显的改进。它可以从移动存储设备上启动，并且可以有进入BIOS配置的选项。尽管它有着更复杂的脚本配置，但是一个简单的`/boot/grub/menu.lst`文件却一个地方集中了所有配置选项，默认的是存放在`/boot/grub/grub.cfg `。你不能直接编辑，这不是人做的事，太复杂，我们需要用简单的脚本实现。我们卑微的人类可以编辑`/etc/default/grub`文件来修改，它主要是控制Grub菜单。我们还可以修改` /etc/grub.d/ `。这些脚本可以启动操作系统，控制外部应用程序，如memtest 和 os_prober，还有theming `./boot/grub/grub.cfg`是建立在`/etc/default/grub`和`/etc/grub.d/*`的基础上的。当你修改了一个地方，你必须要运行更新GRUB的命令。 + +好消息是，update-grub脚本是可以可靠的检测内核，启动文件，并添加所有的操作系统的，自动生成你的启动菜单，所以你不必手动的修改他们。 + +我们还要学习如何解决两个常见的故障。当启动系统时，它会停在GRUB >提示上，这是完整的GRUB 2命令界面，所以不要惊慌。这意味着GRUB 2依旧可以正常启动和加载normal.mod模块（和其他模块分别位于/boot/grub/[arch]/），但没有找到你的grub.cfg文件。如果你看到grub rescue> 这意味着它无法找到normal.mod，因此它有可能找不到你的启动文件。 + +这是如何发生的？因为内核可能改变驱动器分配或您移动您的硬盘驱动器，或者你手动改变一些分区，或安装一个新的操作系统或者移动一些文件。在这些情况下你的启动文件仍然存在，但GRUB不能找到他们。所以你可以看看在GRUB提示符中启动文件，设置它们的位置，然后启动您的系统和修复您的grub配置。 + +### GRUB 2 命令行 ### + +GRUB 2 命令是一个伟大的财富。你不仅可以用它来发现引导镜像，内核，和根文件系统。事实上，它给你完全访问本地计算机上的所有文件的系统权限。其中有些人可能会认为一个安全漏洞，但是你知道古老的UNIX的名言：有物理访问机器权限的人，就是拥有它的人。 + +当你在` GRUB > `提示时，你有许多类似的功能，如命令如历史和tab补全。但是`grub rescue> `模式是有限的，没有历史，没有tab补全。 + +如果你是在一个正常运作的系统上练习，那就当GRUB菜单打开GRUB命令行时，按C。你可以通过向上和向下滚动你的菜单条目箭头键停止启动倒计时。它是安全的，在此GRUB命令行下，你不会进行永久的修改，一切都是暂时的。如果你已经看到`grub > `或`grub rescue> `提示符,那就说明你的表现时刻到了。 + +接下来的几个命令可以在`grub>`和`grub rescue`模式下运行。同时，你应该第一个运行的命令如下： + + grub> set pager=1 + +等号两侧必须不能出现空格。现在让我们做一点探讨。ls列出的所有分区： + + grub> ls + (hd0) (hd0,msdos2) (hd0,msdos1) + +MSDOS是什么？这意味着该系统具有老式的MS-DOS分区表，而不是全新的全局唯一标识符的分区表（GPT）。（见[Using the New GUID Partition Table in Linux (Goodbye Ancient MBR)][1]。如果你正在运行的GPT，它会出现（hd0，GPT1）。使用ls命令查看你的系统文件是什么： + + grub> ls (hd0,1)/ + lost+found/ bin/ boot/ cdrom/ dev/ etc/ home/ lib/ + lib64/ media/ mnt/ opt/ proc/ root/ run/ sbin/ + srv/ sys/ tmp/ usr/ var/ vmlinuz vmlinuz.old + initrd.img initrd.img.old + +好的，我们已经找到了根文件系统。你可以省略MSDOS和GPT的标签。如果你无视打印的分区信息。你可以用cat命令读取文件系统上的文件： + + grub> cat (hd0,1)/etc/issue + Ubuntu 14.04 LTS \n \l + +从/etc/issue文件中，可以看到你的不同的Linux系统 + +### 从 grub> 中启动### + +这是如何设置启动文件和启动从`GRUB>`提示中进入系统。我们知道，从运行ls命令有一个Linux根文件系统（hd0,1），你可以继续寻找直到你找到你的/boot/grub所在位置。然后运行这些命令，使用您自己的根分区，内核和initrd映像： + + grub> set root=(hd0,1) + grub> linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic root=/dev/sda1 + grub> initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic + grub> boot + +第一行设置分区的根文件系统是。第二行告诉grub您想要使用的内核位置。开始输入/boot/vmli，然后使用tab完成填写。输入`root= /dev/sdX`设置根文件系统位置。是的，这似乎是多余的，但如果你忘记了输入你会得到一个kernel panic。你知道怎么正确的分区？hd0,1 = /dev/sda1。hd1,1 = /dev/sdb1。hd3,2 = /开发/ sdd2。我想你可以推出自己的。 + +第三行设置initrd文件，必须是和内核相同的版本号。 + +最后一行启动系统。 + +在一些Linux系统上，内核和initrds是被符号链接到当前的根文件系统的根目录，就像： + + $ ls -l / + vmlinuz -> boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic + initrd.img -> boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic + +所以，你也可以这样输入命令： + + grub> set root=(hd0,1) + grub> linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 + grub> initrd /initrd.img + grub> boot + +### 从grub-rescue> 中启动 ### + +你必须要加载两个模块normal.mod 和 linux.mod，如果你的GRUB命令不同于大众。 + + grub rescue> set prefix=(hd0,1)/boot/grub + grub rescue> set root=(hd0,1) + grub rescue> insmod normal + grub rescue> normal + grub rescue> insmod linux + grub rescue> linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic root=/dev/sda1 + grub rescue> initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic + grub rescue> boot + +tab补全应该在你加载了这几个模块之后开始工作。 + +### 永久性的修复 ### + +当你成功地启动你的系统，运行这些命令来永久修复GRUB： + + # update-grub + Generating grub configuration file ... + Found background: /usr/share/images/grub/Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.tga + Found background image: /usr/share/images/grub/Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.tga + Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic + Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic + Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-27-generic + Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-27-generic + Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-24-generic + Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-24-generic + Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.elf + Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.bin + done + # grub-install /dev/sda + Installing for i386-pc platform. + Installation finished. No error reported. + +当你运行 `grub-install` 时，记得grub是安装到硬盘驱动器的引导扇区而不是到一个具体分区，所以不要加上像/dev/sda1的分区号。 + +### 如果还是不能使用 ### + +如果你的系统是如此的倒霉，而且这个方式没有能起作用，那就尝试[超级GRUB2现场救援磁盘][2]。[官方GNU GRUB手册][3]也应该是有帮助的。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/776643-how-to-rescue-a-non-booting-grub-2-on-linux + +译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/730440-using-the-new-guid-partition-table-in-linux-good-bye-ancient-mbr- +[2]:http://www.supergrubdisk.org/ +[3]:https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html From 5f0249f7fb355c7c9e3ef3ce3531245460cfe786 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 30 Jun 2014 20:50:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 447/713] PUB:20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory @GOLinux --- ...Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md | 22 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md (64%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md b/published/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md similarity index 64% rename from translated/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md rename to published/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md index 89048f554f..03dbe0b0dc 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md +++ b/published/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md @@ -2,14 +2,13 @@ ================================================================================ **嗨，极客们！** -今天，我们介绍给大家一个新的系列节目，它叫命令行星期二。为什么叫命令行星期二？因为在该系列节目中，就像你们这样的忠实的计算机迷们，每天将会试着走出图形用户界面（GUI）文化的藩篱，GUI文化就是让事情变得简单而大众化。 +今天，我们介绍给大家一个新的系列节目，它叫命令行星期二。为什么叫命令行星期二？因为在该系列节目中，每天坐在计算机前的你们，将会试着走出图形用户界面（GUI）文化的藩篱，从今天开始“让事情变得简单而大众化”。 -当然，如果你访问过任何与GNU/Linux相关的社区论坛的话，你可能耳闻目睹了一次火热的辩论，当然这是个假设，话题是哪个实际上更易用。是让GUI掌控一切，还是只是学习并享受命令行界（CLI）面带来的乐趣。 +当然，如果你访问过任何与GNU/Linux相关的社区论坛的话，你可能已经看到了，关于GUI和命令行哪个更好的讨论非常热烈。是让GUI掌控一切，还是只是学习并享受命令行界（CLI）面带来的乐趣呢？ ![Terminal](http://sholva.org/assets/images/blog/2009/review-opensuse-11.2/opensuse-terminal.png) -终端 -对于使用或抛弃GUI工具的争论有很多。正方最常提到的优点之一，就是我们是在点击的计算模式下长大的，所以它基本上就是我们和机器进行交互的一种语言或文化形式。我们日复一日重复着这样的模式，点击那个大按钮来让它干我们需要它干的事。 +对于使用或抛弃GUI工具的争论有很多。正方最常提到的优点之一，就是我们是在点击的计算模式下长大的，所以它基本上就是我们和机器进行交互的一种语言，或者你可以说是一种文化。我们日复一日重复着这样的模式，点击那个大按钮来让它干我们需要它干的事。 而对于反方，我读到的关于命令行的优点的最有趣的评论之一，就是你可以通过命令行来更快，更简单地做更多事情，比GUI工具来得快。但你需要明白的是：你需要学习命令。是的，学习它们，就像学一首诗一样。 @@ -17,27 +16,28 @@ ### 寓言 ### -我已经用了Linux超过3年了。27岁，是个文学专业学生，我对任何形式的技术都没有太大的兴趣。我直到中学才有了一台属于自己的计算机，我想大概是17岁那年吧。对于我而言，只用了10年的计算机。我只用过三个程序，BS播放器，Winamp和足球经理，偶尔也用用MS Word。大约三年多以前，我做临时工时的一位同事，在我正和另外一位同僚谈话时告诉我说，有个新版的东西，它一下子就抓住了我的心，它看起来确实与众不同。我现在想想，它就是Ubuntu的敏捷的独角鲸。在和这位同事讨论这个新版本后，他指出了一些常见的优点，这些优点也是我们经常向新手宣传的，不需要杀毒软件，启动快捷，安全性更高，附带有软件中心等等之类。最突出的一点：它背后的自由和开源（FOSS）哲学。他用他不带侵害性和没一点孩子气的方式把我带了进去。 +我已经用了Linux超过3年了。27岁，是个文学专业学生，我对任何形式的技术都没有太大的兴趣。我直到中学才有了一台属于自己的计算机，我想大概是17岁那年吧。对于我而言，只用了10年的计算机。我只用过三个程序，BS播放器，Winamp和足球经理，偶尔也用用MS Word。大约三年多以前，我做临时工时的一位同事，在我正和另外一位同僚谈话时告诉我说，有个新版的东西，它一下子就抓住了我的心，它看起来确实与众不同。我现在想想，它就是Ubuntu的“敏捷的独角鲸”。在和这位同事讨论这个新版本后，他指出了一些常见的优点，这些优点也是我们经常向新手宣传的，不需要杀毒软件，启动快捷，安全性更高，附带有软件中心等等之类。最突出的一点：它背后的自由和开源（FOSS）哲学。他用他温和而优雅的方式把我带了进去。 -我决定来一次尝试，而从那以后便一发不可收拾。而至于我是怎么又从第一次对Ubuntu的浅尝辄止转而投向openSUSE 11.4的，咋们下回再讲吧。而我发现它只是一个完美而甜蜜的小插曲，那就完完全全另外一回事了。问题在于，我最终进入了Linux领域。这很有趣，感觉很不一样，它让我的计算机跑得更好，它也更稳定，我也和它相处得很好（似乎我是在不经意间买到了相当正统的硬件）。Linux似乎也远不止是桌面，所以我只是在不得不使用终端的时候也使用终端。但是这么说吧，它是Linux中一个最为讨厌的，最为可怕，最令人不爽的工具之一。如果没有GUI来进行特别的操作，我马上会诚惶诚恐，十分不安了。因为当我从论坛复制/粘贴命令的时候，我都不知道我究竟在干些什么。 +我决定来一次尝试，而从那以后便一发不可收拾。而至于我是怎么又从第一次对Ubuntu的浅尝辄止转而投向openSUSE 11.4的，咋们下回再讲吧。而我发现它只是一个完美而甜蜜的小插曲时，那就完完全全另外一回事了。问题在于，我最终进入了Linux领域。这很有趣，感觉很不一样，它让我的计算机跑得更好，它也更稳定，我也和它相处得很好（似乎我是在不经意间买到了相当普通的硬件）。似乎Linux并不是一个完全的桌面系统，所以我有时不得不使用终端。但是这么说吧，它是Linux中一个最为讨厌的，最为可怕，最令人不爽的工具之一。如果某些操作没有GUI可以做的话，我马上会诚惶诚恐，十分不安了。因为当我从论坛复制/粘贴命令的时候，我都不知道我究竟在干些什么。 随着时间流逝，情况发生了变化。相对于其他以消费者为导向的系统，发生在我身上的事可能有点与一般人相反。在那三年中，我感觉不是我在玩系统，而是系统在玩我。我学会了怎样寻找基本问题，提交bug报告，怎样正确地在论坛上提问。对于碰到的每个问题，我学会了为那些更有能力帮我解决问题的人提供更有用的信息。 -不久以前，我女朋友发泄道，她简直不敢相信，我主要为了用计算机而用计算机，而不是用它来做一些别的事情。”你只用它来进行音乐收藏和做些Linux的乱七八糟的事情，Nenad. Gaawd“它让我想啊，使劲想。Linux，特别是openSUSE发行版它成了我的爱好之一。我不是一个专家，不管怎么说都说得通，Linux不在我的专业知识范畴内。但我有足够的知识来搞定它，搞定一些小问题，修改一些配置文件等等。但是我终于认识到，随着玩Linux日久，对系统的调整日多，我真的需要熟悉一下命令行（CLI）了。我也了解到，我在对底层的东西一无所知的情况下对系统胡作非为。我要对着ETC大喊大叫了，它究竟是个什么东西？BIN又是个什么东西？为什么会有个.sh在后面？问什么这个文件在这里？那个文件又在那里？为什么我得点击那一大堆的文件夹来找到正确的文件进行修改？然后，我读到‘你可以用一个命令来简单地列出某个地方的所有文件’时，它又变得很有趣了，我突然感到迫不及待要想试试了。 +不久以前，我女朋友发泄说，她简直不敢相信，我主要为了用计算机而用计算机，而不是用它来做一些别的事情。“你只用它来进行音乐收藏和做些Linux的乱七八糟的事情，Nenad. Gaawd”它让我想啊，使劲想。Linux，特别是openSUSE发行版它成了我的爱好之一。我不是一个专家，不管怎么看都是这样，Linux不在我的专业知识范畴内。但我有足够的知识来搞定它，搞定一些小问题，修改一些配置文件等等。但是我终于认识到，随着玩Linux日久，对系统的调整日多，我真的需要熟悉一下命令行（CLI）了。我也了解到，我在对底层的东西一无所知的情况下对系统胡作非为。我要对着etc大喊大叫了，它究竟是个什么东西？bin又是个什么东西？为什么会有个.sh在后面？问什么这个文件在这里？那个文件又在那里？为什么我得点击那一大堆的文件夹来找到正确的文件进行修改？然后，我读到“你可以用一个命令来简单地列出某个地方的所有文件”时，它又变得很有趣了，我突然感到迫不及待要想试试了。 ### 好吧，让我们干吧！ ### -我们来了……。作为一位新的openSUSE的新闻发布者，我会试着以我所见最有成效的方式来发表我的看法，这样的方式我想对社区中绝大多数人会奏效。该高举旗帜，一起开始学习命令行了。如果是是什么吸引你到Linux和openSUSE中来这么个态度，就想我，引领你走了这么远，那么是时候走得更远一点了。 +我们来了……。作为一位新的openSUSE的新闻发布者，我会试着以我所见最有成效的方式来发表我的看法，这样的方式我想对社区中绝大多数人会奏效。该高举旗帜，一起开始学习命令行了。如果是哲学理念吸引你到Linux和openSUSE中来的，就像我一样，那么是时候走得更远一点了。 ![](http://beerepiphany.files.wordpress.com/2010/04/pinky_brain.jpg) -看，我就知道在那外头有一大堆像我这样的人。我知道，你也许没有抓住90后极客们的要点，黑屏-绿字-手指在键盘上乱飞-让一切都激情澎湃。但这在很多地方都很有用。我们将以一种有趣的，而又共有的方式来学习，目录是用来干什么，什么文件放在什么地方，以及一些最常用的终端命令。在我们在控制台处理一些任务时，这将让我们更轻松一些；在碰到一些问题时，获得更大的回报。它也会让bug处理者更轻松些，如果他们从我们这头收到正确的信息的话。它也让我们的爱好变得乐趣无穷。 +看，我就知道在那外头有一大堆像我这样的人。我知道，你也许没有抓住90后极客们的要点，黑屏-绿字-手指在键盘上乱飞-让一切都激情澎湃。但这在很多地方都很有用。我们将以一种有趣的，而又通用的方式来学习，目录是用来干什么，什么文件放在什么地方，以及一些最常用的终端命令。在我们在控制台处理一些任务时，这将让我们更轻松一些；在碰到一些问题时，获得更大的回报。它也会让bug处理者更轻松些，如果他们从我们这头收到正确的信息的话。它也让我们的爱好变得乐趣无穷。 我是说，我的天啊，你已经过渡到连Dilber和xkcd都感到有趣的阶段了。是时候到终端下去了。 附录： -要用到的一些参考资料：威廉 · 肖茨—— 《Linux命令行》,以及克罗地亚黑客韦利米尔 ·巴克沙，别名鲁塞拉斯，《关于最常用命令的简短教程》。对于你们的要求: +要用到的一些参考资料：威廉·肖茨—— 《Linux命令行》,以及克罗地亚黑客韦利米尔·巴克沙，别名鲁塞拉斯，《关于最常用命令的简短教程》。对于你们的要求: + - 每周1到2小时的空闲时间 - 一品脱冰冻啤酒或者其它饮料 - 有人已经指出，使用[Gedit][1]，或者手工记录本（你懂的，笔和纸，呵呵）可以让学习更简单一些。 @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/05/27/command-line-tuesdays-the-introductory/ -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 1632eb9f57e1f5180208a11f71f25b0d9f86a824 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 30 Jun 2014 21:01:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 448/713] PUB:20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One @GOLinux --- ...0140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md | 19 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md (72%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md b/published/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md similarity index 72% rename from translated/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md rename to published/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md index ea20bb5f1e..29b9dafdc2 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md +++ b/published/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md @@ -1,26 +1,26 @@ -命令行星期二 — 第一篇 +命令行星期二 —— 第一篇 ================================================================================ 极客们，我们又回来了！真抱歉让你们久等了，但我保证，我们又回归正轨了。我们满怀热情与大家相约，让我们激情燃烧，寻找刺激吧:) -现在，整个的想法已经在两周前的开场白中告诉你们了，所以现在让我们来干点正事吧。就像Shotts先生书里讲得那样，我们需要来了解一下shell是个什么东西，终端模拟器又是个什么东西，因为我们要在这里头干活。 +现在，整个的想法已经在之前的开场白中告诉你们了，所以现在让我们来干点正事吧。就像肖茨先生书里讲得那样，我们需要来了解一下shell是个什么东西，终端模拟器又是个什么东西，因为我们要在这里头干活。 -Shotts在他的书中写道，shell实际上是当我们谈论命令行时所谈论的东西。shell基本上一个程序，它将你敲击键盘的动作传递给计算机；它也是某种形式的翻译器，将你所讲的东西翻译给计算机听。在这世界上活着的shell真是五花八门，但是活得最好的要数**bash**了，它在GNU/Linux中随处可见。我们也叫它Bourne Again Shell，这是一个精巧的双关语，因为自从Bourne先生创造了它的祖先**sh**后，Brian Fox又把它重写成为一个自由的sh替代品。啊哈！GUN人和他们的幽默，真的很精明。:) +肖茨在他的书中写道，shell实际上是当我们谈论命令行时所谈论的东西。shell基本上一个程序，它将你敲击键盘的动作传递给计算机；它也是某种形式的翻译器，将你所讲的东西翻译给计算机听。在这世界上活着的shell真是五花八门，但是活得最好的要数**bash**了，它在GNU/Linux中随处可见。我们也叫它Bourne Again Shell，这是一个精巧的双关语，因为自从Bourne先生创造了它的祖先**sh**后，Brian Fox又把它重写成为一个自由的sh替代品。啊哈！GUN人和他们的幽默，真的很精明。:) ![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/54535272.jpg) -接下来我所需要，是一个让我们能和shell交互的东西，它就是终端模拟器。每个Linux发行版都自带了一个，至于长什么样就得看你使用的桌面环境了，可能是KDE的**Konsole**，也可能是Gnome的**Gnome terminal**等等。Shotts先生说了，你可以开发出你所偏爱的一个，但是大部分时间我还是用用桌面环境给我提供的那个吧。 +接下来我所需要，是一个让我们能和shell交互的东西，它就是终端模拟器。每个Linux发行版都自带了一个，至于长什么样就得看你使用的桌面环境了，可能是KDE的**Konsole**，也可能是Gnome的**Gnome terminal**等等。肖茨先生说了，你可以挖掘出你所偏爱的一个，但是大部分时间我还是用桌面环境给我提供的那个吧。 现在来发动你的终端。打开后，你会见到一行字，这行字告诉你用户名和机器的主机名，它叫作shell提示符。它告诉你它准备好了，你可以输入命令了。让我们来随便玩玩，随便输入点什么东西进去，然后敲回车看看。 呵呵，还记开篇我们讲过，我们需要像学诗歌一样来学习命令吗？记得就好，随意乱来可干不了啥事。 -现在，按那个上箭头，你会发现命令又回来了。这是啥魔法？你键盘上的上箭头用来取出历史命令。终端会保存总计500个你输入过的命令，所以别一次又一次地重复敲它们了，你可以用上/下箭头来查找它们。左右箭头用来在指定行中移动光标，这样你就可以在文本中编辑或者插入了。另外一个东西 — **ctrl+v**是用来粘贴不工作的文本的。你可以在某个地方将它设置成快捷键，但是它常常不是那么回事。检查你的模拟器的快捷键！（在Konsole中，它位于设置 > 配置快捷键） +现在，按那个上箭头，你会发现命令又回来了。这是啥魔法？你键盘上的上箭头用来取出历史命令。终端会保存总计500个你输入过的命令，所以别一次又一次地重复敲它们了，你可以用上/下箭头来查找它们。左右箭头用来在指定行中移动光标，这样你就可以在文本中编辑或者插入了。另外注意，想用**ctrl+v**来粘贴文本是不行的。你可以在某个地方将它设置成快捷键，但是它常常不是那么回事。检查你的模拟器的快捷键！（在Konsole中，它位于设置 > 配置快捷键） -现在，为了我们不在挨‘命令找不到’这一巴掌，让我们试试一些简单的。敲个**date**来试试。（是的，我不知道有这么个命令，这真着实让我兴奋了一把）:) +现在，为了我们不再被‘命令找不到’抽一巴掌，让我们试试一些简单的。敲个**date**来试试。（是的，我不知道有这么个命令，这真着实让我兴奋了一把）:) ![](http://paste.opensuse.org/images/7123365.png) -你又来了。当你能打开终端并输入date命令来查看日期时，为什么在时钟中看看内建日历会让你不胜其烦 :) 只是开个玩笑。就像Shotts书里写的那样，它确实是个简单的命令，更有用/困难的命令会在以后介绍。跟date相关的命令是cal - 它会显示当前月的日历。 +你又来了。当你能打开终端并输入date命令来查看日期时，为什么在时钟中看看内建日历会让你不胜其烦 :) 只是开个玩笑。就像肖茨书里写的那样，它确实是个简单的命令，更有用也更复杂的命令会在以后介绍。跟date相关的命令是cal - 它会显示当前月的日历。 你也可以试试**df**，它会列出你驱动器上的空闲空间。 @@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ Shotts在他的书中写道，shell实际上是当我们谈论命令行时所谈 - 我们需要用什么来和shell交流（终端模拟器） - 使用光标按钮来驾驭终端命令以及退出终端 -是个简单的命令： +四个简单的命令： - **date** – 显示当前日期 - **cal** – 显示当前月份的日历 @@ -47,7 +47,6 @@ Shotts在他的书中写道，shell实际上是当我们谈论命令行时所谈 ### 下周二我们将会做什么呢？ ### -We learn navigation through the file system (what are all those bin etc etc. folders, what are they used for, how to navigate through them via the terminal). Until then… 我们会学习在文件系统中导航（bin、etc等等这所有的文件夹都是些什么东西？它们用来干什么？怎样通过终端来浏览它们）。到那时…… ### 你就有得乐了！ ### @@ -58,6 +57,6 @@ We learn navigation through the file system (what are all those bin etc etc. fol via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/10/command-line-tuesdays-part-one/ -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 841a91b978da81993d7ef27c0f67ed110162fb0b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 30 Jun 2014 21:48:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 449/713] PUB:20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @Vic020 发布了。 另外， port 这里指的是“移植”——从windows游戏移植到Linux上。 --- ...Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md | 33 +++++++++++++++++++ ...Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md | 33 ------------------- 2 files changed, 33 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md delete mode 100644 translated/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md diff --git a/published/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md b/published/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cefc707f1e --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +为什么我们不应该接受低劣的Linux移植游戏 +================================================================================ +由于最近The Witcher 2的惨败，我想写下些想法，为什么我们不应该接受来自开发人员的品质低劣的移植游戏。 + +最近几年在我们的Linux游戏库里面有如此多游戏，以至于你现在可以看到来自Linux玩家的评论“我们已经有很多游戏了！”可能这些声音来自很多像你一样的人。感谢Valve 和 Steam，之前我们从来没有得到过这么多的开发者的关注。 + +同样由于开发者的推进，我们看见了伴随而来的各种移植游戏，坦率地说，它们的质量十分的低劣，或者说对于大多数人们来说根本不值得去看一眼。 + +现在的问题就是，如果我们继续接受这种低水平质量的移植，Linux就会赢得一个游戏质量水平低的名声。请认真考虑一下这样的后果吧！ + +再想象一下，如果那些AAA级的开发者给Linux推送了大量游戏，其中使用了The Witcher2 移植所用的“eON”技术。看起来就像我们有了大量开发者，突然之间Linux有很多大牌游戏了。然后你可以看见大量的人尝试Linux，却发现它们的游戏在同等硬件之下却有着糟糕的画面，就会给他们一个印象，Linux对游戏不友好。这对我们所有人都很糟糕。 + +我已经看见许多人说“这个工具包用于移植没关系？”。这在我的眼里看来是一个非常天真的想法。当然，这有关系， 它意味Linux的游戏里面的光线和白天的不同品质。这就直接追溯到我上面关于Linux游戏的观点上了。 + +你可以坚持说工具包没有关系，而且使用任何一个你想用的比较/类比的效果，但如果工具包是导致问题的根源，就像我们说的计算机占用了99%的处理能力的软件一样，是的，它当然有关系！ + +如今，我已经看见许多来自其他主流网站发表的评论，“我们应该接受它们并且作感谢状，我们毕竟拥有了它们”。那些都是鼠目寸光的人们说的胡话！ + +![](http://www.gamingonlinux.com/uploads/articles/article_images/1401025331gol2.jpg) + +想想，那些开发者和发行商看到那些低劣的Linux移植游戏也能被接受时，他们的脑里只有钱。消费者对Linux游戏的感知就会进一步恶化，就是因为这些低劣的移植品。 + +我可以接受这些来自开发者的移植，毕竟是我运营着这个网站（ http://www.gamingonlinux.com/ ）。但是，如果我作为一个消费者不愿意为在windows运行挺好的游戏买单，而却为在Linux慢得像蜗牛一样的游戏买单？我会么？你会么？ + +最后附加的一点：你绝不应该攻击一个试图在社区里面解决问题的开发者，这样是不可以的。反馈是很好，骂人却是很幼稚的，这会使得Linux看起来更糟。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/why-we-shouldnt-accept-bad-linux-ports.3765 + +译者：[Vic020](http://www.vicyu.net) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md b/translated/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md deleted file mode 100644 index fa78d5b8fe..0000000000 --- a/translated/talk/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,33 +0,0 @@ -为什么我们不接收不良Linux 接口 -================================================================================ -由于最近The Witcher 2的惨败，我想写下些想法，为什么我们不应该接受来自开发人员的不良接口。 - -最近几年在我们linux的游戏库有太多该死的游戏，导致你现在可以看到来自linux玩家的评论“我已经有很多游戏了！”现在我可以想象到很多熟悉的声音。感谢Valve&Steam，之前我们从来没有看见过这么多自来开发者的注意力。 - -同样由于开发者的提交，我们看见了伴随而来的接口，它们，坦率地说，质量十分的糟糕或者说对于多数人们彻彻底底的不会用。 - -这个问题就是如果我们继续接受低水平质量的接口，Linux就会赢得一个游戏质量水平低的声誉。严肃地想想一个贴图的大怪兽。 - -再想象一下，一个3A开发者给linux推送大量游戏，使用用了The Witcher2接口“eON”的技术。那就是说我们有了大量开发者，就像突然看起来Linux有很多大牌游戏了。然后你可以看见大量的人尝试Linux，却看见它们的游戏运行者糟糕的画面，在同等硬件水品下，就会给它们一个印象，linux对游戏不友好。所以，这对所有人都不好。 - - -我已经看见许多人说“工具包用于接口真的没关系？”。这在我的眼里看来是一个非常天真的声明。当然，这有关系， 它意味Linux的游戏质量光和天的不同。它直接导致我回到关于Linux游戏的认知之上的观点。 -你可以坚持说工具包没有关系和使用任何比较/类比你幻想，但如果工具包是导致问题的根源，如同当我们讨论计算机软件它会占用99%的时间，是的，它当然有关系！ - -如今，我已经看见许多评论，来自其他主流网页声明，我们应该接受它们并且作感谢状，我们毕竟拥有他们。那真是个白痴的声明，那些不看大局的人。 - -![](http://www.gamingonlinux.com/uploads/articles/article_images/1401025331gol2.jpg) - -想想，那些开发者和发行商认为可以接受推送的糟糕linux接口送出了门，总有一天得召回。它们的脑里只有利润。消费者对Linux游戏的感知就会进一步恶化，就是因为这些不良的接口。 - -我完全赞同来子开发者的接口，当然毕竟我运行着这个网站。但是，我作为一个消费者不愿意在windows可运行的游戏付钱，可是在linux运行得却像蜗牛，为什么我应该？为什么你应该？ - -最后增加一个观点：当开发者研究出有问题，发布在社区，你们应该从不攻击它们，这是不可接受的。反馈是很好，骂人是很孩子气，这使得Linux再一次看起来糟糕。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/why-we-shouldnt-accept-bad-linux-ports.3765 - -译者：[Vic020](http://www.vicyu.net) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a71aa7de9e171662fbbf154dbd75b37787349861 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 30 Jun 2014 21:53:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 450/713] renamed: 10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md -> 201406/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md renamed: 10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md -> 201406/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md renamed: 20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md -> 201406/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md renamed: 20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md -> 201406/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md renamed: 20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md -> 201406/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md renamed: 20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md -> 201406/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md renamed: 20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md -> 201406/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md renamed: 20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md -> 201406/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md renamed: 20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md -> 201406/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md renamed: 20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md -> 201406/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md renamed: 20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md -> 201406/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md renamed: 20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md -> 201406/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md renamed: 20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md -> 201406/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md renamed: 20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md -> 201406/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md renamed: 20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md -> 201406/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md renamed: 20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md -> 201406/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md renamed: 20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md -> 201406/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md renamed: 20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md -> 201406/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md renamed: 20140604 Command line secrets.md -> 201406/20140604 Command line secrets.md renamed: 20140604 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201406/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md renamed: 20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md -> 201406/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md renamed: 20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md -> 201406/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md renamed: 20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md -> 201406/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md renamed: 20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md -> 201406/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md renamed: 20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md -> 201406/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md renamed: "20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 \347\216\260\345\267\262\345\217\221\345\270\203, \345\237\272\344\272\216 XBMC 13.1 \342\200\234Gotham\342\200\235.md" -> "201406/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 \347\216\260\345\267\262\345\217\221\345\270\203, \345\237\272\344\272\216 XBMC 13.1 \342\200\234Gotham\342\200\235.md" renamed: 20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md -> 201406/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md renamed: 20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md -> 201406/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md renamed: 20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md -> 201406/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md renamed: 20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md -> 201406/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md renamed: 20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md -> 201406/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md renamed: 20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md -> 201406/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your 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OpenStack.md -> 201406/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md renamed: 20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md -> 201406/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md renamed: 20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md -> 201406/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md renamed: 20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md -> 201406/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md renamed: 20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md -> 201406/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md renamed: 8 examples of findmnt command to check mounted file systems on Linux.md -> 201406/8 examples of findmnt command to check mounted file systems on Linux.md renamed: Bash Getopts--Scripts with Command Line Options.md -> 201406/Bash Getopts--Scripts with Command Line Options.md renamed: Collectl--An Advanced All-in-One 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(100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140604 Command line secrets.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/8 examples of findmnt command to check mounted file systems on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/Bash Getopts--Scripts with Command Line Options.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/Collectl--An Advanced All-in-One Performance Monitoring Tool for Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/Fix Adobe Flash Player Issue In Chromium In Ubuntu 14.04.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/How To Install 'California' Calendar App in Ubuntu 14.04.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/How to Install Windows 8.1 and Ubuntu 14.04 LTS on the Same Computer.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/How to download webcomics from the command line on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/How to manage Linux containers with Docker on Ubuntu.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/How to manage ip addresses and subnets with phpIPAM.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/How to manage passwords from the command line on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/How to set up a web-based lightweight system monitor on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/How to take a screenshot from the command line on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/How to take full length screenshots of websites via terminal.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/How to use LVM in Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/How to verify DDOS attack with netstat command on Linux Terminal.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/Install SoundCloud In Ubuntu 14.04.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/Linux Terminal--Dstat monitoring tools.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/Making Linux Feel at Home.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/Start Practising Linux ip command and Avoid the Habit of Using ifconfig.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/Turn Off Bluetooth By Default In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/What Heartbleed Teaches Us--Be An Open Source Contributor, Not Just A User.md (100%) rename published/{ => 201406}/Why htop Command Compete Linux top Command.md (100%) diff --git a/published/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md b/published/201406/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md similarity index 100% rename from published/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md rename to published/201406/10 Database Tools For Linux Users To Use!.md diff --git a/published/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md b/published/201406/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md similarity index 100% rename from published/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md rename to published/201406/10 Linux Platforms Meant For Embedded Systems.md diff --git a/published/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md b/published/201406/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md rename to published/201406/20140527 4MLinux 9.0 Beta Is a 55 MB Operating System That Has It All.md diff --git a/published/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md b/published/201406/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md rename to published/201406/20140527 A Complete Historical Timeline of Linux Evolution.md diff --git a/published/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md b/published/201406/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md rename to published/201406/20140528 Setup Backup Server Using Bacula And Webmin On Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/published/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md b/published/201406/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md rename to published/201406/20140528 Why We Shouldn't Accept Bad Linux Ports.md diff --git a/published/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md b/published/201406/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md rename to published/201406/20140529 Add Windows Like Bottom Taskbar In Ubuntu Unity 14.04.md diff --git a/published/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md b/published/201406/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md rename to published/201406/20140529 Command Line Tuesdays--The Introductory.md diff --git a/published/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md b/published/201406/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md rename to published/201406/20140529 How To Share Disks In VirtualBox Between Linux Guest OS.md diff --git a/published/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md b/published/201406/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md rename to published/201406/20140529 Install RainLoop Webmail (A Web Based Email Client) using 'Nginx and Apache' in Arch Linux.md diff --git a/published/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md b/published/201406/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md rename to published/201406/20140529 What is a good terminal emulator on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md b/published/201406/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md rename to published/201406/20140529 Why No Flash Support for Linux Is Good for Open Source.md diff --git a/published/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md b/published/201406/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md rename to published/201406/20140530 Fix 'Cannot Add PPA' Error In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint.md diff --git a/published/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md b/published/201406/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md rename to published/201406/20140530 How To Install Linux On A MacBook Pro Retina.md diff --git a/published/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md b/published/201406/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md rename to published/201406/20140530 Linux script command--A recorder inside your Terminal.md diff --git a/published/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md b/published/201406/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md rename to published/201406/20140603 App Grid Is A Superior Ubuntu Software Center Alternative.md diff --git a/published/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md b/published/201406/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md rename to published/201406/20140603 Linux Foundation to donate portion of membership fees to Code.org.md diff --git a/published/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md b/published/201406/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md rename to published/201406/20140603 Write your first Linux Kernel module.md diff --git a/published/20140604 Command line secrets.md b/published/201406/20140604 Command line secrets.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140604 Command line secrets.md rename to published/201406/20140604 Command line secrets.md diff --git a/published/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md b/published/201406/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md rename to published/201406/20140604 Setup Virtual Hosts In Apache On Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md diff --git a/published/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md b/published/201406/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md rename to published/201406/20140607 Cup 2014 Brazil--Watch FIFA World Cup 2014 Competition in Your Linux Desktop.md diff --git a/published/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md b/published/201406/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md rename to published/201406/20140607 How To Extract Images From Videos Using ffmpeg.md diff --git a/published/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md b/published/201406/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md rename to published/201406/20140607 How To Install iCup 2014 In Linux.md diff --git a/published/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md b/published/201406/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md rename to published/201406/20140607 Linux--Bash Delete All Files In Directory Except Few.md diff --git a/published/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md b/published/201406/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md rename to published/201406/20140607 New OpenSSL breach is no Heartbleed-but needs to be taken seriously.md diff --git a/published/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md b/published/201406/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md rename to published/201406/20140607 Nuvola Player 2.4.0 Released -- A Online Cloud Music Player for Linux.md diff --git a/published/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md b/published/201406/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md rename to published/201406/20140607 Practical Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Shell Scripting.md diff --git a/published/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md b/published/201406/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md rename to published/201406/20140607 Steam Hits The Big 500 For Linux Games.md diff --git a/published/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md b/published/201406/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md rename to published/201406/20140607 Ubuntu One Formally Shuts Down.md diff --git a/published/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md b/published/201406/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md rename to published/201406/20140609 How To Know If Your System Has USB 3.0 Port In Linux [Quick Tip].md diff --git a/published/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md b/published/201406/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md rename to published/201406/20140609 Open Source LDAP Solutions.md diff --git a/published/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md b/published/201406/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md rename to published/201406/20140609 OpenELEC 4.0.4 现已发布, 基于 XBMC 13.1 “Gotham”.md diff --git a/published/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md b/published/201406/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md rename to published/201406/20140610 How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md b/published/201406/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md rename to published/201406/20140610 IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes.md diff --git a/published/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md b/published/201406/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md rename to published/201406/20140610 Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members.md diff --git a/published/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md b/published/201406/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md rename to published/201406/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md diff --git a/published/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md b/published/201406/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md rename to published/201406/20140611 HTG Explains--What' s the Difference Between Linux and BSD.md diff --git a/published/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/published/201406/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md rename to published/201406/20140611 How to Prevent Other Users From Accessing Your Home Directory in Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/published/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md b/published/201406/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md rename to published/201406/20140612 Command Line Tuesdays--Part One.md diff --git a/published/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/published/201406/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md rename to published/201406/20140612 Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/published/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md b/published/201406/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md rename to published/201406/20140616 How To Install Numix Icon Theme In Fedora 20.md diff --git a/published/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md b/published/201406/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md rename to published/201406/20140616 Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Images Available to Download.md diff --git a/published/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md b/published/201406/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md rename to published/201406/20140616 Ubuntu for Phones Activated on 10,000 Devices.md diff --git a/published/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md b/published/201406/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md rename to published/201406/20140617 14 Apps To Boost Ubuntu.md diff --git a/published/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md b/published/201406/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md rename to published/201406/20140619 Improve Battery Life with Laptop Mode Tools 1.65.md diff --git a/published/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md b/published/201406/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md rename to published/201406/20140619 Red Hat to Acquire eNovance, Focus Together on OpenStack.md diff --git a/published/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md b/published/201406/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md rename to published/201406/20140620 Celebrating 30 Years of X.md diff --git a/published/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md b/published/201406/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md rename to published/201406/20140620 ENCRYPT DNS TRAFFIC IN LINUX WITH DNSCRYPT (VIA OPENDNS).md diff --git a/published/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md b/published/201406/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md rename to published/201406/20140620 How to enable testing and unstable repository on Debian.md diff --git a/published/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md b/published/201406/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md rename to published/201406/20140625 Canonical Debuts 'Orange Box' for Ubuntu OpenStack Cloud Demos.md diff --git a/published/8 examples of findmnt command to check mounted file systems on Linux.md b/published/201406/8 examples of findmnt command to check mounted file systems on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/8 examples of findmnt command to check mounted file systems on Linux.md rename to published/201406/8 examples of findmnt command to check mounted file systems on Linux.md diff --git a/published/Bash Getopts--Scripts with Command Line Options.md b/published/201406/Bash Getopts--Scripts with Command Line Options.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Bash Getopts--Scripts with Command Line Options.md rename to published/201406/Bash Getopts--Scripts with Command Line Options.md diff --git a/published/Collectl--An Advanced All-in-One Performance Monitoring Tool for Linux.md b/published/201406/Collectl--An Advanced All-in-One Performance Monitoring Tool for Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Collectl--An Advanced All-in-One Performance Monitoring Tool for Linux.md rename to published/201406/Collectl--An Advanced All-in-One Performance Monitoring Tool for Linux.md diff --git a/published/Fix Adobe Flash Player Issue In Chromium In Ubuntu 14.04.md b/published/201406/Fix Adobe Flash Player Issue In Chromium In Ubuntu 14.04.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Fix Adobe Flash Player Issue In Chromium In Ubuntu 14.04.md rename to published/201406/Fix Adobe Flash Player Issue In Chromium In Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/published/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md b/published/201406/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md rename to published/201406/Guide To Install Ubuntu 14.04 In Dual Boot Mode With Windows 8 Or 8.1 UEFI.md diff --git a/published/How To Install 'California' Calendar App in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/published/201406/How To Install 'California' Calendar App in Ubuntu 14.04.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How To Install 'California' Calendar App in Ubuntu 14.04.md rename to published/201406/How To Install 'California' Calendar App in Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/published/How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md b/published/201406/How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md similarity index 100% rename from published/How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md rename to published/201406/How To Remove Drive Icons From Unity Launcher In Ubuntu 14.04 [Beginner Tips].md diff --git a/published/How to Install Windows 8.1 and Ubuntu 14.04 LTS on the Same Computer.md b/published/201406/How to Install Windows 8.1 and Ubuntu 14.04 LTS on the Same Computer.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to Install Windows 8.1 and Ubuntu 14.04 LTS on the Same Computer.md rename to published/201406/How to Install Windows 8.1 and Ubuntu 14.04 LTS on the Same Computer.md diff --git a/published/How to download webcomics from the command line on Linux.md b/published/201406/How to download webcomics from the command line on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to download webcomics from the command line on Linux.md rename to published/201406/How to download webcomics from the command line on Linux.md diff --git a/published/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md b/published/201406/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md rename to published/201406/How to launch applications differently with Gnome-Pie on Linux desktop.md diff --git a/published/How to manage Linux containers with Docker on Ubuntu.md b/published/201406/How to manage Linux containers with Docker on Ubuntu.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to manage Linux containers with Docker on Ubuntu.md rename to published/201406/How to manage Linux containers with Docker on Ubuntu.md diff --git a/published/How to manage ip addresses and subnets with phpIPAM.md b/published/201406/How to manage ip addresses and subnets with phpIPAM.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to manage ip addresses and subnets with phpIPAM.md rename to published/201406/How to manage ip addresses and subnets with phpIPAM.md diff --git a/published/How to manage passwords from the command line on Linux.md b/published/201406/How to manage passwords from the command line on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to manage passwords from the command line on Linux.md rename to published/201406/How to manage passwords from the command line on Linux.md diff --git a/published/How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md b/published/201406/How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md rename to published/201406/How to monitor Nginx web server from the command line in real time.md diff --git a/published/How to set up a web-based lightweight system monitor on Linux.md b/published/201406/How to set up a web-based lightweight system monitor on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to set up a web-based lightweight system monitor on Linux.md rename to published/201406/How to set up a web-based lightweight system monitor on Linux.md diff --git a/published/How to take a screenshot from the command line on Linux.md b/published/201406/How to take a screenshot from the command line on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to take a screenshot from the command line on Linux.md rename to published/201406/How to take a screenshot from the command line on Linux.md diff --git a/published/How to take full length screenshots of websites via terminal.md b/published/201406/How to take full length screenshots of websites via terminal.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to take full length screenshots of websites via terminal.md rename to published/201406/How to take full length screenshots of websites via terminal.md diff --git a/published/How to use LVM in Linux.md b/published/201406/How to use LVM in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to use LVM in Linux.md rename to published/201406/How to use LVM in Linux.md diff --git a/published/How to verify DDOS attack with netstat command on Linux Terminal.md b/published/201406/How to verify DDOS attack with netstat command on Linux Terminal.md similarity index 100% rename from published/How to verify DDOS attack with netstat command on Linux Terminal.md rename to published/201406/How to verify DDOS attack with netstat command on Linux Terminal.md diff --git a/published/Install SoundCloud In Ubuntu 14.04.md b/published/201406/Install SoundCloud In Ubuntu 14.04.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Install SoundCloud In Ubuntu 14.04.md rename to published/201406/Install SoundCloud In Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/published/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md b/published/201406/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md rename to published/201406/Linux Pros' Top Command Line Secrets.md diff --git a/published/Linux Terminal--Dstat monitoring tools.md b/published/201406/Linux Terminal--Dstat monitoring tools.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Linux Terminal--Dstat monitoring tools.md rename to published/201406/Linux Terminal--Dstat monitoring tools.md diff --git a/published/Making Linux Feel at Home.md b/published/201406/Making Linux Feel at Home.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Making Linux Feel at Home.md rename to published/201406/Making Linux Feel at Home.md diff --git a/published/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md b/published/201406/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md rename to published/201406/Open Source's Cult Of Personality Is Dying--Thankfully.md diff --git a/published/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md b/published/201406/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md rename to published/201406/Pros' Secrets and Red Hat 7 and PCLinuxOS 2014.05 Reviews.md diff --git a/published/Start Practising Linux ip command and Avoid the Habit of Using ifconfig.md b/published/201406/Start Practising Linux ip command and Avoid the Habit of Using ifconfig.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Start Practising Linux ip command and Avoid the Habit of Using ifconfig.md rename to published/201406/Start Practising Linux ip command and Avoid the Habit of Using ifconfig.md diff --git a/published/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md b/published/201406/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md rename to published/201406/TechView--Linus Torvalds Inventor of Linux.md diff --git a/published/Turn Off Bluetooth By Default In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md b/published/201406/Turn Off Bluetooth By Default In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md similarity index 100% rename from published/Turn Off Bluetooth By Default In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md rename to published/201406/Turn Off Bluetooth By Default In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md diff --git a/published/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md b/published/201406/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md rename to published/201406/Ubuntu Linux Community Manager Jono Bacon Leaves Canonical.md diff --git a/published/What Heartbleed Teaches Us--Be An Open Source Contributor, Not Just A User.md b/published/201406/What Heartbleed Teaches Us--Be An Open Source Contributor, Not Just A User.md similarity index 100% rename from published/What Heartbleed Teaches Us--Be An Open Source Contributor, Not Just A User.md rename to published/201406/What Heartbleed Teaches Us--Be An Open Source Contributor, Not Just A User.md diff --git a/published/Why htop Command Compete Linux top Command.md b/published/201406/Why htop Command Compete Linux top Command.md similarity index 100% rename from published/Why htop Command Compete Linux top Command.md rename to published/201406/Why htop Command Compete Linux top Command.md From d93b32a9e4bf1a6cf957d474eb91692733db16b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: CNprober Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2014 08:40:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 451/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90By?= =?UTF-8?q?=20CNprober,=20Tips=20to=20Push=20Your=20Git=20Skills=20..=20Ne?= =?UTF-8?q?xt=20Level?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md | 190 ------------------ ... Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md | 190 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 190 insertions(+), 190 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md b/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md deleted file mode 100644 index 41b7324b6f..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,190 +0,0 @@ -CNprober 翻译中... 619913541 - -10 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level -================================================================================ -Recently we published a couple of tutorials to get you familiar with [Git basics][1] and [using Git in a team environment][2]. The commands that we discussed were about enough to help a developer survive in the Git world. In this post, we will try to explore how to manage your time effectively and make full use of the features that Git provides. - -> Note: Some commands in this article include part of the command in square brackets (e.g. `git add -p [file_name]`). In those examples, you would insert the necessary number, identifier, etc. without the square brackets. - -### 1. Git Auto Completion ### - -If you run Git commands through the command line, it’s a tiresome task to type in the commands manually every single time. To help with this, you can enable auto completion of Git commands within a few minutes. - -To get the script, run the following in a Unix system: - - cd ~ - curl https://raw.github.com/git/git/master/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash -o ~/.git-completion.bash - -Next, add the following lines to your ~/.bash_profile file: - - if [ -f ~/.git-completion.bash ]; then - . ~/.git-completion.bash - fi - -Although I have mentioned this earlier, I can not stress it enough: If you want to use the features of Git fully, you should definitely shift to the command line interface! - -### 2. Ignoring Files in Git ### - -Are you tired of compiled files (like `.pyc`) appearing in your Git repository? Or are you so fed up that you have added them to Git? Look no further, there is a way through which you can tell Git to ignore certain files and directories altogether. Simply create a file with the name `.gitignore` and list the files and directories that you don’t want Git to track. You can make exceptions using the exclamation mark(!). - - *.pyc - *.exe - my_db_config/ - - !main.pyc - -### 3. Who Messed With My Code? ### - -It’s the natural instinct of human beings to blame others when something goes wrong. If your production server is broke, it’s very easy to find out the culprit — just do a `git blame`. This command shows you the author of every line in a file, the commit that saw the last change in that line, and the timestamp of the commit. - - git blame [file_name] - -![git blame demonstration](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946443git-ninja-01.png) - -And in the screenshot below, you can see how this command would look on a bigger repository: - -![git blame on the ATutor repository](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946441git-ninja-02.png) - -### 4. Review History of the Repository ### - -We had a look at the use of `git log` in a previous tutorial, however, there are three options that you should know about. - - -- **--oneline** – Compresses the information shown beside each commit to a reduced commit hash and the commit message, all shown in a single line. -- **--graph** – This option draws a text-based graphical representation of the history on the left hand side of the output. It’s of no use if you are viewing the history for a single branch. -- **--all** – Shows the history of all branches. - -Here’s what a combination of the options looks like: - -![Use of git log with all, graph and oneline](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946444git-ninja-03.png) - -### 5. Never Lose Track of a Commit ### - -Let’s say you committed something you didn’t want to and ended up doing a hard reset to come back to your previous state. Later, you realize you lost some other information in the process and want to get it back, or at least view it. This is where `git reflog` can help. - -A simple `git log` shows you the latest commit, its parent, its parent’s parent, and so on. However, `git reflog` is a list of commits that the head was pointed to. Remember that it’s local to your system; it’s not a part of your repository and not included in pushes or merges. - -If I run `git log`, I get the commits that are a part of my repository: - -![Project history](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946446git-ninja-04.png) - -However, a `git reflog` shows a commit (`b1b0ee9` – `HEAD@{4}`) that was lost when I did a hard reset: - -![Git reflog](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946447git-ninja-05.png) - -### 6. Staging Parts of a Changed File for a Commit ### - -It is generally a good practice to make feature-based commits, that is, each commit must represent a feature or a bug fix. Consider what would happen if you fixed two bugs, or added multiple features without committing the changes. In such a situation situation, you could put the changes in a single commit. But there is a better way: Stage the files individually and commit them separately. - -Let’s say you’ve made multiple changes to a single file and want them to appear in separate commits. In that case, we add files by prefixing `-p` to our add commands. - - git add -p [file_name] - -Let’s try to demonstrate the same. I have added three new lines to `file_name` and I want only the first and third lines to appear in my commit. Let’s see what a `git diff` shows us. - -![Changes in repo](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946449git-ninja-06.png) - -And let’s see what happes when we prefix a `-p` to our `add` command. - -![Running add with -p](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946450git-ninja-07.png) - -It seems that Git assumed that all the changes were a part of the same idea, thereby grouping it into a single hunk. You have the following options: - -- Enter y to stage that hunk -- Enter n to not stage that hunk -- Enter e to manually edit the hunk -- Enter d to exit or go to the next file. -- Enter s to split the hunk. - -In our case, we definitely want to split it into smaller parts to selectively add some and ignore the rest. - -![Adding all hunks](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946452git-ninja-08.png) - -As you can see, we have added the first and third lines and ignored the second. You can then view the status of the repository and make a commit. - -![Repository after selectively adding a file](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946454git-ninja-09.png) - -### 7. Squash Multiple Commits ### - -When you submit your code for review and create a pull request (which happens often in open source projects), you might be asked to make a change to your code before it’s accepted. You make the change, only to be asked to change it yet again in the next review. Before you know it, you have a few extra commits. Ideally, you could squash them into one using the rebase command. - - git rebase -i HEAD~[number_of_commits] - -If you want to squash the last two commits, the command that you run is the following. - - git rebase -i HEAD~2 - -On running this command, you are taken to an interactive interface listing the commits and asking you which ones to squash. Ideally, you `pick` the latest commit and `squash` the old ones. - -![Git squash interactive](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946455git-ninja-10.png) - -You are then asked to provide a commit message to the new commit. This process essentially re-writes your commit history. - -![Adding a commit message](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946457git-ninja-11.png) - -### 8. Stash Uncommitted Changes ### - -Let’s say you are working on a certain bug or a feature, and you are suddenly asked to demonstrate your work. Your current work is not complete enough to be committed, and you can’t give a demonstration at this stage (without reverting the changes). In such a situation, `git stash` comes to the rescue. Stash essentially takes all your changes and stores them for further use. To stash your changes, you simply run the following- - - git stash - -To check the list of stashes, you can run the following: - - git stash list - -![Stash list](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946458git-ninja-12.png) - -If you want to un-stash and recover the uncommitted changes, you apply the stash: - - git stash apply - -In the last screenshot, you can see that each stash has an indentifier, a unique number (although we have only one stash in this case). In case you want to apply only selective stashes, you add the specific identifier to the apply command: - - git stash apply stash@{2} - -![After un-stashing changes](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946461git-ninja-13.png) - -### 9. Check for Lost Commits ### - -Although `reflog` is one way of checking for lost commits, it’s not feasible in large repositories. That is when the `fsck` (file system check) command comes into play. - - git fsck --lost-found - -![Git fsck results](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946463git-ninja-14.png) - -Here you can see a lost commit. You can check the changes in the commit by running git show [commit_hash] or recover it by running `git merge [commit_hash]`. - -`git fsck` has an advantage over `reflog`. Let’s say you deleted a remote branch and then cloned the repository. With `fsck` you can search for and recover the deleted remote branch. - -### 10. Cherry Pick ### - -I have saved the most elegant Git command for the last. The `cherry-pick` command is by far my favorite Git command, because of its literal meaning as well as its utility! - -In the simplest of terms, `cherry-pick` is picking a single commit from a different branch and merging it with your current one. If you are working in a parallel fashion on two or more branches, you might notice a bug that is present in all branches. If you solve it in one, you can cherry pick the commit into the other branches, without messing with other files or commits. - -Let’s consider a scenario where we can apply this. I have two branches and I want to cherry-pick the commit `b20fd14: Cleaned junk` into another one. - -![Before cherry pick](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946465git-ninja-15.png) - -I switch to the branch into which I want to cherry-pick the commit, and run the following: - - git cherry-pick [commit_hash] - -![After cherry pick](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946467git-ninja-16.png) - -Although we had a clean `cherry-pick` this time, you should know that this command can often lead to conflicts, so use it with care. - -### Conclusion ### - -With this, we come to the end of our list of tips that I think can help you take your Git skills to a new level. Git is the best out there and it can accomplish anything you can imagine. Therefore, always try to challenge yourself with Git. Chances are, you will end up learning something new! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.sitepoint.com/10-tips-git-next-level/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.sitepoint.com/git-for-beginners/ -[2]:http://www.sitepoint.com/getting-started-git-team-environment/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md b/translated/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2c50740802 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md @@ -0,0 +1,190 @@ +CNprober 翻译完成... 619913541 + +10招让你的Git技能提升一个台阶 +================================================================================ + +之前我们发了一些教程让你熟悉[Git基础][1]和[在团队合作环境中使用Git][2].我们讨论的这些Git命令足够让一个开发者在Git的世界里生存下去。在这篇教程里，我们试着探索如何高效地管理你的时间以及如何充分利用Git提供的特性。 + +> 注意：这里介绍的命令中有的包含方括号(例如：`git add -p [file_name]`)。在这些例子中，你应该用你自己的数字，标识符等替代方括号里的内容，并且去掉方括号。 + +### 1. Git自动补全 ### + +如果你在命令行环境中运行Git命令，每次都手动地逐个输入命令是一件很无聊的事。为此，你可以花几分钟时间配置一下Git命令的自动补全功能。 + +在*nix系统运行下列命令下载自动补全脚本： + + cd ~ + curl https://raw.github.com/git/git/master/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash -o ~/.git-completion.bash + +然后，添加下面的行到你的~/.bash_profile文件： + + if [ -f ~/.git-completion.bash ]; then + . ~/.git-completion.bash + fi + +尽管我之前已经提到过，但我还是想再强调一下：如果你想使用完整的Git特性，你绝bi应该切换到命令行环境。 + +### 2. 在Git中忽略文件 ### + +你是不是对出现在你Git库里面的编译生成文件（比如`.pyc`)感到很无语？或者你是不是很厌恶不小心将他们添加到了Git？直接看这里，这里有一个方法可以让你告诉Git忽略所有这些文件和目录。只需要创建一个名字为`.gitignore`的文件，里面列出你不想要Git跟踪的文件和目录。可以用感叹号(!)列出例外情况。 + + *.pyc + *.exe + my_db_config/ + + !main.pyc + +### 3. 谁动了我的代码？ ### + +当事情出了乱子时立马责怪别人这是人类的天性。如果你的服务器程序不能正常工作了，要找出罪魁祸首是非常简单的--只需要执行`git blame`。这个命令告诉你文件里的每一行的作者是谁，最后改动那一行的提交，以及提交的时间戳。 + + git blame [file_name] + +![git blame demonstration](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946443git-ninja-01.png) + +在下面的截图里，你可以看到在一个更大的库里这个命令的输出是什么样的： + +![git blame on the ATutor repository](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946441git-ninja-02.png) + +### 4. 查看库的历史 ### + +在之前的教程里，我们已经看过了如何使用`git log`命令。不管怎样，有3个选项你应该知道。 + +- **--oneline** - 压缩每次的提交信息，只保留一个缩减的Hash值和说明文字，然后把这些都展示在一行里。 +- **--graph** - 这个选项将在左边画出一个文字界面的提交历史图。如果你只有一个分支，用这个选项查看历史时是没什么意义的。 +- **--all** - 显示所有分支历史。 + +这是这3个选项合起来使用的效果： + +![Use of git log with all, graph and oneline](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946444git-ninja-03.png) + +### 5. 不要丢失对某个提交的跟踪 ### + +假设你提交了一些不需要的东西，然后你进行了hard重置回到之前的状态。后来，你发现在这个过程中你丢失了其他一些重要的信息，你想要把这些信息找回来，或者至少可以查看一下这些信息。这就需要`git reflog`帮忙。 + +简单的`git log`只能告诉你最近的提交，这个提交的父提交，父提交的父提交，等等。但是`git reflog`是一个HEAD指向的提交的列表。记住，这个列表依赖于你自己的操作环境，它不是库的一部分，也不包含在push或者merge中。 + +如果执行`git log`命令，可以看到提交历史，这是我的库的一部分： + +![Project history](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946446git-ninja-04.png) + +但是，`git reflog`命令显示了一个被我用hard重置丢掉的提交(`b1b0ee9`-`HEAD@{4}`). + +![Git reflog](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946447git-ninja-05.png) + +### 6. 暂存文件的一部分更改以便进行一次提交 ### + +通常依据特性来提交是一个好的实践方法，意思是说，每一个提交都只添加一个特性或者修复一个bug。想一下如果你一次修复了两个bug或者添加了两个特性但是都还没有提交该怎么办。这种场景下，你可以将他们一起提交。但是有一个更好的办法：单独暂存这些文件，然后分开提交。 + +让我们假设你对一个文件做了多个更改，然后想让这些更改分开提交。这时，我们用带`-p`的添加命令。 + + git add -p [file_name] + +我们来试试这种用法。我添加了3个新行到`file_name`，但是我只想让第1行和第3行出现在我的提交里。让我们看看`git diff`的输出是什么样的。 + +![Changes in repo](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946449git-ninja-06.png) + +然后，我们看看带`-p`选项的`add`命令会发生什么。 + +![Running add with -p](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946450git-ninja-07.png) + +似乎Git认为所有的更改都是同一个目的的一部分，所以把他们分组到同一个块里。这时，你可以： + +- 输入 y 暂存块 +- 输入 n 不暂存块 +- 输入 e 手动编辑块 +- 输入 d 退出或者跳转到下一个文件 +- 输入 s 分割块 + +在我们这个例子中，我们想把这个块分割成更小的部分，然后选择其中一些忽略另外一些。 + +![Adding all hunks](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946452git-ninja-08.png) + +如你所见，我们已经添加了第1和第3行，忽略了第2行。你可以看到库的状态并且进行一次提交。 + +![Repository after selectively adding a file](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946454git-ninja-09.png) + +### 7. 合并多个提交 ### + +为了进行核查或者发起一个合并请求（这经常发生在开源项目里），对代码进行了修改提交。但在最后代码被接受之前，你也许会被要求修改你的代码。于是你修改代码，但是下一次核查的时候又一次被要求进行修改。不知不觉中，你就已经有了好几个提交。理论上你应该用rebase命令把他们合并起来。 + + git rebase -i HEAD~[number_of_commits] + +如果你想合并最后的两次提交，你应该运行下面的命令。 + + git rebase -i HEAD~2 + +一旦你运行这个命令，你将进入一个交互式界面，它将询问你想要合并哪些提交。你`pick`(拣选)最近的提交然后`squash`(合并)旧的提交。 + +![Git squash interactive](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946455git-ninja-10.png) + +接着你被要求提供一个对新提交的说明。这个过程会重写你的提交历史。 + +![Adding a commit message](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946457git-ninja-11.png) + +### 8. 储藏没有提交的更改 ### + +假设你正在修复一个bug或者添加一个特性，突然你被要求展示一下你的工作成果。你现在的工作还没有完成，不够进行一次提交。这时，`git stash`命令可以用来急救一下。Stash命令跟踪你所有的更改，然后把他们储藏起来以便以后使用。命令如下- + + git stash + +可以多次储藏更改，查看储藏列表，你可以运行下面的命令： + + git stash list + +![Stash list](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946458git-ninja-12.png) + +如果你想取消储藏，覆盖当前的更改，你可以通过下面的命令使用储藏： + + git stash apply + +在最后的这个截图里，你可以看到每个储藏都有一个标识符，是一个唯一的数字（尽管在这里我们只有一个储藏）。如果你想使用某个储藏，你在apply命令后面加上这个唯一的标识符： + + git stash apply stash@{2} + +![After un-stashing changes](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946461git-ninja-13.png) + +### 9. 检查丢失的提交 ### + +尽管`reflog`是一种检查丢失提交的方法，大型的库里却不太实用。这个时候，应该用`fsck`（文件系统检查）命令。 + + git fsck --lost-found + +![Git fsck results](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946463git-ninja-14.png) + +这里你可以看到一个丢失的提交。你可以通过`git show [commit_hash]` 查看提交的更改或者通过运行`git merge [commit_hash]`命令进行恢复。 + +`git fsck`跟`reflog`命令相比有一个优点。假设你删除了一个远程分支，然后clone了这个库。用`fsck`命令你可以找到并且恢复这个删除的远程分支。 + +### 10. 最佳选择 ### + +之前我已经存记下了那些最优雅的Git命令。但是目前为止，`cherry-pick`命令是我最喜欢的Git命令，因为它直白的名字和实用的功能！ + +最简单的情况下，`cherry-pick`从另一个分支里选出单独的一个提交，然后合并到当前分支。如果你正并行工作在两个或者更多的分支上，你也许会发现一个存在于所有分支上的bug。如果你解决了一个分支上的这个bug，你可以拣选这个对应的提交应用到其他分支上，而不会弄乱其他文件或者提交。 + +让我们来考虑一个可以使用这个命令的场景。我有两个分支，我想拣选`b20fd14: Cleaned junk`这个提交到另一个分支上。 + +![Before cherry pick](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946465git-ninja-15.png) + +我切换到想要应用这个拣选出来的提交的分支，然后运行下面的命令： + + git cherry-pick [commit_hash] + +![After cherry pick](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946467git-ninja-16.png) + +尽管这次我们很干净的用了`cherry-pick`命令，但你应该知道这个命令经常会引起冲突，所以请小心使用。 + +### 总结 ### + +到了这里，我们结束了这个能使你Git能力提升一个级别的列表。Git是最好的版本控制器，它能完成你能想象到的任何事情。所以，经常试着用Git挑战你自己。一不小心你就会学到很多新东西。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.sitepoint.com/10-tips-git-next-level/ + +译者：[love_daisy_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.sitepoint.com/git-for-beginners/ +[2]:http://www.sitepoint.com/getting-started-git-team-environment/ From eabba48ad3807ed309bcacfa468260d1c197ffda Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2014 09:19:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 452/713] Update 20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md --- ...ss popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md index f49a1701bd..098b680a58 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GOLinux How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux ================================================================================ Why would anyone want to search things on the Internet via a terminal? I don't know. There are probably a lot of reasons. But since an answer that no one asked for is always less frustrating than a question that no one can answer, here is a list of popular search engines with the command-line tools that allow you to access them from a Linux terminal. @@ -101,4 +102,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/access-popular-search-engines-command-line-linux [3]:https://github.com/AnirudhBhat/cliWiki.py [4]:https://github.com/vikstrous/pirate-get [5]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/access-twitter-command-line-linux.html -[6]:http://www.floodgap.com/software/ttytter/ \ No newline at end of file +[6]:http://www.floodgap.com/software/ttytter/ From 573242122ce8b64b68b592a09fff7549920df40c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2014 09:30:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 453/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140701-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...d Certification Plan, and Teams with HP.md | 34 +++++++++++++++ ...e Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md | 42 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 76 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140701 Red Hat Delivers Cloud Certification Plan, and Teams with HP.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md diff --git a/sources/news/20140701 Red Hat Delivers Cloud Certification Plan, and Teams with HP.md b/sources/news/20140701 Red Hat Delivers Cloud Certification Plan, and Teams with HP.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d2bb05fb5a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140701 Red Hat Delivers Cloud Certification Plan, and Teams with HP.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Red Hat Delivers Cloud Certification Plan, and Teams with HP +================================================================================ +![](http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3108/3191608123_67e1da2b79_o.jpg) + +When Red Hat [announced][1] very solid quarterly earnings a few days ago, CEO Jim Whitehurst was quick to attribute part of the strong performance to his company's new focus on cloud computing. In discussing the enterprises that pay Red Hat for subcription support and services, he said: "These are some of the most sophisticated IT organizations in the world, and many continue to increase their purchases from Red Hat to modernize their IT infrastructure with cloud enabling technologies." + +[I've made the point before][2] that Red is pinning its future on cloud computing and OpenStack in particular. But for Red Hat to succeed with its OpenStack plans, it needs to be able to assure enterprise users that they are using tested and interoperable tools. With that in mind, the company has [announced][3] a new cloud management certification for Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform as part of the Red Hat OpenStack Cloud Infrastructure Partner Network. + +Red Hat has been working closely with cloud and network management solution providers, including iBMC and HP. As members of the Red Hat OpenStack Cloud Infrastructure Partner Network, these vendors are supporting Red Hat's platform certification process. + +Radhesh Balakrishnan, Red Hat's general manager of virtualization and OpenStack said, in a statement: + +> “As OpenStack is becoming a core element of the enterprise cloud strategy for many customers, Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform is architected and backed by the broadest partner ecosystem to be the preferred platform. The growth and maturity of the ecosystem reflects the evolution of the product moving from addressing infrastructure-centric alignment to help with early deployments to now be well-managed, to be part of enterprise hybrid cloud implementations.” + +Atul Garg, vice president and general manager of Cloud and Automation at HP added: + +> “We are excited to work with Red Hat to certify HP Cloud Service Automation and its solutions with Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform, to help our mutual customers build and manage private and hybrid cloud services. Our joint efforts are aimed at enabling customers to have choice and flexibility as they deploy cloud environments which can easily flex and adapt to business needs while supporting heterogeneity and leveraging existing investments in the datacenter.” + +As enterprises deploy OpenStack, they are increasingly concerned about being able to use existing infrastructure and management tools with their deployments. The expansion of Red Hat’s certification program to include cloud management solutions is intended to help enterprises who want to deploy Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform in a private cloud to feel confident in using their management solutions of choice. + +One other notable thing about the new certification program is that it deepens Red Hat's partnership with HP, which is also focused on OpenStack. It will be worth watching what else comes from that partnership, and, without a doubt, [the cloud is the new battleground for winning enterprise users][4]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ostatic.com/blog/red-hat-delivers-cloud-certification-plan-and-teams-with-hp + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.zdnet.com/red-hat-beats-q1-earnings-targets-as-revenue-climbs-17-percent-7000030685/ +[2]:http://ostatic.com/blog/for-red-hat-the-cloud-beckons +[3]:http://www.marketwatch.com/story/red-hat-introduces-cloud-management-certification-for-red-hat-enterprise-linux-openstack-platform-2014-06-30 +[4]:http://ostatic.com/blog/the-cloud-is-the-new-battleground-for-winning-enterprise-users \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md b/sources/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..32ffebe121 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip] +================================================================================ +If you have to deal with multiple timezones on a regular basis, you would definitely appreciate if your desktop clock could show multiple timezones. As an expat, I have to keep the track of time in both France and India. In Ubuntu, you can easily change the settings to add multiple timezones. + +In this quick tip, we shall see **how to add additional timezone in Ubuntu 14.04**. + +### Add multiple timezones in Ubuntu 14.04 ### + +Go to System Settings (press Windows key and search for system settings in Unity Dash) and look for Time & Date. + +In here, go to **Clock** tab and check the **Time in other locations** box. After that click on **Choose locations** button. + +![Add multiple timezones in Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Timezone_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +It will open a box where you can **type a location** of your choice and a drop down will appear with matching locations. Choose the one you want and **click on the plus (+) sign** to add it. + +![Adding timezone in Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Add_Timezone_Ubuntu.png) + +Once you have done this, you can see various timezone added in the clock. + +![multiple timezone displayed in Ubuntu 14.04](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Multiple_Timezones_display_Ubuntu.png) + +Enjoy Ubuntu across timezones :) + +---------- + +![](http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/20749c268f5d3e4d2c785499eb6a17c0?s=80&d=http%3A%2F%2F0.gravatar.com%2Favatar%2Fad516503a11cd5ca435acc9bb6523536%3Fs%3D80&r=G) + +#### About Abhishek #### + +I am Abhishek Prakash, 'creator' of It's F.O.S.S. I have a Masters in Communication System Engineering. I am an avid Linux lover and Open Source enthusiast. I use Ubuntu and believe in sharing knowledge. Apart from Linux, I love classic detective mystery. Huge fan of Agatha Christie work. Feel free to circle me on [Google Plus][g] and [Follow @abhishek_pc][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/add-multiple-timezones-ubuntu-1404/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[g]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/110180944531110746460 +[t]:https://twitter.com/abhishek_pc \ No newline at end of file From f0903a3ba6cce0848fabafd220507e8e10e896a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2014 09:36:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 454/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140701-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=20Comma?= =?UTF-8?q?nd=20Line=20Tuesdays=20=E6=96=B0=E4=B8=80=E7=AF=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md | 68 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md b/sources/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5f54ac0703 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +Command Line Tuesdays – Part Two +================================================================================ +Heya geekos! + +Let’s refresh our memories. [Last week][1], we skimmed through some basic commands, learned what a shell is actually, and made a steady introduction into our CLI Tuesdays series. + +Today’s menu offers something else: navigation through the file system. + +Now, the best picture I managed to find on the www is from a site called [devopsbootcamp][2]. You can find their tutorials and the rest here. But anyway, here’s a very nice diagram of what a linux root filesystem looks like. + +![Filesys](http://devopsbootcamp.readthedocs.org/en/latest/_images/hierarchy.jpg) + +For example, as stated in the above picture, your user directory (where you usually store your movies, music, documents etc.) is located in the /home folder. /home folder is located under /. Then you have the /etc folder, where most of the files for configuration are located. Anyway, you can find the detailed description here, as we’ll not be getting into which folder is for what, until we start using and configuring them. Today is reserved for navigation only. And on that note, let’s get down to the first command of the day… + +### pwd ### + +pwd, or ‘print working directory’ is a very useful command if you think you are lost navigating through the folders. At any given moment, type pwd, and voila! What appears is a complete pathway you took to arrive to this folder. Those guys in The Cube could sure use it, losers. + +![Cube](http://bloody-disgusting.com/images/news/cube2review1.gif) +注：此图原文哪里看不到，看看能通过什么途径得到 + +Imagine yourselves walking from room to room inside a massive apartment, loosing your way. pwd is like the breadcrumb trail leading you to your starting point, so you don’t loose your way inside the folder maze! + +![pwd](http://redhat.activeventure.com/73/gettingstartedguide/figs/basics/pwd.png) + +### cd ### + +Now you know in which directory you’re situated thanks to your usage of the pwd command. Now you want to take the next step and move to another directory. Let’s say you have a folder/directory inside your home folder you want to relocate your top secret terminal operation to. For this, you use the ‘cd’ command. cd, or ‘change directory’, will change the location of wanted directory. How do you use it? Simple, type cd and the path to your folder. Let’s say, for example, you want to enter your Hello Kitty picture collection in your home folder. You type ‘cd /home/username/Hello\ Kitty’. + +As you see, we didn’t only use the space bar in the folder name. That’s because the terminal won’t recognize it. Whenever you want to navigate to a folder containing a space in it’s name, you **replace it with the backslash character, followed by space**. You can also, without using the backslash+space option, just put the **whole folder name into quotes**, f.ex. cd /home/username/”Hello Kitty”. + +![cd](http://blogote.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/terminal-cd-desktop.png) + +Try it out yourself. Navigate to a different directory using cd, and when there, type pwd to see if everything worked as it’s supposed to. + +### Mr. Shotts’ Shottcuts ### + +Mr. Shotts reminds us there are also some shortcuts available. + +If you type only cd, without the path following it, your terminal will change your working directory (whatever it may be) to your /home folder. + +The same, if you type cd `~user_name` it will lead you to the home folder of the specific user you stated. + +### Next Week ### + +Next week, we’ll head over to the next chapter – we’ll learn how to list files and directories, view text files and classify file’s contents so it will be a bit more work than we’re used to, but I hope you’ll have enough time. Command by command, and if you haven’t the time to do it yourself, we’ll learn the basics together in a matter of months! + +and remember… + +### …have a lot of fun! ### + +P.S.: Thanks to bwl’s comment, we fixed an error in the text regarding the space bar in directory names. + +P.P.S.: GreatEmerald also added some fresh information about file hierarchy. You can read it in [the comments][3]. + +Thanks for your input/corrections. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/24/command-line-tuesdays-part-two/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/10/command-line-tuesdays-part-one/ +[2]:http://devopsbootcamp.readthedocs.org/ +[3]:https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/24/command-line-tuesdays-part-two/comment-page-1/#comment-99186 \ No newline at end of file From ee192af51066b7ba4c29c4c1839a4a40d848d309 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2014 10:17:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 455/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140701-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...risons With These Great Free Diff Tools.md | 166 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 166 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140701 Easy File Comparisons With These Great Free Diff Tools.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140701 Easy File Comparisons With These Great Free Diff Tools.md b/sources/talk/20140701 Easy File Comparisons With These Great Free Diff Tools.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..92dbf74103 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140701 Easy File Comparisons With These Great Free Diff Tools.md @@ -0,0 +1,166 @@ +Easy File Comparisons With These Great Free Diff Tools +================================================================================ +by Frazer Kline + +File comparison compares the contents of computer files, finding their common contents and their differences. The result of the comparison is often known as a diff. + +diff is also the name of a famous console based file comparison utility that outputs the differences between two files. The diff utility was developed in the early 1970s on the Unix operating system. diff will output the parts of the files where they are different. + +Linux has many good GUI tools that enable you to clearly see the difference between two files or two versions of the same file. This roundup selects 5 of my favourite GUI diff tools, with all but one released under an open source license. + +These utilities are an essential software development tool, as they visualize the differences between files or directories, merge files with differences, resolve conflicts and save output to a new file or patch, and assist file changes reviewing and comment production (e.g. approving source code changes before they get merged into a source tree). They help developers work on a file, passing it back and forth between each other. The diff tools are not only useful for showing differences in source code files; they can be used on many text-based file types as well. The visualisations make it easier to compare files. + +---------- + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/Meld.png) + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-Meld.png) + +Meld is an open source graphical diff viewer and merge application for the Gnome desktop. It supports 2 and 3-file diffs, recursive directory diffs, diffing of directories under version control (Bazaar, Codeville, CVS, Darcs, Fossil SCM, Git, Mercurial, Monotone, Subversion), as well as the ability to manually and automatically merge file differences. + +Meld's focus is on helping developers compare and merge source files, and get a visual overview of changes in their favourite version control system. + +Features include + +- Edit files in-place, and your comparison updates on-the-fly +- Perform twoand three-way diffs and merges +- Easily navigate between differences and conflicts +- Visualise global and local differences with insertions, changes and conflicts marked +- Built-in regex text filtering to ignore uninteresting differences +- Syntax highlighting (with optional gtksourceview) +- Compare two or three directories file-by-file, showing new, missing, and altered files +- Directly open file comparisons of any conflicting or differing files +- Filter out files or directories to avoid seeing spurious differences +- Auto-merge mode and actions on change blocks help make merges easier +- Simple file management is also available +- Supports many version control systems, including Git, Mercurial, Bazaar and SVN +- Launch file comparisons to check what changes were made, before you commit +- View file versioning statuses +- Simple version control actions are also available (i.e., commit/update/add/remove/delete files) +- Automatically merge two files using a common ancestor +- Mark and display the base version of all conflicting changes in the middle pane +- Visualise and merge independent modifications of the same file +- Lock down read-only merge bases to avoid mistakes +- Command line interface for easy integration with existing tools, including git mergetool +- Internationalization support +- Visualisations make it easier to compare your files + +- Website: [meldmerge.org][1] +- Developer: Kai Willadsen +- License: GNU GPL v2 +- Version Number: 1.8.5 + +---------- + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/DiffMerge.png) + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-DiffMerge.png) +注：上面这个图访问不到，图的地址是原文地址的小图的链接地址，发布的时候在验证一下，如果还访问不到，不行先采用小图或者网上搜一下看有没有大图 + +DiffMerge is an application to visually compare and merge files on Linux, Windows, and OS X. + +Features include: + +- Graphically shows the changes between two files. Includes intra-line highlighting and full support for editing +- Graphically shows the changes between 3 files. Allows automatic merging (when safe to do so) and full control over editing the resulting file +- Performs a side-by-side comparison of 2 folders, showing which files are only present in one file or the other, as well as file pairs which are identical, equivalent or different +- Rulesets and options provide for customized appearance and behavior +- Unicode-based application and can import files in a wide range of character encodings +- Cross-platform tool + +- Website: [sourcegear.com/diffmerge][2] +- Developer: SourceGear LLC +- License: Licensed for use free of charge (not open source) +- Version Number: 4.2 + +---------- + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/xxdiff.png) + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-xxdiff.png) + +xxdiff is an open source graphical file and directories comparator and merge tool. + +xxdiff can be used for viewing the differences between two or three files, or two directories, and can be used to produce a merged version. The texts of the two or three files are presented side by side with their differences highlighted with colors for easy identification. + +This program is an essential software development tool that can be used to visualize the differences between files or directories, merge files with differences, resolving conflicts and saving output to a new file or patch, and assist file changes reviewing and comment production (e.g. approving source code changes before they get merged into a source tree). + +Features include: + +- Compare two files, three files, or two directories (shallow and recursive) +- Horizontal diffs highlighting +- Files can be merged interactively and resulting output visualized and saved +- Features to assist in performing merge reviews/policing +- Unmerge CVS conflicts in automatically merged file and display them as two files, to help resolve conflicts +- Uses external diff program to compute differences: works with GNU diff, SGI diff and ClearCase's cleardiff, and any other diff whose output is similar to those +- Fully customizable with a resource file +- Look-and-feel similar to Rudy Wortel's/SGI xdiff, it is desktop agnostic +- Features and output that ease integration with scripts + +- Website: [furius.ca/xxdiff][3] +- Developer: Martin Blais +- License: GNU GPL +- Version Number: 4.0 + +---------- + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/Diffuse.png) + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-Diffuse.png) + +Diffuse is an open source graphical tool for merging and comparing text files. Diffuse is able to compare an arbitrary number of files side-by-side and offers the ability to manually adjust line-matching and directly edit files. Diffuse can also retrieve revisions of files from bazaar, CVS, darcs, git, mercurial, monotone, Subversion and GNU Revision Control System (RCS) repositories for comparison and merging. + +Features include: + +- Compare and merge an arbitrary number of files side-by-side (n-way merges) +- Line matching can be manually corrected by the user +- Directly edit files +- Syntax highlighting +- Bazaar, CVS, Darcs, Git, Mercurial, Monotone, RCS, Subversion, and SVK support +- Unicode support +- Unlimited undo +- Easy keyboard navigation + +- Website: [diffuse.sourceforge.net][] +- Developer: Derrick Moser +- License: GNU GPL v2 +- Version Number: 0.4.7 + +---------- + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/Kompare.png) + +![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-Kompare.png) + +Kompare is an open source GUI front-end program that enables differences between source files to be viewed and merged. Kompare can be used to compare differences on files or the contents of folders. Kompare supports a variety of diff formats and provide many options to customize the information level displayed. + +Whether you are a developer comparing source code, or you just want to see the difference between that research paper draft and the final document, Kompare is a useful tool. + +Kompare is part of the KDE desktop environment. + +Features include: + +- Compare two text files +- Recursively compare directories +- View patches generated by diff +- Merge a patch into an existing directory +- Entertain you during that boring compile + +- Website: [www.caffeinated.me.uk/kompare/][5] +- Developer: The Kompare Team +- License: GNU GPL +- Version Number: Part of KDE + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/2014062814400262/FileComparisons.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://meldmerge.org/ +[2]:https://sourcegear.com/diffmerge/ +[3]:http://furius.ca/xxdiff/ +[4]:http://diffuse.sourceforge.net/ +[5]:http://www.caffeinated.me.uk/kompare/ \ No newline at end of file From d525b680c3375780bafb9fa8f813576858addd5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2014 10:54:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 456/713] Translated:How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux --- ... engines from the command line on Linux.md | 105 ------------------ ... engines from the command line on Linux.md | 100 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 100 insertions(+), 105 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 098b680a58..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,105 +0,0 @@ -Translating by GOLinux -How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux -================================================================================ -Why would anyone want to search things on the Internet via a terminal? I don't know. There are probably a lot of reasons. But since an answer that no one asked for is always less frustrating than a question that no one can answer, here is a list of popular search engines with the command-line tools that allow you to access them from a Linux terminal. - -### 1. Google ### - -Let's start right with a giant: Bing! No just kidding, Google. To be frank, you don't really need a utility to search on Google from the command line. A simple: - - $ xdg-open https://www.google.com/search?q="[query]" - -would open your web browser on the appropriate search page. However, if what you want is to see the results of that search from a terminal window, without opening any kind of web browser, I would recommend using [cli-google][1]. It is super old (last updated in 2009) but I like it. It is a simple and straightforward application which does exactly what it's supposed to do. - -Once you install cli-google, you can do searches with a colored output. You can also adjust the amount of results and the language that you want. Just type: - - $ google - -in your terminal to see all the options. - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5491/14330385480_91b0e138ee_z.jpg) - -### 2. YouTube ### - -There is going to be a lot of Google in this list. I will try to keep it as minimal as possible, but there is no escape. YouTube is for a lot of people the go to when it comes to finding a video of something quickly. To do such things from a terminal, my go to is [mps-youtube][2]. This software lets you search, make playlists, download videos, and read the comments from the terminal. Once you install mps-youtube, launch it with: - - $ mpsyt - -Then type h to see the options. For quick usage, you can just do: - - /[query] - -to search for something, then type the number ID of the video to listen to its sound, or type: - - i [video-number] - -to see its information, and type: - - d [video-number] - -to download it. If just listening is not enough for you, here is the trick: - - set player mplayer - set show_video True - -Now the video will show up in another window on mplayer. - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2925/14517040865_1d54ccce3b_z.jpg) - -### 3. Wikipedia ### - -Same as for Google, for Wikipedia I like an old script that works just fine: [cliWiki][3]. Once you install it, just run: - - $ cliwiki - -And then type in your search. If there is a direct match, the page will be displayed in the terminal. The output can be quite long so I advise you to channel it with the less command. It is certainly not the most efficient way to do it, but if your goal is to get a block of text concerning a keyword, this is exactly what you need. - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2903/14330600657_065d26cdf2_z.jpg) - -### 4. The Pirate Bay ### - -Now let's talk dirty. There are surprisingly (or not) a lot of utilities to find torrents on The Pirate Bay from the command line. However my preference goes to [pirate-get][4]. It comes with a ton of options that you can discover with: - - $ pirate-get -h - -But to keep it simple: - - $ pirate-get --color -c [category] [query] - -will return the result from a certain category of the search corresponding to a query, and with a colored output! From there, the application will prompt you to enter the number of the result that you want, and will then download the torrent from a magnet link. Simple and easy. Use only on non-copyrighted material! - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3923/14330448479_ae503561e6_z.jpg) - -### 5. Twitter ### - -Twitter is a good search engine for trends. We already covered [how to access Twitter from the command line][5] using t, but I personally prefer [TTYtter][6] to it. This utility is extermely powerful, could deserve its own post, and cannot be resumed to simply searching. But I am just going to use it as a search engine here. Once installed and configured, you can log in and search using the command: - - /search [query] - -The interface is a bit rough on the eye, but you will get accustomed quickly. Notice that this will work with plain words but also hash-tags. - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5077/14537153013_cc32a98b08_z.jpg) - -To conclude, these are in my opinion the big five search engines that people tend to use the most and which are accessible via the command line. The absents are probably Google Images and Google Maps, but those are kind of hard to adapt to the console I guess. I also wanted to look for a music search engine, but did not find any "worthy" of this list. As you have probably noticed, the tools on this list are uneven in term of features and options: some are simplistic while others go deep into functionality. But in the end they all do the job. - -Which search engines are missing from this list? Do you know some utilities that were not mentioned? Let us know in the comments. - ----------- - -#### Adrien Brochard #### - -I am a Linux aficionado from France. After trying multiple distributions, I finally settled for Archlinux. But I am always trying to improve my system by stacking up tips and tricks. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/access-popular-search-engines-command-line-linux.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://github.com/henux/cli-google -[2]:https://github.com/np1/mps-youtube -[3]:https://github.com/AnirudhBhat/cliWiki.py -[4]:https://github.com/vikstrous/pirate-get -[5]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/access-twitter-command-line-linux.html -[6]:http://www.floodgap.com/software/ttytter/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5e7fe1b8d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,100 @@ +主流搜索引擎闯入Linux命令行世界 +================================================================================ +为什么会有人要从终端搜索互联网上的东西？我不清楚，这里头可能有许多的原因。但是，因为没人要求答案总比没人知道答案少令人失望一点。这里，列出了一些流行的搜索引擎的命令行工具，可以让你们通过Linux终端来访问它们。 + +### 1. Google ### +让我们从一个巨头开始吧：Bing！好吧，只是开个玩笑，事实上应该是Google。坦白讲，你根本不需要使用命令行工具来进行Google搜索。只需要简简单单的一个命令： + + $ xdg-open https://www.google.com/search?q="[query]" + + +它会打开网页浏览器，并转到合适的搜索页面。然而，如果你想要的是从终端窗口查看搜索结果，而不是打开什么网页浏览器，那么我推荐你使用[cli-google][1]。它是一个超级老古董了（最后一次更新是在2009年），但我喜欢它。这是一个简单而直接的应用，它会忠实地干好它应该干的事。 + +安装完cli-google后，你就可以开始用它来搜索了，它的输出是那样的五彩斑斓。你也可以调整搜索结果的数量和你想要的语言，你只需要在终端中敲入： + + $ google + +就可以看到所有的选项了。 + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5491/14330385480_91b0e138ee_z.jpg) + +### 2. YouTube ### +关于Google，有太多的东西要放进列表来。我会尽量简明扼要，但绝不会放过该有的。对于许多人而言，YouTube是他们快速查找相关内容视频的首选。要在终端中完成此事，我则钟情于[mps-youtube][2]。这个软件可以让你在终端中搜索、下载视频，创建播放列表，以及查看关于视频的评论。安装完mps-youtube后，你可以使用下面的命令来启动： + + $ mpsyt + +然后，输入 h 来查看选项。要查看简明用法，你可以像下面这样： + + /[query] + +来搜索你想知道的一切，然后输入视频的编号来听听它的声音，或者输入： + + i [video-number] + +来看看相关信息，也可以输入： + + d [video-number] + +来下载它。如果你觉得光听还不过瘾，这里还有更好玩的： + + set player mplayer + set show_video True + +现在，你可以在另外一个窗口里头用mplayer来播放视频了。 + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2925/14517040865_1d54ccce3b_z.jpg) + +### 3. 维基百科 ### +与Google一样，对于维基百科，我也喜欢一个古老的脚本，它干的不赖：[cliWiki][3]。安装完后，赶紧运行一下看看： + + $ cliwiki + +然后，你就可以输入你想要搜索的内容了。如果有直接匹配的条目，终端中就会显示相关页面了。哈，输出内容可真够长的，建议你还是用less命令来看吧。当然，这不是最高效的方法，但你的母的只是想要查看与关键词相关的文本，那这就是你想要的。 + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2903/14330600657_065d26cdf2_z.jpg) + +### 4. 海盗湾 ### +现在，让我们聊聊龌龊的东西。网上有很多意想不到的（也许你不觉得）工具，可以帮助你在命令行下查找海盗湾上的种子。而在这其中，[pirate-get][4]是我的最爱。它里面蕴藏了大量的选项，你可以通过下面的命令来发现它们： + + $ pirate-get -h + +但是还是简单一些吧： + + $ pirate-get --color -c [category] [query] + +以上命令会返回与查询内容相关的特定搜索类目中的结果，输出结果也是彩色的！那里头，程序会提示你输入你想要的结果的编号，输入后就可以从磁链上下载种子了。简单又容易，仅限于没有版权的资料哦！ + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3923/14330448479_ae503561e6_z.jpg) + +### 5. Twitter ### +Twitter是迎合潮流的一个很好的搜索引擎。我们已经在[如何在命令行中访问Twitter][5]一文中介绍了它的用法，但是我个人更喜欢[TTYtter][6]。该工具及其强大，它应该有它自身的一席之地，而不再仅仅用于简单搜索了。但在这里，我只想把它当作搜索引擎使用。安装并配置完后，你就可以登陆进去，并使用下面的命令来搜索了： + + /search [query] + +界面在视觉上有点粗糙，但是你很快会习惯的。注意，这里头只能用普通的文字，也可以用哈希标记。 + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5077/14537153013_cc32a98b08_z.jpg) + +最后来小结一下吧，这里列出了我认为人们使用最多5大搜索引擎，这些搜索引擎都可以通过命令行来访问。这里Google图像和Google地图可能缺席了，但我想这些可能不能很好适应控制台环境吧。我也想要寻找一个音乐搜索引擎，但是没有找到对于本列表“有价值的”。就像你可能已经注意到的那样，列表中的工具在功能和选项上是良莠不齐的：其中一些很简单，而另外一些则功能很复杂。但不管怎么说，最后它们都还是完成了它们的任务。 + +列表中错失了哪些搜索引擎？你还知道哪些没有提到过的工具呢？请在文章评论中告诉我们吧。 + +---------- + +#### Adrien Brochard #### + +我是一位来自法国的Linux爱好者。在尝试了多个发行版后，我最后认可了Archlinux。然而，我一直在试着通过积累一些知识和技巧来改善我的系统。 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/access-popular-search-engines-command-line-linux.html + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://github.com/henux/cli-google +[2]:https://github.com/np1/mps-youtube +[3]:https://github.com/AnirudhBhat/cliWiki.py +[4]:https://github.com/vikstrous/pirate-get +[5]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/access-twitter-command-line-linux.html +[6]:http://www.floodgap.com/software/ttytter/ From e50ed3218792c9a35e9b2dda8ff8b1044c515658 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: disylee Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2014 15:21:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 457/713] Update 20140618 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md translating by disylee 20140701 --- sources/talk/20140618 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140618 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md b/sources/talk/20140618 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md index fb0a69e24f..c4a59eb1ab 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140618 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140618 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +translating by disylee 20140701 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps ================================================================================ Once again, we're celebrating the arrival of summer with a list of some of the best open source games available. We've updated [last year's list][1] with some new arrivals, as well as getting rid of some of the older games that are no longer under active development. You'll find arcade, board, casual, puzzle, educational, first-person shooter, music, racing, role-playing, adventure, simulator and strategy games, as a well as a few apps that aren't really games but are still a lot of fun. @@ -589,4 +590,4 @@ via: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/110-fun-open-source-games-and-apps-1. [108]:http://community.electricsheep.org/ [109]:http://lcars24.com/ [110]:http://stellarium.org/ -[111]:http://tuxpaint.org/ \ No newline at end of file +[111]:http://tuxpaint.org/ From 5328b6af81c8351e12a798708ac5142f3ea7feba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2014 15:58:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 458/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140701-4=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...nVPN up and running, enjoy your privacy.md | 499 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 499 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140701 Get OpenVPN up and running, enjoy your privacy.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140701 Get OpenVPN up and running, enjoy your privacy.md b/sources/tech/20140701 Get OpenVPN up and running, enjoy your privacy.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..54ee1ff9c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140701 Get OpenVPN up and running, enjoy your privacy.md @@ -0,0 +1,499 @@ +Get OpenVPN up and running, enjoy your privacy +================================================================================ +![](http://parabing.com/assets/uploads/2014/06/openVPN-featured.jpg) + +> We are fanatic supporters of privacy. Not so much because we have super secrets to hide, but because we consider privacy as a basic human right. So we believe that anytime anyone chooses to exercise that right on the net, then they should have unencumbered access to all the necessary tools and services. OpenVPN is such a service and there are also many tools (clients) which allow us to utilize and enjoy that service. + +By establishing a connection to an [OpenVPN][1] server, we basically create a secure communications channel between our device and the remote host OpenVPN runs on. Although traffic flowing between these two end-points can be intercepted, it is strongly encrypted and thus practically useless to the interceptor. In addition to the OpenVPN acting as the facilitator of this encrypted channel (or tunnel), we may configure the server to also play the role of our Internet gateway. By doing so, we can for example hook up to any open, inherently insecure WiFi network, then immediately connect to the remote OpenVPN server and start using any Internet-enabled application without worrying of prying eyes or bored administrators. (Note though that we still need to trust any administrator in the vicinity of the OpenVPN server. But more on that towards the end of the post.) + +This article is a step-by-step guide on how to setup OpenVPN on [Ubuntu Server 14.04 LTS][2]. The OpenVPN host computer may be a VPS in the cloud, a virtual machine running on one of our computers at home, or even that somewhat aged box we tend to forget we have. + +### Step 01 -- System Preparation ### + +We gain access to a command shell in the Ubuntu Server host, for example by remotely connecting to it via SSH, and immediately refresh the local repository database: + + sub0@delta:~$ sudo apt-get update + +To perform any upgrades for all installed packages and the operating system itself, we type: + + sub0@delta:~$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade + +If a new kernel gets pulled in, a system reboot will be required. After refreshing and upgrading, it’s time to install OpenVPN: + + sub0@delta:~$ sudo apt-get -y install openvpn easy-rsa dnsmasq + +Notice that we installed three packages with apt-get: + +- openvpn provides the core of OpenVPN +- easy-rsa contains some handy scripts for key management +- dnsmasq is the name server we’ll be using later on, when our OpenVPN server box/VM will assume the role of a router for all OpenVPN clients` + +### Step 02 -- Master certificate and private key for the Certificate Authority ### + +The most important –and admittedly the most crucial– step during the setup of an OpenVPN server, is the establishment of a corresponding Public Key Infrastructure (PKI). This infrastructure comprises the following: + +- A certificate (public key) and a private key for the OpenVPN server +- A certificate and a private key for any OpenVPN client +- A master certificate and a private key for the Certificate Authority (CA). This private key is used for signing the OpenVPN certificate as well as the client certificates. + +Beginning with the latter, we create a convenient working directory + + sub0@delta:~$ sudo mkdir /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa + +and then copy easy-rsa’s files to it: + + sub0@delta:~$ sudo cp -r /usr/share/easy-rsa/* /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa + +Before we actually create the keys for the CA, we open /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/vars for editing (we like the nano text editor but this is just our preference): + + sub0@delta:~$ sudo nano /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/vars + +Towards the end of the file we assign values to a set of variables which are read during the creation of the master certificate and private key. Take a look at the variables we assigned values to: + + export KEY_COUNTRY="GR" + export KEY_PROVINCE="Central Macedonia" + export KEY_CITY="Thessaloniki" + export KEY_ORG="Parabing Creations" + export KEY_EMAIL="nobody@parabing.com" + export KEY_CN="VPNsRUS" + export KEY_NAME="VPNsRUS" + export KEY_OU="Parabing" + export KEY_ALTNAMES="VPNsRUS" + +It goes without saying that you may assign different values, more appropriate for your case. Also take particular note of the last line, in which we set a value to the KEY_ALTNAMES variable. This line is not part of the original vars file but we nevertheless append it at the end of said file, or the build-ca script we’re going to run next will fail. + +To save the changes in vars we hit [CTRL+O] followed by the [Enter] key. To quit nano we hit [CTRL+X]. Now, we gain access to the root account and move on to building of the master certificate and private key: + + sub0@delta:~$ sudo su + root@delta:/home/sub0# cd /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa# source vars + NOTE: If you run ./clean-all, I will be doing a rm -rf on /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa# sh clean-all + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa# sh build-ca + Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key + ...++++++ + ................++++++ + writing new private key to 'ca.key' + ----- + You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated + into your certificate request. + What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. + There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank + For some fields there will be a default value, + If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. + ----- + Country Name (2 letter code) [GR]: + State or Province Name (full name) [Central Macedonia]: + Locality Name (eg, city) [Thessaloniki]: + Organization Name (eg, company) [Parabing Creations]: + Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) [Parabing]: + Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) [VPNsRUS]: + Name [VPNsRUS]: + Email Address [nobody@parabing.com]: + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa# + +In our example the default answers were used for all the questions. After the build-ca script finishes we have the file for the master certificate (keys/ca.crt) and also the file for the private key (keys/ca.key). The latter must be kept secret at all costs. + +### Step 03 -- Certificate and private key for the OpenVPN server ### + +Before we make a certificate and private key for our OpenVPN server, we need to pick a name for it. We decided to name ours “delta” and then ran the build-key-server script to get the keys: + + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa# sh build-key-server delta + Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key + ....++++++ + ...++++++ + writing new private key to 'delta.key' + ----- + You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated + into your certificate request. + What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. + There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank + For some fields there will be a default value, + If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. + ----- + Country Name (2 letter code) [GR]: + State or Province Name (full name) [Central Macedonia]: + Locality Name (eg, city) [Thessaloniki]: + Organization Name (eg, company) [Parabing Creations]: + Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) [Parabing]: + Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) [delta]: + Name [VPNsRUS]:deltaVPN + Email Address [nobody@parabing.com]: + + Please enter the following 'extra' attributes + to be sent with your certificate request + A challenge password []: + An optional company name []: + Using configuration from /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/openssl-1.0.0.cnf + Check that the request matches the signature + Signature ok + The Subject's Distinguished Name is as follows + countryName :PRINTABLE:'GR' + stateOrProvinceName :PRINTABLE:'Central Macedonia' + localityName :PRINTABLE:'Thessaloniki' + organizationName :PRINTABLE:'Parabing Creations' + organizationalUnitName:PRINTABLE:'Parabing' + commonName :PRINTABLE:'delta' + name :PRINTABLE:'deltaVPN' + emailAddress :IA5STRING:'nobody@parabing.com' + Certificate is to be certified until Apr 7 08:06:02 2024 GMT (3650 days) + Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y + + 1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y + Write out database with 1 new entries + Data Base Updated + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa# + +The script successfully finished and we got a certificate (keys/delta.crt) as well as a private key (keys/delta.key) for our server. Note that the server certificate is signed by the CA’s private key. + +### Step 04 -- Diffie-Hellman parameters ### + +The secure passing of keys over an insecure communications channel is made possible thanks to a well-known technique involving the so called Diffie-Hellman parameters. To generate those we just type + + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa# sh build-dh + Generating DH parameters, 2048 bit long safe prime, generator 2 + This is going to take a long time + .......................+.....................................+.. + ...........................+..+.....................+........... + ..............................................+................. + .......................+........................................ + ................................................+............... + .......................................++*++*++* + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa# + +The certificates, private keys and the file containing the Diffie-Hellman parameters we just generated, are all stored into the /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys directory. So up until now we have five files in total and in our case they are as follows: + +1. **ca.crt** – the certificate of the Certificate Authority +2. **ca.key** – the private key of the CA +3. **delta.crt** – the certificate of the OpenVPN server +4. **delta.key** – the private key of the OpenVPN server +5. **dh2048.pem** – the Diffie-Hellman parameters file + +In all likelihood, the keys for your own OpenVPN server are named differently. We now need to copy all files but the ca.key over to the /etc/openvpn directory: + + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa# cd keys + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys# cp ca.crt delta.crt delta.key dh2048.pem /etc/openvpn + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys# cd .. + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa# + +### Step 05 -- Certificates and private keys for the OpenVPN clients ### + +Let’s assume we’d like to connect to the OpenVPN server from our laptop. That’s actually a very common scenario and in order to be able to do so we first need to generate a certificate as well as a private key for the client, i.e. our laptop. There’s a script for that and it lives in the /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa directory: + + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa# source vars + NOTE: If you run ./clean-all, I will be doing a rm -rf on /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa# ./build-key laptop + Generating a 1024 bit RSA private key + .......................................++++++ + ...................................................................................................++++++ + writing new private key to 'laptop.key' + ----- + You are about to be asked to enter information that will be incorporated + into your certificate request. + What you are about to enter is what is called a Distinguished Name or a DN. + There are quite a few fields but you can leave some blank + For some fields there will be a default value, + If you enter '.', the field will be left blank. + ----- + Country Name (2 letter code) [GR]: + State or Province Name (full name) [Central Macedonia]: + Locality Name (eg, city) [Thessaloniki]: + Organization Name (eg, company) [Parabing Creations]: + Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) [Parabing]: + Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) [laptop]: + Name [VPNsRUS]: + Email Address [nobody@parabing.com]: + + Please enter the following 'extra' attributes + to be sent with your certificate request + A challenge password []: + An optional company name []: + Using configuration from /etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/openssl-1.0.0.cnf + Check that the request matches the signature + Signature ok + The Subject's Distinguished Name is as follows + countryName :PRINTABLE:'GR' + stateOrProvinceName :PRINTABLE:'Central Macedonia' + localityName :PRINTABLE:'Thessaloniki' + organizationName :PRINTABLE:'Parabing Creations' + organizationalUnitName:PRINTABLE:'Parabing' + commonName :PRINTABLE:'laptop' + name :PRINTABLE:'VPNsRUS' + emailAddress :IA5STRING:'nobody@parabing.com' + Certificate is to be certified until Apr 7 18:00:51 2024 GMT (3650 days) + Sign the certificate? [y/n]:y + + 1 out of 1 certificate requests certified, commit? [y/n]y + Write out database with 1 new entries + Data Base Updated + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa# + +The base name we chose for the keys was “laptop”, so after the build-key finished we got keys/laptop.crt (certificate) and keys/laptop.key (private key). Those two keys for the particular client along with the CA’s certificate file go together, and it’s a good idea to copy them to a directory where our user (sub0) has full access to. We can, for example, create a new directory in the user’s home directory and copy those three files there: + + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa# mkdir /home/sub0/ovpn-client + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa# cd keys + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys# cp ca.crt laptop.crt laptop.key /home/sub0/ovpn-client + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys# chown -R sub0:sub0 /home/sub0/ovpn-client + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa/keys# cd .. + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa# + +The directory ovpn-client must be securely copied to our laptop. We are allowed to distribute those three files to more than one clients, as long as they are all ours. Of course, should we need a different certificate-private key couple, we run the build-key script again. + +### Step 06 -- OpenVPN server configuration ### + +In a little while our OpenVPN server will be up and running. But first, there are some configuration changes that need to be made. There’s a sample configuration file in /usr/share/doc/openvpn/examples/sample-config-files which is excellent for our setup. That file is named server.conf.gz: + + root@delta:/etc/openvpn/easy-rsa# cd /etc/openvpn + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# cp /usr/share/doc/openvpn/examples/sample-config-files/server.conf.gz . + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# gunzip -d server.conf.gz + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# mv server.conf delta.conf + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# + +As you can see, we copied server.conf.gz into the /etc/openvpn directory, uncompressed it and renamed it to delta.conf. You may choose any name you like for your OpenVPN server’s configuration file, as long as it has the “.conf” extension. Whatever the base name, we now open the configuration file with nano: + + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# nano delta.conf + +Here are the changes and additions we should make. + +- First, we locate the lines + + cert server.crt + key server.key + +and make sure they reflect the names of our OpenVPN server’s certificate and private key. In our case, those lines were changed into + + cert delta.crt + key delta.key + +- We locate the line + + dh dh1024.pem + +and replace “1024″ with “2048″: + + dh dh2048.pem + +- At the end of the configuration file we add the following two lines: + + push "redirect-gateway def1" + push "dhcp-option DNS 10.8.0.1" + +Those last two lines instruct the clients to use OpenVPN as the default gateway to the Internet, and also use 10.8.0.1 as the server to deal with DNS requests. Notice that 10.8.0.1 is the IP address of the tunnel network interface OpenVPN automatically creates upon startup. If the clients were to use any other server for name resolution, then we would have a situation in which all DNS requests were served from a possibly untrustworthy server. To avoid such DNS leaks, we instruct all OpenVPN clients to use 10.8.0.1 as the DNS server. + +We start our OpenVPN server like this: + + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# service openvpn start + +By default, OpenVPN listens for connections on port 1194/UDP. One way to see that is with the netstat tool: + + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# netstat -anup + Active Internet connections (servers and established) + Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name + udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:54149 0.0.0.0:* 555/dhclient + udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:1194 0.0.0.0:* 3024/openvpn + udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:53 0.0.0.0:* 2756/dnsmasq + udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:* 555/dhclient + udp6 0 0 :::60622 :::* 555/dhclient + udp6 0 0 :::53 :::* 2756/dnsmasq + +All is well, though we have no properly configured DNS server for the clients yet. + +### Step 07 -- A DNS service for OpenVPN clients ### + +That’s why we’ve installed dnsmasq for. We open up its configuration file + + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf + +locate this line + + #listen-address= + +and change it into the following one: + + listen-address=127.0.0.1, 10.8.0.1 + +We also locate this line + + #bind-interfaces + +and delete the hash character on the left: + +bind-interfaces + +To make dnsmasq take these changes into account, we just restart the service: + + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# service dnsmasq restart + * Restarting DNS forwarder and DHCP server dnsmasq [ OK ] + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# + +As it is now, dnsmasq listens for DNS requests from the loopback (lo) and also from the tunnel (tun0) interface. The output of netstat confirms that: + + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# netstat -anup + Active Internet connections (servers and established) + Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name + udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:57219 0.0.0.0:* 638/dhclient + udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:1194 0.0.0.0:* 911/openvpn + udp 0 0 127.0.0.1:53 0.0.0.0:* 1385/dnsmasq + udp 0 0 10.8.0.1:53 0.0.0.0:* 1385/dnsmasq + udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:68 0.0.0.0:* 638/dhclient + udp6 0 0 :::39148 :::* 638/dhclient + +### Step 08 -- Router functionality ### + +We want the VM/box our OpenVPN server runs on to behave like a router, and that means that IP forwarding must be enabled. To enable it right now, from the root account we just type + + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward + +To make this setting persistent across reboots we open up /etc/sysctl.conf + + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# nano /etc/sysctl.conf + +locate the line + + #net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 + +and remove the hash character on the left: + + net.ipv4.ip_forward=1 + +There are also some iptables-related rules we should activate: + + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# iptables -A FORWARD -s 10.8.0.0/24 -j ACCEPT + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# iptables -A FORWARD -j REJECT + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# + +And of course we want these rules activated every time Ubuntu boots up, so we add them inside /etc/rc.local: + + #!/bin/sh -e + # + # rc.local + # + # This script is executed at the end of each multiuser runlevel. + # Make sure that the script will "exit 0" on success or any other + # value on error. + # + # In order to enable or disable this script just change the execution + # bits. + # + # By default this script does nothing. + + iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT + iptables -A FORWARD -s 10.8.0.0/24 -j ACCEPT + iptables -A FORWARD -j REJECT + iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -s 10.8.0.0/24 -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE + + service dnsmasq restart + + exit 0 + +Please notice the line before the last one: + +service dnsmasq restart + +> This is crucial: During system startup dnsmasq tries to come up before OpenVPN does. But without OpenVPN there is no tunnel interface (tun0) present so naturally dnsmasq fails. A bit later, when /etc/rc.local is read the tun0 interface is present, so at this point we restart dnsmasq and everything is as it's supposed to be. + +### Step 09 -- Client configuration ### + +In Step 05 we created the directory ovpn-client inside our user’s home directory (/home/sub0, in our example). In there we have the CA certificate plus the client certificate and private key. There’s only one file missing and that’s the configuration file for the client. A sample file we can use is inside /usr/share/doc/openvpn/examples/sample-config-files: + + root@delta:/etc/openvpn# exit + exit + sub0@delta:~$ cd ~/ovpn-client + sub0@delta:~/ovpn-client$ cp /usr/share/doc/openvpn/examples/sample-config-files/client.conf . + sub0@delta:~/ovpn-client$ + +We open up client.conf for editing and immediately locate the following line: + + remote my-server-1 1194 + +This “my-server-1″ string is a placeholder and we are now going to replace it for our server’s public domain name or public IP. If we do have a public domain name already assigned to the server, then there’s nothing more to do than put it in place of my-server-1. Things get a tiny bit more involved if there’s no public domain name for our server. What’s the public IP for it? One way to find out is by typing the following: + + sub0@delta:~/ovpn-client$ curl ipecho.net/plain ; echo + +(If instead of a numeric IP address you get an error, just wait a few seconds and try again.) So now we know our server’s public IP, but is it static or dynamic? Well, if we’re dealing with a server at home or even at the office, chances are it has a dynamic IP address. In that case it is advisable to use a free dynamic DNS service, such as the one provided by http://www.noip.com. In the case of NoIP, assuming we have chosen the free domain dnsalias.net then we may end up with a line like this + + remote ovpn.dnsalias.net 1194 + +where “ovpn” is the hostname we’ve given to the server. On the other hand, if our server is hosted in the cloud then it probably has a static public IP address. In that case, the remote directive inside client.conf will look like the following: + + remote 1.2.3.4 1194 + +There are two more lines we need to modify: + + cert client.crt + key client.key + +In our case, the certificate and private key files for the client are named laptop.crt and laptop.key respectively, so our client.conf contains these two lines: + + cert laptop.crt + key laptop.key + +After making sure the changes to client.conf are saved, we need to securely transfer the whole ovpn-client directory to the client. One way to do so is by using the scp command (secure copy or copy over SSH). An alternative is provided by the excellent and free FileZilla, which supports FTP over SSH connections (SFTP). + +### Step 10 -- Connecting and testing ### + +![](http://parabing.com/assets/uploads/2014/06/01-Firewall.png) + + +So how do we actually connect to the remote OpenVPN server? It all depends on the type of the device we have in hand and of course on the operating system is runs. In a bit we are going to examine the cases of four different OS families — or OS categories, if you will: Linux, Windows, OS X and iOS/Android. Note though that no matter the device or the OS, for the connection to be successful we need to be outside of the OpenVPN server’s local network. In addition, if there’s a firewall in front of the server –and it probably is– then we ought to put a new rule in place which essentially states something like this: + +*Redirect all incoming UDP packets for port 1194 to port 1194/UDP of the server’s public-facing network interface.* + +That’s some simple firewall rule, don’t you think? And without further ado, let’s establish our first connection to the fabulous OpenVPN server of ours. + +**Linux**. All we need is the openvpn package installed. One way to connect to the remote OpenVPN server is to fire up a terminal, change to the ovpn-client directory and from the root user account –or with the assistance of sudo– type something like this: + + /usr/sbin/openvpn --config client.conf + +Anytime we want to terminate the connection we just hit [CTRL+C]. + +**Windows**. A free OpenVPN client is the so called [OpenVPN Desktop Client][3]. The configuration file client.conf must be renamed to client.ovpn and that’s the file we should give to the OpenVPN Desktop Client. The application will read client.ovpn and create a new connection profile for the OpenVPN server. + +![](http://parabing.com/assets/uploads/2014/06/02-Connected.jpg) + +**OS X**. A free OpenVPN client for OS X is [tunnelblick][4]. There is also [Viscosity][5] which is commercial and happens to be our favorite. Viscosity will read client.conf and create a new connection profile for the remote server. + +iOS/Android. An excellent choice is OpenVPN connect. It is free of charge and available from the [App Store][6] as well as the Google [Play store][7]. + +Regardless of the computing platform, sometimes we’d like to check if we’re actually using the OpenVPN server we think we’re using. One way to do that is by following this simple 4-step procedure: + +Prior to connecting to the OpenVPN server we… + +- visit a site such as [whatip.com][8] and take note of our public IP +- visit [dnsleaktest.com][10, perform the standard test, take note of the name servers we’re using + +![](http://parabing.com/assets/uploads/2014/06/03-DNS.png) + +After connecting to the OpenVPN server we repeat the above two steps. If we get two different public IPs, this means we do go out on the net through the remote OpenVPN server. In addition, if we get two different sets of name servers, then there are no DNS leaks. + +### Final thoughts ### + +I use three different OpenVPN servers, all custom-made. One of them runs on the pfSense router at my home office in Thessaloniki, Greece. I use this server when I’m out of office and want secure access to the home LAN. The other two OpenVPN servers are hosted on two different VPSes, one in Reykjavik, Iceland, and the other in New Jersey, USA. Whenever I’m out and about and feel like using a random WiFi hotspot, I don’t even have to think of the security implications: I simply connect to the Reykjavik server and start surfing the web normally. There are also some times when I want to casually check out a service which is geographically restricted to the US. In these not-so-common cases the New Jersey server comes in handy, for when I connect to it I get a public IP from the U, S of A and hence access to that otherwise restricted service. It is worth noting that some service providers maintain blacklists with numerous well-known VPN companies. And that’s *exactly* one of the advantages of setting up your own OpenVPN server on a VPS provider of your choosing: It’s unlikely that this provider is blacklisted. + +No matter where the physical location of your server is, OpenVPN ensures that the traffic flow between the client and the server is strongly encrypted. What happens to the traffic leaving the OpenVPN server is another story. Depending on the application-layer protocol it may still be encrypted, but it could be unencrypted as well. So unless you have absolute control of the OpenVPN server and of the local network it belongs to, you cannot fully trust the administrator at the other end. The moral of this is apparent: If you really care about your privacy, then you should keep in mind that your own behavior may indeed undermine it. + +One example will hopefully get the point across. You have a well configured OpenVPN server in the cloud. You use any random WiFi hotspot anytime you feel like it and without the slightest bit of worry, thanks to that heroic OpenVPN server. Then you fire up your favorite mail client to get your email from this good, old mail server which still uses plain SMTP. Guess what? Your username and password leave the OpenVPN server in plain text, i.e. unencrypted. At the same time a bored administrator in the vicinity of the OpenVPN server could be easily sniffing-out your credentials and storing them in their ever-growing list named “random happy people.txt”. + +So what do you do? Simple. You continue using your OpenVPN server, but refrain from using applications which talk old and/or insecure protocols. + +Enjoy your brand new OpenVPN server! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://parabing.com/2014/06/openvpn-on-ubuntu/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Openvpn +[2]:http://www.ubuntu.com/server +[3]:http://swupdate.openvpn.net/downloads/openvpn-client.msi +[4]:https://code.google.com/p/tunnelblick +[5]:https://www.sparklabs.com/viscosity +[6]:https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/openvpn-connect/id590379981?mt=8 +[7]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=net.openvpn.openvpn +[8]:http://www.whatip.com/ +[9]:https://dnsleaktest.com/ \ No newline at end of file From a9bb0a61c861555ddddbe220ff2f4439596cc7d3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JonathanKang Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2014 18:08:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 459/713] JonathanKang is translating --- ...w To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md b/sources/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md index 32ffebe121..967702ffc9 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md +++ b/sources/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +JonathanKang is translating + How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip] ================================================================================ If you have to deal with multiple timezones on a regular basis, you would definitely appreciate if your desktop clock could show multiple timezones. As an expat, I have to keep the track of time in both France and India. In Ubuntu, you can easily change the settings to add multiple timezones. @@ -39,4 +41,4 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/add-multiple-timezones-ubuntu-1404/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [g]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/110180944531110746460 -[t]:https://twitter.com/abhishek_pc \ No newline at end of file +[t]:https://twitter.com/abhishek_pc From 2a2b3ea21a811af4089ab6f3721b67b0406ee0b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JonathanKang Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2014 18:41:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 460/713] translated --- ...e Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md | 44 ------------------- ...e Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md | 42 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 42 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md b/sources/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md deleted file mode 100644 index 967702ffc9..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,44 +0,0 @@ -JonathanKang is translating - -How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip] -================================================================================ -If you have to deal with multiple timezones on a regular basis, you would definitely appreciate if your desktop clock could show multiple timezones. As an expat, I have to keep the track of time in both France and India. In Ubuntu, you can easily change the settings to add multiple timezones. - -In this quick tip, we shall see **how to add additional timezone in Ubuntu 14.04**. - -### Add multiple timezones in Ubuntu 14.04 ### - -Go to System Settings (press Windows key and search for system settings in Unity Dash) and look for Time & Date. - -In here, go to **Clock** tab and check the **Time in other locations** box. After that click on **Choose locations** button. - -![Add multiple timezones in Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Timezone_Ubuntu.jpeg) - -It will open a box where you can **type a location** of your choice and a drop down will appear with matching locations. Choose the one you want and **click on the plus (+) sign** to add it. - -![Adding timezone in Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Add_Timezone_Ubuntu.png) - -Once you have done this, you can see various timezone added in the clock. - -![multiple timezone displayed in Ubuntu 14.04](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Multiple_Timezones_display_Ubuntu.png) - -Enjoy Ubuntu across timezones :) - ----------- - -![](http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/20749c268f5d3e4d2c785499eb6a17c0?s=80&d=http%3A%2F%2F0.gravatar.com%2Favatar%2Fad516503a11cd5ca435acc9bb6523536%3Fs%3D80&r=G) - -#### About Abhishek #### - -I am Abhishek Prakash, 'creator' of It's F.O.S.S. I have a Masters in Communication System Engineering. I am an avid Linux lover and Open Source enthusiast. I use Ubuntu and believe in sharing knowledge. Apart from Linux, I love classic detective mystery. Huge fan of Agatha Christie work. Feel free to circle me on [Google Plus][g] and [Follow @abhishek_pc][t] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://itsfoss.com/add-multiple-timezones-ubuntu-1404/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[g]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/110180944531110746460 -[t]:https://twitter.com/abhishek_pc diff --git a/translated/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md b/translated/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7315301b06 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +如何在Ubuntu 14.04中添加多时区时间 [小技巧] +================================================================================ +如果你需要和多时区时间打交道的话，你一定希望你的电脑时钟可以显示多个时区的时间。作为一个移居国外的人，我需要关注法国和印度的时间。在Ubuntu系统中，你可以进行简易的设置来添加多时区时间。 + +在这次的使用技巧中，我们会了解到 **如何在Ubuntu 14.04系统中添加多时区时间**。 + +### 在Ubuntu 14.04系统中添加多时区时间 ### + +打开系统设置（按下标有微软徽标的按键，在Dash中搜索“系统设置”），进入”时间&日期“选项。 + +接下来，进入**时钟**标签页，找到**其他时区时间**选项，然后点击**选择地区**按钮。 + +![Add multiple timezones in Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Timezone_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +在新打开的窗口中，你可以**输入一个地区**，之后相应的结果会在下面显示出来。选择你想添加的地区，然后**点击下面的加号标志（+）**来添加。 + +![Adding timezone in Ubuntu](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Add_Timezone_Ubuntu.png) + +完成了这些工作之后，你就可以在系统时钟处看到其他地区的时间了。 + +![multiple timezone displayed in Ubuntu 14.04](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Multiple_Timezones_display_Ubuntu.png) + +好好的感受Ubuntu多时区时钟给你带来的便捷吧。:) + +---------- + +![](http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/20749c268f5d3e4d2c785499eb6a17c0?s=80&d=http%3A%2F%2F0.gravatar.com%2Favatar%2Fad516503a11cd5ca435acc9bb6523536%3Fs%3D80&r=G) + +#### 关于 Abhishek #### + +我叫Abhishek Prakash，是It's F.O.S.S的创始人。我获得了通信系统工程硕士学位。我是一个狂野的Linux爱好者和开源痴迷者。我在使用Ubuntu系统并且希望和大家分享知识和经验。出了Linux，我还很喜欢经典侦探悬疑电影。我是阿加莎-克里斯蒂的超级粉丝。你可以在[Google Plus][g]上添加我到你的好友圈，也可以[在twitter上关注 @abhishek_pc][t]。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/add-multiple-timezones-ubuntu-1404/ + +译者：[JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[g]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/110180944531110746460 +[t]:https://twitter.com/abhishek_pc From 794c63dc2f785cd40243e30de919b01bcc6c7812 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tinyeyeser Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2014 21:57:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 461/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=20by?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E7=9C=BC=E5=84=BF?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md b/sources/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md index a4eb9c11eb..e75575254b 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +翻译中 by小眼儿 + How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know? ================================================================================ ![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/code%20example%20Flickr%20Ruiwen%20Chua.jpg) @@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ Lead image by [Flickr user Ruiwen Chua][11], CC 2.0 via: http://readwrite.com/2014/06/17/apple-swift-facebook-hack-google-dart -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Mr小眼儿](https://github.com/tinyeyeser) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -83,4 +85,4 @@ via: http://readwrite.com/2014/06/17/apple-swift-facebook-hack-google-dart [8]:http://readwrite.com/2014/03/20/facebook-new-programming-language-hack [9]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP [10]:http://blog.erratasec.com/2014/06/why-it-had-to-be-swift.html#.U58BJI1dXtA -[11]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/ruiwen/3260095534 \ No newline at end of file +[11]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/ruiwen/3260095534 From 2e8a4b89321e5a1b70e0818574aa75b1888f810f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xiangbin Ma Date: Tue, 1 Jul 2014 23:20:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 462/713] Update 20140609 Out in the Open--The Little-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things.md --- ...-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140609 Out in the Open--The Little-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things.md b/sources/talk/20140609 Out in the Open--The Little-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things.md index 22e05f9384..3f70d6cd07 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140609 Out in the Open--The Little-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140609 Out in the Open--The Little-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -Out in the Open: The Little-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things +Translating by toknow-gh Out in the Open: The Little-Known Open Source OS That Rules the Internet of Things ================================================================================ ![](http://www.wired.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Contiki-ipv6-rpl-cooja-simulation.png) Image: Adnk/[Wikipedia][1] @@ -46,4 +46,4 @@ via: http://www.wired.com/2014/06/contiki/ [8]:http://www.wired.com/2014/01/googles-3-billion-nest-buy-finally-make-internet-things-real-us/ [9]:http://lifx.co/ [10]:http://www.tado.com/de-en/ -[11]:http://www.thingsquare.com/ \ No newline at end of file +[11]:http://www.thingsquare.com/ From e3992df25a56db4552939adf74b0521ac0740aca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: linuhap Date: Wed, 2 Jul 2014 11:24:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 463/713] translated --- ...e Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md | 158 ----------------- ...e Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md | 159 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 159 insertions(+), 158 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md b/sources/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md deleted file mode 100644 index e9764674a8..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,158 +0,0 @@ -The Best Linux Distribution for New Users -================================================================================ -This is a debate that most certainly brings out the beast in many a Linux user. The argument doesn't generally boil down to which distribution is truly best suited for new users, but which distribution is favored by those in the debate. If we set our personal preferences aside, a clearer picture can arise. But even that clarity can quickly get obscured by the needs and desires of the new users. Given that, I decided to take a different approach to finding the “best distro for new users." My criteria for best distribution must not only be easy to use, but also must appeal to a more modern design aesthetic brought about by the ever-growing thrust of the mobile interface metaphor. - -For the purposes of this examination, to be included in the short list a distribution must: - -- Be incredibly user-friendly -- Include, out of the box, all common apps -- Include some form of an app store -- Offer a modern user interface. - -Let me explain each criteria. - -### User-friendliness ### - -This is such a hotly debatable topic. But the truth of the matter is – a new user must be able to pick up a flavor of Linux and just start using it, with little to no explaining. If too much explanation must be given, then the distribution is not user friendly. I hate to be that guy, but nearly any user can sit in front of a Windows 7 or OS X desktop and start using it with almost zero coaching. That is what every Linux desktop should shoot for. - -### Common apps ### - -Users should not have to install the necessities out of the box. Period. And just what are the necessities? The list grows shorter every year. Currently, the list of must-have apps are: - -- Web browser: Either Chrome or Firefox (sorry, all other browsers need not apply) -- Email client: Thunderbird is the obvious choice -- Office Suite: LibreOffice. End of story -- Music player: Play local files and connect to streaming services (such as Spotify). - -That's the short list of apps nearly every user depends upon. - -### App store ### - -Thanks to that ever-growing dependency on mobile devices, users have grown accustomed to app stores. Linux has had these for quite some time (Synaptic being one of the oldest). Without a well thought-out app store, users will struggle with adding software in the Linux environment. This is, without a doubt, crucial. - -### Modern interface ### - -I've mentioned the mobile landscape a number of times already. Thanks to iOS and Android, users have grown fond of the modern UI. The desktop needs to follow suit and draw the attention of users with a unique, modern, yet easy-to-use interface. The old metaphor is no longer as effective in a multi-touch-friendly, mobile world. -Top three distros - -With the criteria in place, which distributions meet (or exceed) our needs? First, let's examine the top three candidates. Each of the following meets (or exceeds) the criteria. - -#### Ubuntu #### - -[Ubuntu Linux][1] has long reigned the king of user-friendly Linux. Out of the box, it's a challenge to find a desktop (Unity) that is more engaging and easy to use... even for those unfamiliar to the platform. The desktop layout, although different, is logical and intuitive. With the addition of one of the single most powerful search tools of any desktop environment, Ubuntu Unity should be considered a crowning achievement among the Linux faithful. - -#### Linux Mint #### - -If there is a distribution set to usurp the crown from the king, it is [Linux Mint][2]. Linux Mint takes a more standard approach to the desktop, but layers just enough eye candy and variation to make it stand out from the long-in-the-tooth desktop metaphor. Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu, so it does benefit from the stability and reliability found in its big brother. - -#### Linux Deepin #### - -New to the user-friendly list is [Linux Deepin][3]. This relatively new distribution hails from China and should be making some serious waves. Why? Because it takes the Linux desktop and turns it into a thing of artistic beauty; while at the same time retaining a high level of user-friendliness. When the newest iteration of this distribution is released, I expect big things. Linux Deepin takes the GNOME 3 desktop and retools it into something completely different and completely marvelous. - -### Scoring the Distros ### - -With the top contenders listed, let's compare each to our criteria and rank each. Scoring for the distributions is as such: For each criteria, the distributions are ranked first to last (first getting 1 point, last getting 3 points). In the end, all scores are totaled to determine the winner -- lowest score wins. - -#### User-friendliness #### - -This is probably the tightest of categories and hardest to judge. Each distribution is tops in user-friendliness in different ways. In the end, I'd rank the top three: - -1. Linux Mint - -2. Ubuntu Linux - -3. Linux Deepin - -Why? Mint gains a slight edge simply because it still holds to the old metaphor of start menu, task bar, and desktop icons. The margin of victory is incredibly slim though, as both Ubuntu and Linux Deepin require next to zero learning curve – even for the yet-to-be-initiated. - -#### Common apps #### - -The only reason this category is hard to judge is because each distribution includes all of the necessary applications. Although Linux Deepin currently offers Kingsoft Office (one of the finest mobile office suite solutions), the plans are to default to LibreOffice in the 2014 release. - -One of my issues with the common apps falls into that of audio players. Though I stream a lot of music (using the Spotify client), when I play music on my local drive, I always use Clementine. The default players are: - -- Ubuntu: Rhythmbox -- Linux Mint: Banshee -- Linux Deepen: DMusic. - -Of the three, Banshee (Figure 1) offers the most features, DMusic (Figure 2) offers the best interface, and (surprisingly enough) Rhythmbox (Figure 3) is, by far, the least reliable. - -![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/banshee.png) - -banshee - -![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/dmusic.png) - -dmusic - -![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/rhythmbox.png) - -rhythmbox - -So, how do they score? Like so: - -1. Linux Mint - -2. Ubuntu Linux - -3. Linux Deepin - -#### App store #### - -This category cannot go without being addressed. Why? Because the app store can easily make or break a Linux distribution for a new user. There will always be apps needed and no new user wants to jump through the hoops of learning the command line. Each distribution has their own take on the app store. - -- Ubuntu: Ubuntu Software Center -- Mint: Software Manager -- Linux Deepin: Deepin Software Center - -It should be said, that each of these tools is based on the Ubuntu Software Center. What is odd about this is that it is the Ubuntu Software Center that lands squarely on the bottom. The primary reason for this is the Ubuntu Software Center is very slow – even on an incredibly powerful machine. - -I would order the app stores as such: - -1. Linux Deepin - -2. Linux Mint - -3. Ubuntu Linux - -Each of the app stores functions in a very similar manner. The reason Linux Deepin gets the top bill is twofold: The interface is easier to navigate and the application opens far faster than either the Ubuntu Software Manager or the Mint Software Manager. - -#### Modern interface #### - -This is the category in which Linux Mint falls way, way behind. Even though it does offer a bit of eye candy and a more shallow learning curve, Linux Mint still suffers from what is, by comparison, a very outdated desktop. Even on powerful hardware (with solid graphics), Linux Mint still looks like it could very easily have been transported from the late 1990s. To that end, we must look to either Ubuntu Linux or Linux Deepin to bring us into the future. The winner is: - -1. Linux Deepin - -2. Ubuntu Linux - -3. Linux Mint - -What Linux Deepin does is use GNOME 3 to create an amalgam of GNOME and OSX that works so beautifully, you think you're dealing with a piece of interactive art. - -### The overall winner ### - -Although this is very rudimentary, the order of our best Linux distro for new users would be: - -1. Linux Mint with a collective score of 7 - -2. Linux Deepin with a collective score of 8 - -3. Ubuntu Linux with a collective score of 9 - -If you're wondering about the 'writer opinion' of this piece, know this: I have used Ubuntu Linux for years (and still do). I have recently been quoted as saying “If there's a Linux distro that will sway me from Ubuntu, it's Linux Deepin.” Although I appreciate Linux Mint for what it is, I only use it for testing purposes. With that said, Linux Mint is the clear winner, when it comes to best Linux distribution for new users. - -Here's the real truth of this matter – you can't go wrong with any of these Linux desktops. They each shine in their own right. If you're looking for a true beauty, go with Linux Deepin. If you want a combination of beauty and ease of use, go with Ubuntu Linux. If you just want simplicity and you don't care about eye candy, go with Linux Mint. No matter which way you go, it's a win-win-win scenario. - -What do you think? How would you rank the three chosen desktops? Or, would you write in a completely different Linux distribution for best in show for the new users (and why)? - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/775873-the-best-linux-distribution-for-new-users/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/ -[2]:http://www.linuxmint.com/ -[3]:http://www.linuxdeepin.com/index.en.html diff --git a/translated/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md b/translated/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1d9ab38028 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md @@ -0,0 +1,159 @@ +对新用户来说最好的Linux发行版 +================================================================================ +这个争论无疑给许多Linux用户带来了麻烦。争论不能普遍归结为哪个发行版是真正最适合新用户的，而是哪个发行版受这些争论者的喜爱。如果我们撇开个人喜爱，我们会看到更清楚的一面。但即使这样，清晰也很快会被新用户的需求和期望遮蔽。考虑到这点，我决定采取一个不同的方法来找出“对新用户来说最好的发行版”。我评判最好发行版的标准不仅是易用，而且还要呼吁由日益增长的移动界面隐喻推动带来的现代设计美学。 + +为了这次评测，发行版必须要有如下要求： + +- 非常友好 +- 包括，开箱即用，所有常用的应用程序 +- 包括某个形式的应用程序商店 +- 提供一个时尚的用户界面 + +让我解释一下各个标准 + +### 用户友好 ### + +这是一个备受争议的话题。但事实的真相是——新用户必须能够获得一种风格的Linux并开始使用，需要很少或不需要解释。如果必须很出太多解释，那么这个发行版便不是用户友好的。我不想成为那样的人，但是几乎任何用户都可以在近乎零指导的情况下坐在Windows 7或OS X桌面前并开始使用它。这是每一个Linux桌面都应当争取去做的。 + +### 常用应用程序 ### + +安装好系统后用户不应该去安装必需的程序。那么什么是必需的呢？每年列表都会变短。目前，必备的程序列表如下： + +- 网页浏览器：Chrome或者Firefox（对不起，其他的浏览器不需提供） +- 电子邮件客户端：Thunderbird是显而易见的选择。 +- Office办公套件：LibreOffice。就这样。 +- 音乐播放器：播放本地文件以及连接到流媒体服务（比如Spotify）。 + +这是几乎所有用户需要的应用程序的简表。 + +### 应用程序商店 ### + +由于移动设备需求的日益增长，用户已经习惯了应用商店。Linux有应用商店很长时间了（Synaptic是最古老的一个）。没有一个经深思熟虑做的应用商店，用户将会挣扎于在Linux环境中添加软件。毫无疑问，这一点至关重要。 + +### 时尚的界面 ### + +我已经多次提到移动设备的美化。由于iOS和Android，用户越来越喜欢时尚的界面。Linux的桌面需要进行效仿并且用独特的、时尚的和易用的界面来吸引用户注意力。旧的隐喻在多触控友好的移动世界里不再有影响力。 + +排名前三的发行版 + +以文中的标准，哪个发行版本满足了（或超过）我们的需求？首先，让我们来审查一下前三名的候选者。以下哪个满足了（或超过）标准。 + +#### Ubuntu #### + +[Ubuntu Linux][1]一直为用户友好型Linux的王者。开箱即用，寻找一个迷人和易用的桌面（Unity）是一个挑战，甚至是对于那些对平台不熟悉的人。它的桌面布局虽然与众不同，但却是合乎逻辑和很直观的。对于在桌面环境中添加一个最强大的搜索工具，在Linux中Ubuntu Unity应当获得最高成就。 + +#### Linux Mint #### + +如果认为有一个篡夺王位的发行版，那它就是[Linux Mint][2]。Linux Mint做了更多桌面的标准方法，但是图层华丽且多变使其从老旧的桌面隐喻中脱颖而出。Linux Mint基于Ubuntu，所以它得益于“老大哥”Ubuntu的稳定性和可靠性。 + +#### Linux Deepin #### + +用户友好型列表中的新成员是[Linux Deepin][3]。这个相对较新的受欢迎的发行版来自中国，而且应该扬起一些认真的浪波。为什么这样说？因为它使得Linux桌面转变为艺术美；同时也保持了高水平的用户友好性。我期待它的新版本发布将是个大事件。Linux Deepin使用的是GNOME 3桌面并将它重组得完全不同的,完全不可思议。 + +### 各发行版的比分 ### + +在最佳的竞争者名单中，我们来比较一下每一个标准和等级。每个发行版的比分如下：对于每个标准，发行版排名从高到底（第一名得一分，最后一名得三分）。最后，总分决定谁是冠军——最低得分获胜。 + +#### 用户友好性 #### + +这可能是最严密的分类和最艰难的判别。每个发行版以不同的方法在用户友好性上都各有优势。最后，我的排名是： + +1. Linux Mint + +2. Ubuntu Linux + +3. Linux Deepin + +为什么是这样呢？Mint仅有微小的优势，因为它的开始按钮，任务栏和桌面图标仍然使用旧的桌面隐喻。胜者的优势很微小，Ubuntu和Linux Deepin要求的学习曲线近乎为零——甚至是对于未使用者。 + +#### 常用的应用程序 #### + +这一类别难以判断的唯一原因是因为每个发行版都包括所有必要的应用程序。虽然Linux Deepin目前提供的是金山Office（一个最好的移动办公套件解决方案），它计划在2014发行版本中默认使用LibreOffice。 + +常用程序的我的一个问题是关于音乐播放器。虽然我在线听过很多音乐（使用Spotify客户端），但当我播放本地音乐时，总是使用Clementine。他们的默认播放器是： + +- Ubuntu: Rhythmbox +- Linux Mint: Banshee +- Linux Deepen: DMusic. + +三者中，Banshee（图1）提供了最多的功能，DMusic（图2）提供了最好的界面，（令人惊讶的）Rhythmbox（图3）目前最不稳定。 + +![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/banshee.png) + +banshee + +![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/dmusic.png) + +dmusic + +![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/rhythmbox.png) + +rhythmbox + +所以，他们得分多少？如下： + +1. Linux Mint + +2. Ubuntu Linux + +3. Linux Deepin + +#### 应用程序商店 #### + +如果不分析这部分将难进行。为什么呢？因为对于新用户应用商店可以轻易成就或是毁掉一个Linux发行版。总会有应用需求而且没有用户想经过命令行的重重考验。每个发行版都有自己的应用商店。 + +- Ubuntu: Ubuntu软件中心 +- Mint: 软件管理器 +- Linux Deepin: Deepin软件中心 + +应该说，这些工具中的每一个都是基于Ubuntu软件中心。奇怪的是Ubuntu软件中心却正好排在最底。主要原因是Ubuntu软件中心太慢了——甚至在一个非常强大的机器上。 + +我将应用商店排名设为如下： + +1. Linux Deepin + +2. Linux Mint + +3. Ubuntu Linux + +每个应用商店有非常相似的功能。Linux Deepin获得第一的原因有两个：界面易于控制而且程序开启速度远远快于Ubuntu软件中心和Mint软件管理器。 + +#### 时尚的界面 #### + +在这部分Linux Mint远远落后。尽管它提供了一个华美的界面和有很浅的学习曲线，但相比之下它仍然是一个非常过时的桌面。甚至在强大的硬件（有强大的显卡）上，Linux Mint仍然很容易被看成是来自90年代末的桌面。为了评判结果，我们必须看看是Ubuntu Linux还是Linux Deepin能带我们走进未来。胜者是： + +1. Linux Deepin + +2. Ubuntu Linux + +3. Linux Mint + +Linux Deepin使用GNOME 3来制作一个使用起来很漂亮的GNOME和OSX的混合体，你会认为你在处理一件互动的艺术品。 + +### 总冠军 ### + +虽然这是很初步的，对新用户来说最好的Linux发行版顺序应该是： + +1. Linux Mint的总得分是7 + +2. Linux Deepin的总得分是8 + +3. Ubuntu Linux的总得分是9 + +如果你想知道关于这篇文章的作者主张，要知道：我已经使用Ubuntu Linux很多年了（而且仍在用）。我最近一直在说“如果有一个Linux发行版动摇使用Ubuntu的想法，它便是Linux Deepin。”虽然我很欣赏Linux Mint，但我只是用它来进行测试。当说到对新用户最好的Linux发型版，Linux Mint是显而易见的赢家。 + +这件事真正的真相是——你在使用这些桌面中任何一个都不会错。他们都各有所长。如果你追求真正的美丽，使用Linux Deepin吧。如果你想要漂亮外观与易用结合，那就使用Ubuntu Linux。如果你只想要简单而且并不在乎漂亮的外观，那就用Linux Mint。不管你选哪一个，这都是三赢的局面。 + +你怎么认为？你会如何排这三个桌面的名次？或者，你是否会写一个不同的Linux发行版，该发行版在外表上来说对新用户最好的？（还有原因是什么？） + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/775873-the-best-linux-distribution-for-new-users/ + +译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/ +[2]:http://www.linuxmint.com/ +[3]:http://www.linuxdeepin.com/index.en.html \ No newline at end of file From 3e17efc6e72d39a86d767512f12877058811d49f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bazz2 Date: Wed, 2 Jul 2014 11:58:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 464/713] [bazz2-ing] Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen --- sources/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md b/sources/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md index b00ff11616..f67314307a 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +[bazz2 own this article] Performance benchmarks: KVM vs. Xen ================================================================================ After having some interesting discussions last week around KVM and Xen performance improvements over the past years, I decided to do a little research on my own. The last complete set of benchmarks I could find were from the [Phoronix Haswell tests in 2013][1]. There were [some other benchmarks from 2011][2] but those were hotly debated due to the Xen patches headed into kernel 3.0. @@ -91,4 +92,4 @@ via: http://major.io/2014/06/22/performance-benchmarks-kvm-vs-xen/ [6]:http://www.infoworld.com/d/virtualization/red-hat-releases-first-kvm-support-rhel-54-376 [7]:https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1kmudbOjCDUgfw76b8qP2GqNqF1ddlTOKyOjc0GmNOIE/edit?usp=sharing [8]:http://www.phoronix-test-suite.com/ -[9]:https://twitter.com/comstud/status/480785742730252288 \ No newline at end of file +[9]:https://twitter.com/comstud/status/480785742730252288 From c1343285814d5ea55888ea5d0867b5ad18971c8f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 2 Jul 2014 15:16:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 465/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140702-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md | 38 +++++++ ...2 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle.md | 49 ++++++++ ...Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md | 39 +++++++ ...40702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md | 83 ++++++++++++++ ...ow to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md | 107 ++++++++++++++++++ 5 files changed, 316 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md create mode 100644 sources/news/20140702 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140702 How to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md b/sources/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3e64736b69 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars +================================================================================ +> The Linux Foundation and its partners have released the first version of Automotive Grade Linux, the open source platform for use inside connected cars. + +![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/07/automotivelinux.jpg) + +Linux, the open source operating system, shifted gears into a relatively new ecosystem this week with the first release of [Automotive Grade Linux][1] (AGL), a Linux distribution tailored for cars in the Internet of Things age. + +AGL is a collaborative project sponsored by the [Linux Foundation][2] that brings together a host of partners from the automotive industry, communications, computing hardware, academia and other sectors. The first release of the open source operating system, which appeared June 30 and is [available][3] for free online, is based on [Tizen IVI][4], a Linux-based platform designed to provide operating system solutions for a broad range of devices, from smartphones to TVs to cars to laptops. + +In its first release, AGL provides a series of features and applications tailored for deployment in cars and other vehicles, including: + +- Home Screen +- Dashboard +- Google Maps +- HVAC +- Media Playback +- News Reader (AppCarousel) +- Audio Controls +- Bluetooth Phone +- Smart Device Link Integration + +The Linux Foundation and its partners participating in the AGL project hope the solution will help to ensure that the "connected" cars of the future use open source software to deliver the next generation of entertainment, navigation and other tools for use inside vehicles. "Openness and collaboration are key to accelerating the development of a common, standard automotive platform so the industry can more quickly achieve its vision of delivering the connected car," said Dan Cauchy, general manager of Automotive, The Linux Foundation. + +Cauchy added that the Linux Foundation expects AGL development to continue steadily following this first release, and that collaborators hope to introduce "a number of additional capabilities and features in subsequent releases." + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/070114/automotive-grade-linux-released-open-source-cars + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://automotive.linuxfoundation.org/ +[2]:http://linuxfoundation.org/ +[3]:http://automotive.linuxfoundation.org/ +[4]:https://www.tizen.org/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140702 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle.md b/sources/news/20140702 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a4c8d1ef5e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140702 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle +================================================================================ +> CoreOS launches commercially supported version of its Linux distribution and vows to do away with manual upgrading + +IDG News Service - Hoping to simplify life for system administrators, CoreOS has launched a commercial Linux distribution that continually updates itself, eliminating the need to perform major upgrades. + +CoreOS is offering its namesake Linux distribution as a commercial service, [starting][1] at $100 a month. + +"Businesses today can begin to think of CoreOS as an extension of their OS team, and for enterprise Linux customers this is the last migration they will ever need," said Alex Polvi, founder and CEO of CoreOS, in a statement. + +Commercial Linux subscriptions are nothing new: Both [Red Hat][2] and [Suse][3] offer commercial subscriptions for their respective distributions. + +Because the applications and libraries these Linux-based companies use are open source and freely available, the cost of the subscriptions doesn't cover the software itself, but rather pays for the updates, bug fixes, integration and technical support for when issues occur. + +CoreOS will be different from these distributions, the company asserted, in that there will be no major updates, which typically require updating all the packages in the distribution at once. Instead, updates and new features will be streamed automatically to the copy of the OS and applied as soon as they are ready. + +The service offers a dashboard, called CoreUpdate, that provides controls for designating which software packages should get updated, should the administrator not want all the packages to be updated automatically. + +CoreUpdate can manage multiple machines at once, and offers a roll-back capability should an update cause issues. + +Launched last December, CoreOS was designed to [focus][4] on an emerging use of the open-source OS kernel -- that of powering lots of cloud-based virtual servers. + +The average CoreOS instance was designed to consume only less than half of what other Linux distributions typically consume. All applications that run on the distribution run in Docker virtualized containers, so they can be started almost instantaneously. + +The distribution can be updated more easily [due to its novel use of two partitions][5]. One can contain the current version of the OS while the OS is being updated in the other, smoothing the process of upgrading a package, or the entire distribution. + +The CoreOS service can be run on-premises, or through Amazon, Google and Rackspace cloud services. + +CoreOS also announced Monday that it received $8 million in backing from the Kleiner Perkins Caulfield and Byers venture capital firm. The company has previously gotten investment from Sequoia Capital and Fuel Capital. + +---------- + +Joab Jackson covers enterprise software and general technology breaking news for The IDG News Service. Follow Joab on Twitter at [@Joab_Jackson][6]. Joab's e-mail address is [Joab_Jackson@idg.com][7] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9249460/CoreOS_Linux_ending_the_upgrade_cycle?taxonomyId=122 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://coreos.com/products/managed-linux/plans/ +[2]:http://www.redhat.com/about/subscription/ +[3]:https://www.suse.com/support/programs/subscriptions/ +[4]:http://www.networkworld.com/article/2177120/cloud-computing/coreos-linux-distro-lands-on-the-google-cloud-platform.html +[5]:https://coreos.com/using-coreos/updates/ +[6]:http://twitter.com/Joab_Jackson +[7]:Joab_Jackson@idg.com \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md b/sources/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..55315f5730 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators! +================================================================================ +![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/nin511907PM712014.jpg) + +ASCII is a very fascinating character-encoding scheme wherein codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. The next gen might call it old-school but those familiar with the concept know how unique ASCII really is. Here we have compiled a list of 5 amazing ASCII art generators for you. + +### 1.[GlassGiant ASCII Art][1] ### + +This little program converts your picture to ASCII text art - a jumble of letters, numbers and symbols that do not appear to have any significance until you step back and look at the whole picture. It has no practical purpose, other than the neat factor. + +### 2.[ASCII Art Generator][2] ### + +ASCII art is an art movement that utilises computers for presentation and consists of pictures pieced together from printable characters. All you need to do id upload your image and it will convert it to ascii art. + +### 3.[Ascii.mastervb][3] ### + +ASCII Art is created from a 7-bit ASCII characters standard. ASCII Art was popular in 70-80s. In that time, computer OS was still text based. This application can convert images to ascii really quick. + +### 4.[IMG2TXT][4] ### + +This script takes the URL of a GIF, JPG, or PNG image and converts that image into ASCII text or colored HTML. + +### 5.[picascii][5] ### + +Convert a picture into ASCII TEXT,HTML. In order to convert a picture, you just need to enter an url or select a picture from your computer (gif,jpeg,png). + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=142480 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://glassgiant.com/ascii/ +[2]:http://www.ascii-art-generator.org/ +[3]:http://ascii.mastervb.net/ +[4]:http://www.degraeve.com/img2txt.php +[5]:http://picascii.com/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md b/sources/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8bf7670849 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +Command Line Tuesdays – Part Three +================================================================================ +Today, mr Shotts takes us on a first part of a guided tour through our file system. We’ll learn how to visit, list files within directories and we’ll learn to use some options for the first time. So let’s begin with the first command of the week. + +### ls ### + +ls is a command used to list files in a directory. It can be used in various ways. These various ways come with using a form of adding an **option** to our command. To make things clearer; You can type only ls. But, you can also add an option, which will modify your command. It can come in useful when you want to sandbox some of the information, when looking for something specific, and the command issues a very long output, you can, for example, narrow it down to only specific information. + +That’s what an option is. And formally we can write it down like this: + + command -option argument + +Command is, well, a command we write in (like pwd, ls or anything else we have learned by now). + +We already stated above the purpose of an option. But let me note it should be written exactly as it’s in the form; With a dash in front of it. So, if the option is l, you should put **-l** after the command. + +An **argument** is an object upon which the command operates (in this case, it will be directories, as we’ll learning how to navigate through them). + +So, let’s try out ls, and use it on the /etc directory in our home folder. This time, without any options. + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-184127.png) + +There you go, a whole bunch of files. It also sorts them by colours. The blue ones are directories, the white ones are files, the green one seems like a shell script of some sort. There are more colors, as they represent different file types. + +Next, you can use the same command, but with an option -l added. Option -l will list the same files and directories, but in a long format. In case you need more information: + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-184542.png) + +### The Long Format ### + +So, using the long format, you see much more information, and some crazy looking signs like -rw-r–r– at the beginning of all lines. Actually, here’s a scheme, representing what all of the given information actually means. + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-184829.png) + +File Name is the name of the file. Modification time is the last time the file has been modified. Size is the size of the file in bytes. Group is the name of the group that has file permissions along with the owner, and Owner is the user who owns the file. The most important one is… + +### …File Permissions ### + +That’s the gibberish at the beginning of every line in long format. The first character is the file type. If it’s a ‘d’, it means the file’s a directory. If it’s ‘-’, it means it’s an ordinary file. The next three characters represent the read, write and execution rights of the file’s owner. The next three are the same rights of the group that also has access to the file, and the last three characters represent rights of everyone else trying to use the file. + +So for example, if we have a file which in long format displays: -rw-r–r–, it means it’s an ordinary file (the first ‘-’), the owner of the file can read and write the file, but he can’t execute it, as it’s not an executable file (the ‘rw-’ characters after the initial ‘-’), and the user group and everyone else can only read the file (you can see ‘r–’ sequence repeating twice. If the user group had ‘rwx’ instead of ‘r–’, it would mean they could read, write and execute the file). + +Next option for ls is ls -la .. – this will list all of the files, as in a usual command, hidden files are not shown. It will list all files in the parent of the working directory in long format. + +### less ### + +Less is a command which will display your text file. For example, you’re looking for text file os-release in /etc. You have succesfully found it there with ls /etc, and now you want to read it. + +You just use less /etc/os-release. + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-190252.png) + +..and there you go. + +How do you control less? + +Easy, with your keyboard! + +less will display only one page of your text at a time. To go forward one page, you can press **Page Up, or ‘b’**. To go back one page, you can use **Page Down, or space**. Capital **G** will take you to the end of the text file, while ‘**1G**‘ will take you to the beginning of the text. **/characters** will search for characters inside the text (for example, if you write /suse, it will search for occurances of suse inside your text and mark them). n will repeat the last search you performed, and **h** will display all your options (h, as in haalp!). + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/halp.jpg) + +You quit less with the letter q. + +### file ### + +The file command will show what kind of file is that you’re looking for, be it ASCII text, a jpg image, a bash script etc. As we performed our exercise with /etc/os-release, let’s use it here also. + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-191402.png) + +There you go, os-release is an ASCII text file. Please, do try it out with something else, and see the output. + +And until next time, remember to… + +…have a lot of fun! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/01/command-line-tuesdays-part-three/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140702 How to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md b/sources/tech/20140702 How to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e173d428c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140702 How to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +How to install Raspberry Pi camera board +================================================================================ +[The Raspberry Pi camera (Pi Cam) board][1] was first released for sale in May 2013. This first release is equipped with a 5 Megapixel sensor, and connects through a ribbon cable to the CSI connector on the Raspberry Pi. The second release of Raspberry Pi camera board, which is called [Pi NoIR][2], has the same sensor, but without the IR filter. It has capability to see near IR wavelengths (700 - 1000 nm) like a security camera, and of course it is sacrificing the color rendition. + +In this article, we will show you **how to install a Raspberry Pi camera board on [Raspberry Pi][3]**. We will be using the first release of Pi camera board. Once the board is installed, you will use three applications to access the board: raspistill, raspiyuv, and raspivid. The first two apps are used for capturing images, while the third app is for capturing video. The raspistill tool produces standard image files such as .jpg images, but raspiyuv gives us unprocessed raw image files from the camera. + +### Installing the Raspberry Pi Camera Board ### + +To connect the Raspberry Pi camera board to Raspberry Pi, follow these instructions: + +1. Locate the CSI connector (the CSI connector is located near the Ethernet Port), and take off the brown tape. + +2. Pull up the pinch of the CSI port. + +3. Take your Pi Cam module, and remove the plastic protector from the lens. Make sure that the yellow part of the PCB which has sunny word is installed perfectly (just press gently that yellow part to make sure that it's installed perfectly). + +4. Put in the ribbon cable into the CSI port. Remember, the ribbon cable which has blue tape should be facing towards the Ethernet port. Also, make sure that the ribbon is inserted properly, then pull down the pinch. + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2938/14529915452_0910b2e13f_z.jpg) + +Now your Pi Cam is ready to take a picture or a video. + +### Enabling Camera on Raspbian ### + +After installing the Pi Cam module, make sure to update your Raspberry Pi system to get the latest firmware. To do so: + + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get upgrade + +To activate the Pi Cam module, run the Raspberry Pi configuration tool. + + $ sudo raspi-config + +Navigate to "Enable Camera" in the menu, and make it enabled. Reboot Raspberry Pi if you are done. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3837/14530918915_e68ca0beef_z.jpg) + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2922/14344284230_6cabbe2522_z.jpg) + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2923/14529915362_7a437a53cb_z.jpg) + +Here is the final picture of Raspberry Pi with Pi Cam module attached. + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2924/14551046653_1c37e077fd_z.jpg) + +### Taking a Picture with Pi Camera ### + +We are ready to use Pi Cam after rebooting Raspberry Pi. To take a picture with Pi Cam, run raspistill from the command line. + + $ raspistill -o keychain.jpg -t 2000 + +This command will take a picture in 2000ms, and save it to keychain.jpg. The following is a picture of my small figurehead key chain, taken by Pi Cam. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3845/14530919095_ea0f37045a_z.jpg) + +The raspiyuv tool works similarly, but the result is a unprocessed raw image from the camera. + +### Taking a Video with Pi Camera ### + +To take a video with Pi camera module, run raspivid tool from command line. The following command will take a video with default options which are 5 seconds length and 1920x1080 resolution with 17Mbps bitrate. + + $ raspivid -o mykeychain.h264 + +If you want to change the duration, just set the desired length (in milliseconds) with "-t" option. + + $ raspivid -o mykeychain.h264 -t 10000 + +To drop the resolution to 1280x720, use "-w" and "-h" options.. + + $ raspivid -o mykeychain.h264 -t 10000 -w 1280 -h 720 + +The output of raspivid is a raw H.264 video stream, and doesn't have sound with it. To be able to play with a common video player, the raw H.264 video needs to be converted. Use MP4Box application that comes with gpac package. + +To install gpac on Raspbian, use this command: + + $ sudo apt-get install -y gpac + +Then to convert the raw H.264 video stream into .mp4 format with 30 frames per second: + + $ MP4Box -fps 30 -add keychain.h264 keychain.mp4 + +The video length is 10 seconds, and has default resolutions and bitrate. Here is an example video captured by Pi Camera. + +注：youtube视频地址 + + +To get the complete command-line options of raspistill, raspiyuv, and raspivid, run the commands without any option. + + +---------- + +#### [Kristophorus Hadiono][a] #### + +I'm a Linux enthusiast. I use Linux for my daily computing, also when I teach my students. Becoming a good writer is one of my dreams. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/install-raspberry-pi-camera-board.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/go/picam +[2]:http://xmodulo.com/go/pinoir +[3]:http://xmodulo.com/go/raspberrypi +[a]:http://hadiono.org/blog \ No newline at end of file From 4b6b26e8d66aee631b131a5fbbc2b089c0cbf860 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 2 Jul 2014 15:54:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 466/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140702-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Improv Tablet Projects Officially Axed.md | 31 ++++++ ...rt Linux--Hacking on Linux Since Age 16.md | 46 ++++++++ ...tall in RedHat and Debian Based Systems.md | 102 ++++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 179 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140702 KDE Improv Tablet Projects Officially Axed.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140702 The People Who Support Linux--Hacking on Linux Since Age 16.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140702 Wine 1.7.21 (Development Version) Released--Install in RedHat and Debian Based Systems.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140702 KDE Improv Tablet Projects Officially Axed.md b/sources/news/20140702 KDE Improv Tablet Projects Officially Axed.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..92d38c609e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140702 KDE Improv Tablet Projects Officially Axed.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +KDE Improv, Tablet Projects Officially Axed +================================================================================ +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/OR0Gbh.jpg) + +**The team behind a highly publicised effort to release a KDE based Linux distribution on fully open hardware has announced the project has come to and end.** + +It’s news that few following the convoluted saga will find surprising, with both the KDE-based [Vivaldi Tablet][1] and Improv board projects having struggled to find their way to market despite numerous pre-orders, sales campaigns and marketing. + +The former of these, once known as ‘Spark’, has existed in various stages of gestation since 2012, only being formally ‘put on hold’ earlier this year. + +Both devices sought to bring hardware running on entirely open source software and drivers to market at an affordable price. Perhaps a little too constrained by the rigidity of their ideal — to offer a modular board that could be used in multiple devices — the projects hit road bump after road bump, delay after delay. + +Announcing the ‘wrap up’ in an e-mail sent to backers of the Improv ARM-based development board the team suggests that the FOSS community is ‘not ready’ to put its weight behind the ‘pressing issue of hardware freedom’, adding: + +> “We greatly appreciate everyone’s support, whether it was purchases, donations or words of wisdom and encouragement. There was simply not enough support to make the project work, despite having fully functional, production ready devices and a strong commitment to succeed.” + +Partial refunds are now being issued to those who pre-ordered a device, with the team hoping to provide full refunds at a later date. + +But while one open-source tablet effort may retire others are continuing. Canonical has stated that the first Ubuntu tablets will launch alongside the first handsets [later this year][2], while Intel and Samsung’s Linux-based Tizen OS is also [fast gathering pace][3]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/kde-improv-tablet-projects-officially-axed + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2012/03/kde-tablet-vivaldi-gets-gutted +[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/03/ubuntu-tablets-coming-year +[3]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/samsung-first-tizen-phone-unveiled \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140702 The People Who Support Linux--Hacking on Linux Since Age 16.md b/sources/talk/20140702 The People Who Support Linux--Hacking on Linux Since Age 16.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4e31ccf734 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140702 The People Who Support Linux--Hacking on Linux Since Age 16.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +The People Who Support Linux: Hacking on Linux Since Age 16 +================================================================================ +![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/Yitao-Li.png) + +Pretty much all of the projects in software developer [Yitao Li's GitHub repository][1] were developed on his Linux machine. None of them are necessarily Linux-specific, he says, but he uses Linux for “everything.” + +For example: “coding / scripting, web browsing, web hosting, anything cloud-related, sending / receiving PGP signed emails, tweaking IP table rules, flashing OpenWrt image into routers, running one version of Linux kernel while compiling another version, doing research, doing homework (e.g., typing math equations in Tex), and many others...” Li said via email. + +Of all the projects in his repository his favorite is a school project developed in C++ with libpthread and libfuse to understand and correctly implement PAXOS-based distributed locking, key-value service, and eventually a distributed filesystem. He tested it using a number of test scripts on both single-core and multi-core machines. + +“One can learn something about distributed consensus protocol by implementing the PAXOS protocol correctly (or at least mostly correctly) such that the implementation will pass all the tests,” he said. “And of course once that is accomplished, one can also earn some bragging rights. Besides, a distributed filesystem can be useful in many other programming projects.” + +Li first started using Linux at age 16, or about 7.47 years ago, he says, using the website [linuxfromscratch.org][2], with numerous hints from the free, downloadable Linux From Scratch book. Why? + +“1. Linux is very hacker-friendly and I do not see any reason for not using it,” he writes. “2. The prefrontal cortex of the brain becoming well-developed at age 16 (?).” + +[![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/ldc_peop_linux.png)][3] + +He now works for eBay, mostly coding in Java but working sometimes with Hadoop, Pig, Zookeeper, Cassandra, MongoDB, and other software that requires a POSIX-compliant platform. He supports the Linux community by contributing to Wikipedia pages and forums on Linux-related subjects. And by becoming an individual member of The Linux Foundation. + +He keeps up with the latest Linux developments and has recently been impressed by the new "-fstack-protector-strong" option for GCC 4.9 and later. + +“It's not directly related to any of my projects, but it was important for both security and performance reasons,” he said. “It's much more efficient than "-fstack-protector-all" with little impact on security, while providing better stack-overflow protection coverage compared to that of the "-fstack-protector" option.” + +Welcome to the Linux Foundation Yitao! + +Learn more about becoming an [individual member of The Linux Foundation][3]. The foundation will donate $25 to Code.org for every new individual member who joins during June. + +---------- + +![](http://www.linux.com/community/forums/avatar/41373/catid/200-libby-clark/thumbnail/large/cache/1331753338) + +[Libby Clark][4] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/200-libby-clark/778559-the-people-who-support-linux-hacking-on-linux-since-age-16 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://github.com/yl790 +[2]:http://linuxfromscratch.org/ +[3]:https://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/join/individual +[4]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/41373/catid/200-libby-clark \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140702 Wine 1.7.21 (Development Version) Released--Install in RedHat and Debian Based Systems.md b/sources/tech/20140702 Wine 1.7.21 (Development Version) Released--Install in RedHat and Debian Based Systems.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c0c14973ff --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140702 Wine 1.7.21 (Development Version) Released--Install in RedHat and Debian Based Systems.md @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +Wine 1.7.21 (Development Version) Released – Install in RedHat and Debian Based Systems +================================================================================ +Wine, a most popular and powerful open source application for Linux, that used to run Windows based applications and games on Linux Platform without any trouble. + +![Install Wine (Development Version) in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-Wine-Development-Version.png) +Install Wine (Development Version) in Linux + +**WineHQ** team, recently announced a new development version of **Wine 1.7.21**. This new development build arrives with a number of new important features and bug fixes. + +Wine team, keep releasing their development builds almost on weekly basis and adding numerous new features and fixes. Each new version brings support for new applications and games, making Wine a most popular and must have tool for every user, who want to run Windows based software in a Linux platform. + +According to the changelog, following key features are added in this release: + +- Added support for critical sections in the C runtime. +- The Unicode data updated to Unicode 7. +- Implemented support for interlaced PNG encoding. +- Added an initial stub for the Package library. +- And several bug fixes have been implemented. + +For more in-depth details about this build can be found at the official [changelog][1] page. + +This article guides you how to install most recent development version of **Wine 1.7.21** on **Red Hat** and **Debian** based systems such as CentOS, Fedora, Ubuntu, Linux Mint and other supported distributions. + +### Installing Wine 1.7.21 Development Version in Linux ### + +Unfortunately, there are no official Wine repository available for the **Red Hat** based systems and the only way to install Wine, is to compile it from source. To do this, you need to install some dependency packages such as gcc, flex, bison, libX11-devel freetype-devel and Development Tools, etc. These packages are must required to compile Wine from source. Let’s install them using following **YUM** command. + +#### On RedHat, Fedora and CentOS #### + + # yum -y groupinstall 'Development Tools' + # yum -y install flex bison libX11-devel freetype-devel + +Next, download the latest development version of Wine (i.e. **1.7.21**) and extract the source tallball package using the following commands. + + $ cd /tmp + $ wget http://citylan.dl.sourceforge.net/project/wine/Source/wine-1.7.21.tar.bz2 + $ tar -xvf wine-1.7.21.tar.bz2 -C /tmp/ + +Now, it’s time to compile and build Wine installer using the following commands as normal user. (**Note**: The installation process might take up-to **15-20** minutes depending upon your internet and hardware speed, during installation it will ask you to enter **root** password. + +**On 32-Bit Systems** + + $ cd wine-1.7.21/ + $ ./tools/wineinstall + +**On 64-Bit Systems** + + $ cd wine-1.7.21/ + $ ./configure --enable-win64 + $ make + # make install + +#### On Ubuntu, Debian and Linux Mint #### + +Under **Ubuntu** based systems, you can easily install the latest development build of Wine using the official **PPA**. Open a terminal and run the following commands with sudo privileges. + + $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-wine/ppa + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get install wine 1.7 winetricks + +**Note**: At the time of writing this article, available version was **1.7.20** and the new build not yet updated in official Wine Repository, but the above instructions will install **1.7.21** when they made available. + +Once the installation completes successfully, you can install or run any windows based applications or games using wine as shown below. + + $ wine notepad + $ wine notepad.exe + $ wine c:\\windows\\notepad.exe + +**Note**: Please remember, this is a development build and cannot be installed or used on production systems. It is advised to use this version only for testing purpose. + +If you’re looking for a most recent stable version of Wine, you can go through our following articles, that describes how to install most latest version on almost all Linux environments. + +- [Install Wine 1.6.2 (Stable) in RHEL, CentOS and Fedora][2] +- [Install Wine 1.6.2 (Stable) in Debian, Ubuntu and Mint][3] + +### Reference Links ### + +- [WineHQ Homepage][4] + +---------- + +![](http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/7badddbc53297b2e8ed7011cf45df0c0?s=80&d=blank&r=G) + +#### Ravi Saive #### + +Owner at [TecMint.com][5] + +Simple Word a Computer Geek and Linux Guru who loves to share tricks and tips on Internet. Most Of My Servers runs on Open Source Platform called Linux. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-wine-in-linux/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.winehq.org/announce/1.7.21 +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-wine-in-rhel-centos-and-fedora/ +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-wine-on-ubuntu-and-linux-mint/ +[4]:http://www.winehq.org/ +[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/ \ No newline at end of file From edbda73c3aaf522c5b4e9ace888b28d46af2a4c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 2 Jul 2014 16:02:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 467/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140702-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...heck MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md | 41 +++++++++++++++++++ ...sreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md | 41 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 82 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..80fa4abc4f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux +================================================================================ +> **Question**: I need to know whether my MySQL database table is MyISAM or Innodb type. How can I check the type of a MySQL database table? + +There are two major MySQL storage engines used: **MyISAM and Innodb**. MyISAM is non-transactional, and thus can be faster for reads, while InnoDB fully supports transactions (e.g., commit/rollback) with finer-grain locking. When you create a new MySQL table, you choose its type (i.e., storage engine). Without any choice, you will simply use a pre-configured default engine. + +If you would like to know the type of an existing MySQL database table, there are a couple of ways to do it. + +### Method One ### + +If you have access to phpMyAdmin, you can find out the database type from phpMyAdmin. Simply choose your database from phpMyAdmin to see a list of its tables. Under "Type" column, you will see the database type for each table. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3871/14526575875_c1da3d9c7a_z.jpg) + +### Method Two ### + +If you can log in to a MySQL server directly, another way to identify the storage engine is to run the following MySQL command inside your MySQL server after logging in. + + mysql> SELECT ENGINE FROM information_schema.TABLES WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = 'my_database' AND TABLE_NAME = 'my_table'; + +The above command will show the engine type of a table called 'my_table' in 'my_database' database. + +### Method Three ### + +Yet another method to check the MySQL engine is to use mysqlshow, a command-line utility which shows database information. The mysqlshow utility comes with [MySQL client package installation][1]. To use mysqlshow, you need to supply MySQL server login credential. + +The following command will show information about a particular database. Under "Engine" column, you will see the storage engine for each table. + + $ mysqlshow -u -p -i + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3845/14340200549_8fbe7ea7b5_z.jpg) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/check-mysql-storage-engine-type-linux.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/06/how-to-install-mysql-server-and-client-on-linux.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md b/sources/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6f617d452c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X / RHEL 6.X) +================================================================================ +**Sosreport** is a command in linux (**RHEL / CentOS**) which collects **system configuration** and diagnostic information of your linux box like running kernel version, loaded modules, and system and service configuration files. This command also runs external programs to collect further information, and stores this output in the resulting archive. + +Sosreport is required when you have open a case with redhat for technical support. Redhat support Engineers will require sosreport of your server for troubleshooting purpose. + +To run sosreport , **sos** package should be installed. Sos package is part of default installation in most of linux. If for any reason this package is no installed , then use below yum command to install **sos package** : + + # yum install sos + +### Generate the report ### + +Open the terminal type sosreport command : + + # sosreport + + This command will normally complete within a **few minutes**. Depending on local configuration and the options specified in some cases the command may take longer to finish. Once completed, sosreport will generate a compressed a file under **/tmp** folder. Different versions use different compression schemes (**gz, bz2, or xz**). The file should be provided to Redhat support representative (normally as an attachment to an open case). + +**Note**: sosreport requires root permissions to run. + +### Different Options used in sosreport command : ### + +The sosreport command has a **modular structure** and allows the user to enable and disable modules and specify module options via the command line. To **list available modules** (plug-ins) use the following command: + + # sosreport -l + +To turn off a module include it in a comma-separated list of modules passed to the -n/–skip-plugins option. For instance to disable both the kvmand amd modules: + + # sosreport -n kvm,amd + +Individual modules may provide additional options that may be specified via the -k option. For example on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 installations the sos rpm module collects "rpm -Va" output by default. As this may be time-consuming the behavior may be disabled via: + + # sosreport -k rpm.rpmva=off + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/how-to-create-sosreport-in-linux/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From e98e2b839dd5a6c05b96bc8f13b472ae5cca394c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: tinyeyeser Date: Wed, 2 Jul 2014 21:23:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 468/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=20by?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E7=9C=BC=E5=84=BF?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Signed-off-by: tinyeyeser --- ...ny Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md | 88 ------------------- ...ny Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md | 86 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 86 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md b/sources/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md deleted file mode 100644 index e75575254b..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,88 +0,0 @@ -翻译中 by小眼儿 - -How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know? -================================================================================ -![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/code%20example%20Flickr%20Ruiwen%20Chua.jpg) - -> Big companies like Apple, Facebook and Google are developing their own programming languages, forcing developers to adapt. - -At its Worldwide Developer Conference last week, Apple announced its new programming language [Swift][1]. It’s the latest in a rash of new languages developed by big tech companies, in some cases for specific use with their own platforms. - -Apple has Swift for iOS developers; [Facebook has Hack][2], a language for back-end development. Google, meanwhile, has its own entries—the would-be Javascript replacement Dart and a new general programming language called Go. - -This rash of new languages raises a number of issues for developers. Perhaps the most significant is one my colleague [Adriana Lee][3] raised after Apple's Swift announcement: - -> (How many languages are devs supposed to learn?) -> — Adriana Lee (@adra_la) [June 2, 2014][4] - -### A Computer-Language Babel ### - -There are already [hundreds of programming languages][5] in existence, and more are popping into existence all the time. Many are designed for use in a relatively narrow range of applications, and large numbers never catch on beyond small groups of coders. - -Similarly, big tech companies have been developing new languages for about as long as there have been big tech companies. The [seminal general-purpose language C][6] originated at AT&T Bell Labs in the early 1970s. Java, now the primary language for development of Android apps, was [born at Sun Microsystems][7] in the 1990s. - -What's different these days is the extent to which companies embrace new languages to further their specific business objectives—a process that also has the effect of creating a dedicated base of developers who are effectively "locked in" to a company's particular platform. That sort of dual strategy dates back at least to Sun's introduction of Java, which the company promoted as a way to challenge Microsoft's dominance on the PC desktop. (Things didn't work out the way Sun planned, although Java eventually found a home in enterprise middleware systems before Google adopted it for Android.) - -It's also clearly Apple's goal with Swift. Should it live up to the company's early hype, Swift seems likely to simplify iOS app development by filing the rough edges off Objective-C, the current lingua franca of iOS and Mac OS X developers. But it will also require those same developers to learn the ins and outs of a new language that they're unlikely to use anywhere else. - -### Why Companies Roll Their Own ### - -Which cuts against the ingrained "don’t reinvent the wheel” philosophy that animates most developers. So why don't more companies just adopt already existing languages to new uses? - -One answer is simply that companies build their own languages because they can. Designing a new language can be complex, but it's not particularly resource-intensive. What's hard is building support for it, both in terms of providing software resources (shared code libraries, APIs, compilers, documentation and so forth) and winning the hearts and minds of developers. Companies are uniquely positioned to do both. - -There's also the fact that existing languages are often difficult to shoehorn into today's complex code frameworks. Take, for instance, [Facebook's decision to create Hack][8], a superset of the [scripting language PHP][9] that's commonly used in Web development. - -Facebook's main goal with Hack—a common one these days—was to improve code reliability, in this case by enforcing data-type checking before a program is executed. Such checks ensure that a program won't, say, try to interpret an integer as a string of characters, an error that could yield unpredictable results if not caught. In Hack, those checks take place in advance so that programmers can identify such errors long before their code goes live. - -According to Julien Verlaguet, a core developer on Facebook’s Hack team, the company first looked for an an existing language that might allow for more efficient programming. But much of Facebook was already built on PHP, and the company has built up a substantial software infrastructure to support PHP and its offshoots. While it's possible to make PHP work with code written in a different language, it's not easy—nor is it fast. - -“Let’s say I try to rewrite our PHP codebase in Scala,” Verlaguet said. “It’s a well designed, beautiful language, but it’s not at all compatible with PHP. Everytime I need to call to PHP from the Scala part of the code base, I’ll lose performance speed. We would have liked to use an existing language but for us, it just wasn’t an option.” - -Instead, Facebook invented Hack, which has enough in common with PHP that it can share the company's existing infrastructure. The vast majority of the Facebook codebase has been migrated from PHP to Hack, said Verlaguet, but the company has open sourced the language in hopes that independent developers will find uses for it outside of Facebook. - -“You can still use PHP,” he said. “But we’re hoping you’ll want to use Hack.” - -### Who Holds The Power ### - -Therein lies the balance of power between companies and developers. Companies can make their languages as specific as they like. But if developers don’t want to use them, nobody is going to—outside, that is, of anyone who might harbor hopes of one day working at the company that invented the language. - -It’s not unusual for companies to make it easiest to develop in one language over another. For example, you would use Objective-C to develop iOS apps, but Java to develop Android apps. This has never been a major sticking point with developers because both Objective-C and Java are general purpose object-oriented languages. They’re useful for a number of purposes. - -Hack, Dart, Go, and Swift, however, so far have only proven useful for particular company-designated programming solutions, usually in tandem with that company’s programming environment of choice. Granted, it may be too soon to judge. Hack, for example, can be used in several back-end implementations; it’s just so new that Facebook doesn’t yet have any data that people want to use it that way. - -It’s not that developers aren’t capable of learning multiple languages. Most already do. Think of them like the Romance languages—if you know Spanish, it’ll be easier to learn French and so on than if you didn’t already know one. Likewise, if you already know Java, it’ll be easier to learn Ruby or Perl. And if you know PHP, you basically already know Hack. - -On the contrary, it’s more of a question of habit. If Java already solves your specific problems, you don’t have any incentive to learn Ruby. And if you are happy coding iOS apps in Objective-C, you’re not going to feel very tempted to pick up Swift. - -To some developers, though, ecosystem-specific languages just make life harder for everybody. Freelance designer Jack Watson-Hamblin, for instance, told me that initiatives like Apple's Swift risk overburdening programmers and fragmenting the developer community: - -> It's important for programmers to know multiple languages, but forcing them to keep up with new languages all the time doesn't make sense. If I'm making a simple cross-platform app, I don't want to have to know four languages to do it. I only want to use the single-purpose language if I really need to. - -Watson-Hamblin argues that when companies each build their own language for their own needs, it slows down overall progress both by dividing the attention of coders and by enforcing a monolithic perspective on development within that language. "When companies are in charge of a language vs. an open-source community, it's like the difference between a corporation and a start-up," he said. Communities are more flexible and adaptive by definition. - -Of course, Apple had [a lot of very good reasons to start from scratch][10] with Swift, just as Facebook did when it invented Hack. That doesn't mean it's not going to force change on developers—some of it doubtless unwelcome. - -“As new languages are invented, it gets more hegemonic,” said Verlaguet. “It can be frustrating to have to keep up. But on the other hand, you’re more likely to have a new language to fit your exact problem. Imagine the reverse—a world where programmers used the same language for everything. It’d be a language that could do everything poorly but nothing well.” - -Lead image by [Flickr user Ruiwen Chua][11], CC 2.0 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://readwrite.com/2014/06/17/apple-swift-facebook-hack-google-dart - -译者：[Mr小眼儿](https://github.com/tinyeyeser) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://developer.apple.com/swift/ -[2]:http://readwrite.com/2014/03/20/facebook-new-programming-language-hack -[3]:http://readwrite.com/author/adriana-lee#awesm=~oGfPbJlSrFBamJ -[4]:https://twitter.com/adra_la/statuses/473537386266112000 -[5]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages -[6]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) -[7]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) -[8]:http://readwrite.com/2014/03/20/facebook-new-programming-language-hack -[9]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP -[10]:http://blog.erratasec.com/2014/06/why-it-had-to-be-swift.html#.U58BJI1dXtA -[11]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/ruiwen/3260095534 diff --git a/translated/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md b/translated/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f43b26b962 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +到底开发者需要掌握多少门语言？ +================================================================================ +![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/code%20example%20Flickr%20Ruiwen%20Chua.jpg) + +> 诸如Apple、Facebook及Google这样的大公司正在开发他们自己的编程语言，开发者们被迫只有适应。 + +前不久的世界开发者大会上，Apple公布了它的新开发语言[Swift][1]。这是最近大型技术公司们开发的一大波新语言中的最新成员，这些新语言某种程度上都是专门应用于他们自己的平台。 + +对iOS开发者，Apple有Swift；而[Facebook 有 Hack][2] —— 一门用于后端开发的语言。与此同时，Google已经拥有了它自己的Javascript替代者 Dart，以及一门新的通用编程语言Go。 + +这一波又一波的新语言，给开发者们带来了许多问题。也许其中最严重的问题正如我一位同事[Adriana Lee][3]在Apple发布Swift后所说： + +> （开发者们到底还得学习多少门语言？） +> ——Adriana Lee (@adra_la) [June 2, 2014][4] + +### 计算机语言的通天塔 ### + +目前已经存在的[编程语言有数百种][5]，同时还有更多的语言正在涌现。其中许多都是被设计用在相对较窄的应用程序范围内，大多数甚至从未走出过项目小组的范围。 + +与此类似，大技术公司开发的新语言其实也是伴随着公司一起成长的。[通用语言的鼻祖，C语言][6]，就源于上世纪70年代初的AT&T贝尔实验室。Java，目前作为Android app开发的主要语言，诞生于上世纪90年代[Sun公司的Microsystems系统][7]。 + +发展到现在，不同之处在于，公司们拥抱新语言、从而想要延伸的特定商业目标的范围不一样了 —— 这一过程同时建立了一个忠心耿耿的开发者基础，他们被牢牢锁定在了某个公司的特定平台上。这类一石二鸟的战略，最早可以追溯到Sun对Java的采用，当时公司就将其作为了挑战微软PC桌面统治地位的一种手段。（事情虽然没有像Sun计划的那样发展下去，但在Google转向Android之前，Java大体上也算是在企业中间件系统中找到了自己的一席之地。） + +这么看来，Apple的Swift其目标也就很明确了。Swift应该不会辜负公司前期的大肆宣传，通过磨平Objective-C那粗糙的毛边，看起来它能够成功简化iOS app开发者的开发过程。但是同样还是这些开发者，他们却需要学习一门新语言的输入和输出，而这些功能很可能在其他地方都不会用到。 + +### 大公司们为什么要重复造轮子 ### + +“不要重复造轮子”这一哲学在绝大多数开发者心中根深蒂固，大公司们对此却并不买账。那他们为何不只是修改下现有语言用于新的用途呢？ + +答案很简单，公司们发明他们自己的语言，是因为他们有这个能力。设计一门新语言可能很复杂，但对资源要求却并不很高。困难之处也就在对其提供支持，包括提供软件资源（共享代码库、API、编译器、文档等）以及赢得开发者的心意。大公司们在这两方面尤其擅长。 + +还有一个事实，现有语言通常很难硬塞进如今的复杂代码框架中。举个栗子，[Facebook决定发明的Hack][8]，就是一个普遍适用于Web开发的[脚本语言PHP][9]的超集合（superset）。 + +Facebook的Hack最近已经比较普遍，其主要目标就是改进代码的稳定性，针对这一目的，它强制在程序运行之前对数据类型进行检测。这样的检测确保了一个程序，比方说，不会将一个整数解析为一个字符串，这样的错误如果捕获不到很可能会导致不可预知的后果。在Hack中，这些检测会预先执行，以便程序员能够在程序上线前早早发现这样的错误。 + +据Facebook的Hack项目组核心成员Julien Verlaguet透露，公司之前尝试过用一门现有语言实现更高效的编程。但是Facebook的大部分代码都是由PHP编写的，公司实际上已经建立了一个支持PHP及其分支的软件架构。即使能够让PHP同其他语言编写的代码协同工作，实现的难易程度和运行速度都无法满足要求。 + +“比如说我们尝试用Scala重写PHP代码库，”Verlaguet说。“Scala是一门设计优秀的漂亮语言，但是它与PHP完全不兼容。每次我需要从Scala的代码库部分调用PHP的时候，都会损失性能。我们很愿意使用一门现有语言，但是对于我们来说，这条路行不通。” + +于是，Facebook发明了Hack，它与PHP一样能够共用公司现有的架构。Verlaguet介绍说，Facebook的代码库主体已经从PHP迁移到了Hack，同时公司将Hack开源，希望独立开发者们能够帮公司找到Facebook以外的用途。 + +“你仍然可以使用PHP，”他说，“但是我们希望你有使用Hack的欲望。” + +### 谁说了算 ### + +公司和开发者之间有一种微妙的平衡。公司可以按照自己的喜好发明语言。但是如果开发者都不愿使用这门语言，那就没人用了，公司以外的人也就没人愿意将自己的职业生涯托付给这家公司。 + +公司在开发过程中同时使用不同的语言，这并不少见。例如，你可能用Objective-C开发iOS app，但却用Java开发Android app。对开发者来说，这从来都不是症结所在，因为Objective-C和Java都是通用面向对象语言。它们用途广泛适用于很多场合。 + +然而，Hack、Dart、Go和Swift，到目前为止，仍然只适用于严格特定公司的编程解决方案，往往和公司选择的编程环境相对应。诚然，现在下结论可能还太早。比方说Hack，就可以用在一些后端的实现中；它只是太新了，以至于Facebook还没有任何数据供人们如此使用。 + +不是开发者不能学习多门语言。事实上，大多数人已经掌握了多门语言。这好比罗曼斯语（由拉丁语演变而成的语言），如果你会说西班牙语，再去学法语就比那些不会西班牙语的人简单许多。与此类似，如果你已经会Java，再学Ruby或Perl就简单得多。如果你会PHP，基本上就已经学会了Hack。 + +与此相反，学习多门语言更多的是一个习惯问题。如果Java已经解决了你的问题，你就不再有动机去学Ruby。如果你用Objective-C编写iOS app感觉很爽，你就不会有强烈的意愿去学Swift。 + +另外，对于一些开发者来说，封闭生态系统的语言只会使每个人的生活变得更糟。例如，自由设计师Jack Watson-Hamblin就告诉我说，像Apple这样强势推出Swift，其实是在冒险增加程序员的负担，同时将开发者社区割裂开来： + +> 程序员掌握多门语言固然重要，但是不断强迫他们紧跟新语言，却是行不通的。如果我正在开发一个简单的跨平台app，我可不想被迫掌握四门语言再来完成它。如果真的需要，我也只想使用一门语言。 + +Watson-Hamblin就主张说，当每家公司都为了自家需要发明自己的语言时，程序员的注意力被分散，开发的视野也局限于一种，这只会拖慢整个开发进程。他说，“如果拿公司负责一门语言与负责一个开源社区相比较，这两者的区别就好比一家大企业与一个初创小公司的区别”。社区生来就更加灵活，适应能力更强。 + +当然，Apple有[许多非常好的理由推出Swift从零开始][10]，就像当初Facebook发明Hack的时候一样。我并不是说，大公司不会强迫开发者接受这种改变，在这方面，有些公司一直都很让人讨厌。 + +“新语言的发明，伴随着霸权的支配，”Verlaguet说，“被迫不停追赶，确实令人沮丧，但另一方面，你又多了一种解决问题的新语言。反过来想想，要是全世界的程序员都用同样一门语言做所有事情，即使啥都凑合着能干，这门语言也一定干得不怎么样”。 + +题图来自于[Flickr user Ruiwen Chua][11]，CC 2.0 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://readwrite.com/2014/06/17/apple-swift-facebook-hack-google-dart + +译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://developer.apple.com/swift/ +[2]:http://readwrite.com/2014/03/20/facebook-new-programming-language-hack +[3]:http://readwrite.com/author/adriana-lee#awesm=~oGfPbJlSrFBamJ +[4]:https://twitter.com/adra_la/statuses/473537386266112000 +[5]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages +[6]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_(programming_language) +[7]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(programming_language) +[8]:http://readwrite.com/2014/03/20/facebook-new-programming-language-hack +[9]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP +[10]:http://blog.erratasec.com/2014/06/why-it-had-to-be-swift.html#.U58BJI1dXtA +[11]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/ruiwen/3260095534 \ No newline at end of file From 6999f9c8098093f52fda3c216bf835c8e32efb53 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: owen-carter Date: Wed, 2 Jul 2014 21:55:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 469/713] translating --- ...p500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s.md b/sources/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s.md index 63e1581586..896525d340 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +translating by owen-carter Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops/s ================================================================================ The Tianhe-2 first jumped onto the world's supercomputing stage a year ago, taking the crown of world's most powerful computer. At the time, the Tianhe-2 was rated with a performance of 33.86 petaflops per second. From ecef97788840234838fc5436cd1f647e45dc93f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 2 Jul 2014 21:57:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 470/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=B8=85=E9=99=A4=E8=BF=87=E6=9C=9F?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Red Hat Revenues Power Forward in 2015.md | 41 ------------------- ...l Designers Update Ubuntu Linux Website.md | 41 ------------------- ...s Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md | 38 ----------------- ...ntu Uncertainty and Nerdy Enlightenment.md | 26 ------------ 4 files changed, 146 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140620 Red Hat Revenues Power Forward in 2015.md delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140625 Canonical Designers Update Ubuntu Linux Website.md delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140625 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140625 Linux Domination or Ubuntu Uncertainty and Nerdy Enlightenment.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140620 Red Hat Revenues Power Forward in 2015.md b/sources/news/20140620 Red Hat Revenues Power Forward in 2015.md deleted file mode 100644 index 61c0ca008c..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140620 Red Hat Revenues Power Forward in 2015.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,41 +0,0 @@ -Red Hat Revenues Power Forward in 2015 -================================================================================ -Red Hat reported its first quarter fiscal 2015 revenues on June 18, showing continued demand and momentum for its Linux and open-source technologies. Red Hat has been particularly busy of late, acquiring a pair of companies and launching its Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 (RHEL) flagship platform. - -For the quarter, Red Hat reported revenue of $424 million, which is a 17 percent year-over-year gain. - -![](http://www.serverwatch.com/imagesvr_ce/7990/icon-redhatlinux-r.jpg) - -"The main driver of our total revenue growth was subscription revenue of $372 million," Red Hat CFO Charlie Peters said during his company's earnings call. "Subscription revenue was up 18 percent year-over-year and it's important to point out that this renewable revenue stream now constitutes 88 percent of total revenue." - -Looking forward, Red Hat provided second quarter guidance for approximately $432 million to $436 million in revenue. - -One of the key metrics for growth that Red Hat provides is its top 30 deals during a given quarter. Peters noted that for the first time, all of the top 30 deals were valued at over $1 million. - -"We also had a Q1 record with four deals that were in excess of $5 million and one that was greater than $10 million," Peters said. "Cross-selling was strong with 65 percent of these deals including one or more components from our group of applications development and emerging technologies offerings." - -At the core of Red Hat's product portfolio is the Red Hat Enterprise Linux platform, which hit a major milestone last week with the debut of RHEL 7. - -"RHEL 7 is significant because it was designed to meet both modern data center and next generation IT requirements for cloud, Linux containers and Big Data," Red Hat CEO Jim Whitehurst said during the earnings call. "As the worlds of physical, virtual and cloud systems converge Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 delivers a true foundation for open hybrid cloud that will serve as the backbone for future application architectures." - -### Acquisitions and Cloud Provide Opportunities for Further Growth ### - -Red Hat has also been busy acquiring a pair of companies that further expand the company's ability to grow. In April, Red Hat acquired Inktank, the lead commercial sponsor behind the Ceph open-source storage filesystem. And on June 18, Red Hat announced the acquisition of OpenStack services vendor eNovance. - -"With eNovance as a part of the Red Hat consulting team, we can enhance our consulting resources to be able to reach more customers with world-class OpenStack technologies and implementation services," Whitehurst said. - -While cloud remains a growth opportunity for Red Hat, Whitehurst sees growth also coming from continuing to take market share away from other server operating system platforms. In particular, Whitehurst noted that there is still a continued move from mainframe and Unix to Linux. - -"I was just on the phone today with a massive European customer that is literally just ready to start on the journey right now," Whitehurst said. "We continue to believe we're taking share from Windows especially with net new workloads." - -Another driver of growth for Red Hat is the maturity and expansion of its sales force. - -"We definitely have more boots on the street because we have been hiring consistently," Whitehurst said. "But I think our sales guys are more experienced, they are better trained, their confidence level is high and their enthusiasm is high." - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.serverwatch.com/server-news/red-hat-revenues-power-forward-in-2015.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140625 Canonical Designers Update Ubuntu Linux Website.md b/sources/news/20140625 Canonical Designers Update Ubuntu Linux Website.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0aceb53c8a..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140625 Canonical Designers Update Ubuntu Linux Website.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,41 +0,0 @@ -Canonical Designers Update Ubuntu Linux Website -================================================================================ -> The website for Canonical's Ubuntu Linux operating system has received several enhancements tailored for Chinese speakers, Ubuntu cloud users and others. - -![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/06/untitled_6.png) - -[Ubuntu.com][1], the website of [Canonical][2]'s Linux-based operating system for PCs, servers, the cloud and (maybe soon) mobile devices, has received a series of subtle but significant upgrades recently, and more are on the way. Here's a look at the latest site updates and additions for the cloud, Canonical's partner network and more. - -The Ubuntu design team outlined the enhancements to ubuntu.com in a recent [blog post][3]. The full list of changes is available there, but the most significant tweaks and updates include: - -- The creation of a Chinese site for Ubuntu, [ubuntu-china.cn][4], which could help create new inroads for Canonical in the Asian market, where Ubuntu has traditionally taken a backseat to locally grown Linux distributions. The move may also help to strengthen Canonical's relationship with China-based [Meizu][5], one of the two hardware manufacturers with which it has [partnered][6] to deliver mobile phones running Ubuntu by the end of this year. -- A new version of [Ubuntu Insights][7], a Web portal where Canonical publishes news about the Ubuntu world. - -Those are only the changes that the design team has already completed. Currently in the works for future implementation are: - -- Updates to the Web interface for Canonical's [Juju][8] cloud orchestration service. -- The debut of a series of changes throughout the Ubuntu website that will make it more "[responsive][9]," which means enhancing readability, accessibility and the general visitor experience across different types of devices. -- A new [Ubuntu Partners][10] website. -- Further development of the Chinese Ubuntu website, including the addition of cloud and server sections. - -All of these updates are good news for Canonical's customers and partners. But what makes the changes truly remarkable is how far Ubuntu's Web presence has evolved since the operating system's debut nearly 10 years ago, when ubuntu.com looked like [this][11], and the landing page primarily featured images of people dressed in workout clothes. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/062314/canonical-designers-update-ubuntu-linux-website - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://ubuntu.com/ -[2]:http://canonical.com/ -[3]:http://design.canonical.com/2014/06/latest-from-the-web-team-june-2014/ -[4]:http://ubuntu-china.cn/ -[5]:http://www.meizu.com/ -[6]:http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/022014/ubuntu-linux-phones-will-ship-2014-says-canonical -[7]:http://insights.ubuntu.com/ -[8]:https://juju.ubuntu.com/ -[9]:http://design.canonical.com/2014/03/making-ubuntu-com-responsive/ -[10]:http://www.ubuntu.com/partners -[11]:http://web.archive.org/web/20041106014450/http://www.ubuntu.com/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140625 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md b/sources/news/20140625 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md deleted file mode 100644 index ca2f033ab4..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140625 Google Forks Open Source OpenSSL Web Security Code.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38 +0,0 @@ -2q1w2007翻译中 -谷歌分支了开源的 OpenSSL 网站安全代码 -================================================================================ -> 谷的 BoringSSL, 一个开源用来加盟网站数据的的OpenSSL分支，将会向开源社区提交代码 - -![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/06/grayscale6jpgcropdisplay.jpg) - -因为[Heartbleed][1]暴露出的脆弱, 用来加密网页传输的开源OpenSSL的变种可能和口袋妖怪里的角色一样多。前两天, Google (GOOG) 成为了最早宣布自己的OpenSSL分支的组织,其分支叫做BoringSSL。 - -Google的开发者Adam Langley announced BoringSSL—a name he described as "aspirational," presumably because Google hopes the new software will prove more drama-free than OpenSSL—in a [blog post][2] on June 20. - -Google has made its own modifications to the OpenSSL code for some time for use in Chrome and other offerings, Langley said. But going forward, the company intends to fork OpenSSL entirely to create a separate solution, a change it hopes will simplify development on Google's end. - -That said, Langley emphasized that Google is "not aiming to replace OpenSSL as an open source project," and will continue sharing code with the OpenSSL developers when it will help them fix bugs in their own software. Those code contributions will be available under an [ISC license][3], a type of open source license that the [GNU folks][4]—who probably spend more time than anyone else worrying about keeping software Free—regard as essentially [kosher][5]. - -Yet while BoringSSL may do little to upset the Free Software crowd, it's making a confusing situation worse for the open source community. Previously, OpenSSL was the sole widely used open source solution for encrypting traffic sent to and from Web pages on millions of servers. But following the security fiasco called Heartbleed, when it became apparent that a bug (which has now been fixed) in OpenSSL allowed third parties to snoop data, consensus around OpenSSL as the best solution for implementing this very important piece of Web functionality has evaporated. - -Shortly after Heartbleed, a group of open source developers forked the OpenSSL code into [LibReSSL][6] because they believe the former was "[not developed by a responsible team][7]." At the same time, the [Linux Foundation][8] and its partners are spending potentially millions of dollars trying to inject new life—and public faith—into OpenSSL through the [Core Infrastructure Initiative][9]. - -Now Google has gone off on in yet another direction with BoringSSL, a move that does nothing to advance faith in either OpenSSL or LibReSSL. And that means the open source community's development resources are being spread even thinner, a situation that can only be resolved if one OpenSSL-variant emerges to rule them all. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/062314/google-forks-open-source-openssl-web-security-code-boring - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://heartbleed.com/ -[2]:https://www.imperialviolet.org/2014/06/20/boringssl.html -[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISC_license -[4]:https://www.gnu.org/ -[5]:https://www.gnu.org/licenses/license-list.html#ISC -[6]:http://www.libressl.org/ -[7]:http://opensslrampage.org/post/82973312181/openssl-is-not-developed-by-a-responsible-team -[8]:http://linuxfoundation.org/ -[9]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/053014/core-infrastructure-initiative-endorses-open-source-netwo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140625 Linux Domination or Ubuntu Uncertainty and Nerdy Enlightenment.md b/sources/news/20140625 Linux Domination or Ubuntu Uncertainty and Nerdy Enlightenment.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5aa5c0e487..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140625 Linux Domination or Ubuntu Uncertainty and Nerdy Enlightenment.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,26 +0,0 @@ -Linux Domination, Ubuntu Uncertainty, and Nerdy Enlightenment -================================================================================ -![](http://www.tuxmachines.org/images/tux.png) - -here are some interesting stories today in Linuxville. Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols is reporting that Linux dominates on supercomputers more than ever. Arstechnica says "Mint 17 is the perfect place for Linux-ers to wait out Ubuntu uncertainty." Linux Tycoon Bryan Lunduke reviews Enlightenment 17 and Jamie Watson says Makulu Linux 6 makes him smile. This and more in tonight's Linux news recap. - -**Over at ZDNet**, Steven J. [Vaughan-Nichols reports][1] the findings that Linux is once again the fastest operating system on the world's leading supercomputers. But not only that, Vaughan-Nichols says, "In the latest contest, not only did Linux dominate, but Linux showed that is slowly pushing out all its competitors." Linux runs on 97% of them. Only two of the Top 500 run Windows, the other 13 Unix. Despite their speed records, Linux developers are still trying to go even faster because Vaughan-Nichols says, "research and businesses, especially the stock markets and trading companies, not only want but need even faster computers." - -**Another notable** on ZDNet today is Jamie Watson's review of Makulu Linux 6.0 KDE saying it's "guaranteed to make you smile." This release ships with Linux 3.14.7, KDE 4.13.1, and a more modern but cranky installer. He says of this release, "It's big, it's beautiful, it's fun, and it is chock full of just about everything imaginable." [He concludes][2] that it's about as much fun as one can have with a Linux distribution. - -**arstechnica** reviews Mint 17 saying it's an important release because of being based on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS. They contend Mint and its users can sit back and enjoy Mint while Ubuntu suffers the growing pains of Mir and Unity until 2016. Reviewer Scott Gilbertson says Mint 17 is a "great base" to update the next two years. He looks at both the Cinnamon and MATE versions of Mint 17 closely, but touches on the Xfce and Debian editions as well as the common elements of them all. [Gilbertson concludes][3], "Linux Mint 17 makes a fantastic Linux desktop right now. It's stable, familiar enough for Windows refugees to pick it up without missing a beat, and has all the familiar tools Ubuntu fans would expect." - -**Speaking of Ubuntu**, The Var Guy posted of the Ubuntu website updates. Posts from the Design Team have been appearing on the company website on the topic of its designs for a while, but today Christopher [Tozzi summed][4] it all up nicely saying, "All of these updates are good news for Canonical's customers and partners. But what makes the changes truly remarkable is how far Ubuntu's Web presence has evolved since the operating system's debut nearly 10 years ago, when ubuntu.com looked like this, and the landing page primarily featured images of people dressed in workout clothes." - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://ostatic.com/blog/linux-domination-ubuntu-uncertainty-and-nerdy-enlightenment - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.zdnet.com/linux-dominates-supercomputers-as-never-before-7000030890/ -[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/makulu-linux-6-0-kde-guaranteed-to-make-you-smile-7000030833/ -[3]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/mint-17-the-perfect-place-for-linux-ers-to-wait-out-ubuntu-uncertainty/ -[4]:http://thevarguy.com/ubuntu/062314/canonical-designers-update-ubuntu-linux-website \ No newline at end of file From b41736e73ce20bdd9dc88d813f640fa1027409c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Oolong Tea Date: Wed, 2 Jul 2014 22:08:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 471/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B9=8C=E9=BE=99=E8=8C=B6=20=E7=BF=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md b/sources/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md index 5f54ac0703..ff0516d715 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +乌龙茶占坑 Command Line Tuesdays – Part Two ================================================================================ Heya geekos! @@ -65,4 +66,4 @@ via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/24/command-line-tuesdays-part-two/ [1]:https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/10/command-line-tuesdays-part-one/ [2]:http://devopsbootcamp.readthedocs.org/ -[3]:https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/24/command-line-tuesdays-part-two/comment-page-1/#comment-99186 \ No newline at end of file +[3]:https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/24/command-line-tuesdays-part-two/comment-page-1/#comment-99186 From 2d4765f8e5271d6c94bd2fa2591636526cabb9ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 2 Jul 2014 22:18:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 472/713] PUB:20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE @CNprober --- ...How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md | 27 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md (59%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md b/published/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md similarity index 59% rename from translated/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md rename to published/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md index 64b8b47e7f..6705ceefc3 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md +++ b/published/20140607 How to turn Vim into a full-fledged IDE.md @@ -1,27 +1,25 @@ -CNprober 翻译完成.travelwithheart@yeah.net, 619913541 - 如何将Vim打造成一个成熟的IDE ================================================================================ -如果你稍微写一点代码，就能知道“集成开发环境”（IDE）是多么的便利。不管是Java、C还是Python，当IDE会帮你检查语法、后台编译，或者自动导入你需要的库时，写代码就变得容易许多。另外，如果你工作在Linux上，你也会知道Vim在进行文本编辑的时候是多么的方便。所以，你可能会想从Vim中也获取这些IDE特性。 +如果你稍微写过一点代码，就能知道“集成开发环境”（IDE）是多么的便利。不管是Java、C还是Python，当IDE会帮你检查语法、后台编译，或者自动导入你需要的库时，写代码就变得容易许多。另外，如果你工作在Linux上，你也会知道Vim在进行文本编辑的时候是多么的方便。所以，你可能会想从Vim中也获取这些IDE特性。 -事实上，很少有方法可以帮你做到。有些人可能会想到试着把Vim打造成C语言IDE的 [c.vim][1]， 或者把Vim集成到Eclipse里的 [Eclim][2] 。但是我想要告诉你的是一个更加通用的，只用插件实现的方案。你肯定不想因为安装了太多的面板和特性而让你的编辑器变得臃肿不堪。只用插件实现的方案可以让你只选择那些你想要集成到Vim的特性。这样做的额外的一个好处是，这个IDE不是专门针对某一种语言的，可以让你写任何类型的代码。下面就来看一下我的 **把IDE特性带进Vim的前10款插件** 吧。 +事实上，很少有方法可以帮你做到。有些人可能会想到试着把Vim打造成C语言IDE的，比如[c.vim][1]；也有把Vim集成到Eclipse里的 [Eclim][2] 。但是我想要告诉你的是一个更加通用的，只用插件实现的方案。你肯定不想因为安装了太多的面板和特性而让你的编辑器变得臃肿不堪。只用插件实现的方案可以让你只选择那些你想要集成到Vim的特性。这样做的额外的一个好处是，这个IDE不是专门针对某一种语言的，可以让你写任何类型的代码。下面就来看一下我的 **把IDE特性带进Vim的前10款插件** 吧。 ### 先来个福利： Pathogen ### -首先，可能不是所有人都熟悉Vim的插件，也不知道怎么安装这些插件。所以，我推荐的第一个插件就是[Pathogen][3]，因为这个插件会让你更容易安装其他插件。如果你要安装另外的没有在这里列出来的插件，用Pathogen会变得非常简单。[官方页面][3]文档写的非常好，去下载安装一个吧。接下来插件的安装也会变得容易很多。 +首先，可能不是所有人都熟悉Vim的插件，并知道该怎么安装这些插件。所以，我推荐的第一个插件就是[Pathogen][3]，因为这个插件会让你更容易安装其他插件。如果你要安装另外的没有在这里列出来的插件，用Pathogen会变得非常简单。它的[官方页面][3]的文档写的非常好，去下载安装一个吧。接下来插件的安装也会变得容易很多。 ### 1. SuperTab ### -[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5158/14332189422_34aeb086ed_z.jpg)][4] +![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5158/14332189422_34aeb086ed_z.jpg) -我们习惯于IDE的第一件事就是它的自动补全功能。所以，我习惯这个非常方便的，给了Tab键“超能力”的 [SuperTab][5] 插件。 +我们习惯于IDE的第一个原因就是它的自动补全功能。所以，我喜欢这个非常方便的，给了Tab键“超能力”的 [SuperTab][5] 插件。 ### 2. Syntastic ### ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3894/14354095583_ce9b112b97_z.jpg) -如果你需要使用超过一种语言进行编码，有时候是非常容易混淆不同语言之间的语法的。幸运的是，[syntastic][6] 会帮你检查，然后告诉你是否应该加上圆括号或者方括号，或者告诉你在某个地方，你忘了一个分号。 +如果你需要使用一种以上的语言进行编程，有时候是非常容易混淆不同语言之间的语法的。幸运的是，[syntastic][6] 会帮你检查，然后告诉你是否应该加上圆括号或者方括号，或者告诉你在某个地方，你忘了一个分号。 ### 3. Auto Pairs ### @@ -29,11 +27,11 @@ CNprober 翻译完成.travelwithheart@yeah.net, 619913541 ### 4. NERD Commenter ### -如果你在找一个可以支持多种程序语言的注释代码的快捷键，你可以试试 [NERD Commenter][8]。即使你不是程序员，我也非常非常推荐这款插件，因为它会让你在注释bash 脚本或者其他任何东西的时候都会变得非常高效。 +如果你在找一个可以支持多种程序语言的注释代码的快捷键，你可以试试 [NERD Commenter][8]。即使你不是程序员，我也非常非常推荐这款插件，因为它会让你在注释bash脚本或者其他任何东西的时候都会变得非常高效。 ### 5. Snipmate ### -任何一个程序员都知道，好的coder写代码，杰出的coder重用代码。[snipmate][9] 可以容易的插入代码片段到你的文件里面，大大的减少了你敲键盘的次数。它默认的有很多各种语言的代码片段，你也可以非常容易的添加你自己。 +任何一个程序员都知道，好的码农写代码，杰出的码神重用代码。[snipmate][9]可以容易的插入代码片段到你的文件里面，大大的减少了你敲键盘的次数。它默认的包含了很多各种语言的代码片段，你也可以非常容易的添加你自己的。 ### 6. NERDTree ### @@ -46,19 +44,22 @@ CNprober 翻译完成.travelwithheart@yeah.net, 619913541 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3904/14332189492_209a3ee2dc_z.jpg) 为了打造一个文件浏览器，支持同时打开多个文件，没有什么比一个好的缓冲区管理器更重要了。[MiniBufferExplorer][11] 就可以非常漂亮和高效地完成这个工作。它甚至为你的缓冲区设置了不同的颜色和切换快捷键。 + ### 8. Tag List ### ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3889/14147244138_c04731826a_z.jpg) -当你同时有多个文件打开时，很容易忘了你都在这些文件里添加了什么。为了防止你忘记，[Tag List][12] 这个代码查看器将会用一种漂亮简洁的格式展示不同的变量和函数。 +当你同时有多个文件打开时，很容易忘了你都在这些文件里添加了什么。为了防止你忘记，[Tag List][12] 这个代码查看器将会用一种漂亮简洁的格式展示其中的的变量和函数。 + ### 9. undotree ### ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2913/14354095453_8bb87a3e31_z.jpg) 对于我们之中那些喜欢undo，redo然后又undo某些更改，然后依据这些来查看整个编辑完成过程的人来说， [undotree][13] 是一个不错插件，可以以一棵树的形式看到你的undo和redo历史。这个功能跟代码完全没有关系，所以这是我非常喜欢的一个插件。 + ### 10. gdbmgr ### -最后，但并非不重要的是，每个人都在某时刻需要一个调试器。如果你喜欢gdb，那么[gbdmgr][14]就是为你准备的，因为它集成了那个著名的调试器到Vim中。 +最后，但并非不重要，每个人都在某个时刻需要一个调试器。如果你喜欢gdb，那么[gbdmgr][14]就是为你准备的，因为它集成了那个著名的调试器到Vim中。 总结一下，不管你是不是一个疯狂的coder，能有一些额外的Vim功能在手总是非常方便的。像我在简介里说到的，如果你不需要，你不用安装这里所有的这些插件。或者你想要安装另外的也行，这些其实只是一个基础入门级的插件。 @@ -68,7 +69,7 @@ CNprober 翻译完成.travelwithheart@yeah.net, 619913541 via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/turn-vim-full-fledged-ide.html -译者：[love_daisy_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[love\_daisy\_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 760e06b07e5e5a01020e07e5dd08ea12afa2a826 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 2 Jul 2014 22:55:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 473/713] PUB:20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network @geekpi --- ...indows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md | 43 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md (58%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md b/published/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md similarity index 58% rename from translated/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md rename to published/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md index 540b9bc718..72ff9e4851 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md +++ b/published/20140617 How to Share Files Between Windows, Mac, and Linux PCs on a Network.md @@ -1,39 +1,38 @@ -如何在网络上在Windows,MAC和Linux之间共享文件 +如何通过网络在Windows、MAC和Linux之间共享文件 ================================================================================ ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/windows-mac-and-linux-network.jpg) -家庭[文件共享][1]曾经是一个噩梦,即使在不同的Windows版本之间- 没有考虑Mac和Linux! 这些操作系统现在可以相互通信并且无需特殊软件就可共享文件。 +家庭[文件共享][1]曾经是一个噩梦，即使在不同的Windows版本之间—— 甚至不考虑Mac和Linux！但现在这些操作系统可以相互通信并且无需特殊软件就可共享文件。 -我们之前使用SMB协议来做到这点。Windows使用SMB来做文件共享，同时Mac和Linux发行版都内置支持SMB。Microsoft甚至给开源Samba项目[提交补丁][2]来改进它！ +我们之前使用SMB协议来做到这点。Windows使用SMB来做文件共享，同时Mac和Linux发行版都内置支持SMB。Microsoft甚至给开源Samba项目[提交过补丁][2]来改进它！ -### 在Windows上共享一个文件夹 ### +### 在Windows上共享文件夹 ### -既然其他操作系统不能访问家庭组,您需要[启用Windows老式的文件共享][3]。要做到这点，打开控制面板进入网络和共享> 更改高级共享设置。启用“网络发现”和“文件与打印共享”。 +既然其他操作系统不能访问家庭组，您需要[启用Windows老式的文件共享][3]。要做到这点，打开控制面板进入网络和共享> 更改高级共享设置。启用“网络发现”和“文件与打印共享”。 - -如果你想要无需密码访问共享文件夹你还需要微调一下选项。 +如果你想要无需密码访问共享文件夹你还需要微调一下其它选项。 ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/enable-file-and-printer-sharing-for-mac-and-linux-on-windows.png) -在Windows Explorer或者File Explorer中定位你想共享的文件夹，右键点击，选择属性。点击共享标签，并使用这里的选项来共享和配置文件夹的权限。 +在Windows Explorer或者File Explorer中找到你想共享的文件夹，右键点击，选择属性。点击共享标签，并使用这里的选项来共享和配置文件夹的权限。 ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/share-windows-folders-with-mac-and-linux-on-local-network.png) ### 在Windows上访问共享文件夹 ### -在Windows Explorer或者File Explorer中访问窗格来浏览其他计算机共享给你的文件。你会看到正确配置后的Mac和Linux计算机在Windows PC机附近出现了。双击一台计算机来查看它的共享文件。 +在Windows Explorer或者File Explorer中访问网络面板来浏览其他计算机共享给你的文件。你会看到正确配置后的Mac和Linux计算机在Windows PC机附近出现了。双击一台计算机来查看它的共享文件。 ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/access-ubuntu-linux-shared-folder-on-windows.png) -如果你知道计算机名或者IP地址，你同样可以直接连接到这台计算机上，只需要在Windows Explorer或者File Explorer中输入//计算名后按下回车就可以了 如果你希望直接通过IP地址连接，只需要将计算机名换成IP地址就可以了 +如果你知道计算机名或者IP地址，你同样可以直接连接到这台计算机上，只需要在Windows Explorer或者File Explorer中输入\\计算名后按下回车就可以了。如果你希望直接通过IP地址连接，只需要将计算机名换成IP地址就可以了 ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/directly-access-network-share-on-windows.png) ### 在Mac OS X 上共享文件夹 ### -你需要在你的Mac上启用网络文件共享来共享文件。双击苹果logo，并选择系统偏好。点击共享图标并启用文件共享。点击选项按钮，并确认“使用SMB共享文件和文件夹”已经启用。 +你需要在你的Mac上启用网络文件共享来共享文件。点击桌面左上角的苹果logo，并选择系统偏好。点击共享图标并启用文件共享。点击选项按钮，并确认“使用SMB共享文件和文件夹”已经启用。 -在共享文件夹那列中选择额外要共享的文件夹。使用用户列来选择哪些用户和组可以访问和写入它们 +在共享文件夹那列中选择添加要共享的文件夹。使用用户列来选择哪些用户和组可以访问和写入它们 ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/share-folder-with-windows-from-mac-os-x.png) @@ -43,19 +42,19 @@ ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/directly-connect-to-windows-file-share-on-a-mac.png) -你会被提示你用相应的凭证来验证或者以访客方式登录。连接完成后，在Finder的侧边栏的共享列中就会出现这台计算机， +你会被提醒你应该用相应的凭证来验证或者以访客方式登录。连接完成后，在Finder的侧边栏的共享列中就会出现这台计算机， -要在你每次登录后自动链接到共享文件夹，打开系统偏好窗口并进入用户与组> 登录项。从finder中的共享列中的网络共享拖拽到登录项列表中 +要在你每次登录后自动链接到共享文件夹，打开系统偏好窗口并进入用户与组 > 登录项。从finder中的共享列中的网络共享拖拽到登录项列表中 ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/windows-shared-folder-on-mac.png) -### 在 Linux 中共享一个文件夹 ### +### 在 Linux 中共享文件夹 ### -在Linux上使用你桌面文件管理器来共享一个文件。这里我们在Ubuntu 14.04上使用Nautilus，但是在其他文件管理器上的过程应该是相似的。 +在Linux上使用你桌面文件管理器来共享文件夹。这里，我们使用Ubuntu 14.04上的Nautilus，不过其他文件管理器上的过程应该是相似的。 -打开文件管理器，在想要共享的文件上右键，选择属性。剪辑本地网络共享标签并对这个文件启用共享。如果这是你第一次启用共享，你会被提示要求安装Samba软件- 这在你提供密码的时候会自动显示。 +打开文件管理器，在想要共享的文件上右键，选择属性。点击本地网络共享标签并对这个文件启用共享。如果这是你第一次启用共享，你会被提示要求安装Samba软件——这在你提供密码的时候会自动显示。 -在安装玩Samba软件后配置共享设置- 确认点击创建共享按钮来开始共享文件夹。 +在安装完Samba软件后配置共享设置- 确认点击创建共享按钮来开始共享文件夹。 ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/share-folder-from-ubuntu-linux-with-windows-pc-over-local-network.png) @@ -63,21 +62,21 @@ 你的Linux桌面文件管理器可能包含了一个网络浏览器，它可以用来定位并访问在本地网络的共享文件夹。 -在文件管理器的侧边栏点击浏览网络选项。接着双击Windows网络选项，双击你的工作组（默认是WORKFROUP），双击临近的计算机来浏览它的共享文件。 +在文件管理器的侧边栏点击浏览网络选项。接着双击Windows网络选项，双击你的工作组（默认是WORKFROUP），双击邻近的计算机来浏览它的共享文件。 ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/browse-windows-network-shares-on-ubuntu.png) -为了直接连接到一台计算机，选中Nautilus中的连接到服务器选项，并输入像这样的远程计算机：smb://COMPUTERNAME +要直接连接到一台计算机，选中Nautilus中的“连接到服务器”选项，并输入像这样的远程计算机地址：smb://COMPUTERNAME ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/directly-connect-to-windows-shared-folder-on-ubuntu.png) -然而在你连接时，你可能需要使用具有访问远程计算机权限的用户名和密码来验证。这依赖于你是否启用了访客访问以及你如何设置你的文件夹共享权限。 +不过在你连接时，你可能需要使用具有访问远程计算机权限的用户名和密码来验证。这依赖于你是否启用了访客访问以及你如何设置你的文件夹共享权限。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.howtogeek.com/191116/how-to-share-files-between-windows-mac-and-linux-pcs-on-a-network/ -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 54223853116d81774f5caab40d9d6f9a11236345 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 3 Jul 2014 13:42:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 474/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140703-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=20The?= =?UTF-8?q?=20history=20of=20Android=20=E7=B3=BB=E5=88=97=E6=96=87?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=AB=A0?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../01 - 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The history of Android.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/The history of Android/22 - The history of Android.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/The history of Android/23 - The history of Android.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/The history of Android/24 - The history of Android.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/The history of Android/25 - The history of Android.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/The history of Android/26 - The history of Android.md diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/01 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/01 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d6b12482f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/01 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,202 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +> Follow the endless iterations from Android 0.5 to Android 4.4. + +![Android's home screen over the years.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/its-been-quite-a-journey1.jpg) +Android's home screen over the years. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Android has been with us in one form or another for more than six years. During that time, we've seen an absolutely breathtaking rate of change unlike any other development cycle that has ever existed. When it came time for Google to dive in to the smartphone wars, the company took its rapid-iteration, Web-style update cycle and applied it to an operating system, and the result has been an onslaught of continual improvement. Lately, Android has even been running on a previously unheard of six-month development cycle, and that's slower than it used to be. For the first year of Android’s commercial existence, Google was putting out a new version every two-and-a-half months. + +注：youtube视频地址开始 + + +Google's original introduction of Android, from way back in November 2007. +注：youtube视频地址结束 + +The rest of the industry, by comparison, moves at a snail's pace. Microsoft updates its desktop OS every three to five years, and Apple is on a yearly update cycle for OS X and iOS. Not every update is created equal, either. iOS has one major design revision in seven years, and the newest version of Windows Phone 8 looks very similar to Windows Phone 7. On Android, however, users are lucky if anything looks the same this year as it did last year. The Play Store, for instance, has had five major redesigns in five years. For Android, that's normal. + +Looking back, Android's existence has been a blur. It's now a historically big operating system. Almost a billion total devices have been sold, and 1.5 million devices are activated per day—but how did Google get here? With this level of scale and success, you would think there would be tons of coverage of Android’s rise from zero to hero. However, there just isn’t. Android wasn’t very popular in the early days, and until Android 4.0, screenshots could only be taken with the developer kit. These two factors mean you aren’t going to find a lot of images or information out there about the early versions of Android. + +The problem now with the lack of early coverage is that *early versions of Android are dying*. While something like Windows 1.0 will be around forever—just grab an old computer and install it—Android could be considered the first cloud-based operating system. Many features are heavily reliant on Google’s servers to function. With fewer and fewer people using old versions of Android, those servers are being shut down. And when a cloud-reliant app has its server support shut off, it will never work again—the app crashes and displays a blank screen, or it just refuses to start. + +Thanks to this “[cloud rot][1]," an Android retrospective won’t be possible in a few years. Early versions of Android will be empty, broken husks that won't function without cloud support. While it’s easy to think of this as a ways off, it's happening right now. While writing this piece, we ran into tons of apps that no longer function because the server support has been turned off. Early clients for Google Maps and the Android Market, for instance, are no longer able to communicate with Google. They either throw an error message and crash or display blank screens. Some apps even worked one week and died the next, because Google was actively shutting down servers during our writing! + +To prevent any more of Android's past from being lost to the annals of history, we did what needed to be done. This is 20+ versions of Android, seven devices, and lots and lots of screenshots cobbled together in one space. This is The History of Android, from the very first public builds to the newest version of KitKat. + +注：下面一块为文章链接列表，发布后可以改为发布后的地址 +---------- + +### Table of Contents ### + +- [Android 0.5 Milestone 3—the first public build][10] +- [Android 0.5 Milestone 5—the land of scrapped interfaces][11] +- [Android 0.9 Beta—hey, this looks familiar!][12] +- [Android 1.0—introducing Google Apps and actual hardware][13] +- [Android 1.1—the first truly incremental update][14] +- [Android 1.5 Cupcake—a virtual keyboard opens up device design][15] +- ----[Google Maps is the first built-in app to hit the Android Market][16] +- [Android 1.6 Donut—CDMA support brings Android to any carrier][17] +- [Android 2.0 Éclair‎—blowing up the GPS industry][18] +- [The Nexus One—enter the Google Phone][19] +- [Android 2.1—the discovery (and abuse) of animations][20] +- ----[Android 2.1, update 1—the beginning of an endless war][21] +- [Android 2.2 Froyo—faster and Flash-ier][22] +- ----[Voice Actions—a supercomputer in your pocket][23] +- [Android 2.3 Gingerbread—the first major UI overhaul][24] +- [Android 3.0 Honeycomb—tablets and a design renaissance][25] +- ----[Google Music Beta—cloud storage in lieu of a content store][26] +- [Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich—the modern era][27] +- ----[Google Play and the return of direct-to-consumer device sales][28] +- [Android 4.1 Jelly Bean—Google Now points toward the future][29] +- ----[Google Play Services—fragmentation and making OS versions (nearly) obsolete][30] +- [Android 4.2 Jelly Bean—new Nexus devices, new tablet interface][31] +- ----[Out-of-cycle updates—who needs a new OS?][32] +- [Android 4.3 Jelly Bean—getting wearable support out early][33] +- [Android 4.4 KitKat—more polish; less memory usage][34] +- [Today Android everywhere][35] + +---------- + +### Android 0.5, Milestone 3—the first public build ### + +Before we go diving into Android on real hardware, we're going to start with the early, early days of Android. While 1.0 was the first version to ship on hardware, there were several beta versions only released in emulator form with the SDK. The emulators were meant for development purposes only, so they don’t include any of the Google Apps, or even many core OS apps. Still, they’re our best look into the pre-release days of Android. + +![The emulator’s default qwerty-bar layout running the Milestone 3 build.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/blackberrrry.png) +The emulator’s default qwerty-bar layout running the Milestone 3 build. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Before whimsical candy code names and [cross-promotional deals with multinational food corporations][2], the first public release of Android was labeled "m3-rc20a"—"m3" standing for "Milestone 3." While Google may not have publicized the version number—and this build didn't even have a settings app to check—the browser user agent identifies this as "Android 0.5." + +In November 2007, two years after Google acquired Android and five months after the launch of the iPhone, [Android was announced][3], and the first emulator was released. Back then, the OS was still getting its feet under it. It was easily dismissed as "just a BlackBerry clone." The emulator used a qwerty-bar skin with a 320x240 display, replicating an [actual prototype device][4]. The device was built by HTC, and it seems to be the device that was codenamed "Sooner" according to many early Android accounts. But the Sooner was never released to market. + +[According to accounts][5] of the early development days of Android, when Apple finally showed off its revolutionary smartphone in January 2007, Google had to "start over" with Android—including scrapping the Sooner. Considering the Milestone 3 emulator came out almost a year after Apple's iPhone unveiling, it's surprising to see the device interface still closely mimicked the Blackberry model instead. While work had no doubt been done on the underlying system during that year of post-iPhone development, the emulator still launched with what was perceived as an "old school" interface. It didn't make a good first impression. + +At this early stage, it seems like the Android button layout had not been finalized yet. While the first commercial Android devices would use “Home," “Back," “Menu," and “Search" as the standard set of buttons, the emulator had a blank space marked as an "X" where you would expect the search button to be. The “Sooner" hardware prototype was even stranger—it had a star symbol as the fourth button. + +![From left to right: the home screen, an open notification, and the “apps" folder.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/noti3.png) +From left to right: the home screen, an open notification, and the “apps" folder. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +There was no configurable home screen or widgets, just a simple dock of icons at the bottom that could be cycled through or tapped on. While touch screen support worked for some features, Milestone 3 was primarily controlled with a five-way d-pad—an anachronism that Android still supports to this day. Even this early version of Android could do animations. Icons would grow and shrink as they entered and exited the dock’s center window. + +There was no notification panel yet, either. Notification icons showed up in the status bar (shown above as a smiley face), and the only way to open them was to press "up" on the d-pad while on the home screen. You couldn't tap on the icon to open it, nor could you access notifications from any screen other than home. When a notification was opened, the status bar expanded slightly, and the text of the notification appeared in a speech bubble. Once you had a notification, there was no manual way to clear it—apps were responsible for clearing their own notifications. + +App drawer duties were handled by a simple "Applications" folder on the left of the dock. Despite having a significant amount of functions, the Milestone 3 emulator was not very forthcoming with app icons. "Browser," "Contacts," and "Maps" were the only real apps here. Oddly, "recent calls" was elevated to a standalone icon. Because this was just an emulator, icons for core smartphone functionality were missing, like alarm, calendar, dialer, calculator, camera, gallery, and settings. Hardware prototypes demoed to the press had [many of these][6], and there was a suite of Google Apps up and running by this point. Sadly, there’s no way for us to look at them. They’re so old they can't connect to Google’s servers now anyway. + +![Milestone 3's menu system in the browser, the wallpaper interface, and the volume control.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/menu.png) +Milestone 3's menu system in the browser, the wallpaper interface, and the volume control. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The now-deprecated menu system was up and running in Milestone 3. Hitting the hardware menu button brought up a gray list with a blue gradient highlight, complete with hardware keyboard shortcuts. In the screenshot above, you can see the menu open in the browser. Going to a second level, like the zoom menu, turned the first level of the menu oddly transparent. + +Surprisingly, multitasking and background applications already worked in Milestone 3. Leaving an app didn't close it—apps would save state, even down to text left in a text box. This was a feature iOS wouldn’t get around to matching until the release of iOS 4 in 2010, and it really showed the difference between the two platforms. iOS was originally meant to be a closed platform with no third-party apps, so the platform robustness wasn’t a huge focus. Android was built from the ground up to be a powerful app platform, and ease of app development was one of the driving forces behind its creation. + +Before Android, Google was already making moves into mobile with [WAP sites][7] and [J2ME flip phone apps][8], which made it acutely aware of how difficult mobile development was. According to [The Atlantic][9], Larry Page once said of the company’s mobile efforts “We had a closet full of over 100 phones, and we were building our software pretty much one device at a time.” Developers often complain about Android fragmentation now, but the problem was much, much worse before the OS came along. + +Google’s platform strategy eventually won out, and iOS ended up slowly adding many of these app-centric features—multitasking, cross-app sharing, and an app switcher—later on. + +![The dialer screen that pops up when you press numbers on the home screen, an incoming call, and the call conferencing interface.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/call10000.png) +The dialer screen that pops up when you press numbers on the home screen, an incoming call, and the call conferencing interface. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Despite not having a dialer icon, Milestone 3 emulator was equipped with a way to make phone calls. Pressing anything on the keyboard would bring up the screen on the left, which was a hybrid dialer/contact search. Entering only numbers and hitting the green phone hardware button would start a phone call, and letters would search contacts. Contacts were not searchable by number, however. Even a direct hit on a phone number would not bring up a contact. + +Incoming calls were displayed as an almost-full-screen popup with a sweet transparent background. Once inside a call, the background became dark gray, and Milestone 3 presented the user with a surprisingly advanced feature set: mute, speakerphone, hold, and call conferencing buttons. Multiple calls were presented as overlapping, semi-transparent cards, and users had options to swap or merge calls. Swapping calls triggered a nice little card shuffle animation. + +![The contacts list, an individual contact, editing a contact, and the recent calls screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/recent100.png) +The contacts list, an individual contact, editing a contact, and the recent calls screen. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Contacts was a stark, black and blue list of names. Contact cards had a spot for a contact picture but couldn't assign one to the space (at least in the emulator). The only frill in this area was XMPP presence dots to the left of each name in Contacts. An always-on XMPP connection has traditionally been at the heart of Android, and that deep integration already started in Milestone 3. Android used XMPP to power a 24/7 connection to Google’s servers, powering Google Talk, cloud-to-device push messaging, and app install and uninstall messages. + +![The browser’s fake Google homepage, the address bar, and the history interface.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/browser3.png) +The browser’s fake Google homepage, the address bar, and the history interface. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The browser ran Webkit 419.3, which put it in the same era as Mac OS X 10.4's Safari 2. The homepage was not Google.com, but a hard-coded home.html file included with Android. It looked like Google.com from a thousand years ago. The browser's OS X heritage was still visible, rendering browser buttons with a glossy, Aqua-style search button. + +The tiny BlackBerry-style screen necessitated a separate address bar, which was brought up by a "go to" option in the browser's menu. While autocomplete didn't work, the address bar live searched your history as you typed. The picture on the right was the History display, which used thumbnails to display each site. The current thumbnail was in front of the other two, and scrolling through them triggered a swooping animation. But at this early stage, the browser didn’t support multiple tabs or windows—you had the current website, and that was it. + +![A video-screengrab-derived Google Maps Photoshop, the directions interface, and the gallery test view.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/maps.png) +A video-screengrab-derived Google Maps Photoshop, the directions interface, and the gallery test view. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +From the beginning, Google knew maps would be important on mobile, even shipping a Maps client on the Milestone 5 emulator. That version of Google Maps was the first thing we came across that died from cloud rot. The client can't load information from Google’s servers, so the map displayed as a blank, gray grid. Nothing works. + +Luckily, for the first screenshot above, we were able to piece together an accurate representation from the Android launch video. Old Google Maps seemed fully prepared for a non-touch device, listing hardware key shortcuts along the bottom of the screen. It’s unclear if places worked, or if Maps only ran on addresses at this point. + +Hidden behind the menu were options for search, directions, and satellite and traffic layers. The middle screenshot is of the directions UI, where you could even pick a contact address as a start or end address. Maps lacked any kind of GPS integration, however; you can't find a "my location" button anywhere. + +While there was no proper gallery, on the right is a test view for a gallery, which was hidden in the "API Demos" app. The pictures scrolled left and right, but there was no way to open photos to a full screen view. There were no photo management options either. It was essentially a test of a scrolling picture view. + +![The time picker and calendar, with ridiculous kerning issues, and the vertical list test, featuring Ars.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/datetimeshoutout.png) +The time picker and calendar, with ridiculous kerning issues, and the vertical list test, featuring Ars. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +There was also no settings app, but we can look at the original time and date pickers, thanks to the API Demos. This demonstrates how raw a lot of Android was: kerning issues all over the place, a huge gap in between the minute digits, and unevenly spaced days of the week on the calendar. While the time picker let you change each digit independently, there was no way to change months or years other than moving the day block out of the current month and on to the next or previous month. + +Keep in mind that while this may seem like dinosaur remnants from some forgotten era, this was only released six years ago. We tend to get used to the pace of technology. It's easy to look back on stuff like this and think that it was from 20 years ago. Compare this late-2007 timeframe to desktop OSes, and Microsoft was trying to sell Windows Vista to the world for almost a year, and Apple just released OS X 10.5 Leopard. + +One last Milestone 3 detail: Google gave Ars Technica a shoutout in the Milestone 3 emulator. Opening the “API Demos" app and going to "Views," "Focus," then "Vertical" revealed a test list headlined by *this very Website*. + +![The new emulator skin that comes with Milestone 3, RC37a, which uses a more modern, all-touchscreen style.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/bigscreen.png) +The new emulator skin that comes with Milestone 3, RC37a, which uses a more modern, all-touchscreen style. + +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Two months later, in December 2007, Google released an update for the Milestone 3 emulator that came with a much roomier 480×320 device configuration. This was tagged "m3-rc37a." The software was still identical to the BlackBerry build, just with much more screen real estate available. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/how-we-found-and-installed-every-version-of-android/ +[2]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/official-the-next-edition-of-android-is-kitkat-version-4-4/ +[3]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2007/11/its-official-google-announces-open-source-mobile-phone-os-android/ +[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/blog/mobile-gadgeteer/mwc08-hands-on-with-a-working-google-android-device/860 +[5]:http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/12/the-day-google-had-to-start-over-on-android/282479/ +[6]:http://www.letsgomobile.org/en/2974/google-android/ +[7]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/%E2%80%9D +[8]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/%E2%80%9D +[9]:http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/12/the-day-google-had-to-start-over-on-android/282479/ +[10]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/1/#milestone3 +[11]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/2/#milestone5 +[12]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/3/#0.9 +[13]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/6/#1.0 +[14]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/7/#1.1 +[15]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/8/#cupcake +[16]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/9/#Mapsmarket +[17]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/9/#donut +[18]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/10/#2.0eclair +[19]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/11/#nexusone +[20]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/12/#2.1eclair +[21]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/13/#alloutwar +[22]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/13/#froyo +[23]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/14/#voiceactions +[24]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/14/#gingerbread +[25]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/16/#honeycomb +[26]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/19/#music +[27]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/19/#ics +[28]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/21/#googleplay +[29]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/21/#4.1jellybean +[30]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/21/#playservices +[31]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/22/#4.2jellybean +[32]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/23/#outofcycle +[33]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/24/#4.3jellybean +[34]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/25/#kitkat +[35]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/26/#conclusion +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/02 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/02 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ca8a81bf23 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/02 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![Left: the Milestone 5 home screen showing the “all" button, two dock icons, and four recent apps. Center: the home screen with the app list open. Right: the power menu.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/homescree052n.jpg) +Left: the Milestone 5 home screen showing the “all" button, two dock icons, and four recent apps. Center: the home screen with the app list open. Right: the power menu. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +### Android 0.5, Milestone 5—the land of scrapped interfaces ### + +The first major Android change came three months after the first emulator release: the "m5-rc14" build. Released in February 2008, “Milestone 5" dumped the stretched-out BlackBerry interface and went with a totally revamped design—Google's first attempt at a finger-friendly interface. + +This build was still identified as "Android 0.5" in the browser user agent string, but Milestone 5 couldn't be more different from the first release of Android. Several core Android features can directly trace their lineage back to this version. The layout and functionality of the notification panel was almost ready to ship, and, other than a style change, the menu was present in its final form, too. Android 1.0 was only eight months away from shipping, and the basics of an OS were starting to form. + +One thing that was definitely not in its final form was the home screen. It was an unconfigurable, single-screen wallpaper with an app drawer and dock. App icons were bubbly, three-color affairs, surrounded by a square, white background with rounded corners. The app drawer consisted of an "All" button in the lower-right corner, and tapping on it expanded the list of apps out to the left. Above the "All" button was a two icon dock where "Contacts" and "Dialer" were given permanent home screen real estate. The four blocks above that were an early version of Recent Apps, showing the last apps accessed. With no left or right screens and a whole column taken up by the dock and recent apps, this layout only allowed for 21 app squares before the screen would be filled. The emulator still only sported the bare-minimum app selection, but in an actual device, this design didn't appear like it would work well. + +Holding down the "end call" button brought up a super early version of the power menu, which you can see in the rightmost picture. Google didn't have the normal smartphone nomenclature down yet: "Turn Off Screen" would best be described as "Lock screen" (although there was no lock screen) and "Turn Off Radio" would be called "Airplane mode" today. + +![From left to right: the surprisingly modern notification panel, the menu open in Google Maps (Maps doesn't work anymore), and the new finger-friendly list view.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/noti2.png) +From left to right: the surprisingly modern notification panel, the menu open in Google Maps (Maps doesn't work anymore), and the new finger-friendly list view. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +All the way back in Milestone 5, Google had the basics of the notification panel nailed down. It pulled down from the top of the screen just like it does on any modern smartphone. Current notifications displayed in a list. The first version of the notification panel was an opaque white sheet with a ribbed “handle" on the bottom and an orange dot in the center. Notifications were pressable, opening the appropriate app for that notification. No one bothered to vertically align the app icons in this list, but that's OK. This was gone in the next update. + +Sticky notifications went into an "ongoing" section at the top of the panel. In this build, that seemed to only include phone calls. The "Latest Event" notifications were clearable only after opening the appropriate app. Users surprisingly managed to sign in to Google Talk over the built-in XMPP connection. But while the notification panel displayed "new chat message," there wasn't actually an instant messaging app. + +The artwork in Milestone 5 was all new. The app icons were redrawn, and the menu switched from a boring BlackBerry-style text list to full-color, cartoony icons on a large grid. The notification panel icons switched from simple, sharp, white icons to a bubbly green design. There was now a strange black line under the signal bar indicator with no apparent purpose. The tiny list view from earlier builds really wasn't usable with a finger, so Milestone 5 came with an overall beefier layout. + +![The dialer, recent calls, and an incoming call.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/phonestuff.png) +The dialer, recent calls, and an incoming call. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +M5 was the first build to have a dialer, albeit a fairly ugly one. Numbers were displayed in a gradient-filled bar containing a bizarre speech-bubble-styled backspace button that looked like it was recycled from some other interface. Alignment issues were everywhere. The numbers on the buttons weren't vertically aligned correctly, and the “X" in the backspace button wasn’t aligned with the speech bubble. You couldn't even start a call from the dialer—with no on-screen “dial" button, a hardware button was mandatory. + +Milestone 5 had a few tabbed interfaces, all of which demonstrated an extremely odd idea of how tabs should work. The active tab was white, and the background tabs were black with a tiny strip of white at the bottom. Were background tabs supposed to "shrink" downward? There was no animation when switching tabs. It wasn't clear what the design tried to communicate. + +Recent Calls, shown in the second picture, was downgraded from a top-tier app to a tab on the dialer. It ditched the crazy crosshair UI from earlier builds and, thanks to the chunkier list view, now displayed all the necessary information in a normal list. + +Unlike the dialer, the incoming call screen had on-screen buttons for answering and ending a call. Bizarrely, the incoming call screen was stuck to the bottom of the display, rather than the top or center. It was possibly left over from the old 4:3 BlackBerry screens. + +![An active call, the disabled touchscreen error message, and the call screen with a second call on hold.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/callsstuff.png) +An active call, the disabled touchscreen error message, and the call screen with a second call on hold. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The in-call interface looked normal but made zero sense in practice. Today, to stop your face from pressing buttons while on a call, phones have proximity sensors that turn the screen off when the sensor detects something. Milestone 5 didn’t support proximity sensors, though. Google’s haphazard solution was to disable the entire touch screen during a call. At the same time, the in-call screen was clearly overhauled for touch. There were big, finger-friendly buttons; *you just couldn't touch anything*. + +M5 featured a few regressions here from the old Milestone 3 build. Many decent-looking icons from the old interface were replaced with text. Buttons like "mute" no longer offered on-screen feedback that they were active. Merging calls was cut completely. + +![The browser’s primary menu, the browser’s secondary menu, the crazy zoom control, and the window interface.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/browser4.png) +The browser’s primary menu, the browser’s secondary menu, the crazy zoom control, and the window interface. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The browser menu got the usual touch overhaul, and for the first time a "more" button appeared. It functioned as an [extra menu for your menu][1]. Rather than turning the 3x2 grid into a 3x4 grid, Milestone 5 (and many successive versions of Android) used a long, scrolling list for the additional options. Pinch zoom wasn't supported (supposedly a [concession to Apple][2]), so Android went with the ridiculous looking zoom control in the third picture above. Rather than something sensible like a horizontal, bottom-aligned zoom control, Google stuck it smack in the middle of the screen. The last picture shows the Browser’s "window" interface, which allowed you to open multiple webpages and semi-easily switch between them. + +![Google Maps’ layers section screen, search interface, and directions screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/amps.png) +Google Maps’ layers section screen, search interface, and directions screen. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Google Maps still didn't work, but the little UI we accessed saw significant updates. You could pick map layers, although there were only two to choose from: Satellite and Traffic. The top-aligned search interface strangely hid the status bar, while the bottom-aligned directions didn't hide the status bar. Direction's enter button was labeled with "Go," and Search's enter button was labeled with a weird curvy arrow. The list goes on and demonstrates old school Android at its worst: two functions in the same app that should look and work similarly, but these were implemented as complete opposites. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/2/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://i.imgur.com/GIYGTnb.jpg +[2]:http://www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-on-android-founder-andy-rubin-big-arrogant-f-2013-11 +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/03 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/03 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9e09fc8503 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/03 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![From left to right: Android 0.9’s home screen, add drawer, and shortcut deletion interfaces.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/09hom2e.png) +From left to right: Android 0.9’s home screen, add drawer, and shortcut deletion interfaces. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +### Android 0.9, Beta—hey, this looks familiar! ### + +Six months after Milestone 5, in August 2008, [Android 0.9 was released][1]. While the Android 0.5 milestone builds were "early looks," by now 1.0 was only two months away. Thus, Android 0.9 was labeled "beta." On the other side of the aisle, Apple already released its second version of the iPhone—the iPhone 3G—a month prior. The second-gen iPhone brought a second-gen iPhone OS. Apple also launched the App Store and was already taking app submissions. Google had a lot of catching up to do. + +Google threw out a lot of the UI introduced in Milestone 5. All the artwork was redone again in full-color, and the white square icon backgrounds were tossed. While still an emulator build, 0.9 offered something that looked familiar when compared to a released version of Android. Android 0.9 had a working desktop-style home screen, a proper app drawer, multiple home screens, a lot more apps, and fully functional (first-party only) widgets. + +Milestone 5 seemingly had no plan for someone installing more than 21 apps, but Android 0.9 had a vertically scrolling app drawer accessible via a gray tab at the bottom of the screen. Back then, the app drawer was actually a drawer. Besides acting as a button, the gray tab could be pulled up the screen and would follow your finger, just like how the notification panel can be pulled down. There were additional apps like Alarm Clock, Calculator, Music, Pictures, Messaging, and Camera. + +This was the first build with a fully customizable home screen. Long pressing on an app or widget allowed you to drag it around. You could drag an app out of the app drawer and make a home screen shortcut or long press on an existing home screen shortcut to move it. + +0.9 is a reminder that Google was not the design powerhouse it is today. In fact, some of the design work for Android was farmed out to other companies at the time. You can see one sign of this in the clock widget, which contains the text “MALMO," the home town of design firm [The Astonishing Tribe][2]. + +![The “Add to Home" dialog in Android 0.9.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/widgets.png) +The “Add to Home" dialog in Android 0.9. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +There were only three widgets: Clock, Picture frame, and Search. The Search widget didn't even have a proper icon in the list—it used the Picture icon. Perhaps the most interesting item here was a "Purchased pictures" option in the wallpaper choices—a leftover from the days when purchasing ringtones on a dumbphone was a common occurrence. Google was either planning on selling wallpapers, or it was already adding a carrier at some point. The company never went through with the plan. + +![A collection of widgets, an open folder, renaming a folder, and the copy/paste menu.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/fcp.png) +A collection of widgets, an open folder, renaming a folder, and the copy/paste menu. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The left screen, above, shows the widgets for Google Search and pictures. Search didn't do anything other than give you a box to type in—there was no auto complete or additional UI. Typing in the box and hitting "Go" would launch the browser. The bottom row of icons revealed a few options for "shortcuts" from the long press menu, which created icons that opened an app to a certain screen. Individual contacts, browser bookmarks, and music playlists were all shortcuts that could all be added to the home screen in 0.9. + +"Folders" was an option under the shortcuts heading despite not being a shortcut to anything. Once a blank folder was created, icons could be dragged into it and rearranged. Unlike today, there was no indication of what was in a folder; it was always a plain, white, empty-looking icon. + +0.9 was also the first Android version to have OS-level copy/paste support. Long pressing on any text box would bring up a dialog allowing you to save or recall text from the clipboard. iOS didn't support copy/paste until almost two years later, so for a while, this was one of Android's big differentiators—and the source of many Internet arguments. + +![From left to right: Android 0.9’s new menu, recent apps, power options, and lock screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/stuff.jpg) +From left to right: Android 0.9’s new menu, recent apps, power options, and lock screen. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Android 0.9 was really starting to show its maturity. The home screen had a full set of menu items, including a settings option (although it didn't work yet) and a search button (because Google likes it when you search). The menu design was already in the final form that would last until Android 2.3 swapped it to black. + +Long pressing on the hardware home button brought up a 3x2 grid of recent apps, a design that would stick around until the release of Android 3.0. Recent Apps blurred the exposed background, but that was strangely applied here and not on other popups like the "Add to home" dialog or the home screen folder view. The power menu was at least included in the blurry background club, and it was redesigned with icons and more commonly accepted names for functions. The power menu icons lacked padding, though, appearing cramped and awkward. + +Android 0.9 featured a lock screen, albeit a very basic one. The black and gray lock screen had no on-screen method of unlocking—you needed to hit the hardware menu button. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/3/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2008/08/robotripping-hands-on-with-the-android-sdk-beta/ +[2]:http://www.tat.se/ +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/04 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/04 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d6b2090654 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/04 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![Android 0.9 showing off a horizontal home screen—a feature that wouldn’t make it to later versions.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/horizontal.png) +Android 0.9 showing off a horizontal home screen—a feature that wouldn’t make it to later versions. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +While it's hard to separate emulator and OS functionality, Android 0.9 was the first version to show off horizontal support. Surprisingly, almost everything supported horizontal mode, and 0.9 even outperforms KitKat in some respects. In KitKat, the home screen and dialer are locked to portrait mode and cannot rotate. Here, though, horizontal support wasn't a problem for either app. (Anyone know how to upgrade a Nexus 5 from KitKat to 0.9?) + +This screenshot also shows off the new volume design used in 0.9. It dumped the old bell-style control that debuted in Milestone 3. It was a massive, screen-filling interface. Eventually, the redesign in Android 4.0 made it a bit smaller, but it remained an issue. (It's extremely annoying to not be able to see a video just because you want to bump up the volume.) + +![The new notification panel, which ditched the application shortcut and added a top section.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/n09c2.png) +The new notification panel, which ditched the application shortcut and added a top section. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +In just about every Android version, the notification panel gets tweaked, and 0.9 was no exception. The battery indicator was redrawn and changed to a darker shade of green, and the other status bar icons switched to black, white, and gray. The left area of the status bar was brilliantly repurposed to show the date when the panel was open. + +A new top section was added to the notification panel that would display the carrier name ("Android" in the case of the emulator) and a huge button labeled "Clear notifications," which allowed you to finally remove a notification without having to open it. The application button was canned and replaced with the time the notification arrived, and the "latest events" text was swapped out for a simpler "notifications." The empty parts of the panel were now gray instead of white, and the bottom gripper was redesigned. The pictures seem misaligned on the bottom, but that was because Milestone 5's notification panel had white space around the bottom of the panel. Android 0.9 goes all the way to the edge. + +![The browsers of 0.9 and 0.5, showing the new, colorless menus.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/browser4c2.png) +The browsers of 0.9 and 0.5, showing the new, colorless menus. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The browser now loaded an actual website for the home page instead of the locally stored faux-Google of Milestone 5. The WebKit version rose up to 525.10, but it didn't seem to render the modern Google.com search button correctly. All throughout Android 0.9, the menu art from Milestone 5 was trashed and redrawn as gray icons. The difference between these screens is pretty significant, as all the color has been sucked out. + +The "more" list-style menu grew a little taller, and it was now just a plain list with no icons. Android 0.9 gained yet another search method, this time in the browser menu. Along with the home screen widget, home screen menu button, and browser homepage, that made four search boxes. Google never hid what its prime business was, even in its OS. + +![From left to right: Android 0.9’s browser showing off the zoom controls, find-in-page interface, browser windows, and the settings.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/b4.png) +From left to right: Android 0.9’s browser showing off the zoom controls, find-in-page interface, browser windows, and the settings. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Android 0.9 brought tons of browser improvements. The zoom controls were thankfully reworked from the crazy vertical controls to simpler plus and minus buttons. Google made the common-sense decision of moving the controls from the center of the screen to the bottom. In these zoom controls, the Android struggle with consistency became apparent. These appeared to be the only round buttons in the OS. + +0.9's new "find in page" feature could highlight words in the page. But overall, the UI was still very rough—the text box was much taller than it should be, and the "done" button with a checkbox was a one-of-a-kind icon for this screen. "Done" was basically a "close" button, which means it should probably have been a right-aligned "X" button. + +The main OS didn't have a settings screen in this build, but the browser finally had its own settings screen. It featured desktop-style options for pop ups, javascript, privacy and cookies, saved passwords and form data. There was even Google Gears integration (remember [Google Gears?][1]). + +![The dialer and in-progress call screen with the menu open.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/revisedcalls.jpg) +The dialer and in-progress call screen with the menu open. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Dialer and Contacts in Android 0.9 were actually the same app—the two icons just opened different tabs. Attaching contacts to the dialer like this suggested the primary purpose of a smartphone contact was still for calls, not to text, e-mail, IM, or look up an address. Eventually Google would fully embrace alternative smartphone communications and split up contacts and dialer into separate apps. + +Most of the dialer weirdness in Milestone 5 was wiped out in Android 0.9. The "minimizing" tabs were replaced with a normal set of dark/light tabs. The speech bubble backspace button was changed to a normal backspace icon and integrated into the number display. The number buttons were changed to circles despite everything else in the OS being a rounded rectangle (at least the text was vertically aligned this time). The company also fixed the unbalanced "one," "star," and "pound" keys from Milestone 5. + +Tapping on the number display in Android 0.9 would start a call. This was important, as it was a big step in getting rid of the hardware "Call" and "End" keys on Android devices. The incoming call screen, on the other hand, went in the complete opposite direction and removed the on-screen “Answer" and “Decline" buttons present in Android 0.5. Google would spend the next few versions fumbling around between needing and not needing hardware call buttons on certain screens. With Android 2.0 and the Motorola Droid, though, call buttons were finally made optional. + +All of the options for the in-call screen were hidden under the menu button. Milestone 5 didn't support a proximity sensor, so it took the brute force route of disabling the touch screen during a call. 0.9 was developed for the G1, which had a proximity sensor. Finally, Google didn't have to kill the touch sensor during a call. + +![The individual contacts screen and edit contacts screen for Android 0.9 and 0.5.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/CONTACTS.png) +The individual contacts screen and edit contacts screen for Android 0.9 and 0.5. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Milestone 5 had confusing labels for some contact information, like e-mail only being labeled "primary" instead of something like “primary e-mail." Android 0.9 corrected this with horizontal headers for each section. There were now action icons for each contact type on the left side, too. + +The edit contact screen was now a much busier place. There were delete buttons for every field, per-contact ringtones, an on-screen "more info" button for adding fields, a checkbox to send calls directly to voicemail, and "Save and "discard changes" buttons at the bottom of the list. Functionally, it was a big improvement over the old version, but it still looked very messy. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/4/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.tat.se/ +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/05 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/05 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6cf77007e2 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/05 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![The main alarm screen, setting an alarm, the calculator, and the calculator advanced functions screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/calclockonpresszx.png) +The main alarm screen, setting an alarm, the calculator, and the calculator advanced functions screen. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Android 0.9 gave us the first look at the Alarm and Calculator apps. The alarm app featured a plain analog clock with a scrolling list of alarms on the bottom. Rather than some kind of on/off switch, alarms were set with a checkbox. Alarms could be set to repeat at certain days of the week, and there was a whole list of selectable, unique alarm sounds. + +The calculator was an all-black app with glossy, round buttons. Through the menu, it was possible to bring up an additional panel with advanced functions. Again consistency was not Google’s strong suit. The on-press highlight on the pi key was red—in the rest of Android 0.9, the on-press highlight was usually orange. In fact, everything used in the calculator was 100 percent custom artwork limited to only the calculator. + +![Google Maps with the menu open and the new directions interface.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/mps092.png) +Google Maps with the menu open and the new directions interface. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Google Maps actually worked in Android 0.9—the client could connect to the Google Maps server and pull down tiles. (For our images, remember that Google Maps is cloud based. Even the oldest of clients will still pull down modern map tiles, so ignore the actual map tiles pictured.) The Maps menu got the same all-gray treatment as the browser menu, and the zoom controls were the same as the browser too. The all-important "My Location" button finally arrived, meaning this version of Maps supported GPS location. + +The directions interface was revamped. The weird speech bubbles with misaligned plus buttons were swapped out for a more communicative bookmark icon, the swap field button moved to the left, and the go button was now labeled "Route." + +![The Google Maps layers selector, search history, and the now-broken street view mode.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/maps3.png) +The Google Maps layers selector, search history, and the now-broken street view mode. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +"Layers" was renamed "Map Mode" and switched to a radio button list. Only one map type was available at a time—you couldn't see traffic on the satellite view, for instance. Buried in the menu was a hastily thrown together search history screen. History seemed like only a proof-of-concept, with giant, blurry search icons that rammed up against search terms on a transparent background. + +Street View used to be a separate app (although it was never made available to the public), but in 0.9 it was integrated into Google Maps as a Map Mode. You could drag the little pegman around, and it would display a popup bubble showing the thumbnail for Street View. Tapping on the thumbnail would launch Street View for that area. At the time, Street View showed nothing other than a scrollable 360 degree image—there was no UI on the interface at all. + +![Our first look at the Google Maps search interface. These shots show the search bar, the results in a list, the results in a map, and a business page.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/manystarbucks.png) +Our first look at the Google Maps search interface. These shots show the search bar, the results in a list, the results in a map, and a business page. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Android 0.9 also gave us our first look at the texting app, called "Messaging." Like many early Android designs, Messaging wasn't sure if it should be a dark app or a light app. The first visible screen was the message list, a stark black void of nothingness that looked like it was built on top of the settings interface. After tapping on “New Message" or one of the existing conversations, though, you were taken to a white and blue scrolling list of text messages. The two connected screens couldn’t be more different. + +![The SMS app’s chat window, attachment screen, chat list, and setting.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/sms09.png) +The SMS app’s chat window, attachment screen, chat list, and setting. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Messaging supported a range of attachments: you could tack on pictures, audio, or a slideshow to your message. Pictures and audio could be recorded on the fly or pulled from phone storage. Another odd UI choice was that Android already had an established icon for almost everything in the attach menu, but Messaging used all-custom art instead. + +Messaging was one of the first apps to have its own settings screen. Users could request read and delivery reports and set download preferences. + +![The slideshow creator. The right picture shows the menu options.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/slideshow.png) +The slideshow creator. The right picture shows the menu options. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The "slideshow" option in attachments would actually launch a fully featured slideshow creator. You could add pictures, choose the slide order, add music, change the duration of each slide, and add text. This was complicated enough to have its own app icon, but amazingly it was buried in the menu of the SMS app. This was one of the few Android apps that was completely unusable in portrait mode—the only way to see the picture and the controls was in landscape. Strangely, it would still rotate to portrait, but the layout just became a train wreck. + +![The Music player’s main navigation page, song list, album list, and “now playing" screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/music09.png) +The Music player’s main navigation page, song list, album list, and “now playing" screen. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Android 0.9 was the first to bring a music app to Android. The primary screen was mostly just four big, chunky navigation buttons that would take you to each music view. At the bottom of the app was a "now playing" bar that only contained the track name, artist, and a play/pause button. The song list had only a bare minimum interface, only showing the song name, artist, album and runtime. Album art was the only hope of seeing any color in this app. It was displayed as a tiny thumbnail in the album view and as a big, quarter-screen image in the Now Playing view. + +Like most parts of Android in this era, the interface may not have been much to look at, but the features were there. The Now Playing screen had a button for a playlist queue that allowed you to drag songs around, shuffle, repeat, search, and choose background audio. + +![The “Pictures" all album view, individual album view, and a single picture view.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/pictures09.png) +The “Pictures" all album view, individual album view, and a single picture view. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The photo gallery was simply called "Pictures." The initial view showed all your albums. The two default ones were "Camera" and a large unified album called "All pictures." The thumbnail for each album was made up of a 2x2 grid of pictures, and every picture got a thick, white frame. + +The individual album view was about what you would expect: a scrolling grid of pictures. You couldn't swipe through individual pictures—large left and right arrows flanking the individual picture had to be tapped on to move through an album. There was no pinch-zoom either; you had to zoom in and out with buttons. + +![Picture editing! These screenshots show an open menu, the “more" menu, cropping, and the settings.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/pics209.png) +Picture editing! These screenshots show an open menu, the “more" menu, cropping, and the settings. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +"Pictures" looked simple until you hit the menu button and suddenly accessed a myriad of options. Pictures could be cropped, rotated, deleted, or set as a wallpaper or contact icon. Like the browser, all of this was accomplished through a clumsy double-menu system. But again, why do two related menus look completely different? + +Android 0.9 came out a mere two months before the first commercial release of Android. That was just enough time for app developers to make sure their apps worked—and for Google to do some testing and bug squashing before the big release. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/5/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/06 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/06 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..72b753a658 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/06 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,73 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![The T-Mobile G1](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/t-mobile_g1.jpg) +The T-Mobile G1 +Photo by T-Mobile + +### Android 1.0—introducing Google Apps and actual hardware ### + +By October 2008, Android 1.0 was ready for launch, and the OS debuted on the [T-Mobile G1][1] (AKA the HTC Dream). The G1 was released into a market dominated by the iPhone 3G and the [Nokia 1680 classic][2]. (Both of those phones went on to tie for the [best selling phone][3] of 2008, selling 35 million units each.) Hard numbers of G1 sales are tough to come by, but T-Mobile announced the device broke the one million units sold barrier in April 2009. It was way behind the competition by any measure. + +The G1 was packing a single-core 528Mhz ARM 11 processor, an Adreno 130 GPU, 192MB of RAM, and a whopping 256MB of storage for the OS and Apps. It had a 3.2-inch, 320x480 display, which was mounted to a sliding mechanism that revealed a full hardware keyboard. So while Android software has certainly come a long way, the hardware has, too. Today, we can get much better specs than this in a watch form factor: the latest [Samsung smart watch][4] has 512MB of RAM and a 1GHz dual-core processor. + +While the iPhone had a minimal amount of buttons, the G1 was the complete opposite, sporting almost every hardware control that was ever invented. It had call and end call buttons, home, back, and menu buttons, a shutter button for the camera, a volume rocker, a trackball, and, of course, about 50 keyboard buttons. Future Android devices would slowly back away from thousand-button interfaces, with nearly every new flagship lessening the number of buttons. + +But for the first time, people saw Android running on actual hardware instead of a frustratingly slow emulator. Android 1.0 didn't have the smoothness, flare, or press coverage of the iPhone. It wasn't as capable as Windows Mobile 6.5. Still, it was a good start. + +![The default app selection of Android 1.0 and 0.9.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/apps.png) +The default app selection of Android 1.0 and 0.9. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The core of Android 1.0 didn't look significantly different from the beta version released two months earlier, but the consumer product brought a ton more apps, including the full suite of Google apps. Calendar, Email, Gmail, IM, Market, Settings, Voice Dialer, and YouTube were all new. At the time, music was the dominant media type on smartphones, the king of which was the iTunes music store. Google didn't have an in-house music service of its own, so it tapped Amazon and bundled the Amazon MP3 store. + +The most important addition to Android 1.0 was the debut of Google's store, called "Android Market Beta." While most companies were content with calling their app catalog some variant of "app store"—meaning a store that sold apps and only apps—Google had much wider ambitions. It went with the much more general name of "Android Market." The idea was that the Android Market would not just house apps, but everything you needed for your Android device. + +![The first Android Market client. Screenshots show the main page, “my downloads," an app page, and an app permissions page.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/market.png) +The first Android Market client. Screenshots show the main page, “my downloads," an app page, and an app permissions page. +Photo by [Google][5] + +At the time, the Android Market only offered apps and games, and developers weren't even able to charge for them. Apple's App Store had a four-month head start on the Android Market, but Google's big differentiator was that Android's store was almost completely open. On the iPhone, apps were subject to review by Apple and had to meet design and technical guidelines. Potential apps also weren't allowed to duplicate the stock functionality. On the Android Market, developers were free to do whatever they wanted, including replacing the stock apps. The lack of control would turn out to be a blessing and a curse. It allowed developers to innovate on the existing functionality, but it also meant even the trashiest applications were allowed in. + +Today, this client is another app that can no longer communicate with Google's servers. Luckily, it's one of the few early Android apps [actually documented][6] on the Internet. The main screen provided links to the common areas like Apps, Games, Search, and Downloads, and the top section had horizontally scrolling icons for featured apps. Search results and the "My Downloads" page displayed apps in a scrolling list, showing the name, developers, cost (at this point, always free), and rating. Individual app pages showed a brief description, install count, comments and ratings from users, and the all-important install button. This early Android Market didn’t support pictures, and the only field for developers was a description box with a 500-character limit. This made things like maintaining a changelog very difficult, as the only spot to put it was in the description. + +Right out of the gate, the Android Market showed permissions that an app required before installing. This is something Apple wouldn't get around to implementing until 2012, after an iOS app was caught [uploading entire address books][7] to the cloud without the user's knowledge. The permissions display gave a full rundown of what permissions an app was using, although this version railroaded users into agreeing. There was an “OK" button, but no way to cancel other than the back button. + +![Gmail showing the inbox, the inbox with the menu open. ](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/gmail1.01.png) +Gmail showing the inbox, the inbox with the menu open. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The next most important app was probably Gmail. Most of the base functionality was here already. Unviewed messages showed up in bold, and labels displayed as colored tags. Individual messages in the Inbox showed the subject, author(s), and number of replies in a conversation. The trademark Gmail star was here—a quick tap would star or unstar something. As usual for early versions of Android, the Menu housed all the buttons on the main inbox view. Once inside a message, though, things got a little more modern, with "reply" and "forward" buttons as permanent fixtures at the bottom of the screen. Individual replies could be expanded and collapsed just by tapping on them. + +The rounded corners, shadows, and bubbly icons gave the whole app a "cartoonish" look, but it was a good start. Android's function-first philosophy was really coming through here: Gmail supported labels, threaded messaging, searching, and push e-mail. + +![Gmail’s label view, compose screen, and settings on Android 1.0.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/gmail3.png) +Gmail’s label view, compose screen, and settings on Android 1.0. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +But if you thought Gmail was ugly, the Email app took it to another level. There was no separate inbox or folder view—everything was mashed into a single screen. The app presented you with a list of folders and tapping on one would expand the contents in-line. Unread messages were denoted with a green line on the left, and that was about it for the e-mail interface. The app supported IMAP and POP3 but not Exchange. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/6/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2008/10/android-g1-review/ +[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_1680_classic +[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_mobile_phones#2008 +[4]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/04/review-we-wear-samsungs-galaxy-gear-and-galaxy-fit-so-you-dont-have-to/ +[5]:http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2008/08/android-market-user-driven-content.html +[6]:http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2008/08/android-market-user-driven-content.html +[7]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/02/path-addresses-privacy-controversy-but-social-apps-remain-a-risk-to-users/ +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/07 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/07 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2be62866ad --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/07 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![Both screens of the Email app. The first two screenshots show the combined label/inbox view, and the last shows a message.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/email2lol.png) +Both screens of the Email app. The first two screenshots show the combined label/inbox view, and the last shows a message. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The message view was—surprise!—white. Android's e-mail app has historically been a watered-down version of the Gmail app, and you can see that close connection here. The message and compose views were taken directly from Gmail with almost no modifications. + +![The “IM" applications. Screenshots show the short-lived provider selection screen, the friends list, and a chat.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/IM2.png) +The “IM" applications. Screenshots show the short-lived provider selection screen, the friends list, and a chat. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Before Google Hangouts and even before Google Talk, there was "IM"—the only instant messaging client that shipped on Android 1.0. Surprisingly, multiple IM services were supported: users could pick from AIM, Google Talk, Windows Live Messenger, and Yahoo. Remember when OS creators cared about interoperability? + +The friends list was a black background with white speech bubbles for open chats. Presence was indicated with colored circles, and a little Android on the right hand side would indicate that a person was mobile. It's amazing how much more communicative the IM app was than Google Hangouts. Green means the person is using a device they are signed into, yellow means they are signed in but idle, red means they have manually set busy and don't want to be bothered, and gray is offline. Today, Hangouts only shows when a user has the app open or closed. + +The chats interface was clearly based on the Messaging program, and the chat backgrounds were changed from white and blue to white and green. No one changed the color of the blue text entry box, though, so along with the orange highlight effect, this screen used white, green, blue, and orange. + +![YouTube on Android 1.0. The screens show the main page, the main page with the menu open, the categories screen, and the videos screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/yt5000.png) +YouTube on Android 1.0. The screens show the main page, the main page with the menu open, the categories screen, and the videos screen. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +YouTube might not have been the mobile sensation it is today with the 320p screen and 3G data speeds of the G1, but Google's video service was present and accounted for on Android 1.0. The main screen looked like a tweaked version of the Android Market, with a horizontally scrolling featured section along the top and vertically scrolling categories along the bottom. Some of Google's category choices were pretty strange: what would the difference be between "Most popular" and "Most viewed?" + +In a sign that Google had no idea how big YouTube would eventually become, one of the video categories was "Most recent." Today, with [100 hours of video][1] uploaded to the site every minute, if this section actually worked it would be an unreadable blur of rapidly scrolling videos. + +The menu housed search, favorites, categories, and settings. Settings (not pictured) was the lamest screen ever, housing one option to clear the search history. Categories was equally barren, showing only a black list of text. + +The last screen shows a video, which only supported horizontal mode. The auto-hiding video controls weirdly had rewind and fast forward buttons, even though there was a seek bar. + +![YouTube’s video menu, description page, and comments.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/yt3.png) +YouTube’s video menu, description page, and comments. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Additional sections for each video could be brought up by hitting the menu button. Here you could favorite the video, access details, and read comments. All of these screens, like the videos, were locked to horizontal mode. + +"Share" didn't bring up a share dialog yet; it just kicked the link out to a Gmail message. Texting or IMing someone a link wasn't possible. Comments could be read, but you couldn't rate them or post your own. You couldn't rate or like a video either. + +![The camera app’s picture taking interface, menu, and photo review mode.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/camera.png) +The camera app’s picture taking interface, menu, and photo review mode. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Real Android on real hardware meant a functional camera app, even if there wasn't much to look at. That black square on the left was the camera interface, which should be showing a viewfinder image, but the SDK screenshot utility can't capture it. The G1 had a hardware camera button (remember those?), so there wasn't a need for an on-screen shutter button. There were no settings for exposure, white balance, or HDR—you could take a picture and that was about it. + +The menu button revealed a meager two options: a way to jump to the Pictures app and Settings screen with two options. The first settings option was whether or not to enable geotagging for pictures, and the second was for a dialog prompt after every capture, which you can see on the right. Also, you could only take pictures—there was no video support yet. + +![The Calendar’s month view, week view with the menu open, day view, and agenda.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/calviews.png) +The Calendar’s month view, week view with the menu open, day view, and agenda. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Like most apps of this era, the primary command interface for the calendar was the menu. It was used to switch views, add a new event, navigate to the current day, pick visible calendars, and go to the settings. The menu functioned as a catch-all for every single button. + +The month view couldn't show appointment text. Every date had a bar next to it, and appointments were displayed as green sections in the bar denoting what time of day an appointment was. Week view couldn't show text either—the 320×480 display of the G1 just wasn't dense enough—so you got a white block with a strip of color indicating which calendar it was from. The only views that provided text were the agenda and day views. You could move through dates by swiping—week and day used left and right, and month and agenda used up and down. + +![The main settings page, the Wireless section, and the bottom of the about page.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/settings.png) +The main settings page, the Wireless section, and the bottom of the about page. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Android 1.0 finally brought a settings screen to the party. It was a black and white wall of text that was roughly broken down into sections. Down arrows next to each list item confusingly look like they would expand line-in to show more of something, but touching anywhere on the list item would just load the next screen. All the screens were pretty boring and samey looking, but hey, it's a settings screen. + +Any option with an on/off state used a cartoony-looking checkbox. The original checkboxes in Android 1.0 were pretty strange—even when they were "unchecked," they still had a gray check mark in them. Android treated the check mark like a light bulb that would light up when on and be dim when off, but that's not how checkboxes work. We did finally get an "About" page, though. Android 1.0 ran Linux kernel 2.6.25. + +A settings screen means we can finally open the security settings and change lock screens. Android 1.0 only had two styles, the gray square lock screen pictured in the Android 0.9 section, and pattern unlock, which required you to draw a pattern over a grid of 9 dots. A swipe pattern like this was easier to remember and input than a PIN even if it did not add any more security. + +![The Voice Dialer, pattern lock screen, low battery warning, and time picker.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/grabbag.png) +The Voice Dialer, pattern lock screen, low battery warning, and time picker. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +oice functions arrived in 1.0 with Voice Dialer. This feature hung around in various capacities in AOSP for a while, as it was a simple voice command app for calling numbers and contacts. Voice Dialer was completely unrelated to Google's future voice products, however, and it worked the same way a voice dialer on a dumbphone would work. + +As for a final note, low battery popup would occur when the battery dropped below 15 percent. It was a funny graphic, depicting plugging the wrong end of the power cord into the phone. That wasn't (and still isn't) how phones work, Google. + +Android 1.0 was a great first start, but there were still so many gaps in functionality. Physical keyboards and tons of hardware buttons were mandatory, as Android devices were still not allowed to be sold without a d-pad or trackball. Base smartphone functionality like auto-rotate wasn't here yet, either. Updates for built-in apps weren't possible through the Android Market the way they were today. All the Google Apps were interwoven with the operating system. If Google wanted to update a single app, an update for the entire operating system needed to be pushed out through the carriers. There was still a lot of work to do. + +### Android 1.1—the first truly incremental update ### + +![All of Android 1.1’s new features: Search by voice, the Android Market showing paid app support, Google Latitude, and the new “system updates" option in the settings.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/11.png) +All of Android 1.1’s new features: Search by voice, the Android Market showing paid app support, Google Latitude, and the new “system updates" option in the settings. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Four and a half months after Android 1.0, in February 2009, Android got its first public update in Android 1.1. Not much changed in the OS, and just about every new thing Google added with 1.1 has been shut down by now. Google Voice Search was Android's first foray into cloud-powered voice search, and it had its own icon in the app drawer. While the app can't communicate with Google's servers anymore, you can check out how it used to work [on the iPhone][2]. It wasn't yet Voice Actions, but you could speak and the results would go to a simple Google Search. + +Support for paid apps was added to the Android Market, but just like the beta client, this version of the Android Market could no longer connect to the Google Play servers. The most that we could get to work was this sorting screen, which lets you pick between displaying free apps, paid apps, or a mix of both. + +Maps added [Google Latitude][3], a way to share your location with friends. Latitude was shut down in favor of Google+ a few months ago and no longer works. There was an option for it in the Maps menu, but tapping on it just brings up a loading spinner forever. + +Given that system updates come quickly in the Android world—or at least, that was the plan before carriers and OEMs got in the way—Google also added a button to the "About Phone" screen to check for system updates. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/7/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.youtube.com/yt/press/statistics.html +[2]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3z7Tw1K17A +[3]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2009/02/google-tries-location-based-social-networking-with-latitude/ +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/08 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/08 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3bd0c3a8c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/08 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,128 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![Android 1.5’s on-screen keyboard showing the suggestion bar while typing, the capital letters keyboard, the number and symbols screen, and an additional key popup.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/kb5.png) +Android 1.5’s on-screen keyboard showing the suggestion bar while typing, the capital letters keyboard, the number and symbols screen, and an additional key popup. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +### Android 1.5, Cupcake—a virtual keyboard opens up device design ### + +In April 2009, almost three months after the release of 1.1, Android 1.5 was released. It was the first Android version to have a public, marketed code name: Cupcake. From here on out, Android releases would have alphabetical, snack-themed names. + +The most important Cupcake addition was easily the on-screen keyboard. For the first time, it was possible for OEMs to build a slate-style Android device without a thousand hardware keyboard keys and a complicated slide mechanism. + +Android's key labels could switch between uppercase and lowercase, depending on if caps lock was on or not. While it was off by default, there was an option to turn on the suggestion bar, which appeared along the top edge of the keyboard. Keys with ellipses in the popup, like the "u," above, could be held down to input [diacritical marks][1], which would display in a popup. The keyboard could switch to numbers and alternate characters, and long pressing on the period key would bring up even more punctuation. + +![Composite images of the app lineup in 1.5 and 1.1 and the notification panels from each version.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/abweave.png) +Composite images of the app lineup in 1.5 and 1.1 and the notification panels from each version. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +New icons were added for the new "Camcorder" functionality, and Google Talk was broken out from IM into its own separate app. The Amazon MP3 and Browser icons were redesigned, too. The Amazon MP3 icon was changed primarily because Amazon was planning on launching other Android apps soon, and the "A" icon was far too generic. The browser icon was easily the worst in Android 1.1, so it was changed and no longer resembled a desktop OS dialog box. The last app drawer change was to "Pictures," which was renamed to "Gallery." + +The notification panel was redesigned again as well. The panel background got a weave texture, and the gradients on notifications were smoothed out. Android 1.5 had a lot of little design changes to core OS pieces that affected all apps. On the "Clear notifications" button, you could see the new system-wide button style, which had a gradient, a thinner outline, and less shadowing than the old version. + +![The “Add to Home" dialog boxes in 1.5 and 1.1.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/widget.png) +The “Add to Home" dialog boxes in 1.5 and 1.1. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Third-party widgets were another headline feature of Cupcake, and they still remain one of Android's defining features. Developers could bundle a home screen widget along with their apps that would either control or display information from that app. Google showed off a few new widgets of its own, too, with the Calendar and Music apps. + +![Left: a screenshot of the calendar widget, music widget, and a row of live folders. Center: the folder list. Right: an open view of the “contacts with phone numbers" live folder.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/folders-and-widgets-and-stuff.png) +Left: a screenshot of the calendar widget, music widget, and a row of live folders. Center: the folder list. Right: an open view of the “contacts with phone numbers" live folder. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +On the left screenshot, above, you can see the new Calendar and Music icons. The Calendar widget could only show a single event for the day, and tapping it would open the calendar. It wouldn't let you choose what calendars to display, and widgets weren't resizable—it only ever looked like this. The music widget was blue—despite the music app not having a drop of blue in it—and showed the song and artist name, along with play and next buttons. + +Also in the left shot, the first three folders on the bottom row were a new feature called "Live Folders." These were accessible under the new top-level "Folders" section in the "Add to Home" menu, which you can see in the center picture. Live Folders showed the content of an application without having to open that application. The ones that came with Cupcake were all contacts-related, showing all of the user's contacts, contacts with phone numbers, or starred contacts. + +Rather than icons, Live Folders used a simple list view that popped up over the home screen. Contacts were just for starters, Live Folders was a whole API that developers could use. Google demoed a folder of books from the Google Books app, and it was possible to have an RSS feed or top stories from a website as a live folder. Live folders were one of the few Android ideas that didn't work out, and the feature was shut down in Honeycomb. + +![The camcorder and camera UI, with on-screen shutter buttons.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/device-2013-12-26-11016071.png) +The camcorder and camera UI, with on-screen shutter buttons. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +If you couldn't tell from the new "Camcorder" icon, video recording was added to Android in 1.5. The two icons, camera and camcorder, were actually the same app, and you could jump between the two of them with an option in the menu labeled "Switch to camera" and "Switch to camcorder." Video quality on the T-Mobile G1 was not that great. A test video on "High" quality output; a .3GP video file with a resolution of 352 x 288 and a lagtastic frame rate of 4 FPS. + +Along with the new video feature, the Camera app saw a few much-needed UI tweaks. A thumbnail in the top left showed the last picture that was taken, and tapping on it would jump to the camera roll in the Gallery. The circle icon on the top right of both screens was an on-screen shutter button, meaning that, post 1.5, Android devices no longer required a hardware camera button. + +This interface was actually much closer to the Android 4.2 design than many of the subsequent camera apps. While later designs would add silly leather textures and more controls to the camera, Android went back to basics with later designs, and that 4.2 redesign shares a lot in common with this. What was a primitive layout in Android 1.5 became a minimal, full-screen viewfinder in Android 4.2. + +![Google Talk running in the Google Talk app versus Google Talk running in the IM app.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/gtalk-im.png) +Google Talk running in the Google Talk app versus Google Talk running in the IM app. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Android 1.0's IM app was used for Google Talk functionality, but in Android 1.5, Google Talk was broken off into its own app. Support for it in the IM app was removed. Google Talk (above, left) was clearly based on the IM app (above, right), but as soon as the stand alone app was released in 1.5, work on the IM app was abandoned. + +The new Google Talk app had a redesigned status bar, presence lights on the right side, and a redesigned mobile icon, which was a gray monogram of the bugdroid. The blue compose bar switched to a more sensible gray in the chat view, and the message backgrounds changed from light green and white to light green and green. With a stand alone app, Google could add Gtalk-only features like chatting "off the record," which would stop Gmail from saving a copy of every chat. + +![The calendar in Android 1.5 got a lot lighter.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/cal15.png) +The calendar in Android 1.5 got a lot lighter. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The calendar dumped the ugly white squares on a black background and changed to an all-light app. The background of everything became white, and day-of-the-week headers were changed to blue. The individual appointment blocks switched from a small color strip to entirely colored, and the text changed to white. This will be the last time the calendar is touched for a long time. + +![From left to right: the browser’s new controls, the zoomed-out magnifying view, and highlighting text for copy/pasting.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/browser-craziness.png) +From left to right: the browser’s new controls, the zoomed-out magnifying view, and highlighting text for copy/pasting. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Android 1.5 changed the zoom controls system-wide. Instead of two big circles, the zoom controls became two halves of a rectangle with rounded corners. These new controls applied to the browser, Google Maps, and the gallery. + +The browser had lots of work done on the zoom functionality. After zooming in or out, the "1x" button would return you to the standard zoom level. The button in the bottom right corner would zoom all the way out of the page and display a magnifying rectangle over the page, which you can see in the center image. Grabbing the rectangle and releasing it would zoom that part of the page to a "1x" view. Android didn't have acceleratable scrolling, which made the max scrolling speed pretty slow—this was Google's solution for navigating a long webpage. + +Another addition to the browser was the ability to copy text on a webpage—previously you could only copy text from an input box. Selecting "copy text" from the menu would activate highlight mode, and dragging your finger over text in a Web page would highlight it. The G1’s trackball was very handy for super-precise movement like this and could control the mouse cursor. There were no draggable handles, and as soon as you lifted your finger off the screen, Android would copy the text and remove the highlight, so you had to be ridiculously precise to get any use out of the copy feature. + +The browser in Android 1.5 would crash a lot—much more than in previous versions. Just viewing Ars Technica in desktop mode would crash the browser, as did many other sites. + +![](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/lockscreen.png) +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The default lock screen and pattern lock screen both changed their empty, black backgrounds to the same wallpaper as the home screen. + +The lighter background on the pattern unlock screen revealed the sloppy job Google did on the alignment of the circles. The white circles were nowhere near centered inside the black circles—basic alignment issues like this continued to be a frequent problem for Android in these early days. + +![The YouTube uploader, contacts thumbnails, the auto rotate setting, and the new music design.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/TWEAKS2.png) +The YouTube uploader, contacts thumbnails, the auto rotate setting, and the new music design. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +![The HTC Magic, the second Android device, and the first without a hardware keyboard.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/htc-magic-white.jpg) +The HTC Magic, the second Android device, and the first without a hardware keyboard. +Photo by HTC + +> #### Google Maps is the first built-in app to hit the Android Market #### +> +> While this article is (mostly) organizing app updates by Android version for simplicity's sake, there are a few outliers that deserve special recognition. On June 14, 2009, Google Maps was the first packed-in Android app to be updated via the Android Market. While every other app required a full system release to be updated, Maps was broken out of the OS, free to receive out-of-cycle updates whenever a new feature was ready. +> +> Moving apps out of the core OS and onto the Android Market would be a big focus for Google going forward. In general, OTA updates were a big initiative—they required the cooperation of the OEM and the carrier, both of which could drag their feet. Updates also didn’t make it to every device. Today, the Android Market gives Google a direct line to every Android phone with no such interference from outside parties. +> +> These were problems for a later date, though. In 2009, Google had only two unskinned phones to support, and the early Android carriers were seemingly responsive to Google’s update needs. This early move would prove to be a very proactive decision on Google’s part. At first, the company went this route only with its most important properties—Maps and Gmail—but later it would port the majority of the packed-in apps to the Android Market. Later initiatives like Google Play Services even brought app APIs out of the OS and into Google’s store. +> +> As for the new Maps at the time, it gained a new directions interface, along with the ability to give mass transit and walking directions. For now, directions were given on a plain black list—turn-by-turn-style navigation would come later. +> +> June 2009 was also the time Apple launched the third iPhone—the 3GS—and the third version of iPhone OS. iPhone OS 3's headline features were mostly catch-up items like copy/paste and MMS support. Apple's hardware was still nicer, and the software was smoother, more cohesive, and better designed. Google's insane pace of development was putting it on a path to parity though. iPhone OS 2 launched just before the Milestone 5 build of Android 0.5, which makes five Android releases in the span of the yearly iOS release cycle. + +Android 1.5 gave the YouTube app the ability to upload videos to the site. Uploading was accomplished by sharing a video from the Gallery to the YouTube app, or by opening a video directly from the YouTube app. This would bring up an upload screen, where the user would set things like the video title, tags, and access rights. Photos could be uploaded to Picasa, Google's original photo site, in a similar fashion. + +There were little tweaks all over the OS. Favorite contacts now showed a picture in the contacts list (although regular contacts were still pictureless). The third picture shows the new auto-rotate option in the settings—this was also the first version to support automatically switching orientations based on readings from the devices’ internal sensors. + +Cupcake did a great job of improving Android, particularly in terms of hardware options. The on-screen keyboard meant a hardware keyboard was no longer necessary. Auto rotate brought the OS a little closer to the iPhone, and an on-screen camera shutter button meant that hardware camera buttons were now optional, too. Shortly after the release of 1.5, a second Android device came out that would show the future direction of the platform: the HTC Magic. The Magic (right) didn’t have a hardware keyboard or a camera button. It was a solid, slider-less slate device that relied on Android’s on-screen buttons to get the job done. + +Android flagships started with the most buttons possible—a hardware qwerty phone—and slowly began whittling the button count down over time. While the Magic was a big step, eliminating an entire keyboard and a camera button, it still used start and end call buttons, four system buttons, and a trackball. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/8/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/09 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/09 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c629e9cc75 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/09 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![The new Android Market—less black, more white and green.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/marketab2.png) +The new Android Market—less black, more white and green. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +### Android 1.6, Donut—CDMA support brings Android to any carrier ### + +The fourth version of Android—1.6, Donut—launched in September 2009, five months after Cupcake hit the market. Despite the myriad of updates, Google was still adding basic functionality to Android. Donut brought support for different screen sizes, CDMA support, and a text-to-speech engine. + +Android 1.6 is a great example of an update that, today, would have little reason to exist as a separate point update. The major improvements basically boiled down to new versions of the Android Market, camera, and YouTube. In the years since, apps like this have been broken out of the OS and can be updated by Google at any time. Before all this modularization work, though, even seemingly minor app updates like this required a full OS update. + +The other big improvement—CDMA support—demonstrated that, despite the version number, Google was still busy getting basic functionality into Android. + +The Android Market was christened as version "1.6" and got a complete overhaul. The original all-black design was tossed in favor of a white app with green highlights—the Android designers were clearly using the Android mascot for inspiration. + +The new market was definitely a new style of app design for Google. The top fifth of the screen was dedicated to a banner logo announcing that this app is indeed the “Android Market." Below the banner were buttons for Apps, Games, and Downloads, and a search button was placed to the right of the banner. Below the navigation was a thumbnail display of featured apps, which could be swiped through. Below that were even more featured apps in a vertically scrolling list. + +![The new Market design, showing an app page with screenshots, the apps categories page, an app top list, and the downloads section.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/marketpages.png) +The new Market design, showing an app page with screenshots, the apps categories page, an app top list, and the downloads section. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The biggest addition to the market was the inclusion of app screenshots. Android users could finally see what an app looked like before installing it—previously they only had a brief description and user reviews to go on. Your personal star review and comment was given top billing, followed by the description, and then finally the screenshots. Viewing the screenshots would often require a bit of scrolling—if you were looking for a well-designed app, it was a lot of work. + +Tapping on App or Games would bring up a category list, which you can see in the second picture, above. After picking a category, more navigation was shown at the top of the screen, where users could see "Top paid," "Top free," or "Just in" apps within a category. While these sorta looked like buttons that would load a new screen, they were really just a clunky tabbed interface. To denote which "tab" was currently active, there were little green lights next to each button. The nicest part of this interface was that the list of apps would scroll infinitely—once you hit the bottom, more apps would load in. This made it easy to look through the list of apps, but opening any app and coming back would lose your spot in the list—you’d be kicked to the top. The downloads section would do something the new Google Play Store still can't do: simply display a list of your purchased apps. + +While the new Market definitely looked better than the old market, cohesion across apps was getting worse and worse. It seemed like each app was made by a different group with no communication about how all Android apps should look. + +![The Camera viewfinder, photo review screen, and menu.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/device-2013-12-27-145949.png) +The Camera viewfinder, photo review screen, and menu. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +For instance, the camera app was changed from a full-screen, minimal design to a boxed viewfinder with controls on the side. With the new camera app, Google tried its hand at skeuomorphism, wrapping the whole app in a leather texture roughly replicating the exterior of a classic camera. Switching between the camera and camcorder was done with a literal switch, and below that was the on-screen shutter button. + +Tapping on the previous picture thumbnail no longer launched the gallery, but a custom image viewer that was built in to the camera app. When viewing a picture the leather control area changed the camera controls to picture controls, where you could delete, share a picture, or set the picture as a wallpaper or contact image. There was still no swiping between pictures—that was still done with arrows on either side of the image. + +This second picture shows one of the first examples of designers reducing dependence on the menu button, which the Android team slowly started to realize functioned terribly for discoverability. Many app designers (including those within Google) used the menu as a dumping ground for all sorts of controls and navigational elements. Most users didn't think to hit the menu button, though, and never saw the commands. + +A common theme for future versions of Android would be moving things out of the menu and on to the main screen, making the whole OS more user-friendly. The menu button was completely killed in Android 4.0, and it's only supported in Android for legacy apps. + +![The battery and TTS settings.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/settings1.png) +The battery and TTS settings. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Donut was the first Android version to keep track of battery usage. Buried in the "About phone" menu was an option called "Battery use," which would display battery usage by app and hardware function as a percentage. Tapping on an item would bring up a separate page with relevant stats. Hardware items had buttons to jump directly to their settings, so for instance, you could change the display timeout if you felt the display battery usage was too high. + +Android 1.6 was also the first version to support text-to-speech (TTS) engines, meaning the OS and apps would be able to talk back to you in a robot voice. The “Speech synthesizer controls" would allow you to set the language, choose the speech rate, and (critically) install the voice data from the Android market. Today, Google has its own TTS engine that ships with Android, but it seems Donut was hard coded to accept one specific TTS engine made by SVOX. But SVOX’s engine didn’t ship with Donut, so tapping on “install voice data" linked to an app in the Android Market. (In the years since Donut’s heyday, the app has been taken down. It seems Android 1.6 will never speak again.) + +![From left to right: new widgets, the search bar UI, the new notification clear button, and the new gallery controls.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/grabbag16.png) +From left to right: new widgets, the search bar UI, the new notification clear button, and the new gallery controls. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +There was more work on the widget front. Donut brought an entirely new widget called "Power control." This comprised on/off switches for common power-hungry features: Wi-FI, Bluetooth, GPS, Sync (to Google's servers), and brightness. + +The search widget was redesigned to be much slimmer looking, and it had an embedded microphone button for voice search. It now had some actual UI to it and did find-as-you-type live searching, which searched not only the Internet, but your applications and history too. + +The "Clear notifications" button has shrunk down considerably and lost the "notifications" text. In later Android versions it would be reduced to just a square button. The Gallery continues the trend of taking functionality out of the menu and putting it in front of the user—the individual picture view gained buttons for "Set as," "Share," and "Delete." + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/9/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/10 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/10 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f01a0a0f7f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/10 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ + +注：youtube视频地址 + + +### Android 2.0, Éclair‎—blowing up the GPS industry ### + +Forty-one days—that was how much time passed between Android 1.6 and 2.0. The first big version number bump for Android launched in October 2009 [on the Motorola Droid][1], the first "second generation" Android device. The Droid offered huge hardware upgrades over the G1, starting with the massive (at the time) 3.7 inch, 854×480 LCD. It brought a lot more power, too: a (still single-core) 600Mhz TI OMAP Cortex A8 with 256MB of RAM. + +![The Motorola Droid stares into your soul.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2181.jpg) +The Motorola Droid stares into your soul. + +The most important part of the Droid, though, was the large advertising campaign around it. The Droid was the flagship device for Verizon Wireless in the US, and with that title came a ton of ad money from America's biggest carrier. Verizon licensed the word "droid" from Lucasfilm and started up the ["Droid Does" campaign][2]—a shouty, explosion-filled set of commercials that positioned the device (and by extension, Android) as the violent, ass-kicking alternative to the iPhone. The press frequently declared the T-Mobile G1 as trying to be an “iPhone Killer," but the Droid came out and owned it. + +Like the G1, the Droid had a hardware keyboard that slid out from the side of the phone. The trackball was gone, but some kind of d-pad was still mandatory, so Motorola placed a five-way d-pad on the right side of the keyboard. On the front, the Droid switched from hardware buttons to capacitive touch buttons, which were just paint on the glass touchscreen. Android 2.0 also finally allowed devices to do away with the “Call" and “End" buttons. So together with the demotion of the d-pad to the keyboard tray, the front buttons could all fit in a nice, neat strip. The result of all this streamlining was the best-looking Android device yet. The T-Mobile G1 looked like a Fisher-Price toy, but the Motorola Droid looked like an industrial tool that you could cut someone with. + +![The lock and home screens from 2.0 and 1.6.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/intro202.png) +The lock and home screens from 2.0 and 1.6. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Some of Verizon's grungy ad campaign leaked over to the software, where the default wallpaper was changed from a calm, watery vista to a picture of dirty concrete. The boot animation used a pulsing, red, Hal 9000 eyeball and the default notification tone shouted "[DRRRRROOOOIIIIDDDD][3]" every time you received an e-mail. Éclair was Android’s angsty teenager phase. + +One of the first things Android 2.0 presented to the user was a new lock screen. Slide-to-unlock was patented by Apple, so Google went with a rotary-phone-inspired arc unlock gesture. Putting your finger on the lock icon and sliding right would unlock the device, and sliding left from the volume icon would silence the phone. A thumb naturally moves in an arc, so this felt like an even more natural gesture than sliding in a straight line. + +The default homescreen layout scrapped the redundant analog clock widget and introduced what is now an Android staple: a search bar at the top of the home screen. SMS Messaging and the Android Market were also given top billing in the new layout. The app drawer tab was given a sharp redesign, too. + +![The app drawers and pictures of the “Add to Home" menus.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/icons.png) +The app drawers and pictures of the “Add to Home" menus. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Android was developed at such a breakneck pace in the early days that the Android Team could never really plan for future devices when making interface art. The Motorola Droid—with its 854×480 LCD—was a huge bump up in resolution over the 320×480 G1-era devices. Nearly everything needed to be redrawn. Starting from scratch with interface art would pretty much be the main theme of Android 2.0. + +Google took this opportunity to redesign almost every icon in Android, going from a cartoony look with an isometric perspective to straight-on icons done in a more serious style. The only set of icons that weren't redrawn were the status bar icons, which now look very out of place compared to the rest of the OS. These icons would hang around from Android 0.9 until 2.3. + +There were a few changes to the app lineup as well. Camcorder was merged into the camera, the IM app was killed, and two new Google-made apps were added: Car Home, a launcher with big buttons designed for use while driving, and Corporate Calendar, which is identical to the regular calendar except it supports Exchange instead of Google Calendar. Weirdly, Google also included two third-party apps out of the box: Facebook and Verizon's Visual VM app. (Neither works today.) The second set of pictures displays the “Add to Home screen" menu, and it received all new art, too. + +![A Places page, showing the “Navigate" option, the Navigation disclaimer, the actual Navigation screen, and the traffic info screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/nav2.png) +A Places page, showing the “Navigate" option, the Navigation disclaimer, the actual Navigation screen, and the traffic info screen. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Beyond a redesign, the clear headline feature of Android 2.0 was Google Maps Navigation. Google updated Maps to allow for free turn-by-turn navigation, complete with a point of interest search and text to speech, which could read the names of streets aloud just like a standalone GPS unit. Turning GPS navigation from a separate product into a free smartphone feature pretty much [destroyed][4] the standalone GPS market overnight. TomTom’s stock dropped almost 40 percent during the week of Android 2.0’s launch. + +But navigation was pretty hard to get to at first. You had to open the search box, type in a place or address, and tap on the search result. Next, after tapping on the "Navigate" button, Google showed a warning stating that Navigation was in beta and should not be trusted. After tapping on "accept," you could jump in a car, and a harsh-sounding robot voice would guide you to your destination. Hidden behind the menu button was an option to check out the traffic and accidents for the entire route. This design of Navigation hung around forever. Even when the main Google Maps interface was updated in Android 4.0, the Android 2.0 stylings in the Navigation section hung around until almost Android 4.3. + +Maps would also show a route overview, which contained traffic data for your route. At first it was just licensed by the usual traffic data provider, but later, Google would use information from Android and iOS phones running Google Maps to [crowd source traffic data][5]. It was the first step in Google's dominance of the mobile map game. After all, real-time traffic monitoring is really just a matter of how many points of data you have. Today, with hundreds of millions of Google Maps users across iOS and Android, Google has become the best provider of traffic data in the world. + +With Maps Navigation, Android finally found its killer app. Google was offering something no one else could. There was finally an answer to the "Why should I buy this over an iPhone?" question. Google Maps didn't require PC-based updating like many GPS units did, either. It was always up-to-date thanks to the cloud, and all of those updates were free. The only downside was that you needed an Internet connection to use Google Maps. + +As was greatly publicized during the [Apple Maps fiasco][6], accurate maps have become one of the most important features of a smartphone, even if no one really appreciates them when they work. Mapping the world is really only solvable with tons of person power, and today, Google’s “Geo" division is the largest in the company with more than [7,000 employees][7]. For most of these people, their job is to literally drive down every road in the world with the company’s camera-filled Street View cars. After eight years of data collection, Google has more than [five million miles][8] of 360-degree Street View imagery, and Google Maps is one of the biggest, most untouchable pillars of the company. + +![The Car Home screen, and, because we have room, a horizontal version of Navigation.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/carhome1.png) +The Car Home screen, and, because we have room, a horizontal version of Navigation. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Along with Google Maps Navigation came "Car Home," a large-buttoned home screen designed to help you use your phone while driving. It wasn't customizable, and each button was just a shortcut to a standard app. The Motorola Droid and its official [car dock accessory][9] had special magnets that would automatically trigger Car Home. While docked, pressing the hardware home button on the Droid would open Car Home instead of the normal home screen, and an on-screen home button led to the normal home screen. + +Car Home, while useful, didn’t last long—it was cut in Android 3.0 and never came back. GPS systems are almost entirely used in cars while driving, but encouraging users to do so with options like “search," which would bring up a keyboard, is something that Google’s lawyers probably weren’t very fond of. With [Apple’s CarPlay][10] and Google’s [Open Automotive Alliance][11], car computers are seeing a resurgence these days. This time, though, there is more of a focus on safety, and government organizations like the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration are on board to help out. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/10/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/12/review-of-the-motorola-droid/ +[2]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e52TSXwj774 +[3]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBL47tHrvMA +[4]:http://techcrunch.com/2009/10/28/googles-new-mobile-app-cuts-gps-nav-companies-at-the-knees/ +[5]:http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/08/bright-side-of-sitting-in-traffic.html +[6]:http://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/09/apple-ceo-tim-cook-apologizes-for-ios-6-maps-promises-improvements/ +[7]:http://www.businessinsider.com/apple-has-7000-fewer-people-working-on-maps-than-google-2012-9 +[8]:https://developers.google.com/events/io/sessions/383278298 +[9]:http://www.amazon.com/Motorola-Generation-Vehicle-Charger-Packaging/dp/B002Y3BYQA +[10]:http://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/03/ios-in-the-car-becomes-carplay-coming-to-select-dashboards-this-year/ +[11]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/01/open-automotive-alliance-aims-to-bring-android-inside-the-car/ +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/11 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/11 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..94a9e762e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/11 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![The redesigned Dialer and Contacts pages.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/dialercontacts.png) +The redesigned Dialer and Contacts pages. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The rounded tabs in the contacts/dialer app were changed to a sharper, more mature-looking design. The dialer changed its name to "Phone" and the dial pad buttons changed from circles to rounded rectangles. Buttons for voicemail, call, and delete were placed at the bottom. This screen is a great example of Android’s lack of design consistency in the pre-3.0 days. Just on this screen, the tabs used sharp-cornered rectangles, the dial pad used rounded rectangles, and the sides of the bottom buttons were complete circles. It was a grab bag of UI widgets where no one ever tried to make anything match anything else. + +One of the new features in Android 2.0 was "Quick Contacts," which took the form of contact thumbnails that were added all over the OS. Tapping on them would bring up a list of shortcuts to contact that person through other apps. This didn't make as much sense in the contacts app, but in something like Google Talk, being able to tap on the contact thumbnail and call the person was very handy. + +![](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/calls.png) +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Android 2.0 was finally equipped with all the on-screen buttons needed to answer and hang up a call without needing a hardware button, and the Droid took advantage of this and removed the now-redundant buttons from its design. Android’s solution to accept or reject calls was these left and right pull tabs. They work a lot like slide-to-unlock (and would later be used for slide-to-unlock)—a slide from the green button to the right would answer, and a slide from the red button to the left would reject the call. Once inside a call, it looked a lot like Android 1.6. All the options were still hidden behind the menu button. + +Someone completely phoned-in the art for the dialpad drawer. Instead of redrawing the number "5" button from Android 1.6, they just dropped in bold text that said "Dialpad" and called it a day. + +![The Calculator and Browser.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/calcubrowser.png) +The Calculator and Browser. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The calculator was revamped for the first time since its introduction in Android 0.9. The black glass balls were replaced with gradiented blue and black buttons. The crazy red on-press highlight of the old calculator was replaced with a more normal looking white outline. + +The browser's tiny website name bar grew into a full, functional address bar, along with a button for bookmarks. To save on screen real estate, the address bar was attached to the page, so the bar scrolled up with the rest of the page and left you with a full screen for reading. Android 1.6's unique magnifying rectangle zoom control and its associated buttons were tossed in favor of a much simpler double-tab-to-zoom gesture, and the browser could once again render arstechnica.com without crashing. There still wasn't pinch zoom. + +![The camera with the settings drawer open, the flash settings, and the menu over top of the photo review screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/cam2-these-are-settigns.jpg) +The camera with the settings drawer open, the flash settings, and the menu over top of the photo review screen. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The camera app gained an entire drawer on the left side, which opened to reveal a ton of settings. The Motorola Droid was one of the first Android phones with an LED flash, so there was a setting for flash control, along with settings like scene mode, white balance, effects, picture size, and storage location (SD or Internal). + +On the photo review screen, Google pared down the menu button options. They were no longer redundant when compared to the on-screen options. With the extra room in the menu, all the options fit in the menu bar without needing a "more" button. + +![The “accounts" page of the e-mail app, the new combined inbox, the account & sync page from the system settings, and the auto brightness setting. ](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/emailacc2ountsetc.png) +The “accounts" page of the e-mail app, the new combined inbox, the account & sync page from the system settings, and the auto brightness setting. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The e-mail app got a big functionality boost. The most important of which is that it finally supported Microsoft Exchange. The Android 2.0 version of Email finally separated the inbox and folder views instead of using the messy mashed-together view introduced in Android 1.0. Email even had a unified inbox that would weave all your messages together from different accounts. + +The inbox view put the generic Email app on even ground with the Gmail app. Combined inbox even trumped Gmail's functionality, which was an extremely rare occurrence. Email still felt like the unwanted stepchild to Gmail, though. It used the Gmail interface to view messages, which meant the inbox and folders used a black theme, and the message view oddly used a light theme. + +The bundled Facebook app had an awesome account sync feature, which would download contact pictures and information from the social network and seamlessly integrate it into the contacts app. Later down the road when Facebook and Google stopped being friends, [Google removed this feature][1]. The company said it didn't like the idea of sharing information with Facebook when Facebook wouldn't share information back, thus a better user experience lost out to company politics. + +(Sadly, we couldn't show off the Facebook app because it is yet another client that died at the hands of OAuth updates. It's no longer possible to sign in from a client this old.) + +The last picture shows the auto brightness control, which Android 2.0 was the first version to support. The Droid was equipped with an ambient light sensor, and tapping on the checkbox would make the brightness slider disappear and allow the device to automatically control the screen brightness. + +As the name would imply, Android 2.0 was Google's biggest update to date. Motorola and Verizon brought Android a slick-looking device with tons of ad dollars behind it, and for a time, “Droid" became a household name. + +### The Nexus One—enter the Google Phone ### + +![](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/nexus_4_lineup.jpg) + +In January 2010, the first Nexus device launched, appropriately called the "[Nexus One][2]". The device was a huge milestone for Google. It was the first phone designed and branded by the company, and Google planned to sell the device directly to consumers. The HTC-manufactured Nexus One had a 1GHz, single-core Qualcomm Snapdragon S1 SoC, 512MB of RAM, 512MB of storage, and a 3.7-inch AMOLED display. + +The Nexus One was meant to be a pure Android experience free of carrier meddling and crapware. Google directly controlled the updates. It was able to push software out to users as soon as it was done, rather than having to be approved by carriers, who slowed the process down and were not always eager to improve a phone customers already paid for. + +Google sold the Nexus One [directly over the Web][3], unlocked, contract-free, and at the full retail price of $529.99. While the Nexus One was also sold at T-Mobile stores on-contract for $179.99, Google wanted to change the way the cell phone industry worked in America with its online store. The idea was to pick the phone first and the carrier second, breaking the control the wireless oligarchy had over hardware in the United States. + +Google's retail revolution didn't work out though, and six months after the opening on the online phone store, Google shut the service down. Google cited the primary problem as low sales. In 2010, Internet shopping wasn't the commonplace thing it is today, and consumers weren't ready to spend $530 on a device they couldn’t first hold in their hands. The high price was also a limiting factor; smartphone shoppers were more used to paying $200 up front for devices and agreeing to a two-year contract. There was also the issue of the Motorola Droid, which came out only three months earlier and was not significantly slower. With the Droid’s huge marketing campaign and "iPhone Killer" hype, it already captured much of the same Android enthusiast market that the Nexus One was gunning for. + +While the Nexus One online sales experiment could be considered a failure, Google learned a lot. In 2012, it [relaunched its online store][4] as the "Devices" section on Google Play. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/11/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://techcrunch.com/2011/02/22/google-android-facebook-contacts/ +[2]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2010/01/nexus-one-review/ +[3]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2010/01/googles-big-news-today-was-not-a-phone-but-a-url/ +[4]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/04/unlocked-samsung-galaxy-nexus-can-now-be-purchased-from-google/ +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/12 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/12 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6f7058c56a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/12 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +### Android 2.1—the discovery (and abuse) of animations ### + +Android 2.1 came out with the launch of the Nexus One, which was only three months after the release of 2.0. The new OS wasn't a huge release, so it still kept the codename "Éclair." Android development was chugging along at an unheard-of pace, with Google averaging a new OS release every two-and-a-half months over the last 15 months. + +Thanks mostly to the marketing efforts of Verizon and the "Droid" line of phones, Android was gaining in popularity. The OS was still considered ugly, though, and while the Android engineers at the time seemed to have almost no formal design training, in Android 2.1 they tried to spruce things up a bit by slathering on heavy-handed animation effects wherever they could. The result was an OS that seemed to be desperately trying to prove that it could do animation effects. Many of the new additions felt more like tech demos than user-experience improvements. + +![The lock and home screens from Android 2.1 and 2.0.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/21.png) +The lock and home screens from Android 2.1 and 2.0. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Android 2.0's rotary dial lock screen was kicked to the curb after only one version and replaced with the same pull tabs the incoming call screen used. The lock screen clock was an attempt at a uniquely Android font, but as typefaces go, it was pretty hideous looking. + +One of the biggest features in Android 2.1 was "Live Wallpapers"—interactive or moving images that could be set as the wallpaper. The default Live Wallpaper was a grid of squares with blue, red, yellow, and green lights continually streaking across it. Tapping on the screen would send lights firing out in all four directions from the center of your tap. While Live Wallpapers looked neat (and was a unique feature over the iPhone), the animated backgrounds sucked up battery power and CPU cycles. It seemed to make the whole phone run a little slower. + +On the home screen, the default Google Search widget was given a lot more padding and now sits centered in its row. Page indicators now lived in the bottom left and right corners of the screen, and the number of home screen pages jumped from three to five. The app drawer tab at the bottom was replaced with an icon showing a grid of squares, a metaphor that Google still uses today. + +![A picture showing the app drawer design and a composite image showing the app selection for Android 2.1 and 2.0.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/21icons.png) +A picture showing the app drawer design and a composite image showing the app selection for Android 2.1 and 2.0. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +With the new app drawer icon came a totally new app drawer. Instead of a tabbed container that lifted up from the bottom of the screen, the app drawer displayed as a full-screen interface. The carbon fiber weave was removed, and the background switched to a plain black background—a decision that would stick around all the way up to KitKat. + +Google decided to add a floating, semi-transparent home icon to the bottom of the app drawer to give people an easy way out of the full-screen tab interface. This could be seen as a precursor to the on-screen home button that was introduced in Android 4.0. + +The app drawer was given a tacky graphics effect, too. While scrolling, the icons at the top and bottom of the list would bend inward and appear to move deeper into the phone, sort of like the opening scroll in Star Wars. + +There were a few changes to the icons. "Amazon MP3" and "Alarm Clock" both lost their first names, along with their premium alphabetical real-estate at the top of the app drawer. Two new apps showed up: News and Weather, and Google Voice, which was Google's telecommunication service. Since the Nexus One was not a Verizon phone, Verizon's Visual Voicemail app was dumped. + +![The revamped clock app.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/clo2ck.png) +The revamped clock app. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Along with the name change, the clock app got a total revamp. Tapping on the clock shortcut no longer opened the alarms page; instead it went to a "desk clock" interface (left picture, above) with a background that matched the wallpaper. The clock used the same font from the lock screen, pulling in weather from the new News And Weather app. + +The new alarm page cleaned up a lot of the weirder design decisions made in the old version. The analog clock and selectable clock designs were dead. The checkboxes were replaced with a green on/off light, which was much easier to parse than "gray check/green check." While it might be hard to see from the thumbnail (click for a bigger version), the old alarm design displayed AM and PM next to the time. The 2.1 design did away with that, only showing the relevant meridian. A digital clock was placed at the bottom, and the clock icon took you back to the desk clock interface. + +![The Gallery and individual image screens from 2.1 and 2.0.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/gallery1.png) +The Gallery and individual image screens from 2.1 and 2.0. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Google's desire to improve the look of Android was most evident in the 2.1 Gallery, which was all about heavy-handed animation effects and transparencies. When the app opened, individual pictures flew in from the top of the screen and shuffled into little piles that made up an album. When opening an album, the picture stack separated, and the photos slid into a grid formation. Everything you touched would pop open, squish, and stretch like a spring-loaded piece of Jell-o. + +There was no "normal" background for the Gallery. It would randomly pick a picture on the screen and heavily distort it for use as a background image. When that picture scrolled off-screen, it would pick a new background image, so the tone of the background always matched your pictures. + +The top left of the screen housed a breadcrumbs bar. It displayed your current location and any folders between you and the main screen—it could be thought of as an early precursor to the "Up" button that would debut in Android 3.0. In the top right was a link to the camera app, which still sported the same faux-leather design that debuted in Android 1.6—the two designs could not be more different. + +While the camera was another weird, one-off design, never was the wild UI disparity between Android apps more apparent than in the new Gallery. It didn't use Android buttons, menus, or any of the existing UI paradigms. It even hid the status bar in every screen—you could barely tell you were looking at Android. + +In the individual photo view, you could finally swipe between images, which removed the need for chunky left and right arrows. For some reason, the color-matched background wasn't on this screen. It was the only part of the app where the background is black. Zoom controls were in the top-right (still no pinch zoom), and commands were held in a single strip along the bottom of the screen. Hitting the "menu" button (software or hardware) didn't bring up a 2×3 grid of options like every other app—the items in the bottom strip just changed from two options to three other options. + +![The animation-filled Gallery app.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/gallery2.png) +The animation-filled Gallery app. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The first picture, above, shows an album view. You could scroll horizontally through a large album or use the fast scroll bar at the bottom of the screen. Long pressing on a picture (or, bizarrely, pressing the hardware menu button) would bring up a "checkbox" interface, where you could tap on several pictures to select them. After you've selected pictures, you could then batch share, delete, or rotate them. + +The menus on this screen and the next individual picture screen were semi-transparent speech bubbles that would spring out of their respective buttons when tapped on. Again, this was about as far away from the normal Android conventions as you could get. The Gallery was also one of the first apps to have an overscroll effect. When you hit the end of the photo wall, the entire surface would skew in the direction of the scrolling. + +The 2.1 Gallery was the first photo client to show your cloud-stored Picasa photos along with local pictures. These were marked with a white camera shutter icon in the bottom left corner of a thumbnail. This would later become Google+ Photos. + +No Android app before or since had looked like the gallery. There was good reason for that—it wasn’t made by Google! The app was farmed out to Cooliris, who didn't bother following a single existing Android UI paradigm. While the app was usable, all the animations and effects made it seem like a case of style over substance. + +![The "News and Weather" app showing... the news and weather.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/newsandweather.png) +The "News and Weather" app showing... the news and weather. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Compare the Gallery to the other new Android 2.1 app: News And Weather. While the Gallery was a transparency-filled animation fest, News And Weather was all about dark gradients and contrasting colors. This app powered the weather display on the desk clock app, and it even came with a home screen widget. The first screen just showed the weather and a six-day forecast for your current location. Along the top of the screens were tabs, next to the city name was a small "i" button that would bring up a temperature and precipitation graph. You could slide your finger along the graph to get exact temperatures and precipitation for any given minute. + +The big innovation in this app was swipeable tabs, an idea that would eventually become a standard Android UI convention. After the weather were a bunch of user configurable news tabs, and besides tapping on the tabs to switch to them, you could just swipe horizontally across the screen and the tab would change. The news tabs all showed a list of news headlines that were almost always truncated to the point that you had no idea what the story was about. When opening a webpage from this app, it didn't load the browser. Instead, it opened the story within the app complete with a weird white border. + +![Google Maps showing off some Labs features, the new widget designs, the only screen we can access in Google Voice, and the new tabbed music design.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ccccombo.jpg) +Google Maps showing off some Labs features, the new widget designs, the only screen we can access in Google Voice, and the new tabbed music design. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Widgets in 2.1 were all redesigned, with almost everything receiving a black gradient, and made better use of the available space. The clock changed back to a circle, and the calendar got a blue top, which matched the app a little more closely. Google Voice will start up, but the sign-in is broken—this is as far as you can get. + +The oft-neglected Music app got a minor update. The four-button home screen was removed completely, and tabs for each music display mode were added to the top of the screen. This meant when opening the app, you were immediately presented with a list of music, instead of a navigational page. Unlike the News and Weather app, these newly installed tabs here could not be swiped between. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/13 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/13 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..85c04441ac --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/13 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/ready-fight.png) + +### Android 2.1, update 1—the start of an endless war ### + +Google was a major launch partner for the first iPhone—the company provided Google Maps, Search, and YouTube for Apple’s mobile operating system. At the time, Google CEO Eric Schmidt was a member of Apple’s board of directors. In fact, during the original iPhone presentation, [Schmidt was the first person on stage][] after Steve Jobs, and he joked that the two companies were so close they could merge into “AppleGoo." + +While Google was developing Android, the relationship between the two companies slowly became contentious. Still, Google largely kept Apple happy by keeping key iPhone features, like pinch zoom, out of Android. The Nexus One, though, was the first slate-style Android flagship without a keyboard, which gave the device the same form factor as the iPhone. Combined with the newer software and Google branding, this was the last straw for Apple. According to Walter Isaacson’s biography on Steve Jobs, after seeing the Nexus One in January 2010, the Apple CEO was furious, saying "I will spend my last dying breath if I need to, and I will spend every penny of Apple's $40 billion in the bank, to right this wrong... I'm going to destroy Android, because it's a stolen product. I'm willing to go thermonuclear war on this." + +All of this happened behind closed doors, only coming out years after the Nexus One was released. The public first caught wind of this growing rift between Google and Apple when, a month after the release of Android 2.1, an update shipped for the Nexus One called “[2.1 update 1.][2]" The updated added one feature, something iOS long held over the head of Android: pinch-zoom. + +While Android supported multi-touch APIs since version 2.0, the default operating system apps stayed clear of this useful feature at the behest of Jobs. After reconciliation meetings over the Nexus One failed, there was no longer a reason to keep pinch zoom out of Android. Google pushed all their chips into the middle of the table, hit the update button, and was finally “all-in" with Android. + +With pinch zoom enabled in Google Maps, the Browser, and the Gallery, the Google-Apple smartphone war was on. In the coming years, the two companies would become bitter enemies. A month after the pinch zoom update, Apple went on the warpath, suing everyone and everything that used Android. HTC, Motorola, and Samsung were all brought to court, and some of them are still in court. Schmidt resigned from Apple’s board of directors. Google Maps and YouTube were kicked off of the iPhone, and Apple even started a rival mapping service. Today, the two players that were almost "AppleGoo" compete in smartphones, tablets, laptops, movies, TV shows, music, books, apps, e-mail, productivity software, browsers, personal assistants, cloud storage, mobile advertising, instant messaging, mapping, and set-top-boxes... and soon the two will be competing in car computers, wearables, mobile payments, and living room gaming. + +### Android 2.2 Froyo—faster and Flash-ier ### + +[Android 2.2][3] came out four months after the release of 2.1, in May 2010. Froyo featured major under-the-hood improvements for Android, all made in the name of speed. The biggest addition was just-in-time (JIT) compilation. JIT automatically converted java bytecode into native code at runtime, which led to drastic performance improvements across the board. + +The Browser got a performance boost, too, thanks to the integration of the V8 javascript engine from Chrome. This was the first of many features the Android browser would borrow from Chrome, and eventually the stock browser would be completely replaced by a mobile version of Chrome. Until that day came, though, the Android team needed to ship a browser. Pulling in Chrome parts was an easy way to upgrade. + +While Google was focusing on making its platform faster, Apple was making its platform bigger. Google's rival released the 10-inch iPad a month earlier, ushering in the modern era of tablets. While some large Froyo and Gingerbread tablets were released, Google's official response—Android 3.0 Honeycomb and the Motorola Xoom—would not arrive for nine months. + +![Froyo added a two-icon dock at the bottom and universal search.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/22-2.png) +Froyo added a two-icon dock at the bottom and universal search. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The biggest change on the Froyo homescreen was the new dock at the bottom, which filled the previously empty space to the left and right of the app drawer with phone and browser icons. Both of these icons were custom-designed white versions of the stock icons, and they were not user-configurable. + +The default layout removed all the icons, and it only stuck the new tips widget on the screen, which directed you to click on the launcher icon to access your apps. The Google Search widget gained a Google logo which doubled as a button. Tapping it would open the search interface and allow you to restrict a search by Web, apps, or contacts. + +![The downloads page showing the “update all" button, the Flash app, a flash-powered site where anything is possible, and the “move to SD" button. ](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/small-market-2.jpg) +The downloads page showing the “update all" button, the Flash app, a flash-powered site where anything is possible, and the “move to SD" button. +Photo by [Ryan Paul][4] + +Some of the best additions to Froyo were more download controls for the Android Market. There was now an “Update all" button pinned to the bottom of the Downloads page. Google also added an automatic updating feature, which would automatically install apps as long as the permissions hadn't changed; automatic updating was off by default, though. + +The second picture shows Adobe Flash Player, which was exclusive to Froyo. The app plugged in to the browser and allowed for a “full Web" experience. In 2010, this meant pages heavy with Flash navigation and video. Flash was one of Android's big differentiators compared to the iPhone. Steve Jobs started a holy war against Flash, declaring it an obsolete, buggy piece of software, and Apple would not allow it on iOS. So Android picked up the Flash ball and ran with it, giving users the option of having a semi-workable implementation on Android. + +At the time, Flash could bring even a desktop computer to its knees, so keeping it on all the time on a mobile phone delivered terrible performance. To fix this, Flash on Android's browser could be set to "on-demand"—Flash content would not load until users clicked on the Flash placeholder icon. Flash support would last on Android until 4.1, when Adobe gave up and killed the project. Ultimately Flash never really worked well on Android. The lack of Flash on the iPhone, the most popular mobile device, pushed the Internet to eventually dump the platform. + +The last picture shows the newly added ability to move apps to the SD card, which, in an era when phones came with 512MB of internal storage, was sorely needed. + +![The car app and camera app. The camera could now rotate.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/22carcam-2.png) +The car app and camera app. The camera could now rotate. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The camera app was finally updated to support portrait mode. The camera settings were moved out of the drawer and into a semi-transparent strip of buttons next to the shutter button and other controls. This new design seemed to take a lot of inspiration from the Cooliris Gallery app, with transparent, springy speech bubble popups. It was quite strange to see the high-tech Cooliris-style UI design grafted on to the leather-bound camera app—the aesthetics didn't match at all. + +![The semi-broken Facebook app is a good example of the common 2x3 navigation page. Google Goggles was included but also broken.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/facebook.png) +The semi-broken Facebook app is a good example of the common 2x3 navigation page. Google Goggles was included but also broken. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Unlike the Facebook client included in Android 2.0 and 2.1, the 2.2 version still sort of works and can sign in to Facebook's servers. The Facebook app is a good example of Google's design guidelines for apps at the time, which suggested having a navigational page consisting of a 3x2 grid of icons as the main page of an app. + +This was Google's first standardized attempt at getting navigational elements out of the menu button and onto the screen, where users could find them. This design was usable, but it added an extra roadblock between launching an app and using an app. Google would later realize that when users launch an app, it was a better idea to show them content instead of an interstitial navigational screen. In Facebook for instance, opening to the news feed would be much more appropriate. And later app designs would relegate navigation to a second-tier location—first as tabs at the top of the screen, and later Google would settle on the "Navigation Drawer," a slide-out panel containing all the locations in an app. + +Also packed in with Froyo was Google Goggles, a visual search app which would try to identify the subject of a picture. It was useful for identifying works of art, landmarks, and barcodes, but not much else. These first two setup screens, along with the camera interface, are all that work in the app anymore. Today, you can't actually complete a search with a client this old. There wasn't much to see anyway; it was a camera interface that returned a search results page. + +![The Twitter app, which was an animation-filled collaboration between Google and Twitter.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/twitters-2.png) +The Twitter app, which was an animation-filled collaboration between Google and Twitter. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Froyo included the first Android Twitter app, which was actually a collaboration between Google and Twitter. At the time, a Twitter app was one of the big holes in Android's app lineup. Developers favored the iPhone, and with Apple's head start and stringent design requirements, the App Store's app selection was far superior to Android's. But Google needed a Twitter app, so it teamed up with the company to get the first version out the door. + +This represented Google's newer design language, which meant it had an interstitial navigation page and a "tech-demo" approach to animations. The Twitter app was even more heavy-handed with animation effects than the Cooliris Gallery—everything moved all the time. The clouds at the top and bottom of every page continually scrolled at varying speeds, and the Twitter bird at the bottom flapped its wings and moved its head left and right. + +The Twitter app actually featured an early precursor to the Action Bar, a persistent strip of top-aligned controls that was introduced in Android 3.0 . Along the top of every screen was a blue bar containing the Twitter logo and buttons like search, refresh, and compose tweet. The big difference between this and the later action bars was that the Twitter/Google design lacks an "Up" button in the top right corner, and it actually uses an entire second bar to show your current location within the app. In the second picture above, you can see a whole bar dedicated to the location label "Tweets" (and, of course, the continuously scrolling clouds). The Twitter logo in the second bar acted as another navigational element, sometimes showing additional drill down areas within the current section and sometimes showing the entire top-level shortcut group. + +The 2.3 Tweet stream didn't look much different from what it does today, save for the hidden action buttons (reply, retweet, etc), which were all under the right-aligned arrow buttons. They popped up in a speech bubble menu that looked just like the navigational popup. The faux-action bar was doing serious work on the create tweet page. It housed the twitter logo, remaining character count, and buttons to attach a picture, take a picture, and a contact mention button. + +The Twitter app even came with a pair of home screen widgets. The big one took up eight slots and gave you a compose bar, update button, one tweet, and left and right arrows to view more tweets. The little one showed a tweet and reply button. Tapping on the compose bar on the large widget immediately launched the main "Create Tweet," rendering the "update" button worthless. + +![Google Talk and the new USB dialog.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/talkusb.png) +Google Talk and the new USB dialog. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Elsewhere, Google Talk (and the unpictured SMS app) changed from a dark theme to a light theme, which made both of them look a lot closer to the current, modern apps. The USB storage screen that popped up when you plugged into a computer changed from a simple dialog box to a full screen interface. Instead of a text-only design, the screen now had a mutant Android/USB-stick hybrid. + +While Android 2.2 didn’t feature much in the way of user-facing features, a major UI overhaul was coming in the next two versions. Before all the UI work, though, Google wanted to revamp the core of Android. Android 2.2 accomplished that. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/13/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hUIxyE2Ns8#t=3016 +[2]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2010/02/googles-nexus-one-gets-multitouch/ +[3]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2010/07/android-22-froyo/ +[4]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2010/07/android-22-froyo/ +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/14 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/14 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2825d7eee8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/14 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +### Voice Actions—a supercomputer in your pocket ### + +In August 2010, a new feature “[Voice Actions][1]" launched in the Android Market as part of the Voice Search app. Voice Actions allowed users to issue voice commands to their phone, and Android would try to interpret them and do something smart. Something like "Navigate to [address]" would fire up Google Maps and start turn-by-turn navigation to your stated destination. You could also send texts or e-mails, make a call, open a Website, get directions, or view a location on a map—all just by speaking. + +注：youtube视频地址 + + +Voice Actions was the culmination of a new app design philosophy for Google. Voice Actions was the most advanced voice control software for its time, and the secret was that Google wasn’t doing any computing on the device. In general, voice recognition was very CPU intensive. In fact, many voice recognition programs still have a “speed versus accuracy" setting, where users can choose how long they are willing to wait for the voice recognition algorithms to work—more CPU power means better accuracy. + +Google’s innovation was not bothering to do the voice recognition computing on the phone’s limited processor. When a command was spoken, the user’s voice was packaged up and shipped out over the Internet to Google’s cloud servers. There, Google’s farm of supercomputers pored over the message, interpreted it, and shipped it back to the phone. It was a long journey, but the Internet was finally fast enough to accomplish something like this in a second or two. + +Many people throw the phrase “cloud computing" around to mean “anything that is stored on a server," but this was actual cloud computing. Google was doing hardcore compute operations in the cloud, and because it is throwing a ridiculous amount of CPU power at the problem, the only limit to the voice recognition accuracy is the algorithms themselves. The software didn't need to be individually “trained" by each user, because everyone who used Voice Actions was training it all the time. Using the power of the Internet, Android put a supercomputer in your pocket, and, compared to existing solutions, moving the voice recognition workload from a pocket-sized computer to a room-sized computer greatly increased accuracy. + +Voice recognition had been a project of Google’s for some time, and it all started with an 800 number. [1-800-GOOG-411][1] was a free phone information service that Google launched in April 2007. It worked just like 411 information services had for years—users could call the number and ask for a phone book lookup—but Google offered it for free. No humans were involved in the lookup process, the 411 service was powered by voice recognition and a text-to-speech engine. Voice Actions was only possible after three years of the public teaching Google how to hear. + +Voice recognition was a great example of Google’s extremely long-term thinking—the company wasn't afraid to invest in a project that wouldn’t become a commercial product for several years. Today, voice recognition powers products all across Google. It’s used for voice input in the Google Search app, Android’s voice typing, and on Google.com. It’s also the primary input interface for Google Glass and [Android Wear][2]. + +The company even uses it beyond input. Google's voice recognition technology is used to transcribe YouTube videos, which powers automatic closed captioning for the hearing impaired. The transcription is even indexed by Google, so you can search for words that were said in the video. Voice is the future of many products, and this long-term planning has led Google to be one of the few major tech companies with an in-house voice recognition service. Most other voice recognition products, like Apple’s Siri and Samsung devices, are forced to use—and pay a license fee for—voice recognition from Nuance. + +With the computer hearing system up and running, Google is applying this strategy to computer vision next. That's why things like Google Goggles, Google Image Search, and [Project Tango][3] exist. Just like the days of GOOG-411, these projects are in the early stages. When [Google's robot division][4] gets off the ground with a real robot, it will need to see and hear, and Google's computer vision and hearing projects will likely give the company a head start. + +![The Nexus S, the first Nexus phone made by Samsung.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/NS500.png) +The Nexus S, the first Nexus phone made by Samsung. + +### Android 2.3 Gingerbread—the first major UI overhaul ### + +Gingerbread was released in December 2010, a whopping seven months after the release of 2.2. The wait was worth it, though, as Android 2.3 changed just about every screen in the OS. It was the first major overhaul since the initial formation of Android in version 0.9. 2.3 would kick off a series of continual revamps in an attempt to turn Android from an ugly duckling into something that was capable of holding its own—aesthetically—against the iPhone. + +And speaking of Apple, six months earlier, the company released the iPhone 4 and iOS 4, which added multitasking and Facetime video chat. Microsoft was finally back in the game, too. The company jumped into the modern smartphone era with the launch of Windows Phone 7 in November 2010. + +Android 2.3 focused a lot on the interface design, but with no direction or design documents, many apps ended up getting a new bespoke theme. Some apps went with a flatter, darker theme, some used a gradient-filled, bubbly dark theme, and others went with a high-contrast white and green look. While it wasn't cohesive, Gingerbread accomplished the goal of modernizing nearly every part of the OS. It was a good thing, too, because the next phone version of Android wouldn’t arrive until nearly a year later. + +Gingerbread’s launch device was the Nexus S, Google’s second flagship device and the first Nexus manufactured by Samsung. While today we are used to new CPU models every year, back then that wasn't the case. The Nexus S had a 1GHz Cortex A8 processor, just like the Nexus One. The GPU was slightly faster, and that was it in the speed department. It was a little bigger than the Nexus One, with a 4-inch, 800×480 AMOLED display. + +Spec wise, the Nexus S might seem like a tame upgrade, but it was actually home to a lot of firsts for Android. The Nexus S was Google’s first flagship to shun a MicroSD slot, shipping with 16GB on-board memory. The Nexus One had only 512MB of storage, but it had a MicroSD slot. Removing the SD slot simplified storage management for users—there was just one pool now—but hurt expandability for power users. It was also Google's first phone to have NFC, a special chip in the back of the phone that could transfer information when touched to another NFC chip. For now, the Nexus S could only read NFC tags—it couldn't send data. + +Thanks to some upgrades in Gingerbread, the Nexus S was one of the first Android phones to ship without a hardware D-Pad or trackball. The Nexus S was now down to just the power, volume, and the four navigation buttons. The Nexus S was also a precursor to the [crazy curved-screen phones][6] of today, as Samsung outfitted the Nexus S with a piece of slightly curved glass. + +![Gingerbread changed the status bar and wallpaper, and it added a bunch of new icons.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/appdrawershop.png) +Gingerbread changed the status bar and wallpaper, and it added a bunch of new icons. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +An upgraded "Nexus" live wallpaper was released as an exclusive addition to the Nexus S. It was basically the same idea as the Nexus One version, with its animated streaks of light. On the Nexus S, the "grid" design was removed and replaced with a wavy blue/gray background. The dock at the bottom was given square corners and colored icons. + +![The new notification panel and menu.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/32.png) +The new notification panel and menu. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The status bar was finally overhauled from the version that first debuted in 0.9. The bar was changed from a white gradient to flat black, and all the icons were redrawn in gray and green. Just about everything looked crisper and more modern thanks to the sharp-angled icon design and higher resolution. The strangest decisions were probably the removal of the time period from the status bar clock and the confusing shade of gray that was used for the signal bars. Despite gray being used for many status bar icons, and there being four gray bars in the above screenshot, Android was actually indicating no cellular signal. Green bars would indicate a signal, gray bars indicated “empty" signal slots. + +The green status bar icons in Gingerbread also doubled as a status indicator of network connectivity. If you had a working connection to Google's servers, the icons would be green, if there was no connection to Google, the icons turned white. This let you easily identify the connectivity status of your connection while you were out and about. + +The notification panel was changed from the aging Android 1.5 design. Again, we saw a UI piece that changed from a light theme to a dark theme, getting a dark gray header, black background, and black-on-gray text. + +The menu was darkened too, changing from a white background to a black one with a slight transparency. The contrast between the menu icons and the background wasn’t as strong as it should be, because the gray icons are the same color as they were on the white background. Requiring a color change would mean every developer would have to make new icons, so Google went with the preexisting gray color on black. This was a change at the system level, so this new menu would show up in every app. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/14/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2010/08/google-beefs-up-voice-search-mobile-sync/ +[2]:http://arstechnica.com/business/2007/04/google-rolls-out-free-411-service/ +[3]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/03/in-depth-with-android-wear-googles-quantum-leap-of-a-smartwatch-os/ +[4]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/02/googles-project-tango-is-a-smartphone-with-kinect-style-computer-vision/ +[5]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/12/google-robots-former-android-chief-will-lead-google-robotics-division/ +[6]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/12/lg-g-flex-review-form-over-even-basic-function/ +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/15 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/15 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..078e106d1c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/15 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![Gingerbread's new keyboard, text selection UI, overscroll effect, and new checkboxes.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/3kb-high-over-check.png) +Gingerbread's new keyboard, text selection UI, overscroll effect, and new checkboxes. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +One of the most important additions to Android 2.3 was the system-wide text selection interface, which you can see in the Google search bar in the left screenshot. Long pressing a word would highlight it in orange and make draggable handles appear on either side of the highlight. You could then adjust the highlight using the handles and long press on the highlight to bring up options for cut, copy, and paste. Previous methods used tiny controls that relied on a trackball or D-Pad, but with this first finger-driven text selection method, the Nexus S didn’t need the extra hardware controls. + +The right set of images shows the new checkbox design and overscroll effect. The Froyo checkbox worked like a light bulb—it would show a green check when on and a gray check when off. Gingerbread now displayed an empty box when an option is turned off—which made much more sense. Gingerbread was the first version to have an overscroll effect. An orange glow appeared when you hit the end of a list and grew larger as you pulled more against the dead end. Bounce scrolling would probably have made the most sense, but that was patented by Apple. + +![The new dialer and dialog box design.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/dialdialog.png) +The new dialer and dialog box design. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The dialer received a little more love in Gingerbread. It became darker, and Google finally addressed the combination of sharp corners, rounded corners, and complete circles that it had going on. Now every corner was a sharp right angle. All the dial pad buttons were replaced with a weird underline, like some faint leftovers of what used to be a button. You were never really sure if you were supposed to see a button or not—our brains wanted to imagine the rest of the square. + +The Wi-Fi network dialog is pictured to show off the rest of the system-wide changes. All the dialog box titles were changed from gray to black, every dialog box, dropdown, and button corner was sharpened up, and everything was a little bit darker. All these system-wide changes made all of Gingerbread look a lot less bubbly and more mature. The "all black everything" look wasn't necessarily the most welcoming color palette, but it certainly looked better than Android's previous gray-and-beige color scheme. + +![The new Market, which added a massive green header.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/4market.png) +The new Market, which added a massive green header. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +While not exclusive to Gingerbread, with the launch of the new OS came "Android Market 2.0." Most of the list design was the same, but Google covered the top third of the screen with a massive green banner that was used for featured apps and navigation. The primary design inspiration here was probably the green Android mascot—the color is a perfect match. At a time when the OS was getting a darker design, the neon green banner and white list made the Market a lot brighter. + +However, the same green background image was used across phones, which meant on lower resolution devices, the green banner was even bigger. Users complained so much about the wasted screen space that later updates would make the green banner scroll up with the content. At the time, horizontal mode was even worse—it would fill the left half of the screen with the static green banner. + +![An app page from the Market showing the collapsible text section, the "My apps" section, and Google Books screenshots.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/5rest-of-market-and-books.png) +An app page from the Market showing the collapsible text section, the "My apps" section, and Google Books screenshots. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +App pages were redesigned with collapsible sections. Rather than having to scroll through a thousand-line description, text boxes were truncated to only the first few lines. After that, a "more" button needed to be tapped. This allowed users to easily scroll through the list and find things like pictures and "contact developer," which would usually be farther down the page. + +The other parts of the Android homescreen wisely toned down the green monster. The rest of the app was mostly just the old Market with new green navigational elements. Any of the old tabbed interfaces were upgraded to swipeable tabs. In the right Gingerbread image, swiping right-to-left would switch from "Top Paid" to "Top Free," which made navigation a little easier. + +Gingerbread came with the first of what would become the Google Play content stores: Google Books. The app was a basic book reader that would display books in a simple thumbnail grid. The "Get eBooks" link at the top of the screen opened the browser and loaded a mobile website where you could buy books. + +Google Books and the “My Apps" page of the Market were both examples of early precursors to the Action Bar. Just like the current guidelines, a stickied top bar featured the app icon, the name of the screen within the app, and a few controls. The layout of these two apps was actually pretty modern looking. + +![The new Google Maps.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/maps1.png) +The new Google Maps. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Google Maps (which, again, at this point was on the Android Market and not exclusive to this version of Android) now featured another action bar precursor in the form of a top-aligned control bar. This version of an early action bar featured a lot of experimenting. The majority of the bar was taken up with a search box, but you could never type into the bar. Tapping on it would open the old search interface from Android 1.x, with a totally different bar design and bubbly buttons. This 2.3 bar wasn't anything more than a really big search button. + +![The new business pages, which switched from black to white.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/maps2-Im-hungry.png) +The new business pages, which switched from black to white. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Along with Places' new top billing in the app drawer came a redesigned interface. Unlike the rest of Gingerbread, this switched from black to white. Google also kept the old buttons with rounded corners. This new version of Maps helpfully displayed the hours of operation of a business, and it offered advanced search options like places that were currently open or thresholds for ratings and price. Reviews were brought to the surface, allowing a user to easily get a feel for the current business. It was now also possible to "star" a location from the search results and save it for later. + +![The new YouTube design, which, amazingly, sort of matches the old Maps business page design.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/youtube22.png) +The new YouTube design, which, amazingly, sort of matches the old Maps business page design. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The YouTube app seemed completely separate from the rest of Android, as if whoever designed this had no idea what Gingerbread would end up looking like. Highlights were red and gray instead of green and orange, and rather than the flat black of Gingerbread, YouTube featured bubbly buttons, tabs, and bars with rounded corners and heavy gradients. The new app did get a few things right, though. All the tabs could be horizontally swiped through, and the app finally added a vertical viewing mode for videos. Android seemed like such an uncoordinated effort at this stage. It’s like someone told the YouTube team “make it black," and that was all the direction they were given. The only Android entity this seemed to match was the old Google Maps business page design. + +Despite the weird design choices, the YouTube app had the best approximation yet of an action bar. Besides the bar at the top with an app logo and a few buttons, the rightmost button was labeled “more" and would bring up options that didn’t fit in the bar. Today, this is called the “Overflow" button, and it's a standard UI piece. + +![The new Google Talk, which supported voice and video calls, and the new Voice Actions interface.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/talkvoice.png) +The new Google Talk, which supported voice and video calls, and the new Voice Actions interface. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +One last update for Gingerbread came with Android 2.3.4, which brought a new version of Google Talk. Unlike the Nexus One, the Nexus S had a front-facing camera—and the redesigned version of Google Talk had voice and video calling. The colored indicators on the right of the friends list were used to indicate not only presence, but voice and video availability. A dot was text only, a microphone was text or voice, and a camera was text, voice, or video. If available, tapping on a voice or video icon would immediately start a call with that person. + +Gingerbread is the oldest version of Android still supported by Google. Firing up a Gingerbread device and letting it sit for a few minutes will result in a ton of upgrades. Gingerbread will pull down Google Play Services, resulting in a ton of new API support, and it will upgrade to the very newest version of the Play Store. Open the Play Store and hit the update button, and just about every single Google app will be replaced with a modern version. We tried to keep this article authentic to the time Gingerbread was released, but a real user stuck on Gingerbread today will be treated to a flood of anachronisms. + +Gingerbread is still supported because there are a good number of users still running the now ancient OS. Gingerbread's staying power is due to the extremely low system requirements, making it the go-to choice for slow, cheap phones. The next few versions of Android were much more exclusive and/or demanding on hardware. For instance, Android 3.0 Honeycomb is not open source, meaning it could only be ported to a device with Google's cooperation. It was also only for tablets, making Gingerbread the newest phone version of Android for a very long time. 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich was the next phone release, but it significantly raised Android’s systems requirements, cutting off the low-end of the market. Google is hoping to get cheaper phones back on the update track with 4.4 KitKat, which brings the system requirements back down to 512MB of RAM. The passage of time helps, too—by now, even cheap SoCs have caught up to the demands of a 4.0-era version of Android. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/15/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/16 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/16 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..91e0946078 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/16 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +### Android 3.0 Honeycomb—tablets and a design renaissance ### + +Despite all the changes made in Gingerbread, Android was still the ugly duckling of the mobile world. Compared to the iPhone, its level of polish and design just didn't hold up. On the other hand, one of the few operating systems that could stand up to iOS's aesthetic acumen was Palm's WebOS. WebOS was a cohesive, well-designed OS with several innovative features, and it was supposed to save the company from the relentless march of the iPhone. + +A year after launch though, Palm was running out of cash. The company never saw the iPhone coming, and by the time WebOS was ready, it was too late. In April 2010, Hewlett-Packard purchased Palm for $1 billion. While HP bought a product with a great user interface, the lead designer of that interface, a man by the name of Matias Duarte, did not join HP. In May 2010, just before HP took control of Palm, Duarte jumped ship to Google. HP bought the bread, but Google hired the baker. + +![The first Honeycomb device, the Motorola Xoom 10-inch tablet.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Motorola-XOOM-MZ604.jpg) +The first Honeycomb device, the Motorola Xoom 10-inch tablet. + +At Google, Duarte was named the Director of Android User Experience. This was the first time someone was publicly in charge of the way Android looked. While Matias landed at Google during the launch of Android 2.2, the first version he truly impacted was Android 3.0, Honeycomb, released in February 2011. + +By Google's own admission, Honeycomb was rushed out the door. Ten months prior, Apple modernized the tablet with the launch of the iPad, and Google wanted to respond as quickly as possible. Honeycomb was that response, a version of Android that ran on 10-inch touchscreens. Sadly, getting this OS to market was such a priority that corners were cut to save time. + +The new OS was for tablets only—phones would not be updated to Honeycomb, which spared Google the difficult problem of making the OS work on wildly different screen sizes. But with phone support off the table, a Honeycomb source drop never happened. Previous Android versions were open source, enabling the hacking community to port the latest version to all sorts of different devices. Google didn't want app developers to feel pressured to support half-broken Honeycomb phone ports, so Google kept the source to itself and strictly controlled what could and couldn't have Honeycomb. The rushed development led to problems with the software, too. At launch, Honeycomb wasn't particularly stable, SD cards didn't work, and Adobe Flash—one of Android's big differentiators—wasn't supported. + +One of the few devices that could have Honeycomb was [the Motorola Xoom][1], the flagship product for the new OS. The Xoom was a 10-inch, 16:9 tablet with 1GB of RAM and a dual-core, 1GHz Nvidia Tegra 2 processor. Despite being the launch device of a new version of Android where Google controlled the updates directly, the device wasn't called a "Nexus." The most likely reason for this was that Google didn't feel confident enough in the product to call it a flagship. + +Nevertheless, Honeycomb was a major milestone for Android. With an experienced designer in charge, the entire Android user interface was rebuilt, and most of the erratic app designs were brought to heel. Android's default apps finally looked like pieces of a cohesive whole with similar layouts and theming across the board. Redesigning Android would be a multi-version project though—Honeycomb was just the start of getting Android whipped into shape. This first draft laid the groundwork for how future versions of Android would function, but it also used a heavy-handed sci-fi theme that Google would spend the next few versions toning down. + +![The home screens of Honeycomb and Gingerbread.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/homeskreen.png) +The home screens of Honeycomb and Gingerbread. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +While Gingerbread only experimented with a sci-fi look in its photon wallpaper, Honeycomb went full sci-fi with a Tron-inspired theme for the entire OS. Everything was made black, and if you needed a contrasting color, you could choose from a few different shades of blue. Everything that was made blue was also given a "glow" effect, making the entire OS look like it was powered by alien technology. The default background was a holographic grid of hexagons (a Honeycomb! get it?) that looked like it was the floor of a teleport pad on a spaceship. + +The most important change of Honeycomb was the addition of the system bar. The Motorola Xoom had no hardware buttons other than power and volume, so a large black bar was added along the bottom of the screen that housed the navigational buttons. This meant the default Android interface no longer needed specialized hardware buttons. Previously, Android couldn't function without hardware Back, Menu, and Home keys. Now, with the software supplying all the necessary buttons, anything with a touch screen was able to run Android. + +The biggest benefit of the new software buttons was flexibility. The new app guidelines stated that apps should no longer require a hardware menu button, but for those that do, Honeycomb detects this and adds a fourth button to the system bar that allows these apps to work. The other flexibility attribute of software buttons was that they could change orientation with the device. Other than the power and volume buttons, the Xoom's orientation really wasn't important. The system bar always sat on the "bottom" of the device from the user's perspective. The trade off was that a big bar along the bottom of the screen definitely sucked up some screen real estate. To save space on 10-inch tablets, the status bar was merged into the system bar. All the usual status duties lived on the right side—there was battery and connectivity status, the time, and notification icons. + +The whole layout of the home screen changed, placing UI pieces in each of the four corners of the device. The bottom left housed the previously discussed navigational buttons, the bottom right was for status and notifications, the top left displayed text search and voice search, and the top right had buttons for the app drawer and adding widgets. + +![The new lock screen and Recent Apps interface.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/lockscreen-and-recent.png) +The new lock screen and Recent Apps interface. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +(Since the Xoom was a [heavy] 10-inch, 16:9 tablet, it was primarily meant to be used horizontally. Most apps also supported portrait mode, though, so for the sake of our formatting, we're using mostly portrait mode shots. Just keep in mind the Honeycomb shots come from a 10-inch tablet, and the Gingerbread shots come from a 3.7-inch phone. The densities of information are not directly comparable.) + +The unlock screen—after switching from a menu button to a rotary dial to slide-to-unlock—removed any required accuracy from the unlock process by switching to a circle unlock. Swiping from the center outward in any direction would unlock the device. Like the rotary unlock, this was much nicer ergonomically than forcing your finger to follow a perfectly straight path. + +The strip of thumbnails in the second picture was the interface brought up by the newly christened "Recent Apps" button, now living next to Back and Home. Rather than the group of icons brought up in Gingerbread by long-pressing on the home button, Honeycomb showed app icons and thumbnails on the screen, which made it a lot easier to switch between tasks. Recent Apps was clearly inspired by Duarte's "card" multitasking in WebOS, which used full-screen thumbnails to switch tasks. This design offered the same ease-of-recognition as WebOS's task switcher, but the smaller thumbnails allowed more apps to fit on screen at once. + +While this implementation of Recent Apps may look like what you get on a current device, this version was very early. The list didn't scroll, meaning it showed seven apps in portrait mode and only five apps in horizontal mode. Anything beyond that was bumped off the list. You also couldn't swipe away thumbnails to close apps—this was just a static list. + +Here we see the Tron influence in full effect: the thumbnails had blue outlines and an eerie glow around them. This screenshot also shows a benefit of software buttons—context. The back button closed the list of thumbnails, so instead of the normal arrow, this pointed down. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/16/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2011/03/ars-reviews-the-motorola-xoom/ +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/17 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/17 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5422877252 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/17 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![The Honeycomb app lineup lost a ton of apps. This also shows the notification panel and the new quick settings.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/apps-and-notifications2.png) +The Honeycomb app lineup lost a ton of apps. This also shows the notification panel and the new quick settings. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The default app icons were slashed from 32 to 25, and two of those were third-party games. Since Honeycomb was not for phones and Google wanted the default apps to all be tablet-optimized, a lot of apps didn't make the cut. We lost the Amazon MP3 store, Car Home, Facebook, Google Goggles, Messaging, News and Weather, Phone, Twitter, Google Voice, and Voice Dialer. Google was quietly building a music service that would launch soon, so the Amazon MP3 store needed to go anyway. Car Home, Messaging, and Phone made little sense on a non-phone device, Facebook and Twitter still don't have tablet Android apps, and Goggles, News and Weather, and Voice Dialer were barely supported applications that most people wouldn't miss. + +Almost every app icon was new. Just like the switch from the G1 to the Motorola Droid, the biggest impetus for change was probably the bump in resolution. The Nexus S had an 800×480 display, and Gingerbread came with art assets to match. The Xoom used a whopping 1280×800 10-inch display, which meant nearly every piece of art had to go. But again, this time a real designer was in charge, and things were a lot more cohesive. Honeycomb marked the switch from a vertically scrolling app drawer to paginated horizontal drawer. This change made sense on a horizontal device, but on phones it was still much faster to navigate the app drawer with a flingable, vertical list. + +The second Honeycomb screenshot shows the new notification panel. The gray and black Gingerbread design was tossed for another straight-black panel that gave off a blue glow. At the top was a block showing the time, date, connection status, battery, and a shortcut to the notification quick settings, and below that were the actual notifications. Non-permanent notifications could now be dismissed by tapping on an "X" on the right side of the notification. Honeycomb was the first version to enable controls within a notification. The first (and at the launch of Honeycomb, only) app to take advantage of this was the new Google Music app, which placed previous, play/pause, and next buttons in its notification. These new controls could be accessed from any app and made controlling music a breeze. + +!["Add to home screen" was given a zoomed-out interface for easy organizing. The search interface split auto suggest and universal search into different panes.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/widgetkeyboard.png) +"Add to home screen" was given a zoomed-out interface for easy organizing. The search interface split auto suggest and universal search into different panes. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Pressing the plus button in the top right corner of the home screen or long pressing on the background would open the new home screen configuration interface. Honeycomb showed a zoomed-out view of all the home screens along the top of the screen, and it filled the bottom half of the screen with a tabbed drawer containing widgets and shortcuts. Items could be dragged out of the bottom drawer and into any of the five home screens. Gingerbread would just show a list of text, but Honeycomb showed full thumbnail previews of the widgets. This gave you a much better idea of what a widget would look like instead of an app-name-only description like "calendar." + +The larger screen of the Motorola Xoom allowed the keyboard to take on a more PC-style layout, with keys like backspace, enter, shift, and tab put in the traditional locations. The keyboard took on a blueish tint and gained even more spacing between the keys. Google also added a dedicated smiley-face button. :-) + +![Gmail on Honeycomb versus Gmail on Gingerbread with the menu open. Buttons were placed on the main screen for easier discovery.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/thebasics.png) +Gmail on Honeycomb versus Gmail on Gingerbread with the menu open. Buttons were placed on the main screen for easier discovery. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Gmail demonstrated all the new UI concepts in Honeycomb. Android 3.0 did away with hiding all the controls behind a menu button. There was now a strip of icons along the top of the screen called the Action Bar, which lifted many useful controls to the main screen where users could see them. Gmail showed buttons for search, compose, and refresh, and it put less useful controls like settings, help, and feedback in a dropdown called the "overflow" button. Tapping checkboxes or selecting text would cause the entire action bar to change to icons relating to those actions—for instance, selecting text would bring up cut, copy, and select all buttons. + +The app icon displayed in the top left corner doubled as a navigation button called "Up." While "Back" worked similarly to a browser back button, navigating to previously visited screens, "Up" would navigate up the app hierarchy. For instance, if you were in the Android Market, pressed the "Email developer" button, and Gmail opened, "Back" would take you back to the Android Market, but "Up" would take you to the Gmail inbox. "Back" might close the current app, but "Up" never would. Apps could control the "Back" button, and they usually reprogrammed it to replicate the "Up" functionality. In practice, there was rarely a difference between the two buttons. + +Honeycomb also introduced the "Fragments" API, which allowed developers to use a single app for tablets and phones. A "Fragment" was a single pane of a user interface. In the Gmail picture above, the left folder list was one fragment and the inbox was another fragment. Phones would show one fragment per screen, and tablets could show two side-by-side. The developer defined the look of individual fragments, and Android would decide how they should be displayed based on the current device. + +![The calculator finally used regular Android buttons, but someone spilled blue ink on the calendar.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/calculendar.png) +The calculator finally used regular Android buttons, but someone spilled blue ink on the calendar. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +For the first time in Android's history, the calculator got a makeover with non-custom buttons, so it actually looked like part of the OS. The bigger screen made room for more buttons, enough that all the calculator functionality could fit on one screen. The calendar greatly benefited from the extra space, gaining much more room for appointment text and controls. The action bar at the top of the screen held buttons to switch views, along with showing the current time span and common controls. Appointment blocks switched to a white background with the calendar corner only showing in the top right corner. At the bottom (or side, in horizontal view) were boxes showing the month calendar and a list of displayed calendars. + +The scale of the calendar could be adjusted, too. By performing a pinch zoom gesture, portrait week and day views could show between five and 19 hours of appointments on a single screen. The background of the calendar was made up of an uneven blue splotch, which didn't look particularly great and was tossed on later versions. + +![The new camera interface, showing off the live "Negative" effect.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/camera.png) +The new camera interface, showing off the live "Negative" effect. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The giant 10-inch Xoom tablet did have a camera, which meant that it also had a camera app. The Tron redesign finally got rid of the old faux-leather look that Google came up with in Android 1.6. The controls were laid out in a circle around the shutter button, bringing to mind the circular controls and dials on a real camera. The Cooliris-derived speech bubble popups were changed to glowing, semi-transparent black boxes. The Honeycomb screenshot shows the new "color effect" functionality, which applied a filter to the viewfinder in real time. Unlike the Gingerbread camera app, this didn't support a portrait orientation—it was limited to landscape only. Taking a portrait picture with a 10-inch tablet doesn't make much sense, but then neither does taking a landscape one. + +![The clock app didn't get quite as much love as other areas. Google just threw it into a tiny box and called it a day.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/clocks.png) +The clock app didn't get quite as much love as other areas. Google just threw it into a tiny box and called it a day. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Tons of functionality went out the door when it came time to remake the clock app. The entire "Deskclock" concept was kicked out the door, replaced with a simple large display of the time against a plain black background. The ability to launch other apps and view the weather was gone, as was the ability of the clock app to use your wallpaper. Google sometimes gave up when it came time to design a tablet-sized interface, like here, where it just threw the alarm interface into a tiny, centered dialog box. + +![The Music app finally got the ground-up redesign it has needed forever.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/muzack.png) +The Music app finally got the ground-up redesign it has needed forever. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +While music received a few minor additions during its life, this was really the first time since Android 0.9 that it received serious attention. The highlight of the redesign was a don't-call-it-coverflow scrolling 3D album art view, called "New and Recent." Instead of the tabs added in Android 2.1, navigation was handled by a Dropbox box in the Action Bar. While "New and Recent" had 3D scrolling album art, "Albums" used a flat grid of albums thumbnails. The other sections had totally different designs, too. "Songs" used a vertically scrolling list of text, and "Playlists," "Genres," and "Artists" used stacked album art. + +In nearly every view, every single item had its own individual menu, usually little arrows in the bottom right corner of an item. For now, these would only show "Play" and "add to Playlist," but this version of Google Music was built for the future. Google was launching a Music service soon, and those individual menus would be needed for things like viewing other content from that artist in the Music Store and managing the cloud storage versus local storage options. + +Just like the Cooliris Gallery in Android 2.1, Google Music would blow up one of your thumbnails and use it as a background. The bottom "Now Playing" bar now displayed the album art, playback controls, and a song progress bar. + +![Some of the new Google Maps was really nice, and some of it was from Android 1.5.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/maps.png) +Some of the new Google Maps was really nice, and some of it was from Android 1.5. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Google Maps received another redesign for the big screen. This one would stick around for a while and used a semi-transparent black action bar for all the controls. Search was again the primary function, given the first spot in the action bar, but this time it was an actual search bar you could type in, instead of a search bar-shaped button that launched a completely different interface. Google finally gave up on dedicating screen space to actual zoom buttons, relying on only gestures to control the map view. While the feature has since been ported to all old versions of Maps, Honeycomb was the first version to feature 3D building outlines on the map. Dragging two fingers down on the map would "tilt" the map view and show the sides of the buildings. You could freely rotate and the buildings would adjust, too. + +Not every part of Maps was redesigned. Navigation was untouched from Gingerbread, and some core parts of the interface, like directions, were pulled straight from Android 1.6 and centered in a tiny box. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/17/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/18 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/18 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2b795adba1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/18 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![Yet another Android Market redesign dips its toe into the "cards" interface that would become a Google staple.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/play-store.png) +Yet another Android Market redesign dips its toe into the "cards" interface that would become a Google staple. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The Android Market released its fourth new design in Android's two-and-a-half years on the market. This new design was hugely important as it came really close to Google's "cards" interface. By displaying Apps or other content in little blocks, Google could seamlessly transition its app design between screens of various sizes with minimal effort. Content could be displayed just like photos in a gallery app—feed the layout renderer a big list of content blocks, enable screen wrapping, and you were done. Bigger screens saw more blocks of content, and smaller screens only saw a few at a time. With the content display out of the way, Google added a "Categories" fragment to the right side and a big featured app carousel at the top. + +While the design was ready for an easily configurable interface, the functionality was not. The original shipping version of the market was locked to a landscape orientation and was Honeycomb-exclusive. + +![The app page and "My Apps" interface.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/device-2014-02-12-190002.png) +The app page and "My Apps" interface. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +This new market sold not only apps, but brought Books and Movies rentals into the fold as well. Google was selling books since 2010; it was only ever through a Website. The new market unified all of Google's content sales in a single location and brought it one step closer to taking on Apple's iTunes juggernaut, though selling all of these items under the "Android Market" was a bit of a branding snafu, as much of the content didn't require Android to use. + +![The browser did its best to look like Chrome, and Contacts used a two-pane interface.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/browsercontactst.png) +The browser did its best to look like Chrome, and Contacts used a two-pane interface. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The new Browser added an honest-to-goodness tabs strip at the top of the interface. While this browser wasn't Chrome, it aped a lot of Chrome's design and features. Besides the pioneering tabs-on-top interface, it added Incognito tabs, which kept no history or autocomplete records. There was also an option to have a Chrome-style new tab page consisting of thumbnails of your most-viewed webpages. + +The new Browser even synced with Chrome. After signing in to the browser, it would download your Chrome bookmarks and automatically sign in to Google Web pages with your account. Bookmarking a page was as easy as tapping on the star icon in the address bar. Just like Google Maps, the browser dumped the zoom buttons and went with all gesture controls. + +The contacts app was finally removed from the phone app and broken out into a standalone app. The previous contacts/dialer hybrid was far too phone-centric for how people use a modern smartphone. Contacts housed information for e-mails, IM, texting, addresses, birthdays, and social networks, so tying it to the phone app makes just as much sense as trying it to Google Maps. With the telephony requirements out of the way, contacts could be simplified to a tab-less list of people. Honeycomb went with a dual pane view showing the full contact list on the left and contacts on the right. This again made use of a Fragments API; a hypothetical phone version of this app could show each panel as a single screen. + +The Honeycomb version of Contacts was the first version to have a quick scroll feature. When grabbing the left scroll bar, you could quickly scroll up and down, and a letter preview showed your current spot in the list. + +![The new YouTube app looked like something out of the Matrix.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/youtubes.png) +The new YouTube app looked like something out of the Matrix. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +YouTube thankfully dumped the "unique" design Google came up with for 2.3 and gave the video service a cohesive design that looked like it belonged in Android. The main screen was a horizontally scrolling curved wall of video thumbnails that showed a most popular or (when signed in) personalized selection of videos. While Google never brought this design to phones, it could be considered an easily reconfigurable card interface. The action bar shined here as a reconfigurable toolbar. When not signed it, the action bar was filled with a search bar. When you were signed in, search shrank down to a button, and tabs for "Home," "Browse," and "Your Channel" were shown. + +![Honeycomb really liked to drive home that it was a computer interface with blue scaffolding. Movie Studio completes the Tron look with an orange theme.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/other2.png) +Honeycomb really liked to drive home that it was a computer interface with blue scaffolding. Movie Studio completes the Tron look with an orange theme. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The lone new app in Honeycomb was "Movie Studio," which was not a self-explanatory app and arrived with no explanations or instructions. As far as we could tell, you could import video clips, cut them up, and add text and scene transitions. Editing video—one of the most time consuming, difficult, and processor-intensive things you can do on a computer—on a tablet felt just a little too ambitious, and Google would completely remove this app in later versions. Our favorite part of Movie Studio was that it really completed the Tron theme. While the rest of the OS used blue highlights, this was all orange. (Movie Studio is an evil program!) + +![Widgets!](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/device-2014-02-12-202224.png) +Widgets! +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Honeycomb brought a new widget framework that allowed for scrolling widgets, and the Gmail, Email, and Calendar widgets were upgraded to support it. YouTube and Books used a new widget that auto-scrolled through cards of content. By flicking up or down on the widget, you could scroll through the cards. We're not sure what the point of being constantly reminded of your book collection was, but it's there if you want it. While all of these widgets worked great on a 10-inch screen, Google never redesigned them for phones, making them practically useless on Android's most popular form factor. All the widgets had massive identifying headers and usually took up half the screen to show only a few items. + +![The scrollable Recent Apps and resizable widgets in Android 3.1.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/31new.jpg) +The scrollable Recent Apps and resizable widgets in Android 3.1. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Later versions of Honeycomb would fix many of the early problems 3.0 had. Android 3.1 was released three months after the first version of Honeycomb, and it brought several improvements. Resizable widgets were one of the biggest features added. After long pressing on a widget, a blue outline with grabbable handles would pop up around it, and dragging the handles around would resize the widget. The Recent Apps panel could now scroll vertically and held many more apps. The only feature missing from it at this point was the ability to swipe away apps. + +Today, an 0.1 upgrade is a major release, but in Honeycomb, point releases were considerably smaller. Besides the few UI tweaks, 3.1 added support for gamepads, keyboards, mice, and other input devices over USB and Bluetooth. It also offered a few more developer APIs. + +![Android 3.2's compatibility zoom and a typical stretched-out app on an Android tablet.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/device-2014-02-14-131132.jpg) +Android 3.2's compatibility zoom and a typical stretched-out app on an Android tablet. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Android 3.2 launched two months after 3.1, adding support for smaller sized tablets in the seven- to eight-inch range. It finally enabled SD card support, which the Xoom carried like a vestigial limb for the first five months of its life. + +Honeycomb was rushed out the door in order to be an ecosystem builder. No one will want an Android tablet if the tablet-specific apps aren't there, and Google knew it needed to get something in the hands of developers ASAP. At this early stage of Android's tablet ecosystem, the apps just weren't there. It was the biggest problem people had with the Xoom. + +3.2 added "Compatibility Zoom," which gave users a new option of stretching apps to the screen (as shown in the right picture) or zooming the normal app layout to fit the screen. Neither option was ideal, and without the app ecosystem to support it, Honeycomb devices sold pretty poorly. Google's tablet moves would eventually pay off though. Today, Android tablets have [taken the market share crown from iOS][1]. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/18/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://techcrunch.com/2014/03/03/gartner-195m-tablets-sold-in-2013-android-grabs-top-spot-from-ipad-with-62-share/ +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/19 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/19 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..32841f5be9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/19 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![Google Music Beta running on Gingerbread.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/device-2014-03-31-110613.png) +Google Music Beta running on Gingerbread. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +### Google Music Beta—cloud storage in lieu of a content store ### + +While Honeycomb revamped the Google Music interface, the Music app didn't go directly from the Honeycomb design to Ice Cream Sandwich. In May 2011, Google launched "[Google Music Beta][1]," an online music locker that came along with a new Google Music app. + +The new Google Music app for 2.2 and up took a few design cues from the Cooliris Gallery, of all things, going with a changing, blurry image for the background. Just about everything was transparent: the pop-up menus, the tabs at the top, and the now-playing bar at the bottom. Individual songs or entire playlists could be downloaded to the device for offline playback, making Google Music an easy way to make sure your music was on all your devices. Besides the mobile app, there was also a Webapp, which allowed Google Music to work on any desktop computer. + +Google didn't have content deals in place with the record companies to start a music store yet, so its stop-gap solution was to allow users to store songs online and stream them to a device. Today, Google has content deals for individual song purchases and all-you-can-eat subscription modes, along with the music locker service. + +### Android 4.0, Ice Cream Sandwich—the modern era ### + +![The Samsung Galaxy Nexus, Android 4.0's launch device.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/samsung-i9250-galaxy-nexus-51.jpg) +The Samsung Galaxy Nexus, Android 4.0's launch device. + +Released in October 2011, Android 4.0, Ice Cream Sandwich, got the OS back on track with a release spanning phones and tablets, and it was once again open source. It was the first update to come to phones since Gingerbread, which meant the majority of Android's user base went almost a year without seeing an update. 4.0 was all about shrinking the Honeycomb design to smaller devices, bringing on-screen buttons, the action bar, and the new design language to phones. + +Ice Cream Sandwich debuted on the Samsung Galaxy Nexus, one of the first Android phones with a 720p screen. Along with the higher resolution, the Galaxy Nexus pushed phones to even larger sizes with a 4.65-inch screen—almost a full inch larger than the original Nexus One. This was called "too big" by many critics, but today many Android phones are even bigger. (Five inches is "normal" now.) Ice Cream Sandwich required a lot more power than Gingerbread did, and the Galaxy Nexus delivered with a dual core, 1.2Ghz TI OMAP processor and 1GB of RAM. + +In the US, the Galaxy Nexus debuted on Verizon with an LTE modem. Unlike previous Nexus devices, the most popular model—the Verizon version—was under the control of a carrier, and Google's software and updates had to be approved by Verizon before the phone could be updated. This led to delays in updates and the removal of software Verizon didn't like, namely Google Wallet. + +Thanks to the software improvements in Ice Cream Sandwich, Google finally achieved peak button removal on a phone. With the on-screen navigation buttons, the capacitive buttons could be removed, leaving the Galaxy Nexus with only power and volume buttons. + +![Android 4.0 shrunk down a lot of the Honeycomb design.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/2home.png) +Android 4.0 shrunk down a lot of the Honeycomb design. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The Tron aesthetic in Honeycomb was a little much. Immediately in Ice Cream Sandwich, Google started turning down some of the more sci-fi aspects of the design. The sci-fi clock font changed from a folded over semi-transparent thing to a thin, elegant, normal-looking font. The water ripple touch effect on the unlock circle was removed, and the alien Honeycomb clock widget was scrapped in favor of a more minimal design. The system buttons were redesigned, too, changing from blue outlines with the occasional thick side to thin, even, white outlines. The default wallpaper changed from the blue Honeycomb spaceship interior to a streaky, broken rainbow, which added some much-needed color to the default layout. + +The Honeycomb system bar features were split into a two-bar design for phones. At the top was the traditional status bar, and at the bottom was the new system bar, which housed the three system buttons: Back, Home, and Recent. A permanent search bar was added to the top of the home screen. The bar persisted on the screen the same way the dock did, so over the five home screens, it took up 20 icon spots. On the Honeycomb unlock screen, the small inner circle could be moved anywhere outside the larger circle to unlock the device. In Ice Cream Sandwich, you had to actually hit the unlock icon with the inner circle. This new accuracy requirement allowed Google to add another option to the lock screen: a camera shortcut. Dragging the inner circle to the camera icon would directly launch the camera, skipping the home screen. + +![A Phone OS meant a ton more apps, and the notification panel became a full-screen interface again.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/appsandnotic40.png) +A Phone OS meant a ton more apps, and the notification panel became a full-screen interface again. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The App drawer was still tabbed, but the "My Apps" tab from Honeycomb was replaced with "Widgets," which was a simple 2×3 thumbnail view of widgets. Like Honeycomb, this app drawer was paginated and had to be swiped through horizontally. (Android still uses this app drawer design today.) New in the app drawer was an Android Google+ app, which existed separately for some time. Along with it came a shortcut to "Messenger," the Google+ private messaging service. ("Messenger" is not to be confused with "Messaging," the stock SMS app.) + +Since we're back to a phone now, Messaging, News and Weather, Phone, and Voice Dialer returned, and Cordy, a tablet game, was removed. Our screenshots are from the Verizon variant, which, despite being a Nexus device, was sullied by crapware like "My Verizon Mobile," and "VZ Backup Assistant." In keeping with the de-Tronification theme of Ice Cream Sandwich, the Calendar and Camera icons now looked more like something from Planet Earth rather than alien artifacts. Clock, Downloads, Phone, and Android Market got new icons, too, and "Contacts" got a new icon and a new name, becoming "People." + +The Notification panel got a big overhaul, especially when compared to the [previous Gingerbread design][2]. There was now a top header featuring the date, a settings shortcut, and a "clear all." While first Honeycomb allowed users to dismiss individual notifications by tapping on an "X" in the notification, Ice Cream Sandwich's implementation was much more elegant: just swipe the individual notifications to the left or right and they cleared. Honeycomb had blue highlights, but the blue tone was all over the place. Ice Cream Sandwich unified almost everything to a single blue (hex code #33B5E5, if you want to get specific). The background of the notification panel was made transparent, and the "handle" at the bottom changed to a minimal blue circle with an opaque black background. + +![The main page of the Android Market changed back to black.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/market.png) +The main page of the Android Market changed back to black. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The Market got yet another redesign. It finally supported portrait mode again and added Music to the lineup of content you can buy in the store. The new Market extended the cards concept that debuted in Honeycomb and was the first version to use the same application on tablets and phones. The cards on the main page usually didn't link to apps, instead pointing to special promotional pages like "staff picks" or seasonal promotions. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/19/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2011/05/hands-on-grooving-on-the-go-with-impressive-google-music-beta/ +[2]:http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/32.png +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/20 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/20 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..30db4ce5c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/20 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![Another Market design that was nothing like the old one. This lineup shows the categories page, featured, a top apps list, and an app page.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/market-pages.png) +Another Market design that was nothing like the old one. This lineup shows the categories page, featured, a top apps list, and an app page. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +These screenshots give us our first look at the refined version of the Action Bar in Ice Cream Sandwich. Almost every app got a bar at the top of the screen that housed the app icon, title of the screen, several function buttons, and a menu button on the right. The right-aligned menu button was called the "overflow" button, because it housed items that didn't fit on the main action bar. The overflow menu wasn't static, though, it gave the action bar more screen real-estate—like in horizontal mode or on a tablet—and more of the overflow menu items were shown on the action bar as actual buttons. + +New in Ice Cream Sandwich was this design style of "swipe tabs," which replaced the 2×3 interstitial navigation screen Google was previously pushing. A tab bar sat just under the Action Bar, with the center title showing the current tab and the left and right having labels for the pages to the left and right of this screen. A swipe in either direction would change tabs, or you could tap on a title to go to that tab. + +One really cool design touch on the individual app screen was that, after the pictures, it would dynamically rearrange the page based on your history with that app. If you never installed the app before, the description would be the first box. If you used the app before, the first section would be the reviews bar, which would either invite you to review the app or remind you what you thought of the app last time you installed it. The second section for a previously used app was “What’s New," since an existing user would most likely be interested in changes. + +![Recent apps and the browser were just like Honeycomb, but smaller.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/recentbrowser.png) +Recent apps and the browser were just like Honeycomb, but smaller. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Recent apps toned the Tron look way down. The blue outline around the thumbnails was removed, along with the eerie, uneven blue glow in the background. It now looked like a neutral UI piece that would be at home in any time period. + +The Browser did its best to bring a tabbed experience to phones. Multi-tab browsing was placed front and center, but instead of wasting precious screen space on a tab strip, a tab button would open a Recent Apps-like interface that would show you your open tabs. Functionally, there wasn't much difference between this and the "window" view that was present in past versions of the Browser. The best addition to the Browser was a "Request desktop site" menu item, which would switch from the default mobile view to the normal site. The Browser showed off the flexibility of Google's Action Bar design, which, despite not having a top-left app icon, still functioned like any other top bar design. + +![Gmail and Google Talk—they're like Honeycomb, but smaller!](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/gmail2.png) +Gmail and Google Talk—they're like Honeycomb, but smaller! +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Gmail and Google Talk both looked like smaller versions of their Honeycomb designs, but with a few tweaks to work better on smaller screens. Gmail featured a dual Action Bar—one on the top of the screen and one on the bottom. The top of the bar showed your current folder, account, and number of unread messages, and tapping on the bar opened a navigation menu. The bottom featured all the normal buttons you would expect along with the overflow button. This dual layout was used in order display more buttons on the surface level, but in landscape mode where vertical space was at a premium, the dual bars merged into a single top bar. + +In the message view, the blue bar was "sticky" when you scrolled down. It stuck to the top of the screen, so you could always see who wrote the current message, reply, or star it. Once in a message, the thin, dark gray bar at the bottom showed your current spot in the inbox (or whatever list brought you here), and you could swipe left and right to get to other messages. + +Google Talk would let you swipe left and right to change chat windows, just like Gmail, but there the bar was at the top. + +![The new dialer and the incoming call screen, both of which we haven't seen since Gingerbread.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/inc-calls.png) +The new dialer and the incoming call screen, both of which we haven't seen since Gingerbread. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Since Honeycomb was only for tablets, some UI pieces were directly preceded by Gingerbread instead. The new Ice Cream Sandwich dialer was, of course, black and blue, and it used smaller tabs that could be swiped through. While Ice Cream Sandwich finally did the sensible thing and separated the main phone and contacts interfaces, the phone app still had its own contacts tab. There were now two spots to view your contact list—one with a dark theme and one with a light theme. With a hardware search button no longer being a requirement, the bottom row of buttons had the voicemail shortcut swapped out for a search icon. + +Google liked to have the incoming call interface mirror the lock screen, which meant Ice Cream Sandwich got a circle-unlock design. Besides the usual decline or accept options, a new button was added to the top of the circle, which would let you decline a call by sending a pre-defined text message to the caller. Swiping up and picking a message like "Can't talk now, call you later" was (and still is) much more informative than an endlessly ringing phone. + +![Honeycomb didn't have folders or a texting app, so here's Ice Cream Sandwich versus Gingerbread.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/thenonmessedupversion.png) +Honeycomb didn't have folders or a texting app, so here's Ice Cream Sandwich versus Gingerbread. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Folders were now much easier to make. In Gingerbread, you had to long press on the screen, pick "folders," and then pick "new folder." In Ice Cream Sandwich, just drag one icon on top of another, and a folder is created containing those two icons. It was dead simple and much easier than finding the hidden long-press command. + +The design was much improved, too. Gingerbread used a generic beige folder icon, but Ice Cream Sandwich actually showed you what was in the folder by stacking the first three icons on top of each other, drawing a circle around them, and using that as the folder icon. Open folder containers resized to fit the amount of icons in the folder rather than being a full-screen, mostly empty box. It looked way, way better. + +![YouTube switched to a more modern white theme and used a list view instead of the crazy 3D scrolling](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/youtubes.png) +YouTube switched to a more modern white theme and used a list view instead of the crazy 3D scrolling +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +YouTube was completely redesigned and looked less like something from The Matrix and more like, well, YouTube. It was a simple white list of vertically scrolling videos, just like the website. Making videos on your phone was given prime real estate, with the first button on the action bar dedicated to recording a video. Strangely, different screens used different YouTube logos in the top left, switching between a horizontal YouTube logo and a square one. + +YouTube used swipe tabs just about everywhere. They were placed on the main page to browse and view your account and on the video pages to switch between comments, info, and related videos. The 4.0 app showed the first signs of Google+ YouTube integration, placing a "+1" icon next to the traditional rating buttons. Eventually Google+ would completely take over YouTube, turning the comments and author pages into Google+ activity. + +![Ice Cream Sandwich tried to make things easier on everyone. Here is a screen for tracking data usage, the new developer options with tons of analytics enabled, and the intro tutorial.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/data.png) +Ice Cream Sandwich tried to make things easier on everyone. Here is a screen for tracking data usage, the new developer options with tons of analytics enabled, and the intro tutorial. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Data Usage allowed users to easily keep track of and control their data usage. The main page showed a graph of this month's data usage, and users could set thresholds to be warned about data consumption or even set a hard usage limit to avoid overage charges. All of this was done easily by dragging the horizontal orange and red threshold lines higher or lower on the chart. The vertical white bars allowed users to select a slice of time in the graph. At the bottom of the page, the data usage for the selected time was broken down by app, so users could select a spike and easily see what app was sucking up all their data. When times got really tough, in the overflow button was an option to restrict all background data. Then, only apps running in the foreground could have access to the Internet connection. + +The Developer Options typically only housed a tiny handful of settings, but in Ice Cream Sandwich the section received a huge expansion. Google added all sorts of on-screen diagnostic overlays to help app developers understand what was happening inside their app. You could view CPU usage, pointer location, and view screen updates. There were also options to change the way the system functioned, like control over animation speed, background processing, and GPU rendering. + +One of the biggest differences between Android and the iOS is Android's app drawer interface. In Ice Cream Sandwich's quest to be more user-friendly, the initial startup launched a small tutorial showing users where the app drawer was and how to drag icons out of the drawer and onto the homescreen. With the removal of the off-screen menu button and changes like this, Android 4.0 made a big push to be more inviting to new smartphone users and switchers. + +![The "touch to beam" NFC support, Google Earth, and App Info, which would let you disable crapware.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2014-03-06-03.57.png) +The "touch to beam" NFC support, Google Earth, and App Info, which would let you disable crapware. + +Built into Ice Cream Sandwich was full support for [NFC][1]. While previous devices like the Nexus S had NFC, support was limited and the OS couldn't do much with the chip. 4.0 added a feature called Android Beam, which would let two NFC-equipped Android 4.0 devices transfer data back and forth. NFC would transmit data related to whatever was on the screen at the time, so tapping when a phone displayed a webpage would send that page to the other phone. You could also send contact information, directions, and YouTube links. When the two phones were put together, the screen zoomed out, and tapping on the zoomed-out display would send the information. + +In Android, users are not allowed to uninstall system apps, which are often integral to the function of the device. Carriers and OEMs took advantage of this and started putting crapware in the system partition, which they would often stick with software they didn't want. Android 4.0 allowed users to disable any app that couldn't be uninstalled, meaning the app remained on the system but didn't show up in the app drawer and couldn't be run. If users were willing to dig through the settings, this gave them an easy way to take control of their phone. + +Android 4.0 can be thought of as the start of the modern Android era. Most of the Google apps released around this time only worked on Android 4.0 and above. There were so many new APIs that Google wanted to take advantage of that—initially at least—support for versions below 4.0 was limited. After Ice Cream Sandwich and Honeycomb, Google was really starting to get serious about software design. In January 2012, the company [finally launched][2] *Android Design*, a design guideline site that taught Android app developers how to create apps to match the look and feel of Android. This was something iOS not only had from the start of third-party app support, but Apple enforced design so seriously that apps that did not meet the guidelines were blocked from the App Store. The fact that Android went three years without any kind of public design documents from Google shows just how bad things used to be. But with Duarte in charge of Android's design revolution, the company was finally addressing basic design needs. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/20/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2011/02/near-field-communications-a-technology-primer/ +[2]:http://arstechnica.com/business/2012/01/google-launches-style-guide-for-android-developers/ +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/21 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/21 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..265e7a867b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/21 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,103 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/playicons2.png) +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +### Google Play and the return of direct-to-consumer device sales ### + +On March 6, 2012, Google unified all of its content offerings under the banner of "Google Play." The Android Market became the Google Play Store, Google Books became Google Play Books, Google Music became Google Play Music, and Android Market Movies became Google Play Movies & TV. While the app interfaces didn't change much, all four content apps got new names and icons. Content purchased in the Play Store would be downloaded to the appropriate app, and the Play Store and Play content apps all worked together to provide a fairly organized content experience. + +The Google Play update was Google's first big out-of-cycle update. Four packed-in apps were all changed without having to issue a system update—they were all updated through the Android Market/Play Store. Enabling out-of-cycle updates to individual apps was a big focus for Google, and being able to do an update like this was the culmination of an engineering effort that started in the Gingerbread era. Google had been working on "decoupling" the apps from the operating system and making everything portable enough to be distributed through the Android Market/Play Store. + +While one or two apps (mostly Maps and Gmail) had previously lived on the Android Market, from here on you'll see a lot more significant updates that have nothing to do with an operating system release. System updates require the cooperation of OEMs and carriers, so they are difficult to push out to every user. Play Store updates are completely controlled by Google, though, providing the company a direct line to users' devices. For the launch of Google Play, the Android Market updated itself to the Google Play Store, and from there, Books, Music, and Movies were all issued Google Play-flavored updates. + +The design of the Google Play apps was still all over the place. Each app looked and functioned differently, but for now, a cohesive brand was a good start. And removing "Android" from the branding was necessary because many services were available in the browser and could be used without touching an Android device at all. + +In April 2012, Google started [selling devices though the Play Store again][1], reviving the direct-to-customer model it had experimented with for the launch of the Nexus One. While it was only two years after ending the Nexus One sales, Internet shopping was now more common place, and buying something before you could hold it didn't seem as crazy as it did in 2010. + +Google also saw how price-conscious consumers became when faced with the Nexus One's $530 price tag. The first device for sale was an unlocked, GSM version of the Galaxy Nexus for $399. From there, price would go even lower. $350 has been the entry-level price for the last two Nexus smartphones, and 7-inch Nexus tablets would come in at only $200 to $220. + +Today, the Play Store sells eight different Android devices, four Chromebooks, a thermostat, and tons of accessories, and the device store is the de-facto location for a new Google product launch. New phone launches are so popular, the site usually breaks under the load, and new Nexus phones sell out in a few hours. + +### Android 4.1, Jelly Bean—Google Now points toward the future ### + +![The Asus-made Nexus 7, Android 4.1's launch device.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/ASUS_Google_Nexus_7_4_11.jpg) +The Asus-made Nexus 7, Android 4.1's launch device. + +With the release of Android 4.1, Jelly Bean in July 2012, Google settled into an Android release cadence of about every six months. The platform matured to the point where a release every three months was unnecessary, and the slower release cycle gave OEMs a chance to catch their breath. Unlike Honeycomb, point releases were now fairly major updates, with 4.1 bringing major UI and framework changes. + +One of the biggest changes in Jelly Bean that you won't be able to see in screenshots is "Project Butter," the name for a concerted effort by Google's engineers to make Android animations run smoothly at 30FPS. Core changes were made, like Vsync and triple buffering, and individual animations were optimized so they could be drawn smoothly. Animation and scrolling smoothness had always been a weak point of Android when compared to iOS. After some work on both the core animation framework and on individual apps, Jelly Bean brought Android a lot closer to iOS' smoothness. + +Along with Jelly Bean came the [Nexus][2] 7, a 7-inch tablet manufactured by Asus. Unlike the primarily horizontal Xoom, the Nexus 7 was meant to be used in portrait mode, like a large phone. The Nexus 7 showed that, after almost a year-and-a-half of ecosystem building, Google was ready to commit to the tablet market with a flagship device. Like the Nexus One and GSM Galaxy Nexus, the Nexus 7 was sold online directly by Google. While those earlier devices had shockingly high prices for consumers that were used to carrier subsidies, the Nexus 7 hit a mass market price point of only $200. The price bought you a device with a 7-inch, 1280x800 display, a quad core, 1.2 GHz Tegra 3 processor, 1GB of RAM, and 8GB of storage. The Nexus 7 was such a good value that many wondered if Google was making any money at all on its flagship tablet. + +This smaller, lighter, 7-inch form factor would be a huge success for Google, and it put the company in the rare position of being an industry trendsetter. Apple, which started with a 10-inch iPad, was eventually forced to answer the Nexus 7 and tablets like it with the iPad Mini. + +![4.1's new lock screen design, wallpaper, and the new on-press highlight on the system buttons.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/picture.png) +4.1's new lock screen design, wallpaper, and the new on-press highlight on the system buttons. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The Tron look introduced in Honeycomb was toned down a little in Ice Cream Sandwich, and Jelly Bean took things a step further. It started removing blue from large chunks of the operating system. The hint was the on-press highlights on the system buttons, which changed from blue to gray. + +![A composite image of the new app lineup and the new notification panel with expandable notifications.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/jb-apps-and-notications.png) +A composite image of the new app lineup and the new notification panel with expandable notifications. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The Notification panel was completely revamped, and we've finally arrived at the design used today in KitKat. The new panel extended to the top of the screen and covered the usual status icons, meaning the status bar was no longer visible when the panel was open. The time was prominently displayed in the top left corner, along with the date and a settings shortcut. The clear all notions button, which was represented by an "X" in Ice Cream Sandwich, changed to a stairstep icon, symbolizing the staggered sliding animation that cleared the notification panel. The bottom handle changed from a circle to a single line that ran the length of the notification panel. All the typography was changed—the notification panel now used bigger, thinner fonts for everything. This was another screen where the blue introduced in Ice Cream Sandwich and Honeycomb was removed. The notification panel was entirely gray now except for on-touch highlights. + +There was new functionality in the panel, too. Notifications were now expandable and could show much more information than the previous two-line design. It now showed up to eight lines of text and could even show buttons at the bottom of the notification. The screenshot notification had a share button at the bottom, and you could call directly from a missed call notification, or you could snooze a ringing alarm all from the notification panel. New notifications were expanded by default, but as they piled up they would collapse back to the traditional size. Dragging down on a notification with two fingers would expand it. + +![The new Google Search app, with Google Now cards, voice search, and text search.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/googlenow.png) +The new Google Search app, with Google Now cards, voice search, and text search. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The biggest feature addition to Jelly Bean for not only Android, but for Google as a whole, was the new version of the Google Search application. This introduced "Google Now," a predictive search feature. Google Now was displayed as several cards that sit below the search box, and it would offer results to searches Google thinks you care about. These were things like Google Maps searches for places you've recently looked at on your desktop computer or calendar appointment locations, the weather, and time at home while traveling. + +The new Google Search app could, of course, be launched with the Google icon, but it could also be accessed from any screen with a swipe up from the system bar. Long pressing on the system bar brought up a ring that worked similarly to the lock screen ring. The card section scrolled vertically, and cards could be a swipe away if you didn't want to see them. Voice Search was a big part of the updates. Questions weren't just blindly entered into Google; if Google knew the answer, it would also talk back using a text-To-Speech engine. And old-school text searches were, of course, still supported. Just tap on the bar and start typing. + +Google frequently called Google Now "the future of Google Search." Telling Google what you wanted wasn't good enough. Google wanted to know what you wanted before you did. Google Now put all of Google's data mining knowledge about you to work for you, and it was the company's biggest advantage against rival search services like Bing. Smartphones knew more about you than any other device you own, so the service debuted on Android. But Google slowly worked Google Now into Chrome, and eventually it will likely end up on Google.com. + +While the functionality was important, it became clear that Google Now was the most important design work to ever come out of the company, too. The white card aesthetic that this app introduced would become the foundation for Google's design of just about everything. Today, this card style is used in the Google Play Store and in all of the Play content apps, YouTube, Google Maps, Drive, Keep, Gmail, Google+, and many others. It's not just Android apps, either. Many of Google's desktop sites and iOS apps are inspired by this design. Design was historically one of Google's weak areas, but Google Now was the point where the company finally got its act together with a cohesive, company-wide design language. + +![Yet another YouTube redesign. Information density went way down.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/yotuube.png) +Yet another YouTube redesign. Information density went way down. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Another version, another YouTube redesign. This time the list view was primarily thumbnail-based, with giant images taking up most of the screen real estate. Information density tanked with the new list design. Before YouTube would display around six items per screen, now it could only display three. + +YouTube was one of the first apps to add a sliding drawer to the left side of an app, a feature which would become a standard design style across Google's apps. The drawer has links for your account and channel subscriptions, which allowed Google to kill the tabs-on-top design. + +![Google Play Service's responsibilities versus the rest of Android.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/playservicesdiagram2.png) +Google Play Service's responsibilities versus the rest of Android. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +### Google Play Services—fragmentation and making OS versions (nearly) obsolete ### + +It didn't seem like a big deal at the time, but in September 2012, Google Play Services 1.0 was automatically pushed out to every Android phone running 2.2 and up. It added a few Google+ APIs and support for OAuth 2.0. + +While this update might sound boring, Google Play Services would eventually grow to become an integral part of Android. Google Play Services acts as a shim between the normal apps and the installed Android OS, allowing Google to update or replace some core components and add APIs without having to ship out a new Android version. + +With Play Services, Google had a direct line to the core of an Android phone without having to go through OEM updates and carrier approval processes. Google used Play Services to add an entirely new location system, a malware scanner, remote wipe capabilities, and new Google Maps APIs, all without shipping an OS update. Like we mentioned at the end of the Gingerbread section, thanks to all the "portable" APIs implemented in Play Services, Gingerbread can still download a modern version of the Play Store and many other Google Apps. + +The other big benefit was compatibility with Android's user base. The newest release of an Android OS can take a very long time to get out to the majority of users, which means APIs that get tied to the latest version of the OS won't be any good to developers until the majority of the user base upgrades. Google Play Services is compatible with Froyo and above, which is 99 percent of active devices, and the updates pushed directly to phones through the Play Store. By including APIs in Google Play Services instead of Android, Google can push a new API out to almost all users in about a week. It's [a great solution][3] to many of the problems caused by version fragmentation. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/21/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/04/unlocked-samsung-galaxy-nexus-can-now-be-purchased-from-google/ +[2]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/07/divine-intervention-googles-nexus-7-is-a-fantastic-200-tablet/ +[3]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/ +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/22 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/22 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..79cf7bd2a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/22 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +### Android 4.2, Jelly Bean—new Nexus devices, new tablet interface ### + +The Android Platform was rapidly maturing, and with Google hosting more and more apps in the Play Store, there was less and less that needed to go out in the OS update. Still, the relentless march of updates must continue, and in November 2012 Android 4.2 was released. 4.2 was still called "Jelly Bean," a nod to the relatively small amount of changes that were present in this release. + +![The LG-made Nexus 4 and Samsung-made Nexus 10.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/unnamed.jpg) +The LG-made Nexus 4 and Samsung-made Nexus 10. +Photo by Google/Ron Amadeo + +Along with Android 4.2 came two flagship devices, the Nexus 4 and the Nexus 10, both of which were sold direct by Google on the Play Store. The Nexus 4 applied the Nexus 7 strategy of a quality device at a shockingly low price and sold for $300 unlocked. The Nexus 4 had a quad-core 1.5 GHz Snapdragon S4 Pro, 2GB of RAM and a 4.7-inch 1280×768 LCD. Google's new flagship phone was manufactured by LG, and with the manufacturer switch came a focus on materials and build quality. The Nexus 4 had a glass front and back, and while you couldn't drop it, it was one of the nicest-feeling Android phones to date. The biggest downside to the Nexus 4 was the lack of LTE at a time when most phones, including the Verizon Galaxy Nexus, came with the faster modem. Still, demand for the Nexus 4 greatly exceeded Google's expectations—the launch rush crashed the Play Store Web site on launch day. The device sold out in under an hour. + +The Nexus 10 was Google's first 10-inch Nexus tablet. The highlight of the device was the 2560×1600 display, which was the highest resolution in its class. All those pixels were powered by a dual core, 1.7GHz Cortex A15 processor and 2GB of RAM. With each passing month, it's looking more and more like the Nexus 10 is the first and last 10-inch Nexus tablet. Usually these devices are upgraded every year, but the Nexus 10 is now 16 months old, and there's no sign of the new model on the horizon. Google is doing well with smaller-sized 7-inch tablets, and it seems content to let partners [like Samsung][1] explore the larger end of the tablet spectrum. + +![The new lock screen, wallpaper, and clock widget design.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/JBvsjb.jpg) +The new lock screen, wallpaper, and clock widget design. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +4.2 brought lots of changes to the lock screen. The font was centered and used an extremely thick weight for the hour and a thin font for the minutes. The lock screen was now paginated and could be customized with widgets. Rather than a simple clock on the lock screen, users could replace it with another widget or add extra pages to the lock screen for more widgets. + +![The lock screen's add widget page, the list of widgets, the Gmail widget on the lock screen, and swiping over to the camera.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/locksc2reen.jpg) +The lock screen's add widget page, the list of widgets, the Gmail widget on the lock screen, and swiping over to the camera. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The lock screen now worked like a stripped-down version of the home screen. Page outlines would pop up on the left and right sides of the lock screen to hint to users that they could swipe to other pages with other widgets. Swiping to the left would show a simple blank page with a plus sign in the center, and tapping on it would bring up a list of widgets that were compatible with the lock screen. Lock screens were limited to one widget per page and could be expanded or collapsed by dragging up or down on the widget. The right-most page was reserved for the camera—a simple over would open the camera interface, but you weren't able to swipe back. + +![The new Quick Settings panel and a composite image of the app lineup.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/42fix.png) +The new Quick Settings panel and a composite image of the app lineup. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +One of the biggest additions to 4.2 was the new "Quick Settings" panel. Android 3.0 brought a way to quickly change power settings to tablets, and 4.2 finally brought that ability to phones. A new icon was added to the top right corner of the notification panel that would switch between the normal list of notifications and the new quick settings screen. Quick Settings offered faster access to screen brightness, network connections, and battery and data usage without having to dig through the full settings screen. The top level settings button in Android 4.1 was removed, and a square was added to the Quick Settings screen for it. + +There were lots of changes to the app drawer and 4.2's lineup of apps and icons. Thanks to the wider aspect ratio of the Nexus 4 (5:3 vs 16:9 on the Galaxy Nexus), the app drawer on that device could now show a five-wide grid of icons. 4.2 replaced the stock browser with Google Chrome and the stock calendar with Google Calendar, both of which brought new icon designs. The Clock and Camera apps were revamped in 4.2, and new icons were part of the deal. "Google Settings" was a new app that offered shortcuts to all the existing Google Account settings around the OS, and it had a unified look with Google Search and the new Google+ icon. Google Maps got a new icon, and Google Latitude, which was part of Google Maps, was retired in favor of Google+ location. + +![The browser was replaced with Chrome, and the new camera interface with a full screen viewfinder.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/chroemcam.jpg) +The browser was replaced with Chrome, and the new camera interface with a full screen viewfinder. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The stock browser did its best Chrome imitation for a while—it took many cues from Chrome’s interface, many Chrome features, and was even using Chrome’s javascript engine—but by the time Android 4.2 rolled around, Google deemed the Android version of Chrome ready to replace the imitator. On the surface, it didn't seem like much of a difference; the interface looked different, and early versions of Chrome for Android didn't scroll as smoothly as the stock browser. Under the hood, though, everything was different. Development of Android's main browser was now handled by the Google Chrome team instead of being a side project of the Android team. Android's default browser moved from being a stagnant app tied to Android releases to a Play Store app that was continually updated. Today there is even a beta channel that receives several updates per month. + +The camera interface was redesigned. It was now a completely full-screen app, showing a live view of the camera and places controls on top of it. The layout aesthetic had a lot in common with the [camera design][2] of Android 1.5: minimal controls with a focus on the viewfinder output. The circle of controls in the center appeared when you either held your finger on the screen or pressed the circle icon in the bottom right corner. When holding your finger down, you could slide around to pick the options around the circle, often expanding out into a sub-menu. Releasing over a highlighted item would select it. This was clearly inspired by the Quick Controls in the Android 4.0 browser, but arranging the options in a circle meant your finger was almost always blocking part of the interface. + +![The clock app, which went from a two-screen app to a feature-packed, useful application.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/clock-1.jpg) +The clock app, which went from a two-screen app to a feature-packed, useful application. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The clock application was completely revamped, going from a simple two-screen alarm clock to a world clock, alarm, timer, and stopwatch. The clock app design was like nothing Google introduced before, with an ultra-minimal aesthetic and red highlights. It seemed to be an experiment for Google. Even several versions later, this design language seemed to be confined only to this app. + +The clock's time picker was particularly well-designed. It showed a simple number pad, and it would intelligently disable numbers that would result in an invalid time. It was also impossible to set an alarm time without implicitly selecting AM or PM, forever solving the problem of accidentally setting an alarm for 9pm instead of 9am. + +![The new system UI for tablets used a stretched-out phone interface.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/tablet2.jpg) +The new system UI for tablets used a stretched-out phone interface. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The most controversial change in Android 4.2 was made to the tablet UI, which switched from a unified single bottom system bar to a two-bar interface with a top status bar and bottom system bar. The new design unified the phone and tablet interfaces, but critics said it was a waste of space to stretch the phone interface to a 10-inch landscape tablet. Since the navigation buttons had the whole bottom bar to themselves now, they were centered, just like the phone interface. + +![Multiple users on a tablet, and the new gesture-driven keyboard.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2014-03-06-14.55.png) +Multiple users on a tablet, and the new gesture-driven keyboard. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +On tablets, Android 4.2 brought support for multiple users. In the settings, a "Users" section was added, where you could manage users on a device. Setup was done from within each user account, where Android would keep separate settings, home screens, apps, and app data for each user. + +4.2 also added a new keyboard with swiping abilities. Rather than just tapping each individual letter, users could now keep a finger on the screen the whole time and just slide from letter to letter to type. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/22/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/01/hands-on-with-samsungs-notepro-and-tabpro-new-screen-sizes-and-magazine-ui/ +[2]:http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/device-2013-12-26-11016071.png +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/23 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/23 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e67dff87e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/23 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![Another Play Store redesign! This one is very close to the current design and uses cards that make layout changes a piece of cake.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/get-em-Kirill.jpg) +Another Play Store redesign! This one is very close to the current design and uses cards that make layout changes a piece of cake. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +### Out-of-cycle updates—who needs a new OS? ### + +In between Android 4.2 and 4.3, Google went on an out-of-cycle update tear and showed just how much Android could be improved without having to fire up the arduous OTA update process. Thanks to the [Google Play Store and Play Services][1], all of these updates were able to be delivered without updating any core system components. + +In April 2013, Google released a major redesign to the Google Play Store. Like most redesigns from here on out, the new Play Store fully adopted the Google Now aesthetic, with white cards on a gray background. The action bar changed color based on the current content section, and since the first screen featured content from all sections of the store, the action bar was a neutral gray. Buttons to navigate to the content sections were now given top billing, and below that was usually a promotional block or rows of recommended apps. + +In April 2013, Google released a major redesign to the Google Play Store. Like most redesigns from here on out, the new Play Store fully adopted the Google Now aesthetic, with white cards on a gray background. The action bar changed color based on the current content section, and since the first screen featured content from all sections of the store, the action bar was a neutral gray. Buttons to navigate to the content sections were now given top billing, and below that was usually a promotional block or rows of recommended apps. + +![The individual content sections are beautifully color-coded.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/content-rainbow.jpg) +The individual content sections are beautifully color-coded. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The new Play Store showed off the real power of Google’s card design language, which enabled a fully responsive layout across all screen sizes. One large card could be stuck next to several little cards, larger-screened devices could show more cards, and rather than stretch things in horizontal mode, more cards could just be added to a row. The Play Store content editors were free to play with the layout of the cards, too; a big release that needed to be highlighted could get a larger card. This design would eventually trickle down to the other Google Play content apps, finally resulting in a unified design. + +![Hangouts replaced Google Talk and is now continually developed by the Google+ team.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/talkvhangouts2.jpg) +Hangouts replaced Google Talk and is now continually developed by the Google+ team. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Google I/O, the company's annual developer conference, was usually where a new Android version was announced. But at the 2013 edition, Google made just as many improvements without having to update the OS. + +One of the biggest things announced at the show was an update to Google Talk, Google's instant messaging platform. For a long time, Google shipped four text communication apps for Android: Google Talk, Google+ Messenger, Messaging (the SMS app), and Google Voice. Having four apps that accomplished the same task—sending a text message to someone—was very confusing for users. At I/O, Google killed Google Talk and started their messaging product over from scratch, creating [Google Hangouts][2]. While initially it only replaced Google Talk, the plan for Hangouts was to unify all of Google's various messaging apps into a single interface. + +The layout of the Hangouts UI really wasn't drastically different from Google Talk. The main page contained your open conversations, and tapping on one opened a chat page. The design was updated, the chat page now used a card-style display for each paragraph, and the chat list was now a "drawer"-style interface, meaning you could open it with a horizontal swipe. Hangouts had read receipts and a typing status indicator, and group chat was now a primary feature. + +Google+ was the center of Hangouts now, so much so that the full name of the product was actually "Google+ Hangouts." Hangouts was completely integrated with the Google+ desktop site so that video and chats could be made from one to the other. Identity and avatars were pulled from Google+, and tapping on an avatar would open that person's Google+ profile. And much like the change from Browser to Google Chrome, core Android functionality was passed off to a separate team—the Google+ team—as opposed to being a side product of the very busy Android engineers. With the Google+ takeover, Android's main IM client now became a continually developed application. It was placed into the Play Store and received fairly regular updates. + +![The new navigation drawer interface.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/navigation_drawer_overview1.png) +The new navigation drawer interface. +Photo by [developer.android.com][3] + +Google also introduced a new design element for the action bar: the navigation drawer. This drawer was shown as a set of three lines next to the app icon in the top-right corner. By tapping on it or dragging from the edge of the screen to the right, a side-mounted menu would appear. As the name implies, this was used to navigate around the app, and it would show several top-level locations within the app. This allowed the first screen to show content, and it gave users a consistent, easy-to-access place for navigation elements. The nav drawer was basically a super-sized version of the normal menu, scrollable and docked to the right side. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/23/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/balky-carriers-and-slow-oems-step-aside-google-is-defragging-android/ +[2]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2013/05/hands-on-with-hangouts-googles-new-text-and-video-chat-architecture/ +[3]:https://developer.android.com/design/patterns/navigation-drawer.html +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/24 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/24 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b95ceb29c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/24 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![The slick new Google Play Music app, which changed from Tron to a perfect match for the Play Store.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Goooogleplaymusic.jpg) +The slick new Google Play Music app, which changed from Tron to a perfect match for the Play Store. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Another app update pushed out at I/O was a new Google Music app. The app was completely redesigned, finally doing away with the blue-on-blue design introduced in Honeycomb. Play Music's design was unified with the new Play Store released a few months earlier, with a responsive white card layout. Music was also one of the first major apps to take advantage of the new navigation drawer style. Along with the new app, Google launched Google Play Music All Access, an all-you-can-eat subscription service for $10 a month. Google Music now had a subscription plan, à la carte purchasing, and a cloud music locker. This version also introduced "Instant Mix," a mode where Google would cloud-compute a playlist of similar songs. + +![A game showing support for Google Play Games. This lineup shows the Play Store game feature descriptions, the permissions box triggered by signing into the game, a Play Games notification, and the achievements screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/gooooogleplaygames.jpg) +A game showing support for Google Play Games. This lineup shows the Play Store game feature descriptions, the permissions box triggered by signing into the game, a Play Games notification, and the achievements screen. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Google also introduced "Google Play Games," a back-end service that developers could plug into their games. The service was basically an Android version of Xbox Live or Apple's Game Center. Developers could build Play Games support into their game, which would easily let them integrate achievements, leaderboards, multiplayer, matchmaking, user accounts, and cloud saves by using Google's back-end services. + +Play Games was the start of Google's big push into gaming. Just like standalone GPS units, flip phones, and MP3 players, smartphone makers were hoping standalone gaming devices would be turned into nothing more than a smartphone feature bullet point. Why buy a Nintendo DS or PS Vita when you had a smartphone with you? An easy-to-use multiplayer service would be a big part of this, and we've still yet to see the final consequence of this move. Today, Google and Apple are both rumored to be planning living room gaming devices. + +![Google Keep, Google's first note taking service since Google Notebook.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/goooglekeep.jpg) +Google Keep, Google's first note taking service since Google Notebook. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +It was clear some products were developed in time for presentation at Google I/O, [but the three-and-a-half hour keynote][1] was already so massive, some things were cut from being announced. Once the smoke cleared three days after Google I/O, Google introduced Google Keep, a note taking app for Android and the Web. Keep was a fairly straightforward affair, applying the responsive Google Now-style design to a note taking app. Users could change the size of the cards from a multi-column layout to a single column view. Notes could consist of plain text, checklists, voice note with automatic transcription, or pictures. Note cards could be dragged around and rearranged on the main screen, and you could even assign a color to a note. + +![Gmail 4.5, which switched to the new navigation drawer design and merged the action bars, thanks to some clever button elimination.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/gmail.png) +Gmail 4.5, which switched to the new navigation drawer design and merged the action bars, thanks to some clever button elimination. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +After I/O, not much was safe from Google's out-of-cycle updating. In June 2013, Google released a redesigned version of Gmail. The headline feature of the new design was the new navigation drawer interface that was introduced a month earlier at Google I/O. The most eye catching change was the addition of Google+ profile pictures instead of checkboxes. While the checkboxes were visibly removed, they were still there, just tap on a picture. + +![The new Google Maps, which switched to an all-white Google Now-style theme.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/newmaps11.png.) +The new Google Maps, which switched to an all-white Google Now-style theme. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +One month later, Google released a completely overhauled version of Google Maps to the Play Store. It was the first ground-up redesign of Google Maps since Ice Cream Sandwich. The new version fully adopted the Google Now white card aesthetic, and it greatly reduced the amount of stuff on the screen. The new Google Maps seemed to have a design mandate to always show a map on the screen somewhere, as you’ll be hard pressed to find something other than the settings that fully covers the map. + +This version of Google Maps seemed to live in its own little design world. The white search bar “floated" above the map, with maps showing on the sides and top of the bar. That didn't really make it seem like the traditional Action Bar design. The navigation drawer, in the top left on every other app, was in the bottom left. There was no up button, app icon, or overflow button on the main screen. + +![The new Google Maps cut a lot of fat and displayed more information on a single screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/newmaps21.png) +The new Google Maps cut a lot of fat and displayed more information on a single screen. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The left picture shows what popped up when you tapped on the search bar (along with the keyboard, which had been closed). In the past, Google would show an empty page below a blank search bar, but in Maps, Google used that space to link to the new “Local" page. The “blank" search results displayed links to common, browsable results like restaurant listings, gas stations, and attractions. At the bottom of the results page was a list of nearby results from your search history and an option to manually cache parts of the map. + +The right set of images shows location page. The map shown in the top of the Maps 7 screenshot isn’t a thumbnail; that’s the full map view. In the new version of Google Maps, a location was displayed as a card that “floats" overtop of the main map, and the map was repositioned to center on the location. Scrolling up would move the card up and cover the map, and scrolling down would show the whole map with the result reduced to a small strip at the bottom. If the location was part of a list of search results, swiping left and right would move through the results. + +The location pages were redesigned to be much more useful at a glance. On the first page, the new version added critical information, like the location on a map, the review score, and the number of reviews. Since this is a phone, and the software will be dialing for you, the phone number was deemed pointless and was removed. The old version showed the distance to the location in miles, while the new version of Google Maps showed the distance in terms of time, based on traffic and preferred mode of transportation—a much more useful metric. The new version also put a share button front and center, which made coordination over IM or text messaging a lot easier. + +### Android 4.3, Jelly Bean—getting wearable support out early ### + +Android 4.3 would have been an incredible update if Google had done the traditional thing and not released updates between 4.3 and 4.2 through the Play Store. If the new Play Store, Gmail, Maps, Books, Music, Hangouts, Keep, and Play Games were bundled into a big brick as a new version of Android, it would have been hailed as the biggest release ever. Google didn't need to do hold back features anymore though. With very little left that required an OS update, at the end of July 2013, Google released the seemingly insignificant update called "Android 4.3." + +![Android Wear plugging into Android 4.3's Notification access screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2014-03-28-12.231.jpg) +Android Wear plugging into Android 4.3's Notification access screen. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Google made no qualms about the low importance of 4.3, calling the newest release "Jelly Bean" (the third one in a row). Android 4.3's feature list read like a laundry list of things Google couldn't update from the Play Store or through Google Play Services, mostly consisting of low-level framework changes for developers. + +Many of the additions seemed to fit a singular purpose, though—Android 4.3 was Google's trojan horse for wearable computing support. 4.3 added support for Bluetooth Low Energy, a way to wirelessly connect Android to another device and pass data back and forth while using a very small amount of power—an integral feature to a wearable device. Android 4.3 also added a "Notification Access" API, which allowed apps to completely replicate and control the notification panel. Apps could display notification text and pictures and interact with the notification the same way users do—namely pressing action buttons and dismissing notifications. Doing this from an on-board app when you have the notification panel is useless, but on a device that is separate from your phone, replicating the information in the notification panel becomes much more useful. One of the few apps that plugged into this was "Android Wear Preview," which used the notification API to power most of the interface for Android Wear. + +The "4.3 is for wearables" theory explained the relatively low number of features in 4.3: it was pushed out the door to give OEMs time to update devices in time for the launch of [Android Wear][2]. The plan seems to have worked. Android Wear requires Android 4.3 and up, which has been out for so long now that most major flagships have updated. + +Android 4.3 was not all that exciting, but Android releases from here on out didn't need to be all that exciting. Everything became so modularized that Google could push updates out as soon as they were done through Google Play, rather than drop everything in one huge brick as an OS update. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/24/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://live.arstechnica.com/liveblog-google-io-2013-keynote/ +[2]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/03/in-depth-with-android-wear-googles-quantum-leap-of-a-smartwatch-os/ +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/25 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/25 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..39eeb55768 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/25 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![The LG-made Nexus 5, the launch device for KitKat.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/nexus56.jpg) +The LG-made Nexus 5, the launch device for KitKat. + +Android 4.4, KitKat—more polish; less memory usage + +Google got really cute with the launch of Android 4.4. The company [teamed up with Nestlé][1] to name the OS "KitKat," and it launched on Halloween, October 31, 2013. Nestlé produced limited-edition Android-shaped KitKat bars, and KitKat packaging in stores promoted the new OS while offering a chance to win a Nexus 7. + +KitKat launched with a new Nexus device, the Nexus 5. The new flagship had the biggest display yet: a five-inch, 1920x1080 LCD. Despite the bigger screen size, LG—again the manufacturer for the device—was able to fit the Nexus 5 into the same dimensions as a Galaxy Nexus or Nexus 4. + +The Nexus 5 was specced comparatively to the highest-end phones at the time, with a 2.3Ghz Snapdragon 800 processor and 2GB of RAM. The phone was again sold unlocked on the Play Store, but while most phones with specs like this would go for $600-$700, Google sold the Nexus 5 for only $350. + +One of the most important improvements in KitKat was one you couldn't see: significantly lower memory usage. For KitKat, Google started a concerted effort to lower memory usage across the OS and bundled apps called "Project Svelte." After tons of optimization work and a "low memory" mode that disabled expensive graphical effects, Android could now run on as little as 340MB of RAM. Lower memory requirements were a big deal, because devices in the developing world—the biggest growth markets for smartphones—often ran on only 512MB of RAM. Ice Cream Sandwich's more advanced UI significantly raised the system requirements of Android devices, which left many low-end devices—even newly released low-end devices—stuck on Gingerbread. The lower system requirements of KitKat meant to bring these cheap devices back into the fold. With KitKat, Google hoped to finally kill Gingerbread (which, at the time of writing, is around 20 percent of the market). Just in case the lower system requirements weren't enough, there have even been reports that Google will [no longer license][2] the Google apps to Gingerbread devices. + +Besides bringing low-end phones to a modern version of the OS, Project Svelte's lower memory requirements were to be a boon to wearable computers, too. Google Glass [announced][3] it was also switching to the slimmer OS, and [Android Wear][4] ran on KitKat, too. The lower memory requirements in Android 4.4 and the notification API and Bluetooth LE support in 4.3 came together nicely to support wearable computing. + +KitKat also featured a lot of polish to the core OS interfaces that couldn't be updated via the Play Store. The System UI, Dialer, Clock, and Settings all saw updates. + +![KitKat's transparent bars on the Google Now Launcher.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/1homescreenz.png) +KitKat's transparent bars on the Google Now Launcher. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +KitKat not only got rid of the unpopular lines to the left and right sides of the lock screen—it completely disabled lock screen widgets by default! Google obviously felt multiple lock screens and multiple home screens were a little to complicated for new users, so lock screen widgets now needed to be enabled in the settings. The lopsided time here and in the clock app was switched to a symmetrical weight, which looked a lot nicer. + +In KitKat, apps had the ability to make the system and status bars transparent, which significantly changed the look of the OS. The bars now blended into the wallpaper and any other app that chose to enable transparent bars. The bars could also be completely hidden by any app via a new feature called “immersive" mode. + +KitKat was the final nail in the “Tron" coffin, removing almost all traces of blue from the operating system. The status bar icons were changed from a blue to a neutral white. The status and system bars on the home screen weren’t completely transparent; a dark gradient was added to the top and bottom of the screen so that the white icons would still be visible on a light background. + +![Tweaks to Google Now and the folders.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/nowfolders.png) +Tweaks to Google Now and the folders. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The home screen that shipped with KitKat on the Nexus 5 was actually exclusive to the Nexus 5 for a few months, but it could now be on any Nexus device. The new home screen was called the "Google Now Launcher," and it was actually [the Google Search app][5]. Yes, Google Search grew from a simple search box to an entire home screen, and in KitKat, it drew the wallpaper, icons, app drawer, widgets, home screen settings, Google Now, and, of course, the search box. Thanks to Search now running the entire home screen, any time the home screen was open and the screen was on, voice commands could be activated by saying “OK Google." This was pointed out to the user with introductory “Say 'OK Google' text in the search bar, which would fade away after a few uses. + +Google Now was more integrated, too. Besides the usual swipe up from the system bar, Google Now was also the leftmost home screen. The new version brought some design tweaks as well. The Google logo was moved into the search bar, and the whole top area was compacted. A few card designs were cleaned up, and a new set of buttons at the bottom led to reminders, customization options, and an overflow button with settings, feedback, and help. Since Google Now was part of the home screen, it got transparent system and status bars, too. + +Transparency and “brightening up" certain parts of the OS were design themes in KitKat. Black was removed in the status and system bars by switching to transparent, and the black background of the folders was switched to white. + +![A screenshot showing the new, cleaner app screen layout, and a composite image of the app lineup.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/apps.png) +A screenshot showing the new, cleaner app screen layout, and a composite image of the app lineup. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +The KitKat icon lineup changed significantly from 4.3. To be more dramatic, it was a bloodbath, with Google removing seven icons over the 4.3 loadout. Google Hangouts could handle SMS now, so the Messaging app was removed. Hangouts also took over Google+ Messenger duties, so that app shortcut was cut. Google Currents was removed as a default app, as it would soon be killed—along with Google Play Magazines—in favor of Google Play Newsstand. Google Maps was beaten back into a single icon, which meant Local and Navigation shortcuts were removed. The impossible-to-understand Movie Studio was cut, too—Google must have realized no one wants to edit movies on a phone. Thanks to the home screen “OK Google" hotword detection, the Voice Search icon was rendered redundant and removed. Depressingly, the long abandoned News & Weather app remained. + +There was a new app called “Photos"—really the Google+ app—which took over picture management duties. On the Nexus 5, the Gallery and Google+ Photos were pretty similar, but in newer builds of KitKat present on Google Play Edition devices, the Gallery was completely replaced by Google+ photos. Play Games was an interface for Google’s back-end multiplayer service—a Googly version of Xbox Live or Apple’s Game Center. Google Drive, which existed for years as a Play Store app, was finally made a default app. Google bought Quickoffice back in June 2012, now finally deeming the app acceptable for inclusion by default. While Drive opened Google Documents, Quickoffice opened Microsoft Office Documents. If keeping track, that was two document editing apps and two photo editing apps included on most KitKat loadouts. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/25/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/official-the-next-edition-of-android-is-kitkat-version-4-4/ +[2]:http://www.androidpolice.com/2014/02/10/rumor-google-to-begin-forcing-oems-to-certify-android-devices-with-a-recent-os-version-if-they-want-google-apps/ +[3]:http://www.androidpolice.com/2014/03/01/glass-xe14-delayed-until-its-ready-promises-big-changes-and-a-move-to-kitkat/ +[4]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/03/in-depth-with-android-wear-googles-quantum-leap-of-a-smartwatch-os/ +[5]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/11/google-just-pulled-a-facebook-home-kitkats-primary-interface-is-google-search/ +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/26 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/26 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3f9e1427ba --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/26 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,87 @@ +The history of Android +================================================================================ +![The new "add to home screen" interface was definitely inspired by Honeycomb.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/homesetupthrowback.png) +The new "add to home screen" interface was definitely inspired by Honeycomb. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +KitKat added a nice throwback to Honeycomb with the home screen configuration screen. On the massive 10-inch screen of a Honeycomb tablet (right picture, above), long pressing on the home screen background would present you with a zoomed-out view of all your home screens. Widgets could be dragged from the bottom widget drawer into any home screen—it was very handy. When it came time to bring the Honeycomb interface to phones, from Android 4.0 all the way to 4.3, Google skipped this design and left it to the larger screened devices, presenting only a list of options after a long press (center picture). + +For KitKat though, Google finally came up with a solution. After a long press, 4.4 presented a slightly zoomed out view—you could see the current home screen and the screens to the left and right of it. Tapping on the “widgets" button would open a full screen list of widget thumbnails, but after long-pressing on a widget, you were thrown back into the zoomed-out view and could scroll through home screen pages and place the icon where you wanted. By dragging an icon or widget all the way past the rightmost home page, you could create a new home page. + +![Contacts and the Keyboard both removed any trace of blue.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/RIP33B5E5.png) +Contacts and the Keyboard both removed any trace of blue. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +KitKat was the end of the line for the Tron design. In most parts of the OS, any remaining blue highlights were removed in favor of gray. In the People app, blue was sucked out of the header and the letter separators in the contact list. The pictures swapped sides and the bottom bar was changed to a light gray to match the top. The Keyboard, which injected the color blue into nearly every app, was changed to gray-on-gray-on-gray. That wasn't a bad thing. Apps should be allowed to have their own color scheme—forcing a potentially clashing color on them via the keyboard wasn’t good design. + +![The first three screenshots show KitKat's dialer, and the last one is 4.3.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/phone.png) +The first three screenshots show KitKat's dialer, and the last one is 4.3. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Google completely revamped the dialer in KitKat, creating a wild new design that changed the way users thought about a phone. Actual numbers in the new dialer were hidden as much as possible—there wasn’t even a dial pad on the main screen. The primary interface for making a phone call was now a search bar! If you wanted to call someone in your contacts, just type their name in; if you wanted to call a business, just type the business name in and the dialer would search through Google Maps’ extensive database of phone numbers. It worked incredibly well and was something only Google could pull off. + +If searching for numbers wasn’t your thing, the app also intelligently displayed a listing for the previous phone call, your most-contacted people, and a link to all contacts. At the bottom were links to your call history, the now old school number pad, and the usual overflow button containing a settings page. + +![Office stuff: Google Drive, which was now packed in, and the printing support.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/googledrive-and-printing.png) +Office stuff: Google Drive, which was now packed in, and the printing support. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +It was amazing it took this long, but in KitKat, Google Drive was finally included as a default app. Drive allowed users to create and edit Google Docs spreadsheets and documents, scan documents with the camera and upload them as PDFs, or view (but not edit) presentations. Drive, by this point, had a great, modern design with a slide-out navigation drawer and a Google Now-style card design. + +For even more mobile office fun, KitKat included an OS-level printing framework. At the bottom of the settings was a "Printing" screen, and any printer OEM could make a plugin for it. Google Cloud Print was, of course, one of the first supporters. Once your printer was hooked up to Cloud Print, either natively or through a computer with Chrome installed, you could print to it over the Internet. Apps needed to support the printing framework, too. Pressing the little "i" button on Google Drive would show information about the document and give you the option to print it. Just like a desktop OS, a print dialog would pop up with settings like copies, paper size, and page selection. + +![The "Photos" section of the Google+ app, which replaced the Gallery.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/that-is-one-dead-gallery.png) +The "Photos" section of the Google+ app, which replaced the Gallery. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Google+ Photos and the Gallery initially shipped together on the Nexus 5, but in a later build of KitKat on Google Play devices, the Gallery was axed and Google+ completely took over photo duties. The new app changed the photo app from a light theme to a dark theme, and Google+ Photos brought a modern navigation drawer design. + +Android had long included an instant upload feature, which would automatically backup all pictures on Google’s cloud storage, first on Picasa and later on Google+. The big benefit of G+ Photos over the Gallery was that it could finally manage those cloud-stored photos. Little cloud icons in the lower right of a photo indicated backup status, and it would fill from right to left to indicate an upload-in-progress. G+ photos brought its own photo editor along with support for a million of other Google+ photo features, like highlights, auto awesome, and, of course, sharing to Google+. + +![Tweaks to the Clock app, which added an alarms tab and changed the time input dialog.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/clocks.png) +Tweaks to the Clock app, which added an alarms tab and changed the time input dialog. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +Google changed the excellent time picker that was introduced in 4.2 to this strange clock interface, which was both slower and less precise than the old interface. First you were presented with a one-handed clock which you used to choose the hour, then that clock went away and another one-handed clock allowed you to choose the minute. Having to spin the minute hand or tap a spot on the clock face made it very difficult to pick times in non-five-minute increments. Unlike the old time picker, which required you to pick a time period, this just defaulted to AM (again making it possible to accidentally be off by 12 hours). + +### Today—Android everywhere ### + +![](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/android-everywhere2.png) +Photo by Google/Sony/Motorola/Ron Amadeo + +What started out as a curious BlackBerry clone from a search engine company became the most popular OS in the world from one of the biggest titans in the tech industry. Android has become Google's de-facto consumer operating system, and it powers phones, tablets, Google Glass, Google TV, and more. [Parts of it][1] are even used in the Chromecast. In the future, Google will be bringing Android to watches and wearables with [Android Wear][2], and the [Open Automotive Alliance][3] will be bringing Android to cars. Google will be making a renewed commitment to the living room soon, too, with [Android TV][4]. The OS is such a core pillar of Google, that events that are supposed to cover company-wide products, like Google I/O, end up becoming Android launch parties. + +![Top row: the Google Play content stores. Bottom row: the Google Play Apps.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/2014-03-30-03.08.jpg) +Top row: the Google Play content stores. Bottom row: the Google Play Apps. +Photo by Ron Amadeo + +What was once the ugly duckling of the mobile industry has transformed so much it now [wins design awards][5] for its user interface. The design of things like Google Now have affected everything the company produces, with even the desktop sites like Search, Google+, YouTube, and Maps getting in on the card design unity. The design keeps evolving as well. Google's next plan is to [unify design][6] across not just Android, but all of its products. The goal is to take something like Gmail and make it feel the same, whether you're using it on Android, a desktop browser, or a watch. + +Google outsourced so many pieces of Android to the Play Store, that version releases are becoming less and less necessary. Google decided the best way to beat carrier and OEM update issues was to sidestep those roadblocks completely. From here on out, there isn't much left to include in an Android update other than core under-the-hood changes—but even many APIs have been pushed to Google Play Services. If you just look at version releases, it seems like Android development has slowed down from the peak 2.5-month release cycle. But the reality is Google can now continually push out improvements to the Play Store in a never-ending, somewhat subtler stream of updates. + +With 1.5 million activations per day, Android has no where to go but up. In the future, Android will be headed from phones and tablets to cars and watches, and the lower system requirements of KitKat will drive phones to even lower prices in the developing world. The bottom line? More and more people will get online. And for many of those people, Android will be not just their phone but their primary computing device. With Android leading the charge for Google in so many areas, the OS that started off as a tiny acquisition has become one of Google's most important products. + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/26/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://blog.gtvhacker.com/2013/chromecast-exploiting-the-newest-device-by-google/ +[2]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/03/in-depth-with-android-wear-googles-quantum-leap-of-a-smartwatch-os/ +[3]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/01/open-automotive-alliance-aims-to-bring-android-inside-the-car/ +[4]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/04/documents-point-to-android-tv-googles-latest-bid-for-the-living-room/ +[5]:http://userexperienceawards.com/uxa2012/ +[6]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/04/googles-next-design-challenge-unify-app-design-across-platforms/ +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file From 01a7a2009f435a9aafc5f4bff0c794af39356dcc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 3 Jul 2014 14:39:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 475/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140703-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=8A=80=E6=9C=AF=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0=E4=B8=80=E7=AF=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md | 61 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 61 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md b/sources/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f4eebccfcd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries +================================================================================ +Sometimes the complexity of a relational database system can be overwhelming. Fortunately, that complexity is an advantage, as with MySQL's tools for managing queries. In this tutorial, I will show you **how to find and kill any misbehaving MySQL queries**. + +To view the currently-running queries, log in to the MySQL console and run the 'show processlist' command: + + mysql> show processlist; + + +--------+--------+-----------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------+ + | Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info | Rows_sent | Rows_examined | Rows_read | + +--------+--------+-----------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------+ + | 78233 | root | 127.0.0.1:37527 | mysql | Sleep | 16474 | | NULL | 6 | 6 | 6 | + | 84546 | root | 127.0.0.1:48593 | mysql | Sleep | 13237 | | NULL | 2 | 2 | 2 | + | 107083 | root | 127.0.0.1:56451 | mysql | Sleep | 15488 | | NULL | 1 | 121 | 121 | + | 131455 | root | 127.0.0.1:48550 | NULL | Query | 0 | NULL | show processlist | 0 | 0 | 0 | + +--------+--------+-----------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------+ + 4 rows in set (0.03 sec) + +The first column you should look at is 'Time', which is the number of seconds the process has been "doing the thing it's doing". A process whose command is 'Sleep' is waiting for a query to come in, so it's not consuming any resources. For any other process, however, a 'Time' of more than a few seconds indicates a problem. + +In this case, the only query running is our 'show processlist' command. Let's see what it looks like if we have a poorly-written query running: + + mysql> show processlist; + + +--------+--------+-----------------+-----------+---------+-------+--------------+----------------------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------+ + | Id | User | Host | db | Command | Time | State | Info | Rows_sent | Rows_examined | Rows_read | + +--------+--------+-----------------+-----------+---------+-------+--------------+----------------------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------+ + | 78233 | root | 127.0.0.1:37527 | example | Sleep | 18046 | | NULL | 6 | 6 | 6 | + | 84546 | root | 127.0.0.1:48593 | example | Sleep | 14809 | | NULL | 2 | 2 | 2 | + | 107083 | root | 127.0.0.1:56451 | example | Sleep | 17060 | | NULL | 1 | 121 | 121 | + | 132033 | root | 127.0.0.1:54642 | example | Query | 27 | Sending data | select max(subtotal) from orders | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 133933 | root | 127.0.0.1:48679 | NULL | Query | 0 | NULL | show processlist | 0 | 0 | 0 | + | 134122 | root | 127.0.0.1:49264 | example | Sleep | 0 | | NULL | 0 | 0 | 0 | + +--------+--------+-----------------+-----------+---------+-------+--------------+----------------------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------+ + 6 rows in set (0.00 sec) + +Ah! Now we see there is a query that's been running for almost 30 seconds. If we don't want to let it run its course, we can kill it by passing its 'Id' to the kill command: + + mysql> kill 132033; + Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) + mysql> + +(Note that MySQL will always report 0 rows affected, because we're not altering any data.) + +Judicious use of the kill command can clean up a backlog of queries. Remember, however, that it's not a permanent solution - if those queries came from your application, you need to rewrite them, or you'll continue to see the same issue reappear. + +### See Also ### + +MySQL's documentation on the different 'Command' values: + +- [https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/thread-commands.html][1] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/find-kill-misbehaving-mysql-queries.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/thread-commands.html \ No newline at end of file From 5c0efa51fdf3abc6231f1c5a99b08c7788b0a81c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Thu, 3 Jul 2014 15:22:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 476/713] [Translating]20140616 How to diskless boo...ine.md alim0x translating --- sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md b/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md index 86870d7d55..c17facde33 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +alim0x translating + How to diskless boot a Linux machine ================================================================================ Diskless booting implies that a client computer does not have any disk storage when booting an operating system. In that case, the computer can load the kernel as well as the root filesystem from a remote NFS server over network. It may use several different methods to load the kernel and the root filesystem from an NFS server: RARP, BOOTP or DHCP protocols. In this tutorial, I will use BOOTP/DHCP protocol because they are supported by many network cards. @@ -147,4 +149,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/diskless-boot-linux-machine.html 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b1817b96fc70602510a46108e1ee42b09f759c2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: CNprober Date: Thu, 3 Jul 2014 23:06:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 477/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8D=A0=E5=9D=91=20By=20CNprober,=20K?= =?UTF-8?q?eep=20an=20eye=20..=20in=20RH=207?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md b/sources/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md index fbe8d23a71..f521646ed2 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +CNprober translating... 619913541 + Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7 ================================================================================ > RHEL 7 supports Docker containers, systemd, Microsoft-compatible ID management, and XFS for 500TB filesystems From b8b4a99a521d333ffd32ae00ed4087509d3d1dd0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: alim0x Date: Thu, 3 Jul 2014 23:34:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 478/713] [Translating] alim0x translating --- .../The history of Android/01 - The history of Android.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/01 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/01 - The history of Android.md index d6b12482f9..bbf93d8b7c 100644 --- a/sources/talk/The history of Android/01 - The history of Android.md +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/01 - The history of Android.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +alim0x translating + The history of Android ================================================================================ > Follow the endless iterations from Android 0.5 to Android 4.4. @@ -199,4 +201,4 @@ via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-histor [34]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/25/#kitkat [35]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/26/#conclusion [a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo -[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo From 87be52bb3f228bbe5d36302cec863cd4b927b56f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: linuhap Date: Fri, 4 Jul 2014 00:11:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 479/713] translating --- ...702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md b/sources/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md index 3e64736b69..4f85e31e1b 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md +++ b/sources/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +linuhap translating Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars ================================================================================ > The Linux Foundation and its partners have released the first version of Automotive Grade Linux, the open source platform for use inside connected cars. @@ -35,4 +36,4 @@ via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/070114/auto [1]:https://automotive.linuxfoundation.org/ [2]:http://linuxfoundation.org/ [3]:http://automotive.linuxfoundation.org/ -[4]:https://www.tizen.org/ \ No newline at end of file +[4]:https://www.tizen.org/ From 43fa8608c6a41ef9bb63420e9e8534089c886470 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bazz2 Date: Fri, 4 Jul 2014 09:24:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 480/713] half the work --- ...140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md | 16 +++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md (80%) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md b/translated/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md similarity index 80% rename from sources/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md rename to translated/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md index f67314307a..11a656101f 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md +++ b/translated/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md @@ -1,33 +1,43 @@ -[bazz2 own this article] Performance benchmarks: KVM vs. Xen +KVM和Xen的性能基准测试 ================================================================================ After having some interesting discussions last week around KVM and Xen performance improvements over the past years, I decided to do a little research on my own. The last complete set of benchmarks I could find were from the [Phoronix Haswell tests in 2013][1]. There were [some other benchmarks from 2011][2] but those were hotly debated due to the Xen patches headed into kernel 3.0. +在上周，我们讨论了 KVM 和 Xen 的性能上一些令人感兴趣的话题后，我打算自己做一些这方面的研究。我能找到的最新的资料，是来自[2013年 Phoronix Haswell 性能评测][1]上的基准测试。当然，还有[2011年的评测][2]，由于 Xen 已经被收录进 Kernel 3.0，这些曾经都是热门话题。 The 2011 tests had a [good list of benchmarks][3] and I’ve done my best to replicate that list here three years later. I’ve removed two or three of the benchmark tests because they didn’t run well without extra configuration or they took an extremely long time to run. +2011年的测试提供了[许多很好的基准报表][3]，我尽最大努力把它们列出的属性重新测试一遍，但少测了两三个基准测试，原因是它们在未经特定优化的配置后跑出来的数据不是很好，或者它们需要跑很长时间才能得到结果。 -### Testing environment ### +### 测试环境 ### My testing setup consists of two identical SuperMicro servers. Both have a single [Intel Xeon E3-1220][4] (four cores, 3.10GHz), 24GB Kingston DDR3 RAM, and four Western Digital RE-3 160GB drives in a RAID 10 array. BIOS versions are identical. +测试环境由两台一模一样的超微服务器组成，都配备一颗[Intel 至强 E3-1220][4]（4核，3.10GHz），24G 金士顿 DDR3 内存，4块西数 RE-3 160G 磁盘（组成 RAID10 阵列）。另外 BIOS 也是一模一样。 All of the tests were run in Fedora 20 (with SELinux enabled) for the hosts and the virtual machines. Very few services were left running during the tests. Here are the relevant software versions: +所有测试项目（即实体机和虚拟机）都在 Fedora 20 （开 SELinux）上进行，并且测试过程中没有跑很多的不相关的服务。这里列一下相关服务的版本： - Kernel: 3.14.8 - For KVM: qemu-kvm 1.6.2 - For Xen: xen 4.3.2 All root filesystems are XFS with the default configuration. Virtual machines were created using virt-manager using the default configuration available for KVM and Xen. Virtual disks used raw images and were allotted 8GB RAM with 4 virtual CPU’s. Xen guests used [PVHVM][5]. +根文件系统是 XFS，使用默认配置。虚拟机使用 virt-manager 来创建（virt-mamager 也使用默认配置）。虚拟磁盘使用 raw 镜像，容量为 8GB，虚拟4颗 CPU。Xen 虚拟机使用 [PVHVM][5] 建立虚拟磁盘。 ### Caveats ### +### 警告 ### One might argue that Fedora’s parent owner, Red Hat, puts a significant amount of effort into maintaining and improving KVM within their distribution. Red Hat hasn’t made significant contributions to Xen in years and they [made the switch to KVM back in 2009][6]. I’ve left this out of scope for these tests, but it’s still something worth considering. +也许有人会争辩说 Fedora 是红帽公司所有，红帽一直在维护 KVM，而 Xen 则自从[在2009年红帽重新选择 KVM 作为虚拟化产品][6]后，再没得到这个公司的维护。在本测试中这个因素不会对结果产生任何影响，不过可以在心里稍微注意一下。 Also, contention was tightly controlled and minimized. On most virtualized servers, you’re going to have multiple virtual machines fighting for CPU time, disk I/O, and access to the network. These tests didn’t take that type of activity into consideration. One hypervisor might have poor performance at low contention but then perform much better than its competitors when contention for resources is high. +不考虑资源竞争产生的影响。在大多数虚拟服务器上，你可以跑多个虚拟机，而这些虚拟机会争用 CPU 时间片、磁盘 IO、网络带宽等等资源。在本测试中也不考虑这些因素。一台虚拟机抢到资源少，性能就差，而另一台抢得多，性能就好（LCTT：它们的性能总和，就可以大致当作是 KVM 或 Xen 的性能了）。 -These tests were performed only on Intel CPU’s. Results may vary on AMD and ARM. +本测试运行在 Intel 的 CPU 上。如果使用的是 AMD 或 ARM，可能有些数据会不一样。 ### Results ### +### 结果 ### The tests against the bare metal servers served as a baseline for the virtual machine tests. The deviation in performance between the two servers without virtualization was at 0.51% or less. +本测试使用裸机作为虚拟服务测试的基准设备。在不跑虚拟机的情况下，两台裸机的性能偏差不会大于0.51% KVM’s performance fell within 1.5% of bare metal in almost all tests. Only two tests fell outside that variance. One of those tests was the 7-Zip test where KVM was 2.79% slower than bare metal. Oddly enough, KVM was 4.11% faster than bare metal with the PostMark test (which simulates a really busy mail server). I re-ran the PostMark tests again on both servers and those results fell within 1% of my original test results. I’ll be digging into this a bit more as my knowledge of virtio’s internals isn’t terribly deep. From 44a498b38ea45ec36a8f7f8c0e19d1768577af5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 4 Jul 2014 16:27:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 481/713] PUB:20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know @tinyeyeser --- .../20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md b/published/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md rename to published/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md index f43b26b962..d241b85e4f 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md +++ b/published/20140620 How Many Languages Do Developers Need To Know.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ 到底开发者需要掌握多少门语言？ ================================================================================ -![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/code%20example%20Flickr%20Ruiwen%20Chua.jpg) +![](http://a2.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fill,h_900,q_70,w_1600/MTIyNzYyNjIwNDU2Njk4NDcw.jpg) > 诸如Apple、Facebook及Google这样的大公司正在开发他们自己的编程语言，开发者们被迫只有适应。 @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Watson-Hamblin就主张说，当每家公司都为了自家需要发明自己的 via: http://readwrite.com/2014/06/17/apple-swift-facebook-hack-google-dart -译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a7360a4aaf1679b1f879fc64ac39371ed8405e29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: CNprober Date: Fri, 4 Jul 2014 17:40:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 482/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90,By?= =?UTF-8?q?=20CNproberKeep=20an=20eye=20on=20..=20RHEL=207?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...n eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md | 60 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md diff --git a/translated/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md b/translated/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..451d4c790f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +CNprober translatinged... 619913541 + +RHEL 7值得注意的5个新特性 +================================================================================ +> RHEL 7 支持Docker容器，systemd，兼容微软的身份管理和支持500TB的XFS文件系统。 + +![](http://www.infoworld.com/sites/infoworld.com/files/media/image/140.jpg) + +After six-plus months of [public beta testing][1] and more than three years after its previous major point release, RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux) version 7 is out. The update speaks to Red Hat's interests in outfitting RHEL with many of the latest enterprise and data center features. Here are the five top-of-the-line new additions to RHEL 7 that caught our eyes. +在前一个主版本发布3年之后，经过至少6个月的[公开测试][1]，RHEL（Red Hat Enterprise Linux）版本7终于发布了。这次更新表明了红帽子公司对于在RHEL中添加最新的以企业和数据为中心的特性的兴趣。这里列举了其中5个最吸引人眼球的新特性。 + +### 1. Docker ### + +RHEL 7中最大的新特性就是[紧密集成][2]了巨受欢迎的应用程序虚拟化技术[Docker][3]。随着[Docker 1.0发布][4]，把它集成到RHEL 7的时机是最合适不过了。 + +用Docker包装的应用程序可以独立于操作系统，所以他们可以在操作系统之间移植并且正常运行。RHEL 7打算尽可能高效地使用Docker，以防止应用程序竞争资源或者为使用哪种运行时环境而困惑。 + +从RHEL的Docker地图上的长期计划表来看，这可能会超越操作系统本身，发展成一系列的Docker容器，它可以支持用最小的开销部署一个系统。这个被称为"[Atomic项目][5]"的计划还处于早期阶段，红帽子公司准备首先将它首先部署在他的Fedora Linux发行版，仅仅当做对前沿技术的测试。 + +### 2. Systemd ### + +包含systemd进程管理器可能引起系统管理员和Linux专家之间激烈的争论。自专用Unix出现以来，systemd就被开发用于替代init系统，它使得启动过程中装载服务更加高效。 + +因为systemd的这个潜在的痛处，红帽子公司没有立刻添加systemd（到RHEL）。早在2010发布的Fedora版本15就已经包含了systemd作为默认项目，这给了红帽子公司一次很好的了解systemd在真实世界的运行的经验。同样，systemd也没有武断地加入RHEL 7，只是作为这个OS大计划的一部分。例如，红帽子公司希望通过使用systemd加强对RHEL 7中Docker容器的支持。 + +### 3. XFS by default ### + +第3个主要的改变是使XFS成为RHEL默认的文件系统，尽管这可能不那么引人瞩目。 + +最初由Silicon Graphics International（硅谷图形公司）创建的XFS在Linux系统上用做生产环境已经很长时间了。在RHEL 7上它将支持高达500TB的文件系统。RHEL 6默认使用ext4，尽管它有XFS选项。红帽子的竞争对手Suse Linux [也支持XFS][6],尽管它安装时[默认使用ext3][7]。 + +非常不幸的是，没有真正的方法可以将RHEL目前使用的其他文件系统，比如ext4或者btrfs移植到XFS。只能备份然后重建（来进行移植）。 + +### 4. 兼容微软的身份管理 ### + +就算是那些不是微软系统粉丝的管理员也对微软目录服务保持勉强的尊重。RHEL 7添加了两个关键的特性以优化处理微软目录服务的方式。跨域认证现在可以在RHEL 7和微软目录服务之间建立，所以目录服务用户可以直接访问Linux侧的资源，不需要再进行一次登录。RHEL 7另一个目录服务相关的附加特性，是基于DNS信息自动发现和加入目录服务（或者其他红帽子认证服务）。 + +### 5. Performance Co-Pilot ### + +进行性能调整的时候看不到实时数据就像是开着挡风玻璃被刷上了油漆的车，所以RHEL 7添加了一个新的性能监控系统PCP([Performance Co-Pilot][8])，PCP最初由Silicon Graphics International（硅谷图形）[创建][9]，但是现在它是RHEL 7的一部分。除了监控和记录系统状态，PCP还为其他子系统提供获取数据的API和工具集，比如正如你猜到的，刚刚介绍的systemd。 + +遵循这个思路，另一个次要的附加特性：新的性能配置文件。RHEL 6已经有符合特殊应用场景的调整RHEL的配置文件。RHEL 7不仅默认有一个新的着重使产量最大化的配置文件，而且包含另一个新的平衡性能表现和能源消耗的配置文件。 + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via:http://www.infoworld.com/t/linux/keep-eye-these-5-new-features-in-rhel-7-244023 + +译者：[love_daisy_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/linux/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-beta-now-available-232520 +[2]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/application-virtualization/red-hat-fast-tracks-docker-apps-enterprise-linux-238122 +[3]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/application-virtualization/docker-unleashed-app-portability-gets-boost-231716 +[4]:http://www.infoworld.com/d/application-development/review-docker-10-ready-prime-time-243935 +[5]:http://www.projectatomic.io/ +[6]:https://www.suse.com/products/server/technical-information/ +[7]:https://www.suse.com/products/server/technical-information/ +[8]:http://developerblog.redhat.com/2013/11/19/exploratory-performance-pcp/ +[9]:http://oss.sgi.com/projects/pcp/index.html \ No newline at end of file From 8348d6bdb6a7828a58b5b317b7b0e9acb6649631 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Luoxcat Date: Fri, 4 Jul 2014 22:45:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 483/713] =?UTF-8?q?Luoxcat=20=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=2020140702?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Command=20Line=20Tuesdays--Part?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md b/sources/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md index 8bf7670849..ccaab0075c 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +暑假 先来一发 Luoxcat 翻译 Command Line Tuesdays – Part Three ================================================================================ Today, mr Shotts takes us on a first part of a guided tour through our file system. We’ll learn how to visit, list files within directories and we’ll learn to use some options for the first time. So let’s begin with the first command of the week. @@ -80,4 +81,4 @@ via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/01/command-line-tuesdays-part-three/ 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e2d5e602a7ca2db942b8957530208c0735d63121 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 4 Jul 2014 23:04:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 484/713] =?UTF-8?q?PUB=EF=BC=9AEncrypting=20Your=20Cat=20P?= =?UTF-8?q?hotos?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @runningwater 翻译的不错！ --- .../Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md | 66 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md (55%) diff --git a/translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md b/published/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md similarity index 55% rename from translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md rename to published/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md index 4589cafd80..9e80a36d30 100755 --- a/translated/tech/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md +++ b/published/Encrypting Your Cat Photos.md @@ -1,24 +1,26 @@ 给猫咪照片加密 ================================================================================ -事实上，我的硬盘上不存在那种不愿意被别人看到的东西，只存有一些猫咪的照片、一些记录着想写的书想法的文本文件或者是一些短篇故事的文本，也有一些写了一半的 NaNoWriMo 小说文件。简单的说，我的硬盘就没有加密的必要，因为没有什么可隐藏的。可问题是，我们错误的把“隐私的渴望”跟“要隐藏某东西”两概念混淆在一起。比如说我生活的美国，我们视隐私权利是理所当然的事，但不包括那些传统所认为的“某人隐藏色情或炸弹”。隐私考虑的是一些平常的事情。 +事实上，我的硬盘上不存在那种不愿意被别人看到的东西，只存有一些猫咪的照片、一些记录着想写的书的想法的文本文件，或者是一些短篇故事的文本，也有一些写了一半的 NaNoWriMo 小说文件。简单的说，我的硬盘就没有加密的必要，因为没有什么可隐藏的。可问题是，我们错误的把“隐私的渴望”跟“要隐藏某东西”两概念混淆在一起。比如说我生活的美国，我们视隐私权利是理所当然的事，但不包括那些传统所认为的“某人的隐藏色情或炸弹”。隐私考虑的是一些平常的事情。 -我居住在密歇根州。这儿的冬天很冷，我趋向于把温度设置在 75 度左右。对您们来说这个温度可能高了，但在我的家里刚好合适。多亏我的家是属于私有的，我的邻居不可能知道我们保持了这么高的温度，否则一但他们看到冬天如此“浪费”能源的家庭，这些邻居心里会很不平衡的。事实上，本地条规中有一条明确指出任何超过 60 度的就算是生态浪费。我并不想与这种僵老的条例较真，所以我仅仅想保守我们舒适的房子的秘密。我们并不想隐藏任何事情，但也并不是任何事情都要让外人知道。 +我居住在密歇根州。这儿的冬天很冷，我趋向于把温度设置在华氏 75 度左右。对您们来说这个温度可能高了，但在我的家里刚好合适。多亏我的家是属于私有的，我的邻居不可能知道我们保持了这么高的温度，否则一但他们看到冬天如此“浪费”能源的家庭，这些邻居心里会很不平衡的。事实上，本地条规中有一条明确指出任何超过华氏 60 度的就算是生态浪费。我并不想与这种僵老的条例较真，所以我仅仅想保守我们舒适的房子的秘密。我们并不想隐藏任何事情，但也并不是任何事情都要让外人知道。 很明显，我举的例子有点弱智，但我希望的是这能引起大家的思考。现代的 Linux 系统很容易的就可以对我们的数据进行加密，并且很可靠，所以为什么不好好利用利用呢？ ### 加密原理? ### -我不会涉及太多关于加密原理的细节，但要明白最基本的原理，即使是最简单的实现，这是必须的。要加密和解密一个文件，需要两把“钥匙”。一把是私钥，正如名字所示，属于私有的。我宁愿把私钥看作是真实的钥匙-你想要多少就可造出多少，但这样做是不明智的。同样的私钥你造的越多，某些不怀好意的人得到其中一把的机率就越大，他们就会闯入你的公寓（额，我的意思的文件）。 +我不会涉及太多关于加密原理的细节，但要明白最基本的原理，即使是最简单的实现，这是必须的。要加密和解密一个文件，需要两把“钥匙”。一把是私钥，正如名字所示，属于私有的。我宁愿把私钥看作是真实的钥匙——你想要多少就可造出多少，但这样做是不明智的。同样的，私钥你造的越多，某些不怀好意的人得到其中一把的机率就越大，他们就会闯入你的公寓（额，我的意思是指那些文件）。 -公钥更像是锁的样子，只有你能打开（用你的私钥）此锁。这公钥任何人都可以得到，你可以将它张贴在网站上、把它放在你的 E-mail 中、甚至纹在你的背上。其它人想创建一个只有你能访问的文件，就可以使用此公钥来加密。 +公钥更像是锁的样子，只有你能（用你的私钥）打开此锁。这公钥任何人都可以得到，你可以将它张贴在网站上、把它放在你的 E-mail 中、甚至纹在你的背上。其它人想创建一个只有你能访问的文件，就可以使用此公钥来加密。 -这种一对多的情况也有个很酷的副作用。如果你用你的私钥来加密一些东西，任何人都可以用你提供的公钥来解密它们。这听起来很傻，但这种情景很有用。虽然加密的文件不能免于被窥视，但是它能保证此文件确实来自于你而没有被恶意改动过。用你的公钥能解密的文件仅仅只能是用你私钥加密过的。用这种方式，用私钥加密的文件即是数字“签名”文件。 +这种一对多（LCTT译注：指别人可以加密多个文件，而只有你的一个私钥才能解密）的情况也有个很酷的副作用。如果你用你的私钥来加密一些东西，任何人都可以用你提供的公钥来解密它们。这听起来很傻，但这种情景很有用。虽然加密的文件不能免于被窥视，但是它能保证此文件确实来自于你而没有被恶意改动过。用你的公钥能解密的文件仅仅只能是用你私钥加密过的。用这种方式，用私钥加密的文件即是数字“签名”文件。（LCTT译注：既然是任何人都可以用公钥解密，其实加密没有意义，相反，仅仅用你的私钥做一个签名指纹，别人只需要用你的公钥来验证该签名是否一致即可判断是否来自你。） + +（LCTT译注：其实本文此处所述的加密解密、签名校验等原理不完全正确，和实际的非对称加密情形有所差异，不过比较容易理解和类比。） #### 通用加密步骤: #### 1. 你有一个文件想要发送给苏茜 ，所以你得使用苏茜的公钥来加密，这样就只有 苏茜才能打开这个文件，但苏茜没有办法知道是谁给她发送的文件。因为任何一个人都可以用她的公钥来加密文件。 -2. 因此，你得把你的文件用苏茜的公钥和你的私钥都加密。苏茜将不得不解密两次，但她知道它是来自于你的文件。 -3. 苏茜接收到此文件后会用能证明来自于你的公钥来解密第一层。 +2. 因此，你得把你的文件用苏茜的公钥和你的私钥都加密。苏茜将不得不解密两次，但她知道它是来自于你的文件。（LCTT译注：实际上应该是用你的私钥要做签名，生成一小段签名指纹，而不是对已经加密的文件再次加密。） +3. 苏茜接收到此文件后会用能证明来自于你的公钥来解密第一层。（LCTT译注：校验签名，确认来自你的私钥的签名正确。） 4. 然后用她的私钥来解密第二层的密码，这是唯一的能够将原始文件进行解密的钥匙了（因为你是用她的公钥来加密的）。 当然，这情景就是用来安全传输文件的加密手段。这也是加密你的文件（或者分区）相当常用及简单的方法。就让我们开始来对文件进行加密吧，因为大多数人都想加密他们的系统。 @@ -27,45 +29,45 @@ 在深入更复杂的各种加密设置操作前，我们先做简单的对文件加密例子。能处理加密的应用程序有很多很多，事实上，对文件和系统进行加密的各种可用软件选择，很容易就会让我们变得焦头烂额。现在，我们就使用一款很基本的（但非常强大）命令行工具来对文件加密。 GPG （英文名：Gnu Privacy Guard）是一款对商业软件 PGP（英文名：Pretty Good Protection）的开源实现软件。它具有加密、签名及管理多个密钥等功能。用例子说明，让我们简单的加密一个文件吧。 -我们假设你有一个名叫 secret_manifesto.txt 的文件，它包含有关于生命、宇宙及一切事物的秘密。使用 GPG，你只需要一个密码就可以加密此文件。使用密码远比使用公钥和私钥对简单，因为它只是用你的密码加密。虽然这很容易就让你的文件遭受到破解（使用彩虹表或其他黑客工具），但像锡上的标签上所说的：这是相当不错的保护。要加密你的文件，可以这样做： +我们假设你有一个名叫 secret_manifesto.txt 的文件，它包含有关于生命、宇宙及一切事物的秘密。使用 GPG，你只需要一个密码就可以加密此文件。使用密码远比使用公钥和私钥对简单，因为它只是用你的密码加密。虽然这比较容易让你的文件遭受到破解（比如使用彩虹表或其他黑客工具暴力破解），但像它的名字中所宣称的：这是相当不错的保护。要加密你的文件，可以这样做： # gpg -c secret_manifesto.txt - # Enter passphrase: - # Repeat passphrase: + Enter passphrase: + Repeat passphrase: -一但完成，在相同的目录下就会多出个新的文件，它默认的名字是 secret_manifesto.txt.gpg 。这是一个二进制文件，这意味着它非常非常小，但是要拷贝/粘贴进电子邮件（e-mail）或 即时消息（IM） 就不可能了。要使其可拷贝等操作，可以添加 -a 标志，这将创建一个只包含 ASCII 码文本的加密文件： +一但完成，在相同的目录下就会多出个新的文件，它默认的名字是 secret_manifesto.txt.gpg 。这是一个二进制文件，这意味着它真的比较小，但是要将其内容拷贝/粘贴到电子邮件（e-mail）或 即时消息（IM） 就不可能了（LCTT译注：当然你可以使用附件方式。）。要使其便于拷贝等操作，可以添加 -a 标志，这将创建一个只包含 ASCII 码文本的加密文件： # gpg -a -c secret_manifesto.txt - # Enter passphrase: - # Repeat passphrase: + Enter passphrase: + Repeat passphrase: # ls -l -rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 6 Nov 23 1:26 secret_manifesto.txt -rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 174 Nov 23 1:27 secret_manifesto.txt.asc -rw-rw-r-- 1 spowers spowers 55 Nov 23 1:26 secret_manifesto.txt.gpg -注意到现在多了一个以 .asc 为扩展名的文件。它是个纯文本文件，从上面的代码段示例可以看到它比二进制的加密文件还大，当然比原文本文件就大的更多了。一但你把文件加密了，也确实想要对些信息保密，最明智的就是把原文本文件删除掉。 +注意到现在多了一个以 .asc 为扩展名的文件。它是个纯文本文件，从上面的代码段示例可以看到它比二进制的加密文件还大，当然比原文本文件就大的更多了。一但你把文件加密了，也确实想要对些信息保密，最明智的就是把原文本文件删除掉。（LCTT译注：千万记住密码啊，否则谁也帮不了你了——你得自己破解自己的密码啦:>） -要解密文件，你需要再一次使用 GPG 程序。不管是二进制的还是 ASCII 文件，使用相同的命令就可以解密。如下示： +要解密文件，你需要再一次使用 GPG 程序。不管是二进制的还是 ASCII 文件，使用相同的命令就可以解密。如下所示： # gpg secret_manifesto.txt.asc - # gpg: CAST5 encrypted data - # Enter passphrase: - # gpg: encrypted with 1 passphrase - # File `secret_manifesto.txt' exists. Overwrite? (y/N) + gpg: CAST5 encrypted data + Enter passphrase: + gpg: encrypted with 1 passphrase + File `secret_manifesto.txt' exists. Overwrite? (y/N) 注意到上面的例子中，我没有删除源文本文件，所以 GPG 给出了是否覆盖选项提示。一但操作完成，我的未加密的源文件又回来了。如果你仅仅只有一两个文件要保护，那基于命令行的 GPG 程序正是你所需的。但如果你想实现在系统上指定一个区域，任何保存到这区域的的文件都会自动加密的话，就有点复杂了。可这也并不是非常的困难，让我们用一个非常简单的示范例子来讲解吧。 ### 加密 USB 驱动盘 ### -如我前面提到的，要加密有很多可选的方式方法。加密磁盘分区最通用的一种方法是 LUKS（Linux Unified Key Setup） 系统。一个使用 LUKS 格式化分区的 USB 驱动盘可以被大多数系统自动被别到。实际上，如果你使用的是像 Ubuntu 桌面这样的桌面环境系统的话，加密 USB 驱动盘其实就是在格式化过程中简单的勾选上一个复选框而已。虽然这是加密 USB 盘最容易让人接受的方式，但我还是想演示如何在命令行下进行加密，因为这种方式可以让你明白在加密的后面具体发生了什么。 +如我前面提到的，要加密有很多可选的方式方法。加密磁盘分区最通用的一种方法是 LUKS（Linux Unified Key Setup） 系统。一个使用 LUKS 格式化分区的 USB 驱动盘可以被大多数系统自动识别到。实际上，如果你使用的是像 Ubuntu 桌面这样的桌面环境系统的话，加密 USB 驱动盘其实就是在格式化过程中简单的勾选上一个复选框而已。虽然这是加密 USB 盘最容易让人接受的方式，但我还是想演示如何在命令行下进行加密，因为这种方式可以让你明白在加密的后面具体发生了什么。 #### 步骤 1: 识别您的 USB 驱动盘。 #### -在您插入 USB 驱动盘后，如果输入 `dmesg` 命令，将会显示出所有的系统信息，包括刚插入的 USB 驱动盘的设备名字。 确保设备标识是正确的，因为后面要进行的操作会破坏驱动盘上的所有数据。您也不想一不小心就格式化掉正常的磁盘吧。（虽然不用提醒，但我还是要说，确保您的 USB 驱动盘已经没有你想保留的数据，因为这是一个破坏性的过程。） +在您插入 USB 驱动盘后，如果在终端输入 `dmesg` 命令，将会显示出所有的系统信息，包括刚插入的 USB 驱动盘的设备名字。 确保设备标识是正确的，因为后面要进行的操作会破坏驱动盘上的所有数据。您也不想一不小心就格式化掉正常的磁盘吧。（虽然不用提醒，但我还是要说，确保您的 USB 驱动盘已经没有你想保留的数据，因为这是一个破坏性的过程。） #### 步骤 2: 对 USB 驱动盘进行分区。 #### -假设，在您的系统上 USB 驱动盘是 /dev/sdb 这个设备，您需要在这个驱动上创建一个单分区。我们使用 fdisk 命令。下面是 fdisk 必须的交互操作。一般地，用 o 命令来创建一个新的空分区，然后用 w 命令来保存设置。然后重新运行 fdisk 命令，并用 n 命令来创建一个新的主分区，接下来保持默认的以使用整个设备空间： +假设，在您的系统上 USB 驱动盘是 /dev/sdb 这个设备，您需要在这个驱动上创建一个单分区（LCTT译注：设备是sdb，其上可以有多个分区，分别叫sdb1、sdb2等等）。我们使用 fdisk 命令。下面是 fdisk 必须的交互操作。一般地，用 o 命令来创建一个新的空分区，然后用 w 命令来保存设置。然后重新运行 fdisk 命令，并用 n 命令来创建一个新的主分区，接下来保持默认的以使用整个设备空间： # sudo fdisk /dev/sdb @@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! -现在你的 USB 驱动盘有了一个单分区了（/dev/sdb1），但还没有文件系统，这正是我们所想要的，因为 LUKS 系统需要在创建文件系统前在您的分区上创建一个加密层。因此，在创建文件系统之前，就让我们在分区上先创建一个 LUKS 层吧，可以使用 cryptsetup 程序。如果您还没有安装 cryptsetup 的话，可以搜索您系统发布版本的仓库源，里有就有。下面就开始创建 LUKS 加密分区层: +现在你的 USB 驱动盘有了一个单分区了（/dev/sdb1），但还没有文件系统，这正是我们所想要的，因为 LUKS 系统需要在创建文件系统前在您的分区上创建一个加密层。因此，在创建文件系统之前，就让我们在分区上先创建一个 LUKS 层吧，可以使用 cryptsetup 程序。如果您还没有安装 cryptsetup 的话，可以搜索您系统发布版本的仓库源，里面就有。下面就开始创建 LUKS 加密分区层: # cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/sdb1 @@ -105,37 +107,37 @@ Enter LUKS passphrase: Verify passphrase: -按照提示的操作，一定要确保记得您的密码！注意，这儿的“密码单词”不仅仅只表示一个单词。这只是一个习惯，因而得名，设置的越长，越难被破解。 +按照提示的操作，一定要确保记得您的密码！注意，这儿的“密码单词”不仅仅只表示一个单词。这只是一个习惯，因而得名，设置的越长越复杂，越难被破解。 一但上面的操作完成，就创建好了一个加密的分区，但它还没有被挂载或格式化。要做的第一步就是挂载分区，可以再一次使用 cryptsetup 工具： # cryptsetup luksOpen /dev/sdb1 my_crypto_disk Enter passphrase for /dev/sdb1: -当输入完密码后，您输入名字的设备就会像虚拟硬盘一样被挂载上。通常，它挂载在 /dev/mapper/devicename 目录下，所以这个例子所示的分区就挂载到了 /dev/mapper/my_crypto_disk 目录。 +当输入完密码后，您输入名字的设备就会像虚拟硬盘一样被挂载上。通常，它挂载在 /dev/mapper/设备名 的目录下，所以这个例子所示的分区就挂载到了 /dev/mapper/my_crypto_disk 目录。 -现在这个设备就可当做未加密的卷来访问了。 只要它一被挂载，就跟其它未加密的卷是一样的了，这就意味着您想要使用它的话就需要先写入文件系统： +现在这个设备就可当做未加密的卷来访问了。 只要它一被挂载，就跟其它未加密的卷是一样的了，这就意味着您想要使用它的话就需要先建立文件系统： # mkfs.vfat /dev/mapper/my_crypto_disk -n my_crypto_disk mkfs.vfat 3.0.9 (31 Jan 2010) -现在驱动功能完备，可以像其它驱动盘一样正常挂载使用了。实际上，如果你使用的是现代的图形用户界面系统的话，只要你把 USB 驱动盘一插入计算机，将会提示您输入密码，然后就自动挂载上了。退出的时候跟普通盘一样，里面存储的数据会被加密，直到下次输入密码。在命令行里使用 cryptsetup 卸载以及重加密驱动盘也是很简单的： +现在磁盘的功能完备了，可以像其它磁盘一样正常挂载使用了。实际上，如果你使用的是现代的图形用户界面系统的话，只要你把 USB 驱动盘一插入计算机，将会提示您输入密码，然后就自动挂载上了。退出的时候跟普通盘一样，里面存储的数据会被加密，直到下次输入密码。在命令行里使用 cryptsetup 卸载以及重加密驱动盘也是很简单的： # cryptsetup luksClose my_crypto_disk -这仅仅只是冰山一角 +### 这仅仅只是冰山一角 ### -写这篇文章，我的目的是希望剥开加密后面的秘密。加密和解密单个文件很简单，要加密整个 USB 驱动盘也不是太困难（如果使用的是图形用户界面工具就更容易了）。对于大多数系统的发布版本来说，在安装过程中就可以对整个 home 目录进行加密。加密是对您的整个 home 目录起作用，然而有些问题就需要特别处理了。例如，您没登陆时就运行的任务在大多数情况下是不会访问您的 home 目录的，但如果您有调度任务需要访问 home 目录的话，应该进行修改，让其访问系统中其它目录的数据。我觉得安全和便利平衡的中庸之道还是加密 USB 驱动盘，然后在上面存储个人资料。 +写这篇文章，我的目的是希望剥开加密后面的秘密。加密和解密单个文件很简单，要加密整个 USB 驱动盘也不是太困难（如果使用的是图形用户界面工具就更容易了）。对于大多数系统的发布版本来说，在安装过程中就可以对整个 home 目录进行加密。加密是对您的整个 home 目录起作用，然而有些问题就需要特别处理了。例如，您没登陆时就运行的任务在大多数情况下是不会访问您的 home 目录的，但如果您有调度任务需要访问 home 目录的话，应该进行修改，让其访问系统中其它目录的数据。我觉得在安全和便利之中平衡的中庸之道还是加密 USB 驱动盘，然后在上面存储个人资料。 -我必须警告您，一但您考虑安全的问题，就会想要把任何东西都加密起来。这不是什么坏的事情，但是像要对 home 目录加密这种情况，是会碰到一些问题的。如果您使用不用系统的话，跨平台访问也是个大问题。像这种情况，我强烈建议您使用 [TrueCrypt][1]。在前期的文章片段里我提到过 TrueCrypt，它是一款开源的，跨平台的加密系统软件。可以对文件、文件夹、分区等等进行加密，同时可以在任何系统中访问加密的数据。像 Windows、Mac 及 Linux 客户端都可以使用。社区也有大力的支持。 +我必须警告您，一但您考虑到安全的问题，就会想要把任何东西都加密起来。这不是什么坏的事情，但是像要对 home 目录加密这种情况，是会碰到一些问题的。如果您使用不同系统的话，跨平台访问也是个大问题。像这种情况，我强烈建议您使用 [TrueCrypt][1]。在前期的文章片段里我提到过 TrueCrypt，它是一款开源的，跨平台的加密系统软件。可以对文件、文件夹、分区等等进行加密，同时可以在任何系统中访问加密的数据。像 Windows、Mac 及 Linux 客户端都可以使用。社区也有大力的支持。（LCTT译注：悲惨的是，棱镜门事件之后，TrueCrypt的作者已经放弃了该产品，并且强烈建议大家也不要使用，具体可以参考本站的一些相关消息。所以痛失TrueCrypt之后，我们还有哪些替代品？） -希望对文件进行加密的目的并不是为了隐藏某些东西。就像即使您有个好邻居，最好夜里也得锁门一样，对您的个人数据进行加密也是个很正常的举动。如果您想在网上与大家分享你的 Whiskerton 先生戴着可爱的小豆豆帽子的照片的话，这是您的权利。但其它的人，比如他们索检你硬盘的时候，就不需要让看到了。 +希望对文件进行加密的目的并不是为了隐藏某些东西。就像即使您有个好邻居，最好夜里也得锁门一样，对您的个人数据进行加密也是个很正常的举动。如果您想在网上与大家分享你的 Whiskerton 先生戴着可爱的小豆豆帽子的照片的话，这是您的权利。但其它的人，比如他们索检你硬盘的时候，就不需要让他们看到了。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/encrypting-your-cat-photos -译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d6127b8ec717bd817325cb45cefe0a91fa7579d2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 5 Jul 2014 00:49:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 485/713] =?UTF-8?q?PUB=EF=BC=9A20140612=20What=20is=20a=20?= =?UTF-8?q?good=20text=20editor=20on=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @CNprober --- ...612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md | 22 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md (55%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md b/published/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md similarity index 55% rename from translated/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md rename to published/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md index e9e065634b..4a987268e3 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md +++ b/published/20140612 What is a good text editor on Linux.md @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2936/14371977196_1a4522359b_z.jpg) -让我们直接从这两个“大咖”开始。当有人在一个聊天室里问关于Linux下的编辑器时，会有一个人立马回答[Vim][2]，然后会有另外一个说[Emacs][3]. 之所以会这样，理由很充分。这两个都是非常强大的编辑器，有很多的特性，很多插件，很强大的社区支持。如果你一点都不熟悉它们的话，要描述清楚它们强大的功能是有点困难。但是简单来讲，它们允许你在文本中快速移动，简单地做出大量的修改，记录宏以及你能想到基本上任何疯狂的编辑方式。这两个编辑器共同的缺点是，不可避免地花时间去学习。讲完这点之后，我不会陷入到哪一个更好的争论中去，但是我真的想建议每一个人至少学习这两者之一。 +让我们直接从这两个“大咖”开始。当有人在一个聊天室里问关于Linux下的编辑器时，会有一个人立马回答[Vim][2]，然后会有另外一个说[Emacs][3]。（LCTT译注：这就是V党和E党啊~）之所以会这样，理由很充分。这两个都是非常强大的编辑器，有很多的特性，很多插件，很强大的社区支持。如果你一点都不熟悉它们的话，要描述清楚它们强大的功能是有点困难。但是简单来讲，它们允许你在文本中快速移动，简单地做出大量的修改，记录宏以及你能想到基本上任何疯狂的编辑方式。这两个编辑器共同的缺点是，不可避免地花时间去学习。讲完这点之后，我不会陷入到哪一个更好的争论中去，但是我真的想建议每一个人至少学习这两者之一。 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3916/14393718612_a880b86a52_z.jpg) @@ -15,21 +15,21 @@ ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2917/14391734181_0f0ec76e4f_z.jpg) -一款叫做[Sublime Text][4]的文本编辑器在过去几年逐渐兴起.一些人可能会将它视为Vim或者Emacs的友好版，专为编程而设计的。事实上，它保持了一些与Vim和Emacs的相似特性。比如，批量编辑和函数跳转都会让人或多或少想起Emacs或者[一个充满活力的Vim][5].然而，它保留了更多的可视性并且更加容易使用。同样，大量的插件吸引大家进行个性化定制。 +一款叫做[Sublime Text][4]的文本编辑器在过去几年逐渐兴起。一些人可能会将它视为Vim或者Emacs的友好版，专为编程而设计的。事实上，它保持了一些与Vim和Emacs的相似特性。比如，批量编辑和函数跳转都会让人或多或少想起Emacs或者[一个充满活力的Vim][5]。然而，它保留了更多的可视性并且更加容易使用。同样，大量的插件吸引大家进行个性化定制。（LCTT译注：实际上，译者认为Sublime Text与其说是像Vim或Emacs，不如说更像是Mac上的编辑器神器textmate。另外，Sublime Text的发展最近已经陷入停滞了。） -Sublime Text唯一的“污点”是它的许可证：如果你只使用开源软件的话，你可以放弃它了。为此，最近出现了一个雄心勃勃的克隆版 [Lime][6] 。这个软件正处在繁重的开发当中，但是它的理念是：跟Sublime Text相似的用户体验，但是带着开源的韵味。对于Lime，除了满满的期待没有更多要说的了。 +Sublime Text唯一的“污点”是它的许可证：如果你只使用开源软件的话，你可以放弃它了。（LCTT译注：但是Sublime Text可以全功能一直试用下去，没有一点区别，只是如果你觉得应该支持的话，付费比较好，虽然挺贵。）为此，最近出现了一个雄心勃勃的克隆版 [Lime][6] 。这个软件正处在重度开发当中，但是它的理念是：跟Sublime Text相似的用户体验，但是带着开源的韵味。对于Lime，除了满满的期待没有更多要说的了。 -距现在更近的，GitHub以开源形式发布了[Atom][7]，展开了与Sublime Text正式的竞争。Atom打包了所有你想要的文件跳转，代码片段使用等特性，提供一个完整特性的编辑器而不是简单的编辑框。使用HTML，CSS和集成Node.js环境，可以轻易地定制文本处理过程，这正是它的魅力所在。这其实已经要涉及到IDE的定义了，我们的列表最多会覆盖到这里。 +距现在更近的，GitHub以开源形式发布了[Atom][7]，展开了与Sublime Text正式的竞争。Atom打包了所有你想要的文件跳转，代码片段使用等特性，提供一个完整特性的编辑器而不是简单的编辑框。使用HTML，CSS和集成Node.js环境，可以轻易地定制文本处理过程，这正是它的魅力所在。这其实已经要涉及到IDE的定义了，我们的列表最多会覆盖到这里。（LCTT译注：好吧，我觉得从Sublime Text转移出来的最佳出口就是Atom。） -![](https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14395083745/) +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3907/14395083745_469b7e49c9_z.jpg) ### 3. Gedit & Kate & Mousepad & Leafpad ### ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2927/14371977076_c95a557233_z.jpg) -如果不谈这些超级厉害的编辑器，我们可以转向我认为的“桌面环境经典版”编辑器。这些编辑器感觉上更加的传统，有些也可以用插件进行强化，但是它们的重点是输入简单。如果你头脑里有一些想法想要在忘记之前赶快记下来（我必须怪罪那些视频游戏让我的注意力变得短暂）。你不需要学习Vim或者Sublime Text的快捷键。你只需要一些空白的地方进行输入。这类编辑器的好处是它们或多或少的和你的桌面环境集成在一起。在这一类编辑器中，Gnome 下的 [Gedit][8] 和 KDE下的 [Kate][9] 都很好的集成在桌面系统中，可以通过插件进行个性化定制。比如，更容易的进行LaTeX排版。[Mousepad][10] 和 [Leafpad][11] 更适合于轻量级的桌面，比如Xfce和LXDE。它们在某种程度上很像Windows的记事本。所以，如果你需要的是灵活和便捷，请选择它们。 +如果不谈这些超级厉害的神器，我们可以转向我认为的“桌面环境经典版”编辑器。这些编辑器感觉上更加的传统，有些也可以用插件进行强化，但是它们的重点是输入简单。如果你头脑里有一些想法想要在忘记之前赶快记下来（我必须怪罪那些视频游戏让我的注意力变得短暂）。你不需要学习Vim或者Sublime Text的快捷键。你只需要一些空白的地方进行输入。这类编辑器的好处是它们或多或少的和你的桌面环境集成在一起。在这一类编辑器中，Gnome 下的 [Gedit][8] 和 KDE下的 [Kate][9] 都很好的集成在桌面系统中，可以通过插件进行个性化定制。比如，更容易的进行LaTeX排版。[Mousepad][10] 和 [Leafpad][11] 更适合于轻量级的桌面，比如Xfce和LXDE。它们在某种程度上很像Windows的记事本。所以，如果你需要的是灵活和便捷，请选择它们。 -[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5522/14415259703_d3885b3952_z.jpg)][12] +![](https://c2.staticflickr.com/6/5522/14415259703_d3885b3952_z.jpg) ### 4. Nano & Qute ### @@ -37,9 +37,9 @@ Sublime Text唯一的“污点”是它的许可证：如果你只使用开源 另外一个流行的文本编辑器“大家族”是“无打扰编辑器”。如果你喜欢在后台持续地开着Facebook或者Twitter，或者每5分钟就收一次邮件，你就会知道把注意力集中在那篇明天要交的散文，或者这些还没编译通过的代码是多么困难的事。如果是这样，你需要一个编辑器，它可以占满整个屏幕空间，并且屏蔽掉所有的其它事情。 -也许这类编辑器里面最不受欢迎的是Nano。如果你想屏蔽所有分心的事，关掉X server（[译注：关掉桌面，只用文字终端界面，Nano就是工作在这种模式下]）。这是最简单和直接的方式。事实上，《权力游戏(Game of Thrones)》的作者Geogge R. R. Martin最近就在[一次采访][13]中说他使用一个类似DOS Word的文本处理程序写他的小说。 +也许这类编辑器里面最不受欢迎的是Nano。如果你想屏蔽所有分心的事，关掉X server（LCTT译注：关掉桌面，只用文字终端界面，Nano就是工作在这种模式下。实际上这时nano就是接管了X Server的工作。）。这是最简单和直接的方式。事实上，《权力游戏(Game of Thrones)》的作者Geogge R. R. Martin最近就在[一次采访][13]中说他使用一个类似DOS Word的文本处理程序写他的小说。 -如果你想要一款更顺眼一点的编辑器，你可以试试我的最爱：[Qute][14]. 没有酷炫的特性，也许有一点LaTeX排版使它开起来更美观，但是重点其实是在它的界面的。它提供了一个舒适的导航和编辑体验。如果你对终端感觉不太舒服，Qute是个不错的选择。 +如果你想要一款更顺眼一点的编辑器，你可以试试我的最爱：[Qute][14]。没有酷炫的特性，也许有一点LaTeX排版使它开起来更美观，但是重点其实是在它的界面的。它提供了一个舒适的导航和编辑体验。如果你对终端感觉不太舒服，Qute是个不错的选择。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2927/14395083485_7f8f0d6d59_z.jpg) @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Sublime Text唯一的“污点”是它的许可证：如果你只使用开源 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3845/14395083565_b07b33abf0_z.jpg) -最后，办公套件也是文本编辑器。我不确定你能否轻松使用办公套件编程，但是它确实更适合纯文本编辑，也比LaTeX更容易学习。在这类编辑器中，[LibreOffice][15] 和 [Calligra][16] 必能避而不谈。这两个编辑器因为它们丰富的特性和响亮的名声成为这类编辑器中的巨兽。这两者我都喜欢，但是很多人明确的偏向于前者。如果你怀念微软的Word处理软件，你会有自己的选择。稍处下风的[Abiword][17]相对前面的两个是一个轻量级的选择。如果你的目的只是编辑一个文本文档，不关心电子表格或者数据库，Abiword的特性可以达到理想的效果。 +最后，办公套件也是文本编辑器。我不确定你能否轻松使用办公套件编程，但是它确实更适合纯文本编辑，也比LaTeX更容易学习。在这类编辑器中，[LibreOffice][15] 和 [Calligra][16] 不能避而不谈。这两个编辑器因为它们丰富的特性和响亮的名声成为这类编辑器中的巨兽。这两者我都喜欢，但是很多人明确的偏向于前者。如果你怀念微软的Word处理软件，你会有自己的选择。稍处下风的[Abiword][17]相对前面的两个是一个轻量级的选择。如果你的目的只是编辑一个文本文档，不关心电子表格或者数据库，Abiword的特性可以达到理想的效果。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2915/14371976966_4d252928ec_z.jpg) @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Sublime Text唯一的“污点”是它的许可证：如果你只使用开源 via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/good-text-editor-linux.html -译者：[love_daisy_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) +译者：[love\_daisy\_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 512d345e13c816ef9c7be5b6e7dbf5d1d5e492ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: CNprober Date: Fri, 4 Jul 2014 17:40:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 486/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90,By?= =?UTF-8?q?=20CNproberKeep=20an=20eye=20on=20..=20RHEL=207?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...n eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md | 60 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md diff --git a/translated/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md b/translated/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..451d4c790f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +CNprober translatinged... 619913541 + +RHEL 7值得注意的5个新特性 +================================================================================ +> RHEL 7 支持Docker容器，systemd，兼容微软的身份管理和支持500TB的XFS文件系统。 + +![](http://www.infoworld.com/sites/infoworld.com/files/media/image/140.jpg) + +After six-plus months of [public beta testing][1] and more than three years after its previous major point release, RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux) version 7 is out. The update speaks to Red Hat's interests in outfitting RHEL with many of the latest enterprise and data center features. Here are the five top-of-the-line new additions to RHEL 7 that caught our eyes. +在前一个主版本发布3年之后，经过至少6个月的[公开测试][1]，RHEL（Red Hat Enterprise Linux）版本7终于发布了。这次更新表明了红帽子公司对于在RHEL中添加最新的以企业和数据为中心的特性的兴趣。这里列举了其中5个最吸引人眼球的新特性。 + +### 1. Docker ### + +RHEL 7中最大的新特性就是[紧密集成][2]了巨受欢迎的应用程序虚拟化技术[Docker][3]。随着[Docker 1.0发布][4]，把它集成到RHEL 7的时机是最合适不过了。 + +用Docker包装的应用程序可以独立于操作系统，所以他们可以在操作系统之间移植并且正常运行。RHEL 7打算尽可能高效地使用Docker，以防止应用程序竞争资源或者为使用哪种运行时环境而困惑。 + +从RHEL的Docker地图上的长期计划表来看，这可能会超越操作系统本身，发展成一系列的Docker容器，它可以支持用最小的开销部署一个系统。这个被称为"[Atomic项目][5]"的计划还处于早期阶段，红帽子公司准备首先将它首先部署在他的Fedora Linux发行版，仅仅当做对前沿技术的测试。 + +### 2. Systemd ### + +包含systemd进程管理器可能引起系统管理员和Linux专家之间激烈的争论。自专用Unix出现以来，systemd就被开发用于替代init系统，它使得启动过程中装载服务更加高效。 + +因为systemd的这个潜在的痛处，红帽子公司没有立刻添加systemd（到RHEL）。早在2010发布的Fedora版本15就已经包含了systemd作为默认项目，这给了红帽子公司一次很好的了解systemd在真实世界的运行的经验。同样，systemd也没有武断地加入RHEL 7，只是作为这个OS大计划的一部分。例如，红帽子公司希望通过使用systemd加强对RHEL 7中Docker容器的支持。 + +### 3. XFS by default ### + +第3个主要的改变是使XFS成为RHEL默认的文件系统，尽管这可能不那么引人瞩目。 + +最初由Silicon Graphics International（硅谷图形公司）创建的XFS在Linux系统上用做生产环境已经很长时间了。在RHEL 7上它将支持高达500TB的文件系统。RHEL 6默认使用ext4，尽管它有XFS选项。红帽子的竞争对手Suse Linux [也支持XFS][6],尽管它安装时[默认使用ext3][7]。 + +非常不幸的是，没有真正的方法可以将RHEL目前使用的其他文件系统，比如ext4或者btrfs移植到XFS。只能备份然后重建（来进行移植）。 + +### 4. 兼容微软的身份管理 ### + +就算是那些不是微软系统粉丝的管理员也对微软目录服务保持勉强的尊重。RHEL 7添加了两个关键的特性以优化处理微软目录服务的方式。跨域认证现在可以在RHEL 7和微软目录服务之间建立，所以目录服务用户可以直接访问Linux侧的资源，不需要再进行一次登录。RHEL 7另一个目录服务相关的附加特性，是基于DNS信息自动发现和加入目录服务（或者其他红帽子认证服务）。 + +### 5. Performance Co-Pilot ### + +进行性能调整的时候看不到实时数据就像是开着挡风玻璃被刷上了油漆的车，所以RHEL 7添加了一个新的性能监控系统PCP([Performance Co-Pilot][8])，PCP最初由Silicon Graphics International（硅谷图形）[创建][9]，但是现在它是RHEL 7的一部分。除了监控和记录系统状态，PCP还为其他子系统提供获取数据的API和工具集，比如正如你猜到的，刚刚介绍的systemd。 + +遵循这个思路，另一个次要的附加特性：新的性能配置文件。RHEL 6已经有符合特殊应用场景的调整RHEL的配置文件。RHEL 7不仅默认有一个新的着重使产量最大化的配置文件，而且包含另一个新的平衡性能表现和能源消耗的配置文件。 + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via:http://www.infoworld.com/t/linux/keep-eye-these-5-new-features-in-rhel-7-244023 + +译者：[love_daisy_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/linux/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-beta-now-available-232520 +[2]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/application-virtualization/red-hat-fast-tracks-docker-apps-enterprise-linux-238122 +[3]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/application-virtualization/docker-unleashed-app-portability-gets-boost-231716 +[4]:http://www.infoworld.com/d/application-development/review-docker-10-ready-prime-time-243935 +[5]:http://www.projectatomic.io/ +[6]:https://www.suse.com/products/server/technical-information/ +[7]:https://www.suse.com/products/server/technical-information/ +[8]:http://developerblog.redhat.com/2013/11/19/exploratory-performance-pcp/ +[9]:http://oss.sgi.com/projects/pcp/index.html \ No newline at end of file From 048105eb1ada82688de115756e5f43a8d5edee39 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: CNprober Date: Sat, 5 Jul 2014 07:36:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 487/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B1=85=E7=84=B6=E5=BF=98=E4=BA=86?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4=E5=8E=9F=E6=96=87=EF=BC=8C=E5=A4=B1=E8=AF=AF?= =?UTF-8?q?.?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...n eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md | 59 ------------------- 1 file changed, 59 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md b/sources/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md deleted file mode 100644 index f521646ed2..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -CNprober translating... 619913541 - -Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7 -================================================================================ -> RHEL 7 supports Docker containers, systemd, Microsoft-compatible ID management, and XFS for 500TB filesystems - -![](http://www.infoworld.com/sites/infoworld.com/files/media/image/140.jpg) - -After six-plus months of [public beta testing][1] and more than three years after its previous major point release, RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux) version 7 is out. The update speaks to Red Hat's interests in outfitting RHEL with many of the latest enterprise and data center features. Here are the five top-of-the-line new additions to RHEL 7 that caught our eyes. - -### 1. Docker ### - -The biggest new addition to RHEL 7 is [tight integration][2] of [Docker][3], the explosively popular application-virtualization technology. With Docker itself [hitting 1.0 status][4], the timing on RHEL 7 couldn't be more fitting. - -Apps packaged by Docker are isolated from the system and from each other, so they can be moved between systems and still run as expected. RHEL 7 is meant to be able to use Docker as efficiently as possible so that apps don't contend for resources or get confused about which edition of a runtime to use. - -Long-term plans on the road map for Docker in RHEL involve possibly breaking the OS itself into a series of Docker containers, allowing as little or as much of a system to be deployed as needed with minimal overhead. Dubbed "[Project Atomic][5]," the initiative is still in the early stages, with Red Hat planning to deploy it first via its Fedora Linux distribution, nominally used as a testing ground for cutting-edge technologies. - -### 2. Systemd ### - -The inclusion of the systemd process manager may spark controversy among system administrators and Linux mavens. Systemd was developed to replace the init system in use since the days of proprietary Unix, and it allows, for example, more efficient loading of services during the boot process. - -With systemd as a potential sore spot, Red Hat has not rushed in to add it. Fedora has included systemd as a default since version 15, released in 2010, giving Red Hat good experience with how systemd behaves in the real world. Also, systemd isn't joining RHEL 7 arbitrarily, but as part of larger plans for the OS. Red Hat wants to enhance the way Docker containers are supported in RHEL 7 by using systemd, for example. - -### 3. XFS by default ### - -A third major change, though not likely to raise nearly as many eyebrows, applies to the default file system used by RHEL to XFS. - -Originally created by Silicon Graphics International, XFS has long been in production use with Linux systems, and on RHEL 7 it'll support file systems of up to 500TB in size. RHEL 6 used ext4 as the default, although it shipped with XFS as an option. Red Hat competitor Suse Linux [also supports XFS][6], although it [defaults to ext3][7] on installation. - -Unfortunately, there's no real way to migrate from other file systems currently in use on RHEL -- such as ext4 or btrfs-- other than backing up and restoring. - -### 4. Microsoft-compatible identity management ### - -Even admins who aren't fans of Microsoft Windows have a grudging respect for Microsoft Active Directory. RHEL 7 improves the way RHEL deals with AD by adding two key new features. Cross-realm trusts can now be established between RHEL 7 and AD, so AD users can access resources on the Linux side without having to go through another sign-on step. The other big AD-related addition to RHEL 7, realmd, automates both the discovery of AD (or other Red Hat identity services) based on DNS information and the process of joining to it. - -### 5. Performance Co-Pilot ### - -Performance tuning without live statistics is like driving with the windshield painted over, so RHEL 7 introduces a new performance-monitoring system PCP ([Performance Co-Pilot][8]), [originally created][9] by Silicon Graphics International but now available as part of RHEL 7. In addition to monitoring and recording system stats, PCP sports APIs and a tool set for making that data available to other subsystems, such as -- you guessed it -- the newly introduced systemd. - -Another minor addition in this vein: new performance profiles. RHEL 6 already had performance profiles, which are ways to tune RHEL overall to meet specific usage scenarios. RHEL 7 not only defaults to a new profile that emphasizes maximum throughput performance, but includes another new default profile for balancing performance against energy savings. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via:http://www.infoworld.com/t/linux/keep-eye-these-5-new-features-in-rhel-7-244023 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/linux/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-beta-now-available-232520 -[2]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/application-virtualization/red-hat-fast-tracks-docker-apps-enterprise-linux-238122 -[3]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/application-virtualization/docker-unleashed-app-portability-gets-boost-231716 -[4]:http://www.infoworld.com/d/application-development/review-docker-10-ready-prime-time-243935 -[5]:http://www.projectatomic.io/ -[6]:https://www.suse.com/products/server/technical-information/ -[7]:https://www.suse.com/products/server/technical-information/ -[8]:http://developerblog.redhat.com/2013/11/19/exploratory-performance-pcp/ -[9]:http://oss.sgi.com/projects/pcp/index.html \ No newline at end of file From 14fffc0bb2bc2221f4388a7e8592e96758fa4be7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: 2q1w2007 <2q1w2007@163.com> Date: Sat, 5 Jul 2014 10:22:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 488/713] =?UTF-8?q?2q1w2007=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=202?= =?UTF-8?q?0140702=20Wine=201.7.21=20(Development=20Version)=20Released--I?= =?UTF-8?q?nstall=20in=20RedHat=20and=20Debian=20Based=20Systems?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...sion) Released--Install in RedHat and Debian Based Systems.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140702 Wine 1.7.21 (Development Version) Released--Install in RedHat and Debian Based Systems.md b/sources/tech/20140702 Wine 1.7.21 (Development Version) Released--Install in RedHat and Debian Based Systems.md index c0c14973ff..fcf41447d8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140702 Wine 1.7.21 (Development Version) Released--Install in RedHat and Debian Based Systems.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140702 Wine 1.7.21 (Development Version) Released--Install in RedHat and Debian Based Systems.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +2q1w2007翻译中 Wine 1.7.21 (Development Version) Released – Install in RedHat and Debian Based Systems ================================================================================ Wine, a most popular and powerful open source application for Linux, that used to run Windows based applications and games on Linux Platform without any trouble. From 2feb40802e31057f7f45bf114959730e9213e966 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hunanchenxingyu Date: Sat, 5 Jul 2014 11:00:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 489/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=20by=20huna?= =?UTF-8?q?nchenxingyu?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md b/sources/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md index f4eebccfcd..642fe3cad7 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +hunanchenxingyu translating ... +================================================================================ How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries ================================================================================ Sometimes the complexity of a relational database system can be overwhelming. Fortunately, that complexity is an advantage, as with MySQL's tools for managing queries. In this tutorial, I will show you **how to find and kill any misbehaving MySQL queries**. From 325d6f7dda63615f8f905057915694593641a02e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "susan.ye" Date: Sat, 5 Jul 2014 11:32:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 490/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B9=8C=E9=BE=99=E8=8C=B6=E7=BF=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md | 69 ------------------- ...0140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md | 68 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 68 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md b/sources/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md deleted file mode 100644 index ff0516d715..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,69 +0,0 @@ -乌龙茶占坑 -Command Line Tuesdays – Part Two -================================================================================ -Heya geekos! - -Let’s refresh our memories. [Last week][1], we skimmed through some basic commands, learned what a shell is actually, and made a steady introduction into our CLI Tuesdays series. - -Today’s menu offers something else: navigation through the file system. - -Now, the best picture I managed to find on the www is from a site called [devopsbootcamp][2]. You can find their tutorials and the rest here. But anyway, here’s a very nice diagram of what a linux root filesystem looks like. - -![Filesys](http://devopsbootcamp.readthedocs.org/en/latest/_images/hierarchy.jpg) - -For example, as stated in the above picture, your user directory (where you usually store your movies, music, documents etc.) is located in the /home folder. /home folder is located under /. Then you have the /etc folder, where most of the files for configuration are located. Anyway, you can find the detailed description here, as we’ll not be getting into which folder is for what, until we start using and configuring them. Today is reserved for navigation only. And on that note, let’s get down to the first command of the day… - -### pwd ### - -pwd, or ‘print working directory’ is a very useful command if you think you are lost navigating through the folders. At any given moment, type pwd, and voila! What appears is a complete pathway you took to arrive to this folder. Those guys in The Cube could sure use it, losers. - -![Cube](http://bloody-disgusting.com/images/news/cube2review1.gif) -注：此图原文哪里看不到，看看能通过什么途径得到 - -Imagine yourselves walking from room to room inside a massive apartment, loosing your way. pwd is like the breadcrumb trail leading you to your starting point, so you don’t loose your way inside the folder maze! - -![pwd](http://redhat.activeventure.com/73/gettingstartedguide/figs/basics/pwd.png) - -### cd ### - -Now you know in which directory you’re situated thanks to your usage of the pwd command. Now you want to take the next step and move to another directory. Let’s say you have a folder/directory inside your home folder you want to relocate your top secret terminal operation to. For this, you use the ‘cd’ command. cd, or ‘change directory’, will change the location of wanted directory. How do you use it? Simple, type cd and the path to your folder. Let’s say, for example, you want to enter your Hello Kitty picture collection in your home folder. You type ‘cd /home/username/Hello\ Kitty’. - -As you see, we didn’t only use the space bar in the folder name. That’s because the terminal won’t recognize it. Whenever you want to navigate to a folder containing a space in it’s name, you **replace it with the backslash character, followed by space**. You can also, without using the backslash+space option, just put the **whole folder name into quotes**, f.ex. cd /home/username/”Hello Kitty”. - -![cd](http://blogote.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/terminal-cd-desktop.png) - -Try it out yourself. Navigate to a different directory using cd, and when there, type pwd to see if everything worked as it’s supposed to. - -### Mr. Shotts’ Shottcuts ### - -Mr. Shotts reminds us there are also some shortcuts available. - -If you type only cd, without the path following it, your terminal will change your working directory (whatever it may be) to your /home folder. - -The same, if you type cd `~user_name` it will lead you to the home folder of the specific user you stated. - -### Next Week ### - -Next week, we’ll head over to the next chapter – we’ll learn how to list files and directories, view text files and classify file’s contents so it will be a bit more work than we’re used to, but I hope you’ll have enough time. Command by command, and if you haven’t the time to do it yourself, we’ll learn the basics together in a matter of months! - -and remember… - -### …have a lot of fun! ### - -P.S.: Thanks to bwl’s comment, we fixed an error in the text regarding the space bar in directory names. - -P.P.S.: GreatEmerald also added some fresh information about file hierarchy. You can read it in [the comments][3]. - -Thanks for your input/corrections. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/24/command-line-tuesdays-part-two/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/10/command-line-tuesdays-part-one/ -[2]:http://devopsbootcamp.readthedocs.org/ -[3]:https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/24/command-line-tuesdays-part-two/comment-page-1/#comment-99186 diff --git a/translated/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md b/translated/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e7bccdb29d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +命令行星期二-第二部分 +================================================================================ +Hi，极客们！ + +让我们来更新一下我们的记忆。[上周][1]，我们学习了一些基础命令，了解了shell是什么，同时介绍了我们CLI的星期二系列。 + +今天的菜单将提供点别的东西：通过文件系统导航。 + +现在，我设法找到最好的图片是从一个叫[devopsbootcamp][2]的网站。你可以在上面找到他们其余的教程。但无论如何，这是一个关于Linux根文件系统的看起来非常不错的图。 + +![Filesys](http://devopsbootcamp.readthedocs.org/en/latest/_images/hierarchy.jpg) + +例如，在上面的图片说明中，你的用户目录（你通常存储你的电影，音乐，文档等）是位于/home文件夹。 /home文件夹位于/。你有/etc文件夹，其中文件大部分为配置文件。无论如何，你可以在这找到详细的描述，因为我们将进入这些文件夹来了解他们的功能，直到我们开始使用和配置它们。今天是仅用于导航。而关于这一点，让我们来开始今天的第一个命令... + +### pwd ### + +pwd，或者 ‘print working directory’当你认为你在文件中失去了方向是一个非常有用的命令。在任何给定时刻，键入pwd命令，瞧！这是你到达这个文件夹的完整路径。在多维数据集的那些家伙总能利用它。 + +![Cube](http://bloody-disgusting.com/images/news/cube2review1.gif) +注：此图原文哪里看不到，看看能通过什么途径得到 + +想象一下，自己在一个巨大的公寓里面从一个房间走到另一个房间房间，迷路了。 pwd就像面包屑指引着你到你的出发点，这样你就不会在文件夹迷宫里面失去你的方向！ + +![pwd](http://redhat.activeventure.com/73/gettingstartedguide/figs/basics/pwd.png) + +### cd ### + +现在你知道了如果想知道自己在哪个目录的pwd命令的用法。现在，你要采取的下一步骤，并移动到另一个目录。比方说，你想从home文件夹移动到里面有你想要的绝密的一个文件夹/目录。对于这一点，你用'cd'命令。 cd，或‘change directory’，将改变所处目录的位置。你怎么使用它呢？简单，键入cd和你的文件夹路径。比方说，例如，你想从你的主文件夹进入你的Hello Kitty图片集。你输入‘cd /home/username/Hello\ Kitty’。 + +正如你看到的，我们并没有只使用文件夹名称的空格键。这是因为终端将无法识别它。每当你要导航到它的名称中有空格的文件夹，你**用反斜杠字符，后跟空格**代替它。您也可以不使用反斜杠+空格选项，只是把**整个文件夹名称加引号**，例如，cd /home/username/”Hello Kitty”。 + +![cd](http://blogote.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/terminal-cd-desktop.png) + +自己尝试一下。使用cd导航到不同的目录，同时，键入pwd命令，看看一切工作是否如期望的那样。 + +### Shotts先生的快捷键 ### + +肖茨先生提醒我们也有一些可用的快捷键。 + +如果你仅键入cd，不带路径，你的终端将你的工作目录（不管它可能是）改变为你的/home文件夹。 + +同样地，如果你键入cd `~user_name`它会带你到你规定的特定用户的主文件夹。 + +### 下周 ### + +下周，我们将进入到下一章 - 我们将学习如何列出文件和目录，查看文本文件和文件的内容进，因此会比之前我们已经学习的有更多的工作，但我希望你将会有足够的时间。命令通过命令，如果你没有时间自己做，我们将一起在几个月内学习基础知识！ + +同时，记得... + +### …玩得开心! ### + +P.S.：感谢bwl的评论，我们修正了一个在目录名称中包含空格的文本的一个错误。 + +P.P.S：GreatEmerald还增加了有关文件层次结构的一些新信息。您可以在[意见][3]中阅读。 + +感谢你们的贡献和更正 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/24/command-line-tuesdays-part-two/ + +译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/10/command-line-tuesdays-part-one/ +[2]:http://devopsbootcamp.readthedocs.org/ +[3]:https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/24/command-line-tuesdays-part-two/comment-page-1/#comment-99186 From 51e8aa15f395dfe39ce5992a7d41b121e58d7477 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hunanchenxingyu Date: Sat, 5 Jul 2014 13:05:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 491/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=20?= =?UTF-8?q?by=20hunanchenxingyu?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md | 25 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md (66%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md b/translated/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md similarity index 66% rename from sources/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md rename to translated/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md index 642fe3cad7..0d49954923 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md @@ -1,10 +1,8 @@ -hunanchenxingyu translating ... +怎样去查找并杀掉非法的MySQL查询 ================================================================================ -How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries -================================================================================ -Sometimes the complexity of a relational database system can be overwhelming. Fortunately, that complexity is an advantage, as with MySQL's tools for managing queries. In this tutorial, I will show you **how to find and kill any misbehaving MySQL queries**. +有时,相关数据库系统的复杂性可能被压倒.幸运地,这种复杂性是一种优势,与 MySQL工具一起管理查询. 在本教程中, 我将向你们展示 **怎样去查找并杀掉任何非法的MySQL查询**. -To view the currently-running queries, log in to the MySQL console and run the 'show processlist' command: +为了浏览当前正在运行的查询, 登陆到MySQL终端，然后运行‘show processlist’命令: mysql> show processlist; @@ -18,9 +16,10 @@ To view the currently-running queries, log in to the MySQL console and run the ' +--------+--------+-----------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------+ 4 rows in set (0.03 sec) -The first column you should look at is 'Time', which is the number of seconds the process has been "doing the thing it's doing". A process whose command is 'Sleep' is waiting for a query to come in, so it's not consuming any resources. For any other process, however, a 'Time' of more than a few seconds indicates a problem. +首先 你应该查看'Time'项, 这里记录了进程执行 "doing the thing it's doing" 操作的秒数. ‘command’项处于‘Sleep’ +状态的进程正在等待查询, 因此,它并没有消耗任何资源. 对于其他任何进程而言，‘Time’超过一定的秒数表明出现问题. -In this case, the only query running is our 'show processlist' command. Let's see what it looks like if we have a poorly-written query running: +在这种情况下,只能通过运行‘show processlist’命令来查询.如果我们有一个糟糕的写查询，让我们来看看情况如何: mysql> show processlist; @@ -36,19 +35,19 @@ In this case, the only query running is our 'show processlist' command. Let's se +--------+--------+-----------------+-----------+---------+-------+--------------+----------------------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec) -Ah! Now we see there is a query that's been running for almost 30 seconds. If we don't want to let it run its course, we can kill it by passing its 'Id' to the kill command: +啊哈！现在我们看到这里的查询几乎运行了30s. 如果我们不想让它继续运行，可以使用它的'Id'去执行kill命令: mysql> kill 132033; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> -(Note that MySQL will always report 0 rows affected, because we're not altering any data.) +(注意 由于我们没有改变任何数据,MySQL总是报告0行被影响.) -Judicious use of the kill command can clean up a backlog of queries. Remember, however, that it's not a permanent solution - if those queries came from your application, you need to rewrite them, or you'll continue to see the same issue reappear. +明智的使用kill命令能够清除积压的查询.记住,但那不是一种永久的方法 - 如果这些查询来自你的应用,你需要去重写它们,或者将继续看到相同的问题. -### See Also ### +### 另请参阅 ### -MySQL's documentation on the different 'Command' values: +关于不同‘Command’的MySQL文档: - [https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/thread-commands.html][1] @@ -56,7 +55,7 @@ MySQL's documentation on the different 'Command' values: via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/find-kill-misbehaving-mysql-queries.html -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[hunanchenxingyu](https://github.com/hunanchenxingyu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b5e46530848dd01a20884c8fad15de9cecc9d2ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 5 Jul 2014 14:56:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 492/713] PUB:20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System @GOLinux --- ... Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md | 58 +++++++++++++++++++ ... Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md | 51 ---------------- 2 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 51 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md diff --git a/published/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md b/published/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7d7b3c477a --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +保护你的Linux系统的九个老生常谈 +================================================================================ +在现在这个世道中，保障基于Linux的系统的安全是十分重要的。但是，你得知道怎么干。一个简单反恶意程序软件是远远不够的，你需要采取其它措施来协同工作。那么试试下面这些手段吧。 + +![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/2Rak10143PM6172014.jpeg) + +### 1. 使用SELinux ### + +[SELinux][1]是用来对Linux进行安全加固的，有了它，用户和管理员们就可以对访问控制进行更多控制。SELinux为访问控制添加了更细的颗粒度控制。与仅可以指定谁可以读、写或执行一个文件的权限不同的是，SELinux可以让你指定谁可以删除链接、只能追加、移动一个文件之类的更多控制。（LCTT译注：虽然NSA也给SELinux贡献过很多代码，但是目前尚无证据证明SELinux有潜在后门） + +### 2. 订阅漏洞警报服务 ### + +安全缺陷不一定是在你的操作系统上。事实上，漏洞多见于安装的应用程序之中。为了避免这个问题的发生，你必须保持你的应用程序更新到最新版本。此外，订阅漏洞警报服务，如[SecurityFocus][2]。 + +### 3. 禁用不用的服务和应用 ### + +通常来讲，用户大多数时候都用不到他们系统上的服务和应用的一半。然而，这些服务和应用还是会运行，这会招来攻击者。因而，最好是把这些不用的服务停掉。（LCTT译注：或者干脆不安装那些用不到的服务，这样根本就不用关注它们是否有安全漏洞和该升级了。） + +### 4. 检查系统日志 ### + +你的系统日志告诉你在系统上发生了什么活动，包括攻击者是否成功进入或试着访问系统。时刻保持警惕，这是你第一条防线，而经常性地监控系统日志就是为了守好这道防线。 + +### 5. 考虑使用端口试探 ### + +设置[端口试探（Port knocking）][4]是建立服务器安全连接的好方法。一般做法是发生特定的包给服务器，以触发服务器的回应/连接（打开防火墙）。端口敲门对于那些有开放端口的系统是一个很好的防护措施。 + +下面是来自 http://www.portknocking.org/ 的示意图： + +![](http://www.portknocking.org/images/portknocking-explained-01.png)![](http://www.portknocking.org/images/portknocking-explained-02.png)![](http://www.portknocking.org/images/portknocking-explained-03.png)![](http://www.portknocking.org/images/portknocking-explained-04.png) + +### 6. 使用Iptables ### + +Iptables是什么？这是一个应用框架，它允许用户自己为系统建立一个强大的防火墙。因此，要提升安全防护能力，就要学习怎样一个好的防火墙以及怎样使用Iptables框架。 + +### 7. 默认拒绝所有 ### + +防火墙有两种思路：一个是允许每一点通信，另一个是拒绝所有访问，提示你是否许可。第二种更好一些。你应该只允许那些重要的通信进入。（LCTT译注：即默认许可策略和默认禁止策略，前者你需要指定哪些应该禁止，除此之外统统放行；后者你需要指定哪些可以放行，除此之外全部禁止。） + +### 8. 使用入侵检测系统 ### + +入侵检测系统，或者叫IDS，允许你更好地管理系统上的通信和受到的攻击。[Snort][3]是目前公认的Linux上的最好的IDS。 + +### 9. 使用全盘加密 ### + +加密的数据更难窃取，有时候根本不可能被窃取，这就是你应该对整个驱动器加密的原因。采用这种方式后，如果有某个人进入到你的系统，那么他看到这些加密的数据后，就有得头痛了。根据一些报告，大多数数据丢失源于机器被盗。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=141368 + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://selinuxproject.org/page/Main_Page +[2]:http://www.securityfocus.com/rss/vulnerabilities.xml +[3]:http://www.snort.org/ +[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_knocking diff --git a/translated/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md b/translated/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9899e99412..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/20140617 9 Good Ways To Protect Your Linux System.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,51 +0,0 @@ -保护你的Linux系统的9种好方法 -================================================================================ -在现在这个世道中，保障基于Linux的系统的安全是十分重要的。但是，你得知道怎么干。一个简单反恶意程序软件这是远远不够的，你需要采取其它措施来协同工作。那么试试下面这些手段吧。 - -![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/2Rak10143PM6172014.jpeg) - -### 1. 使用SELinux ### - -[SELinux][1]是用来对Linux进行安全加固的，有了它，用户和管理们就可以对访问控制进行更多控制。SELinux为访问控制添加了更细的颗粒度控制。与仅可以指定谁可以读、写或执行一个文件的权限不同的是，SELinux可以让你指定谁可以解链接，仅追加，移动一个文件之类。 - -### 2. 订阅漏洞警报服务 ### - -你的操作系统可能不一定受伤害的那一台。事实上，漏洞多见于安装的应用程序之中。为了避免这个问题的发生，你必须保持你的应用程序更新到最新版本。此外，订阅漏洞警报服务，如[SecurityFocus][2]。 - -### 3. 禁用不用的服务和应用 ### - -通常来讲，用户大多数时候都用不到他们系统上的服务和应用的一半。然而，这些服务和应用还是会运行，这会招来攻击者。因而，最好是把这些不用的服务停掉。 - -### 4. 检查系统日志 ### - -你的系统日志告诉你在系统上发生了什么活动，包括攻击者是否成功进入或试着访问系统。时刻保持警惕，是你第一条防线，而经常性地监控系统日志就是为了守好这道防线。 - -### 5. 考虑使用端口敲门 ### - -设置端口敲门是建立服务器安全连接的好方法。而基本上会发生的问题是，别有用心的人会发送一个特别的包给服务器，这个包会开启来自服务器的回应/连接。端口敲门对于那些有开放端口的系统上是一个很好的防护措施。 - -### 6. 使用Iptables ### - -Iptables是什么？这是一个应用程序框架，它允许用户自己为系统写一个强大的防火墙。因此，要做得好，就要学习怎样一个好的防火墙以及怎样使用Iptables框架。 - -### 7. 默认拒绝所有 ### - -防火墙允许两个宗旨：一个是允许每一点通信，另一个是拒绝所有访问，提示你是否许可。第二个选项是两者中更好的一个。你应该只允许那些重要的通信进入。 - -### 8. 使用入侵检测系统 ### - -入侵检测系统，或者叫IDS，允许你更好地管理系统上的通信和受到的攻击。[Snort][3] - -加密的数据更难窃取，有时候根本不可能被窃取，这就是你应该对整个驱动器加密的原因。采用这种方式后，如果有某个人进入到你的系统，那么他看到这些加密的数据后，就有得头痛了。根据一些报告，大多数数据丢失源于机器被盗。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=141368 - -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://selinuxproject.org/page/Main_Page -[2]:http://www.securityfocus.com/rss/vulnerabilities.xml -[3]:http://www.snort.org/ From 805d31ebe1e09da9e972050d55bceece2546eefc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ThomazL Date: Sat, 5 Jul 2014 15:16:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 493/713] translating by ThomazL --- .../tech/20140702 How to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140702 How to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md b/sources/tech/20140702 How to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md index e173d428c7..0d060fe955 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140702 How to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140702 How to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +>> Translating by ThomazL How to install Raspberry Pi camera board ================================================================================ [The Raspberry Pi camera (Pi Cam) board][1] was first released for sale in May 2013. This first release is equipped with a 5 Megapixel sensor, and connects through a ribbon cable to the CSI connector on the Raspberry Pi. The second release of Raspberry Pi camera board, which is called [Pi NoIR][2], has the same sensor, but without the IR filter. It has capability to see near IR wavelengths (700 - 1000 nm) like a security camera, and of course it is sacrificing the color rendition. @@ -104,4 +105,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/install-raspberry-pi-camera-board.html [1]:http://xmodulo.com/go/picam [2]:http://xmodulo.com/go/pinoir [3]:http://xmodulo.com/go/raspberrypi -[a]:http://hadiono.org/blog \ No newline at end of file +[a]:http://hadiono.org/blog From a054cb557bfc439f409953d33bc7443524db4f2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: owen-carter Date: Sat, 5 Jul 2014 16:28:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 494/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s.md | 36 -------------- ... Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s - 翻译.md | 48 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 48 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s - 翻译.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s.md b/sources/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s.md deleted file mode 100644 index 896525d340..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,36 +0,0 @@ -translating by owen-carter -Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops/s -================================================================================ -The Tianhe-2 first jumped onto the world's supercomputing stage a year ago, taking the crown of world's most powerful computer. At the time, the Tianhe-2 was rated with a performance of 33.86 petaflops per second. - -One full year later and Tianhe-2's performance numbers are unchanged and it still holds down the top spot as the world's most powerful supercomputer. - -![](http://www.serverwatch.com/imagesvr_ce/7184/icon-titan-r.jpg) - -Back in June of 2013 the number two supercomputer in the world was the Cray Titan, at the U.S. Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Lab. A year ago, Titan clocked in at 17.59 petaflops per second. Titan's performance, like that of Tianhe-2, remains unchanced for June 2014 and it still holds down the number two spot. - -In fact, over the course of the last year, very little has changed among the performance rankings for the top 10 supercomputers in the world, as ranked by the Top500 list. - -Looking at the list from the bottom up, the number 500 system on the list, a Cray XC30 at Deutcher Wetterdienst in Germany, clocked in at 133.7 teraflops per second. - -"The last system on the newest list was listed at position 384 in the previous TOP500," the TOP500 site stated. "This represents the lowest turnover rate in the list in two decades." - -Once again, Intel chips dominate the list with 85.4 percent of the supercomputers, and IBM Power processors hold an 8 percent share. AMD's share now stands at 6 percent. - -In terms of chip architectures, 53.6 percent of all systems had 8 or more cores per socket, and 13.4 percent had 10 or more cores. - -Looking at the networking interconnects, Infiniband and Ethernet continue to split the field. On the June 2014 list, Infiniband holds a 44.4 percent share of systems. - -In contrast, Gigabit Ethernet was reported to have a 25.4 percent share and 10 Gigabit Ethernet had 15 percent, for a combined Ethernet share of 40.4 percent. - -HP and IBM once again dominate the list of supercomputing vendors. HP now holds a 36.4 percent share, while IBM holds 35.2 percent. Cray holds down the third spot with a 10.2 percent share. - -While there are competing vendors, chip architectures, core counts and networking fabrics at play in the list of the worlds top 500 supercomputers, when it comes to the operating system of choice, there is no debate. Linux dominates the list with a 97 percent share, being installed on 485 systems on the top 500 list. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.serverwatch.com/server-news/top500-supercomputer-remains-stuck-at-33.86-petaflops.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s - 翻译.md b/translated/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s - 翻译.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..25f2566141 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s - 翻译.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +世界 500 强的超级计算机计算性能仍然保持在 33.86 千万亿次/秒 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +天河2号 一年以前第一次跳上世界超算舞台，拥有了当时世界上最强计算机的皇冠。当时，天河2号被评测为每秒 33.86 千万亿次。 + + +满满一年后天河-2 性能指数仍旧保持不变，它仍然坐上了了世界上最强超级计算机的头把交椅。 + + +![](http://www.serverwatch.com/imagesvr_ce/7184/icon-titan-r.jpg) + +截止到 2013 年 6 月号，世界上两个超级计算机都是安置于美国能源部橡树岭国家实验室的是 Cray Titan，。一年前，Titan可飙至 17.59 千万亿次每秒。Titan的优秀表现，正如同天河-2， 在2014 年 6 月，但它仍然保持了他的地位。 + + +事实上，在最近的一年中，世界上顶尖的前 10 超级计算机的性能排名几乎没有任何改变，至少根据世界超算 500 强名单来看是这样的。 + + +如果将名单倒着来看，在超算500强排行榜上，在德国Deutcher Wetterdienst 的Cray XC30 性能已经逼近 133.7 计算机每秒。 + + +TOP500 网站指出，"最新名单上的最新的系统其实以前处在旧的世界 500 强排行榜中384位"。"这代表列表中最少的滚动周期是二十年。 + + +再次，列表有 85.4%的超级计算机都是英特尔芯片占主导地位的，和 IBM 电源和处理器拥有 8%的市场份额。AMD 的占有率目前仅为 6%。 + + +就芯片架构来说，53.6%的超算都拥有 8 个或更多核心， 13.4%的超算有 10 个或更多的核心。 + +再来看看网络连接，无限宽带和以太网拆分了整个市场。在 2014 年 6 月名单上，无限宽带占据了系统的 44.4%。 + + +相比之下，据报道千兆位以太网有 25.4%的市场份额， 10千兆位以太网拥有 15%，为以太网整体份额的 40.4%。 + + +惠普和 IBM 再次占领了超级计算供应商的列表。惠普现在持有 36.4%的份额，而 IBM 持有 35.2%。Cray 压低了排名第三，10.2%的市场份额。 + + +尽管有着竞争激烈的的供应商们，芯片体系架构，核心数量和互联方式等重要因素在世界前 500 的超级计算机榜单排名时扮演着重要的角色，但是在选择操作系统的时候，毫无疑问的是，97%的超算都安装了linux操作系统，即top500超算榜单上的485个超算都安装了linux系统。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.serverwatch.com/server-news/top500-supercomputer-remains-stuck-at-33.86-petaflops.html + +译者：[owen-carter](https://github.com/owen-carter) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From c666b96475e061233028604f69646ffa636bbd4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: linuhap Date: Sat, 5 Jul 2014 22:19:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 495/713] translated --- ...ade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md | 38 ------------------- ...ade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md | 38 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md b/sources/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3e64736b69..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38 +0,0 @@ -Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars -================================================================================ -> The Linux Foundation and its partners have released the first version of Automotive Grade Linux, the open source platform for use inside connected cars. - -![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/07/automotivelinux.jpg) - -Linux, the open source operating system, shifted gears into a relatively new ecosystem this week with the first release of [Automotive Grade Linux][1] (AGL), a Linux distribution tailored for cars in the Internet of Things age. - -AGL is a collaborative project sponsored by the [Linux Foundation][2] that brings together a host of partners from the automotive industry, communications, computing hardware, academia and other sectors. The first release of the open source operating system, which appeared June 30 and is [available][3] for free online, is based on [Tizen IVI][4], a Linux-based platform designed to provide operating system solutions for a broad range of devices, from smartphones to TVs to cars to laptops. - -In its first release, AGL provides a series of features and applications tailored for deployment in cars and other vehicles, including: - -- Home Screen -- Dashboard -- Google Maps -- HVAC -- Media Playback -- News Reader (AppCarousel) -- Audio Controls -- Bluetooth Phone -- Smart Device Link Integration - -The Linux Foundation and its partners participating in the AGL project hope the solution will help to ensure that the "connected" cars of the future use open source software to deliver the next generation of entertainment, navigation and other tools for use inside vehicles. "Openness and collaboration are key to accelerating the development of a common, standard automotive platform so the industry can more quickly achieve its vision of delivering the connected car," said Dan Cauchy, general manager of Automotive, The Linux Foundation. - -Cauchy added that the Linux Foundation expects AGL development to continue steadily following this first release, and that collaborators hope to introduce "a number of additional capabilities and features in subsequent releases." - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/070114/automotive-grade-linux-released-open-source-cars - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://automotive.linuxfoundation.org/ -[2]:http://linuxfoundation.org/ -[3]:http://automotive.linuxfoundation.org/ -[4]:https://www.tizen.org/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md b/translated/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..71cf872f07 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +开源车载系统Automotive Grade Linux发布 +================================================================================ +> Linux基金会和他的合作伙伴发布了Automotive Grade Linux的第一个版本，这是一个在连网汽车内部使用的开源平台。 + +![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/07/automotivelinux.jpg) + +随着本周[Automotive Grade Linux][1](AGL)——一个在物联网时代专为汽车定制的Linux发行版的第一个版本的发布，Linux这个开源操作系统，将装置转变为一个相关的新的生态系统。 + +AGL是由Linux基金会发起的合作项目，Linux基金会汇集了来自汽车行业，通信，计算硬件，学术界和其他领域的合作伙伴。AGL的第一个版本于6月30号发布在网上并且在可免费下载，这个开源操作系统基于[Tizen IVI][4]。Tizen IVI是一个基于Linux的平台，它被用于为广泛的设备提供操作系统解决方案，从智能手机，到电视，汽车，笔记本电脑。 + +在第一个版本中，AGL提供了一系列的功能和为汽车或其他车辆部署定制的应用程序，包括： + +- 主屏幕 +- 仪表盘 +- 谷歌地图 +- 暖通空调 +- 媒体回放 +- 新闻阅读器 +- 音响控制 +- 蓝牙手机 +- 智能设备连接集成 + +Linux基金会和他的参与AGL项目的合作伙伴希望这个解决方案将帮助确保未来“连网汽车”使用开源软件以提供下一代娱乐，导航和其他车内使用的工具。“公开和合作是促进一个公共的，标准的汽车平台发展的关键，所以这个产业可以更快速地实现供连网汽车使用的愿望。”Linux基金会的汽车总经理Dan Cauchy这样说。 + +Cauchy补充道，Linux基金会期望AGL能随其第一个版本后稳步发展，其合作者希望在以后的版本中能加入“一些额外的功能和特点。” + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/070114/automotive-grade-linux-released-open-source-cars + +译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://automotive.linuxfoundation.org/ +[2]:http://linuxfoundation.org/ +[3]:http://automotive.linuxfoundation.org/ +[4]:https://www.tizen.org/ \ No newline at end of file From 1e3c578693a0ac6d140ae202f42180ffd394eeac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: linuhap Date: Sat, 5 Jul 2014 22:28:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 496/713] translated --- ...ade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md | 39 ------------------- 1 file changed, 39 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md b/sources/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4f85e31e1b..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,39 +0,0 @@ -linuhap translating -Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars -================================================================================ -> The Linux Foundation and its partners have released the first version of Automotive Grade Linux, the open source platform for use inside connected cars. - -![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/07/automotivelinux.jpg) - -Linux, the open source operating system, shifted gears into a relatively new ecosystem this week with the first release of [Automotive Grade Linux][1] (AGL), a Linux distribution tailored for cars in the Internet of Things age. - -AGL is a collaborative project sponsored by the [Linux Foundation][2] that brings together a host of partners from the automotive industry, communications, computing hardware, academia and other sectors. The first release of the open source operating system, which appeared June 30 and is [available][3] for free online, is based on [Tizen IVI][4], a Linux-based platform designed to provide operating system solutions for a broad range of devices, from smartphones to TVs to cars to laptops. - -In its first release, AGL provides a series of features and applications tailored for deployment in cars and other vehicles, including: - -- Home Screen -- Dashboard -- Google Maps -- HVAC -- Media Playback -- News Reader (AppCarousel) -- Audio Controls -- Bluetooth Phone -- Smart Device Link Integration - -The Linux Foundation and its partners participating in the AGL project hope the solution will help to ensure that the "connected" cars of the future use open source software to deliver the next generation of entertainment, navigation and other tools for use inside vehicles. "Openness and collaboration are key to accelerating the development of a common, standard automotive platform so the industry can more quickly achieve its vision of delivering the connected car," said Dan Cauchy, general manager of Automotive, The Linux Foundation. - -Cauchy added that the Linux Foundation expects AGL development to continue steadily following this first release, and that collaborators hope to introduce "a number of additional capabilities and features in subsequent releases." - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/070114/automotive-grade-linux-released-open-source-cars - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://automotive.linuxfoundation.org/ -[2]:http://linuxfoundation.org/ -[3]:http://automotive.linuxfoundation.org/ -[4]:https://www.tizen.org/ From ed5f53eca4f1f27f1cbb02fb3cc31f1f9e78fbab Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: ThomazL Date: Sun, 6 Jul 2014 23:47:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 497/713] translated by ThomazL --- ...ow to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md | 108 ------------------ ...ow to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md | 105 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 105 insertions(+), 108 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140702 How to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140702 How to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140702 How to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md b/sources/tech/20140702 How to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0d060fe955..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140702 How to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,108 +0,0 @@ ->> Translating by ThomazL -How to install Raspberry Pi camera board -================================================================================ -[The Raspberry Pi camera (Pi Cam) board][1] was first released for sale in May 2013. This first release is equipped with a 5 Megapixel sensor, and connects through a ribbon cable to the CSI connector on the Raspberry Pi. The second release of Raspberry Pi camera board, which is called [Pi NoIR][2], has the same sensor, but without the IR filter. It has capability to see near IR wavelengths (700 - 1000 nm) like a security camera, and of course it is sacrificing the color rendition. - -In this article, we will show you **how to install a Raspberry Pi camera board on [Raspberry Pi][3]**. We will be using the first release of Pi camera board. Once the board is installed, you will use three applications to access the board: raspistill, raspiyuv, and raspivid. The first two apps are used for capturing images, while the third app is for capturing video. The raspistill tool produces standard image files such as .jpg images, but raspiyuv gives us unprocessed raw image files from the camera. - -### Installing the Raspberry Pi Camera Board ### - -To connect the Raspberry Pi camera board to Raspberry Pi, follow these instructions: - -1. Locate the CSI connector (the CSI connector is located near the Ethernet Port), and take off the brown tape. - -2. Pull up the pinch of the CSI port. - -3. Take your Pi Cam module, and remove the plastic protector from the lens. Make sure that the yellow part of the PCB which has sunny word is installed perfectly (just press gently that yellow part to make sure that it's installed perfectly). - -4. Put in the ribbon cable into the CSI port. Remember, the ribbon cable which has blue tape should be facing towards the Ethernet port. Also, make sure that the ribbon is inserted properly, then pull down the pinch. - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2938/14529915452_0910b2e13f_z.jpg) - -Now your Pi Cam is ready to take a picture or a video. - -### Enabling Camera on Raspbian ### - -After installing the Pi Cam module, make sure to update your Raspberry Pi system to get the latest firmware. To do so: - - $ sudo apt-get update - $ sudo apt-get upgrade - -To activate the Pi Cam module, run the Raspberry Pi configuration tool. - - $ sudo raspi-config - -Navigate to "Enable Camera" in the menu, and make it enabled. Reboot Raspberry Pi if you are done. - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3837/14530918915_e68ca0beef_z.jpg) - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2922/14344284230_6cabbe2522_z.jpg) - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2923/14529915362_7a437a53cb_z.jpg) - -Here is the final picture of Raspberry Pi with Pi Cam module attached. - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2924/14551046653_1c37e077fd_z.jpg) - -### Taking a Picture with Pi Camera ### - -We are ready to use Pi Cam after rebooting Raspberry Pi. To take a picture with Pi Cam, run raspistill from the command line. - - $ raspistill -o keychain.jpg -t 2000 - -This command will take a picture in 2000ms, and save it to keychain.jpg. The following is a picture of my small figurehead key chain, taken by Pi Cam. - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3845/14530919095_ea0f37045a_z.jpg) - -The raspiyuv tool works similarly, but the result is a unprocessed raw image from the camera. - -### Taking a Video with Pi Camera ### - -To take a video with Pi camera module, run raspivid tool from command line. The following command will take a video with default options which are 5 seconds length and 1920x1080 resolution with 17Mbps bitrate. - - $ raspivid -o mykeychain.h264 - -If you want to change the duration, just set the desired length (in milliseconds) with "-t" option. - - $ raspivid -o mykeychain.h264 -t 10000 - -To drop the resolution to 1280x720, use "-w" and "-h" options.. - - $ raspivid -o mykeychain.h264 -t 10000 -w 1280 -h 720 - -The output of raspivid is a raw H.264 video stream, and doesn't have sound with it. To be able to play with a common video player, the raw H.264 video needs to be converted. Use MP4Box application that comes with gpac package. - -To install gpac on Raspbian, use this command: - - $ sudo apt-get install -y gpac - -Then to convert the raw H.264 video stream into .mp4 format with 30 frames per second: - - $ MP4Box -fps 30 -add keychain.h264 keychain.mp4 - -The video length is 10 seconds, and has default resolutions and bitrate. Here is an example video captured by Pi Camera. - -注：youtube视频地址 - - -To get the complete command-line options of raspistill, raspiyuv, and raspivid, run the commands without any option. - - ----------- - -#### [Kristophorus Hadiono][a] #### - -I'm a Linux enthusiast. I use Linux for my daily computing, also when I teach my students. Becoming a good writer is one of my dreams. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/install-raspberry-pi-camera-board.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://xmodulo.com/go/picam -[2]:http://xmodulo.com/go/pinoir -[3]:http://xmodulo.com/go/raspberrypi -[a]:http://hadiono.org/blog diff --git a/translated/tech/20140702 How to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md b/translated/tech/20140702 How to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3ce4315ad5 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140702 How to install Raspberry Pi camera board.md @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +如何安装树莓派摄像头模块 +============================================================================== +[树莓派摄像头模块(Pi Cam)][1]发售于2013年5月。在首发时，Pi Cam配备了500万像素的传感器，通过排线链接树莓派上的CSI接口。第二次发布时，Pi Cam改名为[Pi NoIR][2]并配备了相同的传感器，不同之处在于第二版摄像头模块没有红外线过滤装置。因此使用第二版的摄像头模块可以观测到近红外线的波长(700 - 1000 nm)，如同一个安全监控摄像机一样，当然实现红外线的感应牺牲了传感器的显色性。 + +本文将会展示**如何在[树莓派][3]上安装摄像头模块**。我们会使用第一版摄像头模块来演示。在安装完摄像头模块之后，你将会使用三个应用来访问这个模块：raspistill, raspiyuv 和raspivid。其中前两个应用用来捕捉图像，第三个应用来捕捉视频。raspistill 工具会生成标准的图片文件例如 .jpg 图像，但是 raspiyuv 可以通过摄像头生成未处理的 raw 图像文件。 + +### 安装树莓派摄像头模块 ### + +按照以下指示来安装树莓派摄像头模块： + +1. 找到 CSI 接口(CSI接口在以太网接口旁边)，掀起深色胶带。 + +2. 拉起 CSI 接口挡板。 + +3. 将摄像头模块贴在透镜上的塑料保护膜撕掉。确保黄色部分的PCB(有字的一面)是安装完美的。 + +4. 将排线插入CSI接口。记住，有蓝色胶带的一面应该面向以太网接口方向。在检查排线安装好了之后，将挡板拉下。 + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2938/14529915452_0910b2e13f_z.jpg) + +好了，现在你的 Pi Cam 已经准备就绪来拍摄相片以及视频了。 + +### 在树莓派上启用摄像头模块 ### + +在安装完摄像头模块之后，确认你已经升级了树莓派系统并应用了最新的固件。输入以下命令来更新： + + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get upgrade + +运行树莓派配置工具来激活摄像头模块： + + $ sudo raspi-config + +移动光标至菜单中的 "Enable Camera"，确认启用。完成之后重启树莓派。 + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3837/14530918915_e68ca0beef_z.jpg) + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2922/14344284230_6cabbe2522_z.jpg) + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2923/14529915362_7a437a53cb_z.jpg) + +安装完摄像头模块后的完成照： + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2924/14551046653_1c37e077fd_z.jpg) + +### 通过摄像头模块拍照 ### + +在重启完树莓派后，我们就可以使用它了。输入以下命令通过摄像头模块拍摄照片： + + $ raspistill -o keychain.jpg -t 2000 + +这句命令会在执行 2000ms 之后捕捉图像。然后保存为 keychain.jpg。下面是一张由 下面是一张由 Pi Cam 拍摄的钥匙链。 + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3845/14530919095_ea0f37045a_z.jpg) + +raspivid 工具用法差不多，从命令行运行 raspivid 工具。下面这句命令会按照默认配置(5秒，分辨率1920x1080，比特率 17Mbps)拍摄一段视频。 + + $ raspivid -o mykeychain.h264 + +如果你想改变拍摄时长，只要通过 "-t" 选项来设置长度就行了。 + + $ raspivid -o mykeychain.h264 -t 10000 + +使用 "-w" 和 "-h" 选项将分辨率降为 1280x720... + + $ raspivid -o mykeychain.h264 -t 10000 -w 1280 -h 720 + +raspivid 的输出是一段未压缩的 H.264 视频流，而且这段视频没有声音。因此这段视频需要转换在能被通常的视频播放器所播放。使用 gpac 包中所带有的 MP4Box 应用。 + +在 Raspbian 上安装 gpac，输入命令： + + $ sudo apt-get install -y gpac + +然后将这段 raw 的 H.264 格式的视频流转换为30帧每秒的 .mp4 格式视频： + + $ MP4Box -fps 30 -add keychain.h264 keychain.mp4 + +视频长度为10秒，默认分辨率以及比特率。下面是一段通过 Pi Camera 拍摄的一段实例视频。 + +注：youtube视频地址 + + + +如果想要看到 raspistill, raspiyuv 和 raspivid 的完整命令行选项，直接运行以上命令(不加选项)就行了。 + + +---------------- + +### [Kristophorus Hadiono][a] ### + +我是一个 Linux 爱好者。我在日常生活中使用 Linux，甚至在我给学生们教学的时候。我的梦想是成为一名优秀的作家。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/install-raspberry-pi-camera-board.html + +译者：[ThomazL](https://github.com/ThomazL) 校对：[校对者id](https://github.com/校对者id) + +本文由 [lctt](https://github.com/lctt/translateproject) 原创翻译，[linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/go/picam +[2]:http://xmodulo.com/go/pinoir +[3]:http://xmodulo.com/go/raspberrypi +[a]:http://hadiono.org/blog + From 20b37687d62e633a0b40936ab21f01521f5d74e5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bazz2 Date: Mon, 7 Jul 2014 09:43:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 498/713] [bazz2-ed]20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen --- ...624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md | 33 +++++++------------ 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md b/translated/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md index 11a656101f..e6abc80fe0 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md +++ b/translated/talk/20140624 Performance benchmarks--KVM vs. Xen.md @@ -1,49 +1,38 @@ -Performance benchmarks: KVM vs. Xen KVM和Xen的性能基准测试 ================================================================================ -After having some interesting discussions last week around KVM and Xen performance improvements over the past years, I decided to do a little research on my own. The last complete set of benchmarks I could find were from the [Phoronix Haswell tests in 2013][1]. There were [some other benchmarks from 2011][2] but those were hotly debated due to the Xen patches headed into kernel 3.0. 在上周，我们讨论了 KVM 和 Xen 的性能上一些令人感兴趣的话题后，我打算自己做一些这方面的研究。我能找到的最新的资料，是来自[2013年 Phoronix Haswell 性能评测][1]上的基准测试。当然，还有[2011年的评测][2]，由于 Xen 已经被收录进 Kernel 3.0，这些曾经都是热门话题。 -The 2011 tests had a [good list of benchmarks][3] and I’ve done my best to replicate that list here three years later. I’ve removed two or three of the benchmark tests because they didn’t run well without extra configuration or they took an extremely long time to run. 2011年的测试提供了[许多很好的基准报表][3]，我尽最大努力把它们列出的属性重新测试一遍，但少测了两三个基准测试，原因是它们在未经特定优化的配置后跑出来的数据不是很好，或者它们需要跑很长时间才能得到结果。 ### 测试环境 ### -My testing setup consists of two identical SuperMicro servers. Both have a single [Intel Xeon E3-1220][4] (four cores, 3.10GHz), 24GB Kingston DDR3 RAM, and four Western Digital RE-3 160GB drives in a RAID 10 array. BIOS versions are identical. 测试环境由两台一模一样的超微服务器组成，都配备一颗[Intel 至强 E3-1220][4]（4核，3.10GHz），24G 金士顿 DDR3 内存，4块西数 RE-3 160G 磁盘（组成 RAID10 阵列）。另外 BIOS 也是一模一样。 -All of the tests were run in Fedora 20 (with SELinux enabled) for the hosts and the virtual machines. Very few services were left running during the tests. Here are the relevant software versions: 所有测试项目（即实体机和虚拟机）都在 Fedora 20 （开 SELinux）上进行，并且测试过程中没有跑很多的不相关的服务。这里列一下相关服务的版本： - Kernel: 3.14.8 - For KVM: qemu-kvm 1.6.2 - For Xen: xen 4.3.2 -All root filesystems are XFS with the default configuration. Virtual machines were created using virt-manager using the default configuration available for KVM and Xen. Virtual disks used raw images and were allotted 8GB RAM with 4 virtual CPU’s. Xen guests used [PVHVM][5]. 根文件系统是 XFS，使用默认配置。虚拟机使用 virt-manager 来创建（virt-mamager 也使用默认配置）。虚拟磁盘使用 raw 镜像，容量为 8GB，虚拟4颗 CPU。Xen 虚拟机使用 [PVHVM][5] 建立虚拟磁盘。 -### Caveats ### ### 警告 ### -One might argue that Fedora’s parent owner, Red Hat, puts a significant amount of effort into maintaining and improving KVM within their distribution. Red Hat hasn’t made significant contributions to Xen in years and they [made the switch to KVM back in 2009][6]. I’ve left this out of scope for these tests, but it’s still something worth considering. -也许有人会争辩说 Fedora 是红帽公司所有，红帽一直在维护 KVM，而 Xen 则自从[在2009年红帽重新选择 KVM 作为虚拟化产品][6]后，再没得到这个公司的维护。在本测试中这个因素不会对结果产生任何影响，不过可以在心里稍微注意一下。 +也许有人会考虑到 Fedora 是红帽公司所有，红帽一直在维护 KVM，而 Xen 则自从[在2009年红帽重新选择 KVM 作为虚拟化产品][6]后，再没得到这个公司的维护。在本测试中这个因素不会对结果产生任何影响，不过可以在心里稍微注意一下。 -Also, contention was tightly controlled and minimized. On most virtualized servers, you’re going to have multiple virtual machines fighting for CPU time, disk I/O, and access to the network. These tests didn’t take that type of activity into consideration. One hypervisor might have poor performance at low contention but then perform much better than its competitors when contention for resources is high. 不考虑资源竞争产生的影响。在大多数虚拟服务器上，你可以跑多个虚拟机，而这些虚拟机会争用 CPU 时间片、磁盘 IO、网络带宽等等资源。在本测试中也不考虑这些因素。一台虚拟机抢到资源少，性能就差，而另一台抢得多，性能就好（LCTT：它们的性能总和，就可以大致当作是 KVM 或 Xen 的性能了）。 本测试运行在 Intel 的 CPU 上。如果使用的是 AMD 或 ARM，可能有些数据会不一样。 -### Results ### ### 结果 ### -The tests against the bare metal servers served as a baseline for the virtual machine tests. The deviation in performance between the two servers without virtualization was at 0.51% or less. 本测试使用裸机作为虚拟服务测试的基准设备。在不跑虚拟机的情况下，两台裸机的性能偏差不会大于0.51% -KVM’s performance fell within 1.5% of bare metal in almost all tests. Only two tests fell outside that variance. One of those tests was the 7-Zip test where KVM was 2.79% slower than bare metal. Oddly enough, KVM was 4.11% faster than bare metal with the PostMark test (which simulates a really busy mail server). I re-ran the PostMark tests again on both servers and those results fell within 1% of my original test results. I’ll be digging into this a bit more as my knowledge of virtio’s internals isn’t terribly deep. +在所有测试中，KVM 的性能相比宿主机而言下降了1.5%以内，除了两个测试。第一个是 7-zip 压缩，比宿主机慢了 2.79%。第二个就奇怪了，我们搭了一个邮件服务器，用 PostMark 测试其性能，结果表明 KVM 竟比宿主机快了4.11%。然后我在两台服务器中重新跑了几遍 PostMark 测试，结果性能差异基本不变，浮动在1%以内。由于我对 virtio 的内部机制没有很深的理解，我只能在以后再对这个怪现象进行进一步了解。 -Xen’s performance varied more from bare metal than KVM. Three tests came within 2.5% of bare metal speeds but the remainder were anywhere from 2-4x slower than KVM. The PostMark test was 14.41% slower in KVM than bare metal and I found that result surprising. I re-ran the test and the results during the second run were within 2% of my original results. KVM’s best performing CPU test, the MAFFT alignment, was Xen’s second worst. +Xen 的性能相对宿主机而言差异就比较大了。有3个测试性能下降在2.5%以内，剩下的性能下降率都是 KVM 的2～4倍。PostMark 测试的性能比 KVM 慢了14.41%，这结果令我大吃一惊。重新跑了下测试，性能差还是在14%左右。KVM 表现最好的两个测试：CPU 测试和 MAFFT 对齐测试，是 Xen 表现最差的。 -I’ve provided a short summary table here with the final results: +现在奉上一个总结表： @@ -74,23 +63,23 @@ I’ve provided a short summary table here with the final results:
PostMarkhigher366738243205
-If you’d like to see the full data, feel free to review the [spreadsheet on Google Docs][7]. +如果需要完整数据，请查看[Goole Docs 电子表格][7]。 -### Conclusion ### +### 结论 ### -Based on this testing environment, KVM is almost always within 2% of bare metal performance. Xen fell within 2.5% of bare metal performance in three out of ten tests but often had a variance of up to 5-7%. Although KVM performed much better with the PostMark test, there was only one I/O test run in this group of tests and more testing is required before a clear winner in disk I/O could be found. +基于上面的测试环境，KVM 的性能损耗在2％以内，Xen 则只有3项损耗在2.5％以内，其他几项损耗都在5~7%之间。虽然 KVM 在 PostMark 测试中性能表现优异，但这个测试只是众多测试中的一项，如果想证明 KVM 确实在 I/O 处理方面很强悍，就需要更多测试。 -As for me, I’d like to look deeper into how KVM and Xen handle disk I/O and why their results were so different. I may also run some tests under contention to see if one hypervisor can deal with that stress with better performance. +对我来说，我需要深入理解 KVM 和 Xen 在 I/O 处理上为什么会有这么大的差别。并且还需要跑一些压力测试，来证明虚拟机是否真的比宿主机表现得更出色。 -I’d encourage readers to review the list of benchmark tests available in the [Phoronix test suite][8] and find some that emulate portions of their normal workloads. If your workloads are low CPU and high I/O in nature, look for some of the I/O stress tests in the suite. On the other hand, if you do a lot of audio/video transcoding, try some of the x264 or mp3 tests within the suite. +我鼓励读者通过使用[Phoronix 测试套件][8]来进行一些基准测试，你们可以找到一些能模仿你们工作环境的用例。如果你的工作环境是低 CPU 高 I/O，你可以找找套件里面的 I/O 压力测试。另一方面，如果你的工作是音频、视频转码，你可以试试套件里面的 x264 或 mp3 测试。 -UPDATE: [Chris Behrens pointed out][9] that I neglected to mention the type of virtual machine I tested with Xen. I used PVHVM for the tests as it’s the fastest performing option for Linux guests on Xen 4.3. Keep in mind that PVH is available in Xen 4.4 but that version of Xen isn’t available in Fedora 20 at this time. +更新：[Chris Behrens 指出][9]，我忘了提到 Xen 虚拟机类型了。这里补充下，我使用的是 PVHVM 模型（LCTT：目前支持的模型包括 PV、HVM 和 PVHVM），因为在 Xen 4.3 中这个选拥有最好的性能。另外需要注意的是在 Xen 4.4 中可以使用 PVH，但是在 Fedora 20 中还没有使用 Xen 4.4。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://major.io/2014/06/22/performance-benchmarks-kvm-vs-xen/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0d64ad601976a23c030904a8cd8c6f334fdd54a2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: linuhap Date: Mon, 7 Jul 2014 09:52:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 499/713] translating --- sources/news/20140702 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140702 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle.md b/sources/news/20140702 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle.md index a4c8d1ef5e..dabda20f1f 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140702 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle.md +++ b/sources/news/20140702 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +linuhap 翻译中 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle ================================================================================ > CoreOS launches commercially supported version of its Linux distribution and vows to do away with manual upgrading @@ -46,4 +47,4 @@ via: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9249460/CoreOS_Linux_ending_the_upgr [4]:http://www.networkworld.com/article/2177120/cloud-computing/coreos-linux-distro-lands-on-the-google-cloud-platform.html [5]:https://coreos.com/using-coreos/updates/ [6]:http://twitter.com/Joab_Jackson -[7]:Joab_Jackson@idg.com \ No newline at end of file +[7]:Joab_Jackson@idg.com From f81300d543617fb47f8b049881b63f01766e49b9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 7 Jul 2014 10:04:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 500/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=EF=BC=9A20140702=20A?= =?UTF-8?q?utomotive=20Grade=20Linux=20Released=20for=20Open=20Source=20Ca?= =?UTF-8?q?rs?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @linuhap 发布了。我又补充了一些下载安装的部分 --- ...ade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md | 112 ++++++++++++++++++ sources/news/index.mkd | 0 ...ade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md | 38 ------ 3 files changed, 112 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md delete mode 100644 sources/news/index.mkd delete mode 100644 translated/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md diff --git a/published/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md b/published/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cdd5a9a454 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md @@ -0,0 +1,112 @@ +安装体验开源车载系统Automotive Grade Linux +================================================================================ +> Linux基金会和他的合作伙伴本周发布了Automotive Grade Linux的第一个版本，这是一个在连网汽车内部使用的开源平台。 + +![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/07/automotivelinux.jpg) + +随着本周 [Automotive Grade Linux][1](AGL)的第一个版本的发布，这个在物联网时代专为汽车定制的Linux发行版将转变为一个新的生态系统。 + +AGL是由Linux基金会发起的合作项目，Linux基金会汇集了来自汽车行业，通信，计算硬件，学术界和其他领域的合作伙伴。AGL的第一个版本于6月30号发布在网上并且在可[免费下载][5]，这个开源操作系统基于[Tizen IVI][4]。Tizen IVI是一个基于Linux的平台，它被用于为广泛的设备提供操作系统解决方案，从智能手机，到电视，汽车，笔记本电脑。 + +![](http://automotive.linuxfoundation.org/sites/automotive.linuxfoundation.org/files/features/agl-jlr_0.png) + +在第一个版本中，AGL提供了一系列的功能和为汽车（或其他车辆）部署定制的应用程序，包括： + +- 主屏幕 +- 仪表盘 +- 谷歌地图 +- 暖通空调 +- 媒体回放 +- 新闻阅读器 +- 音响控制 +- 蓝牙手机 +- 智能设备连接集成 + +Linux基金会和他的参与AGL项目的合作伙伴希望这个解决方案将帮助确保未来“连网汽车”使用开源软件以提供下一代娱乐，导航和其他车内使用的工具。“公开和合作是促进一个公共的，标准的汽车平台发展的关键，以便这个产业可以更快速地实现供连网汽车使用的愿望。”Linux基金会的汽车总经理Dan Cauchy这样说。 + +Cauchy补充道，Linux基金会期望AGL是一个良好的开端，其合作者希望在以后的版本中能加入“一些额外的功能和特点。” + +## 下载和安装测试 ### + +### 下载 ### + +可以从此下载镜像：http://content.linuxfoundation.org/auto/downloads/images/ + +支持在PC上测试，也提供了Vmware镜像。 + +### 安装在X86上 ### + +**创建一个USB启动盘** + +1. 下载GPartd Live 镜像的压缩文件：http://gparted.sourceforge.net/download.php 。 +2. 使用FAT32文件系统格式化一个最少8GB的U盘。 +3. 解压 GPartd Live镜像的压缩包，并复制全部内容到U盘。保持完整的目录格式，比如你可以确认GPL这个文件是不是在U盘的根目录。 +4. 把U盘变成可启动的，根据你使用的系统不同而不同： + a) Linux: 执行U盘里 utils/linux 目录下的 makeboot.sh 。 + b) Windows: 执行U盘里 utils\win32 目录下的 makeboot.bat 。 +5. 按 脚本提示执行。 +6. 复制 [AGL 演示镜像][6]到U盘。 + +**安装到机器上** + +注意：这会破坏你的机器上的所有数据！所以请确保机器上的硬盘上的数据是无用的。 + +1. 使用刚刚制作好的 GPartd U盘启动系统。 +2. 默认运行 GPartd （所有选项直接回车确认即可） +3. 打开一个终端，并复制镜像内容到机器的硬盘： + gunzip -c agl-demo_1-0.img.gz | dd of=/dev/sda bs=16M +4. 关闭终端。 +5. 在 GPartd 窗口，刷新设备。 +6. 将 /dev/sda3 的大小扩展到整个硬盘的可用空间。 +7. 关机。 +8. 拔下U盘。 +9. 重启！ + + +### 创建VMware虚拟机 ### + +在 64位Windows 7和32位Windows XP上的 VMware Player 5 测试通过。 + +1. 下载 VMWare Player： http://www.vmware.com/products/player +2. 解压缩 [AGL VMWare image][7] +3. 在 VMware 中增加新的虚拟机： + + 1. 选择“我将稍后安装操作系统” + 2. 使用 'Linux' -> 'Fedora' + 3. 给个名字，比如： tizen-ivi-2.0 + 4. 创建一个新的磁盘，不过这个磁盘我们稍后会删除并重建一个新的 + （将\ 作为 IDE(0:0) 设备添加） + 5. 创建好虚拟机之后，然后“编辑虚拟机设置” + 6. （可选）取消CD/DVD的“启动后连接”的选项（除非你的宿主机上有这个设备） + 7. （可选）取消打印机的“启动后连接”的选项 + 8. 删除虚拟机当前的硬盘 + 9. 添加一个新的硬盘 + 10. 选择“使用已有的虚拟磁盘”，使用那个解压缩得到文件 + 11. 当第一次启动虚拟机时，如果询问你是否要升级当前格式时，选择“保持现在的格式” +4. 运行： + 1. 启动虚拟机 + 2. 系统启动后显示一个黑屏，在桌面上任何地方右键点击并打开一个终端 + 3. 运行如下命令 + ./start_demo.sh + 这会调整屏幕分辨率，打开声音，启动node.js引擎，并最终显示界面。 + +### 更多的演示截图 ### + +请参看我们之前的一篇文章：http://linux.cn/article-3324-1.html + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/070114/automotive-grade-linux-released-open-source-cars + +译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://automotive.linuxfoundation.org/ +[2]:http://linuxfoundation.org/ +[3]:http://automotive.linuxfoundation.org/ +[4]:https://www.tizen.org/ +[5]:http://automotive.linuxfoundation.org/node/add/downloads +[6]:http://content.linuxfoundation.org/auto/downloads/images/agl-demo-x86-1.0.img.gz +[7]:http://content.linuxfoundation.org/auto/downloads/images/agl-demo-vmware-1.0.vmdk.bz2 + diff --git a/sources/news/index.mkd b/sources/news/index.mkd deleted file mode 100644 index e69de29bb2..0000000000 diff --git a/translated/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md b/translated/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md deleted file mode 100644 index 71cf872f07..0000000000 --- a/translated/news/20140702 Automotive Grade Linux Released for Open Source Cars.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38 +0,0 @@ -开源车载系统Automotive Grade Linux发布 -================================================================================ -> Linux基金会和他的合作伙伴发布了Automotive Grade Linux的第一个版本，这是一个在连网汽车内部使用的开源平台。 - -![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/07/automotivelinux.jpg) - -随着本周[Automotive Grade Linux][1](AGL)——一个在物联网时代专为汽车定制的Linux发行版的第一个版本的发布，Linux这个开源操作系统，将装置转变为一个相关的新的生态系统。 - -AGL是由Linux基金会发起的合作项目，Linux基金会汇集了来自汽车行业，通信，计算硬件，学术界和其他领域的合作伙伴。AGL的第一个版本于6月30号发布在网上并且在可免费下载，这个开源操作系统基于[Tizen IVI][4]。Tizen IVI是一个基于Linux的平台，它被用于为广泛的设备提供操作系统解决方案，从智能手机，到电视，汽车，笔记本电脑。 - -在第一个版本中，AGL提供了一系列的功能和为汽车或其他车辆部署定制的应用程序，包括： - -- 主屏幕 -- 仪表盘 -- 谷歌地图 -- 暖通空调 -- 媒体回放 -- 新闻阅读器 -- 音响控制 -- 蓝牙手机 -- 智能设备连接集成 - -Linux基金会和他的参与AGL项目的合作伙伴希望这个解决方案将帮助确保未来“连网汽车”使用开源软件以提供下一代娱乐，导航和其他车内使用的工具。“公开和合作是促进一个公共的，标准的汽车平台发展的关键，所以这个产业可以更快速地实现供连网汽车使用的愿望。”Linux基金会的汽车总经理Dan Cauchy这样说。 - -Cauchy补充道，Linux基金会期望AGL能随其第一个版本后稳步发展，其合作者希望在以后的版本中能加入“一些额外的功能和特点。” - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/070114/automotive-grade-linux-released-open-source-cars - -译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://automotive.linuxfoundation.org/ -[2]:http://linuxfoundation.org/ -[3]:http://automotive.linuxfoundation.org/ -[4]:https://www.tizen.org/ \ No newline at end of file From 563ccbd49d2070747ab445ae4f2d41c0a1d4b902 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Date: Mon, 7 Jul 2014 10:57:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 501/713] translated --- ... Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md | 200 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 200 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md b/translated/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9b95a5e4b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md @@ -0,0 +1,200 @@ +给linux用户的11个高级MySQL数据库面试问题和答案 +================================================================================ +我们已经发表了两篇MySQL的文章,非常感谢Tecmint社区的大力支持.这是MySQL面试系列的第三篇文章,并且在面试专栏中排第16. +- [15个基本的MySQL面试问题][1] +- [给中级人员的10个MySQL面试问题][1] + +![11个MySQL面试问题](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/MySQL-Interview-Questions.jpeg) + +感谢你们这一路上对我们的支持.这篇文章主要针对MySQL的实用性,讲面试方面的问题. + +### 1. 如何使用SELECT语句找到你正在运行的服务器的版本并打印出当前数据库的名称? ### +**Ans**:下面的语句的结果会显示服务器的版本和当前的数据库名称 + + mysql> SELECT VERSION(), DATABASE(); + + +-------------------------+------------+ + | VERSION() | DATABASE() | + +-------------------------+------------+ + | 5.5.34-0ubuntu0.13.10.1 | NULL | + +-------------------------+------------+ + 1 row in set (0.06 sec) + +在Database一栏中显示**NULL**是因为我们当前没有选择任何数据库.因此,使用下面的语句先选择一个数据库,就能看到相应的结果. + + mysql> use Tecmint; + + Reading table information for completion of table and column names + You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A + + Database changed + +---------- + + mysql> select VERSION(), DATABASE(); + + +-------------------------+------------+ + | VERSION() | DATABASE() | + +-------------------------+------------+ + | 5.5.34-0ubuntu0.13.10.1 | tecmint | + +-------------------------+------------+ + 1 row in set (0.00 sec) + +### 2. 使用非运算符(!)从表"Tecmint"中列出除了user等于"SAM"的所有记录 + +**Ans**:使用下面的语句 + + mysql> SELECT * FROM Tecmint WHERE user !=SAM; + + +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ + | date | user | host | root | local | size | + +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ + | 2001-05-14 14:42:21 | Anthony | venus | barb | venus | 98151 | + | 2001-05-15 08:50:57 | TIM | venus | phil | venus | 978 | + +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ + +### 3. 是否能够使用非运算符(!)来实现'AND'运算 + +**Ans**: 我们使用’=’号和OR运算符或者'!='和AND运算符，下面是'='和AND运算符的例子 + + mysql> SELECT * FROM mail WHERE user = SAM AND root = phil + +'!='和OR运算符的例子 + + mysql> SELECT * FROM mail WHERE user != SAM OR root != phil + + +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ + | date | user | host | root | local | size | + +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ + | 2001-05-14 14:42:21 | Anthony | venus | barb | venus | 98151 | + +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ + +- = : 等于 +- != : 不等于 +- ! : 非运算符 + +AND和OR在MySQL中被看作加入运算符 + +### 4. IFNULL()语句在MySQL中有什么作用? ### + +**Ans**: **IFNULL**语句的使用使得MySQL中的查询更加精确。IFNULL()语句先测试它的的一个参数，若不为空就返回该参数的值，否则返回第二个参数的值 + + mysql> SELECT name, IFNULL(id,'Unknown') AS 'id' FROM taxpayer; + + +---------+---------+ + | name | id | + +---------+---------+ + | bernina | 198-48 | + | bertha | Unknown | + | ben | Unknown | + | bill | 475-83 | + +---------+---------+ + +### 5. 如果你只想知道从一个结果集的开头或者结尾开始的特定条数的行记录改如何实现？ + +**Ans**: 我们可以用**LIMIT**和**ORDER BY**从句。 + +#### 显示一行记录 #### + + mysql> SELECT * FROM name LIMIT 1; + + +----+------+------------+-------+----------------------+------+ + | id | name | birth | color | foods | cats | + +----+------+------------+-------+----------------------+------+ + | 1 | Fred | 1970-04-13 | black | lutefisk,fadge,pizza | 0 | + +----+------+------------+-------+----------------------+------+ + +#### 显示5行记录 #### + + mysql> SELECT * FROM profile LIMIT 5; + + +----+------+------------+-------+-----------------------+------+ + | id | name | birth | color | foods | cats | + +----+------+------------+-------+-----------------------+------+ + | 1 | Fred | 1970-04-13 | black | lutefisk,fadge,pizza | 0 | + | 2 | Mort | 1969-09-30 | white | burrito,curry,eggroll | 3 | + | 3 | Brit | 1957-12-01 | red | burrito,curry,pizza | 1 | + | 4 | Carl | 1973-11-02 | red | eggroll,pizza | 4 | + | 5 | Sean | 1963-07-04 | blue | burrito,curry | 5 | + +----+------+------------+-------+-----------------------+------+ + +#### 显示按照ORDER BY排序后的第一条记录 #### + + mysql> SELECT * FROM profile ORDER BY birth LIMIT 1; + + +----+------+------------+-------+----------------+------+ + | id | name | birth | color | foods | cats | + +----+------+------------+-------+----------------+------+ + | 9 | Dick | 1952-08-20 | green | lutefisk,fadge | 0 | + +----+------+------------+-------+----------------+------+ + +### 6. Oracle 和 MySQL该如何选择? ### + +**Ans**: 它们都有各自的优点和缺点。 + +#### 选择MySQL而不选orcale的原因 #### + +- 开源 +- 轻便快捷 +- 有命令行和图形界面 +- 能通过查询器进行数据库的管理 + +### 7. MySQL中如何得到当前日期? ### + +**Ans**: 使用CURRENT_DATE()函数 + + mysql> SELECT CURRENT_DATE(); + + +----------------+ + | CURRENT_DATE() | + +----------------+ + | 2014-06-17 | + +----------------+ + +### 8. MySQL中如何将表导出为XML文件? ### + +**Ans**: 使用'-e'(export)参数来把MySQL表或整个数据库导出到XML文件。当处理大型表的时候或许我们需要手动导出，但是只是导出小文件的话可以直接使用想phpMyAdmin这样的工具。 + + mysql -u USER_NAME –xml -e 'SELECT * FROM table_name' > table_name.xml + +上面的例子中USER_NAME是数据库的用户名，table_name是待导出为xml文件的表名，table_name.xml是存放数据的xml文件 + +### 9. MySQL_pconnect是什么? 它和MySQL_connect有什么区别? ### + +**Ans**: MySQL_pconnect()打开一个永久的数据库连接，这意味着数据库不是在每次页面加载的时候被打开，因此我们不能使用MySQL_close()来关闭一个永久的连接 + +MySQL_pconnect和MySQL_connect有一定的差别 + +和MySQL_pconnect不同，MySQL_connect在每次页面被加载的时候打开，并且可以使用MySQL_close()语句来关闭连接 + +### 10. 如何查看一个名为'mysql'的数据库中'user'表中的所有索引? ### + +**Ans**: 可以使用下面的语句 + + mysql> show index from user; + +-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+ + | Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment | + +-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+ + | user | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | Host | A | NULL | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | | + | user | 0 | PRIMARY | 2 | User | A | 4 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | | + +-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+ + 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) + +### 11. 什么是CSV表? ### + +**Ans**: CSV是逗号分隔值的缩写，也称为字符分隔值。CSV表中存放纯文本和表格数据。 + +每一条记录使用具体的分隔符隔开(如逗号,分号,...)，CSV表广泛的用来存放易于导入和导出的电话联系人，能够用来存放任何数量的纯文本。 + +以上就是这次要将的内容。我还会带来其他的有趣的文章，向往你们喜欢。连接到Tecmint继续关注我们，不要忘了在评论栏中留下你们的宝贵意见。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/mysql-advance-interview-questions/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/basic-mysql-interview-questions-for-database-administrators/ +[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-mysql-database-interview-questions-for-beginners-and-intermediates/ From 0f3f276f015f1052445e7667a4bd7c53793aae1f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 7 Jul 2014 22:12:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 502/713] PUB:20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @GOLinux 明天发布！ --- ...ommand to List Block Device Information.md | 22 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md (74%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md b/published/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md similarity index 74% rename from translated/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md rename to published/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md index ace45377b4..76c62e647b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md +++ b/published/20140617 How to use Linux lsblk Command to List Block Device Information.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ 使用Linux的lsblk命令列出块设备信息 ================================================================================ -**lsblk**（列出块设备）命令勇于列出所有可用块设备的信息，但是，它**不列出RAM盘的信息**。块设备有硬盘，闪存盘，CD-ROM等等。 +**lsblk**（列出块设备）命令用于列出所有可用块设备的信息，但是，它**不会列出RAM盘的信息**。块设备有硬盘，闪存盘，CD-ROM等等。 ### 如何安装lsblk ### @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ lsblk命令默认情况下将以树状列出所有块设备。打开终端，并 **RO** : 该项表明设备是否为只读。在本案例中，所有设备的RO值为0，表明他们不是只读的。 -**TYPE** :本栏显示块设备是否是磁盘或磁盘上的一个分区。在本例中，sda和sdb是磁盘，而sr0是只读存储（rom）。 +**TYPE** :本栏显示块设备是否是磁盘或磁盘上的一个分区。在本例中，sda和sdb是磁盘，而sr0是只读存储（rom）。（LCTT译注，此处sr0的RO项没有标记为1，可能存在一些错误？） **MOUNTPOINT** : 本栏指出设备挂载的挂载点。 @@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ lsblk命令默认情况下将以树状列出所有块设备。打开终端，并 $ lsblk -a -该选项将列出所有设备，包括控设备在内。 +该选项将列出所有设备，包括空设备在内。 ![lsblk bytes sda](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/lsblk-bytes-sda.png) @@ -64,17 +64,17 @@ lsblk命令也可以用于列出一个特定设备的拥有关系，同时也可 $ lsblk -b /dev/sda -或者，如果你偏好： +或者，以下命令等同： $ lsblk --bytes /dev/sda ### 以列表形式列出不带头的设备 ### -你也可以组合几个选项来获取指定的输出。例如，你也许想要以列表格式列出设备，而不是默认的树状格式。你可能也对移除不同栏目名称的头感兴趣。可以将两个不同的选项组合，以获得期望的输出，命令如下： +你也可以组合几个选项来获取指定的输出。例如，你也许想要以列表格式列出设备，而不是默认的树状格式。你可能也对移除不同栏目名称的标题感兴趣。可以将两个不同的选项组合，以获得期望的输出，命令如下： $ lsblk -nl -或者，你可以使用下面的选项，它们也能给出相同的输出。 +或者，你可以使用下面的长选项，它们也能给出相同的输出。 $ lsblk --noheadings --list @@ -85,22 +85,26 @@ lsblk命令也可以用于列出一个特定设备的拥有关系，同时也可 要获取SCSI设备的列表，你只能使用-S选项。该选项是大写字母S，不能和-s选项混淆，该选项是用来以颠倒的顺序打印依赖的。 $ lsblk -S + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/lsblk-SCSI-devices.png) -lsblk列出SCSI设备，相反，逆序选项将给出如下输出。输入命令： +lsblk列出SCSI设备，而-s是逆序选项（LCTT译注：将设备和分区的组织关系逆转过来显示），其将给出如下输出。输入命令： $ lsblk -s 或者 $ lsblk --inverse + +![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/lsblk-inverse.png) -lsblk逆序。你可以使用lsblk来获取关于你的块设备的更多信息，自己把它试着显示出来吧！ +你可以使用lsblk来获取关于你的块设备的更多信息，自己把它试着显示出来吧！ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-lsblk-command/ -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 81277e69cfff94b5cc633b9acd9e34ccbe0b9f02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 7 Jul 2014 22:53:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 503/713] PUB:20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @geekpi 明天发布。 --- ...19 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md | 34 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 18 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md (52%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md b/published/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md similarity index 52% rename from translated/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md rename to published/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md index 620b8012ad..cace021b2a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md +++ b/published/20140619 How To Flush Linux or UNIX DNS Cache.md @@ -1,16 +1,15 @@ -如何清除 Linux/Unix DNS缓存 +如何在 Linux/Unix/Mac 下清除 DNS 查询缓存 ================================================================================ ![](http://figs.cyberciti.biz/3rdparty/configure.png) 我在Linux下使用拨号连接上网，频繁的拨号断线造成DNS的问题。我如何在Linux/Unix发行版下使用shell命令清除DNS缓存？ -在MS-Windows下,你可以使用[ipconfig命令来清除dns缓存][1]。然而，Linux和Unix提供了不同的方法来清除缓存。Linux可以运行nscd或者BIND或者dnsmasq作为名称服务缓存守护进程。大型或者工作组服务器可能使用BIND或者dnsmasq作为专用缓存服务器来加速查询。 +在MS-Windows下,你可以使用[ipconfig命令来清除dns缓存][1]。然而，Linux和Unix提供了不同的方法来清除缓存。Linux可以运行 nscd 或者 BIND 或者 dnsmasq 作为名称服务缓存守护进程。大型或者工作组服务器可能使用BIND或者dnsmasq作为专用缓存服务器来加速查询。 ### 如何: 清除 nscd dns 缓存 ### -Nscd caches libc-issued requests to the Name Service. If retrieving NSS data is fairly expensive, nscd is able to speed up consecutive access to the same data dramatically and increase overall system performance. Just restart nscd: -Nscd缓存libc发给名称服务的请求。如果检索NSS数据是很昂贵的，那么nscd能够显著加快连续访问同一数据并提高整个系统的性能。只需重启nscd： +Nscd 会缓存libc发起的名称服务的请求。如果把检索NSS数据看做很慢，那么nscd能够显著加快连续访问同一数据的速度，并能提高整个系统的性能。只需重启nscd即可刷新缓存： $ sudo /etc/init.d/nscd restart @@ -22,11 +21,11 @@ Nscd缓存libc发给名称服务的请求。如果检索NSS数据是很昂贵的 # service nscd reload -这个守护进程给最常用的名称服务请求提供了高速缓存。默认的配置文件/etc/nscd.conf，决定了高速缓存守护进程的行为。 +这个守护进程给最常用的名称服务请求提供了高速缓存。默认的配置文件/etc/nscd.conf，其决定了高速缓存守护进程的行为。 ### 清除 dnsmasq dns 缓存 ### -[dnsmasq的是一个轻量级的DNS][2]，TFTP和DHCP服务器。它的目的是给局域网提供耦合的DNS和DHCP服务。 dnsmasq的接受DNS查询，并从本地高速缓存应答它们或将其转发到一个真正的递归DNS服务器。该软件也安装了很多便宜的路由器来缓存DNS查询。只需启动dnsmasq的服务来清除DNS缓存： +[dnsmasq的是一个轻量级的DNS][2]、TFTP和DHCP服务器。它的目的是给局域网提供配对的DNS和DHCP服务。 dnsmasq接受DNS查询，并从一个小的本地高速缓存应答它们或将其转发到一个真正的递归DNS服务器。该软件也被安装在很多便宜的路由器上来缓存DNS查询。只需重新启动dnsmasq的服务来清除DNS缓存： $ sudo /etc/init.d/dnsmasq restart @@ -36,8 +35,7 @@ Nscd缓存libc发给名称服务的请求。如果检索NSS数据是很昂贵的 ### 清除BIND缓存服务器的dns缓存 ### -A caching BIND server obtains information from another server (a Zone Master) in response to a host query and then saves (caches) the data locally. All you have to do is restart bind to clear its cache: -一台BIND缓存服务器从另一台服务器（区域主）响应主机的查询而获得信息，然后保存（缓存)数据到本地。您所要做的就是重新绑定以清除其缓存： +一台BIND缓存服务器从另一台服务器（区域主）响应主机的查询而获得信息，然后保存（缓存)数据到本地。您所要做的就是重启BIND以清除其缓存： # /etc/init.d/named restart @@ -49,18 +47,18 @@ A caching BIND server obtains information from another server (a Zone Master) in # rndc exec -flushname命令刷新所有的连接到一个特定的域名的记录。本例中刷新cyberciti.biz相关域的所有记录： +BIND v9.3.0 及其以上版本支持一个清除一个特定域名的所有记录缓存的命令：rndc flushname。本例中刷新cyberciti.biz相关域的所有记录： # rndc flushname cyberciti.biz -它同样也可以用来清除BIND View.比如,LAN和WAN的View可以用下面的命令清除: +同样也可以清除BIND View。比如，LAN和WAN的View可以用下面的命令清除: # rndc flush lan # rndc flush wan -### Mac OS X Unix 用户提示 ### +### 给 Mac OS X Unix 用户的提示 ### -使用root用户输入下面的命令: +Mac下用root用户输入下面的命令: # dscacheutil -flushcache @@ -68,13 +66,13 @@ flushname命令刷新所有的连接到一个特定的域名的记录。本例 $ sudo dscacheutil -flushcache -如果你正在使用OSX 10.5 或者更早的版本,尝试使用下面的命令: +如果你正在使用OSX 10.5 或者更早的版本，尝试使用下面的命令： lookupd -flushcache -### /etc/hosts 文件的一个提示 ### +### 关于 /etc/hosts 文件的一个提示 ### -/etc/hosts作为一个静态查询主机的表格。你需要在类Unix操作系统下依据你的要求移除并且/或者更新它： +/etc/hosts用作静态查询主机的表格。你需要在类Unix操作系统下依据你的要求移除并且/或者更新它： # vi /etc/hosts @@ -98,15 +96,15 @@ flushname命令刷新所有的连接到一个特定的域名的记录。本例 172.168.232.51 nfs2.nixcraft.net.in nfs2 192.168.1.101 vm01 -### 再看这里: ### +### 参考 ### -相关: 在Windows Vista / XP中用ipconfig 命令[ 清除 DNS 缓存][3] +相关: 在Windows Vista / XP中用ipconfig 命令[清除 DNS 缓存][3] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-debian-ubuntu-flush-clear-dns-cache/ -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[geekpi](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b1614f9d88cb7a56b6733e0865479c4af6d28162 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 7 Jul 2014 23:39:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 504/713] =?UTF-8?q?PUB=EF=BC=9A20140701=20Command=20Line?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Tuesdays--Part=20Two?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @yechunxiao19 --- ...0140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md | 24 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md (55%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md b/published/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md similarity index 55% rename from translated/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md rename to published/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md index e7bccdb29d..6f1113c7cd 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md +++ b/published/20140701 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Two.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -命令行星期二-第二部分 +命令行星期二 —— 第二篇 ================================================================================ Hi，极客们！ @@ -10,14 +10,14 @@ Hi，极客们！ ![Filesys](http://devopsbootcamp.readthedocs.org/en/latest/_images/hierarchy.jpg) -例如，在上面的图片说明中，你的用户目录（你通常存储你的电影，音乐，文档等）是位于/home文件夹。 /home文件夹位于/。你有/etc文件夹，其中文件大部分为配置文件。无论如何，你可以在这找到详细的描述，因为我们将进入这些文件夹来了解他们的功能，直到我们开始使用和配置它们。今天是仅用于导航。而关于这一点，让我们来开始今天的第一个命令... +例如，在上面的图片说明中，你的用户目录（你通常用来存储你的电影，音乐，文档等）是位于/home文件夹下。 /home文件夹位于/。然后，/下有个 /etc 文件夹，其中文件大部分为配置文件。无论如何，你可以在这里找到详细的描述，因为我们将进入这些文件夹来了解他们的功能，直到我们开始使用和配置它们。今天是仅用于导航。而关于这一点，让我们来开始今天的第一个命令... ### pwd ### -pwd，或者 ‘print working directory’当你认为你在文件中失去了方向是一个非常有用的命令。在任何给定时刻，键入pwd命令，瞧！这是你到达这个文件夹的完整路径。在多维数据集的那些家伙总能利用它。 +pwd，或者 ‘Print Working Directory’，当你觉得在文件丛林之中迷失了方向时是一个非常有用的命令。在任何给定时刻，键入pwd命令，瞧！这是你到达这个文件夹的完整路径。在电影《异次元杀阵（The Cube）》里的那些家伙总在用它，这些笨蛋！ ![Cube](http://bloody-disgusting.com/images/news/cube2review1.gif) -注：此图原文哪里看不到，看看能通过什么途径得到 + 想象一下，自己在一个巨大的公寓里面从一个房间走到另一个房间房间，迷路了。 pwd就像面包屑指引着你到你的出发点，这样你就不会在文件夹迷宫里面失去你的方向！ @@ -25,25 +25,25 @@ pwd，或者 ‘print working directory’当你认为你在文件中失去了 ### cd ### -现在你知道了如果想知道自己在哪个目录的pwd命令的用法。现在，你要采取的下一步骤，并移动到另一个目录。比方说，你想从home文件夹移动到里面有你想要的绝密的一个文件夹/目录。对于这一点，你用'cd'命令。 cd，或‘change directory’，将改变所处目录的位置。你怎么使用它呢？简单，键入cd和你的文件夹路径。比方说，例如，你想从你的主文件夹进入你的Hello Kitty图片集。你输入‘cd /home/username/Hello\ Kitty’。 +现在你学习了如果想知道自己在哪个目录的pwd命令的用法。现在，你要做的下一步骤就是移动到另一个目录。比方说，你在你的home文件夹下有一个文件夹（目录），你要将你的绝密的东东放到里面。要这样做，你需要使用用'cd'命令。 cd，或‘Change Directory’，将改变所处目录的位置。你怎么使用它呢？简单，键入cd和你的文件夹路径。比方说，例如，你想从你的主文件夹进入你的Hello Kitty图片集。你输入‘cd /home/username/Hello\ Kitty’。 -正如你看到的，我们并没有只使用文件夹名称的空格键。这是因为终端将无法识别它。每当你要导航到它的名称中有空格的文件夹，你**用反斜杠字符，后跟空格**代替它。您也可以不使用反斜杠+空格选项，只是把**整个文件夹名称加引号**，例如，cd /home/username/”Hello Kitty”。 +正如你看到的，我们并没有只使用文件夹名称的空格键。这是因为终端将无法识别它。每当你要导航到它的名称中有空格的文件夹，你**用反斜杠字符，后跟空格**代替它。您也可以不使用反斜杠+空格选项，只是把**整个文件夹名称加引号**，例如，cd /home/username/ "Hello Kitty"。 ![cd](http://blogote.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/terminal-cd-desktop.png) 自己尝试一下。使用cd导航到不同的目录，同时，键入pwd命令，看看一切工作是否如期望的那样。 -### Shotts先生的快捷键 ### +### 肖茨先生的快捷键 ### 肖茨先生提醒我们也有一些可用的快捷键。 -如果你仅键入cd，不带路径，你的终端将你的工作目录（不管它可能是）改变为你的/home文件夹。 +如果你仅键入cd，不带路径，你的终端将从你的工作目录（无论是不是）切换到你的/home文件夹。 -同样地，如果你键入cd `~user_name`它会带你到你规定的特定用户的主文件夹。 +同样地，如果你键入 cd `~user_name` 它会带你到你指定的特定用户的主文件夹。 ### 下周 ### -下周，我们将进入到下一章 - 我们将学习如何列出文件和目录，查看文本文件和文件的内容进，因此会比之前我们已经学习的有更多的工作，但我希望你将会有足够的时间。命令通过命令，如果你没有时间自己做，我们将一起在几个月内学习基础知识！ +下周，我们将进入到下一章 - 我们将学习如何列出文件和目录，查看文本文件和文件的内容，因此会比之前我们已经学习的有更多的工作，但我希望你将会有足够的时间。一条命令又一条命令，如果你没有时间自己学习的话，那让我们在几个月内一起学习基础知识吧！ 同时，记得... @@ -59,10 +59,10 @@ P.P.S：GreatEmerald还增加了有关文件层次结构的一些新信息。您 via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/24/command-line-tuesdays-part-two/ -译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/10/command-line-tuesdays-part-one/ +[1]:http://linux.cn/article-3300-1.html [2]:http://devopsbootcamp.readthedocs.org/ [3]:https://news.opensuse.org/2014/06/24/command-line-tuesdays-part-two/comment-page-1/#comment-99186 From a1c1aec4e3198c7c131558cbe8164c5ef3bb0357 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zhengsihua Date: Tue, 8 Jul 2014 09:38:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 505/713] [Translating] How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux --- .../20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md index 80fa4abc4f..8b1c93a1dc 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translating---------geekpi + How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux ================================================================================ > **Question**: I need to know whether my MySQL database table is MyISAM or Innodb type. How can I check the type of a MySQL database table? From 7e4f49ca96ce9f77b77c18e4c3d7db1f94149846 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zhengsihua Date: Tue, 8 Jul 2014 10:01:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 506/713] [Translated] How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux --- ...heck MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md | 43 ------------------- ...heck MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md | 41 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8b1c93a1dc..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,43 +0,0 @@ -Translating---------geekpi - -How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux -================================================================================ -> **Question**: I need to know whether my MySQL database table is MyISAM or Innodb type. How can I check the type of a MySQL database table? - -There are two major MySQL storage engines used: **MyISAM and Innodb**. MyISAM is non-transactional, and thus can be faster for reads, while InnoDB fully supports transactions (e.g., commit/rollback) with finer-grain locking. When you create a new MySQL table, you choose its type (i.e., storage engine). Without any choice, you will simply use a pre-configured default engine. - -If you would like to know the type of an existing MySQL database table, there are a couple of ways to do it. - -### Method One ### - -If you have access to phpMyAdmin, you can find out the database type from phpMyAdmin. Simply choose your database from phpMyAdmin to see a list of its tables. Under "Type" column, you will see the database type for each table. - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3871/14526575875_c1da3d9c7a_z.jpg) - -### Method Two ### - -If you can log in to a MySQL server directly, another way to identify the storage engine is to run the following MySQL command inside your MySQL server after logging in. - - mysql> SELECT ENGINE FROM information_schema.TABLES WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = 'my_database' AND TABLE_NAME = 'my_table'; - -The above command will show the engine type of a table called 'my_table' in 'my_database' database. - -### Method Three ### - -Yet another method to check the MySQL engine is to use mysqlshow, a command-line utility which shows database information. The mysqlshow utility comes with [MySQL client package installation][1]. To use mysqlshow, you need to supply MySQL server login credential. - -The following command will show information about a particular database. Under "Engine" column, you will see the storage engine for each table. - - $ mysqlshow -u -p -i - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3845/14340200549_8fbe7ea7b5_z.jpg) - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/check-mysql-storage-engine-type-linux.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/06/how-to-install-mysql-server-and-client-on-linux.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..565d0965b1 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +如何在Linux上检查MySQL的存储引擎类型 +================================================================================ +> **提问**: 我想要知道我的MySQL数据库是MyISAM还是Innodb类型。我该如何检查MySQL数据库表的类型？ + +MySQl主要使用两种存储引擎：**MyISAM and Innodb**。MyISAM是非事务的，因此拥有读取更快，然而InnoDB完全支持细颗粒的事务锁定（比如：commit/rollback）。当你创建一张新的MySQL表时，你要选择它的类型（也就是存储引擎）。如果没有选择，你就会使用与预设置的默认引擎。 + +如果你想要知道已经存在的MySQL数据表的类型，这里有几种方法达到。 + +### 方法一 ### + +如果你可以访问phpMyAdmin，你可以从phpMyAdmin找出默认的数据库类型。从phpMyAdmin中选中数据库来查看它的表列表。在“Type”一列的下面，你会看到每个表的数据表类型。 + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3871/14526575875_c1da3d9c7a_z.jpg) + +### 方法二 ### + +如果你可以直接登录MySQL服务器，另外一种鉴别存储引擎的方法是登录MySQL服务器后运行下面的MySQL命令： + + mysql> SELECT ENGINE FROM information_schema.TABLES WHERE TABLE_SCHEMA = 'my_database' AND TABLE_NAME = 'my_table'; + +上面的命令会显示在'my_database'数据库中'my_table'表的引擎类型。 + +### 方法三 ### + +还有一种检查引擎的方法是使用mysqlshow,是一种命令行下的显示数据库信息的工具。mysqlshow在[MySQL 客户端安装包][1]中有。要使用mysqlshow，你需要提供MySQL服务器登录凭据。 + +下面的命令会显示特定的数据库信息。在“Engine”一列下面，你可以看到每个表使用的引擎。 + + $ mysqlshow -u -p -i + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3845/14340200549_8fbe7ea7b5_z.jpg) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/check-mysql-storage-engine-type-linux.html + +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/06/how-to-install-mysql-server-and-client-on-linux.html \ No newline at end of file From 8fef5a3c319b88cfa39b42b2e20ca4aa0065f15e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zhengsihua Date: Tue, 8 Jul 2014 10:05:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 507/713] [Translating] How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X) --- ... How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md | 3 +++ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md b/sources/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md index 6f617d452c..92886dedc6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md +++ b/sources/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +Translating--------geekpi + + How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X / RHEL 6.X) ================================================================================ **Sosreport** is a command in linux (**RHEL / CentOS**) which collects **system configuration** and diagnostic information of your linux box like running kernel version, loaded modules, and system and service configuration files. This command also runs external programs to collect further information, and stores this output in the resulting archive. From 60de44af6c76a48fc21811a742f5142242b5c214 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zhengsihua Date: Tue, 8 Jul 2014 10:34:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 508/713] [Translated] How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X) --- ...sreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md | 44 ------------------- ...sreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md | 43 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 43 insertions(+), 44 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md b/sources/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md deleted file mode 100644 index 92886dedc6..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,44 +0,0 @@ -Translating--------geekpi - - -How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X / RHEL 6.X) -================================================================================ -**Sosreport** is a command in linux (**RHEL / CentOS**) which collects **system configuration** and diagnostic information of your linux box like running kernel version, loaded modules, and system and service configuration files. This command also runs external programs to collect further information, and stores this output in the resulting archive. - -Sosreport is required when you have open a case with redhat for technical support. Redhat support Engineers will require sosreport of your server for troubleshooting purpose. - -To run sosreport , **sos** package should be installed. Sos package is part of default installation in most of linux. If for any reason this package is no installed , then use below yum command to install **sos package** : - - # yum install sos - -### Generate the report ### - -Open the terminal type sosreport command : - - # sosreport - - This command will normally complete within a **few minutes**. Depending on local configuration and the options specified in some cases the command may take longer to finish. Once completed, sosreport will generate a compressed a file under **/tmp** folder. Different versions use different compression schemes (**gz, bz2, or xz**). The file should be provided to Redhat support representative (normally as an attachment to an open case). - -**Note**: sosreport requires root permissions to run. - -### Different Options used in sosreport command : ### - -The sosreport command has a **modular structure** and allows the user to enable and disable modules and specify module options via the command line. To **list available modules** (plug-ins) use the following command: - - # sosreport -l - -To turn off a module include it in a comma-separated list of modules passed to the -n/–skip-plugins option. For instance to disable both the kvmand amd modules: - - # sosreport -n kvm,amd - -Individual modules may provide additional options that may be specified via the -k option. For example on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 installations the sos rpm module collects "rpm -Va" output by default. As this may be time-consuming the behavior may be disabled via: - - # sosreport -k rpm.rpmva=off - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/how-to-create-sosreport-in-linux/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md b/translated/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..795dd0e31b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +如何在linux中创建sosreport（RHEL 5.X / RHEL 6.X） +================================================================================ +**Sosreport**是linux中的一个命令**RHEL / CentOS**)，它会收集**系统配置**和你linux机器上如正在运行的内核版本、加载的模块和系统和服务配置文件之类的诊断信息。这个命令同样可以运行外部的程序来收集更多的信息，并存储这些输出到一个结论文档中。 + +Sosreport在你需要获得redhat的技术支持时需要它。Redhat的支持工程师会要求你服务器上的sosreport来用于故障排除。 + +To run sosreport , **sos** package should be installed. Sos package is part of default installation in most of linux. If for any reason this package is no installed , then use below yum command to install **sos package** : +要运行sosreport，需要安装**sos** 包。Sos包是大多是linux的默认安装包中的一部分。如果有任何原因没有安装，那么运行下面的yum命令来安装**sos 包** : + + # yum install sos + +### 生成报告 ### + +打开终端输入sosreport命令： + + # sosreport + +这条命令正常情况下会在**几分钟**里完成。根据本地配置，在某些情况下，某些选项可能需要更长的时间才能完成。一旦完成，sosreport将在**/ tmp目录**目录中生成压缩文件。不同版本使用不同的压缩方案（** gz，bz2，或xz**）。该文件应提供给红帽的支持代表（在开放的情况下通常作为附件）。 + +**注意**：sosreport需要root权限才能运行。 + +### sosreport命令中不同的选项: ### + +sosreport命令有一个**模块化结构**，并允许用户启用和禁用模块，并通过在命令行指定模块。要**列出可用的模块**（插件），请使用以下命令： + + # sosreport -l + +要禁用一个模块，用逗号隔开的列表传给-n/–skip-plugins选项。比如要kvmand 、amd这两个模块： + + # sosreport -n kvm,amd + +各个模块可以通过-k选项提供额外的选项。例如，在Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5中安装的sos rpm模块默认收集“rpm -Va”的输出。因为这是个耗时行为，因此可以通过下面的命令禁用： + + + # sosreport -k rpm.rpmva=off + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/how-to-create-sosreport-in-linux/ + +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From a7ebf1e3daebc29f7bcba701e360f1ddf77e9b36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: John Date: Wed, 9 Jul 2014 10:20:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 509/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4source=E7=9B=AE?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=BD=95=E6=96=87=E4=BB=B6?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md | 204 ------------------ 1 file changed, 204 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md b/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6efbe5400f..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140620 11 Advance MySQL Database 'Interview Questions and Answers' for Linux Users.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,204 +0,0 @@ -translating by johnhoow... -给linux用户的11个高级MySQL数据库面试问题和答案 -================================================================================ -我们已经发表了两篇MySQL的文章,非常感谢Tecmint社区的大力支持.这是MySQL面试系列的第三篇文章,并且在面试专栏中排第16. -- [15个基本的MySQL面试问题][1] -- [给中级人员的10个MySQL面试问题][1] - -![11个MySQL面试问题](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/MySQL-Interview-Questions.jpeg) - -感谢你们这一路上对我们的支持.这篇文章主要针对MySQL的实用性,讲面试方面的问题. - -### 1. 如何使用SELECT语句找到你正在运行的服务器的版本并打印出当前数据库的名称? ### -**Ans**:下面的语句的结果会显示服务器的版本和当前的数据库名称 - - mysql> SELECT VERSION(), DATABASE(); - - +-------------------------+------------+ - | VERSION() | DATABASE() | - +-------------------------+------------+ - | 5.5.34-0ubuntu0.13.10.1 | NULL | - +-------------------------+------------+ - 1 row in set (0.06 sec) - -在Database一栏中显示**NULL**是因为我们当前没有选择任何数据库.因此,使用下面的语句先选择一个数据库,就能看到相应的结果. - - mysql> use Tecmint; - - Reading table information for completion of table and column names - You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A - - Database changed - ----------- - - mysql> select VERSION(), DATABASE(); - - +-------------------------+------------+ - | VERSION() | DATABASE() | - +-------------------------+------------+ - | 5.5.34-0ubuntu0.13.10.1 | tecmint | - +-------------------------+------------+ - 1 row in set (0.00 sec) - -### 2. 使用非运算符(!)从表"Tecmint"中列出除了user等于"SAM"的所有记录 - -**Ans**:使用下面的语句 - - mysql> SELECT * FROM Tecmint WHERE user !=SAM; - - +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ - | date | user | host | root | local | size | - +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ - | 2001-05-14 14:42:21 | Anthony | venus | barb | venus | 98151 | - | 2001-05-15 08:50:57 | TIM | venus | phil | venus | 978 | - +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ - -### 3. 是否能够使用非运算符(!)来实现'AND'运算 - -**Ans**: 我们使用’=’号和OR运算符或者'!='和AND运算符，下面是'='和AND运算符的例子 - - mysql> SELECT * FROM mail WHERE user = SAM AND root = phil - -'!='和OR运算符的例子 - - mysql> SELECT * FROM mail WHERE user != SAM OR root != phil - - +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ - | date | user | host | root | local | size | - +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ - | 2001-05-14 14:42:21 | Anthony | venus | barb | venus | 98151 | - +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------+ - -- = : 等于 -- != : 不等于 -- ! : 非运算符 - -AND和OR在MySQL中被看作加入运算符 - -### 4. IFNULL()语句在MySQL中有什么作用? ### - -**Ans**: **IFNULL**语句的使用使得MySQL中的查询更加精确。IFNULL()语句先测试它的的一个参数，若不为空就返回该参数的值，否则返回第二个参数的值 - - mysql> SELECT name, IFNULL(id,'Unknown') AS 'id' FROM taxpayer; - - +---------+---------+ - | name | id | - +---------+---------+ - | bernina | 198-48 | - | bertha | Unknown | - | ben | Unknown | - | bill | 475-83 | - +---------+---------+ - -### 5. You want to see only certain rows from a result set from the beginning or end of a result set. How will you do it? ### -### 5. 如果你只想知道从一个结果集的开头或者结尾开始的特定条数的行记录改如何实现？ - -**Ans**: 我们可以用**LIMIT**和**ORDER BY**从句。 - -#### Show 1 Record #### -#### 显示一行记录 #### - - mysql> SELECT * FROM name LIMIT 1; - - +----+------+------------+-------+----------------------+------+ - | id | name | birth | color | foods | cats | - +----+------+------------+-------+----------------------+------+ - | 1 | Fred | 1970-04-13 | black | lutefisk,fadge,pizza | 0 | - +----+------+------------+-------+----------------------+------+ - -#### 显示5行记录 #### - - mysql> SELECT * FROM profile LIMIT 5; - - +----+------+------------+-------+-----------------------+------+ - | id | name | birth | color | foods | cats | - +----+------+------------+-------+-----------------------+------+ - | 1 | Fred | 1970-04-13 | black | lutefisk,fadge,pizza | 0 | - | 2 | Mort | 1969-09-30 | white | burrito,curry,eggroll | 3 | - | 3 | Brit | 1957-12-01 | red | burrito,curry,pizza | 1 | - | 4 | Carl | 1973-11-02 | red | eggroll,pizza | 4 | - | 5 | Sean | 1963-07-04 | blue | burrito,curry | 5 | - +----+------+------------+-------+-----------------------+------+ - -#### 显示按照ORDER BY排序后的第一条记录 #### - - mysql> SELECT * FROM profile ORDER BY birth LIMIT 1; - - +----+------+------------+-------+----------------+------+ - | id | name | birth | color | foods | cats | - +----+------+------------+-------+----------------+------+ - | 9 | Dick | 1952-08-20 | green | lutefisk,fadge | 0 | - +----+------+------------+-------+----------------+------+ - -### 6. Oracle 和 MySQL.改如何选择? ### - -**Ans**: 它们都有各自的优点和缺点。 - -#### 选择MySQL而不选orcale的原因 #### - -- 开源 -- 轻便快捷 -- 有命令行和图形界面 -- 能通过查询器进行数据库的管理 - -### 7. MySQL中如何得到当前日期? ### - -**Ans**: 使用CURRENT_DATE()函数 - - mysql> SELECT CURRENT_DATE(); - - +----------------+ - | CURRENT_DATE() | - +----------------+ - | 2014-06-17 | - +----------------+ - -### 8. How will you export tables as an XML file in MySQL? ### -### 8. MySQL中如何将表导出为XML文件? ### - -**Ans**: 使用'-e'(export)参数来把MySQL表或整个数据库导出到XML文件。当处理大型表的时候或许我们需要手动导出，但是只是导出小文件的话可以直接使用想phpMyAdmin这样的工具。 - - mysql -u USER_NAME –xml -e 'SELECT * FROM table_name' > table_name.xml - -Where USER_NAME is username of Database, table_name is the table we are exporting to XML and table_name.xml is the xml file where data is stored. - -### 9. What is MySQL_pconnect? And how it differs from MySQL_connect? ### - -**Ans**: MySQL_pconnect() opens a connection that is persistent to the MySQL Database which simply means that the database is not opened every-time the page loads and hence we can not use MySQL_close() to close a persistent connection. - -A brief difference between MySQL_pconnect and MySQL_connect are. - -Unlike MySQL_pconnect, MySQL_connect – Opens the Database every-time the page is loaded which can be closed any-time using statement MySQL_close(). - -### 10. You need to show all the indexes defined in a table say ‘user’ of Database say ‘mysql’. How will you achieve this? ### - -**Ans**: The following command will show all the indexes of a table ‘user’. - - mysql> show index from user; - +-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+ - | Table | Non_unique | Key_name | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment | - +-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+ - | user | 0 | PRIMARY | 1 | Host | A | NULL | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | | - | user | 0 | PRIMARY | 2 | User | A | 4 | NULL | NULL | | BTREE | | | - +-------+------------+----------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+ - 2 rows in set (0.00 sec) - -### 11. What are CSV tables? ### - -**Ans**: CSV stands for Comma-Separated Values aka Character-Separated Values. CSV table stores data in plain text and tabular format. It typically contains one record per line. - -Each record is separated by specific delimiters (Comma, Semi-colon, …) where each record has same sequence of field. CSV tables are most widely used to store phone contacts to Import and Export and can be used to store any sort of plain text data. - -That’s all for now. I’ll be here again with another Interesting article, you people will love to read. Till then stay tuned and connected to Tecmint and Don’t forget to provide us with your valuable feedback in the comment section below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/mysql-advance-interview-questions/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/basic-mysql-interview-questions-for-database-administrators/ -[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-mysql-database-interview-questions-for-beginners-and-intermediates/ From 30be632b97b8dd721e0568a0f72a42be292053b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: xianzhi yang Date: Wed, 9 Jul 2014 11:39:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 510/713] Update 20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md --- sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md | 5 +++-- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md b/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md index 80bb5b9492..bc1f840938 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md @@ -1,4 +1,5 @@ -Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Customizing Unity + Love-xuan 翻译中 + Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Customizing Unity ================================================================================ Although the Unity Desktop Manager has made HUGE performance and usability strides since the initial release in Ubuntu 11.10, some people are still put off by a number of the limitations in customizing the look and behavior of the window manager. We are going to take a look at how to customize Unity and bring back a sense of control to your desktop. @@ -59,4 +60,4 @@ via: https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-lts-customizing-unity/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:https://twitter.com/mourngrymtc/ \ No newline at end of file +[1]:https://twitter.com/mourngrymtc/ From 12d6da122eb4df7170d64a161d58306157e07618 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: xianzhi yang Date: Wed, 9 Jul 2014 11:44:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 511/713] Update 20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md --- sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md | 3 +-- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md b/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md index bc1f840938..19a7d703a2 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md @@ -1,5 +1,4 @@ - Love-xuan 翻译中 - Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Customizing Unity + Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Customizing Unity ================================================================================ Although the Unity Desktop Manager has made HUGE performance and usability strides since the initial release in Ubuntu 11.10, some people are still put off by a number of the limitations in customizing the look and behavior of the window manager. We are going to take a look at how to customize Unity and bring back a sense of control to your desktop. From 46dea13ce1fb4e34273b07136b174e2ba213d8eb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Love-xuan Date: Wed, 9 Jul 2014 12:00:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 512/713] =?UTF-8?q?Love-xuan=20=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md b/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md index 19a7d703a2..0277bf57f5 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ + Love-xuan翻译中 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Customizing Unity ================================================================================ Although the Unity Desktop Manager has made HUGE performance and usability strides since the initial release in Ubuntu 11.10, some people are still put off by a number of the limitations in customizing the look and behavior of the window manager. We are going to take a look at how to customize Unity and bring back a sense of control to your desktop. From 6404fd397219643a73be3dfc5886cd3fd3b568bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 9 Jul 2014 14:39:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 513/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140709-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=20Comma?= =?UTF-8?q?nd=20Line=20Tuesdays=20=E6=96=B0=E4=B8=80=E7=AF=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md | 79 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 79 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md b/sources/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..088fa93182 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +Command Line Tuesdays – Part Four +================================================================================ +Heya there geekos! New week, new adventure! + +Today, we’ll learn how to manipulate files using four fairly simple commands. So let’s begin! + +Before we start with the commands themselves, let’s take a quick stop at a section called… + +### …wildcards: ### + +Copying, pasting files, creating directories etc. is probably easier using graphical tools, but, if you’d like to perform more complicated tasks, like copying only .html files from one folder to another, and only copying files that don’t exist in the destination directory, CLI just might come in handy. So, to get back to wildcards, it’s basically a shell feature, a set of special characters, that helps you pick out a set of files based on some simple rules (which characters appear in a file name, how many characters, upper/lower case characters etc.). Here’s the table (click to enlarge): + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-125946.png) + +And here are a few examples mr Shotts posted in a table of usage also click to enlarge: + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-125959.png) + +If you use a command with an argument containing a filename, you can use wildcards with no problem. + +### cp ### + +cp is used to copy files or directories. You can use it pretty easily: navigate to the folder you’d like to copy the files from and to, and simply do + +`cp file1 file2` – to copy single files, + +or + +`cp file1 file2 … directory` – to copy files from your current working directory to the directory specified. Here’s mr Shotts’ table with numerous options: + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-134248.png) + +### mv ### + +mv is the second command of the day. We can use mv to rename a file or directory, or to move a file or directory. We can use it this way: + +`mv filename1 filename2` – if we want to rename filename1 to filename2 + +or + +`mv file directory` – if we want to move file to directory. + +Here’s a table of few examples of mv with options used with it: + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-133515.png) + +### rm ### + +The rm command removes/deletes files and directories. Usage is pretty straightforward: + + rm file + +or + + rm -r directory + +And here’s also a table with some additional options: + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-133529.png) + +But, do be careful when using rm as there is no undelete option, so be extra careful not to inflict unwanted damage to your system! + +### mkdir ### + +mkdir is used for creating directories. It’s the most simple command of the day. Simply: + + mkdir directory + +Voila, directory created! + +So this is it for this week, geekos. Hope to see you next tuesday! All the best and kind regards, + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/08/command-line-tuesdays-part-four/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 1d3350233aee2ad5343202bbc0f2de31428f0411 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 9 Jul 2014 15:19:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 514/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140709-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...tress Sees First New Release In 2 Years.md | 25 ++++ ...vailability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md | 37 ++++++ ...r authentication for SSH login on Linux.md | 110 ++++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 172 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140709 Dwarf Fortress Sees First New Release In 2 Years.md create mode 100644 sources/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140709 Dwarf Fortress Sees First New Release In 2 Years.md b/sources/news/20140709 Dwarf Fortress Sees First New Release In 2 Years.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f958f829a7 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140709 Dwarf Fortress Sees First New Release In 2 Years.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Dwarf Fortress Sees First New Release In 2 Years +================================================================================ +![](http://www.gamingonlinux.com/uploads/articles/tagline_images/399424446id3997gol.png) + +[Dwarf Fortress][1] is a single-player fantasy game. You can control a dwarven outpost or an adventurer in a randomly generated, persistent world. The kicker is that the graphics are all text, no actual graphics. There are of course mods to make it graphical however. + +I have to say I don't get the fuss at all with this one. The interface is confusing and it's not nice to look at, but I am guessing with plenty of graphical mods it could get pretty good considering everything you can do in it. I understand it will have a massive amount of replayability due to generating a new world each time, but it just doesn't look inviting to someone who hasn't played a game like it before. + +This new release is the first in 2 years and has massive changes as you might imagine. See the [full rundown here][1]. + +What do people see in it exactly? I know plenty of you play it as the amount of people to email it in was crazy. I'm just going to sit back and let the "omg your crazy" comments come in. + + + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/dwarf-fortress-sees-first-new-release-in-2-years.3997 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.bay12games.com/dwarves/index.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md b/sources/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..874415db0d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5 +================================================================================ +![](http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3108/3191608123_67e1da2b79_o.jpg) + +Red Hat has [announced][1] the general availability of Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 5, which is the third enterprise release of the company's OpenStack offering. Aside from new features, the platform is clearly being aimed at many types of organizations, including "advanced cloud users, telecommunications companies, Internet service providers (ISPs), and public cloud hosting providers." + +OpenStack Platform 5 is based on the latest OpenStack Icehouse release and provides more evidence of how very focused on cloud computing Red Hat has become. + +The new release includes a three-year support lifecycle, and [I've made the point before][2] that because of its legendary support for Linux, Red Hat's OpenStack support will be a key differentiator in wooing enterprises. There has been controversy over whether Red Hat will support OpenStack distributions other than its own, which is significant because a recent OpenStack user survey showed that [90% of OpenStack deployments today are not running on RHEL][3], but rather use other flavors of Linux and KVM, such as Ubuntu or CentOS. + +Other features in Red Hat's new release include: + +> **Support for integration with VMware infrastructure**, encompassing virtualization, management, networking and storage. Customers may use existing VMware vSphere resources as virtualization drivers for OpenStack Compute (Nova) nodes, managed from the OpenStack Dashboard (Horizon). Additionally, Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 5 supports the VMware NSX plugin for OpenStack Networking (Neutron) and the VMware Virtual Machine Disk (VMDK) plugin for OpenStack Block Storage (Cinder). +> +> **Better placement of workloads across cloud resources**. "Server groups enable workloads to be spread broadly across the OpenStack cloud for enhanced resiliency of distributed applications, or located proximately for lower communications latency and better performance of complex applications." +> +> **Improved support for virtual machines, supporting new cryptographic security requirements from the United States and United Kingdom**. Using the para-virtualized random number generator device added in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7, cryptographic routines in guest applications will have access to better quality encryption and experience improved performance. +> +> **Improved interoperability of networking stacks**. Red Hat claims that the new modular plugin architecture for Neutron eases the addition of new networking technologies to OpenStack deployments. The new architecture provides a path for customers with heterogeneous networking environments who want to use a mix of networking solutions in their OpenStack environment. + +Radhesh Balakrishnan, general manager, Virtualization and OpenStack, Red Hat, said in a statement: + +> “We see momentum behind OpenStack as a private cloud platform of choice from enterprise customers and service providers alike. Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 5 not only offers a production-ready, supported version of OpenStack Icehouse, but it brings a number of features that will simplify its use, and enhance dependability for enterprise users. Alongside those new features, we’re extending our support lifecycle for Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform, giving users confidence that the solution they deploy will be supported by our global team for the next three years.” + +You can bet on that last point--a three-year support plan--as a key reason why some enterprises will go with Red Hat in the increasingly competitive OpenStack race. And, clearly, Red Hat is tying its future to cloud computing and the OpenStack platform. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ostatic.com/blog/red-hat-announces-availability-of-its-openstack-platform-5 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.marketwatch.com/story/red-hat-announces-general-availability-of-red-hat-enterprise-linux-openstack-platform-5-2014-07-08 +[2]:http://ostatic.com/blog/why-red-hats-openstack-support-must-be-as-inclusive-as-possible +[3]:http://www.openstack.org/blog/2013/11/openstack-user-survey-october-2013/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..705bf92a3c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux +================================================================================ +With many high-profile password leaks nowadays, there is a lot of buzz in the industry on "multi-factor" authentication. In a multi-factor authentication system, users are required to go through two distinct authentication procedures: providing something they know (e.g., username/password), and leveraging something they have "physical" access to (e.g., one-time passcode generated by their mobile phone). This scheme is also commonly known as two-factor authentication or two-step verification. + +To encourage the wide adoption of two-factor authentication, Google released [Google Authenticator][1], an open-source application that can generate one-time passcode based on open standards (e.g., HMAP/time-based). It is available on multiple platforms including Linux, [Android][2], [iOS][3]. Google also offers a pluggable authentication module (PAM) for Google Authenticator, allowing it to be integrated with other PAM-enabled applications such as OpenSSH. + +In this tutorial, I will describe **how to set up two-factor authentication for an SSH server** by integrating Google Authenticator with OpenSSH. I am going to use a [Android][4] device to generate one-time passcode. In this tutorial, you will need two things: (1) a Linux host where OpenSSH server is running, and (2) an Android device. + +### Install Google Authenticator on Linux ### + +The first step is to install Google Authenticator on the Linux host where OpenSSH server is running. Follow [this guide][5] to install Google Authenticator and its PAM module on your system. + +Once Google Authenticator is ready, you need to go through one-time configuration which involves creating an authentication key from this Linux host, and registering it with an Android device. This will be explained next. + +### Generate an Authentication Key ### + +To start, simply run Google Authenticator on the Linux server host. + + $ google-authenticator + +You will see a QR code, as well as a secret key underneath it. The displayed QR code simply represents the numeric secret key. You will need either information to finalize configuration with an Android device. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3843/14573264401_d3f5a2f247_z.jpg) +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3848/14390010599_18dfc23d76_z.jpg) + +Google Authenticator will ask you several questions. If you are not sure, you an answer "Yes" to all questions. The emergency scratch codes can be used to regain access to the SSH server in case you lose your Android device, and so cannot generate one-time passcode. So it's better to write them down somewhere. + +### Run Google Authenticator on Android ### + +As we are going to use an Android device for two-factor authentication, you will need to install [Google Authenticator app][6] on Android. Go to Google Play to install it on Android. + +When you start Google Authenticator on Android, you will see the following configuration menu. + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5574/14554094476_bfc070d242_z.jpg) + +You can choose either "Scan a barcode" or "Enter provided key" option. The first option allows you to enter the security key, simply by scanning the generated QR code. In this case, you will need to install [Barcode Scanner app][7] first. If you choose the second option, you can type the security key using Android keyboard as follows. + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5535/14596723603_d510dbe48d_z.jpg) + +Once you register a secret key either way, you will see the following screen on Android. + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5586/14390009579_5ba109bf5b_z.jpg) + +### Enable Google Authenticator on SSH Server ### + +The final step is to integrate Google Authenticator with OpenSSH server. For that, you need to edit two files. + +First, edit a PAM configuration file, and append the line below. + + $ sudo vi /etc/pam.d/sshd + +---------- + + auth required pam_google_authenticator.so + +Then open an SSH server config file, search for ChallengeResponseAuthentication, and enable it. + + $ sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config + +---------- + +ChallengeResponseAuthentication yes + +Finally, restart SSH server. + +On Ubuntu, Debian or Linux Mint: + + $ sudo service ssh restart + +On Fedora: + + $ sudo systemctl restart sshd + +On CentOS or RHEL: + + $ sudo service sshd restart + +### Test Two-factor Authentication ### + +Here is how you use two-factor authentication for SSH logins. + +Run Google Authenticator app on Android to obtain one-time verification code. Once generated, a given passcode is valid for 30 seconds. Once it expires, Google Authenticator will automatically generate a new one. + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2937/14389989618_d9355dcbb2_z.jpg) + +Now log in to the SSH server as you normally do. + + $ ssh user@ssh_server + +When you are asked to enter "Verification code", type in the verification code generated by Android. After successful verification, then you can type in your SSH login password. + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2938/14389952480_93351f12a4_z.jpg) + +To conclude, two-factor authentication can be an effective means to secure password authentication by adding an extra layer of protection. You can use Google Authenticator to secure other logins such as Google account, WordPress.com, Dropbox.com, Outlook.com, etc. Whether you decide to use it or not, it's up to you, but there is a clear industry trend towards the adoption of two-factor authentication. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/two-factor-authentication-ssh-login-linux.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://code.google.com/p/google-authenticator/ +[2]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2 +[3]:https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/google-authenticator/id388497605 +[4]:http://xmodulo.com/go/android_guide +[5]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-google-authenticator-linux.html +[6]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2 +[7]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.zxing.client.android \ No newline at end of file From ec51ccae84d59655ea7ab812eee9e4f2965d2810 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: limox Date: Wed, 9 Jul 2014 15:20:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 515/713] Translated and delete --- ...16 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md | 152 ------------------ ...16 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md | 151 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 151 insertions(+), 152 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md b/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md deleted file mode 100644 index c17facde33..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,152 +0,0 @@ -alim0x translating - -How to diskless boot a Linux machine -================================================================================ -Diskless booting implies that a client computer does not have any disk storage when booting an operating system. In that case, the computer can load the kernel as well as the root filesystem from a remote NFS server over network. It may use several different methods to load the kernel and the root filesystem from an NFS server: RARP, BOOTP or DHCP protocols. In this tutorial, I will use BOOTP/DHCP protocol because they are supported by many network cards. - -### Advantage of Diskless Computers ### - -Imagine you have 30 computers in your office, all of which need to access the same application. If you are managing the computers as an administrator, what would you do? It will be a waste of your time if you install the application on every computer. On the other hand, a diskless system can eliminate the problem. With a diskless system, you just need to install the application on a central NFS server, and then boot all 30 clients over network. - -### Requirements ### - -Two or more Linux computers equipped with network cards that support DHCP protocol. The computer that will act as an NFS server should have a hard drive, and the other client computer(s) do not need any hard drive. The server and client computer(s) need to be connected to the same local network. - -There are five steps to setting up the diskless system. - -1. Install required packages -1. Configure a TFTP server -1. Configure a DHCP server -1. Configure an NFS server -1. Booting diskless clients - -In this tutorial, I assume that the computer which will run as a booting server is running Ubuntu. If you are using other Linux distribution, the principle is the same. - -### Step One: Install Required Packages ### - -Use apt-get to install all necessary packages as follows. - - $ sudo apt-get install dhcp3-server tftpd-hpa syslinux nfs-kernel-server initramfs-tools - -### Step Two: Configure a TFTP Server ### - -TFTP server is a small FTP server which is needed for automated transfer of boot files between a client computer and server in the local network. - -Add the following lines to /etc/default/tftpd-hpa - - RUN_DAEMON="yes" - OPTIONS="-l -s /var/lib/tftpboot/" - -Next, create a boot directory. - - $ sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg - -Copy the bootstrap ROM. - - $ sudo cp /usr/lib/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftpboot - -Create a default boot configuration file as follows. - - $ sudo vi /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default - ----------- - - LABEL Ubuntu - KERNEL vmlinuz - APPEND root=/dev/nfs initrd=initrd.img nfsroot=10.10.101.1:/nfsroot ip=dhcp rw - -Note: - -- "root=/dev/nfs" means the network filesystem on the server (doesn't need to change). -- "initrd=initrd.img" is a boot script for system startup. -- "nfsroot=10.10.101.1/nfsroot" indicates the server's IP address and the NFS share folder name. Substitute the IP address with your server's address. -- "ip=dhcp" means that client computers use DHCP addressing scheme. -- "rw" means that the NFS share is read/write. - -Finally, restart the TFTPD service. - - sudo /etc/init.d/tftpd-hpa restart - -### Step Three: Configure DHCP Service ### - -You also need to configure DHCP service on the NFS server to allow booting with /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.0. Your configuration might look like the following, assuming you using subnet 10.10.101.0. - - $ sudo vi /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf - ----------- - - allow booting; - allow bootp; - - subnet 10.10.101.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { - range 10.10.101.2 10.10.101.254; - option broadcast-address 10.10.101.255; - option routers 10.10.101.1; - filename "/pxelinux.0"; - } - -Then restart DHCP service. - - $ sudo service isc-dhcp-server restart - -### Step Four: Configure an NFS server ### - -Create a directory that holds the client root filesystem. - - $ sudo mkdir /nfsroot - -Next, configure the NFS server to export the client root filesystem. For that, add the following line to /etc/exports. - - /nfsroot *(rw,no_root_squash,async,insecure,no_subtree_check) - -Run the following command to reload modified /etc/exports. - - $ sudo exportfs -rv - -By default, Ubuntu does not add network boot support to the initrd image. Thus you need to create a new initrd.img file. For that, first add the following line to /etc/initramfs-tools/initramfs.conf - - BOOT=nfs - MODULES=netboot - -Then run the following command to create a new initrd.img. - - $ sudo mkinitramfs -o /var/lib/tftpboot/initrd.img - -Copy the new kernel image to /var/lib/tftpboot. - -$ sudo cp /boot/vmlinuz-`uname -r` /var/lib/tfftpboot/vmlinuz -Now it is time to copy the entire root filesystem to /nfsroot. - -Assuming tgat you are using a fresh Ubuntu server installation, you just need to clone the server filesystem to the NFS root. - - $ sudo cp -ax / /nfsroot - -Then open /nfsroot/etc/fstab with a text editor to add the following line. - - /dev/nfs / nfs defaults 1 1 - -The directory /var/lib/tftpboot should have world read/write permissions. Otherwise the client would not be able to boot from network. - - $ sudo chmod -R 777 /var/lib/tfftpboot - -Lastly, to avoid any misconfiguration on the server, I recommend using a static IP address for the interface which DHCP service is running on. For example, if its network interface is named eth0, your configuration in /etc/network/interfaces should look like this: - - iface eth0 inet static - address 10.10.101.1 - netmask 255.255.255.0 - broadcast 10.10.101.255 - network 10.10.101.0 - -### Step Five: Booting a Diskless Client ### - -After you completed the configuration on the server. Boot your client from network. To boot from network, you typically need to change the boot order priority in your BIOS configuration. - -If a client booted successful, then your diskless environment is ready. You can add one or more client computers without changing anything. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/diskless-boot-linux-machine.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md b/translated/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..71a936803a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md @@ -0,0 +1,151 @@ +如何无盘启动Linux +================================================================================ +无盘启动意味着一台客户端电脑在启动操作系统时没有任何的磁盘存储介质。在这种情形之下，电脑能够通过网络从远程NFS服务器上加载内核和根文件系统。在这过程中可能会用到数种不同的方法来从NFS服务器上加载内核和根文件系统：RARP，BOOTP或是DHCP协议。在这个指导教程中，我会使用BOOTP/DHCP协议，因为它们能够被大多数的网卡所支持。 + +### 无盘计算机的优势 ### + +想象一下你的办公室内有30台电脑，每一台都需要使用相同的应用程序。如果你作为管理这些电脑的管理员，你会怎么做？如果你在每一台电脑上安装应用程序，那只是在浪费你的时间。另一方面来说，一套无盘系统就能解决你的问题。有了一套无盘系统，你只需在中央NFS服务器上安装需要的程序，然后通过网络启动这30台客户机即可。 + +### 需要什么 ### + +两台或更多的装备有支持DHCP协议的网卡的Linux电脑。这些将扮演NFS服务器角色的电脑应当配有硬盘，其它客户机不需要任何的硬盘。服务器和客户机需要连接到同一个本地网络之内。 + +设置一个无盘系统共需要五步。 + +1. 安装所需的包 +1. 配置TFTP服务器 +1. 配置DHCP服务器 +1. 配置NFS服务器 +1. 启动无盘客户机 + +在这个指导教程中，我假设作为启动服务器的电脑运行着Ubuntu。如何你正在使用其它的Linux发行版，原理是一样的。 + +### 第一步：安装所需的包 ### + +像下面这样使用apt-get命令来安装所有需要的包。 + + $ sudo apt-get install dhcp3-server tftpd-hpa syslinux nfs-kernel-server initramfs-tools + +### 第二步：配置TFTP服务器 ### + +TFTP服务器是一个小型FTP服务器，需要用它来在本地网络中的客户机和服务器之间自动传输启动文件。 + +向/etc/default/tftpd-hpa中添加以下行： + + RUN_DAEMON="yes" + OPTIONS="-l -s /var/lib/tftpboot/" + +接着，创建一个启动文件夹。 + + $ sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg + +复制引导程序镜像。 + + $ sudo cp /usr/lib/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /var/lib/tftpboot + +像下面这样创建一个默认启动配置文件。 + + $ sudo vi /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default + +---------- + + LABEL Ubuntu + KERNEL vmlinuz + APPEND root=/dev/nfs initrd=initrd.img nfsroot=10.10.101.1:/nfsroot ip=dhcp rw + +注意： + +- "root=/dev/nfs"表示服务器上的网络文件系统（不需要修改）。 +- "initrd=initrd.img"是一个用于系统启动的启动脚本。 +- "nfsroot=10.10.101.1/nfsroot"指明了服务器的IP地址以及NFS共享文件夹的名称。用你的服务器地址来替换掉IP地址。 +- "ip=dhcp"表示客户端电脑使用DHCP寻址方案。 +- "rw"表示NFS共享是可读/可写的。 + +最后，重启TFTPD服务。 + + sudo /etc/init.d/tftpd-hpa restart + +### 第三步：配置DHCP服务 ### + +你还需要在NFS服务器上配置DHCP服务来允许使用/var/lib/tftpboot/pxelinux.0启动。假设你在使用10.10.101.0作为子网，你的配置可能看起来像下面这样子。 + + $ sudo vi /etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf + +---------- + + allow booting; + allow bootp; + + subnet 10.10.101.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { + range 10.10.101.2 10.10.101.254; + option broadcast-address 10.10.101.255; + option routers 10.10.101.1; + filename "/pxelinux.0"; + } + +然后重启DHCP服务。 + + $ sudo service isc-dhcp-server restart + +### 第四步：配置NFS服务器 ### + +创建一个保存客户机根文件系统目录的文件夹。 + + $ sudo mkdir /nfsroot + +接着，设置NFS服务器导出客户机根文件系统。向/etc/exports添加以下行来实现。 + + /nfsroot *(rw,no_root_squash,async,insecure,no_subtree_check) + +运行下列命令来重新载入修改过的/etc/exports。 + + $ sudo exportfs -rv + +默认情况下，Ubuntu在initrd镜像中不提供网络启动支持。因此你需要创建一个新的initrd.img文件。首先添加下列行到/etc/initramfs-tools/initramfs.conf中。 + + BOOT=nfs + MODULES=netboot + +然后运行下列命令来创建一个新的initrd.img。 + + $ sudo mkinitramfs -o /var/lib/tftpboot/initrd.img + +将新的内核镜像文件复制到/var/lib/tftpboot中。 + + $ sudo cp /boot/vmlinuz-`uname -r` /var/lib/tfftpboot/vmlinuz + +是时候将整个根文件系统拷贝到/nfsroot中了。 + +假设您使用的是一个全新的Ubuntu服务器安装，你只需将文件系统拷贝到NFS的根之中。 + + $ sudo cp -ax / /nfsroot + +然后打开用文本编辑器打开/nfsroot/etc/fstab并添加以下行。 + + /dev/nfs / nfs defaults 1 1 + +文件夹/var/lib/tftpboot应拥有全局读写权限。否则客户机无法从网络启动。 + + $ sudo chmod -R 777 /var/lib/tfftpboot + +最后，为了避免任何服务器设置出现错误，我推荐对运行DHCP服务的网卡使用静态IP。举个例子，如果网卡名为eth0，你的/etc/network/interfaces中的配置应该看起来像这样： + + iface eth0 inet static + address 10.10.101.1 + netmask 255.255.255.0 + broadcast 10.10.101.255 + network 10.10.101.0 + +### 第五步：启动无盘客户机 ### + +在你完成了服务器上的配置之后，从网络启动你的客户机。要从网络启动一般你只需修改BIOS设置中的启动优先顺序即可。 + +如果客户机启动成功，你的无盘环境就配置好了。你无需修改任何东西就可以任意添加一台或多台客户端电脑。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/diskless-boot-linux-machine.html + +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From a28eb5879b2df21d719408eb3306373146060f1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 9 Jul 2014 16:42:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 516/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140709-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...able Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 43 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 43 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2a51a8748e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip] +================================================================================ +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Ubuntu-14.042-790x493.jpeg) + +Hello Guys, + +This is a quick tip on how to disable the over scroll bars in Ubuntu. Note that the overlay feature is NOT removed when this tutorial is followed instead you will be enable or disable. + +### Disable ### + +Open terminal and run + + gsettings set com.canonical.desktop.interface scrollbar-mode normal + +Changes should take effect immediately: + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Unity_Overlay_off.png) + +### Enable ### + + gsettings reset com.canonical.desktop.interface scrollbar-mode + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Unity_overlay_on.png) + +Enjoy! + +---------- + +![](http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/25c00329fd45ff820497f9c8c2d79dd3?s=70&d=monsterid&r=G) + +[Enock Seth Nyamador][1] + +I wears --[0-0]--, an open source addict. A developing African geek. Am a n00b developer and an aspiring photographer. Feel free to connect with me. Want to offer me something or tips? Am ever ready especially in Software development and Photography. Cheers! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/disable-overlay-scrollbars-ubuntu-14-04-quick-tip/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/seth/ \ No newline at end of file From 19bee3ebf7b7612c28efe6bf694054bf8e31b572 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bookjoy Date: Wed, 9 Jul 2014 17:35:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 517/713] bookjoy translating --- ... Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md | 5 ++++- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md b/sources/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md index a477b6abef..fee0c778d0 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md +++ b/sources/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md @@ -1,4 +1,7 @@ +BOOKJOY IS TRANSLATING...... + KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation +KDE连接 ================================================================================ **A new version of KDE Connect for Android that adds a number of new features has been released.** @@ -48,4 +51,4 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/kde-connect-android-notifications-linux- [2]:http://www.omgchrome.com/android-apps-notifications-call-alerts-chromebook/ [3]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.kde.kdeconnect_tp [4]:https://albertvaka.wordpress.com/2014/06/28/awesome-contributions-to-kde-connect/#comment-1175 -[5]:http://download.kde.org/unstable/kdeconnect/0.7/src/kdeconnect-kde-0.7.tar.xz.mirrorlist \ No newline at end of file +[5]:http://download.kde.org/unstable/kdeconnect/0.7/src/kdeconnect-kde-0.7.tar.xz.mirrorlist From 0f9a0f9ea80351d48b4f1c192cfc548b50300cda Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 9 Jul 2014 22:01:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 518/713] PUB:20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon @GOLinux --- ...installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md | 76 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md (83%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md b/published/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md similarity index 83% rename from translated/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md rename to published/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md index 694e4b4757..56f5f7b82a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md +++ b/published/20140618 20 things to do after installing Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -安装Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon后要做的20件事 +安装Linux Mint 17后要做的20件事 ================================================================================ ### Linux Mint 17 Qiana Cinnamon ### Linux Mint 17已经[发布][1]，定名为Qiana。Mint是Linux最佳发行版之一，它定位于桌面用户，关注可用性和简洁。它携带了风格迥异的桌面环境，如Mate以及Cinnamon，并基于不同的发行版，如Ubuntu或Debian。 -在本文中，我们使用的是Linux Mint 17的cinnamon版本。要获取更多关于Cinnamon版本的信息（包括下载链接），可以访问 - [http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2626][2] +在本文中，我们使用的是Linux Mint 17的cinnamon版本。要获取更多关于Cinnamon版本的信息（包括下载链接），可以访问 - http://linux.cn/article-3260-1.html -下载适合你系统的正确的iso，烧录成dvd，或者也可以制作成usb启动盘来启动。安装完毕了，是时候来使用一些优化工具和基本应用程序来优化系统性能和体验，让你系统激情澎湃吧！ +下载适合你系统的正确的iso，烧录成dvd，或者也可以制作成usb启动盘来启动。安装完毕，是时候来使用一些优化工具和基本应用程序来优化系统性能和体验，让你系统激情澎湃吧！ ### 1. 更新系统 ### @@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ Chronium浏览器可以在仓库中获取。 $ sudo apt-get install chromium-browser 至于Google Chrome，请访问google.com/chrome下载deb包，并使用gdebi来安装。 + # 64 位 $ wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb $ sudo gdebi google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb @@ -46,7 +47,7 @@ Chronium浏览器可以在仓库中获取。 Mint上默认安装adobe flash插件包（adobe-flashplugin），因此，你可以在Firefox中畅玩flash游戏，也可以尽情享受网页版视频了。 -Google Chrome现在使用了基于flash player的Pepper API，而且该插件也内建于Chrome中，因此，你也不需要为它做任何事情了。 +Google Chrome现在使用了基于flash player的Pepper API，而且该插件也内建于Chrome中，因此，你也不需要为它额外做任何事情了。 然而对于Chronium，基于flash player的Pepper没有被囊括进来（因为它不是个自由组件），所以你需要手动安装了。 @@ -71,11 +72,11 @@ Google Chrome现在使用了基于flash player的Pepper API，而且该插件也 ### 6. 安装专有驱动 ### -如果你有一张英伟达或者ati的图形卡，或者broadcom的无线网卡，那么请安装厂商提供的专有驱动，这些驱动会为你带来最佳的硬件性能。 +如果你有一张Nvidia或者ati的图形卡，或者broadcom的无线网卡，那么请安装厂商提供的专有驱动，这些驱动会为你带来最佳的硬件性能。 -要安装英伟达驱动，你可以参照先前的这篇文章 +要安装Nvidia驱动，你可以参照先前的这篇文章 -如何在Linux Mint上安装最新的Nvidia驱动 +[如何在Linux Mint上安装最新的Nvidia驱动][3] ### 7. 安装Dropbox ### @@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ Linux mint仓库已经提供了dropbox的客户端软件包，所以你不必满 $ sudo apt-get install dropbox python-gpgme -如果你还是比较喜欢从官方网站下载，那么出门可直达[https://www.dropbox.com/install?os=lnx][4]，请遵照说明下载用于Ubuntu的deb安装包。 +如果你还是比较喜欢从官方网站下载，那么翻墙可直达[https://www.dropbox.com/install?os=lnx][4]，请遵照说明下载用于Ubuntu的deb安装包。（LCTT译注：墙内用户还是忽视此条吧。） Copy是另外一个云存储解决方案，它也有本地Linux客户端。详情可查阅[copy.com][5]，它也有[ppa仓库][6]。 @@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ Skype可以在Ubuntu canonical合作仓库中找到。 ### 9. 安装rar和其它归档工具 ### -要想在Nemo这样的文件管理器中通过上下文菜单创建rar归档，请安装rar工具。安装rar的同时，请安装其它几个包以增加对其它归档格式的支持。 +要想在Nemo这样的文件管理器中通过上下文菜单创建rar归档，请安装rar工具。安装rar的同时，也可安装其它几个包以增加对其它归档格式的支持。 $ sudo apt-get install unace p7zip-rar sharutils rar arj lunzip lzip @@ -109,15 +110,13 @@ Diodon在cinnamon桌面上似乎存在一些问题，在历史列表增长时会 # 或者 $ sudo apt-get install clipit -然后，你可以从应用程序菜单中启动它们，它们应该会在你每次登陆时启动。 +然后，你可以从应用程序菜单中启动它们，它们应该会在你每次登录时启动。 ### 11. 优化桌面 ### #### 1. 修复系统托盘上的日期格式 #### -在底部面板右边的时间小程序只显示了时间，它也可以设置显示日期。右击底部面板右边的日期-时间小程序，然后点击配置 -Check the box labelled "Use a custom date format" and fill in -选中标有“使用自定义日期格式”的选框，然后填入 +在底部面板右边的时间小程序只显示了时间，它也可以设置显示日期。右击底部面板右边的日期-时间小程序，然后点击配置，选中标有“使用自定义日期格式”的选框，然后填入 %B %e, %I:%M %p @@ -133,12 +132,11 @@ Check the box labelled "Use a custom date format" and fill in 你也许注意到，Firefox默认选择了Yahoo搜索引擎，而搜索引擎列表中并没有Google。点击“管理搜索引擎” > 获取更多搜索引擎，它会带你去[http://www.linuxmint.com/searchengines.php][7]。 -向下拉动滚动条到商业搜索引擎部分，找到并点击Google图标。进入下一页后，再次点击搜索引擎列表，而这次你会看到“添加Google”选项，点击它就可以用上Google搜索了。 +向下拉动滚动条到商业搜索引擎部分，找到并点击Google图标。进入下一页后，再次点击搜索引擎列表，而这次你会看到“添加Google”选项，点击它就可以用上Google搜索了。（LCTT译注：墙内用户也请忽略此条。怒！） ### 12. 优化字体渲染 ### -Linux mint默认使用Dejavu Sans字体，它看起来真普通啊。你可以使用Droid和Noto字体获得好看得多视觉享受。请参照我们先前的教程，它会一步一步带你渐入佳境。 -[如何在Linux Mint上获得华丽好看的字体][8] +Linux mint默认使用Dejavu Sans字体，它看起来真普通啊。你可以使用Droid和Noto字体获得好看得多视觉享受。请参照我们先前的教程，它会一步一步带你渐入佳境。[如何在Linux Mint上获得华丽好看的字体][8] ### 13. Guake下拉终端 ### @@ -172,7 +170,7 @@ Linux Mint自带了Transmission，这是个简洁而高效的torrent客户端。 ### 16. Hardinfo - 系统信息工具 ### -Hardinfo是一个十分便利的gui工具，它可以用来报告大量完整的系统硬件信息。你可以通过它来集中查看处理器、内存、存储设备、网络配置、打印机、usb设备、声音/视频适配器等等信息。它具有测试和评估系统性能的功能。 +Hardinfo是一个十分便利的GUI工具，它可以用来报告大量完整的系统硬件信息。你可以通过它来集中查看处理器、内存、存储设备、网络配置、打印机、usb设备、声音/视频适配器等等信息。它具有测试和评估系统性能的功能。 $ sudo apt-get install hardinfo @@ -236,31 +234,33 @@ Linux确实有一些酷爽的游戏，很具娱乐性，而且是免费的。注 #### 为Google Chrome/Chronium提供Java小程序支持 #### 默认情况下已经安装了"icedtea-plugin"，用以为firefox提供java小程序支持。 + 然而，Chrome和Chronium却不再支持基于NPAPI的插件。因此java小程序，在没有获得基于Pepper api的java插件前，java小程序是不能在这些浏览器中工作的。要查看更多信息，请往[这里][9]。 #### 更多应用程序 #### 如果你正在为你的Mint盒子寻找更多的应用程序，那么这里列出了一部分更好的应用程序，所有这些都可以在软件管理器中安装。 -Opera - 网页浏览器 -Gnome Encfs Manager - 管理使用Encfs加密的文件和文件夹 -Smplayer - 多媒体播放器 -Rhythmbox, Clementine - 音乐播放器 -Openshot, Kdenlive - 视频编辑器 -Audacity - 音频编辑器 -Inkscape - 图形和图像编辑 -Gparted - 分区编辑器 -Gufw - 防火墙配置工具 -qBittorrent, Vuze - Torrent客户端 -Gwenview - 图像浏览 -Team viewer - 远程桌面 -Tv-maxe - 查看电视频道 -Grub Customizer - 修改GRUB启动菜单设置 -Linrunner TLP - 电源管理工具，对笔记本节电很有用 -Virtualbox - 虚拟化 -Kazam, recordMyDesktop - 桌面录像/演示 -Bleachbit - 通过删除旧的/临时文件释放磁盘空间 -Cheese - 使用网络摄像头拍照 -Shutter - 带有众多功能的屏幕截图工具 + +* Opera - 网页浏览器 +* Gnome Encfs Manager - 管理使用Encfs加密的文件和文件夹 +* Smplayer - 多媒体播放器 +* Rhythmbox, Clementine - 音乐播放器 +* Openshot, Kdenlive - 视频编辑器 +* Audacity - 音频编辑器 +* Inkscape - 图形和图像编辑 +* Gparted - 分区编辑器 +* Gufw - 防火墙配置工具 +* qBittorrent, Vuze - Torrent客户端 +* Gwenview - 图像浏览 +* Team viewer - 远程桌面 +* Tv-maxe - 查看电视频道 +* Grub Customizer - 修改GRUB启动菜单设置 +* Linrunner TLP - 电源管理工具，对笔记本节电很有用 +* Virtualbox - 虚拟化 +* Kazam, recordMyDesktop - 桌面录像/演示 +* Bleachbit - 通过删除旧的/临时文件释放磁盘空间 +* Cheese - 使用网络摄像头拍照 +* Shutter - 带有众多功能的屏幕截图工具 那么，请选择你喜欢的那些，并尽情享受Linux Mint吧！！ @@ -279,7 +279,7 @@ Linux Mint论坛 via: http://www.binarytides.com/better-linux-mint-17-cinnamon/ -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9c8ae4d9bbe92256171bff5b7d86eb427dd5b4db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 9 Jul 2014 22:23:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 519/713] PUB:20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source @jiajia9linuxer --- ...changed its attitude toward open source.md | 23 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md (76%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md b/published/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md similarity index 76% rename from translated/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md rename to published/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md index 367b6e16e8..4cc490ad1c 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md +++ b/published/20140609 Has Microsoft really changed its attitude toward open source.md @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ 微软因为以前对开源软件的态度而臭名昭著，但是公司改建后对开源软件发出了积极的信号。CNet报道了微软对开源软件认知的行为的改变。 > [CNet][1]消息： -> 微软自助开源软件有一些时间了，那些曾经反对开源软件的领导者们已经退出了或者不在位了。开软软件现在用在遍布全世界的公司当中，这些公司有些自命不凡但这只是在认识到微软帝国之外的事。 +> 虽然微软资助开源软件有一些时间了，并且那些曾经反对开源软件的领导者们已经退出了或者不在位了。开源软件现在用在遍布全世界的公司当中，但这些与微软帝国无关。 > 一些新的想法反映了企业顶层的一些变化，今年二月初Satya Nadella代替鲍尔默成为了微软CEO，Nadella已经给微软带来了一些新的东西改变了微软以前的一些束缚。 > > [更多报道][2] @@ -17,17 +17,17 @@ 我是一个持悲观态度的人，但是我认为微软和开源软件之间的信任关系是有待确定的。一个新的CEO和些许改变或许会改变微软在开源世界中的存在状态，但是对于微软这么大的企业来说改变并不容易，所以对于开源的世界来说微软是否真的改变还有待确定。 -我也从来不会忘记微软“欢迎，扩大，压死”的策略来打翻其他的竞争软件，光这一条凡是微软参合的开源项目就必须多一只谨慎的眼,或许这家公司真的改了，但如果没有呢！我们还是用几年时间来观察下吧。 +我也从来不会忘记微软用“欢迎，扩大，压死”的策略来打翻其他的竞争软件，光这一条凡是微软参合的开源项目就必须瞪大眼睛，或许这家公司真的改了，但如果没有呢！我们还是用几年时间来观察下吧。 ### 安卓对抗windows ### -ZDNet曾经报道过使用数量最多的Linux发行版本，但是现在桌面环境仍然是windows的天下，但是安卓今年很可能会是用户数量最大的用户终端操作系统。 +ZDNet曾经报道过使用数量最多的Linux发行版本，不过现在桌面环境仍然是windows的天下，但是安卓今年很可能会是用户数量最大的用户终端操作系统。 > [ZDNet][4]报道: > -> 如果桌面和平板依旧像预期增长的销量，安卓平板渐渐蚕食苹果的市场，PC市场继续萎缩，安卓在2014年末很有可能成为终端用户数量最多的操作系统而且不算安卓PC。 +> 如果桌面和平板依旧像预期增长的销量，安卓平板渐渐蚕食苹果的市场，PC市场继续萎缩，安卓在2014年末很有可能成为终端用户数量最多的操作系统，而且不算安卓PC。 > -> 总而言之，安卓几乎统治了Linux终端用户。你可能不会想到它作为桌面使用，尽管Intel和AMD努力在让它变成现实，但是安卓正在变成使用量第一的终端操作系统。 +> 总而言之，安卓几乎统治了Linux终端用户。你可能不会想把它作为桌面使用，尽管Intel和AMD努力在让它变成现实，但是安卓正在变成使用量第一的终端操作系统。 > > [更多消息][4] @@ -37,18 +37,17 @@ ZDNet曾经报道过使用数量最多的Linux发行版本，但是现在桌面 上面提到的并不算真的惊喜，移动终端的革命发展了接近10年了。桌面依然还像原来那样重要，微软也确实没有真正的在乎过移动设备。即使现在，微软在艰难的推他的手机和平板，他仍旧认为移动终端市场并不重要。 - 谷歌严重的破坏了微软在移动领域的努力，而现在他在桌面市场又对微软发起了挑战。从chrome OS到安卓，谷歌给微软一连串的打击，如果你查看下Amazon最受欢迎的[台式机][5]和[笔记本][6]的话，你会看到很多chrome OS的电脑甚至是装有安卓的PC。所以人们的购买需求在变得多样化，并不局限在windows一家了。 ### Cinnamon和Unity在Ubuntu14.04上的对抗 ### -Tech Republic发表了一篇文章介绍了如何在Ubuntu14.04上安装cinnamon，研究了一下Ubuntu14.04上用cinnamon替换unity的可行性。 +Tech Republic发表了一篇文章介绍了如何在Ubuntu14.04上安装Cinnamon，研究了一下Ubuntu14.04上用Cinnamon替换unity的可行性。 > [Tech Republic][7]报道: > -> 如果你寻求性能为主不需要其他有特色的可自定义的桌面，cinnamon适合你。Cinnamon是一个直观简洁的桌面，任何人都可以使用，不论你是IT工作者还是你的老妈妈。它非常的简单易用。Cinnamon很平淡，不会和你开什么玩笑，也不会让你感到有惊奇的感觉，但这就是它所注重的。它只会给桌面带来在标准层面上带来实用性，它不求突破，不耍花招，不加条条框框。 +> 如果你寻求性能为主不需要其他有特色的可自定义的桌面，Cinnamon适合你。Cinnamon是一个直观简洁的桌面，任何人都可以使用，不论你是IT工作者还是你的老妈妈。它非常的简单易用。Cinnamon很平淡，不会和你开什么玩笑，也不会让你感到有惊奇的感觉，但这就是它所注重的。它只会给桌面带来在标准层面上带来实用性，它不求突破，不耍花招，不加条条框框。 > -> Cinnamon是一个很平凡的桌面它只集成了最好的功能并且把它们集成到一起，完美整合到一块。如果你可以用一个看起来和用起来都点老掉牙但是性能很好的桌面的话，cinnamon完全适合你。如果你喜欢各种花哨的界面和看起来很现代的感觉，cinnamon可能就不适合你了。 +> Cinnamon是一个很平凡的桌面，它只集成了最好的功能并且把它们集成到一起，完美整合到一块。如果你可以用一个看起来和用起来都点老掉牙，但是性能很好的桌面的话，Cinnamon完全适合你。如果你喜欢各种花哨的界面和看起来很现代的感觉，Cinnamon可能就不适合你了。 > [ 更多消息][7] > @@ -56,9 +55,9 @@ Tech Republic发表了一篇文章介绍了如何在Ubuntu14.04上安装cinnamon > > Image credit: [Tech Republic][7] -我是站在cinnamon这边的,unity有自己的长处，但是我从来没用习惯过。Cinnamon更接近传统桌面，我用起来不错！ +我是站在Cinnamon这边的，Unity有自己的长处，但是我从来没用习惯过。Cinnamon更接近传统桌面，我用起来不错！ -但是在别人眼里，漂亮的桌面总是很受欢迎。Linux最大的特色就是提供很多很多不同的选择，如果你真不知道unity和cinnamon该选择谁，你就用自己最喜欢的就行了。 +但是在别人眼里，漂亮的桌面总是很受欢迎。Linux最大的特色就是提供很多很多不同的选择，如果你真不知道Unity和Cinnamon该选择谁，你就用自己最喜欢的就行了。 你赞成那些呢？请在下方留下你的评论吧 @@ -69,7 +68,7 @@ Tech Republic发表了一篇文章介绍了如何在Ubuntu14.04上安装cinnamon via: http://www.itworld.com/open-source/421894/has-microsoft-really-changed-its-attitude-toward-open-source -译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From fbdd84d9252c52dfac4c3e921976460cc05fbf08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cvsher <478990879@qq.com> Date: Wed, 9 Jul 2014 23:05:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 520/713] Update 20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md --- sources/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md b/sources/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md index 088fa93182..118ad77d6e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +cvsher 翻译中 Command Line Tuesdays – Part Four ================================================================================ Heya there geekos! New week, new adventure! @@ -76,4 +77,4 @@ via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/08/command-line-tuesdays-part-four/ 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e698e8513ef365814a11cc5ebe0e976f916d633e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Alisa-annie Date: Thu, 10 Jul 2014 11:34:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 521/713] Update 20140702 The People Who Support Linux--Hacking on Linux Since Age 16.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译中 --- ... People Who Support Linux--Hacking on Linux Since Age 16.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140702 The People Who Support Linux--Hacking on Linux Since Age 16.md b/sources/talk/20140702 The People Who Support Linux--Hacking on Linux Since Age 16.md index 4e31ccf734..e29f2e03fe 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140702 The People Who Support Linux--Hacking on Linux Since Age 16.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140702 The People Who Support Linux--Hacking on Linux Since Age 16.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by Alisa-annie The People Who Support Linux: Hacking on Linux Since Age 16 ================================================================================ ![](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/Yitao-Li.png) @@ -43,4 +44,4 @@ via: http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/200-libby-clark/778559-the-people- [1]:https://github.com/yl790 [2]:http://linuxfromscratch.org/ [3]:https://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/join/individual -[4]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/41373/catid/200-libby-clark \ No newline at end of file +[4]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/41373/catid/200-libby-clark From da029b3b589aeba8fca1e06d8081f28077cb2a09 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bookjoy Date: Thu, 10 Jul 2014 11:47:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 522/713] finish translating --- ...ndroid File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md | 52 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md b/sources/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md index fee0c778d0..3d70d12de6 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md +++ b/sources/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md @@ -1,49 +1,45 @@ -BOOKJOY IS TRANSLATING...... -KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation -KDE连接 +KDE Connect增加安卓文件发送、触摸板模拟 ================================================================================ -**A new version of KDE Connect for Android that adds a number of new features has been released.** +**安卓版KDE Connect增加了很多已经发布的新特性** -![KDE Connect can now share files between desktop and mobile](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/kde-connect-share-feature.jpg) -KDE Connect can now share files between desktop and mobile +![如今的KDE Connect 能在桌面和手机之间共享文件](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/kde-connect-share-feature.jpg) +如今的KDE Connect 能在桌面和手机之间共享文 -KDE Connect for Android and the Plasma desktop now allow the touchscreen of a connected device to be used as a touchpad for your computer. +如今的安卓版本KDE和Plasma Desktop允许已经连接（到电脑的）设备的触屏作为你电脑的触摸板使用KDE Connect for Android and the Plasma desktop(注：Plasma 工作空间是KDE项目提供的所有图形环境总称。目前有三个Plasma子项目：Plasma Desktop用于传统的桌面电脑和笔记本电脑、Plasma Netbook用于上网本，以及Plasma Active用于平板电脑。) -This additional wireless input device will act just like a basic mouse, though doesn’t (yet) support multitouch features like two finger scrolling or right-clicking. +另一个无线输入设备作为鼠标使用，但仍然不支持像两个手指划动或右击这样的多点触摸This additional wireless input device will act just like a basic mouse, though doesn’t (yet) support multitouch features like two finger scrolling or right-clicking. -Android’s share intent now supports KDE Connect, allowing you to send files from Android to your desktop and vice versa using a menu entry in the Dolphin file manager or by pushing files using a new command line option. +安卓的共享intent现在支持KED Connect，允许你通过Dolphin文件管理的菜单或者用命令项推送文件的方式，从安卓发送文件到桌面，反之亦然。 -Similar features for [iOS 8 and OS X Yosemite][1] and [Android ‘L’ and Chrome OS][2] are planned to debut this fall. +[iOS 8 and OS X Yosemite][1] and [Android ‘L’ and Chrome OS][2]的类似特征，计划在这个秋天首次亮相。 -The updated version also fixes a number of bugs and includes numerous improvements, including support for FreeBSD systems. +更新的版本修复了很多的漏洞，包括很多的改进和对FreeBSD系统的支持。 -Full Feature List: +全部特征如下： +- 共享文件到/从安卓和KDE +- 触摸板模拟 +- 在桌面接收来自安卓的通知 +- 共享剪切板支持phone手机和PC之间的拷贝、粘贴 +- 供选择桌面媒体播放器用的多媒体远程控制 +- WI-FI连接共享 +- RSA加密 -- Share files to/from Android and KDE -- Touchpad emulation -- Receive notifications from Android 4.3+ on desktop -- Shared clipboard supports copy and paste between phone and PC -- Multimedia remote control for select desktop media players (MPRIS) -- Battery status -- Wi-Fi connection sharing -- RSA Encryption +### KDE Connect 0.7版下载 ### -### Download KDE Connect 0.7 ### +从Google Play和F-Droid商店可以免费下载到KDE Connect Android的应用程序。 -The KDE Connect Android application is free to download from the Google Play and F-Droid stores. +- [ 从Google Play下载KDE Connect][3] -- [Download KDE Connect from Google Play][3] +为了能用到这些最新特征，你需要安装Plasma的最新版本KDE Connect（0.7版）。撰写本文时,还没有提供deb安装包和PPA源。不过可以在Kubuntu 14.04 LTS上通过安装源码来安装，或用以下介绍方式[戳这里][4]。 -To make use of the newest features you will also need to install the latest version of KDE Connect (version 0.7) for Plasma. As of writing this is not yet available as a .deb installer or through a PPA. It can, however, be installed from source on Kubuntu 14.04 LTS and above by following the instructions [provided here][4]. - -- [Download KDE Connect 0.7 Source][5] +- [下载KDE Connect 0.7源代码][5] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/kde-connect-android-notifications-linux-desktop +点击: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/kde-connect-android-notifications-linux-desktop -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[bookjoy](https://github.com/bookjoy) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9c7dcbeb3fa4942d544e95acf99fd8a8cd30cd15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jack Nie Date: Thu, 10 Jul 2014 19:37:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 523/713] nd0104 is translating nd0104 is translating --- ...r authentication for SSH login on Linux.md | 1 + ...thentication for SSH login on Linux.md.bak | 110 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 111 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md.bak diff --git a/sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md index 705bf92a3c..6839ec6a14 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +nd0104 is translating How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux ================================================================================ With many high-profile password leaks nowadays, there is a lot of buzz in the industry on "multi-factor" authentication. In a multi-factor authentication system, users are required to go through two distinct authentication procedures: providing something they know (e.g., username/password), and leveraging something they have "physical" access to (e.g., one-time passcode generated by their mobile phone). This scheme is also commonly known as two-factor authentication or two-step verification. diff --git a/sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md.bak b/sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md.bak new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..705bf92a3c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md.bak @@ -0,0 +1,110 @@ +How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux +================================================================================ +With many high-profile password leaks nowadays, there is a lot of buzz in the industry on "multi-factor" authentication. In a multi-factor authentication system, users are required to go through two distinct authentication procedures: providing something they know (e.g., username/password), and leveraging something they have "physical" access to (e.g., one-time passcode generated by their mobile phone). This scheme is also commonly known as two-factor authentication or two-step verification. + +To encourage the wide adoption of two-factor authentication, Google released [Google Authenticator][1], an open-source application that can generate one-time passcode based on open standards (e.g., HMAP/time-based). It is available on multiple platforms including Linux, [Android][2], [iOS][3]. Google also offers a pluggable authentication module (PAM) for Google Authenticator, allowing it to be integrated with other PAM-enabled applications such as OpenSSH. + +In this tutorial, I will describe **how to set up two-factor authentication for an SSH server** by integrating Google Authenticator with OpenSSH. I am going to use a [Android][4] device to generate one-time passcode. In this tutorial, you will need two things: (1) a Linux host where OpenSSH server is running, and (2) an Android device. + +### Install Google Authenticator on Linux ### + +The first step is to install Google Authenticator on the Linux host where OpenSSH server is running. Follow [this guide][5] to install Google Authenticator and its PAM module on your system. + +Once Google Authenticator is ready, you need to go through one-time configuration which involves creating an authentication key from this Linux host, and registering it with an Android device. This will be explained next. + +### Generate an Authentication Key ### + +To start, simply run Google Authenticator on the Linux server host. + + $ google-authenticator + +You will see a QR code, as well as a secret key underneath it. The displayed QR code simply represents the numeric secret key. You will need either information to finalize configuration with an Android device. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3843/14573264401_d3f5a2f247_z.jpg) +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3848/14390010599_18dfc23d76_z.jpg) + +Google Authenticator will ask you several questions. If you are not sure, you an answer "Yes" to all questions. The emergency scratch codes can be used to regain access to the SSH server in case you lose your Android device, and so cannot generate one-time passcode. So it's better to write them down somewhere. + +### Run Google Authenticator on Android ### + +As we are going to use an Android device for two-factor authentication, you will need to install [Google Authenticator app][6] on Android. Go to Google Play to install it on Android. + +When you start Google Authenticator on Android, you will see the following configuration menu. + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5574/14554094476_bfc070d242_z.jpg) + +You can choose either "Scan a barcode" or "Enter provided key" option. The first option allows you to enter the security key, simply by scanning the generated QR code. In this case, you will need to install [Barcode Scanner app][7] first. If you choose the second option, you can type the security key using Android keyboard as follows. + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5535/14596723603_d510dbe48d_z.jpg) + +Once you register a secret key either way, you will see the following screen on Android. + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5586/14390009579_5ba109bf5b_z.jpg) + +### Enable Google Authenticator on SSH Server ### + +The final step is to integrate Google Authenticator with OpenSSH server. For that, you need to edit two files. + +First, edit a PAM configuration file, and append the line below. + + $ sudo vi /etc/pam.d/sshd + +---------- + + auth required pam_google_authenticator.so + +Then open an SSH server config file, search for ChallengeResponseAuthentication, and enable it. + + $ sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config + +---------- + +ChallengeResponseAuthentication yes + +Finally, restart SSH server. + +On Ubuntu, Debian or Linux Mint: + + $ sudo service ssh restart + +On Fedora: + + $ sudo systemctl restart sshd + +On CentOS or RHEL: + + $ sudo service sshd restart + +### Test Two-factor Authentication ### + +Here is how you use two-factor authentication for SSH logins. + +Run Google Authenticator app on Android to obtain one-time verification code. Once generated, a given passcode is valid for 30 seconds. Once it expires, Google Authenticator will automatically generate a new one. + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2937/14389989618_d9355dcbb2_z.jpg) + +Now log in to the SSH server as you normally do. + + $ ssh user@ssh_server + +When you are asked to enter "Verification code", type in the verification code generated by Android. After successful verification, then you can type in your SSH login password. + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2938/14389952480_93351f12a4_z.jpg) + +To conclude, two-factor authentication can be an effective means to secure password authentication by adding an extra layer of protection. You can use Google Authenticator to secure other logins such as Google account, WordPress.com, Dropbox.com, Outlook.com, etc. Whether you decide to use it or not, it's up to you, but there is a clear industry trend towards the adoption of two-factor authentication. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/two-factor-authentication-ssh-login-linux.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://code.google.com/p/google-authenticator/ +[2]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2 +[3]:https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/google-authenticator/id388497605 +[4]:http://xmodulo.com/go/android_guide +[5]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-google-authenticator-linux.html +[6]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2 +[7]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.zxing.client.android \ No newline at end of file From 1db977357f7f60e81722cb34da43d620caceb20e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jack Nie Date: Thu, 10 Jul 2014 19:41:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 524/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=BF=BD=E7=95=A5.bak?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 忽略.bak --- .gitignore | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore index fdb6fb3f02..5786eaea13 100644 --- a/.gitignore +++ b/.gitignore @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ *.md~ members.md *.html +*.bak From 73b6e3e4f476bb36912b99a2af99a96f1123bf43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jack Nie Date: Thu, 10 Jul 2014 19:41:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 525/713] delete .bak delete .bak --- ...thentication for SSH login on Linux.md.bak | 110 ------------------ 1 file changed, 110 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md.bak diff --git a/sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md.bak b/sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md.bak deleted file mode 100644 index 705bf92a3c..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md.bak +++ /dev/null @@ -1,110 +0,0 @@ -How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux -================================================================================ -With many high-profile password leaks nowadays, there is a lot of buzz in the industry on "multi-factor" authentication. In a multi-factor authentication system, users are required to go through two distinct authentication procedures: providing something they know (e.g., username/password), and leveraging something they have "physical" access to (e.g., one-time passcode generated by their mobile phone). This scheme is also commonly known as two-factor authentication or two-step verification. - -To encourage the wide adoption of two-factor authentication, Google released [Google Authenticator][1], an open-source application that can generate one-time passcode based on open standards (e.g., HMAP/time-based). It is available on multiple platforms including Linux, [Android][2], [iOS][3]. Google also offers a pluggable authentication module (PAM) for Google Authenticator, allowing it to be integrated with other PAM-enabled applications such as OpenSSH. - -In this tutorial, I will describe **how to set up two-factor authentication for an SSH server** by integrating Google Authenticator with OpenSSH. I am going to use a [Android][4] device to generate one-time passcode. In this tutorial, you will need two things: (1) a Linux host where OpenSSH server is running, and (2) an Android device. - -### Install Google Authenticator on Linux ### - -The first step is to install Google Authenticator on the Linux host where OpenSSH server is running. Follow [this guide][5] to install Google Authenticator and its PAM module on your system. - -Once Google Authenticator is ready, you need to go through one-time configuration which involves creating an authentication key from this Linux host, and registering it with an Android device. This will be explained next. - -### Generate an Authentication Key ### - -To start, simply run Google Authenticator on the Linux server host. - - $ google-authenticator - -You will see a QR code, as well as a secret key underneath it. The displayed QR code simply represents the numeric secret key. You will need either information to finalize configuration with an Android device. - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3843/14573264401_d3f5a2f247_z.jpg) -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3848/14390010599_18dfc23d76_z.jpg) - -Google Authenticator will ask you several questions. If you are not sure, you an answer "Yes" to all questions. The emergency scratch codes can be used to regain access to the SSH server in case you lose your Android device, and so cannot generate one-time passcode. So it's better to write them down somewhere. - -### Run Google Authenticator on Android ### - -As we are going to use an Android device for two-factor authentication, you will need to install [Google Authenticator app][6] on Android. Go to Google Play to install it on Android. - -When you start Google Authenticator on Android, you will see the following configuration menu. - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5574/14554094476_bfc070d242_z.jpg) - -You can choose either "Scan a barcode" or "Enter provided key" option. The first option allows you to enter the security key, simply by scanning the generated QR code. In this case, you will need to install [Barcode Scanner app][7] first. If you choose the second option, you can type the security key using Android keyboard as follows. - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5535/14596723603_d510dbe48d_z.jpg) - -Once you register a secret key either way, you will see the following screen on Android. - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5586/14390009579_5ba109bf5b_z.jpg) - -### Enable Google Authenticator on SSH Server ### - -The final step is to integrate Google Authenticator with OpenSSH server. For that, you need to edit two files. - -First, edit a PAM configuration file, and append the line below. - - $ sudo vi /etc/pam.d/sshd - ----------- - - auth required pam_google_authenticator.so - -Then open an SSH server config file, search for ChallengeResponseAuthentication, and enable it. - - $ sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config - ----------- - -ChallengeResponseAuthentication yes - -Finally, restart SSH server. - -On Ubuntu, Debian or Linux Mint: - - $ sudo service ssh restart - -On Fedora: - - $ sudo systemctl restart sshd - -On CentOS or RHEL: - - $ sudo service sshd restart - -### Test Two-factor Authentication ### - -Here is how you use two-factor authentication for SSH logins. - -Run Google Authenticator app on Android to obtain one-time verification code. Once generated, a given passcode is valid for 30 seconds. Once it expires, Google Authenticator will automatically generate a new one. - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2937/14389989618_d9355dcbb2_z.jpg) - -Now log in to the SSH server as you normally do. - - $ ssh user@ssh_server - -When you are asked to enter "Verification code", type in the verification code generated by Android. After successful verification, then you can type in your SSH login password. - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2938/14389952480_93351f12a4_z.jpg) - -To conclude, two-factor authentication can be an effective means to secure password authentication by adding an extra layer of protection. You can use Google Authenticator to secure other logins such as Google account, WordPress.com, Dropbox.com, Outlook.com, etc. Whether you decide to use it or not, it's up to you, but there is a clear industry trend towards the adoption of two-factor authentication. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/two-factor-authentication-ssh-login-linux.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://code.google.com/p/google-authenticator/ -[2]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2 -[3]:https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/google-authenticator/id388497605 -[4]:http://xmodulo.com/go/android_guide -[5]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-google-authenticator-linux.html -[6]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2 -[7]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.zxing.client.android \ No newline at end of file From 35e9c71fb06922de1a5fd0f4205a96a136d8acb9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cvsher <478990879@qq.com> Date: Thu, 10 Jul 2014 20:52:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 526/713] Delete 20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完成，删除原文件 --- ...140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md | 79 ------------------- 1 file changed, 79 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md b/sources/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md deleted file mode 100644 index 088fa93182..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,79 +0,0 @@ -Command Line Tuesdays – Part Four -================================================================================ -Heya there geekos! New week, new adventure! - -Today, we’ll learn how to manipulate files using four fairly simple commands. So let’s begin! - -Before we start with the commands themselves, let’s take a quick stop at a section called… - -### …wildcards: ### - -Copying, pasting files, creating directories etc. is probably easier using graphical tools, but, if you’d like to perform more complicated tasks, like copying only .html files from one folder to another, and only copying files that don’t exist in the destination directory, CLI just might come in handy. So, to get back to wildcards, it’s basically a shell feature, a set of special characters, that helps you pick out a set of files based on some simple rules (which characters appear in a file name, how many characters, upper/lower case characters etc.). Here’s the table (click to enlarge): - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-125946.png) - -And here are a few examples mr Shotts posted in a table of usage also click to enlarge: - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-125959.png) - -If you use a command with an argument containing a filename, you can use wildcards with no problem. - -### cp ### - -cp is used to copy files or directories. You can use it pretty easily: navigate to the folder you’d like to copy the files from and to, and simply do - -`cp file1 file2` – to copy single files, - -or - -`cp file1 file2 … directory` – to copy files from your current working directory to the directory specified. Here’s mr Shotts’ table with numerous options: - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-134248.png) - -### mv ### - -mv is the second command of the day. We can use mv to rename a file or directory, or to move a file or directory. We can use it this way: - -`mv filename1 filename2` – if we want to rename filename1 to filename2 - -or - -`mv file directory` – if we want to move file to directory. - -Here’s a table of few examples of mv with options used with it: - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-133515.png) - -### rm ### - -The rm command removes/deletes files and directories. Usage is pretty straightforward: - - rm file - -or - - rm -r directory - -And here’s also a table with some additional options: - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-133529.png) - -But, do be careful when using rm as there is no undelete option, so be extra careful not to inflict unwanted damage to your system! - -### mkdir ### - -mkdir is used for creating directories. It’s the most simple command of the day. Simply: - - mkdir directory - -Voila, directory created! - -So this is it for this week, geekos. Hope to see you next tuesday! All the best and kind regards, - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/08/command-line-tuesdays-part-four/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From cabf881ae0cd4c7ff4e85af722706daf5828444c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cvsher <478990879@qq.com> Date: Thu, 10 Jul 2014 20:55:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 527/713] Create 20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完成，提交译稿。 --- ...140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md | 67 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 67 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md b/translated/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e692915937 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +#命令行星期二-第四部分# +-------------------------------------------------------- + +大家好。新的一周，新的冒险！ + +今天，我们将会学习使用四个相当简单的命令去操作文件。好，废话少说，我们开始吧。 + +在开始学习这些命令之前，我们先稍微说些题外话，讲讲“通配符”的用处。 + +###通配符### + +使用图形工具区复制、粘贴、新建目录等操作也许很容易，但是若想完成一些更复杂的任务，例如仅仅将一个目录下的所有.html文件复制到另一个目录中、或者只复制在某个目录中不存在的文件，这时命令行也许会比较方便。我们回到通配符的学习中，通配符是shell的基本功能，它是一个由一些特殊字符组成的集合，它让你可以用一些简单的规则来选择出某些文件。（通配符可以出现在文件名中，用于指定文件名的字符个数和字母的大/小写等规则）。 +如下表（点击放大）： + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-125946.png) + +下面是mr Shotts给出的一些实例，如下表：（点击放大） + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-125959.png) + +如果你使用一个包含文件名参数的命令，你就可以使用通配符。 + +###cp### +cp是一个用于复制文件或者目录的命令，它的用法相当的简单。进入到你想复制的文件所在的目录，然后使用如下命令 + ·cp file1 file2· -复制一个文件 +或者 + ·cp file1 file2 ... directory· -从当前工作目录复制多个文件到指定的目录。 + +下表是mr Shotts给出的cp命令的一些选项： + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-134248.png) + +###mv### +mv是今天的第二个命令，我们可以使用mv来重命名一个文件或目录，或者移动一个文件或目录。我们可以这样使用mv命令。 + ·mv filename1 filename2· -若想将文件filename1重命名为filename2。 +或者 + ·mv file directory· -若想将一个文件移动到某个目录。 + +下表是一些mv命令的实例 + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-133515.png) + +###rm### +rm命令是用于删除文件或目录，它的用法比较直接，如下： + rm file +或者 + rm -r driectory + +这里也有一个包含rm其他选项的表 + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-133529.png) + +但是，使用rm命令时要小心点。因为并没有撤销删除的选项，因此使用rm命令式要格外的小心，避免对你的系统造成不必要的破坏。 + +###mkdir### +mkdir是用于创建目录.它是今天最简单的一个命令： + mkdir directory +看，目录成功创建了！ + +这是本周的内容，下周二再见，致以最真诚的问候！ + +------------------------------------------------------------------------- +via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/08/command-line-tuesdays-part-four/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From aa329cac6af76589a3b6728f34be49fcf5441f0f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cvsher <478990879@qq.com> Date: Thu, 10 Jul 2014 21:02:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 528/713] Update 20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 调整一些显示的细节 --- ...140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md | 25 +++++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md b/translated/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md index e692915937..5362df3738 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md @@ -22,9 +22,12 @@ ###cp### cp是一个用于复制文件或者目录的命令，它的用法相当的简单。进入到你想复制的文件所在的目录，然后使用如下命令 - ·cp file1 file2· -复制一个文件 + +`cp file1 file2` -复制一个文件 + 或者 - ·cp file1 file2 ... directory· -从当前工作目录复制多个文件到指定的目录。 + +`cp file1 file2 ... directory` -从当前工作目录复制多个文件到指定的目录。 下表是mr Shotts给出的cp命令的一些选项： @@ -32,9 +35,12 @@ cp是一个用于复制文件或者目录的命令，它的用法相当的简单 ###mv### mv是今天的第二个命令，我们可以使用mv来重命名一个文件或目录，或者移动一个文件或目录。我们可以这样使用mv命令。 - ·mv filename1 filename2· -若想将文件filename1重命名为filename2。 + +`mv filename1 filename2` -若想将文件filename1重命名为filename2。 + 或者 - ·mv file directory· -若想将一个文件移动到某个目录。 + +`mv file directory` -若想将一个文件移动到某个目录。 下表是一些mv命令的实例 @@ -42,9 +48,12 @@ mv是今天的第二个命令，我们可以使用mv来重命名一个文件或 ###rm### rm命令是用于删除文件或目录，它的用法比较直接，如下： - rm file + +`rm file` + 或者 - rm -r driectory + +`rm -r driectory` 这里也有一个包含rm其他选项的表 @@ -54,7 +63,9 @@ rm命令是用于删除文件或目录，它的用法比较直接，如下： ###mkdir### mkdir是用于创建目录.它是今天最简单的一个命令： - mkdir directory + +`mkdir directory` + 看，目录成功创建了！ 这是本周的内容，下周二再见，致以最真诚的问候！ From d7fc2dbd9f70c783b5d316fa9dba2a4e314a9598 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jack Nie Date: Thu, 10 Jul 2014 21:38:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 529/713] Finish translate file: 20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux --- ...r authentication for SSH login on Linux.md | 111 ------------------ ...r authentication for SSH login on Linux.md | 90 ++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 90 insertions(+), 111 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6839ec6a14..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,111 +0,0 @@ -nd0104 is translating -How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux -================================================================================ -With many high-profile password leaks nowadays, there is a lot of buzz in the industry on "multi-factor" authentication. In a multi-factor authentication system, users are required to go through two distinct authentication procedures: providing something they know (e.g., username/password), and leveraging something they have "physical" access to (e.g., one-time passcode generated by their mobile phone). This scheme is also commonly known as two-factor authentication or two-step verification. - -To encourage the wide adoption of two-factor authentication, Google released [Google Authenticator][1], an open-source application that can generate one-time passcode based on open standards (e.g., HMAP/time-based). It is available on multiple platforms including Linux, [Android][2], [iOS][3]. Google also offers a pluggable authentication module (PAM) for Google Authenticator, allowing it to be integrated with other PAM-enabled applications such as OpenSSH. - -In this tutorial, I will describe **how to set up two-factor authentication for an SSH server** by integrating Google Authenticator with OpenSSH. I am going to use a [Android][4] device to generate one-time passcode. In this tutorial, you will need two things: (1) a Linux host where OpenSSH server is running, and (2) an Android device. - -### Install Google Authenticator on Linux ### - -The first step is to install Google Authenticator on the Linux host where OpenSSH server is running. Follow [this guide][5] to install Google Authenticator and its PAM module on your system. - -Once Google Authenticator is ready, you need to go through one-time configuration which involves creating an authentication key from this Linux host, and registering it with an Android device. This will be explained next. - -### Generate an Authentication Key ### - -To start, simply run Google Authenticator on the Linux server host. - - $ google-authenticator - -You will see a QR code, as well as a secret key underneath it. The displayed QR code simply represents the numeric secret key. You will need either information to finalize configuration with an Android device. - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3843/14573264401_d3f5a2f247_z.jpg) -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3848/14390010599_18dfc23d76_z.jpg) - -Google Authenticator will ask you several questions. If you are not sure, you an answer "Yes" to all questions. The emergency scratch codes can be used to regain access to the SSH server in case you lose your Android device, and so cannot generate one-time passcode. So it's better to write them down somewhere. - -### Run Google Authenticator on Android ### - -As we are going to use an Android device for two-factor authentication, you will need to install [Google Authenticator app][6] on Android. Go to Google Play to install it on Android. - -When you start Google Authenticator on Android, you will see the following configuration menu. - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5574/14554094476_bfc070d242_z.jpg) - -You can choose either "Scan a barcode" or "Enter provided key" option. The first option allows you to enter the security key, simply by scanning the generated QR code. In this case, you will need to install [Barcode Scanner app][7] first. If you choose the second option, you can type the security key using Android keyboard as follows. - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5535/14596723603_d510dbe48d_z.jpg) - -Once you register a secret key either way, you will see the following screen on Android. - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5586/14390009579_5ba109bf5b_z.jpg) - -### Enable Google Authenticator on SSH Server ### - -The final step is to integrate Google Authenticator with OpenSSH server. For that, you need to edit two files. - -First, edit a PAM configuration file, and append the line below. - - $ sudo vi /etc/pam.d/sshd - ----------- - - auth required pam_google_authenticator.so - -Then open an SSH server config file, search for ChallengeResponseAuthentication, and enable it. - - $ sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config - ----------- - -ChallengeResponseAuthentication yes - -Finally, restart SSH server. - -On Ubuntu, Debian or Linux Mint: - - $ sudo service ssh restart - -On Fedora: - - $ sudo systemctl restart sshd - -On CentOS or RHEL: - - $ sudo service sshd restart - -### Test Two-factor Authentication ### - -Here is how you use two-factor authentication for SSH logins. - -Run Google Authenticator app on Android to obtain one-time verification code. Once generated, a given passcode is valid for 30 seconds. Once it expires, Google Authenticator will automatically generate a new one. - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2937/14389989618_d9355dcbb2_z.jpg) - -Now log in to the SSH server as you normally do. - - $ ssh user@ssh_server - -When you are asked to enter "Verification code", type in the verification code generated by Android. After successful verification, then you can type in your SSH login password. - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2938/14389952480_93351f12a4_z.jpg) - -To conclude, two-factor authentication can be an effective means to secure password authentication by adding an extra layer of protection. You can use Google Authenticator to secure other logins such as Google account, WordPress.com, Dropbox.com, Outlook.com, etc. Whether you decide to use it or not, it's up to you, but there is a clear industry trend towards the adoption of two-factor authentication. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/two-factor-authentication-ssh-login-linux.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://code.google.com/p/google-authenticator/ -[2]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2 -[3]:https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/google-authenticator/id388497605 -[4]:http://xmodulo.com/go/android_guide -[5]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-google-authenticator-linux.html -[6]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2 -[7]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.zxing.client.android \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..260135c6c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +如何为Linux系统中的SSH添加双重认证 +================================================================================ +近来很多知名企业都出现了密码泄露，业内对多重认证的呼声也越来越高。在这种多重认证的系统中，用户需要通过两种不同的认证程序：提供他们知道的信息（如 用户名/密码），再借助其他工具提供用户所不知道的信息（如 用手机生成的一次性密码）。这种组合方式常叫做双因子认证或者两阶段验证。 +为了鼓励广泛采用双因子认证的方式，Google公司发布了[Google Authenticator][1]，一款开源的，可基于开放规则（如 HMAP/基于时间）生成一次性密码的软件。这是一款跨平台软件，可运行在Linux, [Android][2], [iOS][3]。Google公司同时也支持插件式鉴别模块PAM(pluggable authentication module)，使其能和其他也适用PAM进行验证的工具（如OpenSSH）协同工作。 +在本教程中，我们将叙述集成OpenSSH和Google提供的认证器实现**如何为SSH服务设置双因子认证**。我将使用一款[Android][4]设备来生成一次性密码，本教程中需要两样兵器：(1)一台运行着OpenSSH服务的Linux终端，(2)一台安卓设备。 +### 在Linux系统中安装Google Authenticator ### + +第一步需要在运行着OpenSSH服务的Linux主机上安装Google认证器。按照[安装指南] [5]的步骤安装Google认证器及其PAM模块。 +当Google认证器安装好后，你需要在Linux主机上创建验证密钥，并且在安卓设备上注册，注意这项配置操作是一次性的。我们将详细叙述如何完成这些操作： +### 生成验证密钥 ### + +在Linux主机上运行Google认证器 + $ google-authenticator + +你将看到一个QR码，它使用图形保存了我们数字形态的密钥。一会我们要用到它在安卓设备上完成配置。 +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3843/14573264401_d3f5a2f247_z.jpg) +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3848/14390010599_18dfc23d76_z.jpg) + +Google认证器会问一些问题，如果你不确定，就回答"Yes"。这个应急备用验证码(图中 emergency scratch codes）可以在你丢失被绑定的安卓设备的情况下恢复访问，并且设备也不再生成一次性密码。所以最好将应急备用验证码妥善保存。 +### 在安卓设备上运行Google认证器 ### + +我们需要在安卓设备上安装[Google Authenticator app][6]才能完成双因子认证，到Google Play下载并安装一个。 +在安卓设备上运行Google认证器，找到下图所示中的配置菜单。 +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5574/14554094476_bfc070d242_z.jpg) + +你可以选择"Scan a barcode" 或者"Enter provided key"选项。"Scan a barcode"允许你扫描QR码来完成密钥的输入，在此可能需要先安装扫描软件[Barcode Scanner app][7]。如果选择"Enter provided key"选项，你可以使用键盘输入验证密钥，如下图所示： +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5535/14596723603_d510dbe48d_z.jpg) + +无论采用上述两种选项的任何方式，一旦成功，你将看到注册成功提示和一次性密码，如下图所示： +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5586/14390009579_5ba109bf5b_z.jpg) + +### 为SSH服务器用Google认证器 ### + +最终我们需要修改两个文件来完成集成Google认证器和OpenSSH服务这临门一脚。 +首先，修改PAM配置文件，命令和需添加的内容如下： + $ sudo vi /etc/pam.d/sshd + +---------- + + auth required pam_google_authenticator.so + +然后打开SSH配置文件，找到参数ChallengeResponseAuthentication，并启用它。 + $ sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config + +---------- + +ChallengeResponseAuthentication yes + +Finally, restart SSH server. +最后，重启SSH服务。 +在 Ubuntu, Debian, Linux Mint: + + $ sudo service ssh restart + +在Fedora: + + $ sudo systemctl restart sshd + +在CentOS 或 RHEL: + + $ sudo service sshd restart + +### 验证双因子认证 ### + +在绑定的安卓设备上运行Google认证器，获得一个一次性验证码，该验证码30秒内有效，一旦过期，将重新生成一个新的验证码。 +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2937/14389989618_d9355dcbb2_z.jpg) + +Now log in to the SSH server as you normally do. +现在和往常一样，使用SSH登录终端 + $ ssh user@ssh_server + +当提示你输入验证码的时候，输入我们刚获得的验证码。验证成功后，再输入SSH的登录密码。 +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2938/14389952480_93351f12a4_z.jpg) + +双因子认证通过在用户密码前新增一层来有效的保护我们脆弱的用户密码。你可以使用Google认证器来保护我们其他的密码，如Google账户, WordPress.com, Dropbox.com, Outlook.com等等。是否使用这项技术，取决于我们自己，但采用双因子认证已经是行业的大趋势了。 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/two-factor-authentication-ssh-login-linux.html + +译者：[nd0104](https://github.com/nd0104) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://code.google.com/p/google-authenticator/ +[2]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2 +[3]:https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/google-authenticator/id388497605 +[4]:http://xmodulo.com/go/android_guide +[5]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-google-authenticator-linux.html +[6]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.android.apps.authenticator2 +[7]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.google.zxing.client.android From fbd0142dac954f70db18e2fa9d85348f5e27eb74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jack Nie Date: Thu, 10 Jul 2014 21:49:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 530/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E6=94=B9=E5=87=A0=E4=B8=AA?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E5=9C=B0=E6=96=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 删掉遗留的原文 --- ...t up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md | 6 ++---- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md index 260135c6c8..ac11963fbd 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md @@ -19,8 +19,7 @@ Google认证器会问一些问题，如果你不确定，就回答"Yes"。这个应急备用验证码(图中 emergency scratch codes）可以在你丢失被绑定的安卓设备的情况下恢复访问，并且设备也不再生成一次性密码。所以最好将应急备用验证码妥善保存。 ### 在安卓设备上运行Google认证器 ### -我们需要在安卓设备上安装[Google Authenticator app][6]才能完成双因子认证，到Google Play下载并安装一个。 -在安卓设备上运行Google认证器，找到下图所示中的配置菜单。 +我们需要在安卓设备上安装[Google Authenticator app][6]才能完成双因子认证，到Google Play下载并安装一个。在安卓设备上运行Google认证器，找到下图所示中的配置菜单。 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5574/14554094476_bfc070d242_z.jpg) 你可以选择"Scan a barcode" 或者"Enter provided key"选项。"Scan a barcode"允许你扫描QR码来完成密钥的输入，在此可能需要先安装扫描软件[Barcode Scanner app][7]。如果选择"Enter provided key"选项，你可以使用键盘输入验证密钥，如下图所示： @@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ Google认证器会问一些问题，如果你不确定，就回答"Yes"。这个 ChallengeResponseAuthentication yes -Finally, restart SSH server. + 最后，重启SSH服务。 在 Ubuntu, Debian, Linux Mint: @@ -65,7 +64,6 @@ Finally, restart SSH server. 在绑定的安卓设备上运行Google认证器，获得一个一次性验证码，该验证码30秒内有效，一旦过期，将重新生成一个新的验证码。 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2937/14389989618_d9355dcbb2_z.jpg) -Now log in to the SSH server as you normally do. 现在和往常一样，使用SSH登录终端 $ ssh user@ssh_server From f3edbd0eaff73715f0a2ff9b02f4a531c485602c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 11 Jul 2014 00:33:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 531/713] PUB:20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux @geekpi --- ...How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md | 31 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 18 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md (70%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md b/published/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md similarity index 70% rename from translated/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md rename to published/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md index 7a6528348e..f2b8423e07 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md +++ b/published/20140624 How to sync Microsoft OneDrive on Linux.md @@ -1,18 +1,23 @@ -如何在Linux中同步微软 OneDrive +逝去的纪念：如何在Linux中同步微软 OneDrive ================================================================================ -[OneDrive][1]（以前称为SkyDrive）是微软的一个广受欢迎的云存储产品。目前OneDrive为每一个新注册用户提供7GB免费存储空间。正如你所想，OneDrive与微软其他软件产品很好地集成。微软还提供了一个独立的OneDrive客户端，它会自动备份照相机拍摄的图片和视频到OneDrive。但你猜怎么着。该客户端可用于除Linux的各大PC/移动平台。 “OneDrive在任何设备，任何时间”？嗯，这还不存在。 +【编者注】：本文译文完成之后不久，OneDrive 就成了中国人的昨日黄花了。编者想了想，还是发出来罢，仅以此文纪念我们逝去的这个、那个、以及这些和那些。也许若干年后我们回忆起来，我们曾经有过那么多那些，而当时却挑三拣四，没有珍惜，如果再给我一次机会…… -不要失望。开源社区已经已经拿出了解决方案。 Boilermaker写的[onedrive-d][2]可以完成这项工作。作为监测守护进程运行，onedrive-D可自动将本地文件夹同步到OneDrive云存储。 +--- + +[OneDrive][1]（以前称为SkyDrive）是微软的一个广受欢迎的云存储产品。目前OneDrive为每一个新注册用户提供7GB免费存储空间。正如你所想，OneDrive与微软其他软件产品很好地集成。微软还提供了一个独立的OneDrive客户端，它会自动备份照相机拍摄的图片和视频到OneDrive。但你猜怎么着。该客户端可用于除Linux的各大PC/移动平台。 + +“OneDrive在任何设备，任何时间”？哦，不，这还不行。 + +不过不要失望。开源社区已经已经拿出了解决方案。 Boilermaker写的[onedrive-d][2]可以完成这项工作。作为监测守护进程运行，onedrive-D可自动将本地文件夹同步到OneDrive云存储。 I在本教程中，我将介绍**如何在Linux上使用onedrive-d同步微软OneDrive**。 -### 在linux上onedrive-d ### +### 在linux上安装onedrive-d ### -虽然onedrive-d最初是为Ubuntu/ Debian开发的，但它仍然支持CentOS/ Fedora的/ RHEL。 +虽然onedrive-d最初是为Ubuntu/ Debian开发的，但它仍然支持CentOS/ Fedora/ RHEL。 安装就像输入下面的命令一样容易。 - $ git clone https://github.com/xybu92/onedrive-d.git $ cd onedrive-d $ ./inst install @@ -25,7 +30,7 @@ I在本教程中，我将介绍**如何在Linux上使用onedrive-d同步微软On $ mkdir ~/onedrive -接着运行下面的命令开开启一次性配置。 +接着运行下面的命令开启一次性配置。 $ onedrive-d @@ -49,19 +54,19 @@ I在本教程中，我将介绍**如何在Linux上使用onedrive-d同步微软On 这里有两种方法来使用onedrice-d将本地文件夹与OneDrive存储同步。 -一种是“手动使用命令行来同步OneDrive”。就是当你需要与你的OneDrive账户同步时运行： +一种是“手动使用命令行来同步OneDrive”。就是当你需要与你的OneDrive账户同步时运行如下命令： $ onedrive-d -`onedrive-d`接着将扫描本地文件夹与OneDrive帐户的内容并使两者同步。这意味着要么上传一个在本地文件夹新添加的文件，或者从远程OneDrive帐户下载最新发现的文件。如果你从本地文件夹删除任何文件，相应的文件将自动在与OneDrive帐户同步后被删除。同样的事情也会在相反的方向发生。 +`onedrive-d`接着将扫描本地文件夹与OneDrive帐户的内容并使两者同步。这意味着要么上传一个在本地文件夹新添加的文件，或者从远程OneDrive帐户下载最新发现的文件。如果你从本地文件夹删除任何文件，相应的文件将自动在与OneDrive帐户同步后被删除。反之亦然。 -一旦同步完成，你可以使用Ctrl-C杀掉onedirve-d的前台运行进程。 +一旦同步完成，你可以使用Ctrl-C中断onedirve-d的前台进程。 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5509/14283967750_b9ebf1b05d_z.jpg) -另一种方法是将onedrive-d作为一个始终运行的守护进程在开机时自动启动。在这种情况下，后台守护进程会同时监视本地文件夹和OneDrive账户，以使它们保持同步。对于这一点，只需将onedrive-D加入到你桌面[自动启动程序列表][3]中就行了。 +另一种方法是将onedrive-d作为一个始终运行的守护进程在开机时自动启动。在这种情况下，后台守护进程会同时监视本地文件夹和OneDrive账户，以使它们保持同步。要做到这一点，只需将onedrive-D加入到你桌面的[自动启动程序列表][3]中就行了。 -当onedrive-D作为守护进程在后台运行，你会在桌面状态栏中看到OneDrive图标，如下图所示。每当同步更新被触发，你就会看到一个桌面通知。 +当onedrive-D作为守护进程在后台运行时，你会在桌面状态栏中看到OneDrive图标，如下图所示。每当同步更新被触发，你就会看到一个桌面通知。 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3924/14290119448_3b1144db77.jpg) @@ -71,7 +76,7 @@ I在本教程中，我将介绍**如何在Linux上使用onedrive-d同步微软On via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/sync-microsoft-onedrive-linux.html -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d4f5c29e9e5e5e4a25938a5eb5bdf55b726064f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 11 Jul 2014 01:04:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 532/713] =?UTF-8?q?PUB:20140624=20Top500=20Supercomputer?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Remains=20Stuck=20at=2033.86=20Petaflops=20Each=20s=20-=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @owen-carter --- ... Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s - 翻译.md | 41 ++++++++++++++++ ... Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s - 翻译.md | 48 ------------------- 2 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s - 翻译.md delete mode 100644 translated/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s - 翻译.md diff --git a/published/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s - 翻译.md b/published/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s - 翻译.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6a6808f4d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s - 翻译.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +超算TOP 500的计算性能仍然保持在 33.86 千万亿次/秒 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +天河2号一年以前第一次跳上世界超算舞台，拥有了当时世界上最强计算机的皇冠。当时，天河2号被评测为 33.86 petaflops （千万亿次/秒）。 + +整整一年后天河-2 性能指数仍旧保持不变，它仍然坐在世界上最强超级计算机的头把交椅上。 + +![](http://www.serverwatch.com/imagesvr_ce/7184/icon-titan-r.jpg) + +在 2013 年 6 月时，世界上第二快的超级计算机是安置于美国能源部橡树岭国家实验室的 Cray Titan。一年前，Titan可飙至 17.59 petaflops。Titan的优秀表现，正如同天河-2一样， 到了2014 年 6 月仍然保持住了他的地位。 + +事实上，在最近的一年中，世界上顶尖的前 10 超级计算机的性能排名几乎没有任何改变，至少根据世界超算 500 强名单来看是这样的。 + +如果看看名单底部，在超算排行榜的第500名，是德国Deutcher Wetterdienst 的Cray XC30 ，其性能已经逼近 133.7 teraflops （万亿次/秒）。 + +TOP500 网站[指出][1]，"最新名单上的最后的一个系统其实以前处在20年前世界 500 强排行榜中384位"。"这说明这二十年中列表变化不大。 + + +再次，列表有 85.4%的超级计算机都是英特尔芯片占主导地位的，而 IBM Power 处理器拥有 8%的市场份额。AMD 的占有率目前仅为 6%。 + + +就芯片架构来说，53.6%的超算都使用 8 个或更多核心的CPU， 13.4%的超算则是 10 个或更多的核心的CPU。 + +再来看看网络互联，Infiniband和以太网拆分了整个市场。在 2014 年 6 月名单上，Infiniband占据了系统的 44.4%。 + +相比之下，据报道千兆以太网有 25.4%的市场份额， 万兆以太网拥有 15%，合计占以太网整体份额的 40.4%。 + +惠普和 IBM 再次占领了超级计算供应商的列表。惠普现在占有 36.4%的份额，而 IBM 占有 35.2%。Cray 排名降低，位列第三，占有10.2%的市场份额。 + +虽然在世界前 500 的超级计算机榜单排名里面硬件供应商们，芯片体系架构，核心数量和互联方式竞争激烈，但是在选择操作系统的时候，毫无疑问的是，97%的超算都安装了linux操作系统，即top500超算榜单上的485个超算都安装了linux系统。 + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.serverwatch.com/server-news/top500-supercomputer-remains-stuck-at-33.86-petaflops.html + +译者：[owen-carter](https://github.com/owen-carter) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://top500.org/blog/lists/2014/06/press-release/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s - 翻译.md b/translated/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s - 翻译.md deleted file mode 100644 index 25f2566141..0000000000 --- a/translated/talk/20140624 Top500 Supercomputer Remains Stuck at 33.86 Petaflops Each s - 翻译.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,48 +0,0 @@ -世界 500 强的超级计算机计算性能仍然保持在 33.86 千万亿次/秒 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -天河2号 一年以前第一次跳上世界超算舞台，拥有了当时世界上最强计算机的皇冠。当时，天河2号被评测为每秒 33.86 千万亿次。 - - -满满一年后天河-2 性能指数仍旧保持不变，它仍然坐上了了世界上最强超级计算机的头把交椅。 - - -![](http://www.serverwatch.com/imagesvr_ce/7184/icon-titan-r.jpg) - -截止到 2013 年 6 月号，世界上两个超级计算机都是安置于美国能源部橡树岭国家实验室的是 Cray Titan，。一年前，Titan可飙至 17.59 千万亿次每秒。Titan的优秀表现，正如同天河-2， 在2014 年 6 月，但它仍然保持了他的地位。 - - -事实上，在最近的一年中，世界上顶尖的前 10 超级计算机的性能排名几乎没有任何改变，至少根据世界超算 500 强名单来看是这样的。 - - -如果将名单倒着来看，在超算500强排行榜上，在德国Deutcher Wetterdienst 的Cray XC30 性能已经逼近 133.7 计算机每秒。 - - -TOP500 网站指出，"最新名单上的最新的系统其实以前处在旧的世界 500 强排行榜中384位"。"这代表列表中最少的滚动周期是二十年。 - - -再次，列表有 85.4%的超级计算机都是英特尔芯片占主导地位的，和 IBM 电源和处理器拥有 8%的市场份额。AMD 的占有率目前仅为 6%。 - - -就芯片架构来说，53.6%的超算都拥有 8 个或更多核心， 13.4%的超算有 10 个或更多的核心。 - -再来看看网络连接，无限宽带和以太网拆分了整个市场。在 2014 年 6 月名单上，无限宽带占据了系统的 44.4%。 - - -相比之下，据报道千兆位以太网有 25.4%的市场份额， 10千兆位以太网拥有 15%，为以太网整体份额的 40.4%。 - - -惠普和 IBM 再次占领了超级计算供应商的列表。惠普现在持有 36.4%的份额，而 IBM 持有 35.2%。Cray 压低了排名第三，10.2%的市场份额。 - - -尽管有着竞争激烈的的供应商们，芯片体系架构，核心数量和互联方式等重要因素在世界前 500 的超级计算机榜单排名时扮演着重要的角色，但是在选择操作系统的时候，毫无疑问的是，97%的超算都安装了linux操作系统，即top500超算榜单上的485个超算都安装了linux系统。 - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.serverwatch.com/server-news/top500-supercomputer-remains-stuck-at-33.86-petaflops.html - -译者：[owen-carter](https://github.com/owen-carter) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 0eb3d3967424b982bbb6af966cbb403a8db02f0c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jack Nie Date: Fri, 11 Jul 2014 10:26:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 533/713] nd0104 is translating 20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing --- ...w Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md b/sources/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md index 7a5e397b9c..1a2a5c1c3a 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md +++ b/sources/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +nd0104 is translating New Linux Podcast App ‘Vocal’ Hits Beta, Ready for Testing ================================================================================ **Back in April we found ourselves enamoured by a promising new [podcast app for Ubuntu called ‘Vocal‘][1]. Well, the app has since gone from being a stylish mockup to real working code — and you can help test it.** @@ -30,4 +31,4 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/linux-podcast-app-vocal-hits-preview-kic [1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/vocal-podcast-manager-linux [2]:http://nathandyer.me/2014/06/28/vocal-beta-released-daily-ppa-available/ [3]:https://launchpad.net/~nathandyer/+archive/vocal-daily -[4]:https://launchpad.net/vocal \ No newline at end of file +[4]:https://launchpad.net/vocal From 53a6c7907dc3e11654fec287b66424f44f930d15 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 11 Jul 2014 11:20:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 534/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=B8=85=E9=99=A4=E8=BF=87=E6=9C=9F?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...d Certification Plan, and Teams with HP.md | 34 ------------------- ... Improv Tablet Projects Officially Axed.md | 31 ----------------- ...ndroid File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md | 0 3 files changed, 65 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140701 Red Hat Delivers Cloud Certification Plan, and Teams with HP.md delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140702 KDE Improv Tablet Projects Officially Axed.md rename {sources => translated}/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/news/20140701 Red Hat Delivers Cloud Certification Plan, and Teams with HP.md b/sources/news/20140701 Red Hat Delivers Cloud Certification Plan, and Teams with HP.md deleted file mode 100644 index d2bb05fb5a..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140701 Red Hat Delivers Cloud Certification Plan, and Teams with HP.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,34 +0,0 @@ -Red Hat Delivers Cloud Certification Plan, and Teams with HP -================================================================================ -![](http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3108/3191608123_67e1da2b79_o.jpg) - -When Red Hat [announced][1] very solid quarterly earnings a few days ago, CEO Jim Whitehurst was quick to attribute part of the strong performance to his company's new focus on cloud computing. In discussing the enterprises that pay Red Hat for subcription support and services, he said: "These are some of the most sophisticated IT organizations in the world, and many continue to increase their purchases from Red Hat to modernize their IT infrastructure with cloud enabling technologies." - -[I've made the point before][2] that Red is pinning its future on cloud computing and OpenStack in particular. But for Red Hat to succeed with its OpenStack plans, it needs to be able to assure enterprise users that they are using tested and interoperable tools. With that in mind, the company has [announced][3] a new cloud management certification for Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform as part of the Red Hat OpenStack Cloud Infrastructure Partner Network. - -Red Hat has been working closely with cloud and network management solution providers, including iBMC and HP. As members of the Red Hat OpenStack Cloud Infrastructure Partner Network, these vendors are supporting Red Hat's platform certification process. - -Radhesh Balakrishnan, Red Hat's general manager of virtualization and OpenStack said, in a statement: - -> “As OpenStack is becoming a core element of the enterprise cloud strategy for many customers, Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform is architected and backed by the broadest partner ecosystem to be the preferred platform. The growth and maturity of the ecosystem reflects the evolution of the product moving from addressing infrastructure-centric alignment to help with early deployments to now be well-managed, to be part of enterprise hybrid cloud implementations.” - -Atul Garg, vice president and general manager of Cloud and Automation at HP added: - -> “We are excited to work with Red Hat to certify HP Cloud Service Automation and its solutions with Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform, to help our mutual customers build and manage private and hybrid cloud services. Our joint efforts are aimed at enabling customers to have choice and flexibility as they deploy cloud environments which can easily flex and adapt to business needs while supporting heterogeneity and leveraging existing investments in the datacenter.” - -As enterprises deploy OpenStack, they are increasingly concerned about being able to use existing infrastructure and management tools with their deployments. The expansion of Red Hat’s certification program to include cloud management solutions is intended to help enterprises who want to deploy Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform in a private cloud to feel confident in using their management solutions of choice. - -One other notable thing about the new certification program is that it deepens Red Hat's partnership with HP, which is also focused on OpenStack. It will be worth watching what else comes from that partnership, and, without a doubt, [the cloud is the new battleground for winning enterprise users][4]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://ostatic.com/blog/red-hat-delivers-cloud-certification-plan-and-teams-with-hp - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.zdnet.com/red-hat-beats-q1-earnings-targets-as-revenue-climbs-17-percent-7000030685/ -[2]:http://ostatic.com/blog/for-red-hat-the-cloud-beckons -[3]:http://www.marketwatch.com/story/red-hat-introduces-cloud-management-certification-for-red-hat-enterprise-linux-openstack-platform-2014-06-30 -[4]:http://ostatic.com/blog/the-cloud-is-the-new-battleground-for-winning-enterprise-users \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140702 KDE Improv Tablet Projects Officially Axed.md b/sources/news/20140702 KDE Improv Tablet Projects Officially Axed.md deleted file mode 100644 index 92d38c609e..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140702 KDE Improv Tablet Projects Officially Axed.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -KDE Improv, Tablet Projects Officially Axed -================================================================================ -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/OR0Gbh.jpg) - -**The team behind a highly publicised effort to release a KDE based Linux distribution on fully open hardware has announced the project has come to and end.** - -It’s news that few following the convoluted saga will find surprising, with both the KDE-based [Vivaldi Tablet][1] and Improv board projects having struggled to find their way to market despite numerous pre-orders, sales campaigns and marketing. - -The former of these, once known as ‘Spark’, has existed in various stages of gestation since 2012, only being formally ‘put on hold’ earlier this year. - -Both devices sought to bring hardware running on entirely open source software and drivers to market at an affordable price. Perhaps a little too constrained by the rigidity of their ideal — to offer a modular board that could be used in multiple devices — the projects hit road bump after road bump, delay after delay. - -Announcing the ‘wrap up’ in an e-mail sent to backers of the Improv ARM-based development board the team suggests that the FOSS community is ‘not ready’ to put its weight behind the ‘pressing issue of hardware freedom’, adding: - -> “We greatly appreciate everyone’s support, whether it was purchases, donations or words of wisdom and encouragement. There was simply not enough support to make the project work, despite having fully functional, production ready devices and a strong commitment to succeed.” - -Partial refunds are now being issued to those who pre-ordered a device, with the team hoping to provide full refunds at a later date. - -But while one open-source tablet effort may retire others are continuing. Canonical has stated that the first Ubuntu tablets will launch alongside the first handsets [later this year][2], while Intel and Samsung’s Linux-based Tizen OS is also [fast gathering pace][3]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/kde-improv-tablet-projects-officially-axed - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2012/03/kde-tablet-vivaldi-gets-gutted -[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/03/ubuntu-tablets-coming-year -[3]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/samsung-first-tizen-phone-unveiled \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md b/translated/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md rename to translated/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md From 7ca8ff92c6fdbbc6e76fdda64a142f53c9da7166 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 11 Jul 2014 15:45:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 535/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140711-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...b Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md | 50 ++++++++++++++ ...-How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md | 65 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 115 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140711 How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md b/sources/tech/20140711 How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1b207b263f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140711 How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh +================================================================================ +**Heroku** Client is the (Command Line Interface) CLI tool for creating and managing Heroku apps. + +Requirements: + +- Heroku toolbelt +- Oh-My-Zsh ([How to Install][1]) + +Note this post is not talk about heroku, it’s just to show users how they can ease typing of commands with oh-my-zsh, so am NOT going to talk into detail on doing things. Also you should have [heroku toolbelt][2] installed to make this work. Is simple for Ubuntu and Debian derivatives,Install by running the command below: + + wget -qO- https://toolbelt.heroku.com/install-ubuntu.sh | sh + +Open Terminal and login into heroku with you account created [here][3]: + + heroku login + Enter your Heroku credentials. + Email: enockseth@unixmen.com + Password (typing will be hidden): + Authentication successful. + +That shows heroku is up and running. + +Open **.zshrc** in your favourite text editor + + vim .zshrc + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/zsh_git.png) + +By default git is the only plugin enabled. + +Add **heroku** to the plugins section as shown below: + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/zsh_heroku.png) + +Restart teminal, type **heroku** press tab and you’re good to go: + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/heroku_tab_complete.png) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/enable-tab-complete-heroku-commands-oh-zsh/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-oh-zsh-ubuntu-arch-linux-fedora/ +[2]:https://toolbelt.heroku.com/ +[3]:https://www.heroku.com/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md b/sources/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1bc86153e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands +================================================================================ +This is the first in a series of posts in coming where I’ll be writing about some **basic commands** that that will be of good use to new users. + +**Note**: This is targeted at people little or no command line experience.. + +> How can I as a new user to Linux display directory properties from the terminal? + +### Requirements ### + +The only requirement is the **du** command line tool. du comes with almost every Linux distro by default. + +Check if du it’s on your system by running the command below in the terminal: + + man du + +**du** command estimates file space usage + +### Using du ### + +Running du with no flag displays names of all directories including sub-directories and sizes in bytes. + + du + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/du-overview.png) + +Using the **-h** flag displays the sizes in human readable format, that is **K, M** and **G** representing **Kilobyte, Megabyte** and **Gigabyte** respectively. + + du - h + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/du-h.png) + +To view a specific directory indicate that after du and flag as shown below: + + du -h Mapmaker + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/du-h-mapmaker.png) + +Use -c to see grand **total** displayed: + + du -ch + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/du-ch.png) + +Use **-s** flag to display only grand total / disk space used for specific directories: + + du -sh Mapmaker Sandbox + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-07052014-093858-AM.png) + +See man du for more flags and there uses + + man du + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/man-du.png) + +Knows other combinations of du? Share with myself and others here too. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-find-size-directory-commands/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From bd88acd62e00bd3461c89c4dae5bee3052e1e51f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 11 Jul 2014 16:07:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 536/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140711-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...htweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 58 ++++++++++++++ ...40711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md | 80 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 138 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140711 How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140711 How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..112cca1d85 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140711 How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04 +================================================================================ +**If you follow us over on Twitter you may have caught a glimpse of a screenshot we shared recently, along with the invitation to name the desktop environment pictured. ** + +Did you guess correctly? The answer is [Budgie][1] — a simple desktop designed for, but not exclusive to, an openSUSE-based Linux distribution called Evolve OS. + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/BsCvTxJIcAAPjUR.png-large.png) + +We first wrote about Budgie back in March and were suitably bowled over by both the clean, minimal aesthetic and nimble framework, but also by the decision to reuse common components and the standard stack of GNOME 3.10 technologies readily available in most modern distributions. + +I’m a huge admirer of the development choices taken by the project lead, Ikey Doherty. There’s no denying that forking has its merits, but by deciding to favour upstream projects whole project is able to move faster, both development-wise (less technical debt) and in being available for users (easier to run on other distributions). + +Politics of choice aside, the desktop is clean and minimal with a nod to the Ash desktop of Google’s Chrome OS. If you don’t mind a few rough edges, its well worth a play with. But how do you install Budgie on Ubuntu? + +### Unofficial PPA is Unofficial ### + +Open source being what it is means if you have a bit of terminal know-how you can grab the source and get it up and running with a bit of wily compiling. + +But if you’re too lazy for that and happen to be running Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (or a distro based on it) you can get it the easy way. + +Just add one **unofficial PPA**, refresh your Software Sources and then install. A few minutes later and you’ll have both a new uncle in the family by the [name of Bob][2] and a new desktop shell to play with. + +### Add the Budgie PPA ### + +With a terminal window open copy and paste the following commands carefully, entering your password when/if prompted: + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:sukso96100/budgie-desktop + sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install budgie-desktop + +### Log into the Budgie Session ### + +After installation you’ll be able to select ‘Budgie’ from the session selector of the Unity Greeter. (Don’t forget to change this back to a stable DE at a later date.) + +### Notes ### + +**Budgie is not stable, finished nor is it officially supported on Ubuntu**. It is in active development and features remain missing, including, but not limited to: no network management support, no volume control applet (keyboard keys will work fine), no notification system and no way to ‘pin’ apps to the task bar. + +It also doesn’t play too nicely with Ubuntu’s overlay scrollbars, some GTK themes, and session management (e.g., logout, restart, etc.) on distributions using Upstart (like Ubuntu, [though that’s changing][3]) does not work. + +As a workaround you can disable overlay scrollbars, set a different default theme and quit a session from the terminal using the following command: + + gnome-session-quit + +With all of those caveats in mind, I’d suggest those whose sanity hinges on a stable, dependable system avoid using it for now. + +But for the rest of you crazy folks? Well, let us know what you think of it in the comments below. I’m off to let Bob in. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/install-budgie-evolve-os-desktop-ubuntu-14-04 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/03/budgie-desktop-chrome-os-like +[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob +[3]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/02/ubuntu-debian-switching-systemd \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md b/sources/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e3752df964 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +ncdu – NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer +================================================================================ +[Ncdu][1] (NCurses Disk Usage) is a ncurses-based du viewer. It provides a fast and easy-to-use interface through the well-known [du][2] command. It displays percentages of disk usage and also allow you to browse through directories via ncurses library. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ncdu-about.png) + +### Installation ### + +ncdu has been ported to most Linux distros and can be installed via official repos. + +Arch / Manajaro and Derivatives: + + sudo pacman -S ncdu + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ncdu.png) + +Ubuntu / Debian / Linux Minut and Derivatives: + + sudo apt-get install ncdu + +Fedora and Derivatives: + + sudo yum install ncdu + +Check [here][3] for other distros. + +### Using ncdu ### + +Keys: + + +- up, k — Move cursor up +- down, j – Move cursor down +- right/enter — Open selected directory +- left, <, h — Open parent directory +- n — Sort by name (ascending/descending) +- s — Sort by size (ascending/descending) +- C – Sort by items (ascending/descending) +- d – Delete selected file or directory +- t — Toggle dirs before files when sorting +- g – Show percentage and/or graph + +To use ncdu, Open your terminal and run + + ncdu + +this starts scanning the directories. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ncdu-scanning.png) + +When scanning is done you can easily see the file / directory sizes. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/done-scanning.png) + +Delete file confirm: + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ncdu-delete-confirm.png) + +Read the ncdu manual [here][4] or run: + + man ncdu + +**Credit**: Ncdu was suggested by two of our readers **BasketCase** and **Sama Vim** in the post [Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands][5]. +注：上面这个链接已经做成原文 + +Enjoy! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/ncdu-ncurses-disk-usage-analyzer/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://dev.yorhel.nl/ncdu +[2]:http://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-find-size-directory-commands/ +[3]:http://dev.yorhel.nl/ncdu +[4]:http://dev.yorhel.nl/ncdu/man +[5]:http://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-find-size-directory-commands/ \ No newline at end of file From f451f954ec13514ced29d120be6ded18d2dafc1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 11 Jul 2014 16:36:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 537/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140711-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...e key press and mouse movement in Linux.md | 104 +++++++++++++++++ ...emd for system administration on Debian.md | 106 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 210 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a0413a31a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,104 @@ +How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux +================================================================================ +Have you ever dreamed of your computer doing stuff automatically for you? Probably not if you just watched Terminator. But except for that, scripting and task automation are every power user's dreams. If a lot of solutions exist today to fit such goal, it is sometimes hard to pick the simple, smart, and efficient one out of the lot. I cannot pretend to have found it myself, but in the mean time, my preference goes to neat software called xdotool. Its approach is intuitive as it stands as an X11 automation tool. In other words, xdotool can simulate key presses and even mouse events from reading a text file. + +### Installation of Xdotool on Linux ### + +For Ubuntu, Debian or Linux Mint, you can just do: + + $ sudo apt-get install xdotool + +For Fedora, use yum command: + + $ sudo yum install xdotool + +For CentOS user, the package is available in [EPEL repo][1]. After enabling EPEL repo, simply use yum command as above. + +For Arch user, the package is available in the Community repo: + + $ sudo pacman -S xdotool + +If you cannot find xdotool for your distribution, you can always download it from the [official website][2]. + +### Basic Usage of Xdotool ### + +As intuitive as it is, xdotool remains a scripting application. Hence you have to know the syntax in order to use it properly. Rest assured though, the syntax is very simple and quick to pick up, relative to the extent of the program's features. + +First, it is very easy to simulate key press. From the terminal, you can type the command: + + $ xdotool key [name of the key] + +If you want to chain two keys, use the "+" operator between them. So: + + $ xdotool key alt+Tab + +will switch window for you. + +To have xdotool type for you, use the type command: + + $ xdotool type '' + +That's already enough for basic key pressing. But one of the many strengths of xdotool is its ability to put the focus on a particular window. It can fetch the right window, and then type in it, preventing all your recorded keystrokes to just vaporize in thin air. For this, the simplest command is: + + $ xdotool search --name [name of the window] key [keys to press] + +This will search through the opened window for one with the name matching the search, give it the focus, and then simulate the key pressing. + +A bit more advanced, but very useful, xdotool can simulate mouse movement and click. With: + + $ xdotool mousemove x y + +you can place the cursor at coordinates (x,y) of your screen (in pixels). You can also combine it with the "click" argument: + + $ xdotool mousemove x y click 1 + +This will move the mouse to (x,y), and click with the left button. The "1" represents the left button of the mouse, "2" would be the scroll wheel, "3" the right button, etc. + +Finally, once you have your commands in mind, you might want to actually dump it in a file to edit and play. For that, there is more than one syntax. You can write is a bash script: + + #!/bin/bash + + xdotool [command 1] + xdotool [command 2] + etc + +Or you can use: + + $ xdotool [filename] + +where you write your commands in a separate file and plug its name as the argument. + +### Bonus ### + +As a bonus to this post, here is a concrete example of xdotool in action. You may or may not have heard of Bing, the Microsoft's search engine. In the latter case, you have then never heard of Bing Rewards: a program that allows you to trade Bing points for Amazon's and other gift cards. To earn those points, you can do up to 30 searches a day on Bing, each search giving you 0.5 point. In other words, you have to make Bing your default search engine, and use it every day. + +Or, you can use this xdotool script, which will automatically give focus to Firefox (replace it with your favorite navigator), and perform a search using the fortune command to generate some random words. In about 30 seconds, all your daily searches will be done. + + #!/bin/bash + + for i in {1..30} + do + WID=`xdotool search --title "Mozilla Firefox" | head -1` + xdotool windowfocus $WID + xdotool key ctrl+l + xdotool key Tab + SENTENCE="$(fortune | cut -d' ' -f1-3 | head -1)" + xdotool type $SENTENCE + xdotool key "Return" + sleep 4 + done + +To conclude, I really like xdotool even if its full capabilities extend way beyond the scope of this post. It is a really approachable way to scripting and task automation. The downside is that it probably is not the most efficient one. But again, it does the job, and isn't too much of a bother to learn. + +What are your thoughts on xdotool? Do you prefer another automation tool to it? And why? Let us know in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/simulate-key-press-mouse-movement-linux.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html +[2]:http://www.semicomplete.com/projects/xdotool/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md b/sources/tech/20140711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a464473fe4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +How to use systemd for system administration on Debian +================================================================================ +Soon enough, hardly any Linux user will be able to escape the ever growing grasp that systemd imposes on Linux, unless they manually opt out. systemd has created more technical, emotional, and social issues than any other piece of software as of late. This predominantly came to show in the [heated discussions][1] also dubbed as the 'Init Wars', that occupied parts of the Debian developer body for months. While the Debian Technical Comittee finally decided to include systemd in Debian 8 "Jessie", there were efforts to [supersede the decision][2] by a General Resolution, and even threats to the health of developers in favor of systemd. + +This goes to show how deep systemd interferes with the way of handling Linux systems that has, in large parts, been passed down to us from the Unix days. Theorems like "one tool for the job" are overthrown by the new kid in town. Besides substituting sysvinit as init system, it digs deep into system administration. For right now a lot of the commands you are used to will keep on working due to the compatibility layer provided by the package systemd-sysv. That might change as soon as systemd 214 is uploaded to Debian, destined to be released in the stable branch with Debian 8 "Jessie". From thereon, users need to utilize the new commands that come with systemd for managing services, processes, switching run levels, and querying the logging system. A workaround is to set up aliases in .bashrc. + +So let's have a look at how systemd will change your habits of administrating your computers and the pros and cons involved. Before making the switch to systemd, it is a good security measure to save the old sysvinit to be able to still boot, should systemd fail. This will only work as long as systemd-sysv is not yet installed, and can be easily obtained by running: + + # cp -av /sbin/init /sbin/init.sysvinit + +Thusly prepared, in case of emergency, just append: + + init=/sbin/init.sysvinit + +to the kernel boot-time parameters. + +### Basic Usage of systemctl ### + +systemctl is the command that substitutes the old "/etc/init.d/foo start/stop", but also does a lot more, as you can learn from its man page. + +Some basic use-cases are: + +- systemctl - list all loaded units and their state (where unit is the term for a job/service) +- systemctl list-units - list all units +- systemctl start [NAME...] - start (activate) one or more units +- systemctl stop [NAME...] - stop (deactivate) one or more units +- systemctl disable [NAME...] - disable one or more unit files +- systemctl list-unit-files - show all installed unit files and their state +- systemctl --failed - show which units failed during boot +- systemctl --type=mount - filter for types; types could be: service, mount, device, socket, target +- systemctl enable debug-shell.service - start a root shell on TTY 9 for debugging + +For more convinience in handling units, there is the package systemd-ui, which is started as user with the command systemadm. + +Switching runlevels, reboot and shutdown are also handled by systemctl: + +- systemctl isolate graphical.target - take you to what you know as init 5, where your X-server runs +- systemctl isolate multi-user.target - take you to what you know as init 3, TTY, no X +- systemctl reboot - shut down and reboot the system +- systemctl poweroff - shut down the system + +All these commands, other than the ones for switching runlevels, can be executed as normal user. + +### Basic Usage of journalctl ### + +systemd does not only boot machines faster than the old init system, it also starts logging much earlier, including messages from the kernel initialization phase, the initial RAM disk, the early boot logic, and the main system runtime. So the days where you needed to use a camera to provide the output of a kernel panic or otherwise stalled system for debugging are mostly over. + +With systemd, logs are aggregated in the journal which resides in /var/log/. To be able to make full use of the journal, we first need to set it up, as Debian does not do that for you yet: + + # addgroup --system systemd-journal + # mkdir -p /var/log/journal + # chown root:systemd-journal /var/log/journal + # gpasswd -a $user systemd-journal + +That will set up the journal in a way where you can query it as normal user. Querying the journal with journalctl offers some advantages over the way syslog works: + +- journalctl --all - show the full journal of the system and all its users +- journalctl -f - show a live view of the journal (equivalent to "tail -f /var/log/messages") +- journalctl -b - show the log since the last boot +- journalctl -k -b -1 - show all kernel logs from the boot before last (-b -1) +- journalctl -b -p err - shows the log of the last boot, limited to the priority "ERROR" +- journalctl --since=yesterday - since Linux people normally do not often reboot, this limits the size more than -b would +- journalctl -u cron.service --since='2014-07-06 07:00' --until='2014-07-06 08:23' - show the log for cron for a defined timeframe +- journalctl -p 2 --since=today - show the log for priority 2, which covers emerg, alert and crit; resembles syslog priorities emerg (0), alert (1), crit (2), err (3), warning (4), notice (5), info (6), debug (7) +- journalctl > yourlog.log - copy the binary journal as text into your current directory + +Journal and syslog can work side-by-side. On the other hand, you can remove any syslog packages like rsyslog or syslog-ng once you are satisfied with the way the journal works. + +For very detailed output, append "systemd.log_level=debug" to the kernel boot-time parameter list, and then run: + + # journalctl -alb + +Log levels can also be edited in /etc/systemd/system.conf. + +### Analyzing the Boot Process with systemd ### + +systemd allows you to effectively analyze and optimize your boot process: + +- systemd-analyze - show how long the last boot took for kernel and userspace +- systemd-analyze blame - show details of how long each service took to start +- systemd-analyze critical-chain - print a tree of the time-critical chain of units +- systemd-analyze dot | dot -Tsvg > systemd.svg - put a vector graphic of your boot process (requires graphviz package) +- systemd-analyze plot > bootplot.svg - generate a graphical timechart of the boot process + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5559/14607588994_38543638b3_z.jpg) + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5565/14423020978_14b21402c8_z.jpg) + +systemd has pretty good documentation for such a young project under heavy developement. First of all, there is the [0pointer series by Lennart Poettering][3]. The series is highly technical and quite verbose, and holds a wealth of information. Another good source is the distro agnostic [Freedesktop info page][4] with the largest collection of links to systemd resources, distro specific pages, bugtrackers and documentation. A quick glance at: + + # man systemd.index + +will give you an overview of all systemd man pages. The command structure for systemd for various distributions is pretty much the same, differences are found mainly in the packaging. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/use-systemd-system-administration-debian.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2013/10/msg00444.html +[2]:https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2014/02/msg00316.html +[3]:http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd.html +[4]:http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ \ No newline at end of file From f929cf6bee9717821ff928bd493ea0cb6156adb2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hunanchenxingyu Date: Fri, 11 Jul 2014 19:39:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 538/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD=20by=20huna?= =?UTF-8?q?nchenxingyu?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md b/sources/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md index e3752df964..f717210d09 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +hunanchenxingyu translating.... +================================================================================ ncdu – NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer ================================================================================ [Ncdu][1] (NCurses Disk Usage) is a ncurses-based du viewer. It provides a fast and easy-to-use interface through the well-known [du][2] command. It displays percentages of disk usage and also allow you to browse through directories via ncurses library. From fb1764ac713f391855d6bb26a91235b0a5a311e0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 11 Jul 2014 21:16:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 539/713] PUB:20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation @bookjoy --- ...ndroid File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md | 49 ++++++++++++++++++ ...ndroid File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md | 50 ------------------- 2 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 50 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md delete mode 100644 translated/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md diff --git a/published/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md b/published/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0ff2f836a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +KDE Connect增加了安卓文件发送、触摸板模拟等功能 +================================================================================ + +![如今的KDE Connect 能在桌面和手机之间共享文件](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/kde-connect-share-feature.jpg) + +通过安卓版的KDE和Plasma Desktop可以将所连接设备的触摸屏当作电脑的触摸板使用。(注：Plasma 是KDE项目提供的所有图形环境总称。目前有三个Plasma子项目：Plasma Desktop用于传统的桌面电脑和笔记本电脑、Plasma Netbook用于上网本，以及Plasma Active用于平板电脑。) + +这个新附加的无线输入设备可以作为一般的鼠标使用，不过仍然不支持像双指划动或双指右击这样的多点触摸。（LCTT译注：双指右击指在触摸板上双指同时双击，代表鼠标右键点击） + +安卓的共享方式现在支持KED Connect，允许你从安卓发送文件到你的桌面，也可以通过Dolphin文件管理的菜单或者用命令行推送文件的方式，从桌面发送文件到安卓。 + +在[iOS 8 和 OS X Yosemite][1]、 [Android ‘L’ 和 Chrome OS][2]上的类似支持，计划在这个秋天首次亮相。 + +本次更新的版本修复了很多的漏洞，包括很多的改进和对FreeBSD系统的支持。 + +完整的特性如下： + +- 在安卓和KDE之间共享文件 +- 用平板电脑模拟触摸板 +- 在桌面接收来自安卓4.3以上版本的通知 +- 共享剪切板支持手机和PC之间的拷贝、粘贴 +- 可以遥控桌面上选定的媒体播放器 +- 电池状态 +- WI-FI连接共享 +- RSA加密 + +### KDE Connect 0.7版下载 ### + +从Google Play和F-Droid商店可以免费下载到KDE Connect Android的应用。 + +- [ 从Google Play下载KDE Connect][3] + +为了能用到这些最新特征，你需要安装Plasma的最新版本KDE Connect（0.7版）。撰写本文时,还没有提供deb安装包和PPA源。不过可以在Kubuntu 14.04 LTS上通过安装源码来安装，或用以下介绍方式[戳这里][4]。 + +- [下载KDE Connect 0.7源代码][5] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +点击: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/kde-connect-android-notifications-linux-desktop + +译者：[bookjoy](https://github.com/bookjoy) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/os-x-10-10-feature-ubuntu-already +[2]:http://www.omgchrome.com/android-apps-notifications-call-alerts-chromebook/ +[3]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.kde.kdeconnect_tp +[4]:https://albertvaka.wordpress.com/2014/06/28/awesome-contributions-to-kde-connect/#comment-1175 +[5]:http://download.kde.org/unstable/kdeconnect/0.7/src/kdeconnect-kde-0.7.tar.xz.mirrorlist diff --git a/translated/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md b/translated/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3d70d12de6..0000000000 --- a/translated/news/20140630 KDE Connect Adds Android File Sending, Touchpad Emulation.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,50 +0,0 @@ - -KDE Connect增加安卓文件发送、触摸板模拟 -================================================================================ -**安卓版KDE Connect增加了很多已经发布的新特性** - -![如今的KDE Connect 能在桌面和手机之间共享文件](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/kde-connect-share-feature.jpg) -如今的KDE Connect 能在桌面和手机之间共享文 - -如今的安卓版本KDE和Plasma Desktop允许已经连接（到电脑的）设备的触屏作为你电脑的触摸板使用KDE Connect for Android and the Plasma desktop(注：Plasma 工作空间是KDE项目提供的所有图形环境总称。目前有三个Plasma子项目：Plasma Desktop用于传统的桌面电脑和笔记本电脑、Plasma Netbook用于上网本，以及Plasma Active用于平板电脑。) - -另一个无线输入设备作为鼠标使用，但仍然不支持像两个手指划动或右击这样的多点触摸This additional wireless input device will act just like a basic mouse, though doesn’t (yet) support multitouch features like two finger scrolling or right-clicking. - -安卓的共享intent现在支持KED Connect，允许你通过Dolphin文件管理的菜单或者用命令项推送文件的方式，从安卓发送文件到桌面，反之亦然。 - -[iOS 8 and OS X Yosemite][1] and [Android ‘L’ and Chrome OS][2]的类似特征，计划在这个秋天首次亮相。 - -更新的版本修复了很多的漏洞，包括很多的改进和对FreeBSD系统的支持。 - -全部特征如下： -- 共享文件到/从安卓和KDE -- 触摸板模拟 -- 在桌面接收来自安卓的通知 -- 共享剪切板支持phone手机和PC之间的拷贝、粘贴 -- 供选择桌面媒体播放器用的多媒体远程控制 -- WI-FI连接共享 -- RSA加密 - -### KDE Connect 0.7版下载 ### - -从Google Play和F-Droid商店可以免费下载到KDE Connect Android的应用程序。 - -- [ 从Google Play下载KDE Connect][3] - -为了能用到这些最新特征，你需要安装Plasma的最新版本KDE Connect（0.7版）。撰写本文时,还没有提供deb安装包和PPA源。不过可以在Kubuntu 14.04 LTS上通过安装源码来安装，或用以下介绍方式[戳这里][4]。 - -- [下载KDE Connect 0.7源代码][5] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -点击: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/kde-connect-android-notifications-linux-desktop - -译者：[bookjoy](https://github.com/bookjoy) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/os-x-10-10-feature-ubuntu-already -[2]:http://www.omgchrome.com/android-apps-notifications-call-alerts-chromebook/ -[3]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.kde.kdeconnect_tp -[4]:https://albertvaka.wordpress.com/2014/06/28/awesome-contributions-to-kde-connect/#comment-1175 -[5]:http://download.kde.org/unstable/kdeconnect/0.7/src/kdeconnect-kde-0.7.tar.xz.mirrorlist From a856bdd16112f83721179e2b1a828a18239cac67 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hunanchenxingyu Date: Fri, 11 Jul 2014 23:02:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 540/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=20?= =?UTF-8?q?by=20hunanchenxingyu?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...40711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md | 28 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md (62%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md b/translated/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md similarity index 62% rename from sources/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md rename to translated/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md index f717210d09..ccddaf1b1c 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md @@ -1,14 +1,12 @@ -hunanchenxingyu translating.... +ncdu – 基于Ncurses库的磁盘使用分析器 ================================================================================ -ncdu – NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer -================================================================================ -[Ncdu][1] (NCurses Disk Usage) is a ncurses-based du viewer. It provides a fast and easy-to-use interface through the well-known [du][2] command. It displays percentages of disk usage and also allow you to browse through directories via ncurses library. +[Ncdu][1] (NCurses Disk Usage) 是一个基于Ncurses库的du命令浏览器. 它通过众所周知的[du][2]命令，为用户提供一个快速且容易被使用的接口. 它显示磁盘使用的百分比且允许你通过ncurses库去浏览目录. ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ncdu-about.png) -### Installation ### +### 安装 ### -ncdu has been ported to most Linux distros and can be installed via official repos. +ncdu已经被移植到大多数linux发行版本，可从官方资源库中安装. Arch / Manajaro and Derivatives: @@ -24,9 +22,9 @@ Fedora and Derivatives: sudo yum install ncdu -Check [here][3] for other distros. +在[这里][3]检查其他的发行版本. -### Using ncdu ### +### 使用 ncdu ### Keys: @@ -42,27 +40,27 @@ Keys: - t — Toggle dirs before files when sorting - g – Show percentage and/or graph -To use ncdu, Open your terminal and run +为使用ncdu，请打开终端并且运行 ncdu -this starts scanning the directories. +开始扫描目录. ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ncdu-scanning.png) -When scanning is done you can easily see the file / directory sizes. +当扫描完成后，你能够很容易的查看文件/目录的大小. ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/done-scanning.png) -Delete file confirm: +确认删除文件: ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ncdu-delete-confirm.png) -Read the ncdu manual [here][4] or run: +在[这里][4] 阅读ncdu命令手册或运行: man ncdu -**Credit**: Ncdu was suggested by two of our readers **BasketCase** and **Sama Vim** in the post [Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands][5]. +**荣誉**: 有两位读者**BasketCase**和**Sama Vim**在阅读[Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands][5]之后 向我们推荐Ncdu工具. 注：上面这个链接已经做成原文 Enjoy! @@ -71,7 +69,7 @@ Enjoy! via: http://www.unixmen.com/ncdu-ncurses-disk-usage-analyzer/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[hunanchenxingyu](https://github.com/hunanchenxingyu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 1ca782846a6f7d9360769691dfda3da4e01a415d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 12 Jul 2014 00:06:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 541/713] PUB:20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users @linuhap --- ...e Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md | 50 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 25 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md (68%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md b/published/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md similarity index 68% rename from translated/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md rename to published/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md index 1d9ab38028..2c8d5f7819 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md +++ b/published/20140610 The Best Linux Distribution for New Users.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -对新用户来说最好的Linux发行版 +适合新用户的最佳的Linux发行版 ================================================================================ -这个争论无疑给许多Linux用户带来了麻烦。争论不能普遍归结为哪个发行版是真正最适合新用户的，而是哪个发行版受这些争论者的喜爱。如果我们撇开个人喜爱，我们会看到更清楚的一面。但即使这样，清晰也很快会被新用户的需求和期望遮蔽。考虑到这点，我决定采取一个不同的方法来找出“对新用户来说最好的发行版”。我评判最好发行版的标准不仅是易用，而且还要呼吁由日益增长的移动界面隐喻推动带来的现代设计美学。 +这个争论无疑给许多Linux用户带来了麻烦。争论的焦点一般不是哪个发行版是真正最适合新用户的，而是哪个发行版受这些争论者的喜爱。如果我们撇开个人喜爱，我们会看到更清楚的一面。但即使这样，明确的结论也会受到被新用户的需求和期望的影响。考虑到这点，我决定采取一个不同的方法来找出“对新用户来说最好的发行版”。我评判最好发行版的标准不仅是易用，而且还要具有由日益增长的移动界面风格所带来的现代设计理念。 -为了这次评测，发行版必须要有如下要求： +对于这次评测，我们对发行版有如下要求： - 非常友好 - 包括，开箱即用，所有常用的应用程序 @@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ ### 用户友好 ### -这是一个备受争议的话题。但事实的真相是——新用户必须能够获得一种风格的Linux并开始使用，需要很少或不需要解释。如果必须很出太多解释，那么这个发行版便不是用户友好的。我不想成为那样的人，但是几乎任何用户都可以在近乎零指导的情况下坐在Windows 7或OS X桌面前并开始使用它。这是每一个Linux桌面都应当争取去做的。 +这是一个备受争议的话题。但事实的真相是——新用户必须能够选择某种风格的Linux并开始使用，只需要很少或不需要解释。如果必须很出太多解释，那么这个发行版便不是用户友好的。我不喜欢那些操作系统，但是几乎任何用户都可以在近乎零指导的情况下坐在Windows 7或OS X桌面前并开始使用它。这是每一个Linux桌面都应当争取去做的。 ### 常用应用程序 ### -安装好系统后用户不应该去安装必需的程序。那么什么是必需的呢？每年列表都会变短。目前，必备的程序列表如下： +安装好系统后用户不应该再去安装必需的程序。那么什么是必需的呢？每年列表都会变短。目前，必备的程序列表如下： -- 网页浏览器：Chrome或者Firefox（对不起，其他的浏览器不需提供） +- 网页浏览器：Chrome或者Firefox（对不起，根本不需要其他的浏览器） - 电子邮件客户端：Thunderbird是显而易见的选择。 - Office办公套件：LibreOffice。就这样。 - 音乐播放器：播放本地文件以及连接到流媒体服务（比如Spotify）。 @@ -32,29 +32,29 @@ ### 时尚的界面 ### -我已经多次提到移动设备的美化。由于iOS和Android，用户越来越喜欢时尚的界面。Linux的桌面需要进行效仿并且用独特的、时尚的和易用的界面来吸引用户注意力。旧的隐喻在多触控友好的移动世界里不再有影响力。 +我已经多次提到移动设备的美化。由于iOS和Android，用户越来越喜欢时尚的界面。Linux的桌面需要进行效仿并且用独特的、时尚的和易用的界面来吸引用户注意力。旧的风格在支持多触控的移动世界里不再有影响力。 -排名前三的发行版 +## 排名前三的发行版 ## 以文中的标准，哪个发行版本满足了（或超过）我们的需求？首先，让我们来审查一下前三名的候选者。以下哪个满足了（或超过）标准。 -#### Ubuntu #### +### Ubuntu ### -[Ubuntu Linux][1]一直为用户友好型Linux的王者。开箱即用，寻找一个迷人和易用的桌面（Unity）是一个挑战，甚至是对于那些对平台不熟悉的人。它的桌面布局虽然与众不同，但却是合乎逻辑和很直观的。对于在桌面环境中添加一个最强大的搜索工具，在Linux中Ubuntu Unity应当获得最高成就。 +[Ubuntu Linux][1]一直是用户友好型Linux的王者。开箱即用，寻找一个比它更迷人和易用的桌面（Unity）有点困难，甚至是对于那些对平台不熟悉的人也是这样的。它的桌面布局虽然与众不同，但却是合乎逻辑和很直观的。对于在桌面环境中添加一个最强大的搜索工具，在Linux中Ubuntu Unity应当获得最高成就。 -#### Linux Mint #### +### Linux Mint ### 如果认为有一个篡夺王位的发行版，那它就是[Linux Mint][2]。Linux Mint做了更多桌面的标准方法，但是图层华丽且多变使其从老旧的桌面隐喻中脱颖而出。Linux Mint基于Ubuntu，所以它得益于“老大哥”Ubuntu的稳定性和可靠性。 -#### Linux Deepin #### +### Linux Deepin ### -用户友好型列表中的新成员是[Linux Deepin][3]。这个相对较新的受欢迎的发行版来自中国，而且应该扬起一些认真的浪波。为什么这样说？因为它使得Linux桌面转变为艺术美；同时也保持了高水平的用户友好性。我期待它的新版本发布将是个大事件。Linux Deepin使用的是GNOME 3桌面并将它重组得完全不同的,完全不可思议。 +用户友好型列表中的新成员是[Linux Deepin][3]。这个相对较新的受欢迎的发行版来自中国，而且应该正视它所带来的成就。为什么这样说？因为它使得Linux桌面转变为艺术美；同时也保持了高水平的用户友好性。我期待它的新版本发布将是个大事件。Linux Deepin使用的是GNOME 3桌面并将它重组得完全不同的，完全不可思议。 -### 各发行版的比分 ### +## 各发行版的比分 ## 在最佳的竞争者名单中，我们来比较一下每一个标准和等级。每个发行版的比分如下：对于每个标准，发行版排名从高到底（第一名得一分，最后一名得三分）。最后，总分决定谁是冠军——最低得分获胜。 -#### 用户友好性 #### +### 用户友好性 ### 这可能是最严密的分类和最艰难的判别。每个发行版以不同的方法在用户友好性上都各有优势。最后，我的排名是： @@ -64,13 +64,13 @@ 3. Linux Deepin -为什么是这样呢？Mint仅有微小的优势，因为它的开始按钮，任务栏和桌面图标仍然使用旧的桌面隐喻。胜者的优势很微小，Ubuntu和Linux Deepin要求的学习曲线近乎为零——甚至是对于未使用者。 +为什么是这样呢？Mint仅有微小的优势，因为它的开始按钮，任务栏和桌面图标仍然使用旧的桌面风格。胜者的优势很微小，Ubuntu和Linux Deepin要求的学习曲线近乎为零——甚至是对于小白们。 -#### 常用的应用程序 #### +### 常用的应用程序 ### -这一类别难以判断的唯一原因是因为每个发行版都包括所有必要的应用程序。虽然Linux Deepin目前提供的是金山Office（一个最好的移动办公套件解决方案），它计划在2014发行版本中默认使用LibreOffice。 +这一类别难以判断的唯一原因是因为每个发行版都包括所有必要的应用程序。虽然Linux Deepin目前提供的是金山Office（一个最好的移动办公套件解决方案之一），它计划在2014发行版本中默认使用LibreOffice。 -常用程序的我的一个问题是关于音乐播放器。虽然我在线听过很多音乐（使用Spotify客户端），但当我播放本地音乐时，总是使用Clementine。他们的默认播放器是： +关于常用程序的我的一个问题是音乐播放器。虽然我在线听过很多音乐（使用Spotify客户端），但当我播放本地音乐时，总是使用Clementine。他们的默认播放器是： - Ubuntu: Rhythmbox - Linux Mint: Banshee @@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ rhythmbox 3. Linux Deepin -#### 应用程序商店 #### +### 应用程序商店 ### 如果不分析这部分将难进行。为什么呢？因为对于新用户应用商店可以轻易成就或是毁掉一个Linux发行版。总会有应用需求而且没有用户想经过命令行的重重考验。每个发行版都有自己的应用商店。 @@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ rhythmbox - Mint: 软件管理器 - Linux Deepin: Deepin软件中心 -应该说，这些工具中的每一个都是基于Ubuntu软件中心。奇怪的是Ubuntu软件中心却正好排在最底。主要原因是Ubuntu软件中心太慢了——甚至在一个非常强大的机器上。 +应该说，这些工具中的每一个都是基于Ubuntu软件中心的。奇怪的是Ubuntu软件中心却正好排在最底。主要原因是Ubuntu软件中心太慢了——甚至在一个非常强大的机器上。 我将应用商店排名设为如下： @@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ rhythmbox 每个应用商店有非常相似的功能。Linux Deepin获得第一的原因有两个：界面易于控制而且程序开启速度远远快于Ubuntu软件中心和Mint软件管理器。 -#### 时尚的界面 #### +### 时尚的界面 ### 在这部分Linux Mint远远落后。尽管它提供了一个华美的界面和有很浅的学习曲线，但相比之下它仍然是一个非常过时的桌面。甚至在强大的硬件（有强大的显卡）上，Linux Mint仍然很容易被看成是来自90年代末的桌面。为了评判结果，我们必须看看是Ubuntu Linux还是Linux Deepin能带我们走进未来。胜者是： @@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ rhythmbox Linux Deepin使用GNOME 3来制作一个使用起来很漂亮的GNOME和OSX的混合体，你会认为你在处理一件互动的艺术品。 -### 总冠军 ### +## 总冠军 ## 虽然这是很初步的，对新用户来说最好的Linux发行版顺序应该是： @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ Linux Deepin使用GNOME 3来制作一个使用起来很漂亮的GNOME和OSX的 3. Ubuntu Linux的总得分是9 -如果你想知道关于这篇文章的作者主张，要知道：我已经使用Ubuntu Linux很多年了（而且仍在用）。我最近一直在说“如果有一个Linux发行版动摇使用Ubuntu的想法，它便是Linux Deepin。”虽然我很欣赏Linux Mint，但我只是用它来进行测试。当说到对新用户最好的Linux发型版，Linux Mint是显而易见的赢家。 +如果你想知道关于这篇文章的作者观点，要知道：我已经使用Ubuntu Linux很多年了（而且仍在用）。我最近一直在说“如果有一个Linux发行版能动摇我使用Ubuntu的想法，它便是Linux Deepin。”虽然我很欣赏Linux Mint，但我只是用它来进行测试。当说到对新用户最好的Linux发行版，Linux Mint是显而易见的赢家。 这件事真正的真相是——你在使用这些桌面中任何一个都不会错。他们都各有所长。如果你追求真正的美丽，使用Linux Deepin吧。如果你想要漂亮外观与易用结合，那就使用Ubuntu Linux。如果你只想要简单而且并不在乎漂亮的外观，那就用Linux Mint。不管你选哪一个，这都是三赢的局面。 @@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ Linux Deepin使用GNOME 3来制作一个使用起来很漂亮的GNOME和OSX的 via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/775873-the-best-linux-distribution-for-new-users/ -译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c8813c8985491f571b2680bb8c4e4bec2d66c31d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 12 Jul 2014 00:23:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 542/713] =?UTF-8?q?PUB=EF=BC=9A20140623=20How=20to=20disab?= =?UTF-8?q?le=20Ipv6=20on=20Ubuntu=20or=20Linux=20Mint=20or=20Debian?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @geekpi --- ... Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md | 43 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md (74%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md b/published/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md similarity index 74% rename from translated/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md rename to published/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md index f25eb78aec..4b63c6df0f 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md +++ b/published/20140623 How to disable Ipv6 on Ubuntu or Linux Mint or Debian.md @@ -1,14 +1,14 @@ -如何在Ubuntu,Linux Mint,Debian上禁用Ipv6 +如何在Ubuntu,Linux Mint,Debian上禁用IPv6 ================================================================================ -### Ipv6 ### +### IPv6 ### -IPv6是寻址方案Ipv4的下一个版本,被用来给如google.com这样的域名分配数字地址。 +IPv6是寻址方案IPv4的下一个版本，被用来给域名分配数字地址。 -Ipv6比Ipv4支持更多的地址。然而，它还没有被广泛支持，还在被接受的过程中。 +IPv6比IPv4支持更多的地址。然而，它还没有被广泛支持，还在被接受的过程中。 -### 你的系统支持Ipv6么? ### +### 你的系统支持IPv6么? ### -为了支持Ipv6，需要很多事情。首先你需要系统/操作系统支持Ipv6。Ubuntu，Linux Mint，和大多是现代发行版都支持它。如果你看一下ifconfig指令的输出，你就会看见你的网络接口被分配了ipv6地址。 +为了支持IPv6，需要很多事情。首先你需要系统/操作系统支持IPv6。Ubuntu，Linux Mint，和大多是现代发行版都支持它。如果你看一下ifconfig指令的输出，你就会看见你的网络接口被分配了IPv6地址。 $ ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:1c:c0:f8:79:ee @@ -32,13 +32,13 @@ Ipv6比Ipv4支持更多的地址。然而，它还没有被广泛支持，还在 看一下行“inet6 addr”。 -接下来你需要一个支持ipv6的路由器/调制解调器。额外地，你的ISP也必须支持ipv6。 +接下来你需要一个支持ipv6的路由器/调制解调器。此外，你的ISP也必须支持IPv6。 -除了检查网络设备的每一部分，最好查出你是否可以通过ipv6访问网站。 +除了检查网络设备的每一部分，最好查出你是否可以通过IPv6访问网站。 -有很多网站可以检测你的连接是否支持ipv6. 这里就是个例子：[http://testmyipv6.com/][1] +有很多网站可以检测你的网络连接是否支持IPv6. 这里就是个例子：[http://testmyipv6.com/][1] -下面是在内核中启用ipv6的参数： +下面是在内核中启用IPv6的参数： $ sysctl net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6 = 0 @@ -54,13 +54,13 @@ Ipv6比Ipv4支持更多的地址。然而，它还没有被广泛支持，还在 $ cat /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/disable_ipv6 0 -注意这里的变量是控制ipv6的“禁用”。所以设置1就会禁用ipv6。 +注意这里的变量是控制IPv6的“禁用”。所以设置1就会禁用IPv6。 -### 如果它不支持就禁用ipv6 ### +### 如果它不支持就禁用IPv6 ### -如果你的网络设备中不支持ipv6，那最好就全部禁用它们。为什么？因为这回引起延迟域查询，在网络连接中不必要地尝试连接到ipv6地址导致延迟等等问题。 +如果你的网络设备中不支持IPv6，那最好就全部禁用它们。为什么？因为这会引起域名查询延迟，在网络连接中不必要地尝试连接到IPv6地址导致延迟等等问题。 -我也遇到过像这样的问题，apt-get命令偶尔会尝试连接到ipv6地址失败接着检索ipv4地址。看一下下面的输出。 +我也遇到过像这样的问题，apt-get命令偶尔会尝试连接到IPv6地址失败接着检索IPv4地址。看一下下面的输出。 $ sudo apt-get update Ign http://archive.canonical.com trusty InRelease @@ -76,9 +76,9 @@ Ipv6比Ipv4支持更多的地址。然而，它还没有被广泛支持，还在 我在其他的应用上也注意到了相似的问题，如Hexchat，同样Google Chrome也会有时会在查询域名的时候花费更长的时间。 -所以最好的方案是完全禁用Ipv6来摆脱这些事情。这只需要一点点配置但可以帮助你解决很多你系统上的很多问题。用户甚至反应这可以加速网络。 +所以最好的方案是完全禁用IPv6来摆脱这些事情。这只需要一点点配置但可以帮助你解决很多你系统上的很多问题。用户甚至反应这可以加速网络。 -#### 禁用 Ipv6 - 方案1 #### +#### 禁用 IPv6 - 方案1 #### 编辑文件 - /etc/sysctl.conf @@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ Ipv6比Ipv4支持更多的地址。然而，它还没有被广泛支持，还在 $ sudo sysctl -p -再次检查ifconfig的输出，这里应该没有ipv6地址了。 +再次检查ifconfig的输出，这里应该没有IPv6地址了。 $ ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:27:5f:28:8b @@ -108,12 +108,11 @@ Ipv6比Ipv4支持更多的地址。然而，它还没有被广泛支持，还在 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:1501691 (1.5 MB) TX bytes:104883 (104.8 KB) -If it does not work, then try rebooting the system and check ifconfig again. 如果不行，尝试重启系统并再次检查ifconfig -#### 禁用 ipv6 - GRUB 方案 #### +#### 禁用 IPv6 - GRUB 方案 #### -Ipv6同样可以通过编辑grub配置文件禁用。 +IPv6同样可以通过编辑grub配置文件禁用。 $ sudo gedit /etc/default/grub @@ -125,13 +124,13 @@ Ipv6同样可以通过编辑grub配置文件禁用。 $ sudo update-grub2 -重启，现在ipv应该就已经禁用了。 +重启，现在IPv6应该就已经禁用了。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.binarytides.com/disable-ipv6-ubuntu/ -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) ，校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b3232359f04b37ad8f281bfa3987e7e3a947d965 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: vito-L Date: Sat, 12 Jul 2014 01:35:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 543/713] Translating How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04 --- ...140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md index 2a51a8748e..6351487c54 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Transalting How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip] ================================================================================ ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Ubuntu-14.042-790x493.jpeg) @@ -40,4 +41,4 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/disable-overlay-scrollbars-ubuntu-14-04-quick-tip/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/seth/ \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/seth/ From 28ff7065f840930d3825d0554097235e545c4125 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: vito-L Date: Sat, 12 Jul 2014 02:07:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 544/713] translated --- ...able Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 20 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md (56%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/translated/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md similarity index 56% rename from sources/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md rename to translated/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md index 6351487c54..8a3fefca01 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -1,23 +1,22 @@ -Transalting -How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip] +如何在Ubuntu14.04中禁用叠加滚动条【小贴士】 ================================================================================ ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Ubuntu-14.042-790x493.jpeg) -Hello Guys, +Hello 伙计们, -This is a quick tip on how to disable the over scroll bars in Ubuntu. Note that the overlay feature is NOT removed when this tutorial is followed instead you will be enable or disable. +这是一个如何在Ubuntu中禁用叠加滚动条的小贴士。注意，在本文中不是删除叠加功能，相反，你将启用或禁用它。 -### Disable ### +### 禁用 ### -Open terminal and run +打开终端并执行以下命令 gsettings set com.canonical.desktop.interface scrollbar-mode normal -Changes should take effect immediately: +更改后会立即生效： ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Unity_Overlay_off.png) -### Enable ### +### 启用 ### gsettings reset com.canonical.desktop.interface scrollbar-mode @@ -31,14 +30,15 @@ Enjoy! [Enock Seth Nyamador][1] -I wears --[0-0]--, an open source addict. A developing African geek. Am a n00b developer and an aspiring photographer. Feel free to connect with me. Want to offer me something or tips? Am ever ready especially in Software development and Photography. Cheers! +我穿着--[0-0]--（比基尼？）, 一个开源的瘾君子。一个发展中的非洲geek。我是一个菜鸟开发者和一个有追求的摄影师。想提供给我什么或者是小贴士，请随时与我联系。我随时准备开发和照片。干杯！ -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.unixmen.com/disable-overlay-scrollbars-ubuntu-14-04-quick-tip/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Vito](https://github.com/vito-L) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [1]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/seth/ + From 406f00df05dd79bea97e7a9f55b3c436cd591d9b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cvsher <478990879@qq.com> Date: Sat, 12 Jul 2014 11:56:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 545/713] Update 20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md --- ...711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md b/sources/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md index 1bc86153e8..bd88b1f49e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +cvsher翻译中 Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands ================================================================================ This is the first in a series of posts in coming where I’ll be writing about some **basic commands** that that will be of good use to new users. @@ -62,4 +63,4 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-find-size-directory-commands/ 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c4f1d8dcb7b3f407066755fda0660410213b9424 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jack Nie Date: Sat, 12 Jul 2014 13:24:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 546/713] Finish translating 20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing --- ...pp 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md | 34 ------------------- ...pp 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md | 25 ++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 34 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md b/sources/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md deleted file mode 100644 index 1a2a5c1c3a..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,34 +0,0 @@ -nd0104 is translating -New Linux Podcast App ‘Vocal’ Hits Beta, Ready for Testing -================================================================================ -**Back in April we found ourselves enamoured by a promising new [podcast app for Ubuntu called ‘Vocal‘][1]. Well, the app has since gone from being a stylish mockup to real working code — and you can help test it.** - -The project’s developer, Nathan Dyer, has made beta builds — still unstable and not feature complete — available for testing through a dedicated PPA for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS and 14.10. - -The kicker to this (rather sweet) news is that the beta builds of the app **can only be installed if you’re using the next-gen elementary desktop**. And since elementary do not provide official pre-beta development builds for users to test, that makes it a trite difficult. - -Not quite as difficult as trying it out on Unity, GNOME or KDE desktops, mind. If you’re an Ubuntu user wanting to kick the tires on Vocal you will first need to add an unstable elementary desktop PPA to your systems, something we strongly advise against doing. - -Dyer suggests interested users wait until the first beta of the next elementary version is made available. - -For now we can at least look at it: - -![Vocal Beta running on Elementary (Image: Dyer)](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/vocal-beta.png) -Vocal Beta running on Elementary (Image: Dyer) - -Since Vocal is open source there’s nothing to stop it being ported over to mainstream Linux desktop environments such as Unity. - -In the meantime to learn more visit [the developer’s blog][1], [check out the unstable PPA][2] or hit up [Vocal on Launchpad][3]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/linux-podcast-app-vocal-hits-preview-kicker - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/vocal-podcast-manager-linux -[2]:http://nathandyer.me/2014/06/28/vocal-beta-released-daily-ppa-available/ -[3]:https://launchpad.net/~nathandyer/+archive/vocal-daily -[4]:https://launchpad.net/vocal diff --git a/translated/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md b/translated/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..60e199b660 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +Linux 播客软件‘Vocal’进入Beta阶段，准备测试 +================================================================================ +**在四月份的日子里，我们都在迷恋一款Ubuntu下的博客软件['Vocal'][1]，但它只是一个漂亮的样机，为了让它能真正的为我们服务，还有一段路要走，而所有的用户，你可以帮助我们测试Vocal。** +软件的开发者，Nathan Dyer已经完成了一个beta版本，其中还有很多功能未完成，但它已经可以通过专用的PPA在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS以及14.10版本下进行测试。 +新闻的发布者宣称，这个beta版本只能**安装在基于下一代基础桌面的系统中（如Elementary OS）**。并且自从Elementary OS不再为用户提供官方的预览版后，让测试这事更加的麻烦了。 +对于不同桌面桌面系统的兼容问题不经显现在GNOME或者KDE等等，如果你是Ubuntu的用户，想要试用Vocal也得先安装并不稳定的Elementary OS下的PPA，通常我们都强烈反对这样去做。 +Dyer建议感兴趣的用户等待适用于下一代基础桌面的beta版本开发完毕。 +现在，我们只能望梅止渴了。 +![Vocal Beta 在 Elementary OS中 (图: Dyer)](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/vocal-beta.png) +Vocal Beta 在 Elementary OS中(图: Dyer) + +如果Vocal能够开源的话，那将没有任何事务能阻挡它被完美的移植到主流的Linux桌面系统中，这就是开源的力量。 +了解更多请访问[开发者的Blog][1],[查找最新版本][2]或者在Launchpad.net上[查看Vocal的最新信息][3] +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/linux-podcast-app-vocal-hits-preview-kicker + +译者：[nd0104](https://github.com/nd0104) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/vocal-podcast-manager-linux +[2]:http://nathandyer.me/2014/06/28/vocal-beta-released-daily-ppa-available/ +[3]:https://launchpad.net/~nathandyer/+archive/vocal-daily +[4]:https://launchpad.net/vocal From 5b9d34b5e33c3c01ed6bf2b4ab6840afe924ffdb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 12 Jul 2014 23:48:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 547/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E8=A1=A5=E5=85=85=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md | 80 ------------------- 1 file changed, 80 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md b/sources/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md deleted file mode 100644 index 118ad77d6e..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,80 +0,0 @@ -cvsher 翻译中 -Command Line Tuesdays – Part Four -================================================================================ -Heya there geekos! New week, new adventure! - -Today, we’ll learn how to manipulate files using four fairly simple commands. So let’s begin! - -Before we start with the commands themselves, let’s take a quick stop at a section called… - -### …wildcards: ### - -Copying, pasting files, creating directories etc. is probably easier using graphical tools, but, if you’d like to perform more complicated tasks, like copying only .html files from one folder to another, and only copying files that don’t exist in the destination directory, CLI just might come in handy. So, to get back to wildcards, it’s basically a shell feature, a set of special characters, that helps you pick out a set of files based on some simple rules (which characters appear in a file name, how many characters, upper/lower case characters etc.). Here’s the table (click to enlarge): - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-125946.png) - -And here are a few examples mr Shotts posted in a table of usage also click to enlarge: - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-125959.png) - -If you use a command with an argument containing a filename, you can use wildcards with no problem. - -### cp ### - -cp is used to copy files or directories. You can use it pretty easily: navigate to the folder you’d like to copy the files from and to, and simply do - -`cp file1 file2` – to copy single files, - -or - -`cp file1 file2 … directory` – to copy files from your current working directory to the directory specified. Here’s mr Shotts’ table with numerous options: - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-134248.png) - -### mv ### - -mv is the second command of the day. We can use mv to rename a file or directory, or to move a file or directory. We can use it this way: - -`mv filename1 filename2` – if we want to rename filename1 to filename2 - -or - -`mv file directory` – if we want to move file to directory. - -Here’s a table of few examples of mv with options used with it: - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-133515.png) - -### rm ### - -The rm command removes/deletes files and directories. Usage is pretty straightforward: - - rm file - -or - - rm -r directory - -And here’s also a table with some additional options: - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-133529.png) - -But, do be careful when using rm as there is no undelete option, so be extra careful not to inflict unwanted damage to your system! - -### mkdir ### - -mkdir is used for creating directories. It’s the most simple command of the day. Simply: - - mkdir directory - -Voila, directory created! - -So this is it for this week, geekos. Hope to see you next tuesday! All the best and kind regards, - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/08/command-line-tuesdays-part-four/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0bffaa6d596d521fe7cc6cf57a4b6cf4d71596b7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JonathanKang Date: Sun, 13 Jul 2014 13:32:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 548/713] JonathanKang is translating --- ...How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md b/sources/tech/20140711 How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md index 1b207b263f..59190c39ae 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140711 How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140711 How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +JonathanKang is translating + How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh ================================================================================ **Heroku** Client is the (Command Line Interface) CLI tool for creating and managing Heroku apps. @@ -47,4 +49,4 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/enable-tab-complete-heroku-commands-oh-zsh/ [1]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-oh-zsh-ubuntu-arch-linux-fedora/ [2]:https://toolbelt.heroku.com/ -[3]:https://www.heroku.com/ \ No newline at end of file +[3]:https://www.heroku.com/ From 1d5f3d9abcab594eca66da194f96ba7eba3d1b4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: linuhap Date: Sun, 13 Jul 2014 14:36:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 549/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=BA=86=E4=B8=80?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=8D=8A=EF=BC=8C=E5=8F=88=E6=9C=89=E4=BA=8B=E6=83=85=EF=BC=8C?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=B0=81=E6=9D=A5=E5=B8=AE=E5=BF=99=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C?= =?UTF-8?q?=EF=BC=9F?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...0702 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140702 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle.md b/sources/news/20140702 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle.md index dabda20f1f..ca6dea9964 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140702 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle.md +++ b/sources/news/20140702 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle.md @@ -1,19 +1,19 @@ -linuhap 翻译中 CoreOS Linux ending the upgrade cycle +CoreOS Linux结束升级周期 ================================================================================ -> CoreOS launches commercially supported version of its Linux distribution and vows to do away with manual upgrading +> CoreOS发布了他的Linux发行版的商用支持版，并且宣称将废除手动更新。 -IDG News Service - Hoping to simplify life for system administrators, CoreOS has launched a commercial Linux distribution that continually updates itself, eliminating the need to perform major upgrades. +国际数据集团新闻社消息——CoreOS发布了商用Linux发行版，以期能简化系统管理员的生活。这个Linux发行版可持续进行自动更新，不需要进行重大升级。 -CoreOS is offering its namesake Linux distribution as a commercial service, [starting][1] at $100 a month. +CoreOS提供其同名的Linux发行版做为商业服务，开始为一个月100美元。 -"Businesses today can begin to think of CoreOS as an extension of their OS team, and for enterprise Linux customers this is the last migration they will ever need," said Alex Polvi, founder and CEO of CoreOS, in a statement. +“商家现在可以开始考虑将CoreOS作为他们系统团队的延伸，对于企业Linux客户，这将是他们会需要的最后一次迁移。”CoreOS的创始人和CEO在一份声明中这样说。 -Commercial Linux subscriptions are nothing new: Both [Red Hat][2] and [Suse][3] offer commercial subscriptions for their respective distributions. +商业Linux订阅并不是什么新鲜事：[Red Hat][2]和[Suse][3]都在为他们各自的发行版提供商业订阅。 -Because the applications and libraries these Linux-based companies use are open source and freely available, the cost of the subscriptions doesn't cover the software itself, but rather pays for the updates, bug fixes, integration and technical support for when issues occur. +因为这些以Linux为基础的公司使用的应用程序和库都是开源和免费提供的，所以订阅的费用不包括软件本身，而收费来自更新，漏洞修复，集成以及发生问题时的技术支持。 -CoreOS will be different from these distributions, the company asserted, in that there will be no major updates, which typically require updating all the packages in the distribution at once. Instead, updates and new features will be streamed automatically to the copy of the OS and applied as soon as they are ready. +CoreOS公司声称，CoreOS将会和这些发行版不同，它将不会有重大更新，而这些更新通常需要一次更新更新所有的包。它的更新和新特征将会在就绪后自动。。。。CoreOS will be different from these distributions, the company asserted, in that there will be no major updates, which typically require updating all the packages in the distribution at once. Instead, updates and new features will be streamed automatically to the copy of the OS and applied as soon as they are ready. The service offers a dashboard, called CoreUpdate, that provides controls for designating which software packages should get updated, should the administrator not want all the packages to be updated automatically. From 0270b1a0044bba3fea286480a04c859ddfd9a42a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 13 Jul 2014 20:13:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 550/713] PUB:20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing @nd0104 --- ...pp 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md | 34 +++++++++++++++++++ ...pp 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md | 25 -------------- 2 files changed, 34 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md delete mode 100644 translated/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md diff --git a/published/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md b/published/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..68ae48fdb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Linux 播客软件‘Vocal’进入Beta阶段，准备测试 +================================================================================ +**在四月份我们就被一款叫做['Vocal'][1]的Ubuntu下的播客软件吸引了，但它从一个漂亮的草图到能真正可用，还有一段路要走，而你则可以帮助我们测试一下Vocal。** + +该软件的开发者，Nathan Dyer已经完成了一个beta版本，仍然不够稳定，其中还有很多功能也未完成，但它已经可以通过专用的PPA在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS以及14.10版本下进行测试了。 + +新闻的发布者宣称，这个beta版本只能**安装在下一代Elementary OS桌面的系统中**。并且自从Elementary OS不再为用户提供官方的Beta预览版后，让测试这事更加的麻烦了。 + +对于Unity、GNOME或者KDE来说试试也许并不太难，我想大概。如果你是Ubuntu的用户，想要试用Vocal，首先得安装不稳定版的Elementary OS的PPA，通常我们都不是很建议这样做。 + +Dyer建议感兴趣的用户等待下一代的Elementary OS桌面的beta版本开发完毕吧。 + +现在，我们只能望梅止渴了。 + +![Vocal Beta 在 Elementary OS中 (图: Dyer)](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/vocal-beta.png) + +Vocal Beta 在 Elementary OS中(图: Dyer) + +因为Vocal是开源的，那将没有任何东西能阻挡它被完美的移植到类似Unity的主流Linux桌面系统中。 + +了解更多请访问[开发者的Blog][1]、[查看最新版本][2]或者在Launchpad.net上[查看Vocal的最新信息][3] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/linux-podcast-app-vocal-hits-preview-kicker + +译者：[nd0104](https://github.com/nd0104) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/vocal-podcast-manager-linux +[2]:http://nathandyer.me/2014/06/28/vocal-beta-released-daily-ppa-available/ +[3]:https://launchpad.net/~nathandyer/+archive/vocal-daily +[4]:https://launchpad.net/vocal diff --git a/translated/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md b/translated/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md deleted file mode 100644 index 60e199b660..0000000000 --- a/translated/news/20140630 New Linux Podcast App 'Vocal' Hits Beta, Ready for Testing.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25 +0,0 @@ -Linux 播客软件‘Vocal’进入Beta阶段，准备测试 -================================================================================ -**在四月份的日子里，我们都在迷恋一款Ubuntu下的博客软件['Vocal'][1]，但它只是一个漂亮的样机，为了让它能真正的为我们服务，还有一段路要走，而所有的用户，你可以帮助我们测试Vocal。** -软件的开发者，Nathan Dyer已经完成了一个beta版本，其中还有很多功能未完成，但它已经可以通过专用的PPA在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS以及14.10版本下进行测试。 -新闻的发布者宣称，这个beta版本只能**安装在基于下一代基础桌面的系统中（如Elementary OS）**。并且自从Elementary OS不再为用户提供官方的预览版后，让测试这事更加的麻烦了。 -对于不同桌面桌面系统的兼容问题不经显现在GNOME或者KDE等等，如果你是Ubuntu的用户，想要试用Vocal也得先安装并不稳定的Elementary OS下的PPA，通常我们都强烈反对这样去做。 -Dyer建议感兴趣的用户等待适用于下一代基础桌面的beta版本开发完毕。 -现在，我们只能望梅止渴了。 -![Vocal Beta 在 Elementary OS中 (图: Dyer)](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/vocal-beta.png) -Vocal Beta 在 Elementary OS中(图: Dyer) - -如果Vocal能够开源的话，那将没有任何事务能阻挡它被完美的移植到主流的Linux桌面系统中，这就是开源的力量。 -了解更多请访问[开发者的Blog][1],[查找最新版本][2]或者在Launchpad.net上[查看Vocal的最新信息][3] --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/linux-podcast-app-vocal-hits-preview-kicker - -译者：[nd0104](https://github.com/nd0104) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/04/vocal-podcast-manager-linux -[2]:http://nathandyer.me/2014/06/28/vocal-beta-released-daily-ppa-available/ -[3]:https://launchpad.net/~nathandyer/+archive/vocal-daily -[4]:https://launchpad.net/vocal From ded668b0272b290c0e123f6ba228576882ddec4f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 13 Jul 2014 20:39:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 551/713] PUB:20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux @tenght --- ...disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md | 33 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md (87%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md b/published/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md similarity index 87% rename from translated/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md rename to published/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md index 173d2f773b..77f5c5d637 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md +++ b/published/20140617 9 commands to check hard disk partitions and disk space on Linux.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -查看Linux硬盘分区和磁盘空间的9个命令 +Linux下掌控磁盘分区的九大神器 ================================================================================ 在这篇文章中，我们来了解一些用来检查你的系统分区的一些命令，这些命令将检查每个磁盘的分区情况和其它细节，例如总空间容量，已用完的空间和文件系统等。 @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ ### 1. fdisk ### -Fdisk是检查磁盘上分区的最常用命令，fdisk命令可以显示分区和细节，如文件系统类型，但是它并不报告每个分区的大小。 +Fdisk是检查磁盘上分区的最常用命令，fdisk命令可以显示分区和细节，如文件系统类型，但是它并不报告每个分区的字节大小。 $ sudo fdisk -l @@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Fdisk是检查磁盘上分区的最常用命令，fdisk命令可以显示分区 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 2048 7907327 3952640 b W95 FAT32 -单独显示了每个设备的详细信息：大小，秒，ID和单个分区。 +每个设备都单独显示其详细信息：容量大小，扇区数，设备ID及其包含的每个分区。 ### 2. sfdisk ### @@ -81,13 +81,14 @@ Cfdisk是一个基于ncurses（提供字符终端处理库，包括面板和菜 ![linux cfdisk disk partitions](http://www.binarytides.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/linux-cfdisk.png) -Cfdisk一次只能列出一个分区，所以如果你需要看某一磁盘的细节，可以把设备名传给Cfdisk。 +Cfdisk一次只能列出一个分区，所以如果你需要看某一磁盘的细节，可以把该磁盘的设备名作为Cfdisk的参数。 $ sudo cfdisk /dev/sdb ### 4. parted ### -Parted是另一个命令行实用程序用来列出分区，如果需要的话，也可进行修改。 +Parted是另一个命令行实用程序，可以列出分区；如果需要的话，也可进行修改。 + 下面是一个例子，列出了详细的分区信息。 $ sudo parted -l @@ -131,9 +132,9 @@ Df是不是一个分区工具，但它打印出挂装文件系统的细节，Df /dev/sda8 196G 154G 33G 83% /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1 /dev/sda5 98G 37G 62G 38% /media/4668484A68483B47 -文件系统只有以 /dev 开始的，是实际设备或分区。 +只有以 /dev 开始的文件系统才是实际的设备或分区。 -使用grep命令来筛选出实际的硬盘分区或文件系统。 +可以使用grep命令来筛选出实际的硬盘分区或文件系统。 $ df -h | grep ^/dev /dev/sda6 97G 43G 49G 48% / @@ -152,7 +153,7 @@ Df是不是一个分区工具，但它打印出挂装文件系统的细节，Df ### 6. pydf ### -它是用Python写的Df的改进版本，以一个方便阅读的方式打印出所有磁盘分区。 +它是用Python写的Df的改进版本，以易读的方式打印出所有磁盘分区。 $ pydf Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on @@ -160,13 +161,13 @@ Df是不是一个分区工具，但它打印出挂装文件系统的细节，Df /dev/sda8 195G 153G 32G 78.4 [#######..] /media/13f35f59-f023-4d98-b06f-9dfaebefd6c1 /dev/sda5 98G 36G 61G 37.1 [###......] /media/4668484A68483B47 -另外，pydf限制为仅显示已挂载的文件系统 +另外，pydf被限制为仅显示已挂载的文件系统。 ### 7. lsblk ### -列出了所有的存储块，包括磁盘分区和光盘驱动器。细节包括所有分区/块总大小和挂载点。 +列出了所有的块存储设备，包括磁盘分区和光盘驱动器。细节包括所有分区/块总大小和挂载点。 -不报告分区上的已使用和空闲磁盘空间。 +它不会报告分区上的已使用和空闲磁盘空间。 $ lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT @@ -182,13 +183,13 @@ Df是不是一个分区工具，但它打印出挂装文件系统的细节，Df sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom -如果没有挂载点，这就意味着文件系统未安装，对于cd/dvd这意味着没有磁盘。 +如果没有挂载点，这就意味着文件系统未安装，而对于cd/dvd这意味着没有插入光盘。 -lsblk能够显示每个设备的更多信息，如标签和模型，更多请查看信息手册。 +lsblk能够显示每个设备的更多信息，如标签和型号，更多请查看信息手册。 ### 8. blkid ### -打印块设备（分区和存储介质）属性，例如UUID和文件系统类型，不报告分区空间。 +显示块设备（分区和存储介质）属性，例如UUID和文件系统类型，不报告分区空间。 $ sudo blkid /dev/sda1: UUID="5E38BE8B38BE6227" TYPE="ntfs" @@ -219,9 +220,9 @@ hwinfo是一个通用的硬件信息的工具，可以用来打印出磁盘和 ### 总结 ### -parted的输出可以得到简洁而完整的不同分区的概述、上面的文件系统以及总空间。pydf和df被限制为只显示和它们一样的已挂载的文件系统。 +parted的输出可以得到简洁而完整的不同分区的概述、其上的文件系统以及总空间。pydf和df它们一样，只是被限制为只显示已挂载文件系统。 -fdisk和sfdisk显示完整大量的信息，需要花些时间来解释。cfdisk是一个互动的分区工具，每次显示一个单一的设备。 +fdisk和sfdisk显示完整大量的信息，需要花些时间来解释。cfdisk是一个交互式分区工具，每次显示一个单一的设备。 来尝试下这些命令吧，别忘了在下面评论哟！ From 67274e34bba418513540f8bcca9d3d3140598efd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JonathanKang Date: Sun, 13 Jul 2014 21:49:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 552/713] Translated --- ...b Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md | 52 ------------------- ...b Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md | 50 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 50 insertions(+), 52 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140711 How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140711 How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md b/sources/tech/20140711 How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md deleted file mode 100644 index 59190c39ae..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140711 How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,52 +0,0 @@ -JonathanKang is translating - -How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh -================================================================================ -**Heroku** Client is the (Command Line Interface) CLI tool for creating and managing Heroku apps. - -Requirements: - -- Heroku toolbelt -- Oh-My-Zsh ([How to Install][1]) - -Note this post is not talk about heroku, it’s just to show users how they can ease typing of commands with oh-my-zsh, so am NOT going to talk into detail on doing things. Also you should have [heroku toolbelt][2] installed to make this work. Is simple for Ubuntu and Debian derivatives,Install by running the command below: - - wget -qO- https://toolbelt.heroku.com/install-ubuntu.sh | sh - -Open Terminal and login into heroku with you account created [here][3]: - - heroku login - Enter your Heroku credentials. - Email: enockseth@unixmen.com - Password (typing will be hidden): - Authentication successful. - -That shows heroku is up and running. - -Open **.zshrc** in your favourite text editor - - vim .zshrc - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/zsh_git.png) - -By default git is the only plugin enabled. - -Add **heroku** to the plugins section as shown below: - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/zsh_heroku.png) - -Restart teminal, type **heroku** press tab and you’re good to go: - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/heroku_tab_complete.png) - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.unixmen.com/enable-tab-complete-heroku-commands-oh-zsh/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-oh-zsh-ubuntu-arch-linux-fedora/ -[2]:https://toolbelt.heroku.com/ -[3]:https://www.heroku.com/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20140711 How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md b/translated/tech/20140711 How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b2cf8281aa --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140711 How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +如何在Oh-My-Zsh中启用Heroku命令tab按键补全功能 +================================================================================ +**Heroku**客户端是创建和管理Heroku应用的命令行界面工具。 + +需求: + +- Heroku toolbelt +- Oh-My-Zsh ([如何安装][1]) + +本文不是讲关于hereku的知识，也不是讲关于heroku的使用细节，而是仅仅展示给用户他们怎样可以使用oh-my-zsh来方便地敲写命令。此外你还应该安装[heroku toolbelt][2]来进行本文的相应的操作。对于Ubuntu和Debian发行版，你可以通过运行下面的命令来安装： + + wget -qO- https://toolbelt.heroku.com/install-ubuntu.sh | sh + +打开终端，用你在[这里]创建的用户登陆heroku： + + heroku登陆 + 输入您的Heroku认证。 + 邮箱: enockseth@unixmen.com + 密码 (您的输入会被隐藏): + 认证成功。 + +这显示heroku正在运行。 + +使用你喜欢的文本编辑器打开**.zshrc**： + + vim .zshrc + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/zsh_git.png) + +git是唯一默认启用的插件。 + +在下图显示的插件选择区添加**heroku**： + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/zsh_heroku.png) + +重启终端，输入**heroku**，按下tab键，到此就搞定啦： + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/heroku_tab_complete.png) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/enable-tab-complete-heroku-commands-oh-zsh/ + +译者：[JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-oh-zsh-ubuntu-arch-linux-fedora/ +[2]:https://toolbelt.heroku.com/ +[3]:https://www.heroku.com/ From b11d6030e7ec7007ab5e5062482033246e33704e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jack Nie Date: Mon, 14 Jul 2014 09:40:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 553/713] nd0104 is translating 20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5 --- ...Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md b/sources/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md index 874415db0d..84513865ed 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md +++ b/sources/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +nd0104 is translating Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5 ================================================================================ ![](http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3108/3191608123_67e1da2b79_o.jpg) From 4cce0d24600efcc6d8b4420020e7ef33e2e6472d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 14 Jul 2014 10:47:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 554/713] PUB:20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7 @CNprober --- ...n eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md | 57 ++++++++++++++++++ ...n eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md | 60 ------------------- 2 files changed, 57 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md delete mode 100644 translated/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md diff --git a/published/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md b/published/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..debd55dcb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +RHEL 7值得注意的5个新特性 +================================================================================ +> RHEL 7 支持Docker容器，systemd，兼容微软的身份管理和支持高达500TB的XFS文件系统。 + +![](http://www.infoworld.com/sites/infoworld.com/files/media/image/140.jpg) + +在前一个主版本发布3年之后，经过至少6个月的[公开测试][1]，RHEL（Red Hat Enterprise Linux）版本7终于发布了。这次更新表明了红帽子公司对于在RHEL中添加最新的以企业和数据为中心的特性的兴趣。这里列举了其中5个最吸引人眼球的新特性。 + +### 1. Docker ### + +RHEL 7中最大的新特性就是[紧密集成][2]了广受欢迎的应用程序虚拟化技术[Docker][3]。随着[Docker 1.0发布][4]，把它集成到RHEL 7里正是恰逢其时。 + +用Docker包装的应用程序可以独立于操作系统，所以它们可以在操作系统之间移植并且正常运行。RHEL 7打算尽可能高效地使用Docker，以防止应用程序竞争资源或者为使用哪种运行时环境而困惑。 + +从RHEL的Docker路线图上的长期计划表来看，这可能会超越操作系统本身，发展成一系列的Docker容器，它可以支持用最小的开销部署一个系统。这个被称为"[Atomic项目][5]"的计划还处于早期阶段，红帽公司准备首先将它部署在他的Fedora Linux发行版，仅仅当做对前沿技术的测试。 + +### 2. Systemd ### + +引入systemd进程管理器可能引起系统管理员和Linux专家之间激烈的争论。systemd就被开发用于替代自专用Unix出现以来就在使用的init系统，它使得启动过程中装载服务更加高效。 + +因为systemd可能会带来一些不适，红帽公司没有马上在RHEL上使用systemd。早在2010发布的Fedora版本15就已经包含了systemd作为默认项目，这给了红帽公司一次很好的了解systemd在真实世界的运行的经验。同样，systemd也没有孤立地加入RHEL 7，而是作为这个OS大计划的一部分。例如，红帽公司希望通过使用systemd加强对RHEL 7中Docker容器的支持。 + +### 3. 默认使用 XFS ### + +第3个主要的改变是使XFS成为RHEL默认的文件系统，尽管这可能不那么引人瞩目。 + +最初由Silicon Graphics International（硅谷图形公司）创建的XFS在Linux系统上用做生产环境已经很长时间了。在RHEL 7上它将支持高达500TB的文件系统。RHEL 6默认使用ext4，尽管它有XFS选项。红帽子的竞争对手Suse Linux [也支持XFS][6]，尽管它安装时[默认使用ext3][7]。 + +非常不幸的是，没有真正的方法可以将RHEL目前使用的其他文件系统，比如ext4或者btrfs移植到XFS。只能备份然后重建（来进行移植）。 + +### 4. 兼容微软的身份管理 ### + +就算是那些不是微软系统粉丝的管理员也对微软目录服务保持一定的尊重。RHEL 7添加了两个关键的特性以优化处理微软目录服务（AD）的方式。跨域认证现在可以在RHEL 7和微软目录服务之间建立，所以目录服务用户可以直接访问Linux侧的资源，不需要再进行一次登录。RHEL 7另一个目录服务相关的附加特性，是基于DNS信息自动发现和加入目录服务（或者其他红帽子认证服务）。 + +### 5. 性能监控（PCP：Performance Co-Pilot） ### + +进行性能调整的时候看不到实时数据就像是开着一辆挡风玻璃被刷上了油漆的车，所以RHEL 7添加了一个新的性能监控系统PCP([Performance Co-Pilot][8])，PCP最初由Silicon Graphics International（硅谷图形）[创建][9]，但是现在它是RHEL 7的一部分。除了监控和记录系统状态，PCP还为其他子系统提供获取数据的API和工具集，比如正如你猜到的，刚刚介绍的systemd。 + +遵循这个思路，另一个次要的附加特性：新的性能配置文件。RHEL 6已经有符合特殊应用场景的调整RHEL的配置文件。RHEL 7不仅默认有一个新的性能最大化的配置文件，而且包含另一个新的平衡性能表现和能源消耗的配置文件。 + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via:http://www.infoworld.com/t/linux/keep-eye-these-5-new-features-in-rhel-7-244023 + +译者：[love\_daisy\_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/linux/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-beta-now-available-232520 +[2]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/application-virtualization/red-hat-fast-tracks-docker-apps-enterprise-linux-238122 +[3]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/application-virtualization/docker-unleashed-app-portability-gets-boost-231716 +[4]:http://www.infoworld.com/d/application-development/review-docker-10-ready-prime-time-243935 +[5]:http://www.projectatomic.io/ +[6]:https://www.suse.com/products/server/technical-information/ +[7]:https://www.suse.com/products/server/technical-information/ +[8]:http://developerblog.redhat.com/2013/11/19/exploratory-performance-pcp/ +[9]:http://oss.sgi.com/projects/pcp/index.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md b/translated/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md deleted file mode 100644 index 451d4c790f..0000000000 --- a/translated/talk/20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -CNprober translatinged... 619913541 - -RHEL 7值得注意的5个新特性 -================================================================================ -> RHEL 7 支持Docker容器，systemd，兼容微软的身份管理和支持500TB的XFS文件系统。 - -![](http://www.infoworld.com/sites/infoworld.com/files/media/image/140.jpg) - -After six-plus months of [public beta testing][1] and more than three years after its previous major point release, RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux) version 7 is out. The update speaks to Red Hat's interests in outfitting RHEL with many of the latest enterprise and data center features. Here are the five top-of-the-line new additions to RHEL 7 that caught our eyes. -在前一个主版本发布3年之后，经过至少6个月的[公开测试][1]，RHEL（Red Hat Enterprise Linux）版本7终于发布了。这次更新表明了红帽子公司对于在RHEL中添加最新的以企业和数据为中心的特性的兴趣。这里列举了其中5个最吸引人眼球的新特性。 - -### 1. Docker ### - -RHEL 7中最大的新特性就是[紧密集成][2]了巨受欢迎的应用程序虚拟化技术[Docker][3]。随着[Docker 1.0发布][4]，把它集成到RHEL 7的时机是最合适不过了。 - -用Docker包装的应用程序可以独立于操作系统，所以他们可以在操作系统之间移植并且正常运行。RHEL 7打算尽可能高效地使用Docker，以防止应用程序竞争资源或者为使用哪种运行时环境而困惑。 - -从RHEL的Docker地图上的长期计划表来看，这可能会超越操作系统本身，发展成一系列的Docker容器，它可以支持用最小的开销部署一个系统。这个被称为"[Atomic项目][5]"的计划还处于早期阶段，红帽子公司准备首先将它首先部署在他的Fedora Linux发行版，仅仅当做对前沿技术的测试。 - -### 2. Systemd ### - -包含systemd进程管理器可能引起系统管理员和Linux专家之间激烈的争论。自专用Unix出现以来，systemd就被开发用于替代init系统，它使得启动过程中装载服务更加高效。 - -因为systemd的这个潜在的痛处，红帽子公司没有立刻添加systemd（到RHEL）。早在2010发布的Fedora版本15就已经包含了systemd作为默认项目，这给了红帽子公司一次很好的了解systemd在真实世界的运行的经验。同样，systemd也没有武断地加入RHEL 7，只是作为这个OS大计划的一部分。例如，红帽子公司希望通过使用systemd加强对RHEL 7中Docker容器的支持。 - -### 3. XFS by default ### - -第3个主要的改变是使XFS成为RHEL默认的文件系统，尽管这可能不那么引人瞩目。 - -最初由Silicon Graphics International（硅谷图形公司）创建的XFS在Linux系统上用做生产环境已经很长时间了。在RHEL 7上它将支持高达500TB的文件系统。RHEL 6默认使用ext4，尽管它有XFS选项。红帽子的竞争对手Suse Linux [也支持XFS][6],尽管它安装时[默认使用ext3][7]。 - -非常不幸的是，没有真正的方法可以将RHEL目前使用的其他文件系统，比如ext4或者btrfs移植到XFS。只能备份然后重建（来进行移植）。 - -### 4. 兼容微软的身份管理 ### - -就算是那些不是微软系统粉丝的管理员也对微软目录服务保持勉强的尊重。RHEL 7添加了两个关键的特性以优化处理微软目录服务的方式。跨域认证现在可以在RHEL 7和微软目录服务之间建立，所以目录服务用户可以直接访问Linux侧的资源，不需要再进行一次登录。RHEL 7另一个目录服务相关的附加特性，是基于DNS信息自动发现和加入目录服务（或者其他红帽子认证服务）。 - -### 5. Performance Co-Pilot ### - -进行性能调整的时候看不到实时数据就像是开着挡风玻璃被刷上了油漆的车，所以RHEL 7添加了一个新的性能监控系统PCP([Performance Co-Pilot][8])，PCP最初由Silicon Graphics International（硅谷图形）[创建][9]，但是现在它是RHEL 7的一部分。除了监控和记录系统状态，PCP还为其他子系统提供获取数据的API和工具集，比如正如你猜到的，刚刚介绍的systemd。 - -遵循这个思路，另一个次要的附加特性：新的性能配置文件。RHEL 6已经有符合特殊应用场景的调整RHEL的配置文件。RHEL 7不仅默认有一个新的着重使产量最大化的配置文件，而且包含另一个新的平衡性能表现和能源消耗的配置文件。 - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via:http://www.infoworld.com/t/linux/keep-eye-these-5-new-features-in-rhel-7-244023 - -译者：[love_daisy_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/linux/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-beta-now-available-232520 -[2]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/application-virtualization/red-hat-fast-tracks-docker-apps-enterprise-linux-238122 -[3]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/application-virtualization/docker-unleashed-app-portability-gets-boost-231716 -[4]:http://www.infoworld.com/d/application-development/review-docker-10-ready-prime-time-243935 -[5]:http://www.projectatomic.io/ -[6]:https://www.suse.com/products/server/technical-information/ -[7]:https://www.suse.com/products/server/technical-information/ -[8]:http://developerblog.redhat.com/2013/11/19/exploratory-performance-pcp/ -[9]:http://oss.sgi.com/projects/pcp/index.html \ No newline at end of file From 4924f6dcd3dbcf8d16f2627619431cc14620eba4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Love-xuan Date: Mon, 14 Jul 2014 16:02:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 555/713] translated --- ...630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md | 63 ------------------- ...630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md | 54 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 54 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md b/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0277bf57f5..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,63 +0,0 @@ - Love-xuan翻译中 - Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Customizing Unity -================================================================================ -Although the Unity Desktop Manager has made HUGE performance and usability strides since the initial release in Ubuntu 11.10, some people are still put off by a number of the limitations in customizing the look and behavior of the window manager. We are going to take a look at how to customize Unity and bring back a sense of control to your desktop. - -### Unity Customizations Available ### - -In Ubuntu 14.04, Unity has several customizations that are available that were not previously. If you log into Unity, go the the “Settings” and choose “Display”, you will see the following screen: - -![Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Display and Unity Settings](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/unitysettings.png) -Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Display and Unity Settings - -Most of what you see is new since the Ubuntu 11.10 Unity introduction and several are new since just the latest version of Ubuntu 13.10. New since 13.10 are the ability to scale the menu and title bars. This is useful in very high resolution screens OR as a visual impairment option. Everything scales equally. - -Specific to Unity we can also turn on or off that “sticky edges” option. This is the somewhat annoying “pause” your mouse does on the edge of each screen of a multi-monitor setup. It stops the mouse momentarily at the edge, like it gets stuck. Finally, we have to option to turn that off. - -In the “Settings” screen still, choose the “Appearance” option to see the following: - -![Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Appearance and Unity Settings](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/unityappearance.png) -Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Appearance and Unity Settings - -Here we have one of the most requested options for the Unity Dock, the ability to change the Launcher size. Although it could be done in multiple ways in various versions of Ubuntu since 11.10, including it in the Appearance setting just makes it all official. I like that it allows you to change the icon size all the way down to 16 (even the tool we will talk about next only supports 24). - -### Unity Tweak Tool – Now Repo Strong! ### - -This tool has been around since the early days of Ubuntu 11.10 when Unity was first introduced, although you had to jump through a large number of hoops (and progressively smaller as the versions went on) to get it installed and it would be broken by Unity updates. - -Now however, it has officially been added to the default Ubuntu repositories and gets updated when Unity gets updated. There are a large number of customizations, so let’s get it installed: - - sudo apt-get install unity-tweak-tool - -After installation, start it up and you will see the following screen: - -![Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Official Unity Tweak Tool](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/unitytweaktool.png) -Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Official Unity Tweak Tool - -This tool encapsulates a large number of Unity Desktop customizations all in once convenient location. Most of these options can be had in the default Unity settings, at the command line or by editing sometimes hard to find configuration files. - -We can change the behavior of the dock, the panel, web applet integration, search within the Unity menu, etc. all within this one tool. Take the time to explore the options available to you – Unity Tweak Tool – learn it, live it, love it (at least if you use Unity). - -### Final Thoughts ### - -Ubuntu 14.04 LTS is shaping up more and more to be the Linux Desktop (sorry Canonical, you are still Linux) of choice for both the casual Linux user (is there such a thing) as well as the die hard professional. - -We now have more control than every over the Unity Desktop without resorting to tools, utilities or configuration file edits that may break with each subsequent Unity update. The desktop performance is pretty rock solid and, by adding some flavor with the Unity Tweak Tool, looks pretty cool as well! Drop us your thoughts or post links to your Unity Desktop set up in the comments below, we would be interested to see how you are using Ubuntu 14.04 LTS. - ----------- - -#### Terrence T. Cox #### - -Developer, Linux Advocate, Open Source Junkie. Been at this whole tech thing long enough to be considered 'very experienced' but not so long as to be bored of it. - -[Twitter][1] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-lts-customizing-unity/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://twitter.com/mourngrymtc/ diff --git a/translated/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md b/translated/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3a7a19690b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ + Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: 定制 Unity +================================================================================ +虽然Unity桌面管理器自从伴随 Ubuntu 11.01首次发布以来表现出了强劲的性能，并在可用性上迈进了一大步，但是有人对自定义其外观和行为所带的限制感到反感。我们马上就去看看如何自定义Unity，让你重拾自己掌控桌面的感觉。 +### Unity中的可用定制项目 ### + +在ubuntu 14.04中，Unity 有一些以前没有的可定制项。登入你的 Unity，进入“设置”并选择“显示”，你将看到以下画面： + +![Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Display and Unity Settings](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/unitysettings.png) +Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 显示和 Unity 设置 + +你看到的大多数项目相比Ubuntu 11.01 中所采用的都是新的，而且一些相比较最近的Ubuntu 版本Ubuntu13.10也是新的。从Ubuntu13.10开始，Ubuntu加入了可以改变菜单栏和标题栏大小的新特性。 +Unity中所特有的一个特性是我们能够打开或者关闭的“粘性边缘”功能，它能让你的鼠标停止在多显示器组的每个屏幕的边缘，它使光标暂时停在边缘，仿佛是鼠标卡住了一样，我们可以选择关闭它。 +在“设置”中选择“外观”选项，可以看到如下画面。 +![Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Appearance and Unity Settings](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/unityappearance.png) + Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 显示和Unity设置 +这里我们可以看到对于 Unity 启动器栏被要求最多的选项-能够改变启动器大小的特性。虽然在Ubuntu 11.10及以后的各种版本中可以通过多种方法实现这个特性，但将其放入外观设置中使其显得更加正式。我喜欢它能将启动器图标缩小直至16号的功能（我们接下来所要谈论的工具仅能支持最小调至24号）。 +### Unity Tweak Tool-强大! ### + +在Unity首次伴随Ubuntu 11.10发布的几天之内这款工具就跟着出现了，只是你得大费周折去自己把它安装好而且在Unity升级时它可能会损坏。 + +然而现在它被正式添加进了Ubuntu的默认软件仓库并且会在Unity更新时同时更新。它附带大量的定制项，那么我们就来安装它吧： + + sudo apt-get install unity-tweak-tool + +安装好，启动后你将看到如下画面： + +![Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Official Unity Tweak Tool](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/unitytweaktool.png) + 正式的Unity Tweak Tool + +这款工具集中大量的Unity桌面定制项目于一体。这些定制项大多能通过默认的Unity设置，命令行操作或者是编辑有时候很难寻找的配置文件来实现。 + +我们可以改变启动器栏，网页小程序和面板的行为，可以在Unity菜单中搜索等等。所有的都通过着一个工具来实现。花些时间去挖掘适合你的选项-Unity Tweak Tool-学习它，和它一起生活，爱上它（如果你使用Unity，这是起码的） + +### 结尾的一些想法 ### + +Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 越来越向成为Linux Desktop迈进，（Canonical，对不起，你还是Linux），Linux Desktop不仅可以作为非正式的Linux使用者（的确有这样的事）的选择，也适用于骨灰级linux专家。 +那现在相比较于不借助工具，公共程序或是进行在随后的更新中可能损坏的配置文件编辑的Unity桌面我们就拥有了更多的控制权，Unity桌面性能强劲可靠，又通过Unity Tweak Tool加入一些风味元素，使得它的外观也酷极了!!!请给我们你的想法或者点击链接发表你对Unity桌面的评论，我们将有兴趣知道你是如何使用Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 的。 + + +---------- + +#### Terrence T. Cox #### +开发者，Linux倡导者，开源爱好者。 进入这个技术领域很久，被认为经验丰富，但从未感到厌倦。 +[Twitter][1] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-lts-customizing-unity/ + +译者：[Love-xuan](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://twitter.com/mourngrymtc/ From f54df5321e567192ef5a514e14dc2fae7f96847b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Mon, 14 Jul 2014 16:13:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 556/713] [translating] Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators --- .../talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md b/sources/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md index 55315f5730..ee35a361a6 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +zpl1025 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators! ================================================================================ ![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/nin511907PM712014.jpg) @@ -36,4 +37,4 @@ via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=142480 [2]:http://www.ascii-art-generator.org/ [3]:http://ascii.mastervb.net/ [4]:http://www.degraeve.com/img2txt.php -[5]:http://picascii.com/ \ No newline at end of file +[5]:http://picascii.com/ From 13b97dacdfc997c38f9bf7612db8264fa239fb29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 14 Jul 2014 17:42:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 557/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140714-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md | 29 ++++ ...istro Brings Major OpenVPN Improvements.md | 38 +++++ ...are Is for People Who Love the Terminal.md | 28 ++++ ...--Display Kernel Slab Cache Information.md | 139 ++++++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 234 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md create mode 100644 sources/news/20140714 IPFire 2.13 Core 77 Linux Firewall Distro Brings Major OpenVPN Improvements.md create mode 100644 sources/news/20140714 LFTP 4.5.3 File Transfer Software Is for People Who Love the Terminal.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140714 Linux slabtop command--Display Kernel Slab Cache Information.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md b/sources/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4db32000e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Canonical-and-Ubuntu-Helped-Munich-Save-Millions-of-Dollars-By-Ditching-Microsoft-Products-450571-2.jpg) + +**The City of Munich has become one of the most prominent examples of a city administration that switched from Microsoft products to open source, and it looks like Canonical and Ubuntu were an instrumental part of that change.** + +The City of Munich managed to shake off the Microsoft dependency, but it took a lot of work and it wasn't cheap. The benefits of moving from Microsoft products to open source might look expensive, but the costs are significantly lower than an upgrade, and it will prove to be a lot cheaper in the future. + +Moving from a proprietary solution to an open source one is not all that simple when you have a city the size of Munich. It has 22 organizational units and each of those units has its own IT department, not to mention different versions of the applications. + +The local authorities couldn't just adopt a Linux distribution on the fly. The first try was made with Debian back in 2006, but that particular OS didn't have a predictable release schedule. This is how the new LiMux was born, an operating system based on Ubuntu. + +“The LiMux/open source project was a long and iterative one, but after a few years of running such a large Linux base, we realized Ubuntu was the platform that could satisfy our requirements best. By combining the low costs and freedom of open source software with ongoing support for the hardware and applications we need, it was one of the critical elements to the success of this project. Most important was the backing of our politicians throughout the project,” [said][1] Peter Hofmann, project manager for the City of Munich. + +This tremendous project helped Munich save €10 million ($13.6 million) by 2013, but that is if we take into consideration only the upgrade costs. That sum might be a lot bigger if we could quantify the official support for the software and other hidden costs. + +Right now, in Munich, there are 14,000 PCs that are running LiMux and that number is still increasing. It's very likely that other German cities will do the same in the future, especially the ones neighboring Munich. + +It took the authorities of Munich 13 years to finish the transition, but in the end they managed to save a lot of money and prove that Linux is actually a very good and free solution for the IT infrastructure of an entire city. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Canonical-and-Ubuntu-Helped-Munich-Save-Millions-of-Dollars-By-Ditching-Microsoft-Products-450571.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/2014/07/07/ubuntu-and-open-source-help-the-city-of-munich-save-millions/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140714 IPFire 2.13 Core 77 Linux Firewall Distro Brings Major OpenVPN Improvements.md b/sources/news/20140714 IPFire 2.13 Core 77 Linux Firewall Distro Brings Major OpenVPN Improvements.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cae86c7be8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140714 IPFire 2.13 Core 77 Linux Firewall Distro Brings Major OpenVPN Improvements.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +IPFire 2.13 Core 77 Linux Firewall Distro Brings Major OpenVPN Improvements +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/IPFire-2-13-Core-77-Linux-Firewall-Distro-Brings-Major-OpenVPN-Improvements-450605-2.jpg) + +**Michael Tremer, a developer for the ipfire.org team, has announced that IPFire 2.13 Core 79, a new stable build of the popular Linux-based firewall distribution, is now out with some exciting new features.** + +IPFire is a modular Linux distribution, which means that it can be deployed as a firewall, a proxy server, or a VPN gateway. The main concern of the developers is security and every step has been taken in order to ensure that users can feel really safe when using this operation system. + +The developers are saying in the official [announcement][1] that the “Core Update 79 is finally arriving with many bug fixes and enhancements. Among the big changes with this update are lots feature enhancements that massively increase the security level of OpenVPN connections, some enhancements of the web user interface and a lot more awesome stuff under the hood.” + +The IPFire devs had another huge release a few months ago and it looks like they have made another one, this time focusing on the improvement of the OpenVPN features and a few other aspects. + +“The certificate authority that can be created on the OpenVPN page now uses much better hashes to protect the integrity of itself. The CA root certificate uses a SHA512 hash and a RSA key with length of 4096 bit. All new created host certificates use a RSA key with 2048 bit length and a SHA256 hash. Additionally, a set of Diffie-Hellman parameters can be generated for better protection of the session keys. The length of the pregenerated DH parameters can be chosen in the web interface,” also noted the devs. + +According to the changelog, the cipher that is used for each net-to-net connection can now be changed, the hash function is now configurable with a few options like SHA2 (512, 384, and 256-bit), Whirpool (512 bit), and SHA1 (160 bit), and the tls-auth option can be enabled, which uses a HMAC function. + +The Linux kernel used by the distribution has also been updated in this release and the OS now packs the 3.10.44 version. This should bring support for new hardware, a number of security fixes, and more stability. + +Also, snort (the Intrusion Detection System) has been updated to version 2.9.6.1, the new firewall GUI now supports blocking access to the GREEN firewall interface, the PIE packet scheduler has been added, and the default size of the root partition has been increased. + +The developers recommend all users of IPFire to upgrade their distributions. More details can be found on the official website. + +Download IPFire 2.13 Core 79: + +- [IPFire 2.15 Core 79][1] (ISO)[iso] [126 MB] +- [IPFire 3.0 Alpha 1][2] (ISO)[iso] [76 MB] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/IPFire-2-13-Core-77-Linux-Firewall-Distro-Brings-Major-OpenVPN-Improvements-450605.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.ipfire.org/news/ipfire-2-15-core-update-79-released +[2]:http://downloads.ipfire.org/releases/ipfire-2.x/2.15-core79/ipfire-2.15.i586-full-core79.iso +[3]:http://www.rowie.at/ipfire/iso/ipfire-3.0-alpha1.i686.iso \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140714 LFTP 4.5.3 File Transfer Software Is for People Who Love the Terminal.md b/sources/news/20140714 LFTP 4.5.3 File Transfer Software Is for People Who Love the Terminal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bd30878420 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140714 LFTP 4.5.3 File Transfer Software Is for People Who Love the Terminal.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +LFTP 4.5.3 File Transfer Software Is for People Who Love the Terminal +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/LFTP-4-5-3-File-Transfer-Software-Is-for-People-Who-Love-the-Terminal-450596-2.jpg) + +**LFTP 4.5.3, a sophisticated file transfer program with a command-line interface that supports FTP, HTTP, FISH, SFTP, HTTPS, and FTPS protocols, has been released and is ready for download.** + +Every operation made with LFTP is reliable, which means that, if any non-fatal error occurs, the operation is retried automatically. The software supports numerous protocols, but it can also handle a few other tasks, such as BitTorrent downloads, SRV DNS records, job queuing, bookmarks, aliases, and many more. + +“lftp has shell-like command syntax allowing you to launch several commands in parallel in background (&). It is also possible to group commands within () and execute them in background. All background jobs are executed in the same single process. You can bring a foreground job to background with ^Z (c-z) and back with command ‘wait’ (or ‘fg’ which is alias to ‘wait’),” reads the official website. + +According to the changelog, a new setting ftp:site has been added, the http body is not uncompressed when the Contrent-Type is compressed, the source address of DHT replies is now checked, and the disconnected torrent peers are now discarded after only a timeout. + +A complete list of changes and improvements can be found in the official [announcement][1]. + +Download LFTP 4.5.3: + +- [LFTP 4.5.3 tar.xz][2][sources] [1.40 MB] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/LFTP-4-5-3-File-Transfer-Software-Is-for-People-Who-Love-the-Terminal-450596.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://lftp.yar.ru/news.html +[2]:http://lftp.yar.ru/ftp/lftp-4.4.15.tar.xz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140714 Linux slabtop command--Display Kernel Slab Cache Information.md b/sources/tech/20140714 Linux slabtop command--Display Kernel Slab Cache Information.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8bb4e1f626 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140714 Linux slabtop command--Display Kernel Slab Cache Information.md @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +Linux slabtop command - Display Kernel Slab Cache Information +================================================================================ +The Linux kernel needs to allocate memory for temporary objects such as task or device structures and inodes. The caching memory allocator manages caches of these types of objects. The modern Linux kernel implements this caching memory allocator to hold the caches called the slabs. Different types of slab caches are maintained by the slab allocator. This article concentrates on the slabtop command which shows real-time kernel slab cache information. + +### 1. Command Usage: ### + +The command is simple to use. Default execution does not mandate any arguments to the command. But it does require root privileges to access the kernel slab information. Executing the command as normal user gives following error: + +![Run slabtop as non-privileged user](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/001.slabtop_normal_user.png) + +You can run it by prepending “sudo” with slabtop. The default output looks like: + +![Slabtop default output](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/002.slabtop_output.png) + +To quit from slabtop, just hit ‘q’ like you do for top command. + +### 2. Slabtop options: ### + +#### 2.1 Display Interval: #### + +By default slabtop refreshes every 3 seconds. But if you want, you can provide the refreshing interval in seconds with -d or --delay=N option: + +![Custom delay interval 01](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/003.slabtop_delay01.png) + +![Custom delay interval 02](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/004.slabtop_delay02.png) + +#### 2.2 Sort criteria: #### + +There are many fields in slabtop output. The -s or --sort=S option sorts the output according to the mentioned sort criteria. This option will be discussed in detail in the next section. + +#### 2.3 Output once: #### + +The -o or --once option does not refresh the output, instead it just throws the output once on STDOUT and exits. + +![Output once and exit](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/005.slabtop_output_once.png) + +#### 2.4 Version info: #### + +The -V or --version displays the version of the command and exits. + +![Slabtop version](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/006.slabtop_version.png) + +#### 2.5 Help: #### + +The common option, -h or --help displays usage of the command. + +![Slabtop help options](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/007.slabtop_help.png) + +### 3. Sort Criteria: ### + +The sort criteria determines which slab caches are displayed on top. Following are the sort criteria for slabtop: + +#### 3.1 ACTIVE: #### + +Caches can be sorted by number of active objects with “a”. + +![Sort by Active 01](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/008.slabtop_sort_active01.png) + +![Sort by Active 02](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/009.slabtop_sort_active02.png) + +#### 3.2 OBJ/SLAB: #### + +The Objects per Slab can be selected with “b”. + +![Sort by objects per slab 01](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/010.slabtop_sort_objslab01.png) + +![Sort by objects per slab 02](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/011.slabtop_sort_objslab02.png) + +#### 3.3 CACHE SIZE: #### + +For selecting cache size, you need to provide “c”. + +![Sort by cache size 01](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/012.slabtop_sort_cache_size01.png) + +![Sort by cache size 02](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/013.slabtop_sort_cache_size02.png) + +#### 3.4 SLABS: #### + +The number of slabs. Select it with “l” + +![Sort by number of slabs 01](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/014.slabtop_sort_slabs01.png) + +![Sort by number of slabs 02](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/015.slabtop_sort_slabs02.png) + +#### 3.5 Active Slabs: #### + +The number of Active Slabs. (Note that this is different from number of Active Objects described above.) Use “v” to sort according to this criteria. + +![Sort by Active Slabs 01](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/016.slabtop_sort_active_slabs01.png) + +![Sort by Active Slabs 02](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/017.slabtop_sort_active_slabs02.png) + +#### 3.6 NAME: #### + +Name of cache. Corresponding character is “n” + +![Sort by cache name 01](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/018.slabtop_sort_cache_name01.png) + +![Sort by cache name 02](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/019.slabtop_sort_cache_name02.png) + +#### 3.7 OBJS: #### + +To sort by number of objects, use “o” + +![Sort by number of objects 01](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/020.slabtop_sort_objectnunber01.png) + +![Sort by number of objects 02](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/021.slabtop_sort_objectnunber02.png) + +#### 3.8 Pages Per Slab: #### + +“p” will sort by pages per slab + +![Sort by pages per slab 01](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/022.slabtop_sort_pagesperslab01.png) + +![Sort by pages per slab 02](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/023.slabtop_sort_pagesperslab02.png) + +#### 3.9 OBJ SIZE: #### + +The object size is sorted by “s” + +![Sort by object size 01](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/024.slabtop_sort_object_size01.png) + +![Sort by object size 02](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/025.slabtop_sort_object_size02.png) + +#### 3.10 USE: #### + +“u” sorts by the cache utilization. + +![Sort by cache utilization 01](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/026.slabtop_sort_cache_utilization01.png) + +![Sort by cache utilization 02](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/027.slabtop_sort_cache_utilization02.png) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/kernel-slab-cache-information/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From ce9b00c33ddb5aa99b1a03d5feb5620ee1ef2800 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 14 Jul 2014 19:17:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 558/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140714-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md | 61 ++++++++ ...wser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md | 26 ++++ ...and ssd drives with dd command on Linux.md | 139 ++++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 226 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140714 Test read or write speed of usb and ssd drives with dd command on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md b/sources/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..202a1c734f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default +================================================================================ +Sound problem is not new in Ubuntu. I have previously written on various ways to [fix “no sound” issue in Ubuntu][1]. But the soud issue I am going to discuss here is different than those mentioned in the other article. + +So I installed Ubuntu 14.04, actually re-installed it. As always, I did all those [things to do after a fresh install of Ubuntu 14.04][2]. And than I realized that the system had no sound. While investigating the issue I found one strange thing. I checked [alsamixer][3] and it was in a weird state: + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/alsamixer_Set_HDMI_Default.jpeg) + +As you can see, **HDMI is set by default in alsamixer**. Which means by default HDMI output has been selected instead of the built in speakers. This is why I get no sound from the built in speakers in my system. + +Use the following command to check the state of alsamixer: + + alsamixer + +If alsamixer is set by default to HDMI or some other audio output, continue this article to see how can we fix it. + +### Fixing no sound in Ubuntu when HDMI is set as default ### + +Now to force Ubuntu to use analog output instead of HDMI by default, we need a little information. Open a terminal and use the following command: + + aplay -l + +This will list the devices, card number etc. Note down the card and device number for analog output. For me the output was like this: + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/AlsaMixer_List_Device.jpeg) + +Once you have the required card and device number, make a new configuration file like this: + + sudo gedit /etc/asound.conf + +The above command will also open the file. Add the following lines to it, replacing with your card and device number of course: + + defaults.pcm.card 1 + defaults.pcm.device 0 + +Save the file and restart the computer. You should hear the sound now. Just to mention, this will work for all the Linux distributions such as Linux Mint, Elementary OS, Fedora, Arch Linux etc. As I said previously, this “no sound fix” only works with the case where HDMI is set by default. For other cases, you can read [this article about fixing no sound issue in Ubuntu and Linux Mint][4]. + +Feel free to use the comment section to let me know if it worked or not or if you have some better trick to handle this such issue. Ciao ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif) + +---------- + +![](http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/20749c268f5d3e4d2c785499eb6a17c0?s=100&r=pg&d=mm) + +About Abhishek + +I am Abhishek Prakash, 'creator' of It's F.O.S.S. I have a Masters in Communication System Engineering. I am an avid Linux lover and Open Source enthusiast. I use Ubuntu and believe in sharing knowledge. Apart from Linux, I love classic detective mystery. Huge fan of Agatha Christie work. Feel free to circle me on [Google Plus][g] and Follow [@abhishek_pc][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1404/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1304-quick-tip/ +[2]:http://itsfoss.com/things-to-do-after-installing-ubuntu-14-04/ +[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsamixer +[4]:http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1304-quick-tip/ +[g]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/110180944531110746460 +[t]:https://twitter.com/abhishek_pc \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..41301014fa --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +[Quick Tip] Set Default Browser on Debian/Ubuntu Using Terminal +================================================================================ +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Browsers-790x436.jpg) + +Hey Guys, + +In this post, we are going to use the terminal to make a browser default. + +Even though, this can easily be done using the browser’s main interface, is handy sometimes if you need to do this remotely. + +To do this you simply open up the terminal and run the line of code below: + +Enter the number beside the browser you wish to make default and you are done. + + sudo update-alternatives --config x-www-browser + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/change_default_browser_from_terminal_debian_enock.png) + +Enjoy! +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/quick-tip-set-default-browser-debianubuntu-using-terminal/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140714 Test read or write speed of usb and ssd drives with dd command on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140714 Test read or write speed of usb and ssd drives with dd command on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..43ca1aa34e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140714 Test read or write speed of usb and ssd drives with dd command on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,139 @@ +Test read/write speed of usb and ssd drives with dd command on Linux +================================================================================ +### Drive speed ### + +The speed of a drive is measured in terms of how much data it can read or write in unit time. The dd command is a simple command line tool that can be used to read and write arbitrary blocks of data to a drive and measure the speed at which the data transfer took place. + +In this post we shall use the dd command to test and read and write speed of usb and ssd drives using the dd command. + +The data transfer speed does not depend solely on the drive, but also on the interface it is connected to. For example a usb 2.0 port has a maximum operational speed limit of 35 Mbytes/s, so even if you were to plug a high speed usb 3 pen drive into a usb 2 port, the speed would be capped to the lower limit. + +The same applies to SSD. SSD connect via SATA ports which have different versions. Sata 2.0 has a maximum theoretical speed limit of 3Gbits/s which is roughly 375 Mbytes/s. Whereas Sata 3.0 supports twice that speed. + +### Test Method ### + +Mount the drive and navigate into it from the terminal. Then use the dd command to first write a file using fixed sized blocks. Then read the same file out using the same block site. + +The general syntax of the dd command looks like this + + dd if=path/to/input_file of=/path/to/output_file bs=block_size count=number_of_blocks + +When writing to the drive, we simply read from /dev/zero which is a source of infinite useless bytes. And when read from the drive, we read the file written earlier and send it to /dev/null which is nowhere. In the whole process, dd keeps track of the speed with which the transfer takes place and reports it. + +### SSD ### + +The SSD that we are using is a "Samsung Evo 120GB" ssd. It is a beginner level ssd that comes within a decent budget and is also my first SSD. It is also one of the best performing ssds, in the market. + +In this test the ssd is connected to a sata 2.0 port. + +#### Write speed #### + +Lets first write to the ssd + + $ dd if=/dev/zero of=./largefile bs=1M count=1024 + 1024+0 records in + 1024+0 records out + 1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 4.82364 s, 223 MB/s + +Block size is actually quite large. You can try with smaller sizes like 64k or even 4k. + +#### Read speed #### + +Now read back the same file. However, first clear the memory cache to ensure that the file is actually read from drive. + +Run the following command to clear the memory cache + + $ sudo sh -c "sync && echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches" + +Now read the file + + $ dd if=./largefile of=/dev/null bs=4k + 165118+0 records in + 165118+0 records out + 676323328 bytes (676 MB) copied, 3.0114 s, 225 MB/s + +The Arch Linux wiki has a page full of information about the read/write speed of various SSDs from different vendors like Intel, Samsung, Sandisk etc. Check it out at the following url. + +[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/SSD_Benchmarking][1] + +### USB ### + +In this test we shall measure the read and write speed of ordinary usb/pen drives. The drives are plugged to standard usb 2 ports. The first one is a sony 4gb usb drive and the second is a strontium 16gb drive. + +First plug the drive into the port and mount it, so that it is readable. Then navigate into the mount directory from the command line. + +#### Sony 4GB - Write #### + +In this test, the dd command is used to write 10,000 chunks of 8 Kbyte each to a single file on the drive. + + # dd if=/dev/zero of=./largefile bs=8k count=10000 + 10000+0 records in + 10000+0 records out + 81920000 bytes (82 MB) copied, 11.0626 s, 7.4 MB/s + +So the write speed is around 7.5 MBytes/s. This is a low figure. + +#### Sony 4GB - Read #### + +The same file is read back to test the read speed. Run the following command to clear the memory cache + + $ sudo sh -c "sync && echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches" + +Now read the file using the dd command + + # dd if=./largefile of=/dev/null bs=8k + 8000+0 records in + 8000+0 records out + 65536000 bytes (66 MB) copied, 2.65218 s, 24.7 MB/s + +The read speed comes out around 25 Mbytes/s which is a more or less the standard for cheap usb drives. + +> USB 2.0 has a theoretical maximum signaling rate of 480 Mbits/s or 60 Mbytes/s. However due to various constraints the maximum throughput is restricted to around 280 Mbit/s or 35 Mbytes/s. Beyond this the actual speed achieved depends on the quality of the pen drives and other factors too. + +And the above usb drive was plugged inside a USB 2.0 port and it achieved a read speed of 24.7 Mbytes/s which is not very bad. But the write speed lags much behind + +Now lets do the same test with a Strontium 16gb drive. Strontium is another very cheapy brand, although usb drives are reliable. + +#### Strontium 16gb write speed #### + + # dd if=/dev/zero of=./largefile bs=64k count=1000 + 1000+0 records in + 1000+0 records out + 65536000 bytes (66 MB) copied, 8.3834 s, 7.8 MB/s + +Strontium 16gb read speed + + # sudo sh -c "sync && echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches" + + # dd if=./largefile of=/dev/null bs=8k + 8000+0 records in + 8000+0 records out + 65536000 bytes (66 MB) copied, 2.90366 s, 22.6 MB/s + +The read speed is lower than the Sony drive. + +### Resources ### + +- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB][2] +- [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/SSD_Benchmarking][1] + +---------- + +![](http://0.gravatar.com/avatar/e23f2767e6907e798da5b28694a2bf28?s=64&d=&r=G) + +About Silver Moon + +Php developer, blogger and Linux enthusiast. He can be reached at [m00n.silv3r@gmail.com][e]. Or find him on [Google+][g] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-test-drive-speed/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/SSD_Benchmarking +[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB +[e]:m00n.silv3r@gmail.com +[g]:http://plus.google.com/117145272367995638274/posts \ No newline at end of file From c356539e6b0c42761f2a7b9fb8bfabf6d87cb1e6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Luoxcat Date: Mon, 14 Jul 2014 20:58:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 559/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=9120140702=20C?= =?UTF-8?q?ommand=20Line=20Tuesdays--Part=20Three.md=20by=20Luoxcat?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...40702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md | 84 ------------------ ...40702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md | 85 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 84 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md b/sources/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md deleted file mode 100644 index ccaab0075c..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,84 +0,0 @@ -暑假 先来一发 Luoxcat 翻译 -Command Line Tuesdays – Part Three -================================================================================ -Today, mr Shotts takes us on a first part of a guided tour through our file system. We’ll learn how to visit, list files within directories and we’ll learn to use some options for the first time. So let’s begin with the first command of the week. - -### ls ### - -ls is a command used to list files in a directory. It can be used in various ways. These various ways come with using a form of adding an **option** to our command. To make things clearer; You can type only ls. But, you can also add an option, which will modify your command. It can come in useful when you want to sandbox some of the information, when looking for something specific, and the command issues a very long output, you can, for example, narrow it down to only specific information. - -That’s what an option is. And formally we can write it down like this: - - command -option argument - -Command is, well, a command we write in (like pwd, ls or anything else we have learned by now). - -We already stated above the purpose of an option. But let me note it should be written exactly as it’s in the form; With a dash in front of it. So, if the option is l, you should put **-l** after the command. - -An **argument** is an object upon which the command operates (in this case, it will be directories, as we’ll learning how to navigate through them). - -So, let’s try out ls, and use it on the /etc directory in our home folder. This time, without any options. - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-184127.png) - -There you go, a whole bunch of files. It also sorts them by colours. The blue ones are directories, the white ones are files, the green one seems like a shell script of some sort. There are more colors, as they represent different file types. - -Next, you can use the same command, but with an option -l added. Option -l will list the same files and directories, but in a long format. In case you need more information: - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-184542.png) - -### The Long Format ### - -So, using the long format, you see much more information, and some crazy looking signs like -rw-r–r– at the beginning of all lines. Actually, here’s a scheme, representing what all of the given information actually means. - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-184829.png) - -File Name is the name of the file. Modification time is the last time the file has been modified. Size is the size of the file in bytes. Group is the name of the group that has file permissions along with the owner, and Owner is the user who owns the file. The most important one is… - -### …File Permissions ### - -That’s the gibberish at the beginning of every line in long format. The first character is the file type. If it’s a ‘d’, it means the file’s a directory. If it’s ‘-’, it means it’s an ordinary file. The next three characters represent the read, write and execution rights of the file’s owner. The next three are the same rights of the group that also has access to the file, and the last three characters represent rights of everyone else trying to use the file. - -So for example, if we have a file which in long format displays: -rw-r–r–, it means it’s an ordinary file (the first ‘-’), the owner of the file can read and write the file, but he can’t execute it, as it’s not an executable file (the ‘rw-’ characters after the initial ‘-’), and the user group and everyone else can only read the file (you can see ‘r–’ sequence repeating twice. If the user group had ‘rwx’ instead of ‘r–’, it would mean they could read, write and execute the file). - -Next option for ls is ls -la .. – this will list all of the files, as in a usual command, hidden files are not shown. It will list all files in the parent of the working directory in long format. - -### less ### - -Less is a command which will display your text file. For example, you’re looking for text file os-release in /etc. You have succesfully found it there with ls /etc, and now you want to read it. - -You just use less /etc/os-release. - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-190252.png) - -..and there you go. - -How do you control less? - -Easy, with your keyboard! - -less will display only one page of your text at a time. To go forward one page, you can press **Page Up, or ‘b’**. To go back one page, you can use **Page Down, or space**. Capital **G** will take you to the end of the text file, while ‘**1G**‘ will take you to the beginning of the text. **/characters** will search for characters inside the text (for example, if you write /suse, it will search for occurances of suse inside your text and mark them). n will repeat the last search you performed, and **h** will display all your options (h, as in haalp!). - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/halp.jpg) - -You quit less with the letter q. - -### file ### - -The file command will show what kind of file is that you’re looking for, be it ASCII text, a jpg image, a bash script etc. As we performed our exercise with /etc/os-release, let’s use it here also. - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-191402.png) - -There you go, os-release is an ASCII text file. Please, do try it out with something else, and see the output. - -And until next time, remember to… - -…have a lot of fun! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/01/command-line-tuesdays-part-three/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md b/translated/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2ced13fdfc --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +暑假 先来一发 Luoxcat 翻译 +命令行星期二 - 第三篇 +================================================================================ +今天，Shotts 将带领我们游历文件系统的第一部分。我们将学到如何访问，列出目录内的文件，以及首次介绍一些选项的运用。OK,让我们开始学习这周的第一个命令。 + +### ls ### + +ls 是一个用来列出目录内文件的命令。通过添加**选项**来实现多种不同的用途。当然为了得心应手，你可以只需键入 ls 。但是，你也可以添加一个选项后，它会帮助你修饰你的命令。如果你想要"沙盒"一些信息时，这会帮到你的。举例来说，当你要从一个命令的大量输出中找寻指定信息，你可以用选项缩小范围来实现。 + +这就是选项的基础概念。我们可以用下面书写格式表示： + + command(命令) -option(选项) argument(参数) + +命令，恩...，我们可以输入 pwd, ls, 或者是我们到目前为止所有学过的命令。 + +以上我们已经阐述了选项的目的。但是我们需要注意一下书写格式:在前头添加一个破折号。所以，如果选项为 l, 你需要在命令后键入**-l**。 + +**参数**是一个命令的操作对象(在这个例子中，它是一个目录，我们将会学到如何浏览它们)。 + +接着，让我们尝试在主目录里尝试用 ls 命令列出 /etc 目录内容。这次我们先不添加选项。 + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-184127.png) + +就这样，列出了一大堆的文件。它们还根据颜色进行了分类。蓝色的是目录，白色的为普通文件，绿色的似乎是一个 shell 脚本文件。除此之外，还有其他不同的颜色来代表不同的文件类型。 + +接下来，你可以在刚才的命令里添加 -l 选项。添加选项 -l 后也会列出同样的文件和目录，但是会有长格式(the long format)的输出。如果你需要查看更多信息的话，这个选项将是不错的选择。 + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-184542.png) + +### 长格式 ### + +所以，用了长格式后，你可以看到更详细的信息，以及在每行开头类似-rw-r--r-- 令人抓狂的标示。实际上，这只是一种组合，代替了所有有意义的信息。 + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-184829.png) + +(File Name)就是文件的名称。（Modification time）是文件最后修改的时间。(Size) 用 byte 计量的文件大小。(Group) 是组的名称和拥有者一起形成文件权限。(Owner) 是文件拥有者的名称。最最重要的。。。 + +### 。。。文件权限 ### + +文件权限在长格式每一行的开端都显得非常的杂乱。第一个字符代表文件类型。如果是 'd' , 意味着它是一个目录。如果是 '-' , 意味着它是一个一般文件。接下来的三个字符分别代表拥有者的 可读， 可写 ，可执行的权限。再接着三个字符表示组成员的享有的文件权限，而最后三个字符表示其他人对文件的享有权限。 + +例如，如果有个文件在长格式下显示为：-rw-r--r--, 这说明这是个普通文件(首字符 '-'), 拥有者享有可读可写权限，但是没有可执行权限，导致拥有者无法执行该文件(首字符'-'后'rw-'),用户组和其他用户只享有可读权限(你不难发现’r--'字段在后面出现了两次 。如果用户组是 'rwx' 而不是 'r-', 则意味着它们可读，可写，可执行文件)。 + +ls 的下个选项是 ls -la .. ，-a 它会列出所用文件包括隐藏文件，在通常情况下，隐藏文件是不可见的。用长格式列出当前工作目录下的父目录的所有文件。 + +### less ### + +less 是一个可以显示你的文本文件的命令。举例来说，你要在 /etc 下找寻名为 os-release 的文本文件。你可以使用 ls /etc 成功实现，而现在你想要阅读它。 + +你只需要使用 less /etc/os-release。 + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-190252.png) + +..就这样了。 + +你要如何控制 less 呢? + +简单的， 你只需要动动键盘就行了！ + +less 一次只会显示一个页面的文本。往页面之前你需要按 **Page Up, 或者 'b'**。往页面之后你可以按**Page Don, 或者 space**。大写的**G**会跳转到文本的末尾，**1G**会跳转到文本的开端。**/字符**会在文本内搜索指定字符(例如，如果你输入 /suse ,它会找寻所有文本含有的 suse 并标记出来)。n 会重复执行你的搜索，**h**会显示所有的选项(h,haalp!)。 +译注：haalp ！不懂求解释 + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/halp.jpg) + +按q退出 less 命令。 + +### file ### + +file 会显示文件的类型，是否是你要找的 ASCII 文本，还是 jpg 图片，bash 脚本等。让我们用 /etc/os-release 执行练习。 + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-191402.png) + +就这样，os-release 是一个 ASCII 文本文件。 请尝试其他文件，并观察结果。 + +下回见了，记住。。。 + +。。。一定要玩的开心啊！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/01/command-line-tuesdays-part-three/ + +译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From dbe1718917bc9d60c1d6969494186cb0acc094f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 14 Jul 2014 21:18:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 560/713] PUB:20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu @geekpi --- ...rge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md | 42 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md (76%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md b/published/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md similarity index 76% rename from translated/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md rename to published/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md index 9c33329655..7c3686fd36 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md +++ b/published/20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -在Ubuntu下使用“Reprepro”工具在Sourceforge.net中创建".deb"包仓库 +在Ubuntu下如何创建远程".deb"包仓库 ================================================================================ -**Reprepro**是一款小巧的命令行工具来方便地创建并管理**.deb**仓库。今天我们会战士如何人使用reprepro简单地创建一个Debian包仓库，并使用**rsync**上传到Sourceforge.net。 +**Reprepro**是一款小巧的命令行工具来方便地创建并管理**.deb**仓库。今天我们会展示给你如何使用reprepro简单地创建一个Debian包仓库，并使用**rsync**上传到Sourceforge.net。 ![Create Deb Package Repository](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Create-Debian-Package-Repository1.png) @@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ $ sudo apt-get install reprepro gnupg -现在你需要使用hnupg生成一个gpg key，这里使用下面的命令。 +现在你需要使用gnupg生成一个gpg key，这里使用下面的命令。 $ gpg --gen-key -它会询问你一些问题，比如你想要哪种key、key的有效期、如果你不知道如何回答，只需点击**Enter** 来选择默认选项（建议） +它会询问你一些问题，比如你想要哪种key、key的有效期、如果你不知道如何回答，只需点击**回车** 来选择默认选项（建议） 当然，它会询问你用户名和密码，在脑海中记住这些，因为我们会在之后需要它。 @@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ ### 步骤 2: 创建一个包仓库并导出key ### -我们现在要开始创建仓库，首先你需要创建一些文件夹，我们的仓库会在**/var/www/apt**目录，让我们先创建这些目录。 +我们现在要开始创建仓库，首先你需要创建一些文件夹，我们的仓库会放在**/var/www/apt**目录，让我们先创建这些目录。 $ sudo su # cd /var/www @@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ # gpg --armor --export username yourmail@mail.com >> /var/www/apt/key/deb.gpg.key -注意：用你之前步骤中输入的用户名代替username，用你的email代替yourmail@mail.com。 +注意：用你之前步骤中输入的用户名代替username，用你的email代替上面的yourmail@mail.com。 我们需要在**/var/www/apt/conf**创建一个文件“**distributions**”。 @@ -106,14 +106,14 @@ 加入下面这几行到distributions这个文件中并保存。 - Origin: (yourname) - Label: (name of repository) - Suite: (stable or unstable) - Codename: (the codename for the distribution you are using, like trusty) - Version: (the version for the distribution you are using, like 14.04) - Architectures: (the repository packages architecture, like i386 or amd64) - Components: (main restricted universe multiverse) - Description: (Some information about the repository) + Origin: (你的名字) + Label: (库的名字) + Suite: (stable 或 unstable) + Codename: (发布的代码名，比如 trusty) + Version: (发布的版本，比如 14.04) + Architectures: (软件包所支持的架构， 比如 i386 或 amd64) + Components: (包含的部件，比如 main restricted universe multiverse) + Description: (描述) SignWith: yes 接下来我们会创建仓库树，运行这些命令： @@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ ### 步骤 3: 在新创建的仓库中加入包 ### -现在准备你的**.deb**包来加入到仓库中。进入 **/var/www/apt**目录，你每次要加包的时候都不得不这么做。 +现在准备你的**.deb**包来加入到仓库中。进入 **/var/www/apt**目录，你每次要加包的时候都必须这么做。 # cd /var/www/apt # reprepro --ask-passphrase -Vb . includedeb Trusty /home/ravisaive/packages.deb @@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ Please enter passphrase: Successfully created './dists/Trusty/InRelease.new' -你的包已经加入了仓库，要移除它： +你的包已经加入了仓库，如果要移除它的话采用如下命令： # reprepro --ask-passphrase -Vb /var/www/apt remove trusty package.deb @@ -167,13 +167,15 @@ ### 步骤 4: 上传仓库到Sourceforge.net ### -要上传仓库到**Sourceforge.net**，你当然需要一个活跃账号与一个活跃项目，让我假设你想要上传仓库到**http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository**，这里的myfoo是项目名（UNIX名称，不是URL，不是标题），testrepository是你想要上传文件到这上面的目录，这里我们会使用[rsync 命令][1] +要上传仓库到**Sourceforge.net**，你当然需要一个可用的账号与一个可用的项目，让我假设你想要上传仓库到**http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository**，这里的myfoo是项目名（UNIX上的名称，不是URL，不是标题），testrepository是你想要上传文件到这上面的目录，这里我们会使用[rsync 命令][1]。（LCTT译注：当然你也可以上传到其它的支持Http/Rsync的服务器上，以提供远程软件库的服务。） # rsync -avP -e ssh /var/www/apt/ username@frs.sourceforge.net:/home/frs/project/myfoo/testrepository/ -**注意**：用你在sourceforge.net上的用户名代替username，用你的项目的UNIX类型名称代替myfoo，用你想要存储的文件夹代替testrepository。 +**注意**：用你在sourceforge.net上的用户名代替username，用你的项目的UNIX名称代替myfoo，用你想要存储的文件夹代替testrepository。 -现在你的仓库上传到了**http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository**，要把它加入到已安装的系统，首先你需要导入仓库key，它会在**/var/www/apt/key/deb.gpg.key**，但是这是一个本地路径，并且你仓库的用户不能添加到他们的系统中，这就是为什么我们要导入来自sourceforge.net的key的原因。 +现在你的仓库（包括设置和key等等）上传到了**http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository**。 + +要把它加入到一个已装好的系统，首先你需要导入仓库key，它实际上就是**/var/www/apt/key/deb.gpg.key**，但是这是一个本地路径，使用你的仓库的其它用户不能添加到他们的系统中，这就是为什么我们要导入来自sourceforge.net的key的原因。 $ sudo su # wget -O - http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository/apt/key/deb.gpg.key | apt-key add - @@ -194,7 +196,7 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/create-deb-pacakge-repository-in-ubuntu/ -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 612df92b4f58b8e4837feeda50a4f130354259ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 14 Jul 2014 21:27:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 561/713] PUB:20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out @geekpi --- ... Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md (69%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md b/published/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md similarity index 69% rename from translated/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md rename to published/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md index 6f7077377d..8fe7018a07 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md +++ b/published/20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md @@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ Curlew可以转换超过100种不同的格式、显示文件的详细信息、转换预览、插入字幕等等。 -根据变更日志，转换前后实例的最后大小和位置会被记住、加入了一些失去对话图标、文件系统会在挂起前同步。 +此次更新包括：该软件打开时会记住上次的窗口大小和位置、增加了丢失了的对话框图标、在系统挂起前会主动同步文件系统。 -这个程序有一些依赖：至少Python 2.7 （小于3.0）、python-gobject 3.0、gir1.2-gtk 3.0、 ffmpeg 0.8、libav-tools 0.8、 mencoder、libavcodec-extra、xdg-utils、mediainfo。 +这个程序需要的依赖环境包括：Python 2.7及其以上 （但是不兼容3.x）、python-gobject 3.0、gir1.2-gtk 3.0、 ffmpeg 0.8、libav-tools 0.8、 mencoder、libavcodec-extra、xdg-utils和mediainfo等。 -来自noobslab.com的人提供一种通过PPA来简单地安装这个应用的方法。你要做的是在命令行下输入少量的命令（你需要使用root权限来生效） +来自noobslab.com的兄弟们提供一种通过PPA来简单地安装这个应用的方法。你要做的是在命令行下输入少量的命令（你需要有root权限才行） sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps sudo apt-get update @@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Curlew可以转换超过100种不同的格式、显示文件的详细信息、 via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Open-Source-Multimedia-Converter-Curlew-0-1-22-3-Is-Out-448028.shtml -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 6f12a02aca955efbf39f524554f30b3be37019b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 14 Jul 2014 21:50:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 562/713] PUB:20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three @Luoxcat --- ...40702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md | 83 ++++++++++++++++++ ...40702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md | 85 ------------------- 2 files changed, 83 insertions(+), 85 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md diff --git a/published/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md b/published/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5f7478e869 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md @@ -0,0 +1,83 @@ +命令行星期二 —— 第三篇 +================================================================================ +今天，肖茨先生将带领我们游历文件系统的第一部分。我们将学到如何访问、列出目录内的文件，以及首次介绍一些选项的运用。OK，让我们开始学习这周的第一个命令。 + +### ls ### + +ls 是一个用来列出目录内文件的命令。通过添加**选项**来实现多种不同的用途。简单起见，你可以只需键入 ls 。但是，你也可以在命令后面添加一个选项，它会帮助你修饰你的命令。如果你想要随意摆弄一些信息时，这会帮到你的。举例来说，当你要从一个命令的大量输出中找寻指定信息，你可以用选项缩小范围来实现。 + +这就是选项的基础概念。我们可以用下面书写格式表示： + + command(命令) -option(选项) argument(参数) + +命令，恩...，我们可以输入 pwd、 ls， 或者我们到目前为止所有学过的命令。 + +以上我们已经阐述了选项的目的。但是我们需要注意一下书写格式：在前头添加一个破折号。所以，如果选项为 l, 你需要在命令后键入**-l**。 + +**参数**是一个命令的操作对象（在这个例子中，它是一个目录，我们将会学到如何浏览它们）。 + +接着，让我们尝试在主目录里尝试用 ls 命令列出 /etc 目录内容。这次我们先不添加选项。 + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-184127.png) + +就这样，列出了一大堆的文件。它们还根据颜色进行了分类。蓝色的是目录，白色的为普通文件，绿色的似乎是某种 shell 脚本文件。除此之外，还有其他不同的颜色来代表不同的文件类型。 + +接下来，你可以在刚才的命令里添加 -l 选项。添加选项 -l 后也会列出同样的文件和目录，但是以长格式方式输出。如果你需要查看更多信息的话，这个选项将是不错的选择。 + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-184542.png) + +### 长格式 ### + +这样，用了长格式后，你可以看到更详细的信息，以及在每行开头类似-rw-r--r-- 令人抓狂的标示。实际上，这只是一种组合，代表了各种意义的信息。 + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-184829.png) + +(File Name)就是文件的名称。（Modification time）是文件最后修改的时间。(Size) 用 byte 计量的文件大小。(Group) 是组的名称，和拥有者一起构成文件权限。(Owner) 是文件拥有者的名称。最最重要的… + +###…文件权限 ### + +文件权限在长格式每一行的开端都显得非常的杂乱。第一个字符代表文件类型。如果是 'd' , 意味着它是一个目录。如果是 '-' , 意味着它是一个一般文件。接下来的三个字符分别代表拥有者的可读， 可写 ，可执行的权限。再接着三个字符表示组成员的享有的文件权限，而最后三个字符表示其他人（既不是拥有者也不是同组）对文件的享有权限。 + +例如，如果有个文件在长格式下显示为：-rw-r--r--, 这说明这是个普通文件（首字符 '-'），拥有者享有可读可写权限，但是没有可执行权限，导致拥有者无法执行该文件（首字符'-'后'rw-'），用户组和其他用户只享有可读权限（你不难发现'r--'字段在后面出现了两次 。如果用户组是 'rwx' 而不是 'r-'，则意味着它们可读，可写，可执行）。 + +ls 的下个选项是 ls -la .. ，-a 它会列出所有的文件，包括隐藏文件。在通常情况下，隐藏文件是不可见的。用长格式列出当前工作目录下的父目录的所有文件。 + +### less ### + +less 是一个可以显示你的文本文件的命令。举例来说，你要在 /etc 下找寻名为 os-release 的文本文件。你可以使用 ls /etc 成功实现，而现在你想要阅读它的内容。 + +你只需要使用 less /etc/os-release。 + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-190252.png) + +..就这样了。 + +你要如何控制 less 呢? + +简单的， 你只需要动动键盘就行了！ + +less 一次只会显示一个页面的文本。往前翻页你需要按 **Page Up**, 或者 **'b'**。往后翻页你可以按**Page Down**, 或者 **空格**。大写的**G**会跳转到文本的末尾，**1G**会跳转到文本的开端。**/字符**会在文本内搜索指定字符（例如，如果你输入 /suse ，它会找寻所有文本含有的 suse 并标记出来）。n 会重复执行你的搜索，**h**会显示所有的选项（h，即帮助的意思）。 + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/halp.jpg) + +按q退出 less 命令。 + +### file ### + +file 会显示文件的类型，是否是你要找的 ASCII 文本，还是 jpg 图片，bash 脚本等。让我们用 /etc/os-release 执行练习。 + +![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-191402.png) + +这样，如你所见，os-release 是一个 ASCII 文本文件。 请尝试其他文件，并观察结果。 + +下回见了，记住… + +…一定要玩的开心啊！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/01/command-line-tuesdays-part-three/ + +译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md b/translated/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2ced13fdfc..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,85 +0,0 @@ -暑假 先来一发 Luoxcat 翻译 -命令行星期二 - 第三篇 -================================================================================ -今天，Shotts 将带领我们游历文件系统的第一部分。我们将学到如何访问，列出目录内的文件，以及首次介绍一些选项的运用。OK,让我们开始学习这周的第一个命令。 - -### ls ### - -ls 是一个用来列出目录内文件的命令。通过添加**选项**来实现多种不同的用途。当然为了得心应手，你可以只需键入 ls 。但是，你也可以添加一个选项后，它会帮助你修饰你的命令。如果你想要"沙盒"一些信息时，这会帮到你的。举例来说，当你要从一个命令的大量输出中找寻指定信息，你可以用选项缩小范围来实现。 - -这就是选项的基础概念。我们可以用下面书写格式表示： - - command(命令) -option(选项) argument(参数) - -命令，恩...，我们可以输入 pwd, ls, 或者是我们到目前为止所有学过的命令。 - -以上我们已经阐述了选项的目的。但是我们需要注意一下书写格式:在前头添加一个破折号。所以，如果选项为 l, 你需要在命令后键入**-l**。 - -**参数**是一个命令的操作对象(在这个例子中，它是一个目录，我们将会学到如何浏览它们)。 - -接着，让我们尝试在主目录里尝试用 ls 命令列出 /etc 目录内容。这次我们先不添加选项。 - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-184127.png) - -就这样，列出了一大堆的文件。它们还根据颜色进行了分类。蓝色的是目录，白色的为普通文件，绿色的似乎是一个 shell 脚本文件。除此之外，还有其他不同的颜色来代表不同的文件类型。 - -接下来，你可以在刚才的命令里添加 -l 选项。添加选项 -l 后也会列出同样的文件和目录，但是会有长格式(the long format)的输出。如果你需要查看更多信息的话，这个选项将是不错的选择。 - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-184542.png) - -### 长格式 ### - -所以，用了长格式后，你可以看到更详细的信息，以及在每行开头类似-rw-r--r-- 令人抓狂的标示。实际上，这只是一种组合，代替了所有有意义的信息。 - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-184829.png) - -(File Name)就是文件的名称。（Modification time）是文件最后修改的时间。(Size) 用 byte 计量的文件大小。(Group) 是组的名称和拥有者一起形成文件权限。(Owner) 是文件拥有者的名称。最最重要的。。。 - -### 。。。文件权限 ### - -文件权限在长格式每一行的开端都显得非常的杂乱。第一个字符代表文件类型。如果是 'd' , 意味着它是一个目录。如果是 '-' , 意味着它是一个一般文件。接下来的三个字符分别代表拥有者的 可读， 可写 ，可执行的权限。再接着三个字符表示组成员的享有的文件权限，而最后三个字符表示其他人对文件的享有权限。 - -例如，如果有个文件在长格式下显示为：-rw-r--r--, 这说明这是个普通文件(首字符 '-'), 拥有者享有可读可写权限，但是没有可执行权限，导致拥有者无法执行该文件(首字符'-'后'rw-'),用户组和其他用户只享有可读权限(你不难发现’r--'字段在后面出现了两次 。如果用户组是 'rwx' 而不是 'r-', 则意味着它们可读，可写，可执行文件)。 - -ls 的下个选项是 ls -la .. ，-a 它会列出所用文件包括隐藏文件，在通常情况下，隐藏文件是不可见的。用长格式列出当前工作目录下的父目录的所有文件。 - -### less ### - -less 是一个可以显示你的文本文件的命令。举例来说，你要在 /etc 下找寻名为 os-release 的文本文件。你可以使用 ls /etc 成功实现，而现在你想要阅读它。 - -你只需要使用 less /etc/os-release。 - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-190252.png) - -..就这样了。 - -你要如何控制 less 呢? - -简单的， 你只需要动动键盘就行了！ - -less 一次只会显示一个页面的文本。往页面之前你需要按 **Page Up, 或者 'b'**。往页面之后你可以按**Page Don, 或者 space**。大写的**G**会跳转到文本的末尾，**1G**会跳转到文本的开端。**/字符**会在文本内搜索指定字符(例如，如果你输入 /suse ,它会找寻所有文本含有的 suse 并标记出来)。n 会重复执行你的搜索，**h**会显示所有的选项(h,haalp!)。 -译注：haalp ！不懂求解释 - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/halp.jpg) - -按q退出 less 命令。 - -### file ### - -file 会显示文件的类型，是否是你要找的 ASCII 文本，还是 jpg 图片，bash 脚本等。让我们用 /etc/os-release 执行练习。 - -![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Screenshot-30.-06.-2014-191402.png) - -就这样，os-release 是一个 ASCII 文本文件。 请尝试其他文件，并观察结果。 - -下回见了，记住。。。 - -。。。一定要玩的开心啊！ - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/01/command-line-tuesdays-part-three/ - -译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c42a29703a0af022c6299b6a99de0944ca87552d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kaiyao <1250471161@qq.com> Date: Mon, 14 Jul 2014 21:55:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 563/713] su-kaiyao translating --- ...Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md b/sources/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md index 4db32000e1..a98d0ca02d 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md +++ b/sources/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +[su-kaiyao]翻译中 + Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products ================================================================================ ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Canonical-and-Ubuntu-Helped-Munich-Save-Millions-of-Dollars-By-Ditching-Microsoft-Products-450571-2.jpg) @@ -26,4 +28,4 @@ via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Canonical-and-Ubuntu-Helped-Munich-Save-Mill 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/2014/07/07/ubuntu-and-open-source-help-the-city-of-munich-save-millions/ \ No newline at end of file +[1]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/2014/07/07/ubuntu-and-open-source-help-the-city-of-munich-save-millions/ From ccf4a8b767d65669d4b8bf6b017ba05d55a43f79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cvsher <478990879@qq.com> Date: Mon, 14 Jul 2014 22:10:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 564/713] Delete 20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md --- ...-How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md | 66 ------------------- 1 file changed, 66 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md b/sources/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md deleted file mode 100644 index bd88b1f49e..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,66 +0,0 @@ -cvsher翻译中 -Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands -================================================================================ -This is the first in a series of posts in coming where I’ll be writing about some **basic commands** that that will be of good use to new users. - -**Note**: This is targeted at people little or no command line experience.. - -> How can I as a new user to Linux display directory properties from the terminal? - -### Requirements ### - -The only requirement is the **du** command line tool. du comes with almost every Linux distro by default. - -Check if du it’s on your system by running the command below in the terminal: - - man du - -**du** command estimates file space usage - -### Using du ### - -Running du with no flag displays names of all directories including sub-directories and sizes in bytes. - - du - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/du-overview.png) - -Using the **-h** flag displays the sizes in human readable format, that is **K, M** and **G** representing **Kilobyte, Megabyte** and **Gigabyte** respectively. - - du - h - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/du-h.png) - -To view a specific directory indicate that after du and flag as shown below: - - du -h Mapmaker - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/du-h-mapmaker.png) - -Use -c to see grand **total** displayed: - - du -ch - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/du-ch.png) - -Use **-s** flag to display only grand total / disk space used for specific directories: - - du -sh Mapmaker Sandbox - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-07052014-093858-AM.png) - -See man du for more flags and there uses - - man du - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/man-du.png) - -Knows other combinations of du? Share with myself and others here too. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-find-size-directory-commands/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 60827c31b5e542d117877a77ab1b90997286dd60 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cvsher <478990879@qq.com> Date: Mon, 14 Jul 2014 22:13:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 565/713] Create Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译完成 --- ...cs: How To Find Size of Directory Commands | 63 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 63 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands diff --git a/translated/tech/Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands b/translated/tech/Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8c7b488363 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +Linux基础，如何在命令行中查看目录的大小 +===================================================================== +这是写给Liunx新用户的一系列文章中的第一篇，在这系列文章我将会写一些对新用户来说非常好用的**Linux基础命令**。 + +**注意**：本文的目标读者是仅有小量甚至是没有任何Linux命令行使用经验的读者。 + +>作为一个Linux的新用户，我怎样可以在命令行终端中查看某个目录的属性？ + +###要求### + +唯一的要求是**du**命令行工具。du基本上是所有Linux发行版本默认提供的工具。用以下的命令来检查你的系统中是否可以使用du命令： + + man du + +**du** 命令用于输出文件的空间使用情况。 + +###使用du### + +不带任何参数的运行du命令会显示当前工作目录以及其子目录的文件名和所占用的空间大小(以字节为单位)。 + + du + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/du-overview.png) + +使用**-h**参数以对用户友好的方式输出文件大小，即分别以**K, M**和**G**来表示**Kb,Mb**和**Gb** + + du -h + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/du-h.png) + +若想查看某个特定目录的文件大小，则在du命令中指定要查看的目录名，如下： + + du -h Mapmaker + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/du-h-mapmaker.png) + +使用 **-c** 参数来查看目录所占用磁盘空间的总大小 + + du -ch + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/du-ch.png) + +使用 **-s** 参数只输出指定目录占用空间的大小 + + du -sh Mapmaker Sandbox + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/du-ch.png) + +使用 man du 查看du命令更多参数的用法 + + man du + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/man-du.png) + +知道du命令更多的用法？请分享给我和其他人。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-find-size-directory-commands/ + +译者：[cvsher](https://github.com/cvsher) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 468a88aadefdaae80128610e1cee7c3536aa8aea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Love-xuan Date: Mon, 14 Jul 2014 22:51:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 566/713] Love-xuan Translating --- ...711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md b/sources/tech/20140711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md index a464473fe4..38cf2aebb9 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Love-xuan翻译中 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian ================================================================================ Soon enough, hardly any Linux user will be able to escape the ever growing grasp that systemd imposes on Linux, unless they manually opt out. systemd has created more technical, emotional, and social issues than any other piece of software as of late. This predominantly came to show in the [heated discussions][1] also dubbed as the 'Init Wars', that occupied parts of the Debian developer body for months. While the Debian Technical Comittee finally decided to include systemd in Debian 8 "Jessie", there were efforts to [supersede the decision][2] by a General Resolution, and even threats to the health of developers in favor of systemd. From 5cd1a03fb9102313a44052ce6e009738479b8417 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Tue, 15 Jul 2014 09:48:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 567/713] [translated] Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators --- ...1 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md | 17 ++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md b/sources/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md index ee35a361a6..f8518fbb66 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md @@ -1,35 +1,34 @@ -zpl1025 -Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators! +五个超赞的字符艺术生成器！ ================================================================================ ![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/nin511907PM712014.jpg) -ASCII is a very fascinating character-encoding scheme wherein codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other devices that use text. The next gen might call it old-school but those familiar with the concept know how unique ASCII really is. Here we have compiled a list of 5 amazing ASCII art generators for you. +ASCII是一个非常吸引人的字符编码系统，在计算机，通讯设备，以及其他设备中，通过它来用代码表示字符。新一代的人可能会觉得它已经过时了，但是那些熟悉它的人会懂得ASCII是多么的独特。我们在这里为你准备了五个超赞的ASCII字符艺术生成器。 ### 1.[GlassGiant ASCII Art][1] ### -This little program converts your picture to ASCII text art - a jumble of letters, numbers and symbols that do not appear to have any significance until you step back and look at the whole picture. It has no practical purpose, other than the neat factor. +这个小程序可以把图片转换成ASCII文字艺术－一堆胡乱堆在一起的文字，数字和符号，看上去没有任何意义，直到你往后站一步去看完整的画面。它也没有什么实际的目的，只是看上去非常简洁灵巧。 ### 2.[ASCII Art Generator][2] ### -ASCII art is an art movement that utilises computers for presentation and consists of pictures pieced together from printable characters. All you need to do id upload your image and it will convert it to ascii art. +ASCII字符艺术是一种在电脑上把可打印字符作为图片碎片来拼接展现一幅图像的艺术活动。你所需要做的只是上传你的图片，然后它会帮你转成ASCII字符艺术。 ### 3.[Ascii.mastervb][3] ### -ASCII Art is created from a 7-bit ASCII characters standard. ASCII Art was popular in 70-80s. In that time, computer OS was still text based. This application can convert images to ascii really quick. +ASCII字符艺术来源于7比特ASCII字符标准。ASCII字符艺术曾经在70－80年代很流行。在那个时候，计算机系统都还是基于字符的。这个程序可以非常快地把图片转换成ASCII字符。 ### 4.[IMG2TXT][4] ### -This script takes the URL of a GIF, JPG, or PNG image and converts that image into ASCII text or colored HTML. +这个脚本可以将GIF,JPG,或PNG的链接转换成ASCII字符或是带颜色的HTML。 ### 5.[picascii][5] ### -Convert a picture into ASCII TEXT,HTML. In order to convert a picture, you just need to enter an url or select a picture from your computer (gif,jpeg,png). +它可以把图片转换成ASCII文本或是HTML。要做转换，你只需要输入链接地址或是选择一张你电脑上的图片（gif/jpeg/png）。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=142480 -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e8282ed0e0e6e80c51abcdd30b251464fb1cc179 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Tue, 15 Jul 2014 09:51:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 568/713] [translated] Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators (move files...) --- .../talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md b/translated/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md rename to translated/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md From 592e23237ae9db47b869adecc272bf224fa3f4dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Tue, 15 Jul 2014 09:56:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 569/713] [translating] HTG Explains: What is Unix and Why Does It Matter --- ...20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md b/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md index bb30d87f14..e0349c280d 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +zpl1025 HTG Explains: What is Unix and Why Does It Matter? ================================================================================ ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/ken-thompson-and-dennis-richie-at-pdp-11.jpg) From ac474fa790fd496a5cca7ec0f0df8106cdbfe2a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Love-xuan Date: Tue, 15 Jul 2014 11:05:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 570/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md | 1 - 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md b/sources/tech/20140711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md index 38cf2aebb9..a464473fe4 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -Love-xuan翻译中 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian ================================================================================ Soon enough, hardly any Linux user will be able to escape the ever growing grasp that systemd imposes on Linux, unless they manually opt out. systemd has created more technical, emotional, and social issues than any other piece of software as of late. This predominantly came to show in the [heated discussions][1] also dubbed as the 'Init Wars', that occupied parts of the Debian developer body for months. While the Debian Technical Comittee finally decided to include systemd in Debian 8 "Jessie", there were efforts to [supersede the decision][2] by a General Resolution, and even threats to the health of developers in favor of systemd. From 9975c858b988fb002b1c5388af890970cfc3d498 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Love-xuan Date: Tue, 15 Jul 2014 11:17:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 571/713] =?UTF-8?q?Love-xuan=20=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140711 How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md index 112cca1d85..8614116006 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140711 How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140711 How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Love-xuan 翻译中 How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04 ================================================================================ **If you follow us over on Twitter you may have caught a glimpse of a screenshot we shared recently, along with the invitation to name the desktop environment pictured. ** From d90b0ccaadf3614d990b4a84f65e6a7555f5159b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kaiyao <1250471161@qq.com> Date: Tue, 15 Jul 2014 11:43:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 572/713] translated --- ... Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md | 31 ------------------- ... Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md | 26 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 26 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md b/sources/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md deleted file mode 100644 index a98d0ca02d..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,31 +0,0 @@ -[su-kaiyao]翻译中 - -Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products -================================================================================ -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Canonical-and-Ubuntu-Helped-Munich-Save-Millions-of-Dollars-By-Ditching-Microsoft-Products-450571-2.jpg) - -**The City of Munich has become one of the most prominent examples of a city administration that switched from Microsoft products to open source, and it looks like Canonical and Ubuntu were an instrumental part of that change.** - -The City of Munich managed to shake off the Microsoft dependency, but it took a lot of work and it wasn't cheap. The benefits of moving from Microsoft products to open source might look expensive, but the costs are significantly lower than an upgrade, and it will prove to be a lot cheaper in the future. - -Moving from a proprietary solution to an open source one is not all that simple when you have a city the size of Munich. It has 22 organizational units and each of those units has its own IT department, not to mention different versions of the applications. - -The local authorities couldn't just adopt a Linux distribution on the fly. The first try was made with Debian back in 2006, but that particular OS didn't have a predictable release schedule. This is how the new LiMux was born, an operating system based on Ubuntu. - -“The LiMux/open source project was a long and iterative one, but after a few years of running such a large Linux base, we realized Ubuntu was the platform that could satisfy our requirements best. By combining the low costs and freedom of open source software with ongoing support for the hardware and applications we need, it was one of the critical elements to the success of this project. Most important was the backing of our politicians throughout the project,” [said][1] Peter Hofmann, project manager for the City of Munich. - -This tremendous project helped Munich save €10 million ($13.6 million) by 2013, but that is if we take into consideration only the upgrade costs. That sum might be a lot bigger if we could quantify the official support for the software and other hidden costs. - -Right now, in Munich, there are 14,000 PCs that are running LiMux and that number is still increasing. It's very likely that other German cities will do the same in the future, especially the ones neighboring Munich. - -It took the authorities of Munich 13 years to finish the transition, but in the end they managed to save a lot of money and prove that Linux is actually a very good and free solution for the IT infrastructure of an entire city. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Canonical-and-Ubuntu-Helped-Munich-Save-Millions-of-Dollars-By-Ditching-Microsoft-Products-450571.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/2014/07/07/ubuntu-and-open-source-help-the-city-of-munich-save-millions/ diff --git a/translated/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md b/translated/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ea4e5310f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +放弃微软产品，规范和ubuntu帮助慕尼黑省下数百万美元 +================================================= +![jpg](https://camo.githubusercontent.com/fb9de25222893332a72f8d632cdeb70725e827ee/687474703a2f2f69312d6e6577732e736f667470656469612d7374617469632e636f6d2f696d616765732f6e657773322f43616e6f6e6963616c2d616e642d5562756e74752d48656c7065642d4d756e6963682d536176652d4d696c6c696f6e732d6f662d446f6c6c6172732d42792d4469746368696e672d4d6963726f736f66742d50726f64756374732d3435303537312d322e6a7067) + +慕尼黑这座城市已经成为了从微软产品转向开源的，最突出的城市管理案例之一，而且规范和ubuntu为这次变革起了很大的作用 + +慕尼黑成功脱离了微软的依赖，但是他们为这次摆脱付出了价值不菲的代价。从微软产品转向开源的好处看起来似乎很昂贵，但是转变的成本比之后的产品升级显著要低，不仅如此，在未来，我们会发现这种做法更便宜 + +当你在像慕尼黑城市这种大城市，尝试从一个专有解决方法转向开源的时候，这可并不容易。因为慕尼黑拥有22个组织单位，每个单位都有自己的IT部门，更不要说各部门之间不同版本的应用程序 + +地方政府不能只采用一个Linux发行版本。第一次的尝试是在2006年，伴随着Debian的回归，但是特定的操作系统并没有一个可预测的发布时间表。这就是新操作系统LiMux产生的原因，一个基于ubuntu的操作系统 + +“LiMux/开源项目是漫长而又反复的，但是经过几年时间运行这种大型Linux，我们意识到ubuntu才是最能满足我们需求的平台。通过结合开源软件的低成本和自由，加以对我们需要的硬件和应用程序的持续支持，这种做法才是这个项目成功的关键因素之一。当然，最终要还有我们的政治家在项目始终给予的高度支持。”慕尼黑项目经理Peter Hofmann说道 + +截至2013年，如果只考虑升级成本的话，这个项目帮助慕尼黑节省了€1000万（1360万美元）。如果我们能过量化官方支持软件和其余隐藏成本的话，这个数额显得有些多 + +眼下，慕尼黑14000台PC机运行着LiMux，而且数量还在持续增长。这很有可能影响其余德国城市在未来也这么做，尤其是慕尼黑的邻国 + +慕尼黑当局采用了13年才完成这次变革，但是最终事实证明，这样做可以省下一大笔资金，而且证明了Linux实际上是整个城市IT基础设施又好有免费的解决方案 + +---- +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Canonical-and-Ubuntu-Helped-Munich-Save-Millions-of-Dollars-By-Ditching-Microsoft-Products-450571.shtml + +译者：译者ID 校对：校对者ID + +本文由 LCTT 原创翻译，Linux中国 荣誉推出 From 4cf8ed47ee7d5890a8132b7e4791f8de6b36d099 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kaiyao <1250471161@qq.com> Date: Tue, 15 Jul 2014 11:50:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 573/713] =?UTF-8?q?[su-kaiyao]=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md index 41301014fa..9960e1f57f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +[su-kaiyao]翻译中 + [Quick Tip] Set Default Browser on Debian/Ubuntu Using Terminal ================================================================================ ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Browsers-790x436.jpg) @@ -23,4 +25,4 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/quick-tip-set-default-browser-debianubuntu-using-ter 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 500fc56b48e4f3c3d02150a5a39a03edbbfde754 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 15 Jul 2014 14:01:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 574/713] PUB:20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal @GOLinux --- ...irectory navigation in a Linux terminal.md | 41 ++++++++++--------- ...How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md} | 0 2 files changed, 22 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md (51%) rename translated/tech/{Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands => Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md} (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md b/published/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md similarity index 51% rename from translated/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md rename to published/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md index 570ee173d0..4653fdca7e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md +++ b/published/20140623 How to speed up directory navigation in a Linux terminal.md @@ -1,14 +1,17 @@ -在Linux终端中加速目录导航 +自动补完不算什么，一键直达目录才是终极神器！ ================================================================================ -与在命令行中导航目录一样令人称道的是，很少有比一遍又一遍重复”cd ls cd ls cd ls……“更令人沮丧的事情了。如果你不是百分百确定你想要进入的下一个目录的名字，那么你不得不使用ls来确认，然后使用cd来进入你想要进的那一个。所幸的是，现在大量的终端和shell语言提供了强大的自动补全功能来处理该问题。但是，你仍然需要一直疯狂地敲击制表键来干这事。如果你和我一样懒惰，你就会对autojump十分痴迷。自动跳转是一个命令行工具，它允许你可以直接跳转到你喜爱的目录，而不用管你现在身在何处。 + +在命令行中切换目录是最常用的操作，不过很少有比一遍又一遍重复“cd ls cd ls cd ls ……”更令人沮丧的事情了。如果你不是百分百确定你想要进入的下一个目录的名字，那么你不得不使用ls来确认，然后使用cd来进入你想要进的那一个。所幸的是，现在大量的终端和shell语言提供了强大的自动补全功能来处理该问题。但是，你仍然需要一直疯狂地敲击TAB键来干这事。如果你和我一样懒惰，你一定会对autojump感到惊喜。 + +autojump是一个命令行工具，它允许你可以直接跳转到你喜爱的目录，而不用管你现在身在何处。 ### 在Linux上安装autojump ### -在Ubuntu或Debian上autojump： +在Ubuntu或Debian上安装autojump： $ sudo apt-get install autojump -要在CentOS或Fedora上安装autojump，请使用yum命令。在CentOS上，你需要先[启用EPEL仓库][1]。 +要在CentOS或Fedora上安装autojump，请使用yum命令。在CentOS上，你需要先[启用EPEL仓库][1]才行。 $ sudo yum install autojump @@ -20,11 +23,11 @@ ### autojump的基本用法 ### -autojump的工作方式很简单：它会在你每次启动命令时记录你当前位置，并把它添加进它自身的数据库中。那样，某些目录比其它一些目录添加的次数多，这些目录一般就代表你最重要的目录，而它们的“weight”也会增大。 +autojump的工作方式很简单：它会在你每次启动命令时记录你当前位置，并把它添加进它自身的数据库中。这样，某些目录比其它一些目录添加的次数多，这些目录一般就代表你最重要的目录，而它们的“权重”也会增大。 -从那儿，你可以使用下面的语法来直接跳转到这些目录： +现在不管你在哪个目录，你都可以使用下面的语法来直接跳转到这些目录： - autojump [name or partial name of the directory] + autojump [目录的名字或名字的一部分] 注意，你不需要输入完整的名称，因为autojump会检索它的数据库，并返回最可能的结果。 @@ -38,9 +41,9 @@ autojump的工作方式很简单：它会在你每次启动命令时记录你当 如果你也很讨厌打字，那么我推荐你为autojump起个别名，或者使用默认的别名。 - $ j [name or partial name of the directory] + $ j [目录的名字或名字的一部分] -另外一个引人注目的功能是，autojump支持 +另外一个引人注目的功能是，autojump支持zsh和自动补完。如果你不确认哪里是不是你要跳转的地方，敲击TAB键就会列出完整路径。 还是同样的例子，输入： @@ -48,29 +51,29 @@ autojump的工作方式很简单：它会在你每次启动命令时记录你当 然后敲击tab键，将会返回/root/home/doc或者/root/home/ddl。 -最后，对于高级用户，你可以访问目录数据库，并修改它的内容。它使得使用下面的命令来手动添加一个目录成为可能： +最后，对于高级用户，你可以访问目录数据库，并修改它的内容。可以使用下面的命令来手动添加一个目录： - $ autojump -a [directory] + $ autojump -a [目录] -如果你突然想要把它变成你的最爱和使用最频繁的文件夹，你可以通过命令的内部参数来手工增加它的weight +如果你突然想要把当前目录变成你的最爱和使用最频繁的文件夹，你可以在该目录通过命令的参数 i 来手工增加它的权重 - $ autojump -i [weight] + $ autojump -i [权重] -这将使得该目录更可能被选择跳转。相反的例子是使用内部参数来减少weight： +这将使得该目录更可能被选择跳转。相反的例子是在该目录使用参数 d 来减少权重： - $ autojump -d [weight] + $ autojump -d [权重] 要跟踪所有这些改变，输入： $ autojump -s -这会显示数据库中的统计数据，然而： +这会显示数据库中的统计数据。而以下： $ autojump --purge -上面的命令将会把不再存在的目录从数据库移除。 +命令将会把不再存在的目录从数据库中移除。 -简言之，autojump将会受到所有命令行高级用户的欢迎。不管你是在ssh进一台服务器，还是仅仅想要追随复古潮流，敲更少的键来减少导航时间总是件好事。如果你真的热衷于此类工具，你也肯定会看看[Fasd][3]，它应该会很称职。 +简言之，autojump将会受到所有命令行高级用户的欢迎。不管你是在ssh进一台服务器，还是仅仅想要追随复古潮流，敲更少的键来减少导航时间总是件好事。如果你真的热衷于此类工具，你也肯定也想看看[Fasd][3]，它应该会给你一个惊喜，我们下次再介绍它。 你觉得autojump怎么样？你会经常用它么？发表一下你的评论吧。 @@ -78,7 +81,7 @@ autojump的工作方式很简单：它会在你每次启动命令时记录你当 via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/speed-up-directory-navigation-linux-terminal.html -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/tech/Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands b/translated/tech/Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands rename to translated/tech/Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md From 831882e6a44ee6b24327fbd36f17c8f05305305f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jack Nie Date: Tue, 15 Jul 2014 14:29:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 575/713] Finish translate 20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5 --- ...vailability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md | 38 --------- ...vailability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md | 82 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 82 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md b/sources/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md deleted file mode 100644 index 84513865ed..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,38 +0,0 @@ -nd0104 is translating -Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5 -================================================================================ -![](http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3108/3191608123_67e1da2b79_o.jpg) - -Red Hat has [announced][1] the general availability of Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 5, which is the third enterprise release of the company's OpenStack offering. Aside from new features, the platform is clearly being aimed at many types of organizations, including "advanced cloud users, telecommunications companies, Internet service providers (ISPs), and public cloud hosting providers." - -OpenStack Platform 5 is based on the latest OpenStack Icehouse release and provides more evidence of how very focused on cloud computing Red Hat has become. - -The new release includes a three-year support lifecycle, and [I've made the point before][2] that because of its legendary support for Linux, Red Hat's OpenStack support will be a key differentiator in wooing enterprises. There has been controversy over whether Red Hat will support OpenStack distributions other than its own, which is significant because a recent OpenStack user survey showed that [90% of OpenStack deployments today are not running on RHEL][3], but rather use other flavors of Linux and KVM, such as Ubuntu or CentOS. - -Other features in Red Hat's new release include: - -> **Support for integration with VMware infrastructure**, encompassing virtualization, management, networking and storage. Customers may use existing VMware vSphere resources as virtualization drivers for OpenStack Compute (Nova) nodes, managed from the OpenStack Dashboard (Horizon). Additionally, Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 5 supports the VMware NSX plugin for OpenStack Networking (Neutron) and the VMware Virtual Machine Disk (VMDK) plugin for OpenStack Block Storage (Cinder). -> -> **Better placement of workloads across cloud resources**. "Server groups enable workloads to be spread broadly across the OpenStack cloud for enhanced resiliency of distributed applications, or located proximately for lower communications latency and better performance of complex applications." -> -> **Improved support for virtual machines, supporting new cryptographic security requirements from the United States and United Kingdom**. Using the para-virtualized random number generator device added in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7, cryptographic routines in guest applications will have access to better quality encryption and experience improved performance. -> -> **Improved interoperability of networking stacks**. Red Hat claims that the new modular plugin architecture for Neutron eases the addition of new networking technologies to OpenStack deployments. The new architecture provides a path for customers with heterogeneous networking environments who want to use a mix of networking solutions in their OpenStack environment. - -Radhesh Balakrishnan, general manager, Virtualization and OpenStack, Red Hat, said in a statement: - -> “We see momentum behind OpenStack as a private cloud platform of choice from enterprise customers and service providers alike. Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 5 not only offers a production-ready, supported version of OpenStack Icehouse, but it brings a number of features that will simplify its use, and enhance dependability for enterprise users. Alongside those new features, we’re extending our support lifecycle for Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform, giving users confidence that the solution they deploy will be supported by our global team for the next three years.” - -You can bet on that last point--a three-year support plan--as a key reason why some enterprises will go with Red Hat in the increasingly competitive OpenStack race. And, clearly, Red Hat is tying its future to cloud computing and the OpenStack platform. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://ostatic.com/blog/red-hat-announces-availability-of-its-openstack-platform-5 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.marketwatch.com/story/red-hat-announces-general-availability-of-red-hat-enterprise-linux-openstack-platform-5-2014-07-08 -[2]:http://ostatic.com/blog/why-red-hats-openstack-support-must-be-as-inclusive-as-possible -[3]:http://www.openstack.org/blog/2013/11/openstack-user-survey-october-2013/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md b/translated/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1be373d973 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +nd0104 is translating +Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5 +红帽公司发布 OpenStack Platform 5 +================================================================================ +![](http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3108/3191608123_67e1da2b79_o.jpg) + +Red Hat has [announced][1] the general availability of Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 5,which is the third enterprise release of the company's OpenStack offering. Aside from new features, the platform is clearly being aimed at many types of organizations, including "advanced cloud users, telecommunications companies, Internet service providers (ISPs), and public cloud hosting providers." +红帽公司[宣布][1]在RHEL上推出OpenStack Platform5，这是基于OpenStack开源云的第三个发行版。该版本不仅开发了一些新功能，针对的用户群体也大为增多，如高大上的云用户、电信企业、互联网服务供应商（ISP)、公有云服务供应商等。 + +OpenStack Platform 5 is based on the latest OpenStack Icehouse release and provides more evidence of how very focused on cloud computing Red Hat has become. +OpenStack Platform 5是基于最新的Openstack Icehouse的发行版，并且针对云计算技术做了大量的修改和优化工作而来的。 + +The new release includes a three-year support lifecycle, and [I've made the point before][2] that because of its legendary support for Linux, +Red Hat's OpenStack support will be a key differentiator in wooing enterprises. +这个最新的发行版有3年的技术支持周期，[我选择了使用][2]它是考虑到红帽公司在Linux系统上对用户无以伦比的技术支持，红帽公司对其OpenStack Platform 5的技术支持服务将是促使企业购买的关键之一。 + +There has been controversy over whether Red Hat will support OpenStack distributions other than its own, + which is significant because a recent OpenStack user survey showed that [90% of OpenStack deployments today + are not running on RHEL][3], but rather use other flavors of Linux and KVM, such as Ubuntu or CentOS. +对于红帽公司是否会支持OpenStack的其他发行版尚未有定论，但一份OpenStack用户调查已经显示[90%的OpenStack开发人员并没有在RHEL上使用OpenStack}[3]，而是选用了Ubuntu或者CentOS Linux和其虚拟化技术。 + +Other features in Red Hat's new release include: +OpenStack Platform 5的最新功能： + +> **Support for integration with VMware infrastructure**, +encompassing virtualization, management, networking and storage. +Customers may use existing VMware vSphere resources as virtualization drivers for OpenStack Compute (Nova) nodes, + managed from the OpenStack Dashboard (Horizon). Additionally, +Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 5 supports the VMware NSX plugin for OpenStack Networking (Neutron) +and the VMware Virtual Machine Disk (VMDK) plugin for OpenStack Block Storage (Cinder). +> + +> **支持和VMware基础架构的整合**,结构包含虚拟化、管理、网络和存储。 +用户一般会使用已经在使用的VMware vSphere资源，比如虚拟化驱动作为OpenStack （Nova）的计算节点，再使用上层的OpenStack Dashboard(Horizon)对节点进行管理。 +同样的，RHEL OpenStack Platform 5也支持VMware的NSX插件，作为OpenStack NetWorking （Neutron)对网络进行管理，支持VMware虚拟磁盘（VMDK）以插件形式存在，作为OpenStack Block Storage(Cinder)来使用。 +> + +> **Better placement of workloads across cloud resources**. "Server groups enable workloads to be spread broadly across the OpenStack cloud for enhanced resiliency of distributed applications, or located proximately for lower communications latency and better performance of complex applications." +> **对云资源的使用，采取了更好的布置。**服务器组让计算散布到OpenStack云的服务节点上，这让分布式应用有了更强的弹性，对于复杂的应用，也能起到降低通信延迟，提高运算性能的作用。 +> + + +> **Improved support for virtual machines, supporting new cryptographic security requirements from the United States and United Kingdom**. +Using the para-virtualized random number generator device added in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7, +cryptographic routines in guest applications will have access to better quality encryption and +experience improved performance. +> +> **对虚拟机更好的支持，支持加密，满足美英国家对信息安全的要求** 使用RHEL 7中提供的半虚拟化随机数生成器，在用户程序中也添加进这个工具，可以更好的加密质量和性能提升。 + +> **Improved interoperability of networking stacks**. +Red Hat claims that the new modular plugin architecture for Neutron eases the addition of new networking +technologies to OpenStack deployments. +The new architecture provides a path for customers with heterogeneous networking + environments who want to use a mix of networking solutions in their OpenStack environment. +> **提升协议栈的互通性**红帽公司宣称，Neutron中新开发的模块化的网络技术将简化OpenStack的部署。这种技术将允许用户在OpenStack中部署多种网络方案来解决异构网络的访问。 + +Radhesh Balakrishnan, general manager, Virtualization and OpenStack, Red Hat, said in a statement: +红帽公司虚拟化和OpenStack产品线总经理 Redhesh Balakrishnan说到： +> “We see momentum behind OpenStack as a private cloud platform of choice from enterprise customers and service providers alike. + Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 5 not only offers a production-ready, + supported version of OpenStack Icehouse, but it brings a number of features that will simplify its use, and enhance dependability for enterprise users. + Alongside those new features, we’re extending our support lifecycle for Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform, + giving users confidence that the solution they deploy will be supported by our global team for the next three years.” + +> “我们看到越来越多的企业级用户或服务供应商选择OpenStack作为私有云平台，RHEL OpenStack Platform 5不只是一个基于OpenStack Icehouse产品，我们还开发了很多简单易用的功能，增强了产品的可靠性。 +在未来三年内，我们要让用户看到，RHEL OpenStack Platform 5所提供的功能和技术支持服务，将为他们部署的应用保驾护航，让用户对我们的产品充满信心。 + +You can bet on that last point--a three-year support plan--as a key reason why some enterprises will go with Red Hat + in the increasingly competitive OpenStack race. + And, clearly, Red Hat is tying its future to cloud computing and the OpenStack platform. +我敢跟你打赌，--三年的技术支持服务--将是企业用户在竞争激烈的云平台领域选择红帽的关键点。并且，毋庸置疑，红帽公司把自己的未来放在了云计算，放在了OpenStack Platform上面。 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ostatic.com/blog/red-hat-announces-availability-of-its-openstack-platform-5 + +译者：[nd0104](https://github.com/nd0104) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.marketwatch.com/story/red-hat-announces-general-availability-of-red-hat-enterprise-linux-openstack-platform-5-2014-07-08 +[2]:http://ostatic.com/blog/why-red-hats-openstack-support-must-be-as-inclusive-as-possible +[3]:http://www.openstack.org/blog/2013/11/openstack-user-survey-october-2013/ \ No newline at end of file From 7370114f662974d0cbe5bbaec5d776663e1e57c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 15 Jul 2014 16:38:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 576/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140715-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=20Comma?= =?UTF-8?q?nd=20Line=20Tuesdays=20=E6=96=B0=E4=B8=80=E7=AF=87=EF=BC=8C?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B8=8D=E7=9F=A5=E9=81=93=E4=B8=BA=E5=95=A5=E9=82=A3=E4=B8=AA?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Linux=20Basics=20=E6=96=87=E4=BB=B6=E5=87=BA=E9=94=99?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BA=86=EF=BC=8C=E4=BC=B0=E8=AE=A1=E6=98=AF=E6=96=87=E4=BB=B6?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=90=8D=E4=B8=AD=E7=9A=84=E5=86=92=E5=8F=B7=E5=AF=BC=E8=87=B4?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=9A=84?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...140715 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Five.md | 88 +++++++++++++++++++ ...How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md} | 2 + 2 files changed, 90 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140715 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Five.md rename translated/tech/{Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md => 20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md} (99%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140715 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Five.md b/sources/tech/20140715 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Five.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2f6822192b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140715 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Five.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +Command Line Tuesdays – Part Five +================================================================================ +Yes, you’ve guessed what time it is! It’s time to rrrrrrrrummmbleeeee! And this time, we’ll learn how to work with commands. So without further ado, let’s get to business. + +Mr Shotts states that until now, we worked with a few mysterious commands, arguments and options, and today is the day we shed a little light upon that mystery. We’ll learn the following commands and what they do: type, which, help and man. But first, let’s learn… + +### …what are commands? ### + +All great things come in fours, and it’s the same with commands. We can split them up into four categories: + +**1) An executable program:** a command can be an executable program. If you’ve ‘traveled’ across your file system in the previous lessons like you were supposed to, you probably visited the /usr/bin folder. You’ve seen quite a number of familiar names like transmission-gtk, deluge-gtk etc. What’s less important for us novices currently is that programs there can be compiled binaries or programs written in scripting languages. Point is, since they are executable programs, you can run them. Try it. Navigate to it, list the files inside, pick one and run it simply by typing its name. + +**2) A command built into the shell:** bash provides a number of commands internally called shell builtins. The cd command, for example, is a shell builtin, mr Shotts says. + +**3) A shell function:** miniature shell script, built into the environment. For the time being, we’ll just mention it, as it will be covered in the following weeks. + +**4) An alias:** commands you can define yourself, using other commands. Also coming in the following lessons. + +Now, it’s useful to know what type of command we’re dealing with. And we can find out using… + +### …type ### + +You can use **type + command** to inspect what kind of command is the command you’d like to use. You do it by simply typing: type command and you’ll get an output. For example: + +![type mkdir](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Zaslonska-slika-2014-07-15-091448.png) + +or + +![type ls](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Zaslonska-slika-2014-07-15-091640.png) + +…where we can see that the ‘ls’ command is actually an alias of ‘_ls’! + +### which ### + +Sometimes (but rarely on a desktop system, though) there are more versions of one executable installed on a machine. To find out the exact location of a given executable, we can use command which. Additionally, it only works with executable programs. + +![which transmission-gtk](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Zaslonska-slika-2014-07-15-092052.png) + +Now, mostly every command has documentation that comes with it. So you’re somewhere doing your CLI thing, no access to the internet so you can’t bug geekos on the forums or IRC, and you need to find out how to exactly use a command. You can do it two ways. First being… + +### …help ### + +help command works with shell builtins (the second category we have mentioned above). So you can pick a shell builtin, like cd, for example, and simply type help cd. You’ll get a helpful page printed out in your terminal, so go ahead and read what cd has to offer. It shows in what ways you can use the command, what options you can use (it’s in square brackets, which means they are optional! Also, if there’s a vertical separator inside the square brackets, it means the options mentioned are mutually exclusive. Don’t use them together!) + +### –help ### + +help works only for the shell builtins. But most executables work with –help. As far as usage goes, it’s similar to help, but you have to type –help after the command you want to inspect. For example, transmission-gtk –help. Try it out, and see what options you can use with that executable etc. + +### man ### + +Most executables come with a formal documentation page. You can inspect it using the man command. You just enter man program, and see what it prints out. Pick any program on your computer, and try it out. For example, let’s try man transmission-gtk. You get a file opened, split into categories. It gives you information what the program is, what it does, how you can use it etc., but it doesn’t offer examples, as it’s not a tutorial. + +And we’re stoping to a halt there. + +I’d like to take a minute and thank everyone commenting and contributing to this section. You make this series vastly better, and I hope that with your help, us noobs will be able to use the CLI basics by the end of summer (just in time for 13.2 :) ). You guys are the best. Newbie users like me, who are feeling lost, stick with it. It will pay off in the end! + +And I’d also like to add a formal heads up: part six will not come next Tuesday, as I’ll sadly be away, so we’ll see/hear each other in 14 days, on July 29th. And until then… + +### …have a lot of fun! ### + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/15/command-line-tuesdays-part-five/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]: +[2]: +[3]: +[4]: +[5]: +[6]: +[7]: +[8]: +[9]: +[10]: +[11]: +[12]: +[13]: +[14]: +[15]: +[16]: +[17]: +[18]: +[19]: +[20]: \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md b/translated/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md rename to translated/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md index 8c7b488363..6bbaa3cccf 100644 --- a/translated/tech/Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@ Linux基础，如何在命令行中查看目录的大小 ===================================================================== 这是写给Liunx新用户的一系列文章中的第一篇，在这系列文章我将会写一些对新用户来说非常好用的**Linux基础命令**。 @@ -61,3 +62,4 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-find-size-directory-commands/ 译者：[cvsher](https://github.com/cvsher) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + From f2031c12d108c577b8cf1bc7f96ab1d69b32474f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 15 Jul 2014 22:29:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 577/713] PUB:20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators @zpl1025 --- ...20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md (82%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md b/published/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md similarity index 82% rename from translated/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md rename to published/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md index f8518fbb66..010b688802 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md +++ b/published/20140701 Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators.md @@ -2,15 +2,15 @@ ================================================================================ ![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/nin511907PM712014.jpg) -ASCII是一个非常吸引人的字符编码系统，在计算机，通讯设备，以及其他设备中，通过它来用代码表示字符。新一代的人可能会觉得它已经过时了，但是那些熟悉它的人会懂得ASCII是多么的独特。我们在这里为你准备了五个超赞的ASCII字符艺术生成器。 +ASCII是一个非常吸引人的字符编码系统，在计算机，通讯设备，以及其他设备中，通过它来用代码表示字符。新生代的人可能会觉得它已经过时了，但是那些熟悉它的人会懂得ASCII是多么的独特。我们在这里为你准备了五个超赞的ASCII字符艺术生成器。 ### 1.[GlassGiant ASCII Art][1] ### -这个小程序可以把图片转换成ASCII文字艺术－一堆胡乱堆在一起的文字，数字和符号，看上去没有任何意义，直到你往后站一步去看完整的画面。它也没有什么实际的目的，只是看上去非常简洁灵巧。 +这个小程序可以把图片转换成ASCII文字艺术－一堆胡乱堆在一起的文字，数字和符号，看上去没有任何意义，直到你往后站一步去看完整的画面。它也没有什么实际的用途，只是看上去非常简洁灵巧。 ### 2.[ASCII Art Generator][2] ### -ASCII字符艺术是一种在电脑上把可打印字符作为图片碎片来拼接展现一幅图像的艺术活动。你所需要做的只是上传你的图片，然后它会帮你转成ASCII字符艺术。 +ASCII字符艺术是一种在电脑上把可打印字符作为图片元素来拼接展现一幅图像的艺术活动。你所需要做的只是上传你的图片，然后它会帮你转成ASCII字符艺术。 ### 3.[Ascii.mastervb][3] ### @@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ ASCII字符艺术来源于7比特ASCII字符标准。ASCII字符艺术曾经在7 ### 4.[IMG2TXT][4] ### -这个脚本可以将GIF,JPG,或PNG的链接转换成ASCII字符或是带颜色的HTML。 +这个脚本可以将GIF,JPG或PNG的链接转换成ASCII字符或是带颜色的HTML。 ### 5.[picascii][5] ### @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ ASCII字符艺术来源于7比特ASCII字符标准。ASCII字符艺术曾经在7 via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=142480 -译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c38b925454647890215b88a5f5446f8f30ef3c7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 16 Jul 2014 10:20:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 578/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140716-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md | 101 +++++++++++++++ ...d logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md | 117 ++++++++++++++++++ ...ependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md | 91 ++++++++++++++ ...sion Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md | 40 ++++++ 4 files changed, 349 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140716 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140716 How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20140716 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fbfe100904 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140716 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu +================================================================================ +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/des.jpg) + +**The latest stable release of the popular Cinnamon desktop environment is [once again available for Ubuntu users to install][1].** + +And while it’s good to go out of the box (or rather PPA) there are a handful of small tweaks you can make to get an even better experience. + +If you don’t have Cinnamon installed in Ubuntu head on over to our previous article about it. + +### Change the Mint Menu Icon ### + +The Mint Menu is one of the standout features of Cinnamon. It’s a simple, fast and familiar way to search, open and organise your applications. By default the menu uses the Linux Mint logo on the launcher item. Since you’re running the DE on Ubuntu rather than Mint you may prefer the menu to use Ubuntu’s familiar orange circle of friends logo instead. How? It’s easy. + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/min-menu.jpg) + +To change the Cinnamon menu icon to the Ubuntu emblem right click on the applet and select ‘Configure‘. In the Settings window that appears check ‘Use a custom icon’ and enter the following to use the Ubuntu logo: + + /usr/share/icons/ubuntu-mono-dark/actions/24/package-supported.svg + +You can use any supported image type. Just enter the path to the icon in the field, or click the box at the end to open a file picker. + +### Try Out Cinnamon Themes ### + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/cinnamon-themes-zukitwo.jpg) + +Like GNOME Shell Cinnamon also supports custom themes. And by that I don’t mean just GTK themes for apps and window decoration, but visual styles that theme the shell as a whole — panel, menu, applets, and so on. + +Cinnamon themes can be browsed, downloaded and enabled without leaving the desktop — no downloads or manual installation required. Open the Appearance pane of the Cinnamon Settings tool and select the ‘Online Themes’ tab to get started. + +Below are a handful of our favourite themes. + +- [**Android Holo**][2] — Android 4.x style theme +- [**Zukitwo**][3] — Sleek, stylish and light +- [**Minty**][4] — Dark theme with bold green accents +- [**Metro**][5] — Based on the visual style of Windows 8.x + +### Find Your Perfect Layout ### + +Unity may insist that its app launcher stay bolted firmly to the side of the screen, but Cinnamon has no such qualms about letting you rearrange the desktop layout to suit your own style. + +Panels can be added, edited and moved manually, or by selecting one of three preset layouts: + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/traditional.jpg) + +Open `Settings > Panel > Layout Options > Panel Layout` and select from one of the following: + +- Traditional – this is the default layout, with a panel at the bottom of the screen +- Flipped – like traditional, but with panel on top of the screen +- Classic – two panels, one at the top, one at the bottom + +You will need to log out or restart Cinnamon before your selected changes will take effect. + +### Add Panel Applets ### + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/weather-applet.png) + +Cinnamon embraces extensibility with the same gusto as GNOME Shell. A wealth of community add-ons and applets offering extra features and functionality, such as weather, system monitors and window management tools, are available to browse, install and enable straight form the desktop. + +Right click on the panel you wish to add an applet to and select ‘…Add Applets to the Panel‘. Some notable applets to check out: + +- [**Weather**][6] - does what it forecasts (ho ho) +- [**Stark Menu**][7] - Clone of the Windows 7 Start Menu +- [**Screenshot**][8] — Easy way to grab screenshots with delays + +### Change Date Format ### + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/applet.jpg) + +Cinnamon’s time and date applet is handy if, like me, you’re prone to never remembering the date. + +But it defaults to only showing the time in the 24 hour clock format. The good news is that we can tweak the time format of the clock applet fairly easily. + +Right click and select the ‘Configure’ option. In the settings window that appears tick the box listed beside “Use a custom date format“. Next, use an online generator tool to generate a date/time format suited to you, or use one of the presets listed below by copying and pasting the bit marked in bold: + +- **%B %e, %I:%M %p** (July 13, 7:19 PM) +- **%m/%d/%Y** (07/13/2014) +- **%l:%M %p** (7:19 PM) + +Changes are applied immediately, and if you make a mistake you can uncheck the custom date format option to return to the default settings. + +### Going Further ### + +These are just a handful of customisation choices available in Cinnamon, but we think they’re a good springboard for exploring more. Let us know what your favourite Cinnamon tweaks are in the comments section below, on Facebook or via Google+. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/5-things-installing-cinnamon-ubuntu + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/new-cinnamon-ubuntu-14-04-ppa-stable +[2]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/themes/view/122 +[3]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/themes/view/219 +[4]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/themes/view/25 +[5]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/themes/view/188 +[6]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/applets/view/17 +[7]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/applets/view/168 +[8]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/applets/view/35 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md b/sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..857c6ea5b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS +================================================================================ +In a [previous tutorial][1], we show how to configure a transparent proxy with Squid on CentOS. Squid provides many useful features, but analyzing a raw Squid log file is not straightfoward. For example, how could you analyze the time stamps and the number of hits in the following Squid log? + + 1404788984.429 1162 172.17.1.23 TCP_MISS/302 436 GET http://facebook.com/ - DIRECT/173.252.110.27 text/html + 1404788985.046 12416 172.17.1.23 TCP_MISS/200 4169 CONNECT stats.pusher.com:443 - DIRECT/173.255.223.127 - + 1404788986.124 174 172.17.1.23 TCP_MISS/200 955 POST http://ocsp.digicert.com/ - DIRECT/117.18.237.29 application/ocsp-response + 1404788989.738 342 172.17.1.23 TCP_MISS/200 3890 CONNECT www.google.com:443 - DIRECT/74.125.200.106 - + 1404788989.757 226 172.17.1.23 TCP_MISS/200 942 POST http://clients1.google.com/ocsp - DIRECT/74.125.200.113 application/ocsp-response + 1404788990.839 3939 172.17.1.23 TCP_MISS/200 78944 CONNECT fbstatic-a.akamaihd.net:443 - DIRECT/184.26.162.35 - + 1404788990.846 2148 172.17.1.23 TCP_MISS/200 118947 CONNECT fbstatic-a.akamaihd.net:443 - DIRECT/184.26.162.35 - + 1404788990.849 2151 172.17.1.23 TCP_MISS/200 76809 CONNECT fbstatic-a.akamaihd.net:443 - DIRECT/184.26.162.35 - + 1404788991.140 611 172.17.1.23 TCP_MISS/200 110073 CONNECT fbstatic-a.akamaihd.net:443 - DIRECT/184.26.162.35 – + +SARG (or Squid Analysis Report Generator) is a web based tool that creates reports from Squid logs. SARG provides an easy-to-understand view of network traffic handled by Squid, and it is very easy to set up and maintain. In the following tutorial, we show **how to set up SARG on a CentOS platform**. + +We start the process by installing necessary dependencies using yum. + + # yum install gcc make wget httpd crond + +Necessary services are started and loaded at startup. + + # service httpd start; service crond start + # chkconfig httpd on; chkconfig crond on + +Now we download and extract SARG. + + # wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/sarg/sarg/sarg-2.3.8/sarg-2.3.8.tar.gz? + # tar zxvf sarg-2.3.8.tar.gz + # cd sarg-2.3.8 + +**NOTE**: For 64-bit Linux, the source code in log.c needs to be patched as follows. + + 1506c1506 + < if (fprintf(ufile->file, "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%"PRIi64"\t%s\t%ld\t%s\n",dia,hora,ip,url,nbytes,code,elap_time,smartfilter)<=0) { + --- + > if (fprintf(ufile->file, "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%"PRIi64"\t%s\t%ld\t%s\n",dia,hora,ip,url,(int64_t)nbytes,code,elap_time,smartfilter)<=0) { + 1513c1513 + < fprintf(fp_log, "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%"PRIi64"\t%s\t%ld\t%s\n",dia,hora,user,ip,url,nbytes,code,elap_time,smartfilter); + --- + > fprintf(fp_log, "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%"PRIi64"\t%s\t%ld\t%s\n",dia,hora,user,ip,url,(int64_t)nbytes,code,elap_time,smartfilter); + 1564c1564 + < printf("LEN=\t%"PRIi64"\n",nbytes); + --- + > printf("LEN=\t%"PRIi64"\n",(int64_t)nbytes); + +Go ahead and build/install SARG as follows. + + # ./configure + # make + # make install + +After SARG is installed, the configuration file can be modified to match your requirements. The following is one example of SARG configuration. + + # vim /usr/local/etc/sarg.conf + +---------- + + access_log /var/log/squid/access.log + temporary_dir /tmp + output_dir /var/www/html/squid-reports + date_format e ## We use Europian DD-MM-YYYY format here ## + ## we don’t want multiple reports for single day/week/month ## + overwrite_report yes + +Now it's time for a test run. We run sarg command in debug mode to find whether there is any error. + + # sarg -x + +If all goes well, sarg should analyze Squid logs, and create reports in /var/www/html/squid-reports. The reports should be visible in a web browser using the address http:///squid-reports/ + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2931/14631403935_4ff34e07b9_z.jpg) + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3901/14629281644_fec31014c5_z.jpg) + +SARG can be used to create daily, weekly and monthly reports. Time range can be specified using the "-d" parameter with possible values in the form of day-n, week-n or month-n, where n is the number of days/weeks/months to jump backward. For example, with week-1, SARG will generate a report for the previous week. With day-2, SARG will prepare reports for the previous two days. + +As a demonstration, we will prepare a cron job to run SARG daily. + + # vim /etc/cron.daily/sarg + +---------- + + #!/bin/sh + /usr/local/bin/sarg -d day-1 + +The file needs a execution permission. + + # chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/sarg + +Now SARG should prepare daily reports about Squid-managed traffic. These reports can easily be accessed from the SARG web interface. + +To sum up, SARG is a web based tool that analyzes Squid logs and presents the analysis in an informative way. System admins can leverage SARG to monitor what sites are being accessed, and to keep track of top visited sites and top users. This tutorial covers a working configuration for SARG. You can customize the configuration even further to match your requirements. + +Hope this helps.­­­­ + +---------- + +[Sarmed Rahman][w] + +- [Twitter profile][t] +- [LinkedIn profile][l] + +Sarmed Rahman is an IT professional in the Internet Industry in Bangladesh. He writes tutorial articles on technology every now and then from a belief that knowledge grows through sharing. During his free time, he loves gaming and spending time with his friends. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/analyze-squid-logs-sarg-log-analyzer-centos.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/squid-transparent-web-proxy-centos-rhel.html +[w]:http://amar-linux.blogspot.com/ +[t]:http://twitter.com/SarmedRahman +[l]:http://www.linkedin.com/in/sarmedrahman \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md b/sources/tech/20140716 How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7aee7c02f0 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140716 How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora, CentOS or RHEL +================================================================================ +A typical RPM package on Red Hat-based systems requires all its dependent packages be installed to function properly. For end users, the complexity of such RPM dependency is hidden by package managers (e.g., yum or DNF) during package install/upgrade/removal process. However, if you are a sysadmin or a RPM maintainer, you need to be well-versed in RPM dependencies to maintain run-time environment for the system or roll out up-to-date RPM specs. + +In this tutorial, I am going to show **how to check RPM package dependencies**. Depending on whether a package is installed or not, there are several ways to identify its RPM dependencies. + +### Method One ### + +One way to find out RPM dependencies for a particular package is to use rpm command. The following command lists all dependent packages for a target package. + + $ rpm -qR + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5512/14659620723_4a36970efc_o.png) + +Note that this command will work only if the target package is already **installed**. If you want to check package dependencies for any **uninstalled** package, you first need to download the RPM package locally (no need to install it). + +To download a RPM package without installing it, use a command-line utility called `yumdownloader`. Install yumdownloader as follows. + + $ sudo yum install yum-utils + +Now let's check RPM depenencies of a uninstalled package (e.g., tcpdump). First download the package in the current folder with yumdownloader: + + $ yumdownloader --destdir=. tcpdump + +Then use rpm command with "-qpR" options to list dependencies of the downloaded package. + + # rpm -qpR tcpdump-4.4.0-2.fc19.i686.rpm + +### Method Two ### + +You can also get a list of dependencies for a RPM package using repoquery tool. repoquery works whether or not a target package is installed. This tool is included in yum-utils package. + + $ sudo yum install yum-utils + +To show all required packages for a particular package: + + $ repoquery --requires --resolve + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2935/14453103778_05db349b19_o.png) + +For repoquery to work, your computer needs network connectivity since repoquery pulls information from Yum repositories. + +### Method Three ### + +The third method to show RPM package dependencies is to use rpmreaper tool. Originally this tool is developed to clean up unnecessary packages and their dependencies on RPM-based systems. rpmreaper has an ncurses-based intuitive interface for browsing installed packages and their dependency trees. + +To install rpmrepater, use yum command. On CentOS, you need to [set up EPEL repo][1] first. + + $ sudo yum install rpmreaper + +To browser RPM dependency trees, simply run: + + $ rpmreaper + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3838/14636456131_99a3c26945_z.jpg) + +The rpmrepater interface will show you a list of all installed packages. You can navigate the list using up/down arrow keys. Press "r" on a highlighted package to show its dependencies. You can expand the whole dependency tree by recursively pressing "r" keys on individual dependent packages. The "L" flag indicates that a given package is a "leaf", meaning that no other package depends on this package. The "o" flag implies that a given package is in the middle of dependency chain. Pressing "b" on such a package will show you what other packages require the highlighted package. + +### Method Four ### + +Another way to show package dependencies on RPM-based systems is to use rpmdep which is a command-line tool for generating a full package dependency graph of any installed RPM package. The tool analyzes RPM dependencies, and produce partially ordered package lists from topological sorting. The output of this tool can be fed into dotty graph visualization tool to generate a dependency graph image. + +To install rpmdep and dotty on Fedora: + + $ sudo yum install rpmorphan graphviz + +To install the same tools on CentOS: + + $ wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/rpmorphan/rpmorphan/1.14/rpmorphan-1.14-1.noarch.rpm + $ sudo rpm -ivh rpmorphan-1.14-1.noarch.rpm + $ sudo yum install graphviz + +To generate and plot a dependency graph of a particular installed package (e.g., gzip): + + $ rpmdep.pl -dot gzip.dot gzip + $ dot -Tpng -o output.png gzip.dot + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3918/14453050980_53de4e8277_z.jpg) + +So far in this tutorial, I demonstrate several ways to check what other packages a given RPM package relies on. If you want to know more about .deb package dependencies for Debian-based systems, you can refer to [this guide][2] instead. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/check-rpm-package-dependencies-fedora-centos-rhel.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html +[2]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/07/how-to-check-package-dependencies-on-ubuntu-or-debian.html \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md b/sources/tech/20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..cc6f1528dc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +‘Simple Dock’ GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop +================================================================================ +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/screenshot_815_1.jpg) + +**I love GNOME Shell, but what I don’t love is having to rustle through a hidden screen to get at my favourite applications or switch between those I have running. ** + +It may make me sound awesomely retro, like a UX luddite, or like someone who has become far too accustomed to the usability of Unity but I, like many of you reading this, like having an app launcher/switcher accessible on the desktop. It’s a familiar, fast way of working. + +GNOME Shell is, by design, different. It tucks everything out of the way – from the messaging centre and notifications, to workspaces and the apps list. It’s a minimal aesthetic that makes sense: help users focus on what matters. + +But for me, my desktop needs to be more than a glorified picture frame. + +### The Beauty of GNOME Shell ### + +Despite my own preferences, the decision to hide apps is part of the beauty of GNOME Shell. It ships with a default desktop experience that is user friendly, sane and predictable — but also thoroughly extensible. Because of this there’s a huge array of add-ons catering to every need, niche and want, including traditional app menus, desktop docks and even an Ubuntu Unity Dash clone! + +In this article I’m just focusing on one add-on that caters to my needs: the aptly named **Simple Dock**. Simple Dock takes the GNOME Shell apps grid and favourites bar and puts it slap bang where I want it: on the desktop. + +For now it only supports being positioned on the bottom of the screen, and only offers a minimal set of settings. While minimal, I feel these cover all of my needs: + +- ntelligent auto hide +- Minimise/restore application windows +- Drag-and-drop favourites +- Button to launch activities overlay + +Want it? Providing you’re running GNOME Shell on Ubuntu 13.10 or above you can. Just head on over to the GNOME Extensions page linked to below in a supported browser (Firefox, GNOME Web, etc.) then slide the on-page switch from ‘off‘ to ‘on‘. + +- [Simple Dock on GNOME Shell Extensions][1] + +To adjust the settings of Simple Dock hit the cog icon on the GNOME Extensions webpage listing for it or through a desktop application like GNOME Tweak Tool. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/simple-dock-gnome-shell-extension + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/815/simple-dock/ \ No newline at end of file From d9f337a594038de77d0d9f0959dc3f444e5e900e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 16 Jul 2014 10:55:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 579/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140716-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md | 197 ++++++++++++++++++ ...vourite Games and Applications in Linux.md | 182 ++++++++++++++++ ... environment variable for sudo commands.md | 42 ++++ 3 files changed, 421 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140716 Install Android 4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md b/sources/tech/20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d7137f39e4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md @@ -0,0 +1,197 @@ +7 ‘dmesg’ Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems +================================================================================ +The ‘dmesg‘ command displays the messages from the kernel ring buffer. A system passes multiple runlevel from where we can get lot of information like system architecture, cpu, attached device, RAM etc. When computer boots up, a kernel (core of an operating system) is loaded into memory. During that period number of messages are being displayed where we can see hardware devices detected by kernel. + +![dmesg Command Examples](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dmesg-Command-Examples.png) +dmesg Command Examples + +The messages are very important in terms of diagnosing purpose in case of device failure. When we connect or disconnect hardware device on the system, with the help of dmesg command we come to know detected or disconnected information on the fly. The dmesg command is available on most **Linux and Unix** based Operating System. + +Let’s throw some light on most famous tool called ‘dmesg’ command with their practical examples as discussed below. The exact syntax of dmesg as follows. + + # dmseg [options...] + +### 1. List all loaded Drivers in Kernel ### + +We can use text-manipulation tools i.e. ‘**more**‘, ‘**tail**‘, ‘**less**‘ or ‘**grep**‘ with dmesg command. As output of dmesg log won’t fit on a single page, using dmesg with pipe more or less command will display logs in a single page. + + [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | more + [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | less + +#### Sample Output #### + + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct + [ 0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic (buildd@aatxe) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 + (Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6) + [ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus: + [ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel + [ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD + [ 0.000000] NSC Geode by NSC + [ 0.000000] Cyrix CyrixInstead + [ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls + [ 0.000000] Transmeta GenuineTMx86 + [ 0.000000] Transmeta TransmetaCPU + [ 0.000000] UMC UMC UMC UMC + [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000e0000000-0x00000000efffffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fec00000-0x00000000fed003ff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fed20000-0x00000000fed9ffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fee00000-0x00000000feefffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000ffb00000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active + ..... + +### 2. List all Detected Devices ### + +To discover which hard disks has been detected by kernel, you can search for the keyword “**sda**” along with “**grep**” like shown below. + + [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | grep sda + + [ 1.280971] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] 488281250 512-byte logical blocks: (250 GB/232 GiB) + [ 1.281014] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off + [ 1.281016] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00 + [ 1.281039] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA + [ 1.359585] sda: sda1 sda2 < sda5 sda6 sda7 sda8 > + [ 1.360052] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk + [ 2.347887] EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) + [ 22.928440] Adding 3905532k swap on /dev/sda6. Priority:-1 extents:1 across:3905532k FS + [ 23.950543] EXT4-fs (sda1): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro + [ 24.134016] EXT4-fs (sda5): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) + [ 24.330762] EXT4-fs (sda7): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) + [ 24.561015] EXT4-fs (sda8): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) + +**NOTE**: The ‘sda’ first SATA hard drive, ‘sdb’ is the second SATA hard drive and so on. Search with ‘hda’ or ‘hdb’ in the case of IDE hard drive. + +### 3. Print Only First 20 Lines of Output ### + +The ‘head’ along with dmesg will show starting lines i.e. ‘dmesg | head -20′ will print only 20 lines from the starting point. + + [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | head -20 + + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct + [ 0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic (buildd@aatxe) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 (Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6) + [ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus: + [ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel + [ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD + [ 0.000000] NSC Geode by NSC + [ 0.000000] Cyrix CyrixInstead + [ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls + [ 0.000000] Transmeta GenuineTMx86 + [ 0.000000] Transmeta TransmetaCPU + [ 0.000000] UMC UMC UMC UMC + [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved + +### 4. Print Only Last 20 Lines of Output ### + +The ‘tail’ along with dmesg command will print only 20 last lines, this is useful in case we insert removable device. + + [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | tail -20 + + parport0: PC-style at 0x378, irq 7 [PCSPP,TRISTATE] + ppdev: user-space parallel port driver + EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode + Adding 2097144k swap on /dev/sda2. Priority:-1 extents:1 across:2097144k + readahead-disable-service: delaying service auditd + ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team + nf_conntrack version 0.5.0 (16384 buckets, 65536 max) + NET: Registered protocol family 10 + lo: Disabled Privacy Extensions + e1000: eth0 NIC Link is Up 1000 Mbps Full Duplex, Flow Control: None + Slow work thread pool: Starting up + Slow work thread pool: Ready + FS-Cache: Loaded + CacheFiles: Loaded + CacheFiles: Security denies permission to nominate security context: error -95 + eth0: no IPv6 routers present + type=1305 audit(1398268784.593:18630): audit_enabled=0 old=1 auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295 res=1 + readahead-collector: starting delayed service auditd + readahead-collector: sorting + readahead-collector: finished + +### 5. Search Detected Device or Particular String ### + +It’s difficult to search particular string due to length of dmesg output. So, filter the lines with are having string like ‘**usb**‘ ‘**dma**‘ ‘**tty**‘ and ‘**memory**‘ etc. The ‘**-i**’ option instruct to [grep command][1] to ignore the case (upper or lower case letters). + + [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i usb + [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i dma + [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i tty + [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i memory + +#### Sample Output #### + + [ 0.000000] Scanning 1 areas for low memory corruption + [ 0.000000] initial memory mapped: [mem 0x00000000-0x01ffffff] + [ 0.000000] Base memory trampoline at [c009b000] 9b000 size 16384 + [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00000000-0x000fffff] + [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37800000-0x379fffff] + [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x34000000-0x377fffff] + [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00100000-0x33ffffff] + [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37a00000-0x37bfdfff] + [ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges + [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x0009f000-0x000effff] + [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x000f0000-0x000fffff] + [ 0.000000] please try 'cgroup_disable=memory' option if you don't want memory cgroups + [ 0.000000] Memory: 2003288K/2059928K available (6352K kernel code, 607K rwdata, 2640K rodata, 880K init, 908K bss, 56640K reserved, 1146920K highmem) + [ 0.000000] virtual kernel memory layout: + [ 0.004291] Initializing cgroup subsys memory + [ 0.004609] Freeing SMP alternatives memory: 28K (c1a3e000 - c1a45000) + [ 0.899622] Freeing initrd memory: 23616K (f51d0000 - f68e0000) + [ 0.899813] Scanning for low memory corruption every 60 seconds + [ 0.946323] agpgart-intel 0000:00:00.0: detected 32768K stolen memory + [ 1.360318] Freeing unused kernel memory: 880K (c1962000 - c1a3e000) + [ 1.429066] [drm] Memory usable by graphics device = 2048M + +### 6. Clear dmesg Buffer Logs ### + +Yes, we can clear dmesg logs if required with below command. It will clear dmesg ring buffer message logs till you executed the command below. Still you can view logs stored in ‘**/var/log/dmesg**‘ files. If you connect any device will generate dmesg output. + + [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg -c + +### 7. Monitoring dmesg in Real Time ### + +Some distro allows command ‘tail -f /var/log/dmesg’ as well for real time dmesg monitoring. + + [root@tecmint.com log]# watch "dmesg | tail -20" + +**Conclusion**: The dmesg command is useful as dmesg records all the system changes done or occur in real time. As always you can man dmesg to get more information. + +---------- + +![](http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/36c7c25164c3455f2f711b01e395de0d?s=80&d=blank&r=G) + +Narad Shrestha + +- [Twitter profile][t] +- [Facebook profile][f] +- [Google+ profile][g] + +He has over 10 years of rich IT experience which includes various Linux Distros, FOSS and Networking. Narad always believes sharing IT knowledge with others and adopts new technology with ease. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/dmesg-commands/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/12-practical-examples-of-linux-grep-command/ +[t]:http://twitter.com/@nrdshrestha +[f]:http://facebook.com/narad.shrestha.9 +[g]:http://plus.google.com/104542109955805873615?rel=author \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 Install Android 4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140716 Install Android 4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e269d98661 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140716 Install Android 4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,182 @@ +Install “Android 4.4 KitKat” to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux +================================================================================ +**Android (x86)** is a project which aims to port Android system to Intel x86 processors to let users install it easily on any computer, the way they do this is by taking android source code, patching it to work on Intel x86 processors and some laptops and tablets. + +![Install Android 4.4 KitKat in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-4.4-KitKat.jpg) +Install Android 4.4 KitKat in Linux + +A few days ago, the project released “Android KitKat 4.4 RC2”, and today we will explain how to install it on VirtualBox, there is a problem that the mouse pointer doesn’t work in android in VirtualBox, but you may use this guide to install it beside other systems as a main system and the mouse should work I guess, otherwise we’ll use the keyboard. + +### Step 1: Install VirtualBox in Linux ### + +**1.** VirtualBox is available to install easily via official repositories in most Linux distributions, to install it on Ubuntu run. + + $ sudo apt-get install virtualbox + +For other Linux distributions like **RHEL, CentOS and Fedora**, use the following article to install Virtualbox. + +- [Install VirtualBox in RHEL, CentOS and Fedora][1] + +### Step 2: Download and Install Android 4.4 KitKat in Virtualbox ### + +**2.** This is an easy step, just download **Android 4.4 x86 Kit Kat** file from the [androud Sourceforge.net][2] project. + +**3.** To install **Android 4.4 kitkat** on VirtualBox, you need first to boot from the .iso image that you downloaded, to do so, open **VirtualBox**, Click on new to create a new virtual machine, and choose the settings as follow. + +![Create New Virtual Machine](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-01.png) +Create New Virtual Machine + +**4.** Then it will ask you to choose a Memory size for the machine, Android 4.4 kitkat needs 1GB of RAM to work perfectly, but I will choose 512MB since I only have 1GB of RAM on my computer. + +![Set Memory to New Machine](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-02.png) +Set Memory to New Machine + +**5.** Now select “Create a virtual hard drive now” to create a new one. + +![Create Virtual Hard Drive](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-03.png) +Create Virtual Hard Drive + +**6.** It will now ask you for the type of the new virtual hard drive, select **VDI**. + +![Select Hard Drive Type](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-04.png) +Select Hard Drive Type + +![Select Storage Type](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-05.png) +Select Storage Type + +**7.** Now choose the size of the virtual hard drive, you may choose any size you want, no less than **4GB** so the system can be installed correctly beside any future apps that you want to install. + +![Set Size for Virtual Drive](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-32.png) +Set Size for Virtual Drive + +**8.** Now that’s your first virtual machine is created, now to boot from the **.iso** file that you downloaded, select the virtual machine from the list on the left, click on **Settings**, and go for “**storage**”, do as follow and select the **.iso** image of **android 4.4 kitkat RC2**. + +![Select Android KitKat ISO](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-06.png) +Select Android KitKat ISO + +**9.** Click on **OK**, and start the machine to boot the .iso image, choose “**Installation**” to start installing the system on the virtual machine. + +![Select to Install Android Kit Kat](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-07.png) +Select to Install Android Kit Kat + +**10.** Please select a partition to install Android-x86. + +![Select Partition Drive](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-08.png) +Select Partition Drive + +**11.** Now you will be prompted **cfdisk** which is a partitioning tool that we will use to create a new hard drive, so we can install android 4.4 on it, Click on “**New**”. + +![Create New Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-09.png) +Create New Partition + +**12.** Choose “**Primary**” as partition type. + +![Choose Primary Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-10.png) +Choose Primary Partition + +**13.** Next, select the size of the partition. + +![Select Size of Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-11.png) +Select Size of Partition + +**14.** Now, we have to make the new hard drive bootable in order to be able to write changes to the disk, click on “**Bootable**” to give the bootable flag to the new partition, you won’t notice any changes in fact but the bootable flag will be given to that partition. + +![Make Partition Bootable](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-12.png) +Make Partition Bootable + +**15.** After that, click on “**Write**” to write the changes to the hard drive. + +![Apply Changes to Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-13.png) +Apply Changes to Partition + +**16.** It will ask you if you are sure, write “**yes**” and click on **Enter**. + +![Confirm Partition Changes](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-14.png) +Confirm Partition Changes + +**17.** Now that’s our new hard drive is created, now click on **Quit** and you will see something like this, select the partition that you created before in order to install android on it and hit **Enter**. + +![Choose Partition to Install Android](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-15.png) +Choose Partition to Install Android + +**18.** Choose “**ext3**” as a filesystem for the hard drive and format. + +![Select Ext3 Partition Type](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-16.png) +Select Ext3 Partition Type + +![Format Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-17.png) +Format Partition + +**19.** You will be asked now if you want to install GRUB bootloader, of course you will select **Yes**, because if you don’t, you won’t be able to boot the new system, so choose “**Yes**” and hit **Enter**. + +![Install Boot Loader GRUB](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-18.png) +Install Boot Loader GRUB + +**20.** Finally, you will be asked if you want to make the **/system** partition writeable, choose Yes, it will help in a lot of things later after you install the system. + +![Make Partition Writeable](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-19.png) +Make Partition Writeable + +**21.** The installer will start it’s mission… after the installer finishes the job, choose Reboot, in my test, the “Run-Android x86” didn’t work for me, so you have to reboot. + +![Android Kit Kat Installation](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-20.png) +Android Kit Kat Installation + +**22.** Now that’s we installed **Android 4.4 KitKat RC2** on our hard drive, the problem is now that VirtualBox will keep loading the **.iso** image file instead of booting from the virtual hard drive, so to fix this problem, go to **Settings**, under “**storage**” select the **.iso** file and remove it from the booting menu. + +![Remove Android Kit Kat Image](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-21.png) +Remove Android Kit Kat Image + +**23.** Now you can start the virtual machine with the installed android system. + +![Start Android Kit Kat System](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-23.png) +Start Android Kit Kat System + +![Android Splash Screen](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-24.png) +Android Splash Screen + +**24.** Now you will start a wizard to configure some things before you start using **Android**. You will see a screen like this, Now the problem is, that the Mouse doesn’t work in **android 4.4 KitKat**, that means that we’ll be using our skills in keyboard, first choose the **language** you want using the **Up** and **Down** keys in the keyboard, and to go the next step, hit the **Right** arrow key and click **Enter**. + +![Android Welcome Screen](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-31.png) +Android Welcome Screen + +![Select WiFi Network](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-25.png) +Select WiFi Network + +![Create Android Google Account](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-26.png) +Create Android Google Account + +![Sign in Google Account](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-27.png) +Sign in Google Account + +![Set Date and Time](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-28.png) +Set Date and Time + +![Enter Your Details](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-29.png) +Enter Your Details + +![Android 4.4 Kit Kat Home Screen](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-30.jpeg) +Android 4.4 Kit Kat Home Screen + +Installing **Android x86** will be good for you if you don’t have a smartphone and you want to use the **Play Store** apps easily, have you ever tried to install android x86? What was the results? Do you think that android may become a “**real operation system**” targeting PCs in the feature? + +---------- + +![](http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1374d0df45065e405e1b059d2fca04ff?s=80&d=blank&r=G) + +[Hanny Helal][3] + +A Linux & Foss user since 2010, working on many projects in the field of Free Software. + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-android-kitkat-in-linux/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-virtualbox-on-redhat-centos-fedora/ +[2]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/android-x86/ +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md b/sources/tech/20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..363b3ed62c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands +================================================================================ +> **Question**: I built and installed a program in /usr/local/bin. The program requires root privilege to run. But when I try to run the program with sudo, I get "sudo: XXXXX: command not found" error. Somehow /usr/local/bin is not included in the PATH environment variable. How can I fix this problem? + +When you run a program with sudo, the program is executed with a new, minimum environment for security reasons. That is, not all the environment variables you define are inherited to sudo commands. In case of PATH environment variable, it is reset to a new "default" PATH variable when sudo is used. So if the new default PATH variable does not include the folder where your program is, you will get "command not found" error with sudo. + +To customize the default PATH variable for sudo session, open /etc/sudoers file with a text editor, and look for "secure_path". The value defined in "secure_path" will be used as the default PATH variable when you execute sudo commands. + +So add any necessary path (e.g., /usr/local/bin) to "secure_path", and it will be passed to sudo commands. + + Defaults secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin + +This change will be effective immediately. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/define-path-environment-variable-sudo-commands.html + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]: +[2]: +[3]: +[4]: +[5]: +[6]: +[7]: +[8]: +[9]: +[10]: +[11]: +[12]: +[13]: +[14]: +[15]: +[16]: +[17]: +[18]: +[19]: +[20]: \ No newline at end of file From ea3a6c307720b0473cad07af46cc34abc1264624 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jack Nie Date: Wed, 16 Jul 2014 11:12:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 580/713] nd0104 is translate nd0104 is translate --- ...eck RPM package dependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md | 3 ++- ...ow to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md | 3 ++- 2 files changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md b/sources/tech/20140716 How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md index 7aee7c02f0..29a19f3f1d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140716 How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140716 How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +nd0104 is translate How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora, CentOS or RHEL ================================================================================ A typical RPM package on Red Hat-based systems requires all its dependent packages be installed to function properly. For end users, the complexity of such RPM dependency is hidden by package managers (e.g., yum or DNF) during package install/upgrade/removal process. However, if you are a sysadmin or a RPM maintainer, you need to be well-versed in RPM dependencies to maintain run-time environment for the system or roll out up-to-date RPM specs. @@ -88,4 +89,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/check-rpm-package-dependencies-fedora-centos-rhe 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html -[2]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/07/how-to-check-package-dependencies-on-ubuntu-or-debian.html \ No newline at end of file +[2]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/07/how-to-check-package-dependencies-on-ubuntu-or-debian.html diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md b/sources/tech/20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md index 363b3ed62c..618fb2a230 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +nd0104 is translate Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands ================================================================================ > **Question**: I built and installed a program in /usr/local/bin. The program requires root privilege to run. But when I try to run the program with sudo, I get "sudo: XXXXX: command not found" error. Somehow /usr/local/bin is not included in the PATH environment variable. How can I fix this problem? @@ -39,4 +40,4 @@ via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/define-path-environment-variable-sudo-commands.html [17]: [18]: [19]: -[20]: \ No newline at end of file +[20]: From 6135ef19cdd9639d375ea0493f5272e5bc863f8d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Wed, 16 Jul 2014 18:54:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 581/713] Pick up a new one --- ...KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 Install Android 4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140716 Install Android 4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md index e269d98661..a3c19e744d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140716 Install Android 4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140716 Install Android 4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Vic020 + Install “Android 4.4 KitKat” to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux ================================================================================ **Android (x86)** is a project which aims to port Android system to Intel x86 processors to let users install it easily on any computer, the way they do this is by taking android source code, patching it to work on Intel x86 processors and some laptops and tablets. @@ -179,4 +181,4 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-android-kitkat-in-linux/ [1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-virtualbox-on-redhat-centos-fedora/ [2]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/android-x86/ -[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/ \ No newline at end of file +[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/ From 380afef6cd1c3094d2872acc0e808d9b0fadf558 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kaiyao <1250471161@qq.com> Date: Wed, 16 Jul 2014 19:40:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 582/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...wser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md | 28 ------------------- ...wser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md | 25 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 25 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md b/sources/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9960e1f57f..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,28 +0,0 @@ -[su-kaiyao]翻译中 - -[Quick Tip] Set Default Browser on Debian/Ubuntu Using Terminal -================================================================================ -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Browsers-790x436.jpg) - -Hey Guys, - -In this post, we are going to use the terminal to make a browser default. - -Even though, this can easily be done using the browser’s main interface, is handy sometimes if you need to do this remotely. - -To do this you simply open up the terminal and run the line of code below: - -Enter the number beside the browser you wish to make default and you are done. - - sudo update-alternatives --config x-www-browser - -![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/change_default_browser_from_terminal_debian_enock.png) - -Enjoy! --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.unixmen.com/quick-tip-set-default-browser-debianubuntu-using-terminal/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md b/translated/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b695f4d8da --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md @@ -0,0 +1,25 @@ +利用终端（Terminal）在Debian/Ubuntu中设置默认浏览器 +================================================================================ +嘿，伙计们 + +在这篇文章中，我们将使用终端设置默认浏览器 + +虽然，可以很方便地使用浏览器主界面来设置为默认浏览器，但是有时，你需要远程做到这一点 + +要做到这一点，你只需简简单单的打开终端，然后执行下述的命令： +``` +sudo update-alternatives --config x-www-browser +``` +之后输入你想设置为默认的浏览器的号码，你就完成了！ + +真个过程截图如下： +![图片1](https://camo.githubusercontent.com/7eae55f5fac41634017c1fb5a8bd9cb634a86dc4/687474703a2f2f3138303031363938382e722e63646e37372e6e65742f77702d636f6e74656e742f75706c6f6164732f323031342f30372f6368616e67655f64656661756c745f62726f777365725f66726f6d5f7465726d696e616c5f64656269616e5f656e6f636b2e706e67) + +你成功了吗？ + +--- +via: http://www.unixmen.com/quick-tip-set-default-browser-debianubuntu-using-terminal/ + +译者：译者ID 校对：校对者ID + +本文由 LCTT 原创翻译，Linux中国 荣誉推出 From 0502f6f80bfdef3605fce992f9af3dda3e307ad6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kaiyao <1250471161@qq.com> Date: Wed, 16 Jul 2014 19:42:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 583/713] edit some mistakes --- ...714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md b/translated/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md index b695f4d8da..bd25bbb2b8 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md @@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ sudo update-alternatives --config x-www-browser 之后输入你想设置为默认的浏览器的号码，你就完成了！ 真个过程截图如下： + ![图片1](https://camo.githubusercontent.com/7eae55f5fac41634017c1fb5a8bd9cb634a86dc4/687474703a2f2f3138303031363938382e722e63646e37372e6e65742f77702d636f6e74656e742f75706c6f6164732f323031342f30372f6368616e67655f64656661756c745f62726f777365725f66726f6d5f7465726d696e616c5f64656269616e5f656e6f636b2e706e67) 你成功了吗？ From 79f7f81ca626726db1aeb44ebf89574469bce71b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kaiyao <1250471161@qq.com> Date: Wed, 16 Jul 2014 19:47:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 584/713] =?UTF-8?q?[su-kaiyao]=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...6 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20140716 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md index fbfe100904..fcc2322265 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140716 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140716 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +[su-kaiyao]翻译中 + 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/des.jpg) @@ -98,4 +100,4 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/5-things-installing-cinnamon-ubuntu [5]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/themes/view/188 [6]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/applets/view/17 [7]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/applets/view/168 -[8]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/applets/view/35 \ No newline at end of file +[8]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/applets/view/35 From d8bd96e9ff62acf0a8c2935990483d731109905a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: jiajia <1534574360@qq.com> Date: Wed, 16 Jul 2014 23:00:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 585/713] translated 20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md --- ...0140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md | 114 ----------------- ...0140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md | 115 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 115 insertions(+), 114 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md b/sources/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md deleted file mode 100644 index 996f738c66..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,114 +0,0 @@ -jiajia translating... - -Got Linux? Add Proprietary Code -================================================================================ -![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rw661226/linux-enterprise-proprietary-code.jpg) - -> For some industries, running proprietary software on an open source Linux distro is not the exception -- it's the rule of thumb. Take, for example, the Wall Street crowd. "Ninety-nine percent of the applications on Wall Street depend on proprietary products. We are much like Oracle in that our product runs on Linux but has a proprietary license," said FSMLabs' President Victor Yodaiken. - -Migrating to the Linux platform is not an either/or proposition. Linux as a computing platform is so flexible that it offers users a have-it-your-way menu of software options. - -One option is the Linux desktop. Individual users in home computing, SOHO and SMB operations can choose from a variety of enterprise-class Linux distributions. The Linux desktop OS offers a no-cost or low-cost alternative to the frustrations of Microsoft Windows or the limitations of Apple's Unix-based OS X platform for its relatively costly Mac hardware. - -Another migration path is to forgo acclimating office staff to the Linux desktop. Instead, enterprises can opt to run their back-office and server operations on a Linux server. Linux servers have a rigorous giant footprint in the networking and cloud computing worlds. Linux servers are commonplace in many other enterprise settings. - -A third migration choice is to run a full Linux shop. Standard office computing software is readily available in open source packages for office suites, Web browsing and graphic production tasks. Open source database applications connect famously with back-end software and servers. Plus, Linux does not need hardware-specific buy-in requirements. - -Staff training to use the Linux desktop applications often is needed only in small amounts. Thanks to workers' familiarity with cross-platform software such as LibreOffice and OpenOffice productivity suites, as well as Google Chrome and Firefox Web browsers, front-office communications rarely miss a beat. - -Linux is flexible. A new trend is to create third-party proprietary software to suit your own enterprise needs. Commercial software firms can recompile must-have Windows or any other platform's software. They also can create task-specific Linux applications that combine off-the-shelf open source components with their own proprietary code. - -"I believe this is becoming a new trend. Enterprises are using third-party proprietary software developed to work on the Linux OS. One of the factors pushing enterprises into migrating to Linux with custom-made software is the financial burden of continuing to pay Microsoft licensing fees," Dayan Jeremiah, CEO of [Icewarp Pacific][1], told LinuxInsider. - -### Linux Does Proprietary ### - -One of the biggest hurdles a company faces in migrating to any operating system is overseeing application compatibility. In the case of moving into Linux, an enterprise has to make sure that whatever software it uses is compatible with the Linux OS, noted Jeremiah. - -The Linux OS has an arsenal of software that runs across the numerous distributions and Linux desktop environments. Depending on the industry involved, the vast open source community may not have a specific replacement for every specialized computing task. In that case, it is often cost-effective to roll your own with the help of a third-party software developer. - -"Using a third-party software vendor helps to ensure this compatibility. For example, we are able to mix and match the software components together so that the application works on Linux," said Jeremiah. - -### An Old Model Made New ### - -A growing number of proprietary software firms, such as Icewarp, build specialized software to meet an enterprise's specific computing needs. They use many open source components in the mix. - -The savings, compared to staying with the Microsoft infrastructure, involve not only licensing costs, but also reduced coding costs. - -"We can build an entire software solution using readily available components for Linux. This entire solution is generally much more cost-effective, efficient and stable across the board," Jeremiah noted. - -Icewarp does not develop the specialized software as free open source projects. It does not provide free versions and charge a fee for support. You order it and pay for it. - -### Porting Code Can Be Chaotic ### - -One hurdle in making software ported from another computing platform compatible with the Linux OS is the vast majority of Linux flavors, according to Jacob Loveless, CEO of [Lucera][2]. The Linux OS has a common kernel, but it has a lot of flavors. - -"The problem develops when software companies have to cross-compile for multiple Linux systems," Loveless told LinuxInsider. "With the exception of Microsoft Exchange Server, most databases run exceptionally well on Linux. MySQL and PostSQL are probably to two most prominent open source versions." - -The majority of the hurdles in porting software to Linux require recompiling the code. Usually there are platform-specific things you have to do to make it work, he said. - -For example, if you have proprietary code bases written in .Net or other languages for Windows, the open source compiler that runs on Linux is not always compatible. So you have a lot of application work you have to redo, Loveless explained. - -Another example involves using databases. You often have to port to a different database and a different Web server. - -"There is definitely work there," said Loveless. - -### A Lot Is Not Enough ### - -Another compatibility issue in migrating to Linux is the type of open source software a company needs. - -"There are not enough open source solutions for all of the specialized enterprise needs," maintained IceWarp's Jeremiah, "but whatever is available for Linux in general, we feel is sufficient. What is not provided by the communities for specialized business applications can be built by third-party software firms." - -For example, IceWarp recently built a specialized Linux-compatible application that required no additional hardware purchase and no additional licensing fees. - -The specialized software included a clustered set of load balancers, a cluster of database servers and a cluster set of IP servers. All of it runs on a standard Red Hat Enterprise Linux or CentOS Linux distro. - -### Follow the Money ### - -In some cases, you can follow the money trail to the Linux OS. Sometimes it is the Linux server that has heavily populated an industry. Other times it is a particular Linux desktop application -- or it could be both. - -Take, for example, the Wall Street crowd. In financial markets, time synchronization becomes critical. The financial networks rely on distributive networks where users have to work with time locks to complete transactions. Other applications require very precise timing before a transaction can be executed. These are functions that require precise time synchronization controls, explained Victor Yodaiken, president of [FSMLabs][3]. - -When FSMLabs started developing its TimeKeeper time synchronization software, Yodaiken expected there soon would be a need to develop a Windows version. - -However, "it turned out that everybody who is doing automated trading or low-latency trading or even collecting data at high precision is running Linux in this market," he told LinuxInsider. - -### Time Is Costly ### - -FSMLabs uses proprietary code that runs on Linux. The Network Time Protocol built into Linux does not adequately synchronize time into nanoseconds for software that tracks stock and trade transactions. Windows falls short for another reason. - -"I think Linux's popularity over Windows is that Windows does not have a standard API which lets you get time below a millisecond. So Windows does not really do you any good. You have to have specialized APIs. With Linux, you do not have to screw around with your application program," Yodaiken said. - -The financial markets were one of the first to embrace Linux. Many of the early systems managers came up from [Bell Labs][4] in the 1980s, so it is a very established market, he added. - -### Filling a Need ### - -For some industries, running proprietary software on an open source Linux distro is not the exception -- it's the rule of thumb. - -"Ninety-nine percent of the applications on Wall Street depend on proprietary products. We are much like Oracle in that our product runs on Linux but has a proprietary license," said FSMLabs' Yodaiken. - -Some markets that run Linux need more specialized software than what's available as open source products. Existing open source software just does not meet their requirements. That is why software developers provide commercial offerings for enterprise Linux operations, he added. - -"That is pretty common. Open source is really best suited for big markets. That is why it has wide, general requirements. Not too many people would have to have a one microsecond correct time all the time -- and alarms if they can't get it," he pointed out. - -### Linux Purism Is Pointless ### - -The concept of maintaining a totally free open source software infrastructure on the Linux OS may fall short when it comes to running specialized software. That reality holds true for any specialized business. - -When a specialized computing need does not impact a wide user market, a third-party software developer can provide a proprietary, commercial or closed source software solution. Call it what you will. Open source purity might become a thing of the past as businesses continue to adopt the Linux OS. - -"Having commercial software prominent on the Linux OS is fairly common," said Yodaiken. "People in business are not purists. They just want to solve problems." - -Jack M. Germain has been writing about computer technology since the early days of the Apple II and the PC. He still has his original IBM PC-Jr and a few other legacy DOS and Windows boxes. He left shareware programs behind for the open source world of the Linux desktop. He runs several versions of Windows and Linux OSes and often cannot decide whether to grab his tablet, netbook or Android smartphone instead of using his desktop or laptop gear. You can connect with him on Google+. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80555.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.icewarp.com/ -[2]:https://lucerahq.com -[3]:http://www.fsmlabs.com/ -[4]:http://www.bell-labs.com/ diff --git a/translated/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md b/translated/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..667962c302 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140607 Got Linux--Add Proprietary Code.md @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ + +Got Linux? Add Proprietary Code +================================================================================ +![](http://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rw661226/linux-enterprise-proprietary-code.jpg) + +> 对于一些产业来讲，在开源的Linux发行版上运行商业版的软件并不类外。--这很常见,例如，在华尔街，“华尔街上百分之九十九的应用依赖于商业版的软件。在我们运行在Linux上的产品中，Oracle是我们最喜欢的一种商业软件”， FSMLabs' President Victor Yodaiken说。 + +迁移到Linux平台并不是一个非此即彼的提议。作为一个计算机平台，Linux是非常灵活的。它提供给用户一个自定义的软件菜单选项。 + +一种选择是Linux桌面。家庭个人用户，SOHO 和 SMB 操作可以从众多的企业级Linux发行版中选择。Linux桌面系统提供了一个0成本或者成本很低的替代，相对于微软系统来讲，或者是基于Unix的苹果OS X系统依赖苹果硬件的局限性。 + +另一个替换的办法是，让员工放弃linux桌面办公，取而代之，企业可以运行后台办公系统在Linux服务器上。Linux服务器在网络化和云计算领域有一个缜密和强大的空间。Linux服务器在很多企业中应用很广。 + +第三个方法是运行一个完整的Linux商店，斯坦达德办公中心运作的软件在开源包，网络浏览，图形产生方面非常有用。开源的数据库应用和和后台软件及服务器连接相当频繁，在此方面，Linux不需要购入特殊硬件来支持。 + +培训员工使用Linux桌面应用需求量很小。感谢工作者对跨平台软件的友好支持。例如LibreOffice 和 Open Office, 同样的，Chrome和 Firefox浏览器。前端办公交互很少漏掉。 + +Linux很灵活。一个新的趋势是生产适合你企业需要的第三方软件。商业软件公司可以再编译必要的WIndow或者其它平台软件。他们也可以生产Linux任务应用将现成的资源和他们自己的代码结合到一起。 + +“我相信这将是一个新的趋势，企业可以用第三方软件在Linux系统上进行开发。推动企业向Linux迁移并使用定制的软件的一个因素便是支付微软的专利费用的财政负担”，Dayan Jeremiah ，[Icewarp Pacific][1] 的 CEO 说。  + + +### Linux Does Proprietary ### + +一个公司向任何一个系统迁移的时候所面临的最大障碍是监测应用的通用性。在迁移到Linux上时，企业不得不保证软件在Liunx上通用。Jeremiah强调 + +Linux操作系统有一个多类型和Linux桌面系统软件库。根据不同的行业，大量的开源社区可能没有为每一个特殊的任务指定一种方案。在这种情况下， 借助于第三方软件来推出自己的应用往往更节约成本。 + +“使用第三方软件有助于保证兼容性，例如，我们可以混合和匹配软件组件来保证应用在Linux上运行” ，Jeremiah 说。 + +### 旧的模型产生新模型 ### + +越来越多的专有软件公司，例如爱思华宝，建立特殊的软件来满足企业特殊的业务需求，他们将许多开源组件混合在一起使用。 + +与微软的基础设施相比，不仅节省了许可成本，还节省了编码成本。 + +“我们可以建立一个完整的软件方案，使用现成的Linux软件组件，整个解决方案往往更节省成本，高效，稳定。” Jermaih强调。 + +Icewarp不开发专门的软件作为免费的开源项目，它不提供免费版，需要付费支持。你需要付费购买它。 + +### 代码移植 ### + +把软件从一个平台移植到另一个平台并与Liunx兼容的一个障碍是Liunx的多样化，依据Jacob Loveless, CEO of [Lucera][2]的观点。Linux操作系统拥有一个通用kernel,但是有很多多样化。 + +“当软件公司不得不在多个Linux系统中交叉编译时，问题进一步加深。”伴随着微软Exchange 服务器的类外，大多数数据库运行良好。Mysql和postSql可能是最突出的两个开源版本。 + +在软件移植到Linux的最大挑战，是需要重新编译代码，通常有平台相关的事情你不得不去做。他说。 + +例如，如果你有特殊的代码底层依赖，对于window来讲，.net 或者其它语言，运行在Linux的开源编译器并不总是兼容，因此你有很多软件工作需要重做，Loveless说道。 + +另一个例子是使用数据库。你经常不得不连接到一个不同的数据库和一个不同的web服务器。 + +有明确的工作要做，Loverless说道。 + +### 许多还不够 ### + +在移植到Linux上时，另一个兼容性问题是开源软件公司的需求。 + +没有足够的开源方案来解决企业的专业需求， IceWarp 的Jeremiah说，通常来讲，我们认为是足够的，目前还没有被专门的软件应用来提供，而第三方不能提供的软件。 + +例如，IceWarp最近建立了一个特殊的Linux兼容应用，不需要额外的硬件采购，没有额外的许可费用。 + +特殊的软件包括一个集群负载均衡。集群数据库和集群IP服务器，所有的这一切都运行在一个标准的红帽企业版Linux或者CentOS Linux. + + +### 跟着钱走 ### + +在一些情况下，你可以跟着前找到Linux。有时它是Linux服务器在工业中有很高的用途。另一些时候，它是Linux桌面应用，或者两者都有。 + +例如，在金融市场中，时间同步是关键。金融依靠分布式网络，用户不得不在指定的时间内完成交易。其它的应用需要在交易前进行精确的计时。这些功能需要精确的时间同步控制。Victor Yodaiken 说，[FSMLabs][3] 的总裁。 + +当FSMLabs 开始开发时间同步软件，Yodaiken期待很快会拥有一个Windows版本。 + +然而，被证实每一个在使用自动交易或者低延迟交易，甚至是采集高精度数据软件的人，都运行的是Linux系统，他告诉LinuxInsider. + +### 时间是昂贵的 ### + +FSMLabs 将专有的代码运行在Linux上，建立在Linux上的软件时间协议不适用同步时间在纳秒级别的应用，比如那些追踪股票，或者交易的需求。 + +“我认为Linux的在Windows之上，因为Windows没有一个标准的API让你获取时间在毫秒级别以下。”所以Window并不是真的都好。你不得不拥有特殊的API，在Linux下。你不需要费力在你的应用程序上。Yodaiken 说。 + +金融市场是第一个拥抱Linux的。许多早期的系统管理者来自80年代的[贝尔实验室][4]，因此这是一个很成熟的市场，他说。 + +### 满足需求 ### + +对于一些产业来说，在开源的Linux发型版上运行有专利的软件并不意外，这是很常见的。 + +“华尔街99%的应用都运行在有专利的产品上。在我们运行在Linux的产品中，我们很喜欢Oracle，它有一个专利许可。”FSMLabs' Yodaiken说。 + +一些市场运行Linux需要跟更多专业的软件，相比开源的产品，现存的开源软件不能满足他们的需求。这也就是为什么软件开发者为企业Linux提供商业的产品。他补充道。 + +“这是很常见的，开源最适合大市场，这就是为什么他们具有广泛的需求。没有几人总是对的。如果他们不对，需要告诉他们” 他指出。 + +### Linux纯粹主义是没有意义的 ### + +在Linux上运行完全免费开源的软件的观念是欠缺的，有时候你要运行专利软件。 + +当一个专业的计算不需要进入广泛市场时，第三方软件开发者提供一个专有的，商业的或者闭源的解决方案。由于商业持续地适应Linux系统，绝对的开源将成为过去的事情。 + +在Linux上拥有商业软件是相当普遍的，Yodaiken说，商人都不是纯粹主义者，他们只想解决问题。 + +Jack M. Germain从早期的苹果二和PC的时候就一直在写计算机技术。他保留着一些原始的IBM PC和一些传统的DOC系统，和Windows盒子，他抛弃了共享程序，走向开源Linux世界.他运行一些Windows系统和Linux系统，经常不能决定是否用他的平板电脑或者安卓智能手机替代他的桌面系统或者便携式电脑。你可以在Google+上联系到他。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80555.html + +译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.icewarp.com/ +[2]:https://lucerahq.com +[3]:http://www.fsmlabs.com/ +[4]:http://www.bell-labs.com/ From fe2dc030c02ce846738dbaaeb166d1fc047bba46 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Thu, 17 Jul 2014 10:12:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 586/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md b/translated/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md index 71a936803a..eb77a3b1c8 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md @@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ TFTP服务器是一个小型FTP服务器，需要用它来在本地网络中的 在你完成了服务器上的配置之后，从网络启动你的客户机。要从网络启动一般你只需修改BIOS设置中的启动优先顺序即可。 -如果客户机启动成功，你的无盘环境就配置好了。你无需修改任何东西就可以任意添加一台或多台客户端电脑。 +如果客户机启动成功，你的无盘环境就配置好了。你无需修改任何东西就可以任意添加一台或多台客户端电脑。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From f3ba3cb9cb896d50197b08392adb935b181ae649 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Thu, 17 Jul 2014 11:09:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 587/713] [translated] HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter --- ...ns--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md | 73 ------------------- ...ns--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md | 72 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 72 insertions(+), 73 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md b/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md deleted file mode 100644 index e0349c280d..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,73 +0,0 @@ -zpl1025 -HTG Explains: What is Unix and Why Does It Matter? -================================================================================ -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/ken-thompson-and-dennis-richie-at-pdp-11.jpg) - -Most operating systems can be grouped into two different families. Aside from Microsoft’s Windows NT-based operating systems, nearly everything else traces its heritage back to Unix. - -Linux, Mac OS X, Android, iOS, Chrome OS, Orbis OS used on the PlayStation 4, whatever firmware is running on your router — all of these operating systems are often called “Unix-like” operating systems. - -### Unix’s Design Lives On Today ### - -Unix was developed in AT&T’s Bell Labs back in the mid-to-late 1960′s. The initial release of Unix had some important design attributes that live on today. - -One is the “Unix philosophy” of creating small, modular utilities that do one thing and do them well. If you’re familiar with using a Linux terminal, this should be familiar to you — the system offers a number of utilities that can be combined in different ways through [pipes and other features][1] to perform more complex tasks. Even graphical programs are likely calling simpler utilities in the background to do the heavy lifting. This also makes it easy to [create shell scripts][2], stringing together simple tools to do complicated things. - -Unix also had a single file system that programs use to communicate with each other. This is [why “everything is a file” on Linux][3] – including hardware devices and special files that provide system information or other data. It’s also why only Windows has drive letters, which it inherited from DOS — on other operating systems, every file on the system is part of a single directory hierarchy. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/unix-bell-labs.jpg) - -### Tracing the Unix Descendants ### - -Like any history going back over 40 years, the history of Unix and its descendants is messy. To simplify things, we can roughly group Unix’s descendants into two groups. - -One group of Unix descendants were developed in academia. The first was BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution), an open-source, Unix-like operating system. BSD lives on today through FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD. NeXTStep was also based on the original BSD, Apple’s Mac OS X was based on NeXTStep, and iOS was based on Mac OS X. Many other operating systems, including the Orbis OS used on the PlayStation 4, are derived from types of BSD operating systems. - -Richard Stallman’s GNU project was also started as a reaction to AT&T’s increasingly restrictive Unix software licensing terms. MINIX was a Unix-like operating system created for educational purposes, and Linux was inspired by MINIX. [The Linux we know today is really GNU/Linux][4], as it’s made up of the Linux kernel and a lot of GNU utilities. GNU/Linux isn’t directly descended from BSD, but it is descended from Unix’s design and has its roots in academia. Many operating systems today, including Android, Chrome OS, Steam OS, and a huge amount of embedded operating systems for devices, are based on Linux. - -On the other hand, there were the commercial Unix operating systems. AT&T UNIX, SCO UnixWare, Sun Microsystems Solaris, HP-UX, IBM AIX, SGI IRIX — many big corporations wanted to create and license their own versions of Unix. These aren’t quite as common today, but some of them are still out there. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/history-of-unix.png) - -Image Credit: [Wikimedia Commons][5] - -### The Rise of DOS and Windows NT ### - -Many people expected Unix to become the industry standard operating system, but DOS and “IBM PC compatible” computers eventually exploded in popularity. Microsoft’s DOS became the most successful DOS of them all. DOS was never based on Unix at all, which is [why Windows uses a backslash for file paths while everything else uses a forward slash][6]. This decision was made back in the early days of DOS, and later versions of Windows inherited it, just as BSD, Linux, Mac OS X, and other Unix-like operating systems inherited many aspects of Unix’s design. - -Windows 3.1, Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows ME were all based on DOS underneath. Microsoft was developing a more modern and stable operating system at the time, which they named Windows NT — for “Windows New Technology.” Windows NT eventually made its way to regular computer users as Windows XP, but it was available for corporations as Windows 2000 and Windows NT before that. - -All of Microsoft’s operating systems are based on the Windows NT kernel today. Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows RT, Windows Phone 8, Windows Server, and the Xbox One’s operating system all use the Windows NT kernel. Unlike most other operating systems, Windows NT wasn’t developed as a Unix-like operating system. - -Microsoft didn’t start with a completely clean slate, of course. To maintain compatibility with DOS and old Windows software, Windows NT inherited many DOS conventions like drive letters, backslashes for file paths, and forward slashes for command-line switches. - -![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/windows-2000-professional-built-on-nt-technology.jpg) - -Why it Matters - -Have you ever taken a look at the Mac OS X terminal or file system and noticed how similar it was to Linux’s, and how different they both were from Windows? Well, this is why — both Mac OSX and Linux are Unix-like operating systems. - -Knowing this bit of history helps you understand what a “Unix-like” operating system is, and why so many operating systems seem so similar to each other while Windows seems so different. This explains why the terminal on Mac OS X will feel so familiar to a Linux geek, while [the Command Prompt and PowerShell on Windows][7] are so different from other command-line environments. - -This was just a quick history that will help you understand how we got to where we are today without getting bogged down in the details. If you want more information, you can find entire books on the history of Unix. - -Image Credit: [Peter Hamer on Flickr][8], [Takuya Oikawa on Flickr][9], [CJ Sorg on Flickr][10] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.howtogeek.com/182649/htg-explains-what-is-unix/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/110150/become-a-linux-terminal-power-user-with-these-8-tricks/ -[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/107217/how-to-manage-processes-from-the-linux-terminal-10-commands-you-need-to-know/ -[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/117939/htg-explains-what-everything-is-a-file-means-on-linux/ -[4]:http://www.howtogeek.com/139287/the-great-debate-is-it-linux-or-gnulinux/ -[5]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_history.svg -[6]:http://www.howtogeek.com/181774/why-windows-uses-backslashes-and-everything-else-uses-forward-slashes/ -[7]:http://www.howtogeek.com/163127/how-powershell-differs-from-the-windows-command-prompt/ -[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/peter-hamer/2876612463/ -[9]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/takuyaoikawa/2060554607/ -[10]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/cjsorg/2726088549/ diff --git a/translated/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md b/translated/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..eb9824ada2 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md @@ -0,0 +1,72 @@ +HTG解释：什么是Unix以及它为什么这么重要？ +================================================================================ +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/ken-thompson-and-dennis-richie-at-pdp-11.jpg) + +大多数操作系统可以被划分到两个不同的家族。除了微软的基于Windows NT的操作系统外，几乎所有其他的都可以追溯到Unix。 + +Linux，Mac OS X，Android，iOS，Chrome OS，PlayStaion 4上运行的Orbis OS，运行在路由器上的任意固件，所有这些操作系统通常都被称为“类Unix”操作系统。 + +### Unix的设计现在都还在应用 ### + +Unix在20世纪60年代中晚期诞生于AT&T的贝尔实验室中。最初发布的Unix中的一些重要设计因素到如今都还在使用。 + +其中一个是“Unix哲学”，建立小的模块化的应用，只做一件事情并把它做好。如果你对Linux终端很熟悉的话，应该对这个不陌生－系统提供了大量的应用，可以通过[管道或其他特性][1]形成不同的组合来完成更复杂的任务。甚至图形界面程序也经常会在后台调用更简单的应用去做比较耗时的任务。这种模式也让[建立终端脚本][2]更为简单，通过文本把一些简单工具结合起来去做复杂的事情。 + +Unix还设计了一个单一的文件系统，程序可以通过它互相通讯。这也是[为什么在Linux里说“一切都是文件”][3]－包括硬件设备和提供系统信息或其他数据的特殊文件。这也是为什么只有Windows系统中才有磁盘盘符，这是从DOS继承过来的－在其他操作系统中，所有文件都是一个单一目录结构中的一部分。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/unix-bell-labs.jpg) + +### 那些从Unix派生出的系统 ### + +类似任何往前追溯40年的历史，Unix的历史和它的派生系统一片混乱。为了简单，我们把Unix的派生系统大致分成两组。 + +一组Unix派生系统是学术界开发的。首先是BSD（伯克利软件发布版），一个开源的类Unix操作系统。BSD如今还存在于FreeBSD，NetBSD和OpenBSD等系统中。NeXTStep基于最初版的BSD开发，苹果的Mac OS X基于NeXTStep，iOS基于Mac OS X。许多其他操作系统，包括运行在PlayStation 4上的Orbis OS，也源于各种BSD操作系统。 + +Richard Stallman建立GNU项目的目的是为了反对AT&T的Unix软件协议条款日渐严格的限制。MINIX是一个类Unix操作系统，为教育目的而实现的，而Linux则是受到了MINIX的启发。[我们今天所熟悉的Linux其实应该叫GNU/Linux][4]，因为它是由Linux内核和大量GNU应用组成的。GNU/Linux不是直接从BSD继承下来的，但是它继承了Unix的设计而且根植于学术界。如今许多操作系统，包括Android，Chrome OS，Steam OS，以及数量巨大的在各种设备上使用的嵌入式操作系统，都基于Linux。 + +另一组是商用的Unix操作系统。AT&T UNIX，SCO UnixWare，Sun Microsystem Solaris，HP-UX，IBM AIX，SGI IRIX－许多大型企业都希望建立并授权自己版本的Unix。它们如今并不常见，但其中一些仍然存在。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/history-of-unix.png) + +图片致谢: [Wikimedia Commons][5] + +### DOS和Windows NT的崛起 ### + +许多人希望Unix能够成为工业标准操作系统，但是DOS和“IBM PC兼容”计算机却最终人气爆发而普及开来。微软的DOS也成为众多DOS系统中最成功的一个。DOS完全没有参照Unix，这也是[为什么Windows使用反斜杠划分文件路径，而其他所有系统都使用正斜杠][6]。这个决定是在早期的DOS系统中做出的，而之后的Windows版本继承了这一设定，就像BSD，Linux，Mac OS X，和其他类Unix操作系统继承了许多Unix设计因素一样。 + +Windows 3.1，Windows 95，Windows 98，and Windows ME都是建立在DOS的基础上。当时微软已经在开发一个更现代更稳定的操作系统，叫做Windows NT－意思是“Windows新技术”。Windows NT最终通过Windows XP应用到普通计算机用户中，但是之前它都只用于针对企业用户的Windows 2000和Windows NT。 + +如今所有微软的操作系统都基于Windows NT内核。Windows 7，Windows 8，Windows RT，Windows Phone 8，Windows Server，以及Xbox One上的操作系统都在使用Windows NT内核。不像其他大多数操作系统那样，Windows NT没有被开发成一个类Unix操作系统。 + +当然，微软也不是完全从零开始的。为了维护DOS和旧版本Windows软件的兼容性，Windows NT继承了许多DOS里的设定，比如磁盘盘符，反斜杠区分文件路径，正斜杠作为命令行参数开关。 + +![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/windows-2000-professional-built-on-nt-technology.jpg) + +为什么它影响很大 + +不知道你有没有看过Mac OS X终端或是文件系统，有没有注意到它们和Linux是如此相似，而又和Windows是如此不同？好吧，原因是－Mac OS X和Linux两个都是类Unix操作系统。 + +了解了这点历史，就可以帮助你理解什么是“类Unix”操作系统，以及为什么这么多操作系统看起来都差不多，而Windows却那么与众不同。这也可以解释为什么Linux极客对Mac OS X上的终端会感觉如此熟悉，而[Windows 7上的Command Prompt和PowerShell][7]相对于其他命令行环境显得如此不同。 + +这只是一点快速掠过的历史，帮助了解是如何发展到今天的，而不用陷入到细节中。如果你想了解更多，可以找到许多关于Unix历史的整本的书籍。 + +图片致谢: [Peter Hamer on Flickr][8], [Takuya Oikawa on Flickr][9], [CJ Sorg on Flickr][10] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.howtogeek.com/182649/htg-explains-what-is-unix/ + +译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/110150/become-a-linux-terminal-power-user-with-these-8-tricks/ +[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/107217/how-to-manage-processes-from-the-linux-terminal-10-commands-you-need-to-know/ +[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/117939/htg-explains-what-everything-is-a-file-means-on-linux/ +[4]:http://www.howtogeek.com/139287/the-great-debate-is-it-linux-or-gnulinux/ +[5]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unix_history.svg +[6]:http://www.howtogeek.com/181774/why-windows-uses-backslashes-and-everything-else-uses-forward-slashes/ +[7]:http://www.howtogeek.com/163127/how-powershell-differs-from-the-windows-command-prompt/ +[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/peter-hamer/2876612463/ +[9]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/takuyaoikawa/2060554607/ +[10]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/cjsorg/2726088549/ From 89c2a8f073eee364214947b36f1f1554da6c216b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Thu, 17 Jul 2014 11:12:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 588/713] [translating] Joy of Programming: Fail Fast --- sources/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md b/sources/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md index 31fe1a14fd..3d29d5028a 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +zpl1025 Joy of Programming: Fail Fast! ================================================================================ ![](http://www.opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/fail-350x262.jpg) @@ -55,4 +56,4 @@ via:http://www.opensourceforu.com/2011/12/joy-of-programming-fail-fast/ [17]: [18]: [19]: -[20]: \ No newline at end of file +[20]: From f109331e38c44994fe80f2dd2abd893f3474527d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Thu, 17 Jul 2014 11:18:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 589/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=EF=BC=88?= =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E6=97=A0=E8=AF=AF=EF=BC=8C=E4=BB=85=E6=9C=89?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B0=8F=E4=BF=AE=E6=94=B9=EF=BC=89?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...40616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md b/translated/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md index eb77a3b1c8..eddf0d8adb 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140616 How to diskless boot a Linux machine.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ 如何无盘启动Linux ================================================================================ -无盘启动意味着一台客户端电脑在启动操作系统时没有任何的磁盘存储介质。在这种情形之下，电脑能够通过网络从远程NFS服务器上加载内核和根文件系统。在这过程中可能会用到数种不同的方法来从NFS服务器上加载内核和根文件系统：RARP，BOOTP或是DHCP协议。在这个指导教程中，我会使用BOOTP/DHCP协议，因为它们能够被大多数的网卡所支持。 +无盘启动意味着一台客户端电脑在启动操作系统时没有任何的磁盘存储介质。在这种情形之下，电脑能够通过网络从远程NFS服务器上加载内核和根文件系统。在这过程中可能会用到多种不同的方法来从NFS服务器上加载内核和根文件系统：RARP，BOOTP或是DHCP协议。在这个指导教程中，我会使用BOOTP/DHCP协议，因为它们能够被大多数的网卡所支持。 ### 无盘计算机的优势 ### @@ -18,11 +18,11 @@ 1. 配置NFS服务器 1. 启动无盘客户机 -在这个指导教程中，我假设作为启动服务器的电脑运行着Ubuntu。如何你正在使用其它的Linux发行版，原理是一样的。 +在这个指导教程中，我假设作为启动服务器的电脑运行的是 Ubuntu。如何你正在使用其它的Linux发行版，原理是一样的。 ### 第一步：安装所需的包 ### -像下面这样使用apt-get命令来安装所有需要的包。 +像下面这样使用 apt-get 命令来安装所有需要的包。 $ sudo apt-get install dhcp3-server tftpd-hpa syslinux nfs-kernel-server initramfs-tools @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ TFTP服务器是一个小型FTP服务器，需要用它来在本地网络中的 - "rw"表示NFS共享是可读/可写的。 最后，重启TFTPD服务。 - + sudo /etc/init.d/tftpd-hpa restart ### 第三步：配置DHCP服务 ### @@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ TFTP服务器是一个小型FTP服务器，需要用它来在本地网络中的 $ sudo cp -ax / /nfsroot -然后打开用文本编辑器打开/nfsroot/etc/fstab并添加以下行。 +然后通过文本编辑器打开/nfsroot/etc/fstab 并添加以下行。 /dev/nfs / nfs defaults 1 1 @@ -138,14 +138,14 @@ TFTP服务器是一个小型FTP服务器，需要用它来在本地网络中的 ### 第五步：启动无盘客户机 ### -在你完成了服务器上的配置之后，从网络启动你的客户机。要从网络启动一般你只需修改BIOS设置中的启动优先顺序即可。 +在您完成了服务器上的配置之后，从网络启动你的客户机。要从网络启动一般你只需修改BIOS设置中的启动优先顺序即可。 -如果客户机启动成功，你的无盘环境就配置好了。你无需修改任何东西就可以任意添加一台或多台客户端电脑。 +如果客户机启动成功，您的无盘环境就配置好了。无需做任何修改就可以任意添加一台或多台客户端电脑。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/diskless-boot-linux-machine.html -译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d77c4844fd7ac21cd83df74626cb3ead141df366 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 17 Jul 2014 14:19:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 590/713] PUB:20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5 --- ...vailability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md | 44 ++++++++++ ...vailability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md | 82 ------------------- 2 files changed, 44 insertions(+), 82 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md delete mode 100644 translated/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md diff --git a/published/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md b/published/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6d038b032e --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md @@ -0,0 +1,44 @@ +红帽公司发布 OpenStack Platform 5 +================================================================================ +![](http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3108/3191608123_67e1da2b79_o.jpg) + +红帽公司[宣布][1]在RHEL上推出OpenStack Platform5，这是基于OpenStack开源云的第三个企业级发行版。该版本不仅开发了一些新功能，针对的用户群体也大为增多，如高大上的云用户、电信企业、互联网服务供应商（ISP)、公有云服务供应商等。 + +OpenStack Platform 5是基于最新的Openstack Icehouse的发行版，并且针对云计算技术做了大量的修改和优化工作而来的。 + +这个最新的发行版有3年的技术支持周期，[我选择了使用][2]它是考虑到红帽公司在Linux系统上对用户无以伦比的技术支持，红帽公司对其OpenStack Platform 5的技术支持服务将是促使企业购买的关键之一。 + +对于红帽公司是否会支持OpenStack的其他发行版尚未有定论，但一份OpenStack用户调查已经显示[90%的OpenStack开发人员并没有在RHEL上使用OpenStack][3]，而是选用了Ubuntu或者CentOS Linux和其虚拟化技术。 + +OpenStack Platform 5的最新功能： + +> **支持和VMware基础架构的整合**,结构包含虚拟化、管理、网络和存储。 +用户一般会使用已经在使用的VMware vSphere资源，比如虚拟化驱动作为OpenStack （Nova）的计算节点，再使用上层的OpenStack Dashboard(Horizon)对节点进行管理。 +同样的，RHEL OpenStack Platform 5也支持VMware的NSX插件，作为OpenStack NetWorking （Neutron)对网络进行管理，支持VMware虚拟磁盘（VMDK）以插件形式存在，作为OpenStack Block Storage(Cinder)来使用。 +> + +> **对云资源的使用，采取了更好的布置。**服务器组让计算散布到OpenStack云的服务节点上，这让分布式应用有了更强的弹性，对于复杂的应用，也能起到降低通信延迟，提高运算性能的作用。 +> + +> **对虚拟机更好的支持，支持加密，满足美英国家对信息安全的要求** 使用RHEL 7中提供的半虚拟化随机数生成器，在用户程序中也添加进这个工具，可以更好的加密质量和性能提升。 + +> **提升协议栈的互通性**红帽公司宣称，Neutron中新开发的模块化的网络技术将简化OpenStack的部署。这种技术将允许用户在OpenStack中部署多种网络方案来解决异构网络的访问。 + +红帽公司虚拟化和OpenStack产品线总经理 Redhesh Balakrishnan说到： + +> “我们看到越来越多的企业级用户或服务供应商选择OpenStack作为私有云平台，RHEL OpenStack Platform 5不只是一个基于OpenStack Icehouse产品，我们还开发了很多简单易用的功能，增强了产品的可靠性。 +在未来三年内，我们要让用户看到，RHEL OpenStack Platform 5所提供的功能和技术支持服务，将为他们部署的应用保驾护航，让用户对我们的产品充满信心。 + +我敢跟你打赌，--三年的技术支持服务--将是企业用户在竞争激烈的云平台领域选择红帽的关键点。并且，毋庸置疑，红帽公司把自己的未来放在了云计算，放在了OpenStack Platform上面。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ostatic.com/blog/red-hat-announces-availability-of-its-openstack-platform-5 + +译者：[nd0104](https://github.com/nd0104) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.marketwatch.com/story/red-hat-announces-general-availability-of-red-hat-enterprise-linux-openstack-platform-5-2014-07-08 +[2]:http://ostatic.com/blog/why-red-hats-openstack-support-must-be-as-inclusive-as-possible +[3]:http://www.openstack.org/blog/2013/11/openstack-user-survey-october-2013/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md b/translated/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md deleted file mode 100644 index 1be373d973..0000000000 --- a/translated/news/20140709 Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,82 +0,0 @@ -nd0104 is translating -Red Hat Announces Availability of its OpenStack Platform 5 -红帽公司发布 OpenStack Platform 5 -================================================================================ -![](http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3108/3191608123_67e1da2b79_o.jpg) - -Red Hat has [announced][1] the general availability of Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 5,which is the third enterprise release of the company's OpenStack offering. Aside from new features, the platform is clearly being aimed at many types of organizations, including "advanced cloud users, telecommunications companies, Internet service providers (ISPs), and public cloud hosting providers." -红帽公司[宣布][1]在RHEL上推出OpenStack Platform5，这是基于OpenStack开源云的第三个发行版。该版本不仅开发了一些新功能，针对的用户群体也大为增多，如高大上的云用户、电信企业、互联网服务供应商（ISP)、公有云服务供应商等。 - -OpenStack Platform 5 is based on the latest OpenStack Icehouse release and provides more evidence of how very focused on cloud computing Red Hat has become. -OpenStack Platform 5是基于最新的Openstack Icehouse的发行版，并且针对云计算技术做了大量的修改和优化工作而来的。 - -The new release includes a three-year support lifecycle, and [I've made the point before][2] that because of its legendary support for Linux, -Red Hat's OpenStack support will be a key differentiator in wooing enterprises. -这个最新的发行版有3年的技术支持周期，[我选择了使用][2]它是考虑到红帽公司在Linux系统上对用户无以伦比的技术支持，红帽公司对其OpenStack Platform 5的技术支持服务将是促使企业购买的关键之一。 - -There has been controversy over whether Red Hat will support OpenStack distributions other than its own, - which is significant because a recent OpenStack user survey showed that [90% of OpenStack deployments today - are not running on RHEL][3], but rather use other flavors of Linux and KVM, such as Ubuntu or CentOS. -对于红帽公司是否会支持OpenStack的其他发行版尚未有定论，但一份OpenStack用户调查已经显示[90%的OpenStack开发人员并没有在RHEL上使用OpenStack}[3]，而是选用了Ubuntu或者CentOS Linux和其虚拟化技术。 - -Other features in Red Hat's new release include: -OpenStack Platform 5的最新功能： - -> **Support for integration with VMware infrastructure**, -encompassing virtualization, management, networking and storage. -Customers may use existing VMware vSphere resources as virtualization drivers for OpenStack Compute (Nova) nodes, - managed from the OpenStack Dashboard (Horizon). Additionally, -Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 5 supports the VMware NSX plugin for OpenStack Networking (Neutron) -and the VMware Virtual Machine Disk (VMDK) plugin for OpenStack Block Storage (Cinder). -> - -> **支持和VMware基础架构的整合**,结构包含虚拟化、管理、网络和存储。 -用户一般会使用已经在使用的VMware vSphere资源，比如虚拟化驱动作为OpenStack （Nova）的计算节点，再使用上层的OpenStack Dashboard(Horizon)对节点进行管理。 -同样的，RHEL OpenStack Platform 5也支持VMware的NSX插件，作为OpenStack NetWorking （Neutron)对网络进行管理，支持VMware虚拟磁盘（VMDK）以插件形式存在，作为OpenStack Block Storage(Cinder)来使用。 -> - -> **Better placement of workloads across cloud resources**. "Server groups enable workloads to be spread broadly across the OpenStack cloud for enhanced resiliency of distributed applications, or located proximately for lower communications latency and better performance of complex applications." -> **对云资源的使用，采取了更好的布置。**服务器组让计算散布到OpenStack云的服务节点上，这让分布式应用有了更强的弹性，对于复杂的应用，也能起到降低通信延迟，提高运算性能的作用。 -> - - -> **Improved support for virtual machines, supporting new cryptographic security requirements from the United States and United Kingdom**. -Using the para-virtualized random number generator device added in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7, -cryptographic routines in guest applications will have access to better quality encryption and -experience improved performance. -> -> **对虚拟机更好的支持，支持加密，满足美英国家对信息安全的要求** 使用RHEL 7中提供的半虚拟化随机数生成器，在用户程序中也添加进这个工具，可以更好的加密质量和性能提升。 - -> **Improved interoperability of networking stacks**. -Red Hat claims that the new modular plugin architecture for Neutron eases the addition of new networking -technologies to OpenStack deployments. -The new architecture provides a path for customers with heterogeneous networking - environments who want to use a mix of networking solutions in their OpenStack environment. -> **提升协议栈的互通性**红帽公司宣称，Neutron中新开发的模块化的网络技术将简化OpenStack的部署。这种技术将允许用户在OpenStack中部署多种网络方案来解决异构网络的访问。 - -Radhesh Balakrishnan, general manager, Virtualization and OpenStack, Red Hat, said in a statement: -红帽公司虚拟化和OpenStack产品线总经理 Redhesh Balakrishnan说到： -> “We see momentum behind OpenStack as a private cloud platform of choice from enterprise customers and service providers alike. - Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform 5 not only offers a production-ready, - supported version of OpenStack Icehouse, but it brings a number of features that will simplify its use, and enhance dependability for enterprise users. - Alongside those new features, we’re extending our support lifecycle for Red Hat Enterprise Linux OpenStack Platform, - giving users confidence that the solution they deploy will be supported by our global team for the next three years.” - -> “我们看到越来越多的企业级用户或服务供应商选择OpenStack作为私有云平台，RHEL OpenStack Platform 5不只是一个基于OpenStack Icehouse产品，我们还开发了很多简单易用的功能，增强了产品的可靠性。 -在未来三年内，我们要让用户看到，RHEL OpenStack Platform 5所提供的功能和技术支持服务，将为他们部署的应用保驾护航，让用户对我们的产品充满信心。 - -You can bet on that last point--a three-year support plan--as a key reason why some enterprises will go with Red Hat - in the increasingly competitive OpenStack race. - And, clearly, Red Hat is tying its future to cloud computing and the OpenStack platform. -我敢跟你打赌，--三年的技术支持服务--将是企业用户在竞争激烈的云平台领域选择红帽的关键点。并且，毋庸置疑，红帽公司把自己的未来放在了云计算，放在了OpenStack Platform上面。 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://ostatic.com/blog/red-hat-announces-availability-of-its-openstack-platform-5 - -译者：[nd0104](https://github.com/nd0104) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.marketwatch.com/story/red-hat-announces-general-availability-of-red-hat-enterprise-linux-openstack-platform-5-2014-07-08 -[2]:http://ostatic.com/blog/why-red-hats-openstack-support-must-be-as-inclusive-as-possible -[3]:http://www.openstack.org/blog/2013/11/openstack-user-survey-october-2013/ \ No newline at end of file From 3f1e881d425f7f16734ebb9b9f77e410eac59f3f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Thu, 17 Jul 2014 14:22:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 591/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...x Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md b/translated/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md index 5f50c474b1..63477c34dd 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Linux截屏软件Shutter获得更新，修复bug，更换新图标 最后，这次更新突出了由Lucas Romero Di Benedetto精心设计的百叶窗相机式的应用图标。 -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/compare-350x200.png) +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/compare-350x200.png) ### 在Ubuntu环境下安装Shutter 0.91版本 ### From 71a444bf7da345c4cc0842087ff759d2bc1b5726 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 17 Jul 2014 14:30:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 592/713] PUB:20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @su-kaiyao 发布了：http://linux.cn/article-3417-1.html ，翻译的不错。下回要注意保持原文中的MD格式。 --- ... Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md | 28 +++++++++++++++++++ ... Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md | 26 ----------------- 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md delete mode 100644 translated/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md diff --git a/published/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md b/published/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3f5658e2cb --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +放弃微软产品，慕尼黑省下数百万美元 +================================================= +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Canonical-and-Ubuntu-Helped-Munich-Save-Millions-of-Dollars-By-Ditching-Microsoft-Products-450571-2.jpg) + +**慕尼黑这座城市已经成为了从微软产品转向开源的，最突出的城市管理案例之一，而且Canonical公司和ubuntu为这次变革起了很大的作用。** + +慕尼黑成功脱离了微软的依赖，但是他们为这次摆脱过程付出了价值不菲的代价。从微软产品转向开源的好处看起来似乎很昂贵，但是转变的成本比之后的产品升级显著要低，不仅如此，在未来，我们会发现这种做法更便宜。 + +当你在像慕尼黑城市这种大城市，尝试从一个专有解决方法转向开源的时候，这可并不容易。因为慕尼黑拥有22个组织单位，每个单位都有自己的IT部门，更不要说各部门之间不同版本的应用程序。 + +地方政府不能只采用一个Linux发行版本。第一次的尝试是在2006年伴随着Debian的回归，但是特定的操作系统并没有一个可预测的发布时间表。这就是新操作系统LiMux产生的原因，一个基于ubuntu的操作系统。 + +“LiMux/开源项目是漫长而又反复的，但是经过几年时间运行这种大型Linux，我们意识到ubuntu才是最能满足我们需求的平台。通过结合开源软件的低成本和自由，加以对我们需要的硬件和应用程序的持续支持，这种做法才是这个项目成功的关键因素之一。当然，最终要还有我们的市府在项目上始终给予的高度支持。”慕尼黑项目经理Peter Hofmann[说道][1]。 + +截至2013年，如果只考虑升级成本的话，这个项目帮助慕尼黑节省了€1000万（1360万美元）。如果我们能量化官方支持软件和其余隐藏成本的话，这个数额显得有些多。 + +眼下，慕尼黑14000台PC机运行着LiMux，而且数量还在持续增长。这很有可能影响其余德国城市在未来也这么做，尤其是慕尼黑的邻居。 + +慕尼黑当局采用了13年才完成这次变革，但是最终事实证明，这样做可以省下一大笔资金，而且证明了Linux实际上是整个城市IT基础设施又好有免费的解决方案。 + +--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Canonical-and-Ubuntu-Helped-Munich-Save-Millions-of-Dollars-By-Ditching-Microsoft-Products-450571.shtml + + 译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + + 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + + [1]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/2014/07/07/ubuntu-and-open-source-help-the-city-of-munich-save-millions/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md b/translated/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md deleted file mode 100644 index ea4e5310f7..0000000000 --- a/translated/news/20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,26 +0,0 @@ -放弃微软产品，规范和ubuntu帮助慕尼黑省下数百万美元 -================================================= -![jpg](https://camo.githubusercontent.com/fb9de25222893332a72f8d632cdeb70725e827ee/687474703a2f2f69312d6e6577732e736f667470656469612d7374617469632e636f6d2f696d616765732f6e657773322f43616e6f6e6963616c2d616e642d5562756e74752d48656c7065642d4d756e6963682d536176652d4d696c6c696f6e732d6f662d446f6c6c6172732d42792d4469746368696e672d4d6963726f736f66742d50726f64756374732d3435303537312d322e6a7067) - -慕尼黑这座城市已经成为了从微软产品转向开源的，最突出的城市管理案例之一，而且规范和ubuntu为这次变革起了很大的作用 - -慕尼黑成功脱离了微软的依赖，但是他们为这次摆脱付出了价值不菲的代价。从微软产品转向开源的好处看起来似乎很昂贵，但是转变的成本比之后的产品升级显著要低，不仅如此，在未来，我们会发现这种做法更便宜 - -当你在像慕尼黑城市这种大城市，尝试从一个专有解决方法转向开源的时候，这可并不容易。因为慕尼黑拥有22个组织单位，每个单位都有自己的IT部门，更不要说各部门之间不同版本的应用程序 - -地方政府不能只采用一个Linux发行版本。第一次的尝试是在2006年，伴随着Debian的回归，但是特定的操作系统并没有一个可预测的发布时间表。这就是新操作系统LiMux产生的原因，一个基于ubuntu的操作系统 - -“LiMux/开源项目是漫长而又反复的，但是经过几年时间运行这种大型Linux，我们意识到ubuntu才是最能满足我们需求的平台。通过结合开源软件的低成本和自由，加以对我们需要的硬件和应用程序的持续支持，这种做法才是这个项目成功的关键因素之一。当然，最终要还有我们的政治家在项目始终给予的高度支持。”慕尼黑项目经理Peter Hofmann说道 - -截至2013年，如果只考虑升级成本的话，这个项目帮助慕尼黑节省了€1000万（1360万美元）。如果我们能过量化官方支持软件和其余隐藏成本的话，这个数额显得有些多 - -眼下，慕尼黑14000台PC机运行着LiMux，而且数量还在持续增长。这很有可能影响其余德国城市在未来也这么做，尤其是慕尼黑的邻国 - -慕尼黑当局采用了13年才完成这次变革，但是最终事实证明，这样做可以省下一大笔资金，而且证明了Linux实际上是整个城市IT基础设施又好有免费的解决方案 - ----- -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Canonical-and-Ubuntu-Helped-Munich-Save-Millions-of-Dollars-By-Ditching-Microsoft-Products-450571.shtml - -译者：译者ID 校对：校对者ID - -本文由 LCTT 原创翻译，Linux中国 荣誉推出 From 24e46b1607439b39596dc87f8f2c940454f84470 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Thu, 17 Jul 2014 14:42:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 593/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...enshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md b/translated/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md index 63477c34dd..d9bfa49e7e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -Linux截屏软件Shutter获得更新，修复bug，更换新图标 +Linux 截屏软件 Shutter 更新了新图标，修复了漏洞 ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/shutter.jpg) @@ -6,9 +6,9 @@ Linux截屏软件Shutter获得更新，修复bug，更换新图标 这款开源并且功能强大的截屏工具可以让你选择桌面的任意区域、指定应用窗口或者整个屏幕区域来进行截屏。此外，你还可以添加注释、文本或者特效。 -0.91版本修复了若干之前遗留的bug，包括在Ubuntu 14.04中缩略图无法正常地在应用切换栏中显示的问题。由于'imm.io'在今年早些停止服务，所以此次更新还取消了将截图上传到Pixlr图像服务的选项。 +0.91版本修复了若干明显的bug，包括在Ubuntu 14.04中缩略图无法正常地在应用切换栏中显示的问题。由于'imm.io'在今年早期停止服务，所以此次更新还取消了将截图上传到Pixlr图像服务的选项。 -最后，这次更新突出了由Lucas Romero Di Benedetto精心设计的百叶窗相机式的应用图标。 +最后，这次更新突出了由 Lucas Romero Di Benedetto 精心设计的相机快门式应用图标。 ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/compare-350x200.png) @@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Linux截屏软件Shutter获得更新，修复bug，更换新图标 via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/shutter-0-91-new-icon -译者：[JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 882b289d457d1d4258ba433aa9a0c9c6ae52380b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Thu, 17 Jul 2014 20:42:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 594/713] translated --- ...vourite Games and Applications in Linux.md | 132 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 65 insertions(+), 67 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 Install Android 4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140716 Install Android 4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md index a3c19e744d..39ad6b4648 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140716 Install Android 4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140716 Install Android 4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md @@ -1,166 +1,165 @@ -Vic020 - -Install “Android 4.4 KitKat” to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux +装X指南--在Linux上装个Android 4.4玩玩 ================================================================================ -**Android (x86)** is a project which aims to port Android system to Intel x86 processors to let users install it easily on any computer, the way they do this is by taking android source code, patching it to work on Intel x86 processors and some laptops and tablets. +**Android (x86)**项目致力于移植Android系统到X86处理器上，使用户可以更容易的在任何电脑上安装Android。他们通过使用android源码，增加补丁来使Android能够在X86处理器下工作，不单只是笔记本电脑和平板电脑。 ![Install Android 4.4 KitKat in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-4.4-KitKat.jpg) -Install Android 4.4 KitKat in Linux +在Linux安装Android 4.4 KitKat -A few days ago, the project released “Android KitKat 4.4 RC2”, and today we will explain how to install it on VirtualBox, there is a problem that the mouse pointer doesn’t work in android in VirtualBox, but you may use this guide to install it beside other systems as a main system and the mouse should work I guess, otherwise we’ll use the keyboard. +几天前，项目组发布了最新的“Android KitKat 4.4 RC2”，下面，我将说明如何在VirtualBox上的安装过程，不过有一个小问题，安装完成Android后鼠标指针不工作了，我猜，如果你根据本教程将它安装成主系统，这个鼠标应该可以工作，否则我们只能使用键盘了。 -### Step 1: Install VirtualBox in Linux ### +### 阶段 1: 在linux上安装VirtualBox ### -**1.** VirtualBox is available to install easily via official repositories in most Linux distributions, to install it on Ubuntu run. +**1.** 大多数的Linux发行版中，官方源都有VirtualBox，例如在Ubuntu中安装 $ sudo apt-get install virtualbox -For other Linux distributions like **RHEL, CentOS and Fedora**, use the following article to install Virtualbox. +其他的Linux发行版，像**RHEL, CentOS and Fedora**,请参考下面文章来安装VirtualBox - [Install VirtualBox in RHEL, CentOS and Fedora][1] -### Step 2: Download and Install Android 4.4 KitKat in Virtualbox ### +### 阶段 2: 下载并在VirtualBox中安装Android 4.4 kitkat ### -**2.** This is an easy step, just download **Android 4.4 x86 Kit Kat** file from the [androud Sourceforge.net][2] project. +**2.** 这步挺简单的，只是需要去[androud Sourceforge.net][2]项目下载 **Android 4.4 x86 Kit Kat**文件 -**3.** To install **Android 4.4 kitkat** on VirtualBox, you need first to boot from the .iso image that you downloaded, to do so, open **VirtualBox**, Click on new to create a new virtual machine, and choose the settings as follow. +**3.** 为了安装**Android 4.4 kitkat**，首先，你需要引导刚刚下载.iso文件，启动 **VirtualBox**,创建一个新的虚拟机，然后跟着下面图片设置： ![Create New Virtual Machine](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-01.png) -Create New Virtual Machine +创建新的虚拟设备 -**4.** Then it will ask you to choose a Memory size for the machine, Android 4.4 kitkat needs 1GB of RAM to work perfectly, but I will choose 512MB since I only have 1GB of RAM on my computer. +**4.** 接下来，它会询问你新设备的内存大小，Android 4.4 kikat需要1G内存才能完美运行，但是由于我的电脑只有1G内存，我只能选择512MB。 ![Set Memory to New Machine](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-02.png) -Set Memory to New Machine +设置内存 -**5.** Now select “Create a virtual hard drive now” to create a new one. +**5.** 选择“现在创建虚拟硬盘”（“Create a virtual hard drive now”）创建一个新的硬盘 ![Create Virtual Hard Drive](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-03.png) -Create Virtual Hard Drive +创建虚拟硬盘 -**6.** It will now ask you for the type of the new virtual hard drive, select **VDI**. +**6.** 它现在会询问你新虚拟硬盘的类型，选择**VDI** ![Select Hard Drive Type](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-04.png) -Select Hard Drive Type +选择硬盘驱动类型 ![Select Storage Type](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-05.png) -Select Storage Type +选择存储方式 -**7.** Now choose the size of the virtual hard drive, you may choose any size you want, no less than **4GB** so the system can be installed correctly beside any future apps that you want to install. +**7.** 现在设置虚拟硬盘大小，你可以设置任何大小，但是除了未来安装Apps的空间，至少系统正确地安装需要**4G**。 ![Set Size for Virtual Drive](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-32.png) -Set Size for Virtual Drive +设置虚拟硬盘大小 -**8.** Now that’s your first virtual machine is created, now to boot from the **.iso** file that you downloaded, select the virtual machine from the list on the left, click on **Settings**, and go for “**storage**”, do as follow and select the **.iso** image of **android 4.4 kitkat RC2**. +**8.** 现在你的新虚拟设备创建好了，可以引导下载的**.iso**文件了，右键刚刚创建的虚拟机，**设置** -> **存储** ，如下图，设置**android 4.4 kitkat RC2**的镜像文件。 ![Select Android KitKat ISO](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-06.png) -Select Android KitKat ISO +选择Android KitKat ISO **9.** Click on **OK**, and start the machine to boot the .iso image, choose “**Installation**” to start installing the system on the virtual machine. ![Select to Install Android Kit Kat](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-07.png) -Select to Install Android Kit Kat +选择 Install Android Kit Kat -**10.** Please select a partition to install Android-x86. +**10.** 请选择一个分区来安装Android-x86 ![Select Partition Drive](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-08.png) -Select Partition Drive +选择 Partition Drive -**11.** Now you will be prompted **cfdisk** which is a partitioning tool that we will use to create a new hard drive, so we can install android 4.4 on it, Click on “**New**”. +**11.** 如下图，你可以看见cfdisk界面，cfdisk是一个分区工具，我们将要使用它来创建一个新的硬盘分区，用来安装Android 4.4，现在，点击 “**New**” ![Create New Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-09.png) -Create New Partition +创建新分区 -**12.** Choose “**Primary**” as partition type. +**12.** 选择“**Primary**”作为分区类型 ![Choose Primary Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-10.png) -Choose Primary Partition +选择主分区 -**13.** Next, select the size of the partition. +**13.** 接下来，设置分区大小 ![Select Size of Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-11.png) -Select Size of Partition +设置分区大小 -**14.** Now, we have to make the new hard drive bootable in order to be able to write changes to the disk, click on “**Bootable**” to give the bootable flag to the new partition, you won’t notice any changes in fact but the bootable flag will be given to that partition. +**14.** 现在我们必须给硬盘创建新的引导使其能够写入新的分区表，点击“**Bootable**”给引导标记新的分区，你不会注意到有任何变化，但是引导标记将会自己给选中分区。 ![Make Partition Bootable](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-12.png) -Make Partition Bootable +制作分区引导 -**15.** After that, click on “**Write**” to write the changes to the hard drive. +**15.** 完成之后，点击“**Write**”对硬盘写入新的分区。 ![Apply Changes to Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-13.png) -Apply Changes to Partition +应用新分区 -**16.** It will ask you if you are sure, write “**yes**” and click on **Enter**. +**16.** 它会询问你是否确认，输入“**yes**”并点击**Enter** ![Confirm Partition Changes](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-14.png) -Confirm Partition Changes +确认分区改变 -**17.** Now that’s our new hard drive is created, now click on **Quit** and you will see something like this, select the partition that you created before in order to install android on it and hit **Enter**. +**17.** 现在我们的新硬盘已经创建，点击 **Quit** 你就可以看来类似下图的显示，选中刚刚创建的用来安装Android 的分区，点击**Enter** ![Choose Partition to Install Android](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-15.png) -Choose Partition to Install Android +选择分区安装Android -**18.** Choose “**ext3**” as a filesystem for the hard drive and format. +**18.** 选择“**ext3**”作为硬盘文件系统并格式化 ![Select Ext3 Partition Type](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-16.png) -Select Ext3 Partition Type +选择Ext3分区类型 ![Format Partition](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-17.png) -Format Partition +格式化分区 -**19.** You will be asked now if you want to install GRUB bootloader, of course you will select **Yes**, because if you don’t, you won’t be able to boot the new system, so choose “**Yes**” and hit **Enter**. +**19.** 它将会询问你时候需要安装GRUB启动器，当然选择**Yes**，如果不这样，你将不能启动新系统，所以选择**Yes**并点击**Enter** ![Install Boot Loader GRUB](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-18.png) -Install Boot Loader GRUB +安装引导加载器 GRUB -**20.** Finally, you will be asked if you want to make the **/system** partition writeable, choose Yes, it will help in a lot of things later after you install the system. +**20.** 最后，它会问你**/system**分区是否能写入，选择yes，它会在安装完系统后帮助你减少很多麻烦 ![Make Partition Writeable](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-19.png) -Make Partition Writeable +使分区能写入 -**21.** The installer will start it’s mission… after the installer finishes the job, choose Reboot, in my test, the “Run-Android x86” didn’t work for me, so you have to reboot. +**21.** 安装将会开始它的任务，安装器结束工作后，选择重启，在我做测试的时候，“Run-Android x86”不起作用，所以你不得不重启。 ![Android Kit Kat Installation](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-20.png) -Android Kit Kat Installation +Android Kit kat 安装完成 -**22.** Now that’s we installed **Android 4.4 KitKat RC2** on our hard drive, the problem is now that VirtualBox will keep loading the **.iso** image file instead of booting from the virtual hard drive, so to fix this problem, go to **Settings**, under “**storage**” select the **.iso** file and remove it from the booting menu. +**22.** 我们已经安装完成**Android 4.4 KitKat RC2**，问题是VirtualBox将会继续引导**.iso**镜像文件而不是虚拟设备，所以为了修正这个问题，**设置** -> **存储** ->移除iso文件 ![Remove Android Kit Kat Image](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-21.png) -Remove Android Kit Kat Image +移除Android Kit Kat 镜像 -**23.** Now you can start the virtual machine with the installed android system. +**23.** 你可以启动你的虚拟设备，运行你的Android系统了 ![Start Android Kit Kat System](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-23.png) -Start Android Kit Kat System +启动Android Kit Kat 系统 ![Android Splash Screen](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-24.png) -Android Splash Screen +Android标志界面 -**24.** Now you will start a wizard to configure some things before you start using **Android**. You will see a screen like this, Now the problem is, that the Mouse doesn’t work in **android 4.4 KitKat**, that means that we’ll be using our skills in keyboard, first choose the **language** you want using the **Up** and **Down** keys in the keyboard, and to go the next step, hit the **Right** arrow key and click **Enter**. +**24.** 使用**Android**之前，你需要完成一个向导来配置一些事。你会看见如下屏幕，现在问题是，鼠标不能在**android 4.4 kitkat**工作，这意味着我们需要展示我们键盘的高超技巧了。首先，选择语言，你需要使用键盘**上**键和**下**键，到下一步，需要使用**右**键移动光标，选择**Enter** ![Android Welcome Screen](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-31.png) -Android Welcome Screen +Android 欢迎界面 ![Select WiFi Network](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-25.png) -Select WiFi Network +选择WiFi网络 ![Create Android Google Account](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-26.png) -Create Android Google Account +创建Android Google账户 ![Sign in Google Account](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-27.png) -Sign in Google Account +注册Google账户 ![Set Date and Time](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-28.png) -Set Date and Time +设置日期和时间 ![Enter Your Details](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-29.png) -Enter Your Details +输入你的信息 ![Android 4.4 Kit Kat Home Screen](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install-Android-Kit-Kat-in-Linux-30.jpeg) -Android 4.4 Kit Kat Home Screen +Android 4.4 Kit Kat 主界面 -Installing **Android x86** will be good for you if you don’t have a smartphone and you want to use the **Play Store** apps easily, have you ever tried to install android x86? What was the results? Do you think that android may become a “**real operation system**” targeting PCs in the feature? + +安装 **Android x86**好处颇多，如果你没有智能手机而又想早点使用**Play Store**apps，怎么不试试安装android x86呢？结果怎样？你有想过android可以成为一个针对桌面功能的**实时操作系统**？ ---------- @@ -168,14 +167,13 @@ Installing **Android x86** will be good for you if you don’t have a smartphone [Hanny Helal][3] -A Linux & Foss user since 2010, working on many projects in the field of Free Software. - +2010年，成为Linux和自由软件用户，已为自由软件贡献多个项目 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-android-kitkat-in-linux/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Vic___](http://www.vicyu.net) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From ed5a8e02024e072938d3a76cc229b7f1f3a43eb3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Vic___ Date: Thu, 17 Jul 2014 20:42:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 595/713] moved --- ...4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20140716 Install Android 4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 Install Android 4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140716 Install Android 4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20140716 Install Android 4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md rename to translated/tech/20140716 Install Android 4.4 KitKat to Run Favourite Games and Applications in Linux.md From 0e0a01729ca4386a9724bc0bcb8815f9b63fa3d0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kaiyao <1250471161@qq.com> Date: Thu, 17 Jul 2014 23:05:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 596/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md | 109 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 109 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140716 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20140716 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md b/translated/tech/20140716 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2e0a9ff50a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140716 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md @@ -0,0 +1,109 @@ +5个让Cinnamon桌面环境完美运行在ubuntu上的方法 +======================================================================= +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/des.jpg) + +**Cinnamon桌面环境最新稳定版本发行了，[ubuntu用户可以去安装使用了][1]** + +在其安装后的基础上，我们可以做一些微调来拥有更棒的体验 + +你的ubuntu如果没有安装Cinnamon，你可以参照我们之前的文章进行安装 + +###更改Mint菜单图标### +Mint菜单图标是Cinnamon的特色之一，它给予用户一种简单，快速，熟悉的方式来搜索，打开，组织应用程序，默认情况下，菜单使用启动程序项中的Linux +Mint +Logo。既然你是在ubuntu系统下使用它，而不是Mint，为什么不使用ubuntu熟悉的橙色朋友圈logo来替换原有的菜单图标呢？实现很简单 + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/min-menu.jpg) + +想要改变Cinnamon菜单图标为ubuntu风格的，只需点击applet,选择‘config‘，在设置窗口，就会出现‘Use +a custom icon‘，然后你就输入下面的路径来使用ubuntu logo了 + + /usr/share/icons/ubuntu-mono-dark/actions/24/package-supported.svg + +你可以使用任何支持的图片类型，只需要在刚才的填写区域写入正确的图片路径，或者点击后面的方框来打开文件选择器，选择你要使用的图标 + +###尝试Cinnamon主题### + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/cinnamon-themes-zukitwo.jpg) + +和GNOME +Shell一样，Cinnamon也支持自定义主题，我所说的主题并不只是应用程序的GTK主题和简单的窗口装饰，而是将面板，菜单，程序等等结合为一个整体的视觉风格 + +Cinnamon主题可以被浏览，下载甚至不需要离开桌面的就触手可及 — +无需下载或者手动安装：打开Cinnamon Settings tool中的Appearance +pane，然后选择‘Online Themes‘ + +下面是一些受欢迎的主题： + +- [**Android Holo**][2] — Android 4.x style theme +- [**Zukitwo**][3] — Sleek, stylish and light +- [**Minty**][4] — Dark theme with bold green accents +- [**Metro**][5] — Based on the visual style of Windows 8. + +###找出你最喜欢的布局### + +我们统一认为应用程序发射器永远只是固定地待在屏幕的一侧，但是Cinnamon并没有这样的顾虑，它可以让你重新设计最符合你的桌面布局 + +手动面板可以增加，编辑和移动，或选择三种预设的布局 + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/traditional.jpg) + +打开`Settings > Panel > Layout Options > Panel Layout`，然后下面这几个中选择 + +- Traditional — 这是默认的布局，控制面板在屏幕的顶部 +- Flipped ——和Traditional一样，控制面板在屏幕顶部 +- Classic ——两个控制面板，一个在顶部，一个在底部 + +你需要注销或者重启Cinnamon才能生效 + +###添加面板小程序### + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/weather-applet.png) + +Cinnamon和GNOE +Shell一样具有可扩展性，丰富的社区插件和扩展程序提供了额外的特性和功能，比如天气，系统监测，窗口管理工具等，这些都可以被浏览，安装并能从桌面直接启动 + +选择控制面板，右键点击要添加小程序，选择 ‘…Add Appls to the +Panel‘，一些著名的小程序如下： + +- [**Weather**][6] - does what it forecasts (ho ho) +- [**Stark Menu**][7] - Clone of the Windows 7 Start Menu +- [**Screenshot**][8] — Easy way to grab screenshots with delay + +###改变日期的显示格式### + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/applet.jpg) + +Cinnamon的时间日期程序很方便，它可以让你很容易就记住日期 + +但是它显示时间的默认格式是24小时制，但是我们很容易就能调整时钟格式 + +右击然后选择‘Configure‘，在设置窗口中出现“Use a custom date +format“的选择框上打勾，或者使用下面的几种格式（复制粘帖粗体字段） + +- **%B %e, %I:%M %p** (July 13, 7:19 PM) +- **%m/%d/%Y** (07/13/2014) +- **%l:%M %p** (7:19 PM) + +改变立马生效，如果中途发生了错误，你可以取消自定义时间格式选项恢复到默认状态 + +###更多### + +在Cinnamon桌面环境中只有少部分定制选择供使用者使用，但是我们认为上述所讲的调整是不断探索的很好跳板，通过下面的评论栏让我们了解你最喜欢的调整是什么吧，你可以通过Facebook或者Google+ + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/5-things-installing-cinnamon-ubuntu + +译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/new-cinnamon-ubuntu-14-04-ppa-stable +[2]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/themes/view/122 +[3]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/themes/view/219 +[4]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/themes/view/25 +[5]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/themes/view/188 +[6]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/applets/view/17 +[7]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/applets/view/168 +[8]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/applets/view/35 From e76e263318440e18acc3994e4a147356a5f487a8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 17 Jul 2014 23:06:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 597/713] PUB:20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon @JonathanKang --- ...reenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md (88%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md b/published/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md similarity index 88% rename from translated/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md rename to published/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md index d9bfa49e7e..eaf3cccec7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md +++ b/published/20140616 Linux Screenshot App Shutter Updates with Bug Fixes, New Icon.md @@ -1,12 +1,12 @@ -Linux 截屏软件 Shutter 更新了新图标，修复了漏洞 +Linux 截屏软件 Shutter ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/shutter.jpg) -**[Shutter][1]，是一款Linux平台下最受欢迎的截屏软件。最近的更新中，该软件修复了若干bug，并且使用了新的应用图标。** +**[Shutter][1]，是一款Linux平台下广受欢迎的截屏软件。最近的更新中，该软件修复了若干bug，并且使用了新的应用图标。** 这款开源并且功能强大的截屏工具可以让你选择桌面的任意区域、指定应用窗口或者整个屏幕区域来进行截屏。此外，你还可以添加注释、文本或者特效。 -0.91版本修复了若干明显的bug，包括在Ubuntu 14.04中缩略图无法正常地在应用切换栏中显示的问题。由于'imm.io'在今年早期停止服务，所以此次更新还取消了将截图上传到Pixlr图像服务的选项。 +0.91版本修复了若干明显的bug，包括在Ubuntu 14.04中缩略图无法正常地在应用切换栏中显示的问题。由于'imm.io'在今年早期停止了服务，所以此次更新还取消了将截图上传到Pixlr图像服务的选项。 最后，这次更新突出了由 Lucas Romero Di Benedetto 精心设计的相机快门式应用图标。 From cb6d613b12a971ff2dbb8b4fe457c6895a08b655 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kaiyao <1250471161@qq.com> Date: Thu, 17 Jul 2014 23:07:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 598/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md | 103 ------------------ 1 file changed, 103 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140716 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md b/sources/tech/20140716 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md deleted file mode 100644 index fcc2322265..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140716 5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,103 +0,0 @@ -[su-kaiyao]翻译中 - -5 Simple Ways To Make Cinnamon Feel at Home on Ubuntu -================================================================================ -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/des.jpg) - -**The latest stable release of the popular Cinnamon desktop environment is [once again available for Ubuntu users to install][1].** - -And while it’s good to go out of the box (or rather PPA) there are a handful of small tweaks you can make to get an even better experience. - -If you don’t have Cinnamon installed in Ubuntu head on over to our previous article about it. - -### Change the Mint Menu Icon ### - -The Mint Menu is one of the standout features of Cinnamon. It’s a simple, fast and familiar way to search, open and organise your applications. By default the menu uses the Linux Mint logo on the launcher item. Since you’re running the DE on Ubuntu rather than Mint you may prefer the menu to use Ubuntu’s familiar orange circle of friends logo instead. How? It’s easy. - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/min-menu.jpg) - -To change the Cinnamon menu icon to the Ubuntu emblem right click on the applet and select ‘Configure‘. In the Settings window that appears check ‘Use a custom icon’ and enter the following to use the Ubuntu logo: - - /usr/share/icons/ubuntu-mono-dark/actions/24/package-supported.svg - -You can use any supported image type. Just enter the path to the icon in the field, or click the box at the end to open a file picker. - -### Try Out Cinnamon Themes ### - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/cinnamon-themes-zukitwo.jpg) - -Like GNOME Shell Cinnamon also supports custom themes. And by that I don’t mean just GTK themes for apps and window decoration, but visual styles that theme the shell as a whole — panel, menu, applets, and so on. - -Cinnamon themes can be browsed, downloaded and enabled without leaving the desktop — no downloads or manual installation required. Open the Appearance pane of the Cinnamon Settings tool and select the ‘Online Themes’ tab to get started. - -Below are a handful of our favourite themes. - -- [**Android Holo**][2] — Android 4.x style theme -- [**Zukitwo**][3] — Sleek, stylish and light -- [**Minty**][4] — Dark theme with bold green accents -- [**Metro**][5] — Based on the visual style of Windows 8.x - -### Find Your Perfect Layout ### - -Unity may insist that its app launcher stay bolted firmly to the side of the screen, but Cinnamon has no such qualms about letting you rearrange the desktop layout to suit your own style. - -Panels can be added, edited and moved manually, or by selecting one of three preset layouts: - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/traditional.jpg) - -Open `Settings > Panel > Layout Options > Panel Layout` and select from one of the following: - -- Traditional – this is the default layout, with a panel at the bottom of the screen -- Flipped – like traditional, but with panel on top of the screen -- Classic – two panels, one at the top, one at the bottom - -You will need to log out or restart Cinnamon before your selected changes will take effect. - -### Add Panel Applets ### - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/weather-applet.png) - -Cinnamon embraces extensibility with the same gusto as GNOME Shell. A wealth of community add-ons and applets offering extra features and functionality, such as weather, system monitors and window management tools, are available to browse, install and enable straight form the desktop. - -Right click on the panel you wish to add an applet to and select ‘…Add Applets to the Panel‘. Some notable applets to check out: - -- [**Weather**][6] - does what it forecasts (ho ho) -- [**Stark Menu**][7] - Clone of the Windows 7 Start Menu -- [**Screenshot**][8] — Easy way to grab screenshots with delays - -### Change Date Format ### - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/applet.jpg) - -Cinnamon’s time and date applet is handy if, like me, you’re prone to never remembering the date. - -But it defaults to only showing the time in the 24 hour clock format. The good news is that we can tweak the time format of the clock applet fairly easily. - -Right click and select the ‘Configure’ option. In the settings window that appears tick the box listed beside “Use a custom date format“. Next, use an online generator tool to generate a date/time format suited to you, or use one of the presets listed below by copying and pasting the bit marked in bold: - -- **%B %e, %I:%M %p** (July 13, 7:19 PM) -- **%m/%d/%Y** (07/13/2014) -- **%l:%M %p** (7:19 PM) - -Changes are applied immediately, and if you make a mistake you can uncheck the custom date format option to return to the default settings. - -### Going Further ### - -These are just a handful of customisation choices available in Cinnamon, but we think they’re a good springboard for exploring more. Let us know what your favourite Cinnamon tweaks are in the comments section below, on Facebook or via Google+. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/5-things-installing-cinnamon-ubuntu - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/new-cinnamon-ubuntu-14-04-ppa-stable -[2]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/themes/view/122 -[3]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/themes/view/219 -[4]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/themes/view/25 -[5]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/themes/view/188 -[6]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/applets/view/17 -[7]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/applets/view/168 -[8]:http://cinnamon-spices.linuxmint.com/applets/view/35 From f0e5653c24b3e338b41578db38756cf99ed3fb63 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Thu, 17 Jul 2014 23:27:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 599/713] PUB:20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux @ggaaooppeenngg --- ...ry Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md | 97 +++++++++++++++++++ ...ry Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md | 94 ------------------ 2 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 94 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md diff --git a/published/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md b/published/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8fe22e65f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,97 @@ +Linux 目录导航技巧 +================================================================================ + +目录当行是命令行系统的基础概念.虽然不是什么难以理解的东西，但是知道一些技巧能够丰富你的经验并且提高工作效率.在这篇文章中,我们会讨论这些小技巧。 + +### 我们已经知道的东西 ### + +在开始高级技巧之前，有一些必须知道的基本命令： + +- ‘pwd’显示当前目录 +- ‘cd’ 改变当前目录 +- ‘cd’ 跟两个点(cd ..)能返回父目录 +- ‘cd’ 跟着相对目录就能直接切换当相对目录下 +- ‘cd’ 跟着绝对目录就能切换到绝对目录下 + +### 高阶技巧 ### + +这节将介绍几个技巧方便你进行目录的切换 + +### 从任何地方回到home目录 ### + +虽然使用‘cd /home/<你的主目录>’, 不是什么大麻烦, 但是有一种方法直接打‘cd’ 就能回到你的主目录. + +例子： + + $ pwd + /usr/include/netipx + $ cd + $ pwd + /home/himanshu + +所以无论你在哪个目录下，都能这么干，然后回到home目录。 + +**注意**- 如果要切换到某个其它的指定用户的目录下, 就使用 ‘cd ~user_name' + +### 用cd - 在目录间切换 ### + +假设你的当前工作目录是这样的： + + $ pwd + /home/himanshu/practice + +如果你想切换到 **/usr/bin/X11**， 然后又想回到之前的目录。 你会怎么做? 最直接的 : + + $ cd /usr/bin/X11 + $ cd /home/himanshu/practice/ + +虽然这样行得通，但是要记住这些复杂的目录就太笨了。这种情况下使用 ‘cd -’ 命令就行. + +使用 ‘cd -’的第一步和上面的例子是一样的, 你可以 cd 到你想要切换到的<路径>下，但是回到之前的目录用 ‘cd -’就可以。 + + $ cd /usr/bin/X11 + $ cd - + /home/himanshu/practice + $ pwd + /home/himanshu/practice + +如果你想再次回到刚刚访问的目录(在这个例子中是/usr/bin/X11)，再使用'cd -'就可以。但是这个命令只会记住上一次访问的目录，这是一个缺点。 + +### 用 pushd 和 popd 来切换目录 ### + +![directory navigation](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/pushd-popd.jpg) + +如果你对'cd -'非常了解了的话，你会发现这个命令只能帮助你在两个目录之间移动，但是很多场景下需要在很多目录之间切换。比如你要从A切换到B再到C然后又想回到A。 + +一般来说，你需要打出A的完整路径，但是如果这个路径非常复杂，将是非常烦人的一件事，特别是在你的切换非常频繁的话。 + +一些场景下可以使用 ‘pushd’ 还有 ‘popd’ 命令。 ‘pushd’ 将一个目录存到内存中,‘popd’ 将目录从内存中去除，并且转换到那个目录下。 + +例如： + + $ pushd . + /usr/include/netipx /usr/include/netipx + $ cd /etc/hp/ + $ cd /home/himanshu/practice/ + $ cd /media/ + $ popd + /usr/include/netipx + $ pwd + /usr/include/netipx + +使用‘pushd’ 命令存储当前的工作目录 (用 .表示)， 然后切换到各种各样的目录去。为了返回之前的目录，只要使用 ‘popd’命令就行了。 + +（LCTT译注：显然，pushd和popd 是堆栈式操作，你可以push多个目录，然后逐一pop出来，自己试试吧。） +（LCTT译注：我们之前介绍的[autojump][1]，更加智能，不过需要安装一下。） + +**注意**- 你也可以使用不带参数的 ‘pushd’ 来切换到之前存储的目录, 但是不会像 ‘popd’ 一样去除这个目录。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/directory-navigations-tips-tricks/ + +译者：[ggaaooppeenngg](https://github.com/ggaaooppeenngg) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://linux.cn/article-3401-1.html diff --git a/translated/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9eb2eb87fc..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/20140623 Advanced Directory Navigations Tips and Tricks in Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,94 +0,0 @@ -Linux 高级目录导航技巧 -================================================================================ - -目录当行是命令行系统的基础概念.虽然不是什么难以理解的东西,但是知道一些技巧能够丰富你的经验并且提高工作效率.在这篇文章中,我们会讨论这些小技巧. - -### 我们已经知道的东西 ### - -在开始高级技巧之前,有一些必须知道的基本命令: - -- ‘pwd’显示当前目录 -- ‘cd’ 改变当前目录 -- ‘cd’ 跟两个点(cd ..)能返回父目录 -- ‘cd’ 跟着相对目录就能直接切换当相对目录下 -- ‘cd’ 跟着绝对目录就能切换到绝对目录下 - -### 高阶技巧 ### - -这节将介绍几个技巧方便你进行目录的切换 - -### 从任何地方回到home目录 ### - -虽然使用‘cd /home/’, 不是什么大麻烦, 但是有一种方法直接打‘cd’ 就能回到home目录. - -Here is an example : - - $ pwd - /usr/include/netipx - $ cd - $ pwd - /home/himanshu - -所以无论你在哪个目录下,都能这么干然后回到home目录. - -**注意**- 如果要切换到确定用户的目录下, 就使用 ‘cd ~user_name' - -### 用cd在目录间切换 - ### - -假设你的工作目录是这样的: - - $ pwd - /home/himanshu/practice - -如果你想切换到 **/usr/bin/X11**, 然后又想回到之前的目录. 你会怎么做? 最直接的 : - - $ cd /usr/bin/X11 - $ cd /home/himanshu/practice/ - -虽然这样行得通,但是要记住这些复杂的目录是个大困难.这种情况下使用 ‘cd -’ 命令就行. - -使用 ‘cd -’的第一步和上面的例子是一样的, 你可以 cd 到你想要切换到的下 , 但是回到之前的目录用 ‘cd -’就可以. - - $ cd /usr/bin/X11 - $ cd - - /home/himanshu/practice - $ pwd - /home/himanshu/practice - -如果你想回到最后访问的目录(在这个例子中是/usr/bin/X11),也使用'cd -'就可以.但是这个命令只会记住最后访问的目录,这是一个缺点. - -### 用 pushd 和 popd 来切换目录 ### - -![directory navigation](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/pushd-popd.jpg) - - -如果你对'cd -'非常了解了的话,你会发现这个命令只能帮助你在两个目录之间移动,但是很多场景下需要在很多目录之间切换.比如你要从A切换到B再到C然后又想回到A. - -一般来说,你需要打出A的完整路劲,但是如果这个路径非常复杂,将是非常烦人的一件事,热别是你的切换非常频繁的话. - -一些场景下可以使用 ‘pushd’ 还有 ‘popd’ 命令. The ‘pushd’ 将一个目录存到内存中,‘popd’ 将目录从内存中去除,并且转换到那个目录下. - -例如 : - - $ pushd . - /usr/include/netipx /usr/include/netipx - $ cd /etc/hp/ - $ cd /home/himanshu/practice/ - $ cd /media/ - $ popd - /usr/include/netipx - $ pwd - /usr/include/netipx - -使用‘pushd’ 命令存储当前的工作目录 (用 .表示), 然后切换到各种各样的目录去. 为了返回之前的目录 ,只要使用 ‘popd’命令就行了. -使用 - -**注意**- 你也可以使用 ‘pushd’ 来切换到之前存储的目录, 但是不会像 ‘popd’ 一样去除这个目录. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/directory-navigations-tips-tricks/ - -译者：[ggaaooppeenngg](https://github.com/ggaaooppeenngg) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 478db403a1ee5d502505f45241444b1ad1189534 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Fri, 18 Jul 2014 09:35:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 600/713] [translated] Joy of Programming--Fail Fast --- .../20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md | 59 ------------------- .../20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md | 58 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md b/sources/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md deleted file mode 100644 index 3d29d5028a..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -zpl1025 -Joy of Programming: Fail Fast! -================================================================================ -![](http://www.opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/fail-350x262.jpg) - -> When a problem occurs in the software, it should fail immediately, in an easily noticeable way. This “fail fast” behaviour is desirable, and we’ll discuss this important concept in this column. - -At first, a “fail fast” might appear to be a bad practice affecting reliability — why should a system crash (or fail), when it can continue execution? For this, we need to understand that fail fast is very relevant in the context of Heisenbugs. - -Consider Bohrbugs, which always crash for a given input, for example, with a null-pointer access. These bugs are easier to test, reproduce and fix. Now, all experienced programmers would have faced situations where the bug that caused the crash just disappears when the software is restarted. No matter how much time and effort is spent to reproduce the problem, the bug eludes us. These bugs are known as Heisenbugs. - -The effort required to find, fix and test Heisenbugs is an order of magnitude more than the effort required for Bohrbugs. One strategy to avoid Heisenbugs is to turn them into Bohrbugs. How? By anticipating the possible cases in which Heisenbugs can arise, and trying to make them Bohrbugs. Yes, it is not easy, and it is also not always possible, but let us look at a specific example where it is useful. - -Concurrent programming is one paradigm where Heisenbugs are common. Our example is a concurrency-related issue in Java. While iterating over a Java collection, we are supposed to modify the collection only through the Iterator methods, such as the remove() method. During iteration, if another thread attempts to modify that underlying collection (because of a programming mistake), the underlying collection will get corrupted (i.e., result in an incorrect state). - -Such an incorrect state can lead to an eventual failure — or if we are fortunate (actually, unfortunate!), the program continues execution without crashing, but gives the wrong results. It is difficult to reproduce and fix these bugs, because such programming mistakes are non-deterministic. In other words, it is a Heisenbug. - -Fortunately, the Java Iterators try to detect such concurrent modifications, and if found, will throw a `ConcurrentModificationException`, instead of failing late — and that too, silently. In other words, the Java Iterators follow the “fail fast” approach. - -What if a `ConcurrentModificationException` is observed in production software? As the Javadoc for this exception observes, it “…should be used only to detect bugs.” In other words, `ConcurrentModificationExceptions` are supposed to be found and fixed during software development, and should not leak to production code. - -Well, if production software does get this exception, it is certainly a bug in the software, and should be reported to the developer and fixed. At least, we know that there was an attempt for concurrent modification of the underlying data structure, and that’s why the software failed (instead of getting wrong results from the software, or failing later with some other symptoms, for which it is not feasible to trace the root cause). - -The “fail-safe” approach is meant for developing robust code. A very good example of writing fail-safe code is using assertions. Unfortunately, there is a lot of unnecessary controversy surrounding the use of asserts. The main criticism is this: the checks are enabled in the development version, and disabled in release versions. - -However, this criticism is wrong: asserts are never meant to replace the defensive checks that should be put in place in the release version of the software. For example, asserts should not be used to check if the argument passed to a function is null or not. Instead, an if condition should be used to check if the argument is passed correctly, or else an exception, or a premature return, should be performed, as appropriate to the context. However, asserts can be used to do additional checks for assumptions that are made in the code, which are supposed to hold true. For example, a condition that checks that the stack is not empty after a push operation is performed on it (i.e., checking for “invariants”). - -So, fail fast, be assertive, and you’re on the way to developing more robust code. - - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via:http://www.opensourceforu.com/2011/12/joy-of-programming-fail-fast/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]: -[2]: -[3]: -[4]: -[5]: -[6]: -[7]: -[8]: -[9]: -[10]: -[11]: -[12]: -[13]: -[14]: -[15]: -[16]: -[17]: -[18]: -[19]: -[20]: diff --git a/translated/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md b/translated/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3ec8029a61 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +编程的乐趣：快速出错！ +================================================================================ +![](http://www.opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/fail-350x262.jpg) + +> 当软件出现问题的时候，它应该以一种能引起注意的方式马上终止。这种“快速出错”的方式值得借鉴，我们会在这期专栏里谈谈这个重要的概念。 + +一开始，“快速出错”看上去是一种会影响可靠性的不好的实践－为什么一个系统在还可以继续运行的时候要崩溃（或者说终止）？对于这个，我们需要理解，快速出错是和Heisenbugs（对于不能复现bug的一种称呼）紧密联系在一起的。 + +考虑一下Bohrbugs（对于能够重现的bug的一种称呼），它们在给定输入的时候总是会出现，比如，访问空指针。这类问题很容易测试，复现并修复。如今，所有有经验的程序员应该都面对过这样的情形，导致崩溃的bug在重启软件后不再出现了。不管花多少时间或努力去重现问题，那个bug就是跟我们捉迷藏。这种bug被称为Heisenbugs。 + +花在寻找，修复和测试Heisenbugs上的努力比起Bohrbugs来说，要高出一个数量级。一种避免Heisenbugs的策略是将它们转化为Bohrbugs。怎么做呢？预测可能导致Heisenbugs的因素，然后尝试将它们变成Bohrbugs。是的，这并不简单，而且也并不是一定就能成功，但是让我们来看一个能产生效果的特殊例子。 + +并发编程是Heisenbugs经常出现的一个典范。我们的例子就是一个Java里和并发相关的问题。在遍历一个Java集合的时候，一般要求只能通过Iterator的方法，比如remove()方法。而当遍历的时候，如果有另一个线程尝试修改底层集合（因为编程时留下的错误），那么底层集合就可能会被破坏（例如，导致不正确的状态）。 + +类似这种不正确的状态会导致不确定的错误－假如我们幸运的话（实际上，这很不幸！），程序可以继续执行而不会崩溃，但是却给出错误的结果。这种bug很难重现和修复，因为这一类的程序错误都是不确定的。换句话说，这是个Heisenbug。 + +幸运的是，Java Iterators会尝试侦测这种并发修改，在发现了以后，会丢出异常`ConcurrentModificationException`，而不是等到最后再出错－那样也是没有任何迹象的。换句话说，Java Iterators也遵从了“快速出错”的方法。 + +如果异常`ConcurrentModificationException`在正式软件中发生了呢？根据在Javadoc里对这个异常的说明，它“只应该用于侦测bug”。换句话说，`ConcurrentModificationException`只应该在开发阶段监听和修复，而不应该泄漏到正式代码中。 + +好吧，如果正式软件确实发生了这个异常，那它当然是软件中的bug，应当报告给开发者并修复。至少，我们能够知道发生了一次底层数据结构的并发修改，而这是软件出错的原因（而不是让软件产生错误的结果，或是以其他现象延后出错，这样就很难跟踪到根本原因）。 + +“安全出错”的方法意味着开发健壮的代码。一个很好的编写安全出错代码的例子就是使用断言。很可惜的是，关于断言的使用有大量不必要的公开争论。其中主要的批评点是：它在开发版本中使用，而在发布版中却被关掉的。 + +不管怎么样，这个批评是错误的：从来没有说用断言来替代应该放到发布版软件中的防御式检查代码。例如，断言不应该用来检查传递给函数的参数是否为空。相应的，应该用一个if语句来检查这个参数是否正确，否则的话抛出异常，或是提前返回，来适合上下文。然而，断言一般用于额外检查代码中所做出的假设，它们应该为真才正常。例如，用一个语句来检查在进行了入栈操作后，栈应该不是空的（例如，对“不变量”的检查）。 + +所以，快速出错，随时中断，那么你已经走在开发更加健壮代码的道路上了。 + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via:http://www.opensourceforu.com/2011/12/joy-of-programming-fail-fast/ + +译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]: +[2]: +[3]: +[4]: +[5]: +[6]: +[7]: +[8]: +[9]: +[10]: +[11]: +[12]: +[13]: +[14]: +[15]: +[16]: +[17]: +[18]: +[19]: +[20]: From 05b08f4e94eb86a2d63e0d43daca3b0912367df1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 18 Jul 2014 15:56:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 601/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140718-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ntrol System Now Available for Download.md | 32 +++++++++++++ ...1.0 RPG Remake Is Already Looking Great.md | 46 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 78 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md create mode 100644 sources/news/20140718 OpenMorrowind 0.31.0 RPG Remake Is Already Looking Great.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md b/sources/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..062b9565d6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Git-2-0-2-Version-Control-System-Now-Available-for-Download-451147-2.jpg) + +**Git 2.0.2, a free and open source distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency, has been officially released.** + +The new Git 2.0.x branch continues the trend of large releases, integrating a big number of changes and fixes. This latest update may be just a maintenance one, but it does feature some interesting modifications. + +According to the developers, the documentation for the "git submodule sync" mentions that the subcommand can take the "--recursive" option, the mishandling of patterns in .gitignore that had trailing SPs quoted with backslashes has been corrected, and the Recent updates to "git repack" no longer duplicate objects that are in the packfiles marked with .keep flag by mistake. + +Also, "git clone -b brefs/tags/bar" no longer thinks that git follows a single tag, even though it was a name of the branch, "%G" (nothing after G) is an invalid pretty format specifier and now the parser knows that it's garbage, the code used to avoid adding the same alternate object store twice has been fixed, and a couple of other fixes have been implemented. + +For a complete list of changes, check out the [changelog][1]. + +Download Git 2.0.2: + +- [tar.gz][1][sources] [4.70 MB] +- [Debian/Ubuntu DEB ALL][2][ubuntu_deb] [0 KB] +- [Red Hat/Fedora/Mandriva/openSUSE RPM noarch][3][rh_rpm] [0 KB] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Git-2-0-2-Version-Control-System-Now-Available-for-Download-451147.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://github.com/git/git/blob/master/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.2.txt +[2]:https://github.com/git/git/archive/v2.0.2.tar.gz +[3]:http://git-scm.com/download/linux +[4]:http://git-scm.com/download/linux \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140718 OpenMorrowind 0.31.0 RPG Remake Is Already Looking Great.md b/sources/news/20140718 OpenMorrowind 0.31.0 RPG Remake Is Already Looking Great.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b3202309a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140718 OpenMorrowind 0.31.0 RPG Remake Is Already Looking Great.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +OpenMorrowind 0.31.0 RPG Remake Is Already Looking Great +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/OpenMorrowind-0-31-0-RPG-Remake-Is-Already-Looking-Great-451120-2.jpg) + +**OpenMW, an open source implementation of The Elder Scrolls 3: Morrowind game engine and functionality, is now at version 0.31.0 and packs lots of new features.** + +OpenMW, or OpenMorrowind, is a project that aims to bring one of best role-playing games ever created into the open source world, but not by simple porting. The makers of this title have been working non-stop in the last months and it seems that the game is really starting to take shape. + +Half a year ago, players couldn't do much in OpenMW, but now a lot of features have been integrated, and it's almost playable if you don't expect too much. Even with all the changes in place, the version number indicates that the development is moving rather slowly and numerous problems still remain. It will take a long time until the game reaches a stable version, but when it gets there, it's going to be an awesome RPG. + +“The OpenMW team is proud to announce the release of version 0.31.0! This release includes implementation of many smaller features that have been sorely missing, as well fixes for a ridiculous amount of bugs. Many thanks to our developers for their relentless attention to detail. Some optimization has made it into this release, let us know if you see any increased performance,” reads the announcement on the official website. + +A number of important changes have been made and lots of new stuff has been added. For example, a periodic cleanup/refill has been added, precipitation and weather particles are now ready in the engine, the dialog has been merged, saving missing creature state is now working properly, the murder crime has been implemented, a number of sneak skill enhancements have been added, and animated main menu support has been implemented. + +Also, the clouds and weather have been modified to better match vanilla Morrowind, the background tracks are no longer repeating, the dead body collision behavior has been improved, and lots of other fixes have been implemented. + +A complete list of changes and new features can be found in the official [announcement][1]. Users must legally own and install the game before they can use OpenMW – as it is intended – to play Morrowind. + +Download OpenMW 0.31.0: + +- [tar.gz][2][sources] [3.20 MB] +- [tar.gz (64-bit)][3][binary] [33.40 MB] +- [tar.gz (32-bit)][4][binary] [33.10 MB] +- [Ubuntu PPA Repository][5][ubuntu_deb] [0 KB] +- [Arch Linux Package][6][binary] [0 KB] +- [Debian PPA Repository][7][debian_deb] [0 KB] + +OpenMW aims to be a full-featured reimplementation of the Morrowind engine capable to work natively on all supported platforms and to support all existing content, including Tribunal, Bloodmoon, and all user-created mods. + +Keep in mind that this is not a stable version and bugs might still appear. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/OpenMorrowind-0-31-0-RPG-Remake-Is-Already-Looking-Great-451120.shtml + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://openmw.org/2014/openmw-0-31-0/ +[2]:https://github.com/OpenMW/openmw/archive/openmw-0.31.0.tar.gz +[3]:https://github.com/OpenMW/openmw/releases/download/openmw-0.31.0/openmw-0.31.0-Linux-64Bit.tar.gz +[4]:https://github.com/OpenMW/openmw/releases/download/openmw-0.31.0/openmw-0.31.0-Linux.tar.gz +[5]:https://launchpad.net/~openmw/+archive/openmw +[6]:https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/?O=0&K=openmw +[7]:http://forum.openmw.org/viewtopic.php?f=20&t=1298 \ No newline at end of file From c01cfdb395cfd46843792062581ae516039bb24d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 18 Jul 2014 16:20:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 602/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140718-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...pgrade--Ubuntu 13.10 Support Ends Today.md | 37 +++++++++++++ ... Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md | 55 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 92 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140718 Time to Upgrade--Ubuntu 13.10 Support Ends Today.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140718 Time to Upgrade--Ubuntu 13.10 Support Ends Today.md b/sources/news/20140718 Time to Upgrade--Ubuntu 13.10 Support Ends Today.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..22fa2adcaa --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140718 Time to Upgrade--Ubuntu 13.10 Support Ends Today.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +Time to Upgrade: Ubuntu 13.10 Support Ends Today +================================================================================ +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/upgrade-available.jpg) + +**It’s had a fair old run, but after 9 months basking in the sun today marks the end of official support for Ubuntu 13.10 ‘Saucy Salamander’.** + +> Despite the name ‘Saucy’, the changes on offer were rather bland + +Those still running it should look at upgrading to the most recent stable release, Ubuntu 14.04 LTS. Launched back in April, it will be supported with updates on the desktop all the way until mid-April 2019. + +Support for the server version of Ubuntu 13.10 also formally ends today. + +### Saucy Loses Flavour ### + +Ubuntu 13.10 came out last October with Canonical pledging to provide a full 9 months of ongoing security and bug fixes on the desktop. As of July 17 these updates will cease and no further updates or backported packages will be provided. + +Canonical’s [recommended upgrade path][1] is to 14.04, a transition that can be handled directly on the desktop itself through the Software Updater application or via the command line through the ‘`do-release-upgrade`‘ command. + +Saucy in name, but bland in nature, 13.10 is far from being one of Ubuntu’s more remarkable releases — [as evidenced by many of the online reviews at the time][2]. + +It was, however, notable for inflicting(注：这个单词原文有删除线) introducing Smart Scopes to the Unity Dash, adding a keyboard indicator for faster language layout switching, and being the first release to integrate `Ubuntu One Single Sign-on` into the installation experience. + +For a natty visual rundown of all that debuted with it you can watch the compilation video below. + +Youtobe 视频地址：[http://www.youtube.com/embed/1EiRQ-znEcI?feature=oembed][3] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/ubuntu-13-10-support-ends-today + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://help.ubuntu.com/community/TrustyUpgrades +[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/ubuntu-13-10-press-reaction +[3]:http://www.youtube.com/embed/1EiRQ-znEcI?feature=oembed \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bf7ceb80d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04 +================================================================================ +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/display_lyrics_desktop_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +Apart from free streaming music, what I like the most in [Spotify][1] is its lyrics plugin. At times I don’t understand all of the words of the song, specially if it’s rap. [TuneWiki][2] plugin comes handy in this case. While TuneWiki has plugins for Windows Media Player and iTune, what options do we have on desktop Linux? + +If you have been using desktop Linux for sometime, you might have heard of [OSD Lyrics][3]. It is a small application that **displays song lyrics on the desktop**. You can use it with several audio players such as Rythmbox, [Banshee][4], [Clementine][5] etc. + +### Install OSD Lyrics in Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint 17 ### + +OSD Lyrics was actively maintained through its official PPA about 2 years back. There is no development anymore. While the PPA is no longer usable, the executables (.deb) can be downloaded from the website. Though these executables are originally for Ubuntu 12.04 Precise Pangolin, these files work very well in Ubuntu 14.04 also. Let’s see **how to install OSD Lyrics in Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint 17**. + +Go to the [download page of OSD Lyrics][6]. Get the .deb files depending upon [whether you are using 32 bit or 64 bit Ubuntu][7]. You will find the files on the top. + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/OSD_Lyrics_Download.jpeg) + +Once downloaded, just double click on it to install it via Ubuntu Software Center. Alternatively, you can [use Gdebi to quickly install .deb packages][8]. + +### How to display lyrics in Ubuntu and Linux Mint using OSD Lyrics ### + +Once installed, you can run OSD Lyrics from the Unity Dash: + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Open_OSD_Lyrics_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +On the first run, it will detect the existing players which are compatible with OSD Lyrics. You can set a default player which will be opened automatically each time you start OSD Lyrics. + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/OSD_Lyrics_Default_Player.jpeg) + +One thing to note is that unlike [Shazam][9] etc, OSD Lyrics doesn’t find the lyrics from the audio, rather it uses the information linked to the music files such as name, album, artist etc. So make sure that you have music files from “respectable sources” or keep the file information correct and updated. + +If it recognizes the music files, it will display the lyrics on the desktop in Karaoke format: + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Dsiplay_Lyrics_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +There are plenty of configuration options available with OSD Lyrics. You can change the font, size behavior of the lyrics display among many other things. + +How do you like OSD Lyrics? Do you use some other Lyrics plugin? Do share your views with rest of us. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/display-song-lyrics-desktop-ubuntu-1404/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://itsfoss.com/install-spotify-ubuntu-1404/ +[2]:http://www.tunewiki.com/ +[3]:https://code.google.com/p/osd-lyrics +[4]:http://banshee.fm/ +[5]:https://www.clementine-player.org/ +[6]:https://code.google.com/p/osd-lyrics/downloads/list +[7]:http://itsfoss.com/how-to-know-ubuntu-unity-version/ +[8]:http://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-easily-and-quickly-in-ubuntu-12-10-quick-tip/ +[9]:http://www.shazam.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 7cb7cfbddf46870e5861dc6d8920222438e554d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 18 Jul 2014 16:34:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 603/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140718-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...n Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md | 57 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 57 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4bc74cb38c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu? Install the Official Web Apps +================================================================================ +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/office-web-app-.jpg) + +**It’s not everyone’s cup of joe, but Microsoft Office and its family of finicky file formats are a mainstay of many working and educational environments — for better or worse.** + +Reading, editing and saving to these proprietary formats is sort of possible on Ubuntu using the [LibreOffice suite of apps][1]. Writer, Calc and Impress all boast varying degrees of Microsoft Office file interoperability, though in my own real world experience (thankfully brief) it’s not perfect. + +For the times you can’t go without using Office file formats (as ideological as most of us are about open standards, we shouldn’t be blind to practicalities) but you’ve no desire to purchase a full MS Office licence to run through WINE, the official set of Microsoft Office Online web apps are the perfect answer. + +### Install Microsoft Office Online Apps in Ubuntu ### + +To make accessing these online versions easier from the Ubuntu desktop, the ‘Linux Web Apps project’ has created a small, unofficial installer that adds web app shortcuts (“glorified bookmarks”) to your application launcher. + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/microsoft-office-web-apps.jpg) + +These are nothing more fancy than shortcuts to the respective Microsoft web app that opens in your default system browser. Sound nifty? You get application shortcuts for: + +- Word +- Excel +- PowerPoint +- Outlook +- OneDrive +- Calendar +- OneNote +- People + +The package also creates a new application category housing the links, letting you view the shortcuts separately from other applications as well as under the regular “office” apps directory. + +Are these essential? Not really. Are they useful? Depends on your workflow. But is it nice to have the option? For sure. + +You can grab the .deb installer containing the links from the link below and is suitable for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS and later. + +- [Download Microsoft Office Web Apps (.deb)][2] + +### Other Alternatives ### + +![](http://d0od.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Screen-Shot-2014-04-15-at-15.29.35-350x200.png) + +A similar alternative is to [install the official Office Online web applications from the Chrome Web Store][3], then add the app launcher to Linux. This will still create launchable shortcuts for them in the Dash, but ones that can be set to open in their own window frames and forgo the need to install any third-party packages. + +Similarly, Google recently folded in full Office capabilities (thanks to its purchase of QuickOffice) [into its own Docs, Slides and Sheets applications][4], retired the QuickOffice Android application and rebranded the companion Chrome extension. + +If you’re a heavy Google Drive/Docs user, this may be the better solution for you. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/run-microsoft-office-web-apps-ubuntu-desktop + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/ +[2]:https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByQnaVw7riBQMjNCUFh4ZlM4Y0E/edit?usp=sharing +[3]:http://www.omgchrome.com/microsoft-brings-office-online-chrome-web-store/ +[4]:http://www.omgchrome.com/quickoffice-chrome-extension-gets-name-change/ \ No newline at end of file From 7a224204e954498c6ba7444d0a20a36a687ad540 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jack Nie Date: Fri, 18 Jul 2014 17:02:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 604/713] finish translate --- ...ependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md | 92 --------------- ...ependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md | 111 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 111 insertions(+), 92 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140716 How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140716 How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md b/sources/tech/20140716 How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md deleted file mode 100644 index 29a19f3f1d..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140716 How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,92 +0,0 @@ -nd0104 is translate -How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora, CentOS or RHEL -================================================================================ -A typical RPM package on Red Hat-based systems requires all its dependent packages be installed to function properly. For end users, the complexity of such RPM dependency is hidden by package managers (e.g., yum or DNF) during package install/upgrade/removal process. However, if you are a sysadmin or a RPM maintainer, you need to be well-versed in RPM dependencies to maintain run-time environment for the system or roll out up-to-date RPM specs. - -In this tutorial, I am going to show **how to check RPM package dependencies**. Depending on whether a package is installed or not, there are several ways to identify its RPM dependencies. - -### Method One ### - -One way to find out RPM dependencies for a particular package is to use rpm command. The following command lists all dependent packages for a target package. - - $ rpm -qR - -![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5512/14659620723_4a36970efc_o.png) - -Note that this command will work only if the target package is already **installed**. If you want to check package dependencies for any **uninstalled** package, you first need to download the RPM package locally (no need to install it). - -To download a RPM package without installing it, use a command-line utility called `yumdownloader`. Install yumdownloader as follows. - - $ sudo yum install yum-utils - -Now let's check RPM depenencies of a uninstalled package (e.g., tcpdump). First download the package in the current folder with yumdownloader: - - $ yumdownloader --destdir=. tcpdump - -Then use rpm command with "-qpR" options to list dependencies of the downloaded package. - - # rpm -qpR tcpdump-4.4.0-2.fc19.i686.rpm - -### Method Two ### - -You can also get a list of dependencies for a RPM package using repoquery tool. repoquery works whether or not a target package is installed. This tool is included in yum-utils package. - - $ sudo yum install yum-utils - -To show all required packages for a particular package: - - $ repoquery --requires --resolve - -![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2935/14453103778_05db349b19_o.png) - -For repoquery to work, your computer needs network connectivity since repoquery pulls information from Yum repositories. - -### Method Three ### - -The third method to show RPM package dependencies is to use rpmreaper tool. Originally this tool is developed to clean up unnecessary packages and their dependencies on RPM-based systems. rpmreaper has an ncurses-based intuitive interface for browsing installed packages and their dependency trees. - -To install rpmrepater, use yum command. On CentOS, you need to [set up EPEL repo][1] first. - - $ sudo yum install rpmreaper - -To browser RPM dependency trees, simply run: - - $ rpmreaper - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3838/14636456131_99a3c26945_z.jpg) - -The rpmrepater interface will show you a list of all installed packages. You can navigate the list using up/down arrow keys. Press "r" on a highlighted package to show its dependencies. You can expand the whole dependency tree by recursively pressing "r" keys on individual dependent packages. The "L" flag indicates that a given package is a "leaf", meaning that no other package depends on this package. The "o" flag implies that a given package is in the middle of dependency chain. Pressing "b" on such a package will show you what other packages require the highlighted package. - -### Method Four ### - -Another way to show package dependencies on RPM-based systems is to use rpmdep which is a command-line tool for generating a full package dependency graph of any installed RPM package. The tool analyzes RPM dependencies, and produce partially ordered package lists from topological sorting. The output of this tool can be fed into dotty graph visualization tool to generate a dependency graph image. - -To install rpmdep and dotty on Fedora: - - $ sudo yum install rpmorphan graphviz - -To install the same tools on CentOS: - - $ wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/rpmorphan/rpmorphan/1.14/rpmorphan-1.14-1.noarch.rpm - $ sudo rpm -ivh rpmorphan-1.14-1.noarch.rpm - $ sudo yum install graphviz - -To generate and plot a dependency graph of a particular installed package (e.g., gzip): - - $ rpmdep.pl -dot gzip.dot gzip - $ dot -Tpng -o output.png gzip.dot - -![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3918/14453050980_53de4e8277_z.jpg) - -So far in this tutorial, I demonstrate several ways to check what other packages a given RPM package relies on. If you want to know more about .deb package dependencies for Debian-based systems, you can refer to [this guide][2] instead. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/check-rpm-package-dependencies-fedora-centos-rhel.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html -[2]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/07/how-to-check-package-dependencies-on-ubuntu-or-debian.html diff --git a/translated/tech/20140716 How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md b/translated/tech/20140716 How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c15bd5fdac --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140716 How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora or CentOS or RHEL.md @@ -0,0 +1,111 @@ +How to check RPM package dependencies on Fedora, CentOS or RHEL +教你如何在Fedora,CentOS,RHEL中检查RPM包的依赖性 +================================================================================ +A typical RPM package on Red Hat-based systems requires all its dependent packages be installed to function properly. +For end users, the complexity of such RPM dependency is hidden by package managers (e.g., yum or DNF) during package install/upgrade/removal process. However, if you are a sysadmin or a RPM maintainer, you need to be well-versed in RPM dependencies to maintain run-time environment for the system or roll out up-to-date RPM specs. +我们都知道，在基于红帽的Linux系统中，一个RPM包，需要把先将它依赖的其他包安装好才能正常的工作。对于终端用户，RPM的安装、更新、删除中存在的依赖关系已经被工具透明化了（如 yum或 DNF等)。但如果你是系统管理员或者RPM包的管理员，你需要对RPM包中存在的依赖关系以及时更新、删除适当的包来保证系统的正常运行。 +In this tutorial, I am going to show **how to check RPM package dependencies**. Depending on whether a package is installed or not, there are several ways to identify its RPM dependencies. +在本教程中，我将教大家**如何检查RPM包的依赖关系**无论这个包是否已经安装进操作系统中，我们都有一些办法来检查它们的依赖性。 +### Method One ### +### 方法一 ### +One way to find out RPM dependencies for a particular package is to use rpm command. The following command lists all dependent packages for a target package. +使用RPM命令可以列出目标包所依赖的所有包，如下： + $ rpm -qR + +![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5512/14659620723_4a36970efc_o.png) + +Note that this command will work only if the target package is already **installed**. If you want to check package dependencies for any **uninstalled** package, you first need to download the RPM package locally (no need to install it). +注意，这种方法只适用于**已安装**的包。如果你需要检查一个**未安装**包的依赖关系，你需要把这个包先下载到本地来。 +To download a RPM package without installing it, use a command-line utility called `yumdownloader`. Install yumdownloader as follows. +对于已在本地但未安装的包，可以使用叫做'yumdownloader'的工具，下面我们先安装yumdownloader： + $ sudo yum install yum-utils + +Now let's check RPM depenencies of a uninstalled package (e.g., tcpdump). First download the package in the current folder with yumdownloader: +现在我们来检查一个未安装的RPM包的依赖关系(本列使用 tcpdump)。首先，我们使用yumdownloader把tcpdump的RPM包下载下来 + $ yumdownloader --destdir=. tcpdump + +Then use rpm command with "-qpR" options to list dependencies of the downloaded package. +然后再使用 "-qpR"参数显示该包的依赖关系。 + # rpm -qpR tcpdump-4.4.0-2.fc19.i686.rpm + +### Method Two ### +### 方法二 ### +You can also get a list of dependencies for a RPM package using repoquery tool. repoquery works whether or not a target package is installed. This tool is included in yum-utils package. +你可以使用repoquery工具来罗列包的依赖关系，这个工具包含在yum-utils中。 + $ sudo yum install yum-utils + +To show all required packages for a particular package: +显示目标包所依赖的包： + $ repoquery --requires --resolve + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2935/14453103778_05db349b19_o.png) + +For repoquery to work, your computer needs network connectivity since repoquery pulls information from Yum repositories. +为让repoquery正常的工作，需要保持网络的畅通，应为repoquery需要在Yum库中查找信息。 +### Method Three ### +### 方法三 ### +The third method to show RPM package dependencies is to use rpmreaper tool. +Originally this tool is developed to clean up unnecessary packages and their dependencies on RPM-based systems. +rpmreaper has an ncurses-based intuitive interface for browsing installed packages and their dependency trees. +第三个方法是使用rpmreaper工具。这个工具本来是用作清理系统中无用以及它们所依赖的包，rpmreaper有很直观的界面来展示已安装的包和它们依赖关系的树形图。 +To install rpmrepater, use yum command. On CentOS, you need to [set up EPEL repo][1] first. +安装rpmrepater，在CentOS中，你需要先[设置好EPEL库][1] + $ sudo yum install rpmreaper + +To browser RPM dependency trees, simply run: +只需运行rpmreaper就可以看到RPM包的依赖关系： + $ rpmreaper + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3838/14636456131_99a3c26945_z.jpg) + +The rpmrepater interface will show you a list of all installed packages. You can navigate the list using up/down arrow keys. + Press "r" on a highlighted package to show its dependencies. + You can expand the whole dependency tree by recursively pressing "r" keys on individual dependent packages. + The "L" flag indicates that a given package is a "leaf", meaning that no other package depends on this package. + The "o" flag implies that a given package is in the middle of dependency chain. + Pressing "b" on such a package will show you what other packages require the highlighted package. +rpmrepater会向用户显示已安装包的列表，你可以使用上/下箭头来滚动屏幕。 +你可以在指定包上使用"r"键来显示其依赖关系，循环在指定包上按下"r"键可以展示出余下的信息。 +"L"标志的意思是说这个包是一片“孤叶”，意思说说没有任何包依赖它。 +"o"标志是说这个包是整个依赖链的中间部分。 +按下"b"键会显示其他依赖于该包的其他包。 +### Method Four ### +### 方法四 ### +Another way to show package dependencies on RPM-based systems +is to use rpmdep which is a command-line tool for generating a full package dependency graph of +any installed RPM package. The tool analyzes RPM dependencies, and produce partially ordered package lists from +topological sorting. The output of this tool can be fed into dotty graph visualization tool +to generate a dependency graph image. +还有一个办法是使用rpmdep工具，rpmdep是一个命令行工具，可以显示已安装包的完整包依赖关系图。该工具会分析RPM包的依赖性，从完整的排完序 +的拓扑图中摘取部分包的信息，形成列表展示给用户。该工具的输出结果可以直接使用到Dotty（可视化展示工具）中去。 +To install rpmdep and dotty on Fedora: +在Fedora中安装rpmdep和dotty： + $ sudo yum install rpmorphan graphviz + +To install the same tools on CentOS: +在CentOs中安装： + $ wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/rpmorphan/rpmorphan/1.14/rpmorphan-1.14-1.noarch.rpm + $ sudo rpm -ivh rpmorphan-1.14-1.noarch.rpm + $ sudo yum install graphviz + +To generate and plot a dependency graph of a particular installed package (e.g., gzip): +生成包依赖的拓扑关系图： + $ rpmdep.pl -dot gzip.dot gzip + $ dot -Tpng -o output.png gzip.dot + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3918/14453050980_53de4e8277_z.jpg) + +So far in this tutorial, I demonstrate several ways to check what other packages a given RPM package relies on. +If you want to know more about .deb package dependencies for Debian-based systems, +you can refer to [this guide][2] instead. +教程到这个地方，我们用到了几种办法来检查包的依赖关系。如果您想知道如何在居于Debian的系统中检查.deb的包依赖关系，请阅读另外一篇[文档][2] +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/check-rpm-package-dependencies-fedora-centos-rhel.html + +译者：[nd0104](https://github.com/nd0104) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html +[2]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/07/how-to-check-package-dependencies-on-ubuntu-or-debian.html From 7355ae4642787478c42835a38bd794a67c8c9b04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 18 Jul 2014 17:37:23 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 605/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140718-4=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=20Linux?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Kernel=20Testing=20and=20Debugging=20=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0?= =?UTF-8?q?=EF=BC=8C=E5=85=B1=E5=85=AD=E9=A1=B5?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md | 76 ++++++++++ ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md | 107 +++++++++++++ ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md | 125 +++++++++++++++ ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md | 143 ++++++++++++++++++ ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md | 90 +++++++++++ ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md | 125 +++++++++++++++ 6 files changed, 666 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f37f5a5c14 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging +================================================================================ +### Linux Kernel Testing Philosophy ### + +Testing is an integral and important part of any software development cycle, open or closed, and Linux kernel is no exception to that. Developer testing, integration testing, regression, and stress testing have different individual goals, however from 1000 feet up, the end goal is the same, to ensure the software continues to work as it did before adding a new body of code, and the new features work as designed. + +Ensuring software is stable without regressions before the release, helps avoid debugging and fixing customer and user found bugs after the release. It costs more in time and effort to debug and fix a customer found problem. Hence, testing is very important in the case of any software, not just the Linux kernel. Unlike closed and proprietary operating systems, the development process is open and is not locked down. This process is its strength as well as weakness. With several developers continuing to add new features, and fixing bugs, continuous integration and testing is vital to ensure the kernel continues to work on existing hardware as new hardware support and features get added. In the open source development, developers and users share the testing responsibility. This is another important difference between a closed development model and an open one. + +Almost all Linux kernel developers, if not all, are very active Linux users themselves. There is no requirement that testers should be developers, however, users and developers that are not familiar with the new code could be more effective at testing a new piece of code than the original author of that code. In other words, developer testing serves as an important step in verifying the functionality, however, developer testing alone is not sufficient to find interactions with other code, features, and unintended regressions on configurations and/or hardware, developer didn't anticipate and didn't have the opportunity and resources to test. Hence, users play a very important role in the Linux Kernel development process. + +So now that we understand the importance of continuous integration testing, we will go into the details of testing itself. Before we talk about testing, I would like to walk through the development process itself to help understand how it works and how the changes funnel into the mainline kernel. + +3000+ kernel developers from around the world contribute to the Linux kernel. It is a 24hours, seven days a week, and 365 days of continuous development process that results in a new release once every 2+ months and several stable and extended stable releases. New development and current release integration cycles run in parallel. + +For further reading on the development process, please refer to [Greg Kroah-Hartman's presentation on the Linux Kernel Development][1]. + + It is my intent that this guide should be useful to a beginner as well as an experienced contributor and/or individuals interested in getting involved in the Linux kernel development. Experienced developers can chose to skip sections that go over basic testing and debugging. + +This paper will discuss how to test and debug Linux kernel, tools, scripts and debug mechanisms that aid in regression and integration testing. In addition, this paper will go into details on how to use git bisect to isolate a patch that introduced a bug, and what to test before sending patches to the Linux Kernel Mailing List. I will use Linux PM as an example target area for the testing and debugging discussion. Even though this paper is Linux Kernel testing focused, the importance of testing is applicable to any software project. + +### Configuring Development and Test System ### + + Let's get started. First order of business is finding a development system that suits your needs. x86-64 systems are a good choice for a basic development system, unless there is a need for a specific architecture and/or configuration. + +The second step is to install distribution of your preference. I prefer Ubuntu, hence this document will have the details on how to configure a kernel development system running Ubuntu distribution. Please follow [How to Ubuntu][2] for installing the Ubuntu release of your choice. + +On development and test systems, it is a good idea to ensure there is ample space for kernels in the boot partition. Choosing whole disk install or setting aside 3 GB disk space for the boot partition is recommended. + +Once the distribution is installed and the system is ready for development packages, enable root account and also enable sudo for your user account. The system might already have the build-essential package which is what you need to build Linux kernels on an x86_64 system. If build-essential is not already installed, run the following command to install it: + + sudo apt-get install build-essential + +At this point, you may install the following packages as well, so the system is ready for cross-compiling Linux kernels. Note that ncurses-dev is a required package to run make menuconfig. + + sudo apt-get install binutils-multiarch + + sudo apt-get install ncurses-dev + + sudo apt-get install alien + +Now let's install a few tools every Linux kernel developer need in his/her tool chest. + + sudo apt-get install git + + sudo apt-get install cscope + + sudo apt-get install meld + + sudo apt-get install gitk + +If you would like to get the system configured for cross-compiling other supported architectures non-natively on your x86-64 system, please follow: [Cross-compiling Linux kernel on x86 64][3]. + +The Stable Kernel + +Start by cloning the stable kernel git, building and installing the latest stable kernel. You can find information on the latest stable and mainline releases at [The Linux Kernel Archive][4]. + + git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git + +The above step will create a new directory named linux-stable and populate it with the sources. + +You can also download just the Linux Kernel source tar-ball instead of cloning the git, and then unpack the tar-ball. + + tar xvf linux-3.x.y.tar.xz + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,0 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/images/stories/pdf/als2012_gregkh.pdf +[2]:http://howtoubuntu.org/ +[3]:http://linuxdriverproject.org/mediawiki/index.php/Cross-compiling_Linux_kernel_on_x86_64 +[4]:https://www.kernel.org/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bc7c1bd479 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ +Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging +================================================================================ +### Compiling and Installing Stable Kernel ### + +If you cloned the stable git: + + cd linux-stable + + git checkout linux-3.x.y + +or if you are using the tar-ball: + + cd linux-3.x.y + +Starting out with the distribution configuration file is the safest approach for the very first kernel install on any system. You can do so by copying the configuration for your current kernel from /boot. + + cp /boot/config-3.x.y-z-generic .config + +Run the following command to generate kernel configuration file based on the current configuration. You will be prompted to tune the configuration to enable new features and drivers that have been added since the Ubuntu snapshot the kernel from the mainline. + + make oldconfig + +Once this step is complete, it is time to compile the kernel: + + make all + +Once the kernel compilation is complete, install the new kernel: + + sudo "make modules_install install" + +The above command will install the new kernel and run update-grub to add the new kernel to the grub menu. Now it is time to reboot the system to boot the newly installed kernel. Before we do that, let's save logs from the current kernel to compare and look for regressions and new errors, if any: + + dmesg -t > dmesg_current + + dmesg -t -k > dmesg_kernel + + dmesg -t -l emerg > dmesg_current_emerg + + dmesg -t -l alert > dmesg_current_alert + + dmesg -t -l crit > dmesg_current_alert + + dmesg -t -l err > dmesg_current_err + + dmesg -t -l warn > dmesg_current_warn + +In general, dmesg should be clean with no emerg, alert, crit, and err level messages. If you see any of these, it might indicate some hardware and/or kernel problem. + +A couple more important steps before trying out the newly installed kernel. There is no guarantee that the new kernel will boot. As a safe guard, please ensure that there is at least one good kernel installed. Change the default grub configuration file /etc/default/grub: + +Enable printing early boot messages to vga using earlyprink=vga kernel boot option: + + GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="earlyprink=vga" + +Increase the GRUB_TIMEOUT value to 10 - 15 seconds, so grub pauses in menu allowing time to choose kernel to be boot: + + Uncomment GRUB_TIMEOUT and set it to 10: GRUB_TIMEOUT=10 + Comment out GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT and GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET + +Run update-grub to update the grun configuration in /boot + + sudo update-grub + +Now restart the system. Once the new kernel comes up, compare the saved dmesg from the old kernel with the new one and see if there are any regressions. If the newly installed kernel fails to boot, you will have to boot a good kernel and then investigate why the new kernel failed to boot. + +### Living in The Fast Lane ### + +If you like driving in the fast lane and have the need for speed, clone the mainline kernel git or better yet the linux-next git. Booting and testing mainline and linux-next helps find and fix problems before the kernel is released. + +Mainline: + + git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git + +linux-next: + + git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/next/linux-next.git + +Compiling and installing mainline and linux-next kernels is exactly same as the stable kernel. Please follow the instructions from previous sections. + +### Applying Patches ### + +Linux kernel patch files are text files that contain the differences from the original source to the new. Each Linux patch is a self-contained change to the code that stands on its own, unless explicitly made part of a patch series. New patches are applied as follows: + + patch -p1 < file.patch + + git apply --index file.patch + +Either one will work, however, when a patch adds a new file and if it is applied using the patch command, git doesn't know about the new files and they will be treated as untracked files. "git diff" will not show the files in its output and "git status" will show the files as untracked. + +For the most part, there are no issues with building and installing kernels, however, "git reset --hard" will not remove the newly added files and a subsequent git pull will fail. A couple of ways to tell git about the new files and have it track them, there by avoiding the above issues: + + +Option 1: + +> When a patch that adds new files is applied using the patch command, run "git clean" to remove untracked files, before running "git reset --hard". For example, git clean -dfx will force remove untracked directories and files, ignoring any standard ignore rules specified in the .gitignore file. You could include -q option to run git clean in quiet mode, if you don't care to know which files are removed. + +Option 2: + +> An alternate approach is to tell git to track the newly added files by running "git apply --index file.patch". This will result in git applying the patch and adding the result to the index. Once this is done, git diff will show the newly added files in its output and git status will report the status correctly tagging these files as newly created files. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,1 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3c31bc93d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging +================================================================================ +### Basic Testing ### + +Once a new kernel is installed, the next step is try to boot it and see what happens. Once the new kernel is up and running, check dmesg for any regressions. Run a few usage tests: + +- Is networking (wifi or wired) functional? +- Does ssh work? +- Run rsync of a large file over ssh +- Run git clone and git pull +- Start web browser +- Read email +- Download files: ftp, wget etc. +- Play audio/video files +- Connect new USB devices mouse, usb stick etc. + + +### Examine Kernel Logs ### + +Checking for regressions in dmesg is a good way to identify problems, if any, introduced by the new code. As a general rule, there should be no new crit, alert, and emerg level messages in dmesg. There should be no new err level messages. Pay close attention to any new warn level messages as well. lease note that new warn messages aren't as bad. New code at times adds new warning messages which are just warnings. + +- dmesg -t -l emerg +- dmesg -t -l crit +- dmesg -t -l alert +- dmesg -t -l err +- dmesg -t -l warn +- dmesg -t -k +- dmesg -t + +The following script runs the above dmesg commands and saves the output for comparing with older release dmesg files. It then runs diff commands against the older release dmesg files. Old release is a required input parameter. If one is not supplied, it will simply generate dmesg files and exit. Regressions indicate newly introduced bugs and/or bugs that escaped patch testing and integration testing in linux git trees prior to including the patch in a release. Are there any stack traces resulting from WARN_ON in the dmesg? These are serious problems that require further investigation. + +- [**dmesg regression check script**][1] + +### Stress Testing ### + +Running 3 to 4 kernel compiles in parallel is a good overall stress test. Download a few Linux kernel gits, stable, linux-next etc.. Run timed compiles in parallel. Compare times with old runs of this test for regressions in performance. Longer compile times could be indicators of performance regression in one of the kernel modules. Performance problems are hard to debug. First step is to detect them. Running several compiles in parallel is a good overall stress test that could be used as a performance regression test and overall kernel regression test, as it exercises various kernel modules like memory, file-systems, dma, and drivers. + + time make all + +### Kernel Testing Tools ### + +There are several tests under tools/testing that are included in the Linux kernel git. There is a good mix of automated and functional tests. +ktest suite + +ktest is an automated test suite that can test builds, installs, and kernel boots. It can also run cross-compile tests provided the system has cross-compilers installed. ktest depends on flex and bison tools. Please consult the ktest documentation in tools/testing/ktest for details on how to run ktest. It is left to the reader as a self-study. A few resources that go into detail on how to run ktest: + +- [**ktest-eLinux.org**][2] + +### tools/testing/selftests ### + +Let's start with selftests. Kernel sources include a set of self-tests which test various sub-systems. As of this writing, breakpoints, cpu-hotplug, efivarfs, ipc, kcmp, memory-hotplug, mqueue, net, powerpc, ptrace, rcutorture, timers, and vm sub-systems have self-tests. In addition to these, user memory self-tests test user memory to kernel memory copies via test_user_copy module. The following is on how to run these self-tests: + +Compile tests: + + make -C tools/testing/selftests + +Run all tests: (running some tests needs root access, login as root and run) + + make -C tools/testing/selftests run_tests + +Run only tests targeted for a single sub-system: + + make -C tools/testing/selftests TARGETS=vm run_tests + +### tools/testing/fault-injection ### + +Another test suite under tools/testing is fault-injection. failcmd.sh script runs a command to inject slab and page allocation failures. This type of testing helps validate how well kernel can recover from faults. This test should be run as root. The following is a quick summary of currently implemented fault injection capabilities. The list keeps growing as new fault injection capabilities get added. Please refer to the Documentation/fault-injection/fault-injection.txt for the latest. + +failslab (default option) + + injects slab allocation failures. kmalloc(), kmem_cache_alloc(), ... + +fail_page_alloc + + injects page allocation failures. alloc_pages(), get_free_pages(), ... + +fail_make_request + + injects disk IO errors on devices permitted by setting, /sys/block//make-it-fail or /sys/block///make-it-fail. (generic_make_request()) + +fail_mmc_request + + injects MMC data errors on devices permitted by setting debugfs entries under /sys/kernel/debug/mmc0/fail_mmc_request + +The capabilities and behavior of fault-injection can be configured. fault-inject-debugfs kernel module provides some debugfs entries for runtime. Ability to specify the error probability rate for faults, the interval between fault injection are just a couple of examples of the configuration choices fault-injection test supports. Please refer to the Documentation/fault-injection/fault-injection.txt for details. Boot options can be used to inject faults during early boot before debugfs becomes available. The following boot options are supported: + +- failslab= +- fail_page_alloc= +- fail_make_request= +- mmc_core.fail_request=[interval],[probability],[space],[times] + +The fault-injection infrastructure provides interfaces to add new fault-injection capabilities. The following is a brief outline of the steps involved in adding a new capability. Please refer to the above mentioned document for details: + +define the fault attributes using DECLARE_FAULT_INJECTION(name); + +> Please see the definition of struct fault_attr in fault-inject.h for details. + +add a boot option to configure fault attributes + +> This can be done using helper function setup_fault_attr(attr, str); Adding a boot option is necessary to enable the fault injection capability during early boot time. + +add debugfs entries + +> Use the helper function fault_create_debugfs_attr(name, parent, attr); to add new debugfs entries for this new capability. + +add module parameters + +> Adding module parameters to configure the fault attributes is a good option, when the scope of the new fault capability is limited to a single kernel module. + +add a hook to insert failures + +> should_fail(attr, size); Upon should_fail() returning true, client code should inject a failure. + +Applications using this fault-injection infrastructure can target a specific kernel module to inject slab and page allocation failures to limit the testing scope if need be. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,2 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://linuxdriverproject.org/mediawiki/index.php/Dmesg_regression_check_script +[2]:http://elinux.org/Ktest#Git_Bisect_type \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..31dc21ea0a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md @@ -0,0 +1,143 @@ +Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging +================================================================================ +### Auto Testing Tools ### + +There are several automated testing tools and test infrastructures that you can chose from based on your specific testing needs. This section is intended to be a brief overview and not a detailed guide on how to use each of these. + +#### [AuToTest][1] #### + +> Autotest is a framework for fully automated testing. It is designed primarily to test the Linux kernel, though it is useful for many other functions such as qualifying new hardware. It is an open source project under the GPL. Autotest works in server-client mode. Autotest server can be configured to initiate, run, and monitor tests on several target systems running the autotest client. Autotest client can be run manually on a target system or via the server. Using this framework, new test cases can be added. Please [Autotest White Paper][2] for more information. + +#### Linaro Automated Validation Architecture #### + +> LAVA-Test Automated Testing Framework is a framework to help with automated installation and executions of tests. For example, running LTP in LAVA framework can be accomplished with a few commands. Running lava-test tool to install LTP will automatically install any dependencies, download the source for the recent release of LTP, compile it, and install the binaries in a self-contained area so that they can be removed easily when user runs uninstall. At this point running lava-test run with ltp test option will execute LTP tests and save results with an unique id that includes the test name, time/date stamp of the test execution. These results are saved for future reference. This is a good feature to find regressions, if any, between test runs. Summary of commands to run as an example: + +Show a list of tests supported by lava-test: + + lava-test list-tests + +Install a new test: + + lava-test install ltp + +Run the test: + + lava-test run ltp + +Check results: + + lava-test results show ltp-timestamp.0 + +Remove tests: + + lava-test uninstall ltp + +### Kernel Debug Features ### + +Linux kernel includes several debugging features such as kmemcheck and kmemleak. + +#### kmemcheck #### + +> kmemcheck is a dynamic checking tool that detects and warns about some uses of uninitialized memory. It serves the same function as Valgrind's memcheck which is a userspace memory checker, where as kmemcheck checks kernel memory. CONFIG_KMEMCHECK kernel configuration option enables the kmemcheck debugging feature. Please read the Documentation/kmemcheck.txt for information on how to configure and use this feature, and how to interpret the reported results. + +#### kmemleak #### + +> kmemleak can be used to detect possible kernel memory leaks in a way similar to a tracing garbage collector. The difference between the tracing garbage collector and kmemleak is that the latter doesn't free orphan objects, instead it reports them in /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak. A similar method of reporting and not freeing is used by the Valgrind's memcheck --leak-check to detect memory leaks in user-space applications. CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK kernel configuration option enables the kmemleak debugging feature. Please read the Documentation/kmemleak.txt for information on how to configure and use this feature, and how to interpret the reported results. + +### Kernel Debug Interfaces ### + +Linux kernel has support for static and dynamic debugging via configuration options, debug APIs, interfaces, and frameworks. Let's learn more about each of these starting with the static options. + +### Debug Configuration Options - Static ### + +Linux kernel core and several Linux kernel modules, if not all, include kernel configuration options to debug. Several of these static debug options can be enabled at compile time. Debug messages are logged in dmesg buffer. + +### Debug APIs ### + +An example of Debug APIs is DMA-debug which is desiged for debugging driver dma api usage errors. When enabled, it keeps track of dma mappings per device, detects unmap attempts on addresses that aren't mapped, and missing mapping error checks in driver code after dma map attempts. CONFIG_HAVE_DMA_API_DEBUG and CONFIG_DMA_API_DEBUG kernel configuration options enable this feature on architectures that provide the support. With the CONFIG_DMA_API_DEBUG option enabled, the Debug-dma interfaces are called from DMA API. For example, when a driver calls dma_map_page() to map a dma buffer, dma_map_page() will call debug_dma_map_page() to start tracking the buffer until it gets released via dma_unmap_page() at a later time. For further reading on [Detecting silent data corruptions and memory leaks using DMA Debug API ][3] + +### Dynamic Debug ### + +Dynamic debug feature allows dynamically enabling/disabling pr_debug(), dev_dbg(), print_hex_dump_debug(), print_hex_dump_bytes() per-callsite. What this means is, a specific debug message can be enabled at run-time to learn more about a problem that is observed. This is great because, there is no need to re-compile the kernel with debug options enabled, then install the new kernel, only to find that the problem is no longer reproduciable. Once CONFIG_DYNAMIC_DEBUG is enabled in the kernel, dynamic debug feature enables a fine grain enable/disable of debug messages. /sys/kernel/debug/dynamic_debug/control is used to specify which pr_* messages are enabled. A quick summary of how to enable dynamic debug per call level, per module level is as follows: + +Enable pr_debug() in kernel/power/suspend.c at line 340: + + echo 'file suspend.c line 340 +p' > /sys/kernel/debug/dynamic_debug/control + +Enable dynamic debug feature in a module at module load time + +> Pass in dyndbg="plmft" to modprobe at the time module is being loaded. + +Enable dynamic debug feature in a module to persist across reboots + +> create or change modname.conf file in /etc/modprobe.d/ to add dyndbg="plmft" option. However for drivers that get loaded from initramfs, changing modname.conf is insufficient for the dynamic debug feature to persist across reboot. For such drivers, change grub to pass in module.dyndbg="+plmft" as a module option as a kernel boot parameter. + +dynamic_debug.verbose=1 kernel boot option increases the verbosity of dynamic debug messages. Please consult the Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt for more information on this feature. + +### Tracepoints ### + +So far we talked about various static and dynamic debug features. Both static debug options and debug hooks such as the DMA Debug API are either enabled or disabled at compile time. Both of these options require a new kernel to be compiled and installed. The dynamic debug feature eliminates the need for a recompile, however the debug code is compiled in with a conditional variable that controls whether or not the debug message gets printed. It helps that the messages can be enabled at run-time, however, the conditional code is executed at run-time to determine if the message needs to be printed. Tracepoint code on the otherhand can be triggered to be included at run-time only when the tracepoint is enabled. In other words, tracepoint code is different in that, it is inactive unless it is enabled. When it is enabled, code is modified to include the tracepoint code. It doesn't add any conditional logic overhead to determine whether or not to generate a trace message. + +Please read [Tips on how to implement good tracepoint code][4] for more insight into how tracing works. + +### Tracepoint mechanism ### + +The tracepoints use jump-labels which is a code modification of a branch. + +When it is disabled, the code path looks like: + + [ code ] + nop + back: + [ code ] + return; + tracepoint: + [ tracepoint code ] + jmp back; + +When it is enabled, the code path looks like: (notice how the tracepoint code appears in the code path below) + + [ code ] + jmp tracepoint + back: + [ code ] + return; + tracepoint: + [ tracepoint code ] + jmp back; + +### Linux PM Sub-system Testing ### + +Using debug, dynamic debug, and tracing, let's run a few suspend to disk PM tests. When system is suspended, kernel creates hibernation image on disk, suspends and uses the image to restore the systerm state at resume time. + +Enable logging time it takes to suspend and resume each device + + echo 1 > /sys/power/pm_print_times + +Run suspend to disk test in reboot mode + + echo reboot > /sys/power/disk + echo disk > /sys/power/state + +Run suspend to disk test in shutdown mode - same as reboot, except requires powering on to resume + + echo shutdown > /sys/power/disk + echo disk > /sys/power/state + +Run suspend to disk test in platform mode - more extensive and tests BIOS suspend and resume paths e.g: ACPI methods will be invoked. This is the recommended mode for hibernation so BIOS is informed and aware of suspend/resume action. + + echo platform > /sys/power/disk + echo disk > /sys/power/state + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via:http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,3 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://autotest.github.io/ +[2]:https://github.com/autotest/autotest/wiki/WhitePaper +[3]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/sites/events/files/slides/Shuah_Khan_dma_map_error.pdf +[4]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/july-2013-linux-kernel-news \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..010200bfc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging +================================================================================ +### Linux PM Sub-system Testing in Simulation Mode ### + +The Linux PM sub-system provides five PM test modes to test hibernation in a simulated mode. These modes allow exercising the hibernation code in various layers of the kernel without actually suspending the system. This is useful when there is a concern that suspend might not work on a specific platform and help detect errors in a simulation similar to simulating flying a plane, so to speak. + +freezer - test the freezing of processes + + echo freezer > /sys/power/pm_test + echo platform > /sys/power/disk + echo disk > /sys/power/state + +devices - test the freezing of processes and suspending of devices + + echo devices > /sys/power/pm_test + echo platform > /sys/power/disk + echo disk > /sys/power/state + +platform - test the freezing of processes, suspending of devices and platform global control methods(*) + + echo platform > /sys/power/pm_test + echo platform > /sys/power/disk + echo disk > /sys/power/state + +processors - test the freezing of processes, suspending of devices, platform global control methods(*) and the disabling of non-boot CPUs + + echo processors > /sys/power/pm_test + echo platform > /sys/power/disk + echo disk > /sys/power/state + +core - test the freezing of processes, suspending of devices, platform global control methods, the disabling of non-boot CPUs and suspending of platform/system devices. Note: this mode is tested on ACPI systems. + + echo core > /sys/power/pm_test + echo platform > /sys/power/disk + echo disk > /sys/power/state + +### Linux PM Sub-system Trace Events ### + +PM sub-system supports several tracepoints and trace events that can be enabled to trigger during run-time. I will give an overview on how to enable couple of these trace events and where to find the trace information they generate: + +Enabling PM events at run-time: + + cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/power + echo 1 > cpu_frequency/enable + cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/set_event + less /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace + +Enabling events at boot-time kernel trace parameter with a kernel boot option: + + trace_event=cpu_frequency + +For more information on Linux PM testing, please consult the Documentation/power/basic-pm-debugging.txt and other documents in the same directory. + +### git bisect ### + +git bisect is an invaluable and powerful tool to isolate an offending commit. I will go over very basic git bisect steps. + +This is how the process works: + + git bisect start + git bisect bad # Current version is bad + git bisect good v3.14-rc6 # last good version + +Once, one bad and one good version are specified, git bisect will start bisecting by pulling in commits between the good version and the bad. Once a set of commits are pulled in, compile the kernel, install, test, and tag the version good or bad. This process repeats until the selected commits are tested and tagged as good or bad. There can be several kernel versions to test. When the last version is tested, git bisect will flag a commit that is bad. The following useful git-bisect command can aid in using git-bisect process: + +See step by step bisect progress + + git bisect log + +Reset git bisect can be used in case of mistakes in tagging, save git log output and replay prior to reset + + git bisect reset + +Replay a git-bisect log + + git bisect replay git_log_output + +git bisect can be run on a section of kernel source tree if the problem is clearly in that area. For example, when debugging a problem in radeon driver, running git bisect on drivers/drm/radeon will limit the scope of bisect to just the commits to drivers/drm/radeon driver. + +Start git bisect on a section of a kernel tree + + git bisect start drivers/drm/radeon + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,4 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4d7c8de77f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md @@ -0,0 +1,125 @@ +Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging +================================================================================ +### Linux Kernel Patch Testing ### + +Are you try your hands on writing a kernel patch? This section will go over how to test a new patch before sending it to the Linux mailing list. Further more, we will also talk about how to send it. +Once the code is ready, compile it. Save the make output to a file to see if the new code introduced any new warnings. Address warnings, if any. Once the code compiles cleanly, install the compiled kernel and boot test. If it boots successfully, make sure there are no new errors in the dmesg, comparing it with the previous kernel dmesg. Run a few usage and stress tests. Please refer to the testing content we discussed earlier in this paper. If the patch is for fixing a specific bug, make sure the patch indeed fixes the bug. If the patch fixes the problem, make sure, other module regression tests pass. Identify regression tests for the patched module and run them. When a patch touches other architectures, cross-compile build testing is recommended. Please check the following in the source git as a reference to identify tests. + +- linux_git/Documentation +- linux_git/tools/testing +- Cross-compiling reference: [Cross-compiling Linux Kernels on x86_64: A tutorial on How to Get Started][1] + +Once you are satisfied with the patch testing, it is time to commit the change and generate the patch. Make sure the commit message describes the change made very clearly. It is important that the maintainer and other developers can understand what this change is all about. Once patch is ready, run scripts/checkpatch.pl on the generated patch. Address checkpatch errors and/or warnings, if any. Regenerate and repeat until the patch passes the checkpatch test. Unless the checkpatch errors are minor whitespace type, re-test the patch. Apply the patch to another instance of the kernel git to make sure patch applies cleanly. + +Now you are ready to send the patch. Please run the scripts/get_maintainer.pl to identify whom the patch should be sent to. Please remember that the patch needs to be sent as a plain text, not as an attachment. Please make sure your email client can send plain text messages. Email the patch to yourself to test your client settings. Run checkpatch and apply the received patch. If these two steps pass, then you are ready to send the patch to the Linux Kernel Mailing List. git send-email is the safest way to send patches to avoid email client complications. Please make sure your .gitconfig includes sendemail with a valid smtpserver. Please consult git manpage for details. + +Please refer to the following documentation in the kernel sources for rules and guidelines on sending patches: + +- linux_git/Documentation/applying-patches.txt +- linux_git/Documentation/SubmitChecklist +- linux_git/Documentation/SubmittingDrivers +- linux_git/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +- linux_git/Documentation/stable_kernel_rules.txt +- linux_git/Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt + +The following is a list of additional testing guides and resources: + +- [USB Testing on Linux][2] +- [Linux Kernel Tester's Guide Chapter2][3] +- [Linux Kernel Tester's Guide][4] +- [Testing resources at eLinux.org][5] +- [eLinux Debugging Portal][6] + +### Kernel test suites and projects ### + +In addition to the testing resources we discussed so far, there are projects both open source and initiated by hardware vendors that are worth a mention. Each of these projects focus on specific areas of the kernel and in some cases a specific space such as, embedded or enterprise where the kernel is used. We will look at a few in this section. + +[Linux Test Project][7] (LTP) test suite is a collection of tools to test reliability, robustness, and stability of Linux kernel and related features. This test suite can be customized by adding new tests and the LTP project welcomes contributions. runltp script tests the following sub-systems by default: + +- filesystem stress tests +- disk I/O tests +- memory management stress tests +- ipc stress +- scheduler tests +- commands functional verification tests +- system call functional verification tests + +[**LTP-DDT**][8] is an LTP based test application wth a reduced focus to test embedded device drivers. + +[**Linux Driver Verification**][9] project's goals are to improve the quality of Linux device drivers, develop an integrated platform for device drivers verification, and adopt latest research outcome to enhance quality of verification tools. + +### Compliance Testing ### + +If you ever had to port applications from one Unix variant to another, you would understand the importance of the [Linux Standard Base (LSB)][10] and LSB compliance test suite. The LSB is a Linux Foundation workgroup created to reduce the costs of supporting Linux platform, by reducing the differences between various Linux distributions and ensuring application portability between distributions. If anything, divergence in the Unix world taught us that it is vital to avoid it in the Linux world. This is exactly the reason why you can take an rpm convert it to deb and install and run it, and how sweet is that. + +### Static Analysis and Tools ### + +Static analysis tools analyze the code without executing it, hence the name static analysis. There are a couple of static analysis tools that are sepcifically written for analyzing the Linux kernel code base. Sparse is a static type-checking program written specifically for the Linux kernel, by Linus Torvalds. Sparse is a semantic parser. It creates a sematic prase tree to validate C semantics. It performs lazy type evaluation. Kernel build system has support for sparse and provides a make option to compile the kernel with sparse checking enabled. + +Run sparse on all kernel C files that would get re-compiled: + + make C=1 allmodconfig + +Run sparse on all kernel C files even when they don't need a re-compile: + + make C=2 allmodconfig + +Sparse resources: + +- [Sparse Archive][11] +- [Sparse How To][12] + +Smatch analyzes source to detect programming logic errors. It can detect logic errors such as, attempts to unlock already unlocked spinlock. It is actively used to detect logic errors in the Linux kernel sources. + +Run smatch on Linux kernel: + + make CHECK="~/path/to/smatch/smatch -p=kernel" C=1 bzImage modules | tee warns.txt + +Please follow instructions on how to get smatch from smatch git repo and compile. Smatch is work in progress, instructions keep changing. + +- [**Smatch**][12] + +So what do we do about all of these semantic and logic problems found by Sparse and Smatch? Some of these problems are isolated to a routine and/or a module which can be fixed easily. However, some of these semantic issues are global in nature due to cut and paste of code. In some cases when interfaces get obsoleted or changed slightly, a mass change to update several source files becomes necessary. This is where Coccinelle comes in to rescue. Coccinelle is a program matching and transformation engine which provides the language SmPL (Semantic Patch Language) for specifying desired matches and transformations in C code. Coccinelle was initially targeted towards performing collateral evolutions in Linux. + +For example, foo(int) interfaces changes to foo(int, char \*) with an optional second input parameter which can be a null. All usages of foo() will need to be updated to the new convention, which will be a very laborious task. Using Cocinelle, this task becomes easier with a script that looks for all instances of foo(parameter1) and replacing them with foo(parameter1, NULL). Once this task is done, all instances of foo() can be examined to see if passing in NULL value for parameter2 is a good assumption. For more information on Cocinelle and how it is used in fixing problems in various projects including the Linux kernel, please refer to the project page: [**Cocinelle**][13] + +### References ### + +We covered a lot of ground in this paper. I leave you with a few references for further reading on the topics we discussed. + +- [KernelHacking][14] +- [kernel Documentation][15] +- [Linux Device Drivers, Third Edition][16] +- [Dynamic Event Tracing in Linux Kernel][17] +- [Kernel Testing: Tool and Techniques][18] + +### Acknowledgements ### + +I would like to thank Khalid Aziz, Oracle for his review, proof reading, and valuable suggestions for improvement. My special thanks to Mauro Chehab, Samsung and Guy Martin, Samsung for their review and feedback at various stages of writing this paper. I would like to extend my thanks to Greg Kroah-Hartman, Linux Foundation for his review. My special thanks to Ibrahim Haddad, Samsung for his support and encouragement without which, I would probably have never set out to write this paper in the first place. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,5 + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/sites/events/files/slides/Shuah_Khan_cross_compile_linux.pdf +[2]:http://www.linux-usb.org/usbtest/ +[3]:http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_Kernel_Tester%27s_Guide_Chapter2 +[4]:http://www.kerneltravel.net/downloads/tester_guide.pdf +[5]:http://elinux.org/Test_Systems +[6]:http://elinux.org/Debugging_Portal +[7]:http://ltp.sourceforge.net/documentation/how-to/ltp.php +[8]:http://processors.wiki.ti.com/index.php/LTP-DDT +[9]:http://linuxtesting.org/project/ldv +[10]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/lsb +[11]:http://codemonkey.org.uk/projects/git-snapshots/sparse/ +[12]:http://smatch.sourceforge.net/ +[13]:http://coccinelle.lip6.fr/ +[14]:http://kernelnewbies.org/KernelHacking +[15]:http://kernelnewbies.org/Documents +[16]:http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/ +[17]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/slides/lfcs2010_hiramatsu.pdf +[18]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/images/stories/slides/elc2013_porter.pdf \ No newline at end of file From c31f7669405587e9face886ae3b475ccf73ca0ea Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 18 Jul 2014 17:41:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 606/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140718-4=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= =?UTF-8?q?=E5=9C=A8=E6=9C=80=E5=90=8E=E4=B8=80=E9=A1=B5=E8=A1=A5=E5=85=85?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BD=9C=E8=80=85=E4=BF=A1=E6=81=AF?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md | 15 ++++++++++++++- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md index 4d7c8de77f..235c02463f 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md @@ -97,6 +97,18 @@ We covered a lot of ground in this paper. I leave you with a few references for I would like to thank Khalid Aziz, Oracle for his review, proof reading, and valuable suggestions for improvement. My special thanks to Mauro Chehab, Samsung and Guy Martin, Samsung for their review and feedback at various stages of writing this paper. I would like to extend my thanks to Greg Kroah-Hartman, Linux Foundation for his review. My special thanks to Ibrahim Haddad, Samsung for his support and encouragement without which, I would probably have never set out to write this paper in the first place. +---------- + +![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/pictures/picture-1088573.jpg) + +Author:[Shuah Khan][a] + +Shuah Khan is a Senior Linux Kernel Developer at Samsung's Open Source Group. +She is a Linux Kernel Contributor who focuses on IOMMU, DMA, Linux Power +Management, and PCIe, in addition to helping with stable release kernel +maintenance testing and bug fixes. Shuah has several years of Unix kernel +development experience. She has also contributed to OpenHPI, and LLDP projects. + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,5 @@ -122,4 +134,5 @@ via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page [15]:http://kernelnewbies.org/Documents [16]:http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/ [17]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/slides/lfcs2010_hiramatsu.pdf -[18]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/images/stories/slides/elc2013_porter.pdf \ No newline at end of file +[18]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/images/stories/slides/elc2013_porter.pdf +[a]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/users/shuah-khan \ No newline at end of file From fb78bddff7c028dc97400f4ceee87849e65b7415 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 19 Jul 2014 21:51:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 607/713] PUB:20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity @Love-xuan --- ...630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md | 35 +++++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md (56%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md b/published/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md similarity index 56% rename from translated/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md rename to published/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md index 3a7a19690b..9c05b5486b 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md +++ b/published/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md @@ -1,19 +1,27 @@ - Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: 定制 Unity +Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: 定制 Unity ================================================================================ -虽然Unity桌面管理器自从伴随 Ubuntu 11.01首次发布以来表现出了强劲的性能，并在可用性上迈进了一大步，但是有人对自定义其外观和行为所带的限制感到反感。我们马上就去看看如何自定义Unity，让你重拾自己掌控桌面的感觉。 +虽然Unity桌面管理器自从伴随 Ubuntu 11.01首次发布以来表现出了强劲的性能，并在可用性上迈进了一大步，但是有人对自定义其外观和行为所带的限制感到反感。我们现在来看看如何自定义Unity，让你重拾自己掌控桌面的感觉。 + ### Unity中的可用定制项目 ### 在ubuntu 14.04中，Unity 有一些以前没有的可定制项。登入你的 Unity，进入“设置”并选择“显示”，你将看到以下画面： ![Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Display and Unity Settings](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/unitysettings.png) + Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 显示和 Unity 设置 -你看到的大多数项目相比Ubuntu 11.01 中所采用的都是新的，而且一些相比较最近的Ubuntu 版本Ubuntu13.10也是新的。从Ubuntu13.10开始，Ubuntu加入了可以改变菜单栏和标题栏大小的新特性。 -Unity中所特有的一个特性是我们能够打开或者关闭的“粘性边缘”功能，它能让你的鼠标停止在多显示器组的每个屏幕的边缘，它使光标暂时停在边缘，仿佛是鼠标卡住了一样，我们可以选择关闭它。 +你看到的大多数项目相比 Ubuntu 11.01 而言都是新的，而且一些相比较上一个版本的 Ubuntu13.10 也是新的。从Ubuntu13.10开始，Ubuntu加入了可以改变菜单栏和标题栏大小的新特性。 + +Unity中所特有的一个特性是我们能够打开或者关闭的“粘性边缘”功能，它能让你的鼠标停止在多显示器组的每个屏幕的边缘，它使光标暂时停在边缘，仿佛是鼠标卡住了一样，我们可以选择关闭它。（LCTT译注，其实我觉得挺有用的，可以避免无意中切换到其他工作桌面，不要关闭） + 在“设置”中选择“外观”选项，可以看到如下画面。 + ![Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Appearance and Unity Settings](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/unityappearance.png) - Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 显示和Unity设置 -这里我们可以看到对于 Unity 启动器栏被要求最多的选项-能够改变启动器大小的特性。虽然在Ubuntu 11.10及以后的各种版本中可以通过多种方法实现这个特性，但将其放入外观设置中使其显得更加正式。我喜欢它能将启动器图标缩小直至16号的功能（我们接下来所要谈论的工具仅能支持最小调至24号）。 + +Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 显示和Unity设置 + +这里我们可以看到一个人们最渴望在 Unity 启动器栏中包含的功能-能够改变启动器大小。虽然在Ubuntu 11.10及以后的各种版本中可以通过多种方法实现这个特性，但将其放入外观设置中使其显得更加正式。我喜欢它能将启动器图标缩小直至16的功能（我们接下来所要讲到的工具仅能支持最小调至24）。 + ### Unity Tweak Tool-强大! ### 在Unity首次伴随Ubuntu 11.10发布的几天之内这款工具就跟着出现了，只是你得大费周折去自己把它安装好而且在Unity升级时它可能会损坏。 @@ -25,21 +33,26 @@ Unity中所特有的一个特性是我们能够打开或者关闭的“粘性边 安装好，启动后你将看到如下画面： ![Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Official Unity Tweak Tool](https://linuxacademy.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/unitytweaktool.png) - 正式的Unity Tweak Tool -这款工具集中大量的Unity桌面定制项目于一体。这些定制项大多能通过默认的Unity设置，命令行操作或者是编辑有时候很难寻找的配置文件来实现。 +正式的Unity Tweak Tool + +这款工具它集大量Unity桌面定制项目于一体。这些定制项大多能通过默认的Unity设置，命令行操作或者是即使是编辑有时候也很难寻找到的配置文件来实现。 我们可以改变启动器栏，网页小程序和面板的行为，可以在Unity菜单中搜索等等。所有的都通过着一个工具来实现。花些时间去挖掘适合你的选项-Unity Tweak Tool-学习它，和它一起生活，爱上它（如果你使用Unity，这是起码的） ### 结尾的一些想法 ### -Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 越来越向成为Linux Desktop迈进，（Canonical，对不起，你还是Linux），Linux Desktop不仅可以作为非正式的Linux使用者（的确有这样的事）的选择，也适用于骨灰级linux专家。 -那现在相比较于不借助工具，公共程序或是进行在随后的更新中可能损坏的配置文件编辑的Unity桌面我们就拥有了更多的控制权，Unity桌面性能强劲可靠，又通过Unity Tweak Tool加入一些风味元素，使得它的外观也酷极了!!!请给我们你的想法或者点击链接发表你对Unity桌面的评论，我们将有兴趣知道你是如何使用Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 的。 +Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 越来越被人们视作Linux上的典型的Desktop，（对不起，Canonical，你还没有摆脱Linux身份），Linux Desktop不仅可以作为偶尔使用Linux的那些人（的确有这样的事）的选择，也适用于骨灰级linux专家。 + +比之前没有工具，功能可以定制，或是通过配置文件修改定制但是有可能被之后个更新所破坏，现在对于Unity桌面我们就拥有了更多的控制权。Unity桌面性能强劲可靠，又通过Unity Tweak Tool加入一些特色元素，使得它的外观也酷极了!!! + +请给我们你的想法或者点击链接发表你对Unity桌面的评论，我们将有兴趣知道你是如何使用Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 的。 ---------- #### Terrence T. Cox #### + 开发者，Linux倡导者，开源爱好者。 进入这个技术领域很久，被认为经验丰富，但从未感到厌倦。 [Twitter][1] @@ -47,7 +60,7 @@ Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 越来越向成为Linux Desktop迈进，（Canonical，对不 via: https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-lts-customizing-unity/ -译者：[Love-xuan](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Love-xuan](https://github.com/Love-xuan) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From bd719e93161bdde7ff68dc70613ee1afd37ffb36 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sat, 19 Jul 2014 23:06:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 608/713] PUB:20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle @bazz2 --- ...6 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md | 18 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md (78%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md b/published/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md similarity index 78% rename from translated/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md rename to published/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md index 991a62e597..1246d99f7d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md +++ b/published/20140616 Managing Vim extensions with NeoBundle.md @@ -2,9 +2,9 @@ ================================================================================ [NeoBundle][1] 是一个 [Vim][2] 的插件管理器，以 [Vundle][3] 为基础（Vundle 是一个基于 [Pathogen][4] 的 Vim 插件管理器）。在之前的文章中，我[非常不推荐使用 Neobundle][5]，原因是它当时还处于高速开发阶段（LCTT：意味着不稳定、变数大），并且当时它的英文文档很少。现在，已经过了一年多了，这两个问题都早已不再是问题。 -我们为什么要使用插件管理器？Vim 支持大量插件，但是由于它没有严格定义框架，插件的文件可以胡乱分布在不同目录下，导致用户管理起来会很困难（LCTT：当然，前提是你有很多插件，还有点小小的强迫症，觉得理一理这些插件心里会舒服点）。而一款插件管理器能让管理变得简单许多。Pathogen, Vundle 和 NeoBundle 的工作就是为不同插件建立一个目录，然后将这些目录扔到 ~/.vim/bundle 目录下。这个文件整理方法可以让你方便彻底地删除插件，使用 'rm -rf <插件目录>' 或直接 'Ctrl + Del' 组合键把插件所在的目录删除就可以了，绝对绿色环保无残留。同时，这种方法还能最大程度避免插件与插件之间的不兼容性。 +我们为什么要使用插件管理器？Vim 支持大量插件，但是由于它没有严格定义框架，插件的文件可以胡乱分布在不同目录下，导致用户管理起来会很困难（LCTT：当然，前提是你有很多插件，还有点小小的强迫症，觉得理一理这些插件心里会舒服点）。而一款插件管理器能让管理变得简单许多。Pathogen, Vundle 和 NeoBundle 的工作就是为不同插件建立一个目录，然后将这些目录扔到 ~/.vim/bundle 目录下。这个文件整理方法可以让你方便彻底地删除插件，使用 'rm -rf <插件目录>' 或直接在文件管理器里面把插件所在的目录删除就可以了，绝对绿色环保无残留。同时，这种方法还能最大程度避免插件与插件之间的不兼容性。 -NeoBundle 是一个基于 Vundle 的项目，如同 Vundle，它们都可以安装和升级插件。然而 NeoBundle 的说明文件上明确指出：“NeoBundle 不是一个稳定的插件管理器，如果你想要一个稳定的，请选择 Vundle”。最新的 release-note 上也有警“可能会造成兼容性问题”——这是一个开发者写的注解，说明这个管理器还不能让人放心使用。 +NeoBundle 是一个基于 Vundle 的项目，如同 Vundle，它们都可以安装和升级插件。然而 NeoBundle 的说明文件上明确指出：“NeoBundle 不是一个稳定的插件管理器，如果你想要一个稳定的，请选择 Vundle”。最新的 release-note 上也有警告“可能会造成兼容性问题”——这是一个开发者写的注解，说明这个管理器还不能让人放心使用。 所以，我们为什么要使用 NeoBundle？它都不能保证稳定运行！好吧，它还是有可取之处的。Vundle 只支持 [Git][6] 这种版本控制系统，而 NeoBundle 可以支持 [Subversion][7] 和 [Mercurial][8]。另一个原因是如果你不想插件升级时破坏你的 Vim 生态环境，你可以锁住 NeoBundle，让它只使用某个插件的固定版本。 @@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ NeoBundle 是一个基于 Vundle 的项目，如同 Vundle，它们都可以安 ### 安装并初始化 NeoBundle ### -NeoBundle 依赖 Vim 7.2.051 或更高版本，依赖 git，依赖 [cURL][12]（用于下载文件）。你可以手动下载 NeoBundle，也可以使用 cURL 下载它在 GitHub 上的库。在你的 home 目录下使用如下命令，可以将 NeoBundle 插件下载到 .vim/bundle/neobundle.vim 目录里，然后 NeoBundle 就能管理它自己了。 +NeoBundle 支持 Vim 7.2.051 或更高版本，需要 git 和 [cURL][12]（用于下载文件）。你可以手动下载 NeoBundle，也可以使用 cURL 下载它在 GitHub 上的库。在你的 home 目录下使用如下命令，可以将 NeoBundle 插件下载到 .vim/bundle/neobundle.vim 目录里，然后 NeoBundle 就能管理它自己了。 curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/Shougo/neobundle.vim/master/bin/install.sh | sh -你还需要修改 .vimrc 文件。NeoBundle 的 GitHub 主页提供一个 .vimrc 范本，使用这个范本后，NeoBundle 会为你下载5个插件。如果不需要它们，你可以使用下面的最小配置： +你还需要修改 .vimrc 文件。NeoBundle 的 GitHub 主页提供一个 .vimrc 范本，但是直接使用这个范本，NeoBundle 需要你安装5个可能不需要插件。如果不需要它们，你可以使用下面的最小配置： if has('vim_starting') set nocompatible @@ -40,17 +40,17 @@ NeoBundle 依赖 Vim 7.2.051 或更高版本，依赖 git，依赖 [cURL][12]（ NeoBundle 'tpope/vim-abolish' -再介绍一个小技巧：你可以为插件指定一个分支或版本号。什么意思？NeoBundle 只会关注这个插件的某个分支或版本的更新，而忽略其他更新。如果你使用的某个插件处于高速开发过程，你就可以使用这个技巧，避免用到有 bug 的插件版本。举个例子： +再介绍一个小技巧：你可以为插件指定一个分支或版本号。什么意思？NeoBundle 只会使用这个插件的某个分支或版本，而忽略其版本更新。如果你使用的某个插件处于高速开发过程，你就可以使用这个技巧，避免用到有 bug 的插件版本。举个例子： NeoBundle 'Shougo/vimshell', { 'rev' : '3787e5' } -还有一个技巧：在 .vimtc 文件内添加一行关于“NeoBundleCheck”的属性。NeoBundle 会检查被卸载的插件，并提示你安装它们。你也可以使用命令“:NeoBundleInstall”（LCTT：这是要在 Vim 编辑器的命令模式下输入）来安装或升级插件。 +还有一个技巧：在 .vimtc 文件内添加一行关于“NeoBundleCheck”的属性。NeoBundle 会根据配置检查没安装的插件，并提示你安装它们。你也可以使用命令“:NeoBundleInstall”（LCTT：这是要在 Vim 编辑器的命令模式下输入）来安装或升级插件。 ### NeoBundle 用法 ### 很多 NeoBundle 命令用起来和 Vundle 类似，但命令的名字不一样。下面是 NeoBundle 命令的用法： -- `:NeoBundleUpdate`：安装或升级插件，如果你手动把一个插件的目录删除了，这个命令会重新安装这个插件。在这个命令后面加上插件名称，就只升级一个插件；不加参数，会将所有己安装但没被记录在案的插件给记录下来。“:NeoBundleInstall”命令效果相同。 +- `:NeoBundleUpdate`：安装或升级插件，如果你手动把一个插件的目录删除了，这个命令会重新安装这个插件。在这个命令后面加上插件名称，就只升级一个插件；不加参数，会将所有己安装但没被记录在案的插件给记录下来。`:NeoBundleInstall` 命令效果相同。 - `:NeoBundle {REPOSITORY URI} [[REVISION}] [,OPTIONS}]]`：将一个插件锁定到固定版本，防止胡乱升级。 - `:NeoBundleList`：列出所有未初始化的插件。 - `:NeoBundleClean`：进入交互界面，删除插件。 @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ NeoBundle 依赖 Vim 7.2.051 或更高版本，依赖 git，依赖 [cURL][12]（ ### 是否使用 NeoBundle，自己决定 ### -NeoBundle 是强大的工具，正处于高速开发状态。任何处于这种状态的项目，都会被帖上“有前途”和“不稳定”两个标签，看你自己怎么选。如果你想要最新的稳定版本的插件，NeoBundle 可以让 Vundle 和 Pathogen 永远保持在老界面。 +NeoBundle 是强大的工具，正处于高速开发状态。任何处于这种状态的项目，都会被帖上“有前途”和“不稳定”两个标签，看你自己怎么选。如果你想要最新的稳定版本的插件，NeoBundle 能够把 Vundle 和 Pathogen 甩出几条街。 然而在线帮助文档已经给出警告，它不是个稳定的产品，不及时更新版本可能造成一些插件运行出错。最后，你需要在 .vimrc 文件为你的 Neoundle 和其他插件指定一个稳定的版本。记住这警告，然后你可以在使用这些尖端技术产品时游刃有余。 @@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ NeoBundle 是强大的工具，正处于高速开发状态。任何处于这种 via: http://www.openlogic.com/wazi/bid/348084/Managing-Vim-extensions-with-NeoBundle -译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d2fd577790be7c020880650e13e1c157ba4c0c2d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cvsher <478990879@qq.com> Date: Sun, 20 Jul 2014 12:08:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 609/713] Update 20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md --- ...bleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md b/sources/tech/20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md index d7137f39e4..30cb653e3e 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +Translating by cvsher + 7 ‘dmesg’ Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems ================================================================================ The ‘dmesg‘ command displays the messages from the kernel ring buffer. A system passes multiple runlevel from where we can get lot of information like system architecture, cpu, attached device, RAM etc. When computer boots up, a kernel (core of an operating system) is loaded into memory. During that period number of messages are being displayed where we can see hardware devices detected by kernel. @@ -194,4 +196,4 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/dmesg-commands/ [1]:http://www.tecmint.com/12-practical-examples-of-linux-grep-command/ [t]:http://twitter.com/@nrdshrestha [f]:http://facebook.com/narad.shrestha.9 -[g]:http://plus.google.com/104542109955805873615?rel=author \ No newline at end of file +[g]:http://plus.google.com/104542109955805873615?rel=author From b5605909e5ae263adf616e0658689076b5abd386 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kaiyao <1250471161@qq.com> Date: Sun, 20 Jul 2014 16:30:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 610/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=90=8C=E6=AD=A5LCTT?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ow to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md b/sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md index 857c6ea5b2..a2305df5ee 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md @@ -114,4 +114,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/analyze-squid-logs-sarg-log-analyzer-centos.html [1]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/squid-transparent-web-proxy-centos-rhel.html [w]:http://amar-linux.blogspot.com/ [t]:http://twitter.com/SarmedRahman -[l]:http://www.linkedin.com/in/sarmedrahman \ No newline at end of file +[l]:http://www.linkedin.com/in/sarmedrahman From 9a2de66f5316f7501ef09a2ca4bcb5b0cd450a90 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kaiyao <1250471161@qq.com> Date: Sun, 20 Jul 2014 16:35:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 611/713] =?UTF-8?q?[su-kaiyao]=20=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md b/sources/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md index 062b9565d6..e716694b8b 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md +++ b/sources/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +[su-kaiyao]翻译中 + Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download ================================================================================ ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Git-2-0-2-Version-Control-System-Now-Available-for-Download-451147-2.jpg) @@ -29,4 +31,4 @@ via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Git-2-0-2-Version-Control-System-Now-Availab [1]:https://github.com/git/git/blob/master/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.2.txt [2]:https://github.com/git/git/archive/v2.0.2.tar.gz [3]:http://git-scm.com/download/linux -[4]:http://git-scm.com/download/linux \ No newline at end of file +[4]:http://git-scm.com/download/linux From 31365489467ed471df093295f1beea96fecea741 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 20 Jul 2014 17:37:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 612/713] PUB:Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @zpl1025 这篇好长，也比较难翻译，你翻译的很好，辛苦啦！ --- ...We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md | 32 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md (92%) diff --git a/translated/talk/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md b/published/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md similarity index 92% rename from translated/talk/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md rename to published/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md index 83d6ff53cc..5953df559e 100644 --- a/translated/talk/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md +++ b/published/Raspberry Pi s Eben Upton--How We're Turning Everyone Into DIY Hackers.md @@ -1,7 +1,8 @@ -来自树莓派的Eben Upton：我们是怎么让大家都成为DIY黑客的。 +树莓派的联合创始人访谈——我们是怎么让大家都成为DIY黑客的 ================================================================================ > 请记住它是为喜欢折腾的人准备的只要35美元的计算机 +![](http://a2.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fill,h_900,q_70,w_1600/MTIyMjkzMzI3NjMzNjA3OTYx.jpg) 我永远不会忘记我第一次看到树莓派的情形。那个小巧的，信用卡大小的计算机，性能却足够强劲，可以作为一般家用PC，媒体中心，电视游戏机，或是其他任何你能够想像的东西。只有35美元的价格，它是任何年龄段的动手爱好者都可以拥有的小东西，可以在上面捣腾硬件和软件试验，而不用担心会弄坏昂贵的家庭电脑。 [Eben Upton][1]，是树莓派基金会的共同创始人，通常被誉为这个神奇机器背后的魔法师。在剑桥大学的计算机实验室攻读哲学博士学位的时候，他费尽苦心地手工打造了树莓派的原型机。 @@ -14,17 +15,17 @@ ReadWrite网: 一开始是什么让你对技术这么感兴趣？它又是如何 **Eben Upton**: 在我还是孩子的时候就开始对技术感兴趣了。我有个对工程技术有很大兴趣的父亲，他自己不是工程师，而是一个英语老师。我们的房子里经常到处堆着各种电子器件，在还不知道这些东西是干嘛的时候，我就开始摆弄了。都是些小玩意，比如在床头装个灯，在“关灯”后还可以继续看书之类的。 -![](http://readwrite.com/files/raspberry%20pi%20black-and-white%20flickr%20johan%20larsson.jpg) +![](http://a5.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,q_80,w_630/MTIyMzAxOTQxOTk1ODI2NDU3.jpg) 之后我有了一台计算机。在英国，我们把这种机器叫做[BBC微计算机][2]，实际上是8位单片机，做教学用的。我们在学校的时候接触到这种机器，我之后就学会了编程，而且还蛮喜欢的。 这些机器在学校里并不一定是用来编程的，或者说他们根本不是用来编程的，一般都运行教学软件。但是我却给它编程，之后我还买了一台回家，在我买了这台BBC微机后，我就泡在了房间里，再没出来过。[笑] -编程对于小孩来说太神奇了。当你还是小孩的时候，并没有太多力量。没有听话的随从，反而身边有很多的限制。编程最伟大的地方在于，这是一个可以让你随喜所欲的小世界。而这当然让我无法抗拒。 +编程对于小孩来说太神奇了。当你还是小孩的时候，并没有太多力量。没有听话的随从，反而身边有很多的限制。编程最伟大的地方在于，这是一个可以让你随心所欲的小世界。而这当然让我无法抗拒。 -我一直都对科学和数学，以及硬科学学科感兴趣。我在我的BBC微机上做了大量的计算和编程，之后我拥有了一台Commodore Amiga。 +我一直都对科学和数学，以及理科感兴趣。我在我的BBC微机上做了大量的计算和编程，之后我拥有了一台Commodore Amiga。 -在大学里我学习了物理，工程和计算机科学。这是激发树莓派项目想法的原因，因为当我在学校呆了10年的时候[当时在读博士学位]，我发现那些新来的孩子们在他们小时候并没有机会获得这方面的经验。你也许仍然能拥有乐高玩具，但是问题是梯子。 +在大学里我学习了物理，工程和计算机科学。这是激发树莓派项目想法的原因，因为当我在学校呆了10年的时候[当时在读博士学位]，我发现那些新来的孩子们在他们小时候并没有机会获得这方面的经验。你也许仍然能拥有乐高玩具，但是它不是我们要的梯子。 在一定程度上我们把身后的梯子撤掉了。我们造出了这些非常复杂而且用户友好的计算机给小孩使用，或者不仅仅是计算机，还包括电视游戏机，电话和平板，以及一些家用电器。但是，人们却没有机会自己动手改一改。所以实际上，树莓派是回到最初的一种尝试，当然也不会过于原始，希望找到在过去25年里计算机发展中迷失掉的那种感觉。 @@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ ReadWrite网: 一开始是什么让你对技术这么感兴趣？它又是如何 另外一件麻烦事是募集资金。我们是非营利组织，所以我们得去找人赞助，而这最后都变成了董事会中的几个人自掏腰包。我们有25万美元的启动资金是从我和其他几个成员自己借的。所以我觉得，当初这样做还挺有勇气。 -![](http://readwrite.com/files/raspberry%20pi%20flickr%20clive%20darra.jpg) +![](http://a4.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,q_80,w_960/MTIyMzAxOTQzODc0ODgwMTAy.jpg) ### 从东方到西方 ### @@ -62,7 +63,7 @@ ReadWrite网: 一开始是什么让你对技术这么感兴趣？它又是如何 **EU:** 我们尝试过基于所谓的微控制器技术做了几台机器。不知道你有没有听过一个叫Arduino的[开源电子原型]平台？它们的性能跟Arduino是一个级别的，优点是很容易买到，是常用的元器件，非常便宜，也很容易掌握。 -![](http://readwrite.com/files/raspberry%20pi%20pibow%20flickr%20peet%20sneekes.jpg) +![](http://a2.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,q_80,w_630/MTIyMzAxOTQ1NzU0MDUzOTEz.jpg) 所以我们试了一下。最后的成品只能从技术上来说还是计算机，你可以把它接到电视机或其他显示设备上。但是，它太原始了，很明显不能吸引孩子们的兴趣。这个是一号原型机，它在爱尔兰一家博物馆的叫“失败”的展览中展出[笑]。我下个月会去看看。它现在被装载一个玻璃盒子里，作为一次辉煌失败的典型。 @@ -76,13 +77,13 @@ ReadWrite网: 一开始是什么让你对技术这么感兴趣？它又是如何 真正的突破是三号原型机。我们从Broadcom拿到了另一种应用了ARM处理器的芯片，可以直接运行标准Linux。我们意识到终于可以做出能够满足所有的需求的机器了，这就是我们推向市场的产品。 -### 黑黑下一代黑客 ### +### 黑一黑下一代黑客 ### **RW:** 八岁的孩子就开始用树莓派做项目了。这在你意料中吗，还是说让你意外了？ **EU:** 八岁是很好的年纪。我想每个人都会把自己开始编程的年龄定义成合适的年龄。我就是八岁开始编程的。某种程度上来说，孩子们所需要的只是年龄大到拥有相对完整的认知技能，或者说是解决问题的技能。也许在学校学一点数学就够了。 -![](http://readwrite.com/files/raspberry%20pi%20lego%20flickr%20luca%20sbardella.jpg) +![](http://a2.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,q_80,w_630/MTIyMzAxOTQ3MzY0NTQxMDMw.jpg) 年龄大到可以计划任务，编程就是终极的计划任务。还是得有一定的智力基础去做这个事情。八岁的时候，大多数孩子在自己的思维上已经非常成熟了。另外还需要敏捷的身手，对更小的孩子来说还存在一个问题就是，他们还不够灵巧去使用键盘。 @@ -118,9 +119,9 @@ ReadWrite网: 一开始是什么让你对技术这么感兴趣？它又是如何 **RW:** 你怎么看现在出现的主流硬件黑客文化？ -**EU:** 我觉得，这太美妙了，不是吗？这是在软件工程领域里完全无法想到的。我接触这些之前就有软件背景，所以，实际上人们用树莓派制作的多数很酷的东西都是硬件相关的，让我很惊讶。当然现在没那么吃惊了，不过一开始是有的。 +**EU:** 我觉得，这太美妙了，不是吗？这是在软件工程领域里完全无法想到的。我接触这些之前就有软件背景，所以，实际上人们用树莓派制作的大多数很酷的东西都是硬件相关的，让我很惊讶。当然现在没那么吃惊了，不过一开始是有的。 -![](http://readwrite.com/files/raspberry%20pi%20robot%20flickr%20ashley%20basil.jpg) +![](http://a3.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,q_80,w_630/MTIyMzAxOTQ5NTEyMDI0Njc4.jpg) 我认为这是非常积极的趋势，基于所有这些因素。因为它给孩子们带来了相关的经验。在我看来，在屏幕上移动一下像素还是很酷的，不过事实上，它没有像80年代那样酷了。我觉得，在现实世界里移动一些物体，比如机器人，对于现在的孩子来说是非常酷的。 @@ -152,11 +153,11 @@ ReadWrite网: 一开始是什么让你对技术这么感兴趣？它又是如何 显然，我们同时也必须做一点[硬件方面]的事情。我真的不知道具体在什么时候。如果到了2017，2018，我们还在销售树莓派B型的话，那也挺糟糕的。但是，我认为我们也许在一年后再认真考虑后面要做什么。 -**RW:** 很多人的项目同时用到了派和Arduino，一个DIY电子调试工具套件。你在设计派的时候，有考虑类似Arduino的工具吗？ +**RW:** 很多人的项目同时用到了派和Arduino（一个DIY电子调试工具套件）。你在设计派的时候，有考虑类似Arduino的工具吗？ **EU:** 实际上没有，但是我们很早就意识到，媒体可能会倾向于把我们和Arduino看作竞争者。对于这件事情我们有点多疑，我觉得，因为我认为派和Arduino分别处理不同的事情，而且他们都做得很好。 -我们并没有把它设计成配合Arduino工作，但是Arduino被设计成配合家用PC一起工作。所以，我们为Arduino制作了一台非常低功耗的家用PC。所以好吧，只是巧合，我猜。 +我们并没有把它设计成配合Arduino工作，但是Arduino被设计成配合家用PC一起工作。所以，我们实际上为Arduino制作了一台非常低功耗的家用PC。所以好吧，只是巧合，我猜。 **RW:** 你在家里用树莓派做什么？工作中呢？ @@ -169,13 +170,14 @@ ReadWrite网: 一开始是什么让你对技术这么感兴趣？它又是如何 不过，看到这么多的人喜欢它，看到它被出现在各种不同的地方，也是很开心的。我听说在《生活大爆炸》中提到了我们，我要去找找是哪一集。它出现在所有的这些不可思议的地方。真是非常开心，看到这么多人把它放在心上，开始用它做点事情。 承蒙树莓派基金会提供Eben Upton的图片； + 树莓派图片来自Flickr用户：[Johan Larsson][5], [Clive Darra][6], [Pete Sneekes][7], [Luca Sbardella][8]和[Ashley Basil][9] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -via: http://readwrite.com/2014/04/08/raspberry-pi-eben-upton-builders#awesm=~oBGnazhOCOfaUd +via: http://readwrite.com/2014/04/08/raspberry-pi-eben-upton-builders -译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0d6fd7bac47d453bba1fb533056d91995dc4a5ef Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 20 Jul 2014 17:39:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 613/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BF=AE=E6=AD=A3=E7=AC=94=E8=AF=AF?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- published/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/published/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md b/published/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md index 9c05b5486b..eb3726fe6f 100644 --- a/published/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md +++ b/published/20140630 Ubuntu 14.04 LTS--Customizing Unity.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: 定制 Unity ================================================================================ -虽然Unity桌面管理器自从伴随 Ubuntu 11.01首次发布以来表现出了强劲的性能，并在可用性上迈进了一大步，但是有人对自定义其外观和行为所带的限制感到反感。我们现在来看看如何自定义Unity，让你重拾自己掌控桌面的感觉。 +虽然Unity桌面管理器自从伴随 Ubuntu 11.10首次发布以来表现出了强劲的性能，并在可用性上迈进了一大步，但是有人对自定义其外观和行为所带的限制感到反感。我们现在来看看如何自定义Unity，让你重拾自己掌控桌面的感觉。 ### Unity中的可用定制项目 ### From 58d74cb8641a83dc96ad80ffbb7af02549ac425f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 20 Jul 2014 17:54:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 614/713] PUB:20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X) @geekpi --- ...reate sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md | 11 +++++------ 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md (57%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md b/published/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md similarity index 57% rename from translated/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md rename to published/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md index 795dd0e31b..00569b6586 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md +++ b/published/20140702 How to create sosreport in linux (RHEL 5.X or RHEL 6.X).md @@ -1,11 +1,10 @@ -如何在linux中创建sosreport（RHEL 5.X / RHEL 6.X） +如何用sosreport在Linux上创建诊断信息 ================================================================================ -**Sosreport**是linux中的一个命令**RHEL / CentOS**)，它会收集**系统配置**和你linux机器上如正在运行的内核版本、加载的模块和系统和服务配置文件之类的诊断信息。这个命令同样可以运行外部的程序来收集更多的信息，并存储这些输出到一个结论文档中。 +**Sosreport**是**RHEL / CentOS**上的一个命令，它会收集**系统配置**和你linux机器上的诊断信息，如正在运行的内核版本、加载的模块和系统和服务配置文件之类的信息。这个命令同样可以运行外部的程序来收集更多的信息，并存储这些输出到一个结论文档中。 Sosreport在你需要获得redhat的技术支持时需要它。Redhat的支持工程师会要求你服务器上的sosreport来用于故障排除。 -To run sosreport , **sos** package should be installed. Sos package is part of default installation in most of linux. If for any reason this package is no installed , then use below yum command to install **sos package** : -要运行sosreport，需要安装**sos** 包。Sos包是大多是linux的默认安装包中的一部分。如果有任何原因没有安装，那么运行下面的yum命令来安装**sos 包** : +要运行sosreport，需要安装**sos** 包。sos包是大多是linux的默认安装包中的一部分。如果因为某种原因没有安装，那么运行下面的yum命令来安装**sos 包** : # yum install sos @@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ To run sosreport , **sos** package should be installed. Sos package is part of d # sosreport -这条命令正常情况下会在**几分钟**里完成。根据本地配置，在某些情况下，某些选项可能需要更长的时间才能完成。一旦完成，sosreport将在**/ tmp目录**目录中生成压缩文件。不同版本使用不同的压缩方案（** gz，bz2，或xz**）。该文件应提供给红帽的支持代表（在开放的情况下通常作为附件）。 +这条命令正常情况下会在**几分钟**里完成。根据本地配置，在某些情况下，某些选项可能需要更长的时间才能完成。一旦完成，sosreport将在**/ tmp目录**目录中生成一个压缩文件。不同版本使用不同的压缩方案（** gz，bz2，或xz**）。该文件应提供给红帽的支持代表（在开放的情况下通常作为附件）。 **注意**：sosreport需要root权限才能运行。 @@ -38,6 +37,6 @@ sosreport命令有一个**模块化结构**，并允许用户启用和禁用模 via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/how-to-create-sosreport-in-linux/ -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file From 2d9679c66935fabac4da19b252f82872d1319db9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 20 Jul 2014 18:01:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 615/713] PUB:20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip] @JonathanKang --- ... Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md (91%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md b/published/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md similarity index 91% rename from translated/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md rename to published/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md index 7315301b06..48fae9f0be 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md +++ b/published/20140701 How To Add Multiple Timezones In Ubuntu 14.04 [Quick Tip].md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -如何在Ubuntu 14.04中添加多时区时间 [小技巧] +[小白技巧]如何在Ubuntu 14.04中添加多个时区时间 ================================================================================ 如果你需要和多时区时间打交道的话，你一定希望你的电脑时钟可以显示多个时区的时间。作为一个移居国外的人，我需要关注法国和印度的时间。在Ubuntu系统中，你可以进行简易的设置来添加多时区时间。 @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ ### 在Ubuntu 14.04系统中添加多时区时间 ### -打开系统设置（按下标有微软徽标的按键，在Dash中搜索“系统设置”），进入”时间&日期“选项。 +打开系统设置（按下标有微软徽标的按键，在Dash中搜索“系统设置”），进入“时间&日期”选项。 接下来，进入**时钟**标签页，找到**其他时区时间**选项，然后点击**选择地区**按钮。 @@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ ![multiple timezone displayed in Ubuntu 14.04](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Multiple_Timezones_display_Ubuntu.png) -好好的感受Ubuntu多时区时钟给你带来的便捷吧。:) +体验下Ubuntu多时区时钟给你带来的便捷吧。:) ---------- @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/add-multiple-timezones-ubuntu-1404/ -译者：[JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b7ecc7b5ae594dcdca9307e51f7279ab71df3d59 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kaiyao <1250471161@qq.com> Date: Sun, 20 Jul 2014 18:36:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 616/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ntrol System Now Available for Download.md | 34 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 34 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md diff --git a/translated/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md b/translated/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..519e5a0a79 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +Git 2.0.2版本控制系统现在可供下载使用了 +================================================================================================================================================== + +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Git-2-0-2-Version-Control-System-Now-Available-for-Download-451147-2.jpg) + +**Git 2.0.2，一个免费和开源的分布式版本控制系统，因其处理速度和效率的优势，它可以处理大大小小各种项目，如今已正式发布** + +新的Git 2.0.x分支保持着大释放的趋势，它整合了大量的改变和修正。最新一次更新可能只是维护的一个，但是它的功能特性的确有一些有趣的修改 + +根据开发者的描述："git submodule sync（git子模块的同步）"的文档中提到子命令可以采用"--recursive"（递归）的选项;在.gitignore中跟踪引用反斜杠的SPs的处理不当已经被纠正;对"git repack"命令的更新，将不再错误地复制那些被.keep标签标记的pack目录下的对象 + +还有，"git clone -b brefs/tags/bar"不再认为git遵循一个单一的标签，尽管它是一个分支的名称;"%G(G后面没有跟任何东西)"是一个无效的漂亮的格式说明符，现在的解析器不再对它进行解析;用于避免增加相同替代对象的存储的代码经过了两次修正，而且其余的几个修正也已经实现 + +想要查看完整的改变列表，查看[changelog][1] + +下载Git 2.0.2： + +- [tar.gz][1][sources] [4.70 MB] +- [Debian/Ubuntu DEB ALL][2][ubuntu_deb] [0 KB] +- [Red Hat/Fedora/Mandriva/openSUSE RPM noarch][3][rh_rpm] [0 KB] + +------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Git-2-0-2-Version-Control-System-Now-Available-for-Download-451147.shtml + +译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://github.com/git/git/blob/master/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.2.txt +[2]:https://github.com/git/git/archive/v2.0.2.tar.gz +[3]:http://git-scm.com/download/linux +[4]:http://git-scm.com/download/linux + From 016bc4b1a9a8934c57547c7d28da70ea487ba019 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kaiyao <1250471161@qq.com> Date: Sun, 20 Jul 2014 18:43:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 617/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ntrol System Now Available for Download.md | 34 ------------------- 1 file changed, 34 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md b/sources/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md deleted file mode 100644 index e716694b8b..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,34 +0,0 @@ -[su-kaiyao]翻译中 - -Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download -================================================================================ -![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Git-2-0-2-Version-Control-System-Now-Available-for-Download-451147-2.jpg) - -**Git 2.0.2, a free and open source distributed version control system designed to handle everything from small to very large projects with speed and efficiency, has been officially released.** - -The new Git 2.0.x branch continues the trend of large releases, integrating a big number of changes and fixes. This latest update may be just a maintenance one, but it does feature some interesting modifications. - -According to the developers, the documentation for the "git submodule sync" mentions that the subcommand can take the "--recursive" option, the mishandling of patterns in .gitignore that had trailing SPs quoted with backslashes has been corrected, and the Recent updates to "git repack" no longer duplicate objects that are in the packfiles marked with .keep flag by mistake. - -Also, "git clone -b brefs/tags/bar" no longer thinks that git follows a single tag, even though it was a name of the branch, "%G" (nothing after G) is an invalid pretty format specifier and now the parser knows that it's garbage, the code used to avoid adding the same alternate object store twice has been fixed, and a couple of other fixes have been implemented. - -For a complete list of changes, check out the [changelog][1]. - -Download Git 2.0.2: - -- [tar.gz][1][sources] [4.70 MB] -- [Debian/Ubuntu DEB ALL][2][ubuntu_deb] [0 KB] -- [Red Hat/Fedora/Mandriva/openSUSE RPM noarch][3][rh_rpm] [0 KB] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Git-2-0-2-Version-Control-System-Now-Available-for-Download-451147.shtml - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://github.com/git/git/blob/master/Documentation/RelNotes/2.0.2.txt -[2]:https://github.com/git/git/archive/v2.0.2.tar.gz -[3]:http://git-scm.com/download/linux -[4]:http://git-scm.com/download/linux From 40f5e9ac2fc5e89e58b04b7c8191a07f9855d68b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Sun, 20 Jul 2014 20:26:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 618/713] Update 20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md --- ...11 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md index a0413a31a1..1d8a628b72 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GOLinux ... How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux ================================================================================ Have you ever dreamed of your computer doing stuff automatically for you? Probably not if you just watched Terminator. But except for that, scripting and task automation are every power user's dreams. If a lot of solutions exist today to fit such goal, it is sometimes hard to pick the simple, smart, and efficient one out of the lot. I cannot pretend to have found it myself, but in the mean time, my preference goes to neat software called xdotool. Its approach is intuitive as it stands as an X11 automation tool. In other words, xdotool can simulate key presses and even mouse events from reading a text file. @@ -101,4 +102,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/simulate-key-press-mouse-movement-linux.html 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html -[2]:http://www.semicomplete.com/projects/xdotool/ \ No newline at end of file +[2]:http://www.semicomplete.com/projects/xdotool/ From 168986017daacdece6df57c5c0a4dd97c74e85e4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Sun, 20 Jul 2014 21:38:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 619/713] Translated:How to simulate key presses and mouse movement in Linux.md --- ...e key press and mouse movement in Linux.md | 105 -------------- ...e key press and mouse movement in Linux.md | 131 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 131 insertions(+), 105 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 1d8a628b72..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,105 +0,0 @@ -Translating by GOLinux ... -How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux -================================================================================ -Have you ever dreamed of your computer doing stuff automatically for you? Probably not if you just watched Terminator. But except for that, scripting and task automation are every power user's dreams. If a lot of solutions exist today to fit such goal, it is sometimes hard to pick the simple, smart, and efficient one out of the lot. I cannot pretend to have found it myself, but in the mean time, my preference goes to neat software called xdotool. Its approach is intuitive as it stands as an X11 automation tool. In other words, xdotool can simulate key presses and even mouse events from reading a text file. - -### Installation of Xdotool on Linux ### - -For Ubuntu, Debian or Linux Mint, you can just do: - - $ sudo apt-get install xdotool - -For Fedora, use yum command: - - $ sudo yum install xdotool - -For CentOS user, the package is available in [EPEL repo][1]. After enabling EPEL repo, simply use yum command as above. - -For Arch user, the package is available in the Community repo: - - $ sudo pacman -S xdotool - -If you cannot find xdotool for your distribution, you can always download it from the [official website][2]. - -### Basic Usage of Xdotool ### - -As intuitive as it is, xdotool remains a scripting application. Hence you have to know the syntax in order to use it properly. Rest assured though, the syntax is very simple and quick to pick up, relative to the extent of the program's features. - -First, it is very easy to simulate key press. From the terminal, you can type the command: - - $ xdotool key [name of the key] - -If you want to chain two keys, use the "+" operator between them. So: - - $ xdotool key alt+Tab - -will switch window for you. - -To have xdotool type for you, use the type command: - - $ xdotool type '' - -That's already enough for basic key pressing. But one of the many strengths of xdotool is its ability to put the focus on a particular window. It can fetch the right window, and then type in it, preventing all your recorded keystrokes to just vaporize in thin air. For this, the simplest command is: - - $ xdotool search --name [name of the window] key [keys to press] - -This will search through the opened window for one with the name matching the search, give it the focus, and then simulate the key pressing. - -A bit more advanced, but very useful, xdotool can simulate mouse movement and click. With: - - $ xdotool mousemove x y - -you can place the cursor at coordinates (x,y) of your screen (in pixels). You can also combine it with the "click" argument: - - $ xdotool mousemove x y click 1 - -This will move the mouse to (x,y), and click with the left button. The "1" represents the left button of the mouse, "2" would be the scroll wheel, "3" the right button, etc. - -Finally, once you have your commands in mind, you might want to actually dump it in a file to edit and play. For that, there is more than one syntax. You can write is a bash script: - - #!/bin/bash - - xdotool [command 1] - xdotool [command 2] - etc - -Or you can use: - - $ xdotool [filename] - -where you write your commands in a separate file and plug its name as the argument. - -### Bonus ### - -As a bonus to this post, here is a concrete example of xdotool in action. You may or may not have heard of Bing, the Microsoft's search engine. In the latter case, you have then never heard of Bing Rewards: a program that allows you to trade Bing points for Amazon's and other gift cards. To earn those points, you can do up to 30 searches a day on Bing, each search giving you 0.5 point. In other words, you have to make Bing your default search engine, and use it every day. - -Or, you can use this xdotool script, which will automatically give focus to Firefox (replace it with your favorite navigator), and perform a search using the fortune command to generate some random words. In about 30 seconds, all your daily searches will be done. - - #!/bin/bash - - for i in {1..30} - do - WID=`xdotool search --title "Mozilla Firefox" | head -1` - xdotool windowfocus $WID - xdotool key ctrl+l - xdotool key Tab - SENTENCE="$(fortune | cut -d' ' -f1-3 | head -1)" - xdotool type $SENTENCE - xdotool key "Return" - sleep 4 - done - -To conclude, I really like xdotool even if its full capabilities extend way beyond the scope of this post. It is a really approachable way to scripting and task automation. The downside is that it probably is not the most efficient one. But again, it does the job, and isn't too much of a bother to learn. - -What are your thoughts on xdotool? Do you prefer another automation tool to it? And why? Let us know in the comments. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/simulate-key-press-mouse-movement-linux.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html -[2]:http://www.semicomplete.com/projects/xdotool/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c7d9906f21 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,131 @@ +在Linux中模拟击键和鼠标移动 +================================================================================ +你是否曾经拥有一个梦 + ——你的计算机 + 可以自动为你干活？ +或许，并非因为 + 你刚看了终结者。 +然而，除此之外 + 脚本和任务自动化 + 是每个高级用户追寻的梦 +如果今天 + 有许多的解决方案 + 可以满足这个目标 +那么 + 有时候 + 就难以从那众多之中采撷那 + 简洁、聪明而又高效的一个 +我 + 不能假装 + 是我自己发现了它 +而与此同时 + 却偏爱着那个 + 整洁的软体——xdotool +其方法是如此直观 + 正如它作为X11自动化工具的表露 +转换思想 + xdotool可以通过读取文本文件 + 模拟击键的旋律 + 以及鼠标的曼舞 + + +### 让Xdotool在Linux定居 ### +对于Ubuntu，Debian或者Linux Mint，你能够只做： + + $ sudo apt-get install xdotool + +对于Fedora，请使用yum命令： + + $ sudo yum install xdotool + +对于CentOS用户，可以在[EPEL repo][1]中找到该包。在启用EPEL仓库后，只要使用上面的yum命令就可以达成你的愿望。 + +对于Arch用户，可在Community仓库中找到该包： + + $ sudo pacman -S xdotool + +如果你还是找不到你的发行版的对应xdotool，你可以从它的[官方站点][2]下载。 + +### Xdotool基本功 ### + +虽然xdotool是那样的直观，但它仍然是个脚本程序。因此，为了要正确地使用它，你还是得了解它的语法。不过敬请放心，相对于程序的功能而言，语法还是比较简单易学的。 + +首先，模拟击键是很容易的。你可以从终端敲入下面的命令： + + $ xdotool key [name of the key] + +如果你想要连接两个键，可以在它们之间使用“+”操作符。它看起来像这样： + + $ xdotool key alt+Tab + +这两个组合键可以为你切换窗口。 + +要想让xdotool帮你输入，可以使用以下命令： + + $ xdotool type '' + +这些对于基本的击键而言已经足够了。但是，xdotool的众多长处之一，就是它可以获取特定窗口的焦点。它可以获取右边的窗口，然后在里面输入，同时阻止所有你记录的按键，让那些动作随风而逝吧。要获得该功能，一个简单的命令可以搞定： + + $ xdotool search --name [name of the window] key [keys to press] + +该命令将在打开的窗口中搜索对应名称的窗口，并聚焦于该窗口，然后模拟击键。 + +来点更高级的，但很有用哦，xdotool可以模拟鼠标移动和点击，看这命令： + + $ xdotool mousemove x y + +你可以将光标定位到屏幕坐标（x，y）（像素）。你也可以使用“click”参数来组合： + + $ xdotool mousemove x y click 1 + +这会让鼠标移动到（x，y），然后点击鼠标左键。“1”代表鼠标左键，“2”则是滚轮，“3”则是右键。 + +最后，一旦你这些命令根植于你脑海，你也许想要实际转储于文件来编辑并试着玩玩。鉴于此，就会有超过一个语句以上的内容了。你可以写的就是一个bash脚本了： + + #!/bin/bash + + xdotool [command 1] + xdotool [command 2] + etc + +或者你可以使用： + + $ xdotool [filename] + +这里你将命令写入到一个独立的文件中，然后通过将文件名作为xdotool命令的参数。 + +### 意外收获 ### + +作为本文的一个意外收获，这里是xdotool的一个具体实例。你可能听说过，也可能没听说过Bing，微软的搜索引擎。在后面的实例中，你从没听过Bing奖励吧：一个程序，可以让你用Bing积分兑取亚马逊的礼物卡和其它的一些礼物卡。要赚取这些积分，你可以每天在Bing上搜索累计达30次，每次搜索你都会获得0.5个积分。换句话说，你必须把Bing设为默认搜索引擎，并每天使用它。 + +或者，你可以使用xdotool脚本，在这个脚本中，会自动聚焦到Firefox（你可以用你喜欢的浏览器来取代它），并使用fortune命令生成一些随机单词来实施搜索。大约30秒之内，你的日常搜索任务就完成了。 + + #!/bin/bash + + for i in {1..30} + do + WID=`xdotool search --title "Mozilla Firefox" | head -1` + xdotool windowfocus $WID + xdotool key ctrl+l + xdotool key Tab + SENTENCE="$(fortune | cut -d' ' -f1-3 | head -1)" + xdotool type $SENTENCE + xdotool key "Return" + sleep 4 + done + + +下面来个小结吧：我真的很喜欢xdotool，即便它完整功能超越了本文涵盖的范围。这对于脚本和任务自动化而言，确实是种平易的方式。负面的问题是，它可能不是最有效率的一个。但我要再说一遍，它忠于职守了，而且学习起来也不是那么麻烦。 + +你对xdotool怎么看呢？你是否更喜欢另外一个自动化工具，而不是它呢？为什么呢？请在评论中告诉我们吧。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/simulate-key-press-mouse-movement-linux.html + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html +[2]:http://www.semicomplete.com/projects/xdotool/ From bdf238668cc0bb9df5c24536a754d473e7430381 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Love-xuan Date: Sun, 20 Jul 2014 23:27:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 620/713] translated --- ...htweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 59 ------------------- 1 file changed, 59 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140711 How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140711 How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8614116006..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140711 How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -Love-xuan 翻译中 -How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04 -================================================================================ -**If you follow us over on Twitter you may have caught a glimpse of a screenshot we shared recently, along with the invitation to name the desktop environment pictured. ** - -Did you guess correctly? The answer is [Budgie][1] — a simple desktop designed for, but not exclusive to, an openSUSE-based Linux distribution called Evolve OS. - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/BsCvTxJIcAAPjUR.png-large.png) - -We first wrote about Budgie back in March and were suitably bowled over by both the clean, minimal aesthetic and nimble framework, but also by the decision to reuse common components and the standard stack of GNOME 3.10 technologies readily available in most modern distributions. - -I’m a huge admirer of the development choices taken by the project lead, Ikey Doherty. There’s no denying that forking has its merits, but by deciding to favour upstream projects whole project is able to move faster, both development-wise (less technical debt) and in being available for users (easier to run on other distributions). - -Politics of choice aside, the desktop is clean and minimal with a nod to the Ash desktop of Google’s Chrome OS. If you don’t mind a few rough edges, its well worth a play with. But how do you install Budgie on Ubuntu? - -### Unofficial PPA is Unofficial ### - -Open source being what it is means if you have a bit of terminal know-how you can grab the source and get it up and running with a bit of wily compiling. - -But if you’re too lazy for that and happen to be running Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (or a distro based on it) you can get it the easy way. - -Just add one **unofficial PPA**, refresh your Software Sources and then install. A few minutes later and you’ll have both a new uncle in the family by the [name of Bob][2] and a new desktop shell to play with. - -### Add the Budgie PPA ### - -With a terminal window open copy and paste the following commands carefully, entering your password when/if prompted: - - sudo add-apt-repository ppa:sukso96100/budgie-desktop - sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install budgie-desktop - -### Log into the Budgie Session ### - -After installation you’ll be able to select ‘Budgie’ from the session selector of the Unity Greeter. (Don’t forget to change this back to a stable DE at a later date.) - -### Notes ### - -**Budgie is not stable, finished nor is it officially supported on Ubuntu**. It is in active development and features remain missing, including, but not limited to: no network management support, no volume control applet (keyboard keys will work fine), no notification system and no way to ‘pin’ apps to the task bar. - -It also doesn’t play too nicely with Ubuntu’s overlay scrollbars, some GTK themes, and session management (e.g., logout, restart, etc.) on distributions using Upstart (like Ubuntu, [though that’s changing][3]) does not work. - -As a workaround you can disable overlay scrollbars, set a different default theme and quit a session from the terminal using the following command: - - gnome-session-quit - -With all of those caveats in mind, I’d suggest those whose sanity hinges on a stable, dependable system avoid using it for now. - -But for the rest of you crazy folks? Well, let us know what you think of it in the comments below. I’m off to let Bob in. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/install-budgie-evolve-os-desktop-ubuntu-14-04 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/03/budgie-desktop-chrome-os-like -[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob -[3]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/02/ubuntu-debian-switching-systemd \ No newline at end of file From fb3be0e46ee84bec573e53512a637f6ec00ff41a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 21 Jul 2014 13:01:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 621/713] PUB:20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download @su-kaiyao --- ...sion Control System Now Available for Download.md | 12 ++++++------ 1 file changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md (51%) diff --git a/translated/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md b/published/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md similarity index 51% rename from translated/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md rename to published/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md index 519e5a0a79..e13c2d8f60 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md +++ b/published/20140718 Git 2.0.2 Version Control System Now Available for Download.md @@ -3,15 +3,15 @@ Git 2.0.2版本控制系统现在可供下载使用了 ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Git-2-0-2-Version-Control-System-Now-Available-for-Download-451147-2.jpg) -**Git 2.0.2，一个免费和开源的分布式版本控制系统，因其处理速度和效率的优势，它可以处理大大小小各种项目，如今已正式发布** +**Git 2.0.2如今已正式发布。这是一个免费和开源的分布式版本控制系统，因其处理速度和效率的优势，它可以处理大大小小各种项目。** -新的Git 2.0.x分支保持着大释放的趋势，它整合了大量的改变和修正。最新一次更新可能只是维护的一个，但是它的功能特性的确有一些有趣的修改 +新的Git 2.0.x分支保持着带来大量更新的传统，它整合了大量的改变和修正。这个最新的更新只是维护版，但是它的功能特性的确有一些有趣的修改。 -根据开发者的描述："git submodule sync（git子模块的同步）"的文档中提到子命令可以采用"--recursive"（递归）的选项;在.gitignore中跟踪引用反斜杠的SPs的处理不当已经被纠正;对"git repack"命令的更新，将不再错误地复制那些被.keep标签标记的pack目录下的对象 +根据开发者的描述："git submodule sync（git子模块的同步）"的文档中提到的子命令可以使用"--recursive"（递归）的选项；在.gitignore中跟踪引用反斜杠的空格的处理不当已经被纠正；对"git repack"命令的更新，将不再错误地复制那些被.keep标签标记的pack目录下的对象。 -还有，"git clone -b brefs/tags/bar"不再认为git遵循一个单一的标签，尽管它是一个分支的名称;"%G(G后面没有跟任何东西)"是一个无效的漂亮的格式说明符，现在的解析器不再对它进行解析;用于避免增加相同替代对象的存储的代码经过了两次修正，而且其余的几个修正也已经实现 +还有，"git clone -b brefs/tags/bar"不再认为git遵循一个单一的tag，尽管它是一个分支的名称；"%G(G后面没有跟任何东西)"是一个无效的漂亮的格式说明符，现在的解析器不再对它进行解析；用于避免增加相同替代对象的存储的代码经过了两次修正，而且其余的几个修正也已经完成。 -想要查看完整的改变列表，查看[changelog][1] +想要查看完整的改变列表，查看[changelog][1]。 下载Git 2.0.2： @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Git 2.0.2版本控制系统现在可供下载使用了 via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Git-2-0-2-Version-Control-System-Now-Available-for-Download-451147.shtml -译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From ac6aeb7f4e58ba13a60d8a7bc2e62d89415b231f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 21 Jul 2014 13:58:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 622/713] PUB:20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme @runningwater --- ...ke Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md | 10 +++++----- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md (87%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md b/published/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md similarity index 87% rename from translated/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md rename to published/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md index 9e3765b52e..106aa37301 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md +++ b/published/20140617 Make Ubuntu 14.04 Look Like Mac With Zukimac Theme.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -Zukimac 主题使 Ubuntu 14.04 桌面变成 Mac 桌面 +在 Ubuntu 上体验 Mac 风格 ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Make_Ubuntu_Look_Like_Mac_OS.jpeg) -虽然 Ubuntu Unity 本身已经是一款很漂亮的桌面了，但世界各地还是有很人被 Mac OS X 的外观所震撼。如果您恰好是其中之一，为了获得 OS X 的主题，是不需要换掉 Ubuntu 的，相反，您可以对它来个美化改造，**使 Ubuntu 14.04 看起来就像 Mac OS X**。 +虽然 Ubuntu Unity 本身已经是一款很漂亮的桌面了，但世界各地还是有很人被 Mac OS X 的外观所震撼。如果您恰好是其中之一，要获得 Mac OS X 一样外观体验，是不需要丢掉 Ubuntu 的，相反，您可以对它来个美化改造，**使 Ubuntu 14.04 看起来就像 Mac OS X**。 ### 让 Ubuntu 14.04 看起来像 Mac OS X ### @@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ Zukimac 主题使 Ubuntu 14.04 桌面变成 Mac 桌面 - 解压下载的 Zip 包，解压后会出现 Zukimac 和 Zukimac-ml 两个目录文件。把这些目录拷贝到您的 home 目录下的 .themes 文件夹中。进入 Home 目录中，按下快捷键 Ctrl+H 可以显示所有隐藏的文件，如果没有 .themes 文件夹，需要创建一个。 - 使用 [Unity Tweak Tool 来改变主题][2]. -就这些操作。Zukimac 提供了一些基本的 Mac OS 系统的外观和视窗感觉。下面是带有默认的 OS X MaVeric 壁纸的外观。 +就这些操作。Zukimac 提供了一些基本的 Mac OS 系统的外观和视窗感觉。下面是带有默认的 OS X Maveric 壁纸的外观。 ![Make Ubuntu 14.04 look like Mac OS X](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Ubuntu_MAC_OS_Looks.jpeg) -### Ubuntu 14.04 中获得 Mac 感觉更多的调整### +### Ubuntu 14.04 中获得更多 Mac 体验 ### 通常，您可以**安装像 Plank 或 Docky 这样的 dock 启动面板**。在 Ubuntu 14.04 中要安装 Plank 可以使用下面的命令： @@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ Zukimac 主题使 Ubuntu 14.04 桌面变成 Mac 桌面 via: http://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-1404-mac-zukimac-theme/ -译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 460b708d972f5ee9deed3f09ae5bf9c3cca6f884 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Mon, 21 Jul 2014 18:33:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 623/713] Update 20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 代表LCTT消灭你 --- ... Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md b/sources/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md index 202a1c734f..b3244419e7 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GOLinux ... Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default ================================================================================ Sound problem is not new in Ubuntu. I have previously written on various ways to [fix “no sound” issue in Ubuntu][1]. But the soud issue I am going to discuss here is different than those mentioned in the other article. @@ -58,4 +59,4 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1404/ [3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsamixer [4]:http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1304-quick-tip/ [g]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/110180944531110746460 -[t]:https://twitter.com/abhishek_pc \ No newline at end of file +[t]:https://twitter.com/abhishek_pc From 4f7dc82b3e17c5aa63fbddc2a806706085d4a8ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bazz2 Date: Mon, 21 Jul 2014 18:58:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 624/713] [bazz2-ing...]Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1 --- sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md index f37f5a5c14..4db2d54b23 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +[let bazz2 try it] Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging ================================================================================ ### Linux Kernel Testing Philosophy ### @@ -73,4 +74,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page [1]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/images/stories/pdf/als2012_gregkh.pdf [2]:http://howtoubuntu.org/ [3]:http://linuxdriverproject.org/mediawiki/index.php/Cross-compiling_Linux_kernel_on_x86_64 -[4]:https://www.kernel.org/ \ No newline at end of file +[4]:https://www.kernel.org/ From fee8253f7337766ef2cb45d57df3fbbd4efb9457 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Mon, 21 Jul 2014 19:18:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 625/713] Translated:Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled By Default.md --- ...Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md | 62 ------------------ ...Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md | 63 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 63 insertions(+), 62 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md b/sources/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md deleted file mode 100644 index b3244419e7..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,62 +0,0 @@ -Translating by GOLinux ... -Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default -================================================================================ -Sound problem is not new in Ubuntu. I have previously written on various ways to [fix “no sound” issue in Ubuntu][1]. But the soud issue I am going to discuss here is different than those mentioned in the other article. - -So I installed Ubuntu 14.04, actually re-installed it. As always, I did all those [things to do after a fresh install of Ubuntu 14.04][2]. And than I realized that the system had no sound. While investigating the issue I found one strange thing. I checked [alsamixer][3] and it was in a weird state: - -![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/alsamixer_Set_HDMI_Default.jpeg) - -As you can see, **HDMI is set by default in alsamixer**. Which means by default HDMI output has been selected instead of the built in speakers. This is why I get no sound from the built in speakers in my system. - -Use the following command to check the state of alsamixer: - - alsamixer - -If alsamixer is set by default to HDMI or some other audio output, continue this article to see how can we fix it. - -### Fixing no sound in Ubuntu when HDMI is set as default ### - -Now to force Ubuntu to use analog output instead of HDMI by default, we need a little information. Open a terminal and use the following command: - - aplay -l - -This will list the devices, card number etc. Note down the card and device number for analog output. For me the output was like this: - -![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/AlsaMixer_List_Device.jpeg) - -Once you have the required card and device number, make a new configuration file like this: - - sudo gedit /etc/asound.conf - -The above command will also open the file. Add the following lines to it, replacing with your card and device number of course: - - defaults.pcm.card 1 - defaults.pcm.device 0 - -Save the file and restart the computer. You should hear the sound now. Just to mention, this will work for all the Linux distributions such as Linux Mint, Elementary OS, Fedora, Arch Linux etc. As I said previously, this “no sound fix” only works with the case where HDMI is set by default. For other cases, you can read [this article about fixing no sound issue in Ubuntu and Linux Mint][4]. - -Feel free to use the comment section to let me know if it worked or not or if you have some better trick to handle this such issue. Ciao ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif) - ----------- - -![](http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/20749c268f5d3e4d2c785499eb6a17c0?s=100&r=pg&d=mm) - -About Abhishek - -I am Abhishek Prakash, 'creator' of It's F.O.S.S. I have a Masters in Communication System Engineering. I am an avid Linux lover and Open Source enthusiast. I use Ubuntu and believe in sharing knowledge. Apart from Linux, I love classic detective mystery. Huge fan of Agatha Christie work. Feel free to circle me on [Google Plus][g] and Follow [@abhishek_pc][t] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1404/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1304-quick-tip/ -[2]:http://itsfoss.com/things-to-do-after-installing-ubuntu-14-04/ -[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsamixer -[4]:http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1304-quick-tip/ -[g]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/110180944531110746460 -[t]:https://twitter.com/abhishek_pc diff --git a/translated/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md b/translated/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..40f8d0e80d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +Ubuntu 14.04中修复默认启用HDMI后没有声音问题 +================================================================================ +声音问题在Ubuntu中是老生常谈了。先前我已经在[修复Ubuntu中的“无声”问题][1]一文中写到了多种方法，但是我在此正要谈及的声音问题跟在另外一篇文章中提到的不同。 + +因此，我安装了Ubuntu 14.04，实际上是重新安装了一遍。一如既往，我将[全新安装Ubuntu 14.04后要做的事][2]全部又重新做了一遍。然后，我意识到系统突然失声了。当我正侦查问题所在之时，我发现了一件奇怪的事情。我检查了[alsamixer][3]，发现它的状况有点离奇： + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/alsamixer_Set_HDMI_Default.jpeg) + +正如你能看到的，**alsamixer中默认设置了HDMI**。这意味着默认情况下将使用HDMI输出，而不是内建扬声器。这就是我从系统上内建扬声器无法获得声音的原因。 + +使用下面的命令来检查alsamixer的状态： + + alsamixer + +如果alsamixer默认设置成了HDMI或者其它声音输出，那就继续读下去吧，看看我们是怎么来修复这个问题的。 + +### 修复默认设置成HDMI时Ubuntu的失声问题 ### + +现在来强制Ubuntu使用模拟输出来取代默认的HDMI，但我们还需要一点点信息。打开终端，然后使用下列命令： + + aplay -l + +这会列出设备，卡号之类的东西。注意，向下检查模拟输出使用的卡和设备编号。对于我而言，输出看上去像这样： + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/AlsaMixer_List_Device.jpeg) + +一旦你取得了所需的卡和设备编号，重新构建一个配置文件： + + sudo gedit /etc/asound.conf + +上面的命令也会打开文件，将下面的行添加进去，当然将卡和设备编号替换成你自己的： + + defaults.pcm.card 1 + defaults.pcm.device 0 + +保存文件，并重启计算机。现在，你应该听到了声音了吧。需要提一下的是，这对所有的Linux发行版都有效，像Linux Mint，Elementary OS，Fedora，Arch Linux等等都行。正如我先前说的，该“失声疗法”仅针对HDMI被设置为默认设备的情况。对于其它情况，你可以阅读[关于在Ubuntu和Linux Mint中修复失声问题这篇文章][4]。 + +你可以尽情使用评论部分来告诉我这个方法是否有疗效，或者你有更好的方法来处理该问题，你也可以告诉我。再见了！ + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif) + +---------- + +![](http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/20749c268f5d3e4d2c785499eb6a17c0?s=100&r=pg&d=mm) + +关于Abhishek + +我是Abhishek Prakash，It's F.O.S.S.的“创立者”，我有一个通信系统工程的硕士学位。我酷爱Linux和开源。我使用Ubuntu，信奉知识分享。除了Linux之外，我也喜爱经典的侦探推理小说，是Agatha Christie作品的超级粉丝。大家尽可以在[Google+][g]上将我圈进去，并追随[@abhishek_pc][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1404/ + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1304-quick-tip/ +[2]:http://itsfoss.com/things-to-do-after-installing-ubuntu-14-04/ +[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsamixer +[4]:http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1304-quick-tip/ +[g]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/110180944531110746460 +[t]:https://twitter.com/abhishek_pc From 5bb5a79c70aaab3746ef838bbd918b6e0ae30df0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zhengsihua Date: Mon, 21 Jul 2014 20:41:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 626/713] [Translating] How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS --- ...w to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md | 3 +++ 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md b/sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md index a2305df5ee..cc30f35291 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +Translating-----geekpi + + How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS ================================================================================ In a [previous tutorial][1], we show how to configure a transparent proxy with Squid on CentOS. Squid provides many useful features, but analyzing a raw Squid log file is not straightfoward. For example, how could you analyze the time stamps and the number of hits in the following Squid log? From 7973222e28da766af9c365ce819af062763395f5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cvsher <478990879@qq.com> Date: Mon, 21 Jul 2014 21:03:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 627/713] Create 20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md --- ...Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md | 195 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 195 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md b/translated/tech/20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..927e4773da --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md @@ -0,0 +1,195 @@ +在linux系统中处理故障和收集系统信息的7种‘dmesg’的用法 +========================================================== +‘dmesg’命令显示linux内核的环形缓冲区信息，我们可以从中获得诸如系统架构，cpu，挂载的硬件，RAM等多个运行级别的大量的系统信息。当计算机启动时，系统内核（操作系统的核心部分）将会被加载到内存中。在加载的过程中会显示很多的信息，在这些信息中我们可以看到内核检测硬件设备。 + +![dmesg Command Examples](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dmesg-Command-Examples.png) +dmesg 命令的使用范例 + +‘dmesg’命令设备故障的诊断是非常重要的。在‘dmesg’命令的帮助下进行硬件的连接或断开连接操作时，我们可以看到硬件的检测或者断开连接的信息。‘dmesg’命令在多数基于**Linux**和**Unix**的操作系统中都可以使用。 + +下面我们展示一些最负盛名的‘dmesg’命令工具以及其实际使用举例。‘dmesg’命令的使用语法如下。 + + # dmesg [options...] + +### 1. 列出加载到内核中的所有驱动 ### + +我们可以使用如‘**more**’。 ‘**tail**’, ‘**less** ’或者‘**grep**’的文字处理工具来处理‘dmesg’命令的输出。由于dmesg日志的输出不适合在一页中完全显示，因此我们使用管道（pipe）将其输出送到more或者less命令中进行分页显示。 + + [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | more + [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | less + +### 输出 ### + + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct + [ 0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic (buildd@aatxe) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 + (Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6) + [ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus: + [ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel + [ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD + [ 0.000000] NSC Geode by NSC + [ 0.000000] Cyrix CyrixInstead + [ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls + [ 0.000000] Transmeta GenuineTMx86 + [ 0.000000] Transmeta TransmetaCPU + [ 0.000000] UMC UMC UMC UMC + [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000e0000000-0x00000000efffffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fec00000-0x00000000fed003ff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fed20000-0x00000000fed9ffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fee00000-0x00000000feefffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000ffb00000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active + ..... + +### 列出所有被检测到的硬件 ### + +要显示所有被内核检测到的硬盘设备，你可以使用‘**grep**’命令搜索‘**sda**’关键词，如下： + + [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | grep sda + + [ 1.280971] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] 488281250 512-byte logical blocks: (250 GB/232 GiB) + [ 1.281014] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off + [ 1.281016] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00 + [ 1.281039] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA + [ 1.359585] sda: sda1 sda2 < sda5 sda6 sda7 sda8 > + [ 1.360052] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk + [ 2.347887] EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) + [ 22.928440] Adding 3905532k swap on /dev/sda6. Priority:-1 extents:1 across:3905532k FS + [ 23.950543] EXT4-fs (sda1): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro + [ 24.134016] EXT4-fs (sda5): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) + [ 24.330762] EXT4-fs (sda7): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) + [ 24.561015] EXT4-fs (sda8): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) + +**注解** ‘sda’表示第一块 SATA硬盘，‘sdb’表示第二块SATA硬盘。若想查看IDE硬盘搜索‘hda’或‘hdb’关键词。 + +### 3. 只输出dmesg命令的前20行日志 ### + + [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | head -20 + + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct + [ 0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic (buildd@aatxe) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 (Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6) + [ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus: + [ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel + [ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD + [ 0.000000] NSC Geode by NSC + [ 0.000000] Cyrix CyrixInstead + [ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls + [ 0.000000] Transmeta GenuineTMx86 + [ 0.000000] Transmeta TransmetaCPU + [ 0.000000] UMC UMC UMC UMC + [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved + +### 只输出dmesg命令最后20行日志 ### + +当我们插入可以出的硬件是在‘dmesg’命令后跟随‘tail’命令来输出‘dmesg’命令的最后20行日志是非常有用的。 + + [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | tail -20 + + parport0: PC-style at 0x378, irq 7 [PCSPP,TRISTATE] + ppdev: user-space parallel port driver + EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode + Adding 2097144k swap on /dev/sda2. Priority:-1 extents:1 across:2097144k + readahead-disable-service: delaying service auditd + ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team + nf_conntrack version 0.5.0 (16384 buckets, 65536 max) + NET: Registered protocol family 10 + lo: Disabled Privacy Extensions + e1000: eth0 NIC Link is Up 1000 Mbps Full Duplex, Flow Control: None + Slow work thread pool: Starting up + Slow work thread pool: Ready + FS-Cache: Loaded + CacheFiles: Loaded + CacheFiles: Security denies permission to nominate security context: error -95 + eth0: no IPv6 routers present + type=1305 audit(1398268784.593:18630): audit_enabled=0 old=1 auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295 res=1 + readahead-collector: starting delayed service auditd + readahead-collector: sorting + readahead-collector: finished + +### 5. 搜索包含特定字符串的被检测到的硬件 ### +由于‘dmesg’命令的输出实在太长了，在其中搜索某个特定的字符串是非常困难的。因此，有必要过滤出一些包含‘**usb**’ ‘**dma**’ ‘**tty**’ ‘**memory**’等字符串的日志行。[grep 命令][1] 的‘**-i**’选项表示忽略大小写。 + + [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i usb + [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i dma + [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i tty + [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i memory + +###输出### + + [ 0.000000] Scanning 1 areas for low memory corruption + [ 0.000000] initial memory mapped: [mem 0x00000000-0x01ffffff] + [ 0.000000] Base memory trampoline at [c009b000] 9b000 size 16384 + [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00000000-0x000fffff] + [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37800000-0x379fffff] + [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x34000000-0x377fffff] + [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00100000-0x33ffffff] + [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37a00000-0x37bfdfff] + [ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges + [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x0009f000-0x000effff] + [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x000f0000-0x000fffff] + [ 0.000000] please try 'cgroup_disable=memory' option if you don't want memory cgroups + [ 0.000000] Memory: 2003288K/2059928K available (6352K kernel code, 607K rwdata, 2640K rodata, 880K init, 908K bss, 56640K reserved, 1146920K highmem) + [ 0.000000] virtual kernel memory layout: + [ 0.004291] Initializing cgroup subsys memory + [ 0.004609] Freeing SMP alternatives memory: 28K (c1a3e000 - c1a45000) + [ 0.899622] Freeing initrd memory: 23616K (f51d0000 - f68e0000) + [ 0.899813] Scanning for low memory corruption every 60 seconds + [ 0.946323] agpgart-intel 0000:00:00.0: detected 32768K stolen memory + [ 1.360318] Freeing unused kernel memory: 880K (c1962000 - c1a3e000) + [ 1.429066] [drm] Memory usable by graphics device = 2048M + +### 6. 清空dmesg缓冲区日志 ### + +我们可以使用如下命令来清空dmesg的日志。该命令会清空dmesg环形缓冲区中的日志。但是你依然可以查看存储在‘**/var/log/dmesg**’文件中的日志。你连接任何的设备都会产生dmesg日志输出。 + + [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg -c + +### 7. 实时监控dmesg日志输出 ### + +在某些发行版中可以使用命令‘tail -f /var/log/dmesg’来实时监控dmesg的日志输出。 + + [root@tecmint.com log]# watch "dmesg | tail -20" + +**结论**：dmesg命令在系统dmesg记录实时更改或产生的情况下是非常有用的。你可以使用man dmesg来获取关于dmesg更多的信息。 + +---------- + +![](http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/36c7c25164c3455f2f711b01e395de0d?s=80&d=blank&r=G) + +Narad Shrestha + +- [Twitter profile][t] +- [Facebook profile][f] +- [Google+ profile][g] + +他在IT领域拥有超过10年的丰富经验，其中包括各种Linux发行版，开源软件和网络。 Narad始终坚持与人分享知识和自如的运用新技术。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/dmesg-commands/ + +译者：[cvsher](https://github.com/cvsher) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/12-practical-examples-of-linux-grep-command/ +[t]:http://twitter.com/@nrdshrestha +[f]:http://facebook.com/narad.shrestha.9 +[g]:http://plus.google.com/104542109955805873615?rel=author + From b73673479923c7d1bfe571edee62503c1a9c6075 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cvsher <478990879@qq.com> Date: Mon, 21 Jul 2014 21:07:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 628/713] Delete 20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md --- ...Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md | 199 ------------------ 1 file changed, 199 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md b/sources/tech/20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md deleted file mode 100644 index 30cb653e3e..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140716 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,199 +0,0 @@ -Translating by cvsher - -7 ‘dmesg’ Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems -================================================================================ -The ‘dmesg‘ command displays the messages from the kernel ring buffer. A system passes multiple runlevel from where we can get lot of information like system architecture, cpu, attached device, RAM etc. When computer boots up, a kernel (core of an operating system) is loaded into memory. During that period number of messages are being displayed where we can see hardware devices detected by kernel. - -![dmesg Command Examples](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dmesg-Command-Examples.png) -dmesg Command Examples - -The messages are very important in terms of diagnosing purpose in case of device failure. When we connect or disconnect hardware device on the system, with the help of dmesg command we come to know detected or disconnected information on the fly. The dmesg command is available on most **Linux and Unix** based Operating System. - -Let’s throw some light on most famous tool called ‘dmesg’ command with their practical examples as discussed below. The exact syntax of dmesg as follows. - - # dmseg [options...] - -### 1. List all loaded Drivers in Kernel ### - -We can use text-manipulation tools i.e. ‘**more**‘, ‘**tail**‘, ‘**less**‘ or ‘**grep**‘ with dmesg command. As output of dmesg log won’t fit on a single page, using dmesg with pipe more or less command will display logs in a single page. - - [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | more - [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | less - -#### Sample Output #### - - [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset - [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu - [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct - [ 0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic (buildd@aatxe) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 - (Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6) - [ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus: - [ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel - [ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD - [ 0.000000] NSC Geode by NSC - [ 0.000000] Cyrix CyrixInstead - [ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls - [ 0.000000] Transmeta GenuineTMx86 - [ 0.000000] Transmeta TransmetaCPU - [ 0.000000] UMC UMC UMC UMC - [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000e0000000-0x00000000efffffff] reserved - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fec00000-0x00000000fed003ff] reserved - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fed20000-0x00000000fed9ffff] reserved - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fee00000-0x00000000feefffff] reserved - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000ffb00000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved - [ 0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active - ..... - -### 2. List all Detected Devices ### - -To discover which hard disks has been detected by kernel, you can search for the keyword “**sda**” along with “**grep**” like shown below. - - [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | grep sda - - [ 1.280971] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] 488281250 512-byte logical blocks: (250 GB/232 GiB) - [ 1.281014] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off - [ 1.281016] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00 - [ 1.281039] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA - [ 1.359585] sda: sda1 sda2 < sda5 sda6 sda7 sda8 > - [ 1.360052] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk - [ 2.347887] EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) - [ 22.928440] Adding 3905532k swap on /dev/sda6. Priority:-1 extents:1 across:3905532k FS - [ 23.950543] EXT4-fs (sda1): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro - [ 24.134016] EXT4-fs (sda5): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) - [ 24.330762] EXT4-fs (sda7): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) - [ 24.561015] EXT4-fs (sda8): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) - -**NOTE**: The ‘sda’ first SATA hard drive, ‘sdb’ is the second SATA hard drive and so on. Search with ‘hda’ or ‘hdb’ in the case of IDE hard drive. - -### 3. Print Only First 20 Lines of Output ### - -The ‘head’ along with dmesg will show starting lines i.e. ‘dmesg | head -20′ will print only 20 lines from the starting point. - - [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | head -20 - - [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset - [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu - [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct - [ 0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic (buildd@aatxe) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 (Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6) - [ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus: - [ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel - [ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD - [ 0.000000] NSC Geode by NSC - [ 0.000000] Cyrix CyrixInstead - [ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls - [ 0.000000] Transmeta GenuineTMx86 - [ 0.000000] Transmeta TransmetaCPU - [ 0.000000] UMC UMC UMC UMC - [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved - -### 4. Print Only Last 20 Lines of Output ### - -The ‘tail’ along with dmesg command will print only 20 last lines, this is useful in case we insert removable device. - - [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | tail -20 - - parport0: PC-style at 0x378, irq 7 [PCSPP,TRISTATE] - ppdev: user-space parallel port driver - EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode - Adding 2097144k swap on /dev/sda2. Priority:-1 extents:1 across:2097144k - readahead-disable-service: delaying service auditd - ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team - nf_conntrack version 0.5.0 (16384 buckets, 65536 max) - NET: Registered protocol family 10 - lo: Disabled Privacy Extensions - e1000: eth0 NIC Link is Up 1000 Mbps Full Duplex, Flow Control: None - Slow work thread pool: Starting up - Slow work thread pool: Ready - FS-Cache: Loaded - CacheFiles: Loaded - CacheFiles: Security denies permission to nominate security context: error -95 - eth0: no IPv6 routers present - type=1305 audit(1398268784.593:18630): audit_enabled=0 old=1 auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295 res=1 - readahead-collector: starting delayed service auditd - readahead-collector: sorting - readahead-collector: finished - -### 5. Search Detected Device or Particular String ### - -It’s difficult to search particular string due to length of dmesg output. So, filter the lines with are having string like ‘**usb**‘ ‘**dma**‘ ‘**tty**‘ and ‘**memory**‘ etc. The ‘**-i**’ option instruct to [grep command][1] to ignore the case (upper or lower case letters). - - [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i usb - [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i dma - [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i tty - [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i memory - -#### Sample Output #### - - [ 0.000000] Scanning 1 areas for low memory corruption - [ 0.000000] initial memory mapped: [mem 0x00000000-0x01ffffff] - [ 0.000000] Base memory trampoline at [c009b000] 9b000 size 16384 - [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00000000-0x000fffff] - [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37800000-0x379fffff] - [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x34000000-0x377fffff] - [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00100000-0x33ffffff] - [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37a00000-0x37bfdfff] - [ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges - [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x0009f000-0x000effff] - [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x000f0000-0x000fffff] - [ 0.000000] please try 'cgroup_disable=memory' option if you don't want memory cgroups - [ 0.000000] Memory: 2003288K/2059928K available (6352K kernel code, 607K rwdata, 2640K rodata, 880K init, 908K bss, 56640K reserved, 1146920K highmem) - [ 0.000000] virtual kernel memory layout: - [ 0.004291] Initializing cgroup subsys memory - [ 0.004609] Freeing SMP alternatives memory: 28K (c1a3e000 - c1a45000) - [ 0.899622] Freeing initrd memory: 23616K (f51d0000 - f68e0000) - [ 0.899813] Scanning for low memory corruption every 60 seconds - [ 0.946323] agpgart-intel 0000:00:00.0: detected 32768K stolen memory - [ 1.360318] Freeing unused kernel memory: 880K (c1962000 - c1a3e000) - [ 1.429066] [drm] Memory usable by graphics device = 2048M - -### 6. Clear dmesg Buffer Logs ### - -Yes, we can clear dmesg logs if required with below command. It will clear dmesg ring buffer message logs till you executed the command below. Still you can view logs stored in ‘**/var/log/dmesg**‘ files. If you connect any device will generate dmesg output. - - [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg -c - -### 7. Monitoring dmesg in Real Time ### - -Some distro allows command ‘tail -f /var/log/dmesg’ as well for real time dmesg monitoring. - - [root@tecmint.com log]# watch "dmesg | tail -20" - -**Conclusion**: The dmesg command is useful as dmesg records all the system changes done or occur in real time. As always you can man dmesg to get more information. - ----------- - -![](http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/36c7c25164c3455f2f711b01e395de0d?s=80&d=blank&r=G) - -Narad Shrestha - -- [Twitter profile][t] -- [Facebook profile][f] -- [Google+ profile][g] - -He has over 10 years of rich IT experience which includes various Linux Distros, FOSS and Networking. Narad always believes sharing IT knowledge with others and adopts new technology with ease. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/dmesg-commands/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/12-practical-examples-of-linux-grep-command/ -[t]:http://twitter.com/@nrdshrestha -[f]:http://facebook.com/narad.shrestha.9 -[g]:http://plus.google.com/104542109955805873615?rel=author From edb91d2e3009b9d3bb44768156ddc5abfc2ddd1e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zhengsihua Date: Mon, 21 Jul 2014 21:17:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 629/713] [Translated] How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS --- ...d logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md | 44 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md b/sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md index cc30f35291..07a4fe6be9 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md @@ -1,9 +1,6 @@ -Translating-----geekpi - - -How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS +如何用CentOS上的SARG log分析其来分析Squid的log ================================================================================ -In a [previous tutorial][1], we show how to configure a transparent proxy with Squid on CentOS. Squid provides many useful features, but analyzing a raw Squid log file is not straightfoward. For example, how could you analyze the time stamps and the number of hits in the following Squid log? +[上一节教程][1]中，我们战士了如何在CentOS上使用Squid配置透明代理。Squid提供了很多有用的特性，但是分析一个原始Squid日志文件并不直接。比如，你如何分析下面Squid log中的时间戳和数字？ 1404788984.429 1162 172.17.1.23 TCP_MISS/302 436 GET http://facebook.com/ - DIRECT/173.252.110.27 text/html 1404788985.046 12416 172.17.1.23 TCP_MISS/200 4169 CONNECT stats.pusher.com:443 - DIRECT/173.255.223.127 - @@ -15,24 +12,24 @@ In a [previous tutorial][1], we show how to configure a transparent proxy with S 1404788990.849 2151 172.17.1.23 TCP_MISS/200 76809 CONNECT fbstatic-a.akamaihd.net:443 - DIRECT/184.26.162.35 - 1404788991.140 611 172.17.1.23 TCP_MISS/200 110073 CONNECT fbstatic-a.akamaihd.net:443 - DIRECT/184.26.162.35 – -SARG (or Squid Analysis Report Generator) is a web based tool that creates reports from Squid logs. SARG provides an easy-to-understand view of network traffic handled by Squid, and it is very easy to set up and maintain. In the following tutorial, we show **how to set up SARG on a CentOS platform**. +SARG（或者说是Squid分析报告生成器）是一款基于web的工具，用于从Squid日志中生成报告。SARG提供了一个易于理解的由Squid处理的网络流量视图，并且它很容易设置与维护。在下面的教程中，我们会展示**如何在CentOS平台上设置SARG**。 -We start the process by installing necessary dependencies using yum. +我们使用yum来安装安装必要的依赖。 # yum install gcc make wget httpd crond -Necessary services are started and loaded at startup. +在启动时加载必要的服务 # service httpd start; service crond start # chkconfig httpd on; chkconfig crond on -Now we download and extract SARG. +现在我们下载并解压SARG # wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/sarg/sarg/sarg-2.3.8/sarg-2.3.8.tar.gz? # tar zxvf sarg-2.3.8.tar.gz # cd sarg-2.3.8 -**NOTE**: For 64-bit Linux, the source code in log.c needs to be patched as follows. +**注意**: 对于64位的Linux，log.c的源代码需要用下面的文件打补丁。 1506c1506 < if (fprintf(ufile->file, "%s\t%s\t%s\t%s\t%"PRIi64"\t%s\t%ld\t%s\n",dia,hora,ip,url,nbytes,code,elap_time,smartfilter)<=0) { @@ -47,13 +44,13 @@ Now we download and extract SARG. --- > printf("LEN=\t%"PRIi64"\n",(int64_t)nbytes); -Go ahead and build/install SARG as follows. +如下继续并编译/安装SARG # ./configure # make # make install -After SARG is installed, the configuration file can be modified to match your requirements. The following is one example of SARG configuration. +SARG安装之后，配置文件可以按你的要求修改。下面是一个SARG配置的例子。 # vim /usr/local/etc/sarg.conf @@ -66,19 +63,19 @@ After SARG is installed, the configuration file can be modified to match your re ## we don’t want multiple reports for single day/week/month ## overwrite_report yes -Now it's time for a test run. We run sarg command in debug mode to find whether there is any error. +现在是时候测试运行了，我们用调试模式运行sarg来找出是否存在错误。 # sarg -x -If all goes well, sarg should analyze Squid logs, and create reports in /var/www/html/squid-reports. The reports should be visible in a web browser using the address http:///squid-reports/ +如果i一切正常，sarg会根系Squid日志，并在/var/www/html/squid-reports下创建报告。报告也可以在浏览器中通过地址http://<服务器IP>/squid-reports/访问 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2931/14631403935_4ff34e07b9_z.jpg) ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3901/14629281644_fec31014c5_z.jpg) -SARG can be used to create daily, weekly and monthly reports. Time range can be specified using the "-d" parameter with possible values in the form of day-n, week-n or month-n, where n is the number of days/weeks/months to jump backward. For example, with week-1, SARG will generate a report for the previous week. With day-2, SARG will prepare reports for the previous two days. +、SARG可以用于创建每日、每周、每月的报告。时间范围用“-d”参数来指定，可能的值的形式可能为day-n、 week-n 或者 month-n，n的值向后天/周/月的数量。比如，使用week-1,SARG会生成前面一星期的报告。使用day-2,SARG会准备前面两天的报告。 -As a demonstration, we will prepare a cron job to run SARG daily. +作为演示，我们会准备一个计划任务来每天运行SARG。 # vim /etc/cron.daily/sarg @@ -87,30 +84,31 @@ As a demonstration, we will prepare a cron job to run SARG daily. #!/bin/sh /usr/local/bin/sarg -d day-1 -The file needs a execution permission. +文件需要可执行权限。 # chmod 755 /usr/local/bin/sarg -Now SARG should prepare daily reports about Squid-managed traffic. These reports can easily be accessed from the SARG web interface. +现在SARG应该会每天准备关于Squid管理的流量报告。这些报告可以很容易地通过SARG网络接口访问。 To sum up, SARG is a web based tool that analyzes Squid logs and presents the analysis in an informative way. System admins can leverage SARG to monitor what sites are being accessed, and to keep track of top visited sites and top users. This tutorial covers a working configuration for SARG. You can customize the configuration even further to match your requirements. +总结一下，SARG一款基于网络的工具，它可以分析Squid日志，并以更详细的方式展示分析。系统管理员可以利用SARG来监视哪些网站被访问了，并跟踪访问量最大的网站和用户。本教程涵盖了SARG配置工作。你甚至可以进一步自定义配置来满足您的要求。 -Hope this helps.­­­­ +希望这篇教程有用 ---------- [Sarmed Rahman][w] -- [Twitter profile][t] -- [LinkedIn profile][l] +- [Twitter 地址][t] +- [LinkedIn 地址][l] -Sarmed Rahman is an IT professional in the Internet Industry in Bangladesh. He writes tutorial articles on technology every now and then from a belief that knowledge grows through sharing. During his free time, he loves gaming and spending time with his friends. +Sarmed Rahman是一名在孟加拉国的IT专业人士。他坚持写作科学文章，并坚信技术可以通过分享提高。在他的空闲时间里，他爱好游戏与他的朋友在一起 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/analyze-squid-logs-sarg-log-analyzer-centos.html -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 1f780802bf2aff2e71f4cd8f3ce07f8db542dcaf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: zhengsihua Date: Mon, 21 Jul 2014 21:18:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 630/713] move to translated --- ... How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md b/translated/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md rename to translated/tech/20140716 How to analyze Squid logs with SARG log analyzer on CentOS.md From 2122fe08fa9736f08a937f8e9f7822eaeeab595b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cereuz Date: Tue, 22 Jul 2014 09:32:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 631/713] Update 02 - The history of Android.md --- .../The history of Android/02 - The history of Android.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/02 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/02 - The history of Android.md index ca8a81bf23..2c92c1bc8b 100644 --- a/sources/talk/The history of Android/02 - The history of Android.md +++ b/sources/talk/The history of Android/02 - The history of Android.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +cereuz is translating + The history of Android ================================================================================ ![Left: the Milestone 5 home screen showing the “all" button, two dock icons, and four recent apps. Center: the home screen with the app list open. Right: the power menu.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/homescree052n.jpg) @@ -75,4 +77,4 @@ via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-histor [1]:http://i.imgur.com/GIYGTnb.jpg [2]:http://www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-on-android-founder-andy-rubin-big-arrogant-f-2013-11 [a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo -[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo \ No newline at end of file +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo From 4b2e27ae1ec08e4db0284e09f54cafe8da9f5ccd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Love-xuan Date: Tue, 22 Jul 2014 10:25:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 632/713] Love-xuan Translating --- .../20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md index bf7ceb80d8..4b5ce56426 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Love-xuan 翻译中 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04 ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/display_lyrics_desktop_Ubuntu.jpeg) From 38c332357f9dc61cfe541071dcfffd6b32e2a9e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cereuz Date: Tue, 22 Jul 2014 12:35:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 633/713] Delete 02 - The history of Android.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 翻译好了，请帮忙校对。这里删除一下。 --- .../02 - The history of Android.md | 80 ------------------- 1 file changed, 80 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/The history of Android/02 - The history of Android.md diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/02 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/02 - The history of Android.md deleted file mode 100644 index 2c92c1bc8b..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/The history of Android/02 - The history of Android.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,80 +0,0 @@ -cereuz is translating - -The history of Android -================================================================================ -![Left: the Milestone 5 home screen showing the “all" button, two dock icons, and four recent apps. Center: the home screen with the app list open. Right: the power menu.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/homescree052n.jpg) -Left: the Milestone 5 home screen showing the “all" button, two dock icons, and four recent apps. Center: the home screen with the app list open. Right: the power menu. -Photo by Ron Amadeo - -### Android 0.5, Milestone 5—the land of scrapped interfaces ### - -The first major Android change came three months after the first emulator release: the "m5-rc14" build. Released in February 2008, “Milestone 5" dumped the stretched-out BlackBerry interface and went with a totally revamped design—Google's first attempt at a finger-friendly interface. - -This build was still identified as "Android 0.5" in the browser user agent string, but Milestone 5 couldn't be more different from the first release of Android. Several core Android features can directly trace their lineage back to this version. The layout and functionality of the notification panel was almost ready to ship, and, other than a style change, the menu was present in its final form, too. Android 1.0 was only eight months away from shipping, and the basics of an OS were starting to form. - -One thing that was definitely not in its final form was the home screen. It was an unconfigurable, single-screen wallpaper with an app drawer and dock. App icons were bubbly, three-color affairs, surrounded by a square, white background with rounded corners. The app drawer consisted of an "All" button in the lower-right corner, and tapping on it expanded the list of apps out to the left. Above the "All" button was a two icon dock where "Contacts" and "Dialer" were given permanent home screen real estate. The four blocks above that were an early version of Recent Apps, showing the last apps accessed. With no left or right screens and a whole column taken up by the dock and recent apps, this layout only allowed for 21 app squares before the screen would be filled. The emulator still only sported the bare-minimum app selection, but in an actual device, this design didn't appear like it would work well. - -Holding down the "end call" button brought up a super early version of the power menu, which you can see in the rightmost picture. Google didn't have the normal smartphone nomenclature down yet: "Turn Off Screen" would best be described as "Lock screen" (although there was no lock screen) and "Turn Off Radio" would be called "Airplane mode" today. - -![From left to right: the surprisingly modern notification panel, the menu open in Google Maps (Maps doesn't work anymore), and the new finger-friendly list view.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/noti2.png) -From left to right: the surprisingly modern notification panel, the menu open in Google Maps (Maps doesn't work anymore), and the new finger-friendly list view. -Photo by Ron Amadeo - -All the way back in Milestone 5, Google had the basics of the notification panel nailed down. It pulled down from the top of the screen just like it does on any modern smartphone. Current notifications displayed in a list. The first version of the notification panel was an opaque white sheet with a ribbed “handle" on the bottom and an orange dot in the center. Notifications were pressable, opening the appropriate app for that notification. No one bothered to vertically align the app icons in this list, but that's OK. This was gone in the next update. - -Sticky notifications went into an "ongoing" section at the top of the panel. In this build, that seemed to only include phone calls. The "Latest Event" notifications were clearable only after opening the appropriate app. Users surprisingly managed to sign in to Google Talk over the built-in XMPP connection. But while the notification panel displayed "new chat message," there wasn't actually an instant messaging app. - -The artwork in Milestone 5 was all new. The app icons were redrawn, and the menu switched from a boring BlackBerry-style text list to full-color, cartoony icons on a large grid. The notification panel icons switched from simple, sharp, white icons to a bubbly green design. There was now a strange black line under the signal bar indicator with no apparent purpose. The tiny list view from earlier builds really wasn't usable with a finger, so Milestone 5 came with an overall beefier layout. - -![The dialer, recent calls, and an incoming call.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/phonestuff.png) -The dialer, recent calls, and an incoming call. -Photo by Ron Amadeo - -M5 was the first build to have a dialer, albeit a fairly ugly one. Numbers were displayed in a gradient-filled bar containing a bizarre speech-bubble-styled backspace button that looked like it was recycled from some other interface. Alignment issues were everywhere. The numbers on the buttons weren't vertically aligned correctly, and the “X" in the backspace button wasn’t aligned with the speech bubble. You couldn't even start a call from the dialer—with no on-screen “dial" button, a hardware button was mandatory. - -Milestone 5 had a few tabbed interfaces, all of which demonstrated an extremely odd idea of how tabs should work. The active tab was white, and the background tabs were black with a tiny strip of white at the bottom. Were background tabs supposed to "shrink" downward? There was no animation when switching tabs. It wasn't clear what the design tried to communicate. - -Recent Calls, shown in the second picture, was downgraded from a top-tier app to a tab on the dialer. It ditched the crazy crosshair UI from earlier builds and, thanks to the chunkier list view, now displayed all the necessary information in a normal list. - -Unlike the dialer, the incoming call screen had on-screen buttons for answering and ending a call. Bizarrely, the incoming call screen was stuck to the bottom of the display, rather than the top or center. It was possibly left over from the old 4:3 BlackBerry screens. - -![An active call, the disabled touchscreen error message, and the call screen with a second call on hold.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/callsstuff.png) -An active call, the disabled touchscreen error message, and the call screen with a second call on hold. -Photo by Ron Amadeo - -The in-call interface looked normal but made zero sense in practice. Today, to stop your face from pressing buttons while on a call, phones have proximity sensors that turn the screen off when the sensor detects something. Milestone 5 didn’t support proximity sensors, though. Google’s haphazard solution was to disable the entire touch screen during a call. At the same time, the in-call screen was clearly overhauled for touch. There were big, finger-friendly buttons; *you just couldn't touch anything*. - -M5 featured a few regressions here from the old Milestone 3 build. Many decent-looking icons from the old interface were replaced with text. Buttons like "mute" no longer offered on-screen feedback that they were active. Merging calls was cut completely. - -![The browser’s primary menu, the browser’s secondary menu, the crazy zoom control, and the window interface.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/browser4.png) -The browser’s primary menu, the browser’s secondary menu, the crazy zoom control, and the window interface. -Photo by Ron Amadeo - -The browser menu got the usual touch overhaul, and for the first time a "more" button appeared. It functioned as an [extra menu for your menu][1]. Rather than turning the 3x2 grid into a 3x4 grid, Milestone 5 (and many successive versions of Android) used a long, scrolling list for the additional options. Pinch zoom wasn't supported (supposedly a [concession to Apple][2]), so Android went with the ridiculous looking zoom control in the third picture above. Rather than something sensible like a horizontal, bottom-aligned zoom control, Google stuck it smack in the middle of the screen. The last picture shows the Browser’s "window" interface, which allowed you to open multiple webpages and semi-easily switch between them. - -![Google Maps’ layers section screen, search interface, and directions screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/amps.png) -Google Maps’ layers section screen, search interface, and directions screen. -Photo by Ron Amadeo - -Google Maps still didn't work, but the little UI we accessed saw significant updates. You could pick map layers, although there were only two to choose from: Satellite and Traffic. The top-aligned search interface strangely hid the status bar, while the bottom-aligned directions didn't hide the status bar. Direction's enter button was labeled with "Go," and Search's enter button was labeled with a weird curvy arrow. The list goes on and demonstrates old school Android at its worst: two functions in the same app that should look and work similarly, but these were implemented as complete opposites. - ----------- - -![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) - -[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. - -[@RonAmadeo][t] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/2/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://i.imgur.com/GIYGTnb.jpg -[2]:http://www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-on-android-founder-andy-rubin-big-arrogant-f-2013-11 -[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo -[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo From 3704abff0675a8a6fff723cba93abb269d8fb543 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cereuz Date: Tue, 22 Jul 2014 12:36:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 634/713] Create 02 - The history of Android.md MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 这是修改了标题的，帮忙校对一下，有错误希望您能提出来，谢谢。。已经发出删除原文请求 --- .../talk/02 - The history of Android.md | 80 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 80 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/talk/02 - The history of Android.md diff --git a/translated/talk/02 - The history of Android.md b/translated/talk/02 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..696de0aa22 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/02 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ + 安卓编年史 02 + +============================================================================= +![Left: the Milestone 5 home screen showing the “all" button, two dock icons, and four recent apps. Center: the home screen with the app list open. Right: the power menu.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/homescree052n.jpg) +左边：里程碑 5，主屏幕展示了“All”按钮，两个dock图标，以及最近使用的四个应用。中间：主屏幕与打开的应用程序列表。右边：电源菜单。 +图片来自@Ron Amadeo + +＃＃＃Android0.5, 里程碑 5——如今已经是报废接口的领地了 ＃＃＃ - + +“M5-RC14”构建后：也就是第一个仿真器发布，三个月之后Android迎来了她的首次重大革新。 2008年2月发布的“里程碑5”甩掉了发展中的黑莓界面，走向一个完全革新的设计——谷歌在手指触摸技术的第一次尝试。 + +由于浏览器的用户代理字符串的使用，此版本仍然被识别为“Android0.5”，但里程碑 5与Android的第一个版本相比已经完全不一样了。几个核心的Android功能直接追踪他们的血统最终还是会回到这个版本。通知面板的布局和功能几乎已经整装待发，并且，除了样式变化外，菜单同样也存在于它的最终组成。安卓1.0距离该项目起航的时间仅仅只有八个月，一个操作系统的基础已经开始形成了。 + +有一件东西绝对不会存在于最后的组成，那就是是主屏幕。这是一个不可配置的，单屏壁纸的应用程序的架子和空位。【译者注："an app drawer and dock，",度娘直接是"应用程序的抽屉和码头，",没有搜到相关专业的词汇，求指点,感激。zsky@live.com】应用程序图标是天真活泼的，三种颜色的组合，由一个方形的、有圆角的白色背景包围着。应用程序的架子由在右下角的一个“All”按钮组成，轻按它，扩展的应用程序列表显示在了左边。这个“All”按钮正上面的是两个图标空位，“联系人”和“拨号器”分别获得了专属的永久主屏幕位置。然后上边有四个板块，它们是最近应用程序的早期版式，展示了最后访问的应用程序。没有了左画面或右画面，基座和最近的应用程序占用一整列，这种布局下21个正方形的应用程序才会填充满整个屏幕。模拟器仍然只选择同等最小的应用程序，但在实际的设备中，这样的设计并产生没有很好地工作效果。 + +按住“end call”按钮会出现一个超级早期版本的电源菜单，您可以在最右边的图片中看到的。谷歌迄今为止没有正常的智能手机命名术语：对于“Turn Off Screen”最好地形容也许是“Lock screen”（虽然当时没有锁屏）和“Turn Off Radio”在今天被叫做“Airplane Mode”。 + +![From left to right: the surprisingly modern notification panel, the menu open in Google Maps (Maps doesn't work anymore), and the new finger-friendly list view.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/noti2.png) +从左至右依次为：令人惊喜的现代版通知面板，谷歌地图的菜单在打开着（地图已经不可用了），和新的适合手指操作的列表视图。 +照片来自@Ron Amadeo + +所有的方式都会回溯到里程碑 5，谷歌在那时就毫无疑问拥有通知面板的基本知识储备。就像在任何现代的智能手机里看到的一样，它能够从屏幕顶部下拉下来。目前的通知都显示在列表中。通知面板的第一个版本是不透明的白色薄片带着棱纹的的“handle”在底部，一个橙色的圆点在中心。通知是可触的，通过触摸可以打开该通知关联的应用程序。没有人被在此列表中垂直对齐的应用程序图标所困扰，不过也没关系，随着在接下来的更新，它已经是过去式了。 + +点一下通知，进入一个在面板顶部的“on going”部分。在这个版本，这里似乎只包含打电话。在“Latest Event”里的通知只有打开相应的应用程序后才是清楚的。用户令人惊喜的通过内置的XMPP连接成功登录到谷歌talk。不过，虽然通知面板中显示“new chat message，”，其实这里并没有没有真正的即时消息应用程序。 + +里程碑 5里的艺术设计全部都是新的。该应用程序图标被重新绘制，并且菜单从一个无聊的黑莓风格的文本列表转变为一个大格全彩色、卡通的图标。通知面板图标也从简单的、突兀的、白色的图标切换到一个天真活泼的绿色设计。当时在信号栏指示器下边有一个奇怪的黑线，几乎没有作用。早期开发版本的微小列表视图不适合手指使用，所以里程碑 5开发了全面强大的整体布局。 + +![The dialer, recent calls, and an incoming call.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/phonestuff.png) +拨号器，最近通话，和来电接听。 +照片来自@Ron Amadeo + +M5是第一个有一个拨号器的版本，即使她是一个相当难看的版本。数字被显示在包含一个奇怪的语音气泡风格的退格键里，看上去就像是从其他界面回收回来的。对齐问题随处可见。按钮上的数字没有正确的垂直排列，而且退格键的“X”也没有与对话框对齐。由于屏幕上没有的“dial”按钮，你甚至不能从拨号程序打个电话，一个硬件按钮也被托管了。 + +里程碑 5 有几个选项卡式界面，所有这些都表明了一个非常奇怪的想法：标签应该如何工作。活跃的标签是白色的，而背景标签是拥有一小条白色在其边沿的黑色。后台标签应该是向下的“shrink”吗？切换标签时，是没有动画的。目前还不清楚这个设计试图想表达什么。 + +在第二张图片中显示的最近通话记录项，是从顶级的应用程序降级到拨号器选项卡的。它丢弃了早期版本的疯狂十字丝UI，多亏了大块列表视图，现在所有必要的信息都是显示在一个正常的列表。 + +不同于拨号器，来电画面只有即时屏幕上的按钮来接听和结束通话。奇怪的是，来电屏幕贴在显示器的底部，而不是顶部或中心。它可能是从旧的黑莓4:3屏幕遗留下来的。 + +![An active call, the disabled touchscreen error message, and the call screen with a second call on hold.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/callsstuff.png) +通话中，触摸屏不可用的显示错误信息，和暂停通话的第二个呼叫的呼叫屏幕。 +照片来自@Ron Amadeo + +通话中界面看起来正常，但在实践中毫无意义。今天，在通话中为了阻止你的脸按到屏幕按钮，手机近距离传感器一旦检测到相关信息会快速关闭屏幕。虽然里程碑 5不支持近距离传感器。谷歌的杂乱无章的解决方案是在通话过程中禁止整个触摸屏。与此同时，通话中的屏幕显然会彻底检查触摸功能。这时候是有大的，可触摸的按钮; *就是不让你摸！！*。 + +M5在这里让旧里程碑3版本的几个回归者占据特色地位。许多旧的接口里有体面相貌的图标被替换成了文本。像“mute”按钮不再提供屏幕上的反馈，过去他们是活跃的。合并通话被完全切掉了。 + +![The browser’s primary menu, the browser’s secondary menu, the crazy zoom control, and the window interface.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/browser4.png) +浏览器的主要菜单，浏览器的二级菜单，疯狂的变焦控制和窗口界面。 +照片来自@Ron Amadeo + +浏览器菜单中得到了一贯的触摸功能大修理，并且“more”按钮第一次出现。它充当一个[extra menu for your menu] [1]。而不是转动3x2的网格成3x4的网格，里程碑 5（和Android的许多后续版本一样）中使用很长的、滚动的列表来引出其他选项。不支持双指缩放（据说是[concession to Apple] [2]），因此Android运行着可笑的变焦控制外表，在上边第三张图片。而不是理智的比如是一个水平的、底部对齐变焦的控制，谷歌控制它直接出现在屏幕的中间。最后一张图片显示浏览器的“window”界面，允许你打开多个网页和两者之间轻松切换。 + +![Google Maps’ layers section screen, search interface, and directions screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/amps.png) +谷歌地图的层级部分的屏幕，搜索界面，并指示屏幕。 +照片来自@Ron Amadeo + +谷歌地图仍然不能使用，但我们访问的小小UI却有了显著更新。你可以挑选地图图层，虽然只有两种可以选择：卫星和交通。顶部对齐的搜索界面隐藏了奇怪的状态栏，而底部对齐方向没有隐藏状态栏。指示的输入按钮被标有“Go”，而且搜寻的输入按钮被标有一个奇怪的弯曲的箭头。这样的例子不胜枚举，并演示了老同学的Android在最坏时候的情况：在同一个应用程序，它的外观和工作方式类似的两个功能，但这些都实现为完全相反的方向。 + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron是Ars Technica的评论编辑，他专注于Android操作系统和谷歌的产品。他总是在寻找一个新的小工具，喜欢分解事物来看看它们是如何工作的。 + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/2/ + +译者：[cereuz](https://github.com/cereuz)邮箱：[cereuz](mailto:sunedo@qq.com) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://i.imgur.com/GIYGTnb.jpg +[2]:http://www.businessinsider.com/steve-jobs-on-android-founder-andy-rubin-big-arrogant-f-2013-11 +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo From 607017141e9686b82c0ba2fc93a7a66ad0f1cbe5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 22 Jul 2014 16:12:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 635/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140722-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ktop Environment for Conservative Users.md | 42 ++++ ...ox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md | 59 ++++++ ...droplets from the command line on Linux.md | 185 ++++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 286 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140722 Budgie Desktop 5.1 Is a Superb New Desktop Environment for Conservative Users.md create mode 100644 sources/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140722 How to manage DigitalOcean VPS droplets from the command line on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140722 Budgie Desktop 5.1 Is a Superb New Desktop Environment for Conservative Users.md b/sources/news/20140722 Budgie Desktop 5.1 Is a Superb New Desktop Environment for Conservative Users.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..882bb67481 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140722 Budgie Desktop 5.1 Is a Superb New Desktop Environment for Conservative Users.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +Budgie Desktop 5.1 Is a Superb New Desktop Environment for Conservative Users +================================================================================ +![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Budgie-Desktop-5-1-Is-a-Superb-New-Desktop-Environment-For-Conservative-Users-451477-2.jpg) + +**The developer of Evolve OS, Ikey Doherty, has made a new desktop environment called Budgie Desktop and released a new version of it.** + +Evolve OS hasn't been launched yet, but the developer is actively working on it. Instead of adopting an existing desktop environment, he decided that it would be better to make his own. It's based on GNOME and uses quite a few GNOME packages, but it looks very different. In fact, it follows the same paradigm as MATE and Cinnamon, although Budgie seems to be a little more modern and polished. + +It's quite interesting to see that a critical piece of technology is released before the operating system that it's going to serve, but potential users don't have to be completely taken by surprise. To that effect, a [PPA][1] has been put in place for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS and Ubuntu 14.10, although it's not official. Also, the Arch Linux users will find the new desktop environment in the AUR repository. + +“Almost all of the changes since v4 have been related to the panel. It’s been completely rewritten in Vala, lowering the maintenance overhead and significantly reducing the barrier of entry for new contributors. So, when your update comes through later on (hopefully) today through OBS if you use it, or for Evolve OS users you already have the update, you should only see minor visual differences. The idea was not to change the look, but to rewrite what was there and make it moar better.” + +“The rewrite into Vala took quite some effort, but has immediately paid off. In the future all of the desktop will be rewritten to use Vala, and being the ‘second write’ – we do things better the second time around,” says Ikey Doherty in the release [announcement][2]. + +Even if the desktop environment looks pretty advanced, judging by the version number, there is still room for improvements. The developer has promised that the next release in the series, 6.x, will allow users to write plugins in any language supported by libpeas, and that includes C, Vala, JavaScript, and Python. + +Users will also notice that some of the main elements from Budgie Desktop have remained in place, like the position of the menu and the size of the icons. In the future, it will be possible to change them, but for now, users need to contend with what's available. + +Even in this incipient phase, Budgie Desktop 5.1 looks better than many of the alternatives that can be found right now on other OSes. + +Download the source package right now for Ubuntu and Arch Linux: + +- [GIT sources][3][sources] [0 KB] +- [Ubuntu 14.04 PPA Repository][4][ubuntu_deb] [0 KB] +- [Arch Linux binary][5][binary] [0 KB] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Budgie-Desktop-5-1-Is-a-Superb-New-Desktop-Environment-For-Conservative-Users-451477.shtml + +原文作者：[Silviu Stahie][a] + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie +[1]:https://launchpad.net/~sukso96100/+archive/ubuntu/budgie-desktop +[2]:https://evolve-os.com/2014/07/20/budgie-desktop-v5-1-released/ +[3]:https://github.com/evolve-os/budgie-desktop/ +[4]:https://launchpad.net/~sukso96100/+archive/ubuntu/budgie-desktop?field.series_filter=trusty +[5]:https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/budgie-desktop-git \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md b/sources/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3710001e3b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface +================================================================================ +**The latest experimental build of the native Dropbox Linux client has debuted with an all new Qt interface.** + +Dropbox say that the UI rewrite, which will be used on both Windows and Linux, will fix a ‘large number’ of long-standing bugs, issues and glitches. The cross-platform toolkit is also set to improve general performance. + +Alongside an all new setup wizard and login screen (see below) is a handful of redesigned splash screens. + +![Login Screen ](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dropbox-qt-login.jpg) +Login Screen + +![Setup Screen](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dropbox-qt-set-up.jpg) +Setup Screen + +![Congratulations Screen ](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dropbox-qt-finished.jpg) +Congratulations Screen + +### Not Stable Yet ### + +Dropbox developers caution that since much of the new interface “is still rough around the edges” testers should expect to encounter various visual bugs while using it. The new UI does not yet work with accessibility tools like screen readers. + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dropbox-linux-clients-old-and-new.jpg) + +The new UI uses (for now) the stock Qt theme. This isn’t ugly per se, but it does look a little out of place on the Ubuntu desktop, especially compared to previous builds. Memory usage is also reportedly higher, in some cases jumping from 60MB when idle to more than 178MB. Those on low-end devices should resist the temptation to try this build — at least until this particular bug has been addressed. + +Full change log for Dropbox 2.11.0 (Experimental) for Linux: + +- Rewrite of the Windows & Linux UI in Qt +- File identifiers detect when files have been moved/renamed +- New setup/login experience +- Faster uploads for small files +- New splash screens + +### Download Dropbox Linux Build 2.11.x ### + +To try the experimental builds just download the correct archive for your system using the links below. + +- [Dropbox Experimental (64bit) Offline Linux Installer][1] +- [Dropbox Experimental (32bit) Offline Linux Installer][2] + +Once downloaded, extract the archive to your Home folder. It’s hidden by default, so using the Terminal, ‘`cd`‘ into the ‘`.dropbox-dist/dropbox-lnx`‘ folder and run ‘`./dropbox start`‘. + +Dropbox terminal navigation gif: + +![](http://i.imgur.com/5TeYXEm.gif) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/dropbox-experimental-linux-build-qt-rewrite + +原文作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a] + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author +[1]:https://d1ilhw0800yew8.cloudfront.net/client/dropbox-lnx.x86_64-2.11.0.tar.gz +[2]:https://d1ilhw0800yew8.cloudfront.net/client/dropbox-lnx.x86-2.11.0.tar.gz \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140722 How to manage DigitalOcean VPS droplets from the command line on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140722 How to manage DigitalOcean VPS droplets from the command line on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a96a4f9e74 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140722 How to manage DigitalOcean VPS droplets from the command line on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,185 @@ +How to manage DigitalOcean VPS droplets from the command line on Linux +================================================================================ +[DigitalOcean][1] is one of the [hottest][2] new kids in the block in the cloud VPS hosting market. While not offering as comprehensive service portfolio as Amazon Web Services and the likes, DigitalOcean is already a strong contender for the best Linux-based cloud VPS service targeted at small businesses and developers, thanks to their competitive pricing and user-friendly management interface. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3841/14501627500_2ef275ac1c_z.jpg) + +Whenever you need a web-facing server for your personal project, you can quickly spin up a "droplet" (nickname for a VPS instance at [DigitalOcean][3]). And kill it when it's not needed. No need to burn a hole in your pocket as you are charged for its up time. While DigitalOcean's web-based management interface is streamlined already, for those of you who are die-hard fans of command-line interface (CLI), there is a CLI-based droplet management tool called [Tugboat][4]. Thanks to this CLI tool, any complex droplet management task can easily be turned into a script. + +In this tutorial, I am going to describe **how to use Tugboat to manage DigitalOcean dropets from the command line**. + +### Install Tugboat on Linux ### + +To install Tugboat on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint: + + $ sudo apt-get install ruby-dev + $ sudo gem install tugboat + +To install Tugboat on Fedora: + + $ sudo yum install ruby-devel + $ sudo gem install tugboat + +To install Tugboat on CentOS, first [install or upgrade to the latest Ruby][5], because on CentOS 6.5 and earlier, the default Ruby does not meet the minimum version requirement (1.9 and higher) for Tugboat. Once you install Ruby 1.9 and higher, install Tugboat as follows. + + $ sudo gem install tugboat + +### Configure Tugboat for the First Time ### + +After installation, it's time to go through one-time configuration, which involves authorizing Tugboat to access your DigitalOcean account. + +Go to [https://cloud.digitalocean.com/api_access][6], and create a new API key. Make a note of client ID and API key. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3836/14688299215_fd282a0142_z.jpg) + +Start authorization process by running: + + $ tugboat authorize + +When prompted, enter your client ID and API key. It will ask you several other questions. You can accept default answers for now. We are going to customize the default settings later anyway. + +[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5596/14685122101_dba50fc86b_z.jpg)][7] + +Now let's customize default droplet settings to reflect your typical use cases. For that, first check available droplet offerings (e.g., available images, regions, sizes). + +Running the command below will show you a list of available droplet images. Pick a default image to use, and make a note of the corresponding ID. + + $ tugboat images --global + +![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2900/14688299175_e77e74fa1e_z.jpg) + +Similarly, pick a default geographic location from available regions: + + $ tugboat regions + +Also, choose a default droplet size from available RAM sizes: + + $ tugboat sizes + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3858/14501661238_4304e8bdfb_o.png) + +Now put your default choices in ~/.tugboat. For example, here I customize my default settings to 512MB Ubuntu 14.04 x64 to be created in New York region. Set "ssh_user" to root if you want to enable SSH via key authentication, which will be described shortly. + + $ vi ~/.tugboat + +---------- + + --- + authentication: + client_key: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX + api_key: XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX + ssh: + ssh_user: root + ssh_key_path: /home/dev/.ssh/id_rsa + ssh_port: '22' + defaults: + region: '4' + image: '3240036' + size: '66' + ssh_key: '' + private_networking: 'false' + backups_enabled: 'false' + +### Create and Add SSH Key to DigitalOcean ### + +A secure way to access your droplet instance is to SSH to the instance via [key authentication][8]. + +In fact, you can automatically enable key authentication for your droplets by registering your SSH public key with [DigitalOcean][9]. Here is how to do it. + +First, generate a private/public SSH key pair (if you don't have one). + + $ ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "your@emailaddress.com" + +Assuming that the generated key pair consists of: ~/.ssh/id_rsa (private key) and ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub (public key), go ahead and upload your public key by running: + + $ tugboat add-key [name-of-your-key] + +You can give your key any name you like (e.g., "my-default-key"). When prompted, enter the path to your public key (e.g., /home/user/.ssh/id_rsa.pub). After key uploading is completed, verify the key is successfully added by running: + + $ tugboat keys + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3869/14501853397_3d3f4365b1_z.jpg) + +The key should also appear in DigitalOcean's [SSH key page][10]. If you want the key to be automatically used for your droplets, add the ID of your key to ~/.tugboat. + + ssh_key: '182710' + +### Basic Usage of Tugboat ### + +Here are a few basic use cases of tugboat command line. + +1. Create a new droplet with default settings. + + $ tugboat create + +2. Show a list of all active droplets. + + $ tugboat droplets + +3. Display information about a droplet. + + $ tugboat info + +[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5593/14501627440_5835506d2a_z.jpg)][11] + +4. Shutdown a droplet, and remove its image. + + $ tugboat destroy + +5. Shutdown a droplet, but keep its image + + $ tugboat halt + +6. Take a snapshot of a droplet. The droplet must be turned off first. + + $ tugboat snapshot + +7. Resize (increase or decrease the RAM size of) a droplet. The droplet must be shutdown first. + + $ tugboat resize -s + +If you want to know more about a particular command option, run: + + $ tugboat help + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3900/14688013322_4fa6080c5e_z.jpg) + +### Troubleshooting ### + +1. When I run tugboat command, it fails with the following error. + + /usr/lib/ruby/site_ruby/1.8/rubygems/custom_require.rb:31:in `gem_original_require': /usr/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/tugboat-0.2.0/lib/tugboat/cli.rb:12: syntax error, unexpected ':', expecting kEND (SyntaxError) + +Tugboat requires Ruby 1.9 and higher. You need to upgrade Ruby to solve this problem. For CentOS, refer to [this tutorial][12]. + +2. When I try to install Tugboat with gem, I get the following error. + +/usr/local/share/ruby/site_ruby/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb:55:in `require': cannot load such file -- json/pure (LoadError) + +Install the following gem to fix the problem. + + $ sudo gem install json_pure + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/manage-digitalocean-vps-droplets-command-line-linux.html + +原文作者：[Dan Nanni][a] + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni +[1]:http://xmodulo.com/go/digitalocean +[2]:http://news.netcraft.com/archives/2013/12/11/digitalocean-now-growing-faster-than-amazon.html +[3]:http://xmodulo.com/go/digitalocean +[4]:https://github.com/pearkes/tugboat +[5]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/upgrade-ruby-centos.html +[6]:https://cloud.digitalocean.com/api_access +[7]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14685122101/ +[8]:http://xmodulo.com/2012/04/how-to-enable-ssh-login-without.html +[9]:http://xmodulo.com/go/digitalocean +[10]:https://cloud.digitalocean.com/ssh_keys +[11]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14501627440/ +[12]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/upgrade-ruby-centos.html \ No newline at end of file From 1e6eb744418af55429e99494b15fee5ac5a349bb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Tue, 22 Jul 2014 16:15:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 636/713] PUB:20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @cvsher 下回记得在文末的译者处写上你的ID哦。 --- ...20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md | 17 +++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md (89%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md b/published/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md similarity index 89% rename from translated/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md rename to published/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md index 5362df3738..4fce09d33d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md +++ b/published/20140709 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Four.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ -#命令行星期二-第四部分# --------------------------------------------------------- +命令行星期二——第四部分 +=================== 大家好。新的一周，新的冒险！ @@ -10,17 +10,19 @@ ###通配符### 使用图形工具区复制、粘贴、新建目录等操作也许很容易，但是若想完成一些更复杂的任务，例如仅仅将一个目录下的所有.html文件复制到另一个目录中、或者只复制在某个目录中不存在的文件，这时命令行也许会比较方便。我们回到通配符的学习中，通配符是shell的基本功能，它是一个由一些特殊字符组成的集合，它让你可以用一些简单的规则来选择出某些文件。（通配符可以出现在文件名中，用于指定文件名的字符个数和字母的大/小写等规则）。 -如下表（点击放大）： + +如下表 ： ![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-125946.png) -下面是mr Shotts给出的一些实例，如下表：（点击放大） +下面是肖茨先生给出的一些实例，如下表： ![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-125959.png) 如果你使用一个包含文件名参数的命令，你就可以使用通配符。 ###cp### + cp是一个用于复制文件或者目录的命令，它的用法相当的简单。进入到你想复制的文件所在的目录，然后使用如下命令 `cp file1 file2` -复制一个文件 @@ -29,11 +31,12 @@ cp是一个用于复制文件或者目录的命令，它的用法相当的简单 `cp file1 file2 ... directory` -从当前工作目录复制多个文件到指定的目录。 -下表是mr Shotts给出的cp命令的一些选项： +下表是肖茨先生给出的cp命令的一些选项： ![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-134248.png) ###mv### + mv是今天的第二个命令，我们可以使用mv来重命名一个文件或目录，或者移动一个文件或目录。我们可以这样使用mv命令。 `mv filename1 filename2` -若想将文件filename1重命名为filename2。 @@ -47,6 +50,7 @@ mv是今天的第二个命令，我们可以使用mv来重命名一个文件或 ![](https://news.opensuse.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Screenshot-08.-07.-2014-133515.png) ###rm### + rm命令是用于删除文件或目录，它的用法比较直接，如下： `rm file` @@ -62,6 +66,7 @@ rm命令是用于删除文件或目录，它的用法比较直接，如下： 但是，使用rm命令时要小心点。因为并没有撤销删除的选项，因此使用rm命令式要格外的小心，避免对你的系统造成不必要的破坏。 ###mkdir### + mkdir是用于创建目录.它是今天最简单的一个命令： `mkdir directory` @@ -73,6 +78,6 @@ mkdir是用于创建目录.它是今天最简单的一个命令： ------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/08/command-line-tuesdays-part-four/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[cvsher](https://github.com/cvsher) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 60d9a2e6027f001cdbe6e490e937bff0cedf819c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Tue, 22 Jul 2014 16:34:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 637/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140722-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md | 68 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md b/sources/tech/20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5f3b4eb5c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands +================================================================================ +Linux command Line and the interaction of users with Linux Shell with Linux Commands is the most wonderful part of Linux and is one of the most widely topic from interview point. Here in this article we are coming up with 10 wonderful questions that are important from the interview perspective and will surely add to yours knowledge base. + +![Linux Command Questions](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Linux-Command-Questions.png) +Linux Command Questions + +### 1. How will you suspend a running process and put it in the background? ### + +**Answer** : In order to suspend a running process/job and put it in the background we need to use the key combination Ctrl+z. + +### 2. What are the minimum number of partitions required to install Linux and How will you check boot messages? ### + +**Answer** : The /root partition alone is sufficient to perform the whole task however minimum three partitions are recommended to install Linux. These are root, boot and swap. An IDE Hard Disk Drive supports upto 63 partitions and SCSI Hard Disk Drive supports up-to 15 partitions. + +In order to check boot messages we need to use cat or dmesg commands as shown below. + + # cat /var/log/messages + +OR + + # dmesg + +### 3. Name the Daemon responsible for tracking System Event on your Linux box? ### + +**Answer** : The Daemon ‘syslogd’ is responsible for tracking system information and stores the tracked logs in specific log files. + +### 4. What are the minimum requirements to run command ‘fsck’ on root partition? ### + +**Answer** : The /root partition must be mounted as read only mode and not read-write to execute fsck command on root partition. + +### 5. How to copy /home directory hierarchically to another directory. How will you do it? ### + +**Answer** : A Linux command ‘cpio’ comes to rescue here. The ‘cpio’ utility copies files and directories hierarchically over another location. + +### 6. How will you automate the rotation of logs in Linux? ### + +**Answer** : A Linux command ‘logrotate’ comes to rescue when it comes to automate the logs in Linux. + +### 7. How to know who has scheduled the job? ### + +**Answer** : The Linux command ‘at’ along with switch ‘-l’ is all we need to use in order to check who has scheduled the job. + +### 8. How to view the contents of the tar ball without extracting it. How will you do this? ### + +**Answer** : We need to use command ‘tar’ with options ‘-tvf’. The options ‘t’ (Display the contents), ‘v’ (Verbose), ‘f’ (files). + +### 9. What is page Fault and how it happens? ### + +**Answer** : A program request for some data and if it is not available in the Memory it is called as page fault. Page Fault occurs as a result of program shutdown. + +### 10. What are return codes in program? ### + +**Answer** : A return code is the feature of Shell. The result of return code shows the status of a program. A successful program after execution returns ’0′, && can be used to prioritize which application will be executing first. + +That’s all for now. I’ll be here again with another interesting article soon. Till then stay tuned and connected to Tecmint. Don’t forget to provide us with your valuable feedback in the comment section below. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/10-useful-interview-questions-and-answers-on-linux-commands/ + +原文作者：[Avishek Kumar][a] + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/ \ No newline at end of file From ae2dc2a7672be9132dfac2ea0f5bda3efd2500b8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kaiyao <1250471161@qq.com> Date: Tue, 22 Jul 2014 17:51:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 638/713] =?UTF-8?q?[su-kaiyao]=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...seful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md | 4 +++- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md b/sources/tech/20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md index 5f3b4eb5c2..a73aa73937 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +[su-kaiyao]翻译中 + 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands ================================================================================ Linux command Line and the interaction of users with Linux Shell with Linux Commands is the most wonderful part of Linux and is one of the most widely topic from interview point. Here in this article we are coming up with 10 wonderful questions that are important from the interview perspective and will surely add to yours knowledge base. @@ -65,4 +67,4 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/10-useful-interview-questions-and-answers-on-linux-c 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/ \ No newline at end of file +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/ From cc9048828963fefd652c87a0b9d3a30939832d7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bazz2 Date: Tue, 22 Jul 2014 20:25:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 639/713] [bazz2-ed]Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1 --- ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md | 77 ------------------- ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md | 76 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 76 insertions(+), 77 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4db2d54b23..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,77 +0,0 @@ -[let bazz2 try it] -Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging -================================================================================ -### Linux Kernel Testing Philosophy ### - -Testing is an integral and important part of any software development cycle, open or closed, and Linux kernel is no exception to that. Developer testing, integration testing, regression, and stress testing have different individual goals, however from 1000 feet up, the end goal is the same, to ensure the software continues to work as it did before adding a new body of code, and the new features work as designed. - -Ensuring software is stable without regressions before the release, helps avoid debugging and fixing customer and user found bugs after the release. It costs more in time and effort to debug and fix a customer found problem. Hence, testing is very important in the case of any software, not just the Linux kernel. Unlike closed and proprietary operating systems, the development process is open and is not locked down. This process is its strength as well as weakness. With several developers continuing to add new features, and fixing bugs, continuous integration and testing is vital to ensure the kernel continues to work on existing hardware as new hardware support and features get added. In the open source development, developers and users share the testing responsibility. This is another important difference between a closed development model and an open one. - -Almost all Linux kernel developers, if not all, are very active Linux users themselves. There is no requirement that testers should be developers, however, users and developers that are not familiar with the new code could be more effective at testing a new piece of code than the original author of that code. In other words, developer testing serves as an important step in verifying the functionality, however, developer testing alone is not sufficient to find interactions with other code, features, and unintended regressions on configurations and/or hardware, developer didn't anticipate and didn't have the opportunity and resources to test. Hence, users play a very important role in the Linux Kernel development process. - -So now that we understand the importance of continuous integration testing, we will go into the details of testing itself. Before we talk about testing, I would like to walk through the development process itself to help understand how it works and how the changes funnel into the mainline kernel. - -3000+ kernel developers from around the world contribute to the Linux kernel. It is a 24hours, seven days a week, and 365 days of continuous development process that results in a new release once every 2+ months and several stable and extended stable releases. New development and current release integration cycles run in parallel. - -For further reading on the development process, please refer to [Greg Kroah-Hartman's presentation on the Linux Kernel Development][1]. - - It is my intent that this guide should be useful to a beginner as well as an experienced contributor and/or individuals interested in getting involved in the Linux kernel development. Experienced developers can chose to skip sections that go over basic testing and debugging. - -This paper will discuss how to test and debug Linux kernel, tools, scripts and debug mechanisms that aid in regression and integration testing. In addition, this paper will go into details on how to use git bisect to isolate a patch that introduced a bug, and what to test before sending patches to the Linux Kernel Mailing List. I will use Linux PM as an example target area for the testing and debugging discussion. Even though this paper is Linux Kernel testing focused, the importance of testing is applicable to any software project. - -### Configuring Development and Test System ### - - Let's get started. First order of business is finding a development system that suits your needs. x86-64 systems are a good choice for a basic development system, unless there is a need for a specific architecture and/or configuration. - -The second step is to install distribution of your preference. I prefer Ubuntu, hence this document will have the details on how to configure a kernel development system running Ubuntu distribution. Please follow [How to Ubuntu][2] for installing the Ubuntu release of your choice. - -On development and test systems, it is a good idea to ensure there is ample space for kernels in the boot partition. Choosing whole disk install or setting aside 3 GB disk space for the boot partition is recommended. - -Once the distribution is installed and the system is ready for development packages, enable root account and also enable sudo for your user account. The system might already have the build-essential package which is what you need to build Linux kernels on an x86_64 system. If build-essential is not already installed, run the following command to install it: - - sudo apt-get install build-essential - -At this point, you may install the following packages as well, so the system is ready for cross-compiling Linux kernels. Note that ncurses-dev is a required package to run make menuconfig. - - sudo apt-get install binutils-multiarch - - sudo apt-get install ncurses-dev - - sudo apt-get install alien - -Now let's install a few tools every Linux kernel developer need in his/her tool chest. - - sudo apt-get install git - - sudo apt-get install cscope - - sudo apt-get install meld - - sudo apt-get install gitk - -If you would like to get the system configured for cross-compiling other supported architectures non-natively on your x86-64 system, please follow: [Cross-compiling Linux kernel on x86 64][3]. - -The Stable Kernel - -Start by cloning the stable kernel git, building and installing the latest stable kernel. You can find information on the latest stable and mainline releases at [The Linux Kernel Archive][4]. - - git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git - -The above step will create a new directory named linux-stable and populate it with the sources. - -You can also download just the Linux Kernel source tar-ball instead of cloning the git, and then unpack the tar-ball. - - tar xvf linux-3.x.y.tar.xz - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,0 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/images/stories/pdf/als2012_gregkh.pdf -[2]:http://howtoubuntu.org/ -[3]:http://linuxdriverproject.org/mediawiki/index.php/Cross-compiling_Linux_kernel_on_x86_64 -[4]:https://www.kernel.org/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md b/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..deb81ef193 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 1.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +Linux 内核的测试和调试 +================================================================================ +### Linux 内核测试哲学 ### + +不管是开源还是闭源，所有软件的开发流程中，测试是一个重要的、不可或缺的环节，Linux 内核也不例外。开发人员自测、系统测试、回归测试、压力测试，都有各自不同的目的，但是从更高一个层次上看，这些测试的最终目的又是一样的：保证软件能一直运行下去，当有新功能加进去时，要保证新功能可以正常工作。 + +在软件释出 release 版之前，不用回归测试就能保证稳定性，并且尽量避免在软件发布后被用户发现 bug。调试被用户发现的 bug 是一项非常浪费时间和精力的工作。因此测试是一项非常重要的工作。不像闭源和专有的操作系统，Linux 内核的开发过程是完全开放的。这种处理方式即是它的优点，也是它的缺点。多个开发者持续增加新功能、修 bug、不断集成与测试 —— 当环境有新的硬件或功能时，这种开发方式能够保证内核能持续工作。在开源项目中，开发者与用户共享测试的结果，这也是开源项目与闭源项目之间的一个很重要的差别。 + +几乎所有 Linux 内核开发者都是活跃的 Linux 用户。内核测试人员不一定非得是内核开发者，相反，用户和开发者如果对新增的代码不是很熟悉，他们的测试效果会比代码开发人员自己测试的效果要好很多。也就是说，开发者的单元自测能验证软件的功能，但并不能保证在其他代码、其他功能、其他软件、硬件环境下面运行时会出现什么问题。开发者无法预料、也没有机会和资源来测试所有环境。因此，用户在 Linux 内核开发过程中起到非常重要的角色。 + +现在我们已经了解了持续集成测试的重要性，接下来我们会详细介绍测试的知识。但在此之前，我还是向介绍一下开发的过程，以便让大家了解它是怎么工作的，以及如何把补丁打进内核主线。 + +全世界共有3000多个内核开发者为 Linux 内核贡献代码，每天都有新代码添加到内核，结果是大概2个月就能产生一个稳定版和多个扩展的稳定版。新功能的开发与已发布的稳定版集成测试流程在同时进行。 + +关于开发流程的详细描述，请参考[Greg Kroah-Hartman 的 Linux 内核开发的介绍][1]。 + +这份教程适合与初学者以及有经验的内核开发者，如果你想加入到内核开发者行列，那么它也适合你。有经验的开发人员可以跳过那些介绍基础测试和调试的章节。 + +这份教程介绍如何测试和调试 Linux 内核、工具、脚本以及在回归测试会集成测试中使用的调试机制。另外，本文还会介绍如何使用 git 把针对一个 bug 的补丁分离出来，在介绍介绍把你的补丁提交到内核的邮件列表之前需要做些什么。我将会使用 Linux PM 作为测试它调试的对象。尽管本文讨论的是 Linux 内核，但是介绍的方法适用于任何其他软件开发项目。 + +### 配置开发与测试的系统 ### + +第一步，找一个满足你需求的开发环境，x86-64 是一个比较理想的选择，除非你必须用特别的架构。 + +第二步，安装 Linux 发行版，我推荐 Ubuntu，所以本教程会介绍基于 Ubuntu 的配置过程。你可以参考[如何使用 Ubuntu][2] 来安装一个 Ubuntu 系统。 + +在开发和测试环境，最好要保证你的 boot 分区有足够的空间来存放内核文件。你可以为 boot 分区留下 3GB 空间，或把 boot 分区直接放到根目录下，这样 boot 分区可以使用整个磁盘的空间。 + +安装好操作系统后，确保 root 用户可用，确保你的用户可以使用 sudo 命令。你的系统也许已经安装了 build-essential，它是编译内核必备的软件包，如果没安装，运行下面的命令： + + sudo apt-get install build-essential + +然后运行下面的命令，保证你的系统能够交叉编译内核。下面的 ncurses-dev 安装包是运行 make menuconfig 命令必须用到的。 + + sudo apt-get install binutils-multiarch + + sudo apt-get install ncurses-dev + + sudo apt-get install alien + +然后安装一些每个内核开发者都会用到的工具包： + + sudo apt-get install git + + sudo apt-get install cscope + + sudo apt-get install meld + + sudo apt-get install gitk + +如果你喜欢把内核通过交叉编译以支持非 x86_64 架构的环境，请参考[在 x86_64 上交叉编译 Linux 内核][3]。 + +### 稳定的内核 ### + +使用 git 克隆一个稳定的内核，然后编译安装。你可以参考[Linux 内核结构][4]来找到最新的稳定版和开发主线。 + + git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git + +上面的步骤将会创建一个新的目录，名为 linux-stable，然后把源码下载到里面。 + +你也可以直接下载压缩包并解压出源码，无需使用 git： + + tar xvf linux-3.x.y.tar.xz + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,0 + +译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/images/stories/pdf/als2012_gregkh.pdf +[2]:http://howtoubuntu.org/ +[3]:http://linuxdriverproject.org/mediawiki/index.php/Cross-compiling_Linux_kernel_on_x86_64 +[4]:https://www.kernel.org/ From d83dc941eece6c7590c93ce79fa277389ea1e66f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bazz2 Date: Tue, 22 Jul 2014 20:28:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 640/713] [bazz2-ing] Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2 --- sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md index bc7c1bd479..9edd3141c8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +[bazz2 so handsome] Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging ================================================================================ ### Compiling and Installing Stable Kernel ### @@ -104,4 +105,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 60a00bc2f1e30cf6a0a0590f1ca5a1af037094f3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: kaiyao <1250471161@qq.com> Date: Tue, 22 Jul 2014 22:20:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 641/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md | 68 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md b/translated/tech/20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..20a8ac5f78 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +关于Linux命令的10个有用的面试问题及其答案 +================================================================================================================================================== +Linux命令行，以及用户使用Linux命令进行Linux shell交互，是Linux最吸引人的地方，也是面试中最普遍的话题之一。在这篇文章中，我们将提出10个面试中很重要问题，这肯定能拓宽你的知识面 + +![Linux Command Questions](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Linux-Command-Questions.png) Linux Command Questions + +### 1. 如何停止一个正在运行的进程 ### + +**答案**：为了停止正在运行的进程，我们可以使用组合键 Ctrl+Z + +### 2. 什么是安装Linux所需的最小分区数量，以及如何查看系统启动信息？ ### + +**答案**：单独一个/root分区足以执行所有的系统任务，但是强烈建议安装Linux时，需要至少三个分区：/root,/boot,/swap。一个IDE硬盘驱动器支持高达63个分区，SCSI硬盘驱动器支持超过15个分区 + +为了检查启动信息，我们可以使用cat或者dmesg命令，如下所示： + + #cat /var/log/messages + +OR + + #dmesg + +### 3. 在你的Linux机器上更踪系统事件的守护进程名是什么？### + +**答案**：'syslogd'，它负责更踪系统信息，并将更踪日志存储在特定的日志文件里 + +### 4. 在/root分区运行'fsck'命令的最低要求是什么？### + +**答案**：/root分区必须挂载为只读模式，而不是读写模式 + +### 5. 如何分层复制/home目录到另一个目录，你有什么办法？### + +**答案**：Linux的'cpio'命令起到了效果。'cpio'可以分层地复制文件和目录层次结构到另一个位置 + +### 6. 在Linux中，怎样实现日志文件的自动替换？### + +**答案**：'logrotate'提供日志自动替换功能 + +### 7. 你知道Linux中是谁在安排工作吗？### + +**答案**：使用'at'命令加上'-l'选项，就可以查出 + +### 8. 如何在不解压tar包的前提下，查看包里的内容 ### + +**答案**：使用'tar -tvf'。选项‘t’(显示内容)，‘v’（详细报告tar处理的文件信息），‘f’（使用档案文件或者设备） + +### 9. 什么是页面错误，它是怎么发生的？### + +**答案**：当一个程序请求内存中不存在的数据时，就会产生页面错误，导致的结果就是程序停止 + +### 10. 什么叫在程序中返回代码？### + +**答案**：返回代码是shell的特性。返回代码显示了程序的状态，一个成功的程序执行后返回‘0’，&&可以用来决定那个应用程序先执行 + +好了，文章要结束了。不久以后，我还会在这分享其余有趣文章的，记得和我们保持联系。还有，别忘了在评论栏里面向我们提供您的宝贵意见 + +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/10-useful-interview-questions-and-answers-on-linux-commands/ + +原文作者：[Avishek Kumar][a] + +译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/ + From bb172cd19b66aac12bc4c6be1a24949d88fafb80 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Kaiyao <1250471161@qq.com> Date: Tue, 22 Jul 2014 22:22:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 642/713] Delete 20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md --- ...Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md | 70 ------------------- 1 file changed, 70 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md b/sources/tech/20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md deleted file mode 100644 index a73aa73937..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140722 10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,70 +0,0 @@ -[su-kaiyao]翻译中 - -10 Useful Interview Questions and Answers on Linux Commands -================================================================================ -Linux command Line and the interaction of users with Linux Shell with Linux Commands is the most wonderful part of Linux and is one of the most widely topic from interview point. Here in this article we are coming up with 10 wonderful questions that are important from the interview perspective and will surely add to yours knowledge base. - -![Linux Command Questions](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Linux-Command-Questions.png) -Linux Command Questions - -### 1. How will you suspend a running process and put it in the background? ### - -**Answer** : In order to suspend a running process/job and put it in the background we need to use the key combination Ctrl+z. - -### 2. What are the minimum number of partitions required to install Linux and How will you check boot messages? ### - -**Answer** : The /root partition alone is sufficient to perform the whole task however minimum three partitions are recommended to install Linux. These are root, boot and swap. An IDE Hard Disk Drive supports upto 63 partitions and SCSI Hard Disk Drive supports up-to 15 partitions. - -In order to check boot messages we need to use cat or dmesg commands as shown below. - - # cat /var/log/messages - -OR - - # dmesg - -### 3. Name the Daemon responsible for tracking System Event on your Linux box? ### - -**Answer** : The Daemon ‘syslogd’ is responsible for tracking system information and stores the tracked logs in specific log files. - -### 4. What are the minimum requirements to run command ‘fsck’ on root partition? ### - -**Answer** : The /root partition must be mounted as read only mode and not read-write to execute fsck command on root partition. - -### 5. How to copy /home directory hierarchically to another directory. How will you do it? ### - -**Answer** : A Linux command ‘cpio’ comes to rescue here. The ‘cpio’ utility copies files and directories hierarchically over another location. - -### 6. How will you automate the rotation of logs in Linux? ### - -**Answer** : A Linux command ‘logrotate’ comes to rescue when it comes to automate the logs in Linux. - -### 7. How to know who has scheduled the job? ### - -**Answer** : The Linux command ‘at’ along with switch ‘-l’ is all we need to use in order to check who has scheduled the job. - -### 8. How to view the contents of the tar ball without extracting it. How will you do this? ### - -**Answer** : We need to use command ‘tar’ with options ‘-tvf’. The options ‘t’ (Display the contents), ‘v’ (Verbose), ‘f’ (files). - -### 9. What is page Fault and how it happens? ### - -**Answer** : A program request for some data and if it is not available in the Memory it is called as page fault. Page Fault occurs as a result of program shutdown. - -### 10. What are return codes in program? ### - -**Answer** : A return code is the feature of Shell. The result of return code shows the status of a program. A successful program after execution returns ’0′, && can be used to prioritize which application will be executing first. - -That’s all for now. I’ll be here again with another interesting article soon. Till then stay tuned and connected to Tecmint. Don’t forget to provide us with your valuable feedback in the comment section below. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/10-useful-interview-questions-and-answers-on-linux-commands/ - -原文作者：[Avishek Kumar][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/ From 325c90c0a9e9a2a9c3af3321c15830a0a87e0b3c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Wed, 23 Jul 2014 11:19:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 643/713] [translating] Super Pi Brothers --- sources/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md b/sources/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md index 9e0ef9b0fd..7edf8e195a 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +zpl1025 Super Pi Brothers ================================================================================ I don't game as much as I used to. Although I've certainly spent countless hours of my life in front of a Nintendo, SNES, or after that, playing a first-person shooter on my computer (Linux only, thank you), these days, my free time tends to go toward one of the many nongaming hobbies I've accumulated. Recently though, I found myself dusting off my Wii console just so I could play an NES and SNES game I re-purchased for it. The thing is, those games require using a somewhat strange controller, and I already have a modified SNES controller that can connect over USB. That was enough to encourage me to search for a better solution. Of course, I simply could connect three or four consoles and stack up games in my living room, but I've grown accustomed to ripping my CDs and DVDs and picking what I want to listen to or watch from a central media center. It would be nice if I didn't have to get up and find a cartridge every time I wanted to switch games. This, of course, means going with emulation, but although in the past I'd had success with a modified classic Xbox, I didn't have that hardware anymore. I figured someone must have gotten this set up on the Raspberry Pi, and sure enough, after a brief search and a few commands, I had a perfect retro-gaming arcade set up on a spare Raspberry Pi. @@ -67,4 +68,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/super-pi-brothers 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [1]:http://blog.petrockblock.com/retropie -[2]:https://github.com/petrockblog/RetroPie-Setup \ No newline at end of file +[2]:https://github.com/petrockblog/RetroPie-Setup From 60d43dfb91b405a39e4da525090e941e40f017f9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 23 Jul 2014 13:50:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 644/713] PUB:20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @zpl1025 翻译的不错！ --- ...ns--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md | 22 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md (75%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md b/published/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md similarity index 75% rename from translated/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md rename to published/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md index eb9824ada2..086568b98b 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md +++ b/published/20140611 HTG Explains--What is Unix and Why Does It Matter.md @@ -1,26 +1,28 @@ -HTG解释：什么是Unix以及它为什么这么重要？ +什么是Unix以及它为什么这么重要？ ================================================================================ ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/ken-thompson-and-dennis-richie-at-pdp-11.jpg) 大多数操作系统可以被划分到两个不同的家族。除了微软的基于Windows NT的操作系统外，几乎所有其他的都可以追溯到Unix。 -Linux，Mac OS X，Android，iOS，Chrome OS，PlayStaion 4上运行的Orbis OS，运行在路由器上的任意固件，所有这些操作系统通常都被称为“类Unix”操作系统。 +Linux，Mac OS X，Android，iOS，Chrome OS，PlayStaion 4上运行的Orbis OS，运行在路由器上的各种固件，所有这些操作系统通常都被称为“类Unix”操作系统。 ### Unix的设计现在都还在应用 ### Unix在20世纪60年代中晚期诞生于AT&T的贝尔实验室中。最初发布的Unix中的一些重要设计因素到如今都还在使用。 -其中一个是“Unix哲学”，建立小的模块化的应用，只做一件事情并把它做好。如果你对Linux终端很熟悉的话，应该对这个不陌生－系统提供了大量的应用，可以通过[管道或其他特性][1]形成不同的组合来完成更复杂的任务。甚至图形界面程序也经常会在后台调用更简单的应用去做比较耗时的任务。这种模式也让[建立终端脚本][2]更为简单，通过文本把一些简单工具结合起来去做复杂的事情。 +其中一个设计是“Unix哲学”，建立小的模块化的应用，只做一件事情并把它做好。如果你对Linux终端很熟悉的话，应该对这个不陌生－系统提供了大量的应用，可以通过[管道或其他特性][1]形成不同的组合来完成更复杂的任务。甚至图形界面程序也经常会在后台调用更简单的应用去做比较耗时的任务。这种模式也让[建立终端脚本][2]更为简单，通过文本把一些简单工具结合起来去做复杂的事情。 -Unix还设计了一个单一的文件系统，程序可以通过它互相通讯。这也是[为什么在Linux里说“一切都是文件”][3]－包括硬件设备和提供系统信息或其他数据的特殊文件。这也是为什么只有Windows系统中才有磁盘盘符，这是从DOS继承过来的－在其他操作系统中，所有文件都是一个单一目录结构中的一部分。 +Unix还设计了一个单一的文件系统，程序可以通过它互相通讯。这也是[为什么在Linux里说“一切都是文件”][3]－包括硬件设备文件，和提供系统信息及其他数据的特殊文件。这也是为什么只有Windows系统中才有磁盘盘符，这是从DOS继承过来的－在其他操作系统中，所有文件都是一个单一目录结构中的一部分。 ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/unix-bell-labs.jpg) ### 那些从Unix派生出的系统 ### -类似任何往前追溯40年的历史，Unix的历史和它的派生系统一片混乱。为了简单，我们把Unix的派生系统大致分成两组。 +类似任何可以往前追溯40年的历史，Unix的历史和它的派生系统一片混乱。为了简单，我们把Unix的派生系统大致分成两组。 -一组Unix派生系统是学术界开发的。首先是BSD（伯克利软件发布版），一个开源的类Unix操作系统。BSD如今还存在于FreeBSD，NetBSD和OpenBSD等系统中。NeXTStep基于最初版的BSD开发，苹果的Mac OS X基于NeXTStep，iOS基于Mac OS X。许多其他操作系统，包括运行在PlayStation 4上的Orbis OS，也源于各种BSD操作系统。 +一组Unix派生系统是学术界开发的。 + +首先是BSD（伯克利软件发布版），一个开源的类Unix操作系统。BSD如今还存在于FreeBSD，NetBSD和OpenBSD等系统中。NeXTStep基于最初版的BSD开发，苹果的Mac OS X基于NeXTStep，iOS基于Mac OS X。许多其他操作系统，包括运行在PlayStation 4上的Orbis OS，也源于各种BSD操作系统。 Richard Stallman建立GNU项目的目的是为了反对AT&T的Unix软件协议条款日渐严格的限制。MINIX是一个类Unix操作系统，为教育目的而实现的，而Linux则是受到了MINIX的启发。[我们今天所熟悉的Linux其实应该叫GNU/Linux][4]，因为它是由Linux内核和大量GNU应用组成的。GNU/Linux不是直接从BSD继承下来的，但是它继承了Unix的设计而且根植于学术界。如今许多操作系统，包括Android，Chrome OS，Steam OS，以及数量巨大的在各种设备上使用的嵌入式操作系统，都基于Linux。 @@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ Richard Stallman建立GNU项目的目的是为了反对AT&T的Unix软件协议 许多人希望Unix能够成为工业标准操作系统，但是DOS和“IBM PC兼容”计算机却最终人气爆发而普及开来。微软的DOS也成为众多DOS系统中最成功的一个。DOS完全没有参照Unix，这也是[为什么Windows使用反斜杠划分文件路径，而其他所有系统都使用正斜杠][6]。这个决定是在早期的DOS系统中做出的，而之后的Windows版本继承了这一设定，就像BSD，Linux，Mac OS X，和其他类Unix操作系统继承了许多Unix设计因素一样。 -Windows 3.1，Windows 95，Windows 98，and Windows ME都是建立在DOS的基础上。当时微软已经在开发一个更现代更稳定的操作系统，叫做Windows NT－意思是“Windows新技术”。Windows NT最终通过Windows XP应用到普通计算机用户中，但是之前它都只用于针对企业用户的Windows 2000和Windows NT。 +Windows 3.1，Windows 95，Windows 98，和 Windows ME都是建立在DOS的基础上。当时微软已经在开发一个更现代更稳定的操作系统，叫做Windows NT－意思是“Windows新技术”。Windows NT最终通过Windows XP应用到普通计算机用户中，但是之前它都只用于针对企业用户的Windows 2000和Windows NT。 如今所有微软的操作系统都基于Windows NT内核。Windows 7，Windows 8，Windows RT，Windows Phone 8，Windows Server，以及Xbox One上的操作系统都在使用Windows NT内核。不像其他大多数操作系统那样，Windows NT没有被开发成一个类Unix操作系统。 @@ -42,11 +44,11 @@ Windows 3.1，Windows 95，Windows 98，and Windows ME都是建立在DOS的基 ![](http://cdn.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/windows-2000-professional-built-on-nt-technology.jpg) -为什么它影响很大 +### 为什么它影响很大 ### 不知道你有没有看过Mac OS X终端或是文件系统，有没有注意到它们和Linux是如此相似，而又和Windows是如此不同？好吧，原因是－Mac OS X和Linux两个都是类Unix操作系统。 -了解了这点历史，就可以帮助你理解什么是“类Unix”操作系统，以及为什么这么多操作系统看起来都差不多，而Windows却那么与众不同。这也可以解释为什么Linux极客对Mac OS X上的终端会感觉如此熟悉，而[Windows 7上的Command Prompt和PowerShell][7]相对于其他命令行环境显得如此不同。 +了解了这点历史，就可以帮助你理解什么是“类Unix”操作系统，以及为什么这么多操作系统看起来都差不多，而Windows却那么与众不同。这也可以解释为什么Linux极客对Mac OS X上的终端会感觉如此熟悉，而[Windows 7上的Command Prompt和PowerShell][7]相对于其他命令行环境显得格格不入。 这只是一点快速掠过的历史，帮助了解是如何发展到今天的，而不用陷入到细节中。如果你想了解更多，可以找到许多关于Unix历史的整本的书籍。 @@ -56,7 +58,7 @@ Windows 3.1，Windows 95，Windows 98，and Windows ME都是建立在DOS的基 via: http://www.howtogeek.com/182649/htg-explains-what-is-unix/ -译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From ede6773c5e8b91a6e2742f6400450739ea2860d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 23 Jul 2014 14:06:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 645/713] PUB: 20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands @CNprober --- ...Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md | 13 +++++-------- 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md (88%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md b/published/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md similarity index 88% rename from translated/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md rename to published/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md index f9b695fbbc..83784a07e5 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md +++ b/published/20140625 Betty--Translate English Phrases Into Linux Commands.md @@ -1,5 +1,3 @@ -CNprober翻译完成。。。619913541 - Betty：通过大白话执行Linux命令 ================================================================================ @@ -7,7 +5,7 @@ Betty：通过大白话执行Linux命令 ### 安装 ### -Betty的安装非常简单直接。首先确认你已经安装了下面这些依赖包[译注，需要安装至少Ruby1.9以上版本]。 +Betty的安装非常简单直接。首先确认你已经安装了下面这些依赖包[LCTT译注，需要安装至少Ruby1.9以上版本]。 #### 对于基于Debian的系统：#### @@ -17,7 +15,7 @@ Betty的安装非常简单直接。首先确认你已经安装了下面这些依 yum install git curl ruby -现在git工具把Betty库clone到你自定义的任何路径。这里我克隆到我的home目录，**例如 /home/sk/**. +现在用git工具把Betty库clone到你自定义的任何路径。这里我克隆到我的home目录，**例如 /home/sk/**. git clone https://github.com/pickhardt/betty @@ -35,7 +33,7 @@ Betty的安装非常简单直接。首先确认你已经安装了下面这些依 ### 用法 ### -你应该在英语短语之前加上单词“betty”。你也许已经知道，如果我们想知道在系统中我们的用户名，应该运行下面的命令： +你应该在英语短语之前加上单词“betty” [LCTT译注，你自然可以用你的小甜心的名字来替换这个不是知道是谁的Betty :>]。你也许已经知道，如果我们想知道在系统中我们的用户名，应该运行下面的命令： whoami @@ -60,7 +58,7 @@ Betty的安装非常简单直接。首先确认你已经安装了下面这些依 betty whats my name -Betty不确定她应该查找系统用户名还是用户全名。这种情况下，她会询问你多个问题来找到准确的结果。如你下面所见，Betty问我想要运行哪一条命令（whoami 还是 finger $(whoami) | sed 's/.*:*//;q')[译注，需要你的系统已经安装finger]。我只想知道我的用户名，所以我选择数字**1**。 +Betty不确定她应该查找系统用户名还是用户全名。这种情况下，她会询问你多个问题来找到准确的结果。如你下面所见，Betty问我想要运行哪一条命令（whoami 还是 finger $(whoami) | sed 's/.*:*//;q')[LCTT译注，需要你的系统已经安装finger]。我只想知道我的用户名，所以我选择数字**1**。 Betty: Okay, I have multiple ways to respond. Betty: Enter the number of the command you want me to run, or N (no) if you don't want me to run any. @@ -76,7 +74,6 @@ Betty不确定她应该查找系统用户名还是用户全名。这种情况下 如果你想要压缩一个文件或者文件夹，用下面的命令。例如，我想压缩我home目录下的“test”文件夹。 - betty compress test/ test.tar.gz 输出是这样的： @@ -197,7 +194,7 @@ Cheers! via: http://www.unixmen.com/betty-translate-english-phrases-linux-commands/ -译者：[love_daisy_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[love\_daisy\_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 7813a2ed7ab51859848fa3bfa41d42d2cef39724 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Wed, 23 Jul 2014 14:11:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 646/713] Update 20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md --- ...GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md b/sources/tech/20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md index cc6f1528dc..e2048e8a24 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GOLinux ... ‘Simple Dock’ GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/screenshot_815_1.jpg) @@ -37,4 +38,4 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/simple-dock-gnome-shell-extension 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/815/simple-dock/ \ No newline at end of file +[1]:https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/815/simple-dock/ From e8b779c39781843db4f376d16ca98610adcf0ee6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Wed, 23 Jul 2014 15:15:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 647/713] Translated:20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md --- ...sion Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md | 41 ------------------- ...sion Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md | 40 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 40 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md b/sources/tech/20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md deleted file mode 100644 index e2048e8a24..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,41 +0,0 @@ -Translating by GOLinux ... -‘Simple Dock’ GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop -================================================================================ -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/screenshot_815_1.jpg) - -**I love GNOME Shell, but what I don’t love is having to rustle through a hidden screen to get at my favourite applications or switch between those I have running. ** - -It may make me sound awesomely retro, like a UX luddite, or like someone who has become far too accustomed to the usability of Unity but I, like many of you reading this, like having an app launcher/switcher accessible on the desktop. It’s a familiar, fast way of working. - -GNOME Shell is, by design, different. It tucks everything out of the way – from the messaging centre and notifications, to workspaces and the apps list. It’s a minimal aesthetic that makes sense: help users focus on what matters. - -But for me, my desktop needs to be more than a glorified picture frame. - -### The Beauty of GNOME Shell ### - -Despite my own preferences, the decision to hide apps is part of the beauty of GNOME Shell. It ships with a default desktop experience that is user friendly, sane and predictable — but also thoroughly extensible. Because of this there’s a huge array of add-ons catering to every need, niche and want, including traditional app menus, desktop docks and even an Ubuntu Unity Dash clone! - -In this article I’m just focusing on one add-on that caters to my needs: the aptly named **Simple Dock**. Simple Dock takes the GNOME Shell apps grid and favourites bar and puts it slap bang where I want it: on the desktop. - -For now it only supports being positioned on the bottom of the screen, and only offers a minimal set of settings. While minimal, I feel these cover all of my needs: - -- ntelligent auto hide -- Minimise/restore application windows -- Drag-and-drop favourites -- Button to launch activities overlay - -Want it? Providing you’re running GNOME Shell on Ubuntu 13.10 or above you can. Just head on over to the GNOME Extensions page linked to below in a supported browser (Firefox, GNOME Web, etc.) then slide the on-page switch from ‘off‘ to ‘on‘. - -- [Simple Dock on GNOME Shell Extensions][1] - -To adjust the settings of Simple Dock hit the cog icon on the GNOME Extensions webpage listing for it or through a desktop application like GNOME Tweak Tool. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/simple-dock-gnome-shell-extension - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/815/simple-dock/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md b/translated/tech/20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..187aa61777 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140716 Simple Dock GNOME Shell Extension Puts Your Fave Apps On The Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +“Simple Dock” GNOME Shell扩展乾坤大挪移，钟爱应用桌面展现 +================================================================================ +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/screenshot_815_1.jpg) + +**我爱GNOME Shell，但是我痛恨的是话费力气从隐藏屏幕中找到我所钟爱的应用或者在我正运行的应用间切换。** + +这么说，好像听起来我是个老古董，像是一个UX勒德分子，也像是某个过分沉溺于Unity可用性瘾君子，但我，像阅读本文的许多人一样，喜欢将app启动器/切换器放到桌面上。这是一个熟悉、快速的工作方式。 + +而GNOME Shell，从设计上看，却完全是个不同的世界。它将所有这一切隐藏起来 —— 从消息中心和通知，到工作区和应用列表。它是最小美学，包含这样的道理：帮助用户专注于最重要的部分。 + +但是对我而言，我的桌面需要比一个美化的相框更多的东西。 + +### GNOME Shell之美 ### + +抛开我自己的偏好，隐藏应用是GNOME Shell之美的一部分。它带来了默认的桌面体验：用户友好，稳健以及可预见性——而且也完全可扩展。因此，它也附带有大量的扩展组件以迎合不同用户的需要、职业和希望，包括传统应用菜单，桌面停靠栏，以及甚至是Ubuntu Unity Dash的复制品！ + +在本文中，我仅仅关注那个能满足我需要的扩展：它有个恰如其分的名字**Simple Dock**。Simple Dock获取GNOME Shell应用网格以及收藏栏，并可以将它放到任何我想要放的不引人注目的位置：桌面上。 + +目前为止，它只支持放置在屏幕底部，只提供了最小的设置项。虽然是最小的，但我觉得所有这些设置已经能满足我的需要： + +- 智能自动隐藏 +- 最小化/还原应用窗口 +- 拖放收藏 +- 覆盖活动启动按钮 + +想要吗？如果你正在Ubuntu 13.10或更高版本上使用GNOME Shell，那么你可以使用它。只需在支持的浏览器（Firefox, GNOME Web之类）中访问下面的链接就可以导航到GNOME扩展页面，然后将页面上开个从“off”拖动到“on”上。 + +- [GNOME Shell扩展中的Simple Dock][1] + +要调整Simple Dock设置，点击GNOME扩展页面上的齿轮图标，或者通过GNOME优化工具这样的桌面应用程序来设置。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/simple-dock-gnome-shell-extension + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/815/simple-dock/ From 0956044ac27ff43b61af93634474e0d2958ef1c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Wed, 23 Jul 2014 15:23:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 648/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...wser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md | 23 +++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md b/translated/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md index bd25bbb2b8..48d209653a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md @@ -1,26 +1,29 @@ -利用终端（Terminal）在Debian/Ubuntu中设置默认浏览器 +[快速技巧]利用终端在 Debian/Ubuntu 中设置默认浏览器 ================================================================================ -嘿，伙计们 -在这篇文章中，我们将使用终端设置默认浏览器 +![img](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Browsers-790x436.jpg) + +嘿，伙计们！ -虽然，可以很方便地使用浏览器主界面来设置为默认浏览器，但是有时，你需要远程做到这一点 +在这篇文章中，我们将使用终端设置默认浏览器。 -要做到这一点，你只需简简单单的打开终端，然后执行下述的命令： +虽然，使用浏览器主界面来设置默认浏览器很方便，但是有时，你需要远程来操作。 + +要做到这一点，你只需打开终端，然后执行下述命令： ``` sudo update-alternatives --config x-www-browser ``` -之后输入你想设置为默认的浏览器的号码，你就完成了！ +之后输入你想设置为默认浏览器的号码，这样就搞定了！ -真个过程截图如下： +截图如下： ![图片1](https://camo.githubusercontent.com/7eae55f5fac41634017c1fb5a8bd9cb634a86dc4/687474703a2f2f3138303031363938382e722e63646e37372e6e65742f77702d636f6e74656e742f75706c6f6164732f323031342f30372f6368616e67655f64656661756c745f62726f777365725f66726f6d5f7465726d696e616c5f64656269616e5f656e6f636b2e706e67) -你成功了吗？ +成功了吗？ --- via: http://www.unixmen.com/quick-tip-set-default-browser-debianubuntu-using-terminal/ -译者：译者ID 校对：校对者ID +译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) -本文由 LCTT 原创翻译，Linux中国 荣誉推出 +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 2f17e631acaefc06378afd95994f1ec65a737545 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 23 Jul 2014 15:52:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 649/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140723-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...stem Administration Skills are Changing.md | 50 ++++++++ ...ssing Speaker Icon From Moka Icon Theme.md | 36 ++++++ ...undCloud from the command line in Linux.md | 89 ++++++++++++++ ...20140723 Top 10 Fun On The Command Line.md | 116 ++++++++++++++++++ 4 files changed, 291 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140723 Linux System Administration Skills are Changing.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140723 Fix Missing Speaker Icon From Moka Icon Theme.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140723 How to access SoundCloud from the command line in Linux.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140723 Top 10 Fun On The Command Line.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140723 Linux System Administration Skills are Changing.md b/sources/talk/20140723 Linux System Administration Skills are Changing.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..87ce32c6a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140723 Linux System Administration Skills are Changing.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +Linux System Administration Skills are Changing +================================================================================ +When was the last time you compiled a kernel? For many of the latest generation of Linux admins, the answer is really simple: never. I am one of those, provided we don't count a few times I tried it just for fun, then couldn't see why I would need a custom kernel and went back to my out-of-the-box kernel. 
 + +For many of the longer-time Linux admins and engineers this may seem laughable, but it is a reality: As Linux adoption grows in the enterprise, a new generation of Linux admins is created that has extremely good technical skills, but lacks these 'simple' low level skills seen by many as fundamental to being a good Linux admin. We can build a high performance, highly available web infrastructure that uses the latest of the latest techniques, but don't ask us to fix a non-booting Linux machine: our advice will be to ditch it and set up a new vm. + +Over the past decade or so, we have seen some interesting trends. Linux became a commodity in the enterprise, and as that happened the various distributions became powerful yet flexible enough to remove the need for the average admin to ever have to do low level things like compiling a kernel. + +Next, we welcomed virtual machine technology as a commodity, which added another layer of abstraction. Users of clouds like amazon or VPS providers will possibly never have to deal with deploying Linux on bare metal. As hybrid and private clouds are becoming common as well, many enterprise admins will also not have to deal with this kind of thing anymore, they will just log into a web interface and spin up 5 more apache vm's. + +The newest two trends add even more abstraction: configuration management and the seemingly brand new (yet not new at all) containerization with tools like docker. Whenever a client asks us at [OlinData][1] to configure a Linux machine, our first action will be to set up [Puppet][2]. With our trusted library of well-functioning Puppet modules, that is very easy and will cost me less time then doing this manually. + +For example with Puppet, I can install Apache on a new machine as simple as this: + + node 'web01.olindata.com' { + include apache + apache::vhost{ 'www.olindata.com': + docroot => '/var/www/olindata' + } + } + +Depending on the environment, I don't even have to log into the machine anymore. Deploying this code through Continuous Deployment tools like [Jenkins][3] will allow me to deploy my infrastructure code automatically as it passes the tests I set up. + +### SysAdmin skills move up the stack ### + +Even as we move toward higher levels of abstraction, ongoing Linux training is still highly valuable and desirable for admins today and will be well into the future. Knowing the fundamentals is key but as abstraction removes some of the old tasks, this requires sysadmins to move up further in the stack and enhance their skills in the higher level tools and practices. It is critical for a sysadmin to become familiar with the tools that enable these higher levels of abstraction. It pushes them to become more skilled in things like coding so that they can do more with these "new" tools. + +Will the need for low(er) level linux skills ever go away completely? Of course not. We still have many other uses for Linux then just the commodity server deployments. Also, people will still benefit hugely from knowing how to do lower level operations in their everyday work. On top of that, with demonstrable Linux skills on your resume, I (and many other employers with me) will always prefer you over candidates that don't have them. You never know when you need those low-level skills! + + +---------- +![Walter Heck is CEO and Founder of Olindata, an open source training and consulting company based in The Netherlands.](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/Walter-Heck.jpg) + +Walter Heck is CEO and Founder of OlinData, an authorized Linux Foundation training partner. Here's a list of [scheduled official Linux Foundation courses by OlinData][4]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linux.com/news/enterprise/systems-management/780956-linux-system-administration-skills-are-changing + +原文作者：[Walter Heck][a] + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/59207 +[1]:http://olindata.com/ +[2]:http://puppetlabs.com/ +[3]:http://jenkins.org/ +[4]:http://www.olindata.com/training/upcoming?technology=295 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140723 Fix Missing Speaker Icon From Moka Icon Theme.md b/sources/tech/20140723 Fix Missing Speaker Icon From Moka Icon Theme.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..28afbba227 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140723 Fix Missing Speaker Icon From Moka Icon Theme.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +Fix Missing Speaker Icon From Moka Icon Theme [Quick Tip] +================================================================================ +[Moka][1] is a beautiful icon theme. It has been constantly featured among the [best icon themes available for Ubuntu][2]. But there is little issue with Moka in Ubuntu 14.04. If you use Moka icons in Ubuntu 14.04 with Unity, you’ll find that speaker icon used for sound is missing: + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Moka_Missing_Sound_Icon.jpeg) + +### Fix missing sound icon while using Moka icon theme ### + +Though you might have already added official Moka PPA but for the sake of checking, add it again: + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:moka/stable + sudo apt-get update + +Now, next step is to install monochrome panel icons. Use the following command to install it: + + sudo apt-get install faba-mono-icons + +Once you have installed the Faba monochrome icons, change your icon theme from Moka to Faba. This will give you Moka icon theme along with beautiful monochrome icons in the top panel in Unity: + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Moka_With_Sound_Icons.jpeg) + +I hope this helped you to fix the missing sound icon. Enjoy every bit and every sip of the Moka. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-missing-speaker-icon-from-moka/ + +原文作者：[Abhishek][a] + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/ +[1]:http://mokaproject.com/ +[2]:http://itsfoss.com/best-icon-themes-ubuntu-1404/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140723 How to access SoundCloud from the command line in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140723 How to access SoundCloud from the command line in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d664593e6e --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140723 How to access SoundCloud from the command line in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +How to access SoundCloud from the command line in Linux +================================================================================ +If you enjoy music streaming and originally-created sounds, you cannot have missed [SoundCloud][1]. Based in Germany, this cloud streaming service is now famous and well-established for any music adventurer. And naturally, as a Linux enthusiast, you might wonder how to join your passion for Linux with your love for music. As a solution, I advise you to check out Soundcloud2000, **a command line client for SoundCloud** born out of the [Music Hack Day Stockholm '13][2]. + +### Installation ### + +For Debian or Ubuntu users, install via: + + $ sudo apt-get install portaudio19-dev libmpg123-dev libncurses-dev ruby1.9.1-dev + $ sudo gem install soundcloud2000 + +For Archlinux users, the package is available in [AUR][3]. + +For Fedora users, install via: + + $ sudo yum install portaudio-devel libmpg123-devel ncurses-devel ruby-devel + $ sudo gem install soundcloud2000 + +For CentOS users, install or upgrade to the [latest Ruby/RubyGems][4] (1.9 and higher), enable [Repoforge repo][5], and install via: + + $ sudo yum install portaudio-devel mpg123-devel + $ sudo gem install curses soundcloud2000 + +And finally, go to the official github page for the sources. + +### Usage ### + +Soundcloud2000 is very easy to pick up. Some might even say simplistic. I like it for that sobriety and the effort of the three authors and contributors. Launch it via: + + $ soundcloud2000 + +From there, you will be welcomed with a splash screen: + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3919/14658085706_71c9094e4f_z.jpg) + +and then a list of songs: + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3888/14494626757_3e788482d5_z.jpg) + +You can scroll through the list via the up and down keys, play a song with enter, pause/resume with the space bar, and fast forward/rewind with the right and left arrow keys. As you can see, nothing groundbreaking but definitely ergonomic. + +If the random list is too long to scroll through, you have an option to see all the tracks for a particular user by hitting the 'u' key and then typing his name. + +![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3861/14494436719_b5536f7b67_z.jpg) + +That is probably one of the major defaults of Soundcloud2000. While the navigation is not optimized, I have high hopes for improvements and support as the software is still very young. + +### Bonus ### + +Another alternative as a bonus: if you like the idea of using SoundCloud from a terminal, but do not want to install any additional software (or maybe you cannot), I advise you to go to [cmd.fm][6]. The website is a kind of camouflage for SoundCloud, as it hides it behind a shell interface. + +[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5580/14494448218_a16b05e3ee_z.jpg)][7] + +Type "help" for a list of commands, which is a lot longer than for Soundcloud2000. As examples, I noticed: + +- _genres to list all genres +- _play random to play a random track +- _pause to pause the current track +- _playlist new to make a new playlist +- _loop to loop current track +- _cinema to watch and ASCII version of Star Wars which completely blew my mind. + +And it even supports auto-completion via the tabulation key for genres. + +To conclude, Soundcloud2000 is a neat program that does exactly what it is supposed to. We can forgive its current flaws as they are surely tied to its youth. I really hope that it will grow and include more features (and potentially get inspiration from cmd.fm). + +If you like the idea, I invite you to support the programmers, and if you like these kinds of initiatives, support [Music Hack Day][8] which mixes software development and music. + +What do you think of using SoundCloud from the command line? Please let us know in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/access-soundcloud-command-line-linux.html + +原文作者：[Adrien Brochard][a] + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/adrien +[1]:https://soundcloud.com/ +[2]:https://www.hackerleague.org/hackathons/music-hack-day-stockholm-13/ +[3]:https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/ruby-soundcloud2000/ +[4]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/upgrade-ruby-centos.html +[5]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/01/how-to-set-up-rpmforge-repoforge-repository-on-centos.html +[6]:https://cmd.fm/ +[7]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14494448218/ +[8]:http://new.musichackday.org/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140723 Top 10 Fun On The Command Line.md b/sources/tech/20140723 Top 10 Fun On The Command Line.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c31d807dd5 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140723 Top 10 Fun On The Command Line.md @@ -0,0 +1,116 @@ +Top 10! Fun On The Command Line +================================================================================ +**If you just love making 'top 10'-type lists but are a little embarrassed to say so, tell people you're passionate about data exploration. To impress them even more, explain that you do your data exploration on the command line. But don't ruin the impression by telling them how easy that is!** + +In this article I'll do some data exploration with basic GNU/Linux tools and 'one-column tables', by which I mean simple lists. For more information on the commands used here, see their Linux 'man' pages, or ask for an explanation in the 'Comments' section. + +### Passwords ### + +The first list to explore is Mark Burnett's 2011 compilation of the [10000 most commonly used passwords][1]. The list is ordered most-frequent-first, and is one source of the widely known factoid that 'password' is the most commonly used password, with '123456' in second place. Here I've put the list in a file called passwords, and used the head command to show the first 10 lines: + +![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/1.png) + +(Burnett explains how he collects his passwords [here][2]. Note that he converted all uppercase letters to lowercase in his list.) + +OK, so 'password' is top of the Burnett list. What about individual digits? + +![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/2.png) + +Interesting. The digit '1' appears in the password list more than twice as often as the next most-used digit, '2', and the 10 digits are in numerical as well as popularity order, except for 0 and 9. And the top 10 letters? + +![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/3.png) + +The most frequent letters in the passwords file are EARONISTLC. That's not too far off EAIRTONSLC, which is the frequency pattern in at least [one published table][3] of letter usage in common English words. Does this mean that most passwords are actually common English words, maybe with a few digits thrown in? + +To find out, I'll first convert passwords to a list of letters-only strings, then see how many of those strings are in an English dictionary. + +First I'll delete all the digits in passwords with a **sed** command, then delete all the punctuation marks, then all the blank lines. This creates a list of letters-only passwords. Then I'll prune that list with **sort** and **uniq** to get rid of any duplicates. (For example, 'abc1234def' and 'abc1!2!3!def!' both reduce to 'abcdef'.) According to the wc command, my pruning reduces the 10000 passwords to 8583 letters-only strings: + +![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/4.png) + +For a handy English dictionary I'll use the file `usr/share/dict/american-english`, which came with my Debian Linux distribution. It contains 99171 words. I'll first convert this wordlist to lowercase-only with the **tr** command, then delete any duplicate entries with **sort** and **uniq** (like 'A' and 'a' both becoming 'a'). That reduces the wordlist to 97723 entries: + +![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/5.png) + +I can now ask the comm command with the '-23' option to compare the two lists and report just the words in the letters-only file that are not found in the dictionary: + +![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/6.png) + +The total is 3137, so at least 8583 - 3137 = 5446 'core' passwords in Burnett's lowercase-only list (about 63%) are either plain English words, or plain English words with some digits or punctuation marks added. I wrote at least because a big proportion of the 3137 strings are only slight modifications of plain English words or names, or words or names missing from the /usr/share dictionary. Among the LA's, for example, are 'labtec', 'ladyboy', 'lakeside', 'lalakers', 'lalala', 'laserjet', 'lasvegas', 'lavalamp' and 'lawman'. + +### Placenames ### + +In a previous [Linux Rain article][4], I described how I built a table of Australian placenames with more than 370 000 entries. Using it, I can now answer vital questions like 'Is Round Hill the most popular name for hills in Australia?' and 'Is Sandy Beach tops for beaches, and Rocky Creek for creeks?' + +The placename field in the gazetteer table is number 2, so here goes: + +![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/7.png) + +Wow. I wasn't even close. (But note how I saved typing by using the **^string1^string2** command. It repeats the last command, but substitutes string2 for string1. Wonderful BASH trick!) + +Another burning question is how many placenames there are with 'Mile' in them, like 'Six Mile Creek', and how they rank: + +![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/8.png) + +I've noticed a lot of Dead Horse Creeks in my Australian travels, and so has the gazetteer: + +![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/9.png) + +### Species ### + +The third list to explore comes from a table I published this year of new Australian insect species named in the period 1961-2010. From the table I've pulled out all the 'species epithets', which are the second parts of genus-species combinations like Homo sapiens (you and me) and Apis mellifera (European honeybee). + +(Tech note: The insects table, which is available from the open data Zenodo repository at [https://zenodo.org/record/10481][5], includes subspecies. For my 'top 10' exercise I first isolated all the unique genus-species combinations, to avoid duplication from subspecies like Apis mellifera iberica, Apis mellifera intermissa, etc. The final species file has 18155 species epithets.) + +Most people who make jokes about scientific names use the '-us' ending, as in 'Biggus buggus'. What about entomologists? There are a couple of good, command-line ways to get the last 2 letters of a string, and here I've used both: + +![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/10.png) + +Yep, entomologists prefer '-us', too. Next, I wonder how many species are named for my home State of Tasmania? (Below I ask head for the first 100 lines to make sure I get all the 'tasman' combinations.) + +![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/11.png) + +How about Queensland? + +![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/12.png) + +And generally speaking, what are the top 10 names in that insect species list? + +![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/13.png) + +Hmm. Apart from the obvious 'australis' and 'australiensis', and the geographical 'occidentalis' (of the west), the other 7 epithets in the 10-most-popular list have been created by entomologists to honour other entomologists. (The epithet 'commoni' honors the Australian butterfly and moth specialist Ian F.B. Common, 1917-2006.) + +### Speechifying ### + +The commands used above work on simple lists. To make a simple list out a block of text, the command line is again your friend. For example, I've saved a rather filibustery [speech][6] in the Australian Senate on 16 July 2014 as the text file hansard. To split hansard into a list of words: + +![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/14.png) + +And to look at word frequency in the speech: + +![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/15.png) + +### Coming soon... ### + +Doing 'top 10' and other rankings from multi-column tables requires a few more command-line tools. I'll demonstrate their use in a future article. + + + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://thelinuxrain.com/articles/top-10-fun-on-the-command-line + +原文作者：Bob Mesibov(Bob Mesibov is Tasmanian, retired and a keen Linux tinkerer.) + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:https://xato.net/passwords/more-top-worst-passwords/#.U8eD13AvDy0 +[2]:https://xato.net/passwords/how-i-collect-passwords/#.U8eEdnAvDy0 +[3]:http://www.rinkworks.com/words/letterfreq.shtml +[4]:http://www.thelinuxrain.com/articles/building-a-gazetteer-table-from-kml-files +[5]:https://zenodo.org/record/10481 +[6]:http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;db=CHAMBER;id=chamber%2Fhansards%2F232fa1a8-d7e8-4b22-9018-1a99b5a96812%2F0025;query=Id%3A%22chamber%2Fhansards%2F232fa1a8-d7e8-4b22-9018-1a99b5a96812%2F0000%22 \ No newline at end of file From ebf87c57c1c3b6173cbe932b7e0fafef8a8815dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Wed, 23 Jul 2014 15:56:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 650/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...4 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md b/translated/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md index 40f8d0e80d..2d1aadd925 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md @@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ Ubuntu 14.04中修复默认启用HDMI后没有声音问题 ![](http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/20749c268f5d3e4d2c785499eb6a17c0?s=100&r=pg&d=mm) 关于Abhishek - + 我是Abhishek Prakash，It's F.O.S.S.的“创立者”，我有一个通信系统工程的硕士学位。我酷爱Linux和开源。我使用Ubuntu，信奉知识分享。除了Linux之外，我也喜爱经典的侦探推理小说，是Agatha Christie作品的超级粉丝。大家尽可以在[Google+][g]上将我圈进去，并追随[@abhishek_pc][t] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 0d2402ab87cede84f5cfb273ec78ce76450f657d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Wed, 23 Jul 2014 16:19:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 651/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140723-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...3 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md | 89 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 89 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..8c6f80e601 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux +================================================================================ +There are **some scenario** where system admin wants only few users should be allowed to transfer files to Linux boxes not ssh. We can achieve this by setting up **SFTP** in chroot environment. + +### Background of SFTP & chroot : ### + +**SFTP** stands for **SSH File Transfer protocol or Secure File Transfer Protocol**. SFTP provides file access, file transfer, and file management functionalities over any reliable data stream. When we configure SFTP in chroot environment , then only allowed users will be limited to their **home directory** , or we can say allowed users will be in jail like environment where they can’t even change their directory. + +In article we will configure **Chroot SFTP in RHEL 6.X** & **CentOS 6.X**. We have one user ‘**Jack**’ , this users will be allowed to transfer files on linux box but no ssh access. + +### Step:1 Create a group ### + + [root@localhost ~]# groupadd sftp_users + +### Step:2 Assign the secondary group(sftp_users) to the user. ### + +If the users doesn’t exist on system , use below command : + + [root@localhost ~]# useradd -G sftp_users -s /sbin/nologin jack + [root@localhost ~]# passwd jack + +For **already existing users** , use below usermod command : + + [root@localhost ~]# usermod –G sftp_users -s /sbin/nologin jack + +**Note** : if you want to change the **default home directory** of users , then use ‘**-d**’ option in useradd and usermod command and set the **correct permissions**. + +### Step:3 Now edit the config file “/etc/ssh/sshd_config” ### + + # vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config + #comment out the below line and add a line like below + #Subsystem sftp /usr/libexec/openssh/sftp-server + Subsystem sftp internal-sftp + + # add Below lines at the end of file + Match Group sftp_users + X11Forwarding no + AllowTcpForwarding no + ChrootDirectory %h + ForceCommand internal-sftp + +#### Where : #### + +- **Match Group sftp_users** – This indicates that the following lines will be matched only for users who belong to group sftp_users +- **ChrootDirectory %h** – This is the path(default user's home directory) that will be used for chroot after the user is authenticated. So, for Jack, this will be /home/jack. +- **ForceCommand internal-sftp** – This forces the execution of the internal-sftp and ignores any command that are mentioned in the ~/.ssh/rc file. + +Restart the ssh service + + # service sshd restart + +### Step:4 Set the Permissions : ### + + [root@localhost ~]# chmod 755 /home/jack + [root@localhost ~]# chown root /home/jack + [root@localhost ~]# chgrp -R sftp_users /home/jack + +If You want that jack user should be allowed to upload files , then create a upload folder with the below permissions , + + [root@localhost jack]# mkdir /home/jack/upload + [root@localhost jack]# chown jack. /home/jack upload/ + +### Step:5 Now try to access the system & do testing ### + +Try to access the system via ssh + +![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ssh-try.png) + +As You can see below jack user is logged in via SFTP and can't change the directory becuase of chroot environment. + +![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/sftp-login.png) + +Now do the **uploading and downloading** testing as shown below: + +![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/sftp-upload-download.png) + +As we can see above , both uploading & downloading working fine for jack user. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/configure-chroot-sftp-in-linux/ + +原文作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a] + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ \ No newline at end of file From f3e41223b3158c66823a8392895b657e6b2c6bc4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Wed, 23 Jul 2014 16:26:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 652/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md | 19 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md b/translated/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md index 2d1aadd925..5c1c39b23c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md @@ -1,12 +1,13 @@ -Ubuntu 14.04中修复默认启用HDMI后没有声音问题 +Ubuntu 14.04中修复默认启用HDMI后没有声音的问题 ================================================================================ -声音问题在Ubuntu中是老生常谈了。先前我已经在[修复Ubuntu中的“无声”问题][1]一文中写到了多种方法，但是我在此正要谈及的声音问题跟在另外一篇文章中提到的不同。 -因此，我安装了Ubuntu 14.04，实际上是重新安装了一遍。一如既往，我将[全新安装Ubuntu 14.04后要做的事][2]全部又重新做了一遍。然后，我意识到系统突然失声了。当我正侦查问题所在之时，我发现了一件奇怪的事情。我检查了[alsamixer][3]，发现它的状况有点离奇： +声音问题在Ubuntu中是老生常谈了。先前我已经在[修复Ubuntu中的“无声”问题][1]一文中写到了多种方法，但是我在此正要谈及的声音问题跟在另外一篇文章中提到的有所不同。 + +因此，我安装了Ubuntu 14.04，实际上是重新安装了一遍。一如既往，我将[全新安装Ubuntu 14.04后要做的事][2]全部又重新做了一遍。然后，我意识到系统突然失声了。当我正侦查问题所在之时，我发现了一件奇怪的事情。我检查了[alsamixer][3]，发现它的状况有点离奇。 ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/alsamixer_Set_HDMI_Default.jpeg) -正如你能看到的，**alsamixer中默认设置了HDMI**。这意味着默认情况下将使用HDMI输出，而不是内建扬声器。这就是我从系统上内建扬声器无法获得声音的原因。 +正如你能看到的，**alsamixer中默认设置了HDMI**。这意味着默认情况下将使用HDMI输出，而不是内置扬声器。这就是我从系统上内置扬声器无法获得声音的原因。 使用下面的命令来检查alsamixer的状态： @@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ Ubuntu 14.04中修复默认启用HDMI后没有声音问题 aplay -l -这会列出设备，卡号之类的东西。注意，向下检查模拟输出使用的卡和设备编号。对于我而言，输出看上去像这样： +这会列出设备，卡号之类的东西。注意，向下检查模拟输出使用的卡和设备编号。我的输出如下所示： ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/AlsaMixer_List_Device.jpeg) @@ -28,14 +29,14 @@ Ubuntu 14.04中修复默认启用HDMI后没有声音问题 sudo gedit /etc/asound.conf -上面的命令也会打开文件，将下面的行添加进去，当然将卡和设备编号替换成你自己的： +上面的命令也会打开文件，将下面两行添加进去，当然将卡和设备编号替换成你自己的： defaults.pcm.card 1 defaults.pcm.device 0 -保存文件，并重启计算机。现在，你应该听到了声音了吧。需要提一下的是，这对所有的Linux发行版都有效，像Linux Mint，Elementary OS，Fedora，Arch Linux等等都行。正如我先前说的，该“失声疗法”仅针对HDMI被设置为默认设备的情况。对于其它情况，你可以阅读[关于在Ubuntu和Linux Mint中修复失声问题这篇文章][4]。 +保存文件，并重启计算机。现在，你应该听到声音了吧。需要提一下的是，这对所有的Linux发行版都有效，如Linux Mint，Elementary OS，Fedora，Arch Linux等等都可以。正如我之前所说，该“失声疗法”仅针对HDMI被设置为默认设备的情况。对于其它情况，你可以阅读[关于在Ubuntu和Linux Mint中修复失声问题这篇文章][4]。 -你可以尽情使用评论部分来告诉我这个方法是否有疗效，或者你有更好的方法来处理该问题，你也可以告诉我。再见了！ +您可以尽情发表评论来告诉我这个方法是否有疗效，或者您有更好的方法来处理该问题，也可以告诉我。再见了！ ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_smile.gif) @@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ Ubuntu 14.04中修复默认启用HDMI后没有声音问题 via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1404/ -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 3ffb5df455cd639b8a19019a90061eb5fc7f6660 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 23 Jul 2014 15:51:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 653/713] =?UTF-8?q?PUB=EF=BC=9A20140702=20How=20to=20check?= =?UTF-8?q?=20MySQL=20storage=20engine=20type=20on=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @geekpi --- ...40702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md (80%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md b/published/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md similarity index 80% rename from translated/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md rename to published/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md index 565d0965b1..ef16572047 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md +++ b/published/20140702 How to check MySQL storage engine type on Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ -如何在Linux上检查MySQL的存储引擎类型 +[小白技巧]如何在Linux上检查MySQL数据表的存储引擎类型 ================================================================================ > **提问**: 我想要知道我的MySQL数据库是MyISAM还是Innodb类型。我该如何检查MySQL数据库表的类型？ -MySQl主要使用两种存储引擎：**MyISAM and Innodb**。MyISAM是非事务的，因此拥有读取更快，然而InnoDB完全支持细颗粒的事务锁定（比如：commit/rollback）。当你创建一张新的MySQL表时，你要选择它的类型（也就是存储引擎）。如果没有选择，你就会使用与预设置的默认引擎。 +MySQl主要使用两种存储引擎：**MyISAM 和 Innodb**。MyISAM是非事务的，因此拥有读取更快，然而InnoDB完全支持细颗粒度的事务锁定（比如：commit/rollback）。当你创建一张新的MySQL表时，你要选择它的类型（也就是存储引擎）。如果没有选择，你就会使用与预设置的默认引擎。 如果你想要知道已经存在的MySQL数据表的类型，这里有几种方法达到。 @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ MySQl主要使用两种存储引擎：**MyISAM and Innodb**。MyISAM是非事务 via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/check-mysql-storage-engine-type-linux.html -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 7076c47aa84ad5e4553c82dc7ba53a35b7c4dd62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Wed, 23 Jul 2014 22:13:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 654/713] PUB:20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @MikeCoder 这篇翻译得有些粗心了。 --- ...to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md | 127 +++++++++++++++++ ...to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md | 128 ------------------ 2 files changed, 127 insertions(+), 128 deletions(-) create mode 100644 published/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md b/published/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..52c6df035e --- /dev/null +++ b/published/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,127 @@ +如何拯救一台GRUB 2启动失败的Linux电脑 +================================================================================ +![Figure 1: GRUB 2 menu with cool Apollo 17 background.](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/grub-command-shell.jpg) + +旧版GRUB我们使用了一段时间了，这个重要的Linux通用引导器的版本已经到了0.97。尽管旧版GRUB有很多的优点，但是它已经有点陈旧了，并且它的开发者也希望添加更多的功能，于是，GRUB 2 时代就要来了。 + +GRUB 2 做了几个明显的改进。它可以从移动存储设备上启动，并且可以通过配置一个选项来进入系统BIOS。相对于将所有的配置都放到一个配置文件`/boot/grub/menu.lst`中 （现在默认是`/boot/grub/grub.cfg `），使用各种脚本来配置会更复杂。你不要直接编辑这个文件，那不是人干的事，太复杂了，我们需要使用其它的脚本来改变。我们卑微的人类可以编辑修改`/etc/default/grub`文件，它主要是控制Grub菜单的外观。我们还可以修改` /etc/grub.d/ `下的脚本，这些脚本用于启动操作系统、控制外部应用程序，如memtest 、os_prober和theming等等 。`./boot/grub/grub.cfg`是由`/etc/default/grub`和`/etc/grub.d/*`生成的。当你修改了某个地方，你必须要运行update-grub命令来生成它。 + +好消息是，update-grub脚本可以可靠的检测内核、启动文件，并添加所有的操作系统，自动生成你的启动菜单，所以你不必手动的修改他们。 + +我们还要学习如何解决两个常见的故障。当启动系统时，它会停在grub>提示上，这是一个完整的GRUB 2命令界面，所以不要惊慌。这意味着GRUB 2依旧可以正常启动和加载normal.mod模块（它和其他模块分别位于/boot/grub/[架构]/ 下），但没有找到你的grub.cfg文件。如果你看到grub rescue> 这意味着它无法找到normal.mod，因此它有可能找不到你的启动文件。 + +这是如何发生的？因为内核可能改变驱动器分区号码的分配，或者您移动了您的硬盘驱动器，或者你手动改变一些分区，也有可能是安装一个新的操作系统或者移动一些文件。在这些情况下你的启动文件仍然存在，但GRUB不能找到他们。所以你可以在GRUB提示符中找到启动文件，设置它们的位置，然后启动您的系统并修复GRUB配置。 + +### GRUB 2 命令行 ### + +GRUB 2 的命令界面和上一代GRUB中的一样强大。你可以用它来找到引导镜像，内核和根文件系统。事实上，它可以让你避开权限和其它访问控制，完全访问本地计算机上的所有文件。有些人可能会认为这是一个安全漏洞，但是你知道古老的UNIX的名言：有物理访问机器权限的人，就是拥有它的人。 + +当你在` grub > `提示时，你有许多类似命令行界面的功能，如命令历史和tab补全。但是`grub rescue> `模式是受限的，没有命令历史，没有tab补全。 + +如果你是在一个正常运作的系统上练习，那就当GRUB菜单出现时，可以按下C来打开GRUB命令行界面。你可以通过向上和向下光标键滚动你的菜单条目来停止启动倒计时。在GRUB命令行下做实验是安全的，因为做不了永久的修改，一切都是暂时的。如果你已经看到`grub > `或`grub rescue> `提示符，那就说明你的表现时刻到了。 + +接下来的几个命令可以在`grub>`和`grub rescue`模式下运行。你应该运行的第一个命令是设置一个分页器，将长的命令分页。如下： + + grub> set pager=1 + +等号两侧必须不能出现空格。现在让我们做一点探索。输入`ls`来列出的GRUB识别的所有分区： + + grub> ls + (hd0) (hd0,msdos2) (hd0,msdos1) + +msdos是什么？这意味着该系统具有老式的MS-DOS分区表，而不是全新的全局唯一标识符的分区表（GPT）。参见“[在Linux下使用新的GUID分区表，和古老的MBR说再见！][1]”。如果你正在运行的GPT，它会出现(hd0，GPT1)。现在让我们看看，使用ls命令查看你的系统里面有什么文件： + + grub> ls (hd0,1)/ + lost+found/ bin/ boot/ cdrom/ dev/ etc/ home/ lib/ + lib64/ media/ mnt/ opt/ proc/ root/ run/ sbin/ + srv/ sys/ tmp/ usr/ var/ vmlinuz vmlinuz.old + initrd.img initrd.img.old + +太好了，我们已经找到了根文件系统。你可以省略msdos和GPT的标签。如果没有加分区后面的斜杠/，则只会列出分区的信息。你可以用cat命令显示文件系统上的任何文件： + + grub> cat (hd0,1)/etc/issue + Ubuntu 14.04 LTS \n \l + +在一个多引导系统上，通过/etc/issue文件可以知道这是哪个Linux系统。 + +### 从 grub> 中启动### + +下面讲述如何设置启动文件并从`grub >`提示下启动系统。我们已经知道如何从Linux根文件系统(hd0,1)下运行ls命令，你可以一直寻找直到找到你的/boot/grub所在位置。然后运行以下命令，记得使用您自己的根分区，内核和initrd映像等参数： + + grub> set root=(hd0,1) + grub> linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic root=/dev/sda1 + grub> initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic + grub> boot + +第一行设置分区的根文件系统。第二行告诉GRUB您想要使用的内核位置。开始输入/boot/vmli，然后使用tab补完填写。输入`root= /dev/sdX`设置根文件系统位置。是的，这似乎是多余的，但如果你忘记了输入，你会得到一个kernel panic。你知道怎么找到正确的分区吗？hd0,1 即 /dev/sda1，hd1,1 即 /dev/sdb1，hd3,2 即 /dev/ sdd2。我想你可以自己推算剩下的了。 + +第三行设置initrd文件，必须是和内核相同的版本号。 + +最后一行启动系统。 + +在一些Linux系统上，内核和initrd是被符号链接到当前的根文件系统的根目录，就像： + + $ ls -l / + vmlinuz -> boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic + initrd.img -> boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic + +所以，你也可以这样输入命令： + + grub> set root=(hd0,1) + grub> linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 + grub> initrd /initrd.img + grub> boot + +### 从grub rescue> 中启动 ### + +如果你处在grub rescue> 命令界面下，命令有所不同，你必须要先加载两个模块normal.mod 和 linux.mod。 + + grub rescue> set prefix=(hd0,1)/boot/grub + grub rescue> set root=(hd0,1) + grub rescue> insmod normal + grub rescue> normal + grub rescue> insmod linux + grub rescue> linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic root=/dev/sda1 + grub rescue> initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic + grub rescue> boot + +在你加载了这两个模块之后tab补完的功能就可以用了。 + +### 永久性的修复 ### + +当你成功地启动你的系统，运行这些命令来永久修复GRUB： + + # update-grub + Generating grub configuration file ... + Found background: /usr/share/images/grub/Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.tga + Found background image: /usr/share/images/grub/Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.tga + Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic + Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic + Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-27-generic + Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-27-generic + Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-24-generic + Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-24-generic + Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.elf + Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.bin + done + # grub-install /dev/sda + Installing for i386-pc platform. + Installation finished. No error reported. + +当你运行 `grub-install` 时，记得GRUB是安装到整个硬盘驱动器的主引导扇区而不是到一个具体分区，所以不要加上像/dev/sda1一样的分区号。 + +### 如果还是不能使用 ### + +如果你的系统是如此的倒霉，而且这个方式没有能起作用，那就尝试[超级GRUB2现场救援磁盘][2]吧。[官方GNU GRUB手册][3]也应该有所帮助。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/776643-how-to-rescue-a-non-booting-grub-2-on-linux + +译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/730440-using-the-new-guid-partition-table-in-linux-good-bye-ancient-mbr- +[2]:http://www.supergrubdisk.org/ +[3]:https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html diff --git a/translated/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0146576f04..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/20140616 How to Rescue a Non-booting GRUB 2 on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,128 +0,0 @@ -如何拯救一台没有成功通过Grub启动的Linux电脑 -================================================================================ -![Figure 1: GRUB 2 menu with cool Apollo 17 background.](http://www.linux.com/images/stories/41373/grub-command-shell.jpg) -Figure 1: GRUB 2 menu with cool Apollo 17 background. - -自从我们拥有GRUB以来，Linux Bootloader 0.97就开始了传奇的一生。尽管传统的GRUB有很多的有点，但是他开始陈旧了，并且他的开发者也开始添加更多的功能，于是，Grub2.0时代就要来了。 - -GRUB 2 做了几个明显的改进。它可以从移动存储设备上启动，并且可以有进入BIOS配置的选项。尽管它有着更复杂的脚本配置，但是一个简单的`/boot/grub/menu.lst`文件却一个地方集中了所有配置选项，默认的是存放在`/boot/grub/grub.cfg `。你不能直接编辑，这不是人做的事，太复杂，我们需要用简单的脚本实现。我们卑微的人类可以编辑`/etc/default/grub`文件来修改，它主要是控制Grub菜单。我们还可以修改` /etc/grub.d/ `。这些脚本可以启动操作系统，控制外部应用程序，如memtest 和 os_prober，还有theming `./boot/grub/grub.cfg`是建立在`/etc/default/grub`和`/etc/grub.d/*`的基础上的。当你修改了一个地方，你必须要运行更新GRUB的命令。 - -好消息是，update-grub脚本是可以可靠的检测内核，启动文件，并添加所有的操作系统的，自动生成你的启动菜单，所以你不必手动的修改他们。 - -我们还要学习如何解决两个常见的故障。当启动系统时，它会停在GRUB >提示上，这是完整的GRUB 2命令界面，所以不要惊慌。这意味着GRUB 2依旧可以正常启动和加载normal.mod模块（和其他模块分别位于/boot/grub/[arch]/），但没有找到你的grub.cfg文件。如果你看到grub rescue> 这意味着它无法找到normal.mod，因此它有可能找不到你的启动文件。 - -这是如何发生的？因为内核可能改变驱动器分配或您移动您的硬盘驱动器，或者你手动改变一些分区，或安装一个新的操作系统或者移动一些文件。在这些情况下你的启动文件仍然存在，但GRUB不能找到他们。所以你可以看看在GRUB提示符中启动文件，设置它们的位置，然后启动您的系统和修复您的grub配置。 - -### GRUB 2 命令行 ### - -GRUB 2 命令是一个伟大的财富。你不仅可以用它来发现引导镜像，内核，和根文件系统。事实上，它给你完全访问本地计算机上的所有文件的系统权限。其中有些人可能会认为一个安全漏洞，但是你知道古老的UNIX的名言：有物理访问机器权限的人，就是拥有它的人。 - -当你在` GRUB > `提示时，你有许多类似的功能，如命令如历史和tab补全。但是`grub rescue> `模式是有限的，没有历史，没有tab补全。 - -如果你是在一个正常运作的系统上练习，那就当GRUB菜单打开GRUB命令行时，按C。你可以通过向上和向下滚动你的菜单条目箭头键停止启动倒计时。它是安全的，在此GRUB命令行下，你不会进行永久的修改，一切都是暂时的。如果你已经看到`grub > `或`grub rescue> `提示符,那就说明你的表现时刻到了。 - -接下来的几个命令可以在`grub>`和`grub rescue`模式下运行。同时，你应该第一个运行的命令如下： - - grub> set pager=1 - -等号两侧必须不能出现空格。现在让我们做一点探讨。ls列出的所有分区： - - grub> ls - (hd0) (hd0,msdos2) (hd0,msdos1) - -MSDOS是什么？这意味着该系统具有老式的MS-DOS分区表，而不是全新的全局唯一标识符的分区表（GPT）。（见[Using the New GUID Partition Table in Linux (Goodbye Ancient MBR)][1]。如果你正在运行的GPT，它会出现（hd0，GPT1）。使用ls命令查看你的系统文件是什么： - - grub> ls (hd0,1)/ - lost+found/ bin/ boot/ cdrom/ dev/ etc/ home/ lib/ - lib64/ media/ mnt/ opt/ proc/ root/ run/ sbin/ - srv/ sys/ tmp/ usr/ var/ vmlinuz vmlinuz.old - initrd.img initrd.img.old - -好的，我们已经找到了根文件系统。你可以省略MSDOS和GPT的标签。如果你无视打印的分区信息。你可以用cat命令读取文件系统上的文件： - - grub> cat (hd0,1)/etc/issue - Ubuntu 14.04 LTS \n \l - -从/etc/issue文件中，可以看到你的不同的Linux系统 - -### 从 grub> 中启动### - -这是如何设置启动文件和启动从`GRUB>`提示中进入系统。我们知道，从运行ls命令有一个Linux根文件系统（hd0,1），你可以继续寻找直到你找到你的/boot/grub所在位置。然后运行这些命令，使用您自己的根分区，内核和initrd映像： - - grub> set root=(hd0,1) - grub> linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic root=/dev/sda1 - grub> initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic - grub> boot - -第一行设置分区的根文件系统是。第二行告诉grub您想要使用的内核位置。开始输入/boot/vmli，然后使用tab完成填写。输入`root= /dev/sdX`设置根文件系统位置。是的，这似乎是多余的，但如果你忘记了输入你会得到一个kernel panic。你知道怎么正确的分区？hd0,1 = /dev/sda1。hd1,1 = /dev/sdb1。hd3,2 = /开发/ sdd2。我想你可以推出自己的。 - -第三行设置initrd文件，必须是和内核相同的版本号。 - -最后一行启动系统。 - -在一些Linux系统上，内核和initrds是被符号链接到当前的根文件系统的根目录，就像： - - $ ls -l / - vmlinuz -> boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic - initrd.img -> boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic - -所以，你也可以这样输入命令： - - grub> set root=(hd0,1) - grub> linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda1 - grub> initrd /initrd.img - grub> boot - -### 从grub-rescue> 中启动 ### - -你必须要加载两个模块normal.mod 和 linux.mod，如果你的GRUB命令不同于大众。 - - grub rescue> set prefix=(hd0,1)/boot/grub - grub rescue> set root=(hd0,1) - grub rescue> insmod normal - grub rescue> normal - grub rescue> insmod linux - grub rescue> linux /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic root=/dev/sda1 - grub rescue> initrd /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic - grub rescue> boot - -tab补全应该在你加载了这几个模块之后开始工作。 - -### 永久性的修复 ### - -当你成功地启动你的系统，运行这些命令来永久修复GRUB： - - # update-grub - Generating grub configuration file ... - Found background: /usr/share/images/grub/Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.tga - Found background image: /usr/share/images/grub/Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.tga - Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-29-generic - Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-29-generic - Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-27-generic - Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-27-generic - Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.13.0-24-generic - Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-3.13.0-24-generic - Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.elf - Found memtest86+ image: /boot/memtest86+.bin - done - # grub-install /dev/sda - Installing for i386-pc platform. - Installation finished. No error reported. - -当你运行 `grub-install` 时，记得grub是安装到硬盘驱动器的引导扇区而不是到一个具体分区，所以不要加上像/dev/sda1的分区号。 - -### 如果还是不能使用 ### - -如果你的系统是如此的倒霉，而且这个方式没有能起作用，那就尝试[超级GRUB2现场救援磁盘][2]。[官方GNU GRUB手册][3]也应该是有帮助的。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/776643-how-to-rescue-a-non-booting-grub-2-on-linux - -译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/730440-using-the-new-guid-partition-table-in-linux-good-bye-ancient-mbr- -[2]:http://www.supergrubdisk.org/ -[3]:https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/grub.html From 48b0809715ea858c767b4ca8ebdc2673c29f22cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bazz2 Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2014 09:31:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 655/713] [bazz2-ed]Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2 --- ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md | 108 ------------------ ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md | 106 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 108 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9edd3141c8..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,108 +0,0 @@ -[bazz2 so handsome] -Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging -================================================================================ -### Compiling and Installing Stable Kernel ### - -If you cloned the stable git: - - cd linux-stable - - git checkout linux-3.x.y - -or if you are using the tar-ball: - - cd linux-3.x.y - -Starting out with the distribution configuration file is the safest approach for the very first kernel install on any system. You can do so by copying the configuration for your current kernel from /boot. - - cp /boot/config-3.x.y-z-generic .config - -Run the following command to generate kernel configuration file based on the current configuration. You will be prompted to tune the configuration to enable new features and drivers that have been added since the Ubuntu snapshot the kernel from the mainline. - - make oldconfig - -Once this step is complete, it is time to compile the kernel: - - make all - -Once the kernel compilation is complete, install the new kernel: - - sudo "make modules_install install" - -The above command will install the new kernel and run update-grub to add the new kernel to the grub menu. Now it is time to reboot the system to boot the newly installed kernel. Before we do that, let's save logs from the current kernel to compare and look for regressions and new errors, if any: - - dmesg -t > dmesg_current - - dmesg -t -k > dmesg_kernel - - dmesg -t -l emerg > dmesg_current_emerg - - dmesg -t -l alert > dmesg_current_alert - - dmesg -t -l crit > dmesg_current_alert - - dmesg -t -l err > dmesg_current_err - - dmesg -t -l warn > dmesg_current_warn - -In general, dmesg should be clean with no emerg, alert, crit, and err level messages. If you see any of these, it might indicate some hardware and/or kernel problem. - -A couple more important steps before trying out the newly installed kernel. There is no guarantee that the new kernel will boot. As a safe guard, please ensure that there is at least one good kernel installed. Change the default grub configuration file /etc/default/grub: - -Enable printing early boot messages to vga using earlyprink=vga kernel boot option: - - GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="earlyprink=vga" - -Increase the GRUB_TIMEOUT value to 10 - 15 seconds, so grub pauses in menu allowing time to choose kernel to be boot: - - Uncomment GRUB_TIMEOUT and set it to 10: GRUB_TIMEOUT=10 - Comment out GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT and GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET - -Run update-grub to update the grun configuration in /boot - - sudo update-grub - -Now restart the system. Once the new kernel comes up, compare the saved dmesg from the old kernel with the new one and see if there are any regressions. If the newly installed kernel fails to boot, you will have to boot a good kernel and then investigate why the new kernel failed to boot. - -### Living in The Fast Lane ### - -If you like driving in the fast lane and have the need for speed, clone the mainline kernel git or better yet the linux-next git. Booting and testing mainline and linux-next helps find and fix problems before the kernel is released. - -Mainline: - - git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - -linux-next: - - git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/next/linux-next.git - -Compiling and installing mainline and linux-next kernels is exactly same as the stable kernel. Please follow the instructions from previous sections. - -### Applying Patches ### - -Linux kernel patch files are text files that contain the differences from the original source to the new. Each Linux patch is a self-contained change to the code that stands on its own, unless explicitly made part of a patch series. New patches are applied as follows: - - patch -p1 < file.patch - - git apply --index file.patch - -Either one will work, however, when a patch adds a new file and if it is applied using the patch command, git doesn't know about the new files and they will be treated as untracked files. "git diff" will not show the files in its output and "git status" will show the files as untracked. - -For the most part, there are no issues with building and installing kernels, however, "git reset --hard" will not remove the newly added files and a subsequent git pull will fail. A couple of ways to tell git about the new files and have it track them, there by avoiding the above issues: - - -Option 1: - -> When a patch that adds new files is applied using the patch command, run "git clean" to remove untracked files, before running "git reset --hard". For example, git clean -dfx will force remove untracked directories and files, ignoring any standard ignore rules specified in the .gitignore file. You could include -q option to run git clean in quiet mode, if you don't care to know which files are removed. - -Option 2: - -> An alternate approach is to tell git to track the newly added files by running "git apply --index file.patch". This will result in git applying the patch and adding the result to the index. Once this is done, git diff will show the newly added files in its output and git status will report the status correctly tagging these files as newly created files. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,1 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md b/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c21125a984 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 2.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +Linux 内核测试与调试 - 2 +================================================================================ +### 编译安装稳定版内核 ### + +如果你用 git 下载源码，就执行以下命令： + + cd linux-stable + + git checkout linux-3.x.y + +如果是直接下载压缩文件，用以下命令进入源码目录： + + cd linux-3.x.y + +如果你想把内核安装到自己的系统上，最安全的方法是使用你安装好的发行版拥有的配置文件。你可以在 /boot 目录找到当前发行版的内核配置文件： + + cp /boot/config-3.x.y-z-generic .config + +运行下面的命令，可以在当前内核配置的基础上修改一些小地方，然后产生新的内核配置文件。比如说新的内核比你的 Ubuntu 发行版自带的内核多了些新功能，而你正好需要用到它们，这个时候你就要修改配置了。 + + make oldconfig + +完成配置后，就可以编译了： + + make all + +完成编译后，安装这个新的内核： + + sudo "make modules_install install" + +上面的命令安装新内核，并把新内核作为启动项添加到 grub 文件（LCTT：就是你下次开机时会多出一个开机选项）。好了你可以重启电脑，然后选择新的内核启动系统。等等！先别冲动，在重启电脑之前，我们保存下编译内核产生的日志，用于比较和查找错误（如果有错误发生的话）： + + dmesg -t > dmesg_current + + dmesg -t -k > dmesg_kernel + + dmesg -t -l emerg > dmesg_current_emerg + + dmesg -t -l alert > dmesg_current_alert + + dmesg -t -l crit > dmesg_current_alert + + dmesg -t -l err > dmesg_current_err + + dmesg -t -l warn > dmesg_current_warn + +正常的话，dmesg 不会输出 emerg, alert, crit 和 err 级别的信息。如果你不幸看到这些输出了，说明内核或者你的硬件环境有问题。 + +再介绍一些重启前的需要执行的操作。谁也不能保证新内核能够正常启动，所以请不要潇洒地把老内核删除，至少保留一个稳定可用的内核在系统上。修改一下 /etc/default/grub 文件： + +使用 earlyprink=vga 作为内核启动选项，把系统早期启动的信息打印到显示屏上： + + GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="earlyprink=vga" + +将 GRUB_TIMEOUT 的值设置成10秒到15秒之间的值，保证在开机启动的时候你有足够的时间来选择启动哪个内核： + + 取消对 GRUB_TIMEOUT 的注释，并把它设置为10：GRUB_TIMEOUT=10 + 注释掉 GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT 和 GRUB_HIDDEN_TIMEOUT_QUIET + +运行 update-grub 命令，更新 /boot 目录下的 grub 配置文件： + + sudo update-grub + +现在可以重启系统了。新内核起来后，比较新老内核的 dmesg 信息，看看新的内核有没有编译错误。如果新内核启动失败，你需要通过老内核启动系统，然后分析下为什么失败。 + +### 跟上节奏，永不落后（编译最新版内核） ### + +如果你想开上内核快车道，追求与时俱进，那就去下载 mainline 状态的内核或 linux-next 状态的内核（LCTT：读者可进入 kernel.org 获取代码，linux 代码被分为4种状态：mainline, stable, longterm, linux-next）。安装测试 mainline 状态或 linux-next 状态的内核，你就可以在正式发布之前帮助内核找到并修复里面的 bug。 + +mainline 状态的内核源码： + + git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git + +linux-next 状态的内核源码： + + git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/next/linux-next.git + +编译安装这两种内核的步骤与编译安装稳定版内核一样。按之前讲过的步骤来就行了。 + +### 打补丁 ### + +Linux 内核的补丁是一个文本文件，包含新源码与老源码之间的改变量。每个补丁只包含自己依赖的源码的增量，除非它被特意包含进一系列补丁之中。打补丁方法如下： + + patch -p1 < file.patch + + git apply --index file.patch + +两种方法都可以打补丁。但是，如果你要打的补丁包含一个新文件，git 命令不能识别这个新增的文件，也就是说这个新文件在 git 里面属于 untracked 文件（LCTT：玩 git 的人对这个会比较熟悉，就是文件处于未被跟踪的状态，你需要使用 git add 命令将文件放入暂存区）。git diff 命令不会将这个文件的增量显示出来，并且 git status 命令会显示这个文件处于 untracked 状态。 + +大多数情况下，有个没被跟踪的文件，对于编译安装内核来说没什么问题，但是 git 操作就会出现一些问题了： git reset --hard 命令不会删除这个新加的文件，并且接下来的 git pull 操作也会失败。你有多种选择来避免上面所说的状况： + +选项1，不跟踪这个新文件： + +> 如果打补丁后新添加了文件，在 git reset --hard 前使用 git clean 命令来删除没有被跟踪的文件。举个例子，git clean -dfx 命令会强制删除未被跟踪的目录和文件，忽略在 .gitigniore 文件内规定的文件。如果你不在乎哪些文件会被删除，你可以使用 -q 选项让 git clean 命令进入安静模式，不输出任何处理过程。 + +选项2，跟踪新文件： + +> 你可以在使用 git apply --index file.patch 命令后让 git 跟踪打完补丁后新产生的文件（LCTT：使用 git add 命令），就是让 git 把文件放入 index 区域。做完这个后，git diff 命令会将新文件的增量打印出来，git status 也会显示者这是一个正常的新增文件。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,1 + +译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 9905321cb96b9abba8d29cc3ab5c271f3670b189 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bazz2 Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2014 09:36:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 656/713] [bazz2-ing]Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3 --- sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md index 3c31bc93d1..d30b2ceac6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +[bazz2 on the way] Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging ================================================================================ ### Basic Testing ### @@ -122,4 +123,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 [1]:http://linuxdriverproject.org/mediawiki/index.php/Dmesg_regression_check_script -[2]:http://elinux.org/Ktest#Git_Bisect_type \ No newline at end of file +[2]:http://elinux.org/Ktest#Git_Bisect_type From 41d5a4fe0ce6273e30bb78f1dc1eb0dae9bd01f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jack Nie Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2014 09:49:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 657/713] Finish translate 20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands --- ... environment variable for sudo commands.md | 43 ------------------- ... environment variable for sudo commands.md | 23 ++++++++++ 2 files changed, 23 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md b/sources/tech/20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md deleted file mode 100644 index 618fb2a230..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,43 +0,0 @@ -nd0104 is translate -Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands -================================================================================ -> **Question**: I built and installed a program in /usr/local/bin. The program requires root privilege to run. But when I try to run the program with sudo, I get "sudo: XXXXX: command not found" error. Somehow /usr/local/bin is not included in the PATH environment variable. How can I fix this problem? - -When you run a program with sudo, the program is executed with a new, minimum environment for security reasons. That is, not all the environment variables you define are inherited to sudo commands. In case of PATH environment variable, it is reset to a new "default" PATH variable when sudo is used. So if the new default PATH variable does not include the folder where your program is, you will get "command not found" error with sudo. - -To customize the default PATH variable for sudo session, open /etc/sudoers file with a text editor, and look for "secure_path". The value defined in "secure_path" will be used as the default PATH variable when you execute sudo commands. - -So add any necessary path (e.g., /usr/local/bin) to "secure_path", and it will be passed to sudo commands. - - Defaults secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin - -This change will be effective immediately. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/define-path-environment-variable-sudo-commands.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]: -[2]: -[3]: -[4]: -[5]: -[6]: -[7]: -[8]: -[9]: -[10]: -[11]: -[12]: -[13]: -[14]: -[15]: -[16]: -[17]: -[18]: -[19]: -[20]: diff --git a/translated/tech/20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md b/translated/tech/20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..732eb2eadf --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ + +Linux 常见问题（有答案的哦）-- 如何为sudo命令定义PATH环境变量 +================================================================================ +>**问题**:我安装了一个程序到/usr/local/bin目录下，这个程序需要root权限才能执行，当我用sudo去执行它时，收到"sudo: XXXXX: command not found"的错误提示，不知道为什么/usr/local/bin没有被包含到PATH环境变量下面来，我该如何解决这个问题？ + +当你使用sudo去执行一个程序时，处于安全的考虑，这个程序将在一个新的、最小化的环境中执行，也就是说，诸如PATH这样的环境变量，在sudo命令下已经被重置成默认状态了。 +所以当一个刚初始化的PATH变量中不包含你所要运行的程序所在的目录，你就会得到"command not found"的错误提示。 + +为了改变PATH在sudo会话中的初始值，打开/etc/sudoers文件并编辑，找到"secure_path"一行，"secure_path"中包含的路径就将在sudo会话中的PATH变量中生效。 + +添加所需要的路径(如 /usr/local/bin）到"secure_path"下，在开篇所遇见的问题就将迎刃而解。 + Defaults secure_path = /sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin + + +这个修改会即刻生效。 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/define-path-environment-variable-sudo-commands.html + +译者：[nd0104](https://github.com/nd0104) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + From 8abd618be33e4145d3d41a99c60ebf97e92a56d9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2014 14:51:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 658/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140724-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md | 191 ++++++++++++++++++ ... And Portable Package Management System.md | 167 +++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 358 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140724 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140724 Camicri Cube--An Offline And Portable Package Management System.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140724 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md b/sources/tech/20140724 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..87f92eac72 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140724 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md @@ -0,0 +1,191 @@ +7 ‘dmesg’ Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems +================================================================================ +The ‘dmesg‘ command displays the messages from the kernel ring buffer. A system passes multiple runlevel from where we can get lot of information like system architecture, cpu, attached device, RAM etc. When computer boots up, a kernel (core of an operating system) is loaded into memory. During that period number of messages are being displayed where we can see hardware devices detected by kernel. + +![dmesg Command Examples](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dmesg-Command-Examples.png) +dmesg Command Examples + +The messages are very important in terms of diagnosing purpose in case of device failure. When we connect or disconnect hardware device on the system, with the help of dmesg command we come to know detected or disconnected information on the fly. The **dmesg** command is available on most **Linux and Unix** based Operating System. + +Let’s throw some light on most famous tool called ‘dmesg’ command with their practical examples as discussed below. The exact syntax of dmesg as follows. + + # dmseg [options...] + +### 1. List all loaded Drivers in Kernel ### + +We can use text-manipulation tools i.e. ‘**more**‘, ‘**tail**‘, ‘**less**‘ or ‘**grep**‘ with dmesg command. As output of dmesg log won’t fit on a single page, using dmesg with pipe more or less command will display logs in a single page. + + [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | more + [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | less + +#### Sample Output #### + + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct + [ 0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic (buildd@aatxe) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 + (Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6) + [ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus: + [ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel + [ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD + [ 0.000000] NSC Geode by NSC + [ 0.000000] Cyrix CyrixInstead + [ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls + [ 0.000000] Transmeta GenuineTMx86 + [ 0.000000] Transmeta TransmetaCPU + [ 0.000000] UMC UMC UMC UMC + [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000e0000000-0x00000000efffffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fec00000-0x00000000fed003ff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fed20000-0x00000000fed9ffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fee00000-0x00000000feefffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000ffb00000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active + ..... + +### 2. List all Detected Devices ### + +To discover which hard disks has been detected by kernel, you can search for the keyword “**sda**” along with “**grep**” like shown below. + + [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | grep sda + + [ 1.280971] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] 488281250 512-byte logical blocks: (250 GB/232 GiB) + [ 1.281014] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off + [ 1.281016] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00 + [ 1.281039] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA + [ 1.359585] sda: sda1 sda2 < sda5 sda6 sda7 sda8 > + [ 1.360052] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk + [ 2.347887] EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) + [ 22.928440] Adding 3905532k swap on /dev/sda6. Priority:-1 extents:1 across:3905532k FS + [ 23.950543] EXT4-fs (sda1): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro + [ 24.134016] EXT4-fs (sda5): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) + [ 24.330762] EXT4-fs (sda7): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) + [ 24.561015] EXT4-fs (sda8): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) + +**NOTE**: The ‘sda’ first SATA hard drive, ‘sdb’ is the second SATA hard drive and so on. Search with ‘hda’ or ‘hdb’ in the case of IDE hard drive. + +### 3. Print Only First 20 Lines of Output ### + +The ‘head’ along with dmesg will show starting lines i.e. ‘dmesg | head -20′ will print only 20 lines from the starting point. + + [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | head -20 + + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu + [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct + [ 0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic (buildd@aatxe) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 (Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6) + [ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus: + [ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel + [ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD + [ 0.000000] NSC Geode by NSC + [ 0.000000] Cyrix CyrixInstead + [ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls + [ 0.000000] Transmeta GenuineTMx86 + [ 0.000000] Transmeta TransmetaCPU + [ 0.000000] UMC UMC UMC UMC + [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved + +### 4. Print Only Last 20 Lines of Output ### + +### 4. Print Only Last 20 Lines of Output ### + +The ‘tail’ along with dmesg command will print only 20 last lines, this is useful in case we insert removable device. + + [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | tail -20 + + parport0: PC-style at 0x378, irq 7 [PCSPP,TRISTATE] + ppdev: user-space parallel port driver + EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode + Adding 2097144k swap on /dev/sda2. Priority:-1 extents:1 across:2097144k + readahead-disable-service: delaying service auditd + ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team + nf_conntrack version 0.5.0 (16384 buckets, 65536 max) + NET: Registered protocol family 10 + lo: Disabled Privacy Extensions + e1000: eth0 NIC Link is Up 1000 Mbps Full Duplex, Flow Control: None + Slow work thread pool: Starting up + Slow work thread pool: Ready + FS-Cache: Loaded + CacheFiles: Loaded + CacheFiles: Security denies permission to nominate security context: error -95 + eth0: no IPv6 routers present + type=1305 audit(1398268784.593:18630): audit_enabled=0 old=1 auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295 res=1 + readahead-collector: starting delayed service auditd + readahead-collector: sorting + readahead-collector: finished + +### 5. Search Detected Device or Particular String ### + +It’s difficult to search particular string due to length of dmesg output. So, filter the lines with are having string like ‘**usb**‘ ‘**dma**‘ ‘**tty**‘ and ‘**memory**‘ etc. The ‘-i’ option instruct to [grep command][1] to ignore the case (upper or lower case letters). + + [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i usb + [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i dma + [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i tty + [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i memory + +#### Sample Output #### + + [ 0.000000] Scanning 1 areas for low memory corruption + [ 0.000000] initial memory mapped: [mem 0x00000000-0x01ffffff] + [ 0.000000] Base memory trampoline at [c009b000] 9b000 size 16384 + [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00000000-0x000fffff] + [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37800000-0x379fffff] + [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x34000000-0x377fffff] + [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00100000-0x33ffffff] + [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37a00000-0x37bfdfff] + [ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges + [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x0009f000-0x000effff] + [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x000f0000-0x000fffff] + [ 0.000000] please try 'cgroup_disable=memory' option if you don't want memory cgroups + [ 0.000000] Memory: 2003288K/2059928K available (6352K kernel code, 607K rwdata, 2640K rodata, 880K init, 908K bss, 56640K reserved, 1146920K highmem) + [ 0.000000] virtual kernel memory layout: + [ 0.004291] Initializing cgroup subsys memory + [ 0.004609] Freeing SMP alternatives memory: 28K (c1a3e000 - c1a45000) + [ 0.899622] Freeing initrd memory: 23616K (f51d0000 - f68e0000) + [ 0.899813] Scanning for low memory corruption every 60 seconds + [ 0.946323] agpgart-intel 0000:00:00.0: detected 32768K stolen memory + [ 1.360318] Freeing unused kernel memory: 880K (c1962000 - c1a3e000) + [ 1.429066] [drm] Memory usable by graphics device = 2048M + +### 6. Clear dmesg Buffer Logs ### + +Yes, we can clear dmesg logs if required with below command. It will clear dmesg ring buffer message logs till you executed the command below. Still you can view logs stored in ‘**/var/log/dmesg**‘ files. If you connect any device will generate dmesg output. + + [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg -c + +### 7. Monitoring dmesg in Real Time ### + +Some distro allows command ‘tail -f /var/log/dmesg’ as well for real time dmesg monitoring. + + [root@tecmint.com log]# watch "dmesg | tail -20" + +Conclusion: The dmesg command is useful as dmesg records all the system changes done or occur in real time. As always you can man dmesg to get more information. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.tecmint.com/dmesg-commands/ + +原文作者： + +![](http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/36c7c25164c3455f2f711b01e395de0d?s=80&d=blank&r=G) + +[Narad Shrestha][a](He has over 10 years of rich IT experience which includes various Linux Distros, FOSS and Networking. Narad always believes sharing IT knowledge with others and adopts new technology with ease.) + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/navin/ +[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/12-practical-examples-of-linux-grep-command/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140724 Camicri Cube--An Offline And Portable Package Management System.md b/sources/tech/20140724 Camicri Cube--An Offline And Portable Package Management System.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bcd2773a32 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140724 Camicri Cube--An Offline And Portable Package Management System.md @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ +Camicri Cube: An Offline And Portable Package Management System +================================================================================ +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/camicri-cube-206x205.jpg) + +As we all know, we must have an Internet connection in our System for downloading and installing applications using synaptic manager or software center. But, what if you don’t have an Internet connection, or the Internet connection is dead slow? This will be definitely a headache when installing packages using software center in your Linux desktop. Instead, you can manually download the applications from their official site, and install them. But, most of the Linux users doesn’t aware about the required dependencies for the applications that they wanted to install. What could you do if you have such situation? Leave all the worries now. Today, we introduce an awesome offline package manager called **Camicri Cube**. + +You can use this package manager on any Internet connected system, download the list of packages you want to install, bring them back to your offline computer, and Install them. Sounds good? Yes, It is! Cube is a package manager like Synaptic and Ubuntu Software Center, but a portable one. It can be used and run in any platform (Windows, Apt-Based Linux Distributions), online and offline, in flashdrive or any removable devices. The main goal of this project is to enable the offline Linux users to download and install Linux applications easily. + +Cube will gather complete details of your offline computer such as OS details, installed applications and more. Then, just the copy the cube application using any USB thumb drive, and use it on the other Internet connected system, and download the list of applications you want. After downloading all required packages, head back to your original computer and start installing them. Cube is developed and maintained by **Jake Capangpangan**. It is written using C++, and bundled with all necessary packages. So, you don’t have to install any extra software to use it. + +### Installation ### + +Now, let us download and install Cube on the Offline system which doesn’t have the Internet connection. Download Cube latest version either from the [official Launchpad Page][1] or [Sourceforge site][2]. Make sure you have downloaded the correct version depending upon your offline computer architecture. As I use 64 bit system, I downloaded the 64bit version. + + wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/camicricube/files/Camicri%20Cube%201.0.9/cube-1.0.9.2_64bit.zip/ + +Extract the zip file and move it to your home directory or anywhere you want: + + unzip cube-1.0.9.2_64bit.zip + +That’s it. Now it’s time to know how to use it. + +### Usage ### + +Here, I will be using Two Ubuntu systems. The original (Offline – no Internet) is running with **Ubuntu 14.04**, and the Internet connected system is running with **Lubuntu 14.04** Desktop. + +#### Steps to do On Offline system: #### + +From the offline system, Go to the extracted Cube folder. You’ll find an executable called “cube-linux”. Double click it, and Click Execute. If it not executable, set the executable permission as shown below. + + sudo chmod -R +x cube/ + +Then, go to the cube directory, + + cd cube/ + +And run the following command to run it. + + ./cube-linux + +Enter the Project name (Ex.sk) and click **Create**. As I mentioned above, this will create a new project with complete details of your system such as OS details, list of installed applications, list of repositories etc. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Cube-Startup-Create-or-choose-a-project-to-be-managed_0013.png) + +As you know, our system is an offline computer that means I don’t have Internet connection. So I skipped the Update Repositories process by clicking on the **Cancel** button. We will update the repositories later on an Internet connected system. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Camicri-Systems-%C2%A9-Cube-Portable-Package-Manager-1.0.9.2-sk_0023.png) + +Again, I clicked **No** to skip updating the offline computer, because we don’t have Internet connection. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Camicri-Systems-%C2%A9-Cube-Portable-Package-Manager-1.0.9.2-sk_0033.png) + +That’s it. Now the new project has been created. The new project will be saved on your main cube folder. Go to the Cube folder, and you’ll find a folder called Projects. This folder will hold all the essential details of your offline system. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Selection_004.png) + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Selection_005.png) + +Now, close the cube application, and copy the entire main **cube** folder to any flash drive, and go to the Internet connected system. + +#### Steps to do on an Internet connected system: #### + +The following steps needs to be done on the Internet connected system. In our case, Its **Lubuntu 14.04**. + +Make the cube folder executable as we did in the original computer. + + sudo chmod -R +x cube/ + +Now, double click the file cube-linux to open it or you can launch it from the Terminal as shown below. + + cd cube/ + ./cube-linux + +You will see that your project is now listed in the “Open Existing Projects” part of the window. Select your project + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Cube-Startup-Create-or-choose-a-project-to-be-managed_0014.png) + +Then, the cube will ask if this is your project’s original computer. It’s not my original (Offline) computer, so I clicked **No**. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Camicri-Systems-%C2%A9-Cube-Portable-Package-Manager-1.0.9.2-sk_0024.png) + +You’ll be asked if you want to update your repositories. Click **Ok** to update the repositories. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Camicri-Systems-%C2%A9-Cube-Portable-Package-Manager-1.0.9.2-sk_0034.png) + +Next, we have to update all outdated packages/applications. Click on the “**Mark All updates**” button from the Cube’s tool bar. After that, click “**Download all marked**” button to update all updated packages/applications. As you see in the below screenshot, there are 302 packages needs to be updated in my case. Then, Click **Ok** to continue to download marked packages. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Camicri-Systems-%C2%A9-Cube-Portable-Package-Manager-1.0.9.2-sk_005.png) + +Now, Cube will start to download all marked packages. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Downloading-packages_006.png) + +We have completed updating repositories and packages. Now, you can download a new package if you want to install it on your offline system. + +#### Downloading New Applications #### + +For example, here I am going to download the **apache2** Package. Enter the name of the package in the **search** box, and hit Search button. The Cube will fetch the details of the application that you are looking for. Hit the “**Download this package now**” button, and click **Ok** to start download. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Camicri-Systems-%C2%A9-Cube-Portable-Package-Manager-1.0.9.2-sk_008.png) + +Cube will start downloading the apache2 package with all its dependencies. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Downloading-packages_009.png) + +If you want to search and download more packages, simply Click the button “**Mark this package**”, and do search the required packages. You can mark as many as packages you want to install on your original computer. Once you marked all packages, hit the “**Download all marked**” button on the top tool bar to start downloading them. + +After you completed updating repositories, outdated packages, and downloading new applications, close the Cube application. Then, copy the entire Cube folder to any flash drive or external hdd, and go back to your Offline system. + +#### Steps to do on Offline computer: #### + +Copy the Cube folder back to your Offline system on any place you want. Go to the cube folder and double click **cube-linux** file to launch Cube application. + +Or, you can launch it from Terminal as shown below. + + cd cube/ + ./cube-linux + +Select your project and click Open. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Cube-Startup-Create-or-choose-a-project-to-be-managed_0012.png) + +Then a dialog will ask you to update your system, please click “Yes” especially when you download new repositories, because this will transfer all new repositories to your computer. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Camicri-Systems-%C2%A9-Cube-Portable-Package-Manager-1.0.9.2-sk_0021.png) + +You’ll see that the repositories will be updated on your offline computer without Internet connection. Because, we already have updated the repositories on the Internet connected system. Seems cool, isn’t it? + +After updating the repositories, let us install all downloaded packages. Click the “Mark All Downloaded” button to select all downloaded packages, and click “Install All Marked” to install all of them from the Cube main Tool bar. The Cube application will automatically open a new Terminal, and install all packages. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Terminal_001.png) + +If you encountered with dependency problems, go to **Cube Menu -> Packages -> Install packages with complete dependencies** to install all packages. + +If you want to install a specific package, Navigate to the List Packages, click the “Downloaded” button, and all downloaded packages will be listed. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Camicri-Systems-%C2%A9-Cube-Portable-Package-Manager-1.0.9.2-sk_0035.png) + +Then, double click the desired package, and click “Install this”, or “Mark this” if you want to install it later. + +![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Camicri-Systems-%C2%A9-Cube-Portable-Package-Manager-1.0.9.2-sk_0043.png) + +By this way, you can download the required packages from any Internet connected system, and then you can install them in your offline computer without Internet connection. + +### Conclusion ### + +This is one of the best and useful tool ever I have used. But during testing this tool in my Ubuntu 14.04 testbox, I faced many dependency problems, and the Cube application is suddenly closed often. Also, I could use this tool only on a fresh Ubuntu 14.04 offline system without any issues. Hope all these issues wouldn’t happen on previous versions of Ubuntu. Apart from these minor issues, this tool does this job as advertised and worked like a charm. + +Cheers! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.unixmen.com/camicri-cube-offline-portable-package-management-system/ + +原文作者： + +![](http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1ba62ac2b395f541750b6b4f873eb37b?s=70&d=monsterid&r=G) + +[SK][a](Senthilkumar, aka SK, is a Linux enthusiast, FOSS Supporter & Linux Consultant from Tamilnadu, India. A passionate and dynamic person, aims to deliver quality content to IT professionals and loves very much to write and explore new things about Linux, Open Source, Computers and Internet.) + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/sk/ +[1]:https://launchpad.net/camicricube +[2]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/camicricube/ \ No newline at end of file From 955c61413de0aff0dffad423da8c162960825f86 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2014 16:16:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 659/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140724-2=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md | 41 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md b/sources/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..04dbe5cee7 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3 +================================================================================ +![The new Oracle Linux 7.0 is out](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Oracle-Linux-7-0-OS-Has-XFS-as-Default-File-System-and-Unbreakable-Enterprise-Kernel-Release-3-451894-2.jpg) + +**The Oracle Linux 7.0 operating system has been released by Oracle and brings numerous new features and changes, like Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3 and a new default file system.** + +The Oracle developers have gone through a couple of Release Candidates for this new build of the distribution and now the final version has arrived. As expected, it's packed with a ton of modifications, which include the new XFS as the default operating system, Btrfs as an alternative, Linux Containers (LXC), DTrace, Ksplice, Xen enhancements, and the Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3. + +As opposed to the more popular EXT4 file system, XFS has one major advantage. It allows users to have 500 TB for the file system size, which is ten times more than what you would get with EXT4. The only drawback is that it only allows for 16 TB maximum file size. + +The distribution features two supported kernels. One is the Red Hat Compatible Kernel (RHCK), based on mainline Linux version 3.10, and the second one is their own version, which is called the Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3 (UEK R3), and starting with 3.8.13 it's based on the mainline Linux version 3.8. You might remember that Linux Kernel 3.8.x has already reached end of life, but it looks like Oracle is maintaining its own branch. + +“Available for download from Oracle Software Delivery Cloud, Oracle Linux 7 is free to download and distribute. All bug fixes and security errata are published to Oracle's public yum servers, allowing customers to install the same code across all their deployments, with or without a subscription, and creating a simple migration path from free to paid. No reinstalls are required.” + +“This release builds on Oracle's approach to providing support for emerging technologies, such as OpenStack, while delivering the latest Linux innovations, tools, and features customers and partners need to deliver enterprise-grade solutions for the modern data center,” reads the official announcement. + +According to the changelog, Ksplice has been implemented for zero-downtime kernel security updates and bug fixes, systemd has been implemented as the new system manager, Grub2 is now the default boot loader with support for additional firmware types (like UEFI), and an improved Anaconda installer, a few new Apache Web Server features, GPT support, and numerous security features and improvements have been added. + +More details about the latest Oracle Linux distro can be found in the official [announcement][1]. + +#### Download Oracle Linux 7.0 right now: #### + +- [Oracle Enterprise Linux 6.5 (ISO) 64-bit][2][iso] [3 GB] +- [Oracle Enterprise Linux 6.5 (ISO) 32-bit][3][iso] [3.60 GB] +- [Oracle Enterprise Linux 7.0 (ISO) 64-bit][4][iso] [4.50 GB] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Oracle-Linux-7-0-OS-Has-XFS-as-Default-File-System-and-Unbreakable-Enterprise-Kernel-Release-3-451894.shtml + +原文作者：[Silviu Stahie][a] + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie +[1]:http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/2245947 +[2]:http://mirrors.dotsrc.org/oracle-linux/OL6/U5/i386/OracleLinux-R6-U5-Server-i386-dvd.iso +[3]:http://mirrors.dotsrc.org/oracle-linux/OL6/U5/x86_64/OracleLinux-R6-U5-Server-x86_64-dvd.iso +[4]:https://edelivery.oracle.com/linux/ \ No newline at end of file From fa51ce2ee7515902a5a030a1b888c0d1a0ddca7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2014 16:33:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 660/713] [translated] 20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md --- sources/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md | 71 ------------------- translated/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md | 70 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 70 insertions(+), 71 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md b/sources/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7edf8e195a..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,71 +0,0 @@ -zpl1025 -Super Pi Brothers -================================================================================ -I don't game as much as I used to. Although I've certainly spent countless hours of my life in front of a Nintendo, SNES, or after that, playing a first-person shooter on my computer (Linux only, thank you), these days, my free time tends to go toward one of the many nongaming hobbies I've accumulated. Recently though, I found myself dusting off my Wii console just so I could play an NES and SNES game I re-purchased for it. The thing is, those games require using a somewhat strange controller, and I already have a modified SNES controller that can connect over USB. That was enough to encourage me to search for a better solution. Of course, I simply could connect three or four consoles and stack up games in my living room, but I've grown accustomed to ripping my CDs and DVDs and picking what I want to listen to or watch from a central media center. It would be nice if I didn't have to get up and find a cartridge every time I wanted to switch games. This, of course, means going with emulation, but although in the past I'd had success with a modified classic Xbox, I didn't have that hardware anymore. I figured someone must have gotten this set up on the Raspberry Pi, and sure enough, after a brief search and a few commands, I had a perfect retro-gaming arcade set up on a spare Raspberry Pi. - -One nice thing about the Raspberry Pi project is the large number of people out there with identical hardware. For me, that meant instead of having to go through someone else's instructions, knowing I'd likely have to tweak it to suit my setup, I basically could follow someone else's guide verbatim. In my case, I found the RetroPie project, which wrapped up all of the commands you would need to install everything on a Raspberry Pi into a single large script. At the end, you have the RetroArch project fully installed and configured, which includes all of the major emulators you'd want and a centralized method to configure them, plus an EmulationStation graphical front end the Pi can boot directly into that makes it simple to navigate to the game you want, all from a gamepad. - -### Install RetroPie ### - -Before you install RetroPie, you will want to make sure your Raspbian distribution (the default Linux distribution for a Raspberry Pi, and the one this project assumes you will use) is completely up to date, including any new firmware images. This just means a few common `apt` commands. Although you certainly could connect a keyboard to your Raspberry Pi for this step, I've found it more convenient to `ssh` in to the device so I could copy and paste commands: - - $ sudo apt-get update - $ sudo apt-get -y upgrade - -Now that the Raspberry Pi is up to date, make sure the git and dialog packages are installed, and then use git to download RetroPie: - - - $ sudo apt-get -y install git dialog - $ cd - $ git clone --depth=0 - ↪git://github.com/petrockblog/RetroPie-Setup.git - -This will create a RetroPie-Setup directory containing the main setup script. Now you just need to go inside that directory and execute it: - - $ cd RetroPie-Setup - $ chmod +x retropie_setup.sh - $ sudo ./retropie_setup.sh - -This script presents you with an in-terminal menu (Figure 1) where you can choose to perform a binary installation or source installation, set up RetroPie, or perform a series of updates for the RetroPie setup script and binaries. Choose either the binary or source installation. The binary installation won't take as much time, but you may risk running older versions of some of the software. The source installation requires you to compile software, so it takes longer, but at the end, you will have the latest possible versions of everything. Personally, I opted for the binary install, knowing I always could re-run the script and go with the source install if I found any problems. - -![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/medium-350px-centered/u1002061/11576f1.png) - -#### Figure 1. RetroPie Setup Menu #### - -This part of the process will take quite some time on a vanilla Raspbian image, as there are a lot of different packages to download and install. Once the installation completes, go back to the main RetroPie setup screen and select SETUP from the main menu. In this submenu, you can tweak settings, such as whether to start EmulationStation from boot (recommended) and whether to enable a splash screen. In my case, I enabled both settings as I intended my device to be a standalone emulation machine. Note that if you do allow EmulationStation to start up from boot, you still can always ssh in to the machine and run the original RetroPie configuration script to change the settings. - -### Adding ROMs ### - -You also can add ROMs within the RetroPie setup screen. If you choose the Samba method in the menu, you then can locate a local Samba mountpoint on your network, and you can copy ROMs from that. With the USB stick method, RetroPie will generate a directory structure on a USB stick that you plug in to your Raspberry Pi that represents the different emulators it supports. After this point, you can take that USB stick to another computer and copy ROMs over to the appropriate directory, and the next time you plug it in to the Raspberry Pi, it automatically will sync the files over. Finally (and this is what I did), you just can use scp or rsync to copy over ROMs to the appropriate directory under ~/RetroPie/roms/. So for instance, NES games would be copied to ~/RetroPie/roms/nes/. - -Once you are done with the configuration and exit out of the RetroPie setup script, you will want to reboot back into EmulationStation, but before you do, you should reconfigure the memory split on the Raspberry Pi so that it is set to 192 or 128, so run: - - - $ sudo raspi-config - -and go to the Advanced Settings to change the memory split setting. Now you can reboot safely. - -### EmulationStation ### - -Once you reboot, you should be greeted with the initial EmulationStation screen, which will prompt you to set up your joystick, gamepad or keyboard buttons so it can work with the EmulationStation menu. Note that this doesn't affect how your controllers work within games, just within the EmulationStation menu. After your controller or controllers are set up, you should be able to press right and left on your controller to switch between the different emulator menus. In my case, all of the buttons on my gamepad were going to be used within games, so I made a point to bind a key on a separate keyboard to the menu function so I could exit out of games when I was done without having to reboot the Raspberry Pi. - -EmulationStation will show you only menus that represent emulators for which it has detected ROMs, so if you haven't copied ROMs for a particular emulator yet, you will want to do that and potentially restart your Raspberry Pi before you can see them. Also, by default, your controller will not be configured for any games, but if you press the right arrow enough times within EmulationStation, you will get to an input configuration screen that allows you to map keys on your controller to keys inside a game. The nice thing about this setup is that after you configure the keys, it will apply appropriately within each emulator. - -That's it. From this point, you can browse through your collection of games and press whatever button you bound to Accept to start playing. At first I was concerned the Raspberry Pi wouldn't have the horsepower to play my games, but so far, it has been able to play any games I tried without a problem. - -### Resources ### - -The RetroPie Project: [http://blog.petrockblock.com/retropie][1] - -RetroPie Installation Docs: [https://github.com/petrockblog/RetroPie-Setup][2] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/super-pi-brothers - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://blog.petrockblock.com/retropie -[2]:https://github.com/petrockblog/RetroPie-Setup diff --git a/translated/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md b/translated/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d413095654 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +超级树莓派兄弟 +================================================================================ +我已经不象以前那样玩那么多游戏了。虽然之前我当然花费了生命里的无数时间在任天堂，SNES，或是之后在我电脑上的第一人称射击游戏（只在Linux下，谢谢），如今，我更愿意把空余时间花在我累积起来的许多其他非游戏爱好上。但是最近，我发现自己又抹掉了Wii手柄上的灰尘，这样就可以玩一玩我重新购买的NES和SNES游戏了。不过问题是，这些游戏需要用到一些特别的控制器，而且我已经有一个修改过的SNES控制器可以通过USB连接。这已经有足够的理由让我去寻找一个更合适的方案。当然，我也可以简单地接上三个甚至四个手柄，然后在客厅里面堆满游戏。但是我已经习惯于把我的CD和DVD都提取成文件，然后在中心媒体服务器上挑选着听或是看。所以如果每次我想换游戏的时候，不用起身去翻游戏卡带，那就完美了。当然，这意味着得使用模拟器。尽管之前我在一个改动过的Xbox上成功过，不过可惜它已经不在我手上了。然后我觉得一定有什么人已经在树莓派上实现过这种平台，结果是肯定的，在简单地搜索和一些命令之后，我在一个剩下的树莓派上搭起来一个完美的怀旧游戏中心。 + +树莓派项目的一个优点是，有大量的用户在使用相同的硬件。对我来说，这意味着我不用完整地参考别人的指引再根据自己的需求做出必要的改动，而只需要简单地完全按照别人的指导做就行了。在我这件事情上，我找到了RetroPie项目，它把你安装时需要用到的所有命令都包到了一个单一的大脚本中。在执行完后，你就完整地安装并配置好了RetroArch，它集成了所有的主流模拟器以及一个统一的配置方式，再加上一个在树莓派上开机启动的EmulationStation图形界面，通过它可以只用手柄就能方便地定位到你想玩的游戏。 + +### 安装RetroPie ### + +在安装RetroPie之前，你可能需要确认一下你的Raspbian版本（树莓派默认的Linux发行版，这也是这个项目假设你在用的）是不是最新的，包括有没有新的固件。这只需要几个通用的`apt`命令。虽然，在这一步里你当然可以接个键盘到树莓派上，不过我觉得用`ssh`登录到树莓派上更方便。之后直接复制和粘贴下面的命令： + + $ sudo apt-get update + $ sudo apt-get -y upgrade + +现在树莓派已经更新到最新了，再确认一下是否安装了git和dialog，然后可以通过git来下载RetroPie： + + + $ sudo apt-get -y install git dialog + $ cd + $ git clone --depth=0 + ↪git://github.com/petrockblog/RetroPie-Setup.git + +执行完上边的命令后会创建一个RetroPie-Setup目录，里面有主要的安装脚本。之后你只需要进去这个目录，并运行安装脚本： + + $ cd RetroPie-Setup + $ chmod +x retropie_setup.sh + $ sudo ./retropie_setup.sh + +这个脚本会在终端里显示一个菜单（图1），在里面你可以选择二进制安装或是源码安装，配置RetroPie，或是更新RetroPie安装脚本和执行文件。之后选择二进制安装或是源码安装，任选一个。二进制安装会快一些，不过有些软件版本可能不是最新的。源码安装需要编译软件，所以用的时间会比较长，但是完成之后，所有的一切都是最新版的。我个人会选择二进制安装，因为我知道在碰到任何问题之后，随时都可以重新执行这个脚本再选择源码安装。 + +![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/imagecache/medium-350px-centered/u1002061/11576f1.png) + +#### 图1. RetroPie安装菜单 #### + +在vanilla Raspbian固件版本中，这一步会需要很长时间，因为有大量不同的包需要下载和安装。在安装完成之后，返回在RetroPie安装主界面中，在主菜单里选择SETUP，在之后的二级菜单里，你可以调整设置，例如是否开机启动EmulationStation（推荐打开）以及是否允许欢迎界面。在我这里，我两个都允许了，因为我希望这个设备是一个独立的模拟游戏机。不过你需要了解的是，如果你确实允许了EmulationStation开机自动启动，你仍然可以ssh登录到机器上然后执行原始的RetroPie安装配置脚本来改变这个设置。 + +### 添加ROM ### + +你也可以在RetroPie设置界面添加ROM。如果你在菜单里选择了Samba方式，就可以在网络上找一个Samba共享目录，然后从里面拷贝ROM。如果通过U盘的方式，RetroPie会在插到树莓派的U盘上创建一个目录结构，分别对应不同的模拟器。在这之后，你就可以把U盘插到其他电脑上，然后把ROM拷贝到合适的目录里，当再插回树莓派的时候，它会自动同步文件。最后（我就是这么做的），你还可以使用scp或者rsync来拷贝ROM到~/RetroPie/roms/的合适目录下。举个例子，NES游戏需要拷贝到~/RetroPie/roms/nes/目录里。 + +当你完成了配置并退出了RetroPie的设置脚本后，应该会想重启并进入EmulationStation，但是在那之前，你应该重新配置树莓派的内存空间，设为192或者128，运行命令： + + + $ sudo raspi-config + +然后选择高级设置，调整内存空间设定。之后就可以安全地重启了。 + +### EmulationStation ### + +重启完之后，当看到EmulationStation界面时应该会很高兴，之后它会提示你设定控制杆，游戏手柄，或键盘按键，这样就可以控制EmulationStation菜单了。不过注意一下，这并不会影响手柄在游戏里的按键定义，只是用于控制EmulationStation菜单的。在设定完手柄后，你应该可以按下向右或向左方向键来切换不同的模拟器菜单了。在我这里，我将会在游戏里用到手柄上的所有按钮，所以我特别将另一个键盘上的键映射到菜单功能，这样在我玩完一个游戏后，不用重启树莓派就可以退出来。 + +EmulationStation只会显示已经侦测到ROM的模拟器，所以，如果你还没有拷贝ROM的话，得先做这件事情，然后可能还得重启一下才会有效果。而且，默认情况下，你的手柄没有为任何游戏做配置，但是，如果你在EmulationStation里一直按向右键足够多次以后，会弹出输入设定界面，你可以在里面映射手柄按键。有一个亮点是，当你设定好按键后，它会相应地应用到其他模拟器中。 + +就是这些了。在这之后，你可以浏览你收藏的各种游戏，然后按下绑定到确定的那个按键开始游戏。一开始我还担心树莓派可能不够强劲来玩我的游戏，但是直到现在，我试过地所有游戏都可以完美地运行。 + +### 资源 ### + +RetroPie项目主页：[http://blog.petrockblock.com/retropie][1] + +RetroPie安装文档：[https://github.com/petrockblog/RetroPie-Setup][2] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/super-pi-brothers + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://blog.petrockblock.com/retropie +[2]:https://github.com/petrockblog/RetroPie-Setup From 1104cd4b6d00f8db07a8fc1218e2dac6c123634a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2014 16:41:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 661/713] [translating] 20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md --- ... The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md b/sources/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md index 3710001e3b..6c24dd2d5c 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md +++ b/sources/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +zpl1025 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface ================================================================================ **The latest experimental build of the native Dropbox Linux client has debuted with an all new Qt interface.** @@ -56,4 +57,4 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/dropbox-experimental-linux-build-qt-rewr [a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author [1]:https://d1ilhw0800yew8.cloudfront.net/client/dropbox-lnx.x86_64-2.11.0.tar.gz -[2]:https://d1ilhw0800yew8.cloudfront.net/client/dropbox-lnx.x86-2.11.0.tar.gz \ No newline at end of file +[2]:https://d1ilhw0800yew8.cloudfront.net/client/dropbox-lnx.x86-2.11.0.tar.gz From d6471b0b069051e9b1bb00835b550764383f3289 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2014 16:47:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 662/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140724-3=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- sources/talk/20140724 Best Linux Browsers.md | 81 +++++++++++++++++++ ...f -u--What is New in Kernel Development.md | 45 +++++++++++ 2 files changed, 126 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140724 Best Linux Browsers.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140724 diff -u--What is New in Kernel Development.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140724 Best Linux Browsers.md b/sources/talk/20140724 Best Linux Browsers.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5463fea2d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140724 Best Linux Browsers.md @@ -0,0 +1,81 @@ +Best Linux Browsers +================================================================================ +> Pros and cons of the best browsers for the Linux desktop, including Firefox, Chrome and other browsers. + +Choosing the best Linux browser for your needs requires just a bit of homework: Web browsers for the Linux desktop have evolved over the years, just as they have for other popular desktop platforms. With this evolution, both good and bad revelations have been discovered. Revelations from new functionality, to broken extensions, and so forth. In this article, I'll serve as your guide through these murky waters to help you discover the best in Linux browsers. + +### **Firefox** ### + +– [Firefox][1] has long been a friendly browser for Linux users. Accessible on both 32bit and 64bit Linux installs, Firefox also offers extensive extensions to choose from. It's a fast loading, easy to navigate Web browser that has found itself in a popular place with Linux users. + +**The good**: It's easily installed from most common Linux software repositories, if not already installed on the distro by default. Thousands of extensions to choose from to make your Firefox browser more fully featured. Nearly every website on the Web (including government and banking sites) render properly. + +Also important: Firefox respects your privacy. In addition to a straight forward privacy policy, they're not in the "same business" as Google. Therefore, most users feel more comfortable allowing Firefox to see their daily browsing activities whereas other browsers, might have more profit-driven interests. Firefox is also great for web developers, thanks to its element inspection tool, built right into the browser. + +**The bad**: Not too long ago, I was finding that Firefox's frequent updates were breaking my extensions. This meant I needed to verify that my favorite extensions were compatible with new Firefox updates BEFORE I updated my browser. + +To be blunt, this caused me to rethink which browser would be my default tool to browse the Internet. In fairness, Mozilla does post a blog post with each browser update for extension developers. In these posts, developers are told what has changed and what needs to be done to keep things working smoothly. + +### **Chrome/Chromium** ### + +– Google promotes its browser named [Chrome][2], however I tend to put [Chromium][3] into the same group as Chrome since Chromium is used as its base for development. Unlike Firefox, Chrome/Chromium was late to the game for Linux. Linux users only considered it worth trying at the time due to the fact that Chrome/Chromium was perceived by many as being the fastest browser. + +**The good**: Even today, Chrome/Chromium is considered pretty fast. Even with the recent updates made to other competing browsers, Chrome/Chromium hasn't lost its speed. Extensions for Chrome/Chromium are plentiful and even better, updates to the browser have no affect on said extensions. This means that, unlike Firefox, I haven't dealt with extension incompatibilities. Like Firefox, Chrome/Chromium also has an element inspection tool, built right into the browser. After trying syncing options with other browsers, only Chrome/Chromium has proven itself to be truly idiot-proof. Without question, Chrome/Chromium syncing is the best in the browser space, from my perspective. + +**The bad**: Chrome/Chromium doesn't always render pages correctly. Be it rare, some sites like Ebay don't always render correctly. Case in point, if I create a new Ebay submission, I find there are buttons missing in some cases. I've also found that sometimes Chrome/Chromium can lockup completely if an open tab is rendering heavy script. Sites like Google Plus and Facebook are the most common offenders. + +### **Qupzilla** ### + +– When it comes to lightweight browsers, I've found [Qupzilla][4] to be among the most awesome. Based on Webkit, it provides decent rendering support while maintaining a very small resource footprint. + +**The good**: Qupzilla is ideal for lightweight desktop environments where you need a modern browser capable of rendering pages correctly and generally providing a solid web browser experience. It's extremely lightweight and will run on older PCs without missing a beat. Access Keys and [GreaseMonkey][5] extensions are installed (but disabled) by default. + +Like Firefox and Chrome/Chromium, Qupzilla provides access to an element inspection tool as well. And finally, having [Adblock][6] installed by default makes this a clear lightweight winner for me. + +**The bad**: HTML5 video doesn't seem to work reliably. Also, in order to watch Flash videos, you must visit the preferences and uncheck Click to Flash in the Extensions, Webkit plugins area. This is a poorly thought out decision to essentially disable Flash out of the box, while HTML5 video remains completely broken. + +### **Midori** ### + +– I like to call [Midori][7] the lightweight Chrome alternative. Like Google's browser(s), Midori offers a minimalist experience with its "hamburger menu," which is nice as it takes up less browser space. Not only do you get a solid browsing experience without the usual browser politics found elsewhere, Midori is also quite fast. + +**The good**: Midori is fast, lightweight and feels familiar out of the box. I'm also happy to report that it renders pages correctly and works great with sites like YouTube. The best part, in my opinion, is the built-in functionality for creating browser profiles and actual launchable links for Web apps. For example, you can easily create a web app on your desktop for Gmail or Facebook. You can also setup user specific browser profiles as well, without creating new Linux user accounts. + +**The bad**: Despite mentioning user extensions for this browser, the selection available is less than impressive. Also, the browser layout takes a bit of getting used to. A trash can for previously visited websites – seriously? + +### **Opera** ### + +– [Opera][8] has long been one of the misunderstood browsers out there. Very early on, Opera provided Linux support despite being dismissed by the overall Linux community. In addition to being a compatible, fast web browser that has been nothing but good to Linux users, it's also a full of configurable options. + +**The good**: It's fast and it's full of user controllable settings. You can import and export everything from RSS feeds to email, and skin Opera with easy access to breathtaking themes. Plus, Opera offers an extensive library of extensions to choose from. Not to mention the ability to read RSS feeds and email, from your browser! Relive the days of the Mozilla Suite by using Opera's extended suite functionality. And perhaps best of all, Opera Turbo – super-charge your browser speed with selective compression to provide a faster experience. + +**The bad**: A nag for the Terms of Service on its first run. Also, Opera Turbo can slightly alter your browsing experience – YouTube for example, may not show a video's thumbnail. Opera also provides so many options that it can feel a bit overwhelming to the casual user. And lastly, it's a closed source browser that hasn't been well recognized for desktop use. Most folks think of Opera as a mobile browser only these days. + +### Which browser is right for you? ### + +With so many great choices, it can be a tough call to say which browser is right for you. Speaking for myself, I've found that I rely heavily on Firefox and Chromium due to specific extensions I put to work each day. For someone with a lower end system or netbook, my suggestion is to try Midori first and if that's not a fit, fallback to Qupzilla. + +So what about other web browsers for Linux? Such as the [Epiphany][9] browser or [Konqueror][10]? Browsers like these are great, but I feel strongly about the browsers I've shared above specifically. Each of the options listed above are browsers I use often and have found to be something I feel good about recommending to friends and family. + +That said, by all means, share any browsers you're passionate about in the Comments below so others can benefit from your preferred method of browsing the Web. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/best-linux-browsers-1.html + +原文作者：[Matt Hartley][a] + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.datamation.com/author/Matt-Hartley-3080.html +[1]:https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/ +[2]:https://www.google.com/intl/en_us/chrome/browser/ +[3]:http://www.chromium.org/ +[4]:http://www.qupzilla.com/ +[5]:https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/greasemonkey/ +[6]:https://adblockplus.org/ +[7]:http://midori-browser.org/ +[8]:http://www.opera.com/ +[9]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Web +[10]:http://www.konqueror.org/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/talk/20140724 diff -u--What is New in Kernel Development.md b/sources/talk/20140724 diff -u--What is New in Kernel Development.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5089d370ff --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140724 diff -u--What is New in Kernel Development.md @@ -0,0 +1,45 @@ +diff -u: What's New in Kernel Development +================================================================================ +Once in a while someone points out a POSIX violation in Linux. Often the answer is to fix the violation, but sometimes Linus Torvalds decides that the POSIX behavior is broken, in which case they keep the Linux behavior, but they might build an additional POSIX compatibility layer, even if that layer is slower and less efficient. + +This time, *Michael Kerrisk* reported a POSIX violation that affected file operations. Apparently, reading and writing to files during multithreaded operations could hit race conditions and overwrite each other's changes. + +There was some discussion over whether this was really a violation of POSIX, but ultimately, who cares? Data clobbering is bad. After Michael posted some code to reproduce the problem, the conversation focused on what to do to fix it. But Michael did make an argument that "Linux isn't consistent with UNIX since early times. (E.g., page 191 of the 1992 edition of Stevens APUE discusses the sharing of the file offset between the parent and child after fork(). Although Stevens didn't explicitly spell out the atomicity guarantee, the discussion there would be a bit nonsensical without the presumption of that guarantee.)" + +Al Viro joined Linus in trying to come up with a fix. Linus tried introducing a simple mutex to lock files so that write operations couldn't clobber each other, and Al offered his own refinements that improved on Linus' patch. + +At one point, Linus explained the history of the bug itself. Apparently, once upon a time the file pointer, which told the system where to write into the file, had been locked in a semaphore so only one process could do anything to it at a time. But, they took it out of the semaphore in order to accommodate device files and other non-regular files that ran into race conditions when users were barred from writing to them whenever they pleased. + +That was what introduced the bug. At the time, it slipped through undetected, because that actual reading and writing to regular files was still handled atomically by the kernel. It was only the file pointer itself that could get out of sync. And, because high-speed threaded file operations are a pretty rare need, it took a long time for anyone to run into the problem and report it. + +An interesting little detail is that, while Linus and Al were hunting for a fix, Al at one point complained that the approach Linus was taking wouldn't support certain architectures, including *ARM* and *PowerPC*. Linus' response was, "I doubt it's worth caring about. [...] If the ARM/PPC people end up caring, they could add the struct-return support to gcc." + +It's always interesting to see how corner cases crop up and get dealt with. In some cases, part of the fix has to happen in the kernel, part in GCC and part elsewhere. In this particular instance, Al felt the whole thing could be done in the kernel, and he was inspired to write his own version of the patch, which Linus accepted. + +*Andi Kleen* wanted to add low-level CPU event support to *perf*. The problem was that there could be tons of low-level events, and it varied widely from CPU to CPU. Even storing the possible events in memory for all CPUs would significantly increase the kernel's running size. So, hard-coding this information into the kernel would be problematic. + +He pointed out that the *OProfile* tool relied on publicly available lists of these events, though he said the OProfile developers didn't always keep their lists up to date with the latest available versions. + +To solve these issues, Andi submitted a patch that allowed perf to identify which event-list was needed for the particular CPU on the given system, and automatically download the latest version of that list from its home location. Then perf could interpret the list and analyze the events, without overburdening the kernel. + +There was various feedback to Andi's code, mostly to do with which directory should house the event-lists, and what the filenames should be called. The behavior of the code itself seemed to get a good reception. One detail that may turn out to be more controversial than the others was Andi's decision to download the lists to a subdirectory of the user's own home directory. Andi said that otherwise users might be encouraged to download the event-lists as the root user, which would be bad security practice. + +Sasha Levin recently posted a script to translate the *hexadecimal offsets *from stack dumps into meaningful line numbers that pointed into the kernel's source files. So something like "ffffffff811f0ec8" might be translated into "fs/proc/generic.c:445". + +However, it turned out that Linus Torvalds was planning to remove the hex offsets from the stack dumps for exactly the reason that they were unreadable. So Sasha's code was about to go out of date. + +They went back and forth a bit on it. At first Sasha decided to rely on data stored in the System.map file to compensate, but Linus pointed out that some people, including him, didn't keep their System.map file around. Linus recommended using /usr/bin/nm to extract the symbols from the compiled kernel files. + +So, it seems as though Sasha's script may actually provide meaningful file and line numbers for debugging stack dumps, assuming the stack dumps provide enough information to do the calculations. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/diff-u-whats-new-kernel-development-0 + +原文作者：[Zack Brown][a] + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/user/801501 \ No newline at end of file From 7a063ff60031b18bb00a79b66b12418d9498f7a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2014 17:06:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 663/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140724-4=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... What are useful online tools for Linux.md | 150 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 150 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140724 What are useful online tools for Linux.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140724 What are useful online tools for Linux.md b/sources/talk/20140724 What are useful online tools for Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..461ff0afef --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140724 What are useful online tools for Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,150 @@ +What are useful online tools for Linux +================================================================================ +As you know, GNU Linux is much more than just an OS. There is literally a whole sphere on the Internet dedicated to the penguin OS. If you read this post, you are probably inclined towards reading about Linux online. Among all the pages that you can find on the subject, there are a couple of websites that every Linux adventurer should have in his bookmarks. These websites are more than just tutorials or reviews. They are real tools that you can access from anywhere and share with everyone. So today I shall propose you a non-exhaustive list of sixteen websites that should be in your bookmarks. Some of them can also be useful for Windows or Mac users: that's the extent of their reach. + +### 1. [ExplainShell.com][1] ### + +[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3841/14517716647_3b6a1a564d_z.jpg)][2] + +If you are interested in Linux command line, you should use this website. If you are not interested in Linux command line, you should use it even more as it will explain in detail how a command works. This could prevent you from launching a command detrimental to your computer, and is a good way to learn with a great interface. + +### 2. [BashrcGenerator.com][3] ### + +[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3900/14703872782_033e5acdb8_z.jpg)][4] + +If you want to begin with Linux command line, or if you want to quickly get a customized shell prompt but not sure how, this website will generate for you PS1 prompt code to place your .bashrc file in your home directory. You can drag and drop the elements that you would like to see in your prompt, like your username and the current time, and the website will write the code for you. It's easy and very readable. Definitely a must for the lazy. + +### 3. [Vim-adventures.com][5] ### + +[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3838/14681149696_0c533fd6de_z.jpg)][6] + +I only recently discovered this website, but it already sucked in many hours of my life. In short: a RPG game with Vim commands. Move your character in the isometric levels with the 'h,j,k,l' keys, gain new commands/abilities, collect keys, and learn how to use Vim proficiently very quickly. + +### 4. [Try Github][7] ### + +[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3874/14517499739_0452848d68_z.jpg)][8] + +The pitch is simple: learn Git in 15 minutes. This website simulates a console, and walks you though the steps of collaborative editing. The interface is very stylish and the intention is worthy. The only downside is for the Git allergic. But it is definitely a good skill to have, and a good place to learn it. + +### 5. [Shortcutfoo.com][9] ### + +[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3906/14517499799_f142ea37cb_z.jpg)][10] + +Another shortcut database, shortcutfoo is a bit more standard in its way to present its content to the user, but definitely more straight-forward than funny mini-games. The shortcuts of several programs are available and grouped by categories. As it might not be super complete for software like Vim, which is completely reliant on shortcuts, it is perfect for giving a quick tip or a general overview. + +### 6. [GitHub Free Programming Books][11] ### + +[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3867/14517499989_408a28d8be_z.jpg)][12] + +As you might guess from the URL, this is a collection of free online books about programming, written collaboratively using Git. The content is awesome and the authors deserve to be praised for such work. It might not be the easiest read at first, but it is one of the most instructive for sure. We can only hope that the movement will keep growing. + +### 7. [Collabedit.com][13] ### + +[![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2940/14681150086_2d169d67f9_z.jpg)][14] + +If you ever plan on giving a phone interview, you should check out collabedit beforehand. It allows you to create a document, select the programming language that you want to write in, and then share that document via the URL. The people opening the link will be able to freely interact in real time with the text, allowing you to judge their programming skills or just exchange snippets. It even comes with the proper syntax highlighting and a chat widget. In other words, it is the instant-Google Document of programmers. + +### 8. [Cpp.sh][15] ### + +[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3840/14700981001_af3ac40b65_z.jpg)][16] + +This is one of those websites that extend beyond just Linux, but it is so useful that it deserves its place here. In short, an online development environment for C++. Just write your code in your navigator and run it. As a bonus, you get an auto-indentation feature, Ctrl+Z, and the possibility to share the URL with your buddy. This is just one of those crazy things that you can do from a simple browser. + +### 9. [Copy.sh][17] ### + +[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3883/14517479870_da521931eb_z.jpg)][18] + +In continuation with crazy things that you can do from your browser, copy.sh lets you run a virtual machine online. Just that. It gained fame relatively recently, but the idea is just insane. From the navigator you can select among the defaults virtual images to run, or upload your own iso file. The code for that feat has been shared on [GitHub][19]. Just amazing. + +### 10. [Commandlinefu.com][20] ### + +[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3887/14517495938_ca3b831ca9_z.jpg)][21] + +We all keep a big snippet of command-line "gems" on our computer. commandlinefu's goal is to release those snippets to the world. As a collaborative database, it resembles the Wikipedia of the command line. Everyone is free to register and post their favorite command on the website for everyone else to see. You will then be able to access that knowledge from everywhere and share it with everyone. If you are interested in mastering the shell, commandlinefu also proposes great features like random commands and a news feed to learn something new every day. + +### 11. [Alias.sh][22] ### + +[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3868/14701762124_a7b3547aca_z.jpg)][23] + +Another collaborative database, alias.sh (I love the URL) is a bit like commandlinefu but for shell aliases. You can share and discover useful aliases which will make your CLI experience so much better. I personally like the alias to get the dimensions of a picture. + + function dim(){ sips $1 -g pixelWidth -g pixelHeight } + +All the seconds you save with alias.sh probably accumulate with time, and turn to years by the end of your life. + +### 12. [Distrowatch.com][24] ### + +[![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2910/14681149996_50a45bff78_z.jpg)][25] + +Who does not know Distrowatch? Besides giving a precise ranking of Linux distributions based on their website popularity, Distrowatch is also a very useful database. Whether you are looking for a new distribution to try, or just curious, it presents an exhaustive account of every Linux you can find, with information like which default desktop environment it uses, or package system, or its default applications. And all the versions, and with easily accessible download links. In a word, the Linux database. + +### 13. [Linuxmanpages.com][26] ### + +[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3911/14704165765_8e30cb3d3f_z.jpg)][27] + +Everything is in the URL: access the manual pages for popular commands from anywhere. Not really sure if this would actually be useful for Linux users as you can access that from your actual terminal, but the intent is remarkable. + +### 14. [AwesomeCow.com][28] ### + +[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5558/14704165965_02b10ee293_z.jpg)][29] + +This is maybe a bit less hardcore Linux, but definitely useful to some. Awesomecow is a search engine for finding alternatives to Windows software on Linux. It can be helpful for anyone migrating to the penguin, or nostalgic of a Windows program. I see this as a strength, showing that Linux can compete with the professional spheres when it comes sot software quality. Or at least try to. + +### 15. [PenguSpy.com][30] ### + +[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3904/14517495728_f6877e8e3b_z.jpg)][31] + +Before Steam started to show up on Linux, gaming was probably one of the penguin's weakness. But the website penguspy made the effort of fighting that weakness by collecting all Linux compatible games in a database with a sexy interface. Games can be sorted by categories, release dates, ratings, etc. I really hope that websites like this are not going to disappear because of Steam as it remains one of my favorites of this list. + +### 16. [Linux Cross Reference by Free Electrons][32] ### + +[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3913/14712049464_6b666e2cfa_z.jpg)][33] + +Finally, for all the experts and the curious, lxr is the anagram from Linux Cross Reference, and allows us to interactively view the Linux Kernel code online. The navigation is made easy via identifiers, and you can compare the different versions of the files with a standard diff markup. The interface is sober and straight-forward, and this is just a website that perfectly illustrates the concept of open source. + +To conclude, there are a lot more websites which deserve to be listed, and this might be a topic for a part two to this post. But this is a good start. It serves as an appetizer to what can be found online as tools for Linux users. If you have any other pages that you would like to share, following this thematic, do so in the comments. And maybe contribute to a sequel to this list. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/useful-online-tools-linux.html + +原文作者：[Adrien Brochard][a](I am a Linux aficionado from France. After trying multiple distributions, I finally settled for Archlinux. But I am always trying to improve my system by stacking up tips and tricks.) + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/adrien +[1]:http://explainshell.com/ +[2]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14517716647/ +[3]:http://bashrcgenerator.com/ +[4]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14703872782/ +[5]:http://vim-adventures.com/ +[6]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14681149696/ +[7]:https://try.github.io/ +[8]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14517499739/ +[9]:https://www.shortcutfoo.com/ +[10]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14517499799/ +[11]:https://github.com/vhf/free-programming-books/blob/master/free-programming-books.md +[12]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14517499989/ +[13]:http://collabedit.com/ +[14]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14681150086/ +[15]:http://cpp.sh/ +[16]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14700981001/ +[17]:http://copy.sh/v24/ +[18]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14517479870/ +[19]:https://github.com/copy/v86 +[20]:http://www.commandlinefu.com/ +[21]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14517495938/ +[22]:http://alias.sh/ +[23]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14701762124/ +[24]:http://distrowatch.com/ +[25]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14681149996/ +[26]:http://www.linuxmanpages.com/ +[27]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14704165765/ +[28]:http://awesomecow.com/ +[29]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14704165965/ +[30]:http://www.penguspy.com/ +[31]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14517495728/ +[32]:http://lxr.free-electrons.com/ +[33]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/14712049464/ \ No newline at end of file From d4ceed4f9ab7f7d3eaa52ff767a2db129de4c523 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2014 17:18:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 664/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140724-5=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...rectory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md | 75 ++++++++++ ...l Google Docs on Linux with Grive Tools.md | 141 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 216 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140724 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140724 Install Google Docs on Linux with Grive Tools.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140724 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md b/sources/tech/20140724 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5ae836c791 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140724 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command +================================================================================ +How to merge two directory trees with similar layout into a third directory? Let us consider the following example to understand the problem. + +Suppose two directories dir1 and dir2 have 3 sub-directories a, b and c in each of them. The directory layout is like below: + +![Layout of input directories](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/01.merge_dir_layout.png) +Layout of input directories + +These directories a, b and c have some files in them. The output of tree command will illustrate better: + +![Layout of files](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/02.merge_file_layout.png) +Layout of files + +### 1. Using cp to create merge: ### + +Now we want to merge these two directories into a third directory, say “merged”. +The simplest thing that you can do to achieve this is to copy recursively the directories like below: + +![Copy directories recursively to create new merge](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/03.merge_cp_recursive.png) +Copy directories recursively to create new merge + +#### 1.1 Problem with cp command and alternative: #### + +The problem with this approach is that the files created inside merged directory are copy of original files, and not the original files themselves. But wait, (you might be asking yourself) what is the problem if the files are not original? So to answer your question, consider the situation where you have large number of bulky files. In that case, copying all the files might take hours. + +Now let’s get back and try the same with mv command instead of cp. + +![Attempt to merge with mv command](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/04.merge_mv_recursive.png) +Attempt to merge with mv command + +The directories are not merged. So we cannot use mv command to merge directories like this. +Now how can you keep the original files inside “merged” directory? + +### 2. The solution: ### + +The cp command has a very useful option to draw us out of this situation. +The -l or --link option to cp aommand creates the hard links instead of copying the files themselves. Let us try with that. + +Before trying out the hard link option to cp command, let us print the inode number of the original files. +The tree command has option to print the inodes with --inodes option: + +![Display inodes of original files](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/05.merge_display_inodes.png) +Display inodes of original files + +Now we have the inodes listed here, we can proceed to creating the hard links with --link option to cp command: + +![Merge directories with hard links](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/06.merge_create_links.png) +Merge directories with hard links + +#### 2.1 Verify the files: #### + +Now the files are copied, let us verify if the inodes match with original files: + +![Verify Inodes](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/07.merge_verify_inodes.png) +Verify Inodes + +#### 2.2 Cleanup: #### + +As you can see that the files have same inodes as original files. Now the problem is solved and we have the original files inside merged directory. We can now cleanup by removing the directories dir1 and dir2. + +![Remove original directories](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/08.merge_cleanup.png) +Remove original directories + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/merge-directory-trees-linux/ + +原文作者：[Raghu][a] + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/raghu/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/sources/tech/20140724 Install Google Docs on Linux with Grive Tools.md b/sources/tech/20140724 Install Google Docs on Linux with Grive Tools.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..45160b49d2 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140724 Install Google Docs on Linux with Grive Tools.md @@ -0,0 +1,141 @@ +Install Google Docs on Linux with Grive Tools +================================================================================ +Google Drive is two years old now and Google’s cloud storage solution seems to be still going strong thanks to its integration with Google Docs and Gmail. There’s one thing still missing though: a lack of an official Linux client. Apparently Google has had one floating around their offices for a while now, however it’s not seen the light of day on any Linux system. + +Thankfully, there is an alternative solution using Grive Tools. We’ve covered Grive once before when it was in its infancy, but it’s received a fair few upgrades since then thanks to Grive Tools and is now compatible with Fedora and OpenSUSE to cover a better selection of distros. Over the course of this tutorial, we’ll show you how to set up Grive Tools and get it syncing files to and from Google Drive on a regular basis, so your work is always perfectly backed up. With the death of Ubuntu One, it’s a great alternative to Canonical’s own cloud storage solution. + +![Accesss your backed up Linux files from anywhere with an internet connection by making use of the Drive connection](http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/griveanno.png) +Accesss your backed up Linux files from anywhere with an internet connection by making use of the Drive connection + +### Resources ### + +A Google account + +- [Grive Tools][1] + +### Step-by-step ### + +#### Step 01 Ubuntu repository #### + +Grive Tools is not included in Ubuntu or Ubuntu-based distros yet, so you’ll need to add a third-party repository to access it. Add this with: + + $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:thefanclub/grive-tools + +Follow this up with the usual sudo apt-get update before we continue. + +#### Step 02 Ubuntu install #### + +After the apt-get update, Grive Tools will appear in the software centre. If you want to go there and install it you can, however as we already have a terminal open we might as well use: + + $ sudo apt-get install grive-tools + +#### Step 03 Fedora dependencies #### + +You’ll need to install some specific dependencies for OpenSUSE, Fedora and other RHEL-based distros. In Fedora specifically, open a terminal and install them with: + + $ sudo yum install json-c json-c-devel qt-devel boost-devel openssl-devel libxslt libcurl libcurl-devel + +The same packages will need to be installed on the other distros. + +#### Step 04 Grive package #### + +Grive is not in the repositories of any of +these distros, however binaries exist if you won’t want to build it from source. Go to RPMSEEK.com and search for Grive; look out for the version for your distro and download it. + +#### Step 05 Install the download #### + +Once downloaded, install the package; you can either do it graphical or install with: + + $ sudo yum install grive-tools-1.9.noarch.rpm + +After that, go to the Resources link for Grive Tools and locate the Fedora package on the website: download this binary and install it alongside Grive. + +#### Step 06 Start the setup #### + +The method to actually get Grive and Grive Tools working on both systems is basically the same, so we’ll cover both at once while mentioning any extras that need to be done for a specific distro. The first thing you’ll need to do is look for Grive Setup in your list of programs. + +#### Step 07 Log into your account #### + +If you haven’t already created a Google account, you’ll need to get one sorted now before continuing. Otherwise, click Next to bring up a browser that will point you towards Google and ask you to log in. Make sure you’re logged in to the correct email address before continuing. + +#### Step 08 Connect your account #### + +You’ll be asked if the specific info it can look at is okay – you’ll need to confirm to continue, otherwise it can’t download or sync your Drive data. It will then give you a code to paste into a pop-up that launched when the browser opened. + +#### Step 09 Code input #### + +Press Next for Grive to accept the code. It will automatically open up a new Google Drive window and show your files being synced straight to your PC. This may take a while depending on how much you have stored on your account. + +#### Step 10 Desktop notifications #### + +Once the sync is complete, search again for Grive in your programs and look for Google Drive Indicator. Click on this and it will automatically launch a Dropbox-style toolbar notifier for Google Drive. This is also similar to the kind of notifier on desktops with an official client. + +#### Step 11 Access Google Drive #### + +You can quick access the contents of your Google Drive by finding the app of the same name in your program list. It links straight to your folder for ease of access, so you can add it to favourites or quick bar if you wish. There’s also an option to open it from the notifier. + +#### Step 12 Drive options #### + +You can access syncing options from the indicator to make sure Grive works as you want it to. Access them by clicking on the toolbar icon and select preferences. A couple of options you’d probably want checked are ‘Start Drive when computer turns on’, and ‘On screen notifications’. + +#### Step 13 Auto-syncing #### + +Unlike the official clients, you cannot select which folders do and do not get synced on your client. Depending on how you plan to use it, you can turn on Auto-sync so that everything is synced up and down at all times, or you can turn it off and sync manually when everything is ready. + +#### Step 14 Large file tip #### + +Google Drive – not just Grive – always seems to have issues with uploading larger files. We suggest splitting them up into smaller files using split on a compressed file to make them all a specific size. You can do it in a terminal with: + + split -b 500m file.mp4 newfilename + +#### Step 15 File types #### + +One of the major things you may have noticed is which documents have and have not been downloaded by Grive. On the official clients, links will be added that can let you jump straight to pure Google Docs files, while files that are actually DOC, ODF or PDF will be downloaded outright to the system. Only the latter files are downloaded with Grive as they’re purely stored in the cloud on Drive. The upside is they’re properly stored locally and will still sync between the cloud and other systems. + +#### Step 16 Location #### + +Very simply, the Google Drive folder is kept in the home folder under Google Drive. If you’re using standard GNOME it’s actually opening the files in the GNOME file manager; for some reason it also does that in Unity and any non-GNOME desktop environment. + +#### Step 17 Backup to Grive #### + +One of the benefits of cloud storage for files is that the storage itself is off-site and difficult to lose. This makes it ideal for backing up other important documents and settings. The simplest and quickest way to do this is to periodically copy a file over to the Drive folder and watch it upload. + +#### Step 18 Better backup #### + +This is not the most efficient way to backup such files though; fortunately Linux comes with many tools to back up data that also includes backup scheduling thanks to cron. We’ll be using luckyBackup for this: find it in your package manager and install it. + +#### Step 19 Set up the backup #### + +Click Add to create a new task and name it however you wish. Keep the Type setting to ‘Backup Source inside Destination’, choose your Source and finally set the Destination as the Google Drive folder. Click OK to save it, followed by the checkbox next to the task to activate it. + +#### Step 20 First backup #### + +Click Run at the top to do the first backup operation. It will print out a verbose list of the files and operations and will inform you once it’s finished, along with any errors that occurred along the way. If you have automatic sync on, it will start uploading the backed up files to Drive. + +#### Step 21 Timed backup #### + +Click Done to return to the main menu. Click Profile followed by Schedule to bring up the scheduling dialog. The schedules are done by profiles, which can all contain a number of different backup tasks. Click Add to start creating a schedule for our Drive backup. + +#### Step 22 To schedule #### + +The schedule creates a cron job, so you can set it to occur on specific days of the week or specific months of the year and at what time the backup should occur. You can have it do so every hour at a specific minute past the hour if you need it to back up so frequently. + +#### Step 23 Reverse backup #### + +Google Drive helpfully keeps a record of past versions of files on its servers; however they do not extend forever. If you’re backing up or saving to the cloud you may want to consider creating a backup of the Drive files to your PC or network as well. + +#### Step 24 Driven #### + +While there are no official tools for Linux just yet, Grive and Grive Tools at least enable you to emulate what they should be relatively well. Look out for updates to Drive and Grive Tools to see if any new functions would work well for you. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/tutorials/install-google-docs-on-linux-with-grive-tools + +原文作者：Rob Zwetsloot + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.thefanclub.co.za/ \ No newline at end of file From 775021aab72c777369172eb06f5c602ced1a2f57 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2014 17:21:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 665/713] [translated] 20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md --- ...ox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md | 60 ------------------- ...ox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md | 59 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 59 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md create mode 100644 translated/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md b/sources/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md deleted file mode 100644 index 6c24dd2d5c..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -zpl1025 -The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface -================================================================================ -**The latest experimental build of the native Dropbox Linux client has debuted with an all new Qt interface.** - -Dropbox say that the UI rewrite, which will be used on both Windows and Linux, will fix a ‘large number’ of long-standing bugs, issues and glitches. The cross-platform toolkit is also set to improve general performance. - -Alongside an all new setup wizard and login screen (see below) is a handful of redesigned splash screens. - -![Login Screen ](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dropbox-qt-login.jpg) -Login Screen - -![Setup Screen](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dropbox-qt-set-up.jpg) -Setup Screen - -![Congratulations Screen ](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dropbox-qt-finished.jpg) -Congratulations Screen - -### Not Stable Yet ### - -Dropbox developers caution that since much of the new interface “is still rough around the edges” testers should expect to encounter various visual bugs while using it. The new UI does not yet work with accessibility tools like screen readers. - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dropbox-linux-clients-old-and-new.jpg) - -The new UI uses (for now) the stock Qt theme. This isn’t ugly per se, but it does look a little out of place on the Ubuntu desktop, especially compared to previous builds. Memory usage is also reportedly higher, in some cases jumping from 60MB when idle to more than 178MB. Those on low-end devices should resist the temptation to try this build — at least until this particular bug has been addressed. - -Full change log for Dropbox 2.11.0 (Experimental) for Linux: - -- Rewrite of the Windows & Linux UI in Qt -- File identifiers detect when files have been moved/renamed -- New setup/login experience -- Faster uploads for small files -- New splash screens - -### Download Dropbox Linux Build 2.11.x ### - -To try the experimental builds just download the correct archive for your system using the links below. - -- [Dropbox Experimental (64bit) Offline Linux Installer][1] -- [Dropbox Experimental (32bit) Offline Linux Installer][2] - -Once downloaded, extract the archive to your Home folder. It’s hidden by default, so using the Terminal, ‘`cd`‘ into the ‘`.dropbox-dist/dropbox-lnx`‘ folder and run ‘`./dropbox start`‘. - -Dropbox terminal navigation gif: - -![](http://i.imgur.com/5TeYXEm.gif) - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/dropbox-experimental-linux-build-qt-rewrite - -原文作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author -[1]:https://d1ilhw0800yew8.cloudfront.net/client/dropbox-lnx.x86_64-2.11.0.tar.gz -[2]:https://d1ilhw0800yew8.cloudfront.net/client/dropbox-lnx.x86-2.11.0.tar.gz diff --git a/translated/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md b/translated/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..06fc72d884 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +Dropbox原生Linux客户端首次展示QT界面 +================================================================================ +**Dropbox原生Linux客户端的最新试验版首次展示了全新的QT界面。** + +Dropbox表示这次的UI重写，将同时应用到Windows和Linux，将修复“大量”长期遗留下来的错误和问题。这个跨平台的工具也将整体提升性能。 + +在全新的设置向导和登录界面（见下面的图片）旁边是几个重新设计过的启动画面。 + +![Login Screen ](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dropbox-qt-login.jpg) +登录界面 + +![Setup Screen](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dropbox-qt-set-up.jpg) +设置界面 + +![Congratulations Screen ](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dropbox-qt-finished.jpg) +欢迎界面 + +### 目前还不稳定 ### + +Dropbox开发人员提醒参与测试的人，目前大部分新界面“还很粗糙”，在使用中可能会碰到大量的界面问题。新界面还不能配合一些辅助工具一起工作，例如屏幕阅读器。 + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dropbox-linux-clients-old-and-new.jpg) + +新UI使用了（目前）系统自带的QT界面主题。它本身也不算很丑，不过在Ubuntu桌面上看起来不怎么合适，特别是和之前的版本比较。据说内存占用也变多了，在空闲情况下有时候会从60MB一下子跳到178MB。那些使用低端设备的人应该忍耐一下试用这个版本的诱惑－至少在这个特别的问题解决之后。 + +Dropbox 2.11.0 (Experimental) for Linux的完整改动日志： + +- 用QT重写了Windows & Linux界面 +- 在移动和重命名文件后会尝试识别 +- 新的设置／登录体验 +- 更快上传小文件 +- 新的启动画面 + +### 下载Dropbox Linux Build 2.11.x ### + +想尝鲜的话，可以通过下面的链接下载和你系统对应的安装包。 + +- [Dropbox Experimental (64bit) Offline Linux Installer][1] +- [Dropbox Experimental (32bit) Offline Linux Installer][2] + +下载完后，解压到主目录。它默认是隐藏的，所以打开终端，’`cd`‘到‘`.dropbox-dist/dropbox-lnx`‘目录下，然后运行‘`./dropbox start`‘。 + +演示Dropbox终端操作的gif动画： + +![](http://i.imgur.com/5TeYXEm.gif) + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/dropbox-experimental-linux-build-qt-rewrite + +原文作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a] + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author +[1]:https://d1ilhw0800yew8.cloudfront.net/client/dropbox-lnx.x86_64-2.11.0.tar.gz +[2]:https://d1ilhw0800yew8.cloudfront.net/client/dropbox-lnx.x86-2.11.0.tar.gz From fb0295fe7d01994147c621046778da1bbcb923df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Frank Zhang Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2014 17:26:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 666/713] my fingerprint....... --- ...2 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md | 2 +- translated/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md | 2 +- 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md b/translated/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md index 06fc72d884..c053a674ff 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md +++ b/translated/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md @@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/dropbox-experimental-linux-build-qt-rewr 原文作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md b/translated/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md index d413095654..46630e216c 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140624 Super Pi Brothers.md @@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ RetroPie安装文档：[https://github.com/petrockblog/RetroPie-Setup][2] via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/super-pi-brothers -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From c0393d58d17b1dd3531f1ddb4a2b1310ae7891fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: limox Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2014 19:33:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 667/713] 01-The history of Android translate completed --- .../01 - The history of Android.md | 204 ------------------ .../talk/01 - The history of Android.md | 201 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 201 insertions(+), 204 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/The history of Android/01 - The history of Android.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/01 - The history of Android.md diff --git a/sources/talk/The history of Android/01 - The history of Android.md b/sources/talk/The history of Android/01 - The history of Android.md deleted file mode 100644 index bbf93d8b7c..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/The history of Android/01 - The history of Android.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,204 +0,0 @@ -alim0x translating - -The history of Android -================================================================================ -> Follow the endless iterations from Android 0.5 to Android 4.4. - -![Android's home screen over the years.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/its-been-quite-a-journey1.jpg) -Android's home screen over the years. -Photo by Ron Amadeo - -Android has been with us in one form or another for more than six years. During that time, we've seen an absolutely breathtaking rate of change unlike any other development cycle that has ever existed. When it came time for Google to dive in to the smartphone wars, the company took its rapid-iteration, Web-style update cycle and applied it to an operating system, and the result has been an onslaught of continual improvement. Lately, Android has even been running on a previously unheard of six-month development cycle, and that's slower than it used to be. For the first year of Android’s commercial existence, Google was putting out a new version every two-and-a-half months. - -注：youtube视频地址开始 - - -Google's original introduction of Android, from way back in November 2007. -注：youtube视频地址结束 - -The rest of the industry, by comparison, moves at a snail's pace. Microsoft updates its desktop OS every three to five years, and Apple is on a yearly update cycle for OS X and iOS. Not every update is created equal, either. iOS has one major design revision in seven years, and the newest version of Windows Phone 8 looks very similar to Windows Phone 7. On Android, however, users are lucky if anything looks the same this year as it did last year. The Play Store, for instance, has had five major redesigns in five years. For Android, that's normal. - -Looking back, Android's existence has been a blur. It's now a historically big operating system. Almost a billion total devices have been sold, and 1.5 million devices are activated per day—but how did Google get here? With this level of scale and success, you would think there would be tons of coverage of Android’s rise from zero to hero. However, there just isn’t. Android wasn’t very popular in the early days, and until Android 4.0, screenshots could only be taken with the developer kit. These two factors mean you aren’t going to find a lot of images or information out there about the early versions of Android. - -The problem now with the lack of early coverage is that *early versions of Android are dying*. While something like Windows 1.0 will be around forever—just grab an old computer and install it—Android could be considered the first cloud-based operating system. Many features are heavily reliant on Google’s servers to function. With fewer and fewer people using old versions of Android, those servers are being shut down. And when a cloud-reliant app has its server support shut off, it will never work again—the app crashes and displays a blank screen, or it just refuses to start. - -Thanks to this “[cloud rot][1]," an Android retrospective won’t be possible in a few years. Early versions of Android will be empty, broken husks that won't function without cloud support. While it’s easy to think of this as a ways off, it's happening right now. While writing this piece, we ran into tons of apps that no longer function because the server support has been turned off. Early clients for Google Maps and the Android Market, for instance, are no longer able to communicate with Google. They either throw an error message and crash or display blank screens. Some apps even worked one week and died the next, because Google was actively shutting down servers during our writing! - -To prevent any more of Android's past from being lost to the annals of history, we did what needed to be done. This is 20+ versions of Android, seven devices, and lots and lots of screenshots cobbled together in one space. This is The History of Android, from the very first public builds to the newest version of KitKat. - -注：下面一块为文章链接列表，发布后可以改为发布后的地址 ----------- - -### Table of Contents ### - -- [Android 0.5 Milestone 3—the first public build][10] -- [Android 0.5 Milestone 5—the land of scrapped interfaces][11] -- [Android 0.9 Beta—hey, this looks familiar!][12] -- [Android 1.0—introducing Google Apps and actual hardware][13] -- [Android 1.1—the first truly incremental update][14] -- [Android 1.5 Cupcake—a virtual keyboard opens up device design][15] -- ----[Google Maps is the first built-in app to hit the Android Market][16] -- [Android 1.6 Donut—CDMA support brings Android to any carrier][17] -- [Android 2.0 Éclair‎—blowing up the GPS industry][18] -- [The Nexus One—enter the Google Phone][19] -- [Android 2.1—the discovery (and abuse) of animations][20] -- ----[Android 2.1, update 1—the beginning of an endless war][21] -- [Android 2.2 Froyo—faster and Flash-ier][22] -- ----[Voice Actions—a supercomputer in your pocket][23] -- [Android 2.3 Gingerbread—the first major UI overhaul][24] -- [Android 3.0 Honeycomb—tablets and a design renaissance][25] -- ----[Google Music Beta—cloud storage in lieu of a content store][26] -- [Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich—the modern era][27] -- ----[Google Play and the return of direct-to-consumer device sales][28] -- [Android 4.1 Jelly Bean—Google Now points toward the future][29] -- ----[Google Play Services—fragmentation and making OS versions (nearly) obsolete][30] -- [Android 4.2 Jelly Bean—new Nexus devices, new tablet interface][31] -- ----[Out-of-cycle updates—who needs a new OS?][32] -- [Android 4.3 Jelly Bean—getting wearable support out early][33] -- [Android 4.4 KitKat—more polish; less memory usage][34] -- [Today Android everywhere][35] - ----------- - -### Android 0.5, Milestone 3—the first public build ### - -Before we go diving into Android on real hardware, we're going to start with the early, early days of Android. While 1.0 was the first version to ship on hardware, there were several beta versions only released in emulator form with the SDK. The emulators were meant for development purposes only, so they don’t include any of the Google Apps, or even many core OS apps. Still, they’re our best look into the pre-release days of Android. - -![The emulator’s default qwerty-bar layout running the Milestone 3 build.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/blackberrrry.png) -The emulator’s default qwerty-bar layout running the Milestone 3 build. -Photo by Ron Amadeo - -Before whimsical candy code names and [cross-promotional deals with multinational food corporations][2], the first public release of Android was labeled "m3-rc20a"—"m3" standing for "Milestone 3." While Google may not have publicized the version number—and this build didn't even have a settings app to check—the browser user agent identifies this as "Android 0.5." - -In November 2007, two years after Google acquired Android and five months after the launch of the iPhone, [Android was announced][3], and the first emulator was released. Back then, the OS was still getting its feet under it. It was easily dismissed as "just a BlackBerry clone." The emulator used a qwerty-bar skin with a 320x240 display, replicating an [actual prototype device][4]. The device was built by HTC, and it seems to be the device that was codenamed "Sooner" according to many early Android accounts. But the Sooner was never released to market. - -[According to accounts][5] of the early development days of Android, when Apple finally showed off its revolutionary smartphone in January 2007, Google had to "start over" with Android—including scrapping the Sooner. Considering the Milestone 3 emulator came out almost a year after Apple's iPhone unveiling, it's surprising to see the device interface still closely mimicked the Blackberry model instead. While work had no doubt been done on the underlying system during that year of post-iPhone development, the emulator still launched with what was perceived as an "old school" interface. It didn't make a good first impression. - -At this early stage, it seems like the Android button layout had not been finalized yet. While the first commercial Android devices would use “Home," “Back," “Menu," and “Search" as the standard set of buttons, the emulator had a blank space marked as an "X" where you would expect the search button to be. The “Sooner" hardware prototype was even stranger—it had a star symbol as the fourth button. - -![From left to right: the home screen, an open notification, and the “apps" folder.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/noti3.png) -From left to right: the home screen, an open notification, and the “apps" folder. -Photo by Ron Amadeo - -There was no configurable home screen or widgets, just a simple dock of icons at the bottom that could be cycled through or tapped on. While touch screen support worked for some features, Milestone 3 was primarily controlled with a five-way d-pad—an anachronism that Android still supports to this day. Even this early version of Android could do animations. Icons would grow and shrink as they entered and exited the dock’s center window. - -There was no notification panel yet, either. Notification icons showed up in the status bar (shown above as a smiley face), and the only way to open them was to press "up" on the d-pad while on the home screen. You couldn't tap on the icon to open it, nor could you access notifications from any screen other than home. When a notification was opened, the status bar expanded slightly, and the text of the notification appeared in a speech bubble. Once you had a notification, there was no manual way to clear it—apps were responsible for clearing their own notifications. - -App drawer duties were handled by a simple "Applications" folder on the left of the dock. Despite having a significant amount of functions, the Milestone 3 emulator was not very forthcoming with app icons. "Browser," "Contacts," and "Maps" were the only real apps here. Oddly, "recent calls" was elevated to a standalone icon. Because this was just an emulator, icons for core smartphone functionality were missing, like alarm, calendar, dialer, calculator, camera, gallery, and settings. Hardware prototypes demoed to the press had [many of these][6], and there was a suite of Google Apps up and running by this point. Sadly, there’s no way for us to look at them. They’re so old they can't connect to Google’s servers now anyway. - -![Milestone 3's menu system in the browser, the wallpaper interface, and the volume control.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/menu.png) -Milestone 3's menu system in the browser, the wallpaper interface, and the volume control. -Photo by Ron Amadeo - -The now-deprecated menu system was up and running in Milestone 3. Hitting the hardware menu button brought up a gray list with a blue gradient highlight, complete with hardware keyboard shortcuts. In the screenshot above, you can see the menu open in the browser. Going to a second level, like the zoom menu, turned the first level of the menu oddly transparent. - -Surprisingly, multitasking and background applications already worked in Milestone 3. Leaving an app didn't close it—apps would save state, even down to text left in a text box. This was a feature iOS wouldn’t get around to matching until the release of iOS 4 in 2010, and it really showed the difference between the two platforms. iOS was originally meant to be a closed platform with no third-party apps, so the platform robustness wasn’t a huge focus. Android was built from the ground up to be a powerful app platform, and ease of app development was one of the driving forces behind its creation. - -Before Android, Google was already making moves into mobile with [WAP sites][7] and [J2ME flip phone apps][8], which made it acutely aware of how difficult mobile development was. According to [The Atlantic][9], Larry Page once said of the company’s mobile efforts “We had a closet full of over 100 phones, and we were building our software pretty much one device at a time.” Developers often complain about Android fragmentation now, but the problem was much, much worse before the OS came along. - -Google’s platform strategy eventually won out, and iOS ended up slowly adding many of these app-centric features—multitasking, cross-app sharing, and an app switcher—later on. - -![The dialer screen that pops up when you press numbers on the home screen, an incoming call, and the call conferencing interface.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/call10000.png) -The dialer screen that pops up when you press numbers on the home screen, an incoming call, and the call conferencing interface. -Photo by Ron Amadeo - -Despite not having a dialer icon, Milestone 3 emulator was equipped with a way to make phone calls. Pressing anything on the keyboard would bring up the screen on the left, which was a hybrid dialer/contact search. Entering only numbers and hitting the green phone hardware button would start a phone call, and letters would search contacts. Contacts were not searchable by number, however. Even a direct hit on a phone number would not bring up a contact. - -Incoming calls were displayed as an almost-full-screen popup with a sweet transparent background. Once inside a call, the background became dark gray, and Milestone 3 presented the user with a surprisingly advanced feature set: mute, speakerphone, hold, and call conferencing buttons. Multiple calls were presented as overlapping, semi-transparent cards, and users had options to swap or merge calls. Swapping calls triggered a nice little card shuffle animation. - -![The contacts list, an individual contact, editing a contact, and the recent calls screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/recent100.png) -The contacts list, an individual contact, editing a contact, and the recent calls screen. -Photo by Ron Amadeo - -Contacts was a stark, black and blue list of names. Contact cards had a spot for a contact picture but couldn't assign one to the space (at least in the emulator). The only frill in this area was XMPP presence dots to the left of each name in Contacts. An always-on XMPP connection has traditionally been at the heart of Android, and that deep integration already started in Milestone 3. Android used XMPP to power a 24/7 connection to Google’s servers, powering Google Talk, cloud-to-device push messaging, and app install and uninstall messages. - -![The browser’s fake Google homepage, the address bar, and the history interface.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/browser3.png) -The browser’s fake Google homepage, the address bar, and the history interface. -Photo by Ron Amadeo - -The browser ran Webkit 419.3, which put it in the same era as Mac OS X 10.4's Safari 2. The homepage was not Google.com, but a hard-coded home.html file included with Android. It looked like Google.com from a thousand years ago. The browser's OS X heritage was still visible, rendering browser buttons with a glossy, Aqua-style search button. - -The tiny BlackBerry-style screen necessitated a separate address bar, which was brought up by a "go to" option in the browser's menu. While autocomplete didn't work, the address bar live searched your history as you typed. The picture on the right was the History display, which used thumbnails to display each site. The current thumbnail was in front of the other two, and scrolling through them triggered a swooping animation. But at this early stage, the browser didn’t support multiple tabs or windows—you had the current website, and that was it. - -![A video-screengrab-derived Google Maps Photoshop, the directions interface, and the gallery test view.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/maps.png) -A video-screengrab-derived Google Maps Photoshop, the directions interface, and the gallery test view. -Photo by Ron Amadeo - -From the beginning, Google knew maps would be important on mobile, even shipping a Maps client on the Milestone 5 emulator. That version of Google Maps was the first thing we came across that died from cloud rot. The client can't load information from Google’s servers, so the map displayed as a blank, gray grid. Nothing works. - -Luckily, for the first screenshot above, we were able to piece together an accurate representation from the Android launch video. Old Google Maps seemed fully prepared for a non-touch device, listing hardware key shortcuts along the bottom of the screen. It’s unclear if places worked, or if Maps only ran on addresses at this point. - -Hidden behind the menu were options for search, directions, and satellite and traffic layers. The middle screenshot is of the directions UI, where you could even pick a contact address as a start or end address. Maps lacked any kind of GPS integration, however; you can't find a "my location" button anywhere. - -While there was no proper gallery, on the right is a test view for a gallery, which was hidden in the "API Demos" app. The pictures scrolled left and right, but there was no way to open photos to a full screen view. There were no photo management options either. It was essentially a test of a scrolling picture view. - -![The time picker and calendar, with ridiculous kerning issues, and the vertical list test, featuring Ars.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/datetimeshoutout.png) -The time picker and calendar, with ridiculous kerning issues, and the vertical list test, featuring Ars. -Photo by Ron Amadeo - -There was also no settings app, but we can look at the original time and date pickers, thanks to the API Demos. This demonstrates how raw a lot of Android was: kerning issues all over the place, a huge gap in between the minute digits, and unevenly spaced days of the week on the calendar. While the time picker let you change each digit independently, there was no way to change months or years other than moving the day block out of the current month and on to the next or previous month. - -Keep in mind that while this may seem like dinosaur remnants from some forgotten era, this was only released six years ago. We tend to get used to the pace of technology. It's easy to look back on stuff like this and think that it was from 20 years ago. Compare this late-2007 timeframe to desktop OSes, and Microsoft was trying to sell Windows Vista to the world for almost a year, and Apple just released OS X 10.5 Leopard. - -One last Milestone 3 detail: Google gave Ars Technica a shoutout in the Milestone 3 emulator. Opening the “API Demos" app and going to "Views," "Focus," then "Vertical" revealed a test list headlined by *this very Website*. - -![The new emulator skin that comes with Milestone 3, RC37a, which uses a more modern, all-touchscreen style.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/bigscreen.png) -The new emulator skin that comes with Milestone 3, RC37a, which uses a more modern, all-touchscreen style. - -Photo by Ron Amadeo - -Two months later, in December 2007, Google released an update for the Milestone 3 emulator that came with a much roomier 480×320 device configuration. This was tagged "m3-rc37a." The software was still identical to the BlackBerry build, just with much more screen real estate available. - ----------- - -![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) - -[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work. - -[@RonAmadeo][t] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/how-we-found-and-installed-every-version-of-android/ -[2]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/official-the-next-edition-of-android-is-kitkat-version-4-4/ -[3]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2007/11/its-official-google-announces-open-source-mobile-phone-os-android/ -[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/blog/mobile-gadgeteer/mwc08-hands-on-with-a-working-google-android-device/860 -[5]:http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/12/the-day-google-had-to-start-over-on-android/282479/ -[6]:http://www.letsgomobile.org/en/2974/google-android/ -[7]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/%E2%80%9D -[8]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/%E2%80%9D -[9]:http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/12/the-day-google-had-to-start-over-on-android/282479/ -[10]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/1/#milestone3 -[11]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/2/#milestone5 -[12]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/3/#0.9 -[13]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/6/#1.0 -[14]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/7/#1.1 -[15]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/8/#cupcake -[16]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/9/#Mapsmarket -[17]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/9/#donut -[18]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/10/#2.0eclair -[19]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/11/#nexusone -[20]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/12/#2.1eclair -[21]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/13/#alloutwar -[22]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/13/#froyo -[23]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/14/#voiceactions -[24]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/14/#gingerbread -[25]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/16/#honeycomb -[26]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/19/#music -[27]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/19/#ics -[28]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/21/#googleplay -[29]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/21/#4.1jellybean -[30]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/21/#playservices -[31]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/22/#4.2jellybean -[32]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/23/#outofcycle -[33]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/24/#4.3jellybean -[34]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/25/#kitkat -[35]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/26/#conclusion -[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo -[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo diff --git a/translated/talk/01 - The history of Android.md b/translated/talk/01 - The history of Android.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c312a38551 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/01 - The history of Android.md @@ -0,0 +1,201 @@ +安卓编年史 +================================================================================ +> 让我们跟着安卓从0.5版本到4.4的无尽迭代来看看它的发展历史。 + +![这些年来历代安卓的主屏幕。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/its-been-quite-a-journey1.jpg) +这些年来历代安卓的主屏幕。 +图片提供：Ron Amadeo + +安卓已经以不止一种形式陪伴了我们六年以上。在这段时间内，我们已经看到了不同于任何已有开发周期的，绝对惊人变化速度。当Google卷入智能手机的战场中时，它拿出了它的快速迭代，Web风格的更新周期，把它们应用到了开发的这个操作系统之中，而结果就是突击式的持续改进。近来，安卓项目甚至以前所未闻的六个月开发周期在运行，这可比它之前的开发周期慢。在安卓的第一年商业运作时，Google每两个半月就会发布一个新版本。 + +注：youtube视频地址开始 + + +Google在2007年11月时对安卓最初的介绍。 +注：youtube视频地址结束 + +同行业的其它公司和其相比，只能是以蜗牛的步伐在缓慢前进。微软每三到五年升级它的桌面操作系统，苹果对OS X和iOS以一年为一个更新周期。另外不是每个更新都是同等地位的。iOS在七年内有一个主要的设计上的大变动，而最新的Windows Phone 8看起来和Windows Phone 7十分相似。但在安卓上，如果用户能看到今年的任何东西看起来和去年一样，那简直是中彩票了一样。比如Play商店，五年内有五次的重新设计。对安卓来说那更是家常便饭。 + +回头看看，安卓的存在是很模糊的。从其历史来看，现在它是个使用量巨大的操作系统。近十亿的设备销量，以及每天一百五十万左右的激活量——但Google是如何达到这种地步的？安卓现在如此水平的规模和成功，可能会让你觉得安卓从零开始到万众瞩目的英雄中覆盖到了方方面面。但事实上不是这样的。安卓在早期并不流行，以及直到安卓4.0屏幕截图还只能通过开发者工具实现。这两个因素意味着你无法轻易找到许多安卓早期版本的图片或信息。 + +对于早期版本的缺乏覆盖问题现在称作*安卓早期版本正在消亡*。尽管像Windows 1.0这样的系统可以永远在你身边——只要找台旧电脑把它装上去就好了——安卓可以被认为是第一个基于云的操作系统。许多功能严重依赖Google的服务来实现。随着越来越少的人使用老版本的安卓，那些服务被逐渐关闭。当一个依赖云的应用其服务支持停止之后，它再也不能正常运作——应用崩溃并显示空白的屏幕，或直接无法启动。 + +正是由于这种“[云腐烂][1]”现象，安卓回顾展在几年内不可能出现。早期版本的安卓没有了云的支持会是一个不能正常工作的破碎的空壳。尽管可以简单地认为这是早期版本安卓渐渐消失的一种方法，但这正是正在发生的。就在写到这里的时候，正有无数的应用因为服务器支持被关闭而失去作用。例如早期的谷歌地图和安卓市场客户端，已经不能和Google服务器交互。它们会弹出错误消息并崩溃或者是显示一个空白的界面。有些应用甚至在一个星期正常运行然后下个星期就宣告死亡，因为就在我们写下这篇文章的时候谷歌正在积极地关闭服务器！ + +为了防止在滚滚历史里丢失掉更多关于安卓的过去，我们做了需要完成的工作。这里有20+个版本的安卓，七台设备，以及无数的屏幕截图被集合到一起。这就是安卓编年史，从最早的公开版本到罪行的KitKat。 + +注：下面一块为文章链接列表，发布后可以改为发布后的地址 +---------- + +### 目录 ### + +- [Android 0.5 Milestone 3——第一个公开版本][10] +- [Android 0.5 Milestone 5——报废接口的领地][11] +- [Android 0.9 Beta——嘿，这看起来很眼熟！][12] +- [Android 1.0——谷歌应用的引入和实体硬件][13] +- [Android 1.1——第一个真正的增量更新][14] +- [Android 1.5 Cupcake——虚拟键盘打开设备设计的大门][15] +- ----[谷歌地图———登陆安卓市场的第一个内置应用][16] +- [Android 1.6 Donut——CDMA支持将安卓带给了各个运营商][17] +- [Android 2.0 Éclair‎——带动GPS产业][18] +- [The Nexus One——迎来Google Phone][19] +- [Android 2.1——动画的大发现（以及滥用）时代][20] +- ----[Android 2.1, update 1——无尽战争的开端][21] +- [Android 2.2 Froyo——更快更华丽][22] +- ----[语音操作——口袋里的超级电脑][23] +- [Android 2.3 Gingerbread——第一个UI大变][24] +- [Android 3.0 Honeycomb——平板和设计的新生][25] +- ----[Google Music Beta——云存储的内容库][26] +- [Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich——摩登时代][27] +- ----[Google Play以及直接面向消费者销售设备的回归][28] +- [Android 4.1 Jelly Bean——Google Now指明未来][29] +- ----[Google Play服务——碎片化以及让系统版本（几乎）过时][30] +- [Android 4.2 Jelly Bean——新Nexus设备，新平板界面][31] +- ----[周期外更新——谁需要一个新系统？][32] +- [Android 4.3 Jelly Bean——为可穿戴设备做好准备][33] +- [Android 4.4 KitKat——更完美；更少的内存占用][34] +- [今日安卓无处不在][35] + +---------- + +### Android 0.5, Milestone 3——第一个公开版本 ### + +在我们开始在实体硬件上研究安卓之前，我们要从很早，很早以前的安卓时光开始说起。尽管1.0是第一个运行在实体硬件上的版本，但在那之前其实还有若干个只随SDK发布的模拟器beta版本。这些模拟器只用于开发的目的，所以它们不含任何谷歌应用，甚至是一些核心系统应用。但它们仍然是回顾安卓的发布前时光的最好渠道。 + +![模拟器默认的qwerty布局并运行Milestone 3。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/blackberrrry.png) +模拟器默认的qwerty布局并运行Milestone 3。 +Ron Amadeo供图 + +在异想天开的糖果版本代号和[与跨国食品公司跨界合作][2]之前，第一个安卓的公开发布版本的标签是“m3-rc20a”——“m3”代表“Milestone 3（里程碑3）”。尽管谷歌可能不会公布版本号——这个版本甚至没有一个设置应用来查看——浏览器用户标识识别为“Android 0.5”。 + +在2007年11月，谷歌获得安卓两年，iPhone发布五个月之后，[安卓正式发布][3]，第一个模拟器正式释出。回到那时候看，这个系统才刚处于起步阶段。它很容易就被认为“只是个黑莓的山寨而已”。模拟器使用了一个qwerty布局的皮肤以及320×240的显示屏，是一台[原型设备][4]的复制品。这台设备由HTC制造，通过一些早期的安卓账户可以得知这台设备的代号似乎是“Sooner”。但是Sooner从未正式上市。 + +通过安卓早期[开发账号][5]得知，当苹果在2007年1月最终发布它革命性的智能手机后，谷歌不得不对安卓“从头来过”——包括放弃Sooner。考虑到Milestone 3模拟器在苹果的iPhone后近一年才推出，设备界面看起来还是那么像黑莓的模型是在是令人惊奇的事情。尽管在iPhone发布后的开发里任务毫无疑问地在优先保障下完成了，但模拟器仍然以被认为是“旧学院风”的界面发布。这使得它没能给人留下一个好的第一印象。 + +在早期阶段，安卓按键布局看起来并没有最终确定下来。尽管第一台商业安卓设备使用了“主屏幕”，“后退”，“菜单”以及“搜索”作为标准的按键套件，模拟器上有一个空白的标记为“X”的键，你可能会认为是那是搜索键应该在的地方。“Sooner”原型机看起来更奇怪——它在第四个键上有个星形标记。 + +![从左到右：主屏幕，一个打开的通知，以及“应用”文件夹。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/noti3.png) +从左到右：主屏幕，一个打开的通知，以及“应用”文件夹。 +Ron Amadeo供图 + +在这里没有可以配置的主屏幕或小插件，仅仅只是简单的在底部有聚合图标的dock，可以循环或是点击。尽管已经有一些特性支持触摸屏，Milestone 3主要还是使用五向十字键——一个时至今日安卓仍然支持的不合时宜的设计。甚至早期的安卓都能够实现动画效果。图标在进入dock的中心窗口时会变大或缩小。 + +在这时候一样也还没有通知栏。通知图标显示在顶部状态栏（上面图片中的微笑标志），打开它的唯一方法是在主屏幕按下十字键的上键。你无法通过点击微笑的图标来打开它，也无法从除主屏幕以外的地方打开通知。当通知被打开的时候，状态栏些许地扩展开，通知文本会显示在一个聊天气泡中。一旦你阅读完通知，你无法手动清除它——应用本身负责清除它的通知消息。 + +应用抽屉的职责由一个dock左侧简单的“应用程序”文件夹负责。尽管有着不少标志性的功能，Milestone 3模拟器应用图标还不是十分完善。只有“浏览器”，“联系人” ，以及“地图”是这里面真正的应用。奇怪的是，“最近通话”被提升为一个独立的图标。因为这仅仅只是个模拟器，像闹钟，日历，拨号，计算器，照相机，相册，以及设置这样的智能手机核心功能的图标统统没有。硬件原型倒是有[其中的大部分][6]，它还有一套谷歌应用出现并运行着。不幸的是我们没办法看到它们了。它们已经老到无论如何都连不上谷歌的服务器了。 + +![Milestone 3的浏览器菜单系统，壁纸界面，以及音量控制。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/menu.png) +Milestone 3的浏览器菜单系统，壁纸界面，以及音量控制。 +Ron Amadeo供图 + +这套现在已经过时的菜单系统出现并运行在Milestone 3上。点击实体菜单键会打开一个灰色带有蓝色梯度高亮的列表，通过实体键盘完成操作。在上面的截图中，你可以看到在浏览器中打开的菜单。进入二级菜单，像缩放菜单，一级菜单变成有些奇怪的透明状态。 + +令人惊喜的是，多任务及后台应用在Milestone 3上已经可以运作了。离开应用而不关闭它——应用会保存状态，甚至写入文本保存。这个特性iOS直到2010年推出iOS 4才能与其相比，这就真正显示出了这两个平台的不同。iOS最初是作为一个封闭的平台而没有第三方应用，所以平台的鲁棒性并没有得到很大的关注。安卓是从头开始被构建成一个强大的应用软件平台，轻松开发应用是它创造出来背后的推动力之一。 + +在安卓之前，谷歌已经通过[WAP网站][7]和[J2ME手机应用][8]向移动端开始迁移，这使得它们强烈地意识到移动开发的难度。据[The Atlantic][9]，拉里佩奇曾这么描述公司在移动端的努力“我们有一系列超过100台手机，我们在每一台设备上都要构建一次我们的应用”。开发者们现在经常抱怨安卓的碎片化，但在安卓出现之前，问题要比现在糟糕很多。 + +谷歌的平台战略实际上胜出了，iOS最终在不久后开始慢慢加入这些围绕应用的特性——多任务，跨应用分享，以及应用切换。 + +![当你在主屏幕按数字键弹出的拨号界面，来电，以及电话会议界面。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/call10000.png) +当你在主屏幕按数字键弹出的拨号界面，来电，以及电话会议界面。 +Ron Amadeo供图 + +尽管没有拨号图标，Milestone 3模拟器还是有办法拨号。按键盘上的任意键会打开左侧界面，这是拨号/联系人搜索混合界面。仅输入数字并点击绿色的实体拨号键来开始通话，输入字母会搜索联系人。但是联系人无法通过数字搜索。甚至直接点击一个号码也不会打开联系人。 + +来电被显示成一个几乎全屏的令人愉快的透明背景弹窗。一旦进入通话，背景会变成深灰色，Milestone 3展现给用户一些令人惊奇的高级特性：静音，扬声器，保持，以及电话会议按钮。多方通话会显示成重叠，半透明的卡片状，用户有切换或者合并通话的选项可以选择。切换通话会触发一个漂亮的小卡片洗牌动画。 + +![联系人列表，打开一个联系人，编缉联系人，以及最近通话界面。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/recent100.png) +联系人列表，打开一个联系人，编缉联系人，以及最近通话界面。 +Ron Amadeo供图 + +联系人是一个质朴的，黑色和蓝色的姓名列表。联系人卡片中有个联系人头像的位置但是没办法设置一张图像上去（至少在模拟器中不行）。这里唯一的装饰是每个联系人名字左侧的XMPP状态点。传统来说一个保持在线的XMPP连接是安卓的核心，它的深度集成从Milestone 3就已经开始了。安卓使用XMPP来驱动一个24/7在线的与谷歌服务器之间的连接，驱动Google Talk，云到端消息推送，以及应用的安装和卸载信息。 + +![浏览器的假Google首页，地址栏，浏览历史界面。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/browser3.png) +浏览器的假Google首页，地址栏，浏览历史界面。 +Ron Amadeo供图 + +浏览器运行Webkit 419.3，它也被用在相同时代的像Mac OS X 10.4的Safari 2上。浏览器主页并不是Google.com，而是一个包含在安卓里的硬编码的home.html文件。它看起来就像是千年之前的Google.com。浏览器的OS X遗留还可以辨认出来，用了光滑的，Aqua风格的搜索按钮来渲染浏览器按钮。 + +这个小小的黑莓风格的屏幕需要一个分离的地址栏，可以通过浏览器菜单里的“前往”选项打开。尽管自动补全不起作用，地址栏会在你输入的时候实时搜索你的浏览历史。右侧图片显示的是历史界面，它使用了略缩图来显示各个站点。当前的略缩图在其它两个之前，滑动它们会触发一个猛扑的动画效果。但在早期阶段，浏览器不支持多标签或窗口——你可以看到当前站点，那就是全部了。 + +![一个视频屏幕抓取导出的谷歌地图界面，方向界面，相册测试界面。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/maps.png) +一个视频屏幕抓取导出的谷歌地图界面，方向界面，相册测试界面。 +Ron Amadeo供图 + +在开始的时候，谷歌认识到在移动端地图将会非常重要，甚至在Milestone 5模拟器中内置了地图客户端。那个版本的谷歌地图是我们遇到的第一个死于云腐烂的。这个客户端无法从谷歌的服务器上载入信息，所以地图显示为一片空白，灰色的网格。没有什么能够运转。 + +幸运的是，因为上面的第一张截图，我们能够从安卓启动视频中拼凑出准确的界面。旧的谷歌地图看起来完全是为非触摸设备准备的，实体键快捷方式列表排列在屏幕底部。这样在看地图时，或是在如果仅仅显示该点的地址的时候就不大清楚。 + +隐藏在菜单之后的是搜索选项，方向，以及卫星和交通图层。中间的截图是方向的UI之一，你可以选择一个联系人的地址作为起点或者终点。但地图缺乏任何种类的集成GPS，你在哪都找不到“我的位置”这个按钮。 + +尽管没有合适的相册，在右边是相册的测试界面，隐藏在“API Demos”应用里。图片可以向左向右滚动，但无法以全屏的方式打开一张照片。同样它也没有照片管理选项。它本质上就是个图片滚动界面的测试视图。 + +![时间设置和日历，有点字间距问题，以及以Ars为特色的垂直列表测试。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/datetimeshoutout.png) +时间设置和日历，有点字间距问题，以及以Ars为特色的垂直列表测试。 +Ron Amadeo供图 + +同样模拟器中也没有设置应用，但是通过API Demos我们可以看到最初的日期时间设置界面。这个示例暴露出很多安卓没来得及处理的问题：到处都有的字间距问题，分钟数字间巨大的间隔，以及日历中星期日间不均等的间隔。尽管时间设置允许你单独更改每个数字，但除非你将当前日期移出本月到前一个或下一个月，否则你无法改变月份或年份。 + +别忘了尽管这看起来像是一些被遗忘时代的恐龙级别遗留物，但这仅仅是六年前发布的。我们总趋向与适应科技的脚步。我们很容易将这样的东西看作是20年前的东西。比较一下2007年晚些时候这个时间段的桌面操作系统，微软尝试将Windows Vista售往全世界快要一年了，而苹果刚刚发布OS X 10.5 Leopard。 + +最后一个关于Milestone 3的细节：谷歌在Milestone 3模拟器中给了Ars Technica一个快捷方式。打开“API Demos”应用并打开"Views," "Focus,"然后"Vertical"显示一个*this very Website*的头条测试列表。 + +![随Milestone 3，RC37a发布的更加现代，全触控风格的模拟器。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/bigscreen.png) +随Milestone 3，RC37a发布的更加现代，全触控风格的模拟器。 +Ron Amadeo供图 + +两个月后，2007年12月，谷歌放出了一个Milestone 3的更新，带来了更大的480×320设备设置。这个更新的标签是“m3-rc37a”。软件看起来还是像黑莓一样，仅仅是带来了更多的屏幕分辨率支持。 + +---------- + +![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg) + +[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron是Ars Technica的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。 + +[@RonAmadeo][t] + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/ + +译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/how-we-found-and-installed-every-version-of-android/ +[2]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/official-the-next-edition-of-android-is-kitkat-version-4-4/ +[3]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2007/11/its-official-google-announces-open-source-mobile-phone-os-android/ +[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/blog/mobile-gadgeteer/mwc08-hands-on-with-a-working-google-android-device/860 +[5]:http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/12/the-day-google-had-to-start-over-on-android/282479/ +[6]:http://www.letsgomobile.org/en/2974/google-android/ +[7]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/%E2%80%9D +[8]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/%E2%80%9D +[9]:http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/12/the-day-google-had-to-start-over-on-android/282479/ +[10]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/1/#milestone3 +[11]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/2/#milestone5 +[12]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/3/#0.9 +[13]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/6/#1.0 +[14]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/7/#1.1 +[15]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/8/#cupcake +[16]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/9/#Mapsmarket +[17]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/9/#donut +[18]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/10/#2.0eclair +[19]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/11/#nexusone +[20]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/12/#2.1eclair +[21]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/13/#alloutwar +[22]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/13/#froyo +[23]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/14/#voiceactions +[24]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/14/#gingerbread +[25]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/16/#honeycomb +[26]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/19/#music +[27]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/19/#ics +[28]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/21/#googleplay +[29]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/21/#4.1jellybean +[30]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/21/#playservices +[31]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/22/#4.2jellybean +[32]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/23/#outofcycle +[33]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/24/#4.3jellybean +[34]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/25/#kitkat +[35]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/26/#conclusion +[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo +[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo From cdf22c15f5832aaeb516ab7b6776c7d143d2efde Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jelly <879231132@qq.com> Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2014 21:21:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 668/713] Update 20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md --- ... File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md b/sources/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md index 04dbe5cee7..7b1b06faab 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md +++ b/sources/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +【Jelly翻译中】 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3 ================================================================================ ![The new Oracle Linux 7.0 is out](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Oracle-Linux-7-0-OS-Has-XFS-as-Default-File-System-and-Unbreakable-Enterprise-Kernel-Release-3-451894-2.jpg) @@ -38,4 +39,4 @@ via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Oracle-Linux-7-0-OS-Has-XFS-as-Default-File- [1]:http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/2245947 [2]:http://mirrors.dotsrc.org/oracle-linux/OL6/U5/i386/OracleLinux-R6-U5-Server-i386-dvd.iso [3]:http://mirrors.dotsrc.org/oracle-linux/OL6/U5/x86_64/OracleLinux-R6-U5-Server-x86_64-dvd.iso -[4]:https://edelivery.oracle.com/linux/ \ No newline at end of file +[4]:https://edelivery.oracle.com/linux/ From 368bb8210b0f176e0961f7279d2e3d0ff67c4ce4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jelly <879231132@qq.com> Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 11:04:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 669/713] Create 20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md --- ...Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md | 43 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 43 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md diff --git a/translated/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md b/translated/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3a4e525338 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +Oracle Linux 7.0系统使用XFS作为默认文件系统，和第三代“坚不可摧的企业级内核” +=== +![The new Oracle Linux 7.0 is out](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Oracle-Linux-7-0-OS-Has-XFS-as-Default-File-System-and-Unbreakable-Enterprise-Kernel-Release-3-451894-2.jpg) + +**Oracle已经发布了Oracle Linux 7.0操作系统，新系统带来了大量的新特性，比如“第三代坚不可摧的内核”（Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3）和一个新的默认文件系统** + +为了这次新的发行版的发布，Oracle的开发者们已经放出过两个预览版，现在最终版终于来了。果然，它有着成千上万的修改，其中包括使用新的XFS作为默认的文件系统**[注：原文为操作系统，应该是笔误]**，Btrfs作为可选文件系统，Linux Containers (LXC)， DTrace，Ksplice，加强版Xen和“第三代坚不可摧的企业级内核”。 + +作为广泛流行的文件系统EXT4的对抗者，XFS有一个显著优势。它所允许用户的文件系统的大小达到了500TB，这比你在EXT4文件系统中所能达到最大值的十倍还多。唯一的缺点是单个文件的大小最大仅为16TB。 + +这个发行版的一大特色是它支持两种内核。一个是红帽兼容性内核(RHCK)，基于Linux内核版本3.10，第二个是Oracle自己的内核版本“第三代坚不可摧的内核”（UEK R3），版本号从3.8.13开始，因为它基于3.8的Linux内核。你或许还记得Linux内核3.8.x已经寿终正寝，但是看来Oracle一直在维护着自己的分支。 + +“已经能够从Oracle软件发布云上下载了，Oracle Linux 7可以免费下载和部署。所有的bug修复和安全勘误会被发布到Oracle的公共yum服务器上，不管有没有付费，用户都能安装同样的代码，并且从免费到付费的迁移十分简单，无需重新安装。” + +“当发布最新的Linux更新，工具以及推送给客户和参与者新功能的时候，需要为现代化的数据中心提供企业级的解决方案。为此最新的发行版是构建在Oracle对于像OpenStack这样的新兴技术提供支持的基础上，”从官方声明可以看出。 + +通过变更记录来看，Ksplice已经为了实现零宕机的内核完成了安全更新和bug修复，systemd也成了新的系统管理工具，Grub2现在是默认的启动引导程序，并且支持新的固件类型（比如UEFI），还有一个加强版Anaconda安装器，一个新的Apache Web服务器，支持GPT，和大量的安全特性被添加进来。 + +更多关于最新的Oracle Linux发行版的详细内容可以参考官方[声明][1]。 + +立即下载Oracle Linux 7.0： + + +- [Oracle Enterprise Linux 6.5 (ISO) 64-bit][2][iso] [3 GB] +- [Oracle Enterprise Linux 6.5 (ISO) 32-bit][3][iso] [3.60 GB] +- [Oracle Enterprise Linux 7.0 (ISO) 64-bit][4][iso] [4.50 GB] + + +--------------------------------- + +原文: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Oracle-Linux-7-0-OS-Has-XFS-as-Default-File-System-and-Unbreakable-Enterprise-Kernel-Release-3-451894.shtml + +原文作者：[Silviu Stahie][a] + +译者：[guodongxiaren](https://github.com/guodongxiaren) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie +[1]:http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/2245947 +[2]:http://mirrors.dotsrc.org/oracle-linux/OL6/U5/i386/OracleLinux-R6-U5-Server-i386-dvd.iso +[3]:http://mirrors.dotsrc.org/oracle-linux/OL6/U5/x86_64/OracleLinux-R6-U5-Server-x86_64-dvd.iso +[4]:https://edelivery.oracle.com/linux/ From 4e76ad79d3851e71b0fa05979f08002885a66473 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jelly <879231132@qq.com> Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 11:05:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 670/713] Delete 20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md --- ...Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md | 42 ------------------- 1 file changed, 42 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md b/sources/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7b1b06faab..0000000000 --- a/sources/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,42 +0,0 @@ -【Jelly翻译中】 -Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3 -================================================================================ -![The new Oracle Linux 7.0 is out](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Oracle-Linux-7-0-OS-Has-XFS-as-Default-File-System-and-Unbreakable-Enterprise-Kernel-Release-3-451894-2.jpg) - -**The Oracle Linux 7.0 operating system has been released by Oracle and brings numerous new features and changes, like Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3 and a new default file system.** - -The Oracle developers have gone through a couple of Release Candidates for this new build of the distribution and now the final version has arrived. As expected, it's packed with a ton of modifications, which include the new XFS as the default operating system, Btrfs as an alternative, Linux Containers (LXC), DTrace, Ksplice, Xen enhancements, and the Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3. - -As opposed to the more popular EXT4 file system, XFS has one major advantage. It allows users to have 500 TB for the file system size, which is ten times more than what you would get with EXT4. The only drawback is that it only allows for 16 TB maximum file size. - -The distribution features two supported kernels. One is the Red Hat Compatible Kernel (RHCK), based on mainline Linux version 3.10, and the second one is their own version, which is called the Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3 (UEK R3), and starting with 3.8.13 it's based on the mainline Linux version 3.8. You might remember that Linux Kernel 3.8.x has already reached end of life, but it looks like Oracle is maintaining its own branch. - -“Available for download from Oracle Software Delivery Cloud, Oracle Linux 7 is free to download and distribute. All bug fixes and security errata are published to Oracle's public yum servers, allowing customers to install the same code across all their deployments, with or without a subscription, and creating a simple migration path from free to paid. No reinstalls are required.” - -“This release builds on Oracle's approach to providing support for emerging technologies, such as OpenStack, while delivering the latest Linux innovations, tools, and features customers and partners need to deliver enterprise-grade solutions for the modern data center,” reads the official announcement. - -According to the changelog, Ksplice has been implemented for zero-downtime kernel security updates and bug fixes, systemd has been implemented as the new system manager, Grub2 is now the default boot loader with support for additional firmware types (like UEFI), and an improved Anaconda installer, a few new Apache Web Server features, GPT support, and numerous security features and improvements have been added. - -More details about the latest Oracle Linux distro can be found in the official [announcement][1]. - -#### Download Oracle Linux 7.0 right now: #### - -- [Oracle Enterprise Linux 6.5 (ISO) 64-bit][2][iso] [3 GB] -- [Oracle Enterprise Linux 6.5 (ISO) 32-bit][3][iso] [3.60 GB] -- [Oracle Enterprise Linux 7.0 (ISO) 64-bit][4][iso] [4.50 GB] - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Oracle-Linux-7-0-OS-Has-XFS-as-Default-File-System-and-Unbreakable-Enterprise-Kernel-Release-3-451894.shtml - -原文作者：[Silviu Stahie][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie -[1]:http://www.oracle.com/us/corporate/press/2245947 -[2]:http://mirrors.dotsrc.org/oracle-linux/OL6/U5/i386/OracleLinux-R6-U5-Server-i386-dvd.iso -[3]:http://mirrors.dotsrc.org/oracle-linux/OL6/U5/x86_64/OracleLinux-R6-U5-Server-x86_64-dvd.iso -[4]:https://edelivery.oracle.com/linux/ From 4556af709e714606475c7a6926a5d6f28c485681 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bazz2 Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 12:39:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 671/713] [bazz2-ed]Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3 --- ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md | 126 ------------------ ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md | 3 +- ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md | 124 +++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 126 insertions(+), 127 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md deleted file mode 100644 index d30b2ceac6..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,126 +0,0 @@ -[bazz2 on the way] -Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging -================================================================================ -### Basic Testing ### - -Once a new kernel is installed, the next step is try to boot it and see what happens. Once the new kernel is up and running, check dmesg for any regressions. Run a few usage tests: - -- Is networking (wifi or wired) functional? -- Does ssh work? -- Run rsync of a large file over ssh -- Run git clone and git pull -- Start web browser -- Read email -- Download files: ftp, wget etc. -- Play audio/video files -- Connect new USB devices mouse, usb stick etc. - - -### Examine Kernel Logs ### - -Checking for regressions in dmesg is a good way to identify problems, if any, introduced by the new code. As a general rule, there should be no new crit, alert, and emerg level messages in dmesg. There should be no new err level messages. Pay close attention to any new warn level messages as well. lease note that new warn messages aren't as bad. New code at times adds new warning messages which are just warnings. - -- dmesg -t -l emerg -- dmesg -t -l crit -- dmesg -t -l alert -- dmesg -t -l err -- dmesg -t -l warn -- dmesg -t -k -- dmesg -t - -The following script runs the above dmesg commands and saves the output for comparing with older release dmesg files. It then runs diff commands against the older release dmesg files. Old release is a required input parameter. If one is not supplied, it will simply generate dmesg files and exit. Regressions indicate newly introduced bugs and/or bugs that escaped patch testing and integration testing in linux git trees prior to including the patch in a release. Are there any stack traces resulting from WARN_ON in the dmesg? These are serious problems that require further investigation. - -- [**dmesg regression check script**][1] - -### Stress Testing ### - -Running 3 to 4 kernel compiles in parallel is a good overall stress test. Download a few Linux kernel gits, stable, linux-next etc.. Run timed compiles in parallel. Compare times with old runs of this test for regressions in performance. Longer compile times could be indicators of performance regression in one of the kernel modules. Performance problems are hard to debug. First step is to detect them. Running several compiles in parallel is a good overall stress test that could be used as a performance regression test and overall kernel regression test, as it exercises various kernel modules like memory, file-systems, dma, and drivers. - - time make all - -### Kernel Testing Tools ### - -There are several tests under tools/testing that are included in the Linux kernel git. There is a good mix of automated and functional tests. -ktest suite - -ktest is an automated test suite that can test builds, installs, and kernel boots. It can also run cross-compile tests provided the system has cross-compilers installed. ktest depends on flex and bison tools. Please consult the ktest documentation in tools/testing/ktest for details on how to run ktest. It is left to the reader as a self-study. A few resources that go into detail on how to run ktest: - -- [**ktest-eLinux.org**][2] - -### tools/testing/selftests ### - -Let's start with selftests. Kernel sources include a set of self-tests which test various sub-systems. As of this writing, breakpoints, cpu-hotplug, efivarfs, ipc, kcmp, memory-hotplug, mqueue, net, powerpc, ptrace, rcutorture, timers, and vm sub-systems have self-tests. In addition to these, user memory self-tests test user memory to kernel memory copies via test_user_copy module. The following is on how to run these self-tests: - -Compile tests: - - make -C tools/testing/selftests - -Run all tests: (running some tests needs root access, login as root and run) - - make -C tools/testing/selftests run_tests - -Run only tests targeted for a single sub-system: - - make -C tools/testing/selftests TARGETS=vm run_tests - -### tools/testing/fault-injection ### - -Another test suite under tools/testing is fault-injection. failcmd.sh script runs a command to inject slab and page allocation failures. This type of testing helps validate how well kernel can recover from faults. This test should be run as root. The following is a quick summary of currently implemented fault injection capabilities. The list keeps growing as new fault injection capabilities get added. Please refer to the Documentation/fault-injection/fault-injection.txt for the latest. - -failslab (default option) - - injects slab allocation failures. kmalloc(), kmem_cache_alloc(), ... - -fail_page_alloc - - injects page allocation failures. alloc_pages(), get_free_pages(), ... - -fail_make_request - - injects disk IO errors on devices permitted by setting, /sys/block//make-it-fail or /sys/block///make-it-fail. (generic_make_request()) - -fail_mmc_request - - injects MMC data errors on devices permitted by setting debugfs entries under /sys/kernel/debug/mmc0/fail_mmc_request - -The capabilities and behavior of fault-injection can be configured. fault-inject-debugfs kernel module provides some debugfs entries for runtime. Ability to specify the error probability rate for faults, the interval between fault injection are just a couple of examples of the configuration choices fault-injection test supports. Please refer to the Documentation/fault-injection/fault-injection.txt for details. Boot options can be used to inject faults during early boot before debugfs becomes available. The following boot options are supported: - -- failslab= -- fail_page_alloc= -- fail_make_request= -- mmc_core.fail_request=[interval],[probability],[space],[times] - -The fault-injection infrastructure provides interfaces to add new fault-injection capabilities. The following is a brief outline of the steps involved in adding a new capability. Please refer to the above mentioned document for details: - -define the fault attributes using DECLARE_FAULT_INJECTION(name); - -> Please see the definition of struct fault_attr in fault-inject.h for details. - -add a boot option to configure fault attributes - -> This can be done using helper function setup_fault_attr(attr, str); Adding a boot option is necessary to enable the fault injection capability during early boot time. - -add debugfs entries - -> Use the helper function fault_create_debugfs_attr(name, parent, attr); to add new debugfs entries for this new capability. - -add module parameters - -> Adding module parameters to configure the fault attributes is a good option, when the scope of the new fault capability is limited to a single kernel module. - -add a hook to insert failures - -> should_fail(attr, size); Upon should_fail() returning true, client code should inject a failure. - -Applications using this fault-injection infrastructure can target a specific kernel module to inject slab and page allocation failures to limit the testing scope if need be. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,2 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://linuxdriverproject.org/mediawiki/index.php/Dmesg_regression_check_script -[2]:http://elinux.org/Ktest#Git_Bisect_type diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md index 31dc21ea0a..0d3ac54012 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +[bazz2 keep moving] Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging ================================================================================ ### Auto Testing Tools ### @@ -140,4 +141,4 @@ via:http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page= [1]:http://autotest.github.io/ [2]:https://github.com/autotest/autotest/wiki/WhitePaper [3]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/sites/events/files/slides/Shuah_Khan_dma_map_error.pdf -[4]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/july-2013-linux-kernel-news \ No newline at end of file +[4]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/july-2013-linux-kernel-news diff --git a/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md b/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..0ba9c4a18c --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 3.md @@ -0,0 +1,124 @@ +Linux 内核测试与调试 - 3 +================================================================================ +### 基本测试 ### + +安装好内核后，试试能不能启动它。能启动的话，检查 dmesg 看看有没有隐藏的错误。试试下面的功能： + +- 网络（Wifi 或者网线）是否可用？ +- ssh 是否可用？ +- 使用 ssh 远程传输文件。 +- 使用 git clone 和 git pull 命令。 +- 用用网络浏览器。 +- 查看 email。 +- 使用 ftp, wget 等软件下载文件。 +- 播放音频视频文件。 +- 连上 USB 鼠标等设备。 + + +### 检查内核日志 ### + +使用 dmesg 查看隐藏的问题，对于定位新代码带来的 bug 是一个好方法。一般来说，dmesg 不会输出新的 crit, alert, emerg 级别的错误信息，也不应该出现新的 err 级别的信息。你要注意的是那些 warn 级别的日志信息。请注意 warn 这个级别的信息并不是坏消息，新代码带来新的警告信息，不会给内核带去严重的影响。 + +- dmesg -t -l emerg +- dmesg -t -l crit +- dmesg -t -l alert +- dmesg -t -l err +- dmesg -t -l warn +- dmesg -t -k +- dmesg -t + +下面的脚本运行了上面的命令，并且将输出保存起来，以便与老的内核的 dmesg 输出作比较（LCTT：老内核的 dmesg 输出在本系列的第一篇文章中有介绍）。然后运行 diff 命令，查看新老内核 dmesg 日志之间的不同。脚本需要输入老内核版本号，如果不输入参数，它只会生成新内核的 dmesg 日志文件后直接退出，不再作比较（LCTT：话是这么说没错，但点开脚本一看，没输参数的话，这货会直接退出，连新内核的 dmesg 日志也不会保存的）。如果 dmesg 日志有新的警告信息，表示新发布的内核有漏网之鱼（LCTT：嗯，漏网之 bug 会更好理解些么？），这些 bug 逃过了自测和系统测试。你要看看，那些警告信息后面有没有栈跟踪信息？也许这里有很多问题需要你进一步调查分析。 + +- [**dmesg 测试脚本**][1] + +### 压力测试 ### + +执行压力测试的一个好办法是同时跑三四个内核编译任务。下载各种版本的内核，同时编译它们，并记录时间。比较新内核跑压力测试和老内核跑压力测试所花的时间，然后可以定位新内核的性能。如果新内核跑压力测试的时间比老内核的更长，说明新内核的部分模块性能退步了。性能问题很难调试出来。第一步是找出哪里导致的性能退步。同时跑多个内核编译任务对检测内核整体性能来说是个好方法，但是这种方法涵盖了多个内核模块，比如内存管理、文件系统、DMA、驱动等（LCTT：也就是说，这种压力测试没办法定位到是哪个模块造成了性能的下降）。 + + time make all + +### 内核测试工具 ### + +我们可以在 Linux 内核本身找到多种测试方法。下面介绍一个很好用的功能测试工具集： ktest 套件 + +ktest 是一个自动测试套件，它可以提供编译安装启动内核一条龙测试服务，也可以跑交叉编译测试，前提是你的系统有安装交叉编译所需要的软件。ktest 依赖于 flex 和 bison。详细信息请参考放在 tools/testing/ktest 目录下的文档，你可以自学成材。另外还有一些参考资料教你怎么使用 ktest： + +- [**ktest-eLinux.org**][2] + +### tools/testing/selftests 套件 ### + +我们来玩玩自测吧。内核源码的多个子系统都有自己的自测工具，到目前为止，断点、cpu热插拔、efivarfs、IPC、KCMP、内存热插拔、mqueue、网络、powerpc、ptrace、rcutorture、定时器和虚拟机子系统都有自测工具。另外，用户态内存的自测工具可以利用 test_user_copy 模块来测试用户态内存到内核态的拷贝过程。下面的命令演示了如何使用这些测试工具： + +编译测试： + + make -C tools/testing/selftests + +测试全部：（有些测试需要 root 权限，你需要以 root 用户登入系统然后运行命令） + + make -C tools/testing/selftests run_tests + +只测试单个子系统： + + make -C tools/testing/selftests TARGETS=vm run_tests + +### tools/testing/fault-injection 套件 ### + +在 tools/testing 目录下的另一个测试套件是 fault-injection。failcmd.sh 脚本用于检测 slab 和内存页分配器的错误。这些工具可以测试内核能否很好地从错误状态中恢复回来。这些测试需要用到 root 权限。下面简单介绍了一些当前能提供的错误检测方法。随着错误检测方法的增加，这份名单也会不断增长。最新的名单请参考 Documentation/fault-injection/fault-injection.txt 文档。 + +failslab （默认选项） + + 产生 slab 分配错误。作用于 kmalloc(), kmem_cache_alloc() 等函数（LCTT：产生的结果是调用这些函数就会返回失败，可以模拟程序分不到内存时是否还能稳定运行下去）。 + +fail_page_alloc + + 产生内存页分配的错误。作用于 alloc_pages(), get_free_pages() 等函数（LCTT：同上，调用这些函数，返回错误）。 + +fail_make_request + + 对满足条件（可以设置 /sys/block//make-it-fail 或 /sys/block///make-it-fail 文件）的磁盘产生 IO 错误，作用于 generic_make_request() 函数（LCTT：所有针对这块磁盘的读或写请求都会出错）。 + +fail_mmc_request + + 对满足条件（可以设置 /sys/kernel/debug/mmc0/fail_mmc_request 这个 debugfs 属性）的磁盘产生 MMC 数据错误。 + +你可以自己配置 fault-injection 套件的功能。fault-inject-debugfs 内核模块在系统运行时会在 debugfs 文件系统下面提供一些属性文件。你可以指定出错的概率，指定两个错误之间的时间间隔，当然本套件还能提供更多其他功能，具体请查看 Documentation/fault-injection/fault-injection.txt。 Boot 选项可以让你的系统在 debugfs 文件系统起来之前就可以产生错误，下面列出几个 boot 选项： + +- failslab= +- fail_page_alloc= +- fail_make_request= +- mmc_core.fail_request=[interval],[probability],[space],[times] + +fault-injection 套件提供接口，以便增加新的功能。下面简单介绍下增加新功能的步骤，详细信息请参考上面提到过的文档： + +使用 DECLARE_FAULT_INJECTION(name) 定义默认属性； + +> 详细信息可查看 fault-inject.h 中定义的 struct fault_attr 结构体。 + +配置 fault 属性，新建一个 boot 选项; + +> 这步可以使用 setup_fault_attr(attr, str) 函数完成，为了能在系统启动的早期产生错误，添加一个 boot 选项这一步是必须要有的。 + +添加 debugfs 属性； + +> 使用 fault_create_debugfs_attr(name, parent, attr) 函数，为新功能添加新的 debugfs 属性。 + +为模块设置参数； + +> 为模块添加一些参数，对于配置错误属性来说是一个好主意，特别是当新功能的应用范围受限于单个内核模块的时候（LCTT：不同内核，你的新功能可能需要不同的测试参数，通过设置参数，你的功能可以不必为了迎合不同内核而每次都重新编译一遍）。 + +添加一个钩子函数到错误测试的代码中。 + +> should_fail(attr, size) —— 当这个钩子函数返回 true 时，用户的代码就应该产生一个错误。 + +应用程序使用这个 fault-injection 套件可以指定某个具体的内核模块产生 slab 和内存页分配的错误，这样就可以缩小性能测试的范围。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,2 + +译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://linuxdriverproject.org/mediawiki/index.php/Dmesg_regression_check_script +[2]:http://elinux.org/Ktest#Git_Bisect_type From bb90511025f5a2ebe8e4b1ff71417501d67870f1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 14:16:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 672/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=A7=BB=E5=8A=A8=E5=88=B0=E6=96=87?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=BB=B6=E5=A4=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../{ => The history of Android}/01 - The history of Android.md | 0 .../{ => The history of Android}/02 - The history of Android.md | 0 2 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename translated/talk/{ => The history of Android}/01 - The history of Android.md (100%) rename translated/talk/{ => The history of Android}/02 - The history of Android.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/talk/01 - The history of Android.md b/translated/talk/The history of Android/01 - The history of Android.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/talk/01 - The history of Android.md rename to translated/talk/The history of Android/01 - The history of Android.md diff --git a/translated/talk/02 - The history of Android.md b/translated/talk/The history of Android/02 - The history of Android.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/talk/02 - The history of Android.md rename to translated/talk/The history of Android/02 - The history of Android.md From 158b63827b9e46f4591f31ce88d5ecbbed53bb58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 14:22:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 673/713] PUB:20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface @zpl1025 --- ...e Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md | 6 ++---- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md (93%) diff --git a/translated/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md b/published/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md similarity index 93% rename from translated/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md rename to published/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md index c053a674ff..449f842479 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md +++ b/published/20140722 The Native Dropbox Linux Client Debuts New Qt Interface.md @@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Dropbox开发人员提醒参与测试的人，目前大部分新界面“还很 新UI使用了（目前）系统自带的QT界面主题。它本身也不算很丑，不过在Ubuntu桌面上看起来不怎么合适，特别是和之前的版本比较。据说内存占用也变多了，在空闲情况下有时候会从60MB一下子跳到178MB。那些使用低端设备的人应该忍耐一下试用这个版本的诱惑－至少在这个特别的问题解决之后。 -Dropbox 2.11.0 (Experimental) for Linux的完整改动日志： +Dropbox 2.11.0 (试验版本) for Linux的完整改动日志： - 用QT重写了Windows & Linux界面 - 在移动和重命名文件后会尝试识别 @@ -48,9 +48,7 @@ Dropbox 2.11.0 (Experimental) for Linux的完整改动日志： via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/dropbox-experimental-linux-build-qt-rewrite -原文作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a] - -译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +原文作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a] 译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d90f4432e4b3938006e2e6c8a0d98b1edcf954fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 14:41:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 674/713] PUB:20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @guodongxiaren 翻译的不错！ --- ...nd Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) rename {translated/news => published}/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md (73%) diff --git a/translated/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md b/published/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md similarity index 73% rename from translated/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md rename to published/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md index 3a4e525338..2fe8583af8 100644 --- a/translated/news/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md +++ b/published/20140724 Oracle Linux 7.0 OS Has XFS as Default File System and Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3.md @@ -1,18 +1,18 @@ -Oracle Linux 7.0系统使用XFS作为默认文件系统，和第三代“坚不可摧的企业级内核” +Oracle Linux 7.0发布！ === ![The new Oracle Linux 7.0 is out](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Oracle-Linux-7-0-OS-Has-XFS-as-Default-File-System-and-Unbreakable-Enterprise-Kernel-Release-3-451894-2.jpg) -**Oracle已经发布了Oracle Linux 7.0操作系统，新系统带来了大量的新特性，比如“第三代坚不可摧的内核”（Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3）和一个新的默认文件系统** +**Oracle已经发布了Oracle Linux 7.0操作系统，新系统带来了大量的新特性，比如“第三代坚不可摧的内核 UEK”（Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3）和一个新的默认文件系统** -为了这次新的发行版的发布，Oracle的开发者们已经放出过两个预览版，现在最终版终于来了。果然，它有着成千上万的修改，其中包括使用新的XFS作为默认的文件系统**[注：原文为操作系统，应该是笔误]**，Btrfs作为可选文件系统，Linux Containers (LXC)， DTrace，Ksplice，加强版Xen和“第三代坚不可摧的企业级内核”。 +为了这次新的发行版的发布，Oracle的开发者们已经放出过两个预览版，现在最终版终于来了。果然，它有着大量的改进，其中包括使用新的XFS作为默认的文件系统**[注：原文为操作系统，应该是笔误]**，可选的Btrfs文件系统，Linux Containers (LXC)， DTrace，Ksplice，加强版Xen和UEK R3。 作为广泛流行的文件系统EXT4的对抗者，XFS有一个显著优势。它所允许用户的文件系统的大小达到了500TB，这比你在EXT4文件系统中所能达到最大值的十倍还多。唯一的缺点是单个文件的大小最大仅为16TB。 这个发行版的一大特色是它支持两种内核。一个是红帽兼容性内核(RHCK)，基于Linux内核版本3.10，第二个是Oracle自己的内核版本“第三代坚不可摧的内核”（UEK R3），版本号从3.8.13开始，因为它基于3.8的Linux内核。你或许还记得Linux内核3.8.x已经寿终正寝，但是看来Oracle一直在维护着自己的分支。 -“已经能够从Oracle软件发布云上下载了，Oracle Linux 7可以免费下载和部署。所有的bug修复和安全勘误会被发布到Oracle的公共yum服务器上，不管有没有付费，用户都能安装同样的代码，并且从免费到付费的迁移十分简单，无需重新安装。” +“已经能够从Oracle软件发布云上下载了，Oracle Linux 7可以免费下载和部署。所有的bug修复和安全勘误会被发布到Oracle的公共yum服务器上，不管有没有付费，用户都能安装同样的代码，并且从免费到付费的迁移十分简单，无需重新安装。” -“当发布最新的Linux更新，工具以及推送给客户和参与者新功能的时候，需要为现代化的数据中心提供企业级的解决方案。为此最新的发行版是构建在Oracle对于像OpenStack这样的新兴技术提供支持的基础上，”从官方声明可以看出。 +“当发布最新的Linux更新，工具以及推送给客户和参与者新功能的时候，需要为现代化的数据中心提供企业级的解决方案。为此最新的发行版是构建在Oracle对OpenStack这样的新兴技术提供支持的基础上，”从官方声明可以看出。 通过变更记录来看，Ksplice已经为了实现零宕机的内核完成了安全更新和bug修复，systemd也成了新的系统管理工具，Grub2现在是默认的启动引导程序，并且支持新的固件类型（比如UEFI），还有一个加强版Anaconda安装器，一个新的Apache Web服务器，支持GPT，和大量的安全特性被添加进来。 @@ -30,9 +30,9 @@ Oracle Linux 7.0系统使用XFS作为默认文件系统，和第三代“坚不 原文: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Oracle-Linux-7-0-OS-Has-XFS-as-Default-File-System-and-Unbreakable-Enterprise-Kernel-Release-3-451894.shtml -原文作者：[Silviu Stahie][a] - -译者：[guodongxiaren](https://github.com/guodongxiaren) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +作者：[Silviu Stahie][a] +译者：[guodongxiaren](https://github.com/guodongxiaren) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From cd8b516b53ff848b6b4509f363bc3aa3e475430f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 15:27:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 675/713] PUB:20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @CNprober 翻译的不错！ --- ... Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md | 20 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 9 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md (89%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md b/published/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md similarity index 89% rename from translated/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md rename to published/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md index 2c50740802..6b0f5ada87 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md +++ b/published/20140620 Tips to Push Your Git Skills to the Next Level.md @@ -1,11 +1,9 @@ -CNprober 翻译完成... 619913541 - -10招让你的Git技能提升一个台阶 +已经会用Git了？不会这十招怎么行 ================================================================================ 之前我们发了一些教程让你熟悉[Git基础][1]和[在团队合作环境中使用Git][2].我们讨论的这些Git命令足够让一个开发者在Git的世界里生存下去。在这篇教程里，我们试着探索如何高效地管理你的时间以及如何充分利用Git提供的特性。 -> 注意：这里介绍的命令中有的包含方括号(例如：`git add -p [file_name]`)。在这些例子中，你应该用你自己的数字，标识符等替代方括号里的内容，并且去掉方括号。 +> 注意：这里介绍的命令中有的包含方括号(例如：`git add -p [file_name]`)。在这些例子中，你应该用你自己的数字、标识符等替代方括号里的内容，并且去掉方括号。 ### 1. Git自动补全 ### @@ -62,7 +60,7 @@ CNprober 翻译完成... 619913541 假设你提交了一些不需要的东西，然后你进行了hard重置回到之前的状态。后来，你发现在这个过程中你丢失了其他一些重要的信息，你想要把这些信息找回来，或者至少可以查看一下这些信息。这就需要`git reflog`帮忙。 -简单的`git log`只能告诉你最近的提交，这个提交的父提交，父提交的父提交，等等。但是`git reflog`是一个HEAD指向的提交的列表。记住，这个列表依赖于你自己的操作环境，它不是库的一部分，也不包含在push或者merge中。 +简单的`git log`只能告诉你最近的提交，这个提交的父提交，父提交的父提交，等等。但是`git reflog`是一个HEAD指向的提交的列表。记住，这个列表依赖于你自己的本地操作环境，它不是库的一部分，也不包含在push或者merge中。 如果执行`git log`命令，可以看到提交历史，这是我的库的一部分： @@ -74,7 +72,7 @@ CNprober 翻译完成... 619913541 ### 6. 暂存文件的一部分更改以便进行一次提交 ### -通常依据特性来提交是一个好的实践方法，意思是说，每一个提交都只添加一个特性或者修复一个bug。想一下如果你一次修复了两个bug或者添加了两个特性但是都还没有提交该怎么办。这种场景下，你可以将他们一起提交。但是有一个更好的办法：单独暂存这些文件，然后分开提交。 +通常依据特性来提交是一个好的实践方法，意思是说，每一个提交都只添加一个特性或者修复一个bug。想一下如果你一次修复了两个bug或者添加了两个特性但是都还没有逐个提交该怎么办。这种场景下，你可以将他们一起提交。但是有一个更好的办法：单独暂存这些文件，然后分开提交。 让我们假设你对一个文件做了多个更改，然后想让这些更改分开提交。这时，我们用带`-p`的添加命令。 @@ -88,7 +86,7 @@ CNprober 翻译完成... 619913541 ![Running add with -p](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946450git-ninja-07.png) -似乎Git认为所有的更改都是同一个目的的一部分，所以把他们分组到同一个块里。这时，你可以： +看起来Git认为所有的更改都是同一个目的的一部分，所以把他们分组到同一个块里。这时，你可以： - 输入 y 暂存块 - 输入 n 不暂存块 @@ -100,13 +98,13 @@ CNprober 翻译完成... 619913541 ![Adding all hunks](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946452git-ninja-08.png) -如你所见，我们已经添加了第1和第3行，忽略了第2行。你可以看到库的状态并且进行一次提交。 +如你所见，我们已经逐个添加了第1和第3行，忽略了第2行。你可以看到库的状态并且进行一次提交。 ![Repository after selectively adding a file](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946454git-ninja-09.png) ### 7. 合并多个提交 ### -为了进行核查或者发起一个合并请求（这经常发生在开源项目里），对代码进行了修改提交。但在最后代码被接受之前，你也许会被要求修改你的代码。于是你修改代码，但是下一次核查的时候又一次被要求进行修改。不知不觉中，你就已经有了好几个提交。理论上你应该用rebase命令把他们合并起来。 +为了进行核查或者发起一个合并请求（这经常发生在开源项目里），对代码进行了修改提交。但在最后代码被接受之前，你也许会需要修改你的代码。于是你修改代码，但是下一次核查的时候又一次需要进行修改。不知不觉中，你就已经有了好几个提交。理论上你应该用rebase命令把他们合并起来。 git rebase -i HEAD~[number_of_commits] @@ -118,7 +116,7 @@ CNprober 翻译完成... 619913541 ![Git squash interactive](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946455git-ninja-10.png) -接着你被要求提供一个对新提交的说明。这个过程会重写你的提交历史。 +接着你应该提供一个对新提交的说明。这个过程会重写你的提交历史。 ![Adding a commit message](http://dab1nmslvvntp.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/1402946457git-ninja-11.png) @@ -182,7 +180,7 @@ CNprober 翻译完成... 619913541 via: http://www.sitepoint.com/10-tips-git-next-level/ -译者：[love_daisy_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[love\_daisy\_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 56637455579e092220313e5a66666e1d2eea73f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Love-xuan Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 15:55:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 676/713] translated --- ... Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md | 32 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md index 4b5ce56426..5fbc4889db 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -1,47 +1,45 @@ -Love-xuan 翻译中 -Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04 +在Ubuntu上显示桌面歌词 ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/display_lyrics_desktop_Ubuntu.jpeg) -Apart from free streaming music, what I like the most in [Spotify][1] is its lyrics plugin. At times I don’t understand all of the words of the song, specially if it’s rap. [TuneWiki][2] plugin comes handy in this case. While TuneWiki has plugins for Windows Media Player and iTune, what options do we have on desktop Linux? +除了免费的流媒体音乐外,我最喜欢[Spotify][1]的地方就是它的歌词插件了。有时候我听不懂一首歌里面的所有歌词，尤其是rap。[TuneWiki][2]插件在这种情况下就派得上用场了。但TuneWiki仅有支持Windows和iTune的插件，那我们在linux桌面上有什么选择呢？ -If you have been using desktop Linux for sometime, you might have heard of [OSD Lyrics][3]. It is a small application that **displays song lyrics on the desktop**. You can use it with several audio players such as Rythmbox, [Banshee][4], [Clementine][5] etc. +如果你使用过Linux桌面一段时间，你也许听过[OSD Lyrics][3]。它是一个显示桌面歌词的小程序。你可以借助一些音乐播放器来使用它，比如Rythmbox，[Banshee][4]，[Clementine][5]等等。 -### Install OSD Lyrics in Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint 17 ### +### 在Ubuntu 14.04和Linux mint 17上安装OSD Lyrics ### -OSD Lyrics was actively maintained through its official PPA about 2 years back. There is no development anymore. While the PPA is no longer usable, the executables (.deb) can be downloaded from the website. Though these executables are originally for Ubuntu 12.04 Precise Pangolin, these files work very well in Ubuntu 14.04 also. Let’s see **how to install OSD Lyrics in Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint 17**. +两年以前OSD Lyrics在它的官方仓库中被积极地维护，但现在对它的开发已经停止了。尽管这个PPA已经不可用，但可以通过网络下载OSD Lyrics的安装包。虽然这些安装执行文件最初是为Ubuntu 12.02设计的，但这些文件也能在Ubuntu 14.04上很良好地工作。我们一起看看怎么在UUUUbuntu 14.04和 Linux mint 17上安装OSD Lyrics。 -Go to the [download page of OSD Lyrics][6]. Get the .deb files depending upon [whether you are using 32 bit or 64 bit Ubuntu][7]. You will find the files on the top. +[前往下载页下载OSDLyrics][6]，根据你是使用[32位还是64位的ubuntu][7]来下载相应的.deb 文件。你会在网页的上方找到这些文件。 ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/OSD_Lyrics_Download.jpeg) -Once downloaded, just double click on it to install it via Ubuntu Software Center. Alternatively, you can [use Gdebi to quickly install .deb packages][8]. +下载完成后，通过双击它来使用Ubuntu软件中心来安装。另外，你也可以使用[Gdebi ][8]来快速地安装.deb安装包。 -### How to display lyrics in Ubuntu and Linux Mint using OSD Lyrics ### +### 怎样在Ububtu和linux mnit 上使用OSD Lyrics使用歌词 ### -Once installed, you can run OSD Lyrics from the Unity Dash: +安装完成后，你可以从Unity Dash运行OSD Lyrics : ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Open_OSD_Lyrics_Ubuntu.jpeg) -On the first run, it will detect the existing players which are compatible with OSD Lyrics. You can set a default player which will be opened automatically each time you start OSD Lyrics. +首次运行时，OSD Lyrics会检测你的系统中能被它支持的播放器。你可以设定一个默认播放器，以后当你运行OSD Lyrics时它就会自动启动 。 ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/OSD_Lyrics_Default_Player.jpeg) -One thing to note is that unlike [Shazam][9] etc, OSD Lyrics doesn’t find the lyrics from the audio, rather it uses the information linked to the music files such as name, album, artist etc. So make sure that you have music files from “respectable sources” or keep the file information correct and updated. +有一件事值得注意，那就是OSD Lyrics不像[Shazam][9]等一样，它不是通过音频来寻找歌词，而是通过比如名称，专辑，艺术家等信息来关联音乐文件。所以你得确保你的音乐文件的来源正当，或者是你得保持你的音乐文件的信息是正确和已经更新了的。 -If it recognizes the music files, it will display the lyrics on the desktop in Karaoke format: +如果OSD Lyrics辨认出了音乐文件，它就会用卡拉OK格式在桌面上显示歌词了:（译者注：OSD Lyrics可以自动在千千静听和虾米歌词站点在线下载歌词，这对我们中文用户来说是个福音） ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Dsiplay_Lyrics_Ubuntu.jpeg) -There are plenty of configuration options available with OSD Lyrics. You can change the font, size behavior of the lyrics display among many other things. - -How do you like OSD Lyrics? Do you use some other Lyrics plugin? Do share your views with rest of us. +OSD Lyrics有大量设置选项，你可以改变歌词字体的种类，大小等等其它许多设置。 +你认为OSD Lyrics怎么样？你使用其它的一些歌词插件吗？闲余时间请和我们分享你的看法。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://itsfoss.com/display-song-lyrics-desktop-ubuntu-1404/ -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Love-xuan](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 09dd5bb4f6fb2f7e6ea7af340cef9db2c475f134 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Love-xuan Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 15:57:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 677/713] translated --- ... Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md | 54 ------------------- 1 file changed, 54 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5fbc4889db..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,54 +0,0 @@ -在Ubuntu上显示桌面歌词 -================================================================================ -![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/display_lyrics_desktop_Ubuntu.jpeg) - -除了免费的流媒体音乐外,我最喜欢[Spotify][1]的地方就是它的歌词插件了。有时候我听不懂一首歌里面的所有歌词，尤其是rap。[TuneWiki][2]插件在这种情况下就派得上用场了。但TuneWiki仅有支持Windows和iTune的插件，那我们在linux桌面上有什么选择呢？ - -如果你使用过Linux桌面一段时间，你也许听过[OSD Lyrics][3]。它是一个显示桌面歌词的小程序。你可以借助一些音乐播放器来使用它，比如Rythmbox，[Banshee][4]，[Clementine][5]等等。 - -### 在Ubuntu 14.04和Linux mint 17上安装OSD Lyrics ### - -两年以前OSD Lyrics在它的官方仓库中被积极地维护，但现在对它的开发已经停止了。尽管这个PPA已经不可用，但可以通过网络下载OSD Lyrics的安装包。虽然这些安装执行文件最初是为Ubuntu 12.02设计的，但这些文件也能在Ubuntu 14.04上很良好地工作。我们一起看看怎么在UUUUbuntu 14.04和 Linux mint 17上安装OSD Lyrics。 - -[前往下载页下载OSDLyrics][6]，根据你是使用[32位还是64位的ubuntu][7]来下载相应的.deb 文件。你会在网页的上方找到这些文件。 - -![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/OSD_Lyrics_Download.jpeg) - -下载完成后，通过双击它来使用Ubuntu软件中心来安装。另外，你也可以使用[Gdebi ][8]来快速地安装.deb安装包。 - -### 怎样在Ububtu和linux mnit 上使用OSD Lyrics使用歌词 ### - -安装完成后，你可以从Unity Dash运行OSD Lyrics : - -![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Open_OSD_Lyrics_Ubuntu.jpeg) - -首次运行时，OSD Lyrics会检测你的系统中能被它支持的播放器。你可以设定一个默认播放器，以后当你运行OSD Lyrics时它就会自动启动 。 - -![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/OSD_Lyrics_Default_Player.jpeg) - -有一件事值得注意，那就是OSD Lyrics不像[Shazam][9]等一样，它不是通过音频来寻找歌词，而是通过比如名称，专辑，艺术家等信息来关联音乐文件。所以你得确保你的音乐文件的来源正当，或者是你得保持你的音乐文件的信息是正确和已经更新了的。 - -如果OSD Lyrics辨认出了音乐文件，它就会用卡拉OK格式在桌面上显示歌词了:（译者注：OSD Lyrics可以自动在千千静听和虾米歌词站点在线下载歌词，这对我们中文用户来说是个福音） - -![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Dsiplay_Lyrics_Ubuntu.jpeg) - -OSD Lyrics有大量设置选项，你可以改变歌词字体的种类，大小等等其它许多设置。 - -你认为OSD Lyrics怎么样？你使用其它的一些歌词插件吗？闲余时间请和我们分享你的看法。 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://itsfoss.com/display-song-lyrics-desktop-ubuntu-1404/ - -译者：[Love-xuan](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://itsfoss.com/install-spotify-ubuntu-1404/ -[2]:http://www.tunewiki.com/ -[3]:https://code.google.com/p/osd-lyrics -[4]:http://banshee.fm/ -[5]:https://www.clementine-player.org/ -[6]:https://code.google.com/p/osd-lyrics/downloads/list -[7]:http://itsfoss.com/how-to-know-ubuntu-unity-version/ -[8]:http://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-easily-and-quickly-in-ubuntu-12-10-quick-tip/ -[9]:http://www.shazam.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 5654a77e6ed6b7ee431ea49542688348fcd8af44 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Love-xuan Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 15:58:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 678/713] translated --- ...Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md# | 57 +++++++++++++++++++ ...htweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 57 +++++++++++++++++++ ... Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md | 54 ++++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 168 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/#20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md# create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140711 How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md diff --git a/sources/tech/#20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md# b/sources/tech/#20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md# new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..dbb92b2dd8 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/#20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md# @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +Love-xuan 翻译中 +Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04 +================================================================================ +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/display_lyrics_desktop_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +Apart from free streaming music, what I like the most in [Spotify][1] is its lyrics plugin. At times I don’t understand all of the words of the song, specially if it’s rap. [TuneWiki][2] plugin comes handy in this case. While TuneWiki has plugins for Windows Media Player and iTune, what options do we have on desktop Linux? + +If you have been using desktop Linux for sometime, you might have heard of [OSD Lyrics][3]. It is a small application that **displays song lyrics on the desktop**. You can use it with several audio players such as Rythmbox, [Banshee][4], [Clementine][5] etc. + +### Install OSD Lyrics in Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint 17 ### + +OSD Lyrics was actively maintained through its official PPA about 2 years back. There is no development anymore. While the PPA is no longer usable, the executables (.deb) can be downloaded from the website. Though these executables are originally for Ubuntu 12.04 Precise Pangolin, these files work very well in Ubuntu 14.04 also. Let’s see **how to install OSD Lyrics in Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint 17**. + +Go to the [download page of OSD Lyrics][6]. Get the .deb files depending upon [whether you are using 32 bit or 64 bit Ubuntu][7]. You will find the files on the top. + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/OSD_Lyrics_Download.jpeg) + +Once downloaded, just double click on it to install it via Ubuntu Software Center. Alternatively, you can [use Gdebi to quickly install .deb packages][8]. + +### How to display lyrics in Ubuntu and Linux Mint using OSD Lyrics ### + +Once installed, you can run OSD Lyrics from the Unity Dash: + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Open_OSD_Lyrics_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +On the first run, it will detect the existing players which are compatible with OSD Lyrics. You can set a default player which will be opened automatically each time you start OSD Lyrics. + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/OSD_Lyrics_Default_Player.jpeg) + +One thing to note is that unlike [Shazam][9] etc, OSD Lyrics doesn’t find the lyrics from the audio, rather it uses the information linked to the music files such as name, album, artist etc. So make sure that you have music files from “respectable sources” or keep the file information correct and updated. + +If it recognizes the music files, it will display the lyrics on the desktop in Karaoke format: + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Dsiplay_Lyrics_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +There are plenty of configuration options available with OSD Lyrics. You can change the font, size behavior of the lyrics display among many other things. + + +How do you like OSD Lyrics? Do you use some other Lyrics plugin? Do share your views with rest of us. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/display-song-lyrics-desktop-ubuntu-1404/ + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://itsfoss.com/install-spotify-ubuntu-1404/ +[2]:http://www.tunewiki.com/ +[3]:https://code.google.com/p/osd-lyrics +[4]:http://banshee.fm/ +[5]:https://www.clementine-player.org/ +[6]:https://code.google.com/p/osd-lyrics/downloads/list +[7]:http://itsfoss.com/how-to-know-ubuntu-unity-version/ +[8]:http://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-easily-and-quickly-in-ubuntu-12-10-quick-tip/ +[9]:http://www.shazam.com/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20140711 How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/translated/tech/20140711 How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..af3e97bb4f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140711 How to Install Lightweight Budgie Desktop in Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,57 @@ +怎样在ubuntu 14.04上安装轻量级的Budgie桌面 +================================================================================ +**如果你在推特上关注了我们，你可能看见了我们最近分享的一张截图，和这张截图一起的还有对它所展示的桌面进行命名的邀请。 ** + +你猜对了吗? 答案就是budgie —— 一种为基于openSUSE 的linux发行版Evolve OS所设计，但不仅仅只能用于 Evolve OS的简易桌面环境。 + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/BsCvTxJIcAAPjUR.png-large.png) + +我们第一次描写Budgie是在三月份，当时我们被它的整洁，小巧的美感，灵活的架构，还有重复使用在当今大多数发行版中所使用的GNOME 3.10 成熟技术中的公共部分和标堆栈的决定所折服。 + +我对此项目的领导者LKey Doherty所作出的开发选择非常佩服。无可否认另起炉灶有它的优点，但决定从上游的项目获取帮助将可以整个项目进展得更快，无论是在发展方面（更轻的技术负担）还是在用户可使用方面（更容易在其它发行版上运行）。 + +政治因素选择除外，这款桌面以干净，小巧向谷歌Chrome OS的Ash桌面表示敬意。如果你不介意有些许粗糙的边缘，那它值得你玩玩。那么怎样在Ubuntu安装Budgie呢？ + +###非官方的PPA是不正式的 ### + +开源意味着如果你有一点终端使用知识的话，你就可以在获得Budgie桌面的源代码后进行编译，然后运行。 + +但如果你很懒，想不费周折就在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS（或者一个基于它的发行版）运行Budgie，那么你可以通过比较容易的途径来实现。 + +添加一个非官方的Unofficial PPA，刷新你的软件源然后进行安装。几分钟后在这个家庭中你将有一位名叫Bob的新叔叔，并且有一个新的桌面可以玩耍。 + +###添加Budgie PPA ### + +将以下命令复制进一个打开的终端窗口，在提示过后输入你的密码（如果需要的话） + + sudo add-apt-repository ppa:sukso96100/budgie-desktop + sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install budgie-desktop + +### 登入Budgie会话 ### + +安装完成后你就可以在Unity欢迎界面的会话选择器中选择Budgie会话了。（别忘了以后要把选择项改回到稳定的桌面环境） + +### 注意 ### + +**budgie是不稳定，不完善的，它在Ubuntu上也没有被正式支持。它正在积极开发中，缺少一些特性，包括(但不仅仅只有这些）:不支持网络管理，没有音量控制小程序（键盘工作良好），没有通知系统，无法将应用程序“固定”在任务栏。** + +它对UBUNTU的叠加滚动条和一些GTK主题的支持也不是很好，而且在使用upstart的发行版（例如ubuntu，即使它正在改变之中）中会话管理器（例如，注销，重启等等）将无法工作。 + +一个应变方法是：禁用叠加滚动条，设置一个默认主题，通过在终端中使用以下命名来退出会话。 + + gnome-session-quit + +想着脑海中所有的这些警告，我建议想使用稳定的，可靠的系统的人现在暂时不要使用它。 + +而作为狂热一族的业余体验呢？请在下面评论，让我们了解你的想法。我将退出而让Bob来接手。 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/install-budgie-evolve-os-desktop-ubuntu-14-04 + +译者：[Love-xuan](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/03/budgie-desktop-chrome-os-like +[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob +[3]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/02/ubuntu-debian-switching-systemd \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md b/translated/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5fbc4889db --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +在Ubuntu上显示桌面歌词 +================================================================================ +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/display_lyrics_desktop_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +除了免费的流媒体音乐外,我最喜欢[Spotify][1]的地方就是它的歌词插件了。有时候我听不懂一首歌里面的所有歌词，尤其是rap。[TuneWiki][2]插件在这种情况下就派得上用场了。但TuneWiki仅有支持Windows和iTune的插件，那我们在linux桌面上有什么选择呢？ + +如果你使用过Linux桌面一段时间，你也许听过[OSD Lyrics][3]。它是一个显示桌面歌词的小程序。你可以借助一些音乐播放器来使用它，比如Rythmbox，[Banshee][4]，[Clementine][5]等等。 + +### 在Ubuntu 14.04和Linux mint 17上安装OSD Lyrics ### + +两年以前OSD Lyrics在它的官方仓库中被积极地维护，但现在对它的开发已经停止了。尽管这个PPA已经不可用，但可以通过网络下载OSD Lyrics的安装包。虽然这些安装执行文件最初是为Ubuntu 12.02设计的，但这些文件也能在Ubuntu 14.04上很良好地工作。我们一起看看怎么在UUUUbuntu 14.04和 Linux mint 17上安装OSD Lyrics。 + +[前往下载页下载OSDLyrics][6]，根据你是使用[32位还是64位的ubuntu][7]来下载相应的.deb 文件。你会在网页的上方找到这些文件。 + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/OSD_Lyrics_Download.jpeg) + +下载完成后，通过双击它来使用Ubuntu软件中心来安装。另外，你也可以使用[Gdebi ][8]来快速地安装.deb安装包。 + +### 怎样在Ububtu和linux mnit 上使用OSD Lyrics使用歌词 ### + +安装完成后，你可以从Unity Dash运行OSD Lyrics : + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Open_OSD_Lyrics_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +首次运行时，OSD Lyrics会检测你的系统中能被它支持的播放器。你可以设定一个默认播放器，以后当你运行OSD Lyrics时它就会自动启动 。 + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/OSD_Lyrics_Default_Player.jpeg) + +有一件事值得注意，那就是OSD Lyrics不像[Shazam][9]等一样，它不是通过音频来寻找歌词，而是通过比如名称，专辑，艺术家等信息来关联音乐文件。所以你得确保你的音乐文件的来源正当，或者是你得保持你的音乐文件的信息是正确和已经更新了的。 + +如果OSD Lyrics辨认出了音乐文件，它就会用卡拉OK格式在桌面上显示歌词了:（译者注：OSD Lyrics可以自动在千千静听和虾米歌词站点在线下载歌词，这对我们中文用户来说是个福音） + +![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Dsiplay_Lyrics_Ubuntu.jpeg) + +OSD Lyrics有大量设置选项，你可以改变歌词字体的种类，大小等等其它许多设置。 + +你认为OSD Lyrics怎么样？你使用其它的一些歌词插件吗？闲余时间请和我们分享你的看法。 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://itsfoss.com/display-song-lyrics-desktop-ubuntu-1404/ + +译者：[Love-xuan](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://itsfoss.com/install-spotify-ubuntu-1404/ +[2]:http://www.tunewiki.com/ +[3]:https://code.google.com/p/osd-lyrics +[4]:http://banshee.fm/ +[5]:https://www.clementine-player.org/ +[6]:https://code.google.com/p/osd-lyrics/downloads/list +[7]:http://itsfoss.com/how-to-know-ubuntu-unity-version/ +[8]:http://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-easily-and-quickly-in-ubuntu-12-10-quick-tip/ +[9]:http://www.shazam.com/ \ No newline at end of file From 32d0e6c354b39176ed41911d99a97b319e76bcfc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Love-xuan Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 15:59:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 679/713] translated --- ...Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md# | 57 ------------------- 1 file changed, 57 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/#20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md# diff --git a/sources/tech/#20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md# b/sources/tech/#20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md# deleted file mode 100644 index dbb92b2dd8..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/#20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md# +++ /dev/null @@ -1,57 +0,0 @@ -Love-xuan 翻译中 -Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04 -================================================================================ -![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/display_lyrics_desktop_Ubuntu.jpeg) - -Apart from free streaming music, what I like the most in [Spotify][1] is its lyrics plugin. At times I don’t understand all of the words of the song, specially if it’s rap. [TuneWiki][2] plugin comes handy in this case. While TuneWiki has plugins for Windows Media Player and iTune, what options do we have on desktop Linux? - -If you have been using desktop Linux for sometime, you might have heard of [OSD Lyrics][3]. It is a small application that **displays song lyrics on the desktop**. You can use it with several audio players such as Rythmbox, [Banshee][4], [Clementine][5] etc. - -### Install OSD Lyrics in Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint 17 ### - -OSD Lyrics was actively maintained through its official PPA about 2 years back. There is no development anymore. While the PPA is no longer usable, the executables (.deb) can be downloaded from the website. Though these executables are originally for Ubuntu 12.04 Precise Pangolin, these files work very well in Ubuntu 14.04 also. Let’s see **how to install OSD Lyrics in Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint 17**. - -Go to the [download page of OSD Lyrics][6]. Get the .deb files depending upon [whether you are using 32 bit or 64 bit Ubuntu][7]. You will find the files on the top. - -![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/OSD_Lyrics_Download.jpeg) - -Once downloaded, just double click on it to install it via Ubuntu Software Center. Alternatively, you can [use Gdebi to quickly install .deb packages][8]. - -### How to display lyrics in Ubuntu and Linux Mint using OSD Lyrics ### - -Once installed, you can run OSD Lyrics from the Unity Dash: - -![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Open_OSD_Lyrics_Ubuntu.jpeg) - -On the first run, it will detect the existing players which are compatible with OSD Lyrics. You can set a default player which will be opened automatically each time you start OSD Lyrics. - -![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/OSD_Lyrics_Default_Player.jpeg) - -One thing to note is that unlike [Shazam][9] etc, OSD Lyrics doesn’t find the lyrics from the audio, rather it uses the information linked to the music files such as name, album, artist etc. So make sure that you have music files from “respectable sources” or keep the file information correct and updated. - -If it recognizes the music files, it will display the lyrics on the desktop in Karaoke format: - -![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Dsiplay_Lyrics_Ubuntu.jpeg) - -There are plenty of configuration options available with OSD Lyrics. You can change the font, size behavior of the lyrics display among many other things. - - -How do you like OSD Lyrics? Do you use some other Lyrics plugin? Do share your views with rest of us. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://itsfoss.com/display-song-lyrics-desktop-ubuntu-1404/ - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://itsfoss.com/install-spotify-ubuntu-1404/ -[2]:http://www.tunewiki.com/ -[3]:https://code.google.com/p/osd-lyrics -[4]:http://banshee.fm/ -[5]:https://www.clementine-player.org/ -[6]:https://code.google.com/p/osd-lyrics/downloads/list -[7]:http://itsfoss.com/how-to-know-ubuntu-unity-version/ -[8]:http://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-easily-and-quickly-in-ubuntu-12-10-quick-tip/ -[9]:http://www.shazam.com/ \ No newline at end of file From aa4e44b7ceae5668f576039c437af0a279b4fa65 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 16:36:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 680/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140725-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20140725 GOG.com Now Supports Linux.md | 145 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 145 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140725 GOG.com Now Supports Linux.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140725 GOG.com Now Supports Linux.md b/sources/news/20140725 GOG.com Now Supports Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a20343e2dd --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140725 GOG.com Now Supports Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +GOG.com Now Supports Linux! +================================================================================ +> 50 games for the free OS available right NOW! + +[![](http://www.gog.com/upload/images/2014/07/7c1e2e42f8c3c101468d4364759e9cdc3a1c01cb_small.jpg)][1] + +A while ago, [we've announced our plans][2] to add Linux support as one of the features of our digital platform, with 100 games on the launch day sometime this fall. We've put much time and effort into this project and now we've found ourselves with over 50 titles, classic and new, prepared for distribution, site infrastructure ready, support team trained and standing by, and absolutely no reason to wait until October or November. We're still aiming to have at least 100 Linux games in the coming months, but we've decided not to delay the launch just for the sake of having a nice-looking number to show off to the press. It's not about them, after all, it's about you. So, one of the most popular site feature requests on our [community wishlist][3] is granted today: Linux support has officially arrived on GOG.com! + +The first 50+ titles we've have in store for you come from all the corners of our DRM-Free catalog. Note that we've got many classic titles coming officially to Linux for the very first time, thanks to the custom builds prepared by our dedicated team of penguin tamers. That's over twenty fan-favorite GOG.com classics, like [FlatOut][4]&[Flatout 2][5], , [Darklands][6], or [Realms of the Haunting][7] we've personally ushered one by one into the welcoming embrace of Linux gamers. That's already quite a nice chunk of our back-catalog, and you can expect more from our dedicated Linux team soon! + +Now, for the recent titles. We've got some indie games with native Linux versions that finally find their well-deserved spot in our store. Among them, debuting on Linux, [CLARC][8] - a well received original comedic Sci-Fi puzzler. On top of that, be on the lookout for two new additions to the GOG.com catalog: [Gods Will Be Watching][9] (coming in a couple of hours) and [Unrest:Special Edition][10] (Linux build coming right up!), both of them very fresh and intriguing. This is the very first time we can provide you with all the PC versions of a premiere game, and we will continue to do so in the future. If there's a Linux version of a title we're releasing, our aim is to deliver it to you Day-1. But enough about us, let's talk about the games. Here's what you can be playing on Linux today: + +- [**Anomaly Warzone Earth**][11] +- [**Ascendant**][12] +- [**Bionic Dues**][13] +- [**Blake Stone: Aliens of Gold**][14] - first time on Linux! +- [**Blake Stone: Planet Strike**][15] - first time on Linux! +- [**Bloodnet**][16] - first time on Linux! +- [**Braveland**][17] +- [**CLARC**][18] - first time on Linux! +- [**Darklands**][19] - first time on Linux! +- [**Darwinia**][20] +- [**Defcon**][21] +- [**Don't Starve + DLC**][22] +- [**Dragonsphere**][23] - first time on Linux! +- [**Duke Nukem 3D: Atomic Edition**][24] +- [**FlatOut**][25] - first time on Linux! +- [**Flatout 2**][26] - first time on Linux! +- [**Fragile Allegiance**][27] - first time on Linux! +- [**Gemini Rue**][28] +- [**Gods Will Be Watching**][29] +- [**Hammerwatch**][30] +- [**Hocus Pocus**][31] - first time on Linux! +- [**Kentucky Route Zero**][32] +- [**The Last Federation**][33] +- [**Legend of Grimrock**][34] +- [**Litil Divil**][35] - first time on Linux! +- [**Long Live the Queen**][36] +- [**MouseCraft**][37] +- [**Multiwinia**][38] +- [**Normality**][39] - first time on Linux! +- [**Pinball Gold Pack**][40] - first time on Linux! +- [**Pinball World**][41] - first time on Linux! +- [**Pirates! Gold Plus**][42] - first time on Linux! +- [**Realms of the Haunting**][43] - first time on Linux! +- [**Rex Nebular and the Cosmic Gender Bender**][44] - first time on Linux! +- [**Rise of the Triad: Dark War**][45] - first time on Linux! +- [**Shattered Haven**][46] +- [**The Shivah HD**][47] +- [**Sid Meier's Colonization**][48] - first time on Linux! +- [**Sid Meier's Covert Action**][49] - first time on Linux! +- [**Sir, You Are Being Hunted**][50] +- [**Slipstream 5000**][51] - first time on Linux! +- [**Space Pirates and Zombies**][52] +- [**Spacechem**][53] +- [**Stargunner**][54] - first time on Linux! +- [**SteamWorld Dig**][55] +- [**Super Hexagon**][56] +- [**Surgeon Simulator 2013**][57] +- [**Sword of the Samurai**][58] - first time on Linux! +- [**Teslagrad**][59] +- [**Unrest:Special Edition**][60] (Linux build on the way!) +- [**Uplink**][61] +- [**VVVVVV**][62] + +As if this wasn't exciting enough, we've put more than half of these titles on a [special promo][63]! Head out to the [promo page][64] and find out which of them you can get up to 75% off until Tuesday, 9:59AM GMT. Of course, all of the games from the list above that you already own will be updated with Linux versions with no additional cost for you, just as you might have expected from GOG.com. + +"OK, but how will Linux support actually work on GOG.com" - you might ask. For both native Linux versions, as well as special builds prepared by our team, GOG.com will provide distro-independent tar.gz archives and support convenient DEB installers for the two most popular Linux distributions: Ubuntu and Mint, in their current and future LTS editions. Helpful and responsive customer support has always been an important part of the GOG.com gaming experience. We wouldn't have it any other way when it comes to Linux, and starting today our helpdesk offers support for our official Linux releases on Ubuntu and Mint systems. + +Diversity and freedom of choice have always been an important part of the GOG.com way. We're very glad that we could improve our service with the addition of the free (and DRM-Free) alternative to the commercial operating systems. Talking with gamers is just as important, so we're counting on your feedback! If you've got any questions, suggestions, or run into any trouble, just tell us in the forum thread below this post. Just please be gentle, this is [our very first time][65] with Linux. Happy launch day, everyone! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.gog.com/news/gogcom_now_supports_linux + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.gog.com/promo/linux_launch_promo_240714 +[2]:http://www.gog.com/news/gogcom_soon_on_more_platforms +[3]:http://www.gog.com/wishlist/site#search=linux +[4]:http://www.gog.com/game/flatout +[5]:http://www.gog.com/game/flatout_2 +[6]:http://www.gog.com/game/darklands +[7]:http://www.gog.com/game/realms_of_the_haunting +[8]:http://www.gog.com/game/clarc +[9]:http://www.gog.com/game/gods_will_be_watching +[10]:http://www.gog.com/game/unrest_special_edition +[11]:http://www.gog.com/game/anomaly_warzone_earth +[12]:http://www.gog.com/game/ascendant +[13]:http://www.gog.com/game/bionic_dues +[14]:http://www.gog.com/game/blake_stone_aliens_of_gold +[15]:http://www.gog.com/game/blake_stone_planet_strike +[16]:http://www.gog.com/game/bloodnet +[17]:http://www.gog.com/game/braveland +[18]:http://www.gog.com/game/clarc +[19]:http://www.gog.com/game/darklands +[20]:http://www.gog.com/game/darwinia +[21]:http://www.gog.com/game/defcon +[22]:http://www.gog.com/game/dont_starve +[23]:http://www.gog.com/game/dragonsphere +[24]:http://www.gog.com/game/duke_nukem_3d_atomic_edition +[25]:http://www.gog.com/game/flatout +[26]:http://www.gog.com/game/flatout_2 +[27]:http://www.gog.com/game/fragile_allegiance +[28]:http://www.gog.com/game/gemini_rue +[29]:http://www.gog.com/game/gods_will_be_watching +[30]:http://www.gog.com/game/hammerwatch +[31]:http://www.gog.com/game/hocus_pocus +[32]:http://www.gog.com/game/kentucky_route_zero_season_pass +[33]:http://www.gog.com/game/last_federation_the +[34]:http://www.gog.com/game/legend_of_grimrock +[35]:http://www.gog.com/game/litil_divil +[36]:http://www.gog.com/game/long_live_the_queen +[37]:http://www.gog.com/game/mousecraft +[38]:http://www.gog.com/game/multiwinia +[39]:http://www.gog.com/game/normality +[40]:http://www.gog.com/game/pinball_gold_pack +[41]:http://www.gog.com/game/pinball_world +[42]:http://www.gog.com/game/pirates_gold_plus +[43]:http://www.gog.com/game/realms_of_the_haunting +[44]:http://www.gog.com/game/rex_nebular_and_the_cosmic_gender_bender +[45]:http://www.gog.com/game/rise_of_the_triad__dark_war +[46]:http://www.gog.com/game/shattered_haven +[47]:http://www.gog.com/game/the_shivah +[48]:http://www.gog.com/game/sid_meiers_colonization +[49]:http://www.gog.com/game/sid_meiers_covert_action +[50]:http://www.gog.com/game/sir_you_are_being_hunted +[51]:http://www.gog.com/game/slipstream_5000 +[52]:http://www.gog.com/game/space_pirates_and_zombies +[53]:http://www.gog.com/game/spacechem +[54]:http://www.gog.com/game/stargunner +[55]:http://www.gog.com/game/steamworld_dig +[56]:http://www.gog.com/game/super_hexagon +[57]:http://www.gog.com/game/surgeon_simulator_2013 +[58]:http://www.gog.com/game/sword_of_the_samurai +[59]:http://www.gog.com/game/teslagrad +[60]:http://www.gog.com/game/unrest_special_edition +[61]:http://www.gog.com/game/uplink_hacker_elite +[62]:http://www.gog.com/game/vvvvvv +[63]:http://www.gog.com/promo/linux_launch_promo_240714 +[64]:http://www.gog.com/promo/linux_launch_promo_240714 +[65]:http://youtu.be/qBxbPts5tOk \ No newline at end of file From 6f213426fd918cfe02e1ce345134773eb49ebf79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Love-xuan Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 17:03:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 681/713] Love-xuan translating --- sources/talk/20140724 Best Linux Browsers.md | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140724 Best Linux Browsers.md b/sources/talk/20140724 Best Linux Browsers.md index 5463fea2d3..fe3960a89a 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140724 Best Linux Browsers.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140724 Best Linux Browsers.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Love-xuan翻译中 Best Linux Browsers ================================================================================ > Pros and cons of the best browsers for the Linux desktop, including Firefox, Chrome and other browsers. From b681fd35a4ff07260dd906d210a47eddd4a98538 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cereuz Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 18:59:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 682/713] Update 20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md --- ...rosoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md | 5 ++++- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md index 4bc74cb38c..e299ec1bb3 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md @@ -1,3 +1,6 @@ +cereuz is translating + + Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu? Install the Official Web Apps ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/office-web-app-.jpg) @@ -54,4 +57,4 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/run-microsoft-office-web-apps-ubuntu-des [1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/ [2]:https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByQnaVw7riBQMjNCUFh4ZlM4Y0E/edit?usp=sharing [3]:http://www.omgchrome.com/microsoft-brings-office-online-chrome-web-store/ -[4]:http://www.omgchrome.com/quickoffice-chrome-extension-gets-name-change/ \ No newline at end of file +[4]:http://www.omgchrome.com/quickoffice-chrome-extension-gets-name-change/ From 14a3a3403446966bac28161822e1d289d6d549af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hunanchenxingyu Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 19:02:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 683/713] =?UTF-8?q?hunanchenxinggyu=20=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91?= =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B8=AD...?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...24 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md | 2 ++ 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140724 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md b/sources/tech/20140724 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md index 5ae836c791..c0790b2c03 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140724 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140724 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md @@ -1,3 +1,5 @@ +hunanchenxingyu translating .... +================================================================================ How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command ================================================================================ How to merge two directory trees with similar layout into a third directory? Let us consider the following example to understand the problem. From adbf2bfa9b0a9c6b2620b62c1d51089734a824ac Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cereuz Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 20:22:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 684/713] Create 20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 删除申请已发，这里是翻译好的，请帮忙校对一下，谢谢。 --- ...e on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps | 58 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 58 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps diff --git a/translated/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps b/translated/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..32991be99b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +需要在Ubuntu上安装微软办公软件？去安装官方的网络应用程序 +================================================== ============================== +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/office-web-app-.jpg) + +**这是微软办公软件及其一贯繁琐的文件指令，而不是每个人的一杯咖啡。同时这是许多工作和教育环境的主要依靠——无论是好还是坏** + +通过使用[LibreOffice的应用程序套件][1]，阅读、编辑和保存这些专有指令出现在Ubuntu上是有着某种程度的可能。在作家中，Calc和Impress都不同程度的夸耀微软办公软件文件的协作性，但在我自己的实际操作经验中（谢天谢地，它很简洁！）它并不完美。 + +时不时的，你会不得不使用微软办公软件，（虽然我们大多数人都心里向着开放标准，但是我们不应该无视实际问题）但你已经没有意愿去购买一个完整的微软办公软件许可证来运行这个窗口模拟器，那么微软的在线网络应用程序是完美的解决方法。 + +###安装微软在线办公软件上的应用程序在Ubuntu＃＃＃ + +为了使从Ubuntu的桌面访问这些在线版本更容易，“Linux的网络应用程序项目”创造了一个小的、非官方的安装程序。它可以添加网络应用程序的快捷方式（“荣耀书签”）到您的应用程序启动器。 + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/microsoft-office-web-apps.jpg) + +通过快捷方式，相应的Microsoft Web应用程序在你默认的系统浏览器中打开，不可能有比这更精美的了。听起来漂亮吗？下面是你的应用程序的快捷方式： + +- 文档 +- 表格 +- 幻灯片 +- Outlook +- OneDrive +- 日历 +- OneNote +- 通讯录 + +该软件包还创建了一个新的应用程序类别来容纳这些链接，不但可以让您把这些快捷方式从其他应用程序单独分开来，而且是直接位于常见的“办公软件”应用程序下。 + +这些都是必不可少的吗？不见得。他们有用吗？这取决于你的工作流程。但它是不错的选择吗？一定是的。 + +你可以从下面的链接保存含有.deb文件安装程序，其中有安装链接。适用于Ubuntu14.04 LTS和更高版本。 + +- [下载微软的在线办公应用(.deb)][2] + +###其他可选项### + +![](http://d0od.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Screen-Shot-2014-04-15-at-15.29.35-350x200.png) + +类似的替代方案是[安装Chrome官方网上应用商店的在线办公应用程序][3]，然后添加应用程序启动器到Linux。这次短跑中仍然会为它们创建可启动的快捷方式，但那些可以被设置为打开自己的窗框，而且不需要安装任何第三方软件包。 + +同时，谷歌最近在整合完整的Office功能（由于其购买了QuickOffice）[到自己的文档，幻灯片和床单应用][4]。Android应用程序Quickoffice退出了舞台，同时Chrome也实现了扩展。 + +如果你是一个深度的谷歌网络硬盘/文档的用户，那么这个解决方案可能对你是更加好了。 + +-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/run-microsoft-office-web-apps-ubuntu-desktop + +译者：[cereuz](https://github.com/cereuz) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/ +[2]:https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByQnaVw7riBQMjNCUFh4ZlM4Y0E/edit?usp=sharing +[3]:http://www.omgchrome.com/microsoft-brings-office-online-chrome-web-store/ +[4]:http://www.omgchrome.com/quickoffice-chrome-extension-gets-name-change/ From f5b18d78e03fdf71e3661cb21b6f33dd6aa47fdd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 20:32:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 685/713] Update 20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md --- ...icrosoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md index 4bc74cb38c..e4ab25e917 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +translating by GOLinux... Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu? Install the Official Web Apps ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/office-web-app-.jpg) @@ -54,4 +55,4 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/run-microsoft-office-web-apps-ubuntu-des [1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/ [2]:https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByQnaVw7riBQMjNCUFh4ZlM4Y0E/edit?usp=sharing [3]:http://www.omgchrome.com/microsoft-brings-office-online-chrome-web-store/ -[4]:http://www.omgchrome.com/quickoffice-chrome-extension-gets-name-change/ \ No newline at end of file +[4]:http://www.omgchrome.com/quickoffice-chrome-extension-gets-name-change/ From 45ae92fe3d9a39d07e0fa6e67a2f42728101e56c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 21:35:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 686/713] Translated:20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md --- ...n Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md | 58 ------------------- ...n Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md | 58 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md deleted file mode 100644 index e4ab25e917..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,58 +0,0 @@ -translating by GOLinux... -Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu? Install the Official Web Apps -================================================================================ -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/office-web-app-.jpg) - -**It’s not everyone’s cup of joe, but Microsoft Office and its family of finicky file formats are a mainstay of many working and educational environments — for better or worse.** - -Reading, editing and saving to these proprietary formats is sort of possible on Ubuntu using the [LibreOffice suite of apps][1]. Writer, Calc and Impress all boast varying degrees of Microsoft Office file interoperability, though in my own real world experience (thankfully brief) it’s not perfect. - -For the times you can’t go without using Office file formats (as ideological as most of us are about open standards, we shouldn’t be blind to practicalities) but you’ve no desire to purchase a full MS Office licence to run through WINE, the official set of Microsoft Office Online web apps are the perfect answer. - -### Install Microsoft Office Online Apps in Ubuntu ### - -To make accessing these online versions easier from the Ubuntu desktop, the ‘Linux Web Apps project’ has created a small, unofficial installer that adds web app shortcuts (“glorified bookmarks”) to your application launcher. - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/microsoft-office-web-apps.jpg) - -These are nothing more fancy than shortcuts to the respective Microsoft web app that opens in your default system browser. Sound nifty? You get application shortcuts for: - -- Word -- Excel -- PowerPoint -- Outlook -- OneDrive -- Calendar -- OneNote -- People - -The package also creates a new application category housing the links, letting you view the shortcuts separately from other applications as well as under the regular “office” apps directory. - -Are these essential? Not really. Are they useful? Depends on your workflow. But is it nice to have the option? For sure. - -You can grab the .deb installer containing the links from the link below and is suitable for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS and later. - -- [Download Microsoft Office Web Apps (.deb)][2] - -### Other Alternatives ### - -![](http://d0od.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Screen-Shot-2014-04-15-at-15.29.35-350x200.png) - -A similar alternative is to [install the official Office Online web applications from the Chrome Web Store][3], then add the app launcher to Linux. This will still create launchable shortcuts for them in the Dash, but ones that can be set to open in their own window frames and forgo the need to install any third-party packages. - -Similarly, Google recently folded in full Office capabilities (thanks to its purchase of QuickOffice) [into its own Docs, Slides and Sheets applications][4], retired the QuickOffice Android application and rebranded the companion Chrome extension. - -If you’re a heavy Google Drive/Docs user, this may be the better solution for you. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/run-microsoft-office-web-apps-ubuntu-desktop - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/ -[2]:https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByQnaVw7riBQMjNCUFh4ZlM4Y0E/edit?usp=sharing -[3]:http://www.omgchrome.com/microsoft-brings-office-online-chrome-web-store/ -[4]:http://www.omgchrome.com/quickoffice-chrome-extension-gets-name-change/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md b/translated/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9bb144ef4a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +Ubuntu上需要用微软Office？安装官方网页应用吧 +================================================================================ +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/office-web-app-.jpg) + +**尽管不想和所有人分一杯羹，但是微软Office和它过分挑剔的文件格式是许多工作和教育环境的主要支持 —— 不论好坏。** + +读取，编辑以及保存这些专有格式，在Ubuntu上可以通过[LibreOffice套件应用][1]成为可能。Writer，Calc和Impress都以其能和微软Office在不同程度上互操作而引以为傲，尽管以我的实际经验（值得庆幸，很简要）它并不完美。 + +对于你不能舍弃使用Office文件格式的时候（尽管在意识形态上，我们大多数人都坚守开放标准，但是我们也不应该对现实熟视无睹），而你也不想要购买完整的MS Office许可证来通过WINE运行，官方的微软Office在线网页应用套件是完美的解决方案。 + +### Ubuntu中安装微软Office在线应用 ### + + +要让这些在线版本更容易地在Ubuntu桌面上访问到，“Linux网页应用项目”已经为你创建了一个小巧的，非官方的安装器，它可以为你添加网页应用快捷方式（“炫书签”）到应用启动器。 + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/microsoft-office-web-apps.jpg) + +这些都没什么比把各个微软网页应用设置成快捷方式，然后通过默认的系统浏览器来打开它们更炫了。听上去很时髦？你可以为下面这些应用设置快捷方式： + +- Word +- Excel +- PowerPoint +- Outlook +- OneDrive +- Calendar +- OneNote +- People + +该包也创建了一个新的应用目录，用来收纳链接，可以让你像以往的“office”应用目录一样，从中查看各个快捷方式。 + +这些很有必要吗？不是很必要。它们很有用吗？这取决于你的工作流程。但是，有这样的选择不是很好吗？那是当然了。 + +你可以从下面的链接中获取包含这些链接的.deb安装器，它适用于Ubuntu 14.04以及后续版本。 + +- [下载微软Office网页应用(.deb)][2] + +### 其它选择 ### + +![](http://d0od.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Screen-Shot-2014-04-15-at-15.29.35-350x200.png) + +一个类似的选择，是[从Chrome网上商店安装官方Office在线网页应用][3]，然后将该应用启动器添加到Linux中。这也会为它们在Dash中创建可启动快捷方式，但是这些可以设置为在它们自己的窗口框架中打开，而且可以忽略安装任何第三方包。 + +类似地，Google最近将完整的Office功能（多亏了它购买了QuickOffice）[加入到了它自己的Docs，Slides和Sheets应用中][4]，收回了安卓版QuickOffice应用并重新命名了相应的Chrome扩展。 + +如果你是Google Drive/Docs的重度用户，这可能对你而言是个更加的解决方案。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/run-microsoft-office-web-apps-ubuntu-desktop + +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/ +[2]:https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByQnaVw7riBQMjNCUFh4ZlM4Y0E/edit?usp=sharing +[3]:http://www.omgchrome.com/microsoft-brings-office-online-chrome-web-store/ +[4]:http://www.omgchrome.com/quickoffice-chrome-extension-gets-name-change/ From 2e56a67ea22bffba1b82ba44ad392b8dc2add573 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 22:09:27 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 687/713] Revert "Translated:20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Officia..." --- ...n Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md | 58 +++++++++++++++++++ ...n Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md | 58 ------------------- 2 files changed, 58 insertions(+), 58 deletions(-) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md delete mode 100644 translated/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e4ab25e917 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md @@ -0,0 +1,58 @@ +translating by GOLinux... +Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu? Install the Official Web Apps +================================================================================ +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/office-web-app-.jpg) + +**It’s not everyone’s cup of joe, but Microsoft Office and its family of finicky file formats are a mainstay of many working and educational environments — for better or worse.** + +Reading, editing and saving to these proprietary formats is sort of possible on Ubuntu using the [LibreOffice suite of apps][1]. Writer, Calc and Impress all boast varying degrees of Microsoft Office file interoperability, though in my own real world experience (thankfully brief) it’s not perfect. + +For the times you can’t go without using Office file formats (as ideological as most of us are about open standards, we shouldn’t be blind to practicalities) but you’ve no desire to purchase a full MS Office licence to run through WINE, the official set of Microsoft Office Online web apps are the perfect answer. + +### Install Microsoft Office Online Apps in Ubuntu ### + +To make accessing these online versions easier from the Ubuntu desktop, the ‘Linux Web Apps project’ has created a small, unofficial installer that adds web app shortcuts (“glorified bookmarks”) to your application launcher. + +![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/microsoft-office-web-apps.jpg) + +These are nothing more fancy than shortcuts to the respective Microsoft web app that opens in your default system browser. Sound nifty? You get application shortcuts for: + +- Word +- Excel +- PowerPoint +- Outlook +- OneDrive +- Calendar +- OneNote +- People + +The package also creates a new application category housing the links, letting you view the shortcuts separately from other applications as well as under the regular “office” apps directory. + +Are these essential? Not really. Are they useful? Depends on your workflow. But is it nice to have the option? For sure. + +You can grab the .deb installer containing the links from the link below and is suitable for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS and later. + +- [Download Microsoft Office Web Apps (.deb)][2] + +### Other Alternatives ### + +![](http://d0od.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Screen-Shot-2014-04-15-at-15.29.35-350x200.png) + +A similar alternative is to [install the official Office Online web applications from the Chrome Web Store][3], then add the app launcher to Linux. This will still create launchable shortcuts for them in the Dash, but ones that can be set to open in their own window frames and forgo the need to install any third-party packages. + +Similarly, Google recently folded in full Office capabilities (thanks to its purchase of QuickOffice) [into its own Docs, Slides and Sheets applications][4], retired the QuickOffice Android application and rebranded the companion Chrome extension. + +If you’re a heavy Google Drive/Docs user, this may be the better solution for you. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/run-microsoft-office-web-apps-ubuntu-desktop + +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/ +[2]:https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByQnaVw7riBQMjNCUFh4ZlM4Y0E/edit?usp=sharing +[3]:http://www.omgchrome.com/microsoft-brings-office-online-chrome-web-store/ +[4]:http://www.omgchrome.com/quickoffice-chrome-extension-gets-name-change/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md b/translated/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9bb144ef4a..0000000000 --- a/translated/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,58 +0,0 @@ -Ubuntu上需要用微软Office？安装官方网页应用吧 -================================================================================ -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/office-web-app-.jpg) - -**尽管不想和所有人分一杯羹，但是微软Office和它过分挑剔的文件格式是许多工作和教育环境的主要支持 —— 不论好坏。** - -读取，编辑以及保存这些专有格式，在Ubuntu上可以通过[LibreOffice套件应用][1]成为可能。Writer，Calc和Impress都以其能和微软Office在不同程度上互操作而引以为傲，尽管以我的实际经验（值得庆幸，很简要）它并不完美。 - -对于你不能舍弃使用Office文件格式的时候（尽管在意识形态上，我们大多数人都坚守开放标准，但是我们也不应该对现实熟视无睹），而你也不想要购买完整的MS Office许可证来通过WINE运行，官方的微软Office在线网页应用套件是完美的解决方案。 - -### Ubuntu中安装微软Office在线应用 ### - - -要让这些在线版本更容易地在Ubuntu桌面上访问到，“Linux网页应用项目”已经为你创建了一个小巧的，非官方的安装器，它可以为你添加网页应用快捷方式（“炫书签”）到应用启动器。 - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/microsoft-office-web-apps.jpg) - -这些都没什么比把各个微软网页应用设置成快捷方式，然后通过默认的系统浏览器来打开它们更炫了。听上去很时髦？你可以为下面这些应用设置快捷方式： - -- Word -- Excel -- PowerPoint -- Outlook -- OneDrive -- Calendar -- OneNote -- People - -该包也创建了一个新的应用目录，用来收纳链接，可以让你像以往的“office”应用目录一样，从中查看各个快捷方式。 - -这些很有必要吗？不是很必要。它们很有用吗？这取决于你的工作流程。但是，有这样的选择不是很好吗？那是当然了。 - -你可以从下面的链接中获取包含这些链接的.deb安装器，它适用于Ubuntu 14.04以及后续版本。 - -- [下载微软Office网页应用(.deb)][2] - -### 其它选择 ### - -![](http://d0od.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Screen-Shot-2014-04-15-at-15.29.35-350x200.png) - -一个类似的选择，是[从Chrome网上商店安装官方Office在线网页应用][3]，然后将该应用启动器添加到Linux中。这也会为它们在Dash中创建可启动快捷方式，但是这些可以设置为在它们自己的窗口框架中打开，而且可以忽略安装任何第三方包。 - -类似地，Google最近将完整的Office功能（多亏了它购买了QuickOffice）[加入到了它自己的Docs，Slides和Sheets应用中][4]，收回了安卓版QuickOffice应用并重新命名了相应的Chrome扩展。 - -如果你是Google Drive/Docs的重度用户，这可能对你而言是个更加的解决方案。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/run-microsoft-office-web-apps-ubuntu-desktop - -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/ -[2]:https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByQnaVw7riBQMjNCUFh4ZlM4Y0E/edit?usp=sharing -[3]:http://www.omgchrome.com/microsoft-brings-office-online-chrome-web-store/ -[4]:http://www.omgchrome.com/quickoffice-chrome-extension-gets-name-change/ From 4941a4ba330dc56e892f4590e7be565be173d467 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 22:10:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 688/713] Revert "Translating: 20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md" --- ...icrosoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md | 3 +-- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md index e4ab25e917..4bc74cb38c 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md @@ -1,4 +1,3 @@ -translating by GOLinux... Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu? Install the Official Web Apps ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/office-web-app-.jpg) @@ -55,4 +54,4 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/run-microsoft-office-web-apps-ubuntu-des [1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/ [2]:https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByQnaVw7riBQMjNCUFh4ZlM4Y0E/edit?usp=sharing [3]:http://www.omgchrome.com/microsoft-brings-office-online-chrome-web-store/ -[4]:http://www.omgchrome.com/quickoffice-chrome-extension-gets-name-change/ +[4]:http://www.omgchrome.com/quickoffice-chrome-extension-gets-name-change/ \ No newline at end of file From a9a628654709c3ecc7679f1566c1df57a8a8702f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 22:15:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 689/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E8=A1=A5=E5=85=85=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4~?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...n Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md | 60 ------------------- 1 file changed, 60 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md deleted file mode 100644 index e299ec1bb3..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Web Apps.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,60 +0,0 @@ -cereuz is translating - - -Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu? Install the Official Web Apps -================================================================================ -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/office-web-app-.jpg) - -**It’s not everyone’s cup of joe, but Microsoft Office and its family of finicky file formats are a mainstay of many working and educational environments — for better or worse.** - -Reading, editing and saving to these proprietary formats is sort of possible on Ubuntu using the [LibreOffice suite of apps][1]. Writer, Calc and Impress all boast varying degrees of Microsoft Office file interoperability, though in my own real world experience (thankfully brief) it’s not perfect. - -For the times you can’t go without using Office file formats (as ideological as most of us are about open standards, we shouldn’t be blind to practicalities) but you’ve no desire to purchase a full MS Office licence to run through WINE, the official set of Microsoft Office Online web apps are the perfect answer. - -### Install Microsoft Office Online Apps in Ubuntu ### - -To make accessing these online versions easier from the Ubuntu desktop, the ‘Linux Web Apps project’ has created a small, unofficial installer that adds web app shortcuts (“glorified bookmarks”) to your application launcher. - -![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/microsoft-office-web-apps.jpg) - -These are nothing more fancy than shortcuts to the respective Microsoft web app that opens in your default system browser. Sound nifty? You get application shortcuts for: - -- Word -- Excel -- PowerPoint -- Outlook -- OneDrive -- Calendar -- OneNote -- People - -The package also creates a new application category housing the links, letting you view the shortcuts separately from other applications as well as under the regular “office” apps directory. - -Are these essential? Not really. Are they useful? Depends on your workflow. But is it nice to have the option? For sure. - -You can grab the .deb installer containing the links from the link below and is suitable for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS and later. - -- [Download Microsoft Office Web Apps (.deb)][2] - -### Other Alternatives ### - -![](http://d0od.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Screen-Shot-2014-04-15-at-15.29.35-350x200.png) - -A similar alternative is to [install the official Office Online web applications from the Chrome Web Store][3], then add the app launcher to Linux. This will still create launchable shortcuts for them in the Dash, but ones that can be set to open in their own window frames and forgo the need to install any third-party packages. - -Similarly, Google recently folded in full Office capabilities (thanks to its purchase of QuickOffice) [into its own Docs, Slides and Sheets applications][4], retired the QuickOffice Android application and rebranded the companion Chrome extension. - -If you’re a heavy Google Drive/Docs user, this may be the better solution for you. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/run-microsoft-office-web-apps-ubuntu-desktop - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/ -[2]:https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByQnaVw7riBQMjNCUFh4ZlM4Y0E/edit?usp=sharing -[3]:http://www.omgchrome.com/microsoft-brings-office-online-chrome-web-store/ -[4]:http://www.omgchrome.com/quickoffice-chrome-extension-gets-name-change/ From 7826f4a85da6e764319abda3efc287f5f1f8538f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 22:35:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 690/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=88=A0=E9=99=A4=E9=87=8D=E5=A4=8D?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=96=87=E7=AB=A0?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @DeadFire 这篇之前发过了，并已经翻译过了 --- ...Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md | 191 ------------------ 1 file changed, 191 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140724 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140724 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md b/sources/tech/20140724 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md deleted file mode 100644 index 87f92eac72..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140724 7 dmesg Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,191 +0,0 @@ -7 ‘dmesg’ Commands for Troubleshooting and Collecting Information of Linux Systems -================================================================================ -The ‘dmesg‘ command displays the messages from the kernel ring buffer. A system passes multiple runlevel from where we can get lot of information like system architecture, cpu, attached device, RAM etc. When computer boots up, a kernel (core of an operating system) is loaded into memory. During that period number of messages are being displayed where we can see hardware devices detected by kernel. - -![dmesg Command Examples](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/dmesg-Command-Examples.png) -dmesg Command Examples - -The messages are very important in terms of diagnosing purpose in case of device failure. When we connect or disconnect hardware device on the system, with the help of dmesg command we come to know detected or disconnected information on the fly. The **dmesg** command is available on most **Linux and Unix** based Operating System. - -Let’s throw some light on most famous tool called ‘dmesg’ command with their practical examples as discussed below. The exact syntax of dmesg as follows. - - # dmseg [options...] - -### 1. List all loaded Drivers in Kernel ### - -We can use text-manipulation tools i.e. ‘**more**‘, ‘**tail**‘, ‘**less**‘ or ‘**grep**‘ with dmesg command. As output of dmesg log won’t fit on a single page, using dmesg with pipe more or less command will display logs in a single page. - - [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | more - [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | less - -#### Sample Output #### - - [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset - [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu - [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct - [ 0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic (buildd@aatxe) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 - (Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6) - [ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus: - [ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel - [ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD - [ 0.000000] NSC Geode by NSC - [ 0.000000] Cyrix CyrixInstead - [ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls - [ 0.000000] Transmeta GenuineTMx86 - [ 0.000000] Transmeta TransmetaCPU - [ 0.000000] UMC UMC UMC UMC - [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000e0000000-0x00000000efffffff] reserved - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fec00000-0x00000000fed003ff] reserved - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fed20000-0x00000000fed9ffff] reserved - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fee00000-0x00000000feefffff] reserved - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000ffb00000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved - [ 0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active - ..... - -### 2. List all Detected Devices ### - -To discover which hard disks has been detected by kernel, you can search for the keyword “**sda**” along with “**grep**” like shown below. - - [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | grep sda - - [ 1.280971] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] 488281250 512-byte logical blocks: (250 GB/232 GiB) - [ 1.281014] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write Protect is off - [ 1.281016] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Mode Sense: 00 3a 00 00 - [ 1.281039] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Write cache: enabled, read cache: enabled, doesn't support DPO or FUA - [ 1.359585] sda: sda1 sda2 < sda5 sda6 sda7 sda8 > - [ 1.360052] sd 2:0:0:0: [sda] Attached SCSI disk - [ 2.347887] EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) - [ 22.928440] Adding 3905532k swap on /dev/sda6. Priority:-1 extents:1 across:3905532k FS - [ 23.950543] EXT4-fs (sda1): re-mounted. Opts: errors=remount-ro - [ 24.134016] EXT4-fs (sda5): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) - [ 24.330762] EXT4-fs (sda7): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) - [ 24.561015] EXT4-fs (sda8): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) - -**NOTE**: The ‘sda’ first SATA hard drive, ‘sdb’ is the second SATA hard drive and so on. Search with ‘hda’ or ‘hdb’ in the case of IDE hard drive. - -### 3. Print Only First 20 Lines of Output ### - -The ‘head’ along with dmesg will show starting lines i.e. ‘dmesg | head -20′ will print only 20 lines from the starting point. - - [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | head -20 - - [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset - [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu - [ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuacct - [ 0.000000] Linux version 3.11.0-13-generic (buildd@aatxe) (gcc version 4.8.1 (Ubuntu/Linaro 4.8.1-10ubuntu8) ) #20-Ubuntu SMP Wed Oct 23 17:26:33 UTC 2013 (Ubuntu 3.11.0-13.20-generic 3.11.6) - [ 0.000000] KERNEL supported cpus: - [ 0.000000] Intel GenuineIntel - [ 0.000000] AMD AuthenticAMD - [ 0.000000] NSC Geode by NSC - [ 0.000000] Cyrix CyrixInstead - [ 0.000000] Centaur CentaurHauls - [ 0.000000] Transmeta GenuineTMx86 - [ 0.000000] Transmeta TransmetaCPU - [ 0.000000] UMC UMC UMC UMC - [ 0.000000] e820: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000007dc08bff] usable - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc08c00-0x000000007dc5cbff] ACPI NVS - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5cc00-0x000000007dc5ebff] ACPI data - [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000007dc5ec00-0x000000007fffffff] reserved - -### 4. Print Only Last 20 Lines of Output ### - -### 4. Print Only Last 20 Lines of Output ### - -The ‘tail’ along with dmesg command will print only 20 last lines, this is useful in case we insert removable device. - - [root@tecmint.com ~]# dmesg | tail -20 - - parport0: PC-style at 0x378, irq 7 [PCSPP,TRISTATE] - ppdev: user-space parallel port driver - EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode - Adding 2097144k swap on /dev/sda2. Priority:-1 extents:1 across:2097144k - readahead-disable-service: delaying service auditd - ip_tables: (C) 2000-2006 Netfilter Core Team - nf_conntrack version 0.5.0 (16384 buckets, 65536 max) - NET: Registered protocol family 10 - lo: Disabled Privacy Extensions - e1000: eth0 NIC Link is Up 1000 Mbps Full Duplex, Flow Control: None - Slow work thread pool: Starting up - Slow work thread pool: Ready - FS-Cache: Loaded - CacheFiles: Loaded - CacheFiles: Security denies permission to nominate security context: error -95 - eth0: no IPv6 routers present - type=1305 audit(1398268784.593:18630): audit_enabled=0 old=1 auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295 res=1 - readahead-collector: starting delayed service auditd - readahead-collector: sorting - readahead-collector: finished - -### 5. Search Detected Device or Particular String ### - -It’s difficult to search particular string due to length of dmesg output. So, filter the lines with are having string like ‘**usb**‘ ‘**dma**‘ ‘**tty**‘ and ‘**memory**‘ etc. The ‘-i’ option instruct to [grep command][1] to ignore the case (upper or lower case letters). - - [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i usb - [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i dma - [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i tty - [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg | grep -i memory - -#### Sample Output #### - - [ 0.000000] Scanning 1 areas for low memory corruption - [ 0.000000] initial memory mapped: [mem 0x00000000-0x01ffffff] - [ 0.000000] Base memory trampoline at [c009b000] 9b000 size 16384 - [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00000000-0x000fffff] - [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37800000-0x379fffff] - [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x34000000-0x377fffff] - [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x00100000-0x33ffffff] - [ 0.000000] init_memory_mapping: [mem 0x37a00000-0x37bfdfff] - [ 0.000000] Early memory node ranges - [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x0009f000-0x000effff] - [ 0.000000] PM: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x000f0000-0x000fffff] - [ 0.000000] please try 'cgroup_disable=memory' option if you don't want memory cgroups - [ 0.000000] Memory: 2003288K/2059928K available (6352K kernel code, 607K rwdata, 2640K rodata, 880K init, 908K bss, 56640K reserved, 1146920K highmem) - [ 0.000000] virtual kernel memory layout: - [ 0.004291] Initializing cgroup subsys memory - [ 0.004609] Freeing SMP alternatives memory: 28K (c1a3e000 - c1a45000) - [ 0.899622] Freeing initrd memory: 23616K (f51d0000 - f68e0000) - [ 0.899813] Scanning for low memory corruption every 60 seconds - [ 0.946323] agpgart-intel 0000:00:00.0: detected 32768K stolen memory - [ 1.360318] Freeing unused kernel memory: 880K (c1962000 - c1a3e000) - [ 1.429066] [drm] Memory usable by graphics device = 2048M - -### 6. Clear dmesg Buffer Logs ### - -Yes, we can clear dmesg logs if required with below command. It will clear dmesg ring buffer message logs till you executed the command below. Still you can view logs stored in ‘**/var/log/dmesg**‘ files. If you connect any device will generate dmesg output. - - [root@tecmint.com log]# dmesg -c - -### 7. Monitoring dmesg in Real Time ### - -Some distro allows command ‘tail -f /var/log/dmesg’ as well for real time dmesg monitoring. - - [root@tecmint.com log]# watch "dmesg | tail -20" - -Conclusion: The dmesg command is useful as dmesg records all the system changes done or occur in real time. As always you can man dmesg to get more information. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.tecmint.com/dmesg-commands/ - -原文作者： - -![](http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/36c7c25164c3455f2f711b01e395de0d?s=80&d=blank&r=G) - -[Narad Shrestha][a](He has over 10 years of rich IT experience which includes various Linux Distros, FOSS and Networking. Narad always believes sharing IT knowledge with others and adopts new technology with ease.) - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/navin/ -[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/12-practical-examples-of-linux-grep-command/ \ No newline at end of file From 343785f6776fb2400660eda93e37c4318f96ae7c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: hunanchenxingyu Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2014 23:38:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 691/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E7=BF=BB=E8=AF=91=E5=AE=8C=E6=88=90=20?= =?UTF-8?q?by=20hunanchenxingyu?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...rectory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md | 77 ------------------ ...rectory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md | 78 +++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 78 insertions(+), 77 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140724 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140724 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140724 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md b/sources/tech/20140724 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md deleted file mode 100644 index c0790b2c03..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140724 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,77 +0,0 @@ -hunanchenxingyu translating .... -================================================================================ -How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command -================================================================================ -How to merge two directory trees with similar layout into a third directory? Let us consider the following example to understand the problem. - -Suppose two directories dir1 and dir2 have 3 sub-directories a, b and c in each of them. The directory layout is like below: - -![Layout of input directories](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/01.merge_dir_layout.png) -Layout of input directories - -These directories a, b and c have some files in them. The output of tree command will illustrate better: - -![Layout of files](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/02.merge_file_layout.png) -Layout of files - -### 1. Using cp to create merge: ### - -Now we want to merge these two directories into a third directory, say “merged”. -The simplest thing that you can do to achieve this is to copy recursively the directories like below: - -![Copy directories recursively to create new merge](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/03.merge_cp_recursive.png) -Copy directories recursively to create new merge - -#### 1.1 Problem with cp command and alternative: #### - -The problem with this approach is that the files created inside merged directory are copy of original files, and not the original files themselves. But wait, (you might be asking yourself) what is the problem if the files are not original? So to answer your question, consider the situation where you have large number of bulky files. In that case, copying all the files might take hours. - -Now let’s get back and try the same with mv command instead of cp. - -![Attempt to merge with mv command](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/04.merge_mv_recursive.png) -Attempt to merge with mv command - -The directories are not merged. So we cannot use mv command to merge directories like this. -Now how can you keep the original files inside “merged” directory? - -### 2. The solution: ### - -The cp command has a very useful option to draw us out of this situation. -The -l or --link option to cp aommand creates the hard links instead of copying the files themselves. Let us try with that. - -Before trying out the hard link option to cp command, let us print the inode number of the original files. -The tree command has option to print the inodes with --inodes option: - -![Display inodes of original files](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/05.merge_display_inodes.png) -Display inodes of original files - -Now we have the inodes listed here, we can proceed to creating the hard links with --link option to cp command: - -![Merge directories with hard links](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/06.merge_create_links.png) -Merge directories with hard links - -#### 2.1 Verify the files: #### - -Now the files are copied, let us verify if the inodes match with original files: - -![Verify Inodes](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/07.merge_verify_inodes.png) -Verify Inodes - -#### 2.2 Cleanup: #### - -As you can see that the files have same inodes as original files. Now the problem is solved and we have the original files inside merged directory. We can now cleanup by removing the directories dir1 and dir2. - -![Remove original directories](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/08.merge_cleanup.png) -Remove original directories - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/merge-directory-trees-linux/ - -原文作者：[Raghu][a] - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/raghu/ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/translated/tech/20140724 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md b/translated/tech/20140724 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2f9beebd09 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140724 How to Merge Directory Trees in Linux using cp Command.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +在linux中怎样使用cp命令合并目录树 +================================================================================ +怎样将布局相似的两个目录树合并成新的目录树? 为理解该问题让我们思考下面的例子. + +假设dir1和dir2目录中分别有3个子目录a,b和c.目录布局如下所示: + +![Layout of input directories](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/01.merge_dir_layout.png) +输入目录布局 + +在目录a,b和c中有一些文件，tree命令的输出将能更好的说明: + +![Layout of files](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/02.merge_file_layout.png) +文件布局 + +### 1. 使用cp命令创建合并: ### + +现在我们将这两个目录合并成一个新的目录，如"merged".完成上述操作最简单的方式就是递归 +复制目录，如下图所示: + +![Copy directories recursively to create new merge](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/03.merge_cp_recursive.png) +递归复制完成新的合并 + +#### 1.1 cp命令和替换带来的问题: #### + +这种方式所带来的问题是该合并目录中所创建的文件为原文件的副本，并非原文件本身. 别急, (你可能正在问自己) 如果不是原文件又有什么问题? 为了回答你的问题，考虑下你有很多大文件的情况 +.那种情形下，复制所有的文件可能消耗数小时. + +现在让我们回到刚那问题上，且尝试使用mv命令而不是cp命令. + +![Attempt to merge with mv command](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/04.merge_mv_recursive.png) +企图使用mv命令进行合并操作 + +这些目录不能被合并.因此我们不能像这样使用mv命令去合并目录. +现在你该怎样将原文件保存到"merged"目录中? + +### 2. 方法: ### + +cp命令有一个非常有用的选项来帮助我们摆脱这种状况. +cp命令的-l 或 --link选项能够创建硬链接而非原文件副本.让我们尝试一下. + +在我们尝试cp命令的硬链接选项前，让我们查看一下原文件的inode号码. +可通过tree命令--inodes选项来查看inodes: + +![Display inodes of original files](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/05.merge_display_inodes.png) +原文件的inodes + +现在我们有了inodes的列表，对于cp命令可通过--link选项创建硬链接: + +![Merge directories with hard links](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/06.merge_create_links.png) +使用硬链接合并的目录 + +#### 2.1 验证文件: #### + +现在文件已经被复制，让我们验证一下inodes是否和原文件匹配: + +![Verify Inodes](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/07.merge_verify_inodes.png) +Verify Inodes + +#### 2.2 清除: #### + + +正如你所看到的，这些文件的inodes和原文件的一样.现在 那问题已经被解决，且 +原文件已被复制到合并目录中.现在我们能够移除dir1和dir2目录. + +![Remove original directories](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/08.merge_cleanup.png) +移除原始目录 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/merge-directory-trees-linux/ + +原文作者：[Raghu][a] + +译者：[hunanchenxingyu](https://github.com/hunanchenxingyu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/raghu/ \ No newline at end of file From eb0426336aa7ad9bf0e74f79e224a5146e2c694b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Oolong Tea Date: Sat, 26 Jul 2014 23:18:20 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 692/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E4=B9=8C=E9=BE=99=E8=8C=B6=20=E7=BF=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91=E4=B8=AD?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...SteamOS--A Linux-based Gaming Operating System Announced.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140616 Valve SteamOS--A Linux-based Gaming Operating System Announced.md b/sources/talk/20140616 Valve SteamOS--A Linux-based Gaming Operating System Announced.md index 174360e754..a65c9c609d 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20140616 Valve SteamOS--A Linux-based Gaming Operating System Announced.md +++ b/sources/talk/20140616 Valve SteamOS--A Linux-based Gaming Operating System Announced.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +乌龙茶 占坑 Valve SteamOS: A Linux-based Gaming Operating System Announced ================================================================================ ![](http://s0.cyberciti.org/images/faq/2013/09/steam-os.jpg) @@ -31,4 +32,4 @@ via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/linux-games/valve-announces-linux-based-steamos/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[1]:http://store.steampowered.com/livingroom/SteamOS/ \ No newline at end of file +[1]:http://store.steampowered.com/livingroom/SteamOS/ From c62619c100ce5a39f5149c08b9433274adb827cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: disylee Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2014 13:13:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 693/713] translated by disylee 2014-7-17 --- ...0618 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md | 593 ----------------- ...0723 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md | 615 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 615 insertions(+), 593 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20140618 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md create mode 100644 sources/talk/20140723 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20140618 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md b/sources/talk/20140618 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md deleted file mode 100644 index c4a59eb1ab..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20140618 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,593 +0,0 @@ -translating by disylee 20140701 -110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps -================================================================================ -Once again, we're celebrating the arrival of summer with a list of some of the best open source games available. We've updated [last year's list][1] with some new arrivals, as well as getting rid of some of the older games that are no longer under active development. You'll find arcade, board, casual, puzzle, educational, first-person shooter, music, racing, role-playing, adventure, simulator and strategy games, as a well as a few apps that aren't really games but are still a lot of fun. - -This year, more open source games than ever before are now available for mobile devices, primarily Android devices. Hopefully, this trend will continue in coming years. - -Please note that this list is not a ranking. The apps are arranged in categories and listed alphabetically within each category. - -If you would like to suggest a game for next year's version of the list, feel free to make note in the comments section below. - -### Arcade Games ### - -#### 1. [Andy's Super Great Park][2] #### - -Retrieve balloons while avoiding obstacles as you ride a roller coaster. Comes with 25 main levels, plus 18 more levels you can unlock by getting a high score. Operating System: Windows, Linux, Android. - -#### 2. [Armagetron Advanced][3] #### - -A 3D Tron clone, this game challenges you to guide your light cycle so that opponents run into a wall before you do. It supports single-player or networked games with up to 16 players. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X, Android. - -#### 3. [BZFlag][4] #### - -Also known as "Battle Zone Capture the Flag," BZFlag is a popular online tank game. In development since 1992, it features 3D graphics, multiple game modes and competitive multi-player matches. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 4. [Chromium B.S.U.][5] #### - -Don't let the name fool you—it has nothing to do with the Chromium browser. It's a fast-paced, top-scrolling shooter where the difficulty is set so that games will last less than fifteen minutes. Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -#### 5. [The Legend of Edgar][6] #### - -Legend of Edgar is an old-school platform game where the hero must overcome obstacles and enemies in order to accomplish his quest. It includes lots of different weapons and large levels. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 6. [JVGS][7] #### - -Instead of highly detailed graphics, JVGS takes a minimalist approach where stick figures cross a landscape that looks like it was hand-drawn in pencil. The main character in this highly unusual game is a poet who is losing his memories. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 7. [No Gravity][8] #### - -This space-based arcade shooter takes players to the year 8002 where they must complete a variety of missions. Related, but not free, games are also available for Android and iOS. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 8. [Open Sonic][9] #### - -Based on the Sonic the Hedgehog games, Open Sonic offers cooperative gameplay where the user can control three characters at once. Only two levels are available in the original game, but several fans have built mods that offer additional play. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 9. [Powermanga][10] #### - -Similar to the old arcade game Galaga, Powermanga is a 2D, top-scrolling space shooter. It's got more than 41 levels, and it can run on older hardware. Operating System: Linux. - -#### 10. [Scorched3D][11] #### - -Scorched3D is a modern take on the DOS game Scorched Earth, and it's noteworthy for its excellent graphics. You can play in single-player mode or connect to one of the many online servers for multi-player action. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 11. [Sonic Robo Blast 2][12] #### - -Another Sonic-inspired platform game, SRB2 is a 3D platform game built using the Doom engine. It includes three different playable characters and more than twenty levels. Operating System: Linux. - -#### 12. [SuperTux][13] #### - -SuperTux is a lot like the old Mario Bros. games, but with Tux the Linux penguin as the hero. It's a 2D side-scrolling platform game with nine different bad guys and 26 levels to play. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 13. [Those Funny Funguloids][14] #### - -This one-of-a-kind game challenges players to collect mushrooms in space. The website proclaims, "Never before has collecting mushrooms been this mildly entertaining. At least not in outer space. It's more of a lifestyle than a game, really." Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -#### 14. [Teeworlds][15] #### - -This online game describes itself as a "retro multiplayer shooter." It's a side-scrolling 2D game with support for up to 16 players and several different game modes. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 15. [XMoto][16] #### - -In this game, you ride a motorbike through a side-scrolling landscape while collecting strawberries and avoiding the spiky "wreckers." It's harder than it looks! Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 16. [Yo Frankie!][17] #### - -Created with the Blender open source 3D animation tool, Yo Frankie! features characters from the open source movie Peach. Players must guide Frankie, a sugar glider, or Momo, a monkey, over, around and through the obstacles in a highly detailed 3D environment. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -### Board Games ### - -#### 17. [Domination][18] #### - -Java-based Domination brings the board game Risk to your PC or Android device. The latest version lets you play against your Google+ friends through the Google Play Game Services Real-time Multiplayer feature. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X, Android. - -#### 18. [GNU Backgammon][19] #### - -This "world-class" backgammon engine gets better every time you play against it, and it can analyze your play to help you get better. The interface is very nice with customizable graphics. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 19. [Scrabble 3D][20] #### - -With this variation of Scrabble you can choose your own board—the classic version, Superscrabble, 3D Scrabble or your own custom board. Play against the AI or connect to an online server for multi-player games. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 20. [PokerTH][21] #### - -This high-quality Texas Hold 'Em app features an excellent, customizable interface. To play online and see how you rank against other players, register online at Poker-Heroes.com. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X, Android. - -#### 21. [PySolFC][22] #### - -Did you know there were more than 1,000 variations of Solitaire? This huge collection features "games that use the 52 card International Pattern deck, games for the 78 card Tarock deck, eight and ten suit Ganjifa games, Hanafuda games, Matrix games, Mahjongg games, and games for an original hexadecimal-based deck." Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -### Casual and Puzzle Games ### - -#### 22. [2048][23] #### - -In this simple but addictive puzzle game, the player moves blocks around to combine like numbers. You win when you hit 2048. Operating System: Online, iOS, Android. - -#### 23. [Billiards][24] #### - -Billiards aims to be realistic enough to let you practice cue sports when you don't have a table available. It has a good-looking 3D interface, but also runs in 2D for systems without a good graphics processor. Operating System: Linux. - -#### 24. [Cube Trains][25] #### - -Lay tracks to connect tunnels and bridges while maneuvering around obstacles. You can play the many built-in levels or create one of your own. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 25. [Enigma][26] #### - -Similar to the old Oxyd and Rock'n'Roll games, Enigma challenges users to find identical stones amid mazes, traps, laser beams and other obstacles. With more than 1,000 levels, this is one puzzle game that will keep you occupied for a long, long time. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 26. [Fish Fillets NG][27] #### - -In this puzzle game, players must try to find a safe way out of each of the 70 levels. Along the way, fish and other underwater residents offer humorous commentary on the user's progress. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 27. [Frozen Bubble][28] #### - -One of the oldest bubble shooter games around, Frozen Bubble features Tux the Linux Penguin and more than 100 levels for single-players. You can also play against two to five other players via a LAN or the Internet. Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -#### 28. [GnomeGames][29] #### - -This collection includes fifteen different casual games that you can play in five minutes or less. It includes Sudoku, a minesweeper game, Mahjong, a version of Reversi and more. Operating System: Linux. - -#### 29. [I Have No Tomatoes][30] #### - -How many tomatoes can you smash in ten minutes? This "extreme leisure time activity" comes from the same team as Those Funny Funguloids. Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -#### 30. [KDE Games][31] #### - -This is the collection of casual games for the KDE desktop. It includes a solitaire variation, a version of breakout, a golf game, a version of Risk, a minesweeper, sudoku and more. Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -#### 31. [Neverball][32] #### - -In this game, players must tilt the floor to guide a ball through an obstacle course. The game includes lots of levels or you can design your own. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 32. [Pingus][33] #### - -Did you spend hours playing Lemmings back in the 90s? If so, Pingus is for you. It's a remake of Lemmings (with penguins instead of lemmings) with 77 different levels. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 33. [Pushover][34] #### - -This puzzle game features ants who can push over dominoes arranged in various patterns. The player must get all the dominoes to fall and send the special trigger through the exit in order to get to the next level. Operating System: Windows. - -#### 34. [Zaz][35] #### - -Another bubble shooter, Zaz challenges you to hit balls as they travel along a preset path. The twist is that your shooter is also traveling along a path, making things just a little more difficult. Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -### Educational Games ### - -#### 35. [ChildsPlay][36] #### - -Designed for those age five and under, ChildsPlay helps teach sounds, letters, numbers and basic keyboard skills. It also includes some games like memory, pong and pacman. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 36. [GBrainy][37] #### - -Exercise your mind with GBrainy's logic, word, math and memory games. It's fun and educational for players of all ages. Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -#### 37. [GCompris][38] #### - -Made for children ages 2 to 10, GCompris includes more than 100 different activities, most of them educational. It includes math, geography, science, reading, keyboarding and art games, plus chess, sudoku, memory and much more. Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -#### 38. [TuxMath][39] #### - -Solve arithmetic problems quickly before the incoming comets kill the penguins. This simple game reinforces math facts for elementary age students. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -### First-Person Shooter Games ### - -#### 39. [Alien Arena][40] #### - -Built "for fraggers by fraggers," Alien Arena is an intense deathmatch shooter with a retro sci-fi theme. Many different sites offer hosted servers for online games, and there are also plenty of fan sites with playing tips and more. Operating System: Linux, Windows, OS X. - -#### 40. [AssaultCube][41] #### - -Because of its light weight, AssaultCube can run on older hardware, despite its very good realistic graphics. It supports single-player or multi-player games and includes 26 different maps and 12 different game modes. Operating System: Linux, Windows, OS X. - -#### 41. [Classic Nexuiz][42] #### - -Downloaded more than 6 million times, Nexuiz is one of the most popular open source shooter games. A few years ago, a new closed-source version of the game was created, but you can still download the classic version from the link above or from SourceForge. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 42. [OpenArena][43] #### - -This multi-player game is a clone of Quake III Arena and features 13 different weapons, 51 arenas, 18 player characters and 12 types of games. The project's owners warn, "Due to violent and occasional racy content, it's unsuitable for children under the age of 17." Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 43. [Red Eclipse][44] #### - -This casual first-person shooter has received excellent reviews. Features include Parkour, impulse boosts, dashing, several game modes and a built-in level editor. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 44. [Tremulous][45] #### - -This award-winning game mixes elements of a real-time strategy game with a first-person shooter. Users can choose to play as aliens or humans, always with the goal of eliminating the other team. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X, XBox. - -#### 45. [TrueCombat][46] #### - -TrueCombat claims to be "perhaps the best free tactical-realism shooter. EVER." It's a modern world combat simulator with two opposing teams. Note that in order to use it, you will also need Wolfenstein: Enemy Terriroty (see below). Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X - -#### 46. [Unvanquished][47] #### - -Forked from Tremulous, Unvanquished pits "technologically advanced humans against hordes of highly adaptable aliens." It's under very active development with a new release every month. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X - -#### 47. [Warsow][48] #### - -The self-proclaimed "most fast-paced sport on the Web," Warsow is a cartoonish shooter featuring "Rocketlauncher-wielding pigs and lasergun-carrying cyberpunks." Unlike most shooters, it doesn't have a lot of blood and guts, and the emphasis is on movement. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 48. [Wolfenstein: Enemy Terriorty][49] #### - -Although there are several proprietary Wolfenstein games, this one is open source. It's a World War II-era game that pits the Axis against the Allies. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X - -#### 49. [World of Padman][50] #### - -Based on the Quake engine, this shooter is very cartoonish with little gore. Quite a few online servers are available, or you can play offline. Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -#### 50. [Xonotic][51] #### - -Xonotic was forked from the classic version of Nexuiz. It has more than 22 different maps, 16 weapons and lots of different gameplay modes. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 51. [Zero Ballistics][52] #### - -Part first-person shooter, part tank game, Zero Ballistics is set in a picturesque mountain environment and has more than 81 different tank setups available. Play deathmatch, team deathmatch or the unique beaconstrike game mode. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -### Music Games ### - -#### 52. [Frets on Fire][53] #### - -Frets on Fire is a lot like Guitar Hero, and it can even play Guitar Hero songs (though other songs are available as well). No worries if you don't have a guitar controller—you can also play with the keyboard. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 53. [StepMania][54] #### - -This is a free version of Dance Dance Revolution, which challenges users to stay in rhythm to the beat of the music. You can use dance pads (if you have them) to play, or you can just use the keyboard. Operating System: Windows, Linux/Unix, OS X, XBox. - -#### 54. [Ultrastar Deluxe][55] #### - -If karaoke is your thing, you'll love Ultrastar Deluxe. For this game, you must sing along to the music on pitch and in the correct rhythm. It comes with more than 10,000 songs included. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -### Racing Games ### - -#### 55. [Extreme Tux Racer][56] #### - -Tux Racer is a much-loved older game that features Tux the Linux penguin sliding down a mountain on his belly. Extreme Tux Racer updates the classic game for today's players. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 56. [Speed Dreams][57] #### - -This fork of the TORCS auto-racing game (see below) features an updated UI and many new cars and tracks. As in TORCS, the visuals are excellent. Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -#### 57. [SuperTuxKart][58] #### - -This cartoonish racer features Tux the Linux Penguin and friends driving go karts. Guide them around the tracks, while avoiding a horde of silly obstacles. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 58. [TORCS][59] #### - -Short for "The Open Racing Care Simulator," TORCS is an outstanding realistic racing game with a large fan base. Race alone or against friends on one of the many tracks available. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 59. [Ultimate Stunts][60] #### - -Inspired by the classic DOS game Stunts, Ultimate Stunts requires players to guide vehicles across broken bridges, jumps, loops, corkscrews and other obstacles. It allows offers the option of designing your own track with even more crazy stunts. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 60. [VDrift][61] #### - -As much a simulator as a racing game, VDrift introduces players to world of drift racing with a realistic physics engine. It includes more than 45 cars, more than 45 tracks, and support for a wide variety of controllers. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -### Role-Playing and Adventure Games ### - -#### 61. [Crossfire][62] #### - -Sometimes described as a cross between NetHack and Gauntlet, Crossfire is an arcade adventure game with very old-school graphics. It has more than 3,000 different maps featuring more than 150 different monsters. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 62. [Epic Inventor][63] #### - -Epic Inventor describes itself as a "side-scrolling action RPG." It's similar to Minecraft with simple, pixelated graphics and open-ended play. Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -#### 63. [Excalibur: Morganna's Revenge][64] #### - -This time-traveling epic puts you in the role of a futuristic space marine who must travel back to the time of King Arthur and Camelot. The graphics aren't anything special (think Minecraft), but the storyline and gameplay are good. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 64. [Flare][65] #### - -Inspired by Diablo, this role-playing game places the emphasis on combat. It's still an alpha release but is playable. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 65. [Lips of Suna][66] #### - -For adults only, this "tongue-in-cheek action RPG" features "violence, crude humor, nudity and other themes you can rarely see in other games anymore." It offers lots of action and a constantly changing landscape. Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -#### 66. [The Mana World][67] #### - -This is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) that isn't so massive. (At the time of writing there were 31 people playing.) Still, it's a good attempt to create an ever-expanding world full of monsters, quests and mini-games. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 67. [NetHack][68]注：此链接原文有错误，和上面的链接地址一样了 #### - -One of the classics, NetHack is an intricate dungeon crawler with extremely simple graphics. It's been called one of the 100 best video games of all time. Operating System: Windows, Linux, Classic Mac. - -#### 68. [PlaneShift][69] #### - -Set in the fantasy realm of Yliakum, this unique online role-playing game features ten different races and a well-developed world with its own economy, government, religion and rules. It's playable but still in the early stages of development. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 69. [Ryzom][70] #### - -One of the better open source MMORPGs, award-winning Ryzom is set on the treelike planet of Atys, where several different races of beings interact and sometimes come into conflict. You can play for free, but those who choose to subscribe get some special benefits. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 70. [Stendhal][71] #### - -This online role-playing game aims to be more friendly than most. The website explains, "You may be asked to help protect land, feed the hungry, heal the sick, make someone happy, solve a puzzle or simply lend a hand." Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 71. [Summoning Wars][72] #### - -Up to eight people can play this fantasy role-playing game at once. There's a trailer for the game at Youtube that lets you see it in action. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -### Simulator Games ### - -#### 72. [FlightGear][73] #### - -Extremely realistic, FlightGear is a top-notch flight simulator that rivals proprietary software. It includes accurate terrain for the entire world and lifelike models of 20,000 airports and numerous aircraft. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X, others. - -#### 73. [Golems][74] #### - -With this physics simulator you can build almost anything you want and see how it would act in the real world. It's great for learning about basic machines, building robots, and inventing contraptions of all kinds. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 74. [LinCity NG][75] #### - -Based on the original SimCity game, LinCity NG challenges players to build a sustainable metropolis with a thriving economy. Note that because it is based on older code, the graphics are similar to old DOS games. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 75. [Micropolis/OLPC SimCity][76] #### - -Another SimCity imitator, Micropolis is a Java-based city simulator. It also features fairly old-school graphics rather than the 3D look of newer SimCity games. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 76. [Minetest][77] #### - -Extremely similar to Minecraft, Minetest is set in an infinite world of basic building blocks. Players can explore, mine or craft new objects as they see fit. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 77. [Pioneer][78] #### - -Pioneer describes itself as "a game of lonely space adventure." It transports players to an open-ended world where they decide what to do and where to go. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 78. [Oolite][79] #### - -Based on Elite, Oolite is a space simulator where you can trade with other spacefarers or become embroiled in combat. It's been around for quite a while, and many expansions are available. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 79. [OpenCity][80] #### - -This 3D city simulator does not aim to be a SimCity clone, but does offer a similar style of play. It's fairly basic but is playable. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 80. [OpenTTD][81] #### - -Based on Transport Tycoon Deluxe, OpenTTD invites players to build a transportation empire. It supports up to 255 players at once and improves on the original TTD in many ways. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 81. [Rigs of Rods][82] #### - -This vehicle simulator with a unique soft-body physics engine enjoys a very active and enthusiastic fan base. Use it to create land, sea or air vehicles and drive or fly them around the country. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 82. [Simutrans][83] #### - -This transportation simulator offers the option of connecting to online games hosted throughout the world. Use buses, trucks, trains, trams, ships, airplanes, monorails, maglevs or other vehicles to move people and goods where they need to go. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 83. [Vega Strike][84] #### - -This is another space simulator that lets you trade and fight throughout the galaxy. You choose whether to fly a trade route, accept a bounty-hunting mission, turn pirate or just explore the vastness of space. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -### Strategy Games ### - -#### 84. [0 A.D.][85] #### - -Now in its 16th alpha release, 0 A.D. is an award-winning civilization-building game that strives for historical accuracy. Choose to play as the Carthaginians, Celts, Greeks, Iberians, Mauryans, Persians or Romans. Operating System: Linux, Windows, OS X. - -#### 85. [Advanced Strategic Command][86] #### - -This turn-based strategy game is based on the Battle Isle series. Players battle on a grid-like landscape in single- or multi-player games. Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -#### 86. [Battle for Wesnoth][87] #### - -This turn-based tactical strategy game puts players in a mythic world where they fight to reclaim the throne. Orcs, elves, necromancers and hundreds of other familiar high fantasy characters populate a large environment. Supports both single- and multi-player games. Operating System: Linux, Windows, OS X, iOS. - -#### 87. [BosWars][88] #### - -This futuristic real time strategy game requires players to build up energy stores and an economy in order to support military battles. Play against the computer opponent or connect over a LAN for multi-player games. Operating System: Windows, Linux, BSD, OS X. - -#### 88. [CommanderStalin][89] #### - -This variation of BosWars is set in Stalin's Soviet Union. Be prepared for the inevitable Nazi attack! Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -#### 89. [FreeCol][90] #### - -Inspired by the games Colonization and Civilization, FreeCol is a turn-based civilization-building strategy game. You start in the New World in 1492 and win by creating an independent country with free speech. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 90. [FreeCiv][91] #### - -Also inspired by Civilization, this turn-based strategy game starts in the stone age and ends in the space age. It includes 50 playable units and 541 nations and comes with several playable scenarios. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 91. [FreeOrion][92] #### - -While it isn't a clone or remake, FreeOrion is loosely based on the Master of Orion games. It's a turn-based strategy game set in space. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 92. [Glest][93] #### - -The forces of Tech battle the forces of Magic in this real-time strategy game. While it's still available for download, most Linux distributions now include the fork Megaglest (see below) instead of this older project. Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -#### 93. [Globulation 2][94] #### - -This real-time civilization-building strategy game aims to reduce the need for micro-management and allow players to focus on strategy. Single- or multi-player games and a level editor are available. Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -#### 94. [Hedgewars][95] #### - -One of the more lighthearted strategy games around, Hedgewars features "the antics of pink hedgehogs with attitude as they battle from the depths of hell to the depths of space." Features 31 environments, 48 set maps, infinite randomly generated maps, 55 weapons, 280 costumes and support for up to 8 players at once. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X, iOS. - -#### 95. [Kernel Panic][96] #### - -Set in a digital landscape, Kernel Panic is a real-time strategy game with Tron-like graphics. All the resources are free, so players don't need to worry about building an economy—only about fighting against the other hackers on the network. Operating System: Linux, Windows - -#### 96. [Liquid War][97] #### - -Way back in 2002, Liquid War was named the "most original Linux Game," and it's still worth a look. Control a liquid army as you try to consume your enemies. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 97. [MegaGlest][98] #### - -This fork of Glest adds five new teams to the original Tech and Magic: Egypt, Indians, Norsemen, Persian or Romans. It offers 17 different map types, both single- and multi-player games, and tutorials for new players. Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -#### 98. [Pax Brittanica][99] #### - -Up to four players can battle at once using the same keyboard on this submarine strategy game. The controls are easy to learn (you only use one button), but the gameplay can be very intense. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 99. [Spring: 1944][100] #### - -This World War II strategy game offers realistic units and strengths. Choose to play as the U.S., Germany, the U.S.S.R. or Great Britain. Operating System: Linux. - -#### 100. [UFO: Alien Invasion][101] #### - -Seventy years in the future, a secret organization struggles to defend earth from vicious alien invaders. Play as the humans or the aliens in single-player or multi-player combat. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 101. [Unknown Horizons][102] #### - -In this civilization-building strategy game, the emphasis is on building a strong economy. You start with a handful of settlers and resources on an isolated archipelago and work to build a thriving city. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 102. [Warzone 2100][103] #### - -Can you rebuild Earth after nuclear devastation? This game offers an unusually large tech tree and single- or multi-player games. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 103. [Widelands][104] #### - -Inspired by Settlers II, Widelands is another real-time strategy game that challenges players to build a civilization. It features three tribes—Barbarians, Imperials, and Atlanteans—and unlike most civilization games, the player doesn't tell each unit what to do but instead gives orders and delegates, more like a real ruler. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 104. [Zero-K][105] #### - -In this fast-moving real-time strategy game, robot armies fight a never-ending battle. Key features include more than 100 different units, a streamlined economy system, a realistic physics engine, terraforming and more. Operating System: Windows, Linux. - -#### 105. [Zombies][106] #### - -Can you kill all the zombies before they kill you? This turn-based game offers addictive gameplay and settings that allow the player to determine the level of gore. Operating System: OS X. - -### Fun Non-Games ### - -#### 106. [Celestia][107] #### - -Perfect for budding astronomers and wanna-be astronauts, Celestia allows you to see the sky as it would appear at any point in time from any point in the known universe. Take a quick trip to Jupiter or plot your starwatching for the evening. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 107. [Electric Sheep][108] #### - -Inspired by the Philip K. Dick novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? this screensaver connects your system to thousands of others to create abstract designs and patterns. Vote for your favorite patterns to see them reappear more often. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X, Android, iOS. - -#### 108. [LCARS 24][109] #### - -If you've got an old PC around the house (and who doesn't), why not turn it into a Star Trek-themed conversation piece. With this app, you get an alarm clock and file manager with graphics that look like they came right off the Enterprise. Operating System: Windows, DOS. - -#### 109. [Stellarium][110] #### - -Turn your PC into a planetarium. Stellarium can display the night skies from any point on earth at any time, and it's used by many planetariums to power their displays. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - -#### 110. [Tux Paint][111] #### - -Tux Paint makes it easy for pre-schoolers to create their own "drawings" on the computer. It features an interface with big buttons, fun sound effects and friendly characters. Operating System: Windows, Linux, OS X. - - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/110-fun-open-source-games-and-apps-1.html - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://www.datamation.com/open-source/101-most-fun-open-source-games-and-apps-1.html -[2]:http://www.stuff-o-matic.com/asgp/ -[3]:http://armagetronad.org/index.php -[4]:http://bzflag.org/ -[5]:http://chromium-bsu.sourceforge.net/ -[6]:http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/p/legend-of-edgar.html -[7]:http://www.penguspy.com/jvgs/ -[8]:http://www.nogravitythegame.com/classic/ -[9]:http://opensnc.sourceforge.net/home/index.php -[10]:http://linux.tlk.fr/games/Powermanga/ -[11]:http://www.scorched3d.co.uk/ -[12]:http://www.srb2.org/ -[13]:http://supertux.lethargik.org/ -[14]:http://funguloids.sourceforge.net/ -[15]:http://www.teeworlds.com/ -[16]:http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ -[17]:http://www.yofrankie.org/ -[18]:http://domination.sourceforge.net/ -[19]:http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/scrabble/index.php?title=Main_Page -[20]:http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/scrabble/index.php?title=Main_Page -[21]:http://www.pokerth.net/ -[22]:http://pysolfc.sourceforge.net/ -[23]:http://gabrielecirulli.github.io/2048/ -[24]:http://www.nongnu.org/billiards/ -[25]:http://cubetrains.com/ -[26]:http://www.nongnu.org/enigma/ -[27]:http://fillets.sourceforge.net/ -[28]:http://www.frozen-bubble.org/ -[29]:http://live.gnome.org/GnomeGames -[30]:http://tomatoes.sourceforge.net/about.html -[31]:http://games.kde.org/ -[32]:http://neverball.org/ -[33]:http://pingus.seul.org/welcome.html -[34]:http://pushover.sourceforge.net/ -[35]:http://zaz.sourceforge.net/ -[36]:http://www.schoolsplay.org/ -[37]:https://live.gnome.org/gbrainy -[38]:http://gcompris.net/index-en.html -[39]:http://tux4kids.alioth.debian.org/tuxmath/index.php -[40]:http://icculus.org/alienarena/rpa/ -[41]:http://assault.cubers.net/ -[42]:http://www.alientrap.org/games/nexuiz -[43]:http://openarena.ws/smfnews.php -[44]:http://www.redeclipse.net/ -[45]:http://tremulous.net/ -[46]:http://www.truecombatelite.com/ -[47]:http://www.unvanquished.net/ -[48]:http://www.warsow.net/ -[49]:http://www.splashdamage.com/wolfet -[50]:http://worldofpadman.net/website/news -[51]:http://www.xonotic.org/ -[52]:http://www.zeroballistics.com/ -[53]:http://www.stepmania.com/ -[54]:http://www.stepmania.com/ -[55]:http://www.ultrastardeluxe.org/ -[56]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/extremetuxracer/ -[57]:http://www.speed-dreams.org/ -[58]:http://supertuxkart.sourceforge.net/ -[59]:http://torcs.sourceforge.net/ -[60]:http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/ -[61]:http://vdrift.net/ -[62]:http://crossfire.real-time.com/intro/index.html -[63]:http://www.epicinventor.com/ -[64]:http://excaliburworld.com/emr/emr3/index.html -[65]:http://flarerpg.org/media/ -[66]:http://lipsofsuna.org/ -[67]:http://themanaworld.org/ -[68]:http://themanaworld.org/ -[69]:http://www.planeshift.it/about.html -[70]:http://www.ryzom.com/en/ -[71]:http://stendhalgame.org/ -[72]:http://sumwars.org/wiki/Main_Page -[73]:http://www.flightgear.org/ -[74]:http://www.golemgame.com/ -[75]:http://lincity.sourceforge.net/ -[76]:https://code.google.com/p/micropolis/ -[77]:http://minetest.net/ -[78]:http://pioneerspacesim.net/ -[79]:http://www.oolite.org/ -[80]:http://www.opencity.info/ -[81]:http://www.openttd.org/en/ -[82]:http://www.rigsofrods.com/content/ -[83]:http://www.simutrans.com/ -[84]:http://vegastrike.sourceforge.net/ -[85]:http://play0ad.com/ -[86]:http://www.asc-hq.org/ -[87]:http://www.wesnoth.org/ -[88]:http://www.boswars.org/ -[89]:http://commanderstalin.sourceforge.net/ -[90]:http://www.freecol.org/ -[91]:http://freeciv.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page -[92]:http://freeorion.org/index.php/Main_Page -[93]:http://glest.org/en/index.php -[94]:http://globulation2.org/wiki/Main_Page -[95]:http://www.hedgewars.org/ -[96]:http://springrts.com/wiki/Kernel_Panic -[97]:http://www.ufoot.org/liquidwar/v5 -[98]:http://glest.org/en/index.php -[99]:http://paxbritannica.henk.ca/ -[100]:http://spring1944.net/ -[101]:http://ufoai.org/wiki/News -[102]:http://www.unknown-horizons.org/ -[103]:http://wz2100.net/ -[104]:http://wl.widelands.org/ -[105]:http://zero-k.info/ -[106]:http://codenautics.com/zombies/ -[107]:http://www.shatters.net/celestia/index.html -[108]:http://community.electricsheep.org/ -[109]:http://lcars24.com/ -[110]:http://stellarium.org/ -[111]:http://tuxpaint.org/ diff --git a/sources/talk/20140723 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md b/sources/talk/20140723 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..eb158faca7 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20140723 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md @@ -0,0 +1,615 @@ +translating by disylee 20140701 +110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps +110款开源游戏和应用 +================================================================================ + +再次庆祝，伴随着一系列最好的开源游戏，我们庆祝这个夏天的到来。我们已经更新了[去年的列表][1]把新开发的添加进来，这样更好地把一些不再积极开发之中的旧游戏从列表中剔除。你会发现街机、平板、休闲、拼图、益智和第一人称射击游戏，音乐，赛车，角色扮演，冒险，模拟器和战略游戏等，它们也像一些应用程序一样并非真正的游戏但是仍然非常有趣。 + +今年，比以往有更多的开源游戏可用于移动设备上，主要是安卓设备上。希望未来几年，这种趋势一直保存下去。 + +请注意，这个列表是不按排名的。这些应用程序被放在目录中并按照字母顺序放在每个类别里。 + +如果你想建议明年游戏列表的版本，请随时注意在下面的评论区提出。 + +### Arcade Games ### +> + +#### 1. [安迪的超级大公园][2] #### + +当你乘坐过山车时，你需要抓到气球并且避开障碍物。里面有25个等级，加上18个你可以解锁的等级以获取高分。可使用操作系统：Windows，Linux或者安卓。 + +#### 2. [Armagetron Advanced][3] #### + +一个3D电子争霸克隆，这个游戏激起你去指导一个光周期直到你撞上一堵墙。它支持单机模式和16人参与的网络模式。可使用操作系统：Windows，Linux，OS X或者安卓。 + +#### 3. 塔克大战夺取旗帜 #### + +众所周知的“战场夺旗”，“BZflag是一个流行的在线坦克游戏。自1992年开发以来，它具备3D图形化特征，多种游戏模式和多人竞争比赛等特征。可使用操作系统：Windows，Linux，OS X或者安卓。 + +#### 4. [纵向卷轴射击游戏] [5] #### + +别让这个名字就把你愚弄了，这和Chromium browser浏览器无关。这是一款快节奏、顶部滚动射击的游戏，其难度在于设置，而且这个游戏不回超过15分钟。可使用操作系统：Windows，Linux。 + +#### 5. [埃德加的传说][6] #### + +埃德加的传说是一个旧派的游戏平台，主角必须通过克服障碍和敌人来完成他的任务。它包含了很多不同的武器、很多不同等级。适用操作系统：Windows，Linux和OS X。 + +#### 6. [JVGS][7] #### + + +取代非常详细的图形，JVGS只要一个最低限度方法使其中画中人物跨越景观，看起来就像使用铅笔的手工绘制。在这个不寻常的游戏中，主角是一个失去记忆的诗人。适用操作系统：Windows，Linux和OS X。 + +#### 7. [失重力][8] #### + +这是基于空间的街机射击游戏，玩家需要在8002年份中，他们必须完成各种各样的任务。但是，这个游戏不是免费的，游戏也可以在安卓和IOS中使用。适用操作系统有：Windows，Linux和OS X。 + +#### 8. [Open Sonic][9] #### + + +基于刺猬索尼克游戏，Open Sonic提供了合作的游戏，用户可以同时控制3个字符。其中只有2个级别可以在原始游戏中使用，但是很多游戏粉丝们已经建立了mods提供额外的发挥。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和OS X. + +#### 9. [Powermanga][10] #### + +类是于旧街机游戏Galaga,Powermanga是一款2D，顶部滚动的空间射击游戏。它拥有超过41个等级，并能够在旧的硬件上运行。适用操作系统：Linux。 + +#### 10. [Scorched3D][11] #### + +Scorched3D是一款现代的基于DOS的游戏Scorched星球，最引人瞩目的是它出色的图形。你可以适用单机模式或者连接到许多网络服务器使用多玩家行动。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 11. [音速机器人大爆炸][12] #### + +另一款声波风格的平台游戏，SRB2是一种采用了Doom引擎内置的3D平台游戏。它包括了2个不同的游戏角色和超过20个等级。适用操作系统：Linux。 + +#### 12. [SuperTux][13] #### + +SuperTux很像旧款的马里奥兄弟游戏，但是是以Linux的小企鹅成为主人公。这是一个2D横向卷轴的平台游戏，有9个不同的敌人和26个等级可以玩。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和OS X. + +#### 13. [Those Funny Funguloids][14] #### + +这是一款挑战玩家在太空手机蘑菇的游戏。该网站称：“在此之前从未听说过手机蘑菇。至少不是在外太空。真的，它更是一种生活而不是一个游戏。适用操作系统：Windows和Linux. + + +#### 14. [Teeworlds][15] #### + +这个在线游戏把自己描述成一个“复古的多人射击游戏”。它是一个横向卷轴的2D游戏，支持多达16名选手和几个不同的游戏模式。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 15. [X摩托][16] #### + +在这个游戏中，你骑着一辆摩托车通过一个侧面滚动的风景区，同时收集草莓并避免高低不平的“破坏者”。这看起来是比较难！适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 16. [Yo Frankie!][17] #### + +通过混合开源3D动画工具创造的，呦羊羊特征角色是从开源电影Peach来的。玩家必须指导羊羊，糖滑翔机或者Momo，一只猴子，来回或者环绕并通过一个非常细致的3D环境中的障碍物。适用操作系统： Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +### 棋类游戏 ### + +#### 17. [Domination][18] #### + +基于Java支配带来的棋牌游戏可能会对你的PC或者安卓设备造成风险。最新版本中可以让你实时与你Google+的朋友通过谷歌游戏服务发挥多人游戏服务功能。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux, OS X和 Android. + +#### 18. [GNU 十五子棋][19] #### + + +这个“世界级”十五子棋引擎让你每一次都更好地挑战它，并且它会分析你的战况来帮助你玩得更好。这个借口是非常好的图形化定制。适用操作系统：Windows，Linux和OS X。 + +#### 19. [3D 拼字游戏][20] #### + +随着拼字游戏的变化，你可以选择自己的电路板——经典版本。Superscrabble是一款3D的拼字游戏，您可以通过它定制你自己的电路板。玩家可以对战AI或者连到在线服务器上进行多人游戏。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 20. [PokerTH][21] #### + +这是一个高质量的德州扑克牌应用程序，拥有优秀的、可定制的界面。想要在线玩或者看看你和其它对手的排名，只需要在Poker-Heroes.com在线注册。适用操作系统：Windows，Linux和OS X，Android系统。 + +#### 21. [PySolFC][22] #### + +你知道吗，接龙有1000多种类型？这个强大的集合功能“使用52张国际格局甲板模式，比赛为78张Tarock夹板，8和10套装备，Ganjiafa游戏，花札游戏，棋牌游戏、麻将游戏和原始十六进制为基础的平台”。适用操作系统: Windows, Linux和 OS X. + + +### 休闲益智游戏 ### + +#### 22. [2048][23] #### + + +这个简单而上瘾的益智游戏，玩家围绕着方格里喜欢的数字组合。当你将组合数字累加到2048时，你就赢了。适用操作系统：在线，IOS或者安卓。 + + +#### 23. [台球][24] #### + +台球游戏的主要目的是当你不能够拥有一张可用的台球桌时，给现实中能够让你练习球杆运动。它拥有一个好看的3D界面，同时也可以在不具备良好图形界面的2D系统中运行。适用操作系统：Linux。 + + +#### 24. [立方火车][25] #### + + +躺在连接隧道和桥梁的铁轨，然后机动绕过障碍物。你可以万很多内置等级的或者创建你属于自己的等级。适用操作系统：Windows，Linux或者OS X。 + +#### 25. [谜语][26] #### + +类似于旧Oxyd和摇滚乐的游戏，谜语挑战者在相同的石头中找到迷宫，陷进，激光束和其他障碍。这个游戏拥有1000多个等级，这也是一款益智游戏，可能占用你一段很长时间。适用操作系统：Windows，Linux和OS X。 + + + +#### 26. [Fish Fillets NG][27] #### + +在这个益智游戏中，玩家必须尝试分别在这70个等级中各找到一条安全路径。一路上，鱼类和其它水下居民提供相关用户的幽默解说。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 27. [冰冻泡泡][28] #### + +这是最古老的泡沫射击游戏中的一个，冰冻泡沫是以Linux小企鹅和多于100多个级别为特征的单机游戏。你也可以通过局域网或者互联网对阵2~5个玩家。适用操作系统：Windows和Linux。 + +#### 28. [GnomeGames][29] #### + +这个集合汇聚了15个不同的休闲游戏，你可以在5分钟以内玩。它包括了数独，一个扫雷游戏，麻将，一个黑白棋版本等等。适用操作系统：Linux。 + +#### 29. [切番茄][30] #### + +10分钟内，你可以粉碎多少个西红柿？这种“极端闲暇时间的活动”来自同一个叫做Those Funny Funguloids的团队。适用操作系统： Windows和 Linux. + +#### 30. [KDE 游戏][31] #### + +这是为KDE桌面准备的休闲游戏的集合。它包含了一个游戏纸牌的变化，一个高尔夫游戏，一个风险版本，扫雷艇，数度等等。适用操作系统：Windows和Linux。 + +#### 31. [平衡球][32] #### + +在这个游戏中，玩家必须倾斜地板去引导球通过障碍球场。这个游戏包括很多级别，并且你可以设计自己的级别。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X。 + +#### 32. [Pingus][33] #### + +你是否还话费数个小时玩旅鼠总动员来追忆的你90年代？如果这样的话，Pingus会更适合你。这是旅鼠的翻拍（企鹅取代了旅鼠）有77个级别。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 33. [易如反掌][34] #### + +这个益智游戏的特点是蚂蚁来推排成各种团的多米若骨牌。玩家必须让所有多米诺骨牌倒下，并通过出口，为的是发送一个特别的触发信号来进入新的等级。适用操作系统：Windows。 + +#### 34. [Zaz][35] #### + +这是另一款泡沫射手游戏，Zaz挑战你沿着他们设定的路径击中球。其转折点是你的枪炮只能沿着一条路径移动，这样使事情变得有点难度了。适用操作系统：Windows和Linux。 + +### 教育类游戏 ### + +#### 35. [ChildsPlay][36] #### + +这个游戏专门有5岁及一下的小孩设计，ChildsPlay帮助教一些发音，字母，数字和基础键盘技巧。它也包括了一些游戏，例如记忆，乒乓球和吃豆豆。适用操作系统：Windows，Linux和OS X。 + +#### 36. [GBrainy][37] #### + +通过GBrainy的逻辑，训练你的词汇、数学和记忆游戏的意识。它充满了乐趣和教育意义，适合所有年龄段的人群。适用操作系统：Windows和 Linux. + +#### 37. [GCompris][38] #### + +专为2~10岁的儿童射击， GCompris 包括了超过100多种but的活动，其中大多数是教育类的。它包括数学，地理，科学，阅读，敲键盘和艺术游戏，再加上国际象棋，数独，记忆法等等。适用操作系统：Wwindows和Linux。 + +#### 38. [TuxMath][39] #### + +在即将到来的彗星杀死企鹅之前迅速解决算数问题。这是一个简单的游戏用于强化小学学龄的数学真相。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +### 第一人称射击游戏 ### + +#### 39. [外星人竞技场][40] #### + +内置的“专为手榴弹攻击者的手榴弹，”外星人竞技场是一个激烈的充满复古题材的死亡争斗射击者。许多不同的网站为线上游戏提供了托管服务器，也有很多粉丝网站和玩家技巧等等。适用操作系统：Linux, Windows和 OS X. + +#### 40. [AssaultCube][41] #### + +由于它的轻量级，AssaultCube也可以在旧硬件上运行，除了拥有不错的真实感图形之外。它还支持单机模式和多玩家游戏模式，包括了26张不同的地图和12种不同的游戏模式。适用操作系统：Linux，Wwindows和OS X。 + +#### 41. [经典 Nexuiz][42] #### + +下载量超过600万次，Nexuiz是最流行的开源射击游戏之一。几年前，该游戏是一个非开源版本创建的，但你可以从SourceForge的链接下载经典版本。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和OS X. + +#### 42. [OpenArena][43] #### + +这个多玩家游戏是雷蛇之锤3的克隆，它的特征是拥有13种不同的武器，51个竞技场和12类游戏。该程序的拥有者发出警告，“由于暴力和偶尔的不健康内容，它不适合17岁一下的孩子玩”。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 43. [Red Eclipse][44] #### + +这个休闲的第一人称射击游戏已经获得极高的评价。其特点包括跑酷，脉冲刺激，界面华丽，几种游戏模式和一个内置的关卡编辑。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 44. [Tremulous][45] #### + +这是一个屡获殊荣的游戏，一款混合了即时战略游戏元素的第一射击游戏。用户可以选择扮演外星人或者人类来永久消灭其它队的对手。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux, OS X和 XBox. + +#### 45. [TrueCombat][46] #### + +TrueCombat声称自己“也许永远是最好的免费战术写实的射击游戏。”这是一个2个对抗团队比赛的现代世界实战模拟器。请注意，为了使用它，你还需要德军总部：敌对势力。操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X。 + +#### 46. [Unvanquished][47] #### + +从Tremulous分离出来，不可征服的人陷入“高度适应能力人类群体的先进技术。”在非常活跃的开发环境下，每个月提供了新的版本。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X。 + +#### 47. [Warsow][48] #### + +这款自称在“在Web上节奏最快的运动”，Warsow是一个卡通射击游戏具有”猪尾巴火箭炮和携带赛伯朋克”的射击游戏。不想大多数射击游戏，它没有大量的血液和仇恨，更多强调的是运动。适用操作系统：Windows，Linux和OS x. + +#### 48. [Wolfenstein: Enemy Terriorty][49] + +虽然已经有好几个专有德军部队游戏，但这一个是开源的。这是一个第二次世界大战时间的游戏，其核心专门对抗盟军。适用操作系统：Windows，Linux,OS X。 + +#### 49. [ Padman世界][50] #### + +基于Quake引擎，这个射手类似三角形状显得非常卡通化。这个游戏有相当多的在线服务器可以适用，或者您也可以离线玩。适用操作系统：Wwindows和Linux。 + +#### 50. [Xonotic][51] #### + +Xonotic是经典版Nexuiz的分支。它拥有超过22种不同的地图，16种武器和大量不同的游戏模式。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和OS X. + +#### 51. [零导弹][52] #### + +部分第一人称射击手，部分坦克游戏，零导弹坐落在风景如画的山区环境，并已经拥有超过81个坦克体系可用。玩死斗，团队死斗或者独特的beaconstrike模式。适用操作系统：Windows、Linux 和 OS X。 + +### 音乐类游戏 ### + +#### 52. [Frets on Fire][53] #### + +Frets on Fire这个游戏很多地方都很像“吉它英雄”这个游戏，它甚至可以起到播放“吉它英雄”里的歌曲（当然其它歌曲也同样可用）。如果你没有一个吉它控制器，别担心，你也可以适用键盘来玩。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 53. [StepMania][54] #### + +这是一个免费版本的跳舞机，挑战者可以停留在某个节奏去对应音乐的节拍。你既可以适用跳舞毯（如果你拥有的话）去挑，或者也可以适用键盘操作。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux/Unix, OS X或者 XBox. + +#### 54. [Ultrastar Deluxe][55] #### + +如果卡拉OK是你的菜，那么你就会喜欢Ultrastar Deluxe这个游戏了。在这个游戏中，你必须单独唱完一首歌并且是对应正确的节拍。它包含了超过10000歌曲。适用操作系统： Windows, Linux和OS X. + +### 赛车游戏 ### + +#### 55. [至尊小企鹅竞赛][56] #### + +Tux Racer是一款备受宠爱的旧款游戏，其特征是Linux小企鹅展示他的腹部滑下山。至尊小企鹅为现在的游戏玩家更新了这款经典游戏。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和OS X. + +#### 56. [Speed Dreams][57] #### + +这是TORCS自动赛车游戏的分支（见下文），其特征是一个更新过的UI界面和许多骑车和轨道。正如TORCS，视觉效果非常出色。适用操作系统：Windows和 Linux. + +#### 57. [SuperTuxKart][58] #### + +这个卡通赛车游戏的特点是Linux小企鹅和朋友们驾驶卡丁车。沿着轨道的指引前进，同时避开一堆障碍物的撞击。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 58. [TORCS][59] #### + +TROCS是"The Open Racing Care Simulator”的缩写,TORCS是一款拥有大量粉丝为基础的杰出的逼真赛车游戏。单独驾驶或与朋友在其中一条轨道中竞赛也是可选的。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + + +#### 59. [终极特技][60] #### + +由经典DOS游戏Stunts的启发，终极特技要求玩家去指导整个破碎的桥梁的车辆，跳跃，环绕等避开其它障碍。它允许提供一些选项通过更加疯狂的特技来设计自己的轨道。操作系统：Windows，Linux和OS X。 + + +#### 60. [VDrift][61] #### + +类似一款模拟器的赛车游戏，VDrift介绍玩家们赛车漂移的世界在一个真实的物理引擎中。它包含了超过45辆车，超过45条轨道，并且对各种控制器提供了支持。适用操作系统Wwindows，Linux，OS X。 + +### 角色扮演和冒险游戏 ### + +#### 61. [穿越火线][62] #### + +有时被描述为NetHack 和 Gauntlet之间的穿越，穿越火线是一款非常旧派的图形街机冒险游戏。它拥有超过3000张不同的地图和超过150种不同的怪物。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 62. [Epic Inventor][63] #### + +Epic Inventor将自己描述成一个"横向卷轴动作的RPG游戏。"它类似于Minecraft，是一款简单的，像素化图形和开放式的游戏。适用操作系统：Windows和 Linux. + +#### 63[神剑：Morganna的复仇] [64] #### + +这款时空穿梭游戏让扮演你在未来海洋空间，玩家必须穿越回到亚瑟王和克莱特的年代。这个图形界面并没有什么特别的（想想 Minecraft)，但是故事情节和游戏性都很赞。适用操作系统: Windows, Linux和OS X. + +#### 64. [火炬][65] #### + +受Diablo启发，这个角色扮演游戏的重点在于战斗。它仍然是一个开端版本但是依旧可以玩。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 65. [苏娜之吻][66] #### + +仅对成年人开发，这款"舌头在脸颊上的动作RPG"充满了“暴力、粗俗、裸体等主题”，也许你在其它游戏中很少看到。它提供了大量的动作和不断变化的景观。适用操作系统：Windows和 Linux. + +#### 66. [The Mana World][67] #### + +这是一款大型的多人在线角色扮演游戏（MMORPG),但事实没有想象中庞大。（在我写下这段文字的时候有31个人正在玩这个游戏。）尽管这样，创造一个不断扩大的世界充满了怪物、任务和迷你游戏是一个很好的尝试。适用操作系统：Windows，Linux和OS X。 + +#### 67. [NetHack][68]注：此链接原文有错误，和上面的链接地址一样了 #### + +游戏史上经典之一，NetHack是一个带及其简单图形的复杂地牢履带。它被称为有史以来最好的100个视频之一。适用操作系统： Windows, Linux, 和经典Mac. + +#### 68. [PlaneShift][69] #### + +设置在Yliakum的梦幻世界，这是一个独特的在线角色扮演游戏，其特征是有10个不同的种族和一个拥有自己经济、政府、宗教和法律的发达国家。虽然可以试玩，但是这款游戏还处在早期的开发阶段。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + + + +#### 69. [Ryzom][70] #### + +其中一个较好开源MMORPGS，获得Ryzom奖是设置在一个叫Atys的树状星球，其中有几种不同种族互动，有时候树状星球会发生冲突。你可以自由发回，但是那些选择订阅会得到特别的好处。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 70. [Stendhal][71] #### + +这个在线角色扮演游戏相比大多数同类游戏更友好。网站上解释,"你可能会被要求去帮助保护土地，拯救穷人，治愈病人，是别人获得快乐，解决难题，或者直接伸出援手。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和OS X. + +#### 71. [Summoning Wars][72] #### + +可以多达8个人一起玩的幻想角色扮演游戏。拖车这个游戏有一个拖车你可以同时在Youtube上看到它的动作。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +### 模拟类游戏 ### + +#### 72. [FlightGear][73] #### + +FlightGear是一个极其逼真、一流的飞行模拟器并且有竞争对手的专用软件。它包括了整个世界精准的地形和20，000多个机场还有众多栩栩如生的飞机模型。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux, OS X和其它。 + +#### 73. [Golems][74] #### + +有了这个物理模拟器，你可以创建任何你想要的东西并看它在真实世界中如何表现。这是一个强大的基础学习机器，可以制造机器人，并发明各种玩意。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 74. [LinCity NG][75] #### + +基于原来的SimCity游戏，LinCity NG挑战玩家去建造一个可持续发展的大都市并拥有繁华的经济状况。需要注意的是，由于这个游戏是基于旧代码，所以它的图形化更像久的DOS游戏。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + + +#### 75. [Micropolis/OLPC SimCity][76] #### + +另一个SimCity的模仿者，Micropolis是一个基于Java开发的城市模拟器。它还具有相当老派的图形界面，而不是较新的3D外观模拟城市游戏。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 76. [Minetest][77] #### + +与Minecraft极其相似，Minetest被设置在基础构建的一个无垠世界中。玩家可以探索，矿山或者根据他们的需要制造一些新事物。适用操作系统： Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 77. [Pioneer][78] #### + +Pioneer描述自己为“一个孤独的太空冒险游戏”。它将玩家输送到一个开放式的世界里，这个世界里他们可以决定他们想做什么和去哪里。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 78. [Oolite][79] #### + +这个游戏是基于Elite，Oolite是一个太空模拟器，你可以与其它航天员进行进行交易或者参加一场战斗。这个游戏存在了相当长的一段时间，很多扩展操作系统可以使用。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 79. [OpenCity][80] #### + +这个3D城市模拟器并不是要成为一个模拟城市的克隆器，但是提供类似的玩家模式。这是相当基础的，但是很耐玩。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 80. [OpenTTD][81] #### + +基于豪华运输大亨，OpenTTD邀请玩家去简历一个运输帝国。它支持一次多达255个玩家并可以通过很多种方式去改善原来的TTD系统。适用操作系统： Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 81. [Rigs of Rods][82] #### + +#### 81. [Rigs of Rods][82] #### + +这个车辆模拟器具有一个独特的软体物理引擎拥有一批非常积极和热情的粉丝为基础。使用它来创造陆地，海洋或者空中骑车，可以带着它们驾驶或者飞往全国各地。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 82. [Simutrans][83] #### + +这个交通仿真器提供了连接到互联网在线游戏主机的选项。适用公车、卡车、火车、电车、船只、飞机、单轨铁车、磁悬浮列车或者其它交通工具将人们或者货物运送到他们想抵达的地方去。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 83. [Vega Strike][84] #### + +这是另一款太空模拟器可以让你星系中交易和战斗。你可以选择是否选择飞贸易路线，接受狩猎任务奖金，打海盗或者探索浩瀚的太空。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +### 战略游戏 ### + +#### 84. [0 A.D.][85] #### + +现在已经更新到了第16个alpha版本了。0 A.D.是一个屡获文明建设的游戏，这个游戏努力地在追溯历史的准确性。玩家可以选择迦太基人，凯尔特人，希腊人，伊比利亚人，孔雀王朝人，波斯人或者罗马人进行游戏。适用操作系统：Linux, Windows和 OS X. + +#### 85. [Advanced Strategic Command][86] #### + +这个回合制战略游戏是基于Battle Isle游戏系列。玩家在战斗网格景观可以适用单机游戏模式或者多人游戏模式。适用操作系统：Windows和 Linux. + +#### 86. [Battle for Wesnoth][87] #### + +这个回合制战术策略游戏将玩家置身于神话世界里，它们争取夺回王位。游戏中充斥着兽人、精灵、巫师和数以百计的其它充满梦幻的一个大环境。支持单人游戏和多人游戏。适用操作系统：Linux，Windows，OS X，IOS。 + +#### 87. [BosWars][88] #### + +这个未来的实时战略游戏需要玩家建立能源存储和一个经济体系来支持其军事斗争。玩家可以可以通过局域网进行多人游戏来抵抗对手。适用操作系统：Windows，Linux和BSD，OS X。 + +#### 88. [CommanderStalin][89] #### + +关于BosWars的变化是被设置在斯大林时期的苏联国家。为的是对不可避免的纳粹进行攻击做准备！适用操作系统：Windows和Linux。 + +#### 89. [FreeCol][90] #### + +受游戏Colonization and Civilization的启发，FreeCol是一款回合制文明建设的战略游戏。你可是的新世界在1492年并通过建立一个独立和言论自由的国家取胜。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和OS X. + +#### 90. [FreeCiv][91] #### + +这也是一个在Civilization得到启发的游戏，这个回合制战略游戏开始在石器时期，结束于太空时期。它包括了50个可玩单元和541国家并附带了各种可玩场景。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 91. [FreeOrion][92] #### + +尽管这不是一个克隆或者翻拍，FreeOrion是一个松散的基于Master of Orion 的游戏。这是一个设置在太空的回合制战略游戏。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 92. [Glest][93] #### + +这个实时战略游戏中科技的力量和魔法的力量都在其中。虽然它任然提供下载，但是大多数Linux发行版本现在包含了Megaglest的分支（见下文）而不是这个旧的程序。适用操作系统：Windows和 Linux. +#### 93. [Globulation 2][94] #### + +这个实时文明建设战略游戏用意在于减少微观管理并允许玩家集中精力于战略上。单机模式或者多用户模式游戏和关卡编辑器都是可用的。适用操作系统：Windows和 Linux. + +#### 94. [Hedgewars][95] #### + +这是一个更轻快的战略游戏，Hedgewars以“粉红刺猬从地狱深处战斗到太空深处”，总共31个环境，48张已经设置好的地图，还可以无限制随机生成张地图，55种武器，280种服装，最多支持8个玩家。适用操作系统：Linux, OS X和iOS. + +#### 95. [Kernel Panic][96] #### + +这款游戏设置在数字地形中，Kernel Panic是一款实时战略游戏，拥有Tron-like的图形界面。所有资源都是免费的，所以玩家不必担心楼宇经济，只需要于其它骇客在网络上斗争。适用操作系统：Linux和 Windows。 + +#### 96. [Liquid War][97] #### + +追溯回2002年，Liquid War被评委最“最原始的Linux游戏”，但是仍然是值得一玩的。玩家尝试消耗敌人的能量来控制水军。适用操作系统： Windows, Linux和 OS X. + + +#### 97. [MegaGlest][98] #### + +这个游戏是Glest的衍生，在原来的Tech和Magic上增加了5个新的队伍：埃及，印度，挪威人，波斯和罗马。它提供了17中不同的地图，有单机模式和多人游戏模式，并为新手提供了教程。适用操作系统：Windows和 Linux. + +#### 98. [Pax Brittanica][99] #### + +这是一款。最多可以支持4个玩家在战斗中使用同意键盘的潜艇战略游戏。这些空间简单易学（你只需适用一个按钮），但是这个游戏可以玩得非常激烈。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 99. [Spring: 1944][100] #### + +这是一款二战战略游戏提供了逼真的游戏单元和强度。供选择的游戏角色可以是美国，德国，苏联和英国。适用操作系统：Linux。 + +#### 100. [UFO: Alien Invasion][101] #### + +在未来70年，一个秘密的组织正在为保卫地球不受狠毒的外星人侵略做战斗。玩家扮演人类或者外星人在单机模式或者多用户模式。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 101. [Unknown Horizons][102] #### + +在这个文明建设的战略游戏中，强调的是建设一个强大的经济体制，你需要在一个孤岛上利用屈指可数的定居者和资源为开始，去建造一个欣欣向荣的城市。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + + +#### 102. [Warzone 2100][103] #### + +你可以在核爆炸后重建地球吗？这个游戏提供了一个非常强大科技树并支持单人模式或者多人模式。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux,和OS X. + +#### 103. [Widelands][104] #### + +受Settlers II启发，Widelands是另外一款实时战略游戏，挑战玩家去建立一个文明国度。它的特点是具有3个部落，分别为野蛮人、帝国和亚特兰蒂斯，而不像大多数文明游戏，玩家并没有被告知每个单元要做什么，而是把下订单并委派给代表，更像一个统治者的角色。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 104. [Zero-K][105] #### + +在这个快速移动的实时战略游戏中，机器人军队进行着一场永无休止的战斗。主要功能包括超过100种不同的单元，一个精简的经济体系，逼真的物理引擎，地球化等等。适用操作系统： Windows和 Linux. + +#### 105. [Zombies][106] #### + +你能够在在僵尸杀了你之前杀死所有僵尸吗？这是一个回合制的游戏提供了令人上瘾的游戏和设置，允许玩家决定挑战的级别。适用操作系统：OS X、 + +### 有趣的非游戏类 ### + +#### 106. [Celestia][107] #### + +对于想成为宇航员和初露头角的天文学家，这款游戏无疑是至臻完美的， Celestia可以让你看到太空，因为它会出现在任何时间和宇宙中的任何已知点。快速地到木星旅行或者画出你夜晚的观星图。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 107. [Electric Sheep][108] #### + +这个游戏的灵感来自于Philip K. Dick小说中 Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep（做电绵羊机器人的梦想）?这个屏幕通过创造抽象图案和花纹来保护您的系统连接到成千上万人的系统上。投票支持你喜欢的团，它们便会出现得更经常一些。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux, OS X, 安卓和 iOS. + +#### 108. [LCARS 24][109] #### + +如果你家里有一台旧的电脑（睡会没有），为何不把它变成一个星际旅行为主题。有了这个应用，你可以得到一个闹钟和文件管理器，从图形界面看来，就像来到了一个正规的企业。适用操作系统：Windows和 DOS. + +#### 109. [Stellarium][110] #### + +把你的PC变成一个天文馆。Stellarium可以在地球上随时从任何角度随时显示夜空，而且它使用许多天象仪器来为显示器供电。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + +#### 110. [Tux Paint][111] #### + +Tux Paint可以让学龄前儿童很容易地在电脑上创建自己的“图画”。它的特征是有一个借口和大按钮，有趣的声音效果和友好的字符界面。适用操作系统：Windows, Linux和 OS X. + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/110-fun-open-source-games-and-apps-1.html + +译者：[disylee](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://www.datamation.com/open-source/101-most-fun-open-source-games-and-apps-1.html +[2]:http://www.stuff-o-matic.com/asgp/ +[3]:http://armagetronad.org/index.php +[4]:http://bzflag.org/ +[5]:http://chromium-bsu.sourceforge.net/ +[6]:http://www.parallelrealities.co.uk/p/legend-of-edgar.html +[7]:http://www.penguspy.com/jvgs/ +[8]:http://www.nogravitythegame.com/classic/ +[9]:http://opensnc.sourceforge.net/home/index.php +[10]:http://linux.tlk.fr/games/Powermanga/ +[11]:http://www.scorched3d.co.uk/ +[12]:http://www.srb2.org/ +[13]:http://supertux.lethargik.org/ +[14]:http://funguloids.sourceforge.net/ +[15]:http://www.teeworlds.com/ +[16]:http://xmoto.tuxfamily.org/ +[17]:http://www.yofrankie.org/ +[18]:http://domination.sourceforge.net/ +[19]:http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/scrabble/index.php?title=Main_Page +[20]:http://sourceforge.net/apps/mediawiki/scrabble/index.php?title=Main_Page +[21]:http://www.pokerth.net/ +[22]:http://pysolfc.sourceforge.net/ +[23]:http://gabrielecirulli.github.io/2048/ +[24]:http://www.nongnu.org/billiards/ +[25]:http://cubetrains.com/ +[26]:http://www.nongnu.org/enigma/ +[27]:http://fillets.sourceforge.net/ +[28]:http://www.frozen-bubble.org/ +[29]:http://live.gnome.org/GnomeGames +[30]:http://tomatoes.sourceforge.net/about.html +[31]:http://games.kde.org/ +[32]:http://neverball.org/ +[33]:http://pingus.seul.org/welcome.html +[34]:http://pushover.sourceforge.net/ +[35]:http://zaz.sourceforge.net/ +[36]:http://www.schoolsplay.org/ +[37]:https://live.gnome.org/gbrainy +[38]:http://gcompris.net/index-en.html +[39]:http://tux4kids.alioth.debian.org/tuxmath/index.php +[40]:http://icculus.org/alienarena/rpa/ +[41]:http://assault.cubers.net/ +[42]:http://www.alientrap.org/games/nexuiz +[43]:http://openarena.ws/smfnews.php +[44]:http://www.redeclipse.net/ +[45]:http://tremulous.net/ +[46]:http://www.truecombatelite.com/ +[47]:http://www.unvanquished.net/ +[48]:http://www.warsow.net/ +[49]:http://www.splashdamage.com/wolfet +[50]:http://worldofpadman.net/website/news +[51]:http://www.xonotic.org/ +[52]:http://www.zeroballistics.com/ +[53]:http://www.stepmania.com/ +[54]:http://www.stepmania.com/ +[55]:http://www.ultrastardeluxe.org/ +[56]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/extremetuxracer/ +[57]:http://www.speed-dreams.org/ +[58]:http://supertuxkart.sourceforge.net/ +[59]:http://torcs.sourceforge.net/ +[60]:http://www.ultimatestunts.nl/ +[61]:http://vdrift.net/ +[62]:http://crossfire.real-time.com/intro/index.html +[63]:http://www.epicinventor.com/ +[64]:http://excaliburworld.com/emr/emr3/index.html +[65]:http://flarerpg.org/media/ +[66]:http://lipsofsuna.org/ +[67]:http://themanaworld.org/ +[68]:http://themanaworld.org/ +[69]:http://www.planeshift.it/about.html +[70]:http://www.ryzom.com/en/ +[71]:http://stendhalgame.org/ +[72]:http://sumwars.org/wiki/Main_Page +[73]:http://www.flightgear.org/ +[74]:http://www.golemgame.com/ +[75]:http://lincity.sourceforge.net/ +[76]:https://code.google.com/p/micropolis/ +[77]:http://minetest.net/ +[78]:http://pioneerspacesim.net/ +[79]:http://www.oolite.org/ +[80]:http://www.opencity.info/ +[81]:http://www.openttd.org/en/ +[82]:http://www.rigsofrods.com/content/ +[83]:http://www.simutrans.com/ +[84]:http://vegastrike.sourceforge.net/ +[85]:http://play0ad.com/ +[86]:http://www.asc-hq.org/ +[87]:http://www.wesnoth.org/ +[88]:http://www.boswars.org/ +[89]:http://commanderstalin.sourceforge.net/ +[90]:http://www.freecol.org/ +[91]:http://freeciv.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page +[92]:http://freeorion.org/index.php/Main_Page +[93]:http://glest.org/en/index.php +[94]:http://globulation2.org/wiki/Main_Page +[95]:http://www.hedgewars.org/ +[96]:http://springrts.com/wiki/Kernel_Panic +[97]:http://www.ufoot.org/liquidwar/v5 +[98]:http://glest.org/en/index.php +[99]:http://paxbritannica.henk.ca/ +[100]:http://spring1944.net/ +[101]:http://ufoai.org/wiki/News +[102]:http://www.unknown-horizons.org/ +[103]:http://wz2100.net/ +[104]:http://wl.widelands.org/ +[105]:http://zero-k.info/ +[106]:http://codenautics.com/zombies/ +[107]:http://www.shatters.net/celestia/index.html +[108]:http://community.electricsheep.org/ +[109]:http://lcars24.com/ +[110]:http://stellarium.org/ +[111]:http://tuxpaint.org/ From ff8a984708f686909d0036969f667511b3f66acc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: disylee Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2014 13:15:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 694/713] translated by disylee 20140717 --- .../talk/20140723 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/talk/20140723 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/talk/20140723 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md b/translated/talk/20140723 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/talk/20140723 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md rename to translated/talk/20140723 110 Fun Open Source Games and Apps.md From 3674f92c6f03c8f217c2d7175bfa1100336411c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bazz2 Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2014 14:14:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 695/713] [bazz2-ed]Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4 --- ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md | 144 ----------------- ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md | 3 +- ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md | 145 ++++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 147 insertions(+), 145 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0d3ac54012..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,144 +0,0 @@ -[bazz2 keep moving] -Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging -================================================================================ -### Auto Testing Tools ### - -There are several automated testing tools and test infrastructures that you can chose from based on your specific testing needs. This section is intended to be a brief overview and not a detailed guide on how to use each of these. - -#### [AuToTest][1] #### - -> Autotest is a framework for fully automated testing. It is designed primarily to test the Linux kernel, though it is useful for many other functions such as qualifying new hardware. It is an open source project under the GPL. Autotest works in server-client mode. Autotest server can be configured to initiate, run, and monitor tests on several target systems running the autotest client. Autotest client can be run manually on a target system or via the server. Using this framework, new test cases can be added. Please [Autotest White Paper][2] for more information. - -#### Linaro Automated Validation Architecture #### - -> LAVA-Test Automated Testing Framework is a framework to help with automated installation and executions of tests. For example, running LTP in LAVA framework can be accomplished with a few commands. Running lava-test tool to install LTP will automatically install any dependencies, download the source for the recent release of LTP, compile it, and install the binaries in a self-contained area so that they can be removed easily when user runs uninstall. At this point running lava-test run with ltp test option will execute LTP tests and save results with an unique id that includes the test name, time/date stamp of the test execution. These results are saved for future reference. This is a good feature to find regressions, if any, between test runs. Summary of commands to run as an example: - -Show a list of tests supported by lava-test: - - lava-test list-tests - -Install a new test: - - lava-test install ltp - -Run the test: - - lava-test run ltp - -Check results: - - lava-test results show ltp-timestamp.0 - -Remove tests: - - lava-test uninstall ltp - -### Kernel Debug Features ### - -Linux kernel includes several debugging features such as kmemcheck and kmemleak. - -#### kmemcheck #### - -> kmemcheck is a dynamic checking tool that detects and warns about some uses of uninitialized memory. It serves the same function as Valgrind's memcheck which is a userspace memory checker, where as kmemcheck checks kernel memory. CONFIG_KMEMCHECK kernel configuration option enables the kmemcheck debugging feature. Please read the Documentation/kmemcheck.txt for information on how to configure and use this feature, and how to interpret the reported results. - -#### kmemleak #### - -> kmemleak can be used to detect possible kernel memory leaks in a way similar to a tracing garbage collector. The difference between the tracing garbage collector and kmemleak is that the latter doesn't free orphan objects, instead it reports them in /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak. A similar method of reporting and not freeing is used by the Valgrind's memcheck --leak-check to detect memory leaks in user-space applications. CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK kernel configuration option enables the kmemleak debugging feature. Please read the Documentation/kmemleak.txt for information on how to configure and use this feature, and how to interpret the reported results. - -### Kernel Debug Interfaces ### - -Linux kernel has support for static and dynamic debugging via configuration options, debug APIs, interfaces, and frameworks. Let's learn more about each of these starting with the static options. - -### Debug Configuration Options - Static ### - -Linux kernel core and several Linux kernel modules, if not all, include kernel configuration options to debug. Several of these static debug options can be enabled at compile time. Debug messages are logged in dmesg buffer. - -### Debug APIs ### - -An example of Debug APIs is DMA-debug which is desiged for debugging driver dma api usage errors. When enabled, it keeps track of dma mappings per device, detects unmap attempts on addresses that aren't mapped, and missing mapping error checks in driver code after dma map attempts. CONFIG_HAVE_DMA_API_DEBUG and CONFIG_DMA_API_DEBUG kernel configuration options enable this feature on architectures that provide the support. With the CONFIG_DMA_API_DEBUG option enabled, the Debug-dma interfaces are called from DMA API. For example, when a driver calls dma_map_page() to map a dma buffer, dma_map_page() will call debug_dma_map_page() to start tracking the buffer until it gets released via dma_unmap_page() at a later time. For further reading on [Detecting silent data corruptions and memory leaks using DMA Debug API ][3] - -### Dynamic Debug ### - -Dynamic debug feature allows dynamically enabling/disabling pr_debug(), dev_dbg(), print_hex_dump_debug(), print_hex_dump_bytes() per-callsite. What this means is, a specific debug message can be enabled at run-time to learn more about a problem that is observed. This is great because, there is no need to re-compile the kernel with debug options enabled, then install the new kernel, only to find that the problem is no longer reproduciable. Once CONFIG_DYNAMIC_DEBUG is enabled in the kernel, dynamic debug feature enables a fine grain enable/disable of debug messages. /sys/kernel/debug/dynamic_debug/control is used to specify which pr_* messages are enabled. A quick summary of how to enable dynamic debug per call level, per module level is as follows: - -Enable pr_debug() in kernel/power/suspend.c at line 340: - - echo 'file suspend.c line 340 +p' > /sys/kernel/debug/dynamic_debug/control - -Enable dynamic debug feature in a module at module load time - -> Pass in dyndbg="plmft" to modprobe at the time module is being loaded. - -Enable dynamic debug feature in a module to persist across reboots - -> create or change modname.conf file in /etc/modprobe.d/ to add dyndbg="plmft" option. However for drivers that get loaded from initramfs, changing modname.conf is insufficient for the dynamic debug feature to persist across reboot. For such drivers, change grub to pass in module.dyndbg="+plmft" as a module option as a kernel boot parameter. - -dynamic_debug.verbose=1 kernel boot option increases the verbosity of dynamic debug messages. Please consult the Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt for more information on this feature. - -### Tracepoints ### - -So far we talked about various static and dynamic debug features. Both static debug options and debug hooks such as the DMA Debug API are either enabled or disabled at compile time. Both of these options require a new kernel to be compiled and installed. The dynamic debug feature eliminates the need for a recompile, however the debug code is compiled in with a conditional variable that controls whether or not the debug message gets printed. It helps that the messages can be enabled at run-time, however, the conditional code is executed at run-time to determine if the message needs to be printed. Tracepoint code on the otherhand can be triggered to be included at run-time only when the tracepoint is enabled. In other words, tracepoint code is different in that, it is inactive unless it is enabled. When it is enabled, code is modified to include the tracepoint code. It doesn't add any conditional logic overhead to determine whether or not to generate a trace message. - -Please read [Tips on how to implement good tracepoint code][4] for more insight into how tracing works. - -### Tracepoint mechanism ### - -The tracepoints use jump-labels which is a code modification of a branch. - -When it is disabled, the code path looks like: - - [ code ] - nop - back: - [ code ] - return; - tracepoint: - [ tracepoint code ] - jmp back; - -When it is enabled, the code path looks like: (notice how the tracepoint code appears in the code path below) - - [ code ] - jmp tracepoint - back: - [ code ] - return; - tracepoint: - [ tracepoint code ] - jmp back; - -### Linux PM Sub-system Testing ### - -Using debug, dynamic debug, and tracing, let's run a few suspend to disk PM tests. When system is suspended, kernel creates hibernation image on disk, suspends and uses the image to restore the systerm state at resume time. - -Enable logging time it takes to suspend and resume each device - - echo 1 > /sys/power/pm_print_times - -Run suspend to disk test in reboot mode - - echo reboot > /sys/power/disk - echo disk > /sys/power/state - -Run suspend to disk test in shutdown mode - same as reboot, except requires powering on to resume - - echo shutdown > /sys/power/disk - echo disk > /sys/power/state - -Run suspend to disk test in platform mode - more extensive and tests BIOS suspend and resume paths e.g: ACPI methods will be invoked. This is the recommended mode for hibernation so BIOS is informed and aware of suspend/resume action. - - echo platform > /sys/power/disk - echo disk > /sys/power/state - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via:http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,3 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://autotest.github.io/ -[2]:https://github.com/autotest/autotest/wiki/WhitePaper -[3]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/sites/events/files/slides/Shuah_Khan_dma_map_error.pdf -[4]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/july-2013-linux-kernel-news diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md index 010200bfc6..68d196a3de 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +[bazz2 up up] Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging ================================================================================ ### Linux PM Sub-system Testing in Simulation Mode ### @@ -87,4 +88,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page 译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 \ No newline at end of file +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md b/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..81334dfac1 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 4.md @@ -0,0 +1,145 @@ +Linux 内核测试和调试 - 4 +================================================================================ +### 自动测试工具 ### + +这里列出一些能满足不同需求的测试工具供你选择。本小节只是简单介绍个大概，并不提供详细操作指南。 + +#### [AuToTest][1] #### + +> AuToTest 是一个全自动测试框架，存在的主要目的就是测试 Linux 内核，当然也可以用来测试其他东西，比如测试一块新硬件是否能稳定工作。AuToTest 是开源软件，以 GPL 方式授权，运行于 server-client 架构（即 C/S 架构）。你可以通过配置 server 端来对运行了 client 端的系统执行初始化、运行与监测工作，也可以自己在目标系统上让 client 运行起来。另外你可以为这个测试框架添加测试用例，详情请参考[AuToTest 白皮书][2]。 + +#### Linaro Automated Validation Architecture #### + +> LAVA 自动测试框架用于自动安装于运行测试。举个例子：你在 LAVA 里面只需运行几个命令就可以跑 LTP（LCTT：Linux Test Project，中文是 Linux 测试计划，SGI发起并由IBM负责维护，目的是为开源社区提供测试套件来验证Linux的可靠性、健壮性和稳定性）。通过 LAVA 命令可以自动为你安装 LTP 所需要的所有依赖包，下载源码、编译编码、将 LTP 安装到某个独立的地方，方便卸载 LTP 时能移除所有二进制文件。安装好 LTP 后，运行 LAVA 命令时添加 'ltp' 选项就可以运行 LTP 测试任务了，它会将测试结果以文件方式保存下来，文件名包含测试名称、时间戳。这些测试结果可以留着供以后参考。这是个发现软件退化（如果软件退化了的话）的好方法。下面列出 LAVA 配合 LTP 使用的一些命令： + +显示 LAVA 支持的测试列表： + + lava-test list-tests + +安装测试套件： + + lava-test install ltp + +运行测试： + + lava-test run ltp + +查看结果： + + lava-test results show ltp-timestamp.0 + +卸载测试套件： + + lava-test uninstall ltp + +### 内核调试功能 ### + +Linux 内核本身包含很多调试功能，比如 kmemcheck 和 kmemleak。 + +#### kmemcheck #### + +> kmemcheck 是一个动态检查工具，可以检测出一些未被初始化的内存（LCTT：内核态使用这些内存可能会造成系统崩溃）并发出警告。它的功能与 Valgrind 类似，只是 Valgrind 运行在用户态，而 kmemchecke 运行在内核态。编译内核时加上 CONFIG_KMEMCHECK 选项打开 kmemcheck 调试功能。你可以阅读 Documentation/kmemcheck.txt 来学习如何配置使用这个功能，以及如何看懂调试结果。 + +#### kmemleak #### + +> kmemleak 通过类似于垃圾收集器的功能来检测内核是否有内存泄漏问题。而 kmemleak 与垃圾收集器的不同之处在于前者不会释放孤儿目标（LCTT：不会再被使用的、应该被释放而没被释放的内存区域），而是将它们打印到 /sys/kernel/debug/kmemleak 文件中。用户态的 Valgrind 也有一个类似的功能，使用 --leak-check 选项可以检测并报错内存泄漏问题，但并不释放这个孤儿内存。编译内核时使用 CONFIG_DEBUG_KMEMLEAK 选项打开 kmemcleak 调试功能。阅读 Documentation/kmemleak.txt 来学习怎么使用这个工具并读懂调试结果。 + +### 内核调试接口 ### + +Linux 内核通过配置选项、调试用的 API、接口和框架来支持动态或静态的调试。我们现在就好好学习学习这些牛逼的功能，从静态编译选项开始讲。 + +### 调试配置选项：静态编译 ### + +大部分 Linux 内核以及内核模块都包含调试选项，你只要在编译内核或内核模块的时候添加这个静态调试选项，程序运行时后就会产生调试信息，并记录在 dmesg 缓存中。 + +### 调试的 API ### + +调试 API 的一个很好的例子是 DMA-debug，用来调试驱动是否错误使用了 DMA 提供的 API。它会跟踪每个设备的映射关系，检测程序有没有试图为一些根本不存在的映射执行“取消映射”操作，检测代码建立 DMA 映射后可能产生的“映射丢失”的错误。内核配置选项 CONFIG_HAVE_DMA_APT_DEBUG 和 CONFIG_DMA_API_DEBUG 可以为内核提供这个功能。其中，CONFIG_DMA_API_DEBUG 选项启用后，内核调用 DMA 的 API 的同时也会调用 Debug-dma 接口。举例来说，当一个驱动调用 dma_map_page() 函数来映射一个 DMA 缓存时，dma_map_page() 会调用debug_dma_map_page() 函数来跟踪这个缓存，直到驱动调用 dma_unmap_page() 来取消映射。详细内容请参考[使用 DMA 调试 API 检测潜在的数据污染和内存泄漏问题][3]。 + +### 动态调试 ### + +动态调试功能就是你可以决定在程序运行过程中是否要 pr_debug(), dev_dbg(), print_hex_dump_debug(), print_hex_dump_bytes() 这些函数正常运行起来。什么意思？当程序运行过程中出现错误时，你可以指定程序打印有针对性的、详细的调试信息。这功能牛逼极了，我们不再需要为了添加调试代码定位一个问题，而重新编译安装内核。你可以指定 CONDIF_DYNAMIC_DEBUG 选项打开动态调试功能，然后通过 /sys/kernel/debug/dynamic_debug/control 接口指定要打印哪些调试日志。下面分别列出代码级别和模块级别打印日志的操作方法： + +让 kernel/power/suspend.c 源码第340行的 pr_debug() 函数打印日志： + + echo 'file suspend.c line 340 +p' > /sys/kernel/debug/dynamic_debug/control + +让内核模块在加载过程中打开动态调试功能： + +> 使用 modprobe 命令加在模块时加上 dyndbg='plmft' 选项。 + +让内核模块的动态调试功能在重启后依然有效： + +> 编辑 /etc/modprobe.d/modname.conf 文件（没有这个文件就创建一个），添加 dyndbg='plmft' 选项。然而对于哪些通过 initramfs 加载的驱动来说，这个配置基本无效（LCTT：免费奉送点比较高级的知识哈。系统启动时，需要先让 initramfs 挂载一个虚拟的文件系统，然后再挂载启动盘上的真实文件系统。这个虚拟文件系统里面的文件是 initramfs 自己提供的，也就是说你在真实的文件系统下面配置了 /etc/modprobe.d/modname.conf 这个文件，initramfs 是压根不去理会的。站在内核驱动的角度看：如果内核驱动在 initramfs 过程中被加载到内核，这个驱动读取到的 /etc/modprobe.d/modname.conf 是 initramfs 提供的，而不是你编辑的那个。所以会有上述“写了配置文件后重启依然无效”的结论）。对于这种刁民，呃，刁驱动，我们需要修改 grub 配置文件，在 kernel 那一行添加 module.dyndbg='plmft' 参数，这样你的驱动就可以开机启动动态调试功能了。 + +想打印更详细的调试信息，可以使用 dynamic_debug.verbose=1 选项。参考 Documentation/dynamic-debug-howto.txt 文件获取更多信息。 + +### 设置追踪点 ### + +到目前为止，我们介绍了多种动态和静态调试方法。静态调试选项和静态调试钩子函数（比如 DMA Debug API）需要的编译过程打开或关闭，导致了一个难过的事实：需要重新编译安装内核。而动态编译功能省去了“重新编译”这件麻烦事，但是也有不足的地方，就是调试代码引入了条件变量，用于判断是否打印调试信息。这种方法可以让你在程序运行时决定是否打印日志，但需要执行额外的判断过程。“追踪点”代码只会在程序运行过程中使用“追踪点”功能才会被触发。也就是说，“追踪点”代码与上述说的两种方法都不一样。当用不到它时，它不会运行（LCTT：动态调试的话，代码每次都需要查看下变量，然后判断是否需要打印日志；而“追踪点”貌似利用某种触发机制，不需要每次都去查看变量）。当你需要用到它时，程序的代码会把“追踪点”代码包含进去。它不会添加任何条件变量来增加系统的运行负担。 + +详细信息请参考[布置追踪代码的小技巧][4]。 + +### “追踪点”的原理 ### + +追踪点使用“跳跃标签”，这是一种使用分支跳转的编码修正（code modification）技术。 + +当关闭追踪点的时候，其伪代码看起来时这样的： + + [ code1 ] + nop + back: + [ code2 ] + return; + tracepoint: + [ tracepoint code ] + jmp back; + +当打开追踪点的时候，其伪代码看起来时这样的：（注意追踪点代码出现的位置） + + [ code1 ] + jmp tracepoint + back: + [ code2 ] + return; + tracepoint: + [ tracepoint code ] + jmp back; + +（LCTT：咳咳，解释解释上面两段伪代码吧，能看懂的大神请忽略这段注释。不使用追踪点时，代码运行过程是：code1->code2->return结束；使用追踪点时，代码运行过程是：code1->跳到tracepoint code执行调试代码->跳回code2->return结束。两段代码的唯一区别就是第二行，前者为 nop（不做任何操作），后者为 jmp tracepoint （跳到调试代码）。） + +### Linux 电源管理子系统的测试 ### + +使用静态调试、动态调试和追踪调试技术，我们来跑一下磁盘的电源管理测试。当系统被挂起时，内核会为磁盘创建一个休眠镜像，使磁盘进入休眠模式，当系统重新被唤醒时，内核又利用这个休眠镜像重新唤醒磁盘。 + +设置挂起设备与唤醒设备需要的时间： + + echo 1 > /sys/power/pm_print_times + +以 reboot 模式挂起磁盘： + + echo reboot > /sys/power/disk + echo disk > /sys/power/state + +以 shutdown 模式挂起磁盘 —— 与 reboot 模式一样，只是重新唤醒磁盘的话还需要电源提供。 + + echo shutdown > /sys/power/disk + echo disk > /sys/power/state + +以 platform 模式挂起磁盘 —— 能测试更多内容，比如 BIOS 挂起和唤醒，会涉及到 ACPI 功能。我们推荐你使用这种方式，把 BIOS 也拉下水陪你玩挂起和唤醒游戏。 + + echo platform > /sys/power/disk + echo disk > /sys/power/state + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via:http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,3 + +译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://autotest.github.io/ +[2]:https://github.com/autotest/autotest/wiki/WhitePaper +[3]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/sites/events/files/slides/Shuah_Khan_dma_map_error.pdf +[4]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/july-2013-linux-kernel-news From 15419bde0e0b68e2f84d324c90a32afd854b8e04 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bazz2 Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2014 15:15:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 696/713] [bazz2-ed]Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5 --- ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md | 91 ------------------- ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md | 3 +- ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md | 90 ++++++++++++++++++ 3 files changed, 92 insertions(+), 92 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md deleted file mode 100644 index 68d196a3de..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,91 +0,0 @@ -[bazz2 up up] -Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging -================================================================================ -### Linux PM Sub-system Testing in Simulation Mode ### - -The Linux PM sub-system provides five PM test modes to test hibernation in a simulated mode. These modes allow exercising the hibernation code in various layers of the kernel without actually suspending the system. This is useful when there is a concern that suspend might not work on a specific platform and help detect errors in a simulation similar to simulating flying a plane, so to speak. - -freezer - test the freezing of processes - - echo freezer > /sys/power/pm_test - echo platform > /sys/power/disk - echo disk > /sys/power/state - -devices - test the freezing of processes and suspending of devices - - echo devices > /sys/power/pm_test - echo platform > /sys/power/disk - echo disk > /sys/power/state - -platform - test the freezing of processes, suspending of devices and platform global control methods(*) - - echo platform > /sys/power/pm_test - echo platform > /sys/power/disk - echo disk > /sys/power/state - -processors - test the freezing of processes, suspending of devices, platform global control methods(*) and the disabling of non-boot CPUs - - echo processors > /sys/power/pm_test - echo platform > /sys/power/disk - echo disk > /sys/power/state - -core - test the freezing of processes, suspending of devices, platform global control methods, the disabling of non-boot CPUs and suspending of platform/system devices. Note: this mode is tested on ACPI systems. - - echo core > /sys/power/pm_test - echo platform > /sys/power/disk - echo disk > /sys/power/state - -### Linux PM Sub-system Trace Events ### - -PM sub-system supports several tracepoints and trace events that can be enabled to trigger during run-time. I will give an overview on how to enable couple of these trace events and where to find the trace information they generate: - -Enabling PM events at run-time: - - cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/power - echo 1 > cpu_frequency/enable - cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/set_event - less /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace - -Enabling events at boot-time kernel trace parameter with a kernel boot option: - - trace_event=cpu_frequency - -For more information on Linux PM testing, please consult the Documentation/power/basic-pm-debugging.txt and other documents in the same directory. - -### git bisect ### - -git bisect is an invaluable and powerful tool to isolate an offending commit. I will go over very basic git bisect steps. - -This is how the process works: - - git bisect start - git bisect bad # Current version is bad - git bisect good v3.14-rc6 # last good version - -Once, one bad and one good version are specified, git bisect will start bisecting by pulling in commits between the good version and the bad. Once a set of commits are pulled in, compile the kernel, install, test, and tag the version good or bad. This process repeats until the selected commits are tested and tagged as good or bad. There can be several kernel versions to test. When the last version is tested, git bisect will flag a commit that is bad. The following useful git-bisect command can aid in using git-bisect process: - -See step by step bisect progress - - git bisect log - -Reset git bisect can be used in case of mistakes in tagging, save git log output and replay prior to reset - - git bisect reset - -Replay a git-bisect log - - git bisect replay git_log_output - -git bisect can be run on a section of kernel source tree if the problem is clearly in that area. For example, when debugging a problem in radeon driver, running git bisect on drivers/drm/radeon will limit the scope of bisect to just the commits to drivers/drm/radeon driver. - -Start git bisect on a section of a kernel tree - - git bisect start drivers/drm/radeon - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,4 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md index 235c02463f..7a870f6b93 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +[bazz2 last & largest one] Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging ================================================================================ ### Linux Kernel Patch Testing ### @@ -135,4 +136,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page [16]:http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/ [17]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/slides/lfcs2010_hiramatsu.pdf [18]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/images/stories/slides/elc2013_porter.pdf -[a]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/users/shuah-khan \ No newline at end of file +[a]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/users/shuah-khan diff --git a/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md b/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ef868c8c26 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 5.md @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +Linux 内核测试和调试 - 5 +================================================================================ +### 仿真环境下进行 Linux 电源管理子系统测试 ### + +Linux 电源管理子系统在仿真环境下提供5种测试方式。这些方式仅仅在内核各层之间运行休眠的代码而不是真正的让系统进入休眠状态。有些平台不能挂起系统，比如说我们需要模拟飞机的飞行环境，这时候使用这种仿真环境就非常有用处了。 + +freezer - 测试停掉处理器： + + echo freezer > /sys/power/pm_test + echo platform > /sys/power/disk + echo disk > /sys/power/state + +devices - 测试停掉处理器以及挂起设备： + + echo devices > /sys/power/pm_test + echo platform > /sys/power/disk + echo disk > /sys/power/state + +platform - 测试停掉处理器、挂起设备以及平台全局控制方法(*) + + echo platform > /sys/power/pm_test + echo platform > /sys/power/disk + echo disk > /sys/power/state + +processors - 测试停掉处理器、挂起设备和平台全局控制方法(*)，以及关闭未启动的 CPU。 + + echo processors > /sys/power/pm_test + echo platform > /sys/power/disk + echo disk > /sys/power/state + +core - 测试停掉处理器、挂起设备和平台全局控制方法(*)，关闭未启动的 CPU，以及挂起平台或系统的设备。注意：这个测试模式运行在 ACPI 系统。 + + echo core > /sys/power/pm_test + echo platform > /sys/power/disk + echo disk > /sys/power/state + +### Linux 电源管理子系统追踪事件 ### + +电源管理子系统在运行过程中支持多种追踪点和追踪事件。我将对如何使用这些追踪时间以及如何找到追踪信息作一个简单的介绍： + +在运行时开启电源管理事件： + + cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/events/power + echo 1 > cpu_frequency/enable + cat /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/set_event + less /sys/kernel/debug/tracing/trace + +为内核启动的命令添加一个参数： + + trace_event=cpu_frequency + +更多信息查看 Documentation/power/basic-pm-debugging.txt 以及同目录下其他的文档。 + +### git bisect 命令 ### + +git bisect 是一个非常有用非常强大的工具，用于将 git 上的一个 commit 分离出来。我简单过一遍它的用法。 + +下面是 git bisect 的用法： + + git bisect start + git bisect bad # 当前版本是坏的 + git bisect good v3.14-rc6 # 上个版本是好的 + +一旦指定好好的版本和坏的版本，git bisect 就会开始把好坏两个版本之间的所有 commit 对半分，并将其中的一半提交 pull 下来。然后重新编译安装测试内核，并标记这个内核是好是坏。重复这个过程，知道某个你选好的 commit 被标记被好或者坏。我们可能需要测试多个内核版本，测到最后一个版本时，git bisect 会将一个 commit 标记为坏。下面的命令可以在 git bisect 分析过程中起到帮助作用： + +查看 bisect 操作的过程： + + git bisect log + +重置 git bisect，标记错误时可以用到，保存 git log 的输出，重新操作上一次 bisect 的步骤： + + git bisect reset + +重放 git bisect 操作过程： + + git bisect replay git_log_output + +如果一个问题很清楚是在某个区域内，git bisect 命令可以定位到一个具体的内核源码树枝干上。举个例子，在调试一个镭龙显卡驱动的问题时，为 git bisect 指定 drivers/drm/radeon 参数，可以让 git bisect 只检索对 drivers/drm/radeon 里面的文件有修改的 commit。 + +让 git bisect 只检索内核树的某个枝干： + + git bisect start drivers/drm/radeon + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,4 + +译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 25762a4dd1c70f0dae73b94857cb90cc28d009b1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2014 16:50:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 697/713] =?UTF-8?q?PUB=EF=BC=9A20140703=20How=20to=20find?= =?UTF-8?q?=20and=20kill=20misbehaving=20MySQL=20queries?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @hunanchenxingyu 翻译质量不佳，下回请自己先读一遍。可以参照翻译词典和翻译程序，但是不能依赖。 --- ...find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md | 23 ++++++++++--------- ... engines from the command line on Linux.md | 6 ++++- 2 files changed, 17 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md (70%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md b/published/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md similarity index 70% rename from translated/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md rename to published/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md index 0d49954923..848d466fdd 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md +++ b/published/20140703 How to find and kill misbehaving MySQL queries.md @@ -1,8 +1,9 @@ -怎样去查找并杀掉非法的MySQL查询 +怎样把坏的MySQL查询找到并杀死？ ================================================================================ -有时,相关数据库系统的复杂性可能被压倒.幸运地,这种复杂性是一种优势,与 MySQL工具一起管理查询. 在本教程中, 我将向你们展示 **怎样去查找并杀掉任何非法的MySQL查询**. -为了浏览当前正在运行的查询, 登陆到MySQL终端，然后运行‘show processlist’命令: +有时，关系型相关数据库系统的复杂性会把你搞晕，不过幸运的是，使用MySQL工具来管理查询就就可以避免这些复杂性。 在本教程中，我将向你们展示 **怎样去查找并杀掉任何非法的MySQL查询**。 + +为了浏览当前正在运行的查询，登陆到MySQL终端，然后运行‘show processlist’命令: mysql> show processlist; @@ -16,10 +17,10 @@ +--------+--------+-----------------+---------+---------+-------+-------+------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------+ 4 rows in set (0.03 sec) -首先 你应该查看'Time'项, 这里记录了进程执行 "doing the thing it's doing" 操作的秒数. ‘command’项处于‘Sleep’ -状态的进程正在等待查询, 因此,它并没有消耗任何资源. 对于其他任何进程而言，‘Time’超过一定的秒数表明出现问题. +首先你应该查看'Time'项，这里记录了进程执行 "做其当做的事情" 操作的秒数。‘command’项处于‘Sleep’ +状态的进程表示其正在等待接受查询，因此，它并没有消耗任何资源。对于其他任何进程而言，‘Time’超过一定的秒数表明出现问题。 -在这种情况下,只能通过运行‘show processlist’命令来查询.如果我们有一个糟糕的写查询，让我们来看看情况如何: +在上面的例子中，唯一运行的查询是我们的‘show processlist’命令。让我们来看看如果我们有一个写的很烂的查询是怎么样的: mysql> show processlist; @@ -35,19 +36,19 @@ +--------+--------+-----------------+-----------+---------+-------+--------------+----------------------------------+-----------+---------------+-----------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec) -啊哈！现在我们看到这里的查询几乎运行了30s. 如果我们不想让它继续运行，可以使用它的'Id'去执行kill命令: +啊哈！现在我们看到有一个查询运行了将近30秒。如果我们不想让它的进程继续运行，可以将它的'Id'传递给kill命令: mysql> kill 132033; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> -(注意 由于我们没有改变任何数据,MySQL总是报告0行被影响.) +(注意 由于我们没有改变任何数据，MySQL总是报告0行被影响。) -明智的使用kill命令能够清除积压的查询.记住,但那不是一种永久的方法 - 如果这些查询来自你的应用,你需要去重写它们,或者将继续看到相同的问题. +明智的使用kill命令能够清除积压的查询。然而，要记住的是，那不是一种永久的方法 - 如果这些查询来自你的程序，你需要去重写它们，或者将继续看到相同的问题不断出现。 ### 另请参阅 ### -关于不同‘Command’的MySQL文档: +关于不同‘命令’的MySQL文档: - [https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/thread-commands.html][1] @@ -55,7 +56,7 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/find-kill-misbehaving-mysql-queries.html -译者：[hunanchenxingyu](https://github.com/hunanchenxingyu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[hunanchenxingyu](https://github.com/hunanchenxingyu) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md index 5e7fe1b8d4..b56cd66aa9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,11 @@ 主流搜索引擎闯入Linux命令行世界 ================================================================================ +（LCTT译注：这里，我们姑且认为您身处能够访问Internet的地方！） + 为什么会有人要从终端搜索互联网上的东西？我不清楚，这里头可能有许多的原因。但是，因为没人要求答案总比没人知道答案少令人失望一点。这里，列出了一些流行的搜索引擎的命令行工具，可以让你们通过Linux终端来访问它们。 ### 1. Google ### + 让我们从一个巨头开始吧：Bing！好吧，只是开个玩笑，事实上应该是Google。坦白讲，你根本不需要使用命令行工具来进行Google搜索。只需要简简单单的一个命令： $ xdg-open https://www.google.com/search?q="[query]" @@ -84,11 +87,12 @@ Twitter是迎合潮流的一个很好的搜索引擎。我们已经在[如何在 #### Adrien Brochard #### 我是一位来自法国的Linux爱好者。在尝试了多个发行版后，我最后认可了Archlinux。然而，我一直在试着通过积累一些知识和技巧来改善我的系统。 + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/access-popular-search-engines-command-line-linux.html -译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 34ce4a1d2474c47afb51bd37d20970b22b110b67 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2014 17:01:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 698/713] PUB:20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04 @vito-L --- ...40709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md (86%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md b/published/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md similarity index 86% rename from translated/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md rename to published/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md index 8a3fefca01..360f9ca5cb 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/published/20140709 How To Disable Overlay Scrollbars in Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -1,10 +1,10 @@ -如何在Ubuntu14.04中禁用叠加滚动条【小贴士】 +[小技巧]如何在Ubuntu14.04中禁用叠加滚动条 ================================================================================ ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Ubuntu-14.042-790x493.jpeg) Hello 伙计们, -这是一个如何在Ubuntu中禁用叠加滚动条的小贴士。注意，在本文中不是删除叠加功能，相反，你将启用或禁用它。 +这是一个如何在Ubuntu中禁用叠加滚动条的小技巧。注意，在本文中讲的不是删除叠加功能，而是告诉你如何启用或禁用它。 ### 禁用 ### From fad9de8ba5b9c06afb0c6df8c28995ef64384d5b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2014 17:12:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 699/713] PUB:20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux @GOLinux --- ...ccess popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md b/published/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md rename to published/20140630 How to access popular search engines from the command line on Linux.md From cb20923afafa407fdddef23845983bbb774b4f68 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bazz2 Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2014 17:31:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 700/713] [bazz-2 work complete]Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6 --- ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md | 139 ------------------ ...18 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md | 136 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 136 insertions(+), 139 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md b/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7a870f6b93..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,139 +0,0 @@ -[bazz2 last & largest one] -Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging -================================================================================ -### Linux Kernel Patch Testing ### - -Are you try your hands on writing a kernel patch? This section will go over how to test a new patch before sending it to the Linux mailing list. Further more, we will also talk about how to send it. -Once the code is ready, compile it. Save the make output to a file to see if the new code introduced any new warnings. Address warnings, if any. Once the code compiles cleanly, install the compiled kernel and boot test. If it boots successfully, make sure there are no new errors in the dmesg, comparing it with the previous kernel dmesg. Run a few usage and stress tests. Please refer to the testing content we discussed earlier in this paper. If the patch is for fixing a specific bug, make sure the patch indeed fixes the bug. If the patch fixes the problem, make sure, other module regression tests pass. Identify regression tests for the patched module and run them. When a patch touches other architectures, cross-compile build testing is recommended. Please check the following in the source git as a reference to identify tests. - -- linux_git/Documentation -- linux_git/tools/testing -- Cross-compiling reference: [Cross-compiling Linux Kernels on x86_64: A tutorial on How to Get Started][1] - -Once you are satisfied with the patch testing, it is time to commit the change and generate the patch. Make sure the commit message describes the change made very clearly. It is important that the maintainer and other developers can understand what this change is all about. Once patch is ready, run scripts/checkpatch.pl on the generated patch. Address checkpatch errors and/or warnings, if any. Regenerate and repeat until the patch passes the checkpatch test. Unless the checkpatch errors are minor whitespace type, re-test the patch. Apply the patch to another instance of the kernel git to make sure patch applies cleanly. - -Now you are ready to send the patch. Please run the scripts/get_maintainer.pl to identify whom the patch should be sent to. Please remember that the patch needs to be sent as a plain text, not as an attachment. Please make sure your email client can send plain text messages. Email the patch to yourself to test your client settings. Run checkpatch and apply the received patch. If these two steps pass, then you are ready to send the patch to the Linux Kernel Mailing List. git send-email is the safest way to send patches to avoid email client complications. Please make sure your .gitconfig includes sendemail with a valid smtpserver. Please consult git manpage for details. - -Please refer to the following documentation in the kernel sources for rules and guidelines on sending patches: - -- linux_git/Documentation/applying-patches.txt -- linux_git/Documentation/SubmitChecklist -- linux_git/Documentation/SubmittingDrivers -- linux_git/Documentation/SubmittingPatches -- linux_git/Documentation/stable_kernel_rules.txt -- linux_git/Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt - -The following is a list of additional testing guides and resources: - -- [USB Testing on Linux][2] -- [Linux Kernel Tester's Guide Chapter2][3] -- [Linux Kernel Tester's Guide][4] -- [Testing resources at eLinux.org][5] -- [eLinux Debugging Portal][6] - -### Kernel test suites and projects ### - -In addition to the testing resources we discussed so far, there are projects both open source and initiated by hardware vendors that are worth a mention. Each of these projects focus on specific areas of the kernel and in some cases a specific space such as, embedded or enterprise where the kernel is used. We will look at a few in this section. - -[Linux Test Project][7] (LTP) test suite is a collection of tools to test reliability, robustness, and stability of Linux kernel and related features. This test suite can be customized by adding new tests and the LTP project welcomes contributions. runltp script tests the following sub-systems by default: - -- filesystem stress tests -- disk I/O tests -- memory management stress tests -- ipc stress -- scheduler tests -- commands functional verification tests -- system call functional verification tests - -[**LTP-DDT**][8] is an LTP based test application wth a reduced focus to test embedded device drivers. - -[**Linux Driver Verification**][9] project's goals are to improve the quality of Linux device drivers, develop an integrated platform for device drivers verification, and adopt latest research outcome to enhance quality of verification tools. - -### Compliance Testing ### - -If you ever had to port applications from one Unix variant to another, you would understand the importance of the [Linux Standard Base (LSB)][10] and LSB compliance test suite. The LSB is a Linux Foundation workgroup created to reduce the costs of supporting Linux platform, by reducing the differences between various Linux distributions and ensuring application portability between distributions. If anything, divergence in the Unix world taught us that it is vital to avoid it in the Linux world. This is exactly the reason why you can take an rpm convert it to deb and install and run it, and how sweet is that. - -### Static Analysis and Tools ### - -Static analysis tools analyze the code without executing it, hence the name static analysis. There are a couple of static analysis tools that are sepcifically written for analyzing the Linux kernel code base. Sparse is a static type-checking program written specifically for the Linux kernel, by Linus Torvalds. Sparse is a semantic parser. It creates a sematic prase tree to validate C semantics. It performs lazy type evaluation. Kernel build system has support for sparse and provides a make option to compile the kernel with sparse checking enabled. - -Run sparse on all kernel C files that would get re-compiled: - - make C=1 allmodconfig - -Run sparse on all kernel C files even when they don't need a re-compile: - - make C=2 allmodconfig - -Sparse resources: - -- [Sparse Archive][11] -- [Sparse How To][12] - -Smatch analyzes source to detect programming logic errors. It can detect logic errors such as, attempts to unlock already unlocked spinlock. It is actively used to detect logic errors in the Linux kernel sources. - -Run smatch on Linux kernel: - - make CHECK="~/path/to/smatch/smatch -p=kernel" C=1 bzImage modules | tee warns.txt - -Please follow instructions on how to get smatch from smatch git repo and compile. Smatch is work in progress, instructions keep changing. - -- [**Smatch**][12] - -So what do we do about all of these semantic and logic problems found by Sparse and Smatch? Some of these problems are isolated to a routine and/or a module which can be fixed easily. However, some of these semantic issues are global in nature due to cut and paste of code. In some cases when interfaces get obsoleted or changed slightly, a mass change to update several source files becomes necessary. This is where Coccinelle comes in to rescue. Coccinelle is a program matching and transformation engine which provides the language SmPL (Semantic Patch Language) for specifying desired matches and transformations in C code. Coccinelle was initially targeted towards performing collateral evolutions in Linux. - -For example, foo(int) interfaces changes to foo(int, char \*) with an optional second input parameter which can be a null. All usages of foo() will need to be updated to the new convention, which will be a very laborious task. Using Cocinelle, this task becomes easier with a script that looks for all instances of foo(parameter1) and replacing them with foo(parameter1, NULL). Once this task is done, all instances of foo() can be examined to see if passing in NULL value for parameter2 is a good assumption. For more information on Cocinelle and how it is used in fixing problems in various projects including the Linux kernel, please refer to the project page: [**Cocinelle**][13] - -### References ### - -We covered a lot of ground in this paper. I leave you with a few references for further reading on the topics we discussed. - -- [KernelHacking][14] -- [kernel Documentation][15] -- [Linux Device Drivers, Third Edition][16] -- [Dynamic Event Tracing in Linux Kernel][17] -- [Kernel Testing: Tool and Techniques][18] - -### Acknowledgements ### - -I would like to thank Khalid Aziz, Oracle for his review, proof reading, and valuable suggestions for improvement. My special thanks to Mauro Chehab, Samsung and Guy Martin, Samsung for their review and feedback at various stages of writing this paper. I would like to extend my thanks to Greg Kroah-Hartman, Linux Foundation for his review. My special thanks to Ibrahim Haddad, Samsung for his support and encouragement without which, I would probably have never set out to write this paper in the first place. - ----------- - -![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/pictures/picture-1088573.jpg) - -Author:[Shuah Khan][a] - -Shuah Khan is a Senior Linux Kernel Developer at Samsung's Open Source Group. -She is a Linux Kernel Contributor who focuses on IOMMU, DMA, Linux Power -Management, and PCIe, in addition to helping with stable release kernel -maintenance testing and bug fixes. Shuah has several years of Unix kernel -development experience. She has also contributed to OpenHPI, and LLDP projects. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,5 - -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[1]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/sites/events/files/slides/Shuah_Khan_cross_compile_linux.pdf -[2]:http://www.linux-usb.org/usbtest/ -[3]:http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_Kernel_Tester%27s_Guide_Chapter2 -[4]:http://www.kerneltravel.net/downloads/tester_guide.pdf -[5]:http://elinux.org/Test_Systems -[6]:http://elinux.org/Debugging_Portal -[7]:http://ltp.sourceforge.net/documentation/how-to/ltp.php -[8]:http://processors.wiki.ti.com/index.php/LTP-DDT -[9]:http://linuxtesting.org/project/ldv -[10]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/lsb -[11]:http://codemonkey.org.uk/projects/git-snapshots/sparse/ -[12]:http://smatch.sourceforge.net/ -[13]:http://coccinelle.lip6.fr/ -[14]:http://kernelnewbies.org/KernelHacking -[15]:http://kernelnewbies.org/Documents -[16]:http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/ -[17]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/slides/lfcs2010_hiramatsu.pdf -[18]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/images/stories/slides/elc2013_porter.pdf -[a]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/users/shuah-khan diff --git a/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md b/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..02a53bccd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20140718 Linux Kernel Testing and Debugging 6.md @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +Linux 内核的测试和调试 - 6 +================================================================================ +### Linux 内核补丁测试 ### + +你试过自己写内核补丁吗？本节介绍在把你的补丁包提交到 Linux 邮箱列表之前，需要做哪些操作。另外我们还会介绍如何把它发送出去。 + +写好代码后，编译它。把 make 过程产生的输出保存到文档中，查看新代码有没有警告信息。找到所有的警告信息，处理掉。当你的代码编译过程没有任何不正常的输出，安装这个内核，然后启动测试。如果启动正常，查看 dmesg 里面有没于错误，与老内核生成的 dmesg 日志做个比较。运行一些压力测试，请参考我们以前讲过的测试内容。如果这个补丁用于修复某个 bug，请确保真的已经修复了。如果真的修复了，请确保能通过系统测试。找出打你补丁的模块下面的回归测试工具，运行一下。如果补丁涉及到其他架构，你需要交叉编译然后测试一下。请通过下面的目录查找测试工具： + +- linux_git/Documentation +- linux_git/tools/testing +- 交叉编译参考：[在 x86_64 架构上交叉编译 Linux 内核：初学者教程][1] + +如果你对你的补丁测试结果感到很满意，你就可以提交补丁了。请确保提交 commit 的信息要描述得非常清楚。要让内核维护者和其他开发者看懂补丁所修改的内容，这一点非常重要。生成补丁后，执行 scripts/checkpatch.pl 脚本，找到 checkpatch 是产生的错误或警告（如果有的话），修复它们。重新生成补丁，直到补丁通过这个脚本的测试。重新测试这个补丁。将本补丁用于其他的内核源码上，保证不会有冲突产生。 + +现在你做好提交补丁的准备了。先运行 scriptst/get_maintainer.pl 来确认你应该把补丁发给哪个内核维护者。注意不要以附件形式发送补丁，而是以纯文本形式粘贴在邮件里面。确保你的邮件客户端可以发送纯文本信息，你可以试试给自己发送一份补丁邮件来测试你的邮件客户端的功能。收到自己的邮件后，运行 checkpatch 命令并给自己的内核源码打上你的补丁。如果这两部都能通过，你就可以给 Linux 邮箱列表发送补丁了。使用 git send-email 命令是提交补丁最安全的方式，可以避免你的邮箱的兼容性问题。你的 .gitconfig 文件里面需要配置好有效的 smtp 服务器，详细操作参考 git 的帮助文档。 + +更多提交补丁的规矩，请参考下面的资料： + +- linux_git/Documentation/applying-patches.txt +- linux_git/Documentation/SubmitChecklist +- linux_git/Documentation/SubmittingDrivers +- linux_git/Documentation/SubmittingPatches +- linux_git/Documentation/stable_kernel_rules.txt +- linux_git/Documentation/stable_api_nonsense.txt + +下面是一些内核测试教程的资料： + +- [USB Testing on Linux][2] +- [Linux Kernel Tester's Guide Chapter2][3] +- [Linux Kernel Tester's Guide][4] +- [Testing resources at eLinux.org][5] +- [eLinux Debugging Portal][6] + +### 内核测试套件和项目 ### + +除我们讨论过的测试资源之外，这里还有很多测试项目值得介绍，包括开源的和厂家自己提供的。这些项目每一个都是针对特定领域的，比如嵌入式或者企业自己使用。我们简单过一下。 + +[Linux 测试项目][7]（LTP）测试套件是一系列工具的集合，用于测试内核的可靠性、健壮性和稳定性。你可以为这个项目添加自己的测试代码，并且 LTP 项目欢迎你贡献自己的代码。runltp 脚本默认情况下会测试下面的子系统： + +- 文件系统压力测试 +- 磁盘 IO 测试 +- 内存管理压力测试 +- IPC（进程间通信）测试 +- 调度器测试 +- 命令的功能性验证测试 +- 系统调用功能验证测试 + +[**LTP-DDT**][8] 是一个基于 LTP 的测试应用（LCTT：就是 LTP 的阉割版么），专注于测试嵌入式设备驱动。 + +[**Linux Driver Verification**][9] 这个项目的目标是提高 Linux 设备驱动的质量，它为设备驱动验证开发了集成环境平台，并且利用与时俱进的研究来增强验证工具的质量。 + +### 一致性测试 ### + +如果你有将某个 Unix 平台下的应用一直到另一个平台的经验，你就能理解 [Linux Standard Base (LSB)][10] 和 LSB 一致性测试套件的重要性了。LSB 是 Linux Foundation 工作组创建的用于降低支持不同 Linux 平台所需要的开销，方法就是通过降低不同 Linux 发行版之间的差别，保证应用在不同发行版之间的可移植性。前事不忘后事之师，Unix 世界的分歧在 Linux 世界一定要避免。这就是为什么你可以把一个 rpm 包转化成 deb 包后还能安装并正常运行的秘密。 + +### 静态分析工具 ### + +静态分析之所以会被称为“静态分析”，是因为这些工具只分析代码，并不执行它们。分析 Linux 内核代码的静态分析工具有很多，Sparse 是 Linus Torvalds 写的专门用于检查内核静态类型的工具。它是一个语义检查器，会为 C 语言的语义建立语义检析树，执行惰性类型评估。内核编译系统支持 sparse，并且为编译内核的命令提供开启 sparse 的选项。 + +为内核所有需要重新编译的 C 文件执行 sparse 语义检查： + + make C=1 allmodconfig + +为内核所有 C 文件（即使不需要重新编译）执行 sparse 语义检查： + + make C=2 allmodconfig + +Sparse 的资源： + +- [Sparse Archive][11] +- [Sparse How To][12] + +Smatch 分析程序代码的逻辑错误。它可以检测到诸如“为一个没锁上的 spinlock 执行解锁”的逻辑错误。内核源码支持 smatch： + +在 Linux 内核中运行 smatch： + + make CHECK="~/path/to/smatch/smatch -p=kernel" C=1 bzImage modules | tee warns.txt + +请参考下面的资料来获取和编译 smatch。需要注意的是 smatch 是个正在发展的项目，架构会不断变化。 + +- [**Smatch**][12] + +那么我们该怎么处理 Sparse 和 Smatch 所发现的语义和逻辑上的错误呢？一些错误可以被分离为日常问题或模块问题，可以轻易被解决。但是有些语义错误涉及到全局，因为剪切粘贴了一些代码。在一些环境中，当一些接口函数被废弃不再使用，或者仅仅做了写微小的修改，你就需要大规模更新源码。这时候你需要 Coccinelle 来帮忙。，Coccinelle 使用 SmPL 语言（语义包语言）来为 C 代码提供匹配和转换代码的功能。Coccinelle 的从一开始就作为 Linux 的附属产品持续发展的。 + +举个例子：foo(int) 函数突然变成 foo(int, char \*) 函数，多出了一个输入参数（可以把第二个参数置为 null）。所有调用 foo() 函数的代码都需要更新了，这可能是个悲摧的体力活。但是使用 Coccinelle 的话，这项工作瞬间变得轻松，脚本会帮你找到调用 foo(parameter1) 的代码，然后替换成 foo(parameter1, NULL)。做完这些后，所有调用这个函数的代码都可以运行一遍，验证下第二个参数为 NULL 是否能正常工作。关于 Coccinelle 的更多信息，以及在不同项目中（当然，也包括 Linux 内核这个项目）的使用方法，请参考项目主页：[**Cocinelle**][13]。 + +### 参考文献 ### + +本文涵盖了很多方面，这里列出一些参考文档供读者做进一步研究。 + +- [KernelHacking][14] +- [kernel Documentation][15] +- [Linux Device Drivers, Third Edition][16] +- [Dynamic Event Tracing in Linux Kernel][17] +- [Kernel Testing: Tool and Techniques][18] + +### 鸣谢 ### + +感谢来自 Oracle 的 Khalid Aziz，审查校对并提供许多非常有价值的建议。感谢来自三星的 Mauro Chehab 和 Guy Martin，他们给了我多次反馈。感谢来自 Linux Foundation 的 Grey Kroah-Hartman 对本文的审阅。感谢来自三星的 Ibrahim Haddad，没有他的支持和鼓励，我可能还不会坐下来写出这篇文章。 + +---------- + +![](http://www.linuxjournal.com/files/linuxjournal.com/ufiles/pictures/picture-1088573.jpg) + +作者：[Shuah Khan][a] + +Shuah Khan 是三星公司开源组的高级 Linux 内核开发工程师。 +她为 Linux 内核中的 IOMMU、DMA、电源管理、PCIe 贡献代码，同时维护内核，为内核提供补丁包。Shuah 有多年 Unix 内核开发经验。她也为 OpenHPI 和 LLDP 项目作贡献。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/linux-kernel-testing-and-debugging?page=0,5 + +译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/sites/events/files/slides/Shuah_Khan_cross_compile_linux.pdf +[2]:http://www.linux-usb.org/usbtest/ +[3]:http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_Kernel_Tester%27s_Guide_Chapter2 +[4]:http://www.kerneltravel.net/downloads/tester_guide.pdf +[5]:http://elinux.org/Test_Systems +[6]:http://elinux.org/Debugging_Portal +[7]:http://ltp.sourceforge.net/documentation/how-to/ltp.php +[8]:http://processors.wiki.ti.com/index.php/LTP-DDT +[9]:http://linuxtesting.org/project/ldv +[10]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/collaborate/workgroups/lsb +[11]:http://codemonkey.org.uk/projects/git-snapshots/sparse/ +[12]:http://smatch.sourceforge.net/ +[13]:http://coccinelle.lip6.fr/ +[14]:http://kernelnewbies.org/KernelHacking +[15]:http://kernelnewbies.org/Documents +[16]:http://lwn.net/Kernel/LDD3/ +[17]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/slides/lfcs2010_hiramatsu.pdf +[18]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/images/stories/slides/elc2013_porter.pdf +[a]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/users/shuah-khan From 908dce69ce479103ae9c28b4f9fa50617e654d4c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: cvsher <478990879@qq.com> Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2014 18:55:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 701/713] Update 20140715 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Five.md --- sources/tech/20140715 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Five.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140715 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Five.md b/sources/tech/20140715 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Five.md index 2f6822192b..e1c6be7948 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140715 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Five.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140715 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Five.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +translating by cvsher Command Line Tuesdays – Part Five ================================================================================ Yes, you’ve guessed what time it is! It’s time to rrrrrrrrummmbleeeee! And this time, we’ll learn how to work with commands. So without further ado, let’s get to business. @@ -85,4 +86,4 @@ via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/15/command-line-tuesdays-part-five/ [17]: [18]: [19]: -[20]: \ No newline at end of file +[20]: From 2d883dad014f28188995bfc786e46709225cb79c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Sun, 27 Jul 2014 22:48:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 702/713] PUB:20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands @cvsher --- ... Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md (92%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md b/published/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md similarity index 92% rename from translated/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md rename to published/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md index 6bbaa3cccf..28d56c3faa 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md +++ b/published/20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -@@ -1,63 +0,0 @@ -Linux基础，如何在命令行中查看目录的大小 +Linux基础：如何在命令行中查看目录的大小 ===================================================================== + 这是写给Liunx新用户的一系列文章中的第一篇，在这系列文章我将会写一些对新用户来说非常好用的**Linux基础命令**。 **注意**：本文的目标读者是仅有小量甚至是没有任何Linux命令行使用经验的读者。 @@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ Linux基础，如何在命令行中查看目录的大小 via: http://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-find-size-directory-commands/ -译者：[cvsher](https://github.com/cvsher) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[cvsher](https://github.com/cvsher) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 4fa7b58b653790ec242b71dc5dd0f657d9a581ba Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: joeren Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2014 08:19:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 703/713] Update 20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md --- sources/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md index 8c6f80e601..14e3a5de06 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by GOLinux... How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux ================================================================================ There are **some scenario** where system admin wants only few users should be allowed to transfer files to Linux boxes not ssh. We can achieve this by setting up **SFTP** in chroot environment. @@ -86,4 +87,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/configure-chroot-sftp-in-linux/ 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 -[a]:http://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ \ No newline at end of file +[a]:http://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/ From 17169807a09990d794cc96fdd0705424ba769413 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2014 09:08:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 704/713] Translation complete --- ...3 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md | 49 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md index 14e3a5de06..6847924e54 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md @@ -1,32 +1,31 @@ -Translating by GOLinux... -How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux +在Linux中为SFTP配置chroot环境 ================================================================================ -There are **some scenario** where system admin wants only few users should be allowed to transfer files to Linux boxes not ssh. We can achieve this by setting up **SFTP** in chroot environment. +在**某些环境**中，系统管理员想要允许极少数用户传输文件到Linux盒子中，而非ssh。要实现这一目的，我们可以使用**SFTP**，并为其构建chroot环境。 -### Background of SFTP & chroot : ### +### SFTP & chroot背景： ### -**SFTP** stands for **SSH File Transfer protocol or Secure File Transfer Protocol**. SFTP provides file access, file transfer, and file management functionalities over any reliable data stream. When we configure SFTP in chroot environment , then only allowed users will be limited to their **home directory** , or we can say allowed users will be in jail like environment where they can’t even change their directory. +**SFTP**是值**SSH文件传输协议（SSH File Transfer protocol）或安全文件传输协议（Secure File Transfer Protocol）**，它提供了任何可信数据流下的文件访问、文件传输以及文件管理功能。当我们为SFTP配置chroot环境后，只有被许可的用户可以访问，并被限制到它们的**家目录**中，或者我们可以这么说：被许可的用户将处于牢笼环境中，在此环境中它们甚至不能切换它们的目录。 -In article we will configure **Chroot SFTP in RHEL 6.X** & **CentOS 6.X**. We have one user ‘**Jack**’ , this users will be allowed to transfer files on linux box but no ssh access. +在本文中，我们将配置**RHEL 6.X** & **CentOS 6.X中的SFTP Chroot环境**。我们开启一个用户帐号‘**Jack**’，该用户将被允许在Linux盒子上传输文件，但没有ssh访问权限。 -### Step:1 Create a group ### +### 步骤：1 创建组 ### [root@localhost ~]# groupadd sftp_users -### Step:2 Assign the secondary group(sftp_users) to the user. ### +### 步骤：2 分配附属组(sftp_users)给用户 ### -If the users doesn’t exist on system , use below command : +如果用户在系统上不存在，使用以下命令创建： [root@localhost ~]# useradd -G sftp_users -s /sbin/nologin jack [root@localhost ~]# passwd jack -For **already existing users** , use below usermod command : +对于**已经存在的用户**，使用以下usermod命令进行修改： [root@localhost ~]# usermod –G sftp_users -s /sbin/nologin jack -**Note** : if you want to change the **default home directory** of users , then use ‘**-d**’ option in useradd and usermod command and set the **correct permissions**. +**注意**：如果你想要修改用户的**默认家目录**，那么在useradd和usermod命令中使用‘**-d**’选项，并设置**合适的权限**。 -### Step:3 Now edit the config file “/etc/ssh/sshd_config” ### +### 步骤：3 现在编辑配置文件 “/etc/ssh/sshd_config” ### # vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config #comment out the below line and add a line like below @@ -40,42 +39,42 @@ For **already existing users** , use below usermod command : ChrootDirectory %h ForceCommand internal-sftp -#### Where : #### +#### 此处： #### -- **Match Group sftp_users** – This indicates that the following lines will be matched only for users who belong to group sftp_users -- **ChrootDirectory %h** – This is the path(default user's home directory) that will be used for chroot after the user is authenticated. So, for Jack, this will be /home/jack. -- **ForceCommand internal-sftp** – This forces the execution of the internal-sftp and ignores any command that are mentioned in the ~/.ssh/rc file. +- **Match Group sftp_users** – 该参数指定以下的行将仅仅匹配sftp_users组中的用户 +- **ChrootDirectory %h** – 该参数指定用户验证后用于chroot环境的路径（默认的用户家目录）。对于Jack，该路径就是/home/jack。 +- **ForceCommand internal-sftp** – 该参数强制执行内部sftp，并忽略任何~/.ssh/rc文件中的命令。 -Restart the ssh service +重启ssh服务 # service sshd restart -### Step:4 Set the Permissions : ### +### 步骤：4 设置权限： ### [root@localhost ~]# chmod 755 /home/jack [root@localhost ~]# chown root /home/jack [root@localhost ~]# chgrp -R sftp_users /home/jack -If You want that jack user should be allowed to upload files , then create a upload folder with the below permissions , +如果你想要允许jack用户上传文件，那么创建一个上传文件夹，设置权限如下： [root@localhost jack]# mkdir /home/jack/upload [root@localhost jack]# chown jack. /home/jack upload/ -### Step:5 Now try to access the system & do testing ### +### 步骤：5 现在尝试访问系统并进行测试 ### -Try to access the system via ssh +尝试通过ssh访问系统 ![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ssh-try.png) -As You can see below jack user is logged in via SFTP and can't change the directory becuase of chroot environment. +正如下图所示，用户jack通过SFTP登录，而且因为chroot环境不能切换目录。 ![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/sftp-login.png) -Now do the **uploading and downloading** testing as shown below: +现在进行**上传和下载**测试，如下图： ![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/sftp-upload-download.png) -As we can see above , both uploading & downloading working fine for jack user. +正如上图所示，jack用户的上传下载功能都工作得很好。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/configure-chroot-sftp-in-linux/ 原文作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 77715325aeb0f7a6b0e701a6e05576ab41d15c22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: GOLinux Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2014 09:09:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 705/713] Translation complete --- .../tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md rename to translated/tech/20140723 How to configure chroot SFTP in Linux.md From 6669cc02da3e73e83265d660c613ceadbb920824 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jack Nie Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2014 10:01:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 706/713] nd0104 is translate --- .../20140718 Time to Upgrade--Ubuntu 13.10 Support Ends Today.md | 1 + .../20140724 Install Google Docs on Linux with Grive Tools.md | 1 + 2 files changed, 2 insertions(+) diff --git a/sources/news/20140718 Time to Upgrade--Ubuntu 13.10 Support Ends Today.md b/sources/news/20140718 Time to Upgrade--Ubuntu 13.10 Support Ends Today.md index 22fa2adcaa..68dbc2d138 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140718 Time to Upgrade--Ubuntu 13.10 Support Ends Today.md +++ b/sources/news/20140718 Time to Upgrade--Ubuntu 13.10 Support Ends Today.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +nd0104 is translate Time to Upgrade: Ubuntu 13.10 Support Ends Today ================================================================================ ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/upgrade-available.jpg) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140724 Install Google Docs on Linux with Grive Tools.md b/sources/tech/20140724 Install Google Docs on Linux with Grive Tools.md index 45160b49d2..6e49ffd618 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140724 Install Google Docs on Linux with Grive Tools.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140724 Install Google Docs on Linux with Grive Tools.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +nd0104 is translate Install Google Docs on Linux with Grive Tools ================================================================================ Google Drive is two years old now and Google’s cloud storage solution seems to be still going strong thanks to its integration with Google Docs and Gmail. There’s one thing still missing though: a lack of an official Linux client. Apparently Google has had one floating around their offices for a while now, however it’s not seen the light of day on any Linux system. From 96a33e0d38370eef6ef8595b9f6aa4b21743ebb0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DeadFire Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2014 13:33:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 707/713] =?UTF-8?q?20140728-1=20=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98=20?= =?UTF-8?q?=E6=96=B0=E9=97=BB=E4=B8=80=E7=AF=87?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../news/20140728 CoreOS Stable Release.md | 43 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 43 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/news/20140728 CoreOS Stable Release.md diff --git a/sources/news/20140728 CoreOS Stable Release.md b/sources/news/20140728 CoreOS Stable Release.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ff57dcda28 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/news/20140728 CoreOS Stable Release.md @@ -0,0 +1,43 @@ +CoreOS Stable Release +================================================================================ +First off, [Happy SysAdmin Day][1]. We think we have a pretty good SysAdmin surprise in store for you today as we are announcing the CoreOS stable release channel. Starting today, you can begin running CoreOS in production. This version is the most tested, secure and reliable version available for users wanting to run CoreOS. This is a huge milestone for us. Since our first alpha release in August 2013: + +- 191 releases have been tagged +- Tested on hundreds of thousands of servers on the alpha and beta channels +- Supported on 10+ platforms, ranging from bare metal to being primary images on Rackspace and Google + +It is a big day for us here at CoreOS, as we have been working hard to deliver the stable release. Of course, we couldn’t do this without the community so thank you for all of your support and contributions to the project. + +[CoreOS 367.1.0][2], our first version on the stable channel, includes the following: + +- Linux 3.15.2 +- Docker 1.0.1 +- Support on all major cloud providers, including Rackspace Cloud, Amazon EC2 (including HVM), and Google Compute Engine +- Commercial support via [CoreOS Managed Linux][3] + +This is a great opportunity to read about our [Update Philosophy][4] if you haven't already done so. + +Please note: The stable release is not including etcd and fleet as stable, this release is only targeted at the base OS and Docker 1.0. etcd/fleet stable support will be in subsequent releases. + +For those of you who want to start running CoreOS in production be sure to review our quick [Switching Release Channels][5] guide. As you're booting new machines, be sure to base them off your desired channel from the beginning. + +Finally, thanks to the community for your support. We can’t wait to hear your feedback. For those looking for additional support of running CoreOS in production, be sure to check out our [Managed Linux][6] offerings, as we have a full support team in place ready to answer any questions you may have. + +Happy SysAdmin Day, and thank you for making the web awesome. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://coreos.com/blog/stable-release/ + +作者：Alex Polvi +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[1]:http://sysadminday.com/ +[2]:https://coreos.com/releases/#367.1.0 +[3]:https://coreos.com/products/managed-linux/ +[4]:https://coreos.com/using-coreos/updates/ +[5]:https://coreos.com/docs/cluster-management/setup/switching-channels/ +[6]:https://coreos.com/products/managed-linux/ \ No newline at end of file From d8dac92a5b4b8d3e4adeb92b86016ef9429132a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Ark Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2014 16:57:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 708/713] Update 20140728 CoreOS Stable Release.md --- sources/news/20140728 CoreOS Stable Release.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/news/20140728 CoreOS Stable Release.md b/sources/news/20140728 CoreOS Stable Release.md index ff57dcda28..49880f3a4b 100644 --- a/sources/news/20140728 CoreOS Stable Release.md +++ b/sources/news/20140728 CoreOS Stable Release.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +Translating by lfzark CoreOS Stable Release ================================================================================ First off, [Happy SysAdmin Day][1]. We think we have a pretty good SysAdmin surprise in store for you today as we are announcing the CoreOS stable release channel. Starting today, you can begin running CoreOS in production. This version is the most tested, secure and reliable version available for users wanting to run CoreOS. This is a huge milestone for us. Since our first alpha release in August 2013: @@ -40,4 +41,4 @@ via: https://coreos.com/blog/stable-release/ [3]:https://coreos.com/products/managed-linux/ [4]:https://coreos.com/using-coreos/updates/ [5]:https://coreos.com/docs/cluster-management/setup/switching-channels/ -[6]:https://coreos.com/products/managed-linux/ \ No newline at end of file +[6]:https://coreos.com/products/managed-linux/ From 04c724dbe3b7e47951eb4180d4c040e4866f671f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Rei Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2014 17:27:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 709/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md | 28 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md b/translated/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md index 3ec8029a61..047cd1bf9d 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md +++ b/translated/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md @@ -1,30 +1,30 @@ -编程的乐趣：快速出错！ +编程的乐趣：快速终止！ ================================================================================ ![](http://www.opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/fail-350x262.jpg) -> 当软件出现问题的时候，它应该以一种能引起注意的方式马上终止。这种“快速出错”的方式值得借鉴，我们会在这期专栏里谈谈这个重要的概念。 +> 当软件出现问题的时候，它应该以一种很容易引起注意的方式马上终止。这种“快速终止”的方式值得借鉴，我们会在这期专栏里谈谈这个重要的概念。 -一开始，“快速出错”看上去是一种会影响可靠性的不好的实践－为什么一个系统在还可以继续运行的时候要崩溃（或者说终止）？对于这个，我们需要理解，快速出错是和Heisenbugs（对于不能复现bug的一种称呼）紧密联系在一起的。 +一开始，“快速终止”看上去是一种会影响可靠性的不好的实践——为什么一个系统在还可以继续运行的时候要崩溃（或者说终止）？对于这个，我们需要理解，快速终止是和Heisenbugs（对于不易复现bug的一种称呼）紧密联系在一起的。 -考虑一下Bohrbugs（对于能够重现的bug的一种称呼），它们在给定输入的时候总是会出现，比如，访问空指针。这类问题很容易测试，复现并修复。如今，所有有经验的程序员应该都面对过这样的情形，导致崩溃的bug在重启软件后不再出现了。不管花多少时间或努力去重现问题，那个bug就是跟我们捉迷藏。这种bug被称为Heisenbugs。 +考虑一下Bohrbugs（对于能够重现的bug的一种称呼），它们在一个给定输入的条件下总是会出现，比如，访问空指针。这类问题很容易测试、复现并修复。而如今，所有有经验的程序员应该都面对过这样的情形：导致崩溃的bug在重启软件后就不再出现了。不管花多少时间或努力去重现问题，那个bug就是跟我们捉迷藏。这种bug被称为Heisenbugs。 -花在寻找，修复和测试Heisenbugs上的努力比起Bohrbugs来说，要高出一个数量级。一种避免Heisenbugs的策略是将它们转化为Bohrbugs。怎么做呢？预测可能导致Heisenbugs的因素，然后尝试将它们变成Bohrbugs。是的，这并不简单，而且也并不是一定就能成功，但是让我们来看一个能产生效果的特殊例子。 +花在寻找、修复和测试Heisenbugs上的努力比起Bohrbugs来说，要高出一个数量级。一种避免Heisenbugs的策略是将它们转化为Bohrbugs。怎么做呢？预测可能导致Heisenbugs的因素，然后尝试将它们变成Bohrbugs。是的，这并不简单，而且也并不是一定可行，但是让我们来看一个能产生效果的特殊例子。 -并发编程是Heisenbugs经常出现的一个典范。我们的例子就是一个Java里和并发相关的问题。在遍历一个Java集合的时候，一般要求只能通过Iterator的方法，比如remove()方法。而当遍历的时候，如果有另一个线程尝试修改底层集合（因为编程时留下的错误），那么底层集合就可能会被破坏（例如，导致不正确的状态）。 +并发编程是Heisenbugs经常出现的一个典范。我们的例子就是一个Java里和并发相关的问题。在遍历一个Java集合的时候，一般要求只能通过Iterator的方法对集合进行操作，比如remove()方法。而在遍历期间，如果有另一个线程尝试修改底层集合（因为编程时留下的错误），那么底层集合就可能会被破坏（例如，导致不正确的状态）。 -类似这种不正确的状态会导致不确定的错误－假如我们幸运的话（实际上，这很不幸！），程序可以继续执行而不会崩溃，但是却给出错误的结果。这种bug很难重现和修复，因为这一类的程序错误都是不确定的。换句话说，这是个Heisenbug。 +类似这种不正确的状态会导致不确定的错误——假如我们幸运的话（实际上，这很不幸！），程序可以继续执行而不会崩溃，但是却给出错误的结果。这种bug很难重现和修复，因为这一类的程序错误都是不确定的。换句话说，这是个Heisenbug。 -幸运的是，Java Iterators会尝试侦测这种并发修改，在发现了以后，会丢出异常`ConcurrentModificationException`，而不是等到最后再出错－那样也是没有任何迹象的。换句话说，Java Iterators也遵从了“快速出错”的方法。 +幸运的是，Java Iterators会尝试侦测这种并发修改，并且当发现时，会抛出异常`ConcurrentModificationException`，而不是等到最后再出错——那样也是没有任何迹象的。换句话说，Java Iterators也遵从了“快速终止”的方法。 -如果异常`ConcurrentModificationException`在正式软件中发生了呢？根据在Javadoc里对这个异常的说明，它“只应该用于侦测bug”。换句话说，`ConcurrentModificationException`只应该在开发阶段监听和修复，而不应该泄漏到正式代码中。 +如果一个`ConcurrentModificationException`异常在正式版软件中发生了呢？根据在Javadoc里对这个异常的说明，它“只应该被用于侦测bug”。换句话说，`ConcurrentModificationException`只应该在开发阶段监听和修复，而不应该泄漏到正式代码中。 -好吧，如果正式软件确实发生了这个异常，那它当然是软件中的bug，应当报告给开发者并修复。至少，我们能够知道发生了一次底层数据结构的并发修改，而这是软件出错的原因（而不是让软件产生错误的结果，或是以其他现象延后出错，这样就很难跟踪到根本原因）。 +好吧，如果正式软件确实发生了这个异常，那它当然是软件中的bug，应当报告给开发者并修复。至少，我们能够知道曾经发生过一次针对底层数据结构的并发修改尝试，而这是软件出错的原因（而不是让软件产生错误的结果，或是以其他现象延后出错，这样就很难跟踪到根本原因）。 -“安全出错”的方法意味着开发健壮的代码。一个很好的编写安全出错代码的例子就是使用断言。很可惜的是，关于断言的使用有大量不必要的公开争论。其中主要的批评点是：它在开发版本中使用，而在发布版中却被关掉的。 +“防止崩溃”的途径就意味着开发健壮的代码。一个很好的编写容错代码的例子就是使用断言。很可惜的是，关于断言的使用有大量不必要的公开争论。其中主要的批评点是：它在开发版本中使用，而在发布版中却被关掉的。 -不管怎么样，这个批评是错误的：从来没有说用断言来替代应该放到发布版软件中的防御式检查代码。例如，断言不应该用来检查传递给函数的参数是否为空。相应的，应该用一个if语句来检查这个参数是否正确，否则的话抛出异常，或是提前返回，来适合上下文。然而，断言一般用于额外检查代码中所做出的假设，它们应该为真才正常。例如，用一个语句来检查在进行了入栈操作后，栈应该不是空的（例如，对“不变量”的检查）。 +不管怎么样，这个批评是错误的：从来没有说要用断言来替代应该放到发布版软件中的防御式检查代码。例如，断言不应该用来检查传递给函数的参数是否为空。相应的，应该用一个if语句来检查这个参数是否正确，否则的话抛出一个异常，或是提前返回，来适合上下文。然而，断言一般可以用于额外检查代码中所作出的假设，这些假设应该一直为真才正常。例如，用一个语句来检查在进行了入栈操作后，栈应该不是空的（例如，对“不变量”的检查）。 -所以，快速出错，随时中断，那么你已经走在开发更加健壮代码的道路上了。 +所以，快速终止，随时中断，那么你就走在开发更加健壮代码的道路上了。 @@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ via:http://www.opensourceforu.com/2011/12/joy-of-programming-fail-fast/ -译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025) 校对：[ReiNoir](https://github.com/reinoir) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 91e4e5ba1036371e8c7b526451b9b5212acc6758 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Rei Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2014 17:40:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 710/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E5=8F=91=E5=B8=83=20@zpl1025?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../talk => published}/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md b/published/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/talk/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md rename to published/20140626 Joy of Programming--Fail Fast.md From 5a83e0c57ae43e31a072bf1424802161819897bf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: carolinewuyan <309866211@qq.com> Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2014 17:44:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 711/713] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=B7=B2=E6=A0=A1=E5=AF=B9?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ... Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md | 22 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md b/translated/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md index 5fbc4889db..376a68f122 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md +++ b/translated/tech/20140718 Display Song Lyrics On Desktop In Ubuntu 14.04.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ -在Ubuntu上显示桌面歌词 +在 Ubuntu 桌面上显示歌词 ================================================================================ ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/display_lyrics_desktop_Ubuntu.jpeg) 除了免费的流媒体音乐外,我最喜欢[Spotify][1]的地方就是它的歌词插件了。有时候我听不懂一首歌里面的所有歌词，尤其是rap。[TuneWiki][2]插件在这种情况下就派得上用场了。但TuneWiki仅有支持Windows和iTune的插件，那我们在linux桌面上有什么选择呢？ -如果你使用过Linux桌面一段时间，你也许听过[OSD Lyrics][3]。它是一个显示桌面歌词的小程序。你可以借助一些音乐播放器来使用它，比如Rythmbox，[Banshee][4]，[Clementine][5]等等。 +如果你使用过一段时间Linux桌面，你也许听过[OSD Lyrics][3]。它是一个显示桌面歌词的小程序。你可以借助一些音乐播放器来使用它，比如 Rythmbox，[Banshee][4]，[Clementine][5]等等。 ### 在Ubuntu 14.04和Linux mint 17上安装OSD Lyrics ### -两年以前OSD Lyrics在它的官方仓库中被积极地维护，但现在对它的开发已经停止了。尽管这个PPA已经不可用，但可以通过网络下载OSD Lyrics的安装包。虽然这些安装执行文件最初是为Ubuntu 12.02设计的，但这些文件也能在Ubuntu 14.04上很良好地工作。我们一起看看怎么在UUUUbuntu 14.04和 Linux mint 17上安装OSD Lyrics。 +两年以前 OSD Lyrics 在它的官方仓库中被积极地维护，但现在对它的开发已经停止了。尽管这个PPA已经不可用，但可以通过网络下载OSD Lyrics的安装包。虽然这些安装执行文件最初是为 Ubuntu 12.02 设计的，但这些文件也能在 Ubuntu 14.04 上良好地工作。我们一起看看怎么在 Ubuntu 14.04 和 Linux mint 17 上安装OSD Lyrics。 [前往下载页下载OSDLyrics][6]，根据你是使用[32位还是64位的ubuntu][7]来下载相应的.deb 文件。你会在网页的上方找到这些文件。 ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/OSD_Lyrics_Download.jpeg) -下载完成后，通过双击它来使用Ubuntu软件中心来安装。另外，你也可以使用[Gdebi ][8]来快速地安装.deb安装包。 +下载完成后，双击它通过使用Ubuntu软件中心来安装。另外，你也可以使用[Gdebi ][8]来快速地安装.deb安装包。 -### 怎样在Ububtu和linux mnit 上使用OSD Lyrics使用歌词 ### +### 怎样在 Ububtu 和 linux mnit 上使用 OSD Lyrics 显示歌词 ### 安装完成后，你可以从Unity Dash运行OSD Lyrics : @@ -26,20 +26,20 @@ ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/OSD_Lyrics_Default_Player.jpeg) -有一件事值得注意，那就是OSD Lyrics不像[Shazam][9]等一样，它不是通过音频来寻找歌词，而是通过比如名称，专辑，艺术家等信息来关联音乐文件。所以你得确保你的音乐文件的来源正当，或者是你得保持你的音乐文件的信息是正确和已经更新了的。 +有一件事值得注意，那就是OSD Lyrics不像[Shazam][9]等软件一样，它不是通过音频来寻找歌词，而是通过比如名称，专辑，艺术家等信息来关联音乐文件。所以你得确保你的音乐文件的来源正当，或者是你得保持你的音乐文件的信息是正确并且是已经更新后的。 如果OSD Lyrics辨认出了音乐文件，它就会用卡拉OK格式在桌面上显示歌词了:（译者注：OSD Lyrics可以自动在千千静听和虾米歌词站点在线下载歌词，这对我们中文用户来说是个福音） ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Dsiplay_Lyrics_Ubuntu.jpeg) -OSD Lyrics有大量设置选项，你可以改变歌词字体的种类，大小等等其它许多设置。 +OSD Lyrics有大量设置选项，你可以改变歌词字体，文字大小等等。 -你认为OSD Lyrics怎么样？你使用其它的一些歌词插件吗？闲余时间请和我们分享你的看法。 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +你认为 OSD Lyrics 怎么样？你还使用其它歌词插件吗？欢迎您和我们分享。 +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: http://itsfoss.com/display-song-lyrics-desktop-ubuntu-1404/ -译者：[Love-xuan](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[Love-xuan](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -51,4 +51,4 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/display-song-lyrics-desktop-ubuntu-1404/ [6]:https://code.google.com/p/osd-lyrics/downloads/list [7]:http://itsfoss.com/how-to-know-ubuntu-unity-version/ [8]:http://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-easily-and-quickly-in-ubuntu-12-10-quick-tip/ -[9]:http://www.shazam.com/ \ No newline at end of file +[9]:http://www.shazam.com/ From cea14a26373d1892a1ce6a5530ea108a0c6cacfb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: bazz2 Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2014 20:10:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 712/713] [bazz2-ing]How to use systemd for system administration on Debian --- ...1 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20140711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md b/sources/tech/20140711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md index a464473fe4..12e2ca24ff 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20140711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md +++ b/sources/tech/20140711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md @@ -1,3 +1,4 @@ +[bazz2 hehe] How to use systemd for system administration on Debian ================================================================================ Soon enough, hardly any Linux user will be able to escape the ever growing grasp that systemd imposes on Linux, unless they manually opt out. systemd has created more technical, emotional, and social issues than any other piece of software as of late. This predominantly came to show in the [heated discussions][1] also dubbed as the 'Init Wars', that occupied parts of the Debian developer body for months. While the Debian Technical Comittee finally decided to include systemd in Debian 8 "Jessie", there were efforts to [supersede the decision][2] by a General Resolution, and even threats to the health of developers in favor of systemd. @@ -103,4 +104,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/use-systemd-system-administration-debian.html [1]:https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2013/10/msg00444.html [2]:https://lists.debian.org/debian-devel/2014/02/msg00316.html [3]:http://0pointer.de/blog/projects/systemd.html -[4]:http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ \ No newline at end of file +[4]:http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/ From 9bd5ac2a40b402b6b2d2bfa8feac1f1eae162e38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: wxy Date: Mon, 28 Jul 2014 20:55:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 713/713] =?UTF-8?q?PUB=EF=BC=9A20140711=20ncdu--NCurses=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Disk=20Usage=20Analyzer?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @hunanchenxingyu --- ...40711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md | 44 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 22 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md (55%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md b/published/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md similarity index 55% rename from translated/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md rename to published/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md index ccddaf1b1c..5f9ebf05cd 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md +++ b/published/20140711 ncdu--NCurses Disk Usage Analyzer.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ -ncdu – 基于Ncurses库的磁盘使用分析器 +ncdu – 基于ncurses库的磁盘使用分析器 ================================================================================ -[Ncdu][1] (NCurses Disk Usage) 是一个基于Ncurses库的du命令浏览器. 它通过众所周知的[du][2]命令，为用户提供一个快速且容易被使用的接口. 它显示磁盘使用的百分比且允许你通过ncurses库去浏览目录. +[Ncdu][1] (NCurses Disk Usage) 是一个基于Ncurses库的du命令的界面。它通过大家熟知的[du][2]命令，为用户提供一个快速且容易被使用的界面。它可以显示磁盘使用的百分比，且允许你使用ncurses库的方式在目录之间导航。 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ncdu-about.png) @@ -8,37 +8,37 @@ ncdu – 基于Ncurses库的磁盘使用分析器 ncdu已经被移植到大多数linux发行版本，可从官方资源库中安装. -Arch / Manajaro and Derivatives: +Arch / Manajaro 及其衍生版: sudo pacman -S ncdu ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ncdu.png) -Ubuntu / Debian / Linux Minut and Derivatives: +Ubuntu / Debian / Linux Minut 及其衍生版: sudo apt-get install ncdu -Fedora and Derivatives: +Fedora 及其衍生版: sudo yum install ncdu -在[这里][3]检查其他的发行版本. +在[这里][3]可以找到其他的发行版。 ### 使用 ncdu ### -Keys: +键盘操作: -- up, k — Move cursor up -- down, j – Move cursor down -- right/enter — Open selected directory -- left, <, h — Open parent directory -- n — Sort by name (ascending/descending) -- s — Sort by size (ascending/descending) -- C – Sort by items (ascending/descending) -- d – Delete selected file or directory -- t — Toggle dirs before files when sorting -- g – Show percentage and/or graph +- up, k — 向上移动光标 +- down, j – 向下移动光标 +- right/enter — 打开选定的目录 +- left, <, h — 打开父目录 +- n — 按文件名排序（升序/降序） +- s — 按文件大小排序（升序/降序） +- C – 按项目数排序（升序/降序） +- d – 删除选定的文件或目录 +- t — 排序时将目录放在文件前面 +- g – 以图形方式显示百分比 为使用ncdu，请打开终端并且运行 @@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ Keys: ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ncdu-scanning.png) -当扫描完成后，你能够很容易的查看文件/目录的大小. +当扫描完成后，你能够很容易的看到文件/目录的大小. ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/done-scanning.png) @@ -60,8 +60,8 @@ Keys: man ncdu -**荣誉**: 有两位读者**BasketCase**和**Sama Vim**在阅读[Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands][5]之后 向我们推荐Ncdu工具. -注：上面这个链接已经做成原文 +**荣誉**: 有两位读者**BasketCase**和**Sama Vim**在阅读“[Linux基础：如何在命令行中查看目录的大小][5]”之后 向我们推荐了这个Ncdu工具。 + Enjoy! @@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ Enjoy! via: http://www.unixmen.com/ncdu-ncurses-disk-usage-analyzer/ -译者：[hunanchenxingyu](https://github.com/hunanchenxingyu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[hunanchenxingyu](https://github.com/hunanchenxingyu) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 @@ -77,4 +77,4 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/ncdu-ncurses-disk-usage-analyzer/ [2]:http://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-find-size-directory-commands/ [3]:http://dev.yorhel.nl/ncdu [4]:http://dev.yorhel.nl/ncdu/man -[5]:http://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-find-size-directory-commands/ \ No newline at end of file +[5]:http://linux.cn/article-3473-1.html \ No newline at end of file