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20140610-1 选题
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DeadFire
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IPFire 2.13 Core 78 Linux Firewall OS Receives OpenSSL Fixes
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================================================================================
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**Michael Tremer, a developer for the ipfire.org team, has announced that IPFire 2.13 Core 78, a new stable build of the popular Linux-based firewall distribution, has been released to implement the latest OpenSSL fixes.**
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IPFire is a modular Linux distribution, which means that it can be deployed as a firewall, a proxy server, or a VPN gateway. One of the main concerns of the IPFire developers is security, and every step has been taken to ensure users’ complete security.
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“There have been several vulnerabilities discovered in the openssl library which is responsible for implementing the SSL/TLS protocol and other cryptographic tasks. All details about these can be found in the original openssl security advisory,” said the devs on their blog.
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They have also explained that all the changes that they planned and built for Core Update 78 have been postponed to Core Update 79. This means that users will have to wait a little longer for a more consistent update.
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OpenSSL developers have found another round of OpenSSL problems, but they have been fixed quickly and now the Linux distributions are including it in the latest versions.
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The developers recommend all users of IPFire to upgrade their distributions. More details can be found on the official [website][1].
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Download IPFire 2.13 Core 78:
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- [IPFire 2.15 Core 78 (ISO)][2][iso] [122 MB]
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- [IPFire 3.0 Alpha 1 (ISO)][3][iso] [76 MB]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/IPFire-2-13-Core-78-Linux-Firewall-OS-Receives-OpenSSL-Fixes-445876.shtml
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://www.ipfire.org/news/ipfire-2-15-core-update-78-released
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[2]:http://downloads.ipfire.org/releases/ipfire-2.x/2.15-core78/ipfire-2.15.i586-full-core78.iso
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[3]:http://www.rowie.at/ipfire/iso/ipfire-3.0-alpha1.i686.iso
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Open Source SDN Project OpenDaylight Adds New Members
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================================================================================
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The [Linux Foundation][1]'s [OpenDaylight][2] project for promoting open source [software-defined networking][3] (SDN) continues to grow. [Extreme Networks][4] (EXTR), [Flextronics][5] and [Oracle][6] (ORCL) are now among the initiative's members.
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The three companies, which officially joined OpenDaylight June 5, bring the total number of OpenDaylight project members to 39. The project also enjoys the support of 195 developers collaborating to help build an open source SDN platform.
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The new members bring additional expertise in data center and cloud computing design and infrastructure to OpenDaylight's portfolio. Extreme Networks specializes in high-performance networking solutions for enterprises, while Flextronics provides systems design, manufacturing and logistics. Oracle's broad operations, meanwhile, focus on a variety of areas in the cloud and the data center.
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OpenDaylight leaders are celebrating the project's membership growth as a further step toward creating an SDN ecosystem that is centered on open standards and free from domination by particular organizations. "More voices at the table means stronger debate and better code," said Jacques Neela, executive director, OpenDaylight. "We are thrilled to see such a diversity of new members joining who represent an even broader range of perspectives on SDN and NFV."
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The first software release from OpenDaylight, which was itself formed in April 2013, [appeared in February][7] under the name Hydrogen.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/open-source-sdn-project-opendaylight-adds-new-members
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/
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[2]:http://www.opendaylight.org/
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[3]:http://thevarguy.com/sdn
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[4]:http://www.extremenetworks.com/
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[5]:http://www.flextronics.com/
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[6]:http://oracle.com/
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[7]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/020514/embargo-until-feb-4-1130-am-est-opendaylight-releases-fir
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GitHub redesigns its Windows app to put your work front and center, adds emoji and gif support
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================================================================================
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GitHub today [released][1] version 2.0 of its Windows app, which it markets as “the easiest way to use Git and GitHub on Windows.” The new version features a more streamlined design, new GitHub local features, and some general speed improvements. You can grab the new version now directly form [windows.github.com][2] (if you already have GitHub for Windows, it will update automatically).
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GitHub released its Windows app back in [May 2012][3], and has made improvements in three minor releases since. Today’s major 2.0 release comes more than two years after the app’s debut, and aims to inject new life into the app.
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GitHub executives told me they saw a major bump in terms of interest for the client with the 1.3 release that was more of an overall increase rather than just a spike associated with new versions. They are naturally hoping for a repeat of this jump with the 2.0 release.
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GitHub 2.0 for Windows is supposed to be simpler and cleaner, and aims to put more focus and the developer and their work. For the sake of comparison, here’s how the previous 1.3 version looked like:
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Here is the 2.0 release (the company emphasizes that your work is now ” front and center”):
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Previously, there were two different views available. The company has slimmed that down so developers no longer need to move back and forth between their projects.
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This is largely accomplished by adding a sidebar that reduces the need to navigate through menus and options. In short, your local repositories are always available on the left, plus you can create, clone, and publish repositories without having to navigate to a new screen. Your repositories are also grouped by where they originated from, so work projects (think GitHub Enterprise) are easy to distinguish from personal ones, and you can easily switch between them.
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The new design aside, GitHub for Windows now lets you pick an ignore file template for your project when you create a repository. It also supports including emoji and gifs in your commit messages.
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It’s worth noting that the aforementioned performance improvements should be felt around the app in general. Unfortunately, GitHub wasn’t able to share any benchmarks regarding the speed bumps.
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All in all, this is a big redesign aimed at improving the user experience. GitHub executives tell TNW the new design language aims is a “GitHub Metro style” that takes the “best parts of Metro as well as Android and iOS.” Whether or not that’s a good thing will likely come down to personal preference.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://thenextweb.com/dd/2014/06/09/github-redesigns-windows-app-put-work-front-center-adds-emoji-gif-support/?tnw_rfl=tw
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:https://github.com/blog/1844-say-hello-to-github-for-windows-2-0
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[2]:http://windows.github.com/
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[3]:http://thenextweb.com/apps/2012/05/21/github-releases-its-windows-app-at-last/
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How does the cloud affect the everyday linux user?
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================================================================================
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### Introduction ###
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Cloud computing is one of those terms you hear about and see all the time whether it is in the national newspapers, online news websites, podcasts, technical blogs, technical news sites or on radio and television.
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It is a fairly woolly term that encompasses so many things but what exactly is it?
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> **Cloud computing** is a term used to refer to a model of network computing where a program or application runs on a connected server or servers rather than on a local computing device such as a PC, tablet or smartphone. Like the traditional client-server model or older mainframe computing,[1] a user connects with a server to perform a task. The difference with cloud computing is that the computing process may run on one or many connected computers at the same time, utilizing the concept of virtualization. With virtualization, one or more physical servers can be configured and partitioned into multiple independent “virtual” servers, all functioning independently and appearing to the user to be a single physical device. Such virtual servers are in essence disassociated from their physical server, and with this added flexibility, they can be moved around and scaled up or down on the fly without affecting the end user. The computing resources have become “granular”, which provides end user and operator benefits including on-demand self-service, broad access across multiple devices, resource pooling, rapid elasticity and service metering capability.[2]
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The above quote was obviously taken from Wikipedia.
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In the past we either used dumb terminals to connect to a mainframe or more recently desktop computers connected to applications on in-house servers which in turn connected to databases also kept on site.
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The management of the desktops, applications and servers were all local and all had to be supported by the company who owned them.
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Whilst this might be great for software houses it isn’t good business for other companies such as banks, insurance companies and oil companies. Information Technology is not a banking function in the same way catering isn’t a function of drilling oil out of the ground.
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Large companies have long since outsourced many functions to dedicated companies. For example outside catering companies provide the staff canteen and we all know about the offshore call centres handling customer calls for the banks.
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IT has also become an offshore function with a number of support and development functions shipped out to China, India, Malaysia and Eastern Europe.
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Cloud computing is different to the typical model in that it is all about virtualisation. It is about putting applications on virtual servers which could all be in one location or could be thousands of miles apart but the point is it doesn’t matter because it is somebody else’s job to make sure they work.
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> In common usage the term “the cloud” has become a shorthand way to refer to cloud computing infrastructure.[4] The term came from the cloud symbol that network engineers used on network diagrams to represent the unknown (to them) segments of a network.[5] Marketers have further popularized the phrase “in the cloud” to refer to software, platforms and infrastructure that are sold “as a service”, i.e. remotely through the Internet.
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This article is therefore all about the cloud and what it means for the everyday linux user and what it can do for you and what, if any, pitfalls are there.
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From an end user and home user point of view, cloud computing has basically come to mean any service that is hosted online.
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So here goes, which cloud services are useful for an everyday linux user?
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### Email ###
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I would be very surprised if you are reading this and you don’t have an email account.
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PC Advisor magazine analysed the top 6 emails services back in March, 2014 consisting of Outlook, GMail, Yahoo, iCloud, AOL and GMX.
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### Office Suites ###
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As well as an email client one of the most commonly used tools required by everyone is an office suite.
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In the past people would toddle off down to PC World, buy a computer and come home with a great big machine and half a dozen CDs containing 5 programs you definitely won’t use and Microsoft Works which was a cheap and virtually useless cut down version of Microsoft Office.
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Now you don’t even need an office suite on your computer even though there are some great free choices out there including LibreOffice and Kingsoft.
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The obvious choices are of course Google Docs and Office 365. Does Office 365 work for Linux? Well this article from PC Pro in 2012 seems to suggest that it does.
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I don’t believe everything I read though so I signed up to Office 365 to see what would happen.
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Signing up was free for a month and I was presented with a list of online applications that I could use which included Word, Excel and Outlook.
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All looked to be going well. I started Microsoft Word, chose a template to use and then of course it didn’t work at all.
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Office 365 isn’t yet supported on Linux and to be honest you don’t need it. Move on.
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Google Docs works and for home use it is perfect. There are hundreds of templates for the word processing and presentation tools and the spreadsheet application does most things although it doesn’t really replace Excel because you haven’t got hundreds of wannabe developers creating naff macros and VBA scripts everywhere.
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Another alternative to Office 365 is Zoho.
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Similar to Google Docs, Zoho includes a word processor, spreadsheet tool, presentation tool and mail.
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There are finance and CRM tools as well.
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The interface for the tools is actually very nice and clean.
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Services such as Google Docs and Zoho also give you the power of collaboration.
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Documents can be shared and worked on by different people in different locations.
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This site provides a good list of alternative choices to Google Docs and Zoho.
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### Online File Storage ###
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Another good service provided by Google Docs and Zoho is the ability to store the documents and files you create online.
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There are other services however such as Dropbox that are used to exclusively store your documents in the cloud.
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The benefit of storing files with services like Dropbox is that if your house is burgled or catches fire then you have an offshore backup that remains intact. You can also access your files anywhere.
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Dropbox is free for up to 2 gigabytes of use. If you have a lot more data, and most of us do nowadays, then there is a $ 9.99 monthly plan that is available allowing for 100 gigabytes. There is also a business version available from $ 15 a month.
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There are of course alternatives to Dropbox and this site provides a list of the best online backup solutions.
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### Photos ###
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Since the introduction of digital cameras and more recently smart phones, more and more of us have memory cards full of photos.
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I bet that at some point or other that you have lost photos because your phone died and the photos were on the phone and not the memory card or you lost your phone losing pictures of your child’s sports day or another important occasion.
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Losing a phone is never a good thing. If you are clever you will have set up some sort of security because most people have their phones synchronised with their email accounts, Facebook, Twitter and even online banking.
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All it takes to fix a lost phone is to change the passwords to all of the above accounts but lost photos are just not possible to recover and are a little bit more upsetting when lost.
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One solution of course is to backup to your computer. This is of course a good first step but occasionally laptops break as well and you are back to square one.
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Online photo storage sites are great resources because not only do they keep your photos safe you can also share them with whoever you choose to, eliminating the need to get 5 copies of the same photo developed to send to mum, nan, sister, aunty and mother-in-law.
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The solution I like to use is Google’s Picasa but many of you will have heard of services like Flickr as well.
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Lifehacker has a list of the five best photo sharing services.
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Remember though that just because they are called photo sharing services doesn’t mean you have to share them. You can keep them just to yourself.
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### Music ###
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The first record that I was ever given was a 12 inch vinyl version of “Kings of the wild frontier” by “Adam and the Ants” back in the early 1980s.
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As the 1980s progressed the long play records were replaced by cassettes and just as I had accumulated a decent number of cassettes the compact disc became the thing to have.
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Hundreds of compact discs later and MP3 file sharing became the norm and it even became the legal way of doing things.
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Nothing sits still with technology and the future is now with audio streaming services such as Spotify.
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Spotify is free to use but is supported with the inclusion of adverts. In this regard it is like having your own personal radio station where you choose the playlist. Of course you can pay a monthly fee and have the adverts removed altogether.
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There are dozens of similar services including Grooveshark and last.fm.
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Techradar has a list of 7 alternatives to Spotify.
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### Film ###
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The first film I ever watched in the Cinema was Dumbo. The first video I ever watched was “Krull” which contained a young Dulph Lundgren. The format of the video was on Beta Max. (My next door neighbour had one).
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My dad came home one day with a video recorder from Radio Rentals and my sister and I used to take it in turns to pick a video to hire from the video store. I remember my first choice being “The Black Hole”.
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As with music time moves on. Just as you get large units full of movies, some genius comes along and develops DVDs and then they come out with Bluerays.
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Now of course video streaming is the order of the day especially if you have a decent enough internet connection.
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The most commonly known services are Netflix and Lovefilm.
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This website has a list of good alternatives to Netflix. Not all of these services (including Netflix) work seamlessly on Linux.
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### Gaming ###
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Music, films and now gaming have moved to the online arena.
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Gaming is of course more difficult. Music is relatively low cost in terms of bandwidth and although films require a little more, the stream just needs to remain steady to get a clear picture.
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Games need to run at a consistently high frame rate to be playable and unless you have a decent connection it probably isn’t even worth trying.
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Current services offering a cloud gaming service include OnLive and StreamMyGame.
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This site contains a list of 6 online gaming services to rival OnLive.
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### Pitfalls ###
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Cloud computing isn’t free from issues.
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There is the obvious problem of hacking. If someone gets access to your online banking or your email then you have a real problem.
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What about online file storage? There is currently the high profile case of Megaupload.com.
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Megaupload.com was essentially a file storage site for storing large files. The problem is that a lot of people used the service to share copyright material and the US authorities came down like a ton of bricks and the service was shut down.
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Now a lot of people losing files would perhaps be expecting the inevitable but what about people who genuinely did nothing wrong. Their data has been lost. The US authorities refusing to give it back.
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Finally there is the subject of service maintenance. If your email went down for a day could you cope? What about 3 days? What about a month? You are at the mercy of the service provider.
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A lot has been made about large companies losing data and there has also been a lot of noise regarding heartbleed which is a vulnerability found in SSL left unpatched for years.
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If you have services hosted for you online then you are relying on technical support staff to do their job properly and if they don’t you could be at the mercy of hackers, hardware failures and poor backup and recovery maintenance.
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### Summary ###
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Cloud computing has really become the buzz term for any online service. Your web browser is a client connecting to a server or clusters of servers hosted anywhere in the world. The point is that you don’t care. You don’t need to know.
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Generally speaking I have barely touched the surface. We all use the cloud everyday and most of us don’t even think about it.
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How does the cloud affect the everyday linux user? It turns out quite a bit.
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Is the cloud a good or bad thing? Neither. Each service has to be judged on it’s own merits.
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|
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The term “The Cloud” is just something marketing people and the technical press get excited about. Anyone remember when they kept using the term “Web 2.0″?
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Thankyou for reading.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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||||
via: http://www.linuxnews.pro/how-does-the-cloud-affect-the-everyday-linux-user/
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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The Best Linux Distribution for New Users
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================================================================================
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This is a debate that most certainly brings out the beast in many a Linux user. The argument doesn't generally boil down to which distribution is truly best suited for new users, but which distribution is favored by those in the debate. If we set our personal preferences aside, a clearer picture can arise. But even that clarity can quickly get obscured by the needs and desires of the new users. Given that, I decided to take a different approach to finding the “best distro for new users." My criteria for best distribution must not only be easy to use, but also must appeal to a more modern design aesthetic brought about by the ever-growing thrust of the mobile interface metaphor.
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For the purposes of this examination, to be included in the short list a distribution must:
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- Be incredibly user-friendly
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- Include, out of the box, all common apps
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- Include some form of an app store
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- Offer a modern user interface.
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Let me explain each criteria.
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### User-friendliness ###
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This is such a hotly debatable topic. But the truth of the matter is – a new user must be able to pick up a flavor of Linux and just start using it, with little to no explaining. If too much explanation must be given, then the distribution is not user friendly. I hate to be that guy, but nearly any user can sit in front of a Windows 7 or OS X desktop and start using it with almost zero coaching. That is what every Linux desktop should shoot for.
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### Common apps ###
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Users should not have to install the necessities out of the box. Period. And just what are the necessities? The list grows shorter every year. Currently, the list of must-have apps are:
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- Web browser: Either Chrome or Firefox (sorry, all other browsers need not apply)
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- Email client: Thunderbird is the obvious choice
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- Office Suite: LibreOffice. End of story
|
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- Music player: Play local files and connect to streaming services (such as Spotify).
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|
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That's the short list of apps nearly every user depends upon.
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### App store ###
|
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Thanks to that ever-growing dependency on mobile devices, users have grown accustomed to app stores. Linux has had these for quite some time (Synaptic being one of the oldest). Without a well thought-out app store, users will struggle with adding software in the Linux environment. This is, without a doubt, crucial.
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|
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### Modern interface ###
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I've mentioned the mobile landscape a number of times already. Thanks to iOS and Android, users have grown fond of the modern UI. The desktop needs to follow suit and draw the attention of users with a unique, modern, yet easy-to-use interface. The old metaphor is no longer as effective in a multi-touch-friendly, mobile world.
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Top three distros
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|
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With the criteria in place, which distributions meet (or exceed) our needs? First, let's examine the top three candidates. Each of the following meets (or exceeds) the criteria.
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|
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#### Ubuntu ####
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|
||||
[Ubuntu Linux][1] has long reigned the king of user-friendly Linux. Out of the box, it's a challenge to find a desktop (Unity) that is more engaging and easy to use... even for those unfamiliar to the platform. The desktop layout, although different, is logical and intuitive. With the addition of one of the single most powerful search tools of any desktop environment, Ubuntu Unity should be considered a crowning achievement among the Linux faithful.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Linux Mint ####
|
||||
|
||||
If there is a distribution set to usurp the crown from the king, it is [Linux Mint][2]. Linux Mint takes a more standard approach to the desktop, but layers just enough eye candy and variation to make it stand out from the long-in-the-tooth desktop metaphor. Linux Mint is based on Ubuntu, so it does benefit from the stability and reliability found in its big brother.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Linux Deepin ####
|
||||
|
||||
New to the user-friendly list is [Linux Deepin][3]. This relatively new distribution hails from China and should be making some serious waves. Why? Because it takes the Linux desktop and turns it into a thing of artistic beauty; while at the same time retaining a high level of user-friendliness. When the newest iteration of this distribution is released, I expect big things. Linux Deepin takes the GNOME 3 desktop and retools it into something completely different and completely marvelous.
|
||||
|
||||
### Scoring the Distros ###
|
||||
|
||||
With the top contenders listed, let's compare each to our criteria and rank each. Scoring for the distributions is as such: For each criteria, the distributions are ranked first to last (first getting 1 point, last getting 3 points). In the end, all scores are totaled to determine the winner -- lowest score wins.
|
||||
|
||||
#### User-friendliness ####
|
||||
|
||||
This is probably the tightest of categories and hardest to judge. Each distribution is tops in user-friendliness in different ways. In the end, I'd rank the top three:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Linux Mint
|
||||
|
||||
2. Ubuntu Linux
|
||||
|
||||
3. Linux Deepin
|
||||
|
||||
Why? Mint gains a slight edge simply because it still holds to the old metaphor of start menu, task bar, and desktop icons. The margin of victory is incredibly slim though, as both Ubuntu and Linux Deepin require next to zero learning curve – even for the yet-to-be-initiated.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Common apps ####
|
||||
|
||||
The only reason this category is hard to judge is because each distribution includes all of the necessary applications. Although Linux Deepin currently offers Kingsoft Office (one of the finest mobile office suite solutions), the plans are to default to LibreOffice in the 2014 release.
|
||||
|
||||
One of my issues with the common apps falls into that of audio players. Though I stream a lot of music (using the Spotify client), when I play music on my local drive, I always use Clementine. The default players are:
|
||||
|
||||
- Ubuntu: Rhythmbox
|
||||
- Linux Mint: Banshee
|
||||
- Linux Deepen: DMusic.
|
||||
|
||||
Of the three, Banshee (Figure 1) offers the most features, DMusic (Figure 2) offers the best interface, and (surprisingly enough) Rhythmbox (Figure 3) is, by far, the least reliable.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
banshee
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
dmusic
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
rhythmbox
|
||||
|
||||
So, how do they score? Like so:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Linux Mint
|
||||
|
||||
2. Ubuntu Linux
|
||||
|
||||
3. Linux Deepin
|
||||
|
||||
#### App store ####
|
||||
|
||||
This category cannot go without being addressed. Why? Because the app store can easily make or break a Linux distribution for a new user. There will always be apps needed and no new user wants to jump through the hoops of learning the command line. Each distribution has their own take on the app store.
|
||||
|
||||
- Ubuntu: Ubuntu Software Center
|
||||
- Mint: Software Manager
|
||||
- Linux Deepin: Deepin Software Center
|
||||
|
||||
It should be said, that each of these tools is based on the Ubuntu Software Center. What is odd about this is that it is the Ubuntu Software Center that lands squarely on the bottom. The primary reason for this is the Ubuntu Software Center is very slow – even on an incredibly powerful machine.
|
||||
|
||||
I would order the app stores as such:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Linux Deepin
|
||||
|
||||
2. Linux Mint
|
||||
|
||||
3. Ubuntu Linux
|
||||
|
||||
Each of the app stores functions in a very similar manner. The reason Linux Deepin gets the top bill is twofold: The interface is easier to navigate and the application opens far faster than either the Ubuntu Software Manager or the Mint Software Manager.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Modern interface ####
|
||||
|
||||
This is the category in which Linux Mint falls way, way behind. Even though it does offer a bit of eye candy and a more shallow learning curve, Linux Mint still suffers from what is, by comparison, a very outdated desktop. Even on powerful hardware (with solid graphics), Linux Mint still looks like it could very easily have been transported from the late 1990s. To that end, we must look to either Ubuntu Linux or Linux Deepin to bring us into the future. The winner is:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Linux Deepin
|
||||
|
||||
2. Ubuntu Linux
|
||||
|
||||
3. Linux Mint
|
||||
|
||||
What Linux Deepin does is use GNOME 3 to create an amalgam of GNOME and OSX that works so beautifully, you think you're dealing with a piece of interactive art.
|
||||
|
||||
### The overall winner ###
|
||||
|
||||
Although this is very rudimentary, the order of our best Linux distro for new users would be:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Linux Mint with a collective score of 7
|
||||
|
||||
2. Linux Deepin with a collective score of 8
|
||||
|
||||
3. Ubuntu Linux with a collective score of 9
|
||||
|
||||
If you're wondering about the 'writer opinion' of this piece, know this: I have used Ubuntu Linux for years (and still do). I have recently been quoted as saying “If there's a Linux distro that will sway me from Ubuntu, it's Linux Deepin.” Although I appreciate Linux Mint for what it is, I only use it for testing purposes. With that said, Linux Mint is the clear winner, when it comes to best Linux distribution for new users.
|
||||
|
||||
Here's the real truth of this matter – you can't go wrong with any of these Linux desktops. They each shine in their own right. If you're looking for a true beauty, go with Linux Deepin. If you want a combination of beauty and ease of use, go with Ubuntu Linux. If you just want simplicity and you don't care about eye candy, go with Linux Mint. No matter which way you go, it's a win-win-win scenario.
|
||||
|
||||
What do you think? How would you rank the three chosen desktops? Or, would you write in a completely different Linux distribution for best in show for the new users (and why)?
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/775873-the-best-linux-distribution-for-new-users/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linuxmint.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.linuxdeepin.com/index.en.html
|
||||
67
sources/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md
Normal file
67
sources/talk/20140610 Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
|
||||
Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Standard Linux circulations regularly default to one of two desktop environments, KDE or GNOME. Both of these give clients an instinctive and attractive desktop, and also offering a verity of media inbuilt softwares, system programs, games, utilities, web development tools, programming tools and so on. These two desktops center all the more on giving clients a cutting edge computing environment with all the accessories emphasized in Windows OS, instead of minimizing the measure of system resources they require.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using Ubuntu (or other) and exhausted of utilizing Unity desktop constantly? At that point, you ought to look at different choices accessible that can swap unity for you. I have gathered 7 desktop environments that are great and you beyond any doubt would need to utilize them once you are finished with this article.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Mate][1] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Mate is a fork of GNOME2. It gives a natural and appealing desktop environment utilizing conventional representations for Linux and other Unix-like working frameworks. MATE is under dynamic improvement to include help for new advances while saving a conventional desktop experience.
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04, surprisingly, permit clients to introduce the MATE desktop straight from the Ubuntu Software Center.
|
||||
|
||||
### [KDE][2] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
KDE is the other significant desktop look, close to Gnome. It is considered to be the flashier and most asset and heavy desktop environment of every one of them. It’s likewise the particular case that looks closest to Windows’ desktop without any extraordinary adjustments or templates. KDE has the most peculiarities, and in addition a huge measure of settings you can change to tweak your experience. There is likewise a considerable measure of topics accessible for KDE, so you can truly profit from KDE’s peculiarities and still have it look the way you need it to.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Cinnamon][3] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Cinnamon is a Gtk+-based environment. It initially began as a fork of the GNOME Shell, which is a client interface, and was at first created by (and for) Linux Mint. Cinnamon is essentially proposed for utilization with a console and a Pointing gadget, in the same way as a mouse; use with a touchscreen is likewise conceivable. Rather than KDE Plasma Workspaces, there is one GUI. Cinnamon 2.0, the current version, was disclosed on 10 October 2013.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Unity][4] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Unity is an interface for the GNOME desktop environment created by Canonical Ltd. for its Ubuntu OS. Unity appeared in the netbook release of Ubuntu 10.10. It was at first intended to make more proficient utilization of space given the constrained screen size of netbooks, including, for instance, a vertical app switcher called launcher, and a vertical space saver multipurpose top menubar. Unity in not a collection of different applications, like GNOME, KDE, Xfce, or LXDE, it is developed to use available utilities.
|
||||
|
||||
### [GNOME Shell][5] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME gives center interface capacities like exchanging windows, launch applications or see your notices. It exploits the capacities of cutting edge graphics hardware and gives attractive, innovative client interface ideas with give a delightful and simple to user experience. GNOME Shell is the defining technology of the GNOME 3 client experience.
|
||||
|
||||
A stable release of GNOME Shell was disclosed as a vital a piece of GNOME on 3 March 2011.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Xfce][6] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Xfce is a lighter desktop environment that is focused around the GTK schema. It looks very like Gnome 2/MATE, however it’s a lighter alternative than those two. It’s additionally much lighter than KDEand Gnome 3, so it’s ideal for low-fueled gadgets or for frameworks whose holders look to achieve greatest execution. It’s not the lightest alternative accessible – continue perusing for that – however Xfce does accomplish an equalization of execution and capacity.
|
||||
|
||||
### [LXDE][7] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
LXDE is ostensibly the lightest alternative accessible for a desktop environment, at least among those that the customary desktop standard. This GTK-based desktop environment replaces the greater part of the default apps with considerably lighter alternatives (think Abiword, Gnumeric, and so on rather than Libreoffice), and it offers no flash visual impacts – nor does it have great feel by and large, without highly weighted tweaks. But, it’s still has a nice looking desktop with full functionality that you ought to consider to use in the event that you need something fast and simple.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://pulpybucket.com/top-7-desktop-environment-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://mate-desktop.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://kde.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://cinnamon.linuxmint.com/
|
||||
[4]:https://unity.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.gnome.org/
|
||||
[6]:http://xfce.org/
|
||||
[7]:http://lxde.org/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
|
||||
How to set up Internet connection sharing with iptables on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
In this tutorial, I'll explain how to share a single Internet connection among multiple devices on Linux. While consumer-grade WiFi routers have become mainstream nowadays, making this problem a non-issue, suppose you don't have one at home. However, say you have a Linux box already assembled with a modem and a LAN card. The modem is connected to the Internet with a dynamic public IP address, and the LAN card connected to your switch/hub. Other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop) are connected to the switch without having any Internet connection. To share the Internet connection of the Linux box, you have to turn the box into a gateway, so that it can relay traffic to and from other devices.
|
||||
|
||||
### Glossary of Terms ###
|
||||
|
||||
- **Private IP address** (non-routeable address) is an IP address used for a Local Area Network (not visible through Internet).
|
||||
- **Public IP address** (routeable address) is an IP address that is visible through Internet.
|
||||
- **IP masquerading** is a function that allows set of machines to reach the Internet via a MASQ gateway. Those machines behind the MASQ gateway is never visible to the Internet. Any outgoing and incoming traffic from and to the machines behind the MASQ gateway must pass through the MASQ gateway.
|
||||
- **Network Address Translation** (NAT) is a function that can make a private IP address reaches the Internet with the help of IP masquerading.
|
||||
|
||||
### Hardware Requirements ###
|
||||
|
||||
- One Linux box with two interfaces (one public IP address and the other private IP address), which will be used as a gateway.
|
||||
- One or more Linux/Windows PC or laptop with private IP addresses.
|
||||
- Switch/HUB (optional).
|
||||
|
||||
### Step-by-Step Guide ###
|
||||
|
||||
The following procedure is required on the Linux box (the connection sharing gateway).
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. Activate IP forwarding ####
|
||||
|
||||
In order to set up Internet connection sharing, you need to enable IP forwarding on the Linux box with a kernel parameter. Startup kernel parameters stored in /etc/sysctl.conf.
|
||||
|
||||
Open the file, and locate line with the following parameter "# net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0". Remove hash mark (i.e., uncomment it), and set the value to 1. It should look like the following:
|
||||
|
||||
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
|
||||
|
||||
You may also activate IP forwaring at run time by the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
|
||||
$ sudo sysctl -p
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. NAT configuration ####
|
||||
|
||||
Another important part of Internet connection sharing is NAT configuration which can be done using iptables command. iptables maintains four firewall tables:
|
||||
|
||||
- FILTER (the default table)
|
||||
- NAT
|
||||
- MANGLE
|
||||
- RAW
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial we will use only two tables: FILTER and NAT tables.
|
||||
|
||||
First, flush all active firewall rules.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -X
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -F
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -t nat -X
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -t nat -F
|
||||
|
||||
On the INPUT table, you have to set chain FORWARD to ACCEPT target, so all packets passed through the box will be processed correctly.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
|
||||
|
||||
On the NAT table, you have to enable IP masquerading for your WAN interface. We assume that the WAN interface is ppp0. To enable IP masquerading on ppp0 interface, you can use the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. Configuring a private IP address ####
|
||||
|
||||
After all configuration is completed on the Linux box, you have to configure the DNS server and default gateway of other devices (Linux/Windows PC, laptop), so that they point to the Linux box. Note that you don't need to set up a DNS server on the Linux box. Every DNS request from other devices are automatically forwarded by the Linux box to your upstream ISP.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using Linux on the other devices, you can use the following command to change their default gateway and DNS servers. I assume that you are using 192.168.1.0/24 private IP address segment, and that 192.168.1.1 is the IP address assigned to the Linux box.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ip route del default
|
||||
$ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.1.1
|
||||
$ sudo sh -c "echo 'nameserver 192.168.1.1' > /etc/resolv.conf"
|
||||
|
||||
If you have other Linux devices, you can repeat the command above on other devices.
|
||||
|
||||
If you have a Windows device, you can change the default gateway and the DNS server via network connection properties on the control panel.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4. The complete script ####
|
||||
|
||||
Here is the complete script which sets up Internet connection sharing on the Linux box. The WAN interface (ppp0) needs to be replaced according to your environment.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /usr/local/bin/ishare
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
|
||||
## Internet connection shating script
|
||||
|
||||
sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
|
||||
sysctl -p
|
||||
iptables -X
|
||||
iptables -F
|
||||
iptables -t nat -X
|
||||
iptables -t nat -F
|
||||
iptables -I INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
|
||||
iptables -I FORWARD -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
|
||||
iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE
|
||||
|
||||
Save the above script to /usr/local/bin/ishare, and then change the executable bit by the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo chmox +x /usr/local/bin/ishare
|
||||
|
||||
If you want the script executed every startup, you can register the script to /etc/rc.local. Open /etc/rc.local, before statement "exit 0", add the following line:
|
||||
|
||||
/usr/local/bin/ishare
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/internet-connection-sharing-iptables-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user