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Translated tech/20170215 How to Secure a FTP Server Using SSL TLS for Secure File Transfer in CentOS 7.md
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ictlyh Translating
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How to Secure a FTP Server Using SSL/TLS for Secure File Transfer in CentOS 7
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============================================================
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By its original design, FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is not secure, meaning it doesn’t encrypt data being transmitted between two machines, along with user’s credentials. This poses a massive threat to data as well as server security.
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In this tutorial, we will explain how to manually enable data encryption services in a FTP server in CentOS/RHEL 7 and Fedora; we will go through various steps of securing VSFTPD (Very Secure FTP Daemon) services using SSL/TLS certificates.
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#### Prerequisites:
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1. You must have [installed and configured a FTP server in CentOS 7][1]
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Before we start, note that all the commands in this tutorial will be run as root, otherwise, use the [sudo command][2] to gain root privileges if you are not controlling the server using the root account.
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### Step 1\. Generating SSL/TLS Certificate and Private Key
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1. We need to start by creating a subdirectory under: `/etc/ssl/` where we will store the SSL/TLS certificate and key files:
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```
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# mkdir /etc/ssl/private
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```
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2. Then run the command below to create the certificate and key for vsftpd in a single file, here is the explanation of each flag used.
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1. req – is a command for X.509 Certificate Signing Request (CSR) management.
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2. x509 – means X.509 certificate data management.
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3. days – defines number of days certificate is valid for.
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4. newkey – specifies certificate key processor.
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5. rsa:2048 – RSA key processor, will generate a 2048 bit private key.
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6. keyout – sets the key storage file.
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7. out – sets the certificate storage file, note that both certificate and key are stored in the same file: /etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem.
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```
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# openssl req -x509 -nodes -keyout /etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem -out /etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048
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```
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The above command will ask you to answer the questions below, remember to use values that apply to your scenario.
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```
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Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:IN
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State or Province Name (full name) []:Lower Parel
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Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Mumbai
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Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:TecMint.com
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Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Linux and Open Source
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Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:tecmint
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Email Address []:admin@tecmint.com
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```
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### Step 2\. Configuring VSFTPD To Use SSL/TLS
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3. Before we perform any VSFTPD configurations, let’s open the ports 990 and 40000-50000 to allow TLS connections and the port range of passive ports to define in the VSFTPD configuration file respectively:
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```
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# firewall-cmd --zone=public --permanent --add-port=990/tcp
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# firewall-cmd --zone=public --permanent --add-port=40000-50000/tcp
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# firewall-cmd --reload
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```
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4. Now, open the VSFTPD config file and specify the SSL details in it:
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```
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# vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
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```
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Look for the option ssl_enable and set its value to `YES` to activate the use of SSL, in addition, since TSL is more secure than SSL, we will restrict VSFTPD to employ TLS instead, using the ssl_tlsv1_2 option:
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```
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ssl_enable=YES
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ssl_tlsv1_2=YES
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ssl_sslv2=NO
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ssl_sslv3=NO
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```
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5. Then, add the lines below to define the location of the SSL certificate and key file:
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```
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rsa_cert_file=/etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem
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rsa_private_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem
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```
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6. Next, we have to prevent anonymous users from using SSL, then force all non-anonymous logins to use a secure SSL connection for data transfer and to send the password during login:
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```
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allow_anon_ssl=NO
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force_local_data_ssl=YES
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force_local_logins_ssl=YES
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```
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7. In addition, we can add the options below to boost up FTP server security. When option require_ssl_reuse is set to `YES`, then, all SSL data connections are required to exhibit SSL session reuse; proving that they know the same master secret as the control channel.
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Therefore, we have to turn it off.
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```
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require_ssl_reuse=NO
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```
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Again, we need to select which SSL ciphers VSFTPD will permit for encrypted SSL connections with the ssl_ciphers option. This can greatly limit efforts of attackers who try to force a particular cipher which they probably discovered vulnerabilities in:
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```
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ssl_ciphers=HIGH
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```
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8. Now, set the port range (min and max port) of passive ports.
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```
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pasv_min_port=40000
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pasv_max_port=50000
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```
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9. Optionally, allow SSL debugging, meaning openSSL connection diagnostics are recorded to the VSFTPD log file with the debug_ssl option:
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```
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debug_ssl=YES
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```
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Save all the changes and close the file. Then let’s restart VSFTPD service:
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```
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# systemctl restart vsftpd
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```
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### Step 3: Testing FTP server With SSL/TLS Connections
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10. After doing all the above configurations, test if VSFTPD is using SSL/TLS connections by attempting to use FTP from the command line as follows:
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```
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# ftp 192.168.56.10
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Connected to 192.168.56.10 (192.168.56.10).
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220 Welcome to TecMint.com FTP service.
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Name (192.168.56.10:root) : ravi
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530 Non-anonymous sessions must use encryption.
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Login failed.
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421 Service not available, remote server has closed connection
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ftp>
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```
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[
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][3]
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Verify FTP SSL Secure Connection
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From the screen shot above, we can see that there is an error informing us that VSFTPD can only allow user to login from clients that support encryption services.
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The command line does not offer encryption services thus producing the error. So, to securely connect to the server, we need a FTP client that supports SSL/TLS connections such as FileZilla.
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### Step 4: Install FileZilla to Securely Connect to a FTP Server
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11. FileZilla is a modern, popular and importantly cross-platform FTP client that supports SSL/TLS connections by default.
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To install FileZilla in Linux, run the command below:
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```
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--------- On CentOS/RHEL/Fedora ---------
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# yum install epel-release filezilla
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--------- On Debian/Ubuntu ---------
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$ sudo apt-get install filezilla
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```
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12. When the installation completes (or else if you already have it installed), open it and go to File=>Sites Manager or (press `Ctrl+S`) to get the Site Manager interface below.
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Click on New Site button to add a new site/host connection details.
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[
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][4]
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Add New FTP Site in Filezilla
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13. Next, set the host/site name, add the IP address, define the protocol to use, encryption and logon type as in the screen shot below (use values that apply to your scenario):
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```
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Host: 192.168.56.10
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Protocol: FTP – File Transfer Protocol
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Encryption: Require explicit FTP over #recommended
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Logon Type: Ask for password #recommended
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User: username
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```
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[
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][5]
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Add FTP Server Details in Filezilla
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14. Then click on Connect to enter the password again, and then verify the certificate being used for the SSL/TLS connection and click `OK` once more to connect to the FTP server:
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[
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][6]
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Verify FTP SSL Certificate
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At this stage, we should have logged successfully into the FTP server over a TLS connection, check the connection status section for more information from the interface below.
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[
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][7]
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Connected to FTP Server Over TLS/SSL
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15. Last but not least, try [transferring files from the local machine to the FTP sever][8] in the files folder, take a look at the lower end of the FileZilla interface to view reports concerning file transfers.
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[
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][9]
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Transfer Files Securely Using FTP
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That’s all! Always keep in mind that FTP is not secure by default, unless we configure it to use SSL/TLS connections as we showed you in this tutorial. Do share your thoughts about this tutorial/topic via the feedback form below.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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作者简介：
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Aaron Kili is a Linux and F.O.S.S enthusiast, an upcoming Linux SysAdmin, web developer, and currently a content creator for TecMint who loves working with computers and strongly believes in sharing knowledge.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.tecmint.com/secure-vsftpd-using-ssl-tls-on-centos/
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作者：[Aaron Kili][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
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[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-ftp-server-in-centos-7/
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[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/sudoers-configurations-for-setting-sudo-in-linux/
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[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Verify-FTP-Secure-Connection.png
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[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Add-New-FTP-Site-in-Filezilla.png
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[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Add-FTP-Server-Details-in-Filezilla.png
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[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Verify-FTP-SSL-Certificate.png
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[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/connected-to-ftp-server-with-tls.png
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[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/sftp-command-examples/
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[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Transfer-Files-Securely-Using-FTP.png
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@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
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如何在 CentOS 7 中使用 SSL/TLS 加固 FTP 服务器进行安全文件传输
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============================================================
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在一开始的设计中，FTP（文件传输协议）是不安全的，意味着它不会加密两台机器之间传输的数据以及用户的凭据。这使得数据和服务器安全面临很大威胁。
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在这篇文章中，我们会介绍在 CentOS/RHEL 7 以及 Fedora 中如何在 FTP 服务器中手动启用数据加密服务；我们会介绍使用 SSL/TLS 证书保护 VSFTPD（Very Secure FTP Daemon）服务的各个步骤。
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#### 前提条件：
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1. 你必须已经[在 CentOS 7 中安装和配置 FTP 服务][1]
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在我们开始之前，要注意本文中所有命令都以 root 用户运行，否则，如果现在你不是使用 root 用户控制服务器，你可以使用 [sudo 命令][2] 去获取 root 权限。
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### 第一步：生成 SSL/TLS 证书和密钥
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1. 我们首先要在 `/etc/ssl` 目录下创建用于保存 SSL/TLS 证书和密钥文件的子目录：
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```
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# mkdir /etc/ssl/private
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```
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2. 然后运行下面的命令为 vsftpd 创建证书和密钥并保存到一个文件中，下面会解析使用的每个标签。
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1. req - 是 X.509 Certificate Signing Request （CSR，证书签名请求）管理的一个命令。
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2. x509 - X.509 证书数据管理。
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3. days - 定义证书的有效日期。
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4. newkey - 指定证书密钥处理器。
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5. rsa:2048 - RSA 密钥处理器，会生成一个 2048 位的密钥。
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6. keyout - 设置密钥存储文件。
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7. out - 设置证书存储文件，注意证书和密钥都保存在一个相同的文件：/etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem。
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```
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# openssl req -x509 -nodes -keyout /etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem -out /etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048
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```
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上面的命令会让你回答以下的问题，记住使用你自己情况的值。
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```
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Country Name (2 letter code) [XX]:IN
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State or Province Name (full name) []:Lower Parel
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Locality Name (eg, city) [Default City]:Mumbai
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Organization Name (eg, company) [Default Company Ltd]:TecMint.com
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Organizational Unit Name (eg, section) []:Linux and Open Source
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Common Name (eg, your name or your server's hostname) []:tecmint
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Email Address []:admin@tecmint.com
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```
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### 第二步：配置 VSFTPD 使用 SSL/TLS
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3. 在我们进行任何 VSFTPD 配置之前，首先开放 990 和 40000-50000 端口，以便在 VSFTPD 配置文件中分别定义 TLS 连接的端口和被动端口的端口范围：
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```
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# firewall-cmd --zone=public --permanent --add-port=990/tcp
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# firewall-cmd --zone=public --permanent --add-port=40000-50000/tcp
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# firewall-cmd --reload
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```
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4. 现在，打开 VSFTPD 配置文件并在文件中指定 SSL 的详细信息：
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```
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# vi /etc/vsftpd/vsftpd.conf
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```
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找到 `ssl_enable` 选项把它的值设置为 `YES` 激活使用 SSL，另外，由于 TSL 比 SSL 更安全，我们会使用 `ssl_tlsv1_2` 选项让 VSFTPD 使用更严格的 TLS：
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```
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ssl_enable=YES
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ssl_tlsv1_2=YES
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ssl_sslv2=NO
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ssl_sslv3=NO
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```
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5. 然后，添加下面的行定义 SSL 证书和密钥文件的位置：
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```
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rsa_cert_file=/etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem
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rsa_private_key_file=/etc/ssl/private/vsftpd.pem
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```
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6. 下面，我们要阻止匿名用户使用 SSL，然后强制所有非匿名用户登录使用安全的 SSL 连接进行数据传输和登录过程中的密码发送：
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```
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allow_anon_ssl=NO
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force_local_data_ssl=YES
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force_local_logins_ssl=YES
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```
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7. 另外，我们还可以添加下面的选项增强 FTP 服务器的安全性。当选项 `require_ssl_reuse` 被设置为 `YES` 时，要求所有 SSL 数据连接都显示 SSL 会话重用；表明它们知道与控制频道相同的主机密码。
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因此，我们需要把它关闭。
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```
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require_ssl_reuse=NO
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```
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另外，我们还要用 `ssl_ciphers` 选项选择 VSFTPD 允许用于加密 SSL 连接的 SSL 密码。这可以大大限制尝试使用在漏洞中发现的特定密码的攻击者：
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```
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ssl_ciphers=HIGH
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```
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8. 现在，设置被动端口的端口范围（最小和最大端口）。
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```
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pasv_min_port=40000
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pasv_max_port=50000
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```
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9. 选择性启用 `debug_ssl` 选项以允许 SSL 调试，意味着 OpenSSL 连接诊断会被记录到 VSFTPD 日志文件：
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```
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debug_ssl=YES
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```
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保存所有更改并关闭文件。然后让我们重启 VSFTPD 服务：
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```
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# systemctl restart vsftpd
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```
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### 第三步：用 SSL/TLS 连接测试 FTP 服务器
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10. 完成上面的所有配置之后，像下面这样通过在命令行中尝试使用 FTP 测试 VSFTPD 是否使用 SSL/TLS 连接：
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```
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# ftp 192.168.56.10
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Connected to 192.168.56.10 (192.168.56.10).
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220 Welcome to TecMint.com FTP service.
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Name (192.168.56.10:root) : ravi
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530 Non-anonymous sessions must use encryption.
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Login failed.
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421 Service not available, remote server has closed connection
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ftp>
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```
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[
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][3]
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验证 FTP SSL 安全连接
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从上面的截图中，我们可以看到这里有个错误提示我们 VSFTPD 只允许用户从支持加密服务的客户端登录。
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命令行并不会提供加密服务因此产生了这个错误。因此，为了安全地连接到服务器，我们需要一个支持 SSL/TLS 连接的 FTP 客户端，例如 FileZilla。
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### 第四步：安装 FileZilla 以便安全地连接到 FTP 服务器
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11. FileZilla 是一个时尚、流行且重要的交叉平台 FTP 客户端，它默认支持 SSL/TLS 连接。
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要在 Linux 上安装 FileZilla，可以运行下面的命令：
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|
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```
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--------- On CentOS/RHEL/Fedora ---------
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# yum install epel-release filezilla
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--------- On Debian/Ubuntu ---------
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$ sudo apt-get install filezilla
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```
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12. 当安装完成后（或者你已经安装了该软件），打开它，选择 File=>Sites Manager 或者按 `Ctrl + S` 打开 Site Manager 界面。
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点击 New Site 按钮添加一个新的站点/主机连接详细信息。
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[
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][4]
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在 FileZilla 中添加新 FTP 站点
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|
||||
13. 下一步，像下面这样设置主机/站点名称、添加 IP 地址、定义使用的协议、加密和登录类型（使用你自己情况的值）：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Host: 192.168.56.10
|
||||
Protocol: FTP – File Transfer Protocol
|
||||
Encryption: Require explicit FTP over #recommended
|
||||
Logon Type: Ask for password #recommended
|
||||
User: username
|
||||
```
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][5]
|
||||
|
||||
在 Filezilla 中添加 FTP 服务器详细信息
|
||||
|
||||
14. 然后点击 Connect，再次输入密码，然后验证用于 SSL/TLS 连接的证书，再一次点击 `OK` 连接到 FTP 服务器：
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][6]
|
||||
|
||||
验证 FTP SSL 证书
|
||||
|
||||
到了这里，我们应该使用 TLS 连接成功地登录到了 FTP 服务器，在下面的界面中检查连接状态部分获取更多信息。
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][7]
|
||||
|
||||
通过 TLS/SSL 连接到 FTP 服务器
|
||||
|
||||
15. 最后，在文件目录尝试 [从本地传输文件到 FTP 服务器][8]，看 FileZilla 界面后面的部分查看文件传输相关的报告。
|
||||
|
||||
[
|
||||
|
||||
][9]
|
||||
|
||||
使用 FTP 安全地传输文件
|
||||
|
||||
就是这些。记住 FTP 默认是不安全的，除非我们像上面介绍的那样配置它使用 SSL/TLS 连接。在下面的评论框中和我们分享你关于这篇文章/主题的想法吧。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
Aaron Kili 是一个 Linux 和 F.O.S.S 的爱好者，Linux 系统管理员，网络开发员，目前也是 TecMint 的内容创作者，他喜欢和电脑一起工作，并且坚信共享知识。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/secure-vsftpd-using-ssl-tls-on-centos/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Aaron Kili][a]
|
||||
译者：[ictlyh](https://github.com/ictlyh)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/aaronkili/
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-ftp-server-in-centos-7/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/sudoers-configurations-for-setting-sudo-in-linux/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Verify-FTP-Secure-Connection.png
|
||||
[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Add-New-FTP-Site-in-Filezilla.png
|
||||
[5]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Add-FTP-Server-Details-in-Filezilla.png
|
||||
[6]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Verify-FTP-SSL-Certificate.png
|
||||
[7]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/connected-to-ftp-server-with-tls.png
|
||||
[8]:http://www.tecmint.com/sftp-command-examples/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Transfer-Files-Securely-Using-FTP.png
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user