再次合并

published/20 Linux ls Command Examples to Display the Entries of Directory.md

@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+ls命令的20个实用范例
+================================================================================
+Linux中一个基本命令是ls。没有这个命令，我们会在浏览目录条目时会遇到困难。这个命令必须被每个学习Linux的人知道。
+
+### ls是什么 ###
+
+ls命令用于列出文件和目录。默认上，他会列出当前目录的内容。带上参数后，我们可以用ls做更多的事情。这里是一些在日常操作中使用到的ls用法的示例。
+
+#### 1. 不带参数运行ls ####
+
+不带参数运行ls会只列出文件或者目录。看不到其他信息输出（译注：有时候你发现无参数的ls命令和这里描述的不同，那有可能是你的ls命令实际上带参数的ls别名）。
+
+    $ ls
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls.png)
+
+#### 2. 使用长清单模式 ####
+
+使用-l字符(小写L字符),会显示当前目录内容的长列表。在接下来的例子中，我们会结合-l参数(这个参数经常使用)来得到更好的结果。
+
+    $ ls -l
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_l.png)
+
+这里是如何读取输出 :
+
+- **第1列**
+	- 第一个字母**d**意味着内容是目录或者文件。在上面的截图中，Desktop、 Documents、 Downloads 和 lynis-1.3.8是目录。如果是'-'(**减号**)，这意味着它的内容是文件。当它是l(**小写l字符**)，意味这内容是链接文件。
+
+	- 下面的9个字符是关于文件权限。**前3个rwx**字符是文件的拥有者的权限，**第二组3rwx**是文件的所有组的权限，**最后的rwx**是对其他人访问文件的权限。
+
+- **第2列**
+这行告诉我们有多少链接指向这个文件。
+
+- **第3列**
+这行告诉我们谁是这个文件/文件夹的所有者。
+
+- **第4列**
+这行告诉我们谁是这个文件/文件夹的所有组。
+
+- **第5列**
+这行告诉我们这个文件/文件夹的以字节为单位的大小。 目录的大小总是4096字节。
+
+- **第6列**
+这告诉我们文件最后的修改时间。
+
+- **第7列**
+这告诉我们文件名或者目录名。
+
+#### 3. 显示文件大小 ####
+
+以字节为单位看大小可能会不方便。6.5M读起来比6727680字节更简单。要这么做，我们可以使用-h与**-l**结合的参数。**-h参数意味着便于人识别**。
+
+    $ ls -lh
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_lh1.png)
+
+另外一个可以这么做的参数是**--si**。这个参数和-h参数类似，但是**-si以1000为单位，而-h以1024为单位**。
+
+    $ ls -si
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_si.png)
+
+#### 4. 排序文件大小 ####
+
+在我们可以显示文件大小之后，我们希望以文件大小排序。我们可以使用-S参数来这么做。这列表会从大到校排序。
+
+    $ ls -lhS
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_lhS.png)
+
+#### 5. 测量大小 ####
+
+ls可以通过使用**-block-size=SIZE**改单位大小。这里的SIZE是：
+
+    K = Kilobyte
+    M = Megabyte
+    G = Gigabyte
+    T = Terabyte
+    P = Petabyte
+    E = Exabyte
+    Z = Zettabyte
+    Y = Yottabyte
+
+比如，我们希望使用MB作为单位大小。所以语法就会像这样:
+
+    $ ls -l --block-size=M
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_block_size.png)
+
+#### 6. 显示隐藏文件 ####
+
+在Linux中，以"."(**点号**)开头的文件是隐藏文件。为了在ls命令中显示它，我们可以使用**-a**选项。
+
+    $ ls -a
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_a.png)
+
+#### 7. 只列出目录条目 ####
+
+如果我们希望只列出目录，我们可以使用**-d**选项。
+
+    $ ls -d */
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_d.png)
+
+#### 8. 不打印所有者信息 ####
+
+要这么做，我们使用**-g**选项。
+
+    $ ls -g
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_lg.png)
+
+#### 9. 不打印组信息 ####
+
+-g隐藏了拥有者信息，**—G**会隐藏组信息。
+
+
+    $ ls -lG
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_lG2.png)
+
+#### 10. 打印UID和GID ####
+
+如果你想以数字方式列出项的所有者和所有组（即UID和GID），我们可以带**-n**选项使用ls命令。这里是个例子。
+
+    $ ls -n
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_n.png)
+
+从上面的例子中，我们知道**用户pungki的UID**是100，**GID是1000**，而**root组的GID是0**。
+
+#### 11. 不带颜色打印 ####
+
+一些Linux发行版已经对ls命令启用彩色。这会使ls以各种颜色打印列表。如果你不想要这样，你可以使用 **--color=never** 参数。
+
+    $ ls --color=never
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_color_never.png)
+
+#### 12. 打印每个文件的索引号 ####
+
+为了打印索引或者大家俗称的inode号，我们可以使用-i选项。索引号会显示在第一列。
+
+    $ ls -li
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_inode.png)
+
+#### 13. 增加 / (斜线) 标记目录 ####
+
+要这么做，使用**-p选项**。
+
+    $ ls -p
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_p.png)
+
+#### 14. 排序时反转顺序 ####
+
+你或许需要在列出条目时反转顺序。要这么做，你可以使用**-r**选项。
+
+    $ ls -r
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_r.png)
+
+#### 15. 递归列出子目录 ####
+
+带**-R**参数后，你可以列出包含它子目录的目录。
+
+    $ ls -R
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_Recursive.png)
+
+#### 16. 扩展名排序 ####
+
+你可以使用-X参数或者--sort=extension来通过扩展名来排序（译注：这样对于筛选不同类型的文件很有用）。
+
+    $ ls -lX
+
+**或**
+
+    $ ls --sort=extension
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_x.png)
+
+#### 17. 通过修改时间列出 ####
+
+使用-t选项会按修改时间排序，新的文件在前。
+
+    $ ls -lt
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_lt.png)
+
+#### 18. 列出你的主目录 ####
+
+要列出你的主目录，你可以用"~"(**波浪号**)来代表它。这样你就不必输入完整的目录名。让我们假设家文件名为**/home/pungki**，那么**波浪号**就对/home/pungki有意义了。
+
+    $ ls ~
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_tilde.png)
+
+#### 19. 列出父目录 ####
+
+无论你在那个目录，你可以列出父目录而不必输入完整路径。这是个例子。
+
+    $ ls ../
+
+这回列出**1**层之上的目录内容。
+
+    $ ls ../../
+
+这回列出**2**层之上的目录内容（译注：可不支持“...”来代表2层之上）。
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_parent.png)
+
+#### 20. 打印ls命令版本 ####
+
+使用--version参数打印它。
+
+    $ ls --version
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_version.png)
+
+### 总结 ###
+
+这些是在日常操作中会使用到的参数。当然你总可以输入**man ls** 或者 **ls --help** 来查询ls的手册页
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-ls-command/
+
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

published/201401/10 Lesser Known Useful Linux Commands- Part V.md

@@ -7,112 +7,80 @@
 
 前几篇文章的地址如下：
 
-- [11 Lesser Known Useful Linux Commands – Part I][1]
-
-- [10 Lesser Known Linux Commands – Part II][2]
-
-- [10 Lesser Known Commands for Linux – Part III][3]
-
-- [10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV][4]
+- [十一个鲜为人知的 Linux 命令 - Part 1][1]
+- [十个鲜为人知的 Linux 命令 - Part 2][2]
+- [十个鲜为人知的 Linux 命令 - Part 3][3]
+- [十个鲜为人知的 Linux 命令 - Part 4][4]
 
 ### 42. lsb_release ###
 
- **‘lsb_release’** 命令会打印特殊发行版的信息。如果 **lsb_release** 还没安装，你可以在基于 **Debain** 的发行版中用命令 apt **‘lsb-core’** 安装，在基于 **Red Hat** 系统下用 yum **‘redhat-lsb’** 来安装包。 
+ **‘lsb_release’** 命令会打印特殊发行版的信息。如果 **lsb_release** 还没安装，你可以在基于 **Debain** 的发行版中用命令 apt 安装，在基于 **Red Hat** 系统下用 yum 来安装包。 
 
     # lsb_release -a
-
     LSB Version:    :base-4.0-ia32:base-4.0-noarch:core-4.0-ia32:core-4.0-noarch:graphics-4.0-ia32:
-
     Distributor ID: CentOS
-
     Description:    CentOS release 6.3 (Final)
-
     Release:        6.3
-
     Codename:       Final
 
-**注意：**选项‘**-a**‘，会显示有关**版本、ID、详情、发行号**和**研发代号**的全部可用信息。
+**注意：**选项‘**-a**’，会显示有关**版本、ID、详情、发行号**和**研发代号**的全部可用信息。
 
 ### 43. nc -zv localhost 80 ###
 
 检查 **80** 端口是否被打开。我们可以用任何其他端口号替换‘**80**’来检查端口是否被打开或关闭。
 
     $ nc -zv localhost 80
+    Connection to localhost 80 port [tcp/http] succeeded!
 
-    Connection to localhost 80 port [tcp/http] succeeded!（译注：出现该信息表示80端口已被打开。）
+ （译注：出现该信息表示80端口已被打开。）
 
 检查 **8080** 端口是否启用
 
     $ nc -zv localhost 8080
+    nc: connect to localhost port 8080 (tcp) failed: Connection refused
+    
+（译注：该信息显示了8080端口并未打开。）
 
-    nc: connect to localhost port 8080 (tcp) failed: Connection refused（译注：该信息显示了8080端口并未打开。）
-
-### 44. curl inpinfo.io ###
+### 44. curl ipinfo.io ###
 
 该命令会输出并提供 **IP 地址** 的 **‘地理位置’** 。
 
     $ curl ipinfo.io 
-
    "ip": "xx.xx.xx.xx",
-
     "hostname": "triband-del-aa.bbb.cc.ddd.bol.net.in",
-
     "city": "null",
-
     "region": "null",
-
     "country": "IN",
-
     "loc": "20,77",
-
     "org": "AS17813 Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Ltd".
 
 ### 45. find . -user root ###
 
-该命令会输出( **root** )用户所拥有的文件（译注：即owner为root）。下面是在当前目录下列出的所有 ‘root’用户拥有的文件。
+该命令会输出当前目录下( **root** )用户所拥有的文件（译注：即owner为root）。下面是在当前目录下列出的所有 ‘root’用户拥有的文件。
 
     # find . -user root
-
     ./.recently-used.xbel
-
     ./.mysql_history
-
     ./.aptitude
-
     ./.aptitude/config
-
     ./.aptitude/cache
-
     ./.bluefish
-
     ./.bluefish/session-2.0
-
     ./.bluefish/autosave
-
     ./.bash_history
 
 在当前路径下列出所有 **‘avi’** 用户拥有的文件
 
     # find . -user avi
-
     ./.cache/chromium/Cache/f_002b66
-
     ./.cache/chromium/Cache/f_001719
-
     ./.cache/chromium/Cache/f_001262
-
     ./.cache/chromium/Cache/f_000544
-
     ./.cache/chromium/Cache/f_002e40
-
     ./.cache/chromium/Cache/f_00119a
-
     ./.cache/chromium/Cache/f_0014fc
-
     ./.cache/chromium/Cache/f_001b52
-
     ./.cache/chromium/Cache/f_00198d
-
     ./.cache/chromium/Cache/f_003680
 
 ### 46. sudo apt-get build-dep ffmpeg ###
@@ -120,53 +88,35 @@
 该命令会在相应的包安装时自动构建依赖关系。因此包安装的过程将非常流畅，也是非常容易的。
 
     # apt-get build-dep ffmpeg
-
     libxinerama-dev libxml-namespacesupport-perl libxml-sax-expat-perl
-
     libxml-sax-perl libxml-simple-perl libxrandr-dev libxrender-dev
-
     x11proto-render-dev x11proto-xinerama-dev xulrunner-dev
-
     The following packages will be upgraded:
-
     libpixman-1-0
-
+    
     1 upgraded, 143 newly installed, 0 to remove and 6 not upgraded.
-
     Need to get 205 MB of archives.
-
     After this operation, 448 MB of additional disk space will be used.
-
     Do you want to continue [Y/n]?
 
 ### 47. lsof -iTCP:80 -sTCP:LISTEN ###
 
-该命令会输出所用正在使用 **80** 端口的 **进程/服务** 的名称。为了更好的理解，在 **80** 端口运行下列命令，它会列出所用运行在该端口的 **进程/服务** 。
+该命令会输出所用正在使用 **80** 端口的 **进程/服务** 的名称。在 **80** 端口运行下列命令会更好理解这个命令，它会列出所用运行在该端口的 **进程/服务** 。
 
     root@localhost:/home/avi# lsof -iTCP:80 -sTCP:LISTEN
-
     COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
-
     apache2 1566 root 5u IPv6 5805 0t0 TCP *:www (LISTEN)
-
     apache2 1664 www-data 5u IPv6 5805 0t0 TCP *:www (LISTEN)
-
     apache2 1665 www-data 5u IPv6 5805 0t0 TCP *:www (LISTEN)
-
     apache2 1666 www-data 5u IPv6 5805 0t0 TCP *:www (LISTEN)
-
     apache2 1667 www-data 5u IPv6 5805 0t0 TCP *:www (LISTEN)
-
     apache2 1668 www-data 5u IPv6 5805 0t0 TCP *:www (LISTEN)
 
 同样，你可以检查运行在端口 **22** 的进程/服务。
 
     root@localhost:/home/avi# lsof -iTCP:22 -sTCP:LISTEN
-
     COMMAND PID USER FD TYPE DEVICE SIZE/OFF NODE NAME
-
     sshd 2261 root 3u IPv4 8366 0t0 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
-
     sshd 2261 root 4u IPv6 8369 0t0 TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
 
 ### 48. find -size +100M ###
@@ -174,35 +124,22 @@
 这条find命令会在当前目录下列出所有超过指定大小的文件(这里指定为**100 MB**)，递归查询。
 
     # find -size +100M
-
     ./.local/share/Trash/files/linuxmint-15-cinnamon-dvd-32bit.iso
-
     ./Downloads/Fedora-Live-Desktop-i686-19-1.iso
-
     ./Downloads/Ant Videos/shakira 2.avi
-
     ./Downloads/Deewar.avi
-
     ./Desktop/101MSDCF/MOV02224.AVI
-
     ./Desktop/101MSDCF/MOV02020.AVI
-
     ./Desktop/101MSDCF/MOV00406.MP4
-
     ./Desktop/squeeze.iso
 
 在当前目录递归的列出所用大于 **1000 MB** 的文件。
 
     root@localhost:/home/avi# find -size +1000M
-
     ./Downloads/The Dark Knight 2008 hindi BRRip 720p/The Dark Knight.mkv.part
-
     ./Downloads/Saudagar - (1991) - DVDRiP - x264 - AAC 5.1 - Chapters - Esubs - [DDR]/Saudagar 
-
     - (1991) - DVDRiP - x264 - AAC 5.1 - Chapters - Esubs - [DDR].mkv
-
     ./Downloads/Deewar.avi
-
     ./Desktop/squeeze.iso
 
 ### 49. pdftk ###
@@ -216,32 +153,23 @@
 该命令会输出一个用户的进程和线程。选项“**L**”（列出线程），选项“**-F**”（完整格式化）
 
     $ ps -LF -u avi
-
     avi 21645 3717 21766 0 5 66168 117164 1 18:58 ? 00:00:00 /usr/
-
     avi 21645 3717 21768 0 5 66168 117164 1 18:58 ? 00:00:00 /usr/
-
     avi 22314 3717 22314 0 2 42797 50332 0 19:00 ? 00:00:40 /usr/
-
     avi 22314 3717 22316 0 2 42797 50332 1 19:00 ? 00:00:00 /usr/
-
     avi 22678 24621 22678 0 1 969 1060 1 21:05 pts/1 00:00:00 ps -L
-
     avi 23051 3717 23051 0 2 37583 45444 1 19:03 ? 00:00:52 /usr/
-
     avi 23051 3717 23053 0 2 37583 45444 0 19:03 ? 00:00:03 /usr/
-
     avi 23652 1 23652 0 2 22092 12520 0 19:06 ? 00:00:22 gnome
-
     avi 23652 1 23655 0 2 22092 12520 0 19:06 ? 00:00:00 gnome
 
-### 51. Startx — :1 ###
+### 51. startx - :1 ###
 
-分享 **X** 会话，意味着需要频繁的登入或登出，这就需要 **startx** 来救场。这个命令建立了一个新的会话从而避免了在一个会话中反复的登入和登出。为了在X会话间进行交换，我们可以通过‘**ctrl+Alt+F7**’和‘**ctrl+Alt+F8**’的组合键来完成。
+分享 **X** 会话。如果你需要频繁的（以不同用户身份）登入或登出桌面时，那就需要 **startx** 来救场。这个命令建立了一个新的会话从而避免了在一个会话中反复的登入和登出。为了在X会话间进行交换，我们可以通过‘**ctrl+Alt+F7**’和‘**ctrl+Alt+F8**’的组合键来完成。
 
 **注意**：快捷键“**ctrl+Alt+F1～F6**“是为了控制台会话准备的，而“**ctrl+Alt+F７～F12**”则为X会话服务。因此我们有**6**个控制台会话和**6**个X会话，不需要频繁的登入登出。上面的顺序适用于大多数的发行版，然而不同发行版可能会有不同的实现。我在Debian中尝试过，运行的很好。
 
-以上就是今天的所有内容。我们如有需要会在以后的文章中继续发布“鲜为人知的命令”，不要忘记留下你对我们文章和‘ **鲜为人知的Linux命令** ’系列的宝贵意见。我会很快带来我的新文章，敬请期待。直到那时，要保持电脑健康,记得常回 **Tecmint** 看看哦。
+以上就是今天的所有内容。我们如有需要会在以后的文章中继续发布“鲜为人知的命令”，不要忘记留下你对我们文章和‘ **鲜为人知的Linux命令** ’系列的宝贵意见。我会很快带来我的新文章，敬请期待，记得常回来看看哦。
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -251,7 +179,7 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/10-lesser-known-useful-linux-commands-part-v/
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 
-[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/11-lesser-known-useful-linux-commands/
-[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-lesser-known-linux-commands-part-2/
-[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-lesser-known-commands-for-linux-part-3/
-[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-lesser-known-effective-linux-commands-part-iv/
+[1]:http://linux.cn/article-2258-1.html
+[2]:http://linux.cn/article-2265-1.html
+[3]:http://linux.cn/article-2284-1.html
+[4]:http://linux.cn/article-2404-1.html

published/201401/12 Advanced Commands For Linux Server Admins!.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+Linux 服务器管理员的12个有用的命令
+================================================================================
+
+我们已经读了很多教程和看了很多视频了，你现在是一名Linux高级用户了。好的，恭喜你。但是还有一些需要学习！下面一些命令在你成为全能的管理员时会派上用场！
+
+![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/fQjv122633PM162014.png)
+
+1. **ifconfig**: 在修改内核中已有的网络接口时，你会用到ifconfig命令。这个命令通常用于系统调校和调试，但同时也可以用于在启动过程中设置接口。
+
+2. **netstat**: 对于Linux用户来说这是一个用于显示网络相关信息的高级命令。它包括路由表、网络连接、伪装连接、接口统计等丰富信息。
+
+3. **nslookup**: 在你需要找出关于网络服务的信息时可以用到这个命令。它能帮你找到用于查询DNS域的名称服务器信息。
+
+4. **dig**: dig工具用于请求DNS域名服务器。如果你要找出主机地址、邮件交换、名称服务器和其他相关信息，那么这个工具就是最佳选择。你可以在Linux和Mac OS X操作系统上使用这个命令。
+
+5. **uptime**: uptime命令用于验证服务器在无人照看下发生了什么。当你需要坐在服务器前查找错误的时候，这个命令尤其有用。
+
+6. **wall**: 这个命令用于给所有已登录的用户发送消息。你可以只给那些消息权限设置成了'是'的用户发消息。消息是作为wall命令的参数给出的。
+
+7. **mesg**: 用户可以使用'write'命令给你发送消息。但是作为服务器管理员，你可以使用mesg命令来决定他们是否能够使用write命令。你可以选择'n'和'y'，分别用于控制在屏幕上不弹出或者弹出消息。
+
+8. **write**: 如果对于一个用户的'mesg'命令的状态设置为'y'，那么write命令就允许你发送消息给那个用户。
+
+9. **talk**: 当上面所说的“消息”不够用时，使用talk命令与登陆的用户进行“会话”。
+
+10. **w**: 这个命令是uptime和who命令的结合，其显示结果就好像连续先后执行了这两个命令一样。
+
+11. **rename**:当你需要重命名特定的文件时，rename命令会派上用场。这个命令可以通过匹配替换来为多个文件批量重命名。
+
+12. **top**:这个命令可以显示运行在CPU上的进程。命令会自动刷新并持续显示进程直到你使用中断命令停止它。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=125990
+
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

published/201401/2013：The Golden Year for Linux – 10 Biggest Linux Achievements.md

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+2013：Linux的黄金之年-十大杰出成就
+================================================================================
+
+**2013年**已经过去。这一年见证了许多里程碑事件，使得2013年可以称得上是一个**Linux的黄金之年**。其中一些成果在**FOSS**和**Linux**世界更可以称得上是举世瞩目的成就。
+
+![2013 Year of Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Year-2013-Linux.jpg)
+
+### 1.Android的上升趋势 ###
+
+2013年，Android手机达到了每日**150万**的激活量记录。不用说，正是Android的**Linux内核**以及它在该方面的狂热贡献使其达到了今天的标杆地位，这一趋势还将在未来的日子里一直持续下去。
+
+### 2. Raspberry pi 树莓派 ###
+
+**Raspberry pi**，低成本单片计算机历史上的最伟大发明之一。它在学校和其他很多地方极大地推广了Linux，同时在FOSS社区中也有很高的欢迎程度，这一状况也仍将继续。
+
+### 3. Debian上太空 ###
+
+Debian，众多优秀Linux发行版中的其中一款高端发行版。2013年三月下旬的一次**航天飞机**任务中就使用了Debian负责实验的控制。实验的主要内容是尝试无土植物栽培的新方法，从而为宇航员提供空气和食物。
+
+### 4. SteamOS的崛起 ###
+
+SteamOS，基于Debian发行版，用于**Stream Machine Game Console游戏终端**，已经于**2013年12月**中旬发布。GNU/Linux开始涉足于游戏环境，这对广大宅男极客来说当然是喜闻乐见喜大普奔。
+
+### 5. Linux的平板应用 ###
+
+查看**亚马逊**的平板销量，排名前十的平板都是Android操作系统。苹果和微软的平板则排在第11和12位，远远地被抛在后面，这对于FOSS社区来说确实是一个振奋人心的消息。
+
+### 6. Chromebooks ###
+
+Chromebooks之所以能在笔记本电脑市场赢得一席之地，是由于比起微软等专属平台，诸如三星，华硕等许多高端制造商给了GNU/Linux类操作系统更多的空间。
+
+### 7. The Firefox OS 火狐操作系统 ###
+
+Firefox OS是基于Linux和FOSS的开源操作系统，主要用于智能手机和平板，发布于**2013年4月**下旬。基于**ARM**构架的移动设备Linux发行版显示出了广阔的前景。
+
+### 8. Kali发布 ###
+
+来自BackTrack Linux的开发者发布了**Kali Linux**。Kali是是基于Debian的Linux发行版，其母系统或者说其前身(BT Linux)，主要用于渗透测试，并分享了大量的Debian版本库，成为了最为丰富的一个发行版。Kail仍保持着在刚发布后的很短时间内超高下载量的记录。
+
+### 9. Android Kitkat ###
+
+尽管之前预测的发布版本是**5.0 Key Lime Pie**，经过万众期待后，最新发布的android版本被命名为**Kitkat**，Google宣布**Android 4.4**又名**KitKat 4于2013年9月发布**。Kitkat进行了优化更新，能在具有最小的**512 MB内存**的设备上运行，这样就能够支持众多各种各样的设备。
+
+### 10. Linux 在汽车上的应用 ###
+
+截至目前，Linux被应用于各种设备，从腕表到遥控器，再到太空飞船，所以**Linux在汽车上的应用**并不让人意外。但当Linux的作用表现在**汽车趋势杂志**的年度车上时仍然令人惊讶。2013年被选为优胜候选的两个车型，都运行Linux系统。
+
+2013年已经过去，但故事远没有结束，我们可能错过了一些重要的里程碑，你可以在评论部分告诉我们。2014年，未来，还在继续……
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.tecmint.com/2013-the-golden-year-for-linux-and-foss/
+
+译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

published/201401/8 Interesting Linux Tips And Tricks!.md

@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
 8个有趣的Linux提示与技巧！
 ================================================================================
-我们时不时给你带来关于Linux的提示与技巧。和这个实践保持一致，这里有8个我们从读者收到最有趣的提示和技巧。我们希望你喜欢它。请继续读下去。。。
+
+我们时不时给你带来关于Linux的提示与技巧。和这个系列保持一致，这里有8个我们从读者收到最有趣的提示和技巧。我们希望你喜欢它。请继续读下去。。。
 
 ![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/j4lm23703PM1182014.jpg)
 
 ### 以它们的大小列出文件 ###
 
 如果你想要一个基于它们大小排序的文件列表，你可以使用下面的命令。
+
 它会以递减顺序排列文件。
 
     # ls -l | grep ^- | sort -nr -k 5 | more
@@ -21,7 +23,8 @@ sumedh.gajbhiye1985@gmail.com*
 ### 重置奇怪的终端 ###
 
 如果感觉你的bash终端错误地显示垃圾的提示字符信息，并无论你输入任何命令都显示非ASCII字符-下面的命令可以让事情回到正轨。
-在终端输入下面的命令并按回车：
+
+在终端盲打输入（译注：因为你其实看不到你输入的这些字符的正确显示，不过尽管输入好了！）下面的命令并按回车：
 
     # reset
 
@@ -35,7 +38,9 @@ cdsudheer@gmail.com*
 ### 记录并回放终端会话 ###
 
 下面是一个简单的贴士来记录并回放终端回放。它通过使用命令script和scriptreplay。
+
 这在使用终端制作教程时非常方便。
+
 要开始记录你的终端会话，使用下面的命令：
 
     $ script -t 2> timing.log -a output.session
@@ -49,6 +54,7 @@ cdsudheer@gmail.com*
     $ exit
 
 这里，script命令取两个文件作为参数timing.log(它记录了每个命令执行的时间信息)和output.session(存储了命令的输出)。
+
 现在，要回访记录的会话，使用下面所示的scriptplay。
 
     $ scriptreplay timing.log output.session
@@ -61,6 +67,7 @@ abhishekkumarsingh.cse@gmail.com*
 ### 使用shell脚本生成随机数 ###
 
 有时当你想要用shell脚本编程时，可能需要生成一个随机数来用于脚本。
+
 这里是获得一个3位随机数的代码。
 
     var=$(dd if=/dev/urandom count=1 2> /dev/null | cksum | cut -f1 -d” “ | cut -c 3-5);
@@ -72,13 +79,16 @@ abhishekkumarsingh.cse@gmail.com*
 
 ### 以root用户运行Linux上的软件 ###
 
-作为一名root用户，为了让软件运行在Linux上，你不得不在软件的16进制转储文件中改变字符串geteuid到getppid。
+作为一名root用户，为了让某些不能在root身份运行的软件运行（译注：典型的是google chrome），你需要在软件的二进制文件中改变geteuid调用为getppid。
+
 这个技术在操作系统中非常有用，比如backtrack，这里的大多数安装工作都以root用户完成。
+
 比如:为了以root用户运行Google Chrome，使用下面的命令:
 
     # hexedit /opt/google/chome/chrome
 
 接着按下Ctrl+S并在16进制转储文件中搜寻geteuid字符串。用字符串getppid代替。按下Ctrl+X来保存并退出编辑器。
+
 现在浏览器就可以以root用户运行了。
 
     # google-chrome
@@ -88,8 +98,8 @@ mbhanderi24@gmail.com*
 
 ### 用gzip压缩优化你的站点 ###
 
-压缩是一种简单、有效的方法来节约带宽和加速你的站点。
-在压缩的帮助下，任何站点的主页面会从100KB变成10KB。
+压缩是一种简单、有效的方法来节约带宽和加速你的站点。在压缩的帮助下，多数站点的主页面会从100KB变成10KB。
+
 为了在Apache Web服务器中启用这个特性，你需要在httpd.conf中包含deflate_module，并且在Apache配置文件中加入下面的行 (/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf)来压缩text、html、 javascript、 css 和 xml 文件:
 
     AddOutputFilterByType DEFLATE text/plain
@@ -114,7 +124,8 @@ munishtotech@gmail.com*
     echo -e “Server$gh\n”
 
 现在，为了在登陆时检查服务器负载，通过/root/.bashrc调用sload.sh脚本。
-记住如下允许脚本权限：
+
+记住如下设置脚本权限：
 
     # chmod 755 /root/sload.sh
 
@@ -131,15 +142,15 @@ munishtotech@gmail.com*
 *—Ranjith Kumar T,
 ranjith.stc@gmail.com*
 
-### 在特定时间开始你的作业 ###
+### 在特定时间开始你的任务 ###
 
 你可以使用下面的命令来在特定时间调度你的作业：
 
     # at 2015
 
     > >vlc /music/rockstar.mp3
-这个命令会在2015小时后使用vlc播放器播放rockstar.mp3。
-你可以在at命令后跟上-l选项来检查挂起的作业：
+
+这个命令会在2015小时后使用vlc播放器播放rockstar.mp3。你可以在at命令后跟上-l选项来检查挂起的作业：
 
     # at -l
 
@@ -152,6 +163,6 @@ acmeofmanas@gmail.com*
 
 via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=127250
 
-译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

published/201401/Configure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu or Debian or Linux Mint.md

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
-Ubuntu/Debian/Linux Mint 系统中使用 Tor 配置你的浏览器
+Ubuntu/Debian/Linux Mint 系统中使用 Tor
 ================================================================================
 **Tor**, **T**he **O**nion **R**outer (洋葱路由)，是一种虚拟通道网络，它可使用户安全以及匿名的进行互联网通信。Tor 可以让组织及个人通过公共网络分享信息而不用担心隐私会泄露。我们可以用 Tor 来避免网站追踪我们及我们家人的信息，也可以用来连接新闻网站、即时通讯服务或者那些被网络提供商和网络管理员封锁的网站。
 
-Tor 最初是当做第三代[美国海军研究实验室的洋葱路由项目][1]而设计、实现及发展起来的。在美国海军心中，最初设计的目的是为了政府通信的安全，但今天，每天都以各式各样的目的而被普通人、军队、记者、执法人员、活动家以及其他更多的人使用。
+Tor 最初是当做第三代[美国海军研究实验室的洋葱路由项目][1]而设计、实现及发展起来的。在美国海军心中，最初设计Tor的目的是为了政府的通信安全，但到了今天，出于各种各样的目的，Tor正在供普通人、军队、记者、执法人员、活动家以及其他更多的人每天使用。
 
 这篇快速教程中，我们会学到怎么在浏览器上使用 Tor。下面所示的操作步骤是 Ubuntu 13.04 桌面系统中测试的，但它在所有的 Debian/Ubuntu 系统及它们的衍生系统中应该也适用。
 
 ### 在 Ubuntu / Debian / Linux Mint 上安装 Tor 和 Vidalia ###
 
-Tor 在 Debian/Ubuntu 系统的默认源库中已经存在，但它们有点过时了。所以得把 Tor 源库加入你的发布版本的源列表中。
+Tor 在 Debian/Ubuntu 系统的默认源库中已经存在，但它们有点过时了。所以得把 Tor 源库加入你发行版的源列表中。
 
 编辑 **/etc/apt/sources.list** 文件，
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ Debian 7 Wheezy 如下：
 
     deb     http://deb.torproject.org/torproject.org wheezy main
 
-用如下命令添加 gpg 键：
+用如下命令添加 gpg 密钥：
 
     $ gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --recv 886DDD89 
     $ gpg --export A3C4F0F979CAA22CDBA8F512EE8CBC9E886DDD89 | sudo apt-key add -
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Debian 7 Wheezy 如下：
 
 ![你使用 Tor 吗? - Mozilla Firefox_014](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Are-you-using-Tor-Mozilla-Firefox_014.jpg)
 
-相同的设置适用于所有浏览器，只要打开浏览器设置/首选项窗口，找到网络设置，在代理服务器栏中输入 **127.0.0.1**,在端口选项框中输入**9050**。要禁用 Tor，选择**使用系统代理设置**。
+相同的设置适用于所有浏览器，只要打开浏览器设置/首选项窗口，找到网络设置，在代理服务器栏中输入 **127.0.0.1**,在端口选项框中输入**9050**。要禁用 Tor，在浏览器设置中选择**使用系统代理设置**。
 
 **注意**: 如果你想使用 Tor 匿名浏览网页，请阅读我们有关[Tor浏览器套件][2]的文章,它提供了易于配置的Tor以及浏览器补丁包，以使匿名访问更方便。要直接使用SOCKS（即时通讯，Jabber，IRC等），你可以直接在 Tor（本地端口9050）配置里指向你的应用程序，但需要先看看[这些FAQ条目] [3]来了解这么做的风险。
 
@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ Debian 7 Wheezy 如下：
 
 via: http://www.unixmen.com/configure-browser-use-tor-ubuntu-debian-linux-mint/
 
-译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 
 [1]:http://www.onion-router.net/
 [2]:http://www.unixmen.com/protect-your-online-privacy-with-tor-browser/
-[3]:https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/doc/TorFAQ#SOCKSAndDNS
+[3]:https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/doc/TorFAQ#SOCKSAndDNS

published/201401/Daily Ubuntu Tips - Mount Partitions In Ubuntu From Your Desktop GUI.md

@@ -1,23 +1,16 @@
-
 Ubuntu 每日小贴士 - 在Ubuntu下用桌面图形界面挂载分区
 ================================================================================
 
-
-如果在不久前你询问过一位经验丰富的 Linux 用户如何在 Ubuntu 下挂载磁盘分区，他们可能会告诉你使用在 **/etc** 目录里的fstab文件。这似乎是 Linux 系统包括 Ubuntu 挂载分区的唯一方式。
-
+如果在之前你询问过经验丰富的 Linux 用户如何在 Ubuntu 下挂载磁盘分区，他们可能会告诉你使用在 **/etc** 目录里的fstab文件。这似乎是 Linux 系统包括 Ubuntu 挂载分区的唯一方式。
 
 呵呵，幸亏有了[GNOME Disk Utility][1]，让挂载分区变得更加多样化。使用这个磁盘工具，你就可以在图形界面下轻松的挂载分区，不需要再在命令行下修改 fstab 文件。fstab 文件是一个用来列出可用磁盘和分区的 Linux 文件，同时指示出他们的挂载情况。
 
-
-mount 命令与 fstab 文件很相似，它决定了设备挂载的方式和位置。这只能通过系统管理员或 root 来修改。
-
+mount 命令查找 fstab 文件中的配置，它决定了设备挂载的方式和位置。这只能通过系统管理员或 root 来修改。
 
 这个简短的教程将会展示给你如何在 Ubuntu 下轻松的挂载分区，在不主动修改 fstab 文件的前提下。对于新手和那些刚开始使用 Ubuntu 的用户，他们会发现这个方法易于挂载额外的分区和设备。
 
-
 虽然有一些工具也许能帮助你构建 fstab 文件，但是在 Ubuntu 下很少有像这个磁盘工具那么高效的。
 
-
 如果你在 Ubuntu 下打开了fstab 文件， 你会看到类似下面的内容。
 
     #<File System>  <Mount Point>    <type>   <options>  <dump>  <pass>
@@ -26,28 +19,22 @@ mount 命令与 fstab 文件很相似，它决定了设备挂载的方式和位
 
 上列只是 Ubuntu 分区挂载的一个样例。每一个设备都有它自己的文件类型和挂载点。对于刚接触 Ubuntu 的用户，可能会感到生畏。
 
+对于经验丰富的 Linux 用户来说，管理 fstab 并不困难。如果你已经做过一次了，那么下次会更加的轻松。
 
-对于经验丰富的 Linux 用户来说，管理 fstab 并不困难。如果你已经做个一次了，那么下次会更加的轻松。
-
-
-所以，接下来动手吧。在 fstab 文件中添加一个条目或挂载一个分区，打开 Unity Dash 搜索**Disk app**并打开。当程序打开后，选择你想要挂载和格式化的驱动器。在格式完后，选择**选项 -> Mount 编辑选项**。
+所以，接下来动手吧。在 fstab 文件中添加一个条目或挂载一个分区，打开 Unity Dash 搜索**Disk app**并打开。当程序打开后，选择你想要挂载和格式化的驱动器。在格式完后，选择**选项 -> 编辑挂载选项**。
 
 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mountguiubuntu.png)
 
-
-最后，关闭自动关在选项并手动指定你的挂载选项。磁盘会自动的将这些选项写入到 fstab 文件中，这样 mount 命令才可以读取挂载的分区。
+最后，关闭自动挂载选项并手动指定你的挂载选项。磁盘会自动的将这些选项写入到 fstab 文件中，这样 mount 命令才可以读取挂载的分区。
 
 ![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mountguiubuntu1.png)
 
-
 保存你的设置并重启，或用 mount 命令挂载分区。
 
-
 上面的选项在 fstab 文件中会像这样显示。
 
     /dev/sdb /media/richard/ExtPartition ntfs-3g rw,auto,user,fmask=0111,dmask=0000 0 0
 
-
 好了，这些就是今天全部内容！每当你启动你的机子是新分区将会自动挂载上。
 
 Enjoy!
@@ -58,7 +45,7 @@ Enjoy!
 
 via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/01/daily-ubuntu-tips-mount-partitions-in-ubuntu-from-your-desktop-gui/
 
-译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/201401/Gnu--toward the post-scarcity world – the Free Software Column.md

@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
-Gnu: 走向后匮乏世界 – 自由软件专栏
+GNU: 走向后稀缺世界 
 ================================================================================
 **自从理查德·斯托曼宣布编写名为 GNU 的完全兼容 UNIX 的软件系统以来已经过去 30 年了，GNU 点燃了软件自由之理念，并使开源斗争延续至今**
 
 ![](http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/Richard-Hillesley-200x150.jpg)
 
-Gnu 不是第一款分布式免费软件，却是第一款宣布永久免费，以及“不受政治约束的自由软件”。
+GNU 不是第一款分布式免费软件，却是第一款宣布永久免费，以及“不受政治约束的自由软件”。
 
-在 GNU 宣言中，斯托曼描述了美好的愿景。“从长远角度来看，”他写道，“软件自由是步入后匮乏世界的必经之道，在后匮乏世界任何人都无需为生计奔波。人们可以自愿投身于一些他们感兴趣的活动，比如软件开发，代价只是每周花费十个小时完成诸如法律制定、家庭协商、机器人修理、小行星观察等工作任务。”
+在 GNU 宣言中，斯托曼描述了美好的愿景。“从长远角度来看，”他写道，“软件自由是步入[后稀缺世界][1]的必经之道，在后稀缺世界任何人都无需为生计奔波。人们可以自愿投身于一些他们感兴趣的活动，比如软件开发，代价只是每周花费十个小时完成诸如法律制定、家庭协商、机器人修理、小行星观察等工作任务。”
 
 在现实世界中，GNU 因为'EMACS 社区'以及由詹姆斯·高斯林编写 UNIX 版 Emacs 所引发的争论而发展迅速。在'针对 ITS 用户的 Emacs 手册'里，标示着 1981 年 10 月 22 日起，斯托曼就表明了授权 GPL 的想法。
 
 “Emacs 并未抄袭任何软件，”他写道。“与之相反，你正在加入 Emacs 软件分享社区。加入社区的条件是你必须提交对 Emacs 作出的改进，包括任何你所写的插件。”
 
-最初，高斯林基于其他人已经做出贡献的原因，允许自由分发高斯林版本 Emacs 的源代码。但是，1983 年 4 月，斯托曼就此谈道（bit.ly/d58ndg）：“他通过申请版权的方式伤害了每一个人，他不允许任何人进行二次发布，接着把软件贩卖给软件公司。”
+最初，高斯林基于其他人已经做出贡献的原因，允许自由分发高斯林版本 Emacs 的源代码。但是，1983 年 4 月，斯托曼就此[谈道][2]：“他通过申请版权的方式伤害了每一个人，他不允许任何人进行二次发布，接着把软件贩卖给软件公司。”
 
 斯托曼被此种背叛的行为所伤害，但是高斯林，不久后作为 Java 之父而闻名于世，说道：“他对我的处理方式反映了他是一个既胆小又卑鄙的人，你可以从他做过的事看出来。”
 
@@ -26,14 +26,17 @@ Gnu 不是第一款分布式免费软件，却是第一款宣布永久免费，
 
 “当其他人怀疑我是否能够胜任工作，不确定我那么做将是否足够实现目标时，我已经完成了我的大部分工作。我尝试了各种手段，因为在我的同伴和敌人之间除了我什么都没有。我自己都感到很惊讶，有时候我竟然成功了。
 
-“有时候我会失败; 我的一些同伴会突然离去。接着我会寻找其他受到威胁的同伴，准备好另一场战役。随着时间的流逝，我学会了寻找恐惧并将之置于我和我的同伴中，号召其他黑客来加入我。
+“有时候我会失败; 我的一些同伴会突然离去。接着我会寻找其他受到威胁的同伴，准备好另一场战役。随着时间的流逝，我学会了寻找恐惧并将之置于我和我的同伴中，号召其他黑客来加入我。”
 
-“如今，很多时候我不是唯一的。当我看着这么多黑客不断参与进来并坚持下去，这是一种救赎、也是一种乐趣，我知道，这片乐土将会幸存下来 – 只是现在。因为危险每年都会扩增。”
+“如今，很多时候我不是唯一的。当我看着这么多黑客不断参与进来并坚持下去，这是一种救赎、也是一种乐趣，我知道，这片乐土将会幸存下来 – 不只是现在。因为危险每年都会扩增。”
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 via: http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/features/gnu-toward-the-post-scarcity-world-the-free-software-column
 
-译者：[SteveArcher](https://github.com/SteveArcher) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+[1]:http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%A8%80%E7%BC%BA
+[2]:bit.ly/d58ndg
+
+译者：[SteveArcher](https://github.com/SteveArcher) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

published/201401/How to Dual Boot Ubuntu and Windows Properly.md

@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 如何正确双启动Ubuntu和Windows双系统
 ================================================================================
-**尽管微软想让你信任Windows，但一个Linux操作系统和一个Windows操作系统可以在同一台PC上和平共存。这个手册会指导你如何让一个Ubuntu系统和Windows操作系统并行运行。**
+
+**尽管微软想让你信任Windows，但一个Linux操作系统和一个Windows操作系统可以在同一台PC上和平共存。这个文章会指导你如何让一个Ubuntu系统和Windows操作系统并行运行。**
 
 ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/How-to-Dual-Boot-Ubuntu-and-Windows-Properly-415377-2.jpg)
 
-你必须考虑两种场景，同时你也必须决定哪一种适合你。这里必须要考虑安装顺序。在你已经安装好Ubuntu操作系统后再安装Windows会有一点问题，因为微软似乎不太关心其他用户。
+你必须考虑两种场景，同时你也必须决定哪一种适合你。这里必须要考虑安装顺序。在你已经安装好Ubuntu操作系统后再安装Windows会有一点问题，因为微软似乎不太在意其他小伙伴。
 
 如果你是在已经安装好Windows后安装Ubuntu，那么事情会变得简单多了，几乎没有任何工作和准备是必需的。
 
-让我们开始处理更加困难的问题。如果你已经有一个Ubuntu系统，想安装Windows，你会丢掉GRUB，它是默认的引导程序。Windows不会关心它，并会擦除它。
+让我们开始处理更加困难的问题。如果你已经有一个Ubuntu系统，想安装Windows，你会丢掉GRUB，它是默认的引导程序。Windows不会在意它，并会擦除它。
 
-如果你已经犯了这个错误，但你并没有重写Linux分区，请别沮丧。数据仍然在那里，你需要的是一个含有Ubuntu（最新到13.10版本）的可启动live CD。你需要安装一个名为Boot-Repair的应用程序，使用PPA完成。
+如果你已经犯了这个错误，但你并没有重写Linux分区，请别沮丧。数据仍然在那里，你需要的是一个含有Ubuntu（最新到13.10版本）的可启动live CD。你需要安装一个名为Boot-Repair的应用程序，使用PPA来安装它。
 
-记住，如果你使用USB记忆棒，安装应用会相当简单，因为Ubuntu是混合镜像。启动一个Ubuntu会话，打开终端，然后输入下列指令：
+记住，如果你使用U盘，安装应用会相当简单，因为Ubuntu安装镜像是混合镜像。用Live CD启动一个Ubuntu会话，打开终端，然后输入下列指令：
 
     sudo add-apt-repository ppa:yannubuntu/boot-repair && sudo apt-get update
     sudo apt-get install -y boot-repair && (boot-repair &)
@@ -29,6 +30,6 @@
 
 via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Dual-Boot-Ubuntu-and-Windows-Properly-415377.shtml
 
-译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

published/201401/How to set password policy on Linux.md

@@ -2,11 +2,11 @@
 ================================================================================
 用户帐号管理是系统管理员最重要的工作之一。而密码安全是系统安全中最受关注的一块。在本教程中，我将为大家介绍**如何在 Linux 上设置密码策略**。
 
-假设你已经在你的 Linux 系统上使用了 [PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules，插入式验证模块)][1]，因为近些年所有的 Linux 发行版都在使用它。
+假设你已经在你的 Linux 系统上使用了 [PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules，插入式验证模块)][1]，因为这些年所有的 Linux 发行版都在使用它。
 
 ### 准备工作 ###
 
-安装 PAM 模块，获得 cracklib 的支持。cracklib 能提供额外的密码检查能力。
+安装 PAM 的 cracklib 模块，cracklib 能提供额外的密码检查能力。
 
 Debian、Ubuntu 或 Linux Mint 系统上：
 
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ CentOS、Fedora、RHEL 系统已经默认安装了 cracklib PAM 模块，所以
 
 ### 禁止使用旧密码 ###
 
-看下同时有 “password” 和 “pam_unix.so” 字段并且附加有 “remember=5” 的那行，它表示禁止使用最近用过的5个密码（己使用过的密码会被保存在 /etc/security/opasswd 下面）。
+找到同时有 “password” 和 “pam_unix.so” 字段并且附加有 “remember=5” 的那行，它表示禁止使用最近用过的5个密码（己使用过的密码会被保存在 /etc/security/opasswd 下面）。
 
 Debian、Ubuntu 或 Linux Mint 系统上：
 
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ CentOS、Fedora、RHEL 系统上：
 
 ### 设置最短密码长度 ###
 
-找到同时有 “password” 和 “pam_cracklib.so” 字段并且附加有 “minlen=10” 的那行，它表示最小密码长度为（10 - <# of types>）。这里的 <# of types> 表示类型数量。PAM 提供4种类型符号作为密码（大写字母、小写字母、数字和标点符号）。如果你的密码同时用上了这4种类型的符号，并且你的 minlen 设为10，那么最短的密码长度允许是6个字符。
+找到同时有 “password” 和 “pam_cracklib.so” 字段并且附加有 “minlen=10” 的那行，它表示最小密码长度为（10 - 类型数量）。这里的 “类型数量” 表示不同的字符类型数量。PAM 提供4种类型符号作为密码（大写字母、小写字母、数字和标点符号）。如果你的密码同时用上了这4种类型的符号，并且你的 minlen 设为10，那么最短的密码长度允许是6个字符。
 
 Debian、Ubuntu 或 Linux Mint 系统上：
 

published/201401/Linus Torvalds Says All Contributor License Agreements Are Broken.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+Linus Torvalds坦言所有CLA都不够完美，Canonical有话说
+================================================================================
+**一场关于 Canonical 公司的贡献者许可协议的争论已经持续了好几天，现在连 Linus Torvalds 也加入这场论战了，呃，这次他比较心平气和了一点。**
+
+![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Linus-Torvalds-Says-All-Contributor-License-Agreements-Are-Broken-418978-2.jpg)
+
+贡献者许可协议（CLA）允许你的软件贡献者（比如 Canonical，Apache 以及其他贡献者）在这个应用需要保护的方面提供法律保护，比如版权。
+
+到了 Canonical 宣布使用 CLA，事情就变得有点耐人寻味了。Canonical 是一家商业公司，为了生存下去，它得赚钱，并且它的目标绝不仅仅是发行 Ubuntu 操作系统，它需要盈利。于是乎，Canonical 公司利用 CLA 将一些软件通过私有许可发行出来。（2011年7月份，Canonical 开始让贡献者签署一份 CLA 文件，文件表示贡献者可以保留自己的版权，同时要授权 Canonical 公司可以改变贡献者的许可协议 —— 译者注。）
+
+> “公平地说，人们只是讨厌 Canonical。那些 FSF 和 Apache 基金会的 CLA 也是这副德行。他们只是没有因为修改许可协议而受到非议，但是这些版权转换工作最终将会消灭整个社区。”
+
+> “基本上，在 CLA 下你不可能获得像 Linux 内核一样那么多的随机驱动补丁。因此不管多少人想试水 CLA，不管改不改这个协议，都一样，所有 CLA 都有本质上的缺陷，”Linus Torvals 在 Google+ 上面发帖说道。
+
+Ubuntu 社区经理 Jono Bacon 解释为什么 Canonical 的 CLA 会走这条道，以及它不能给那些想为项目作贡献的人设置障碍的原因。
+
+> “这些都是社区贡献的问题。社区一直存在很多问题：开发语言的选择、VCS、管理方式、社区讨论的口音、如何决定方案、如何回顾分支、bug 管理、CI 工作流程以及其他无数问题。CLA 仅仅是其中一个。有人欢喜，有人讨厌，萝卜青菜各有所爱罢了。”
+
+> “我不认为 Canonical 在 CLA 方面表现得不够诚意，也不关心为什么它会认为它的 CLA 方案很有必要。Canonical 在人们印象中是完美无瑕的吗？不见得。那它危险吗？它虚伪吗？当然不。”Jono Bacon 说道。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linus-Torvalds-Says-All-Contributor-License-Agreements-Are-Broken-418978.shtml
+
+译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

published/201401/Linux id Command - Print user ID and group ID information.md

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
-Linux id 命令 - 打印用户id和组id信息
+Linux id 命令 - 显示用户id和组id信息
 ================================================================================
 要登入一台计算机，我们需要一个用户名。用户名是一个可以被计算机识别的身份。基于此，计算机会对使用这个用户名的登陆的人应用一系列的规则。在Linux系统下，我们可以使用 **id** 命令。
 
 ### 什么是 id 命令 ###
 
-**id** 命令可以打印真实有效的用户 ID(UID) 和组 ID(GID)。UID 是对一个用户的单一身份标识。组 ID（GID）可以包含多个UID。
+**id** 命令可以显示真实有效的用户 ID(UID) 和组 ID(GID)。UID 是对一个用户的单一身份标识。组 ID（GID）则对应多个UID。
 
 ### 如何使用 id 命令 ###
 
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ id 命令可以使用一些选项。下面有一些在日常使用中有用的
 
 ![-g 选项](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/id_g1.png)
 
-#### 打印特定用户信息 ####
+#### 输出特定用户信息 ####
 
 我们可以输出特定的用户信息相关的 UID 和 GID。只需要在 id 命令后跟上用户名。
 

published/201401/Software May Be Eating The World, But Open Source Software Is Eating Itself.md

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+软件在吞噬世界，但是开源软件在吞噬自己
+================================================================================
+![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/shutterstock_144092914.jpg)
+
+**在开源世界，大家都不安分**
+
+
+像[Marc Andreessen posits][1]所说，软件可能在吞噬世界，但是开源软件似乎在吞噬自己。伴随着快速的步伐，软件世界逐渐习惯产业化，他们的卖主开始为更多的利益投资（比如：在操作系统方面的微软和数据库方面的甲骨文）， 开源软件的世界正迈向一个加速进化的时代，从来不满足于既得的荣誉。
+
+在快速变更的开源世界，企业如何投资？
+
+### 开源超神了 ###
+
+虽然[Dirk Riehle][2]对于开源项目增长的分析并不是特别过时，当然，一部分已经[增长的趋势][3]除外：
+
+![](http://readwrite.com/files/total-growth-figure-5.jpg)
+
+现在大部分重要领域的技术-大数据，云，移动-都是开源的。伴随着Haddop、OpenStack等工具的活跃，我们应该期待开源软件卯足了劲发展。
+
+这是好是坏？
+
+### 开源码农竞争激烈 ###
+
+举个栗子，在系统配置领域。 Redmonk 的 Stephen O'Grady 挑了些数据用来衡量受欢迎程度，Chef、 Puppet、 Ansible 和 Salt，后面两个是这个领域的新星，但是赢得了相当的社区热情和采纳度。
+
+这让O'Grady [推测][4]：“ 看起来合理地去认为系统配置领域会和开源关系型数据库一样有相同的变革趋势，伴随着两个突出的工程出现，这样的观点有点问题。”
+
+O’Grady觉得：
+
+> 从这些观察中得出的最有趣的结论或许是 Ansible 和 Salt 的关联。这些工程会有不错的前景，比如在这个领域对解决方案的需求，和非常强的个人偏好的影响，例如，Salt 在 Python 开发者当中的亲和力。
+
+实际上，我必须承认最有趣的的结论是，没有开源项目能保证长久。Puppet 在2005年退出，并且一直在和有固定期权的在职者竞争，现在和Chef竞争（4年后退出），Ansible（最新两年）和 Salt（最新两年）。
+
+任何重要领域的在职者，总是会穷追不舍地吹毛求疵。但是在开源世界，比赛不会等待十亿美元的市场在它产生影响的时候形成。由Chef 和 Puppet 铺垫了的 Salt 和 Ansible 在市场的上升就是一个证明。
+
+### 社区付出了，社区也拿走了 ###
+
+你会发现同样的动态在CMS中(Drupal 、Joomla 、 Alfresco 、 Wordpress 以及无数的其它 CMS)，在云中(Eucalyptus 、 OpenStack 、 CloudStack 、 CloudFoundry 、 OpenShift 及其它)，在[web 服务器中][5]，在关系和非关系的数据库中。
+
+开源数据库数量的膨胀伴随着几乎每天都产生的新对手，正如[DB-Engines database tracking service][6]中可以看到的一样。或许最好玩的是开源关系数据库领域，直到最近MySQL支配这个领域。Postgers 也是和 MySQL 赛跑，虽然是老二，但是排得非常后。
+
+
+现在事情都在变化，或者骚动。很大程度因为 Oracle 的所谓的对 MySQL 社区的践踏，Postggres 在最前沿的 MySQLer中炙手可热。MariaDB 也是这样。虽然还是一个小家伙，比如[RedHat Fedora和Ubuntu等Linux发行版内置数据库更换成MariaDB了][7]，Google换掉了MySQL等。
+
+或许就像O'Grady说的，这归结为开发者的偏好。如果开发者占据主要地位，小小的可以阻碍他们向更合适自己的新项目转换的障碍，会导致秩序混乱。如果这有道理，将会很好解释开源为什么拒绝长期垄断。
+
+很难让开发者保持乐观。
+
+### 做一笔社区友好的生意 ###
+
+对于想要对已有的开源项目投资的企业，这意味着什么呢？一个简单的、也许没有不令人满意的答案是企业应该投入到项目中，确定他们的可持续性，并且给予企业能力去支持他们自己。
+
+但是大部分企业不想自己码出最好的代码。
+
+相反，他们会去寻找受欢迎程度高的项目，非常适合企业的需求的，而且还有很强的社区的。如果项目在社区变得没什么意思的时候，欢迎程度可能会飞跃。最基础的原因，Linux已经在操作系统之巅呆了很久了，已经适应社区影响和需求。
+
+不幸的是，没有什么方法去真正衡量一个开源社区的活力。一些成功的项目，比如OpenStack，取决于强大的基础。其他的，像Linux，取决于强大的个人和他的帮手。
+
+但是所有成功的开源项目维持了他们强劲的热度，每几个月就会有一个发行版。快速发展的项目会非常难以供企业支持。
+
+企业应该怎样避免开源项目荒废的风险呢?
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://readwrite.com/2013/12/12/open-source-innovation
+
+译者：[ggaaooppeenngg](https://github.com/ggaaooppeenngg) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424053111903480904576512250915629460
+[2]:http://dirkriehle.com/publications/2008-2/the-total-growth-of-open-source/
+[3]:http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/linux-and-open-source/driving-forces-behind-linux-and-open-source-growth/
+[4]:http://redmonk.com/sogrady/2013/12/06/configuration-management-2013/
+[5]:http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/02/06/open_and_shut/
+[6]:http://db-engines.com/en/ranking
+[7]:http://www.zdnet.com/oracle-who-fedora-and-opensuse-will-replace-mysql-with-mariadb-7000010640/

published/201401/Top 10 Linux Distros For Hackers!.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+十大顶级的黑客级Linux发行版！
+================================================================================
+黑客和安全研究员需要在他们手边随时都有那些黑客工具。它们很多都是基于流行的Ubuntu和Debain操作系统，并且其中已经安装了许多黑客工具。
+
+![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/ef0R121832PM132014.jpg)
+
+1. [BackTrack 5r3][1]:这是一个最受欢迎和广为人知的基于Linux的黑客发行版。它是基于Canonical的Ubuntu操作系统的，它的logo的意思是，"如果你更安静，你将听到的更多。"在版本5中，除了以前的KDE桌面外，还增加了GNOME桌面环境。
+
+2. [Nodezero][2]:这是另外一个基于Ubuntu的黑客版，它用于渗透测试。它会跟着Ubuntu同步更新的。
+
+3. [BackBox Linux][3]: 这也是一个基于Ubuntu的黑客工具。根据开发者称，它被设计来创建一个渗透测试发行版，并且快速而易用。它还可以通过软件仓库来更新那些白帽渗透测试工具。
+
+4. [Blackbuntu][4]:Ubuntu自己虽然不是一个黑客工具，但是有许多基于它的黑客版本。这个发行版带来了诸如网络扫描、信息获取、渗透、漏洞识别，权限提升，无线网络分析、VoIP分析等各类工具。
+
+5. [Samurai Web Testing Framework][5]:这个发行版主要关注在对网站的攻击方面，它使用最好的免费开源的工具攻击和入侵网站。开发者已经把包括侦查、映射、探索和利用的攻击的四个步骤都集成到了发行版中。
+
+6. [Knoppix STD][6]:从Ubuntu迁移到了Debian，Knoppix STD现在是一个基于Debian的黑客发行版，可以运行GNOME、KDE、LXDE和Openbox等桌面环境。它已经出现了很长一段时间，并且是它们之中最早的live发行版。
+
+7. [Pentoo][7]:这是一个基于Gentoo的针对安全测试的live CD。它带来了大量的自定义工具和内核。包括Backported WiFi stack, XFCE4等等。
+
+8. [Weakerthan][8]:这个发行版使用Flufbox桌面环境，它包含了很多无线工具，最适合用于WiFi攻击。它基于Debian Squeeze发行版，具有WiFi攻击、Cisco漏洞利用、SQL入侵、Web入侵、蓝牙及其他功能。
+
+9. [Matriux Krypton][9]:这也许是第一个直接基于Debian OS的发行版。它是一个有300个安全工具的兵工厂，是白帽测试、渗透测试、安全测试、系统和网络管理、网络取证的一个好选择。
+
+10. [DEFT][10]:一款带有DART（Digital Advanced Response Toolkit，高级数字响应工具）的基于Linux Kernel 3 的操作系统。它使用WINE来在Linux上运行Windows工具，并主要运行LXDE桌面环境。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=125775
+
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://www.backtrack-linux.org/downloads/
+[2]:http://www.nodezero-linux.org/downloads
+[3]:http://www.backbox.org/downloads
+[4]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/blackbuntu/
+[5]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/samurai/files/
+[6]:http://s-t-d.org/download.html
+[7]:http://www.pentoo.ch/download/
+[8]:http://weaknetlabs.com/main/?page_id=479
+[9]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/matriux/
+[10]:http://iso.linuxquestions.org/deft-linux/deft-linux-7/

published/201401/Ubuntu Will Reach True Convergence Before Microsoft, Says Shuttleworth.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ Shuttleworth表示Ubuntu将在微软之前达到真正的全平台融合
 
 > ‘也许我们会减轻这6个月的事而把它们分布到各个时间段里’
 
-说到Canonical的融合计划[PCPro][1]-我们将会看到一个供手机，平板和台式机全平台使用的Ubuntu 15.04-Mark Shuttleworth解释说移动终端用户已经习惯于在任何时候接受升级，这部分原因可能会带来 *“也许我们会减轻这6个月的事而把它们分布到各个时间段里”*
+与[PCPro][1]说到Canonical的融合计划 —— 我们将会看到一个供手机、平板和台式机等全平台使用的Ubuntu 15.04 —— Mark Shuttleworth解释说移动终端用户已经习惯于在任何时候接受升级，这部分原因可能会带来 *“也许我们会减轻这6个月的事而把它们分布到各个时间段里”*
 
 这已经不是第一次提出关于更改Ubuntu更新周期的问题了。今年早些时候的讨论都涉及到[移动发行版的滚动发布][2]，Ubuntu 13.04的发布带给用户[更新方式的改变][3]。
 
@@ -12,26 +12,25 @@ Shuttleworth表示Ubuntu将在微软之前达到真正的全平台融合
 
 ![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/mark-tile-300x171.jpg)
 
-这并不是短暂接触中提到的唯一的点，
+这并不是这次简单采访中提到的唯一的点，Shuttleworth还表示，他相信**Ubuntu将领先于微软实现真正的移动/桌面融合。**那个总部在雷蒙德的公司曾说过[在Windows Phone和Windows8平台上的统一][4]和[因Windows RT的不良反馈而解散][5]。
 
-Shuttleworth还表示，他相信**Ubuntu将领先于微软实现真正的移动/桌面融合。**Redmond-based公司曾说过[在Windows Phone和Windows8平台上的统一][4]和[因Windows RT的不良反馈而解散][5]。
+Shuttleworth指出当涉及到招揽应用开发商时，Ubuntu的Linux基础，可以给Ubuntu带来巨大优势。
 
-Shuttleworth指出当涉及到拉拢应用开发商时，Ubuntu的Linux基础，可以给Ubuntu带来巨大优势。
+*“Android的原生应用及web应用相比Windows平台而言更接近于在Ubuntu上的程序。许多Android开发人员使用Ubuntu，并在ubuntu上开发他们的软件，所以Ubuntu更容易成为开发人员的目标平台。”*
 
-*“Android的原生以及web应用相比Windows平台而言更接近于在Ubuntu上的程序。许多Android开发人员使用Ubuntu，并在ubuntu上开发他们的软件，所以Ubuntu更容易成为开发人员瞄准的平台。”*
+> ‘没有公布硬件合作伙伴’
 
-> ‘ 没有公布硬件合作伙伴’
-
-当被问及是否有**硬件合作伙伴愿意生产的Ubuntu手机和平板电脑**Mark多了几分腼腆，他说，虽然目前“没有宣布合作伙伴”，但目前已经有几个“家用品牌”的“前沿设备”将Ubuntu作为内部测试操作系统。
+当被问及是否有**硬件合作伙伴愿意生产的Ubuntu手机和平板电脑**，Mark有几分躲闪，他说，虽然目前“没有宣布合作伙伴”，但目前已经有几个“家用品牌”的“前沿设备”将Ubuntu作为内部测试操作系统。
 
 他表示，这个独立的测试是一种“强烈利益信号”，带给产品更“舒适”的体验。
 
-在十二月份的巴黎Le Web会议上Mark告诉记者，与硬件合作伙伴达成协议[2014年将发布一款高端手机][6]。该公司生产的手机的名称尚未透露。
+此前，在十二月份的巴黎Le Web会议上Mark告诉记者，与硬件合作伙伴达成协议[2014年将发布一款高端手机][6]。该公司生产的手机的名称尚未透露（译注：现在我们已经知道了~）。
+
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/12/ubuntu-touch-plans-2014
 
-译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/How To Install Icon Themes In Linux Mint 16 [Beginner Tip].md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-新手教程——如何在 Linux Mint 16 中安装图标主题
+如何在 Linux Mint 16 中安装图标主题
 ================================================================================
 
 如果你觉得默认的 Mint 主题和图标并不足以满足你，为何不来点改变呢？在这篇初学者快速教程中，我们会指导你如何**在Linux Mint 16中安装图标主题**以及**如何改变图标**。我们将通过安装绚丽的 Moka 图标主题来学习本教程。
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 
 ### 在 Linux Mint 16 中安装图标主题: ###
 
-在Linux Mint（以及其他大部分的Linux发行版）中有个两种方法来安装图标主题。如果你下载了图标主题的压缩包，你可以在~/.icons目录下解压它。通常这个目录并不存在。你可以随意创建它。
+在Linux Mint（以及其他大部分的Linux发行版）中有个两种方法来安装图标主题。如果你下载了图标主题的压缩包，你可以在~/.icons目录下解压它。通常这个目录并不存在，你可以随意创建它。
 
 安装图标主题的第二种方法是使用 [PPA][1]。大多数流行的图标主题都有自己的 PPA。让我们来看看如何使用 PPA 在 Mint 中安装 Moka 图标。
 

published/How To Properly Install Ubuntu One In Linux Mint 16.md

@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@
 
 当你通过 Software Manager 安装 Ubuntu One 客户端以后，你准备打开并配置它时，你甚至都无法在菜单搜索里面找到它。就像是完全没有安装过一样。但你查看 Software Manager，又显示它已经安装完成了。问题到底出在哪了？
 
-问题的关键是 **Ubuntu One installer** 已经转交 **ubuntuone-control-panel-qt** 包了。这个包没有安装，你的 Ubuntu One 就无法运行。要解决这个问题，打开终端 (Ctrl+Alt+T)并运行下面的命令：
+问题的关键是 **Ubuntu One installer** 需要 **ubuntuone-control-panel-qt** 包。这个包没有安装，你的 Ubuntu One 的安装过程就无法运行。要解决这个问题，打开终端 (Ctrl+Alt+T)并运行下面的命令：
 
     sudo apt-get install ubuntuone-control-panel-qt
 
-现在你在菜单里面搜索，你会发现 Ubuntu One 已经存在了。现在你可以配置账户，进行同步。现在你可能觉得你已经解决了所有的问题，这时你会发现 **Ubuntu One indicator 并没出现在面板上**。
+现在你在菜单里面搜索，你会发现 Ubuntu One 已经存在了。现在你可以配置账户，选择哪些同步和哪些不同步。现在你可能觉得你已经解决了所有的问题，这时你会发现 **Ubuntu One 指示器并没出现在面板上**。
 
 ### 在 Linux Mint 16 中安装 Ubuntu One indicator: ###
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
     sudo apt-get update 
     sudo apt-get install indicator-ubuntuone
 
-注销并重新登录后，你会看到 indicator 出现在面板中。与此同时，你的 Ubuntu One 也全部安装完成了。我希望这篇 **在 Linux Mint 中安装 Ubuntu One** 会对你有所帮助。欢迎提出问题和建议。
+注销并重新登录后，你会看到这个指示器已经出现在面板中。与此同时，你的 Ubuntu One 也全部安装完成了。我希望这篇 **在 Linux Mint 中安装 Ubuntu One** 会对你有所帮助。欢迎提出问题和建议。
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

published/How to Replace GRUB with Syslinux on Arch Linux.md

@@ -1,29 +1,29 @@
-
 在Arch上使用Syslinux替代GRUB
 ================================================================================
 
-这个教程用于告诉Arch Linux的使用者在Arch下安装Syslinux——一个轻量级、快速并且现代感十足的系统引导程序，并替换掉系统自带的GRUB引导程序。
+这个教程用于教授Arch Linux用户如何在Arch下安装Syslinux——一个轻量级、快速并且现代感十足的系统引导程序，用来替换掉系统自带的GRUB引导程序。
 
 ![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/How-to-Replace-GRUB-with-Syslinux-on-Arch-Linux-415394-2.jpg)
 
-实际上，Syslinux不是一个简单的开机启动装载程序，它有几种开机载入的功能，能够在本地载入，通过PXE网络载入，以及通过可移动媒体。并且，它还同时支持MBR和GPT磁盘，以及RAID设置。
+实际上，Syslinux不是一个简单的开机启动装载程序，它支持多种启动引导方式，本地载入，通过PXE网络载入，以及通过可移动媒体载入。并且，它还同时支持MBR和GPT磁盘，以及RAID设置。
 
-在开始你实际操作之前，你需要了解Syslinux支持如下文件系统：FAT，EXT2，EXT3，EXT4和Btrfs。而且Syslinux能够运行在支持UEFI或BIOS的机器上，到目前为止，Syslinux还只能访问自己所在的分区。
+在开始你实际操作之前，你应该知道Syslinux支持如下文件系统：FAT，EXT2，EXT3，EXT4和Btrfs，而且Syslinux能够运行在支持UEFI或BIOS的机器上。到目前为止，Syslinux还不能访问自己所在的分区之外的文件。
 
-在你替换GRUB启动之前，请认真考虑这只是一个可选的操作，这个操作有可能会给你带来一些麻烦。如果说你只是想尝试一下新鲜的事物，或是已经厌倦了GRUB的界面，没问题来尝试尝试Syslinux吧。
+在你替换GRUB启动之前，请认真考虑，这只是一个可选的尝试，这个尝试有可能会给你带来一些麻烦。如果说你只是想感受一下新鲜的事物，或是已经厌倦了GRUB的界面，没问题来尝试尝试Syslinux吧。
 
 ###在Arch box 中安装Syslinux ###
-通过上面的了解，我们来开始安装Syslinux，并替换掉已有的GRUB或者GRUB2启动程序。打开一个终端，输入如下命令来安装Syslinux
 
-sudo pacman -S syslinux
+该说的都说完了，下面我们来开始安装Syslinux，准备替换掉已有的GRUB或者GRUB2启动程序。打开一个终端，输入如下命令来安装Syslinux
 
-安装完成后，你应该注意到一条消息，将指导您如何部署SYSLINUX引导装载程序，分别在BIOS或UEFI机器上。BIOS用户比较幸运，因为他们只需要运行syslinux-install_update 脚本就行了，这个脚本是Matthew Gyurgyik编写的，用来在BIOS机器上成功的部署Syslinux。
+	sudo pacman -S syslinux
+
+安装完成后，你应该注意到一条消息，将指导您如何分别在BIOS或UEFI机器上部署Syslinux引导装载程序。BIOS用户比较幸运，因为他们只需要运行syslinux-install_update 脚本就行了，这个脚本是Matthew Gyurgyik编写的，用来在BIOS机器上成功的部署Syslinux。
 
 ###在Arch box上部署Syslinux###
 
 如果你拥有的是一个单独的/boot分区，你要保证你是在/boot分区上执行的这个脚本。在终端中输入如下命令：
 
-sudo syslinux-install_update -i -a -m
+	sudo syslinux-install_update -i -a -m
 
 这个脚本会安装必需的文件，并且用启动标记标记分区，同时会安装MBR引导代码。
 
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ sudo syslinux-install_update -i -a -m
 
 via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Replace-GRUB-with-Syslinux-on-Arch-Linux-415394.shtml
 
-译者：[dy2009](https://github.com/dy2009) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[dy2009](https://github.com/dy2009) 校对：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/How to convert video to animated gif image on Linux.md

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+在Linux上将视频转换成动态gif图片
+================================================================================
+虽然曾经被认为是过时的艺术形式，但动态GIF图片现在复苏了。如果你还没有留意到，不少在线分享和社交网络网站都开始支持动态GIF图片，例如，[Tumblr][1]，[Flickr][2]，[Google+][3]和[Facebook的部分地方][4]。由于在消费和共享上的容易，GIF的动画已经成为主流互联网文化的一部分了。
+
+所以，你们中的一些人会好奇怎样才能生成这样的动态GIF图片。已经有各种各样专门用来生成动态GIF图片的在线或离线工具。另一种选择是创建一副动态GIF图片时关闭现有的视频剪辑。在这个教程中，我会描述**在Linux上如何将一段视频文件转换成一副动态GIF图片**。
+
+作为一个更有用的例子，让我展示如何**将一个YouTube视频转换成一副动态GIF图片**。
+
+### 第一步：下载YouTube视频 ###
+
+首先，下载一个你想要转换的YouTube视频。你可以使用[youtube-dl][5]这个工具将YouTube视频保存为MP4文件。假设你把你最爱的YouTube视频保存为"funny.mp4"。（译注：对于墙内的同学，请无视YT吧，自行去好人楼主那里寻找一个MP4吧，;-}）
+
+### 第二步：从视频中解压视频帧 ###
+
+接下来，在Linux系统上[安装FFmpeg][5]，我会用这个工具去解压从视频中解压出视频帧。
+
+下面的指令会解压出独立的视频帧，将它们保存为GIF图片。确保使用诸如("out%04d.gif")的输出文件格式。这样，独立的帧就被合适地命名并保存。
+
+    ffmpeg -t <时长> -ss <hh:mm:ss格式的开始位置> -i <视频文件> out%04d.gif
+
+例如，如果你想解压输入视频的视频帧，从第10秒开始，每5秒一帧，请运行下列命令。
+
+    $ ffmpeg -t 5 -ss 00:00:10 -i funny.mp4 out%04d.gif 
+
+在完成FFmpeg之后，你会看到一组创建出来的GIF文件，它们被命名为"out[\d+].gif"。
+
+### 第三步：合并视频帧进一副动态GIF ###
+
+下面这一步要合并单个的GIF文件成一副动态GIF图片。为此，你可以使用ImageMagick。
+
+首先，如果你还没有的话，在Linux系统上[安装ImageMagick][7]。
+
+    convert -delay <帧数>x<每秒帧数> -loop 0 out*gif <输出文件>
+
+在这个命令中，"-delay"是控制动态速度的选项。这个选项表示在显示下一帧画面前需要等待的秒数：帧数/每秒帧数 。"-loop 0"选项表示动画的无限次循环。如果你愿意，你可以指定"-loop N"让动画只重复N次。
+
+例如，为了生成一副每秒20帧和循环无数次的动态GIF图片，使用如下命令。
+
+    $ convert -delay 1x20 -loop 0 out*.gif animation.gif 
+
+### 第四步（可选）：减少动态GIF的大小 ###
+
+最后这一步（可选）是通过使用ImageMagick的GIF优化功能来减少生成的GIF文件的大小。
+
+使用下列命令去减少GIF大小。
+
+    convert -layers Optimize animation.gif animation_small.gif 
+
+现在你已经准备好在你的社交网络上分享制作完成的GIF图片。下面是一副我从一个可爱的YouTube视频中生成的GIF样例图片。
+
+享受技术带来的乐趣吧！:-)
+
+[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7372/10988763123_4e89a18085_o.gif)][8]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/11/convert-video-animated-gif-image-linux.html
+
+译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://staff.tumblr.com/post/15623140287/1mb-gifs
+[2]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/markus-weldon-imagebank/4439159924/sizes/o/in/photostream/
+[3]:https://plus.google.com/communities/110524851358723545415
+[4]:http://mashable.com/2013/08/29/gifs-return-to-facebook/
+[5]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-save-youtube-videos-on-linux.html
+[6]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/06/how-to-install-ffmpeg-on-linux.html
+[7]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-imagemagick-linux.html
+[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10988763123/

published/How to open a large text file on Linux.md

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ LargeFile 插件可以使大文件更迅速的被加载和编辑，它是通过
 
     $ sudo yum install vim-enhanced 
 
-可以从 [Vim website][2] 上下载 LargFile 插件，最新版本号是5，下载的文件将会保存为 Vimball 格式（以 .vba 结尾）。
+可以从 [Vim website][1] 上下载 LargFile 插件，最新版本号是5，下载的文件将会保存为 Vimball 格式（以 .vba 结尾）。
 
 要在你的 home 目录下安装插件，用 VIM 打开 .vba 文件，如下所示。
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ LargeFile 插件可以使大文件更迅速的被加载和编辑，它是通过
 
 在 VIM 窗体上输入 “:so %”，然后按回车键，就可以在你的 home 目录下安装这个插件了。
 
-[![](http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2805/11313669824_335e73ebb8_z.jpg)][3]
+![](http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2805/11313669824_335e73ebb8_z.jpg)
 
 完成后，输入 “:q” 退出 VIM。
 
@@ -42,13 +42,14 @@ LargeFile 插件可以使大文件更迅速的被加载和编辑，它是通过
 > let g:LargeFile=10
 
 虽然 LargeFile 可以加速文件装载的速度，但 VIM 自身对编辑相当大的文件支持不太好，因为它会一下子把整个文件都加载进内存。例如，用 VIM 装载 1G　大小的文件，它就会占很多内存和交换空间，如下图所示的顶部输出。
-[![](http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5519/11313640366_0064c698ac_z.jpg)][4]
+
+![](http://farm6.staticflickr.com/5519/11313640366_0064c698ac_z.jpg)
 
 所以如果你的文件明显大于你 Linux 系统的物理内存的话，就要考虑其它的选择，如下所述。
 
 ### glogg 日志资源管理器 ###
 
-如果你只需要查看一个文本文件，并不对它做编辑，可以考虑下　[glogg][5]。它是一款基于图形用户界面的独立日志分析器。该　glogg　分析器支持通过正则表达式和通配符来对要打开的文本文件进行过滤和筛选，使用户只看到其真正关注的内容。
+如果你只需要查看一个文本文件，并不对它做编辑，可以考虑下　[glogg][2]。它是一款基于图形用户界面的独立日志分析器。这个　glogg　分析器支持通过正则表达式和通配符来对要打开的文本文件进行过滤和筛选，使用户只看到其真正关注的内容。
 
 在 Debian (Wheezy 版本或更高版本)、Ubuntu 或 Linux Mint 系统中安装 glogg :　
 
@@ -64,17 +65,17 @@ LargeFile 插件可以使大文件更迅速的被加载和编辑，它是通过
 
 glogg 能很快的打开一个大文本文件。我花了大约 12 秒就打开了一个 1G 的日志文件。
 
-[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7354/11313640286_4ebee2b959_z.jpg)][6]
+![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7354/11313640286_4ebee2b959_z.jpg)
 
 在 "Text" 区域，你可以输入正则表达式，然后点击 "Search" 按纽，它支持表达式大小写敏感搜索以及自动刷新功能。搜索后，在窗体底部会显示出筛选的结果内容。
 
-[![](http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2851/11313594455_d57c700c4b_z.jpg)][7]
+![](http://farm3.staticflickr.com/2851/11313594455_d57c700c4b_z.jpg)
 
 从装载文件来跟 VIM 对比， glogg　显得更轻量级，在加载完一个 1G 的日志文件后，它仅仅只使用了 83M 的物理内存。
 
 ### JOE 文体编辑器 ###
 
-[JOE][8] 是GPL下发布的一个轻量级的基于终端的文本编辑器。JOE 是一款少有的支持大文件的文本编辑器，可以打开和编辑比物理内存大的文件。
+[JOE][3] 是GPL下发布的一个轻量级的基于终端的文本编辑器。JOE 是一款少有的支持大文件的文本编辑器，可以打开和编辑比物理内存大的文件。
 
 此外，JOE支持各种功能强大的文本编辑功能，如非破坏性编辑，用正则表达式搜索和替换，无限次的撤销/重做，语法高亮等。
 
@@ -90,13 +91,13 @@ glogg 能很快的打开一个大文本文件。我花了大约 12 秒就打开
 
     $ joe test.log 
 
-[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3684/11317402126_406058bf78_z.jpg)][9]
+![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3684/11317402126_406058bf78_z.jpg)
 
 相比上面提到的 glogg 来说，用 JOE 加载一个大文本文件会有点卡，加载一个 1G 的文件要用将近 30 秒的时间，不过考虑到要对文件进行全文编辑，这还能忍受。一旦文件加载完成，就可以在相当快捷的终端模式中编辑此文件。
 
 JOE的内存消耗令人印象深刻。加载并编辑一个1GB的文本文件，只花费47MB的物理内存。
 
-[![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3728/11317483233_2017b5878b_z.jpg)][10]
+![](http://farm4.staticflickr.com/3728/11317483233_2017b5878b_z.jpg)
 
 如果你还知道在 Linux 中打开/编辑大文本文件的其它方法的话，请跟我们分享！
 
@@ -109,11 +110,5 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/open-large-text-file-linux.html
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 
 [1]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=1506
-[2]:http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=1506
-[3]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11313669824/
-[4]:http://glogg.bonnefon.org/
-[5]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11313640286/
-[6]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11313594455/
-[7]:http://joe-editor.sourceforge.net/
-[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11317402126/
-[9]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11317483233/
+[2]:http://glogg.bonnefon.org/
+[3]:http://joe-editor.sourceforge.net/

published/Linux Top 3--Linux 3.13, System Rescue 4 and BackBox 3.13.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+Linux 安全新闻: Linux 3.13、SystemRescueCD 4和BackBox 3.13
+================================================================================
+### 1) Linux 3.13 ###
+
+Linus Torvalds 前一段时间释出了 Linux Kernel 3.13 作为2014年的开门红。按照惯例，此版本更新了大量驱动。
+
+并且，Linux Kernel 3.13 包含了 nftable，这个软件是大名鼎鼎的 iptables 的继任者。从提交的代码来看，nftables 继续使用现存的网络过滤钩子(netfilter hooks)、连接追踪系统、NAT 子系统、透明代理引擎、日志基础架构和用户空间包排列设施。
+
+> “简而言之，nftables 提供4个128位的普通寄存器和1个特殊寄存器用于保存结论”，代码提交的注释上说道，“并且 nftables 继承了 iptables 的“table/chain/rule 对象”这些概念，但提供了更灵活的配置方式，它也包含原先映射支持的未知数据类型架构。”
+> 
+> 值得注意的是这次还支持 NFC（近场通信）支付协议。
+> 
+> “使用 NFC_CMD_SE_IO 命令发送 ISO07816 应用协议数据单元到 NFC 嵌入式安全设备，”Intel 开发人员 Samuel Ortiz 在他的提交[信息][1]中写道：“反馈信息也是通过 NFC_CMD_SE_IO 返回到用户空间的。”
+
+### 2) System Rescue CD 4.0.0 ###
+
+大多数人都会使用 Linux 作为服务器或桌面系统，其实我们还可以把一个 Linux 系统拿来救援一个非 *nix 系统。
+
+用于恢复系统和数据的 Linux 发行版中，比较流行的一个是“SystemRescueCd”，它在上周更新到了4.0.0版。
+
+以下是它的[更新记录][2]：
+
+- 标准内核：长期支持（LTS）版 linux-3.10.25（内核镜像包含32位的 rescue32 和 64位的 rescue64）
+- 备用内核：最新稳定版 linux-3.12.7（内核镜像包含32位的 altker32 和 64位的 altker64）
+- XOrg 图形环境和驱动更新到 xorg-server-1.14.3
+- GParted 更新到 0.17.0（添加在线重新分区的功能）
+- btrfs 工具集更新到 sys-fs/btrfs-progs-3.12
+
+### 3) BackBox 3.13 ###
+
+Linux 也是那些安全专家们手中的强大武器，而 BackBox 就是一个专注于安全的 Linux 发行版（BackBox 主要面对安全评估和渗透测试 —— 译者注）。最新版的 BackBox 更新了大量组件，有一点很奇怪，它没有使用最新的 Linux 3.13 内核，而用了 Linux 3.11 内核。
+
+现在的 BackBox 发行版可以在匿名模式下更新安全工具。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.linuxplanet.com/news/linux-top-3-linux-3.13-system-rescue-4-and-backbox-3.13.html
+
+译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5ce3f32b5264b337bfd13a780452a17705307725
+[2]:http://www.sysresccd.org/Changes-x86

published/The Linux Kernel/00 About the author.md

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-00 关于作者
+戴文的Linux内核专题：关于作者
 ================================================================================
 [![](http://www.linux.org/data/avatars/l/4/4843.jpg)][1]
 

published/The Linux Kernel/17 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 13.md

@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ MD框架需要多路径支持(Multipath I/O support)。MD框架就是多设备(M
 
 这个驱动会发现最有效的到存储设备的路径来读取和写入(I/O Path Selector based on the number of in-flight I/Os)。
 
-=下面的一个驱动和以上相同，但是会寻找最快路径(I/O Path Selector based on the service time)。
+下面的一个驱动和以上相同，但是会寻找最快路径(I/O Path Selector based on the service time)。
 
 如果一个逻辑卷上的物理存储单元正忙，如果可能的话，这个特性会允许读取/写入到另一个物理卷上。
 
@@ -124,6 +124,6 @@ SCSI同样也可以支持光纤通道主机适配器(Fusion MPT ScsiHost drivers
 
 via: http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-configuring-the-kernel-part-13.4714/
 
-译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

published/The Linux Kernel/18 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 14.md

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 
 你好！ 准备好读另一篇很酷的Linux内核文章了么?
 
-接下来，在我们的长期追求中，我们可以启用/禁用"Fusion MPT logging facility"。MPT代表"Message Passing Technology"(消息传递技术)。Fusion驱动是由LSI Logic公司开发。MPT一种进程间使用的特定消息策略。这个技术是同步的意味着进程将会等待所需的消息。
+接下来，在这个任务中，我们可以启用/禁用"Fusion MPT logging facility"。MPT代表"Message Passing Technology"(消息传递技术)。Fusion驱动是由LSI Logic公司开发。MPT一种进程间使用的特定消息策略。这个技术是同步的意味着进程将会等待所需的消息。
 
 在这之后，如果计算机处理拥有火线端口就应该启用"FireWire driver stack"。如果没有，那么就没有必要去启动一个不会使用到的火线驱动。火线很像USB。不过在协议、速度、物理形状和端口布局上不同。通常上，苹果设备使用火线和USB。一些PC有火线端口，但是不像USB口那样普及。
 
@@ -113,6 +113,6 @@ Pegasus USB是USB转以太网的适配器/转换器(USB Pegasus/Pegasus-II based
 
 via: http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-configuring-the-kernel-part-14.4765/
 
-译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

published/userdel Command - Delete User Account from Linux system.md

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 userdel 命令 - 从Linux系统中删除用户账户
 ================================================================================
-在服务器上维护用户意味着添加、修改以及删除用户。当一个用户出于某种原因不再需要登录系统时，我们需要删除此用户以避免安全缺口。在Linux系统上，我们用 **userdel** 命令来删除一个用户。
+
+在服务器上维护用户就是添加、修改以及删除用户。当一个用户出于某种原因不再需要登录系统时，我们需要删除此用户以避免安全漏洞。在Linux系统上，我们用 **userdel** 命令来删除一个用户。
 
 ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/userdel-linux-command.jpg)
 
@@ -28,9 +29,9 @@ userdel 是一个底层用于删除用户的工具。在 Debian 上，我们通
 
 ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/userdel_home_folder.png)
 
-当我们进入/home目录时，我们仍旧可以看到1002拥有 pasadena 文件夹。已创建的用户会有一个与用户名相同的组名。1002是 pasadena 用户名的 UID 和 GID，也是 pasadena 的组名。
+当我们进入/home目录时，我们仍旧可以看到ID 1002拥有 pasadena 文件夹。已创建的用户通常会有一个与用户名相同的组名。1002是 pasadena 用户名的 UID 和 pasadena 组名的 GID。
 
-为了在删除用户时完全删除家目录，我们可以使用 **-r** 选项。这个选项同样会删除用户的邮件池如果存在的话。
+为了在删除用户时完全删除家目录，我们可以使用 **-r** 选项。这个选项同样会删除用户的邮件池，如果存在的话。
 
 ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/userdel_r.png)
 
@@ -40,15 +41,15 @@ userdel 提供了 **-f** 选项来强制删除用户。甚至当用户已经登
 
 ![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/userdel_f.png)
 
-截图的上面显示用户 pasadena 已经登录了系统。它被标记的进程**6218**是 SSHD 进程。但是当我们用“**userdel -f pasadena**”只会显示已经登录的用户的信息。命令本身是成功的。如果我们使用[cat 命令][1]查看**/etc/passwd**的内容，我们看不到到用户 pasadena 存在了。他的家目录还存在但是所有者已经改变。
+截图的上面显示用户 pasadena 已经登录了系统。它被标记的进程**6218**是 SSHD 进程。而当我们用“**userdel -f pasadena**”只会显示已经登录的要被删除的用户信息。命令本身已经成功。如果我们使用[cat 命令][1]查看**/etc/passwd**的内容，我们看不到到用户 pasadena 存在了。他的家目录还存在但是所有者只能显示为数字ID。
 
-有一件事我们必须了解，带 **-f** 选项的 userdel **不会断开** SSH 链接。因此，即使用户已经不存在，但实际上仍是登录状态，并且是活跃用户。但是当用户登出后不可再登录，因为用户已经被删除。
+有一件事我们必须了解，带 **-f** 选项的 userdel **不会断开** 该用户已有的 SSH 链接。因此，即使用户已经不存在，但实际上仍是登录状态，并且是活跃用户。但是当用户登出后不可再登录，因为用户已经被删除。
 
 因此**所以这个选项使用起来有些危险**，因为它会使你的系统进入不一致的状态。
 
 ### 总结 ###
 
-userdel 是一个 Linux 系统内部删除用户的工具。userdel同样是**deluser**命令的后端，一个perl删除用户的脚本。如往常一样，你可以输入**man userdel**来查看关于userdel命令的更多细节。 
+userdel 是一个 Linux 系统内部删除用户的工具。userdel同样是**deluser**命令的后端，这是一个用perl编写的删除用户的脚本。如往常一样，你可以输入**man userdel**来查看关于userdel命令的更多细节。 
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 

sources/10 Lesser Known Ubuntu One Features.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+10 Lesser Known Ubuntu One Features
+================================================================================
+Even though Ubuntu One may appear to be just an Ubuntu-only file synchronization service, it’s much more as it can be used on Windows, Android, iOS, and from the web. Ubuntu One has 5GB of free storage space for all.
+
+![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/Kj3S10756PM1212014.jpg)
+
+As cited on howtogeek.com, Ubuntu One comes with features for sharing files or folders online, streaming music to your smartphone, synchronizing installed applications to all your devices, and much more. Let’s take a look at ten such unknown features below -
+
+1.**Sync Any Folder** – On a default basis, Ubuntu merely synchronizes files within the Ubuntu One folder in your home directory. But you can right-click any folder, point to the Ubuntu One menu and choose Synchronize This Folder to begin synchronizing it, too. You can manage your synchronized folders from the Ubuntu One application.
+
+2.**Limit Bandwidth** - Ubuntu One utilises every available bandwidth for file uploads and downloads as a default. It allows you to restrict its upload and download speeds in case you have a slow connection. The bandwidth settings can be seen on the Settings pane in the Ubuntu One window.
+
+3.**Using Ubuntu One on Windows** - Ubuntu One doesn’t only run on Linux but provides a Windows client with complete file synchronisation support. Ubuntu One is a cross-platform file synchronization service and you can use it if you’re a Windows user who has never used Ubuntu.
+
+4.**Sharing Files** – By making use of the right-click menu in your file manager or the Ubuntu One website, you can share files and folders publically on the Internet or privately with other Ubuntu One users.
+
+5.**Synchronisation of Installed Software** - Ubuntu One can synchronize the software installed by you from Ubuntu’s Software Center between your computers making it easy to keep track of which software that has been installed.
+
+6. **Using Mobile Apps** - Ubuntu One provides apps for Android, iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch. Using the app, you can access your Ubuntu One files on the go using your mobile device.
+
+7.**Automatically Uploading Photos Via Your Smartphone** - The mobile app can automatically upload photos using your smartphone to your personal Ubuntu One cloud. It permits easy access to your photos on all your devices.
+
+8.**Mobile Music Streaming** - Ubuntu One provides a Ubuntu One Music app for Android and iOS. This app permits you to stream your music to your mobile device from anywhere. You can also cache files on your device for offline listening.
+
+9.**Sync Contacts** - Ubuntu One is able to synchronise your contacts and store them online. At the moment, you can import contacts from Facebook on the Ubuntu One website or add them manually. Earlier versions of Ubuntu could support contacts sync with the Evolution email client, but contact sync with Thunderbird is now absent in Ubuntu 12.04.
+
+10.**Managing Files in Your Browser** - With Ubuntu One installed on your computer, you can access and take care of your files from the Ubuntu One website. You can download files, upload files, or manage your existing files using your browser. 
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=127466
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/15 Linux cp Command Examples - Create a Copy of Files and Directories.md

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+翻译ing by Luox 
+
+15 Linux cp Command Examples - Create a Copy of Files and Directories
+================================================================================
+Copying files or directories is one of basic activity in every operating system. Backup activity is basically is creating a copy of files and directories. On Linux system, we can use **cp** command to do it.
+
+### What is copy command ###
+
+As we mentioned above, **cp** command is a command to create copy of files and directories. Here’s some samples of cp command that might useful in day-to-day operation
+
+#### 1. Run cp without any options ####
+
+This is a very basic cp usage. To copy a file name myfile.txt from one location to another location, we can type like this :
+
+    $ cp myfile.txt /home/pungki/office
+
+![Copy without options](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_default.png)
+
+If we don’t type absolute path, it mean that we are copying a file on current directory. From example above, **myfile.txt** is located in **/home/pungki/Documents**. We don’t have to type **/home/pungki/Documents/myfile.txt** to copy **myfile.txt** if we are in that **/home/pungki/Documents** directory. While **/home/pungki/office** is a folder where the file will be copied.
+
+#### 2. Copy multiple files at the same time ####
+
+To copy multiple file at the same time, we can just put the files behind the copy command which separated by space. Here’s an example :
+
+    $ cp file_1.txt file_2.txt file_3.txt /home/pungki/office
+
+![Copying multiple files](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_multiple_file.png)
+
+#### 3. Copy a directory ####
+
+Copying a directory is a little bit tricky. You need to add **-r** or **-R** option to do it. -r or -R option means recursive. **This option is a must** whether the directory is empty or not. Here’s an example :
+
+    $ cp -r directory_1 /home/pungki/office
+
+![Copy directory](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_directory.png)
+
+One more thing to note is that you need to **remove the trailing slash** behind the directory name. Otherwise you will have an error message like **cp : omitting directory ‘directory_1/**’
+
+![Copy directory error](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_directory_error.png)
+
+If you got that error, the directory will not copied to the destination folder.
+
+#### 4. Create hard links to files instead of copying them ####
+
+Copying file means you must have some space on the storage to store the copied files. Sometimes for any reasons, you may want to create “shortcut” or links to the files instead of copying them. To do this, we can use **-l** option.
+
+    $ cp -l file_4.txt /home/pungki/office
+
+![Copy hardlinks](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_hardlinks.png)
+
+From screenshot above, we see that a hardlink of **file_4.txt** was copied into **/home/pungki/office/file_4.txt**. It marked by the same inode, **835386**. But please note, hardlinks cannot be created into directories. Let’s take a look an example below.
+
+*The original directory_1 has inode number 278230*
+![Inode number of original directory](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_hardlinks_dir_1_ori.png)
+
+*The original file_5.txt has inode number 279231*
+![Original inode number of file](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_hardlinks_file_5_ori.png)
+
+*Do cp command on directory_1*
+![Copy using -rl options](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_hardlinks_rl_dir.png)
+
+*The copied directory_1 has inode number 274800*
+![Inode number of copied directory](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_hardlinks_dir_1_result.png)
+
+*The copied file_5.txt had inode number 279231. Same with its original file*
+![Inode number of copied file](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_hardlinks_file_5_result.png)
+
+#### 5. Create symbolic links to files ####
+
+There is another type of links called **softlinks** or **symbolic links**. We use **-s** option to do this. Here’s a sample command.
+
+    $ cp -s /home/pungki/Documents/file_6.txt file_6.txt
+
+Creating symlinks only can be done in current directory. On screenshot above, we want to create symbolic links from source directory - **/home/pungki/Documents/file_6.txt to /home/pungki/office**. But to create symbolic links, **I must inside** /home/pungki/office as a destination folder. Once I manage to be there, I can run cp **-s** command above.
+
+Then when you list the file with detail, you will see that **/home/pungki/office/file_6.txt** is pointing to the original file. Its marked with arrow sign after the file name.
+
+![Symbolic links](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_symlinks.png)
+
+#### 6. Copy without following symbolic links in Source ####
+
+To do this, we can use **-P** option. When cp command found a file with symbolic links, it will copy the as is. Take a look at the sample below.
+
+    $ cp -P file_6.txt ./movie
+
+![Copy using -P option](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_P.png)
+
+As you can see, the cp command will copy **file_6.txt** as is. The file type still a symbolic link.
+
+#### 7. Copy with following symbolic links in Source ####
+
+Now we can do this with **-L** option. Basically, **this is an opposite** of -P option above. Here’s the sample.
+
+    $ cp -L file_6.txt ./movie
+
+![Copy using -L option](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_L.png)
+
+With this option, the copied file is the same file with the source file of **file_6.txt**. This is known from the file size. The copied file has **50 bytes** file size while the **file_6.txt** as symbolic link has **33 bytes** file size.
+
+#### 8. Archive the files ####
+
+When we are going to copy a directory, we will use **-r** or **-R** option. But we can also use **-a** option to archive file. This will create an **exact copy** of files and directories including symbolic links if any. Here’s a sample :
+
+    $ cp -a directory_1/ /home/pungki/office
+
+![Copy using -a option](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_a.png)
+
+The above command will copy a directory named directory_1 into folder **/home/pungki/office**. As you can see, the **file_6.txt** still copied as symbolic links.
+
+#### 9. Explain what is being done ####
+
+By default, when copying activity is success, we will see a command prompt again. If you want to know what happen during the copying file, we can use **-v** option.
+
+    $ cp -v *.txt /home/pungki/office
+
+![Verbose option](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_v.png)
+
+When we copying all txt files in current directory to **/home/pungki/office/** directory, **-v** option will show what is being done. This additional information will make us more sure about the copying activity.
+
+#### 10. Copy only when the source file is newer ####
+
+To do this, we can use **-u** option. Take a look this example below.
+
+    $ cp -vu *.txt /home/pungki/office
+
+![Copy only if newer](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_u.png)
+
+In the beginning, we see **file_1.txt has 0 bytes** file size. Then we edit it using vi, add some content and save it. Next, we see the file size has changed into 36 bytes.
+Meanwhile in **/home/pungki/office** directory, we **already have all** *.txt files. When we use -u option, combine with -v option to see what is being done, cp command will only copy a file(s) which is newer from destination directory. As the result, we see that **only file_1.txt is copied into /home/pungki/office directory**.
+
+#### 11. Use interactive mode ####
+
+Interactive mode will ask if the destination folder have already the file. To activate interactive mode, use **-i** option.
+
+    $ cp -ir directory_1/ /home/pungki/office/
+
+![Interactive mode](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_i.png)
+
+#### 12. Create backup date of each copied file ####
+
+When the destination folder already have the file, by default cp command will overwrite the same file in the destination directory. Using **--backup** option, cp command will make a backup of each existing destination file. ../office will refer to /home/pungki/office. Here’s a sample :
+
+    $ cp --backup=simple -v *.txt ../office
+
+![Backup option](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_backup.png)
+
+As we can see, **--backup=simple** option will create a backup file which **marked by a tilde sign (~)** at the end of the file. **--backup** option has some Control, which are :
+
+- **none, off** : never backups (even if --backup is given)
+- **numbered, t** : make numbered backups
+- **existing, nil** : numbered if numbered backup exist, simple otherwise
+- **simple, never** : always make simple backups
+
+#### 13. Copy only file attributes ####
+
+Cp command also provide us with **--attributes-only** option. As we can guess from its name, this option will only copy a file name and its attributes without copying any data. Here’s a sample.
+
+    $ cp --attributes-only file_6.txt -v ../office
+
+![Copy attributes only](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_attributes_only.png)
+
+From screenshot above, **the original file_6.txt file has 50 bytes** file size. Using **--attributes-only** option, **the copied file will have 0 bytes** file size. This is because the content of file is not being copied.
+
+#### 14. Force copying ####
+
+Using **-f** option will force the copying activity. If the destination files cannot be opened, then **-f** will try again.
+
+    $ cp -f *.txt -v ../office
+
+![Copy with force](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_f.png)
+
+#### 15. Remove destination before copy ####
+
+To do this, we can use **--remove-destination option**. This option is **contrast with -f option** above. If the cp command find the same file name on the destination folder, cp command will remove destination file first, the copy the new one. Here’s an example.
+
+    $ cp --remove-destination *.txt -v ../office
+
+![Remove destination option](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/cp_remove_destination.png)
+
+### Conclusion ###
+
+Cp command is one of basic Linux commands. For those who want to learn Linux, must know this command. Of course you can type **man cp** or cp **--help** from your console to display its manual page to explore more detail.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-cp-command/
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/20 Linux ls Command Examples to Display the Entries of Directory.md

@@ -1,233 +0,0 @@
-20 Linux ls Command Examples to Display the Entries of Directory
-================================================================================
-One of the basic command in Linux is ls. Without this command, we may find difficulties to explore the content if directories. This command must known by everyone who want to learn Linux.
-
-### What is ls ###
-
-ls command is used to list files and directories. By default, it will be list the content of current directory. With some parameters, we can do more using ls. Here are the samples of ls usage in day-to-day operation
-
-#### 1. Run ls without parameter ####
-
-Running ls without parameter will display a list of files and or directories only. No other information can be seen from the output
-
-    $ ls
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls.png)
-
-#### 2. Use long listing format ####
-
-Using -l character (small L letter), will display a long listing of the content of current directory. On the next examples, we will combine -l parameter (mostly) to get better result.
-
-    $ ls -l
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_l.png)
-
-Here’s how to read the output :
-
-**1st column**
-The first letter **d** does the content is directory or file. On the screenshot above, Desktop, Documents, Downloads and lynis-1.3.8 are directories. If it - (**minus sign**) it means that the content is file. While if it equal with l (**small L character**), means the content is link file.
-
-The next 9 character is about file permission. With the **first 3 rwx** characters are for Owner of the file, **the second 3 characters** are for Group owner of the file and **the last 3 characters** are for worldwide access to the file.
-
-**2nd column**
-This tell us about how many link to this file
-
-**3rd column**
-This tell us about who is the owner of the file / directory
-
-**4th column**
-This tell us about who the group owner of the file / directory
-
-**5th column**
-This tell us about the size of the file / directory in bytes unit. Except for directories, the size will always count as 4096 bytes
-
-**6th column**
-This tell us about the last time and date the file is modified
-
-**7th column**
-This tell us the filename or directory name
-
-#### 3. Show the size of file ####
-
-Reading size in bytes unit can confuse us. To read 6,5 M is easier compare with reading 6727680 byte. To do this, we can use -hcombine with **-l** parameter. **-h parameter means human readable**
-
-    $ ls -lh
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_lh1.png)
-
-Another parameter that can do this is **--si** parameter. This parameter is similar with -h parameter, but **--si powers 1000 while -h powers 1024**.
-
-    $ ls -si
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_si.png)
-
-#### 4. Sort file size ####
-
-After we can show the file size, we may want to sort it by file size. We can use -S parameter to to this. The list will be sort by the largest file size first.
-
-    $ ls -lhS
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_lhS.png)
-
-#### 5. Scaling size ####
-
-Ls can scale size by before printing them using -**-block-size=SIZE**. Where SIZE are :
-
-    K = Kilobyte
-    M = Megabyte
-    G = Gigabyte
-    T = Terabyte
-    P = Petabyte
-    E = Exabyte
-    Z = Zettabyte
-    Y = Yottabyte
-
-For example, we want to scale size using Megabyte units. So the syntax will be like this :
-
-    $ ls -l --block-size=M
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_block_size.png)
-
-#### 6. Show hidden files ####
-
-In Linux, a file begins with “.” (**dot sign**) is a hidden file. To show it on ls command, we can use **-a** parameter.
-
-    $ ls -a
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_a.png)
-
-#### 7. List directory entries only ####
-
-If we want to list directory entries only, we can use **-d** parameter.
-
-    $ ls -d */
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_d.png)
-
-#### 8. Print entries without owner information ####
-
-To do this, we can use **-g** parameter.
-
-    $ ls -g
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_lg.png)
-
-#### 9. Print entries without group information ####
-
-While -g is suppress owner information, **-G** will suppress group information
-
-    $ ls -lG
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_lG2.png)
-
-#### 10. Print UID and GID ####
-
-If we want to know the UID and GID of owner and group owner, we can do it using ls command with **-n** parameter. Here’s a sample.
-
-    $ ls -n
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_n.png)
-
-From the example above, we know that **user pungki has UID** = 1000 and **GID = 1000**. While **root group has GID = 0**
-
-#### 11. Print with no color ####
-
-Some Linux distribution is enable color options to ls command. This will make ls print the list in color. If you don’t want it, you can use **--color=never** parameter.
-
-    $ ls --color=never
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_color_never.png)
-
-#### 12. Print the index number of each file ####
-
-To print the index number or known as inode number, we can use -i parameter. The index number will appear at first column.
-
-    $ ls -li
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_inode.png)
-
-#### 13. Add / (slash sign) to mark directory ####
-
-To do this, use **-p** parameter.
-
-    $ ls -p
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_p.png)
-
-#### 14. Reverse order while sorting ####
-
-You may also want to list entries in reverse order. To do this, we can use **-r** parameter.
-
-    $ ls -r
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_r.png)
-
-#### 15. List subdirectories recursively ####
-
-With **-R** parameter, you can list directory including its subdirectories.
-
-    $ ls -R
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_Recursive.png)
-
-#### 16. Sort by extension ####
-
-You can sort the list by extension using -X parameter or --sort=extension.
-
-    $ ls -lX
-
-**Or**
-
-    $ ls --sort=extension
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_x.png)
-
-#### 17. List by modification time ####
-
-Using -t parameter will sort the list by modification time which the newest first.
-
-    $ ls -lt
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_lt.png)
-
-#### 18. List your home directory ####
-
-For listing your home directory, we can short the directory using “~” (**tilde sign**). So you don’t have to type your full directory name. Let say if the home directory name is **/home/pungki**, then **~** sign have the meaning with /home/pungki.
-
-    $ ls ~
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_tilde.png)
-
-#### 19. List parent directory ####
-
-Whenever you are inside a directory, you can also list the parent directory without need to type directory full name. Here’s a sample.
-
-    $ ls ../
-
-This will list the contents of the directory **one** level above.
-
-    $ ls ../../
-
-This will list the contents of the directory **two** level above.
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_parent.png)
-
-#### 20. Print the version of ls command ####
-
-To print it, use --version parameter
-
-    $ ls --version
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/ls_version.png)
-
-### Conclusion ###
-
-That’s some parameters which can be used on day-to-day operation. Of course you can always consult with ls manual page by typing **man ls** or **ls --help** on your console to explore more detail.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-ls-command/
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/5 Best Themes For Ubuntu 13.10.md

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+5 Best Themes For Ubuntu 13.10
+================================================================================
+![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Best_Themes_Ubuntu.jpeg)
+
+Not satisfied with the default Ambiance theme in Ubuntu? Why not use another theme to change the looks of your desktop by changing the themes? If you are not sure of what themes would be good for you, I have listed here the **best themes for Ubuntu 13.10**. Before we see the themes, a quick word on how to use these themes.
+
+### Installing themes in Ubuntu 13.10 ###
+
+There are two ways to use themes in Ubuntu, either you add it via a PPA or you download the file. If you download the theme file, extract it to **~/.themes** or **/user/share/themes** directory. If you add it via PPA, nothing special needed. 
+
+Next step is to use the installed themes. You can use Unity Tweak Tool to apply the installed themes. Refer to this article for a screenshot tutorial on [how to install themes in Ubuntu 13.10][1].
+
+### Best themes for Ubuntu 13.10 Unity: ###
+
+Most of the themes are divided in themes and icon set. I would advise to install both themes and icons from the same set to make it look more beautiful. Without further ado, lets see the list of best themes for Ubuntu 13.10:
+
+### Numix ###
+
+![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Numix_theme_Ubuntu.jpeg)
+
+[Numix][2] is certainly a beautiful theme. With flat and circle icons, it integrates perfectly in Unity environment. Use the following command in terminal to install Numix theme and icons set:
+
+    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:numix/ppa
+    sudo apt-get update
+    sudo apt-get install numix-gtk-theme numix-icon-theme numix-icon-theme-circle numix-wallpaper-saucy
+
+### Moka ###
+
+![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Moka_Theme_Ubuntu.jpeg)
+
+Beautiful, isn’t it? Use the following commands to install Moka GTK theme and icons set:
+
+    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:snwh/moka-gtk-theme-daily
+    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:snwh/moka-icon-theme-daily
+    sudo apt-get update
+    sudo apt-get install moka-gtk-theme moka-icon-theme moka-icon-theme-symbolic moka-icon-theme-extras
+
+### zonColor ###
+
+![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/zoncolor_theme_Ubuntu.jpeg)
+
+[zonColor][3] is a pack of several themes that varies between light to dark and various colors. It also has its own icons set. Use the following commands to install zonColor themes and icons set:
+
+    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/themes
+    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/icons
+    sudo apt-get update
+    sudo apt-get install zoncolor-themes zoncolor-icons
+
+### Nokto ###
+
+![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Nokto_Theme_ubuntu.jpeg)
+
+Nokto does not have its own icon set. Nevertheless its a beautiful dark theme. To install Natko theme, use the following commands:
+
+    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/themes
+    sudo apt-get update
+    sudo apt-get install nokto-theme
+
+### Flattastic ###
+
+![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Flattastic_theme.jpeg)
+
+Like Nokto, Flattastic too does not have its own icon set but you can use any flat icon set with it as it blends very well. Though its not available through PPA, you can install it by downloading the files from [here][4]. Once downloaded, extract the zipped file to /usr/share/themes directory. Later you can use Unity Tweak Tool to use the theme.
+
+And that ends the list of 5 best themes for Ubuntu 13.10. You may want to check similar article that lists the [best icon sets for Ubuntu][5]. What you think of these themes? Do you have a hot favorite theme apart from those mentioned here? Do share it with us.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://itsfoss.com/best-themes-ubuntu-1310/
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://itsfoss.com/how-to-install-themes-in-ubuntu-13-10/
+[2]:http://satya164.deviantart.com/art/Numix-GTK3-theme-360223962
+[3]:https://code.google.com/p/zoncolor/
+[4]:http://nale12.deviantart.com/art/Flattastic-13-01-2014-424913255
+[5]:http://itsfoss.com/best-icon-themes-ubuntu-1310/

sources/5 Linux Distributions that Deserve more Love.md

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+crowner 吃睡睡吃
 5 Linux Distributions that Deserve more Love
 ================================================================================
 ![](http://www.linuxfederation.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/linux.jpg)

sources/Are Open Source Developers Too Demanding.md

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+[Translating by SteveArcher]
 Are Open Source Developers Too Demanding?
 ================================================================================
 **Open source invites participation, including criticism. But do developers sometimes take it too far?**
@@ -67,4 +68,4 @@ via: http://readwrite.com/2013/11/26/are-open-source-developers-too-demanding#aw
 [5]:http://gigaom.com/2013/11/25/how-the-use-of-a-nosql-database-played-a-role-in-the-healthcare-gov-snafu/
 [6]:http://developers.slashdot.org/story/13/11/24/1437203/nyt-healthcaregov-project-chaos-due-partly-to-unorthodox-database-choice
 [7]:http://readwrite.com/2013/11/04/sorry-open-source-isnt-the-panacea-for-healthcaregov#awesm=~oojDQ8fiVXrjGP
-[8]:http://digital.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/colophon-beta/
+[8]:http://digital.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/colophon-beta/

sources/Built in Audit Trail Tool – Last Command in Linux.md

@@ -1,180 +0,0 @@
-Built in Audit Trail Tool – Last Command in Linux
-================================================================================
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/linux-last-command.jpg)
-
-If you are working as a server administrator, you may understand that you have to protect your server. Not only from the outside, but you have to protect it from the inside. Linux has one built-in command to see who is the last logged in user into your server.
-
-The command is **last**. This command is **very useful for audit trail**. Let’s start to see what can last to do for you.
-
-### What is the function of Last command ###
-
-**Last** display a list of all user logged in (and out) from **/var/log/wtmp** since the file was created. This file is binary file which cannot view by text editor such as Vi, Joe or another else. This trick is pretty smart because user (or root) can not modify the file as they want.
-
-Last gives you information the name of all users logged in, its tty, IP Address (if the user doing a remote connection) date – time, and how long the user logged in.
-
-### How to run Last ###
-
-You just need to type **last** on your console. Here’s the sample :
-
-    $ last
-
-    leni pts/0 10.0.76.162 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53)
-    pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in
-    reboot system boot 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05) 
-
-Here’s how to read last information :
-
-- The first column tell who are the user
-- The second column give us information about how the user is connected
-
->     pts/0 (pseudo terminal) means that the user connect via remote connections such as SSH or telnet
-> 
->     tty (teletypewriter) means that the user connect via direct connection to the computer or local terminal
-> 
->     Exception for reboot activity the status will be shown is system boot
-
-- The third column **show where the user come from**. If the user connect from remote computer, you will see a hostname or an IP Address. If you see :0.0 or nothing it means that the user is connect via local terminal. Exception for reboot activity, the kernel version will be shown as the status
-- The remaining columns display **when the log activity has happened**. Numbers in the bracket tell us how many hours and minutes the connection was happened
-
-### Some examples of Last command on day-to-day operation ###
-
-#### Limit the number of line shown ####
-
-When you have a lot of lines to show, you can limit how many lines do you want to see. Use **-n parameter** to do it.
-
-    $ last -n 3
-
-    leni pts/0 10.0.76.162 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53)
-    pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in
-    reboot system boot 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05)
-
-**-n parameter** will make last command to display 3 lines starting from the current time and backwards
-
-#### Don’t display the hostname ####
-
-Use **-R parameter** to do is. Here’s the sample :
-
-    $ last -R
-
-    leni pts/0 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53)
-    pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in
-    reboot system boot Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05)
-
-As you see, now there is no information about hostname or IP Address
-
-#### Display the hostname in the last column ####
-
-To do this, we can use **-a parameter**
-
-    $ last -a
-
-    leni pts/0 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53) 10.0.76.162
-    pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in :0.0
-    reboot system boot Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05) 2.6.32-358.23.2.el6.i686
-
-Now the hostname information such as 10.0.76.162 will be placed in the last column.
-
-#### Print full login and logout time and dates ####
-
-You can use **-F parameter** for this. Here’s a sample.
-
-    $ last -F
-
-    leni pts/0 10.0.76.162 Mon Dec 2 12:32:24 2013 – Mon Dec 2013 13:25:24 2013 (00:53)
-
-#### Print specific user name ####
-
-If you want to trace specific user, you can print it specifically. Put the name of user behind last command.
-
-    $ last leni
-
-    leni tty1 Mon Dec 2 18-42 still logged in
-    leni pts/0 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53) 10.0.76.162
-
-Or if you want to know when **reboot** is done, you can also display it
-
-    $ last reboot
-
-    reboot system boot Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 16:55 (07:34)
-    reboot system boot Sun Dec 1 04:26 - 04:27 (00:01)
-    reboot system boot Wed Nov 27 20:27 - 01:24 (04:57)
-    reboot system boot Tue Nov 26 21:06 - 06:13 (09:06)
-
-#### Print spesific tty / pts ####
-
-Last can also print information about specific tty / pts. Just put the tty name or pty name behind the last command. Here are some sample outputs :
-
-    $ last tty1
-
-    pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in
-    pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 04:26 – down (00:00)
-    pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 04:07 – down (00:00)
-    pungki tty1 Sun Dec 1 18:55 – 04:07 (09:12)
-
-    $ last pts/0
-
-    leni pts/0 10.0.76.162 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53)
-    pungki pts/0 :0.0 Wed Nov 27 20:28 – down (04:56)
-
-When you see **down value** – such as the second line above – , it means that the user was logged in from specific time until the system is reboot or shutdown.
-
-#### Use another file than /var/log/wtmp ####
-
-By default, last command will parse information from **/var/log/wtmp**. If you want t**he last command** parse from another file, you can use **-f parameter**. For example, you may rotate the log after a certain condition. Let’s say the previous file is named **/var/log/wtmp.1** . Then the last command will be like this.
-
-    $ last -f /var/log/wtmp.1
-
-#### Display the run level changes ####
-
-There is **-x parameter** if you want to display run level changes. Here’s a sample output :
-
-    pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 19:21 still logged in
-    runlevel (to lvl 3) 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 19:20 – 19:29 (00:08)
-    reboot system boot 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 19:20 – 19:29 (00:08)
-    shutdown system down 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 18:56 – 19:20 (00:23)
-    runlevel (to lvl 0) 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 18:56 – 18:56 (00:00)
-    leni tty1 Mon Dec 2 18:42 – down (00:00) 
-
-You can see that there are two entries of run level. Runlevel which has **to lvl 3** entry means the system is running on full console mode. No active X Window or GUI. Meanwhile, when the system is **shutdown**, Linux us **run level 0**. That’s why last show you **to lvl 0** entry
-
-#### View bad logins ####
-
-While **last** command logs successful logins, then **lastb** command **record failed login attempts**. You **must have root** access to run lastb command. Here’s a sample output from lastb command. Lastb will parse information from /var/log/btmp.
-
-    # lastb
-
-    leni tty1 Mon Dec 2 22:12 – 22:12 (00:00)
-    rahma tty1 Mon Dec 2 22:11 – 22:11 (00:00) 
-
-#### Rotate the logs ####
-
-Since **/var/log/wtmp** record every single log in activities, the size of the file may grow quickly. By default, Linux will **rotate /var/log/wtmp** every month. The detail of rotation activity is put in /etc/logrotate.conf file. Here’s the content of my **/etc/logrotate.conf** file.
-
-    /var/log/wtmp {
-    　　monthly
-    　　create 0664 root umtp
-    　　minsize 1M
-    　　rotate 1
-    }
-
-And for **/var/log/btmp**, here’s default configuration of rotate activity
-
-    /var/log/btmp {
-    　　missingok
-    　　monthly
-    　　create 0600 root umtp
-    　　minsize 1M
-    　　rotate 1
-    }
-
-### Conclusion ###
-
-You can combine those parameters to custom the output of last and lastb. All parameter **which run on last** command, **also run on** lastb command. For more detail, please visit last manual page by typing **man last** on your console.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-last-command/
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/Create Directory - subdirectory, other than that What mkdir command do in Linux.md

@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+翻译 ing Luoxcat
+
+Create Directory - subdirectory, other than that What mkdir command do in Linux
+================================================================================
+After knowing about ls command for listing entries inside directory, we are now moving to creating directory in Linux system. On Linux, we can use **mkdir** command. Mkdir is short for “make directory”.
+
+### What is mkdir ###
+
+Mkdir is a command for creating directories in Linux system. This command is a built-in command.
+
+### Run mkdir command ###
+
+You can type **mkdir** directly from your console to use it.
+
+    $ mkdir
+
+By default, running mkdir without any parameter will create directory under the current directory. Here’s a sample of it :
+
+![mkdir command](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir.png)
+
+From screenshot above, we created directory called **office**. When we run mkdir command, we are in **/home/pungki** directory. So then the new directory, which is office, is **created under /home/pungki** directory. **If we put an exact location** - for example : **/usr/local** - , then Linux will create a directory under **/usr/local** directory.
+
+When Linux found that the directory which suppose to be created is already exist, then Linux will telling us that Linux can’t cretate it.
+
+![mkdir directory exist](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_error.png)
+
+Another pre-requisite of creating directory that **you must have access to** the location where the directory want to be created. When you don’t have it then mkdir will report an error.
+
+![mkdir permission denied](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_permission_denied.png)
+
+### Create multiple directories ###
+
+We can also create multiple directories at the same time. Let say we want to create directories named **ubuntu, redhat and slackware**. Then the syntax will be like this :
+
+    $ mkdir ubuntu redhat slackware
+
+![create multiple directories](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_multiple.png)
+
+### Add directory include its sub-directory ###
+
+When you want to created a include its sub-directory, you will need to use -p parameter. This parameter will create parent directory first, if mkdir cannot find it. Let say we want to create directory named **letter** and directory named **important** under directory letter. Then the syntax will be like this :
+
+    $ mkdir -p letter/important
+
+![mkdir sub-directory](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_p.png)
+
+### Set access privilege ###
+
+Using **-m** parameter, we can also set the access privilege for the new directory on-the-fly. Here’s an example.
+
+    $ mkdir -m=r-- letter
+
+The above command will create a directory named letter and give access privilege **read-only** for the **directory owner, directory group owner** and **anybody**.
+
+![mkdir set privilege](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_m.png)
+
+### Print message a message for each created directory ###
+
+If we want, we can use **-v** parameter to do this. Here’s an example.
+
+    $ mkdir -v ubuntu redhat slackware
+
+![mkdir verbose](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/mkdir_v.png)
+
+### Conclusion ###
+
+Mkdir command is also one of the basic command that must known for everyone who want to learn Linux. As usual, you can always type **man mkdir** or **mkdir --help** to display mkdir manual page and explore it more detail.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-mkdir-command/
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Manually Install LibreOffice In Ubuntu.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+Daily Ubuntu Tips – How To Manually Install LibreOffice In Ubuntu
+================================================================================
+This brief tutorial is going to show you how to manually install LibreOffice in Ubuntu. As you may already know, LibreOffice comes pre-installed in Ubuntu.
+
+The version that comes with Ubuntu is customized to work well in Ubuntu. It’s also integrated with core Ubuntu application menu and other settings.
+
+LibreOffice’s official version that’s on its [download page][1] is not what you get in Ubuntu by default. It’s not like you get a sub-standard edition, but it’s customized a bit and added to Ubuntu software repository.
+
+If you want to the original and official version of LibreOffice for Linux, you must manually download it from it’s [download page][1]. That means, completely uninstalling the current version in Ubuntu and downloading the deb package from the official download page.
+
+To do that you must first completely purge LibreOffice from Ubuntu.
+
+### Uninstalling LibreOffice from Ubuntu ###
+
+To install the official version of LibreOffice manually in Ubuntu, you must first uninstall the current version in Ubuntu. To uninstall LibreOffice in Ubuntu, run the commands below.
+
+    sudo apt-get remove --purge libreoffice* && sudo apt-get autoremove
+
+After running the commands above, restart your computer. When you log back in, download and download LibreOffice Linux .deb package from its [download page][1].
+
+### Manually Installing LibreOffice in Ubuntu ###
+
+After downloading the .deb package, open the terminal and go the Downloads folder in your home directory. By default, Firefox saves downloaded files there.
+
+![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/libreofficemanualinstall.png)
+
+Then run the commands below to extract the downloaded file which is mostly archived in .tar.gz file.
+
+    tar -xvf LibreOffice_*.tar.gz
+
+After extracting the downloaded .tar.gz file, you will see a new LibreOffice Deb folder in the Downloads folder. To begin LibreOffice manual installation, run the commands below.
+
+    sudo dpkg -i LibreOffice_*/DEBS/*.deb
+
+After running the above commands, LibreOffice will be installed and ready to use.
+
+Next, go to Unity Dash and launch LibreOffice. This is how you install LibreOffice manually in Ubuntu.
+
+![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/libreofficemanualinstall1.png)
+
+If LibreOffice is installed manually in Ubuntu, you will mostly likely have to upgrade manually every time there are new versions or security updates.
+
+Or you may just want Canonical (Ubuntu parent company) handle LibreOffice installation and patch / updates management via its repository.
+
+Enjoy!
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/01/daily-ubuntu-tips-how-to-manually-install-libreoffice-in-ubuntu/
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/download/

sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Manually Install Any Version Of Firefox In Ubuntu.md

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+Daily Ubuntu Tips – Manually Install Any Version Of Firefox In Ubuntu
+================================================================================
+Firefox is the primary web browser in Ubuntu. It comes pre-installed and added to Ubuntu default software repositories which get updated with the latest version of Firefox automatically.
+
+Most people won’t worry about installing or messing with Firefox because there’s nothing to do. It’s already installed and ready to use. The version of Firefox in Ubuntu’s repositories is what you’ll always get unless Canonical updates its software repositories with the latest versions.
+
+Now, if you want to try other versions or Firefox, you’ll have to manually download and install it in Ubuntu, and this brief tutorial is going to show you how to do it properly in Ubuntu.
+
+Because Firefox is so integrated in Ubuntu, if you try to completely remove it, you’ll probably break other things. So the best way to install other versions is to create a separate in folder for each version and symbolically link it.
+
+### Downloading and installing Firefox in Ubuntu ###
+
+So, here’s it. If you want to manually download the latest version of Firefox in Ubuntu, go to its [download page][1]. From there you’ll be able to get the latest version and install it.
+
+If you wish to install other versions of Firefox starting with the initial release, [visit this page][2].  There you’ll see every version ever released beginning with version 0.8.
+
+After downloading the version you wish to install, change to the Downloads folder of your home directory because that’s where most files get downloaded in Ubuntu.
+
+    cd ~/Downloads
+
+![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/firefoxmanualinstall.png)
+
+### Configuring Firefox ###
+
+Since most Firefox Linux downloads get wrapped inside a .tar and bz2 archives, you must extract the files from these archives. There are many ways to extract files from archives in Ubuntu.
+
+The one I used here is the command below. It extracts the file from both .tar and .bz2 archives easily.
+
+    tar -xjf firefox*.tar.bz2
+
+After the extractions, there’s will be a new Firefox folder in your Downloads folder. That’s the folder which contains all the Firefox files and executables.
+
+Since we don’t want to remove the current Firefox installation, we must create a separate folder each version of Firefox. So, for Firefox version 30, create a folder in the /opt directory with the new content of Firefox using the commands below.
+
+    sudo mv firefox/ /opt/firefox30
+
+Now, **/opt/firefox30/** directory contains all the files for version 30. 
+
+### Create a symbolic link to the new Firefox executable ###
+
+By default, Firefox executable file lives in this location: **/user/bin/firefox**.  What we want to do is temporary create a backup so we can use our custom installed executable.
+
+To do that, run the commands below.
+
+    sudo mv /usr/bin/firefox /usr/bin/firefox-old
+
+Now that we’ve move Firefox executable file from its default location, we must link the default location to our new custom installed file. To do that, run the commands below to create a symbolic link to our version 30 install.
+
+    sudo ln -s /opt/firefox30/firefox /usr/bin/firefox
+
+We’re set. Now our custom installed Firefox is the default in Ubuntu. Every time you launch Firefox, it will pull from the new executable we linked earlier.
+
+Enjoy!
+
+![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/firefoxmanualinstall1.png)
+
+This is also a great way to install 64-bit edition of Firefox.+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/02/daily-ubuntu-tips-manually-install-any-version-of-firefox-in-ubuntu/
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/all/
+[2]:https://ftp.mozilla.org/pub/mozilla.org/firefox/releases/

sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Skype Minor Update Fixes PulseAudio, 64-bit Issues.md

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+Daily Ubuntu Tips – Skype Minor Update Fixes PulseAudio, 64-bit Issues
+================================================================================
+A minor update for Skype was recently released for Linux systems, including Ubuntu that fixes issues with PulseAudio 3.x and 4.x audio noise, resolves crash on Ubuntu/Debian 64-bit systems due to missing libasound2-plugins:i386 and others.
+
+If you currently using Skype in Ubuntu you may want to upgrade to take advantage of these fixes. There isn’t anything new except resolving these bugs.
+
+Here’s the full list of items that were fixed according to its changelog.
+
+- **Workaround** for PulseAudio 3.x and 4.x audio noise issues
+- **Bug fix** for crash when opening a chat with non-existent emoticon
+- **Bug fix** for errant crash on Ubuntu/Debian 64-bit owing to missing libasound2-plugins:i386 dependency
+- **Bug fix** for some dialpad numbers not working properly
+
+For Ubuntu users, here’s how to upgrade.
+If you already have Skype installed, you will want to remove it before upgrading as it may create a conflict with the current installation.
+
+To remove Skype from Ubuntu, run the commands from the terminal console.
+
+    sudo apt-get autoremove --purge skype
+
+After uninstalling Skype, go to [Skype Download page][1] and get the latest version for Ubuntu. Save the download and open with Ubuntu Software Center.
+
+![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/skypeubuntuupgrade.png)
+
+Because Software Center must download additional Skype packages, installation might take some time so be patient.
+
+![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/skypeubuntuupgrade1.png)
+
+![](If you’re having issues installing Skype via Software Center, go to your Downloads folder and run the commands below to forcibly install Skype by running the commands below.)
+
+    sudo dpkg -i skype-ubuntu*.deb; sudo apt-get -f install
+
+After installing Skype, go to Unity Dash and launch the latest version which is 4.2.0.13 as time of this writing.
+
+![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/skypeubuntuupgrade2.png)
+
+That’s it! Enjoy!
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/01/daily-ubuntu-tips-skype-minor-update-fixes-pulseaudio-64-bit-issues/
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://www.skype.com/en/download-skype/skype-for-computer/

sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Support For Ubuntu 13.04 Ends January 27, 2014.md

@@ -1,49 +0,0 @@
-先来篇儿短的练练手儿
-Daily Ubuntu Tips – Support For Ubuntu 13.04 Ends January 27, 2014
-================================================================================
-If you’re currently Ubuntu 13.04 Raring Ringtail, it may be time to upgrade to the next version because support for it will end January 27 of this year.
-
-What Canonical (the parent company of Ubuntu) is saying is that as of January 27, no further security updates, bug fixes or package upgrades will be available from Ubuntu repositories. Your system will basically be running older packages with no access to updated versions from Ubuntu repositories.
-
-Ubuntu 13.04 was released almost 9 months ago, April 25, 2013. It was the first release with the 9 month support cycle and is nearing its end.
-
-For those who want to upgrade, they can follow the guide below to upgrade before the 27th.
-
-Ubuntu 13.10, the next step up from 13.04 will continue to be actively supported with security updates and bug fixes and package upgrades.
-
-Here’s a statement from Canonical:
-
-> Ubuntu announced its 13.04 (Raring Ringtail) release almost 9 months
-> ago, on April 25, 2013. This was the first release with our new 9
-> month support cycle and, as such, the support period is now nearing
-> its end and Ubuntu 13.04 will reach end of life on Monday, January
-> 27th. At that time, Ubuntu Security Notices will no longer include
-> information or updated packages for Ubuntu 13.04.
-
-To upgrade to Ubuntu 13.10, run the commands below to update your system first. 
-
-    sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade && sudo apt-get autoremove
-
-After running the commands below, you may restart your computer. It’s always good to restart so kernel changes and other updates can applied.
-
-Next, press **Alt – F2** on your keyboard to show Unity Command Box. Then type the command below in the box and pres Enter.
-
-    update-manager –d
-
-Next, you’ll be prompted to upgrade your machine, hit the Upgrade button to begin upgrading.
-
-![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/updatemanagerubuntu1310.png)
-
-Before upgrading you should understand that it may take update to an hour for Ubuntu to finish downloading all the upgraded packages for your machine.
-
-If you don’t have a reliable Internet connection, you shouldn’t perform in place upgrade. You may instead want to upgrade from a CD/DVD disc.
-
-Enjoy!
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/01/daily-ubuntu-tips-support-for-ubuntu-13-04-ends-january-27-2014/
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Take Screenshots Of your Desktop.md

@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-翻译中 by liuaiping
-
-Daily Ubuntu Tips – Take Screenshots Of your Desktop
-================================================================================
-Ubuntu, a powerful and modern operating system allows you to perform many tasks. From creating and editing documents using LibreOffice Productivity Suite to enhancing an image with GIMP, Ubuntu is super!
-
-If you need a super operating system to carry out your tasks, you may want to choose Ubuntu.
-
-Another thing you can do when using Ubuntu is to take screenshots of your desktop and/or active application windows. There are many third-party tools you can install to perform such tasks, but you don’t have to, because Ubuntu comes with one already installed.
-
-This program is useful if you want to show someone how do something in Ubuntu. Screenshots are just normal image files that can stored and send via email programs to others.
-
-To use the screenshots program, go to Dash or press the Windows key on your keyboard to bring up Dash. The Windows key is the key left of the spacebar with Windows logo.
-
-When Dash opens, search for Screenshot, select Screenshot to open it.
-
-Here are some of the screen you can capture:
-
-- You can grab the whole screen
-- You can grab the current program windows
-- You can select a particular area and grab it
-
-If you wan to include the mouse pointer, check the box next to it and enable it.
-
-![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/screenshot.png)
-
-When you want to capture a screen, click ‘**Take Screenshot**’.  The program will disappear and automatically take a screenshot.
-
-If you want to capture a particular area, choose that option and when you click ‘**Take Screenshot**’, the mouse pointer will change into a crosshair. You can then be drag the curser to desired size. When you stop, the image is captured automatically.
-
-This is how you do it when you’re using Ubuntu
-
-Hope this helps and please come back again.
-
-Enjoy!
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/12/daily-ubuntu-tips-take-screenshots-of-your-desktop/
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Use Spotify In Ubuntu Linux.md

@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-Daily Ubuntu Tips – Use Spotify In Ubuntu Linux
-================================================================================
-Spotify cloud music service has just lifted the restricted time limits for all users of all platforms (web/desktop/mobile). Users using any of these platforms can now listen to free music whenever without restrictions.
-
-At first, there was a straight time limit after the first 6 months had passed for all free accounts. Of course, that depends on your location. Now all free accounts can listen to music online free without the limits.
-
-Users who also listen to music from their Ubuntu desktop client will also not have the limits that were previously attached to free accounts. Ubuntu users can now enjoy music from their favorite desktop OS for free.
-
-If you’re excited, here’s a quick tip that shows you how to install the latest version of Spotify in Ubuntu Linux if you don’t already have it.
-
-For some users who are in locations Spotify isn’t available, they will have to try other means to listen. That’s because Spotify isn’t available in all countries. Here’s the list of current countries Spotify is available in. 
-
-![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/spotifycountrylist.jpg)
-
-### Installing Spotify in Ubuntu ###
-
-To install Spotify in Ubuntu, open the terminal console and run the commands below to add Spotify’s repository to Ubuntu
-
-    sudo apt-add-repository -y "deb http://repository.spotify.com stable non-free"
-
-Next, add Spotify repository key to Ubuntu by running the commands below.
-
-    sudo apt-key adv --keyserver keyserver.ubuntu.com --recv-keys 94558F59
-
-Finally, run the commands below to update your system and install Spotify.
-
-    sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install spotify-client
-
-That’s it!
-
-After Spotify is installed, you should launch Unity Dash and search for it. Launch it and begin enjoying your free music.
-
-![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/spotifyclientubuntu.png)
-
-Enjoy!
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2014/01/daily-ubuntu-tips-use-spotify-in-ubuntu-linux/
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/Easily Switch Audio Sources With Sound Switcher Indicator In Ubuntu.md

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+Easily Switch Audio Sources With Sound Switcher Indicator In Ubuntu
+================================================================================
+![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Sound_switcher_Indicator.jpeg)
+
+Sound Switcher Indicator is an applet indicator developed by [Dmitry Kann][1]. The purpose of the applet indicator is very simple, it lets you switch between different audio sources such as integrated speakers, headphone and HDMI in two mouse clicks.
+
+Big deal, you may say. After all its no rocket science. You can go to **System Settings-> Sound Settings** and can easily choose the input or output source you want. **Sound Switcher Indicator** does not do something new or something that Ubuntu does not provide, it just simplifies the whole process. This may be one of the reason why it may not be counted as one of the [best indicator applets for Ubuntu][2].
+
+How often do you need to change the audio source? For me, I have to change the audio source each time to [get sound through HDMI in external monitor][3]. And then I have to do it again after disconnecting the HDMI cable. This applet indicator comes handy for people like me who frequently switch between audio source and are lazy![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-includes/images/smilies/icon_razz.gif)
+
+### Install Sound Switcher Indicator in Ubuntu: ###
+
+Open a terminal and use the following commands to install Sound Switcher Indicator in Ubuntu:
+
+    sudo apt-add-repository ppa:yktooo/ppa
+    sudo apt-get update
+    sudo apt-get install indicator-sound-switcher
+
+#### Important note: ####
+
+Sound Switcher Indicator does not start automatically. To start it automatically, you’ll have to add it to **Startup Applications**. Open **Startup Applications** and click on **Add**. Here, give it a name, Sound Switcher for example and use “indicator-sound-switcher” (without quotes)  in **Command** section. Let me know if you have issues adding it to start up applications.
+
+What you think of Sound Switcher Indicator? Do small applets like these are beneficial for users? Do let us know of your views.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://itsfoss.com/sound-switcher-indicator-ubuntu/
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://yktoo.com/about
+[2]:http://itsfoss.com/7-best-indicator-applets-for-ubuntu-13-10/
+[3]:http://itsfoss.com/how-to-fix-no-sound-through-hdmi-in-external-monitor-in-ubuntu/

sources/Here are Facebook’s 9 top open-source projects from 2013.md

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+翻译中 by tomatoKiller
+
 Here are Facebook’s 9 top open-source projects from 2013
 ================================================================================
 Facebook and open-source software go together like Jay-Z and Beyoncé — you just can’t have one without the other.

sources/How To Install Gnome 3.10 In Ubuntu 13.10.md

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+How To Install Gnome 3.10 In Ubuntu 13.10
+================================================================================
+![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Install_Gnome_310_Ubuntu_1310.jpeg)
+
+Bored of Unity or simply dislike it? Why not **install Gnome 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10**? Installing a new desktop environment is one of the first few [things to do after installing Ubuntu 13.10][1], if you like experimenting a bit. In this quick tutorial we shall see **how to install Gnome 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10**.
+
+### Install Gnome 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10: ###
+
+We shall be using several PPAs to install Gnome 3.10 and distribution upgrade will take some time to finish. I presume you have good internet speed, if not, you can use some of the [tips to improve system performance in Ubuntu 13.10][2].
+
+#### Step 1: Install GDM [Optional] ####
+
+First step is to install [GDM][3] along with the default [LightDM][4]. This is optional but recommended as some people mentioned issues with LightDM. Open a terminal (Ctrl+Alt+T) and use the following command:
+
+    sudo apt-get install gdm
+
+#### Step 2: Add PPAs and upgrade the system ####
+
+Now is the time to add some Gnome 3.10 PPAs. Addition of PPAs will be followed by a distribution upgrade which takes time and downloads over 200 MB of data.
+
+    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-next
+    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-staging
+    sudo apt-get update
+    sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
+
+#### Step 3: Install Gnome shell ####
+
+Once the upgrade has been done, use the following command to install Gnome 3.10 in Ubuntu.
+
+    sudo apt-get install gnome-shell
+
+#### Step 4: Install Gnome specific apps [Optional] ####
+
+This step too is optional. You may want to install some Gnome specific applications to get the full feel of Gnome 3.10 in Ubuntu. You may face issues with some of these apps.
+
+    sudo apt-get install gnome-weather gnome-music gnome-maps gnome-documents gnome-boxes gnome-shell-extensions gnome-tweak-tool gnome-clocks
+
+That would be all you need to do. Restart your computer, at login, choose Gnome by clicking on the gear symbol. Here is what my Gnome 3.10 looks like on my laptop:
+
+![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Gnome_310_Ubuntu_1310.jpeg)
+
+### Uninstall Gnome 3.10: ###
+
+Did not like Gnome 3.10? No worries. Uninstall them by [deleting PPA][5]. To do that, you need to install PPA Purge (if not installed already). Use the following command:
+
+    sudo apt-get install ppa-purge
+
+And afterwards, install the PPAs you installed:
+
+    sudo ppa-purge ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-staging
+    sudo ppa-purge ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-next
+
+This will revert Gnome 3.10 to Gnome 3.8 which is available in Ubuntu 13.10 repository. To completely remove Gnome 3, use the following command:
+
+    sudo apt-get remove gnome-shell ubuntu-gnome-desktop
+
+This will revert Gnome 3.10 to Gnome 3.8 which is available in Ubuntu 13.10 repository. To completely remove Gnome 3, use the following command:
+
+    sudo apt-get remove gnome-shell ubuntu-gnome-desktop
+
+And of course you should remove any application that you installed specifically for Gnome 3.10
+
+I hope this tutorial helped you to install Gnome 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10. Did you try Gnome 3.10 already? Which you like more, Gnome or Unity?
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://itsfoss.com/install-gnome-3-ubuntu-1310/
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://itsfoss.com/things-to-do-after-installing-ubuntu-13-10/
+[2]:http://itsfoss.com/speed-up-ubuntu-1310/
+[3]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/GDM
+[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LightDM
+[5]:http://itsfoss.com/how-to-remove-or-delete-ppas-quick-tip/

sources/How to Play Blizzard's Hearthstone--Heroes of Warcraft on Linux.md

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+How to Play Blizzard's Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft on Linux
+================================================================================
+![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/How-to-Play-Blizzard-s-Hearthstone-Heroes-of-Warcraft-on-Linux-424410-3.jpg)
+
+**Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft is a collectible card game developed by Blizzard Entertainment that is free to play. You can get it to work on Linux, with the right amount of effort.**
+
+Just like most games on the Windows platform, Hearthstone: Heroes of Warcraft can be made to work with the help of Wine (wine is not an emulator). Installing it is not enough, you also have to tweak it a bit in order for it to work. 
+
+Thanks to [Michael Washington][1] (moderator of the Gaming On Linux community on Google+) and [Michael Speth][2], the maintainer on winehq.org, who gathered all instructions in one place, playing Hearthstone is just a few commands away.
+
+First of all, you're going to have to download the client from Blizzard's servers. This being a free to play game and in the open beta stages, the file is readily available for anyone who wants to grab it.
+
+Then, you have to install the latest development version of Wine. If you are on Ubuntu (the tutorial works best on Ubuntu), you can do this from the official PPA. Just enter the following commands in a terminal:
+
+    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-wine/ppa
+    sudo apt-get update
+    sudo apt-get install wine1.7
+    sudo apt-get install wine1.7-i386
+
+The appdb.winehq.org has all the information necessary to make it work. You're going to have to edit some properties for a couple of libraries.
+
+### dbghelp ###
+
+    Run winecfg
+    In the libraries tab, type dbghelp into the New override for library box.
+    Click Add, then Yes when it asks.
+    Click on dbghelp in the Existing_overrides list.
+    Click Edit.
+    Set to Disabled.
+    Click Ok. Then Ok.
+
+### msvcp100 ###
+
+    Run winecfg
+    In the libraries tab, type msvcp100 into the New override for library box.
+    Click Add, then Yes when it asks.
+    Click on msvcp100 in the Existing_overrides list.
+    Click Edit.
+    Set to native,embedded.
+    Click Ok. Then Ok.
+
+You also need to run the following command in a terminal and wait for it to complete:
+
+    winetricks wininet
+
+All you have to do now is double click the .exe file you downloaded from Blizzard and you're good to go.
+
+[Follow @thesilviu][3]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Play-Blizzard-s-Hearthstone-Heroes-of-Warcraft-on-Linux-424410.shtml
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/106295000788676760101/posts/aYfwYEoThJw?cfem=1
+[2]:http://appdb.winehq.org/objectManager.php?bShowAll=true&bIsQueue=false&bIsRejected=false&sClass=version&sTitle=&sReturnTo=&iId=29747
+[3]:https://twitter.com/thesilviu

sources/How to convert video to animated gif image on Linux.md

@@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
-How to convert video to animated gif image on Linux
-================================================================================
-Once thought of as outdated art forms, animated GIF images have now come back. If you haven't noticed, quite a few online sharing and social networking sites are now supporting animated GIF images, for example, on [Tumblr][1], [Flickr][2], [Google+][3], and [partly on Facebook][4]. Due to their ease of consumption and sharing, GIF-ed animations are now part of mainstream Internet culture.
-
-So some of you may wonder how you can create such animated GIF images. There are various online or offline tools dedicated to create animated GIF images. Another option is to create an animated GIF image off of an existing video clip. In this tutorial, I will describe **how to convert a video file to an animated GIF image on Linux**.
-
-As a more useful example, let me demonstrate how to **convert a YouTube video to an animated GIF image**.
-
-### Step 1: Download a YouTube Video ###
-
-First, download a YouTube video that you would like to convert. You can use [youtube-dl][5] tool to save a YouTube video as an MP3 file. Suppose you saved your favorite YouTube video as "funny.mp3".
-
-### Step 2: Extract Video Frames from a Video ###
-
-Next, [install FFmpeg][5] on your Linux system, which I will use to extract video frames from the video.
-
-The following command will extract individual video frames, and save them as GIF images. Make sure to use the output file format ("out%04d.gif") as is. That way, individual frames will be named and saved properly.
-
-    ffmpeg -t <duration> -ss <starting position in hh:mm:ss format> -i <input_video> out%04d.gif
-
-For example, if you want to extract the video frames of input video, for 5 seconds, starting at 10 seconds from the beginning, run the following command. 
-
-    $ ffmpeg -t 5 -ss 00:00:10 -i funny.mp4 out%04d.gif 
-
-After FFmpeg is completed, you will see a list of GIF files created, which are named as "out[\d+].gif".
-
-### Step 3: Merge Video Frames into an Animated GIF ###
-
-The next step is to merge individual GIF files into one animated GIF image. For that, you can use ImageMagick.
-
-First, [install ImageMagick][7] on your Linux system if you haven't done so.
-
-Then, run the following command to merge created GIF images into a single animated GIF file.
-
-    convert -delay <ticks>x<ticks-per-second> -loop 0 out*gif <output-gif-file>
-
-In the command, "-delay" is an option that controls the animation speed. This option indicates that [ticks/ticks-per-second] seconds must elapse before the display of the next frame. The "-loop 0" option indicates infinite loops of animation. If you want, you can specify "-loop N", in which case the animation will repeat itself N times.
-
-For example, to create an animated GIF image with 20 frames-per-second and infinite loop, use the following command.
-
-    $ convert -delay 1x20 -loop 0 out*.gif animation.gif 
-
-### Step 4 (Optional): Reduce the Size of an Animated GIF ###
-
-The last (optional) step is to reduce the size of the created GIF file, by using ImageMagick's GIF optimizer.
-
-Use the following command to reduce the GIF size.
-
-    convert -layers Optimize animation.gif animation_small.gif 
-
-Now you are ready to share the GIF image on your social networks. The following shows a sample GIF image that I created from a cute YouTube video.
-
-Enjoy. :-)
-
-[![](http://farm8.staticflickr.com/7372/10988763123_4e89a18085_o.gif)][8]
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/11/convert-video-animated-gif-image-linux.html
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:http://staff.tumblr.com/post/15623140287/1mb-gifs
-[2]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/markus-weldon-imagebank/4439159924/sizes/o/in/photostream/
-[3]:https://plus.google.com/communities/110524851358723545415
-[4]:http://mashable.com/2013/08/29/gifs-return-to-facebook/
-[5]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-save-youtube-videos-on-linux.html
-[6]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/06/how-to-install-ffmpeg-on-linux.html
-[7]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/install-imagemagick-linux.html
-[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10988763123/

sources/How to visually observe the partitions' usage with Ubuntu 13.10's Disk Usage Analyzer.md

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+How to visually observe the partitions' usage with Ubuntu 13.10's Disk Usage Analyzer
+================================================================================
+Movies, books, audio tracks are among the content types often populating the user's harddisk, aspect that usually generates various issues, such as lack of space and not clearly understanding its main cause.
+
+Ubuntu 13.10 ships by default Disk Usage Analyzer, handy utility permitting to the user to have a rapid-yet-effective look at the files and folders occupying the harddisk via graphical easily-graspable visuals.
+
+Launching Disk Usage Analyzer, faces the user with all harddisk partitions labeled with name, size and available space, clicking on an entry, opens the entry into a dedicated interface where the partition is scanned and exposed with its items.
+
+As a consequence, the user is to observe the items and their sizes via both sidebar (text based) and right-side, latter featuring a clear representation of the opened partitions; hovering the mouse pointer over the visual, reveals its size and contained items.
+
+![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/Disk%20Usage%20Analyzer%20ubuntu%2013.10.png)
+
+Disk Usage Analyzer allows, therefore, to the user to spot potentially-faulty folders unnoticed until now, for example, the user can immediately discover a big-sized element (the bigger the element, the bigger the size) occupying a significant portion of the partition, yet, due to its name, has remain unnoticed.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://iloveubuntu.net/how-visually-observe-partitions-usage-ubuntu-1310s-disk-usage-analyzer
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/Linus Torvalds Announces Kernel 3.13, opens Linux 3.14 Merge Window.md

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+Linus Torvalds Announces Kernel 3.13, opens Linux 3.14 Merge Window
+================================================================================
+Linux Kernel 3.13 has been released. However, it must be noted that the final release doesn’t bring in anything new except for a few fixes and the patch from rc8 is fairly small in size as it has a small number of architecture updates including those for ARM, PowerPC, x86, SPARC and driver updates including GPU and networking.
+
+![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/Z82K112446AM1212014.jpeg)
+
+The prominent changes include: nftables, the successor of iptables, a revamp of the block layer designed for high-performance SSDs, a power capping framework to cap power consumption in Intel RAPL devices, improved squashfs performance, AMD Radeon power management enabled by default and automatic AMD Radeon GPU switching, improved NUMA and hugepage performance , TCP Fast Open enabled by default, support for NFC payments, support for the high-availability Seamless Redundancy protocol, new drivers and many other small improvements.
+
+### A scalable block layer for high performance SSD storage ###
+
+This release includes a new design for the Linux block layer, based on two levels of queues: one level of per-CPU queues for submitting IO, which then funnel down into a second level of hardware submission queues. Experiments shown that this design can achieve many millions of IOs per second, leveraging the new capabilities of NVM-Express or high-end PCI-E devices and multicore CPUs, while still providing the common interface and convenience features of the block layer.
+
+### nftables, the successor of iptables ###
+
+There are new iptables/iptables utilities that translate iptables rules to nftables bytecode, and it is also possible to use and add new xtable modules. As a bonus, these new utilities provide features that weren't possible with the old iptables design: notification for changes in tables/chains, better incremental rule update support, and the ability to enable/disable the chains per table. The new nft utility has a improved syntax. 
+
+### Radeon: power management enabled by default, automatic GPU switching, R9 290X Hawaii support ###
+
+The power management support provides improved power consumption, which is critical for battery powered devices, but it is also a requirement to provide good high-end performance, as it provides the ability to reclock to GPU to higher power states in GPUs and APUs that default to slower clock speeds.
+
+### Power capping framework ###
+
+This release includes a framework designed around the Intel RAPL (Running Average Power Limit) that allow to set power consumption limits to devices that support it.
+
+### Support for the Intel Many Integrated Core Architecture ###
+
+This release adds support for the Intel Many Integrated Core Architecture or MIC, a multiprocessor computer architecture incorporating earlier work on the Larrabee many core architecture, the Teraflops Research Chip multicore chip research project, and the Intel Single-chip Cloud Computer multicore microprocessor.
+
+### Improved performance in NUMA systems ###
+
+This release includes many of such policies that attempt to put a process near its memory, and can handle cases such as shared pages between processes or transparent huge pages. New sysctls have been added to enable/disable and tune the NUMA scheduling.
+
+### Improved page table access scalability in hugepage workloads ###
+
+This release uses finer grained locking improving the page table access scalability in threaded hugepage workloads. For more details, see the recommended LWN article.
+
+### Squashfs performance improved ###
+
+Squashfs, the read-only filesystem used by most live distributions, installers, and some embedded Linux distributions, has got important improvements that dramatically increase performance in workloads with multiple parallel reads.
+
+### Applications can cap the rate computed by network transport layer ###
+
+This release adds a new socket option, SO_MAX_PACING_RATE, which offers applications the ability to cap the rate computed by transport layer. It has been designed as a bufferbloat mechanism to avoid buffers getting filled up with packets, but it can also be used to limit the transmission rate in applications.
+
+### TCP Fast Open enabled by default ###
+
+Optimisation to the process of stablishing a TCP connection that allows the elimination of one round time trip from certain kinds of TCP conversation, which can improve the load speed of web pages
+
+### NFC payments support ###
+
+This release implements support for the Secure Element. A netlink API is available to enable, disable and discover NFC attached (embedded or UICC ones) secure elements. With some userspace help, this allows to support NFC payments, used to implement financial transactions.
+
+Support for the High-availability Seamless Redundancy protocol
+
+It is suited for applications that demand high availability and very short reaction time.
+
+Features Courtesy [http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.13][1]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=127445
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.13

sources/Linux pwd command - Know Your Current Working Directory.md

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+[翻译中]zsJacky
+
 Linux pwd command - Know Your Current Working Directory
 ================================================================================
 Where you are inside a deep directory, sometimes you may want to know where exactly you are. With this pwd command, you can do it.
@@ -66,6 +68,6 @@ pwd may help you to know where your current directory when your bash don’t pri
 
 via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-pwd-command/
 
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[zsJacky](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/Moving a city to Linux requires political backing, says Munich project leader.md

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+Moving a city to Linux requires political backing, says Munich project leader
+================================================================================
+> Munich city authority has migrated almost 15,000 PCs from Windows NT to its own Linux distribution
+
+IDG News Service - This year saw the completion of the city of Munich's switch to Linux, a move that began about ten years ago. "One of the biggest lessons learned was that you can't do such a project without continued political backing," said Peter Hofmann, the leader of the LiMux project, summing up the experience.
+
+The Munich city authority migrated around 14,800 of the 15,000 or so PCs on its network to LiMux, its own Linux distribution based on Ubuntu, exceeding its initial goal of migrating 12,000 desktops.
+
+Munich decided to migrate its IT systems when Microsoft said it planned to discontinue support for the operating system the city then relied on, Windows NT 4.0. The city was forced to choose between moving to a newer version of Windows, or finding an alternative platform, as new software and new versions of existing software would not be available on Windows NT. The city council decided to go with Linux to become more independent from software vendors.
+
+Continued political backing was key to the success of the migration, said Hofmann.
+
+"We had it from the start and it never failed. We had to treat our politicians as stakeholders and keep them informed," he said.
+
+By doing this, the politicians never lost interest and always knew what the people involved in the project were doing, he said. "I saw a lot of other open source projects going down the sink," because they didn't have that backing, or lost it, he said.
+
+It took the city about 10 years from the first decision to switch through to completion of the LiMux project, which was originally scheduled for completion in 2009. However, there were several delays along the way.
+
+First, the migration started a year later than originally planned, said Hofmann. The second delay was caused in 2007 when the city council decided that Munich's IT department should also be responsible for the standardization of the infrastructure that is necessary for Linux clients, he said. Munich however didn't have the right processes nor the right organization for that kind of standardization, he said.
+
+The project was delayed for a third time in 2010, when the city council decided to enlarge the project, said Hofmann. Goals were added to develop three additional processes within the project: risk management, test management and requirement engineering.
+
+Despite the difficulties, Hofmann said he would do it again tomorrow.
+
+The heterogenous infrastructure of Munich's IT organization was one of the projects biggest problems, Hofmann said. When the project started there were 22 organizations that each had their own individual configuration, software, hardware, processes and knowledge for their Windows clients and the accompanying infrastructure they were using, he said. "We wanted to have a standardized, centrally delivered and developed Linux client," he said.
+
+While Hofmann expected the splintered infrastructure to cause problems, standardizing the clients proved harder than he expected, for both technical and organizational reasons.
+
+Luckily, he had the freedom to rebuild the whole of the city's IT infrastructure.
+
+"Anyone planning to switch needs to be prepared to rethink their entire IT organization. Switching to Linux is more than saving costs and using free software," he added.
+
+Munich's switch did save money though. In November 2012, responding to a question from a council member, the city calculated that migrating to LiMux instead of modernizing its existing Microsoft software [would save it over a!11 million][1].
+
+That calculation compared the LiMux option with a switch to either Windows 7 and Microsoft Office or Windows 7 and OpenOffice, the productivity suite Munich chose for LiMux. It included necessary hardware upgrades, training, external migration support and optimization processes, among other things. Both Windows options were significantly more expensive than LiMux, mainly due to Microsoft's software licensing fees.
+
+One expense Hofmann said he doesn't have with LiMux is support contracts. "What do you need a support contract for? You really get no support, you get new versions. The only reason you need it is because your lawyers tell you so they can have someone to blame if it is failing. We no longer blame anyone, we try to fix it," he said.
+
+If Munich's IT staff can't fix a bug themselves, they will find a specialist to solve the specific bug, Hofmann said. "You no longer rely on some vendor or some service that you buy. You rely on yourself and what you know," he said.
+
+There are still complaints though. Word and Excel documents received from external organizations sometimes have to be modified and sent back, which can lead to difficulties with interoperability, he said. The city is trying to convince its correspondents to use ODF, the file format of OpenOffice, or PDF for documents that don't need to be changed, Hofmann said, adding that the city has helped finance development of interoperability tools.
+
+As part of its switch to OpenOffice, however, the city implemented WollMux, an office extension for templates and forms, that was published as free software 2008 and is now used by a handful of other organizations, he said.
+
+There were other obstacles to the elimination of Microsoft Office -- including the city's reliance on over a thousand Microsoft Office and Visual Basic macros in its in-house applications, Hofmann said.
+
+Now there are around 100 such macros still in use on the few remaining Windows PCs.
+
+"It never was our goal to eliminate Windows as a whole," he said, although the city has gone well beyond its initial target of migrating 80 percent of its PCs.
+
+The financial department, for instance, still has three Windows PCs running special banking software. To switch that department to LiMux the city would have had to pay the software vendor to develop a Linux version of its application for the three PCs, Hofmann said.
+
+The city faced a similar problem in its dealings with the Bundesdruckerei, the German authority that prints passports. It mandates the use of a Windows application to transmit the data required to personalize the passports, he said.
+
+While Hofmann can look confidently to the city's future, he recognizes that switching to Linux is not for everyone. Yet even those who don't want to switch can still profit from the city's experience: "Some guy once told me, 'Since you started your project I can negotiate with Microsoft.'"
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9245353/Moving_a_city_to_Linux_requires_political_backing_says_Munich_project_leader?taxonomyId=122
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://www.itworld.com/operating-systems/321474/switching-linux-saves-munich-over-11-million

sources/Pear OS Is History!.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+Pear OS Is History!
+================================================================================
+![](http://itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/RIP_PearOS.jpeg)
+
+Start of 2014 sees the demise of another Linux distribution. This time its Mac lookalike [Pear OS][1] that bids good bye. Starting from today, Pear OS is no longer available for download. Pear Cloud server will also go offline from 31 January.
+
+Unlike [Linux distributions that were discontinued in 2013][2], Pear OS is not discontinued for the lack of fund or man power, rather it has been bought by some unknown big enterprise (I hope its not Apple :P) that will use Pear OS for its own product. That means Pear OS cannot be forked or continued by community.
+
+Owner of Pear OS, David Tavares announced the news on [Facebook][3] on 20 January 2014.
+
+> Its future is now in hands of a company who wants to remain anonymous for the moment. The concept has pleased them it and now wants to continue and improve the system for their own products. I can not give a name but it is a very large company well known …
+
+The same message is displayed on the Pear OS website as well. David thanked the user and developers for their support in the farewell message.
+
+Probably this explains why Pear OS 8 was excessively buggy. David was less focused on developing Pear OS as he was busy in finalizing the deal.  {Read: [Pear OS 8 review][4]}
+
+I saw couple of angry messages on social networking sites that it goes against the ‘norms’ of Open Source. While the outburst is justified to an extent, it is David’s right to choose what he thinks is better for his future. As he indicated that he is going in other direction, may be to start a  new venture. I wish him good luck for his future.
+
+With Pear OS gone, its users may [install Elementary OS Luna][5], another Ubuntu based distribution with OS X-inspired looks.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://itsfoss.com/pear-os-history/
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://pearlinux.fr/
+[2]:http://itsfoss.com/year-2013-linux-2-linux-distributions-discontinued/
+[3]:https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=453625568072975&id=340980619337471&stream_ref=10
+[4]:http://itsfoss.com/pear-os-8-review/
+[5]:http://itsfoss.com/guide-install-elementary-os-luna/

sources/Play the Best Linux Puzzle Games.md

@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+Play the Best Linux Puzzle Games
+================================================================================
+Linux has a prodigious library of free games many of which are released under an open source license. A large proportion of these open source games are eye catching. Popular games often have full motion video, vector graphics, 3D graphics, realistic 3D rendering, animation, texturing, a physics engine, and much more. Early computer games did not have these graphic techniques. The earliest video games were text games or text-based games that used text characters rather than vector or bitmapped graphics.
+
+The idiom 'don't judge a book by its cover' can be extended to 'don't judge a computer game by its graphics'. Whilst many of the games featured in this article have unremarkable graphics, they have many redeeming qualities, including challenging gameplay, and stretching the brain.
+
+The purpose of this article is to identify our favourite puzzle games. These games are mentally stimulating, and a great diversion from everyday life.
+
+The purpose of this article is to focus on free Linux games that garner very little attention, certainly far less than any of the commercial counterparts on Steam. All of the games featured here are worth trying out. Whilst many of them lack some of the polish and finesse of their commercial brethren, they are still good fun to play.
+
+To be eligible for inclusion in this list each game needed to meet the following requirements:
+
+- Free to play (no download charge, no monthly charge)
+- Does not require Wine to run. Wine is a compatibility layer for running Windows software
+- Must be playable and great fun
+
+Now, let's scrutinize the 30 games at hand. For each game we have compiled its own portal page, providing screenshots of the game in action, a full description of the game, with an in-depth analysis of the features of the game, together with links to relevant resources and reviews.
+
+### Puzzle Games ###
+
+- [Neverball][1] 	Tilt the floor to roll a ball through an obstacle course
+- [Incredipede][2] 	Celebrates the vast diversity of life in the world
+- [Frozen Bubble][3] 	Throw colourful bubbles to build groups and destroy the groups
+- [Enigma][4] 	Uncover pairs of identically colored Oxyd stones
+- [Crack Attack!][5] 	Similar to the Super Nintendo classic game "Tetris Attack"
+- [Puzzle Collection][6] 	36 puzzles, mostly reimplementations
+- [Zaz][7] 	Simple addictive puzzle game
+- [Berusky][8] 	Based on an ancient puzzle named Sokoban
+- [gbrainy][9] 	Train memory, arithmetical and logical capabilities
+- [Monsterz][10] 	Arcade puzzle game similar to Bejeweled, Zookeeper and Zooo
+- [levelHead][11] 	3D spatial memory game
+- [gjid][12] 	Move crates through a complex maze into recycling bins
+- [Bombermaaan][13] 	Classic Bomberman game with multiplayer support
+- [Angry, Drunken Dwarves][14] 	Fun puzzle game like Puzzle Fighter
+- [Berusky 2][15] 	Challenges your visual/spatial thinking
+- [Numpty Physics][16] 	Drawing puzzle game in the spirit of Crayon Physics
+- [Amoebax][17] 	Puyo-style puzzle game
+- [Klest-crossword][18] 	Cross-platform game for guessing crossword puzzles
+- [Xwelltris][19] 	2.5D tetris like game
+- [I Have No Tomatoes][20] 	Extreme leisure time activity
+- [Cube Trains][21] 	Build elevated railways in a city
+- [Pingus][22] 	Lemmings-like game
+- [Trackballs][23] 	OpenGL-based game of marbles through a labyrinth
+- [Brain Workshop][24] 	Dual n-back brain training exercise
+- [rezerwar][25] 	Puzzle game involving organizing pipes with blocks
+- [Brain Party][26] 	Puzzle-solving, brain-stretching game
+- [JAG][27] 	2D game similar to KDiamonds
+- [Atomic Worm][28] 	Exciting puzzle oriented snake game
+- [Pioneers][29] 	Based on the Settlers of Catan
+- [Fish Fillets NG][30] 	Port of Fish Fillets from Altar Interactive
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201084806845/PuzzleGames.html
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/2008051019354650/Neverball.html
+[2]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201101247656/Incredipede.html
+[3]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20080510102350336/FrozenBubble.html
+[4]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20080524072250420/Enigma.html
+[5]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20080524100816516/CrackAttack%21.html
+[6]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201135434313/PuzzleCollection.html
+[7]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20101211064900466/Zaz.html
+[8]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201113353386/Berusky.html
+[9]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20080525211221167/gbrainy.html
+[10]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/2009081921375955/Monsterz.html
+[11]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20090815144344770/levelHead.html
+[12]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201142055360/gjid.html
+[13]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201161809886/Bombermaaan.html
+[14]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/2009081514441763/AngryDrunkenDwarves.html
+[15]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201183159376/Berusky2.html
+[16]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20101211063800755/NumptyPhysics.html
+[17]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20090819213709180/Amoebax.html
+[18]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201165631283/Klest-crossword.html
+[19]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20090819213733554/Xwelltris.html
+[20]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201163108930/IHaveNoTomatoes.html
+[21]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140201152715356/CubeTrains.html
+[22]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20080510105058649/Pingus.html
+[23]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20090819212528284/Trackballs.html
+[24]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20100501151619134/BrainWorkshop.html
+[25]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20100503031223387/rezerwar.html
+[26]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20100503031206947/BrainParty.html
+[27]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20100808120210293/JAG.html
+[28]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/2010080812021597/AtomicWorm.html
+[29]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20090815144506601/Pioneers.html
+[30]:http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20080517164445969/FishFillets.html

sources/Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10.md

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+没人领我就继续做吧
 Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10
 ================================================================================
 ### mod_proxy_fcgi ###

sources/Should Canonical Drop the Current Background Theme for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md

@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+Should Canonical Drop the Current Background Theme for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS?
+================================================================================
+![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Should-Canonical-Drop-the-Curent-Background-Theme-for-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-420737-2.jpg)
+
+Ubuntu has been sporting the same kind of background for years, but the upcoming Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr) could be the perfect time for a change of scenery.
+
+The Ubuntu design team always aimed as keeping the background simple and familiar. As a rule of thumb, you need to make sure that people recognize the operating system at a glance, just by looking at the colors of the desktop.
+
+The last major change in this direction was at the launch of Ubuntu 10.04 LTS (Lucid Lynx). After Lucid Lynx, the backgrounds have been evolving, from one version to another, in small increments.
+
+Ubuntu 14.04 LTS (Trusty Tahr) might be the time to shake things up a bit. Canonical is also preparing a face lift for the icons and Unity7. What better moment to make Ubuntu 14.04 LTS stand apart from all the ones that came before it?
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Should-Canonical-Drop-the-Curent-Background-Theme-for-Ubuntu-14-04-LTS-420737.shtml
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/The Linux Foundation Delivers Complete 2014 Event Schedule.md

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+The Linux Foundation Delivers Complete 2014 Event Schedule
+================================================================================
+he Linux Foundation has changed up its mode of planning events, and has released its schedule of events for the entire year.  A new video is also being launched with the announcement, which is live here: [The Linux Foundation Event Experience][1]. Here are more details on what this year's foundation events will focus on.
+
+The 2014 events schedule, which includes LinuxCon and CloudOpen in North America and Europe, as well as the Linux Foundation Collaboration Summit, Embedded Linux Conference, Android Builders Summit and ApacheCon, among others.  LinuxCon and CloudOpen North America will take place this year in Chicago and will be co-located with the Linux Kernel Summit. LinuxCon and CloudOpen Europe will be in Duesseldorf, Germany, along with Embedded Linux Conference, KVM Forum and Linux Plumbers Conference.
+
+“Nearly every technology sector and community is eager to benefit from open, collaborative development process in some way,” said Jim Zemlin, executive director at The Linux Foundation, in a statement. “Today, industries as varied as automotive, life sciences and gaming are interested in tapping into the collective knowledge base and success of Linux and open development."
+
+Here are highlights from the 2014 event schedule, including some interesting cloud computing events:
+
+#### [OpenDaylight Summit][2] ####
+
+February 4-5, 2014, Hyatt Santa Clara, Santa Clara, Calif.
+
+A technical summit for developers and users involved in the community, projects, products, and companies in the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) space.
+
+#### [Linux Storage, Filesystem and MM Summit][3] ####
+
+March 24-25, 2014, The Meritage Resort, Napa Valley, Calif.
+
+Invitation-only event that brings together developers and researchers who work with the Linux storage, memory management and file system stack.
+
+#### [Linux Foundation Collaboration Summit][4] ####
+
+March 26-28, 2014, The Meritage Resort, Napa Valley, Calif.
+
+An exclusive, invitation-only summit that brings together core kernel developers, distribution maintainers, ISVs, end users, system vendors and other community organizations for sessions and workgroup meetings that help solve the most pressing issues facing Linux today.
+
+#### [ApacheCon][5] ####
+
+April 7-9, 2014, The Westin, Denver, Co.
+
+ApacheCon is the only event dedicated to bringing together the 100+ Apache Software Foundation project communities as well as other open source projects across multiple sectors in one venue to advance the work that is defining the future of technology and that represents a new generation of software development. It hosts collaboration on some of the today’s hottest open source projects, including Apache projects like Cassandra, Cordova, CloudStack, CouchDB, Geronimo, Hadoop, Hive, HTTP Server, Lucene, OpenOffice, Struts, Subversion and Tomcat, among many others.
+
+#### [CloudStack Collaboration Conference North America][6] ####
+
+April 9-11, 2014, The Westin, Denver, Co.
+
+The CloudStack Collaboration Conference North America brings together developers, systems administrators and DevOps professionals who are building and managing large networks of virtual machines and advancing the state-of-the-art for cloud computing technologies. The event offers a neutral environment where attendees can advance their work with Apache CloudStack.
+
+#### [Embedded Linux Conference][7] ####
+
+April 29-May 1, 2014, San Jose Marriott, San Jose, Calif.
+
+Now in its 10th year, this is the premier vendor-neutral technical conference for companies and developers using Linux in embedded products.
+
+#### [Android Builders Summit][8] ####
+
+April 29-May 1, 2014, San Jose Marriott, San Jose, Calif. 
+
+A technical summit for OEMs, their device manufacturers, integrators, custom builders, and the growing Android and Linux Kernel developer communities.
+
+#### [LinuxCon North America][9] ####
+
+August 20-22, 2014, Sheraton Chicago, Chicago
+
+LinuxCon is the leading annual technical conference in North America, bringing together developers, system administrators, DevOps professionals, business executives and more in a collaboration and education space for the Linux community.
+
+#### [CloudOpen North America][10] ####
+
+August 20-22, 2014, Sheraton Chicago, Chicago
+
+CloudOpen brings together the open source projects, products and companies that are driving the cloud and big data ecosystems today to share best practices from the world of traditional open source.
+
+#### [LinuxCon Europe][11] ####
+
+October 13-15, 2014, Duesseldorf Congress Centre, Duesseldorf, Germany
+
+LinuxCon Europe brings together the European Linux community, from developers, system administrators and DevOps professionals to business executives and more in a collaboration and education space for the Linux community. Previous locations have included Prague and Barcelona.
+
+#### [CloudOpen Europe][12] ####
+
+October 13-15, 2014, Duesseldorf Congress Centre, Duesseldorf, Germany
+
+CloudOpen Europe brings together the open source projects, products and companies that are driving the cloud and big data ecosystems today to share best practices from the world of traditional open source.
+
+#### [Embedded Linux Conference Europe][13] ####
+
+October 13-15, 2014, Duesseldorf Congress Centre, Duesseldorf, Germany
+
+Now in its 10th year, this is the premier vendor-neutral technical conference for companies and developers using Linux in embedded products.
+
+For more information about Linux Foundation events, you can visit: [http://events.linuxfoundation.org][14]. 
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://ostatic.com/blog/the-linux-foundation-delivers-complete-2014-event-schedule
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://youtu.be/-WUeelICQ2U
+[2]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/opendaylight-summit
+[3]:https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/lsfmm-summit
+[4]:https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/collaboration-summit
+[5]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/apachecon-north-america
+[6]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/apachecon-north-america
+[7]:https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/embedded-linux-conference
+[8]:https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/android-builders-summit
+[9]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/linuxcon
+[10]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/cloudopen-north-america
+[11]:https://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/linuxcon-europe
+[12]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/cloudopen-europe
+[13]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/embedded-linux-conference-europe
+[14]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/

sources/Top 10 Linux Games of 2013.md

@@ -1,157 +0,0 @@
-Top 10 Linux Games of 2013
-================================================================================
-**With 2013 wrapping up, we’ve brought together 10 of our favourite Linux games of the past year.**
-
-2013 was a huge year for Linux gaming with Valve’s continued commitment to the platform, encouraging words from big studios like Battlefield developers [DICE][1], and Creative Assembly’s commitment to bringing Total War: Rome II to [Linux next year][2].
-
-Our list contains both indie titles and some of the most influential AAA titles to date. **This list isn’t intended to be comprehensive nor anything other than our opinion.**
-
-All of the titles are available on Steam and/or the Ubuntu Software Center, so get your wallets and purses and prepare to throw some money at your screen!
-
-### Garry’s Mod ###
-
-![Prop or not?](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/garrysmod-prophunt.jpg)
-*Prop or not?*
-
-Garry’s Mod is a sandbox game with little to no objective in itself, but the magic is in all the props you can load up from a number of Source engine games and the growing number of mods created by the community.
-
-One such mod is [PropHunt][3] – a hide-and-seek game where one team hides as various objects on a map and the other attempts to find the filing cabinet precariously perched on a secluded staircase.
-
-It’s simple fun, yet the vast array of game mods – be it for prop hunting, spaceship building, or machinima recording – makes Garry’s Mod a fantastic addition to an avid Linux gamer’s collection.
-
-- [Get Garry’s Mod on Steam][4]
-
-### Half-Life 2 ###
-
-![Theoretical physics has never been so cool.](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/halflife.jpg)
-*Theoretical physics has never been so cool.*
-
-And speaking of the Source engine, Half-Life 2 might be the oldest game in the list, but is by far one of the most beloved both in Valve’s oeuvre and amongst all the games to come to Linux this year.
-
-Half-Life 2 continues protagonist and theoretical physicist Gordon Freeman’s story from the first title in the series as he makes his way across a world ravaged by man and alien alike. Everything from physics puzzles to frighteningly agile headcrabs stand in your way, but the journey is *still* one of the most enthralling experiences in any game today.
-
-The next title in the Half-Life series has a lot to live up to, but judging by the reception of one of the oldest titles to get a Linux port, Linux gamers are ready with crowbar and Gravity Gun in hand.
-
-- [Get Half-Life 2 on Steam][5]
-
-### Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs ###
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/amnesia-machine-for-pigs.jpg)
-
-When we reviewed Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs [in September][6], we found the title’s atmosphere as nerve-wracking as the first and worth trudging through the easy puzzles to explore the Victorian surroundings and steampunk-like machinery.
-
-One of the biggest wins was day one Linux support for a title in such a popular series. But the developers at Frictional Games have always been friends to Linux gamers, porting titles from their Penumbra series in 2007 and 2008 soon after launch.
-
-- [Get Amnesia: AMfP on Steam][7]
-- [Get Amnesia: AMfP on the Ubuntu Software Center][8]
-
-### Metro: Last Light ###
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/metro-lastlight-750x294.png)
-
-Metro: Last Light is one the first AAA titles to come to Linux and [relatively quickly][9] to boot. Set in 2034 under the nuclear-devastated city of Moscow, Metro: Last Light twists the tropes of post-apocalyptic narratives into an intense first-person shooter experience.
-
-Everything from ghosts to mutant arachnids and giant amoebas are prepared to make a normal day in post-apocalyptic Moscow a little less pleasant.
-
-It’s not as tongue-in-cheek as the similarly post-apocalyptic Fallout series, but just as reflective of the brutal, yet sometimes touching, human experience in trying times.
-
-- [Get Metro: Last Light on Steam][10]
-
-### Starbound ###
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/starbound.jpg)
-
-Think of Starbound as Terraria or a 2D Minecraft with a real storyline and set in space. What’s not to love?
-
-Much like Minecraft, you can hunt, mine, and build in the world, but unlike the popular 3D sandbox game, you can also travel to other planets and participate in an actual storyline. Your spacecraft starts off stranded in orbit and your first set of quests involves familiarising yourself with the gameplay mechanics and finding fuel for your ship before you can start exploring the procedurally generated planets. What’s more, the various monsters on each planet are also procedurally generated, so you’ll encounter some truly bizarre creatures along the way.
-
-Starbound is an **Early Access Game**, so you’ll probably discover some broken mechanics (the bow and arrow are a bit troublesome to say the least) and experience a crash or two along the way. But it’s still a fun and featureful game despite being in beta.
-
-- [Get Starbound on Steam][11]
-
-### 0 A.D. ###
-
-![Workers constructing buildings and picking berries.](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/0ad_buildings.jpg)
-*Workers constructing buildings and picking berries.*
-
-0 A.D. has been available on Linux for several years, but we think it deserves a place in the list for all its accomplishments in 2013.
-
-It’s the only free and open source title on the list and recently wrapped up a $33,251 [fundraising drive][12] – enough, they say, to hire one of their programmers for a full year. Though the game didn’t reach its more optimistic fundraising goals, that’s still $33,251 raised to support an open source project.
-
-And more than anything, it’s fun. Fans of the Age of Empires style of real-time strategy will enjoy the work that’s gone into 0 A.D. over the years. The attention to detail is evident and though the title still has a ways to go, it only stands to improve with another dedicated programmer on board.
-
-- [Get 0 A.D. on the Ubuntu Software Center][13]
-
-### War in a Box: Paper Tanks ###
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/papertanks.jpg)
-
-Tower defence games are as common as Reversi or Minesweeper, but [War in a Box: Paper Tanks][14] adds a dose of charm to the addictive genre.
-
-Its unique paper-craft aesthetic works extremely well, giving the 24 levels a tireless appeal as you play and replay each level. At $3.99 it’s an easy sell for anyone who enjoys casual tower defence games. It’s simple fun, but utterly addicting.
-
-- [Get War in a Box: Paper Tanks][15]
-
-### FEZ ###
-
-![I like fezes. Fezes are cool.](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/fez-closeup-300x204.png)
-*I like fezes. Fezes are cool.*
-
-We reviewed FEZ back [in September][16] and the perspective-shifting 2D platformer is every bit as fun as a Pillsbury Doughboy-like character with a fez on makes it sound.
-
-Jumping puzzles, mind-bending perspective puzzles, and gaming in-jokes all contribute to a title that stays fresh even when you’ve fallen off the map a dozen times or stood too close to a bomb when it goes off.
-
-- [Get FEZ on Steam][17]
-
-### Europa Universalis IV ###
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/europa-universalis-banner.jpg)
-
-Imagine Civilization with a bit more micromanagement, a big helping of history, and one gigantic difference: it’s on Linux!
-
-Unlike the Civilization games, Europa Universalis titles are historical strategy, though by no means a play-by-play of history books. And instead of battling across thousands of years, EUIV only spans the years 1444–1821. But that doesn’t mean EU is any less fun or engaging as the longer running Civilization series.
-
-EUIV plays out in real-time rather than in turns, so you’ll be pausing often to get a better view of your growing empire or your wealthy nation’s vast trade routes. The EU series can be intimidating to beginners given the scope of “grand strategy” gameplay, but if you ever wanted to play out the colonisation of the Americas or tweak the outcome of the Napoleonic Wars, it’ll be worth the effort.
-
-- [Get Europa Universalis IV on Steam][18]
-
-### Kentucky Route Zero ###
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Kentucy-Route-Zero-1.jpg)
-
-[Kentucky Route Zero][19] is one of my favourite games of all time. It’s the most artistically-orientated title in the list and one that exemplifies the more poetic side of gaming in addition to all the AAA titles that we can to look forward to in 2014 and beyond.
-
-Kentucky Route Zero brings the magical realism genre to point-and-click adventures, mixing the surreal with classic adventure game elements. You start out looking for an unknown address to deliver antiques to, but the narrative takes off in unexpected, often fantastical, directions from there.
-
-It’s a game about discovery rather than achievements or saving a princess who’s inevitably in another castle. It won’t be everyone’s cup of tea – nor will it fit everyone’s definition of a “game” – but it is one of the most meaningful and creative titles I’ve ever had the pleasure of playing.
-
-- [Get Kentucky Route Zero on Steam][20]
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/12/top-10-linux-games-2013
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:http://www.polygon.com/2013/10/12/4826190/linux-only-needs-one-killer-game-to-explode-says-battlefield-director
-[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/total-war-rome-ii-coming-linux-early-next-year
-[3]:http://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=135509255
-[4]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/4000
-[5]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/220
-[6]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/09/amnesia-a-machine-for-pigs-review
-[7]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/239200
-[8]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/amnesia-amfp/
-[9]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/metro-last-light-steam-linux-download
-[10]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/43160
-[11]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/211820
-[12]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/crowd-funding-success-historical-war-game-0-d
-[13]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/0ad/
-[14]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/03/war-in-a-box-paper-tanks-ubuntu-review
-[15]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/war-in-a-box-paper-tanks/
-[16]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/09/fez-indie-game-review-on-linux
-[17]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/224760/
-[18]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/236850
-[19]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/02/adventures-in-magical-realism-kentucky-route-zero-act-i-review
-[20]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/231200

sources/Two Pi R 2--Web Servers.md

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+[一起领了吧 —— bazz2]
+Two Pi R 2: Web Servers
+================================================================================
+In my last [article][1][注：此文章在另一篇原文“Two Pi R”中], I talked about how even though an individual Raspberry Pi is not that redundant, two Pis are. I described how to set up two Raspberry Pis as a fault-tolerant file server using the GlusterFS clustered filesystem. Well, now that we have redundant, fault-tolerant storage shared across two Raspberry Pis, we can use that as a foundation to build other fault-tolerant services. In this article, I describe how to set up a simple Web server cluster on top of the Raspberry Pi foundation we already have. 
+
+ Just in case you didn't catch the first column, I'll go over the setup from last month. I have two Raspberry Pis: Pi1 and Pi2. Pi1 has an IP address of 192.168.0.121, and Pi2 has 192.168.0.122. I've set them up as a GlusterFS cluster, and they are sharing a volume named gv0 between them. I also mounted this shared volume on both machines at /mnt/gluster1, so they each could access the shared storage at the same time. Finally, I performed some failure testing. I mounted this shared storage on a third machine and launched a simple script that wrote the date to a file on the shared storage. Then, I experimented with taking down each Raspberry Pi individually to confirm the storage stayed up.
+
+Now that I have the storage up and tested, I'd like to set up these Raspberry Pis as a fault-tolerant Web cluster. Granted, Raspberry Pis don't have speedy processors or a lot of RAM, but they still have more than enough resources to act as a Web server for static files. Although the example I'm going to give is very simplistic, that's intentional—the idea is that once you have validated that a simple static site can be hosted on redundant Raspberry Pis, you can expand that with some more sophisticated content yourself.
+
+### Install Nginx ###
+
+Although I like Apache just fine, for a limited-resource Web server serving static files, something like nginx has the right blend of features, speed and low resource consumption that make it ideal for this site. Nginx is available in the default Raspbian package repository, so I log in to the first Raspberry Pi in the cluster and run: 
+
+    $ sudo apt-get update
+    $ sudo apt-get install nginx
+
+Once nginx installed, I created a new basic nginx configuration at /mnt/gluster1/cluster that contains the following config: 
+
+    server {
+      root /mnt/gluster1/www;
+      index index.html index.htm;
+      server_name twopir twopir.example.com;
+    
+      location / {
+            try_files $uri $uri/ /index.html;
+      }
+    }
+
+Note: I decided to name the service twopir, but you would change this to whatever hostname you want to use for the site. Also notice that I set the document root to /mnt/gluster1/www. This way, I can put all of my static files onto shared storage so they are available from either host.
+
+Now that I have an nginx config, I need to move the default nginx config out of the way and set up this config to be the default. Under Debian, nginx organizes its files a lot like Apache with sites-available and sites-enabled directories. Virtual host configs are stored in sites-available, and sites-enabled contains symlinks to those configs that you want to enable. Here are the steps I performed on the first Raspberry Pi: 
+
+    $ cd /etc/nginx/sites-available
+    $ sudo ln -s /mnt/gluster1/cluster .
+    $ cd /etc/nginx/sites-enabled
+    $ sudo rm default
+    $ sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/cluster .
+
+Now I have a configuration in place but no document root to serve. The next step is to create a /mnt/gluster1/www directory and copy over the default nginx index.html file to it. Of course, you probably would want to create your own custom index.html file here instead, but copying a file is a good start: 
+
+    $ sudo mkdir /mnt/gluster1/www
+    $ cp /usr/share/nginx/www/index.html /mnt/gluster1/www
+
+With the document root in place, I can restart the nginx service: 
+
+    $ sudo /etc/init.d/nginx restart
+
+Now I can go to my DNS server and make sure I have an A record for twopir that points to my first Raspberry Pi at 192.168.0.121. In your case, of course, you would update your DNS server with your hostname and IP. Now I would open up http://twopir/ in a browser and confirm that I see the default nginx page. If I look at the /var/log/nginx/access.log file, I should see evidence that I hit the page.
+
+Once I've validated that the Web server works on the first Raspberry Pi, it's time to duplicate some of the work on the second Raspberry Pi. Because I'm storing configurations on the shared GlusterFS storage, really all I need to do is install nginx, create the proper symlinks to enable my custom nginx config and restart nginx: 
+
+    $ sudo apt-get update
+    $ sudo apt-get install nginx
+    $ cd /etc/nginx/sites-available
+    $ sudo ln -s /mnt/gluster1/cluster .
+    $ cd /etc/nginx/sites-enabled
+    $ sudo rm default
+    $ sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/cluster .
+    $ sudo /etc/init.d/nginx restart
+
+### Two DNS A Records ###
+
+So, now I have two Web hosts that can host the same content, but the next step in this process is an important part of what makes this setup redundant. Although you definitely could set up a service like heartbeat with some sort of floating IP address that changed from one Raspberry Pi to the next depending on what was up, an even better approach is to use two DNS A records for the same hostname that point to each of the Raspberry Pi IPs. Some people refer to this as DNS load balancing, because by default, DNS lookups for a hostname that has multiple A records will return the results in random order each time you make the request: 
+
+    $ dig twopir.example.com A +short
+    192.168.0.121
+    192.168.0.122
+    $ dig twopir.example.com A +short
+    192.168.0.122
+    192.168.0.121
+
+Because the results are returned in random order, clients should get sent evenly between the different hosts, and in effect, multiple A records do result in a form of load balancing. What interests me about a host having multiple A records though isn't as much the load balancing as how a Web browser handles failure. When a browser gets two A records for a Web host, and the first host is unavailable, the browser almost immediately will fail over to the next A record in the list. This failover is fast enough that in many cases it's imperceptible to the user and definitely is much faster than the kind of failover you might see in a traditional heartbeat cluster.
+
+So, go to the same DNS server you used to add the first A record and add a second record that references the same hostname but a different IP address—the IP address of the second host in the cluster. Once you save your changes, perform a dig query like I performed above and you should get two IP addresses back. 
+
+Once you have two A records set up, the cluster is basically ready for use and is fault-tolerant. Open two terminals and log in to each Raspberry Pi, and run `tail -f /var/log/nginx/access.log` so you can watch the Web server access then load your page in a Web browser. You should see activity on the access logs on one of the servers but not the other. Now refresh a few times, and you'll notice that your browser should be sticking to a single Web server. After you feel satisfied that your requests are going to that server successfully, reboot it while refreshing the Web page multiple times. If you see a blip at all, it should be a short one, because the moment the Web server drops, you should be redirected to the second Raspberry Pi and be able to see the same index page. You also should see activity in the access logs. Once the first Raspberry Pi comes back from the reboot, you probably will not even be able to notice from the perspective of the Web browser. 
+
+Experiment with rebooting one Raspberry Pi at a time, and you should see that as long as you have one server available, the site stays up. Although this is a simplistic example, all you have to do now is copy over any other static Web content you want to serve into /mnt/gluster1/www, and enjoy your new low-cost fault-tolerant Web cluster. 
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/two-pi-r-2-web-servers
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/two-pi-r

sources/Two Pi R.md

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+[bazz2 translating]
+Two Pi R
+================================================================================
+Although many people are excited about the hardware-hacking possibilities with the Raspberry Pi, one of the things that interests me most is the fact that it is essentially a small low-power Linux server I can use to replace other Linux servers I already have around the house. In previous columns, I've talked about using the Raspberry Pi to replace the server that controls my beer fridge and colocating a Raspberry Pi in Austria. After I colocated a Raspberry Pi in Austria, I started thinking about the advantages and disadvantages of using something with so many single points of failure as a server I relied on, so I started thinking about ways to handle that single point of failure. When you see "Two Pi R", you probably think the R stands for the radius for a circle. To me, it stands for redundancy. I came to the conclusion that although one Pi isn't redundant, two Pi are.
+
+So, in this article, I'm building the foundation for setting up redundant services with a pair of Raspberry Pis. I start with setting up a basic clustered network filesystem using GlusterFS. In later articles, I'll follow up with how to take advantage of this shared storage to set up other redundant services. Of course, although I'm using a Raspberry Pi for this article, these same steps should work with other hardware as well.
+
+### Configure the Raspberry Pis ###
+
+To begin, I got two SD cards and loaded them with the latest version of the default Raspberry Pi distribution from the official Raspberry Pi downloads page, the Debian-based Raspbian. I followed the documentation to set up the image and then booted in to both Raspberry Pis while they were connected to a TV to make sure that the OS booted and that SSH was set to start by default (it should be). You probably also will want to use the raspi-config tool to expand the root partition to fill the SD card, since you will want all that extra space for your redundant storage. After I confirmed I could access the Raspberry Pis remotely, I moved them away from the TV and over to a switch and rebooted them without a display connected.
+
+By default, Raspbian will get its network information via DHCP; however, if you want to set up redundant services, you will want your Raspberry Pis to keep the same IP every time they boot. In my case, I updated my DHCP server so that it handed out the same IP to my Raspberry Pis every time they booted, but you also could edit the /etc/network/interfaces file on your Raspberry Pi and change: 
+
+    iface eth0 inet dhcp
+
+to: 
+
+    auto eth0
+    iface eth0 inet static
+      address 192.168.0.121
+      netmask 255.255.255.0
+      gateway 192.168.0.1
+
+Of course, modify the networking information to match your personal network, and make sure that each Raspberry Pi uses a different IP. I also changed the hostnames of each Raspberry Pi, so I could tell them apart when I logged in. To do this, just edit /etc/hostname as root and change the hostname to what you want. Then, reboot to make sure that each Raspberry Pi comes up with the proper network settings and hostname.
+
+### Configure the GlusterFS Server ###
+
+GlusterFS is a userspace clustered filesystem that I chose for this project because of how simple it makes configuring shared network filesystems. To start, choose a Raspberry Pi that will act as your master. What little initial setup you need to do will be done from the master node, even though once things are set up, nodes should fail over automatically. Here is the information about my environment: 
+
+    Master hostname: pi1
+    Master IP: 192.168.0.121
+    Master brick path: /srv/gv0
+    Secondary hostname: pi2
+    Secondary IP: 192.168.0.122
+    Secondary brick path: /srv/gv0
+
+Before you do anything else, log in to each Raspberry Pi, and install the glusterfs-server package: 
+
+    $ sudo apt-get install glusterfs-server
+
+GlusterFS stores its files in what it calls bricks. A brick is a directory path on the server that you set aside for gluster to use. GlusterFS then combines bricks to create volumes that are accessible to clients. GlusterFS potentially can stripe data for a volume across bricks, so although a brick may look like a standard directory full of files, once you start using it with GlusterFS, you will want to modify it only via clients, not directly on the filesystem itself. In the case of the Raspberry Pi, I decided just to create a new directory called /srv/gv0 for my first brick on both Raspberry Pis: 
+
+    $ sudo mkdir /srv/gv0
+
+In this case, I will be sharing my standard SD card root filesystem, but in your case, you may want more storage. In that situation, connect a USB hard drive to each Raspberry Pi, make sure the disks are formatted, and then mount them under /srv/gv0. Just make sure that you update /etc/fstab so that it mounts your external drive at boot time. It's not required that the bricks are on the same directory path or have the same name, but the consistency doesn't hurt. 
+
+After the brick directory is available on each Raspberry Pi and the glusterfs-server package has been installed, make sure both Raspberry Pis are powered on. Then, log in to whatever node you consider the master, and use the `gluster peer probe` command to tell the master to trust the IP or hostname that you pass it as a member of the cluster. In this case, I will use the IP of my secondary node, but if you are fancy and have DNS set up you also could use its hostname instead: 
+
+    pi@pi1 ~ $ sudo gluster peer probe 192.168.0.122
+    Probe successful
+
+Now that my pi1 server (192.168.0.121) trusts pi2 (192.168.0.122), I can create my first volume, which I will call gv0. To do this, I run the `gluster volume create` command from the master node: 
+
+    pi@pi1 ~ $ sudo gluster volume create gv0 replica 2 
+     ↪192.168.0.121:/srv/gv0 192.168.0.122:/srv/gv0
+    Creation of volume gv0 has been successful. Please start 
+    the volume to access data.
+
+Let's break this command down a bit. The first part, `gluster volume create`, tells the gluster command I'm going to create a new volume. The next argument, `gv0` is the name I want to assign the volume. That name is what clients will use to refer to the volume later on. After that, the `replica 2` argument configures this volume to use replication instead of striping data between bricks. In this case, it will make sure any data is replicated across two bricks. Finally, I define the two individual bricks I want to use for this volume: the /srv/gv0 directory on 192.168.0.121 and the /srv/gv0 directory on 192.168.0.122. 
+
+Now that the volume has been created, I just need to start it:
+
+    pi@pi1 ~ $ sudo gluster volume start gv0
+    Starting volume gv0 has been successful
+
+Once the volume has been started, I can use the `volume info` command on either node to see its status: 
+
+    $ sudo gluster volume info
+
+    Volume Name: gv0
+    Type: Replicate
+    Status: Started
+    Number of Bricks: 2
+    Transport-type: tcp
+    Bricks:
+    Brick1: 192.168.0.121:/srv/gv0
+    Brick2: 192.168.0.122:/srv/gv0
+
+### onfigure the GlusterFS Client ###
+
+Now that the volume is started, I can mount it as a GlusterFS type filesystem from any client that has GlusterFS support. First though, I will want to mount it from my two Raspberry Pis as I want them to be able to write to the volume themselves. To do this, I will create a new mountpoint on my filesystem on each Raspberry Pi and use the mount command to mount the volume on it: 
+
+    $ sudo mkdir -p /mnt/gluster1
+    $ sudo mount -t glusterfs 192.168.0.121:/gv0 /mnt/gluster1
+    $ df
+    Filesystem         1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
+    rootfs               1804128 1496464    216016  88% /
+    /dev/root            1804128 1496464    216016  88% /
+    devtmpfs               86184       0     86184   0% /dev
+    tmpfs                  18888     216     18672   2% /run
+    tmpfs                   5120       0      5120   0% /run/lock
+    tmpfs                  37760       0     37760   0% /run/shm
+    /dev/mmcblk0p1         57288   18960     38328  34% /boot
+    192.168.0.121:/gv0   1804032 1496448    215936  88% /mnt/gluster1
+
+The more pedantic readers among you may be saying to yourselves, "Wait a minute, if I am specifying a specific IP address here, what happens when 192.168.0.121 goes down?" It turns out that this IP address is used only to pull down the complete list of bricks used in the volume, and from that point on, the redundant list of bricks is what will be used when accessing the volume.
+
+Once you mount the filesystem, play around with creating files and then looking into /srv/gv0. You should be able to see (but again, don't touch) files that you've created from /mnt/gluster1 on the /srv/gv0 bricks on both nodes in your cluster: 
+
+    pi@pi1 ~ $ sudo touch /mnt/gluster1/test1
+    pi@pi1 ~ $ ls /mnt/gluster1/test1
+    /mnt/gluster1/test1
+    pi@pi1 ~ $ ls /srv/gv0
+    test1
+    pi@pi2 ~ $ ls /srv/gv0
+    test1
+
+After you are satisfied that you can mount the volume, make it permanent by adding an entry like the following to the /etc/fstab file on your Raspberry Pis: 
+
+    192.168.0.121:/gv0  /mnt/gluster1  glusterfs  defaults,_netdev  0  0
+
+Note that if you also want to access this GlusterFS volume from other clients on your network, just install the GlusterFS client package for your distribution (for Debian-based distributions, it's called glusterfs-client), and then create a mountpoint and perform the same mount command as I listed above.
+
+### Test Redundancy ###
+
+Now that I have a redundant filesystem in place, let's test it. Since I want to make sure that I could take down either of the two nodes and still have access to the files, I configured a separate client to mount this GlusterFS volume. Then I created a simple script called glustertest inside the volume: 
+
+    #!/bin/bash
+
+    while [ 1 ]
+    do
+      date > /mnt/gluster1/test1
+      cat /mnt/gluster1/test1
+      sleep 1
+    done
+
+This script runs in an infinite loop and just copies the current date into a file inside the GlusterFS volume and then cats it back to the screen. Once I make the file executable and run it, I should see a new date pop up about every second:
+
+    # chmod a+x /mnt/gluster1/glustertest
+    root@moses:~# /mnt/gluster1/glustertest
+    Sat Mar  9 13:19:02 PST 2013
+    Sat Mar  9 13:19:04 PST 2013
+    Sat Mar  9 13:19:05 PST 2013
+    Sat Mar  9 13:19:06 PST 2013
+    Sat Mar  9 13:19:07 PST 2013
+    Sat Mar  9 13:19:08 PST 2013
+
+I noticed every now and then that the output would skip a second, but in this case, I think it was just a function of the date command not being executed exactly one second apart every time, so every now and then that extra sub-second it would take to run a loop would add up.
+
+After I started the script, I then logged in to the first Raspberry Pi and typed `sudo reboot` to reboot it. The script kept on running just fine, and if there were any hiccups along the way, I couldn't tell it apart from the occasional skipping of a second that I saw beforehand. Once the first Raspberry Pi came back up, I repeated the reboot on the second one, just to confirm that I could lose either node and still be fine. This kind of redundancy is not bad considering this took only a couple commands.
+
+There you have it. Now you have the foundation set with a redundant file store across two Raspberry Pis. In my next column, I will build on top of the foundation by adding a new redundant service that takes advantage of the shared storage. 
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/two-pi-r
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/Ubuntu GNOME 14.04 Wallpaper Contest Kicks Off.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+Ubuntu GNOME 14.04 Wallpaper Contest Kicks Off
+================================================================================
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/gnome_example.jpg)
+
+**Macro lenses at the ready: Ubuntu GNOME is on the hunt for a new set of community-contributed wallpapers to feature in its forthcoming release.**
+
+Ubuntu GNOME 14.04, due in mid-April, wants to look as good as it possibly can. And to do that it needs your help to ensure it ships with a swish selection of wallpapers and backgrounds.
+
+Interested? Here’s what you need to g-know.
+
+### Wallpaper Contest Rules ###
+
+Entry is open to everyone, but you’ll need to be a keen photographer or eager illustrator to take part as the Ubuntu GNOME design team are only looking to include original work.
+
+The full [submission guidelines][1] are straightforward. In summary they seek to ensure that entries:
+
+- Don’t include brand names, logos or trademarks
+- Don’t use violent, religious or explicit imagery
+- Are simple in composition with a single point of focus
+- Are designed with the GNOME Shell UI in mind
+
+It should go without saying: only submit work to which you own the full copyright, and try to aim for a minimum size of **2560 x 1600** (pixels).
+
+Deadline for all entries is February 27. After this date the Ubuntu GNOME design team will pick their favourites. The precise number of winning wallpapers will be based on the amount and overall quality of entries.
+
+Like the regular Ubuntu wallpaper competition, Ubuntu GNOME are accepting submissions on Flickr.
+
+- [Ubuntu GNOME Wallpaper Contest on Flickr][2]
+
+For those without (or unwilling to sign up for) a Yahoo! account entries can also be made via the [Ubuntu GNOME Wiki][3] (which requires an Ubuntu One account).
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/01/ubuntu-gnome-14-04-wallpaper-contest
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UbuntuGNOME/Artwork/Trusty/CommunityWallpapers
+[2]:http://www.flickr.com/groups/2484760@N20/
+[3]:https://wiki.ubuntu.com/UbuntuGNOME/Artwork/Trusty/CommunityWallpapers/Submissions

sources/Unity Control Center arrived in Ubuntu 14.04 by default.md

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+Unity Control Center arrived in Ubuntu 14.04 by default
+================================================================================
+Weeks ago, the developers [announced][1] the start on Unity Control Center, forking System Settings (GNOME Control Center) into a system-settings application aimed at Ubuntu 14.04.
+
+Essentially, Unity Control Center is to be used in the upcoming Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, forking process performed in order to avoid various issues with the GNOME flavor of Ubuntu,--Ubuntu GNOME--.
+
+Unity Control Center 14.04 has landed in Ubuntu 14.04 via the regular updates, being now enabled by default for tweaking the Ubuntu desktop.
+
+Unity Control Center, except its name, follows the same look, feel and features as the original System Settings, presenting itself as identical in terms of appearance and functionalities (yet, still in progress).
+
+Meaning, launching Unity Control Center 14.04, the user is faced with the already-familiar System Settings window and its contained entries.
+
+![](http://iloveubuntu.net/pictures_me/unity%20control%20center%20ubuntu%2014.04%20default.png)
+
+According to the developers, the forking process is to keep the GNOME-based system-settings application in use for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, while upcoming versions of Ubuntu are to probably use a Qt/QML-based system settings.
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://iloveubuntu.net/unity-control-center-arrived-ubuntu-1404-default
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://iloveubuntu.net/ubuntu-developers-registered-unity-control-center-launchpad-fork-gnome-control-center-so-we-can

sources/Why The Linux Desktop Doesn't Matter Anymore.md

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+Why The Linux Desktop Doesn't Matter Anymore
+================================================================================
+![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/630_0su/public/fields/shutterstock_134327498.jpg)
+
+The Linux desktop crew is a hardy bunch. Despite it being abundantly evident that the Linux desktop has lost whatever slim chance it once had to be relevant, Linux advocates continue to wring their hands and [say][1], "We kinda already won!... Sort of."
+
+While it's true to say—and [I've been saying it for years][2]—that Linux [qua][3] Android now reigns as the "desktop" champion, it's equally true that Linux has completely failed as a desktop operating system.
+
+The reason is pretty simple: Linux has never been easy or useful enough for Valerie.
+
+### The Best OS For Valerie ###
+
+Valerie is the lady who cuts my hair, and has done so every six weeks or so for the past 25 years. She's not an early adopter. She's very much part of the mainstream, and [if Valerie is using a technology][4], it's pretty clear that everyone else is, too. 
+
+Valerie recently tried to switch from a Windows machine to a MacBook. Given her interests (photography, primarily), I would have thought a Mac would be a great choice. But she was struggling to figure out how to transfer photos from her Seagate external hard drive to her Mac for editing purposes, and the Mac wasn't recognizing her external drive ([apparently a common issue][5]). The Best Buy employee told her she just needed to format the Seagate drive to make it Mac OS X compatible, and if she did that, everything would go swimmingly.
+
+Valerie panicked. She didn't like the idea of 32,000 photos being inaccessible, or worse—gone. 
+
+After my hair cut, I tried to help her get set up on her new MacBook. I noticed she had a Netflix app on her Windows laptop, but not on the Mac. On her Mac laptop, she just couldn't figure out how to transfer files, delete applications or do other things that had become natural to her on her Windows machine.
+
+Now, I'm a hardcore Mac fan with a house full of MacBook Airs and Pros, yet watching her struggle, I ultimately told her to just buy an Asus laptop with a one terabyte hard drive that could allow her to forego using the external hard drive. 
+
+It wasn't a question of which OS was better. It was a question of which OS was better for Valerie.
+
+### But My Grandmother Can Use Linux! ###
+
+For most people, most of the time, the answer is Windows or, given the prevalence of iPhones and iPads that seamlessly sync with the Mac OS X experience, the answer is increasingly Mac OS X. The answer is rarely, if ever, Linux.
+
+Dan Kusnetzky offers a [variety of reasons that Linux never took off in the enterprise][6], but for me, the real audience to analyze is the Valeries of the world.
+
+Had Valerie been using an iPad or iPhone, she would've had a compelling reason to use a Mac. But she doesn't own any of those things; for cost reasons, Valerie owns an Android smartphone and an Android tablet, which, for her, is mostly used as a glorified movie player. Linux doesn't help Valerie with any of this. It's irrelevant for her needs.
+
+This is why I find it so baffling when [people argue that Linux is good enough][7]:
+
+> It was never necessary for Linux to "beat Windows" on the desktop to be successful. What Linux needed to do was provide a viable alternative to Windows and other operating systems on the desktop. And it has done that over and over again for years. Any Windows user who wants to dump Microsoft can do so today, and can move to Linux for his or her computing needs.
+
+This is so patently untrue that it's breathtaking. Yes, people can get basic computer functions from Linux, and even advanced functionality. What they can't get is an experience that easily blends with other devices or computing experiences they already own. 
+
+### The Web Is The New Linux ###
+
+Rather than Linux, I suspect the new "desktop" winner will be Google. Not Android, per se, but Google. As [Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols notes][8], Google's Chromebooks have been flying off the shelves as they offer a great, low-cost complement to Google services. I can see Valerie using a Chromebook, because it extends the the Google experience that she already loves into a new (but actually old) form factor. Thanks to Picasa, where she already keeps copies of her photos, she should be all set.
+
+Linux is irrelevant to Valerie's needs. Not because it can't fill them, but because it forces her to conform to Linux, rather than having it conform to her needs. And guess what? There are billions of Valeries on this earth, people for whom the choice of desktop OS is not a matter of politics but rather of convenience. The Linux desktop is long on the former, and falls short of the latter.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://readwrite.com/2014/01/23/why-the-linux-desktop-never-mattered#feed=/hack&awesm=~ou6OVYfWhEnIe6
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/398428/has-linux-lost-desktop-forever-windows
+[2]:http://readwrite.com/2013/02/04/the-year-of-the-linux-desktop-2012#awesm=~otMxvaN3z0hqn1
+[3]:https://www.google.com/search?q=qua&oq=qua&aqs=chrome..69i57j69i61l2j0l2j69i61.6997j0j7&sourceid=chrome&espv=210&es_sm=91&ie=UTF-8
+[4]:http://news.cnet.com/8301-13505_3-10113244-16.html
+[5]:https://discussions.apple.com/message/12225326#12225326
+[6]:http://www.zdnet.com/why-didnt-linux-win-on-the-desktop-7000024760/
+[7]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/398428/has-linux-lost-desktop-forever-windows
+[8]:http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9245119/Steven_J._Vaughan_Nichols_The_Windows_killer_Chromebook

translated/10 Useful Open Source Web Based File Managers.md

@@ -1,34 +1,34 @@
-
-10个有用的开源网络文件管理器
+10个有用的开源网络文件管理器 
 ================================================================================
-目前，随着因特网的使用率增加，文件管理变得比以前更加有用。对很多人来说，有一个应用程序来有效管理你在网络上的文件是必不可少的。因此，这里列出了10个你可能使用到的最好的开源文件管理器！
+
+目前，随着因特网使用率的增加，文件管理变得比以前更加有用。对很多人来说，有一个应用程序来有效管理你在网络上的文件是必不可少的。因此，下面列出你会用到的10个最好的开源文件管理器。
 
 ![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/xBds51300PM1102014.jpg)
 
-1. **eXtplorer**: 这个程序为你提供了移动、复制、编辑、搜索、删除、下载和上传功能。此外，你也能用eXtplorer创建和提取档案，文件夹和新文件。它的关键功能是让你通过FTP访问文件，你能选择在Mozilla 公共许可或者GNU公共许可下去使用这个功能。为了正常使用这个文件管理器，服务器的PHP最低版本要求为PHP4.3 并且浏览器的支持JavaScript。
+1. **eXtplorer**: 这个程序为你提供了移动、复制、编辑、搜索、删除、下载和上传功能。此外，你也能用 eXtplorer 创建和提取档案，文件夹和新文件。它的主要功能是让你通过 FTP 访问文件，你能选择在 Mozilla 公共许可或者 GNU 公共许可下去使用这个功能。为了正常使用这个文件管理器，服务器的PHP最低版本要求为 PHP 4.3 并且必须更新JavaScript。
 
-2. **AjaXplorer**:绝大多数浏览器都支持这个文件管理器并且它能很轻易地自动适应类似于手机一样的小屏幕浏览。目前iOS版的程序已经被开发出来了，安卓版的也很快就能出来。要运行AjaXplorer:，你所需要的是一个支持PHP5.1或者更高版本的网络服务器来。它允许你直接从服务器流视频内容。
+2. **AjaXplorer**:绝大多数浏览器都支持这个文件管理器，并且它能很轻易地自动适应类似于手机一样的小屏幕浏览。目前iOS版的程序已经被开发出来了，安卓版的也将很快完成。要运行 AjaXplorer:，你所需要的是一个支持 PHP5.1 或者更高版本的网络服务器来。它允许你直接从服务器流式传输视频内容。
 
-3. **KFM**: 这个免费和开源文件管理器可以作为像FCKedition、CKeditor、Tiny MCE 等富文本编辑器一样的插件。如果您正在使用一个基于Linux的操作系统,那么你需要PHP 5.2或更高版本,而Mac OS X和Windows分别需要MySQL4.1或更高版本和MySQL5.0或更高版本。它有一个自己的搜索引擎,附带了一个文本编辑器,可以突出显示语法。它还带有mp3播放和视频播放选项。
+3. **KFM**: 这个免费和开源文件管理器可以作为像 FCKedition、CKeditor、Tiny MCE 等富文本编辑器一样的插件。如果您正在使用一个基于 Linux 的操作系统，那么你需要 PHP 5.2 或更高版本,而 Mac OS X 和 Windows 分别需要 MySQL 4.1 或更高版本和 MySQL 5.0 或更高版本。它有一个自己的搜索引擎,附带了一个文本编辑器,可以高亮显示语法。它还带有 mp3 播放和视频播放选项。
 
-4. **PAFM**:这个文件管理器让用户完全控制文件,还允许使用CodePress编辑源代码。文件管理器的主要特点来自CodePress,它提供了语法高亮显示。
+4. **PAFM**:这个文件管理器让用户完全控制文件,还允许使用 CodePress 编辑源代码。文件管理器的主要特点来自 CodePress,它提供了语法高亮显示。
 
 5. **QuiXplorer**: 这个文件管理器可用于在互联网和局域网管理和共享文件。它还提供了一种多用户模式,每个用户可以有自己的设置。
 
-6. **BytesFall** Explorer:这个使用PHP和JavaScript编写的管理器在GNU GLU 许可下发布。它的UI非常类似于Windows资源管理器但是它使用了类似于GeSHi、LiveTree、Shell命令、FCKeditor等的项目，因此有一组不同的功能。
+6. **BytesFall** Explorer:这个使用 PHP 和 JavaScript 编写的管理器在GNU GLU 许可下发布。它的 UI 非常类似于 Windows 资源管理器，但是它使用了类似于 GeSHi、LiveTree、Shell 命令、FCKeditor 等项目，因此有一组不同的功能。
 
-7. **NavPHP**: 这个文件管理器是使用PHP和AJAX编写的，并且提供了WindowsXP风格的导航。和 QuiXplorer一样,这个管理器也有一个多用户模式,并有自己的代码编辑器。此外,它还可以压缩和Gzip打包一个网页。你也可以使用这个管理器下载一个压缩成zip格式的文件或文件夹。
+7. **NavPHP**: 这个文件管理器是使用PHP和AJAX编写的，并且提供了WindowsXP风格的导航。和 QuiXplorer 一样,这个管理器也有一个多用户模式,并有自己的代码编辑器。此外,它还可以压缩和Gzip打包一个网页。你也可以使用这个管理器下载一个压缩成zip格式的文件或文件夹。
 
-8. **iDC File Manager**:这是一个可以安装在基于Linux或windows的网络服务器的多用户系统。它提供了热键功能并支持社交网络,还可以监视用户活动。它的数据库是MySQL。
+8. **iDC File Manager**:这是一个多用户系统，可以安装在基于 Linux 或 Windows 的网页服务器上。它提供了热键功能并支持社交网络,还可以监视用户活动。它的数据库是 MySQL。
 
-9. **FileMan**:这个文件管理器带有一个所见即所得编辑器,可以编辑和创建HTML文件。除了HTML编辑器,它还具有其他很多有用的选项。
+9. **FileMan**:这个文件管理器带有一个所见即所得编辑器,可以编辑和创建 HTML 文件。除了 HTML 编辑器,它还具有其他很多有用的选项。
 
-10. **Relay**: 这个文件管理器使用GNU公共许可并支持AJAX。如果你使用大量的目录和文件,那么这个管理器对你来说非常理想。
+10. **Relay**: 这个文件管理器使用 GNU 公共许可并支持 AJAX。如果你使用大量的目录和文件,那么这个管理器对你来说非常理想。
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=126569
 
-译者：[kingname](https://github.com/kingname) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[kingname](https://github.com/kingname) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

translated/12 Advanced Commands For Linux Server Admins!.md

@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-Linux 服务器管理员的12个高级命令！
-================================================================================
-我们已经读了很多教程和看了很多视频了，你现在是一名Linux高级用户了。好的，恭喜你。但是还有一些需要学习！下面一些命令在你成为全能的管理员时会派上用场！
-
-![](http://www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/fQjv122633PM162014.png)
-
-1. **ifconfig**:你会在提升内核驻留的网络接口时会用到ifconfig命令。这个命令通常用于系统调校和调试，但是用于在启动中设置接口。
-
-2. **netstat**:是一个对于Linux用户用于显示网络相关信息的高级命令。它包含了如:路由表、网络连接、伪装连接、接口统计还有其他。
-
-3. **nslookup**:这个命令在你需要找出关于网络服务的信息时使用到。它找到你所查询的DNS域的名称服务器的信息。
-
-4. **dig**:dig工具用于请求DNS域名服务器。如果你要找出主机地址、邮件交换、名称服务器和其他相关信息，那么这是个给你的工具。你可以在Linux和Mac OS X操作系统上使用这个命令。
-
-5. **uptime**: uptime命令用于验证服务器在无人照看下发生了什么。它特别在你坐在服务器前面并看见了一些错误。
-
-6. **wall**:这个命令用于发送信息给所有已登录的用户。你只可以发消息给那些信息权限设置成了'是'的用户。消息被作为wall命令的参数给出。
-
-7. **mesg**: 用户可以使用'write'命令给你发送消息。但是作为服务器管理员，你可以使用mesg命令来决定他们是否可以接收消息。你可以选择'n'和'y'，这会相应地在屏幕上不弹出或者弹出消息。
-
-8. **write**: 如果对于一个用户的'mesg'命令的状态设置为'y'，那么write命令就允许你发送消息给那个用户。
-
-9. **talk**: 当简单的消息不够时，使用talk命令给登陆的用户。
-
-10. **w**: 这个命令是uptime和who命令的结合，如果他们一个接一个给出了特定的顺序。
-
-11. **rename**:当你需要重命名特定的文件时，rename命令会派上用场。这个命令会重命名文件通过替换文件的首次出现。
-
-12. **top**:这个命令显示运行在CPU上的进程。命令会自动刷新并保持显示进程直到你使用中断命令停止它。
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=125990
-
-译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

translated/2013：The Golden Year for Linux – 10 Biggest Linux Achievements.md

@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-2013：Linux的黄金年-十大杰出成就
-================================================================================
-
-**2013年**快结束了。这一年发生很多里程碑事件使得今年可以称得上**Linux的黄金年**。一些成果从**FOSS**和**Linux**的角度来看可以说是举世瞩目的成就。
-
-![2013 Year of Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Year-2013-Linux.jpg)
-
-### 1.Android的上升趋势 ###
-
-2013年标志着Android手机的日活跃数量为**150万**。不用说，Android使用**Linux内核**是Android著名的标志，并受到大家的热情推崇，这将在未来的日子里继续。
-
-### 2. Raspberry pi ###
-
-一个曾经在低成本史上最伟大的开发，单板计算机**Raspberry pi**。Raspberry Pi的目的就是为了通过FOSS社区在学校和其他地方推广Linux，并仍在继续。
-
-### 3. Debian的空间应用 ###
-
-Debian，最新Linux发行版被用于在2013年的三月下旬的**航天飞机**实验中的控制使命。这个实验的主要内容是通过Debian控制系统来尝试通过无土栽培来为宇航员提供空气和实物的方式。
-
-### 4. SteamOS的崛起 ###
-
-SteamOS，一个基于Debian发行版被设计用于**Stream Machine Game Console**并将在**2013年12月**中旬发布。GNU/Linux的潮流应用于游戏环境无疑是一个非常受欢迎的行为。
-
-### 5. Linux的平板应用 ###
-
-查看**亚马逊**的平板销量，前十的平板都是Android操作系统。苹果和微软的平板则排在第11和12位，对于FOSS社区来说确实是个好消息。
-
-### 6. Chromebooks ###
-
-Chromebooks通过很多高端制造商赢得了笔记本电脑市场，三星，华硕推出GNU/Linux操作系统的电脑比例超过专有操作系统。
-
-### 7. The Firefox OS ###
-
-Firefox OS，用于智能手机和平板的基于Linux的开源操作系统，在**2013年4月**下旬发布了。智能手机基于**ARM**构架的Linux发行版，显示出广阔的前景。
-
-### 8. Kali发布 ###
-
-来自开发者的BackTrack Linux成为**Kali Linux**。Kali是是基于Debian的Linux发行版，母系统主要开发用于渗透测试，并分享了大量的Debian版本库，一个最丰富的发行版。Kail保持着在很短时间内超高下载记录。
-
-### 9. Android Kitkat ###
-
-最新发布的最受期待的android版本被命名为**Kitkat**，Google宣布**Android 4.4**又名**KitKat 4于2013年9月发布**.虽然之前预测的发布版本是**5.0 Key Lime Pie**。Kitkat进行了优化，能在具有最小的**512 MB内存**的设备上运行。
-
-### 10. Linux 在汽车上的应用 ###
-
-截至目前，Linux被应用于各种可穿戴设备，从手腕的手表，遥控器到飞船，所以**Linux在汽车上的应用**不是很意外但当Linux的作用表现在**汽车趋势杂志**的年度车上仍然是令人惊讶。2013年被选为优胜候选的两个型号，都运行Linux系统。
-
-这个故事会在未来继续下去。我们可能错过了一些重要的里程碑，你可以在评论部分告诉我们。以上是我们（**Tecmint**）给读者在这黄金一年的最后一篇文章。
-
-希望您能在新的一年里一如既往的支持我们。我们会在以后的日子里继续为您提供科技文章。继续关注**Tecmint**。
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.tecmint.com/2013-the-golden-year-for-linux-and-foss/
-
-译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

translated/6 Unusual Yet Great Linux Operating Systems For Your Netbook!.md

@@ -1,29 +1,25 @@
-为你的上网本添活力 - 6款强大而又不平凡的 Linux 操作系统
-
+使用6款卓尔不群的Linux操作系统为你的上网本添活力
 ================================================================================
 
+> 基于Linux的操作系统的优点是它们可以根据不同的需求定制。因此，在这里我们将为您呈现6款专为上网本设计不同于其它而又有趣的顶尖发行版。
 
-> 基于Linux的操作系统的优点是它们可以根据不同的需求定制。所以，在这里我们将呈现顶尖的6款专为笔记本设定不寻常而又有趣的发行版。
+评定一款上网本的OS是否良好，主要取决于它能否“物尽其用”。当在闲置模式下,内存使用应该降到最小限度，你需要一个很好的导航系统来避免屏幕的错乱。
 
-
-评定一款上网本OS是否良好，主要取决于它是否能“物尽其用”。当在闲置模式下,内存使用应该降到最小限度，你需要一个很好的导航系统来避免屏幕的错乱。
-
-
-对于一位 Linux 爱好者来说，拥有一款对本本优化过的操作系统，同时还是基于开源技术，这是该有多好啊。
+对于一名 Linux 爱好者来说，拥有一款对本本优化过的操作系统，同时还是基于开源技术，这该有多好啊。
 
 ![](http://1-ps.googleusercontent.com/h/www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/150x150xlU3z33744PM1132014.jpg.pagespeed.ic.3AoI0od5vQ.jpg)
 
-1.**AntiX** - 利用了 iceWM 窗口管理器，能帮助维持初始内存的低占用。虽然它并不像 Ubuntu,Mint和Elementary 那样风靡，但是它具备全功能。在底部有一个导航任务栏，在桌面上有标准的跨操作系统的图标已经存在数年之久。AntiX 携带有一系列的应用程序，其中只有少部分不太适合用于上网本。
+1. **AntiX** - 利用了 iceWM 窗口管理器，能帮助维持初始内存的低占用。虽然它并不像 Ubuntu, Mint 和 Elementary 那样风靡，但是它功能齐全。在底部有一个导航任务栏，桌面上的标准跨操作系统图标已经存在数年之久。AntiX 带有一系列的应用程序，其中有少部分不太适合用于上网本。
 
-2. **SparkyLinux** - Razor-Qt 的外观和感受是非常传统的，底部有一个面板，菜单位于底部的左下角。SparkyLinux 携带有一些应用程序。开发者再次选择了 LibreOffice 套件，而不是更加轻量的 Abiword 和 Gnumeric 工具包。
+2. **SparkyLinux** - Razor-Qt 的外观和体验是非常传统的，底部有一个面板，菜单位于底部的左下角。SparkyLinux 带有一系列应用程序。开发者再次选择了 LibreOffice 套件，而不是更加轻量的 Abiword 和 Gnumeric 工具包。
 
-3. **Lubuntu** - LXDE 桌面非常的轻量，也近乎 Xubuntu 那么容易定制。这桌面在熟悉不过了，在底部有一个面板带有菜单和系统托盘图标。然而，你可以定制你自己想要的 Lubuntu，如果你喜欢完全可以定制个多面板的。Sylpheed 邮件客户端，火狐浏览器，以及 Abiword 和 Gnumeric ，这些应用程序对于上网本来说在合适不过了。
+3. **Lubuntu** - LXDE 桌面非常的轻量，也近乎 Xubuntu 那么容易定制。这桌面在熟悉不过了，在底部有一个面板带有菜单和系统托盘图标。不过，你可以根据自己需要多面板自定义 Lubuntu 外观。Sylpheed 邮件客户端，火狐浏览器，以及 Abiword 和 Gnumeric ，这些应用程序对于上网本来说在合适不过了。
 
-4. **OS4** - 基于 Xubuntu。使用了 XFCE 桌面在自制方面很强大，你可以尝试任何的方式来工作。XFCE 是一款轻量级的桌面环境，在上网本上运行极佳。然而，你需要安装额外的限制包来播放 Flash 视频和 MP3 , 但是OS4会让这些立马工作。同时安装有 Commodore Amiga 模拟器，你如果喜欢在你的上网本上玩复古游戏，那么这是个再好不过的选项。
+4. **OS4** - 基于 Xubuntu。使用了 XFCE 桌面，完美定制，你可以尝试任何一种方式来工作。XFCE 是一款轻量级的桌面环境，在上网本上运行极佳。然而，你需要安装额外的限制包来播放 Flash 视频和 MP3 , 但是OS4会让这些立马工作。同时安装有 Commodore Amiga 模拟器，你如果喜欢在你的上网本上尝试一款经典复古游戏，这是个再好不过的选项。
 
-5. **Point Linux** - 它使用了MATE桌面，使它变得更加独特。MATE 桌面最初源于 GNOME2 ,但是现在他已经凭借自身发展成一个真正优秀的的桌面环境。Point Linux 显得非常的时尚。菜单看起来非常好，在上网本上的执行效率也很好。类似于 LXDE 和 XFCE 桌面，他也有很高的定制性。Point Linux 默认带有 4 个虚拟工作区，允许你最大限度的使用你的上网本，因此它受到内存和处理器处理显示问题的限制。
+5. **Point Linux** - 它使用了MATE桌面，使它变得更加独特。MATE 桌面最初源于 GNOME2 ,但是现在它已经凭借自身发展成一个真正优秀的桌面环境。Point Linux 外观看起来非常时尚。菜单看起来非常好，在上网本上的执行效率也很高。类似于 LXDE 和 XFCE 桌面，它也有很高的定制性。Point Linux 默认带有 4 个虚拟工作区，允许你最大限度的使用你的上网本，因此它受到内存和处理器处理显示问题的限制。
 
-6. **Elementary OS** - 如果你在寻找一些非常时尚的东西，那么这款绝对适合你。它没有安装 Office 套件，但是你有选项可以挑选你想要的工具。对于网页浏览器你可以用 Midori ，邮件客户端可以用 Geary。安装有 Totem 可以观看视频，和一款紧凑型的音频应用程序名为 Noise。
+6. **Elementary OS** - 如果你在寻找一些非常时尚的东西，那么这款绝对适合你。它没有安装 Office 套件，但是你可以挑选你想要的工具。对于网页浏览器你可以用 Midori，邮件客户端可以用 Geary。安装有用来观看视频的 Totem 以及一款名为 Noise的紧凑型音频应用程序。
 
 来源： eyerydaylinuxuser.com
 
@@ -31,6 +27,6 @@
 
 via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=126643
 
-译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 
 
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

translated/Built in Audit Trail Tool – Last Command in Linux.md

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+内置审计跟踪工具- Linux last命令
+================================================================================
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/linux-last-command.jpg)
+
+如果你是一个服务器管理员，你或许理解你要保护你的服务器。不仅是从外部，还要从内部保护。linux有一个内置工具来看到最后登陆服务器的用户
+
+这个命令是**last**。命令**对于追踪非常有用**。让我们来看一下last可以为你做些什么。
+
+### last命令的功能是什么 ###
+
+**last**显示**/var/log/wtmp**文件创建起所有登录(和登出)的用户。这个文件是二进制文件,它不能被文本编辑器浏览比如vi,Joe或者其他软件。这个技巧非常聪明因为用户(或者root)不能向他们希望的那样修改文件文件。
+
+last会给出所有已登录用户的用户名,tty,IP地址(如果用户是远程连接的话),日期-时间,用户已经登录的时间。
+
+### 如何运行last ###
+
+你只要在控制台中输入**last**.这是个例子:
+
+    $ last
+
+    leni pts/0 10.0.76.162 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53)
+    pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in
+    reboot system boot 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05) 
+
+这里是如何阅读last信息:
+
+- 第一列告诉谁是用户
+- 第二列给出了用户如何连接的信息
+
+>     pts/0 (伪终端) 意味着从诸如SSH或telnet的远程连接的用户
+> 
+>     tty (teletypewriter) 意味着直接连接到计算机或者本地连接的用户
+> 
+>     除了重启活动,所有状态会在启动时显示
+
+- 第三列**显示用户来自哪里**。如果用户来自于远程计算机,你会看到一个主机名或者IP地址。如果你看见:0.0 或者什么都没有,这意味着用户通过本地终端连接.除了重启活动,内核版本会显示在状态中。
+- 剩下的列显示**日志活动发生在何时**。括号中的数字告诉我们连接持续了多少小时和分钟。
+
+### 日常操作中last的一些示例 ###
+
+#### 限制显示行的数目 ####
+
+当你有很多行要显示时,你可以限制你想看到的行的数目.使用 **-n 参数**来这么做。
+
+    $ last -n 3
+
+    leni pts/0 10.0.76.162 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53)
+    pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in
+    reboot system boot 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05)
+
+**-n parameter** 会使last显示从当前时间到以后的3条记录。
+
+#### 不显示主机名 ####
+
+使用 **-R parameter** 来这么做。这里是例子 :
+
+    $ last -R
+
+    leni pts/0 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53)
+    pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in
+    reboot system boot Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05)
+
+如你所见,现在在也没有关于主机或者IP地址的信息了。
+
+#### 最后一列显示主机名 ####
+
+要这么做,我们使用 **-a parameter**
+
+    $ last -a
+
+    leni pts/0 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53) 10.0.76.162
+    pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in :0.0
+    reboot system boot Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05) 2.6.32-358.23.2.el6.i686
+
+现在主机信息诸如10.0.76.162 会放在最后一列。
+
+#### 显示完整登入登出时间日期 ####
+
+对于此,你可以使用 **-F parameter**。这个是个示例:
+
+    $ last -F
+
+    leni pts/0 10.0.76.162 Mon Dec 2 12:32:24 2013 – Mon Dec 2013 13:25:24 2013 (00:53)
+
+#### 打印特定的用户名 ####
+
+如果你想要追踪特定的用户,你可以特别打印它。在last命令后面输入用户名。
+
+    $ last leni
+
+    leni tty1 Mon Dec 2 18-42 still logged in
+    leni pts/0 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53) 10.0.76.162
+
+或者你想要知道**reboot**何时完成,你也可以这样显示它
+
+    $ last reboot
+
+    reboot system boot Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 16:55 (07:34)
+    reboot system boot Sun Dec 1 04:26 - 04:27 (00:01)
+    reboot system boot Wed Nov 27 20:27 - 01:24 (04:57)
+    reboot system boot Tue Nov 26 21:06 - 06:13 (09:06)
+
+#### 打印特定 / pts ####
+
+last同样可以打印特定tty/pts的信息. 只要在last命令后面输入tty名字或者pty名字。
+这里有一些例子:
+
+    $ last tty1
+
+    pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in
+    pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 04:26 – down (00:00)
+    pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 04:07 – down (00:00)
+    pungki tty1 Sun Dec 1 18:55 – 04:07 (09:12)
+
+    $ last pts/0
+
+    leni pts/0 10.0.76.162 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53)
+    pungki pts/0 :0.0 Wed Nov 27 20:28 – down (04:56)
+
+当你看到 **down 的值** - 比如上面的第二行,它意味着用户从某个时间登录直到系统重启或关机。
+
+#### 使用另一个文件而不是 /var/log/wtmp ####
+
+默认上,last命令会从**/var/log/wtmp**中解析信息。如果你想要**last命令**从另外一个文件解析,你可以使用**-f参数**。比如,你可以在某些条件后倒换日志。让我们假设前面的文件名为**/var/log/wtmp.1**。那么last命令会像这样。
+
+    $ last -f /var/log/wtmp.1
+
+#### 显示运行级别改变 ####
+
+这里有个**-x 参数**如果你想要改变运行级别。这里示例输出:
+
+    pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 19:21 still logged in
+    runlevel (to lvl 3) 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 19:20 – 19:29 (00:08)
+    reboot system boot 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 19:20 – 19:29 (00:08)
+    shutdown system down 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 18:56 – 19:20 (00:23)
+    runlevel (to lvl 0) 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 18:56 – 18:56 (00:00)
+    leni tty1 Mon Dec 2 18:42 – down (00:00) 
+
+你可以看到这里有两个运行级别。运行级别**to lvl 3**的条目意味着系统运行在完整的控制台模式.没有活跃的X window或者GUI.同时,当系统**关机**时,Linux在**运行级别0**。这就是为什么last会显示**to lvl 0**。
+
+#### 查看失败登录 ####
+
+当**last**命令记录成功登录,那么 **lastb** 命令**记录失败的登录尝试**。你**必须拥有root**权限来运行lastb命令。这里有一个lastb命令的示例输出。lastb会解析/var/log/btmp的信息。
+
+    # lastb
+
+    leni tty1 Mon Dec 2 22:12 – 22:12 (00:00)
+    rahma tty1 Mon Dec 2 22:11 – 22:11 (00:00) 
+
+#### 倒换日志 ####
+
+既然*/var/log/wtmp**记录每次的登录活动,文件的大小可能会快速地增长。默认上,Linux会每月**倒换 /var/log/wtmp/**。倒换活动的细节放在/etc/logrotate.conf 文件中。这里是我**/etc/logrotate.conf**文件的内容。
+
+    /var/log/wtmp {
+    　　monthly
+    　　create 0664 root umtp
+    　　minsize 1M
+    　　rotate 1
+    }
+
+对于 **/var/log/btmp**, 这里是默认的倒换活动配置
+
+    /var/log/btmp {
+    　　missingok
+    　　monthly
+    　　create 0600 root umtp
+    　　minsize 1M
+    　　rotate 1
+    }
+
+### 总结 ###
+
+你可以结合这些参数来自定义last和lastb的输出。所有可以**运行于last命令**的参数都**可运行在**lastb命令上。更多细节,请通过在控制台输入**man last**来访问。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-last-command/
+
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

translated/Conky Harmattan Is A Stylish Desktop Companion For Linux.md

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+Conky Harmattan是一款时尚的Linux桌面助手
+================================================================================
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/conky-harmatten.jpg)
+
+**俗话说得好，‘力量越大，责任越大’ - 至少在Conky这个Linux的多功能的系统监视工具上面是完全正确的。**
+
+一方面它特性强大，灵活性强，另一方面它的设置比较麻烦。
+
+![Several themes and modes are included](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Screen-Shot-2014-01-21-at-20.42.42.png)
+
+**Conky Harmattan**，一个来源于deviantArt用户Zagortenay333的新主题收集器，也不例外。虽然屏幕截图显示的是一个一定要打动大多数人的时尚桌面小工具，但看到了解到它的复杂配置后估计会吓跑许多人了。
+
+为了帮助使用者，它的作者提供了**一步一步的安装指导**，安装过程未按正常状况进行，**有效“故障排除” 手册**列出如何修复一些最常见的问题。
+
+Harmatten包括：
+
+- **12个主题**，包括Ubuntu Touch，Numix和Elementary designs
+- **4种显示模式**，包括‘mini’和‘compact‘
+- **2种天气模式**
+- **天气单位转换**
+
+默认情况下Harmattan是“固定”；这意味着你不能使用你的鼠标移动它。相对的，你需要调整'x'和'y'的值就在conky-config文件的安装过程中 - 在“faff”一栏中打勾另一个！
+
+不像大多数Conky主题Harmattan不要求你跳转至lua你看到的其余内容复制到你的屏幕上。
+
+### 获取Harmattan Conky ###
+
+要使用这个主题，你需要先从Ubuntu软件中心安装conky-all和curl。如果没有这些某些功能可能无法正常工作。
+
+- [Install conky-all in Ubuntu][1]
+- [Install curl in Ubuntu][2]
+
+下一步，从作者deviantArt的页面上下载主题。
+
+- [Download Conky Harmattan][3]
+
+之后提取Harmattan文件，按Ctrl + H在Nautilus文件浏览器查看“隐藏”的文件。
+
+最后，根据’安装‘指导进行。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/01/conky-harmattan-for-linux
+
+译者：[乌龙茶](https://github.com/yechunxiao19) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:apt:conky-all
+[2]:apt:curl
+[3]:http://www.deviantart.com/art/Conky-Harmattan-426662366

translated/Daily Ubuntu Tips – Take Screenshots Of your Desktop.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+每日Ubuntu小技巧——截屏
+===========================================================================
+
+Ubuntu 是一个功能强大的现代化操作系统，支持你进行多种任务。从使用 Libreoffice 创建和编辑文档到使用 GIMP 处理图片，Ubuntu 都是最佳选择。
+
+如果你需要一个功能强大的操作系统来完成工作，那么你一定会考虑选择 Ubuntu。
+
+你可以用 Ubuntu 来完成的另一件事情是为你的桌面截屏或者激活应用程序的窗口。你可以安装很多第三方工具来完成这些事情，但是实际没有必要，因为 Ubuntu 安装时已自带这些功能。
+
+如果你想向别人展示如何在Ubuntu上面做一些事情，那么这个应用程序就非常有用。截屏得到的图片文件可以保存，也可以通过email发送给其他人。
+
+使用截屏程序，需要进入到面板界面或者直接按下键盘上面的 Windows 键进入面板，Windows 键指的是键盘空格键的左边有 Windows 图标的键。
+
+当面板打开后，找到“截屏”，然后打开这个程序(译者注：需要在已安装程序中查找或者直接在搜索框中输入“截图”)。
+
+以下是你能够通过这个截屏程序做的操作：
+
+- 截取整个屏幕
+- 截取当前程序窗口
+- 截取特定区域
+
+如果你想在截图时将鼠标箭头一起截取，可以将在下方图片 Effects 选项中的"Include pointer"选项选中即可。
+
+![](http://www.liberiangeek.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/screenshot.png)
+
+当你选择好你的截屏方式后，点击图片中的‘**截图**’按钮，然后程序就会退出并且自动保存图片。
+
+如果你想截取特定区域，需要选择该方式，当你点击‘**截图**’按钮时，鼠标会变成十字形状。此刻，你可以拖拽这个十字形状的鼠标，来得到任意你想截取的区域。在你停止拖拽鼠标后，图片会自动截取。
+
+以上就是你在使用 Ubuntu 时，如何完成一个截图的操作。
+
+希望能够帮助到你，欢迎再来。
+
+享受截屏的欢乐！ 
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/12/daily-ubuntu-tips-take-screenshots-of-your-desktop/
+
+译者：[liuaiping](https://github.com/liuaiping) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出