mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2025-01-01 21:50:13 +08:00
Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
This commit is contained in:
Love-xuan
commit
d07683a4fa
@ -7,11 +7,11 @@
|
||||
|
||||
Curlew可以转换超过100种不同的格式、显示文件的详细信息、转换预览、插入字幕等等。
|
||||
|
||||
根据变更日志，转换前后实例的最后大小和位置会被记住、加入了一些失去对话图标、文件系统会在挂起前同步。
|
||||
此次更新包括：该软件打开时会记住上次的窗口大小和位置、增加了丢失了的对话框图标、在系统挂起前会主动同步文件系统。
|
||||
|
||||
这个程序有一些依赖：至少Python 2.7 （小于3.0）、python-gobject 3.0、gir1.2-gtk 3.0、 ffmpeg 0.8、libav-tools 0.8、 mencoder、libavcodec-extra、xdg-utils、mediainfo。
|
||||
这个程序需要的依赖环境包括：Python 2.7及其以上 （但是不兼容3.x）、python-gobject 3.0、gir1.2-gtk 3.0、 ffmpeg 0.8、libav-tools 0.8、 mencoder、libavcodec-extra、xdg-utils和mediainfo等。
|
||||
|
||||
来自noobslab.com的人提供一种通过PPA来简单地安装这个应用的方法。你要做的是在命令行下输入少量的命令（你需要使用root权限来生效）
|
||||
来自noobslab.com的兄弟们提供一种通过PPA来简单地安装这个应用的方法。你要做的是在命令行下输入少量的命令（你需要有root权限才行）
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Curlew可以转换超过100种不同的格式、显示文件的详细信息、
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Open-Source-Multimedia-Converter-Curlew-0-1-22-3-Is-Out-448028.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
在Ubuntu下使用“Reprepro”工具在Sourceforge.net中创建".deb"包仓库
|
||||
在Ubuntu下如何创建远程".deb"包仓库
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Reprepro**是一款小巧的命令行工具来方便地创建并管理**.deb**仓库。今天我们会战士如何人使用reprepro简单地创建一个Debian包仓库，并使用**rsync**上传到Sourceforge.net。
|
||||
**Reprepro**是一款小巧的命令行工具来方便地创建并管理**.deb**仓库。今天我们会展示给你如何使用reprepro简单地创建一个Debian包仓库，并使用**rsync**上传到Sourceforge.net。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -10,11 +10,11 @@
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install reprepro gnupg
|
||||
|
||||
现在你需要使用hnupg生成一个gpg key，这里使用下面的命令。
|
||||
现在你需要使用gnupg生成一个gpg key，这里使用下面的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --gen-key
|
||||
|
||||
它会询问你一些问题，比如你想要哪种key、key的有效期、如果你不知道如何回答，只需点击**Enter** 来选择默认选项（建议）
|
||||
它会询问你一些问题，比如你想要哪种key、key的有效期、如果你不知道如何回答，只需点击**回车** 来选择默认选项（建议）
|
||||
|
||||
当然，它会询问你用户名和密码，在脑海中记住这些，因为我们会在之后需要它。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
### 步骤 2: 创建一个包仓库并导出key ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们现在要开始创建仓库，首先你需要创建一些文件夹，我们的仓库会在**/var/www/apt**目录，让我们先创建这些目录。
|
||||
我们现在要开始创建仓库，首先你需要创建一些文件夹，我们的仓库会放在**/var/www/apt**目录，让我们先创建这些目录。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo su
|
||||
# cd /var/www
|
||||
@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
# gpg --armor --export username yourmail@mail.com >> /var/www/apt/key/deb.gpg.key
|
||||
|
||||
注意：用你之前步骤中输入的用户名代替username，用你的email代替yourmail@mail.com。
|
||||
注意：用你之前步骤中输入的用户名代替username，用你的email代替上面的yourmail@mail.com。
|
||||
|
||||
我们需要在**/var/www/apt/conf**创建一个文件“**distributions**”。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -106,14 +106,14 @@
|
||||
|
||||
加入下面这几行到distributions这个文件中并保存。
|
||||
|
||||
Origin: (yourname)
|
||||
Label: (name of repository)
|
||||
Suite: (stable or unstable)
|
||||
Codename: (the codename for the distribution you are using, like trusty)
|
||||
Version: (the version for the distribution you are using, like 14.04)
|
||||
Architectures: (the repository packages architecture, like i386 or amd64)
|
||||
Components: (main restricted universe multiverse)
|
||||
Description: (Some information about the repository)
|
||||
Origin: (你的名字)
|
||||
Label: (库的名字)
|
||||
Suite: (stable 或 unstable)
|
||||
Codename: (发布的代码名，比如 trusty)
|
||||
Version: (发布的版本，比如 14.04)
|
||||
Architectures: (软件包所支持的架构， 比如 i386 或 amd64)
|
||||
Components: (包含的部件，比如 main restricted universe multiverse)
|
||||
Description: (描述)
|
||||
SignWith: yes
|
||||
|
||||
接下来我们会创建仓库树，运行这些命令：
|
||||
@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
### 步骤 3: 在新创建的仓库中加入包 ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在准备你的**.deb**包来加入到仓库中。进入 **/var/www/apt**目录，你每次要加包的时候都不得不这么做。
|
||||
现在准备你的**.deb**包来加入到仓库中。进入 **/var/www/apt**目录，你每次要加包的时候都必须这么做。
|
||||
|
||||
# cd /var/www/apt
|
||||
# reprepro --ask-passphrase -Vb . includedeb Trusty /home/ravisaive/packages.deb
|
||||
@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
|
||||
Please enter passphrase:
|
||||
Successfully created './dists/Trusty/InRelease.new'
|
||||
|
||||
你的包已经加入了仓库，要移除它：
|
||||
你的包已经加入了仓库，如果要移除它的话采用如下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
# reprepro --ask-passphrase -Vb /var/www/apt remove trusty package.deb
|
||||
|
||||
@ -167,13 +167,15 @@
|
||||
|
||||
### 步骤 4: 上传仓库到Sourceforge.net ###
|
||||
|
||||
要上传仓库到**Sourceforge.net**，你当然需要一个活跃账号与一个活跃项目，让我假设你想要上传仓库到**http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository**，这里的myfoo是项目名（UNIX名称，不是URL，不是标题），testrepository是你想要上传文件到这上面的目录，这里我们会使用[rsync 命令][1]
|
||||
要上传仓库到**Sourceforge.net**，你当然需要一个可用的账号与一个可用的项目，让我假设你想要上传仓库到**http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository**，这里的myfoo是项目名（UNIX上的名称，不是URL，不是标题），testrepository是你想要上传文件到这上面的目录，这里我们会使用[rsync 命令][1]。（LCTT译注：当然你也可以上传到其它的支持Http/Rsync的服务器上，以提供远程软件库的服务。）
|
||||
|
||||
# rsync -avP -e ssh /var/www/apt/ username@frs.sourceforge.net:/home/frs/project/myfoo/testrepository/
|
||||
|
||||
**注意**：用你在sourceforge.net上的用户名代替username，用你的项目的UNIX类型名称代替myfoo，用你想要存储的文件夹代替testrepository。
|
||||
**注意**：用你在sourceforge.net上的用户名代替username，用你的项目的UNIX名称代替myfoo，用你想要存储的文件夹代替testrepository。
|
||||
|
||||
现在你的仓库上传到了**http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository**，要把它加入到已安装的系统，首先你需要导入仓库key，它会在**/var/www/apt/key/deb.gpg.key**，但是这是一个本地路径，并且你仓库的用户不能添加到他们的系统中，这就是为什么我们要导入来自sourceforge.net的key的原因。
|
||||
现在你的仓库（包括设置和key等等）上传到了**http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository**。
|
||||
|
||||
要把它加入到一个已装好的系统，首先你需要导入仓库key，它实际上就是**/var/www/apt/key/deb.gpg.key**，但是这是一个本地路径，使用你的仓库的其它用户不能添加到他们的系统中，这就是为什么我们要导入来自sourceforge.net的key的原因。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo su
|
||||
# wget -O - http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository/apt/key/deb.gpg.key | apt-key add -
|
||||
@ -194,7 +196,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/create-deb-pacakge-repository-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
83
published/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md
Normal file
83
published/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
命令行星期二 —— 第三篇
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
今天，肖茨先生将带领我们游历文件系统的第一部分。我们将学到如何访问、列出目录内的文件，以及首次介绍一些选项的运用。OK，让我们开始学习这周的第一个命令。
|
||||
|
||||
### ls ###
|
||||
|
||||
ls 是一个用来列出目录内文件的命令。通过添加**选项**来实现多种不同的用途。简单起见，你可以只需键入 ls 。但是，你也可以在命令后面添加一个选项，它会帮助你修饰你的命令。如果你想要随意摆弄一些信息时，这会帮到你的。举例来说，当你要从一个命令的大量输出中找寻指定信息，你可以用选项缩小范围来实现。
|
||||
|
||||
这就是选项的基础概念。我们可以用下面书写格式表示：
|
||||
|
||||
command(命令) -option(选项) argument(参数)
|
||||
|
||||
命令，恩...，我们可以输入 pwd、 ls， 或者我们到目前为止所有学过的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
以上我们已经阐述了选项的目的。但是我们需要注意一下书写格式：在前头添加一个破折号。所以，如果选项为 l, 你需要在命令后键入**-l**。
|
||||
|
||||
**参数**是一个命令的操作对象（在这个例子中，它是一个目录，我们将会学到如何浏览它们）。
|
||||
|
||||
接着，让我们尝试在主目录里尝试用 ls 命令列出 /etc 目录内容。这次我们先不添加选项。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
就这样，列出了一大堆的文件。它们还根据颜色进行了分类。蓝色的是目录，白色的为普通文件，绿色的似乎是某种 shell 脚本文件。除此之外，还有其他不同的颜色来代表不同的文件类型。
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，你可以在刚才的命令里添加 -l 选项。添加选项 -l 后也会列出同样的文件和目录，但是以长格式方式输出。如果你需要查看更多信息的话，这个选项将是不错的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 长格式 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这样，用了长格式后，你可以看到更详细的信息，以及在每行开头类似-rw-r--r-- 令人抓狂的标示。实际上，这只是一种组合，代表了各种意义的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(File Name)就是文件的名称。（Modification time）是文件最后修改的时间。(Size) 用 byte 计量的文件大小。(Group) 是组的名称，和拥有者一起构成文件权限。(Owner) 是文件拥有者的名称。最最重要的…
|
||||
|
||||
###…文件权限 ###
|
||||
|
||||
文件权限在长格式每一行的开端都显得非常的杂乱。第一个字符代表文件类型。如果是 'd' , 意味着它是一个目录。如果是 '-' , 意味着它是一个一般文件。接下来的三个字符分别代表拥有者的可读， 可写 ，可执行的权限。再接着三个字符表示组成员的享有的文件权限，而最后三个字符表示其他人（既不是拥有者也不是同组）对文件的享有权限。
|
||||
|
||||
例如，如果有个文件在长格式下显示为：-rw-r--r--, 这说明这是个普通文件（首字符 '-'），拥有者享有可读可写权限，但是没有可执行权限，导致拥有者无法执行该文件（首字符'-'后'rw-'），用户组和其他用户只享有可读权限（你不难发现'r--'字段在后面出现了两次 。如果用户组是 'rwx' 而不是 'r-'，则意味着它们可读，可写，可执行）。
|
||||
|
||||
ls 的下个选项是 ls -la .. ，-a 它会列出所有的文件，包括隐藏文件。在通常情况下，隐藏文件是不可见的。用长格式列出当前工作目录下的父目录的所有文件。
|
||||
|
||||
### less ###
|
||||
|
||||
less 是一个可以显示你的文本文件的命令。举例来说，你要在 /etc 下找寻名为 os-release 的文本文件。你可以使用 ls /etc 成功实现，而现在你想要阅读它的内容。
|
||||
|
||||
你只需要使用 less /etc/os-release。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
..就这样了。
|
||||
|
||||
你要如何控制 less 呢?
|
||||
|
||||
简单的， 你只需要动动键盘就行了！
|
||||
|
||||
less 一次只会显示一个页面的文本。往前翻页你需要按 **Page Up**, 或者 **'b'**。往后翻页你可以按**Page Down**, 或者 **空格**。大写的**G**会跳转到文本的末尾，**1G**会跳转到文本的开端。**/字符**会在文本内搜索指定字符（例如，如果你输入 /suse ，它会找寻所有文本含有的 suse 并标记出来）。n 会重复执行你的搜索，**h**会显示所有的选项（h，即帮助的意思）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
按q退出 less 命令。
|
||||
|
||||
### file ###
|
||||
|
||||
file 会显示文件的类型，是否是你要找的 ASCII 文本，还是 jpg 图片，bash 脚本等。让我们用 /etc/os-release 执行练习。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这样，如你所见，os-release 是一个 ASCII 文本文件。 请尝试其他文件，并观察结果。
|
||||
|
||||
下回见了，记住…
|
||||
|
||||
…一定要玩的开心啊！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/01/command-line-tuesdays-part-three/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
|
||||
Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**The City of Munich has become one of the most prominent examples of a city administration that switched from Microsoft products to open source, and it looks like Canonical and Ubuntu were an instrumental part of that change.**
|
||||
|
||||
The City of Munich managed to shake off the Microsoft dependency, but it took a lot of work and it wasn't cheap. The benefits of moving from Microsoft products to open source might look expensive, but the costs are significantly lower than an upgrade, and it will prove to be a lot cheaper in the future.
|
||||
|
||||
Moving from a proprietary solution to an open source one is not all that simple when you have a city the size of Munich. It has 22 organizational units and each of those units has its own IT department, not to mention different versions of the applications.
|
||||
|
||||
The local authorities couldn't just adopt a Linux distribution on the fly. The first try was made with Debian back in 2006, but that particular OS didn't have a predictable release schedule. This is how the new LiMux was born, an operating system based on Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
“The LiMux/open source project was a long and iterative one, but after a few years of running such a large Linux base, we realized Ubuntu was the platform that could satisfy our requirements best. By combining the low costs and freedom of open source software with ongoing support for the hardware and applications we need, it was one of the critical elements to the success of this project. Most important was the backing of our politicians throughout the project,” [said][1] Peter Hofmann, project manager for the City of Munich.
|
||||
|
||||
This tremendous project helped Munich save €10 million ($13.6 million) by 2013, but that is if we take into consideration only the upgrade costs. That sum might be a lot bigger if we could quantify the official support for the software and other hidden costs.
|
||||
|
||||
Right now, in Munich, there are 14,000 PCs that are running LiMux and that number is still increasing. It's very likely that other German cities will do the same in the future, especially the ones neighboring Munich.
|
||||
|
||||
It took the authorities of Munich 13 years to finish the transition, but in the end they managed to save a lot of money and prove that Linux is actually a very good and free solution for the IT infrastructure of an entire city.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Canonical-and-Ubuntu-Helped-Munich-Save-Millions-of-Dollars-By-Ditching-Microsoft-Products-450571.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/2014/07/07/ubuntu-and-open-source-help-the-city-of-munich-save-millions/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
||||
IPFire 2.13 Core 77 Linux Firewall Distro Brings Major OpenVPN Improvements
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Michael Tremer, a developer for the ipfire.org team, has announced that IPFire 2.13 Core 79, a new stable build of the popular Linux-based firewall distribution, is now out with some exciting new features.**
|
||||
|
||||
IPFire is a modular Linux distribution, which means that it can be deployed as a firewall, a proxy server, or a VPN gateway. The main concern of the developers is security and every step has been taken in order to ensure that users can feel really safe when using this operation system.
|
||||
|
||||
The developers are saying in the official [announcement][1] that the “Core Update 79 is finally arriving with many bug fixes and enhancements. Among the big changes with this update are lots feature enhancements that massively increase the security level of OpenVPN connections, some enhancements of the web user interface and a lot more awesome stuff under the hood.”
|
||||
|
||||
The IPFire devs had another huge release a few months ago and it looks like they have made another one, this time focusing on the improvement of the OpenVPN features and a few other aspects.
|
||||
|
||||
“The certificate authority that can be created on the OpenVPN page now uses much better hashes to protect the integrity of itself. The CA root certificate uses a SHA512 hash and a RSA key with length of 4096 bit. All new created host certificates use a RSA key with 2048 bit length and a SHA256 hash. Additionally, a set of Diffie-Hellman parameters can be generated for better protection of the session keys. The length of the pregenerated DH parameters can be chosen in the web interface,” also noted the devs.
|
||||
|
||||
According to the changelog, the cipher that is used for each net-to-net connection can now be changed, the hash function is now configurable with a few options like SHA2 (512, 384, and 256-bit), Whirpool (512 bit), and SHA1 (160 bit), and the tls-auth option can be enabled, which uses a HMAC function.
|
||||
|
||||
The Linux kernel used by the distribution has also been updated in this release and the OS now packs the 3.10.44 version. This should bring support for new hardware, a number of security fixes, and more stability.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, snort (the Intrusion Detection System) has been updated to version 2.9.6.1, the new firewall GUI now supports blocking access to the GREEN firewall interface, the PIE packet scheduler has been added, and the default size of the root partition has been increased.
|
||||
|
||||
The developers recommend all users of IPFire to upgrade their distributions. More details can be found on the official website.
|
||||
|
||||
Download IPFire 2.13 Core 79:
|
||||
|
||||
- [IPFire 2.15 Core 79][1] (ISO)[iso] [126 MB]
|
||||
- [IPFire 3.0 Alpha 1][2] (ISO)[iso] [76 MB]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/IPFire-2-13-Core-77-Linux-Firewall-Distro-Brings-Major-OpenVPN-Improvements-450605.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.ipfire.org/news/ipfire-2-15-core-update-79-released
|
||||
[2]:http://downloads.ipfire.org/releases/ipfire-2.x/2.15-core79/ipfire-2.15.i586-full-core79.iso
|
||||
[3]:http://www.rowie.at/ipfire/iso/ipfire-3.0-alpha1.i686.iso
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
LFTP 4.5.3 File Transfer Software Is for People Who Love the Terminal
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**LFTP 4.5.3, a sophisticated file transfer program with a command-line interface that supports FTP, HTTP, FISH, SFTP, HTTPS, and FTPS protocols, has been released and is ready for download.**
|
||||
|
||||
Every operation made with LFTP is reliable, which means that, if any non-fatal error occurs, the operation is retried automatically. The software supports numerous protocols, but it can also handle a few other tasks, such as BitTorrent downloads, SRV DNS records, job queuing, bookmarks, aliases, and many more.
|
||||
|
||||
“lftp has shell-like command syntax allowing you to launch several commands in parallel in background (&). It is also possible to group commands within () and execute them in background. All background jobs are executed in the same single process. You can bring a foreground job to background with ^Z (c-z) and back with command ‘wait’ (or ‘fg’ which is alias to ‘wait’),” reads the official website.
|
||||
|
||||
According to the changelog, a new setting ftp:site has been added, the http body is not uncompressed when the Contrent-Type is compressed, the source address of DHT replies is now checked, and the disconnected torrent peers are now discarded after only a timeout.
|
||||
|
||||
A complete list of changes and improvements can be found in the official [announcement][1].
|
||||
|
||||
Download LFTP 4.5.3:
|
||||
|
||||
- [LFTP 4.5.3 tar.xz][2][sources] [1.40 MB]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/LFTP-4-5-3-File-Transfer-Software-Is-for-People-Who-Love-the-Terminal-450596.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://lftp.yar.ru/news.html
|
||||
[2]:http://lftp.yar.ru/ftp/lftp-4.4.15.tar.xz
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
zpl1025
|
||||
Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators!
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
@ -36,4 +37,4 @@ via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=142480
|
||||
[2]:http://www.ascii-art-generator.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://ascii.mastervb.net/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.degraeve.com/img2txt.php
|
||||
[5]:http://picascii.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://picascii.com/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
|
||||
暑假 先来一发 Luoxcat 翻译
|
||||
Command Line Tuesdays – Part Three
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Today, mr Shotts takes us on a first part of a guided tour through our file system. We’ll learn how to visit, list files within directories and we’ll learn to use some options for the first time. So let’s begin with the first command of the week.
|
||||
|
||||
### ls ###
|
||||
|
||||
ls is a command used to list files in a directory. It can be used in various ways. These various ways come with using a form of adding an **option** to our command. To make things clearer; You can type only ls. But, you can also add an option, which will modify your command. It can come in useful when you want to sandbox some of the information, when looking for something specific, and the command issues a very long output, you can, for example, narrow it down to only specific information.
|
||||
|
||||
That’s what an option is. And formally we can write it down like this:
|
||||
|
||||
command -option argument
|
||||
|
||||
Command is, well, a command we write in (like pwd, ls or anything else we have learned by now).
|
||||
|
||||
We already stated above the purpose of an option. But let me note it should be written exactly as it’s in the form; With a dash in front of it. So, if the option is l, you should put **-l** after the command.
|
||||
|
||||
An **argument** is an object upon which the command operates (in this case, it will be directories, as we’ll learning how to navigate through them).
|
||||
|
||||
So, let’s try out ls, and use it on the /etc directory in our home folder. This time, without any options.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
There you go, a whole bunch of files. It also sorts them by colours. The blue ones are directories, the white ones are files, the green one seems like a shell script of some sort. There are more colors, as they represent different file types.
|
||||
|
||||
Next, you can use the same command, but with an option -l added. Option -l will list the same files and directories, but in a long format. In case you need more information:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### The Long Format ###
|
||||
|
||||
So, using the long format, you see much more information, and some crazy looking signs like -rw-r–r– at the beginning of all lines. Actually, here’s a scheme, representing what all of the given information actually means.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
File Name is the name of the file. Modification time is the last time the file has been modified. Size is the size of the file in bytes. Group is the name of the group that has file permissions along with the owner, and Owner is the user who owns the file. The most important one is…
|
||||
|
||||
### …File Permissions ###
|
||||
|
||||
That’s the gibberish at the beginning of every line in long format. The first character is the file type. If it’s a ‘d’, it means the file’s a directory. If it’s ‘-’, it means it’s an ordinary file. The next three characters represent the read, write and execution rights of the file’s owner. The next three are the same rights of the group that also has access to the file, and the last three characters represent rights of everyone else trying to use the file.
|
||||
|
||||
So for example, if we have a file which in long format displays: -rw-r–r–, it means it’s an ordinary file (the first ‘-’), the owner of the file can read and write the file, but he can’t execute it, as it’s not an executable file (the ‘rw-’ characters after the initial ‘-’), and the user group and everyone else can only read the file (you can see ‘r–’ sequence repeating twice. If the user group had ‘rwx’ instead of ‘r–’, it would mean they could read, write and execute the file).
|
||||
|
||||
Next option for ls is ls -la .. – this will list all of the files, as in a usual command, hidden files are not shown. It will list all files in the parent of the working directory in long format.
|
||||
|
||||
### less ###
|
||||
|
||||
Less is a command which will display your text file. For example, you’re looking for text file os-release in /etc. You have succesfully found it there with ls /etc, and now you want to read it.
|
||||
|
||||
You just use less /etc/os-release.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
..and there you go.
|
||||
|
||||
How do you control less?
|
||||
|
||||
Easy, with your keyboard!
|
||||
|
||||
less will display only one page of your text at a time. To go forward one page, you can press **Page Up, or ‘b’**. To go back one page, you can use **Page Down, or space**. Capital **G** will take you to the end of the text file, while ‘**1G**‘ will take you to the beginning of the text. **/characters** will search for characters inside the text (for example, if you write /suse, it will search for occurances of suse inside your text and mark them). n will repeat the last search you performed, and **h** will display all your options (h, as in haalp!).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You quit less with the letter q.
|
||||
|
||||
### file ###
|
||||
|
||||
The file command will show what kind of file is that you’re looking for, be it ASCII text, a jpg image, a bash script etc. As we performed our exercise with /etc/os-release, let’s use it here also.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
There you go, os-release is an ASCII text file. Please, do try it out with something else, and see the output.
|
||||
|
||||
And until next time, remember to…
|
||||
|
||||
…have a lot of fun!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/01/command-line-tuesdays-part-three/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
|
||||
Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Sound problem is not new in Ubuntu. I have previously written on various ways to [fix “no sound” issue in Ubuntu][1]. But the soud issue I am going to discuss here is different than those mentioned in the other article.
|
||||
|
||||
So I installed Ubuntu 14.04, actually re-installed it. As always, I did all those [things to do after a fresh install of Ubuntu 14.04][2]. And than I realized that the system had no sound. While investigating the issue I found one strange thing. I checked [alsamixer][3] and it was in a weird state:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, **HDMI is set by default in alsamixer**. Which means by default HDMI output has been selected instead of the built in speakers. This is why I get no sound from the built in speakers in my system.
|
||||
|
||||
Use the following command to check the state of alsamixer:
|
||||
|
||||
alsamixer
|
||||
|
||||
If alsamixer is set by default to HDMI or some other audio output, continue this article to see how can we fix it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Fixing no sound in Ubuntu when HDMI is set as default ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now to force Ubuntu to use analog output instead of HDMI by default, we need a little information. Open a terminal and use the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
aplay -l
|
||||
|
||||
This will list the devices, card number etc. Note down the card and device number for analog output. For me the output was like this:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have the required card and device number, make a new configuration file like this:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo gedit /etc/asound.conf
|
||||
|
||||
The above command will also open the file. Add the following lines to it, replacing with your card and device number of course:
|
||||
|
||||
defaults.pcm.card 1
|
||||
defaults.pcm.device 0
|
||||
|
||||
Save the file and restart the computer. You should hear the sound now. Just to mention, this will work for all the Linux distributions such as Linux Mint, Elementary OS, Fedora, Arch Linux etc. As I said previously, this “no sound fix” only works with the case where HDMI is set by default. For other cases, you can read [this article about fixing no sound issue in Ubuntu and Linux Mint][4].
|
||||
|
||||
Feel free to use the comment section to let me know if it worked or not or if you have some better trick to handle this such issue. Ciao 
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
About Abhishek
|
||||
|
||||
I am Abhishek Prakash, 'creator' of It's F.O.S.S. I have a Masters in Communication System Engineering. I am an avid Linux lover and Open Source enthusiast. I use Ubuntu and believe in sharing knowledge. Apart from Linux, I love classic detective mystery. Huge fan of Agatha Christie work. Feel free to circle me on [Google Plus][g] and Follow [@abhishek_pc][t]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1404/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1304-quick-tip/
|
||||
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/things-to-do-after-installing-ubuntu-14-04/
|
||||
[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsamixer
|
||||
[4]:http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1304-quick-tip/
|
||||
[g]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/110180944531110746460
|
||||
[t]:https://twitter.com/abhishek_pc
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
|
||||
Linux slabtop command - Display Kernel Slab Cache Information
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
The Linux kernel needs to allocate memory for temporary objects such as task or device structures and inodes. The caching memory allocator manages caches of these types of objects. The modern Linux kernel implements this caching memory allocator to hold the caches called the slabs. Different types of slab caches are maintained by the slab allocator. This article concentrates on the slabtop command which shows real-time kernel slab cache information.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Command Usage: ###
|
||||
|
||||
The command is simple to use. Default execution does not mandate any arguments to the command. But it does require root privileges to access the kernel slab information. Executing the command as normal user gives following error:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can run it by prepending “sudo” with slabtop. The default output looks like:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To quit from slabtop, just hit ‘q’ like you do for top command.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Slabtop options: ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.1 Display Interval: ####
|
||||
|
||||
By default slabtop refreshes every 3 seconds. But if you want, you can provide the refreshing interval in seconds with -d or --delay=N option:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.2 Sort criteria: ####
|
||||
|
||||
There are many fields in slabtop output. The -s or --sort=S option sorts the output according to the mentioned sort criteria. This option will be discussed in detail in the next section.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.3 Output once: ####
|
||||
|
||||
The -o or --once option does not refresh the output, instead it just throws the output once on STDOUT and exits.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.4 Version info: ####
|
||||
|
||||
The -V or --version displays the version of the command and exits.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.5 Help: ####
|
||||
|
||||
The common option, -h or --help displays usage of the command.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Sort Criteria: ###
|
||||
|
||||
The sort criteria determines which slab caches are displayed on top. Following are the sort criteria for slabtop:
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.1 ACTIVE: ####
|
||||
|
||||
Caches can be sorted by number of active objects with “a”.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.2 OBJ/SLAB: ####
|
||||
|
||||
The Objects per Slab can be selected with “b”.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.3 CACHE SIZE: ####
|
||||
|
||||
For selecting cache size, you need to provide “c”.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.4 SLABS: ####
|
||||
|
||||
The number of slabs. Select it with “l”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.5 Active Slabs: ####
|
||||
|
||||
The number of Active Slabs. (Note that this is different from number of Active Objects described above.) Use “v” to sort according to this criteria.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.6 NAME: ####
|
||||
|
||||
Name of cache. Corresponding character is “n”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.7 OBJS: ####
|
||||
|
||||
To sort by number of objects, use “o”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.8 Pages Per Slab: ####
|
||||
|
||||
“p” will sort by pages per slab
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.9 OBJ SIZE: ####
|
||||
|
||||
The object size is sorted by “s”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.10 USE: ####
|
||||
|
||||
“u” sorts by the cache utilization.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/kernel-slab-cache-information/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
[Quick Tip] Set Default Browser on Debian/Ubuntu Using Terminal
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Hey Guys,
|
||||
|
||||
In this post, we are going to use the terminal to make a browser default.
|
||||
|
||||
Even though, this can easily be done using the browser’s main interface, is handy sometimes if you need to do this remotely.
|
||||
|
||||
To do this you simply open up the terminal and run the line of code below:
|
||||
|
||||
Enter the number beside the browser you wish to make default and you are done.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo update-alternatives --config x-www-browser
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enjoy!
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/quick-tip-set-default-browser-debianubuntu-using-terminal/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
|
||||
Test read/write speed of usb and ssd drives with dd command on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
### Drive speed ###
|
||||
|
||||
The speed of a drive is measured in terms of how much data it can read or write in unit time. The dd command is a simple command line tool that can be used to read and write arbitrary blocks of data to a drive and measure the speed at which the data transfer took place.
|
||||
|
||||
In this post we shall use the dd command to test and read and write speed of usb and ssd drives using the dd command.
|
||||
|
||||
The data transfer speed does not depend solely on the drive, but also on the interface it is connected to. For example a usb 2.0 port has a maximum operational speed limit of 35 Mbytes/s, so even if you were to plug a high speed usb 3 pen drive into a usb 2 port, the speed would be capped to the lower limit.
|
||||
|
||||
The same applies to SSD. SSD connect via SATA ports which have different versions. Sata 2.0 has a maximum theoretical speed limit of 3Gbits/s which is roughly 375 Mbytes/s. Whereas Sata 3.0 supports twice that speed.
|
||||
|
||||
### Test Method ###
|
||||
|
||||
Mount the drive and navigate into it from the terminal. Then use the dd command to first write a file using fixed sized blocks. Then read the same file out using the same block site.
|
||||
|
||||
The general syntax of the dd command looks like this
|
||||
|
||||
dd if=path/to/input_file of=/path/to/output_file bs=block_size count=number_of_blocks
|
||||
|
||||
When writing to the drive, we simply read from /dev/zero which is a source of infinite useless bytes. And when read from the drive, we read the file written earlier and send it to /dev/null which is nowhere. In the whole process, dd keeps track of the speed with which the transfer takes place and reports it.
|
||||
|
||||
### SSD ###
|
||||
|
||||
The SSD that we are using is a "Samsung Evo 120GB" ssd. It is a beginner level ssd that comes within a decent budget and is also my first SSD. It is also one of the best performing ssds, in the market.
|
||||
|
||||
In this test the ssd is connected to a sata 2.0 port.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Write speed ####
|
||||
|
||||
Lets first write to the ssd
|
||||
|
||||
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=./largefile bs=1M count=1024
|
||||
1024+0 records in
|
||||
1024+0 records out
|
||||
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 4.82364 s, 223 MB/s
|
||||
|
||||
Block size is actually quite large. You can try with smaller sizes like 64k or even 4k.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Read speed ####
|
||||
|
||||
Now read back the same file. However, first clear the memory cache to ensure that the file is actually read from drive.
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to clear the memory cache
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo sh -c "sync && echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"
|
||||
|
||||
Now read the file
|
||||
|
||||
$ dd if=./largefile of=/dev/null bs=4k
|
||||
165118+0 records in
|
||||
165118+0 records out
|
||||
676323328 bytes (676 MB) copied, 3.0114 s, 225 MB/s
|
||||
|
||||
The Arch Linux wiki has a page full of information about the read/write speed of various SSDs from different vendors like Intel, Samsung, Sandisk etc. Check it out at the following url.
|
||||
|
||||
[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/SSD_Benchmarking][1]
|
||||
|
||||
### USB ###
|
||||
|
||||
In this test we shall measure the read and write speed of ordinary usb/pen drives. The drives are plugged to standard usb 2 ports. The first one is a sony 4gb usb drive and the second is a strontium 16gb drive.
|
||||
|
||||
First plug the drive into the port and mount it, so that it is readable. Then navigate into the mount directory from the command line.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Sony 4GB - Write ####
|
||||
|
||||
In this test, the dd command is used to write 10,000 chunks of 8 Kbyte each to a single file on the drive.
|
||||
|
||||
# dd if=/dev/zero of=./largefile bs=8k count=10000
|
||||
10000+0 records in
|
||||
10000+0 records out
|
||||
81920000 bytes (82 MB) copied, 11.0626 s, 7.4 MB/s
|
||||
|
||||
So the write speed is around 7.5 MBytes/s. This is a low figure.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Sony 4GB - Read ####
|
||||
|
||||
The same file is read back to test the read speed. Run the following command to clear the memory cache
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo sh -c "sync && echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"
|
||||
|
||||
Now read the file using the dd command
|
||||
|
||||
# dd if=./largefile of=/dev/null bs=8k
|
||||
8000+0 records in
|
||||
8000+0 records out
|
||||
65536000 bytes (66 MB) copied, 2.65218 s, 24.7 MB/s
|
||||
|
||||
The read speed comes out around 25 Mbytes/s which is a more or less the standard for cheap usb drives.
|
||||
|
||||
> USB 2.0 has a theoretical maximum signaling rate of 480 Mbits/s or 60 Mbytes/s. However due to various constraints the maximum throughput is restricted to around 280 Mbit/s or 35 Mbytes/s. Beyond this the actual speed achieved depends on the quality of the pen drives and other factors too.
|
||||
|
||||
And the above usb drive was plugged inside a USB 2.0 port and it achieved a read speed of 24.7 Mbytes/s which is not very bad. But the write speed lags much behind
|
||||
|
||||
Now lets do the same test with a Strontium 16gb drive. Strontium is another very cheapy brand, although usb drives are reliable.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Strontium 16gb write speed ####
|
||||
|
||||
# dd if=/dev/zero of=./largefile bs=64k count=1000
|
||||
1000+0 records in
|
||||
1000+0 records out
|
||||
65536000 bytes (66 MB) copied, 8.3834 s, 7.8 MB/s
|
||||
|
||||
Strontium 16gb read speed
|
||||
|
||||
# sudo sh -c "sync && echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"
|
||||
|
||||
# dd if=./largefile of=/dev/null bs=8k
|
||||
8000+0 records in
|
||||
8000+0 records out
|
||||
65536000 bytes (66 MB) copied, 2.90366 s, 22.6 MB/s
|
||||
|
||||
The read speed is lower than the Sony drive.
|
||||
|
||||
### Resources ###
|
||||
|
||||
- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB][2]
|
||||
- [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/SSD_Benchmarking][1]
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
About Silver Moon
|
||||
|
||||
Php developer, blogger and Linux enthusiast. He can be reached at [m00n.silv3r@gmail.com][e]. Or find him on [Google+][g]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-test-drive-speed/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/SSD_Benchmarking
|
||||
[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB
|
||||
[e]:m00n.silv3r@gmail.com
|
||||
[g]:http://plus.google.com/117145272367995638274/posts
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user