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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (qianmingtian)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Intro to the Linux command line)
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3518440/intro-to-the-linux-command-line.html)
[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
Intro to the Linux command line
======
Here are some warm-up exercises for anyone just starting to use the Linux command line. Warning: It can be addictive.
[Sandra Henry-Stocker / Linux][1] [(CC0)][2]
If you’re new to Linux or have simply never bothered to explore the command line, you may not understand why so many Linux enthusiasts get excited typing commands when they’re sitting at a comfortable desktop with plenty of tools and apps available to them. In this post, we’ll take a quick dive to explore the wonders of the command line and see if maybe we can get you hooked.
First, to use the command line, you have to open up a command tool (also referred to as a “command prompt”). How to do this will depend on which version of Linux you’re running. On RedHat, for example, you might see an Activities tab at the top of your screen which will open a list of options and a small window for entering a command (like “cmd” which will open the window for you). On Ubuntu and some others, you might see a small terminal icon along the left-hand side of your screen. On many systems, you can open a command window by pressing the **Ctrl+Alt+t** keys at the same time.
You will also find yourself on the command line if you log into a Linux system using a tool like PuTTY.
[][3]
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Once you get your command line window, you’ll find yourself sitting at a prompt. It could be just a **$** or something as elaborate as “**user@system:~$**” but it means that the system is ready to run commands for you.
Once you get this far, it will be time to start entering commands. Below are some of the commands to try first, and [here is a PDF][4] of some particularly useful commands and a two-sided command cheatsheet suitable for printing out and laminating.
```
Command What it does
pwd show me where I am in the file system (initially, this will be your
home directory)
ls list my files
ls -a list even more of my files (including those that start with a period)
ls -al list my files with lots of details (including dates, file sizes and
permissions)
who show me who is logged in (don’t be disappointed if it’s only you)
date remind me what day today is (shows the time too)
ps list my running processes (might just be your shell and the “ps”
command)
```
Once you’ve gotten used to your Linux home from the command line point of view, you can begin to explore. Maybe you’ll feel ready to wander around the file system with commands like these:
```
Command What it does
cd /tmp move to another directory (in this case, /tmp)
ls list files in that location
cd go back home (with no arguments, cd always takes you back to your home
directory)
cat .bashrc display the contents of a file (in this case, .bashrc)
history show your recent commands
echo hello say “hello” to yourself
cal show a calendar for the current month
```
To get a feeling for why more advanced Linux users like the command line so much, you will want to try some other features – like redirection and pipes. Redirection is when you take the output of a command and drop it into a file instead of displaying it on your screen. Pipes are when you take the output of one command and send it to another command that will manipulate it in some way. Here are commands to try:
[[Get regularly scheduled insights by signing up for Network World newsletters.]][5]
```
Command What it does
echo “echo hello” > tryme create a new file and put the words “echo hello” into
it
chmod 700 tryme make the new file executable
tryme run the new file (it should run the command it
contains and display “hello”)
ps aux show all running processes
ps aux | grep $USER show all running processes, but limit the output to
lines containing your username
echo $USER display your username using an environment variable
whoami display your username with a command
who | wc -l count how many users are currently logged in
```
### Wrap-Up
Once you get used to the basic commands, you can explore other commands and try your hand at writing scripts. You might find that Linux is a lot more powerful and nice to use than you ever imagined.
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][6] and [LinkedIn][7] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3518440/intro-to-the-linux-command-line.html
作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tux.svg
[2]: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE21620&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage)
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391029/must-know-linux-commands.html
[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
[6]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
[7]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world

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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (qianmingtian)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Intro to the Linux command line)
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3518440/intro-to-the-linux-command-line.html)
[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
Linux 命令行简介
======
下面是一些针对刚开始使用 Linux 命令行的人的热身练习。警告：它可能会上瘾。[Sandra Henry-Stocker / Linux][1] [(CC0)][2]
如果你是 Linux 新手，或者从来没有花时间研究过命令行，你可能不会理解为什么这么多 Linux 爱好者坐在舒适的桌面使用大量工具与应用时键入命令产生的兴奋。在这篇文章中，我们将快速浏览一下命令行的奇妙之处，看看能否让你着迷。
首先，要使用命令行，你必须打开一个命令工具（也称为“命令提示符”）。如何做到这一点将取决于你运行的 Linux 版本。例如，在 RedHat 上，你可能会在屏幕顶部看到一个 Activities 选项卡，它将打开一个选项列表和一个用于输入命令的小窗口（如 “cmd” ，它将为你打开窗口）。在 Ubuntu 和其他一些版本中，你可能会在屏幕左侧看到一个小的终端图标。在许多系统上，你可以同时按 **Ctrl+Alt+t** 键打开命令窗口。
如果你使用 PuTTY 之类的工具登录 Linux 系统，你会发现自己已经处于命令行界面。
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一旦你得到你的命令行窗口，你会发现自己坐在一个提示面前。它可能只是一个 **$** 或者像 “**user@system:~$**” 这样的东西，但它意味着系统已经准备好为你运行命令了。
一旦你走到这一步，就应该开始输入命令了。下面是一些要首先尝试的命令，以及这里是一些特别有用的命令的 [PDF][4] 和适合打印和做成卡片的双面命令手册。
```
命令 用途
pwd 显示我在文件系统中的位置（在最初进入系统时运行将显示主目录）
ls 列出我的文件
ls-a 列出我更多的文件（包括隐藏文件）
ls-al 列出我的文件，并且包含很多详细信息（包括日期、文件大小和权限）
who 告诉我谁登录了（如果只有你，不要失望）
date 日期提醒我今天是星期几（也显示时间）
ps 列出我正在运行的进程（可能只是你的shell和“ps”命令）
```
一旦你从命令行角度习惯了 Linux 主目录之后，就可以开始探索了。也许你会准备好使用以下命令在文件系统中闲逛：
```
命令 用途
cd /tmp 移动到其他文件夹（本例中，打开 /tem 文件夹）
ls 列出当前位置的文件
cd 回到主目录（不带参数的 cd 总是能将你带回到主目录）
cat .bashrc 显示文件的内容（本例中显示 .bashrc 文件的内容）
history 显示最近执行的命令
echo hello 跟自己说 “hello”
cal 显示当前月份的日历
```
要了解为什么高级 Linux 用户如此喜欢命令行，你将需要尝试其他一些功能，例如重定向和管道。 重定向是当你获取命令的输出并将其放到文件中而不是在屏幕上显示时。管道是指你将一个命令的输出发送给另一条将以某种方式对其进行操作的命令。这是可以尝试的命令：
[[通过注册 Network World 简讯来获得定期安排的详解]][5]
```
命令 用途
echo “echo hello” > tryme 创建一个新的文件并将 “echo hello” 写入该文件
chmod 700 tryme 使新建的文件可执行
tryme 运行新文件（它应当运行文件中包含的命令并且显示 “hello” ）
ps aux 显示所有运行中的程序
ps aux | grep $USER 显示所有运行中的程序，但是限制输出的内容包含你的用户名
echo $USER 使用环境变量显示你的用户名
whoami 使用命令显示你的用户名
who | wc -l 计数所有当前登录的用户数目
```
### 总结
一旦你习惯了基本命令，就可以探索其他命令并尝试编写脚本。 你可能会发现 Linux 比你想象的要强大并且好用得多。
加入 [Facebook][6] 和 [LinkedIn][7] 上的 Network World 社区，来评论最热门的话题。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3518440/intro-to-the-linux-command-line.html
作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[qianmingtian][c]
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[c]: https://github.com/qianmingtian
[1]: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tux.svg
[2]: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3440100/take-the-intelligent-route-with-consumption-based-storage.html?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE21620&utm_content=sidebar ( Take the Intelligent Route with Consumption-Based Storage)
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391029/must-know-linux-commands.html
[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html
[6]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
[7]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world