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Merge pull request #29547 from wxy/20230612.2-⭐️⭐️-10-Things-to-Do-After-Installing-Debian-12-Bookworm
ATRP:published/20230612.2 ⭐️⭐️ 10 Things to Do After Installing Debian 12 Bookworm.md
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[#]: subject: "10 Things to Do After Installing Debian 12 Bookworm"
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[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/things-to-do-debian-12/"
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[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
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[#]: collector: "lkxed"
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[#]: translator: "ChatGPT"
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[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
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[#]: publisher: "wxy"
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[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15905-1.html"
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Debian 12 “Bookworm” 安装完成后需要做的 10 件事
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======
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![][0]
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> 在安装完 Debian 12 “Bookworm”要做的一些事情。
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我想你已经安装好了 Debian 12 “Bookworm” 或者 [准备升级][1] 了。Debian 12 经过一年多的开发，于 2023 年 6 月 10 日发布。它带来了最新的软件包、升级和替换一些关键模块。请在此查看 Debian 12 的一些新特性 [指南][2]。
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如果你在笔记本电脑或台式机上使用 Debian，那么在安装或升级到 Debian 12 后，以下是你可能需要完成的一些步骤。
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### Debian 12 安装后需要做的几件事情
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#### 启用 sudo
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如果你将 Debian 12 作为新安装的系统，那么你的用户账户可能没有超级用户访问权限。出于安全原因，Debian 在安装期间不允许任何选项给予用户账户 sudo 访问权限。以下是如何将用户添加到超级用户组。
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打开终端并使用 root 密码进入 root 账户。
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```
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su
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```
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然后运行以下命令，将你的用户账户添加到 `sudo` 组。请将下面的用户名更改为你的账户。
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```
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/sbin/addgroup 用户名 sudo
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```
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现在，你可以注销并再次登录该账户。
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#### 确保 Debian 已更新至最新版本
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在开始工作或进行任何配置之前，确保 Debian 12 已更新至最新版本非常重要。从终端中按以下顺序运行以下命令以刷新 Debian 系统。
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```
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sudo apt update
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sudo apt upgrade
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```
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#### Debian 12 中的非自由软件
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Debian 12 中有一个关于管理“非自由”固件包的根本变化。Debian 创建了一个新的软件源，以便轻松访问那些专有包。因此，如果你想添加非自由软件包，需要确保在 APT 软件源文件 `/etc/apt/sources.list` 中添加以下行：
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```
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sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list
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```
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```
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deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm non-free non-free-firmware
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deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm non-free non-free-firmware
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deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security non-free non-free-firmware
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deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security non-free non-free-firmware
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deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates non-free non-free-firmware
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deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates non-free non-free-firmware
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```
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保存并关闭文件。然后刷新 Debian 系统。完成后，你现在可以安装“非自由”软件包。
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```
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sudo apt update
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```
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#### 安装额外的桌面环境
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Debian Linux 提供了所有主要的桌面环境包。如果你使用 Debian 的 Netinst ISO 文件（最小化 ISO 镜像）进行安装，那么你可能已经获得了默认的 Xfce 桌面环境。在 Debian 12 安装期间，你可以选择桌面环境。
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如果你想安装任何额外的桌面环境，则可以使用各种软件包管理器进行安装。或者，获取专用的 ISO 文件。从 Debian 12 开始，团队为每个桌面提供单独的 ISO 文件。你可以在以下链接中获取它们。
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- [amd64 – 种子][3]（GNOME、KDE Plasma、Xfce、LXQt、LXDE、MATE 和 Cinnamon）
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- [直接下载 ISO 文件][4]（GNOME、KDE Plasma、Xfce、LXQt、LXDE、MATE 和 Cinnamon）
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#### 设置 Flatpak 和 Flathub
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你应该在 Debian 中 [设置 Flatpak][5]，以便从 Flathub 获取数百款最新的应用程序。要设置它，可以从终端中运行以下命令。
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```
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sudo apt install flatpak
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```
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如果你想通过浏览器安装 Flatpak 应用程序，则以下软件包是可选的。
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```
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sudo apt install gnome-software-plugin-flatpak
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```
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添加 Flathub 软件源库，其中包含所有 Flatpak 应用程序。从终端中运行以下命令。
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```
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flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo
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```
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重新启动 Debian 系统就可以使用 Flatpak 应用程序了。
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#### 安装最新的 Firefox
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Debian Linux 附带的是 Firefox ESR 版本，这个版本的功能略旧。不过它非常稳定和安全。如果你想 [安装最新版本的 Firefox][6]，可以从以下官方网站下载预编译的二进制文件，并执行 `firefox`。
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> **[下载 Firefox][7]**
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#### 安装额外的软件 – 图形界面
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默认的 Debian 安装只有非常简洁的图形界面应用程序。为了配置你的工作站，你可以考虑安装以下一组应用程序。但是，以下列表非常基本，对于基本用例应该是足够的。
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它们包括分区软件、BT 客户端、媒体播放器和图形实用工具。
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```
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sudo apt install gparted transmission-gtk vlc pavucontrol geany gimp inkscape audacity filezilla leafpad
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```
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#### 安装额外的软件 – 命令行界面
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虽然上述图形界面应用程序是必要的，但是你应该始终安装一些超级重要的命令行实用工具。以下是我为你准备的列表。
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```
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sudo apt install ffmpeg default-jdk git wget nano vim htop locate p7zip p7zip-full unzip
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```
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#### Debian 12 中的替代包
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如果你正在运行 Debian 服务器或桌面系统，你应该注意本版本中一些关键软件包已被替换。以下是其中的一些：
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- 默认系统时钟现在由 `systemd-timesyncd` 管理，`ntp` 已被 `ntpsec` 替换。
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- DNS 选项 `dnssec-enable` 已经过时。如果遇到无效选项错误，请在 `named.conf` 文件中注释该行（应该在 `/etc` 或 `/etc/bind9` 中）。
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- 不会自动安装 `systemd-resolved` 包。你需要手动安装和启动它。
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- `rsyslog` 包不会默认安装，因为 `journalctl` 接管了该功能。
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#### 配置 Debian 多媒体仓库
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由社区创建的流行 Debian 多媒体仓库已更新为 Bookworm 版本。你可以在 APT 软件源文件中添加以下行，并利用数百个多媒体软件包来完成你的项目。
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```
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deb https://www.deb-multimedia.org bookworm main non-free
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```
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你可以访问 [官方页面][8] 以了解有关该软件源库的更多信息。
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### 总结
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以上是你可以利用的各种提示列表。它们只是指南，可能不适用于你的情况，但它们可以成为你开始 Debian 12 后安装旅程的起点。
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在评论框中让我知道你最喜欢的 Debian 后安装提示是什么。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.debugpoint.com/things-to-do-debian-12/
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作者：[Arindam][a]
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选题：[lkxed][b]
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译者：ChatGPT
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
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[b]: https://github.com/lkxed/
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[1]: https://www.debugpoint.com/upgrade-debian-12-from-debian-11/
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[2]: https://www.debugpoint.com/debian-12-features/
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[3]: https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current-live/amd64/bt-hybrid/
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[4]: https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current-live/amd64/iso-hybrid/
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[5]: https://www.debugpoint.com/how-to-install-flatpak-apps-ubuntu-linux/
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[6]: https://www.debugpoint.com/download-firefox/
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[7]: https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/
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[8]: https://deb-multimedia.org/
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[0]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202306/14/171813q0a3ua96lt0i9mm9.jpg
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@ -1,172 +0,0 @@
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[#]: subject: "10 Things to Do After Installing Debian 12 Bookworm"
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[#]: via: "https://www.debugpoint.com/things-to-do-debian-12/"
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[#]: author: "Arindam https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/"
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[#]: collector: "lkxed"
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[#]: translator: " "
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[#]: reviewer: " "
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[#]: publisher: " "
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[#]: url: " "
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10 Things to Do After Installing Debian 12 Bookworm
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======
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**A few important things to do after installing Debian 12 Bookworm.**
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I am sure you have already installed Debian 12 Bookworm or [planning to upgrade][1]. Debian 12 was released on June 10, 2023, after more than a year of development. It brings the latest packages, upgrades and replaces some key modules as well. Do check out the Debian 12 feature [guide here][2].
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If you use Debian on your laptops or desktops, here are a few steps you might want to do after installing or upgrading to Debian 12.
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### A few things to do after installing Debian 12
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#### Enable sudo
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If you have installed Debian 12 as a new installation, likely, your user account doesn’t have super user access. For security reasons, Debian doesn’t allow any option to give user accounts sudo access while installation. Here’s how you can add the user to the superuser group.
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Open a terminal and get into the root account by entering the root password.
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```
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su
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```
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Then run the following command to add your user account to the sudo group. Do change the user name to the account.
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```
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/sbin/addgroup arindam sudo
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```
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You can now log out and log back in using the user account.
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#### Make sure Debian is up to date
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It’s important that you make sure that Debian 12 is up to date before starting your work or any configurations. From the terminal, run the below commands in sequence to refresh the Debian installation.
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```
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sudo apt updatesudo apt upgrade
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```
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#### Non-free software in Debian 12
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A fundamental change arrived in Debian 12 on handling “non-free” firmware packages. A new repository has been created for easy access to those proprietary packages. So, if you want to add the non-free packages, you need to make sure to add the following lines in the APT sources file – /etc/apt/sources.list:
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```
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sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list
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```
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```
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deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm non-free non-free-firmware
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deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm non-free non-free-firmware
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deb http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security non-free non-free-firmware
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deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian-security bookworm-security non-free non-free-firmware
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deb http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates non-free non-free-firmware
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deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian bookworm-updates non-free non-free-firmware
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```
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Save and close the file. Then refresh your Debian installation. Once done, you can now install the “non-free” packages.
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```
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sudo apt update
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```
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#### Install additional desktop environments
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Debian Linux provides all the major desktop environment packages. If you have installed using the Debian “netinst” ISO file (minimal ISO image), then you may have got the default Xfce desktop environment. During the Debian 12 installation, you have the option to choose the Desktop environment.
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If you want to install any additional desktop environments, you can either install them using any package manager. Or, grab the dedicated ISO files. From Debian 12 onwards, the team is providing separate ISO files for each desktop. You can grab them in the below links.
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- [amd64 – torrent][3] (GNOME, KDE Plasma, Xfce, LXQt, LXDE, MATE and Cinnamon)
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- [direct ISO file][4] (GNOME, KDE Plasma, Xfce, LXQt, LXDE, MATE and Cinnamon)
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#### Set up Flatpak and Flathub
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You should [set up Flatpak in Debian][5] to get access to hundreds of the latest applications from Flathub. To set it up, you can run the below command from the terminal.
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```
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sudo apt install flatpak
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```
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The below installation is optional if you want to install Flatpak apps via the browser.
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```
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sudo apt install gnome-software-plugin-flatpak
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```
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Add the Flathub repository where all the Flatpak apps reside. Run the below commands from the terminal.
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```
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flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo
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```
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Reboot your Debian system and enjoy Flatpak apps.
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#### Install latest Firefox
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Debian Linux comes with the Firefox ESR version, which is a little older in terms of features. However, it is stable and very secure. That said, if you want to [install the latest Firefox][6], you can download the pre-compiled binary from the official website below. And execute “firefox”.
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[Download Firefox][7]
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#### Install additional software – GUI
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The default Debian installation comes with very minimal GUI applications. To configure your workstation, you may consider installing the below set of applications. However, the below list is very basic and should be sufficient for all basic use cases.
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They include partition software, torrent client, media player and graphics utilities.
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```
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sudo apt install gparted transmission-gtk vlc pavucontrol geany gimp inkscape audacity filezilla leafpad
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```
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#### Install additional software – CLI
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While the above GUI applications are necessary, you should always install some super-important command line utilities. Here’s a list I have prepared for you.
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```
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sudo apt install ffmpeg, default-jdk git wget nano vim htop locate p7zip p7zip-full unzip
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```
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#### Replacement packages in Debian 12
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If you are running Debian server or desktop, you should note that some key packages have been replaced in this release. Here are some of them:
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- The default system clock is now managed by systemd-timesyncd and ntp is replaced by ntpsec.
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- The DNS option dnssec-enable is now obsolete. If you encounter an invalid option error, comment out the line in named.conf file (should be in /etc or /etc/bind9).
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- The systemd-resolved package will not be installed automatically. You need to install and start it manually.
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- The rsyslog package is not installed by default since it is becoming obsolete as journalctl takes over.
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#### Configure Debian Multimedia Repo
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The popular Debian multimedia repo (created by the community) is updated for the Bookworm release. You can add the following lines in APT sources file and take advantage of hundreds of multimedia packages for your projects.
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```
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deb https://www.deb-multimedia.org bookworm main non-free
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```
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You can visit the [official page][8] to learn more about this repo.
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### Wrapping up
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There you have it. A list of tips that every user can take advantage of. Although, these are just guidelines and may not apply to you. But they can be a starting point for your Debian 12 post-install journey.
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Let me know in the comment box what is your favourite post-install tip for Debian.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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||||
via: https://www.debugpoint.com/things-to-do-debian-12/
|
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|
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作者：[Arindam][a]
|
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选题：[lkxed][b]
|
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
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[a]: https://www.debugpoint.com/author/admin1/
|
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[b]: https://github.com/lkxed/
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[1]: https://www.debugpoint.com/upgrade-debian-12-from-debian-11/
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[2]: https://www.debugpoint.com/debian-12-features/
|
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[3]: https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current-live/amd64/bt-hybrid/
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[4]: https://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/current-live/amd64/iso-hybrid/
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[5]: https://www.debugpoint.com/how-to-install-flatpak-apps-ubuntu-linux/
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[6]: https://www.debugpoint.com/download-firefox/
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[7]: https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/
|
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[8]: https://deb-multimedia.org/
|
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