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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (wxy)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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[#]: publisher: (wxy)
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[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11676-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (5 cool terminal pagers in Fedora)
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[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/5-cool-terminal-pagers-in-fedora/)
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[#]: author: (Jacob Burns https://fedoramagazine.org/author/jaek/)
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5 最酷的终端分页器
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5 个最酷的终端分页器
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======
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![][1]
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像日志或源代码这样的大文件可能会多达成千上万行，这使得在文件内导航非常困难，尤其是在终端上。此外，大多数终端仿真器的回滚缓冲区只有几百行。这可能使得无法使用打印到标准输出的实用程序（例如 `cat`、`head` 和 `tail`）在终端中浏览大型文件。在计算的早期，程序员通过开发用于以虚拟“页面”形式显示文本的实用程序来解决这些问题，该实用程序被形象地描述为<ruby>分页器<rt>pager</rt></ruby>。
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像日志或源代码这样的大文件可能会多达成千上万行，这使得在文件内导航非常困难，尤其是在终端上。此外，大多数终端仿真器的回滚缓冲区只有几百行。这可能使得无法使用打印到标准输出的实用程序（例如 `cat`、`head` 和 `tail`）在终端中浏览大型文件。在计算时代的早期，程序员通过开发用于以虚拟“页面”形式显示文本的实用程序来解决这些问题，该实用程序被形象地描述为<ruby>分页器<rt>pager</rt></ruby>。
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*分页器*提供了许多使文本文件导航更加简单的功能，包括滚动、搜索功能，以及作为命令[管道][2]的一部分而具有的功能。与大多数文本编辑器相比，某些终端分页器不需要加载整个文件即可查看，这使它们更快，特别是对于非常大的文件。
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*分页器*提供了许多使文本文件导航更加简单的功能，包括滚动、搜索功能，以及作为命令[管道][2]的一部分而具有的功能。与大多数文本编辑器相比，某些终端分页器不需要加载整个文件即可查看，这使得它们更快，特别是对于非常大的文件。
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在现代 Linux 计算时代，终端仿真器比以往更加复杂。它们提供了对缤纷的色彩、终端大小调整以及许多其它功能的支持，这些功能使得辨析屏幕上的文本变得更加轻松和高效。从诸如 `pg` 和 `more` 这样极其简单的 UNIX 实用程序，到涵盖各种使用场景的、功能广泛的复杂程序，终端分页器经历了类似的演变。考虑到这一点，我们或多或少地汇总了一些最受欢迎的终端分页实用程序的列表。
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在现代 Linux 计算时代，终端仿真器比以往更加复杂。它们提供了对缤纷的色彩、终端尺寸调整以及许多其它功能的支持，这些功能使得辨析屏幕上的文本变得更加轻松和高效。从诸如 `pg` 和 `more` 这样极其简单的 UNIX 实用程序，到涵盖各种使用场景的、功能广泛的复杂程序，终端分页器也经历了类似的演变。考虑到这一点，我们或“多”或“少”地汇总了一些最受欢迎的终端分页实用程序的列表。
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### more
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`more` 是最早的分页器之一，最初在 3.0 BSD 版本中出现。`more` 的第一个实现由 [Daniel Halbert][3] 编写于 1978 年。从那时起，`more` 已成为许多操作系统的普遍功能，包括 Windows、OS/2，MacOS 和大多数 Linux 发行版。
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`more` 是一个非常轻量级的实用程序。util-linux 软件包中提供的版本只有不到 2100 行的 C 语言。但是，这种较小的大小是有代价的。`more` 的大多数版本的功能相对有限，不支持向后滚动或搜索。命令也同样被精简：按回车键可滚动一行，或按空格键滚动一页。其他一些有用的命令包括：
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`more` 是一个非常轻量级的实用程序。util-linux 软件包中提供的版本只有不到 2100 行的 C 语言代码。但是，这种较小的代码大小是有代价的。大多数版本的 `more` 的功能相对有限，不支持向后滚动或搜索。命令也同样精简：按回车键可滚动一行，或按空格键滚动一页。其他一些有用的命令包括：
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* 在阅读时按 `v` 键以在默认的终端编辑器中打开当前文件。
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* `/模式` 可以让你搜索下一个出现的“模式”。
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@ -32,15 +32,15 @@
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`less` 最初被认为是 `more` 的继承者，解决了它的一些局限性。`less` 以 `more` 的功能为基础，增加了许多有用的功能，包括向后滚动、向后搜索。它也更适合窗口大小调整。
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`less` 中的导航与 `more` 类似，尽管 `less` 也从 `vi` 编辑器借用了一些有用的命令。用户可以使用熟悉的 home 行导航键浏览文档。看一眼 `less` 的手册页，就会发现相当多的可用命令。一些特别有用的示例包括：
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`less` 中的导航方式与 `more` 类似，尽管 `less` 也从 `vi` 编辑器借用了一些有用的命令。用户可以使用熟悉的<ruby>主行导航键<rt>home row navigational keys</rt></ruby>（LCTT 译注：指 左手的 `A`、`S`、`D`、`F` 和右手的 `J`、`K`、`L`、`;`，及大拇指所在的空格键）浏览文档。看一眼 `less` 的手册页，就会发现相当多的可用命令。一些特别有用的示例包括：
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* `?模式` 可让你在文件中向后搜索“模式”。
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* `＆模式` 仅显示具有“模式”特征的行。这对于发现自己经常要使用 `$ grep 模式 | less` 的人特别有用。
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* 使用 `-s`（`–sqeueeze-blank-lines`）标志来调用 `less`，使你可以查看空白较大的文本文件。 多个换行符被简化为单个中断。
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* 在程序中调用的 `s 文件名` 将输入保存到 `文件名`中（如果输入来自管道）。
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* 使用 `-s`（或 `–sqeueeze-blank-lines`）标志来调用 `less`，使你可以查看空白较大的文本文件。 多个换行符被简化为单个中断行。
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* 在该程序中调用的 `s 文件名` 将输入保存到 `文件名`中（如果输入来自管道）。
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* 或者，使用 `-o 文件名` 标志来调用 `less` 将把 `less` 的输入保存到 `文件名` 中。
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随着这些增强的功能也带来了体积的略微增大。在写作本文时，Fedora 随附的 `less` 版本大约有 25000 行源代码。当然，除非是受存储限制最大的系统，其它的所有系统上这都不是问题。此外，`less` 比 `more` 功能更多。
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随着这些增强的功能也带来了体积的略微增大。在写作本文时，Fedora 随附的 `less` 版本大约有 25000 行源代码。当然，除非是受存储限制最大的系统，在所有其它的系统上这都不是问题。`less` 比 `more` 功能更多。
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### most
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@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
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重要的是，`most` 考虑了其输入文本的宽度。默认的查看模式是不换行的（`less` 中的 `-S` 参数），此功能在处理“宽”文件时特别有用。尽管对于某些用户来说，这些设计决策可能代表着与传统的重大偏离，但最终结果却非常强大。
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除了 `more` 提供的导航命令外，`most` 使用直观的助记符进行文件导航。例如，`t` 移至文件的顶部（Top），而 `b` 移至底部（Bottom）。这样，不熟悉 `vi` 及其后代的用户会发现 `most` 非常简单好用。
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除了 `more` 提供的导航命令外，`most` 使用直观的助记符进行文件导航。例如，`t` 移至文件的顶部（Top），而 `b` 移至底部（Bottom）。这样，不熟悉 `vi` 及其衍生品的用户会发现 `most` 非常简单好用。
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`most` 的与众不同之处在于它能够快速轻松地拆分窗口和上下文。例如，可以使用以下命令打开两个不同的文本文件：
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@ -60,17 +60,17 @@ $ most textFile1.txt textFile2.txt
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![][4]
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如果在一个窗口中关闭自动换行，它不会影响其他窗口的行为。`\` 字符表示换行或折叠，而 `$` 字符表示文件超出了当前窗口的限制。
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如果在一个窗口中关闭自动换行，它不会影响其他窗口的行为。（行末的）`\` 字符表示换行或折叠，而 `$` 字符表示文件超出了当前窗口的限制。
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### pspg
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使用 SQL 数据库的人员通常需要能够一目了然地检查我们数据库的内容。许多流行的开源 DBMS（例如 MySQL 和 PostGreSQL）的命令行界面都使用系统默认的分页器来查看无法显示在单个屏幕上的输出。诸如`more` 和 `less` 之类的实用程序是围绕呈现文本文件的想法而设计的，但是对于更结构化的数据，还有一些不足之处。天真的文本分页程序没有宽的表格数据的概念，当处理大型查询时，这可能会令人感到沮丧。
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使用 SQL 数据库的人员通常需要能够一目了然地检查数据库的内容。许多流行的开源 DBMS（例如 MySQL 和 PostGreSQL）的命令行界面都使用系统默认的分页器来查看无法显示在单个屏幕上的输出。诸如 `more` 和 `less` 之类的实用程序是围绕呈现文本文件的想法而设计的，但是对于更结构化的数据，还有一些不足之处。天真的文本分页程序没有宽的表格数据的概念，当处理大型查询时，这可能会令人感到沮丧。
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[pspg][5] 试图通过为用户提供在查看时冻结列、*原位*排序数据并为输出着色的功能来解决此问题。尽管`pspg` 最初是专门用作 `psql` 的分页器的替代品，但该程序还支持查看 CSV 数据，并且是 `mysql` 和 `pgcli` 的合适的直接替代品。
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### Vim
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在现代的颜色鲜明的终端中，无休止的黑色页面上的黑色文字感觉太过时了。强大的文本编辑器（如`vim` ）提供的语法高亮显示选项对于浏览源代码很有用。此外，`vim` 提供的搜索功能远远超过了竞争对手。考虑到这一点，`vim` 附带了一个 shell 脚本 `less.sh`，该脚本可以使 `vim` 替代传统的分页器。
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在现代的颜色鲜明的终端中，无休止的黑色页面上的灰色文字感觉太过时了。强大的文本编辑器（如 `vim`）提供的语法高亮显示选项对于浏览源代码很有用。此外，`vim` 提供的搜索功能远远超过了竞争对手。考虑到这一点，`vim` 附带了一个 shell 脚本 `less.sh`，该脚本可以使 `vim` 替代传统的分页器。
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要将 `vim` 设置为手册页的[默认分页器][6]，请将以下内容添加到 shell 的配置中（如果使用默认的bash shell 的话是 `~/.bashrc`）：
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@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/5-cool-terminal-pagers-in-fedora/
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作者：[Jacob Burns][a]
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
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译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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|
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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@ -1,36 +1,38 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (geekpi)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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[#]: publisher: (wxy)
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[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11675-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (Getting started with the GNOME Linux desktop)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/12/gnome-linux-desktop)
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[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
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GNOME Linux 桌面入门
|
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======
|
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本文是 24 天 Linux 桌面特别系列的一部分。GNOME 是大多数现代 Linux 发行版的默认桌面，它干净、简单、组织良好。
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![Gnomes in a window.][1]
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[GNOME][2] 项目理所应当是 Linux 桌面的宠儿。它起初是专有桌面（当时包括 KDE）的免费开源桌面替代品，此后一直发展强劲。GNOME 采用了[由 GIMP 项目开发][3]的 GTK+，并将其开发为强大的通用 GTK 框架。该项目开创了用户界面的先驱，挑战了桌面“应有”外观的先入之见，并为用户提供了新的范例和选项。
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> 本文是 24 天 Linux 桌面特别系列的一部分。GNOME 是大多数现代 Linux 发行版的默认桌面，它干净、简单、组织良好。
|
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|
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在大多数主流现代 Linux 发行版（包括RHEL、Fedora、Debian 和 Ubuntu）中，GNOME 作为默认桌面广泛使用。如果你的发行版不提供它的版本，那么你可以从软件仓库中安装 GNOME。但是，在执行此操作之前，请注意，为了提供完整的桌面体验，这会随桌面一起安装许多 GNOME 应用。如果你在用其他桌面，那么你可能会发现有冗余的应用（两个 PDF 阅读器、两个媒体播放器、两个文件管理器，等等）。如果你只想尝试 GNOME 桌面，请考虑在虚拟机，如[GNOME Boxes][4]，中安装 GNOME 发行版。
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[GNOME][2] 项目理所应当是 Linux 桌面的宠儿。它起初是专有桌面（当时包括 KDE）的自由开源的桌面替代品，此后一直发展强劲。GNOME 采用了[由 GIMP 项目开发][3]的 GTK+，并将其开发为强大的通用 GTK 框架。该项目开创了用户界面的先声，挑战了桌面“应有”外观的先入之见，并为用户提供了新的范例和选项。
|
||||
|
||||
在大多数主流现代 Linux 发行版（包括 RHEL、Fedora、Debian 和 Ubuntu）中，GNOME 作为默认桌面而广泛使用。如果你的发行版不提供它的某个版本，那么你可以从软件仓库中安装 GNOME。但是，在执行此操作之前，请注意，为了提供完整的桌面体验，这会随桌面一起安装许多 GNOME 应用。如果你在用其他桌面，那么你可能会发现有冗余的应用（两个 PDF 阅读器、两个媒体播放器、两个文件管理器，等等）。如果你只想尝试 GNOME 桌面，请考虑在虚拟机，如 [GNOME Boxes][4]，中安装 GNOME 发行版。
|
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|
||||
### GNOME 功能
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 桌面很干净，顶部有一个简单的任务栏，右上角的系统托盘中只有很少的项。GNOME 上没有桌面图标，这是设计使然。如果你是在桌面上保存_任何东西_的用户之一，那么你可能会意识到桌面会定期地变得混乱，而且，更糟糕的是，由于你的应用掩盖了桌面，因此桌面永远不会显示出来。
|
||||
GNOME 桌面很干净，顶部有一个简单的任务栏，右上角的系统托盘中只有很少的图标。GNOME 上没有桌面图标，这是设计使然。如果你是喜欢在桌面上保存*任何东西*的用户，那么你可能会意识到桌面会定期地变得混乱，而且，更糟糕的是，由于你的应用掩盖了桌面，因此桌面永远不会显示出来。
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 解决了两个问题：（在功能上）没有桌面，并且动态生成新的虚拟工作区，因此你可以在全屏模式下运行应用。如果你常把屏幕弄乱，那么可能需要一些时间来习惯，但实际上，从各个方面来说，这都是一种改进的工作流程。你将学习如何使文件井井有条（或者将它们分散在家目录中），并且可以像在手机上一样快速地在屏幕之间切换。
|
||||
|
||||
当然，并非所有应用都设计为在全屏模式下运行，因此，如果你更喜欢单击窗口，也可以这样做。
|
||||
当然，并非所有应用都设计为在全屏模式下运行，因此，如果你更喜欢单击切换窗口，也可以这样做。
|
||||
|
||||
![GNOME running on Debian][5]
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 哲学褒扬了 Canonical 对常见任务的解决方案。在 GNOME 中，你通常不会发现有八种不同的方法来做同一件事。你找到一种或两种官方方法来完成一项任务，你了解了这些方法后，便只需记住这些即可。它非常简单，但由于它在 Linux 上运行，因此在技术上也很灵活（毕竟，你不必因为运行 GNOME 桌面而要使用 GNOME 应用）。
|
||||
GNOME 哲学褒扬了 Canonical 对常见任务的解决方案。在 GNOME 中，你通常不会发现“回字有四种写法”。你会找到一种或两种官方方法来完成一项任务，你了解了这些方法后，便只需记住这些即可。它非常简单，但由于它在 Linux 上运行，因此在技术上也很灵活（毕竟，你不必因为运行 GNOME 桌面而必须要使用 GNOME 应用）。
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||||
### 应用菜单
|
||||
|
||||
要访问名为“活动”的应用菜单，请在桌面的左上角单击。此菜单将占满整个屏幕，屏幕最左侧有一栏常见应用的 dock，并且有一个可以在网格中浏览应用的图标。你可以浏览已安装的应用，或输入软件的头几个字母来过滤列表，之后启动应用。
|
||||
要访问名为“活动”的应用菜单，请在桌面的左上角单击。此菜单将占满整个屏幕，屏幕最左侧有一栏常见应用的 dock，或可以在网格中浏览应用的图标。你可以通过浏览已安装的应用，或输入软件的头几个字母来过滤列表，然后来启动应用。
|
||||
|
||||
![GNOME activities][6]
|
||||
|
||||
@ -40,7 +42,7 @@ GNOME 不仅是桌面。它是一个桌面以及一组丰富的集成应用，
|
||||
|
||||
### GNOME 3 及更高版本
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 项目进展顺利，还有几个令人兴奋的项目（例如 MATE 和 [Cinnamon][8]）。它流行、令人舒适，并且是 Linux 桌面的外观。
|
||||
GNOME 项目进展顺利，还有几个令人兴奋的项目（例如 MATE 和 [Cinnamon][8]）。它流行、令人舒适，被视为 Linux 桌面的代表。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/12/gnome-linux-desktop
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
|
||||
translating
|
||||
|
||||
Think global: How to overcome cultural communication challenges
|
||||
======
|
||||
Use these tips to ensure that every member of your global development team feels involved and understood.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
A few weeks ago, I witnessed an interesting interaction between two work colleagues—Jason, who is from the United States; and Raj, who was visiting from India.
|
||||
|
||||
Raj typically calls into a daily standup meeting at 9:00am US Central Time from India, but since he was in the US, he and his teammates headed toward the scrum area for the meeting. Jason stopped Raj and said, “Raj, where are you going? Don’t you always call into the stand-up? It would feel strange if you don’t call in.” Raj responded, “Oh, is that so? No worries,” and headed back to his desk to call into the meeting.
|
||||
|
||||
I went to Raj’s desk. “Hey, Raj, why aren’t you going to the daily standup?” Raj replied, “Jason asked me to call in.” Meanwhile, Jason was waiting for Raj to come to the standup.
|
||||
|
||||
What happened here? Jason was obviously joking when he made the remark about Raj calling into the meeting. But how did Raj miss this?
|
||||
|
||||
Jason’s statement was meant as a joke, but Raj took it literally. This was a clear example of a misunderstanding that occurred due to unfamiliarity with each other’s cultural context.
|
||||
|
||||
I often encounter emails that end with “Please revert back to me.” At first, this phrase left me puzzled. I thought, "What changes do they want me to revert?" Finally, I figured out that “please revert” means “Please reply.”
|
||||
|
||||
In his TED talk, “[Managing Cross Cultural Remote Teams,][1]” Ricardo Fernandez describes an interaction with a South African colleague who ended an IM conversation with “I’ll call you just now.” Ricardo went back to his office and waited for the call. After fifteen minutes, he called his colleague: “Weren’t you going to call me just now?” The colleague responded, “Yes, I was going to call you just now.” That's when Ricardo realized that to his South African colleague, the phrase “just now” meant “sometime in the future.”
|
||||
|
||||
In today's workplace, our colleagues may not be located in the same office, city, or even country. A growing number of tech companies have a global workforce comprised of employees with varied experiences and perspectives. This diversity allows companies to compete in the rapidly evolving technological environment.
|
||||
|
||||
But geographically dispersed teams can face challenges. Managing and maintaining high-performing development teams is difficult even when the members are co-located; when team members come from different backgrounds and locations, that makes it even harder. Communication can deteriorate, misunderstandings can happen, and teams may stop trusting each other—all of which can affect the success of the company.
|
||||
|
||||
What factors can cause confusion in global communication? In her book, “[The Culture Map][2],” Erin Meyer presents eight scales into which all global cultures fit. We can use these scales to improve our relationships with international colleagues. She identifies the United States as a very low-context culture in the communication scale. In contrast, Japan is identified as a high-context culture.
|
||||
|
||||
What does it mean to be a high- or low-context culture? In the United States, children learn to communicate explicitly: “Say what you mean; mean what you say” is a common principle of communication. On the other hand, Japanese children learn to communicate effectively by mastering the ability to “read the air.” That means they are able to read between the lines and pick up on social cues when communicating.
|
||||
|
||||
Most Asian cultures follow the high-context style of communication. Not surprisingly, the United States, a young country composed of immigrants, follows a low-context culture: Since the people who immigrated to the United States came from different cultural backgrounds, they had no choice but to communicate explicitly and directly.
|
||||
|
||||
### The three R’s
|
||||
|
||||
How can we overcome challenges in cross-cultural communication? Americans communicating with Japanese colleagues, for example, should pay attention to the non-verbal cues, while Japanese communicating with Americans should prepare for more direct language. If you are facing a similar challenge, follow these three steps to communicate more effectively and improve relationships with your international colleagues.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Recognize the differences in cultural context
|
||||
|
||||
The first step toward effective cross-cultural communication is to recognize that there are differences. Start by increasing your awareness of other cultures.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Respect the differences in cultural context
|
||||
|
||||
Once you become aware that differences in cultural context can affect cross-cultural communication, the next step is to respect these differences. When you notice a different style of communication, learn to embrace the difference and actively listen to the other person’s point of view.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Reconcile the differences in cultural context
|
||||
|
||||
Merely recognizing and respecting cultural differences is not enough; you must also learn how to reconcile the cultural differences. Understanding and being empathetic towards the other culture will help you reconcile the differences and learn how to use them to better advance productivity.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5 ways to improve communications for cultural context
|
||||
|
||||
Over the years, I have incorporated various approaches, tips, and tricks to strengthen relationships among team members across the globe. These approaches have helped me overcome communication challenges with global colleagues. Here are a few examples:
|
||||
|
||||
#### Always use video conferencing when communicating with global teammates
|
||||
|
||||
Studies show that about 55% of communication is non-verbal. Body language offers many subtle cues that can help you decipher messages, and video conferencing enables geographically dispersed team members to see each other. Videoconferencing is my default choice when conducting remote meetings.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Ensure that every team member gets an opportunity to share their thoughts and ideas
|
||||
|
||||
Although I prefer to conduct meetings using video conferencing, this is not always possible. If video conferencing is not a common practice at your workplace, it might take some effort to get everyone comfortable with the concept. Start by encouraging everyone to participate in audio meetings.
|
||||
|
||||
One of our remote team members, who frequently met with us in audio conferences, mentioned that she often wanted to share ideas and contribute to the meeting but since we couldn’t see her and she couldn’t see us, she had no idea when to start speaking. If you are using audio conferencing, one way to mitigate this is to ensure that every team member gets an opportunity to share their ideas.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Learn from one another
|
||||
|
||||
Leverage your international friends to learn about their cultural context. This will help you interact more effectively with colleagues from these countries. I have friends from South Asia and South America who have helped me better understand their cultures, and this knowledge has helped me professionally.
|
||||
|
||||
For programmers, I recommend conducting code reviews with your global peers. This will help you understand how those from different cultures give and receive feedback, persuade others, and make technical decisions.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Be empathetic
|
||||
|
||||
Empathy is the key to strong relationships. The more you are able to put yourself in someone else's shoes, the better able you will be to gain trust and build long-lasting connections. Encourage “water-cooler” conversations among your global colleagues by allocating the first few minutes of each meeting for small talk. This offers the additional benefit of putting everyone in a more relaxed mindset. If you manage a global team, make sure every member feels included in the discussion.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Meet your global colleagues in person
|
||||
|
||||
The best way to build long-lasting relationships is to meet your team members in person. If your company can afford it, arrange for this to happen. Meeting colleagues with whom you have been working will likely strengthen your relationship with them. The companies I have worked for have a strong record of periodically sending US team members to other countries and global colleagues to the US office.
|
||||
|
||||
Another way to bring teams together is to attend conferences. This not only creates educational and training opportunities, but you can also carve out some in-person team time.
|
||||
|
||||
In today's increasingly global economy, it is becoming more important for companies to maintain a geographically diverse workforce to remain competitive. Although global teams can face communication challenges, it is possible to maintain a high-performing development team despite geographical and cultural differences. Share some of the techniques you use in the comments.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/think-global-communication-challenges
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Avindra Fernando][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/avindrafernando
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIoAkFpN8wQ
|
||||
[2]: https://www.amazon.com/The-Culture-Map-Invisible-Boundaries/dp/1610392507
|
||||
139
sources/tech/20191215 How to Add Border Around Text in GIMP.md
Normal file
139
sources/tech/20191215 How to Add Border Around Text in GIMP.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to Add Border Around Text in GIMP)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/gimp-text-outline/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
|
||||
|
||||
How to Add Border Around Text in GIMP
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
This simple tutorial explains the steps to outline text in [GIMP][1]. The text outline helps you highlight text against background of other color.
|
||||
|
||||
![Outlined Text created in GIMP][2]
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s see how can you add a border around your text.
|
||||
|
||||
### Adding text outline in GIMP
|
||||
|
||||
The entire procedure can be described in these easy steps:
|
||||
|
||||
* Create your text and copy its outlined path
|
||||
* Add a new transparent layer and add the outlined path to this layer
|
||||
* Change the size of the outline, add a different color to it
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
That’s all. Don’t worry, I am going to show each steps in detail with proper screenshots. By following this tutorial, you should be able to add outline to text even if you never used GIMP before.
|
||||
|
||||
Just make sure that you have [GIMP installed on Linux][3] or whatever operating system you are using.
|
||||
|
||||
This tutorial has been performed with GIMP 2.10 version.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 1: Create your primary text and copy its outline
|
||||
|
||||
Open GIMP and create a new file by going to the top menu->File->New. You can also use Ctrl+N keyboard shortcut.
|
||||
|
||||
![Create New File][4]
|
||||
|
||||
You can select the size of your canvas here. You may also choose if you want white background or a transparent background. It is under the Advanced Options->Color profile.
|
||||
|
||||
I have chosen the default white background. It can be changed later.
|
||||
|
||||
Now select the Text tool from the toolbox in the left sidebar.
|
||||
|
||||
![Adding text in GIMP][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Write the text you want. You can change the font, size and alignment of the text as per your choice. I have kept the default left alignment of the text for this article.
|
||||
|
||||
I have deliberately chose a light color for the text so that it is difficult to read. I’ll add a darker outline to this light text in this tutorial.
|
||||
|
||||
![Text added in GIMP][6]
|
||||
|
||||
When you are done writing your text, right click the text box and select **Path from Text**.
|
||||
|
||||
![Right click on the text box and select ‘Path from Text’][7]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 2: Add a transparent layer with the text outline
|
||||
|
||||
Now, go to the top menu, go to Layer and add a new layer.
|
||||
|
||||
![Use Shift+Ctrl+N to add a new layer][8]
|
||||
|
||||
Make sure to add the new layer as transparent. You can give it a suitable name like ‘outline for text’. Click OK to add this transparent layer.
|
||||
|
||||
![Add a transparent layer][9]
|
||||
|
||||
Go to the menu again and this time go to **Select** and click **From path**. You’ll see that your text has been highlighted.
|
||||
|
||||
![Go to Select and choose From Path][10]
|
||||
|
||||
Basically, you just created a transparent layer that has the same text (but transparent) as your original text. What you need to do now is to increase the size of the text on this layer.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 3: Adding the text outline by increasing its size and changing its color
|
||||
|
||||
To do that, go to Select in menu once again and this time choose Grow. This will allow you to grow the size of the text on the transparent layer.
|
||||
|
||||
![Grow the selection on the additional layer][11]
|
||||
|
||||
Grow it by 5 or 10 pixel or whatever you prefer.
|
||||
|
||||
![Grow it by 5 or 10 pixel][12]
|
||||
|
||||
What you need to do now is to fill this enlarged selection with a choice of your color. Since my original text is of light color, I am going to use back color for the outline here.
|
||||
|
||||
**Select your main image layer** if it’s not already selected. The layers are visible at the right sidebar. Then go to the toolbox and select the bucket fill tool. Select the desired color you want for the outline.
|
||||
|
||||
Now use the tool to fill black color to your selection. Mind that you fill the outer outline of the text, not the text itself.
|
||||
|
||||
![Fill the outline of the text with a different color][13]
|
||||
|
||||
You are pretty much done here. Use Ctrl+Shift+A to de-select your current selection.
|
||||
|
||||
![Outline added to the text][14]
|
||||
|
||||
So now you have successfully added outline to your text in GIMP. It is on white background and if you want a transparent background, just delete the background layer from the layer menu in the right sidebar.
|
||||
|
||||
![Remove the white background layer if you want a transparent background][15]
|
||||
|
||||
If you are happy with the result, save the file as PNG file (to keep transparent background) or whichever file format you prefer.
|
||||
|
||||
**Did you make it work?**
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it. That’s all you need to do to add a text outline in GIMP.
|
||||
|
||||
I hope you find this GIMP tutorial helpful. You may want to check out another [simple tutorial about adding a watermark in GIMP][16].
|
||||
|
||||
If you have questions or suggestions, please feel free to leave a comment below.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/gimp-text-outline/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.gimp.org/
|
||||
[2]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/outlined_text_GIMP.png?ssl=1
|
||||
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/gimp-2-10-release/
|
||||
[4]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/create_outline_text_gimp_1.jpeg?ssl=1
|
||||
[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/outline_text_gimp_2.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/outline_text_gimp-3.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[7]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/outline_text_gimp_4.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/outline_text_gimp_5.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/outline_text_gimp_6.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[10]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/outline_text_gimp_7.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[11]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/outline_text_gimp_8.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[12]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/outline_text_gimp_9.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[13]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/outline_text_gimp_10.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/outline_text_gimp_11.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[15]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/outline_text_gimp_12.jpg?ssl=1
|
||||
[16]: https://itsfoss.com/add-watermark-gimp-linux/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
|
||||
全球化思考:怎样克服交流中的文化差异
|
||||
======
|
||||
这有一些建议帮助你的全球化开发团队能够更好地理解你们的讨论并能参与其中。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
几周前，我见证了两位同事之间一次有趣的互动，他们分别是 Jason，我们的一位美国员工，和 Raj，一位来自印度的访问工作人员。
|
||||
|
||||
Raj 在印度时，他一般会通过电话参加美国中部时间上午 9 点的每日立会，现在他到美国工作了，就可以和组员们坐在同一间会议室里开会了。Jason 拦下了 Raj，说：“ Raj 你要去哪？你不是一直和我们开电话会议吗？你突然出现在会议室里我还不太适应。” Raj 听了说，“是这样吗？没问题。”就回到自己工位前准备和以前一样参加电话会议了。
|
||||
|
||||
我去找 Raj，问他为什么不去参加每日立会，Raj 说 Jason 让自己给组员们打电话参会，而与此同时，Jason 也在会议室等着 Raj 来参加立会。
|
||||
|
||||
到底是哪里出的问题？Jason 明显只是调侃 Raj 终于能来一起开会了，为什么 Raj 没能听懂呢？
|
||||
|
||||
Jason 明显是在开玩笑，但 Raj 把它当真了。这就是在两人互相不了解对方文化语境时发生的一个典型误会。
|
||||
|
||||
我经常会遇到有人在电子邮件的末尾写“请复原”，最开始我很迷惑，“这有什么需要我复原的内容？”后来我才搞懂，“请复原”其实是“请回复”的意思。
|
||||
|
||||
在 Ricardo Fernandez 的TED 演讲“[如何管理跨文化团队][1]” 中，他提到了自己与一位南非同事发生的小故事。那位同事用一句“我一会给你打电话。”结束了两人的 IM 会话，Ricardo 回到办公室后就开始等这位同事的电话，十五分钟后他忍不住主动给这位同事打了电话，问他:“你不是说要给我打电话吗？”，这位同事答到:“是啊，我是说以后有机会给你打电话。”这时 Ricardo 才理解那位同事说的“一会”是“以后”的意思。
|
||||
|
||||
现在是全球化时代，我们的同事很可能不跟我们面对面接触，甚至不在同一座城市，来自不同的国家。越来越多的技术公司拥有全球化的工作场所，和来自世界各地的员工，他们有着不同的背景和经历。这种多样性使得技术公司能够在这个快速发展的科技大环境下拥有更强的竞争力。
|
||||
|
||||
但是这种地域的多样性也会给团队带来挑战。管理和维持团高性能的团队发展对于同地协作的团队来说就有着很大难度，对于有着多样背景成员的全球化团队来说，无疑更加困难。成员之间的交流会发生延迟，误解时有发生，成员之间甚至会互相怀疑，这些都会影响着公司的成功。
|
||||
|
||||
到底是什么因素让全球化交流间发生误解呢？我们可以参照 Erin Meyer 的书《[文化地图][2]》，她在书中将全球文化分为八个类型，其中美国文化被分为低语境文化，与之相对的，日本为高语境文化。
|
||||
|
||||
看到这里你可能会问，高、低语境文化到底是什么意思？美国人从小就教育孩子们简洁表达，“直言不讳”是他们的表达准则；另一边，日本人从小学习在高效处理社交线索的同时进行交流，“察言观色”是他们的交流习惯。
|
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|
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大部分亚洲国家的文化都属于高语境文化。作为一个年轻的移民国家，美国毫不意外地拥有着低语境文化。移民来自于世界各地，拥有着不同的文化背景，他们不得不选择简洁而直接的交流方式，这或许就是其拥有低语境文化的原因。
|
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|
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### 从文化语境的角度与异国同事交流的三个步骤：
|
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|
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怎样面临跨文化交流中遇到的挑战？比如说一位美国人与他的日本同事交流，他更应该注重日本同事的非语言线索，同样的日本同事应当更关注美国人直接表达出的信息。如果你也面临类似的挑战，按照下面这三个步骤做，可以帮助你更有效地和异国同事交流，增进与他们的感情。
|
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|
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#### 认识到文化语境的差异
|
||||
|
||||
跨文化交流的第一步是认识到文化差异，跨文化交流从认识其他文化开始。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 尊重文化语境的差异
|
||||
|
||||
一旦你意识到了文化语境的差异会影响跨文化交流，你要做的就是尊重这些差异。在你遇到一种不同的交流方式时，学会接受差异，学会积极听取他人意见。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 调和文化语境的差异
|
||||
|
||||
只是认识和尊重差异还远远不够，你还需要学会如何调和这些差异。互相理解和换位思考可以增进差异的调和，你还要学着用它们去提高同事间的交流效率，推动生产力。
|
||||
|
||||
### 五种促进不同文化语境间交流的方法
|
||||
|
||||
为了加强组员们之间关系，这么多年来我一直在收集各种各样的方法和建议。这些方法帮助我解决了与外国组员间产生的很多交流问题，下面有其中一些例子：
|
||||
|
||||
#### 与外国组员交流时尽量使用视频会议的形式
|
||||
|
||||
研究表明，交流中约 55% 的内容不是靠语言传递的。肢体语言传达着一种十分微妙的信息，你可以根据它们理解对方的意思，而视频会议中处于异地的组员们能够看到对方的肢体语言。因此，组织远程会议时我一般都会采用视频会议的形式。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 确保每位成员都有机会分享他们的想法
|
||||
|
||||
我虽然喜欢开视频会议，但不是每次都能开的成。如果视频会议对你的团队来说并不常用，大家可能要一些时间去适应，你需要积极鼓励大家参与到其中，先从进行语音会议开始。
|
||||
|
||||
我们有一个外地的组员，每次都和我们进行语音会议，和我们提到她经常会有些想法想要分享，或者想做些贡献，但是我们互相看不到，她不知道该怎样开口。如果你一直在进行语音会议，注意要给组员们足够的时间和机会分享他们的想法。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 互相学习
|
||||
|
||||
通过你身边一两名外国朋友来学习他们的文化，你可以把从一位同事身上学到的应用于所有来自这个国家的同事。我有几位南亚和南美的同事，他们帮助我理解他们的文化，而这些也使得我更加专业。
|
||||
|
||||
对编程人员来说，我建议请你全世界的同行们检查你的代码，这个过程能让你观察到其他文化中人们怎样进行反馈、劝说他人，和最终进行技术决策。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 学会感同身受
|
||||
|
||||
同理心是一段牢固关系的核心。你越能换位思考，就越容易获得信任，来建立长久的关系。你可以在每次会议开始之前和大家闲聊几句，这样大家更容易处于一个放松的状态，如果团队中有很多外国人，要确保大家都能参与进来。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 和你的外国同事们单独见面
|
||||
|
||||
保持长久关系最好的方法是和你的组员们单独见面。如果你的公司可以报销这些费用，那么努力去和组员们见面吧。和一起工作了很长时间的组员们见面能够使你们的关系更加坚固。我所在的公司就有着周期性交换员工的传统，每隔一段时间，世界各地的员工就会来到美国工作，美国员工再到其他分部工作。
|
||||
|
||||
另一种聚齐组员们的机会的研讨会。研讨会创造的不仅是学习和培训的机会，你还可以挤出一些时间和组员们培养感情。
|
||||
|
||||
在如今，全球化经济不断发展，拥有来自不同国家和地区的员工对维持一个公司的竞争力来说越来越重要。即使组员们来自世界各地，团队中会出现一些交流问题，但拥有一支国际化的高绩效团队不是问题。如果你在工作中有什么促进团队交流的小窍门，请在评论中告诉我们吧。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/10/think-global-communication-challenges
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Avindra Fernando][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[Valoniakim](https://github.com/Valoniakim)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/avindrafernando
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QIoAkFpN8wQ
|
||||
[2]: https://www.amazon.com/The-Culture-Map-Invisible-Boundaries/dp/1610392507
|
||||
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