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没有 Linux 和开源软件的世界会变得怎么样
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================================================================================
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> Linux 基金会针最近对人们关于 “没有 Linux 的世界” 系列短片所提出的问题做了回应，解答了包括没有 Linux 和其他的开源软件的因特网会变得怎么样等问题。
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假如 Linux —— 这个开源的操作系统内核 —— 不曾出现过，我们现在的世界是否会是另一番景象。会不会没有了因特网，或者没有了电影？这些都是观看 [Linux 基金会][1] 正在连续播出的 “[没有 Linux 的世界][2]” 系列短片的观众提出来的问题。
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假如你错过了观看这些短片也不要紧，“[没有 Linux 的世界][2]” 系列短片是一个搞笑短片的集合，里边描述了没有了 Linux （或者说没有开源软件）的世界发生的事情。这些短片强调了 Linux 在 [电影制作][3] 以及 [因特网服务][4] 中充当的角色。
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为了揭示该系列短片的一些主张、倾向和隐藏元素，Linux 基金会副主席 Jennifer Cloer 最近在 The VAR Guy 上回应了关于该短片的一些问题。以下是她的原话解答。
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### 最新一集短片 —— Sam 和 Annie 一起看电影。假如没有 Linux，我们现在的荧屏是不是也和短片中的一样？ ###
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在第 4 集剧情中，我们恶搞了一下电影 “阿凡达（Avatar）”。不管你喜欢还是讨厌，现实中的 “阿凡达（Avatar）” 在荧屏上的效果还是让人记忆深刻的。在没有 Linux 的世界中，电影的效果就变得非常丑陋，但是我们并不知道它有多难看，因为那已经是最好的了。但实际上，“阿凡达（Avatar）” 是使用 Linux 来进行效果制作的。Weta 数码使用了当时世界上最大的 Linux 集群来给电影做效果渲染和 3D 建模。据报道，指环王（Lord of the Rings）、神奇四侠（Fantastic Four）和金刚（King Kong）等电影都用到了 Linux。我希望该短片能引起人们关注，因为它所做的这方面的工作还并不广为人知。
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### 很多人对短片的原始剧情进行了批判，其中就包括“没有 Linux 将没有因特网”的剧情的指责。你对此持什么样的看法？ ###
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我们很喜欢人们在短片刚上映就进行激烈的辩论。该短片上映当天就超过了 100,000 的观众，这引起了人们对 Linux 在社会中扮演的角色以及对全世界的社区贡献者和维护者的关注。当然了，没有 Linux 的话，因特网也是会出现的，只是不会像当前我们所熟知的互联网那么成熟而已。每一个短片都对 Linux 在我们每天生活中扮演的角色进行了大胆且有趣的描述。我们希望，这些短片能够把关于 Linux 的故事推广到全世界的人的心里去。
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### 为什么 Sam 和 Annie 的那只猫叫做 String？ ###
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该短片系列中没有一处剧情是随意的。仔细的观看的话，你就会发现其中关于 Linux 和极客们的各种玩笑。小猫 String 是我们的 Linux.com 主编 Libby Clark 以弦理论（string theory）亲自来命名的。在物理学里，弦理论（string theory）是一个理论框架，它用一个叫做弦（String）的一维对象替换了粒子物理学中粒子状的粒子。弦理论（string theory）描述了这些弦（String）如何在空间传播以及相互影响。就像 Sam、Annie 和 String 在那个没有 Linux 的世界里的关系那样。
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### 我们期待已久的下两集是什么样的，特别是，最后那集什么时候上映？ ###
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在第 5 集短片中，我们将到太空并体验一下没有 Linux 的世界对太空探索的影响。这就像是一场疯狂的骑行。在短片的最后，我们最终还是会见到没有 Linux 的世界里的 Linus。贯穿整个短片系列，里边已经给出关于结局的线索，我在这就不能给太多提示了，因为还有好多人在找线索比赛中继续寻找着。并且我也不能给你们说出关于结局短片的上映日期。你们要自己跟进 #WorldWithoutLinux 主题帖来获取更多信息。
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### 你可给一些关于第 4 集短片相关线索的提示吗？ ###
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在该短片中有另外一个关于免费汉堡餐厅（Free Burger Restaurant）的线索。在那个没有 Linux 的世界里，Linux 最后还是以一种很隐秘的方式出现了，可以说，就像是以另一种语言来解读 Linux。当然，这只是为了好玩，String 也以另外一个模样出现。
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### 那么，该系列短片达到你所想要的效果了吗？ ###
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是的，达到了。我们很高兴看到人们分享并参与到这些故事中去。我们希望向那些可能不知道 Linux 的人传达更多关于 Linux 的故事并了解到 Linux 在当今世界中是无处不在的。全部的短片就是为了把这些关于 Linux 的真相推广给大家，并感谢那些全球性社区的开发者和公司对 Linux 的支持，Linux 使得一切成为可能。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/linux-foundation-explains-world-without-linux-and-open-so
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作者：[Christopher Tozzi][a]
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译者：[GHLandy](https://github.com/GHLandy)
|
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi
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[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/
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[2]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/world-without-linux
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[3]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/new-linux-foundation-video-highlights-role-open-source-3d
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[4]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/100715/would-internet-exist-without-linux-yes-without-open-sourc
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@ -1,53 +1,54 @@
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GHLandy Translated
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LibreOffice 中的六大实用扩展组件
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================================================================================
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图片来源：Opensource.com
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LibreOffice 是最好的免费办公套件，并在所有的主要 Linux 发行版中得到应用。尽管 LibreOffice 已经拥有了大多数特性，它仍然可以添加特定的附加组件，即扩展。
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LibreOffice 是最好的自由办公套件，并在所有的主要 Linux 发行版中得到应用。尽管 LibreOffice 已经拥有了大多数特性，它仍然可以通过添加一种叫做扩展（extension）的特定的附加组件来增加功能。
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LibreOffice 的扩展组件的网站是 [extensions.libreoffice.org][1]。扩展组件只是一些工具，可以在安装主体上进行独立添加或者移除，以便增加新功能或者让已有功能更容易使用。
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### 1. 多格式保存组件 ###
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多格式保存组件可以根据用户的设置，同时将文档保存为开源文档、微软 Office 文档或者 PDF 文档。在你将微软 Office 文档格式转为标准的[开源文档格式][2]的时候，这个组件就很实用了，因为该组件同时提供了两种选择：互操作性较强的 ODF 文档格式以及为所有用户让在实用的微软 Office 文档格式保持兼容性。这样使管理员的文档迁移过程变得更具弹性、更易于管理。
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多格式保存组件可以根据用户的设置，同时将文档保存为开源文档（OpenDocument）、微软 Office 文档或者 PDF 文档。在你需要将微软 Office 文档格式转为标准的[开源文档格式][2]的时候，这个组件就很实用了，因为该组件同时提供了两种选择：互操作性较强的 ODF 文档格式，以及微软 Office 文档格式，以便同所有需要使用老旧的文档格式的用户保持兼容性。这样使管理员的文档迁移过程变得更具弹性、更易于管理。
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**[下载 多格式保存组件][3]**
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### 2. Writer 中可交替使用的查找与替换组件（交替搜索） ###
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### 2. Writer 中可备选使用的查找与替换组件（备选搜索 （AltSearch）） ###
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该组件向 Writer 中的查找与替换功能添加了许多新特性：可以查找和替换一段或多段文本；一次执行在多个查找和替换；搜索：书签、笔记、文本字段、交叉引用和参考标志内容、名称或标志及其插入；搜索和插入脚注和尾注；通过名称来搜索表格对象、图像和文本框；搜索帮助手册页的分栏符以及创建和失活时间；根据光标位置搜索相同格式的文本。还可以保存/加载查找和替换参数，并在多个同时打开的文件中执行批处理。
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该组件向 Writer 中的查找与替换功能添加了许多新特性：可以查找和替换一段或多段文本；一次执行多个查找和替换；搜索：书签、笔记、文本字段、交叉引用和参考标志内容、名称或标志及其插入；搜索和插入脚注和尾注；通过名称来搜索表格对象、图像和文本框；搜索帮助手册页和分栏符以及创建和失活时间；根据光标位置搜索相同格式的文本。还可以保存/加载查找和替换参数，并在多个同时打开的文件中执行批处理。
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**[下载 Writer 中可交替使用的查找与替换组件（交替搜索）][4]**
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**[下载 Writer 中可交替使用的查找与替换组件（交替搜索 （AltSearch））][4]**
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### 3. Pepito 清除组件 ###
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中 LibreOffice 中， Pepito 清除组件主要用来快速清除并修复旧扫描件、导入的 PDF 以及每个电子文本文档的格式错误。通过点击 LibreOffice 工具栏中的 Pepito 图标，用户可以打开一个用于分析文档并呈现文档错误类型。当你将 PDF 文档转换为 ODF 文档时，这个工具就非常有用了，它会自动清除转换过程中出现的错误。
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Pepito 清除组件是一个 LibreOffice 扩展，主要用来快速清除并修复旧式扫描件、导入的 PDF 以及每个电子文本文档的格式错误。通过点击 LibreOffice 工具栏中的 Pepito 图标，用户可以打开一个用于分析文档并按类型呈现文档错误。当你将 PDF 文档转换为 ODF 文档时，这个工具就非常有用了，它会自动清除转换过程中出现的错误。
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**[下载 Pepito 清除组件][5]**
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### 4. ImpressRunner 组件###
|
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Impress Runner 是将 [Impress][6] 文档转换成自动播放文件的扩展组件。该组件会添加两个图标，用以设置或移除自动开始播放的功能，我们还可以通过编辑 文件 | 属性 | 自定义属性 菜单来手动添加这两个图标，并将自动运行按钮添加到四个文本域之前。在会议与活动组织而且幻灯片无人主持的时候，这个扩展组件就变得非常有用。
|
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|
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Impress Runner 是将 [Impress][6] 文档转换成自动播放文件的扩展组件。该组件会添加两个图标，用以设置或移除自动开始播放的功能，我们还可以通过编辑 文件 | 属性 | 自定义属性 菜单来手动添加这两个图标，并将自动运行按钮添加到前四个文本域之一前面。在会议与组织活动时，如果幻灯片无人主持，这个扩展组件就变得非常有用。
|
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**[下载 ImpressRunner 组件][7]**
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### 5. 导出为图像组件 ###
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导出为图像组件是 Impress 和 [Draw][8] 中文件菜单里边的一个入口——导出为图像...，，主要用于将所有的幻灯片和页面导出成 JPG、PNG、GIF、BMP 和 TIFF 等图像格式，并且允许用户自定义导出图像的名称、大小以及其他参数。
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导出为图像组件为 Impress 和 [Draw][8] 中文件菜单里增加了一个入口——“导出为图像...”，主要用于将所有的幻灯片和页面导出成 JPG、PNG、GIF、BMP 和 TIFF 等图像格式，并且允许用户自定义导出图像的名称、大小以及其他参数。
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|
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**[下载 导出为图像组件][9]**
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### 6. Anaphraseus 组件###
|
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Anaphraseus 是一个 CAT（Computer-Aided Translation，计算机辅助翻译）工具组件，用来创建、管理双语翻译。Anaphraseus 是一个设置成扩展组件或者独立文档的 LibreOffice 宏。最开始，开发者设计 Anaphraseus 为快速翻译（Wordfast）格式，但现在它可以将文件导入或者到出成 TMX 格式。其主要特性：分本分割、在翻译记录中模糊搜索、术语识别以及导入导出 TMX（OmegaT translation memory format，OmegaT 翻译存储格式）。
|
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|
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Anaphraseus 是一个 CAT（Computer-Aided Translation，计算机辅助翻译）工具组件，用来创建、管理双语翻译。Anaphraseus 是一个 LibreOffice 宏集合，可以作为扩展组件或者用在单独的文档中。最开始，Anaphraseus 支持快速翻译（Wordfast）格式，但现在它可以导入或者导出成 TMX 格式。其主要特性：分本分割、在翻译记录（Translation Memory）中模糊搜索、术语识别以及导入导出 TMX（OmegaT translation memory format，OmegaT 翻译存储格式）。
|
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|
||||
**[下载 Anaphraseus 组件][10]**
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|
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@ -60,8 +61,8 @@ Anaphraseus 是一个 CAT（Computer-Aided Translation，计算机辅助翻译
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/business/15/12/6-useful-libreoffice-extensions
|
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|
||||
作者：[Italo Vignoli][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[GHLandy](https://github.com/GHLandy)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
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@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
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魅族 Pro 5 Ubuntu 版即将发布
|
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========================================================
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**Canonical 和魅族刚刚透露魅族 Pro 5 Ubuntu 版将在 2016 世界移动大会召开期间开始预售**
|
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|
||||
自从上次听到魅族的消息到现在已经很久了，但是看起来 Canonical 和这个中国的硬件厂商之间的合作关系仍然存在。从表面来看，之前魅族的 MX4 Ubuntu 版只是进行了小范围的发布，所以只有很少的设备卖出去了。
|
||||
|
||||
我们仅仅希望魅族 Pro 5 Ubuntu 版可以提高供货量，尤其是因为它是魅族的一款相当新且还提供支持的手机。
|
||||
|
||||
最新的魅族 Pro 5 是第 5 个支持 Ubuntu Touch 的官方设备，2016 年我们可能会看到更多的手机甚至是平板都会预装这个操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
## 魅族 Pro 5 Ubuntu 版将会非常震撼
|
||||
|
||||
Canonical 宣称 Pro 5 是目前已发布了的 Ubuntu 智能手机中最强大的一个，他们说的是对的，但还有一点没有被提及，即如果不考虑平板，它也是最大的 Ubuntu Touch 设备。魅族 Pro 5 采用了一颗 Exynos 7420 8 核处理器和 5.7 英寸分辨率为 1920x1080 的 AMOLED 屏，配备第三代康宁大猩猩玻璃以及 LPDDR4 内存技术。
|
||||
|
||||
很多人也许会问这个新手机的系统是否可以和桌面版系统一样，现在看起来真是如此。
|
||||
|
||||
该公司解释说，“Canonical 一直致力于通过向各种个人设备提供一个统一的自适应平台来重塑个人计算的视觉表现。因此尽管魅族 Pro 5 缺少 MHL 输出，但它运行的是最新的代码，这些代码与新近发布的平板和其它设备一样，可提供一种接近传统桌面的体验。”
|
||||
|
||||
魅族 Pro 5 最初于 2015 年 9 月发布，拥有一个 2100 万像素的后置摄像头，可以拍摄 30fps 的 2160p 视频。同时它还带有一个指纹传感器和支持快速充电的 3050 mAh 的锂电池。
|
||||
|
||||
目前这款手机只在中国和欧洲有售，预定将从 2016 年 2 月 22 日至 25 日的世界移动大会期间开始。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/meizu-pro-5-ubuntu-edition-announced-and-it-s-a-beast-photos-500526.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
|
||||
译者：[osk874](https://github.com/osk874)
|
||||
校对：[Yuking](https://github.com/Yuking-net)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
|
||||
35
published/20160218 Russia Announces Switch to Linux.md
Normal file
35
published/20160218 Russia Announces Switch to Linux.md
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@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
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||||
本周 Linux 新闻: 俄罗斯宣布政府电脑系统迁移到 Linux
|
||||
=========================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
本周 Linux 新闻包括：俄罗斯宣布可能会将系统迁移到 Linux 上、Jack Wallen 思考 2016 年对 Linux 桌面系统的重要性，等等。下面就让我们看看本周 Linux 界都有那些重要新闻。
|
||||
|
||||
1. 俄罗斯宣布有可能切换到 Linux , 以此来反击西方因克里米亚问题而实施的商业禁运。
|
||||
|
||||
[俄罗斯可能将成千上万台政府的电脑系统从 Windows 切换成 Linux](http://www.techradar.com/news/world-of-tech/russia-might-switch-thousands-of-government-computers-to-linux-to-spite-microsoft-1314762) - TechRadar
|
||||
|
||||
2. Jack Wallen 写到：“对于 Linux 来说，占有桌面系统市场 1% 或者 99% 并不重要”
|
||||
|
||||
[为了 Linux 桌面系统奋斗是否真的很重要?](http://www.techrepublic.com/article/should-the-fight-for-the-linux-desktop-really-matter/) - TechRepublic
|
||||
|
||||
3. 自从去年 12 月以来，参与 Linux 基金会的 HYPERLEDGER 计划的合作伙伴有了显著的增加
|
||||
|
||||
[Linux 基金会的 HYPERLEDGER 计划已经有了 30 个合作伙伴](http://www.coindesk.com/linux-foundation-led-hyperledger-project-swells-to-30-members/) - CoinDesk
|
||||
|
||||
4. Docker 的创始人和 CTO , Solomon Hykes 建议将 Alpine Linux 作为公司新的默认操作系统
|
||||
|
||||
[Docker 将会抛弃 Ubuntu 吗？](http://www.infoworld.com/article/3031847/open-source-tools/is-docker-ditching-ubuntu-linux-confusion-reigns.html) - InfoWorld
|
||||
|
||||
5. Linux 基金会的合作项目 Node.js 基金会计划引入流行的第三方软件包“Express”
|
||||
|
||||
[Node.js 基金会计划引入社区里最流行的框架软件 Express 进行孵化](http://thenextweb.com/dd/2016/02/10/the-node-js-foundation-plans-to-incubate-one-of-the-communitys-most-popular-packages/)- The Next Web
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/885174-this-week-in-linux-news-russia-announces-switch-to-linux-outdated-fight-for-the-linux-desktop-a-more
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[linux.com][linux.com]
|
||||
译者：[oska874](https://github.com/oska874)
|
||||
校对：[Yuking_net](https://github.com/Yuking-net)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
118
published/20160218 The Best Linux Distros of 2016.md
Normal file
118
published/20160218 The Best Linux Distros of 2016.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
|
||||
2016：如何选择 Linux 发行版
|
||||
================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[不管是在企业级应用还是在消费者领域](http://www.cio.com/article/3017983/linux/2015s-most-exciting-linux-devices.html)，2015 对于 Linux 来说都是极其重要的一年。作为一个从 2005 年就开始使用 Linux 的老用户，我有幸见证了 Linux 过去这 10 年里的重大发展，[并且，我相信它在 2016 年里会更加令人激动](http://www.cio.com/article/3017177/linux/11-predictions-for-linux-in-2016.html)。在这篇文章里，我会挑选几个将在 2016 年里大放光彩的最佳发行版给大家介绍一下。
|
||||
|
||||
## 强势归来的发行版：openSUSE
|
||||
|
||||
SUSE 是 openSUSE 发行版背后的公司，同时也是起步最早的 Linux 公司；[它在 Linus Torvalds 发布 Linux 的第二年就成立了](http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/866964-exclusive-interview-with-suse-president-nils-brauckmann)。该公司的成立实际上早于现在的 Linux 公司之王 —— Red Hat。同时 SUSE 也是 [openSUSE](https://www.opensuse.org/) 社区发行版的发起者和赞助商。
|
||||
|
||||
2015 年，openSUSE 的开发团队决定向 SUSE Linux 企业版 (SLE) 靠拢，以便让用户可以获得企业服务器特性的发行版——类似于 CentOS 和 Ubuntu 那样。因此，openSUSE 变成了 [openSUSE Leap](https://en.opensuse.org/Portal:Leap)，一个直接基于 SLE SP1 的发行版。
|
||||
|
||||
两个发行版共用相同的基础代码，相互受益 —— SUSE 会选用 openSUSE 中好的代码，反之亦然。如此，openSUSE 也放弃了原本常规的发布周期，新版本与 SLE 同步发行。这意味着每个版本将会有更长的生命周期。
|
||||
|
||||
这样做的结果是，openSUSE 就成了一个非常重要的发行版，因为潜在的 SLE 用户现在可以使用 openSUSE Leap 了。不过，这还不是全部，openSUSE 同样也有发行版 [Tumbleweed](http://www.cio.com/article/3008856/open-source-tools/is-opensuse-tumbleweed-good-enough-for-a-seasoned-arch-user.html) —— 一个纯净的滚动式版本。所以，用户们可以选择使用很稳定的 openSUSE Leap 或者经常更新的 openSUSE Tumbleweed。
|
||||
|
||||
在我的记忆中，还没有其他的发行版做了这样一个令人印象深刻的强势归来。
|
||||
|
||||
## 最高可定制性的发行版：Arch Linux
|
||||
|
||||
Arch Linux 是目前最好的滚动式更新的发行版。好吧，我可能有些偏见，因为我是一名 Arch Linux 用户 ( LCTT 译注：译者也是 Arch Linux 用户，它的定制性真的很好)。然而，我认为它好的真正原因是 Arch 在很多其他领域也都表现的非常优越，并且这才是我为什么用它作为主系统的原因。
|
||||
|
||||
- 对于那些想要学习 Linux 方方面面的用户来说，[Arch Linux](https://www.archlinux.org/) 无疑是一个绝佳的选择。因为你需要手动安装所有自己需要的东西，这样你会慢慢学到 Linux 系统的所有细节。
|
||||
|
||||
- Arch 是一个可高度定制发行版。任何桌面环境 (DE) 都没有了 “Arch” 的原味。你能够得到的只是一个基础系统，然后你可以在上边构建你所想要的发行版。无论好坏，也不像 openSUSE 或者 Ubuntu 那样，Arch 没有额外的补丁或者集成环境。你得到的基本就是上游开发者所创建的原始软件。
|
||||
|
||||
- Arch Linux 同时也是最好的滚动式更新的发行版之一。它需要经常保持着更新。用户所运行的基本上是最新的软件，当然，也可以通过非稳定仓库运行预发行版的软件。
|
||||
|
||||
- Arch 闻名于拥有为数众多的优秀文档。Arch Wiki 是我用以了解所有 Linux 相关事情的完整资源。
|
||||
|
||||
- Arch 中，我最喜欢的是，它提供了“任何”其他发行版中可用的的包和软件，同时还要感谢 AUR (Arch User Repository，Arch 用户仓库)。
|
||||
|
||||
## 最美观的发行版：elementary OS
|
||||
|
||||
不同的发行版会有不同的关注点——多数情况下表现为技术的不同。在大多数的 Linux 发行版中，外观和用户感觉并非他们优先考虑的事情 —— 这通常是桌面环境需要考虑的事情。
|
||||
|
||||
[elementary OS](https://elementary.io/) 正在尝试改变这一事实。在这个发行版中，设计是占据重要位置，并且原因明显——这个发行版是由那些以在 Linux 世界创建漂亮图标而闻名的设计人员所开发的。
|
||||
|
||||
elementary OS 相当注重整体外观和用户感觉。开发者创建了他们自己的组件，包括桌面环境。此外，他们只会选择那些符合设计规范的应用来加入到软件仓库。你可以发现 elementary OS 有很浓重的 Mac OS X 气息。
|
||||
|
||||
## 最好的新晋发行版：Solus
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Solus](https://solus-project.com/) 最近获得非常大的关注程度。它是一个看起来中规中矩、从零开始构建的操作系统，它并非 Debian 或者 Ubuntu 的衍生版本。它使用的 Budgie 桌面环境同样是从零开始构建的，但它的目标是兼容 Gnome。Solus 和 Google 的 Chrome OS 一样——一切从简。
|
||||
|
||||
我个人没怎么玩过 Solus，但它看起来很有前途。Solus 实际上并不是一个 “新” 系统。它曾以不同的形式和名称存在了很长时间，但直到 2015 年整个项目才以现在这个新名称重归大众视野。
|
||||
|
||||
## 最好的云操作系统：Chrome OS
|
||||
|
||||
[Chrome OS](https://www.chromium.org/chromium-os) 可能不会成为你的典型 Linux 发行版，毕竟它是基于浏览器的操作系统，主要用以在线使用。但由于它基于 Linux ，任何人都可以获取其源码进行编译，它同样是一个吸引人的系统。我每天都使用 Chrome OS，它是一个优秀、不用自己维护并且总是保持最新状态的系统，每个人都可以单纯地用它来进行 web 相关的用途。Chrome OS 和 Android 对于推动 Linux 在 PC 市场和移动市场的占有率有着不可或缺的功劳。
|
||||
|
||||
## 最好的笔记本计算机操作系统：Ubuntu MATE
|
||||
|
||||
大多数的笔记本计算机都没有高端的硬件，假如你运行了一个很耗费资源的桌面环境，那么你可能没有足够的系统资源或电量来维持你的使用 —— 因为基本上被操作系统自身消耗了。于是我找到了 [Ubuntu MATE](http://www.cio.com/article/2848475/ubuntu-mate-enterprise-customers.html) 这个优秀的系统。它是轻量级的环境，但提供了能让你拥有不错体验的所有软件。也幸好它的轻量级设计，大部分的系统资源都留来给你的软件使用，让你依旧可以完成一些繁重的任务。我认为它对于低端硬件来说是最好的发行版。
|
||||
|
||||
## 为老旧硬件支持而生的发行版：Lubuntu
|
||||
|
||||
假如你身边拥有一些过时的笔记本或 PC，给它安装 [Lubuntu](http://lubuntu.net/) 来获得重生吧。Lubuntu 使用的是 LXDE 桌面环境，但该项目与 Razor Qt 合并之后，变成了 LXQt。尽管最新的版本 15.04 依旧使用 LXDE，但之后的版本将会使用 LXQt。Lubuntu 对于老旧硬件来说是最合适不过的系统了。
|
||||
|
||||
## 为物联网 (IoT) 而生的发行版：Snappy Ubuntu Core
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Snappy Ubuntu Core 是为物联网 (IoT) 及此类设备而生的 Linux 操作系统。该系统拥有巨大潜力，它可以将我们身边绝大多数的东西 —— 如路由器、咖啡机和无人机等——变成智能设备。让它更有趣的是，软件管理更新的方式以及为增加安全而提供的容器化支持。
|
||||
|
||||
## 为桌面系统而生的发行版：Linux Mint Cinnamon
|
||||
|
||||
[Linux Mint Cinnamon](http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/838569-review-linux-mint-172-release/) 对于台式机和一些有强大硬件的笔记本来说是最好的操作系统。我一般把它叫做 Linux 世界里的 Mac OS X。老实说，由于 Cinnamon 的不稳定，我在很长一段时间内并不是 Linux Mint 的忠实粉丝。但是，在开发者使用Ubuntu LTS (Long Term Support，长期支持)作为基础版本之后，该发行版就变得难以想象的稳定。因为开发者不必花费精力来跟上 Ubuntu 的开发进度，他们现在可以将所有精力放到提升 Cinnamon 上。
|
||||
|
||||
## 为游戏而生的发行版：Steam OS
|
||||
|
||||
对于桌面版 Linux 来说，玩游戏同样是短板。很多用户为了能够玩游戏，安装了 Linux 和 Windows 双系统。而 Valve 则尝试改变这个局面。Valve 是一个游戏发行商，它提供一个可以在不同平台上运行游戏的客户端。并且，Valve 也同样创建了它自己的开源操作系统——[Steam OS](http://store.steampowered.com/steamos/)——为了创建一个基于 Linux 的游戏平台。截至 2015 年底，它的合作伙伴开始把搭载了 Steam OS 的机器推向市场。
|
||||
|
||||
## 为隐私而生的发行版：Tails
|
||||
|
||||
在充斥着大量监控和营销者的跟踪 (对目标内容进行的匿名跟踪通常是可接受的）的岁月，隐私保护就变成了一个重要问题。如果你想脱离政府或者市场机构的监控和跟踪，那么你需要一款始终考虑到隐私问题的操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
在出于保护隐私的考虑上，没有任何一款系统可以超越 [Tails](https://tails.boum.org/)。它是一款基于 Debian 的发行版，并且在设计之初就考虑了隐私和匿名的支持。Tails 非常优秀，而且据报道说，NSA 认为这是对他们的监控的主要威胁之一。
|
||||
|
||||
## 为多媒体制作而生的发行版：Ubuntu Studio
|
||||
|
||||
基于 Linux 的操作系统有一个明显的弱点，那就是对多媒体制作的支持并不友好。所有专业级应用基本只能运行在 Windows 或者 Mac OS X 上。Linux 系统从来都不缺乏像样的音频/视频制作软件，但这样还是远远不够的。应该要有一款轻量级的桌面环境，使得那些宝贵的系统资源——如 CPU 和 RAM——尽量少占用，以便用于多媒体制作。目前，[Ubuntu Studio](https://ubuntustudio.org/tour/) 对多媒体制作的支持最好。它使用了 Xfce 桌面环境，并且有各种各样的音频、视频以及图像编辑应用。
|
||||
|
||||
## 最好的企业发行版：SLE/RHEL
|
||||
|
||||
企业级用户并不会通过浏览像这样的文章来了解他们的服务器该运行什么发行版。他们通常非常明确地知道该到哪里获取信息：即 [Red Hat Enterprise Linux](https://www.redhat.com/en/technologies/linux-platforms/enterprise-linux) 或 [SUSE Linux Enterprise](https://www.suse.com/)。这两个名字已经成了企业服务器的代名词了。同时，这些公司也都通过创新来推动将一切都容器化和变成软件定义的。
|
||||
|
||||
## 最好的服务器操作系统：Debian/CentOS
|
||||
|
||||
假如你在考虑自己运行一台服务器，但有不希望支付 RHEL 或者 SLE 授权的费用，那么 [Debian](https://www.debian.org/) 或者 [CentOS](https://www.centos.org/) 将是你最好的选择。这两个发行版是社区主导的服务器操作系统，具有不可动摇的地位。并且它们有着长期支持，你不必担忧需要经常去升级系统。
|
||||
|
||||
## 最好的移动操作系统：Plasma Mobile
|
||||
|
||||
尽管，基于 Linux 的 Android 系统称雄于移动操作系统市场，但是大多数的开源社区——也包括我在内——也仍然强烈希望能有一个发行版可以为移动设备提供传统 Linux 的桌面应用。同时，这样的一个发行版由开源社区来维护会比由商业公司来维护好的多，只有这样，用户才能成为这个发行版的关注点，而不是由公司的商业目标来决定这个发行版的发展趋势。KDE 的 [Plasma Mobile](https://community.kde.org/Plasma/Mobile) 刚好实现了我们的愿望。
|
||||
|
||||
这个基于 Kubuntu 的发行版始于 2015 年。因为 KDE 社区以坚守标准和为公众开发应用而闻名，我非常期待 Plasma Mobile 能够一直坚持下去。
|
||||
|
||||
## 为 ARM 设备而生的发行版：Arch Linux ARM
|
||||
|
||||
随着 Android 系统的成功，我们的生活也围绕者越来越多的 ARM 设备——从树莓派 (Raspberry Pi) 到 Chromebook 以及 Nvidia Shield。为 Intel/AMD 架构的 CPU 而编写的传统发行版并不能够在这些 ARM 架构的设备上运行。而一些为 ARM 而编写的发行版却仅仅只能在特定的硬件上运行，比如只能运行在树莓派 (Raspberry Pi) 上的 Raspbian 系统。这就是为什么 [Arch Linux ARM](http://archlinuxarm.org/) (ALARM) 让人眼前一亮的原因。它是一个基于 Arch Linux 的纯粹由社区主导的发行版，可以在树梅派 (Raspberry Pi)、Chromebook、Android 设备以及 Nvidia Shield 等设备上运行。同时，更好的是，也由于 AUR，你可以安装很多在其他发行版可能无法获取的软件。
|
||||
|
||||
## 结论
|
||||
|
||||
在我写完本文的时候，连我自己都震惊了。能够在 Linux 的世界里为大家写点东西真的是很令人激动。不必去管 Linux 统治桌面电脑的时代是否会到来，我们都要一样享受自己使用 Linux 的每一刻快乐时光。
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/878620-the-best-linux-distros-of-2016
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
|
||||
译者：[GHLandy](https://github.com/GHLandy)
|
||||
校对：[mudongliang](https://github.com/mudongliang)，[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/61003
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
|
||||
Linux Mint 18 将拥有自己的应用集
|
||||
=============================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
对于发行版开发者来说，创建和发布一系列专为他们发行版设计的应用是再平常不过的事情。一个最典型的例子就是 [elementary OS](https://elementary.io/) 。而在经过九年的努力后，Linux Mint 终于孤注一掷做了相同的事情。
|
||||
|
||||
[Linux Mint](http://www.linuxmint.com/) 是现今最著名的 Linux 发行版之一。其基于 Ubuntu 和 Debian，Linux Mint 努力去创建一个现代的、优雅的、舒适的操作系统，不但强大而且易用。（LCTT 译注：Linux Mint 基于 Ubuntu，而 Linux Mint Debian Edition 基于 Debian。）Linux Mint 背后的团队同时也积极参与 [MATE](http://itsfoss.com/install-mate-desktop-ubuntu-14-04/) 和 [Cinnamon](http://itsfoss.com/install-cinnamon-ubuntu-14-04/) 桌面环境开发。
|
||||
|
||||
## 前有 X 战警（X-men），后有 X 应用（X-Apps）
|
||||
|
||||
周四， Linux Mint 项目领导者 Clement Lefebvre [宣布](http://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=2985) X-Apps 的创建。X-Apps 被设计为不依赖特定桌面环境，以便开发者可以直接更新它们而不必针对每一种桌面环境做调整。Lefebvre 声明这些 X-Apps 将会被作为 Cinnamon、MATE 和 Xfce 桌面环境的默认应用。
|
||||
|
||||
## Linux 是否需要更多的应用？
|
||||
|
||||
据 Lefebvre 所述，X-Apps 的创建是因 GNOME 3.18 发布所需。对于 GNOME 3.18 的发布，他这样说：
|
||||
|
||||
> “GTK 本身和一些 GNOME 应用都在 GNOME SHELL 上集成地很好，而且看起来风格很一致。坏消息就是它们在任何别的地方看起来很不相称。使事情变得更糟的是，Ubuntu 的旗舰产品 Unity 重度依赖 GTK、GNOME 应用及 GNOME 环境本身，所以我们这里不能在上游的 3.18 版本中处理，而这一系列的补丁会带来它们自己的问题（举一个例子，Ubuntu 在应用中重新引入菜单条和标题栏，但是不重写它们的头部栏..所以你有时会看到它们三者一起出现）。”
|
||||
|
||||
在过去，Linux Mint 团队通过“应用降级（例如 Linux Mint 17 使用 gedit 2.30），给 GNOME 打补丁以及使用替代品（大部分在 MATE 和 Xfce）”来处理这个问题。
|
||||
|
||||
Lefebvre 也说为 Cinnamon 和 MATE 构建特定应用没有意义。这就是为什么他们选择开发那些通用的，可以完美地适应运行在 Cinnamon，MATE 和 Xfce（以及其他可能的桌面环境）的应用。
|
||||
|
||||
他进一步补充道：
|
||||
|
||||
>“X-Apps 将会是一个通用的，使用传统的接口 GTK3 应用的集合。它能被用作 Cinnamon，MATE 和 Xfce 默认的桌面组件。在 Mint 18 中，“X apps” 将允许我们去维护一个本地风格及更高层面的集成。因为它们将会被用于替代看起来很不一致的 GNOME 桌面应用。长期来讲，X-App 项目将会允许我们去开发新的功能和改进应用本身（这是一些我们无法通过打补丁，临时分支或者特定桌面的分支做到的事情，比如说 MATE 桌面应用，因为它代价太高）。”
|
||||
|
||||
## 将会有什么类型的应用？
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lefebvre 只透露其中一个即将来临的 X-Apps：一个名为 xedit 的文本编辑器。下面是这个软件提供的一些特性：
|
||||
|
||||
- 基于 Pluma，很容易学会使用
|
||||
- 使用 GTK3
|
||||
- 不依赖 GNOME 或 MATE
|
||||
|
||||
## 何时呢？
|
||||
|
||||
X-Apps 将会和 [Linux Mint 18](http://itsfoss.com/linux-mint-18-codenamed-sarah/) 一同到来。而 Linux Mint 18 将会在 Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 发布之后数月后发布。[Ubuntu 16.04 LTS 计划于四月发布。](http://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-1604-release-schedule/)
|
||||
|
||||
## 总结
|
||||
|
||||
就我而言，无论何时当我听见某人发布一个新发行版特定的应用，我都会局促不安。Linux 世界本身已经难以想象的碎片化了。我们真的需要花费时间和精力去创建更多的重复的项目吗？但不要误解我，我喜欢桌面无关软件的想法。它将修复大量的一个桌面一个应用样子的问题。
|
||||
|
||||
使我发愁的问题是“它们是否会成功？”。正如我之前所说，Linux Mint 团队成员也在两种桌面环境工作。目前增加了应用开发就让这些混在一起了。我自己没有写过一个软件（除了 Hello World），但是我知道当你尝试且使一个项目复杂化，就会发生不好的事情。许多项目已经变成了不断膨胀的恶龙。我希望这样的事不要发生在这里。
|
||||
|
||||
你有不同的想法吗？在下方评论以便让我知道。
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/linux-mint-own-apps/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[JOHN PAUL][a]
|
||||
译者：[mudongliang](https://github.com/mudongliang)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/john/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
|
||||
robot527 translating
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Bossie Awards 2015: The best open source networking and security software
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
InfoWorld's top picks of the year among open source tools for building, operating, and securing networks
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
ictlyh Translating
|
||||
Review EXT4 vs. Btrfs vs. XFS
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
name1e5s translating
|
||||
Gaming On Linux: All You Need To Know
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
【Translating By cposture 2016-02-26】
|
||||
Data Structures in the Linux Kernel
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
136
sources/tech/20160204 An Introduction to SELinux.md
Normal file
136
sources/tech/20160204 An Introduction to SELinux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
|
||||
An Introduction to SELinux
|
||||
===============================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
>Figure 1: The getenforce command reporting SELinux is set to Enforcing.
|
||||
|
||||
Way back in kernel 2.6, a new security system was introduced to provide a mechanism for supporting access control security policies. This system was [Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux)][1] and was introduced by the [National Security Administration (NSA)][2] to incorporate a strong Mandatory Access Control architecture into the subsystems of the Linux kernel.
|
||||
|
||||
If you’ve spent your entire Linux career either disabling or ignoring SELinux, this article is dedicated to you — an introduction to the system that lives “under the hood” of your Linux desktop or server to limit privilege or even eliminate the possibility of damage should programs or daemons become compromised.
|
||||
|
||||
Before I begin, you should know that SELinux is primarily a tool for Red Hat Linux and its derivatives. The likes of Ubuntu and SUSE (and their derivatives) make use of AppArmor. SELinux and AppArmor are significantly different. You can install SELinux on SUSE, openSUSE, Ubuntu, etc., but it’s an incredibly challenging task unless you’re very well versed in Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
With that said, let me introduce you to SELinux.
|
||||
|
||||
### DAC vs. MAC
|
||||
|
||||
The old-guard standard form of access control on Linux was Discretionary Access Control (DAC). With this form, an application or daemon runs under either User ID (UID) or Set owner User ID (SUID) and holds object permissions (for files, sockets, and other processes) of that user. This made it easier for malicious code to be run with a permission set that would grant it access to crucial subsystems.
|
||||
|
||||
Mandatory Access Control (MAC), on the other hand, enforces the separation of information based on both confidentiality and integrity to enable the confinement of damage. The confinement unit operates independently of the traditional Linux security mechanisms and has no concept of a superuser.
|
||||
|
||||
### How SELinux Works
|
||||
|
||||
Consider these pieces of the SELinux puzzle:
|
||||
|
||||
- Subjects
|
||||
|
||||
- Objects
|
||||
|
||||
- Policy
|
||||
|
||||
- Mode
|
||||
|
||||
When a subject (such as an application) attempts to access an object (such as a file), the SELinux Security Server (inside the kernel) runs a check against the Policy Database. Depending on the current mode, if the SELinux Security Server grants permission, the subject is given access to the object. If the SELinux Security Server denies permission, a denied message is logged in /var/log/messages.
|
||||
|
||||
Sounds relatively simple, right? There’s actually more to it than that, but for the sake of introduction, those are the important steps.
|
||||
|
||||
### The Modes
|
||||
|
||||
SELinux has three modes (which can be set by the user). These modes will dictate how SELinux acts upon subject request. The modes are:
|
||||
|
||||
- Enforcing — SELinux policy is enforced and subjects will be denied or granted access to objects based on the SELinux policy rules
|
||||
|
||||
- Permissive — SELinux policy is not enforced and does not deny access, although denials are logged
|
||||
|
||||
- Disabled — SELinux is completely disabled
|
||||
|
||||
Out of the box, most systems have SELinux set to Enforcing. How do you know what mode your system is currently running? You can use a simple command to report the mode; that command is getenforce. This command is incredibly simple to use (as it has the singular purpose of reporting the SELinux mode). To use this tool, open up a terminal window and issue the command getenforce. The report will come back with either, Enforcing, Permissive, or Disabled (see Figure 1 above).
|
||||
|
||||
Setting the SELinux mode is actually quite simple — depending upon the mode you want to set. Understand this: It is never recommended to set SELinux to Disable. Why? When you do this, you open up the possibility that files on your disk will be mislabeled and require a re-label to fix. It is also not possible to change the mode of a system when it has been booted in Disabled mode. Your best modes are either Enabled or Permissive.
|
||||
|
||||
You can change the SELinux mode from the command line or in the /etc/selinux/config file. To set the mod via command line, you use the setenforce tool. To set the mode to Enforcing, do the following:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Open up a terminal window
|
||||
|
||||
2. Issue the command su and then enter your administrator password
|
||||
|
||||
3. Issue the command setenforce 1
|
||||
|
||||
4. Issue the command getenforce to ensure the mode has been set (Figure 2)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
>Figure 2: Setting the SELinux mode to Enforcing.
|
||||
|
||||
To set the mode to Permissive, do this:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Open up a terminal window
|
||||
|
||||
2. Issue the command su and then enter your administrator password
|
||||
|
||||
3. Issue the command setenforce 0
|
||||
|
||||
4. Issue the command getenforce to ensure the mode has been set (Figure 3)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
>Figure 3: Setting the SELinux mode to Permissive.
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: Setting the mode via command line overrides the setting in the SELinux config file.
|
||||
|
||||
If you’d prefer to set the mode in the SELinux command file, open up that particular file in your favorite text editor and look for the line:
|
||||
|
||||
>SELINUX=permissive
|
||||
|
||||
You can change the mode to suit your preference and then save the file.
|
||||
|
||||
There is also a third method of changing the SELinux mode (via the bootloader), but I don’t recommend it for a beginning user.
|
||||
|
||||
### Policy Type
|
||||
|
||||
There are two types of SELinux policies:
|
||||
|
||||
- Targeted — only targeted network daemons (dhcpd, httpd, named, nscd, ntpd, portmap, snmpd, squid, and syslogd) are protected
|
||||
|
||||
- Strict — full SELinux protection for all daemons
|
||||
|
||||
You can change the policy type within the /etc/selinux/config file. Open the file in your favorite text editor and look for the line:
|
||||
|
||||
>SELINUXTYPE=targeted
|
||||
|
||||
Change the option in that line to either targeted or strict to match your needs.
|
||||
|
||||
### Checking the Full SELinux Status
|
||||
|
||||
There is a handy SELinux tool you might want to know about that will display a detailed status report of your SELinux-enabled system. The command is run from a terminal window like this:
|
||||
|
||||
>sestatus -v
|
||||
|
||||
You should see output similar to that shown in Figure 4.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
>Figure 4: The output of the sestatus -v command.
|
||||
|
||||
### Just Scratching the Surface
|
||||
|
||||
As you might expect, I have only scratched the surface of SELinux. It is quite a complex system and will require diving much deeper to obtain a solid understanding of how it works for you and how you can make it better work for your desktops and servers. I still have yet to cover troubleshooting and creating custom SELinux policies.
|
||||
|
||||
SELinux is a powerful tool that any Linux administrator should know. Now that you’ve been introduced, I highly recommend you return to Linux.com (when more tutorials on the subject are posted) or take a look at the [NSA SELinux documentation][3] for very in-depth tutorials.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linux.com/learn/docs/ldp/883671-an-introduction-to-selinux
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jack Wallen][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/93
|
||||
[1]: http://selinuxproject.org/page/Main_Page
|
||||
[2]: https://www.nsa.gov/research/selinux/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.nsa.gov/research/selinux/docs.shtml
|
||||
@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
|
||||
(翻译中 by runningwater)
|
||||
How to Add New Disk in Linux CentOS 7 Without Rebooting
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Increasing disk spaces on the Linux servers is a daily routine work for very system administrator. So, in this article we are going to show you some simple simple steps that you can use to increase your disk spaces on Linux CentOS 7 without rebooting to your production server using Linux commands. We will cover multiple methods and possibilities to increase and add new disks to the Linux systems, so that you can follow the one that you feel comfortable while using according to your requirements.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Increasing Disk of VM Guest: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Before increasing the disk volume inside your Linux system, you need to add a new disk or increase the one its has already attached with the system by editing its settings from your VMware vShere, Workstation or any other infrastructure environment that you are using.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Check Disk Space: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to check the current size of your disk space.
|
||||
|
||||
# df -h
|
||||
# fdisk -l
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Here we can see that the total disk size is still the same that is 10 GB while we have already increased it to 50 GB from the back end.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Expanding Space without Rebooting VM ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now run the following commands to expand the disk space in the physical volume of the Operating System without rebooting the virtual machine by Re-scanning the SCSI Bus and then adding SCSI Device.
|
||||
|
||||
# ls /sys/class/scsi_host/
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
|
||||
|
||||
Check the names of your SCSI devices and then rescan the SCSI buses using below commands.
|
||||
|
||||
# ls /sys/class/scsi_device/
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/0\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/2\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
|
||||
That will rescan the current scsi bus and the disk size that we increased from the VM guest settings will be show up as you can see in the below image.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. New Disk Partition: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Once you are able to see the increased disk space inside your system then the run the following command to format your disk for creating a new partition by following the steps to increase your physical disk volume.
|
||||
|
||||
# fdisk /dev/sda
|
||||
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2) press the 'm' key for help
|
||||
Command (m for help): m
|
||||
Command action
|
||||
a toggle a bootable flag
|
||||
b edit bsd disklabel
|
||||
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
|
||||
d delete a partition
|
||||
g create a new empty GPT partition table
|
||||
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
|
||||
l list known partition types
|
||||
m print this menu
|
||||
n add a new partition
|
||||
o create a new empty DOS partition table
|
||||
p print the partition table
|
||||
q quit without saving changes
|
||||
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
|
||||
t change a partition's system id
|
||||
u change display/entry units
|
||||
v verify the partition table
|
||||
w write table to disk and exit
|
||||
x extra functionality (experts only)
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help):
|
||||
|
||||
Type the 'p' to print the current partition table then create a new primary partition by typing the 'n' key and selecting the available sectors. Change the disk type to 'Linux LVM' by using 't' command and selecting the code to '8e' or leave as it to its default type that is '83'.
|
||||
|
||||
Now write the table to disk and exit by Entring 'w' key as shown.
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): w
|
||||
The partition table has been altered!
|
||||
|
||||
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
|
||||
|
||||
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
|
||||
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
|
||||
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Creating Physical Volume: ###
|
||||
|
||||
As indicated above run the 'partprobe' or kpartx command so that the tables are ready to use and then create the new Physical Volume using the below commands.
|
||||
|
||||
# partprobe
|
||||
# pvresize /dev/sda3
|
||||
|
||||
To check the newly created volume run the following command to see if the new physical volume has been created and visible. After that we will extend the Volume Group 'centos' with the newly create Physical Volume as shown.
|
||||
|
||||
# pvdisplay
|
||||
# vgextend centos /dev/sda3
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Extending Logical Volume: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now we will extend the Logical Volume to increase the disk space on it using the the below command.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvextend -L +40G /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
|
||||
Once you get the successfully increased message, run the command as shown below to extend the size of your logical volume .
|
||||
|
||||
# xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
|
||||
The size of the '/' partition has been increased successfully, you can check the size of your disk drives by using the 'df' command as shown.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Extending Root Partition by Adding New Disk Without Reboot: ###
|
||||
|
||||
This is the second method with but with quite similar commands to increase the size of the Logical volume in CentOS 7.
|
||||
|
||||
So, the first step is to Open the setting of your VM guest settings and click on the 'Add' new button and proceed to the next option.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Choose the required configuration for the new disk by selecting the size of the new disk and its type as shown in the below image.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Then come to the server side and repeat the following commands to scan your disk devices to the new disk is visible on the system.
|
||||
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
|
||||
|
||||
List the names of your SCSi devices
|
||||
|
||||
# ls /sys/class/scsi_device/
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/1\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/2\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/3\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# fdisk -l
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once the new disk is visible run the below commands to create the new physical volume and add it to the volume group as shown.
|
||||
|
||||
# pvcreate /dev/sdb
|
||||
# vgextend centos /dev/sdb
|
||||
# vgdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now extend the Logical Volume by adding the disk space on it and then add it to the root partition.
|
||||
|
||||
# lvextend -L +20G /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
# xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
# df -h
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion: ###
|
||||
|
||||
Managing disk partitions in Linux CentOS 7 is a simple process to increase the disk space of any of your logical volumes by using the steps as described in this article. You don't need to give your production server's reboot for this purpose but simply rescan your SCSi devices and expand your desired LVM. We hope you find this article much helpful. Feel free to leave your valuable comments or suggestions.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/add-new-disk-centos-7-without-rebooting/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Kashif S][a]
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater
|
||||
)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/kashifs/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
|
||||
bioIkke 翻译中
|
||||
7 Steps to Start Your Linux SysAdmin Career
|
||||
===============================================
|
||||
|
||||
Linux is hot right now. Everybody is looking for Linux talent. Recruiters are knocking down the doors of anybody with Linux experience, and there are tens of thousands of jobs waiting to be filled. But what if you want to take advantage of this trend and you’re new to Linux? How do you get started?
|
||||
|
||||
1. Install Linux
|
||||
|
||||
It should almost go without saying, but the first key to learning Linux is to install Linux. Both the LFS101x and the LFS201 courses include detailed sections on installing and configuring Linux for the first time.
|
||||
|
||||
2. Take LFS101x
|
||||
|
||||
If you are completely new to Linux, the best place to start is our free [LFS101x Introduction](https://www.edx.org/course/introduction-linux-linuxfoundationx-lfs101x-2) to Linux course. This online course is hosted by edX.org, and explores the various tools and techniques commonly used by Linux system administrators and end users to achieve their day-to-day work in a Linux environment. It is designed for experienced computer users who have limited or no previous exposure to Linux, whether they are working in an individual or enterprise environment. This course will give you a good working knowledge of Linux from both a graphical and command line perspective, allowing you to easily navigate through any of the major Linux distributions.
|
||||
|
||||
3. Look into LFS201
|
||||
|
||||
Once you’ve completed LFS101x, you’re ready to start diving into the more complicated tasks in Linux that will be required of you as a professional sysadmin. To gain those skills, you’ll want to take [LFS201 Essentials of Linux System Administration](http://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/essentials-of-system-administration). The course gives you in-depth explanations and instructions for each topic, along with plenty of exercises and labs to help you get real, hands-on experience with the subject matter.
|
||||
|
||||
If you would rather have a live instructor teach you or you have an employer who is interested in helping you become a Linux sysadmin, you might also be interested in LFS220 Linux System Administration. This course includes all the same topics as the LFS201 course, but is taught by an expert instructor who can guide you through the labs and answer any questions you have on the topics covered in the course.
|
||||
|
||||
4. Practice!
|
||||
|
||||
Practice makes perfect, and that’s as true for Linux as it is for any musical instrument or sport. Once you’ve installed Linux, use it regularly. Perform key tasks over and over again until you can do them easily without reference material. Learn the ins and outs of the command line as well as the GUI. This practice will ensure that you’ve got the skills and knowledge to be successful as a professional Linux sysadmin.
|
||||
|
||||
5. Get Certified
|
||||
|
||||
After you’ve taken LFS201 or LFS220 and you’ve gotten some practice, you are now ready to get certified as a system administrator. You’ll need this certification because this is how you will prove to employers that you have the necessary skills to be a professional Linux sysadmin.
|
||||
|
||||
There are several Linux certifications on the market today, and all of them have their place. However, most of these certifications are either centered on a specific distro (like Red Hat) or are purely knowledge-based and don’t demonstrate actual skill with Linux. The Linux Foundation Certified System Administrator certification is an excellent alternative for someone looking for a flexible, meaningful entry-level certification.
|
||||
|
||||
6. Get Involved
|
||||
|
||||
At this point you may also want to consider joining up with a local Linux Users Group (or LUG), if there’s one in your area. These groups are usually composed of people of all ages and experience levels, so regardless of where you are at with your Linux experience, you can find people with similar skill levels to bond with, or more advanced Linux users who can help answer questions and point you towards helpful resources. To find out if there’s a LUG near you, try looking on meetup.com, check with a nearby university, or just do a simple Internet search.
|
||||
|
||||
There are also many online communities available to you as you learn Linux. These sites and communities provide help and support to both individuals new to Linux or experienced administrators:
|
||||
|
||||
- [Linux Admin subreddit](https://www.reddit.com/r/linuxadmin)
|
||||
|
||||
- [Linux.com](http://www.linux.com/)
|
||||
|
||||
- [training.linuxfoundation.org](http://training.linuxfoundation.org/)
|
||||
|
||||
- [http://community.ubuntu.com/help-information/](http://community.ubuntu.com/help-information/)
|
||||
|
||||
- [https://forums.opensuse.org/forum.php](https://forums.opensuse.org/forum.php)
|
||||
|
||||
- [http://wiki.centos.org/Documentation](http://wiki.centos.org/Documentation)
|
||||
|
||||
7. Learn To Love The Documentation
|
||||
|
||||
Last but not least, if you ever get stuck on something within Linux, don’t forget about Linux’s included documentation. Using the commands man (for manual), info and help, you can find information on virtually every aspect of Linux, right from within the operating system. The usefulness of these built-in resources cannot be overstated, and you’ll find yourself using them throughout your career, so you might as well get familiar with them early on.
|
||||
|
||||
Interested in learning more about starting your IT career with Linux? Check out our free ebook “[A Brief Guide To Starting Your IT Career In Linux](http://training.linuxfoundation.org/sysadmin-it-career-guide).”
|
||||
|
||||
[Download Now](http://training.linuxfoundation.org/sysadmin-it-career-guide)
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/featured-blogs/191-linux-training/834644-7-steps-to-start-your-linux-sysadmin-career
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[linux.com][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:linux.com
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
|
||||
9 Key Trends in Hybrid Cloud Computing
|
||||
========================================
|
||||
|
||||
All three forms of cloud computing – public, private, and hybrid – have undergone considerable evolution since the concepts first gained the attention of IT years ago. Hybrid cloud is the overwhelming favorite form of the cloud, with [88% of firms surveyed](https://www.greenhousedata.com/blog/hybrid-continues-to-be-most-popular-cloud-option-adoption-accelerating) rating it as important or critical to their business.
|
||||
|
||||
The lightning-fast evolution of hybrid cloud means the conventional wisdom of a year or two back is already obsolete. So we asked several industry analysts where they saw the hybrid cloud headed in 2016 and got some interesting answers.
|
||||
|
||||
1. **2016 might be the year that we get hybrid cloud to actually work.**
|
||||
|
||||
By its very nature, hybrid cloud relies on private cloud, which has proven elusive for most enterprises. The fact is that the public cloud – Amazon, Google, Microsoft – have had much more investment and a longer head start. The private cloud has hamstrung the hybrid cloud's growth and usability.
|
||||
|
||||
There hasn't been as much investment in the private cloud because by its very nature, the private cloud means keeping and investing in your own data center. And many public cloud providers are pushing enterprises to reduce or eliminate their data center spending all together.
|
||||
|
||||
However, this year will see the private cloud start to catch up thanks to advances in OpenStack and Microsoft's Azure Stack, which is basically a private cloud in a box. The tools, infrastructures, and architectures to support hybrid cloud are also becoming much more robust.
|
||||
|
||||
2. **Containers, microservices, and unikernels will bolster the hybrid cloud.**
|
||||
|
||||
These are all cloud native technologies and will all be more or less mainstream by the end of 2016, analysts predict. They are maturing rapidly and serving as a viable alternative to virtual machines, which require more resources.
|
||||
|
||||
More importantly, they work in an on-premises scenario as well as an off-premises scenario. Containerization and orchestration allow rapid scale up, scale out, and service migration between public and private cloud, making it even easier to move your services around.
|
||||
|
||||
3. **Data and relevance take center stage**
|
||||
|
||||
The cloud, in all its forms, has been in growth mode. That makes it a technology story. But with the cloud shifting into maturity, data and relevance become more important, according to the consultancy [Avoa](http://avoa.com/2016/01/01/2016-is-the-year-of-data-and-relevance/). At first, the cloud and Big Data were all about sucking up as much data as possible. Then they worried about what to do with it.
|
||||
|
||||
In 2016, organizations will hone their craft in how data is collected and used. There is still much progress to be made in the technological and cultural aspects that must be dealt with. But 2016 should bring a renewed focus on the importance of data from all aspects and finding the most relevant information, not just lots of it.
|
||||
|
||||
4. **Cloud services move beyond just on-demand workloads**
|
||||
|
||||
AWS got its start as a place where a programmer/developer could spin up a VM real quick, get some work done, and get off. That's the essence of on-demand use, and given how much it can cost to leave those services constantly running, there is almost a disincentive to keep them running 24/7.
|
||||
|
||||
However, IT organizations are starting to act as service brokers to provide all manner of IT services to their in-house users. This can be anything from in-house IT services, public cloud infrastructure providers, platform-as-a-service, and software-as-a-service.
|
||||
|
||||
They will increasingly recognize the value of tools like cloud management platforms to provide consistent policy-based management over many of these different services. And they will see the value of technology such as containers to enhance portability. However, cloud service brokering in the sense of rapidly moving workloads between clouds for price arbitrage and related reasons will continue to be a non-starter.
|
||||
|
||||
5. **Service providers become cloud service providers**
|
||||
|
||||
Up to now, buying cloud services has been a direct sale model. The user was frequently the buyer of AWS EC2 services, either through officially recognized channels at work or through Shadow IT. But as cloud services become more comprehensive, and the menu of services more confusing, more and more people are turning to resellers and services providers to act as the purchaser of IT services for them.
|
||||
|
||||
A recent survey by 2nd Watch, a Seattle-based cloud services provider, found nearly 85 percent of IT executives in the United States would be willing to pay a small premium to buy public cloud from a channel partner if it were to make it less complex. And about four out of every five within that 85 percent would shell out an extra 15 percent or more, the survey found. One in three executives surveyed said they could use the help in buying, using, and managing public cloud services.
|
||||
|
||||
6. **IoT and cloud is to 2016 what mobile and cloud was to 2012**
|
||||
|
||||
IoT is gaining mindshare and, more importantly, it's moving from test beds to real use cases. The cloud is a vital part for IoT due to its distributed nature, and for industrial IoT, where machinery and heavy equipment talk to back-end systems, a hybrid cloud will be most natural driver because the connection, data collection, and processing will happen in a hybrid cloud environment, due to perceived benefits of the private cloud side, like security and privacy.
|
||||
|
||||
7. **The NIST definition of the cloud begins to break down**
|
||||
|
||||
In 2011, the National Institute of Standards and Technology published "[The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing](http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/800-145/SP800-145.pdf)" (PDF) that became the standard definitions of private, public, and hybrid cloud terms and as-a-service models.
|
||||
|
||||
Over time, though, the definitions have changed. IaaS has become much more complex, supporting things like OpenStack, [Swift](https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Swift) for object storage and [Neutron networking](https://wiki.openstack.org/wiki/Neutron). PaaS seems to be fading out because there's little that separates it from traditional middleware application development. And SaaS, which was just apps accessed through a browser, is losing steam because with so many cloud APIs for apps and services, you can access them through anything, not just a browser.
|
||||
|
||||
8. **Analytics becomes more important**
|
||||
|
||||
Analytics will be a huge growth opportunity for hybrid cloud because the high volume of data used in analytics is well suited to cloud, with its advantages of large scale and elasticity. For some forms of analytics, like highly sensitive data, then the private cloud will still rule. But the private cloud is part of the hybrid cloud, so either way, hybrid cloud wins.
|
||||
|
||||
9. **Security takes on a new urgency**
|
||||
|
||||
As hybrid cloud grows in 2016 and adds all kinds of new technologies, like IoT and containers, this just adds more vulnerable surface areas for data breaches. Add to it the tendency to rush into a new technology and then secure it later, which happens all the time, along with inexperienced technologists who don't think to secure the system – and you have a recipe for disaster.
|
||||
|
||||
When new technologies come out, management discipline almost always lags and we think about securing the technology later. Containers are a good example. You can download all kinds of sample containers from Docker, but do you know where it came from? Docker had to go back and add security verifications after it started letting people download and run containers without any idea what was really in it.
|
||||
|
||||
Mobile technologies like Path and Snapchat had major security problems a few years back as the smartphone market was taking off. It's inevitable that a new technology will be exploited by the bad guys. So security researchers will have their hands full trying to secure these new technologies. Probably after they get deployed.
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.datamation.com/cloud-computing/9-key-trends-in-hybrid-cloud-computing.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Andy Patrizio][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.datamation.com/author/Andy-Patrizio-90720.html
|
||||
50
sources/tech/20160218 A Linux-powered microwave oven.md
Normal file
50
sources/tech/20160218 A Linux-powered microwave oven.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
||||
A Linux-powered microwave oven
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Scratching an itch is a recurring theme in presentations at [linux.conf.au](http://linux.conf.au/). As the open-hardware movement gains strength, more and more of these itches relate to the physical world, not just the digital. David Tulloh used his [presentation [WebM]](http://mirror.linux.org.au/linux.conf.au/2016/04_Thursday/D4.303_Costa_Theatre/Linux_driven_microwave.webm) on the “Linux Driven Microwave” to discuss how annoying microwave ovens can be and to describe his project to build something less irritating.
|
||||
|
||||
Tulloh's story began when he obtained a microwave oven, admittedly an inexpensive one, with a user interface even worse than the norm. Setting the time required pressing buttons so hard that the microwave tended to get pushed away — a fact that was elegantly balanced by the door handle requiring a sufficiently hard tug to return the oven to its original position. While this is clearly an extreme case, Tulloh lamented that microwave ovens really hadn't improved noticeably in recent decades. They may have gotten a little cheaper and gained a few features that few people could use without poring over the instruction manual — the implied contrast to smartphones, which are widely used with little instruction, was clear.
|
||||
|
||||
This microwave oven was not a lost cause — it gave its life to the greater good and became the prototype for an idea that Tulloh hopes to turn into a crowd-funded project if he can find the right match between features and demand: a Linux-driven microwave oven.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Adding novelty
|
||||
|
||||
Adding a smartphone-like touchscreen and a network connection and encouraging a community to build innovative apps such as recipe sharing are fairly obvious ideas once you think to put “Linux” and “microwave oven” together, but Tulloh's vision and prototype lead well beyond there. Two novel features that have been fitted are a thermal camera and a scale for measuring weight.
|
||||
|
||||
The thermal camera provides an eight-by-eight-pixel image of the contents of the oven with a precision of about two degrees. This is enough to detect if a glass of milk is about to boil over, or if the steak being thawed is in danger of getting cooked. In either case, the power can be reduced or removed. If appropriate, an alert can be sounded. This would not be the first microwave to be temperature sensitive — GE sold microwave ovens with temperature probes decades ago — but an always-present sensor is much more useful than a manually inserted probe, especially when there is an accessible API behind it.
|
||||
|
||||
The second innovation is a built-in scale to weigh the food (and container) being cooked. Many recipes give cooking-time guidance based on weight and some microwave ovens allow you to enter the weight manually so it can do a calculation for you. With built-in scales, that can become automatic. Placing a scale reliably under the rotating plate typical of many microwave ovens would be a mechanical challenge that Tulloh did not think worth confronting. Instead his design is based on the “flat-plate” or “flat-bed” style of oven — placing a sensor at each of the four corners is mechanically straightforward and gives good results.
|
||||
|
||||
[User interface]
|
||||
Once you have these extra sensors — weight and temperature — connected to a suitable logic engine, more interesting possibilities can be explored. A cup of cold milk from the fridge will have a particular weight and temperature profile with a modest degree of error. Tulloh suggested that situation could be detected and some relevant options such as “Boil” or “Warm” could be offered for easy selection (a mock up of the interface is at right, a clickable version is [here](http://mwgui.tulloh.id.au/)). Simple machine learning could extend this to create a personalized experience. It would be easy to collect a history of starting profiles and cooking choices; when those patterns are detected, the most likely cooking choices could be made the easiest to select.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Overcoming staleness
|
||||
|
||||
Beyond just new functionality, Tulloh wants to improve the functionality that already exists. Door handles as stiff as on Tulloh's cheap microwave may not be common, but few microwave oven doors seem designed to make life easy for people with physical handicaps. There are regulatory restrictions, particularly in the US, that require the oven to function only if there is positive confirmation that the door is actually shut. This confirmation must be resilient against simple fraud, so poking a stick in the hole must not trick the oven into working with the door open. In fact, there must be two independent confirmations and, if they disagree, a fuse must be blown so that a service call is required. Tulloh believes that a magnetic latch would provide much greater flexibility (including easy software control) and that magnetic keying similar to that used in a [magnetic keyed lock](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_keyed_lock) would allow the magnetic latch to pass certification.
|
||||
|
||||
Another pain point with microwave ovens is the annoying sounds they make. Tulloh has discarded the beeper and hooked up a speaker to the Banana Pi that is controlling his prototype. This allows for more pleasant and configurable alerts as well as for advice and guidance through a text-to-speech system. Adding a microphone for voice control is an obvious next step.
|
||||
|
||||
Many microwave ovens can do more than just set a time and a power level — they provide a range of power profiles for cooking, warming, defrosting, and so on. Adding precise temperature sensing will allow the community to extend this range substantially. A question from Andrew Tridgell in the audience wondered if tempering chocolate — a process that requires very precise temperature control — would be possible. Tulloh had no experience with the process, and couldn't make promises, but thought it was certainly worth looking in to. Even if that doesn't work out, it shows clear potential for value to be gained from community input.
|
||||
|
||||
## Availability
|
||||
|
||||
Tulloh would very much like to get these Linux-enabled microwave ovens out into the world to create a community and see where it goes. Buying existing ovens and replacing the electronics is not seen as a viable option. The result would be ugly and, given that a small-run smart microwave will inevitably cost more, potential buyers are going to want something that doesn't look completely out of place in their kitchen.
|
||||
|
||||
Many components are available off-the-shelf (magnetron, processor board, thermal sensor) and others, such as a USB interface for the thermal sensor, are easily built. Prototype software is, of course, already available on [GitHub](https://github.com/lod?tab=repositories). The case and door are more of a challenge and would need to be made to order. Tulloh wants to turn this adversity into an opportunity by providing the option for left-handed microwave ovens and a variety of colors.
|
||||
|
||||
A quick survey of the audience suggested that few people would hastily commit to his target price of $AU1000 for a new, improved, open oven. Whether a bit more time for reflection and a wider audience might tip the balance is hard to know. The idea is intriguing, so it seems worth watching Tulloh's [blog](http://david.tulloh.id.au/category/microwave/) for updates.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://lwn.net/Articles/674877/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Neil Brown
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
148
sources/tech/20160218 Getting to Know Linux File Permissions.md
Normal file
148
sources/tech/20160218 Getting to Know Linux File Permissions.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,148 @@
|
||||
ynmlml translating
|
||||
Getting to Know Linux File Permissions
|
||||
==========================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
One of the most basic tasks in Linux is setting file permissions. Understanding how this is done should be considered a must-know, first step in your travels through the Linux ecosystem. As you might expect, such a fundamental issue within the operating environment hasn’t changed much over the years. In fact, the Linux file permission system is taken directly from the UNIX file permission (and even uses many of the same tools).
|
||||
|
||||
But, don’t think for a second that understanding file permissions is something you’ll wind up having to spend days and days studying...it’s actually quite simple. Let’s walk through what you need to know and how to put it all together.
|
||||
|
||||
## The Bits and Pieces
|
||||
|
||||
The first thing you need to understand is what file permissions apply to. Effectively what you do is apply a permission to a group. When you break it down, the concept really is that simple. But what are the permissions and what are the groups?
|
||||
|
||||
There are three types of permissions you can apply:
|
||||
|
||||
- read — gives the group permission to read the file (indicated with `r`)
|
||||
|
||||
- write — gives the group permission to edit the file (indicated with `w`)
|
||||
|
||||
- execute — gives the group permission to execute (run) the file (indicated with `x`)
|
||||
|
||||
To better explain how this is applied to a group, you could, for example, give a group permission to read and write to a file, but not execute the file. Or, you could give a group permission to read and execute a file, but not write to a file. You can even give a group full permission to read, write, and execute a file or strip a group of any access to a file by removing all permissions.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, what are the groups? There are four:
|
||||
|
||||
- user — the actual owner of the file
|
||||
|
||||
- group — users in the file’s group
|
||||
|
||||
- others — other users not in the file’s group
|
||||
|
||||
- all — all users
|
||||
|
||||
For the most part, you will only really ever bother with the first three groups. The all group is really only used as a shortcut (I’ll explain later).
|
||||
|
||||
So far so simple, right? Let’s layer on a bit of complexity.
|
||||
|
||||
If you open up a terminal window and issue the command ls -l, you will see a line-by-line listing of all files and folders within the current working directory (Figure 1 above).
|
||||
|
||||
If you look in the far left column, you’ll notice listings like `-rw-rw-r--`.
|
||||
|
||||
That listing should actually be looked at like so:
|
||||
|
||||
>rw- rw- r--
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, the listing is broken into three sections:
|
||||
|
||||
- rw-
|
||||
|
||||
- rw-
|
||||
|
||||
- r--
|
||||
|
||||
The order is quite important...for both permissions and for groups. The order is always:
|
||||
|
||||
- User Group Others — for groups
|
||||
|
||||
- Read Write Execute — for permissions
|
||||
|
||||
In our permissions listing example above, the User has read/write permission, the Group has read/write permission, and Others has only read permission. Had any of those groups been given executable permissions, it would have been represented with an x.
|
||||
|
||||
## Numerical Equivalent
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s make this even more complex. Each permission can also be represented by a number. The numbers are:
|
||||
|
||||
- Read — 4
|
||||
|
||||
- Write — 2
|
||||
|
||||
- Execute — 1
|
||||
|
||||
The numerical substitution isn’t an apples to apples change. You can’t drop in:
|
||||
|
||||
>-42-42-4--
|
||||
|
||||
Instead, what you do is add up the numbers you want for each group. Let’s stick with our example above (`-rw-rw-r—`). To give the User group read and write permission, you would add up 4+2 to get 6. For the Group, you need the same permissions, so they get the same number. You only want Others to have read permissions, so they get 4. The numerical equivalent is now:
|
||||
|
||||
>664
|
||||
|
||||
So, if you want to give a file 664 permissions, you’d issue the chmod command like this:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod 664 FILENAME
|
||||
|
||||
where FILENAME is the name of the file.
|
||||
|
||||
## Changing Permissions
|
||||
|
||||
Now that you understand the actual permissions of files, it’s time to learn how to change those permissions. This is done with the chmod command. One of the first things you must understand is that, to be able to change the permissions of a file, either you must be the owner of the file or you must have permission to edit the file (or have admin access by way of su or sudo). Because of that, you cannot just jump around in the directory structure and change permissions of files at will.
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s stick with our example (`-rw-rw-r--`). Suppose this file (we’ll name it script.sh) is actually a shell script and needs to be executed...but you only want to give yourself permission to execute that script. At this point, you should be thinking, “Ah, then I need the permission listing to read `-rwx-rw-r--`!”. To get that `x` bit in there, you’d run the chmod command like so:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod u+x script.sh
|
||||
|
||||
At this point, the listing will be -rwx-rw-r--.
|
||||
|
||||
If you wanted to give both User and Group executable permission, the command would look like:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod ug+x script.sh
|
||||
|
||||
See how this works? Let’s make it interesting. Say, for whatever reason, you accidentally give all groups executable permissions for that file (so the listing looks like `-rwx-rwx-r-x`). If you want to strip Others of executable permissions, issue the command:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod o-x script.sh
|
||||
|
||||
What if you want to completely remove executable permission from the file? You can do that two ways:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod ugo-x script.sh
|
||||
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod a-x script.sh
|
||||
|
||||
That’s where all comes into play. This is used to make the process a bit more efficient. I prefer to avoid using a as it could lead to issues (such as, when you accidentally issue the command chmod `a-rwx` script.sh).
|
||||
|
||||
## Directory Permissions
|
||||
|
||||
You can also execute the chmod command on a directory. When you create a new directory as a user, it is typically created with the following permissions:
|
||||
|
||||
>drwxrwxr-x
|
||||
|
||||
NOTE: The leading d indicates it is a directory.
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, both User and Group have executable permission for the folder. This does not mean that any files created in the folder will have the same permissions (files will be created with the default system permissions of `-rw-rw-r--`). But, suppose you do create files in this new directory, and you want to strip Group of write permissions. You don’t have to change into the directory and then issue the chmod command on all the files. You can add the R option (which means recursive) to the chmod command and change the permission on both the folder and all the containing files.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, suppose our example is a folder named TEST and within it is a number of scripts — all of which (including the TEST folder) have permissions `-rwxrwxr-x`. If you want to strip Group of write permissions, you could issue the command:
|
||||
|
||||
>chmod -R g-w TEST
|
||||
|
||||
If you now issue the command ls `-l`, you will see the TEST folder now has a permission listing of `drwxr-xr-x`. Group has been stripped of its write permissions (as will all the files within).
|
||||
|
||||
## Permission to Conclude
|
||||
|
||||
At this point, you should now have a solid understand of the basic Linux file permissions. There are more advanced issues that you can now easily study, such as setuid and setgid and ACLs. Without a good foundation of the basics, however, you’d quickly get lost with those next-level topics.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux file permissions haven’t changed much, since the early days. And, they most likely won’t change much going into the future.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/885268-getting-to-know-linux-file-permissions
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jack Wallen][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/93
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
|
||||
GHLandy Translating
|
||||
|
||||
How to Best Manage Encryption Keys on Linux
|
||||
=============================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Storing SSH encryption **keys** and memorizing passwords can be a headache. But unfortunately in today's world of malicious hackers and exploits, basic security precautions are an essential practice. For a lot of general users, this amounts to simply memorizing passwords and perhaps finding a good program to store the passwords, as we remind such users not to use the same password for every site. But for those of us in various IT fields, we need to take this up a level. We have to deal with encryption keys such as SSH keys, not just passwords.
|
||||
|
||||
Here's a scenario: I have a server running on a cloud that I use for my main git repository. I have multiple computers I work from. All of those computers need to log into that central server to push to and pull from. I have git set up to use SSH. When git uses SSH, git essentially logs into the server in the same way you would if you were to launch a command line into the server with the SSH command. In order to configure everything, I created a config file in my .ssh directory that contains a Host entry providing a name for the server, the host name, the user to log in as, and the path to a key file. I can then test this configuration out by simply typing the command
|
||||
|
||||
>ssh gitserver
|
||||
|
||||
And soon I'm presented with the server's bash shell. Now I can configure git to use this same entry to log in with the stored key. Easy enough, except for one problem: For each computer I use to log into that server, I need to have a key file. That means more than one key file floating around. I have several such keys on this computer, and several such keys on my other computers. In the same way everyday users have a gazillion passwords, it's easy for us IT folks to end up with a gazillion key files. What to do?
|
||||
|
||||
## Cleaning Up
|
||||
|
||||
Before starting out with a program to help you manage your keys, you have to lay some groundwork on how your keys should be handled, and whether the questions we're asking even make sense. And that requires first and foremost that you understand where your public keys go and where your private keys go. I'm going to assume you know:
|
||||
|
||||
1. The difference between a public key and private key
|
||||
|
||||
2. Why you can't generate a private key from a public key but you can do the reverse
|
||||
|
||||
3. The purpose of the authorized_keys file and what goes in it
|
||||
|
||||
4. How you use private keys to log into a server that has the corresponding public key in its authorized_keys file.
|
||||
|
||||
Here's an example. When you create a cloud server on Amazon Web Services, you have to provide an SSH key that you'll use for connecting to your server. Each key has a public part and a private part. Because you want your server to stay secure, at first glance it might seem you put the private key onto that server, and that you take the public key with you. After all, you don't want that server to be publicly accessible, right? But that's actually backwards.
|
||||
|
||||
You put the public key on the AWS server, and you hold onto your private key for logging into the server. You guard that private key and keep it by your side, not on some remote server, as shown in the figure above.
|
||||
|
||||
Here's why: If the public key were to become known to others, they wouldn't be able to log into the server since they don't have the private key. Further, if somebody did manage to break into your server, all they would find is a public key. You can't generate a private key from a public key. And so if you're using that same key on other servers, they wouldn't be able to use it to log into those other computers.
|
||||
|
||||
And that's why you put your public key on your servers for logging into them through SSH. The private keys stay with you. You don't let those private keys out of your hands.
|
||||
|
||||
But there's still trouble. Consider the case of my git server. I had some decisions to make. Sometimes I'm logged into a development server that's hosted elsewhere. While on that dev box, I need to connect to my git server. How can the dev box connect to the git server? By using the private key. And therein lies trouble. This scenario requires I put a private key on a server that is hosted elsewhere, which is potentially dangerous.
|
||||
|
||||
Now a further scenario: What if I were to use a single key to log into multiple servers? If an intruder got hold of this one private key, he or she would have that private key and gain access to the full virtual network of servers, ready to do some serious damage. Not good at all.
|
||||
|
||||
And that, of course, brings up the other question: Should I really use the same key for those other servers? That's could be dangerous because of what I just described.
|
||||
|
||||
In the end, this sounds messy, but there are some simple solutions. Let's get organized.
|
||||
|
||||
(Note that there are many places you need to use keys besides just logging into servers, but I'm presenting this as one scenario to show you what you're faced with when dealing with keys.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Regarding Passphrases
|
||||
|
||||
When you create your keys, you have the option to include a passphrase that is required when using the private key. With this passphrase, the private key file itself is encrypted using the passphrase. For example, if you have a public key stored on a server and you use the private key to log into that server, you'll be prompted to enter a passphrase. Without the passphrase, the key cannot be used. Alternatively, you can configure your key without a passphrase to begin with. Then all you need is the key file to log into the server.
|
||||
|
||||
Generally going without a passphrase is easier on the users, but one reason I strongly recommend using the passphrase in many situations is this: If the private key file gets stolen, the person who steals it still can't use it until he or she is able to find out the passphrase. In theory, this will save you time as you remove the public key from the server before the attacker can discover the passphrase, thus protecting your system. There are other reasons to use a passphrase, but this one alone makes it worth it to me in many situations. (As an example, I have VNC software on an Android tablet. The tablet holds my private key. If my tablet gets stolen, I'll immediately revoke the public key from the server it logs into, rendering its private key useless, with or without the passphrase.) But in some cases I don't use it, because the server I'm logging into might not have much valuable data on it. It depends on the situation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Server Infrastructure
|
||||
|
||||
How you design your infrastructure of servers will impact how you manage your keys. For example, if you have multiple users logging in, you'll need to decide whether each user gets a separate key. (Generally speaking, they should; you don't want users sharing private keys. That way if one user leaves the organization or loses trust, you can revoke that user's key without having to generate new keys for everyone else. And similarly, by sharing keys they could log in as each other, which is also bad.) But another issue is how you're allocating your servers. Do you allocate a lot of servers using tools such as Puppet, for example? And do you create multiple servers based on your own images? When you replicate your servers, do you need to have the same key for each? Different cloud server software allows you to configure this how you choose; you can have the servers get the same key, or have a new one generated for each.
|
||||
|
||||
If you're dealing with replicated servers, it can get confusing if the users need to use different keys to log into two different servers that are otherwise similar. But on the other hand, there could be security risks by having the servers share the same keys. Or, on the third hand, if your keys are needed for something other than logging in (such as mounting an encrypted drive), then you would need the same key in multiple places. As you can see, whether you need to use the same keys across different servers is not a decision I can make for you; there are trade offs, and you need to decide for yourself what's best.
|
||||
|
||||
In the end, you're likely to have:
|
||||
|
||||
- Multiple servers that need to be logged into
|
||||
|
||||
- Multiple users logging into different servers, each with their own key
|
||||
|
||||
- Multiple keys for each user as they log into different servers.
|
||||
|
||||
(If you're using keys in other situations, as you likely are, the same general concepts will apply regarding how keys are used, how many keys are needed, whether they're shared, and how you handle private and public parts of keys.)
|
||||
|
||||
## Method of safety
|
||||
|
||||
Knowing your infrastructure and unique situation, you need to put together a key management plan that will help guide you on how you distribute and store your keys. For example, earlier I mentioned that if my tablet gets stolen, I will revoke the public key from my server, hopefully before the tablet can be used to access the server. As such, I can allow for the following in my overall plan:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Private keys are okay on mobile devices, but they must include a passphrase
|
||||
|
||||
2. There must exist a way to quickly revoke public keys from a server.
|
||||
|
||||
In your situation, you might decide you just don't want to use passphrases for a system you log into regularly; for example, the system might be a test machine that the developers log into many times a day. That's fine, but then you'll need to adjust your rules a bit. You might include a rule that that machine is not to be logged into from mobile devices. In other words, you need to build your protocols based on your own situation, and not assume one size fits all.
|
||||
|
||||
## Software
|
||||
|
||||
On to software. Surprisingly, there aren't a lot of good, solid software solutions for storing and managing your private keys. But should there be? Consider this: If you have a program storing all your keys for all your servers, and that program is locked down by a quick password, are your keys really secure? Or, similarly, if your private keys are sitting on your hard drive for quick access by the SSH program, is a key management software really providing any protection?
|
||||
|
||||
But for overall infrastructure and creating and managing public keys, there are some solutions. I already mentioned Puppet. In the Puppet world, you create modules to manage your servers in different ways. The idea is that servers are dynamic and not necessarily exact duplicates of each other. [Here's one clever approach](http://manuel.kiessling.net/2014/03/26/building-manageable-server-infrastructures-with-puppet-part-4/) that uses the same keys on different servers, but uses a different Puppet module for each user. This solution may or may not apply to you.
|
||||
|
||||
Or, another option is to shift gears altogether. In the world of Docker, you can take a different approach, as described in [this blog regarding SSH and Docker](http://blog.docker.com/2014/06/why-you-dont-need-to-run-sshd-in-docker/).
|
||||
|
||||
But what about managing the private keys? If you search, you're not going to find many software options, for the reasons I mentioned earlier; the private keys are sitting on your hard drive, and a management program might not provide much additional security. But I do manage my keys using this method:
|
||||
|
||||
First, I have multiple Host entries in my .ssh/config file. I have an entry for hosts that I log into, but sometimes I have more than one entry for a single host. That happens if I have multiple logins. I have two different logins for the server hosting my git repository; one is strictly for git, and the other is for general-purpose bash access. The one for git has greatly restricted rights on that machine. Remember what I said earlier about my git keys living on remote development machines? There we go. Although those keys can log into one of my servers, the accounts used are severely limited.
|
||||
|
||||
Second, most of these private keys include a passphrase. (For dealing with having to type the passphrase multiple times, considering using [ssh-agent](http://blog.docker.com/2014/06/why-you-dont-need-to-run-sshd-in-docker/).)
|
||||
|
||||
Third, I do have some servers that I want to guard a bit more carefully, and I don't have an entry into my Host file. This is more a social engineering aspect, because the key files are still present, but it might take an intruder a bit longer to locate the key file and figure out which machine they go with. In those cases, I just type out the long ssh command manually. (It's really not that bad.)
|
||||
|
||||
And you can see that I'm not using any special software to manage these private keys.
|
||||
|
||||
## One Size Doesn't Fit All
|
||||
|
||||
We occasionally get questions at linux.com for advice on good software for managing keys. But let's take a step back. The question actually needs to be re-framed, because there isn't a one-size-fits-all solution. The questions you ask should be based on your own situation. Are you simply trying to find a place to store your key files? Are you looking for a way to manage multiple users each with their own public key that needs to be inserted into the authorized_keys file?
|
||||
|
||||
Throughout this article, I've covered the basics of how all this fits together, and hopefully at this point you'll see that how you manage your keys, and whatever software you look for (if you even need additional software at all), should happen only after you ask the right questions.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/838235-how-to-best-manage-encryption-keys-on-linux
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jeff Cogswell][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/62256
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
|
||||
zky001开始翻译
|
||||
|
||||
How to Set Nginx as Reverse Proxy on Centos7 CPanel
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Nginx is one of the fastest and most powerful web-server. It is known for its high performance and low resource utilization. It can be installed as both a standalone and a Reverse Proxy Web-server. In this article, I'm discussing about the installation of Nginx as a reverse proxy along with Apache on a CPanel server with latest CentOS 7 installed.
|
||||
|
||||
Nginx as a reverse proxy will work as a frontend webserver serving static contents along with Apache serving the dynamic files in backend. This setup will boost up the overall server performance.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's walk through the installation steps for Nginx as reverse proxy in CentOS7 x86_64 bit server with cPanel 11.52 installed.
|
||||
|
||||
First of all, we need to install the EPEL repo to start-up with the process.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 1: Install the EPEL repo. ###
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/usr]# yum -y install epel-release
|
||||
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, tsflags, universal-hooks
|
||||
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
|
||||
* EA4: 66.23.237.210
|
||||
* base: mirrors.linode.com
|
||||
* extras: mirrors.linode.com
|
||||
* updates: mirrors.linode.com
|
||||
Resolving Dependencies
|
||||
--> Running transaction check
|
||||
---> Package epel-release.noarch 0:7-5 will be installed
|
||||
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
|
||||
|
||||
Dependencies Resolved
|
||||
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Package Arch Version Repository Size
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Installing:
|
||||
epel-release noarch 7-5 extras 14 k
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 2: After installing the repo, we can start with the installation of the nDeploy RPM repo for CentOS to install our required nDeploy Webstack and Nginx plugin. ###
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/usr]# yum -y install http://rpm.piserve.com/nDeploy-release-centos-1.0-1.noarch.rpm
|
||||
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, tsflags, universal-hooks
|
||||
nDeploy-release-centos-1.0-1.noarch.rpm | 1.7 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
Examining /var/tmp/yum-root-ei5tWJ/nDeploy-release-centos-1.0-1.noarch.rpm: nDeploy-release-centos-1.0-1.noarch
|
||||
Marking /var/tmp/yum-root-ei5tWJ/nDeploy-release-centos-1.0-1.noarch.rpm to be installed
|
||||
Resolving Dependencies
|
||||
--> Running transaction check
|
||||
---> Package nDeploy-release-centos.noarch 0:1.0-1 will be installed
|
||||
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
|
||||
|
||||
Dependencies Resolved
|
||||
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Package Arch Version Repository Size
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Installing:
|
||||
nDeploy-release-centos noarch 1.0-1 /nDeploy-release-centos-1.0-1.noarch 110
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 3: Install the nDeploy and Nginx nDeploy plugins. ###
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/usr]# yum --enablerepo=ndeploy install nginx-nDeploy nDeploy
|
||||
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, tsflags, universal-hooks
|
||||
epel/x86_64/metalink | 9.9 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
epel | 4.3 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
ndeploy | 2.9 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
(1/4): ndeploy/7/x86_64/primary_db | 14 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
(2/4): epel/x86_64/group_gz | 169 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
(3/4): epel/x86_64/primary_db | 3.7 MB 00:00:02
|
||||
|
||||
Dependencies Resolved
|
||||
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Package Arch Version Repository Size
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Installing:
|
||||
nDeploy noarch 2.0-11.el7 ndeploy 80 k
|
||||
nginx-nDeploy x86_64 1.8.0-34.el7 ndeploy 36 M
|
||||
Installing for dependencies:
|
||||
PyYAML x86_64 3.10-11.el7 base 153 k
|
||||
libevent x86_64 2.0.21-4.el7 base 214 k
|
||||
memcached x86_64 1.4.15-9.el7 base 84 k
|
||||
python-inotify noarch 0.9.4-4.el7 base 49 k
|
||||
python-lxml x86_64 3.2.1-4.el7 base 758 k
|
||||
|
||||
Transaction Summary
|
||||
===============================================================================================================================================
|
||||
Install 2 Packages (+5 Dependent packages)
|
||||
|
||||
With these steps, we've completed with the installation of Nginx plugin in our server. Now we need to configure Nginx as reverse proxy and create the virtualhost for the existing cPanel user accounts. For that we can run the following script.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step 4: To enable Nginx as a front end Web Server and create the default configuration files. ###
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/usr]# /opt/nDeploy/scripts/cpanel-nDeploy-setup.sh enable
|
||||
Modifying apache http and https port in cpanel
|
||||
|
||||
httpd restarted successfully.
|
||||
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/nginx.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service.
|
||||
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/ndeploy_watcher.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/ndeploy_watcher.service.
|
||||
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/ndeploy_backends.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/ndeploy_backends.service.
|
||||
ConfGen:: saheetha
|
||||
ConfGen:: satest
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see these script will modify the Apache port from 80 to another port to make Nginx run as a front end web server and create the virtual host configuration files for the existing cPanel accounts. Once it is done, confirm the status of both Apache and Nginx.
|
||||
|
||||
### Apache Status: ###
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/var/run/httpd]# systemctl status httpd
|
||||
● httpd.service - Apache Web Server
|
||||
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
|
||||
Active: active (running) since Mon 2016-01-18 06:34:23 UTC; 12s ago
|
||||
Process: 25606 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/apachectl start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
|
||||
Main PID: 24760 (httpd)
|
||||
CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
|
||||
‣ 24760 /usr/local/apache/bin/httpd -k start
|
||||
|
||||
Jan 18 06:34:23 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Starting Apache Web Server...
|
||||
Jan 18 06:34:23 server1.centos7-test.com apachectl[25606]: httpd (pid 24760) already running
|
||||
Jan 18 06:34:23 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started Apache Web Server.
|
||||
|
||||
### Nginx Status: ###
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# systemctl status nginx
|
||||
● nginx.service - nginx-nDeploy - high performance web server
|
||||
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
|
||||
Active: active (running) since Sun 2016-01-17 17:18:29 UTC; 13h ago
|
||||
Docs: http://nginx.org/en/docs/
|
||||
Main PID: 3833 (nginx)
|
||||
CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
|
||||
├─ 3833 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
|
||||
├─25473 nginx: worker process
|
||||
├─25474 nginx: worker process
|
||||
└─25475 nginx: cache manager process
|
||||
|
||||
Jan 17 17:18:29 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Starting nginx-nDeploy - high performance web server...
|
||||
Jan 17 17:18:29 server1.centos7-test.com nginx[3804]: nginx: the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
|
||||
Jan 17 17:18:29 server1.centos7-test.com nginx[3804]: nginx: configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful
|
||||
Jan 17 17:18:29 server1.centos7-test.com systemd[1]: Started nginx-nDeploy - high performance web server.
|
||||
|
||||
Nginx act as a frontend webserver running on port 80 and Apache configuration is modified to listen on http port 9999 and https port 4430. Please see their status below:
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/usr/local/src]# netstat -plan | grep httpd
|
||||
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:4430 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 17270/httpd
|
||||
tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:9999 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 17270/httpd
|
||||
tcp6 0 0 :::4430 :::* LISTEN 17270/httpd
|
||||
tcp6 0 0 :::9999 :::* LISTEN 17270/httpd
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/usr/local/src]# netstat -plan | grep nginx
|
||||
tcp 0 0 127.0.0.1:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 17802/nginx: master
|
||||
tcp 0 0 45.79.183.73:80 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 17802/nginx: master
|
||||
|
||||
The virtualhost entries created for the existing users as located in the folder "**/etc/nginx/sites-enabled**". This file path is included in the Nginx main configuration file.
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/etc/nginx/sites-enabled]# ll | grep .conf
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 311 Jan 17 09:02 saheetha.com.conf
|
||||
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 336 Jan 17 09:02 saheethastest.com.conf
|
||||
|
||||
### Sample Vhost for a domain: ###
|
||||
|
||||
server {
|
||||
|
||||
listen 45.79.183.73:80;
|
||||
#CPIPVSIX:80;
|
||||
|
||||
# ServerNames
|
||||
server_name saheetha.com www.saheetha.com;
|
||||
access_log /usr/local/apache/domlogs/saheetha.com main;
|
||||
access_log /usr/local/apache/domlogs/saheetha.com-bytes_log bytes_log;
|
||||
|
||||
include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/saheetha.com.include;
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
We can confirm the working of the web server status by calling a website in the browser. Please see the web server information on my server after the installation.
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [/home]# ip a | grep -i eth0
|
||||
3: eth0: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
|
||||
inet 45.79.183.73/24 brd 45.79.183.255 scope global dynamic eth0
|
||||
root@server1 [/home]# nginx -v
|
||||
nginx version: nginx/1.8.0
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Nginx will create the virtual host automatically for any newly created accounts in cPanel. With these simple steps we can configure Nginx as reverse proxy on a CentOS 7/CPanel server.
|
||||
|
||||
### Advantages of Nginx as Reverse Proxy: ###
|
||||
|
||||
1. Easy to install and configure
|
||||
2. Performance and efficiency
|
||||
3. Prevent DDOS attacks
|
||||
4. Allows .htaccess PHP rewrite rules
|
||||
|
||||
I hope this article is useful for you guys. Thank you for referring to this. I would appreciate your valuable comments and suggestions on this for further improvements.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/set-nginx-reverse-proxy-centos-7-cpanel/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Saheetha Shameer][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/saheethas/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
|
||||
Ricky Gong 翻译中
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Systems Patched for Critical glibc Flaw
|
||||
=================================================
|
||||
|
||||
**Google exposed a critical flaw affecting major Linux distributions. The glibc flaw could have potentially led to remote code execution.**
|
||||
|
||||
Linux users today are scrambling to patch a critical flaw in the core glibc open-source library that could be exposing systems to a remote code execution risk. The glibc vulnerability is identified as CVE-2015-7547 and is titled, "getaddrinfo stack-based buffer overflow."
|
||||
|
||||
The glibc, or GNU C Library, is an open-source implementation of the C and C++ programming language libraries and is part of every major Linux distribution. Google engineers came across the CVE-2015-7547 issue when they were attempting to connect into a certain host system and a segmentation fault (segfault) occurred, causing the connection to crash. Further investigation revealed that glibc was at fault and the crash could potentially achieve an arbitrary remote code execution condition.
|
||||
|
||||
"The glibc DNS client side resolver is vulnerable to a stack-based buffer overflow when the getaddrinfo() library function is used," Google wrote in a blog post. "Software using this function may be exploited with attacker-controlled domain names, attacker-controlled DNS [Domain Name System] servers, or through a man-in-the-middle attack."
|
||||
|
||||
Actually exploiting the CVE-2015-7547 issue is not trivial, but it is possible. To prove that the issue can be exploited, Google has published proof-of-concept (PoC) code on GitHub that demonstrates if an end user or system is vulnerable.
|
||||
|
||||
"The server code triggers the vulnerability and therefore will crash the client code," the GitHub PoC page states.
|
||||
|
||||
Mark Loveless, senior security researcher at Duo Security, explained that the main risk of CVE-2015-7547 is to Linux client-based applications that rely on DNS responses.
|
||||
|
||||
"There are some specific conditions, so not every single application will be impacted, but it appears that several command-line utilities, including the popular SSH [Secure Shell] client could trigger the flaw," Loveless told eWEEK. "We deem this serious mainly because of the existing risks to Linux systems, but also because of the potential for other issues."
|
||||
|
||||
Other issues could potentially include a risk of an email-based attack that triggers the vulnerable glibc getaddrinfo() library call. Also of note is the fact that the vulnerability was in the code for years before it was discovered.
|
||||
|
||||
Google's engineers were not the first or only group to discover the security risk in glibc. The issue was first reported to a glibc bug [tracker](https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=1866) on July 13, 2015. The roots of the flaw go back even further with the actual code commit that introduced the flaw first in glibc 2.9, which was released in May 2008.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux vendor Red Hat also independently was looking at the bug in glibc and on Jan. 6, 2016, Google and Red Hat developers confirmed that they had been independently working on the same vulnerability as part of the initial private discussion with upstream glibc maintainers.
|
||||
|
||||
"Once it was confirmed that both teams were working on the same vulnerability, we collaborated on potential fixes, mitigations and regression testing," Florian Weimer, principal software engineer for product security at Red Hat, told eWEEK. "We also worked together to make the test coverage as wide as possible to catch any related problems in the code to help prevent future issues."
|
||||
|
||||
It took years to discover that there was a security issue with the glibc code because that flaw isn't obvious or immediately apparent.
|
||||
|
||||
"To diagnose bugs in a networking component, like a DNS resolver, it is common to look at packet traces which were captured while the issue was encountered," Weimer said. "Such packet captures were not available in this case, so some experimentation was needed to reproduce the exact scenario that triggered the bug."
|
||||
|
||||
Weimer added that once the packet captures were available, considerable effort went into validating the fix, leading to a series of refinements culminating in the regression test suite that was contributed upstream to the glibc project.
|
||||
|
||||
In many cases in Linux, the Security Enhanced Linux (SELinux) mandatory access security controls can mitigate the risk of potential vulnerabilities, but that's not the case with the new glibc issue.
|
||||
|
||||
"The risk is a compromise of important system functionality due to the execution of arbitrary code supplied by an attacker," Weimer said. "A suitable SELinux policy can contain some of the damage an attacker might do and constrain their access to the system, but DNS is used by many applications and system components, so SELinux policies offer only limited containment for this issue."
|
||||
|
||||
Alongside the vulnerability disclosure today, there is now a patch available to mitigate the potential risk of CVE-2015-7547.
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.eweek.com/security/linux-systems-patched-for-critical-glibc-flaw.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Michael Kerner][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://twitter.com/TechJournalist
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
|
||||
Tizen 3.0 Joins Growing List of Raspberry Pi 2 Distributions
|
||||
==============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Last week’s news that Tizen 3.0 has been ported to the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B is the latest example of how the year-old ARMv7 version of the Pi is attracting ports from more powerful Linux distributions, most notably Fedora, Ubuntu MATE, and Snappy. The [Samsung Open Source Group’s Tizen for Pi][1] project has been underway for several years, achieving several beta releases, and now the effort has shifted to the new Tizen 3.0. It’s still in beta, but now you can create builds for the Pi 2 using tools from the [Yocto][2] Project and [OpenEmbedded project][3].
|
||||
|
||||
Tizen 3.0 offers performance and security improvements, multiple-user and 64-bit support, and an Internet of Things (IoT) framework. Samsung, the principal backer of the [Linux Foundation hosted Tizen project][4], is using the Pi port to expand the base of developers using Tizen for IoT projects, according to an [IDG News Service post][5] that reported on the port.
|
||||
|
||||
Although Samsung finally [shipped a Tizen-based][6] phone in India last summer, and Gear smartwatches continue to use Tizen, the main focus now appears to be on IoT. At CES last month, Samsung [announced][7] that all of its Tizen-based, 2016 Smart TVs will be able to act as SmartThings home automation hubs, letting users monitor the household while watching TV.
|
||||
|
||||
### The Growing List of Pi Distros
|
||||
|
||||
[Elinux.org][8] lists some 46 ARMv6-ready distributions that run on all the Raspberry Pi boards. A separate listing notes two ARMv7-only distros that require the ARMv7 Raspberry Pi 2: Ubuntu MATE, which replaces the resource-intensive Unity desktop with the Gnome 2.0 flavored MATE, and Windows 10 IoT Core. The prominent placement of a Microsoft distribution is not as controversial as one might have thought. To many younger Linux developers and casual Pi hackers, Microsoft is just another tech company, not so much the evil empire loathed by old-time Linux hackers.
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 10 IoT Core isn’t the only non-Linux distro running on the Pi. There’s also the Unix-like FreeBSD and NetBSD, as well as the revived RISC OS Pi version of the old Acorn Computers OS. Some of the 48 operating systems on the Elinux.org list are incomplete, out-of-date, or dedicated to limited niches. [DistroWatch][9] offers a more manageable list of 20.
|
||||
|
||||
The [Raspberry Pi Foundation][10] still prominently posts a download page for its homegrown, Debian-based Raspbian, in both standard and NOOBS packages. This lightweight distro is still the most popular and typically the highest rated Linux build for the Pi. The Scratch-ready distro is especially equally suited for desktop use and embedded hacking with home automation gear, robots, and other IoT gizmos. Raspbian recently [received an update][11] with an experimental OpenGL driver for doing hardware acceleration on the VideoCore IV GPU used with the Pi 2’s Broadcom BCM2836 SoC.
|
||||
|
||||
The Pi Foundation also lists several [third-party downloads][12]. In addition to Windows 10 IoT Core and and Ubuntu MATE, the list includes the lightweight, transactionally focused [Snappy Ubuntu Core][13] for the Pi 2. Canonical is aiming Snappy at those who want an app platform and cloud integration in embedded devices like drones and IoT devices. Snappy also came out last week in a version designed for [Intel NUC mini-PCs][14]. The Pi Foundation also posts images for RISC OS and the education-focused PINET. There are also two media center distros related to KODI/XBMC: OSMC and OpenElec.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition to its list of 48 released distros, Elinux.org lists several “announced” distros including Firefox OS, [openSUSE][15], Meego MER & XBMC, Puppy, RPi-Buildroot, and Aros. Missing, however, is Tizen, as well as newly announced ports such as [Manjaro-ARM][16] and the CentOS 7-based [CentOS AltArch 7][17] for the Pi 2, Banana Pi, and CubieTruck SBCs.
|
||||
|
||||
### Android Still Pi in the Sky
|
||||
|
||||
Elinux.org’s “announced” list also includes Android and a Miracast-like program called Android Transporter. People have been trying to port Android to the Pi for years; yet, even with the more suitable [Pi 2][18] shipping for a year now, Android is still pretty much a no-show. Android can run on lower-powered SoCs than the Pi 2’s quad-core, Cortex-A7, but the limited 1GB of RAM and the lack of GPU acceleration are big challenges. Perhaps Raspbian’s OpenGL driver could be ported to Android as well, although the Pi Foundation does not seem very interested in Android.
|
||||
|
||||
There are several Android-for-Pi projects in the works, but without the foundation’s backing, there is still nothing close to a complete port. Projects include an [AOSP Marshmallow][19] patch-set from Peter Yoon, as well as a [RaspAnd][20] release based on the Ubuntu-based RaspEx, which makes use of the Aptoide package manager to load some Android 5.1 apps on a Pi 2. The [Razdroid project][21], which aims to tap into the secrets of Broadcom hardware acceleration, seems to have stalled.
|
||||
|
||||
Most Rasp Pi users, however, appear more interested in [Ubuntu MATE][22], which was never optimized for ARMv6, and Fedora. For years, Pi users have run the lightweight spin-down of Fedora called Pidora, but with the Pi 2, they can now try the real thing. The Raspberry Pi Foundation has yet to post Fedora, but the recent [betas of the Pi 2 port][23] have received high marks.
|
||||
|
||||
Other Linux distributions that regularly make Top Pi distro lists include Arch Linux, which unlike most ports from mature Linux distros, works just fine on ARMv6. A recent [TechRadar Top 5 list][24] includes several more niche distros in addition to Raspbian. These include the OSMC media player environment, RetroPie for playing classic games, OpenMediaVault for turning your Pi into a NAS, and Pi MusicBox, based on the Mopidy music streaming server.
|
||||
|
||||
Beyond Ubuntu, Fedora, and Tizen, other distros, both arcane and general, are heading for the Pi 2, as well. The platform is rapidly expanding the boundaries of, as well as redefining the meaning of, desktop Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/886126-tizen-30-joins-growing-list-of-raspberry-pi-2-distros
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Eric Brown][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/42808
|
||||
[1]:http://blogs.s-osg.org/bringing-tizen-to-a-raspberry-pi-2-near-you/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.yoctoproject.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.openembedded.org/wiki/Main_Page
|
||||
[4]:https://www.tizen.org/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.cio.com/article/3031812/samsung-hopes-raspberry-pi-can-spread-tizen-os-adoption.html
|
||||
[6]:http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/837843-samsung-sells-a-million-tizen-phones-as-mozilla-rethinks-firefox-os
|
||||
[7]:http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/877879-linux-based-drones-upstage-other-mobile-gadgets-at-ces
|
||||
[8]:http://elinux.org/RPi_Distributions
|
||||
[9]:https://distrowatch.com/search.php?category=Raspberry+Pi
|
||||
[10]:https://www.raspberrypi.org/
|
||||
[11]:http://news.softpedia.com/news/raspbian-gets-experimental-opengl-driver-gpu-now-used-for-acceleration-500152.shtml
|
||||
[12]:https://www.raspberrypi.org/downloads/
|
||||
[13]:http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/804659-ubuntu-snappy-leads-mobile-linux-migration-to-iot
|
||||
[14]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/2016/02/10/ubuntu-core-is-available-for-the-intel-nuc/
|
||||
[15]:https://www.reddit.com/r/openSUSE/comments/3hxrz4/opensuse_on_a_raspberry_pi_2_armv7/
|
||||
[16]:http://www.linux-arm.info/index.php/1103-hands-on-more-adventures-with-manjaro-arm-for-the-raspberry-pi-2
|
||||
[17]:http://www.linux-arm.info/index.php/1054-centos-altarch-7-now-available-for-aarch64-powerpc64-powerpc8-le-and-armhfp
|
||||
[18]:http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/807087-faster-raspberry-pi-2-says-yes-to-ubuntu-and-windows-but-wheres-android
|
||||
[19]:http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/886126-tizen-30-joins-growing-list-of-raspberry-pi-2-distros#!topic/android-rpi/YW_gGr8wZkk
|
||||
[20]:https://extonlinux.wordpress.com/2015/04/05/run-android-5-1-lollipop-exton-build-on-your-raspberry-pi-2/
|
||||
[21]:https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=73&t=19106
|
||||
[22]:https://ubuntu-mate.org/raspberry-pi/
|
||||
[23]:https://chisight.wordpress.com/2015/10/19/fedora-22-or-23-on-raspberry-pi-2/
|
||||
[24]:http://www.techradar.com/us/news/software/5-of-the-most-popular-raspberry-pi-distros-1292537
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
|
||||
What do Linux developers think of Git and GitHub?
|
||||
=====================================================
|
||||
|
||||
**Also in today’s open source roundup: DistroWatch reviews XStream Desktop 153, and Street Fighter V is coming to Linux and SteamOS in the spring**
|
||||
|
||||
## What do Linux developers think of Git and GitHub?
|
||||
|
||||
The popularity of Git and GitHub among Linux developers is well established. But what do developers think of them? And should GitHub really be synonymous with Git itself? A Linux redditor recently asked about this and got some very interesting answers.
|
||||
|
||||
Dontwakemeup46 asked his question:
|
||||
|
||||
>I am learning Git and Github. What I am interested in is how these two are viewed by the community. That git and github are used extensively, is something I know. But are there serious issues with either Git or Github? Something that the community would love to change?
|
||||
|
||||
[More at Reddit](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580413015211&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2Flinux%2Fcomments%2F45jy59%2Fthe_popularity_of_git_and_github%2F&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=More%20at%20Reddit)
|
||||
|
||||
His fellow Linux redditors responded with their thoughts about Git and GitHub:
|
||||
|
||||
>Derenir: ”Github is not affliated with Git.
|
||||
|
||||
>Git is made by Linus Torvalds.
|
||||
|
||||
>Github hardly supports Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
>Github is a corporate bordelo that tries to make money from Git.
|
||||
|
||||
>[https://desktop.github.com/](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580415025712&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&type=U&out=https%3A%2F%2Fdesktop.github.com%2F&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=https%3A%2F%2Fdesktop.github.com%2F) see here no Linux Support.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Bilog78**: ”A minor update: git hasn't been “made by Linus Torvalds” for a while. The maintainer is Junio C Hamano and the main contributors after him are Jeff King and Shawn O. Pearce.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Fearthefuture**: ”I like git but can't understand why people even use github anymore. From my point of view the only thing it does better than bitbucket are user statistics and the larger userbase. Bitbucket has unlimited free private repos, much better UI and very good integration with other services such as Jenkins.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Thunger**: ”Gitlab.com is also nice, especially since you can host your own instance on your own servers.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Takluyver**: ”Lots of people are familiar with the UI of Github and associated services like Travis, and lots of people already have Github accounts, so it's a good place for projects to be. People also use their Github profile as a kind of portfolio, so they're motivated to put more projects on there. Github is a de facto standard for hosting open source projects.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Tdammers**: ”Serious issue with git would be the UI, which is kind of counterintuitive, to the point that many users just stick with a handful of memorized incantations.
|
||||
|
||||
Github: most serious issue here is that it's a proprietary hosted solution; you buy convenience, and the price is that your code is on someone else's server and not under your control anymore. Another common criticism of github is that its workflow isn't in line with the spirit of git itself, particularly the way pull requests work. And finally, github is monopolizing the code hosting landscape, and that's bad for diversity, which in turn is crucial for a thriving free software community.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Dies**: ”How is that the case? More importantly, if that is the case, then what's done is done and I guess we're stuck with Github since they control so many projects.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Tdammers**: ”The code is hosted on someone else's server, "someone else" in this case being github. Which, for an open-source project, is not typically a huge problem, but still, you don't control it. If you have a private project on github, then the only assurance you have that it will remain private is github's word for it. If you decide to delete things, then you can never be sure whether it's been deleted, or just hidden.
|
||||
|
||||
Github doesn't control the projects themselves (you can always take your code and host it elsewhere, declaring the new location the "official" one), it just has deeper access to the code than the developers themselves.”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Drelos**: ”I have read a lot of praises and bad stuff about Github ([here's an example](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580428524613&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2015%2F06%2Fproblem-putting-worlds-code-github%2F&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=here%27s%20an%20example)) but my simple noob question is why aren't efforts towards a free and open "version" ?”
|
||||
|
||||
>**Twizmwazin**: ”GitLab is sorta pushing there.”
|
||||
|
||||
[More at Reddit](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580429720714&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reddit.com%2Fr%2Flinux%2Fcomments%2F45jy59%2Fthe_popularity_of_git_and_github%2F&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=More%20at%20Reddit)
|
||||
|
||||
## DistroWatch reviews XStream Desktop 153
|
||||
|
||||
XStreamOS is a version of Solaris created by Sonicle. XStream Desktop brings the power of Solaris to desktop users, and distrohoppers might be interested in checking it out. DistroWatch did a full review of XStream Desktop 153 and found that it performed fairly well.
|
||||
|
||||
Jesse Smith reports for DistroWatch:
|
||||
|
||||
>I think XStream Desktop does a lot of things well. Admittedly, my trial got off to a rocky start when the operating system would not boot on my hardware and I could not get the desktop to use my display's full screen resolution when running in VirtualBox. However, after that, XStream performed fairly well. The installer works well, the operating system automatically sets up and uses boot environments, insuring we can recover the system if something goes wrong. The package management tools work well and XStream ships with a useful collection of software.
|
||||
|
||||
>I did run into a few problems playing media, specifically getting audio to work. I am not sure if that is another hardware compatibility issue or a problem with the media software that ships with the operating system. On the other hand, tools such as the web browser, e-mail, productivity suite and configuration tools all worked well.
|
||||
|
||||
>What I appreciate about XStream the most is that the operating system is a branch of the OpenSolaris family that is being kept up to date. Other derivatives of OpenSolaris tend to lag behind, at least with desktop software, but XStream is still shipping recent versions of Firefox and LibreOffice.
|
||||
|
||||
>For me personally, XStream is missing a few components, like a printer manager, multimedia support and drivers for my specific hardware. Other aspects of the operating system are quite attractive. I like the way the developers have set up LXDE, I like the default collection of software and I especially like the way file system snapshots and boot environments are enabled out of the box. Most Linux distributions, openSUSE aside, have not caught on to the usefulness of boot environments yet and I hope it is a technology that is picked up by more projects.
|
||||
|
||||
[More at DistroWatch](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580434172315&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=http%3A%2F%2Fdistrowatch.com%2Fweekly.php%3Fissue%3D20160215%23xstreamos&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=More%20at%20DistroWatch)
|
||||
|
||||
## Street Fighter V and SteamOS
|
||||
|
||||
Street Fighter is one of the most well known game franchises of all time, and now [Capcom has announced](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580435418216&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=http%3A%2F%2Fsteamcommunity.com%2Fgames%2F310950%2Fannouncements%2Fdetail%2F857177755595160250&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=Capcom%20has%20announced) that Street Fighter V will be coming to Linux and SteamOS in the spring. This is great news for Linux gamers.
|
||||
|
||||
Joe Parlock reports for Destructoid:
|
||||
|
||||
>Are you one of the less than one percent of Steam users who play on a Linux-based system? Are you part of the even smaller percentage of people who play on Linux and are excited for Street Fighter V? Well, I’ve got some good news for you.
|
||||
|
||||
>Capcom has announced via Steam that Street Fighter V will be coming to SteamOS and other Linux operating systems sometime this spring. It’ll come at no extra cost, so those who already own the PC build of the game will just be able to install it on Linux and be good to go.
|
||||
|
||||
[More at Destructoid](http://api.viglink.com/api/click?format=go&jsonp=vglnk_145580435418216&key=0a7039c08493c7c51b759e3d13019dbe&libId=iksc5hc8010113at000DL3yrsuvp7&loc=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoworld.com%2Farticle%2F3033059%2Flinux%2Fwhat-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html&v=1&out=http%3A%2F%2Fsteamcommunity.com%2Fgames%2F310950%2Fannouncements%2Fdetail%2F857177755595160250&ref=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linux.com%2Fnews%2Fsoftware%2Fapplications%2F886008-what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github&title=What%20do%20Linux%20developers%20think%20of%20Git%20and%20GitHub%3F%20%7C%20InfoWorld&txt=Capcom%20has%20announced)
|
||||
|
||||
Did you miss a roundup? Check the [Eye On Open home page](http://www.infoworld.com/blog/eye-on-open/) to get caught up with the latest news about open source and Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.infoworld.com/article/3033059/linux/what-do-linux-developers-think-of-git-and-github.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jim Lynch][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.infoworld.com/author/Jim-Lynch/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
|
||||
[Translating] Haohong Wang
|
||||
How to Setup Lighttpd Web server on Ubuntu 15.04 / CentOS 7
|
||||
=================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Lighttpd is an open source web server which is secure, fast, compliant, and very flexible and is optimized for high-performance environments. It uses very low memory compared to other web servers , small CPU load and speed optimization making it popular among the server for its efficiency and speed. Its advanced feature-set (FastCGI, CGI, Auth, Output-Compression, URL-Rewriting and many more) makes lighttpd the perfect webserver-software for every server that suffers load problems.
|
||||
|
||||
Here are some simple easy setups on how we can setup Lighttpd web server on our machine running Ubuntu 15.04 or CentOS 7 linux distributions.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing Lighttpd
|
||||
|
||||
#### Installing using Package Manager
|
||||
|
||||
Here, we'll install Lighttpd using package manager as its the easiest method to install it. So, we can simply run the following command under `sudo` mode in a terminal or console to install Lighttpd.
|
||||
|
||||
**CentOS 7**
|
||||
|
||||
As lighttpd is not available in the official repository of CentOS 7, we'll need to install epel additional repository to our system. To do so, we'll need to run the following `yum` command.
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install epel-release
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll gonna update our system and proceed towards the installation of lighttpd.
|
||||
|
||||
# yum update
|
||||
# yum install lighttpd
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu 15.04**
|
||||
|
||||
Lighttpd is available on the official repository of Ubuntu 15.04 so, we'll simply update our local repository index and then go for the installation of lighttpd using `apt-get` command.
|
||||
|
||||
# apt-get update
|
||||
# apt-get install lighttpd
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Installing from Source
|
||||
|
||||
If we wanna install lighttpd from the latest version of source code ie 1.4.39, we'll need to compile the source code and install it into our system. First of all, we'll need to install the dependencies required to compile it.
|
||||
|
||||
# cd /tmp/
|
||||
# wget http://download.lighttpd.net/lighttpd/releases-1.4.x/lighttpd-1.4.39.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
After its downloaded, we'll need to extract it the tarball by running the following.
|
||||
|
||||
# tar -zxvf lighttpd-1.4.39.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll compile it by running the following commands.
|
||||
|
||||
# cd lighttpd-1.4.39
|
||||
# ./configure
|
||||
# make
|
||||
|
||||
**Note:** In this tutorial, we are installing lighttpd with its standard configuration. If you wanna configure beyond the standard configuration and want to install more features like support for SSL, `mod_rewrite`, `mod_redirect` then you can configure.
|
||||
|
||||
Once, its compiled, we'll install it in our system.
|
||||
|
||||
# make install
|
||||
|
||||
### Configuring Lighttpd
|
||||
|
||||
If we need to configure our lighttpd web server further as our requirements, we can make changes to the default configuration file ie `/etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf` . As wee'll go with the default configuration here in this tutorial, we'll not gonna make changes to it. If we had made any changes and we wanna check for errors in the config file, we'll need to run the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# lighttpd -t -f /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
#### On CentOS 7
|
||||
|
||||
If we are running CentOS 7, we'll need to create a new directory for our webroot defined in our lighttpd's default configuration ie `/src/www/htdocs/` .
|
||||
|
||||
# mkdir -p /srv/www/htdocs/
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll copy the default welcome page from `/var/www/lighttpd/` directory to the above created directory.
|
||||
|
||||
# cp -r /var/www/lighttpd/* /srv/www/htdocs/
|
||||
|
||||
### Starting and Enabling Services
|
||||
|
||||
Now, we'll gonna restart our database server by executing the following `systemctl` command.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl start lighttpd
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll enable it to start automatically in every system boot.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl enable lighttpd
|
||||
|
||||
### Allowing Firewall
|
||||
|
||||
To allow our webpages or websites running lighttpd web server on the internet or inside the same network, we'll need to allow port 80 from the firewall program. As both CentOS 7 and Ubuntu 15.04 are shipped with systemd as the default init system, we will have firewalld installed as a firewall solution. To allow port 80 or http service, we'll need to run the following commands.
|
||||
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
|
||||
success
|
||||
# firewall-cmd --reload
|
||||
success
|
||||
|
||||
### Accessing Web Server
|
||||
|
||||
As we have allowed port 80 which is the default port of lighttpd, we should be able to access lighttpd's welcome page by default. To do so, we'll need to point our browser to the ip address or domain of our machine running lighttpd according to our configuration. In this tutorial, we'll point our browser to [http://lighttpd.linoxide.com/](http://lighttpd.linoxide.com/) as we have pointed our sub-domain to its ip address. On doing so, we'll see the following welcome page in our browser.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Further, we can add our website's files to the webroot directory and remove the default lighttpd's index file to make our static website live to the internet.
|
||||
|
||||
If we want to run our PHP application in our lighttpd webserver, we'll need to follow the following steps.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing PHP5 Modules
|
||||
|
||||
Once our lighttpd is installed successfully, we'll need to install PHP and some PHP modules to run PHP5 scripts in our lighttpd web server.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Ubuntu 15.04
|
||||
|
||||
# apt-get install php5 php5-cgi php5-fpm php5-mysql php5-curl php5-gd php5-intl php5-imagick php5-mcrypt php5-memcache php-pear
|
||||
|
||||
#### On CentOS 7
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install php php-cgi php-fpm php-mysql php-curl php-gd php-intl php-pecl-imagick php-mcrypt php-memcache php-pear lighttpd-fastcgi
|
||||
|
||||
### Configuring Lighttpd with PHP
|
||||
|
||||
To make PHP work with lighttpd web server, we'll need to follow the following methods respect to the distribution we are running.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On CentOS 7
|
||||
|
||||
First of all, we'll need to edit our php configuration ie `/etc/php.ini` and uncomment a line **cgi.fix_pathinfo=1** using a text editor.
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/php.ini
|
||||
|
||||
After its done, we'll need to change the ownership of PHP-FPM process from apache to lighttpd. To do so, we'll need to open the configuration file `/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf` using a text editor.
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll append the file with the following configurations.
|
||||
|
||||
user = lighttpd
|
||||
group = lighttpd
|
||||
|
||||
Once done, we'll need to save the file and exit the text editor. Then, we'll need to include fastcgi module from `/etc/lighttpd/modules.conf` configuration file.
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/lighttpd/modules.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll need to uncomment the following line by removing `#` from it.
|
||||
|
||||
include "conf.d/fastcgi.conf"
|
||||
|
||||
At last, we'll need to configure our fastcgi configuration file using our favorite text editor.
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/lighttpd/conf.d/fastcgi.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll need to add the following lines at the end of the file.
|
||||
|
||||
fastcgi.server += ( ".php" =>
|
||||
((
|
||||
"host" => "127.0.0.1",
|
||||
"port" => "9000",
|
||||
"broken-scriptfilename" => "enable"
|
||||
))
|
||||
)
|
||||
|
||||
After its done, we'll save the file and exit the text editor.
|
||||
|
||||
#### On Ubuntu 15.04
|
||||
|
||||
To enable fastcgi with lighttpd web server, we'll simply need to execute the following commands.
|
||||
|
||||
# lighttpd-enable-mod fastcgi
|
||||
|
||||
Enabling fastcgi: ok
|
||||
Run /etc/init.d/lighttpd force-reload to enable changes
|
||||
|
||||
# lighttpd-enable-mod fastcgi-php
|
||||
|
||||
Enabling fastcgi-php: ok
|
||||
Run `/etc/init.d/lighttpd` force-reload to enable changes
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll reload our lighttpd by running the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl force-reload lighttpd
|
||||
|
||||
### Testing if PHP is working
|
||||
|
||||
In order to see if PHP is working as expected or not, we'll need to create a new php file under the webroot of our lighttpd web server. Here, in this tutorial we have `/var/www/html` in Ubuntu and `/srv/www/htdocs` in CentOS as the default webroot so, we'll create a info.php file under it using a text editor.
|
||||
|
||||
**On CentOS 7**
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /var/www/info.php
|
||||
|
||||
**On Ubuntu 15.04**
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /srv/www/htdocs/info.php
|
||||
|
||||
Then, we'll simply add the following line into the file.
|
||||
|
||||
<?php phpinfo(); ?>
|
||||
|
||||
Once done, we'll simply save the file and exit from the text editor.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, we'll point our web browser to our machine running lighttpd using its ip address or domain name with the info.php file path as [http://lighttpd.linoxide.com/info.php](http://lighttpd.linoxide.com/info.php) If everything was done as described above, we will see our PHP information page as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
Finally we have successfully installed the world's lightweight, fast and secure web server Lighttpd in our machine running CentOS 7 and Ubuntu 15.04 linux distributions. Once its ready, we can upload our website files into our web root, configure virtual host, enable ssl, connect database, run web apps and much more with our lighttpd web server. If you have any questions, suggestions, feedback please write them in the comment box below so that we can improve or update our contents. Thank you ! Enjoy :-)
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/setup-lighttpd-web-server-ubuntu-15-04-centos-7/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arun Pyasi][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunp/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,135 @@
|
||||
Best Cloud Services For Linux To Replace Copy
|
||||
===============================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Cloud storage service Copy is shutting down and it is time for us Linux users to look for a worthy **cloud storage alternative to Copy for Linux**.
|
||||
|
||||
All files will be deleted on May 1st, 2016. If you are a Copy user, you should save your files and move it to other
|
||||
|
||||
Copy has been my favorite cloud storage for past couple of years. It gave me plenty of free storage and came with native apps for desktop platforms including Linux and mobile platforms as iOS and Android.
|
||||
|
||||
It was a perfect Cloud storage for me where I get plenty of free storage (380 GB) with a seamless experience between desktop and mobile OSes. But this ‘easy free storage’, 15GB for signup and 5Gb for each referral, had me thinking that if Copy doesn’t get business customers, they will be running out of business soon. Such huge free storage only meant that they were not targeting individual customers like Dropbox do.
|
||||
|
||||
My fear came true when I read about the shutting down of Copy.com. In fact, Copy is not alone. Its parent company [Barracuda Networks](https://www.barracuda.com/) is going through a rough patch and has [hired Morgan Stanely to look for suitable buyer](http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-02-01/barracuda-networks-said-to-work-with-morgan-stanley-to-seek-sale)(s).
|
||||
|
||||
Whatever be the reason, all we know is that Copy will soon be history and we need to find similarly **good cloud services for Linux**. I am putting emphasis on Linux because other popular cloud storage services like [Microsoft’s OneDrive](https://onedrive.live.com/about/en-us/) and [Google Drive](https://www.google.com/drive/) do not provide native Linux client. This is something expected out of Microsoft but [Google’s apathy towards Linux](http://itsfoss.com/google-hates-desktop-linux/) is shocking.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Copy alternatives for Linux
|
||||
|
||||
Now, what do you want in a cloud storage services as a Linux storage? Let me guess:
|
||||
|
||||
- Lots of free storage. After all, individuals cannot pay hefty amounts every month.
|
||||
- Native Linux client. So that you can synchronize files easily with the server without doing special tweaking or running scripts at regular intervals.
|
||||
- Desktop clients for other desktop OSes i.e. Windows and OS X. Portability is a necessity and syncing files between devices is such a good relief.
|
||||
- Mobile apps for Android and iOS. In today’s modern world, you need to be connected across all the devices.
|
||||
|
||||
I am not counting the self-hosted cloud services like OwnCloud or [Seafile](https://www.seafile.com/en/home/) because they require set-up and run a server. This is not apt for all home users who want a Copy like cloud service.
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s see what are the services that you could use to replace Copy.com on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mega
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you are a regular It’s FOSS reader, you might have come across my earlier article about [Mega on Linux](http://itsfoss.com/install-mega-cloud-storage-linux/). This cloud service is an offering by the infamous [Kim Dotcom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Dotcom) of [Megaupload scandal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaupload). This also makes some users skeptical about it because Kim Dotcom has been a target by US authorities for a long time.
|
||||
|
||||
Mega has everything that you would expect in a hassle free cloud service. It provides 50 GB of free storage to individual users. Provide native clients for Linux and other platforms and also has end to end encryption. The native Linux client works fine and the sync across the device is seamless. You can also view and access your files in a web browser.
|
||||
|
||||
### Pros:
|
||||
|
||||
- 50 GB of free storage
|
||||
- End to end encryption
|
||||
- Native clients for Linux and other platforms such as Windows, Mac OS X, Android, iOS
|
||||
|
||||
### Cons:
|
||||
|
||||
- Shady past of the owner
|
||||
|
||||
[Mega](https://mega.nz/)
|
||||
|
||||
## Hubic
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Hubic is a cloud service from French company [OVH](https://www.ovh.com/fr/). Hubic also offers 25 GB of free cloud storage at sign up. You can further extend it to 50GB (for free users) by referring it to friends.
|
||||
|
||||
Hubic has a Linux client which is in beta (for over two years now). Hubic has an official Linux client but it is limited to command line. I did not go on to test the mobile versions.
|
||||
|
||||
Hubic boasts of some nice features though. Apart from simple to use interface, file sharing etc, it has a Backup feature where you can archive your important files regularly.
|
||||
|
||||
### Pros:
|
||||
|
||||
- 25 GB of free storage, extendable up to 50 GB
|
||||
- Available on multiple platforms
|
||||
- Backup feature
|
||||
|
||||
### Cons:
|
||||
|
||||
- Linux client in beta, only available in command line
|
||||
|
||||
[Hubic](https://hubic.com/)
|
||||
|
||||
## pCloud
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
pCloud is another European offering but this time across the French border, from Switzerland. Focused on encryption and security, pCloud offers 10 GB of free storage for each signup. You can further increase it up to 20 GB by inviting friends, sharing links on social media etc.
|
||||
|
||||
It has all the standard features of a cloud service such as file sharing and synchronization, selective syncing etc. pCloud also has native clients across platforms, including Linux of course.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux client is easy to use and worked well in my limited testing on Linux Mint 17.3.
|
||||
|
||||
### Pros:
|
||||
|
||||
- 10 GB of free storage, extendable up to 20 GB
|
||||
- A good working Linux client with GUI
|
||||
|
||||
### Cons:
|
||||
|
||||
- Encryption is a premium feature
|
||||
|
||||
[pCloud](https://www.pcloud.com/)
|
||||
|
||||
## Yandex Disk
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Russian internet giant Yandex has everything that Google has. A search engine, analytics and webmaster tool, email, web browser and cloud storage service.
|
||||
|
||||
Yandex Disk offers 10 GB of free cloud storage on sign up. It has native clients for multiple platforms, including Linux. However, the official Linux client is only command line. You can get [unofficial GUI client for Yandex disk](https://mintguide.org/tools/265-yd-tools-gui-indicator-for-yandexdisk-free-cloud-storage-in-linux-mint.html) though. File sharing via links is available as along with other standard cloud storage feature.
|
||||
|
||||
### Pros:
|
||||
|
||||
- 10 GB of free storage, extendable up to 20 GB via referrals.
|
||||
|
||||
### Cons:
|
||||
|
||||
- Only command line client available
|
||||
|
||||
[Yandex Disk](https://disk.yandex.com/)
|
||||
|
||||
## Honorable and deliberate omissions
|
||||
|
||||
I have deliberately skipped [Dropbox](https://www.dropbox.com/), [SpiderOak](https://spideroak.com/) from the list. Dropbox is excellent for Linux but the free storage is limited to 2 GB. Over the past several years, I have managed to increase it to over 21 GB, but that’s another story.
|
||||
|
||||
SpiderOak also provides only 2 GB of free storage and you cannot access it in a web browser.
|
||||
|
||||
OwnCloud needs its own server and set-up and thus it is not everyone’s cup of tea. And it certainly doesn’t fit the criteria of a typical cloud service.
|
||||
|
||||
## Verdict
|
||||
|
||||
If you ask me what I am going to use in place of Copy, my answer is Mega. It has plenty of free cloud storage and a great Linux desktop client. What is your choice among this list of **best cloud storage services for Linux**? Which one do you prefer?
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/cloud-services-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[ABHISHEK][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
|
||||
Convergence Becomes Real With First Ubuntu Tablet
|
||||
====================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
First Ubuntu tablet has been just announced. Canonical, parent company of Ubuntu, and Spanish hardware manufacturer BQ are all set to unveil the first Ubuntu tablet at Mobile World Congress, later this month.
|
||||
|
||||
BQ is also the manufacturer of the [first Ubuntu Phone](http://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-phone-specification-release-date-pricing/). The partnership between Canonical and BQ extends to the tablet as well.
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu has been running the [#reinvent campaign on social media](https://business.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.656637987810305.1073741827.115098615297581&type=3) and the web ahead of the launch to generate curiosity over the tablet. But does an Ubuntu fan really need a dedicated campaign to know about such things? I think not.
|
||||
|
||||
Ahead of this launch, specifications of the Ubuntu tablet and some teasers have been released. No surprises that the main focus has been on [convergence](https://insights.ubuntu.com/2015/10/20/ubuntus-path-to-convergence/).
|
||||
|
||||
[Ubuntu Phone has demonstrated convergence](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/02/new-video-shows-off-ubuntu-convergence-demoed-on-tablet-phone) several times in the past. Ubuntu tablet takes it to the next level. Just adding an HDMI cable makes it to a full-fledged desktop. All you need is a keyboard and a mouse.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## BQ Ubuntu tablet specification
|
||||
|
||||
BQ will be using its trusted [Aquaris M10](http://www.bq.com/es/aquaris-m10) series to launch an Ubuntu edition. This is a strategy they used earlier with Ubuntu Phone where they launched an Ubuntu edition of their Aquaris e4.5 Android smartphone.
|
||||
|
||||
Aquaris M10 boasts of a decent hardware and an enormous 10 inches screen size. A quick list of specification includes:
|
||||
|
||||
- 10.1 inch multi-touch screen
|
||||
- MediaTek Quad Core MT8163A processor up to 1.5GHz
|
||||
- High capacity Li-Po battery (7280mAh)
|
||||
- Full HD (1080p) camera for super-sharp video recording
|
||||
- 2GB RAM and 16GB internal memory
|
||||
- MicroSD slot for extra storage (up to 64GB)
|
||||
- 12 megapixel camera with autofocus and dual flash
|
||||
- Frontal speakers
|
||||
- Micro HDMI slot
|
||||
- Dimensions: 246 x 171 x 8.2mm
|
||||
- Lightweight at only 470g
|
||||
|
||||
These proposed specifications have been taken from Ubuntu’s official website which doesn’t match up with the Aquaris M10 specification on BQ website though. Ubuntu website shows a 12 MP camera while BQ website has 8 MP max.
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, first Ubuntu tablet is not really a power horse. In 2016, 2GB of RAM doesn’t seem to be sufficient. Moreover, the closed source MediaTek processors are another let down of the first Ubuntu Phone.
|
||||
|
||||
However, a supposed price tag of Euro 260 (the Android version costs the same) is a positive factor here and considering its capability to converge into a desktop, 10 inches screen keeps it in the entry level Netbook section.
|
||||
|
||||
The 470 g weight is another plus factor.
|
||||
|
||||
## First look at Ubuntu tablet
|
||||
|
||||
While Ubuntu tablet will be officially unveiled at Mobile World Congress, you can have a glimpse of its looks and functionings in the pictures below:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Price, availability and release date
|
||||
|
||||
BQ Aquaris M10 Ubuntu edition will go on sale in the second quarter of the year 2016. Guessing from Ubuntu Phone experience, it should be available for Europe and UK first and later in other parts of the world.
|
||||
|
||||
The price should be around 260-270 Euro. This too is an estimate based on the price of the Android version.
|
||||
|
||||
## Up for the grab?
|
||||
|
||||
I was not very convinced at the first Ubuntu Phone. However, I think Ubuntu tablet is a better device than the Ubuntu Phone. With Snappy coming in action, Ubuntu tablet has the potential to become a mobile device cum desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
What do you think of it?
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-tablet/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[ABHISHEK][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
|
||||
Former Kubuntu Head Unveils New KDE Project
|
||||
==============================================
|
||||
|
||||
The name Jonathan Riddell should ring a bell if you read Linux and [open source news](http://itsfoss.com/category/news/). He was the creator and longtime lead developer of the [Kubuntu](http://www.kubuntu.org/) distribution. He was [forced out of his position by Ubuntu boss Mark Shuttleworth](http://www.cio.com/article/2926838/linux/mark-shuttleworth-ubuntu-community-council-ask-kubuntu-developer-to-step-down-as-leader.html) last year because he dared to ask what happened to the funds Canonical had raised for Kubuntu. (To the best of my knowledge, Canonical never really answered to his questions about finances.)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## KDE neon logo
|
||||
|
||||
On Saturday, Riddell [announced](https://dot.kde.org/2016/01/30/fosdem-announcing-kde-neon) a new project: [KDE neon](http://neon.kde.org.uk/). According to Riddell’s announcement “Neon will provide a way to get the latest KDE software on the day it’s released.”
|
||||
|
||||
After reading both the announcement and looking at the brief site, **it appears that neon is a mainly a “rapidly updated software repository” that allows KDE fans to be on the bleeding edge**. Instead of waiting for months for distro developers to release the updated KDE on their repos, you’ll be able to get it hot off the presses.
|
||||
|
||||
KDE did state in the [noen FAQ](http://neon.kde.org.uk/faq) that this is not a KDE created distro. In fact, they say “KDE believes it is important to work with many distributions, as each brings unique value and expertise for their respective users. This is one project out of hundreds from KDE.”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
However, the way the site and the announcement refer to the fact that neon runs on Ubuntu 15.10 (until the next LTS version is available) and that there will soon be images makes me wonder. KDE could be saying this to keep Canonical from seeing this project as a competitor to Kubuntu. If they that there is a demand for KDE neon, they could spin it off as a full distro. Both the announcement and site state that this is a KDE Incubator project, so the future could hold anything for this project.
|
||||
|
||||
[KDE neon](http://neon.kde.org.uk/)
|
||||
|
||||
Does neon sound like it would be useful for you or are you happy with your current distro’s KDE release rate? Do you think there is room for another KDE distro (if KDE decides to head in that direction)? Let me know in the comment section below.
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/kde-neon-unveiled/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[JOHN PAUL][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/john/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
|
||||
NXP unveils a tiny 64-bit ARM processor for the Internet of Things
|
||||
=========================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
**TAGS**:[ARM][1], [INTERNET OF THINGS][2], [NXP][3], [NXP SEMICONDUCTORS][4]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[NXP Semiconductors][5] has unveiled what it calls the world’s smallest and lowest-power 64-bit ARM processor for the Internet of Things (IoT).
|
||||
|
||||
The tiny QorIQ LS1012A delivers networking-grade security and performance acceleration to battery-powered, space-constrained applications. This includes powering applications for Internet of Things, or everyday objects that are smart and connected. If IoT is to reach its potential of $1.7 trillion by 2020 (as estimated by market researcher IDC), it’s going to need processors like the new one from NXP, which was unveiled at the Embedded World 2016 event in Nuremberg, Germany.
|
||||
|
||||
The chip has a 64-bit ARMv8 processor with network packet acceleration and built-in security. It fits in a 9.6 mm-square space and draws about 1 watt of power. Potential applications include next-generation IoT gateways, portable entertainment platforms, high-performance portable storage applications, mobile hard disk drives, and mobile storage for cameras, tablets, and other rechargeable devices.
|
||||
|
||||
Additionally, the LS1012A is the first processor designed specifically for an emerging new storage solution, dubbed object-based storage. Object-based storage relies on a smart hard disk drive that is directly connected to the data center’s Ethernet network. The processor must be small enough to be integrated directly on the circuit board for a hard disk drive.
|
||||
|
||||
“The groundbreaking combination of low power, tiny footprint and networking-grade performance of NXP’s LS1012 processor is ideal for consumer, networking and Internet of Things applications alike,” said Tareq Bustami, senior vice president and general manager of NXP’s Digital Networking division, in a statement. “This unique blend of capabilities unleashes embedded systems designers and developers to imagine and create radically innovative end-products across a broad spectrum of high-growth markets.”
|
||||
|
||||
NXP said it is the only 1-watt, 64-bit processor in the market to combine such a comprehensive set of high-speed peripherals in a single chip, thus enabling lower system-level costs. And due to innovative packaging, the processor can be routed on low-cost circuit boards.
|
||||
|
||||
NXP’s LS1012A will be available in April 2016 and can be ordered now. NXP has more than 45,000 employees in 35 countries.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://venturebeat.com/2016/02/21/nxp-unveils-a-small-and-tiny-64-bit-arm-processor-for-the-internet-of-things/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[DEAN TAKAHASHI][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://venturebeat.com/author/dean-takahashi/
|
||||
[1]:http://venturebeat.com/tag/arm/
|
||||
[2]:http://venturebeat.com/tag/internet-of-things/
|
||||
[3]:http://venturebeat.com/tag/nxp/
|
||||
[4]:http://venturebeat.com/tag/nxp-semiconductors/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.nxp.com/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
|
||||
Achieving Enterprise-Ready Container Tools With Wercker’s Open Source CLI
|
||||
===========================================
|
||||
#CoderBOBO translating
|
||||
|
||||
For enterprises, containers offer more efficient build environments, cloud-native applications and migration from legacy systems to the cloud. But enterprise adoption of the technology -- Docker specifically -- has been hampered by, among other issues, [a lack of mature developer tools][1].
|
||||
|
||||
Amsterdam-based [Wercker][2] is one of many early-stage companies looking to meet the need for better tools with its cloud platform for automating microservices and application development, based on Docker.
|
||||
|
||||
The company [announced a $4.5 million Series A][3] funding round this month, which will help it ramp up development on an upcoming on-premise enterprise product. Key to its success, however, will be building a community around its newly [open-sourced CLI][4] tool. Wercker must quickly integrate with myriad other container technologies -- open source Kubernetes and Mesos among them -- to remain competitive in the evolving container space.
|
||||
|
||||
“By open sourcing our CLI technology, we hope to get to dev-prod parity faster and turn “build once, ship anywhere” into an automated reality,” said Wercker CEO and founder Micha Hernández van Leuffen.
|
||||
|
||||
I reached out to van Leuffen to learn more about the company, its CLI tool, and how it’s planning to help grow the pool of enterprise customers actually using containers in production. Below is an edited version of the interview.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux.com: Can you briefly tell us about Wercker?
|
||||
|
||||
van Leuffen: Wercker is a container-centric platform for automating the development of microservices and applications.
|
||||
|
||||
With Wercker’s Docker-based infrastructure, teams can increase developer velocity with custom automation pipelines using steps that produce containers as artifacts. Once the build passes, users can continue to deploy the steps as specified in the wercker.yml. Continuously repeating these steps allows teams to work in small increments, making it easy to debug and ship faster.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux.com: How does it help developers?
|
||||
|
||||
van Leuffen: The Wercker CLI helps developers attain greater dev-prod parity. They’re able to release faster and more often because they are developing, building and testing in an environment very similar to that in production. We’ve open sourced the exact same program that we execute in the Wercker cloud platform to run your pipelines.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux.com: Can you point out some of the features and advantages of your tool as compared to competitors?
|
||||
|
||||
van Leuffen: Unlike some of our competitors, we’re not just offering Docker support. With Wercker, the Docker container is the unit of work. All jobs run inside containers, and each build artifact can be a Docker container.
|
||||
|
||||
Wercker’s Docker container pipeline is completely customizable. A ‘pipeline’ refers to any automated workflow, for instance, a build or deploy pipeline. In those workflows, you want to execute tasks: install dependencies, test your code, push your container, or create a slack notification when something fails, for example. We call these tasks ‘steps,’ and there is no limit to the types of steps created. In fact, we have a marketplace of steps built by the Wercker community. So if you’ve built a step that fits my workflow, I can use that in my pipeline.
|
||||
|
||||
Our Docker container pipelines adapt to any developer workflow. Users can use any Docker container out there — not just those made by or for Wercker. Whether the container is on Docker Hub or a private registry such as CoreOS’s Quay, it works with Wercker.
|
||||
|
||||
Our competitors range from the classic CI/CD tools to larger-scale DevOps solutions like CloudBees.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux.com: How does it integrate with other cloud technologies?
|
||||
|
||||
van Leuffen: Wercker is vendor-agnostic and can automate development with any cloud platform or service. We work closely with ecosystem partners like Mesosphere, Kubernetes and CoreOS to make integrations as seamless as possible. We also recently partnered with Atlassian to integrate the Wercker platform with Bitbucket. More than 3 million Bitbucket users can install the Wercker Pipeline Viewer and view build status directly from their dashboard.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux.com: Why did you open source the Wercker CLI tool?
|
||||
|
||||
van Leuffen: Open sourcing the Wercker CLI will help us stay ahead of the curve and strengthen the developer community. The market landscape is changing fast; developers are expected to release more frequently, using infrastructure of increasing complexity. While Docker has solved a lot of infrastructure problems, developer teams are still looking for the perfect tools to test, build and deploy rapidly.
|
||||
|
||||
The Wercker community is already experimenting with these new tools: Kubernetes, Mesosphere, CoreOS. It makes sense to tap that community to create integrations that work with our technology – and make that process as frictionless as possible. By open sourcing our CLI technology, we hope to get to dev-prod parity faster and turn “build once, ship anywhere” into an automated reality.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux.com: You recently raised over $4.5 million, so how is this fund being used for product development?
|
||||
|
||||
van Leuffen: We’re focused on building out our commercial team and bringing an enterprise product to market. We’ve had a lot of inbound interest from the enterprise looking for VPC and on-premise solutions. While the enterprise is still largely in the discovery stage, we can see the market shifting toward containers. Enterprise software devs need to release often, just like the small, agile teams with whom they are increasingly competing. We need to prove containers can scale, and that Wercker has the organizational permissions and the automation suite to make that process as efficient as possible.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition to continuing to invest in our product, we’ll be focusing our resources on market education and developer evangelism. Developer teams are still looking for the right mix of tools to test, build and deploy rapidly (including Kubernetes, Mesosphere, CoreOS, etc.). As an ecosystem, we need to do more to educate and provide the tutorials and resources to help developers succeed in this changing landscape.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux.com: What products do you offer and who is your target audience?
|
||||
|
||||
van Leuffen: We currently offer one service level of our product Wercker; however, we’re developing an enterprise offering. Current organizations using Wercker range from startups, such as Open Listings, to larger companies and big agencies, like Pivotal Labs.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux.com: What does this recently open-sourced CLI do?
|
||||
|
||||
van Leuffen: Using the Wercker Command Line Interface (CLI), developers can spin up Docker containers on their desktop, automate their build and deploy processes and then deploy them to various cloud providers, like AWS, and scheduler and orchestration platforms, such as Mesosphere and Kubernetes.
|
||||
|
||||
The Wercker Command Line Interface is available as an open source project on GitHub and runs on both OSX and Linux machines.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linux.com/news/enterprise/systems-management/887177-achieving-enterprise-ready-container-tools-with-werckers-open-source-cli
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/61003
|
||||
[1]:http://thenewstack.io/adopting-containers-enterprise/
|
||||
[2]:http://wercker.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://venturebeat.com/2016/01/28/wercker-raises-4-5-million-open-sources-its-command-line-tool/
|
||||
[4]:https://github.com/wercker/wercker
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
||||
Intel shows budget Android phone powering big-screen Linux
|
||||
==============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**MWC16** Intel is showing what it calls "Big Screen Experience" at Mobile World Congress, an Android smartphone which runs a full Linux desktop when plugged into an external display.
|
||||
|
||||
The concept is broadly similar to Microsoft's Continuum for Windows 10 Mobile, but whereas Continuum devices are towards the high end, Intel's project is aimed, it says, at budget smartphones and emerging markets.
|
||||
|
||||
On display in Barcelona is a prototype SoFIA (Smart or Feature Phone with Intel Architecture) smartphone with an Atom x3 processor, 2GB RAM and 16GB storage, and modified to support an external display. Attach keyboard, mouse and display, and it becomes desktop Linux, with an option to display the Android screen in a window on the large display.
|
||||
|
||||
"Android is based on a Linux kernel, so we're running one kernel, we have an Android stack and a Linux stack, and we're sharing the same context, so the file system is identical. The phone stays fully functional," Intel's Nir Metzer, Path Finding Group Manager, told the Reg.
|
||||
|
||||
"I have a multi-window environment. As soon as I plug in I can do spreadsheets, I can drag and drop, play video. Achieving all this on a low-end platform is a challenge," said Metzer.
|
||||
|
||||
Currently the display on the device goes blank when the external display is attached, but Metzer said that the next version of the Atom X3 will support dual displays.
|
||||
|
||||
The version of Linux used is maintained by Intel. "We need to align between the Linux versions and the Android," said Metzer. "The framework is pre-installed, not an app you can download."
|
||||
|
||||
Intel is pitching the idea at phone manufacturers here at Mobile World Congress, but had nothing to report concerning actual customers for its device. "The chip is ready, this is production-ready. This can go into production tomorrow. It is a business decision," said Metzer.®
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/02/23/move_over_continuum_intel_shows_android_smartphone_powering_bigscreen_linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Tim Anderson][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.theregister.co.uk/Author/2878
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
|
||||
New Docker Data Center Admin Suite Should Bring Order to Containerization
|
||||
===============================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Docker][1] announced a new container control center today it’s calling the Docker Datacenter (DDC), an integrated administrative console that has been designed to give large and small businesses control over creating, managing and shipping containers.
|
||||
|
||||
The DDC is a new tool made up of various commercial pieces including Docker Universal Control Plane (which also happens to be generally available today) and Docker Trusted Registry. It also includes open source pieces such as Docker Engine. The idea is to give companies the ability to manage the entire lifecycle of Dockerized applications from one central administrative interface.
|
||||
|
||||
Customers actually were the driving force behind this new tool. While companies liked the agility that Docker containers give them, they also wanted management control over administration, security and governance around the containers they were creating and shipping, Scott Johnston, SVP of product management told TechCrunch.
|
||||
|
||||
The company has called this Containers as a Service (CaaS), mostly because when customers came to them asking for this type of administrative control, that’s how they described it, Johnston said.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
>Image courtesy of Docker
|
||||
|
||||
Like many open source projects, Docker gained a strong following among developers first, but as it grew in popularity, the companies these developers were working for wanted a straight-forward way to track and manage them.
|
||||
|
||||
That’s exactly what DDC is designed to do. It gives developers the agility they need to create containerized applications, while providing operations with the tools they need to bring order to the process.
|
||||
|
||||
In practice this means that developers can create a set of containerized components, have them approved for deployment by operations and then have access to a library of fully certified images. This lets developers pull the pieces they need across a range of applications without having to reinvent the wheel every time. That should speed up application development and deployment (and add to the agility that containers should in theory be providing in the first place).
|
||||
|
||||
This aspect appealed to Beta customer ADP. The payroll services giant particularly liked having this central repository of images available to developers.
|
||||
|
||||
“As part of our initiative to modernize our business-critical applications to microservices, ADP has been investigating solutions that would enable our developers to leverage a central library of IT-vetted and secured core services that they could rapidly iterate on,” said Keith Fulton, Chief Technology Officer at ADP said in a statement.
|
||||
|
||||
Docker was launched in 2010 by founder Solomon Hykes as dotCloud. He pivoted the company to Docker in 2013, [selling dotCloud in August][2], 2014 to focus completely on Docker.
|
||||
|
||||
The company came out of the gate like gangbusters a couple of years ago raising $180 million ($168 million since becoming Docker) over five rounds, according to CrunchBase. What caught the attention of investors was that Docker offered a way to deliver applications for the modern age called containers, a way of building, managing and shipping distributed applications.
|
||||
|
||||
Containerization enables developers to create these distributed applications made up of small discrete pieces that run across multiple servers, as opposed to the large monolithic applications companies used to create running on a single server.
|
||||
|
||||
Pricing for Docker Datacenter starts at $150 per node per month.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/calico-virtual-private-networking-docker/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[ Ron Miller][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://techcrunch.com/author/ron-miller/
|
||||
[1]: https://www.docker.com/
|
||||
[2]: http://techcrunch.com/2014/08/04/docker-sells-dotcloud-to-cloudcontrol-to-focus-on-core-container-business/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
|
||||
【Translating by cposture 2016-02-25】
|
||||
How to add open source experience to your resume
|
||||
==================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, I'll share my technique for leveraging open source contributions to stand out as a great candidate for a job in the technology field.
|
||||
|
||||
No goal can be accomplished without first being set. Before jumping into a new commitment or spending the evening overhauling your resume, it pays to clearly define the traits of the job you're seeking. Your resume is a piece of persuasive writing, so you have to know your audience for it to reach its full potential. Your resume's audience is anyone with the need for your skills and the budget to hire you. When editing, read your resume while imagining what it's like to be in their position. Do you look like a candidate that you would hire?
|
||||
|
||||
I personally find it helpful to make a list of the key traits that the ideal candidate for my target job displays. I gather this list from a combination of personal experience, reading job postings, and asking colleagues in similar roles. LinkedIn and conferences are great places to find people happy to offer this sort of advice. Many people enjoy talking about themselves, and inviting them to tell part of their own story to help you expand your knowledge makes everyone feel good. As you talk to others about their career paths, you'll gain insights not only into how to land the jobs you want, but also into which traits or behaviors correspond to ending up in situations you'd rather avoid.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, the list of key traits for a junior role might look like this:
|
||||
|
||||
### Technical:
|
||||
|
||||
- Experience with CI, Jenkins preferred
|
||||
|
||||
- Strong scripting background in Python and Ruby
|
||||
|
||||
- Familiarity with Eclipse IDE
|
||||
|
||||
- Basic Git and Bash
|
||||
|
||||
### Personal:
|
||||
|
||||
- Self-directed learner
|
||||
|
||||
- Clear communication and documentation skills
|
||||
|
||||
- Experience working on a multi-person development team ("team player")
|
||||
|
||||
- Familiarity with issue tracker workflow
|
||||
|
||||
### Apply anyway
|
||||
|
||||
Remember, you don't have to meet every single criterion listed in a job description to get an interview.
|
||||
|
||||
The job description describes whoever left the role, and if you start out knowing everything you've likely signed yourself up for a few years that don't challenge or expand your skill set. If you're nervous about missing a particular technology on the list, do some research into it to see whether comparable skills from another experience would apply. For example, someone who's never used [Jenkins][1] might still understand the principles of continuous integration testing from working on a project that uses [Buildbot][2] or [Travis CI][3].
|
||||
|
||||
If you're applying at a larger company, they probably have an entire department and comprehensive screening process to make sure they don't hire any candidate unable to succeed in a role. That means it's your job to apply and their job to decide whether to reject you. Don't prematurely reject yourself from the job by refusing to apply.
|
||||
|
||||
Now you have an idea of what job you want and what skills you'll need to impress your interviewers. The next steps to take will vary based on how much experience you've already got.
|
||||
|
||||
### Tailoring existing involvement
|
||||
|
||||
Start by making a list of all the projects you've been involved with in the past few years. One way to get a quick list of things you've worked on lately is to navigate to the **Repositories** tab of your GitHub profile and filter the list by clicking on **Forks**. Additionally, look down your [Organizations][4] list for places you might have been engaging in leadership roles. If you already have a resume, make sure you've included everything from these lists under experience.
|
||||
|
||||
Consider any IRC channel where you have special permissions as a potential leadership experience. Check your Meetup and Eventbrite accounts and add any events that you organize or volunteer at to your list. Skim your calendar for the past year and note any volunteering, mentoring, or public speaking engagements.
|
||||
|
||||
Now for the hard part: Map the list of required skills onto the list of experiences. I like to assign a letter or number to each trait needed for the job, then mark the same symbol next to every piece of experience or involvement where you demonstrated the trait. When in doubt, claim it anyway—your problem is more likely a reluctance to brag than actual incompetence.
|
||||
|
||||
This is the point in the process at which resume writers are often fettered by reluctance to risk overselling their own skills. It often helps to re-frame the question as: "Did someone who organized a meetup show leadership and planning skills?" Rather than: "Did I personally show these skills when I organized that meetup?".
|
||||
|
||||
If you've been sufficiently thorough at figuring out where your free time has gone for the past year or two and you code a lot, you might now be facing a surprising problem: Too many items to fit on a single-page resume! If anything on your list of experiences didn't demonstrate any of the skills you're trying to showcase, cross it off. If an item demonstrates few skills and you don't have any stories that you enjoy telling about it, cross it off. If this abridged list of things you've done still won't fit in the format of a resume, prioritize the experiences from which you gained a relevant story or extensive experience with a desired technology.
|
||||
|
||||
At this point, it should be obvious if you need a better piece of experience to hone a particular skill. Consider using an issue aggregator like OpenHatch to find an open source project where you build and practice your skills with the tool or technology that you're missing.
|
||||
|
||||
### Make your resume beautiful
|
||||
|
||||
A resume's beauty comes from conciseness, clarity, and layout. Each piece of experience should be accompanied by enough information for a reader to immediately know why you included it, but no more. Each type of information should be formatted consistently throughout the document—it's distracting to have some dates italicized or right-aligned and others not.
|
||||
|
||||
Typeset your resume using a tool that makes these goals easy to achieve. I enjoy using [LaTeX][5], since its macro system makes visual consistency easy and most interviewers recognize it immediately. Your tool of choice might be [LibreOffice][6] or HTML, depending on your skills and how you want to distribute your resume.
|
||||
|
||||
Remember that a digitally submitted resume might be scanned for keywords, so it can help to use the same acronyms as the job posting when describing your experiences. To make your resume easy for your interviewer to use, place the most important information first.
|
||||
|
||||
Coders often struggle to quantify balance and layout when typesetting a document. My favorite technique for stepping back and assessing whether my document's whitespace is in the right place is to fullscreen the PDF or print it out, then look at it in a mirror. If you're using LibreOffice Writer, save a copy of your resume then change the font to that of a language you can't read. Both of these techniques forcibly pull you out of reading the content, and allow you to see the overall layout of the document in a new light. They take you from a "That sentence is poorly worded!" critique to noticing things like "It looks funny to have only a single word on that line."
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, double check that your resume displays correctly in the media where it will be seen. If you're distributing it as a web page, test it at different screen widths in multiple browsers. If it's a PDF, open it on your phone or a friend's computer to make sure all the fonts it needs are available.
|
||||
|
||||
### Next steps
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, don't let the content that you worked so hard on for your resume go to waste! Mirror it to your LinkedIn account—complete with the buzzwords from the job posting—and don't be surprised if recruiters start reaching out to you. Even if the jobs they're describing aren't a good fit right now, you can leverage their time and interest to get feedback on what's working well about your resume and what isn't.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/business/16/2/add-open-source-to-your-resume
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[edunham][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/edunham
|
||||
[1]: https://jenkins-ci.org/
|
||||
[2]: http://buildbot.net/
|
||||
[3]: https://travis-ci.org/
|
||||
[4]: https://github.com/settings/organizations
|
||||
[5]: https://www.latex-project.org/
|
||||
[6]: https://www.libreoffice.org/download/libreoffice-fresh/
|
||||
177
sources/tech/20160225 The Tao of project management.md
Normal file
177
sources/tech/20160225 The Tao of project management.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
|
||||
(翻译中 by runningwater)
|
||||
The Tao of project management
|
||||
=================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The [Tao Te Ching][1], [believed to have been written][2] by the sage [Lao Tzu][3] in the 6th century BCE, is among the most widely translated texts in existence. It has inspired everything from [religions][4] to [funny movies about dating][5], and authors have used it as a metaphor to explain all kinds of things (even [programming][6]).
|
||||
|
||||
This text is what immediately comes to my mind when thinking about project management in open organizations.
|
||||
|
||||
That might sound strange. But to understand where I'm coming from, you should start by reading *The Open Organization: Igniting Passion and Performance*, Red Hat president and CEO Jim Whitehurst's manifesto on corporate culture and the new leadership paradigm. In this book, Jim (with a little help from other Red Hatters) explains the difference between conventional organizations (a "top-down" approach, with decisions coming down from central command to employees motivated by promotion and pay) and open organizations (a bottom-up approach, with leaders focused on inspiring purpose and passion so employees are empowered to be and do their best).
|
||||
|
||||
This concept—that employees in open organizations are motivated by passion, purpose, and engagement—plays directly into where I think project managers should focus.
|
||||
|
||||
And to explain, I'll return to the *Tao Te Ching*.
|
||||
|
||||
### Don't let your job title define you
|
||||
|
||||
>The tao that can be told
|
||||
>is not the eternal Tao
|
||||
>The name that can be named
|
||||
>is not the eternal Name.
|
||||
|
||||
>The unnameable is the eternally real.
|
||||
>Naming is the origin
|
||||
>of all particular things.
|
||||
[[1]][7]
|
||||
|
||||
What exactly is project management? And what does a project manager do?
|
||||
|
||||
As you might expect, part of being a project manager is managing projects: gathering requirements, managing stakeholder communication, setting priority, scheduling tasks, helping the team resolve blockers. Many institutions can teach you how to manage projects very well, and these are good skills to have.
|
||||
|
||||
However, literally managing projects is only part of what project managers in open organizations do. These organizations require something more: Courage. If you're good at managing projects (or if you're good at any job, really), then you can start to feel safe in your routine. That's when you know you need to find the courage to take a risk.
|
||||
|
||||
Do you have the courage to step outside of your comfort zone? The courage to ask important people challenging questions that might raise eyebrows, but that might also uncover a better way forward? The courage to identify the next thing that needs to be done—then the courage to go and do it? The courage to call out communication gaps and take initiative to fix them? The courage to try things? The courage to fail?
|
||||
|
||||
The opening passage of the Tao Te Ching (which I cited above) suggests that words, labels, and names are limiting. That includes job titles. In open organizations, project managers don't just perform the rote tasks required to manage projects. They help teams accomplish the organization's mission, however defined.
|
||||
|
||||
### Connect the right people
|
||||
|
||||
>We join spokes together in a wheel,
|
||||
>but it is the center hole
|
||||
>that makes the wagon move.
|
||||
[[11]][8]
|
||||
|
||||
One of the most difficult lessons I had to learn as I transitioned into project management was that not having all the answers was perfectly acceptable, even expected. That was new for me. I like having all the answers. But as a project manager, my role is more about connecting people—so the ones who do have the answers can collaborate efficiently.
|
||||
|
||||
This does not mean dodging responsibility or ownership. This means being comfortable saying, "I don't know, but I will find out for you," and closing that loop as quickly as possible.
|
||||
|
||||
Picture a wagon wheel. Without the stability and direction provided by the center hole, the spokes would fall and the wheel collapse in on itself. Project managers in an open organization can help a team maintain forward momentum by bringing the right people together and cultivating the right discussions.
|
||||
|
||||
### Trust your team
|
||||
|
||||
>When the Master governs, the people
|
||||
>are hardly aware that he exists.
|
||||
>Next best is a leader who is loved.
|
||||
>Next, one who is feared.
|
||||
>The worst is one who is despised.
|
||||
>
|
||||
>If you don't trust the people,
|
||||
>you make them untrustworthy.
|
||||
>
|
||||
>The Master doesn't talk, he acts.
|
||||
>When his work is done,
|
||||
>the people say, "Amazing:
|
||||
>we did it, all by ourselves!"
|
||||
[[17]][9]
|
||||
|
||||
[Rebecca Fernandez][10] once told me that what differentiates leaders in open organizations is not the trust people have in them, but the trust they have in other people.
|
||||
|
||||
Open organizations do a great job hiring smart people who are passionate about what their companies are doing. In order for them to do their best work, we have to give them what they need and then get out of their way.
|
||||
|
||||
Here, I think the above passage from the Tao Te Ching speaks for itself.
|
||||
|
||||
### Be effortless
|
||||
|
||||
>The Master does nothing
|
||||
>yet he leaves nothing undone.
|
||||
>The ordinary man is always doing things,
|
||||
>yet many more are left to be done.
|
||||
[[38]][11]
|
||||
|
||||
Do you know the type of person who is always extremely busy? The one who seems frazzled and stressed with too many things to do?
|
||||
|
||||
Don't be that person.
|
||||
|
||||
I know that's easier said than done. The thing that most helps me keep from being that person is remembering that we are all extremely busy. I don't have a single co-worker who is bored.
|
||||
|
||||
But someone needs to be the calm in the middle of the storm. Someone needs to be the person who reassures the team that everything is going to be okay, that we'll find a way to get things done within the parameters dictated by reality and the number of business hours in a day (because that's the truth, and we have to).
|
||||
|
||||
Be that person.
|
||||
|
||||
What this passage of the Tao Te Ching says to me is that the person who's always talking about what she or he is doing has no time to actually do those things. If you can make your job seem effortless to those around you, then you're doing your job right.
|
||||
|
||||
### Be a culture coach
|
||||
|
||||
>When a superior man hears of the Tao,
|
||||
>he immediately begins to embody it.
|
||||
>When an average man hears of the Tao,
|
||||
>he half believes it, half doubts it.
|
||||
>When a foolish man hears of the Tao,
|
||||
>he laughs out loud.
|
||||
>If he didn't laugh,
|
||||
>it wouldn't be the Tao.
|
||||
[[41]][12]
|
||||
|
||||
Last fall, I enrolled an MBA business ethics class with a bunch of federal employees. When I started describing my company's culture, values, and ethics framework, I got the direct impression that both my classmates and my professor thought I was a naive young lady with [a lot of lovely daydreams][13] about how companies should run. They told me things couldn't possibly be as they seemed. They said I should investigate further.
|
||||
|
||||
So I did.
|
||||
|
||||
And here's what I found: Things are exactly as they seem.
|
||||
|
||||
In open organizations, culture matters. Maintaining that culture as an organization grows makes it possible to wake up and look forward to going to work in the morning. I (and other members of open organizations) don't want to "work to live," as my classmates described it. I need to feel a passion and purpose, to understand how the work I do on a daily basis directly contributes to something I believe in.
|
||||
|
||||
As a project manager, you might think that your job has nothing to do with cultivating your company's culture on your team. However, it's your job to embody it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Kaizen
|
||||
|
||||
>In pursuit of knowledge,
|
||||
>every day something is added.
|
||||
>In the practice of the Tao,
|
||||
>every day something is dropped.
|
||||
>Less and less do you need to force things,
|
||||
>until finally you arrive at non-action. When nothing is done,
|
||||
>nothing is left undone.
|
||||
[[48]][14]
|
||||
|
||||
The general field of project management is too focused on the latest and greatest tools. But the answer to the question of which tool you should use is always the same: "the simplest."
|
||||
|
||||
For example, I keep my running to-do list in a text file on my desktop because it serves its purpose without unnecessary distractions. Whatever tools, processes, and procedures you introduce to a team should increase efficiency and remove obstacles, not introduce additional complexity. So instead of focusing on the tools, focus on the problem(s) you're using those tools to solve.
|
||||
|
||||
My favorite part of being a project manager in an Agile world is having the freedom to throw out what doesn't work. This is related to the concept of kaizen, or "continuous improvement." Don't be afraid to try and fail. Failing is the label we've put on the process of learning what works and what doesn't. But it's the only way to improve.
|
||||
|
||||
The best processes arise organically. As a project manager, you can help your team by supporting them and not trying to force them into anything.
|
||||
|
||||
### Practice
|
||||
|
||||
>Some say that my teaching is nonsense.
|
||||
>Others call it lofty but impractical.
|
||||
>But to those who have looked inside themselves,
|
||||
>this nonsense makes perfect sense.
|
||||
>And to those who put it into practice,
|
||||
>this loftiness has roots that go deep.
|
||||
[[67]][15]
|
||||
|
||||
I believe in what open organizations are doing. What open organizations are doing for the field of management is almost as important as the actual products and services they offer. We have an opportunity to lead by example, to inspire passion and purpose in others, to create working environments that inspire and empower.
|
||||
|
||||
I encourage you to find ways to incorporate some of these ideas into your own projects and teams to see what happens. Learn about your organization's mission and how your projects contribute to it. Have courage, expect to try some things that won't work, and don't forget to share the lessons you learn with our community so we can continue to improve.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/16/2/tao-project-management
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Allison Matlack][a]
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/amatlack
|
||||
[1]: http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taote-v3.html
|
||||
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching
|
||||
[3]: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laozi/
|
||||
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism
|
||||
[5]: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0234853/
|
||||
[6]: http://www.mit.edu/~xela/tao.html
|
||||
[7]: http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taote-v3.html#1
|
||||
[8]: http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taote-v3.html#11
|
||||
[10]: https://opensource.com/users/rebecca
|
||||
[11]: http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taote-v3.html#38
|
||||
[12]: http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taote-v3.html#41
|
||||
[13]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/15/9/reflections-open-organization-starry-eyed-dreamer
|
||||
[14]: http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taote-v3.html#48
|
||||
[15]: http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/taote-v3.html#67
|
||||
|
||||
65
translated/share/20151204 Review EXT4 vs. Btrfs vs. XFS.md
Normal file
65
translated/share/20151204 Review EXT4 vs. Btrfs vs. XFS.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
|
||||
EXT4，Btrfs和XFS 文件系统之点评
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
老实说，人们最不曾考虑的问题之一是他们的个人电脑中使用了什么文件系统。Windows 和 Mac OS X 用户更没有理由去考虑，因为对于他们的操作系统，只有一种选择，那就是 NTFS 和 HFS+。相反，对于 Linux 系统而言，有很多种文件系统可以选择，现在默认的是广泛采用的 ext4。然而，现在也有改用一种称为 btrfs 文件系统的趋势。那是什么使得 btrfs更优秀，其它的文件系统又是什么，什么时候我们又能看到 Linux 发行版作出改变呢？
|
||||
|
||||
首先让我们对文件系统以及它们真正干什么有个总体的认识，然后我们再对一些有名的文件系统做详细的比较。
|
||||
|
||||
### 文件系统是干什么的？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果你不清楚文件系统是干什么的，一句话总结起来也非常简单。文件系统主要用于控制所有程序不再使用数据时如何存储数据、如何访问数据以及有什么其它信息（元数据）和数据本身相关，等等。听起来要编程实现并不是轻而易举的事情，实际上也确实如此。文件系统一直在改进，包括更多的功能、更高效地完成它需要做的事情。总而言之，它是所有计算机的基本需求、但并不像听起来那么简单。
|
||||
|
||||
### 为什么要分区？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
由于每个操作系统都能创建或者删除分区，很多人对分区都有模糊的认识。Linux 操作系统在同一块磁盘上即便使用标准安装过程，仍可以使用多个分区，这看起来很奇怪，因此需要一些解释。拥有不同分区的一个主要目的就是为了在灾难发生时能获得更好的数据安全性。
|
||||
|
||||
通过将硬盘划分为分区，数据会被分隔以及重组。当事故发生的时候，只有存储在被损坏分区的数据会被破坏，很大可能上其它分区的数据能得以保留。这个原因可以追溯到 Linux 操作系统还没有日志文件系统，任何电力故障都有可能导致灾难发生的时候。
|
||||
|
||||
使用分区也考虑到了安全和健壮性原因，因此操作系统部分损坏并不意味着整个计算机就有风险或者会受到破坏。这也是当前采用分区的一个最重要因素。举个例子，用户创建了一些会填满磁盘的脚本、程序或者 web 应用，如果该磁盘只有一个大的分区，如果磁盘满了那么整个系统就不能工作。如果用户把数据保存在不同的分区，那么就只有那个分区会受到影响，而系统分区或者其它数据分区仍能正常运行。
|
||||
|
||||
记住，拥有一个日志文件系统只能在掉电或者和存储设备意外断开连接时提供数据安全性，并不能在文件系统出现坏块或者发生逻辑错误时保护数据。对于这种情况，用户可以采用廉价磁盘冗余阵列（RAID：Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks）的方案。
|
||||
|
||||
### 为什么要改变文件系统？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
ext4 文件系统由 ext3 文件系统改进而来，而后者又是从 ext2 文件系统改进而来。虽然 ext4 文件系统已经非常稳定，是过去几年中绝大部分发行版的默认选择，但它是基于陈旧的代码开发而来。另外， Linux 操作系统用户也需要很多 ext4 文件系统本身不提供的新功能。虽然通过某些软件能满足这种需求，但性能会受到影响，在文件系统层次做到这些能获得更好的性能。
|
||||
|
||||
### Ext4 文件系统 ###
|
||||
|
||||
ext4 还有一些明显的限值。最大文件大小是 16tebibytes（大概是 17.6 terabytes），这比普通用户当前能买到的硬盘还要大的多。使用 ext4 能创建的最大卷/分区是 1 exbibyte（大概是 1,152,921.5 terabytes）。通过使用多种技巧， ext4 比 ext3 有很大的速度提升。类似一些最先进的文件系统，它是一个日志文件系统，意味着它会对文件在磁盘中的位置以及任何其它对磁盘的更改做记录。纵观它的所有功能，它还不支持透明压缩、重复数据删除或者透明加密。技术上支持了快照，但该功能还处于实验性阶段。
|
||||
|
||||
### Btrfs 文件系统 ###
|
||||
|
||||
btrfs 有很多不同的发音，例如 Better FS、Butter FS 或者 B-Tree FS。它是一个几乎完全从头开发的文件系统。btrfs 存在的原因是它的开发者期初希望扩展文件系统的功能使得它包括快照、池化、校验以及其它一些功能。虽然和 ext4 无关，它也希望能保留 ext4 中能使消费者和商家受益的功能，并整合额外的能使每个人，尤其是企业受益的功能。对于使用大型软件以及大规模数据库的企业，对于多种不同的硬盘看起来一致的文件系统能使他们受益并且使数据整合变得更加简单。删除重复数据能降低数据实际使用的空间，当需要镜像一个单一和广泛文件系统时使用 btrfs 也能使数据镜像变得简单。
|
||||
|
||||
用户当然可以继续选择创建多个分区从而无需镜像任何东西。考虑到这种情况，btrfs 能横跨多种硬盘，和 ext4 相比，它能支持 16 倍以上的驱动空间。btrfs 文件系统一个分区最大是 16 exbibytes，最大的文件大小也是 16 exbibytes。
|
||||
|
||||
### XFS 文件系统 ###
|
||||
|
||||
XFS 文件系统是扩展文件系统（extent file system）的扩展。XFS 是 64 位高性能日志文件系统。对 XFS 的支持大概在 2002 年合并到了 Linux 内核，到了 2009 年，红帽企业版 Linux 5.4 也支持了 XFS 文件系统。对于 64 位文件系统，XFS 支持最大文件系统大小为 8 exbibytes。XFS 文件系统有一些缺陷，例如它不能压缩，删除大量文件时性能低下。目前RHEL 7.0 文件系统默认使用 XFS。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总后总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
不幸的是，还不知道 btrfs 什么时候能到来。官方说，下一代文件系统仍然被归类为“不稳定”，但是如果用户下载最新版本的 Ubuntu，就可以选择安装到 btrfs 分区上。什么时候 btrfs 会被归类到 “稳定” 仍然是个谜， 直到真的认为它“稳定”之前，用户也不应该期望 Ubuntu 会默认采用 btrfs。有报道说 Fedora 18 会用 btrfs 作为它的默认文件系统，因为到了发布它的时候，应该有了 btrfs 文件系统校验器。由于还没有实现所有的功能，另外和 ext4 相比性能上也比较缓慢，btrfs 还有很多的工作要做。
|
||||
|
||||
那么，究竟使用哪个更好呢？尽管性能几乎相同，但 ext4 还是赢家。为什么呢？答案在于易用性以及广泛性。对于桌面或者工作站， ext4 仍然是一个很好的文件系统。由于默认提供，用户可以在上面安装操作系统。同时， ext4 支持最大 1 exabytes 的卷和 16 terabytes 的文件，因此考虑到大小，它也还有很大的进步空间。
|
||||
|
||||
btrfs 能提供更大的高达 16 exabytes 的卷以及更好的容错，但是，到现在为止，它感觉更像是一个附加文件系统，而没有集成到 Linux 操作系统。比如，尽管 btrfs 支持不同的发行版，使用 btrfs 格式化硬盘之前先要有 btrfs-tools 工具，这意味着安装 Linux 操作系统的时候它并不是一个可选项，即便不同发行版之间会有差异。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管传输速率非常重要，评价一个文件系统出了文件传输速度之外还有很多因素。btrfs 有很多好用的功能，例如写复制、扩展校验、快照、清洗、自修复数据、冗余删除以及其它保证数据完整性的功能。和 ZFS 相比 btrfs 缺少 RAID-Z 功能，因此对于 btrfs， RAID 还处于实验性阶段。对于单纯的数据存储，和 ext4 相比 btrfs 似乎更加优秀，但时间会验证一切。
|
||||
|
||||
迄今为止，对于桌面系统而言，ext4 似乎是一个更好的选择，因为它是默认的文件系统，传输文件时也比 btrfs 更快。btrfs 当然值得尝试、但要在桌面 Linux 上完全取代 ext4 可能还需要一些时间。数据场和大存储池会揭示关于 ext4、XCF 以及 btrfs 不同的故事和差异。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你有不同或者其它的观点，在下面的评论框中告诉我们吧。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/review-ext4-vs-btrfs-vs-xfs/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[M.el Khamlichi][a]
|
||||
译者：[ictlyh](http://mutouxiaogui.cn/blog/)
|
||||
校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/pirat9/
|
||||
@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
|
||||
没有 Linux 和开源软件的世界会变得怎么样 —— 听听来自 Linux 基金会的解释
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Linux 基金会针最近对人们关于 “没有 Linux 的世界” 系列短片提出的问题做了回应：包括没有 Linux 和其他的开源软件的因特网会变得怎么样等问题。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
假如 Linux —— 一个开源的操作系统内核 —— 不曾出现过，我们现在的世界是否会是另一番景象。会不会没有了因特网，或者没有了电影？这些都是 [Linux 基金会][1] 正在连续播出的 “[没有 Linux 的世界][2]” 系列短片的观众提出来的问题。
|
||||
|
||||
假如你错过了观看这些短片也不要紧，“没有 Linux 的世界” 系列短片是一个古怪的短片集合，里边描述了没有了 Linux （或者说没有开源软件）的世界发生的事情。这些短片强调了 Linux 在 [电影制作][3] 以及 [服务于因特网][4] 中充当的角色。
|
||||
|
||||
为了提供该系列短片的一些主张、方向和隐藏元素，Linux 基金会副主席 Jennifer Cloer 最近在 The VAR Guy 上回应了关于该短片的一些问题。以下是她的原话解答。
|
||||
|
||||
### 最新一集短片 —— Sam 和 Annie 一起看电影。假如没有 Linux，我们现在的荧屏是不是也和短片中的一样？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
在 #4 剧情中，我们恶搞了一下电影 “Avatar”。不管你喜欢还是讨厌，现实中的 “Avatar” 在荧屏上的效果还是让人产生记忆深刻的。在没有 Linux 的世界中，电影的效果就变得非常恐怖，但是我们并不介意它，因为那已经是最好的了。但实际上，“Avatar” 是使用了 Linux 来进行效果制作的。Weta 数码使用了当时世界上最大的 Linux 集群来给电影做效果渲染和 3D 建模。据报道，指环王（Lord of the Rings）、神奇四侠（Fantastic Four）和金刚（King Kong）等电影都用到了 Linux。我希望该短片能引起电影制作工作者的关注，还有很多我们不知道的用到 Linux 来制作的电影。（译者注：这句应该是强度 Linux 在电影制作中的重要应用，可能翻译的不是很好。that work应该指的电影制作，只是直译感觉有点怪，这暂时没想到怎么译的最好。原话为：We hope this episode can bring attention to that work, which hasn't been widely reported.）
|
||||
|
||||
### 很多人对短片的原始剧情进行了批判，其中包括没有 Linux 将没有因特网。你对此持什么样的看法？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们很喜欢人们从短片刚上映就进行激烈的辩论。该短片上映当天就超过了 100,000 的观众，这引起了人们对 Linux 在社会中扮演的角色以及全球的社区贡献者和维护者的关注。当然了，没有 Linux 的话，因特网也是会出现的，只是不会像当前我们所熟知的互联网那么成熟而已。每一个短片都对 Linux 在我们每天生活中扮演的角色进行了大胆且有趣的描述。我们希望，这些短片能够把关于 Linux 的故事推广到全世界的人的心里去。
|
||||
|
||||
### 为什么 Sam 和 Annie 的那只猫叫做 String？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
该短片系列中没有一处剧情是偶然的。仔细的观看话，你就会发现其中关于 Linux 和极客们的各种玩笑。小猫 String 是我们的 Linux.com 主编 Libby Clark 以弦理论（string theory）亲自来命名的。在物理学里，弦理论（string theory）是一个理论框架，它用一个叫做弦（String）的一维对象替换了粒子物理学中粒子状粒子。弦理论（string theory）描述了这些弦（String）如何在空间传播以及相互影响。就像 Sam、Annie 和 String 在那个没有 Linux 的世界里的关系那样。
|
||||
|
||||
### 我们期待已久的下两集是什么样的，特别是，最后那集什么时候上映？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
在 #5 短片中，我们将到太空并体验一下没有 Linux 的世界对太空探索的影响。这就像是一场疯狂的骑行。在短片的最后，我们最终还是会见到没有 Linux 的世界里的 Linus。贯穿整个短片系列，里边已经给出关于结局的线索，我在这就不能给太多提示了，因为还有好多人在找线索比赛中继续寻找着。并且我也不能给你们说出关于结局短片的上映日期。你们要自己跟进 #WorldWithoutLinux 主题帖来获取跟多信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 你可给一些关于 #4 短片相关线索的提示吗？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
在该短片中有另外一个关于免费汉堡餐厅（Free Burger Restaurant）的线索。在那个没有 Linux 的世界里，Linux 最后还是以一种很隐秘的方式出现了，可以说，就像是以另一种语言来解读 Linux。当然，这只是为了好玩，String 也是另外一个模样。
|
||||
|
||||
### 那么，该系列短片达到你所想要的效果了吗？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
是的，达到了。我们很高兴看到人们分享并参与到这些故事中去。
|
||||
我们希望向那些可能不知道 Linux 的人传达更多关于 Linux 的故事并了解 Linux 在当今世界中是无处不在的。全部的短片就是为了把这些关于 Linux 的真相推广给大家，并感谢那些全球性社区的开发者和公司对 Linux 的支持，Linux 使得一切成为可能。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/linux-foundation-explains-world-without-linux-and-open-so
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Christopher Tozzi][a]
|
||||
译者：[GHLandy](https://github.com/GHLandy)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi
|
||||
[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/world-without-linux
|
||||
[3]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/new-linux-foundation-video-highlights-role-open-source-3d
|
||||
[4]:http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/100715/would-internet-exist-without-linux-yes-without-open-sourc
|
||||
@ -1,14 +1,18 @@
|
||||
Linux / Unix Desktop Fun: Text Mode ASCII-art Box and Comment Drawing
|
||||
|
||||
Linux / Unix 桌面娱乐 :
|
||||
文字模式的带有ASCII艺术的Box与评论绘制
|
||||
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Boxes command is a text filter and a little known tool that can draw any kind of ASCII art box around its input text or code for fun and profit. You can quickly create email signatures, or create regional comments in any programming language. This command was intended to be used with the vim text editor, but can be tied to any text editor which supports filters, as well as from the command line as a standalone tool.
|
||||
Boxes 命令不仅是一个文本过滤器，同时是一个很少人知道的可以为了乐趣或者需要在它的输入文本或者代码周围画各种ASCII艺术画的工具。你可以迅速创建邮件签名，或者使用各种编程语言创建局部评论。这个命令计划被vim文本编辑器使用，但是也可以被支持过滤的文本编辑器使用，同时从命令行作为一个单独的工具使用。
|
||||
|
||||
### Task: Install boxes ###
|
||||
|
||||
Use the [apt-get command][1] to install boxes under Debian / Ubuntu Linux:
|
||||
### 任务: 安装 boxes ###
|
||||
|
||||
使用 [apt-get command][1] 在 Debian / Ubuntu Linux中安装 boxes :
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install boxes
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
输出示例 :
|
||||
|
||||
Reading package lists... Done
|
||||
Building dependency tree
|
||||
@ -24,11 +28,11 @@ Sample outputs:
|
||||
Processing triggers for man-db ...
|
||||
Setting up boxes (1.0.1a-2.3) ...
|
||||
|
||||
RHEL / CentOS / Fedora Linux users, use the [yum command to install boxes][2] (first [enable EPEL repo as described here][3]):
|
||||
RHEL / CentOS / Fedora Linux 用户, 使用 [yum command to install boxes][2] (首先 [enable EPEL repo as described here][3]):
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install boxes
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
输出示例 :
|
||||
|
||||
Loaded plugins: rhnplugin
|
||||
Setting up Install Process
|
||||
@ -60,51 +64,53 @@ Sample outputs:
|
||||
boxes.x86_64 0:1.1-8.el6
|
||||
Complete!
|
||||
|
||||
FreeBSD user can use the port as follows:
|
||||
FreeBSD 用户可以按如下来使用 :
|
||||
|
||||
cd /usr/ports/misc/boxes/ && make install clean
|
||||
|
||||
Or, add the package using the pkg_add command:
|
||||
或者，使用 pkg_add 命令来增加包:
|
||||
|
||||
# pkg_add -r boxes
|
||||
|
||||
### Draw any kind of box around some given text ###
|
||||
### 在一些给定文本周围画出任何种类的box ###
|
||||
|
||||
Type the following command:
|
||||
输入下列命令 :
|
||||
|
||||
echo "This is a test" | boxes
|
||||
|
||||
Or specify the name of the design to use:
|
||||
或者，通过设置要使用的设计的名字来使用 :
|
||||
|
||||
echo -e "\n\tVivek Gite\n\tvivek@nixcraft.com\n\twww.cyberciti.biz" | boxes -d dog
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
输出示例 :
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fig.01: Unix / Linux: Boxes Command To Draw Various Designs
|
||||
Fig.01: Unix / Linux: Boxes 命令来画出各式各样的设计
|
||||
|
||||
#### How do I list all designs? ####
|
||||
#### 怎么样输出所有的设计 ####
|
||||
|
||||
The syntax is:
|
||||
语法如下:
|
||||
|
||||
boxes option
|
||||
pipe | boxes options
|
||||
echo "text" | boxes -d foo
|
||||
boxes -l
|
||||
|
||||
The -d design option sets the name of the design to use. The syntax is:
|
||||
设计 -d 选项设置要使用的设计的名字 . 语法如下:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
echo "Text" | boxes -d design
|
||||
pipe | boxes -d desig
|
||||
|
||||
The -l option list designs. It produces a listing of all available box designs in the config file, along with a sample box and information about it's creator:
|
||||
-l 选项列出所有设计 . 它显示在配置文件中的所有的box设计图，同时也显示关于其创作者的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
boxes -l
|
||||
boxes -l | more
|
||||
boxes -l | less
|
||||
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
输出示例:
|
||||
|
||||
43 Available Styles in "/etc/boxes/boxes-config":
|
||||
-------------------------------------------------
|
||||
@ -140,32 +146,32 @@ Sample outputs:
|
||||
output truncated
|
||||
..
|
||||
|
||||
### How do I filter text via boxes while using vi/vim text editor? ###
|
||||
### 在使用vi/vim文本编辑器时如何通过boxes过滤文本? ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can use any external command with vi or vim. In this example, [insert current date and time][4], enter:
|
||||
你可以使用vi或vim支持的任何附加命令，在这个例子中, [insert current date and time][4], 输入:
|
||||
|
||||
!!date
|
||||
|
||||
OR
|
||||
或者
|
||||
|
||||
:r !date
|
||||
|
||||
You need to type above command in Vim to read the output from the date command. This will insert the date and time after the current line:
|
||||
你需要在vim中输入以上命令来读取数据命令的输出，这将在当前行后面加入日期和时分秒:
|
||||
|
||||
Tue Jun 12 00:05:38 IST 2012
|
||||
|
||||
You can do the same with boxes command. Create a sample shell script or a c program as follows:
|
||||
你可以用boxes命令做到同样的. 创建一个作为样本的shell脚本或者如下的一个c程序:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
Purpose: Backup mysql database to remote server.
|
||||
Author: Vivek Gite
|
||||
Last updated on: Tue Jun, 12 2012
|
||||
|
||||
Now type the following (move cursor to the second line i.e. line which starts with "Purpose: ...")
|
||||
现在输入如下 (将光标移到第二行，也就是以"Purpose: ..."开头的行)
|
||||
|
||||
3!!boxes
|
||||
|
||||
And voila you will get the output as follows:
|
||||
瞧，你就会看到如下的输出 :
|
||||
|
||||
#!/bin/bash
|
||||
/****************************************************/
|
||||
@ -173,24 +179,23 @@ And voila you will get the output as follows:
|
||||
/* Author: Vivek Gite */
|
||||
/* Last updated on: Tue Jun, 12 2012 */
|
||||
/****************************************************/
|
||||
|
||||
This video will give you an introduction to boxes command:
|
||||
这个短片将会给你介绍boxes命令:
|
||||
|
||||
注：youtube 视频
|
||||
<iframe width="595" height="446" frameborder="0" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/glzXjNvrYOc?rel=0"></iframe>
|
||||
|
||||
(Video:01: boxes command in action. BTW, this is my first video so go easy on me and let me know what you think.)
|
||||
|
||||
See also
|
||||
另见
|
||||
|
||||
- boxes man page
|
||||
- boxes man 手册
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/unix-linux-draw-any-kind-of-boxes-around-text-editor.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Vivek Gite
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
译者：[zky001](https://github.com/zky001)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
|
||||
如何在CentOS 7 中添加新磁盘而不用重启系统
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
对大多数系统管理员来说扩充 Linux 服务器的磁盘空间是日常的工作之一。因此这篇文章会在通过使用 Linux 命令，在 CentOS 7 系统上演示一些简单的操作步骤来扩充您的磁盘空间而不需要重启您的生产服务器。关于扩充和增加新的磁盘到 Linux 系统，我们会提及多种方法和多种可行性，所以可按您所需选择最适用的一种。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. 为虚拟机客户端扩充磁盘空间: ###
|
||||
|
||||
在为 Linux 系统增加磁盘卷之前，您需要添加一块新的物理磁盘或是从正使用的 VMware vShere、工作站或着其它的基础虚拟环境软件中进行设置，从而扩充一块系统正使用的虚拟磁盘空间。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. 检查磁盘空间: ###
|
||||
|
||||
运行如下命令来检查当前磁盘空间大小。
|
||||
|
||||
# df -h
|
||||
# fdisk -l
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
可以看到，虽然我们已经在后端给其增加到 50 GB 的空间，但此时的总磁盘大小仍然为 10 GB。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. 扩展空间而无需重启虚拟机 ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在运行如下命令就可以来扩展操作系统的物理卷磁盘空间，而且不需要重启虚拟机，系统会重新扫描 SCSI （注：Small Computer System Interface 小型计算机系统接口）总线并添加 SCSI 设备。
|
||||
|
||||
# ls /sys/class/scsi_host/
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
|
||||
|
||||
使用下面的命令来检查 SCSI 设备的名称，然后重新扫描 SCSI 总线。
|
||||
|
||||
# ls /sys/class/scsi_device/
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/0\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/2\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
|
||||
如下图所示，会重新扫描 SCSI 总线，随后我们从虚拟机客户端设置的磁盘大小会正常显示。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. 创建新磁盘分区: ###
|
||||
|
||||
一旦在系统中可以看到扩展的磁盘空间，就可以运行如下命令来格式化您的磁盘以创建一个新的分区。请按如下操作步骤来扩充您的物理磁盘卷。
|
||||
|
||||
# fdisk /dev/sda
|
||||
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2) press the 'm' key for help
|
||||
Command (m for help): m
|
||||
Command action
|
||||
a toggle a bootable flag
|
||||
b edit bsd disklabel
|
||||
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
|
||||
d delete a partition
|
||||
g create a new empty GPT partition table
|
||||
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
|
||||
l list known partition types
|
||||
m print this menu
|
||||
n add a new partition
|
||||
o create a new empty DOS partition table
|
||||
p print the partition table
|
||||
q quit without saving changes
|
||||
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
|
||||
t change a partition's system id
|
||||
u change display/entry units
|
||||
v verify the partition table
|
||||
w write table to disk and exit
|
||||
x extra functionality (experts only)
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help):
|
||||
|
||||
键入 'p' 来查看当前的分区表信息，然后键入 'n' 键来创建一个新的主分区，选择所有可用的扇区。 使用 't' 命令改变磁盘类型为 'Linux LVM'，然后选择编码 '8e' 或者默认不选，它默认的类型编码为 '83'。
|
||||
|
||||
现在输入 'w' 来保存分区表信息并且退出命令环境，如下示：
|
||||
|
||||
Command (m for help): w
|
||||
The partition table has been altered!
|
||||
|
||||
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
|
||||
|
||||
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
|
||||
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
|
||||
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. 创建物理卷: ###
|
||||
|
||||
根据提示运行 'partprob' 或 'kpartx' 命令以使分区表被真正使用，然后使用如下的命令来创建新的物理卷。
|
||||
|
||||
# partprobe
|
||||
# pvresize /dev/sda3
|
||||
|
||||
要检查新创建的卷，运行如下的命令可以看出新的物理卷是否已经被创建，是否可用。接下来，我们就可以使用这个新的物理卷来扩展 'centos' 卷组了，如下示：
|
||||
|
||||
# pvdisplay
|
||||
# vgextend centos /dev/sda3
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. 扩展逻辑卷: ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在我们使用如下的命令扩展逻辑卷，以增加我们系统正使用的磁盘空间。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvextend -L +40G /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
|
||||
一旦返回增加成功的消息，就可以运行如下命令来扩展您的逻辑卷大小。
|
||||
|
||||
# xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
|
||||
'/' 分区的大小已经成功的增加了，可以使用 'df' 命令来检查您磁盘驱动的大小。如图示。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. 通过增加新的磁盘来扩充根分区而不用重启系统: ###
|
||||
|
||||
这是第二种方法，它使用的命令非常简单， 用来增加 CentOS 7 系统上逻辑卷空间大小。
|
||||
|
||||
所以第一步是打开您的虚拟机客户端的设置页面，点击 ‘增加’ 按纽，然后继续下一步操作。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
选择新磁盘所需要的配置信息，如下图所示的，选择新磁盘的大小和它的类型。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
然后进入服务端重复如下的命令来扫描您的磁盘设备，以使新磁盘在系统中可见。
|
||||
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host0/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host1/scan
|
||||
# echo "- - -" > /sys/class/scsi_host/host2/scan
|
||||
|
||||
列出您的 SCSI 设备的名称
|
||||
|
||||
# ls /sys/class/scsi_device/
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/1\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/2\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# echo 1 > /sys/class/scsi_device/3\:0\:0\:0/device/rescan
|
||||
# fdisk -l
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
一旦新增的磁盘可见就可以运行下面的命令来创建新的物理卷，然后增加到卷组，如下示。
|
||||
|
||||
# pvcreate /dev/sdb
|
||||
# vgextend centos /dev/sdb
|
||||
# vgdisplay
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在根据此磁盘的空间大小来扩展逻辑卷，然后添加到根分区。
|
||||
|
||||
# lvextend -L +20G /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
# xfs_growfs /dev/mapper/centos-root
|
||||
# df -h
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 结论: ###
|
||||
|
||||
在 Linux CentOS 7 系统上，使用这篇文章所述的操作步骤来扩充您的任意逻辑卷的磁盘空间，此管理磁盘分区的操作过程是非常简单的。您不需要重启生产线上的服务器，只是简单的重扫描下 SCSI 设备，和扩展您想要的 LVM（逻辑卷管理）。我们希望这文章对您有用。可自由的发表有用的评论和建议。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/add-new-disk-centos-7-without-rebooting/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Kashif S][a]
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater
|
||||
)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/kashifs/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
|
||||
启用Nginx/Apache的PHP-FPM多实例
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
PHP-FPM作为FastCGI进程管理器而广为熟知，它是PHP FastCGI实现的改进，带有更为有用的功能，用于处理高负载的服务器和网站。下面列出其中一些功能：
|
||||
### 新功能 ###
|
||||
|
||||
- 拥有具有优雅启动/停止选项的高级进程管理能力。
|
||||
- 可以以监听不同端口以及使用不同PHP配置的不同用户身份/组身份来运行进程。
|
||||
- 错误日志记录。
|
||||
- 支持上传加速。
|
||||
- 用于在处理一些耗时任务时结束请求和清空所有数据的特别功能。
|
||||
- 同时支持动态和静态子进程重生。
|
||||
- 支持IP地址限制。
|
||||
|
||||
在本文中，我将要讨论的是，在运行EA3下CPanel 11.52的CentOS 7服务器上与Nginx和Apache一起安装PHP-FPM，以及如何来通过CPanel管理这些安装好的多个PHP-FPM实例。
|
||||
Before going to the installation procedures, let us take a look on the pre-requisites.
|
||||
|
||||
### 先决条件 ###
|
||||
|
||||
1. 启用 Mod_proxy_fcgi模块
|
||||
2. 启用 MPM_Event
|
||||
|
||||
由于我们要将PHP-FPM安装到一台EA3服务器，我们需要运行EasyApache来编译Apache以启用这些模块。
|
||||
|
||||
你们可以参考我以前写的，关于如何在Apache服务器上安装Nginx作为反向代理的文档来确认Nginx的安装。
|
||||
|
||||
这里，我将再次简述那些安装步骤。具体细节，你可以参考我之前写的**（如何在CentOS 7/CPanel服务器上配置Nginx反向代理）**一文。
|
||||
|
||||
步骤 1：安装Epel仓库
|
||||
步骤 2：安装nDeploy RPM仓库，这是此次安装中最为**重要**的步骤。
|
||||
步骤 3：使用yum从nDeploy仓库安装nDeploy和Nginx插件。
|
||||
步骤 4：启用/配置Nginx为反向代理。
|
||||
|
||||
完成这些步骤后，下面为服务器中所有可用PHP版本安装PHP-FPM包，EA3使用remi仓库来安装这些包。你可以运行这个nDeploy脚本来下载所有的包。
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# /opt/nDeploy/scripts/easy_php_setup.sh
|
||||
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, tsflags, universal-hooks
|
||||
EA4 | 2.9 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
base | 3.6 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
epel/x86_64/metalink | 9.7 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
epel | 4.3 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
extras | 3.4 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
updates | 3.4 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
(1/2): epel/x86_64/updateinfo | 460 kB 00:00:00
|
||||
(2/2): epel/x86_64/primary_db
|
||||
|
||||
运行该脚本将为PHP 54，PHP 55，PHP 56和PHP 70安装所有这些FPM包。
|
||||
|
||||
Installed Packages
|
||||
php54-php-fpm.x86_64 5.4.45-3.el7.remi @remi
|
||||
php55-php-fpm.x86_64 5.5.31-1.el7.remi @remi
|
||||
php56-php-fpm.x86_64 5.6.17-1.el7.remi @remi
|
||||
php70-php-fpm.x86_64 7.0.2-1.el7.remi @remi
|
||||
|
||||
在以上安装完成后，你需要为Apache启用PHP-FPM SAPI。你可以运行下面这个脚本来启用PHP-FPM实例。
|
||||
|
||||
root@server1 [~]# /opt/nDeploy/scripts/apache_php-fpm_setup.sh enable
|
||||
mod_proxy_fcgi.c
|
||||
Please choose one default PHP version from the list below
|
||||
PHP70
|
||||
PHP56
|
||||
PHP54
|
||||
PHP55
|
||||
Provide the exact desired version string here and press ENTER: PHP54
|
||||
ConfGen:: lxblogger
|
||||
ConfGen:: blogr
|
||||
ConfGen:: saheetha
|
||||
ConfGen:: satest
|
||||
which: no cagefsctl in (/usr/local/jdk/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/X11R6/bin:/root/bin)
|
||||
info [rebuildhttpdconf] Missing owner for domain server1.centos7-test.com, force lookup to root
|
||||
Built /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf OK
|
||||
Waiting for “httpd” to restart gracefully …waiting for “httpd” to initialize ……
|
||||
…finished.
|
||||
|
||||
它会问你需要运行哪个PHP版本作为服务器默认版本，你可以输入那些细节内容，然后继续配置并为现存的域生成虚拟主机文件。
|
||||
|
||||
我选择了PHP 54作为我服务器上的默认PHP-FPM版本。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
虽然服务器配置了PHP-FPM 54，但是我们可以通过CPanel为各个独立的域修改PHP-FPM实例。
|
||||
|
||||
下面我将通过一些截图来为你们说明一下，怎样通过CPanel为各个独立域修改PHP-FPM实例。
|
||||
|
||||
Nginx插件的安装将为你的域的CPanel提供一个Nginx Webstack图标，你可以点击该图标来配置你的Web服务器。我已经登陆进了我其中的一个CPanel来配置相应的Web服务器。
|
||||
|
||||
请看这些截图。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在，你可以根据需要为选中的主域配置web服务器（这里，我已经选择了主域saheetha.com）。我已经继续通过自动化配置选项来进行了，因为我不需要添加任何手动设置。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当Nginx配置完后，你可以在这里为你的域选择PHP-FPM实例。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
就像你在截图中所看到的，我服务器上的默认PHP-FPM是**PHP 54**，而我正要将我的域的PHP-FPM实例单独修改成**PHP 55**。当你为你的域修改PHP-FPM后，你可以通过访问**phpinfo**页面来确认。
|
||||
|
||||
谢谢你们参考本文，我相信这篇文章会给你提供不少信息和帮助。我会为你们推荐关于这个内容的有价值的评论 :)。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/enable-multiple-php-fpm-instances-nginx-apache/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Saheetha Shameer][a]
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/saheethas/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
|
||||
2016：如何选择 Linux 桌面环境
|
||||
=============================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 创建了一个相对友好的环境，为我们提供了选择的可能。比方说，现代大多数的 Linux 发行版都提供不同桌面环境给我们来选择。在本文中，我将挑选一些你可能会在 Linux 中见到的相对较好的桌面环境来介绍。
|
||||
|
||||
## Plasma
|
||||
|
||||
我认为，[KDE’s Plasma desktop](https://www.kde.org/workspaces/plasmadesktop/) 是最高级的桌面环境 (LCTT 译注：译者认为，没有什么是最好的，只有最合适的，毕竟每个人的喜好都不可能完全相同)。它是我见过功能最完善和定制性最高的桌面环境；在用户完全自主控制方面，即使是 Mac OS X 和 Windows 也无法与之比拟。
|
||||
|
||||
我爱 Plasma，因为它自带了一个非常好的文件管理器——Dolphin。而相对应 Gnome 环境，我更喜欢 Plasma 的原因就在于文件管理器。使用 Gnome 最大的痛苦就是，它的文件管理器——Files——使我无法完成一些基本任务，比如说，批量文件重命名操作。而这个操作对我来说相当重要，因为我喜欢拍摄，但 Gnome 却让我无法批量重命名这些图像文件。而使用 Dolphin 的话，这个操作就像在公园散步一样简单。
|
||||
|
||||
而且，你可以通过插件来增强 Plasma 的功能。Plasma 有大量的基础软件，如 Krita、Kdenlive、Calligra 办公套件、digiKam、Kwrite 以及由 KDE 社区开发维护的大量应用。
|
||||
|
||||
Plasma 桌面环境唯一的缺陷就是它默认的邮件客户端——Kmail。它的设置比较困难，我希望 Kmail 设置可以配置地址簿和日历。
|
||||
|
||||
包括 openSUSE 在内的多数主流发行版多使用 Plasma 作为默认桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
## GNOME
|
||||
|
||||
[GNOME](https://www.gnome.org/) (GNU Network Object Model Environment，GNU 网络对象模型环境) 由 [Miguel de Icaza](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_Icaza) 和 Federico Mena 在 1997 年的时候创立，这是因为 KDE 使用来 Qt 工具包，而这个工具包是使用专业许可证 (proprietary license) 发布的。和 KDE 不一样的是，GNOME 提供了大量的定制，它专注于让事情变得简单。因为 自身的简单性和易用性，GNOME 变得相当流行。而我认为 GNOME 之所以流行的原因在于，Ubuntu——使用 GNOME 作为默认桌面的主流 Linux 发行版之一——对其有着巨大的推动作用。
|
||||
|
||||
随着时代变化，GNOME 也需要作出相应的改变了。因此，开发者通过 GNOME 3 推出了 GNOME 3 Shell，从而引出它全新的设计规范。但这同时与 Canonical 的 Ubuntu 计划存在者一些冲突，所以 Canonical 为 GNOME 开发来叫做 Unity 的特有 Shell。最初，GNOME 3 Shell 因很多争议 (issues) 而困扰不已——最明显的是，升级之后会导致很多扩展无法正常工作。由于设计上的重大改版以及各种问题的出现，GNOME 便产生来很多分支，比如 Cinnamon 和 Mate 桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
也就是说，使得 GNOME 有趣的是，它针对触摸设备做了优化，所以，如果你有一台触屏笔记本电脑的话，GNOME 则是最合适你这台电脑的桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
在 3.18 版本中，GNOME 已经作出了一些令人印象深刻的改动。其中他们所做的最有趣的是集成了 Google Drive，用户可以把他们的 Google Drive 挂载为远程存储设备，这样就不必在使用浏览器来查看里边的文件来。我也很喜欢 GNOME 里边自带的那个优秀的邮件客户端，它带有日历和地址簿功能。尽管有这么多些优秀的特性，但它的文件管理器使我不再使用 GNOME ，因为我无法处理批量文件重命名。我会坚持使用 Plasma，一直到 GNOME 的开发者修复了这个小缺陷。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Unity
|
||||
|
||||
从技术上来说，[Unity](https://unity.ubuntu.com/) 并不是一个桌面环境，它只是 Canonical 为 Ubuntu 开发的一个图形化 Shell。Unity 运行于 GNOME 桌面之上，并使用很多 GNOME 的应用和工具。Ubuntu 团队分支了一些 GNOME 组件，以便更好的满足 Unity 用户的需求。
|
||||
|
||||
Unity 在 Ubuntu 故事集和 Unity 8 中扮演者重要角色，Canonical 公司正在努力将电脑桌面和移动世界结合到一起。Canonical 同时还为 Unity 开发了许多的有趣技术，比如 HUD (Head-up Display，平视显示)。他们还有一种独特的技术来然用户在镜片上的某范围找到特定内容。
|
||||
|
||||
即将发行的 Ubuntu 16.04，将会搭载 Unity 8，那时候用户就可以完全体验开发者为该开源软件添加的所有特性了。其中最大的争议就是，Unity 不再集成 Amazon Ads 和其他服务。即将发行的版本，虽然 Canonical 从 Dash 移除了 Amazon ads，但却默认保证了系统的隐私性。
|
||||
|
||||
## Cinnamon
|
||||
|
||||
最初，[Cinnamon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon_(software)) 由 [Linux Mint](http://www.linuxmint.com/) 开发 —— DistroWatch.com 上统计出来最流行的发行版。就像 Unity，Cinnamon 是 GNOME Shell 的一个分支。但最后进化为一个独立的桌面环境，这是因为 Linux Mint 的开发者分支了 GNOME 桌面中很多的组件到 Cinnamon，包括 Files ——以满足自身用户的需求。
|
||||
|
||||
由于 Linux Mint 基于普通版本的 Ubuntu，开发者仍需要去完成 Ubuntu 尚未完成的目标。结果，尽管前途光明，但 Cinnamon 却充满了 Bugs 和问题。随着 17.x 本版的发布，Linux Mint 开始移动到 Ubuntu 的 LTS 版本上，从而他们可以专注于开发 Cinnamon 的核心组件，而不必再去担心代码库。移动到 LTS 的好处是，Cinnamon 变得非常稳定并且基本没有 Bugs 出现。现在，开发者已经开始向桌面环境中添加更多的新特性来。
|
||||
|
||||
对于那些更喜欢在 GNOME 基础上有一个很好的类 Windows 用户界面的用户来说，Cinnamon 是他们最好的桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
## MATE Desktop
|
||||
|
||||
[MATE desktop](http://mate-desktop.com/) 同样是 GNOME 的一个分支，然而，它并不像 Cinnamon 那样由 GNOME 3 分支，而是现在已经没有人维护的 GNOME 2 代码库的一个分支。MATE desktop 中的一些开发者并不喜欢 GNOME 3 并且想要“继续坚持” GNOME 2，所以他们使用这个代码库来创建来 MATE。为避免和 GNOME 3 的冲突，他们重命名了全部的包：Nautilus 改为 Caja、Gedit 改为 Pluma 以及 Evince 改为 Atril 等。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管 MATE 延续了 GNOME 2，但这并不意味着他们使用过时的技术；相反，他们使用了更新的技术来提供一个现代的 GNOME 2 体验。
|
||||
|
||||
拥有相当高的资源效率才是 MATE 最令人印象深刻之处。你可将它运行在老旧硬件或者很少更新的强大硬件上，如树梅派 (Raspberry Pi) 或者 Chromebook Flip。使得它更有趣的是，把它运行在一些强大的硬件上，可以节省大多数的资源给其他应用，而桌面环境本身只占用很少的资源。
|
||||
|
||||
## LXQt
|
||||
|
||||
[LXQt](http://lxqt.org/) 继承了 LXDE ——最轻量级的桌面环境之一。它融合了 LXDE 和 Razor-Qt 两个开源项目。LXQt 的首个可用本版 V 0.9 发布于 2015 年。最初，开发者使用了 Qt4 但向下兼容，之后为了加快开发速度，他们移动到 Qt5 和 KDE 框架上。我也在自己的 Arch 系统上尝试使用了 LXQt，它的确是一个非常好的轻量级桌面环境。但在完全继承 LXDE 之前，LXQt 仍有一段很长的路需要走。
|
||||
|
||||
## Xfce
|
||||
|
||||
[Xfce](http://www.xfce.org/) 早于 KDE 桌面环境，它是最古老和最轻量级的桌面环境。Xfce 的最新版本是 4.15，发布于 2015 年，使用了诸如 GTK + 3 的大量的现代科技。很多发行版都使用了 Xfce 环境以满足特定需求，比如 Ubuntu Studio ——与 MATE 类似——尽量节省系统资源给其他的应用。并且，许多的著名的 Linux 发行版——包括 Manjaro Linux、PC/OS、Salix 和 Mythbuntu ——都把它作为默认桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
## Budgie
|
||||
|
||||
[Budgie](https://solus-project.com/budgie/) 是一个新型的桌面环境，由 Solus Linux 团队开发和维护。Solus 是一个从零开始构建的新型发行版，而 Budgie 则是它的一个核心组件。Budgie 使用了大量的 GNOME 组件，从而提供一个华丽的用户界面 (UI)。由于没有该桌面环境的更多信息，我特地联系了 Solus 的核心开发者—— Ikey Doherty。他解释说：“我们搭载了自己的桌面环境—— Budgie。与其他桌面环境不同的是，Budgie 并不是其他桌面的一个分支，它的目标是侧底融入到 GNOME 协议栈之中。它完全从零开始编写，并特意的设计来迎合 Solus 提供的体验。我们会尽可能的和 GNOME 的上游团队协同工作，修复 Bugs，并提倡和支持他们的工作”。
|
||||
|
||||
## Pantheon
|
||||
|
||||
我想，[Pantheon](https://elementary.io/) 不需要特别介绍了吧，那个优美的 elementary OS 就使用它作为桌面。类似于 Budgie，很多人都认为 Pantheon 也不是 GNOME 的一个分支。elementary OS 团队大多拥有良好的设计背景，所以他们会近距离关注每一个细节，这使得 Pantheon 成为一个非常优美的桌面环境。在某个瞬间，它可能缺少像 Plasma 等桌面中的某些特性，但开发者实际上是尽其所能的去坚持设计原则。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## 结论
|
||||
|
||||
当我写完本文后，我突然意识到来开源和 Linux 的重大好处。总有一个发行版本适合你。就像 Jon “maddog” Hall 在最近的 SCaLE 14 上说的那样：“是的，现在有 300 多个 Linux 发行版。我可以一个一个去尝试，然后坚持使用我最喜欢的那一个”。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，尽情享受 Linux 的多样性吧，最后使用最合你意的那一个。
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/software/applications/881107-best-linux-desktop-environments-for-2016
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
|
||||
译者：[GHLandy](https://github.com/GHLandy)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/61003
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
Canonical的ZFS计划将会进入Ubuntu 16.04
|
||||
=======================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu开发者正在为[Ubuntu 16.04 加上支持ZFS](http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=ZFS-For-Ubuntu-16.04) ，并且所遇的文件系统支持都已经准备就绪。
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 16.04的默认安装将会继续是ext4，但是ZFS支持将会自动构建进Ubuntu发布中，模块将在需要时自动加载，zfsutils-linux是Ubuntu的一部分，并且通过Canonical对商业客户提供支持
|
||||
|
||||
对于那些对Ubuntu中的ZFS感兴趣的人，Canonical的Dustin Kirkland已经写了[一篇新的博客](http://blog.dustinkirkland.com/2016/02/zfs-is-fs-for-containers-in-ubuntu-1604.html)覆盖了一些细节及为何“ZFS是Ubuntu 16.04中为容器使用的文件系统！”
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Ubuntu-ZFS-Continues-16.04&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Phoronix+%28Phoronix%29
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Michael Larabel][a]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.michaellarabel.com/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
Linux最大版本4.1.18 LTS发布，带来大量修改
|
||||
=================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
**著名的内核维护者Greg Kroah-Hartman貌似正在度假中，因为Sasha Levin有幸在今天，2016年2月16日，的早些时候来[宣布](http://lkml.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1602.2/00520.html)，第十八个Linux内核维护版本Linux Kernel 4.1 LTS通用版本正式发布。**
|
||||
|
||||
作为长期支持的内核分支，Linux 4.1将再多几年接收到更新和补丁，而今天的维护构建版本也证明一点，就是内核开发者们正致力于统保持该系列在所有使用该版本的GNU/Linux操作系统上稳定和可靠。Linux Kernel 4.1.18 LTS是一个大规模发行版，它带来了总计达228个文件修改，这些修改包含了多达5304个插入修改和1128个删除修改。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Kernel 4.1.18 LTS更新了什么呢？好吧，首先是对ARM，ARM64（AArch64），MIPS，PA-RISC，m32r，PowerPC（PPC），s390以及x86等硬件架构的改进。此外，还有对Btrfs，CIFS，NFS，XFS，OCFS2，OverlayFS以及UDF文件系统的加强。对网络堆栈的修复，尤其是对mac80211的修复。同时，还有多核心、加密和mm等方面的改进和对声音的更新。
|
||||
|
||||
“我宣布4.1.18内核正式发布，所有4.1内核系列的用户都应当升级。”Sasha Levin说，“更新的4.1.y git树可以在这里找到：git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git linux-4.1.y，并且可以在常规kernel.org git网站浏览器：http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git;a=summary 进行浏览。”
|
||||
## 大量驱动被更新
|
||||
|
||||
除了架构、文件系统、声音、网络、加密、mm和核心内核方面的改进之外，Linux Kernel 4.1.18 LTS更新了各个驱动，以提供更好的硬件支持，特别是像蓝牙、DMA、EDAC、GPU（主要是Radeon和Intel i915）、无限带宽技术、IOMMU、IRQ芯片、MD、MMC、DVB、网络（主要是无线）、PCI、SCSI、USB、散热、暂存和Virtio等此类东西。
|
||||
|
||||
和以往一样，我们鼓励所有基于Linux内核的操作系统平台的用户，凡是使用了Linux 4.1 LTS系列内核包的，尽快更新到今天的4.1.18版本。这些用户可以通过默认软件仓库安装更新，也可以手动编译源码包，这些包你现在就可以从[kernel.org](http://kernel.org/)网站或者[Softpedia](http://linux.softpedia.com/get/System/Operating-Systems/Kernels/Linux-Kernel-Stable-1960.shtml)下载。
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/linux-kernel-4-1-18-lts-is-the-biggest-in-the-series-with-hundreds-of-changes-500500.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Marius Nestor ][a]
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/marius-nestor
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
||||
Mozilla贡献者为群众创建糖尿病项目
|
||||
================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我的开源生涯从我还是一名高中生开始，我总想着自己能成为一名黑客，没有什么恶意的，只是喜欢钻研代码和硬件那种。我第一次接触开源是2001年，
|
||||
我安装了我的第一个Linux发行版[Lindows](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linspire)。当然，我也是[Mozilla Firefox](https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/?utm_source=firefox-com&utm_medium=referral)的早期用户。
|
||||
|
||||
由于我很早使用Linux，我用的第一个版本是1.0.4（如果我没记错的话），我就立即爱上了它。我没在Lindows上呆太久，
|
||||
而是活跃于多个发行版([Debian](https://www.debian.org/),
|
||||
[Puppy Linux](http://puppylinux.org/main/Overview%20and%20Getting%20Started.htm), [SUSE](https://www.suse.com/),
|
||||
[Slackware](http://www.slackware.com/), [Ubuntu](http://ubuntu.com/))，多年来我一直每天使用着开源软件，从青少年时候直到我成年。
|
||||
|
||||
最后，我坚持使用Ubuntu。大概是在Hardy Heron（译者注：Ubuntu8.04 LTS）发布时候，我开始第一次为Ubuntu做些贡献，在IRC频道和当地社区
|
||||
帮助那些需要帮助的用户。我是通过Ubuntu认识开源的，它在我心里总有着特殊的意义。Ubuntu背后的社区的是非常多样化的,热情的,友好的，
|
||||
每个人都做些共享，是他们共同的目标也是个人目标，这成为他们为开源贡献的动力。
|
||||
|
||||
在为Ubuntu贡献一段时间后，我开始了为一些上游项目作贡献，比如Debian, [GNOME](https://www.gnome.org/),
|
||||
[Ganeti](https://code.google.com/p/ganeti/)，还有许多其他的开源项目。
|
||||
在过去的几年里，我为超过40个开源项目贡献过，有些小的，也有很大的。
|
||||
|
||||
在Ubuntu项目方向上有些变化之后，我最终决定不仅对于我是时候该尝试新东西，而且我也想贡献一些新的东西。所以我在2009年参与Mozilla，
|
||||
在IRC帮忙，最终通过参与[Mozilla WebFWD program](https://webfwd.org/)，成为一名团队成员，接着[Mozilla Reps Program](https://reps.mozilla.org/)，
|
||||
[Mozilla DevRel Program](https://wiki.mozilla.org/Devrel)，刚过两年时间，我成为了火狐社区的发布经理，负责监督Firefox Nightly
|
||||
和Firefox ESR的发布。比为其他开源项目，在为Mozilla贡献中会获得更多有益的经验。在所有我参与过的开源社区中，Mozilla是最不同的
|
||||
，最大的也是最友好的。
|
||||
|
||||
这些年来，关于开源我觉得，免费软件，更具安全的隐私和尊重许可，以及公开的工作，我越来越与这样的价值观相一致。我相信这三个主题
|
||||
对于开源来说是非常重要的，虽然许多人并没在意到提倡它们是很重要的。
|
||||
|
||||
今天在这，我已不再是全职的他人开源项目的贡献者。最近我被诊断出患有糖尿病，我看到了开源软件中健康软件不是很丰富这一缺口。确实，
|
||||
它不像其它开源软件应用如Linux发行版或浏览器那样活跃。
|
||||
|
||||
我最近创立了自己的开源项目[Glucosio](http://www.glucosio.org/)，带给人们糖尿病管理和研究的开源软件。经过几年来对开源项目的贡献，
|
||||
和见过的多种架构，使得我作为项目领导能够得心应手。我对于Glucosio的未来很兴奋，但最重要的是未来的开源将在医疗健康领域发展的如何。
|
||||
|
||||
医疗保健软件的创新具有很大潜力，我想我们很快就会看到用于改善医疗卫生保健的开源新方案。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/life/15/11/my-open-source-story-ben-kerensa
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[opensource.com][a]
|
||||
译者：[ynmlml](https://github.com/ynmll)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:opensource.com
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
|
||||
意法半导体为 32 位 微控制器发布了一款自由的 Linux 集成开发环境
|
||||
=================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
32 位微控制器世界向 Linux 敞开大门。本周，领先的 ARM Cortex-M 供应商意法半导体（ST）[发布了](http://www.st.com/web/en/press/p3781) 一款自由的 Linux 桌面版开发程序，该软件面向其旗下的 STM32 微控制单元（MCU）。包含了 ST 的 STM32CubeMX 配置器和初始化工具，以及其 STM32 [系统工作台(SW4STM32)](http://www.st.com/web/catalog/tools/FM147/CL1794/SC961/SS1533/PF261797) ，这个基于 Eclipse 的 IDE 由工具 Ac6 创建。支撑 SW4STM32 的工具链，论坛，博客以及技术会由 [openSTM32.org](http://www.openstm32.org/tiki-index.php?page=HomePage) 开发社区提供。
|
||||
|
||||
“Linux 社区以吸引富有创意的自由思想者而闻名，他们善于交流心得、高效地克服挑战。” Laurent Desseignes，意法半导体微控制器产品部，微控制器生态系统市场经理这么说道：“我们正着手做的是让他们能极端简单的借力 STM32 系列的特性和性能施展自己的才能，运用到富有想象力的新产品的创造中去。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 是物联网（IoT）网关和枢纽，及高端 IoT 终端的领先平台。但是，大部分 IoT 革命，以及可穿戴设备市场基于小型的低功耗微控制器，对 Cortex-M 芯片的运用越来越多。虽然其中的一小部分可以运行精简的 uCLinux （见下文），却没能支持更全面的 Linux 发行版。取而代之的是实时操作系统（RTOS）们或者有时干脆不用 OS 来控制。固件的开发工作一般会在基于 Windows 的集成开发环境（IDE）上完成。
|
||||
|
||||
通过 ST 的自由工具，Linux 开发者们可以更容易的开疆拓土。ST 工具中的一些技术在第二季度应该登录 Mac OS/X 平台，与 [STM32 Nucleo](http://www.st.com/web/en/catalog/tools/FM146/CL2167/SC2003?icmp=sc2003_pron_pr-stm32f446_dec2014&sc=stm32nucleo-pr5) ，开发套件，以及评估板同时面世。Nucleo 支持 32 针， 64 针， 和 144 针的版本，并且提供类似 Arduino 连接器这样的插件。
|
||||
|
||||
STM32CubeMX 配置器和 IDE SW4STM32 使 Linux 开发者能够配置微控制器并开发调试代码。SW4STM32 支持在 Linux 下通过社区更改版的 [OpenOCD](http://openocd.org/) 使用调试工具 ST-LINK/V2。
|
||||
|
||||
据 ST 称，软件兼容 STM32Cube 软件包及标准外设库中的微控制器固件。目标是囊括 ST 的全系列 MCU，从入门级的 Cortex-M0 内核到高性能的 M7 芯片，包括 M0+，M3 和 DSP 扩展的 M4 内核。
|
||||
|
||||
ST 并非首个为 Linux 准备 Cortex-M 芯片 IDE 的 32 位 MCU 供应商，但似乎是第一大自由的 Linux 平台。例如NXP，MCU 的市场份额随着近期收购了 Freescale （Kinetis 系列 MCU，等）而增加，提供了一款 IDE [LPCXpresso IDE](http://www.nxp.com/pages/lpcxpresso-ide:LPCXPRESSO)支持 Linux 、Windows 和 Mac。然而，LPCXpresso 每份售价 $450。
|
||||
|
||||
在其 [SmartFusion FPGA 系统级芯片（SoC）](http://www.microsemi.com/products/fpga-soc/soc-processors/arm-cortex-m3)上集成了 Cortex-M3 芯片的Microsemi，拥有一款 IDE [Libero IDE](http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/884961-st-releases-free-linux-ide-for-32-bit-mcus#device-support)适用于 RHEL 和 Windows。然而，Libero 需求许可证，并且 RHEL 版缺乏如 FlashPro 和 SoftConsole 的插件。
|
||||
|
||||
## 为什么要学习 MCU?
|
||||
|
||||
即便 Linux 开发者并没有计划在 Cortex-M 上使用 uClinux，但是 MCU 的知识总会派上用场。特别是牵扯到复杂的 IoT 工程，需要扩展 MCU 终端至云端。
|
||||
|
||||
对于历程和业余爱好者的项目，Arduino 板为其访问 MCU 提供了非常便利的接口。然而历程之外，开发者常常就会用更快的 32 位 Cortex-M 芯片以及所带来的附加功能来替代 Arduino 板和板上的那块 8 位 MCU ATmega32u4。这些附加功能包括改进的存储器寻址，用于芯片和各种总线的独立时钟设置，以及芯片 [Cortex-M7](http://www.electronicsnews.com.au/products/stm32-mcus-with-arm-cortex-m7-processors-and-graph)自带的入门级显示芯片。
|
||||
|
||||
还有些可能需求 MCU 开发技术的地方有：可穿戴设备、低功耗、低成本和小尺寸给了 MCU 一席之地，还有机器人和无人机这些使用实时处理和电机控制的地方更为受用。在机器人上，你更是有可能看看 Cortex-A 与 Cortex-M 集成在同一个产品中的样子。
|
||||
|
||||
对于 SoC 芯片还有这样的一种温和的局势，即将 MCU 加入到 Linux 驱动的 Cortex-A 核心中，就如同 [NXP i.MX6 SoloX](http://linuxgizmos.com/freescales-popular-i-mx6-soc-sprouts-a-cortex-m4-mcu/)。虽然大多数的嵌入式项目并不使用这种混合型 SoC 或者说将应用处理器和 MCU 结合在同一产品中，但开发者会渐渐地发现自己工作的生产线、设计所基于的芯片正渐渐的从低端的 MCU 模块发展到 Linux 或安卓驱动的 Cortex-A。
|
||||
|
||||
## uClinux 是 Linux 在 MCU 领域的筹码
|
||||
|
||||
随着物联网的兴起，我们见到越来越多的 SBC 和模块计算机，它们在 32 位的 MCU 上运行着 uClinux。不同于其他的 Linux 发行版，uClinux 并不需要内存管理单元（MMU）。然而，uClinux 对市面上可见 MCU 有更高的内存需求。需求更高端的 Cortex-M4 和 Cortex-M4 微控制器内置内存控制器来支持外部 DRAM 芯片。
|
||||
|
||||
[Amptek](http://www.semiconductorstore.com/Amptek/) SBC 在 NXP LPC Cortex-M3 和 -M4 芯片上运行 uClinux，以提供常用的功能类似 WiFi、蓝牙、USB 等众多接口。Arrow 的 [SF2+](http://linuxgizmos.com/iot-dev-kit-runs-uclinux-on-a-microsemi-cortex-m3-fpga-soc/) 物联网开发套件将 uClinux 运行于 SmartFusion2 模块计算机的 Emcraft 系统上，该模块计算机是 Microsemi 的 166MHz Cortex-M3/FPGA SmartFusion2 混合 SoC。
|
||||
|
||||
[Emcraft](http://www.emcraft.com/) 销售基于 uClinux 的模块计算机，有 ST 和 NXP 的，也有 Microsemi 的 MCU，是 32 位 MCU 上积极推进 uClinux 的重要角色。日益频繁的 uClinux 开始了与 ARM 本身 [Mbed OS](http://linuxgizmos.com/arm-announces-mbed-os-for-iot-devices/)的对抗，至少在高端的 MCU 工程中需要无线通信和更为复杂的操作规则。Mbed 和 modern 的支持者，开源的 RTOS 们，类似 FreeRTOS 认为 uClinux 需要对 RAM 的需求太高以至于难以压低 IoT 终端的价格然而 Emcraft 与其他 uCLinux 拥趸表示价格并没有如此夸张，而且扩展 Linux 的无线和接口也是相当值得的，即使只是在像 uClinux 这样的精简版上。
|
||||
|
||||
当被问及对于这次 ST 发布的看法，Emcraft 的主任工程师 Vladimir Khusainov 表示：”ST决定将这款开发工具 移植至 Linux 对于 Emcraft 是个好消息，它使得 Linux 用户能轻易的在嵌入式 STM MCU 上展开工作。我们希望那些有机会熟悉 STM 设备，使用 ST 配置器和嵌入式库的用户可以对在目标机上使用嵌入式 Linux （以 uClinux 的形式）感兴趣。“
|
||||
|
||||
最近关于 Cortex-M4 上运行 uClinux 的概述，可以查看去年 Jim Huang 与 Jeff Liaws 在嵌入式 Linux 大会上使用的[幻灯片](http://events.linuxfoundation.org/sites/events/files/slides/optimize-uclinux.pdf)。更多关于 Cortex-M 处理器可以查看这里过的 [AnandTech 总结](http://www.anandtech.com/show/8400/arms-cortex-m-even-smaller-and-lower-power-cpu-cores)。
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linux.com/news/embedded-mobile/mobile-linux/884961-st-releases-free-linux-ide-for-32-bit-mcus
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Arun Pyasi][a]
|
||||
译者：[martin2011qi](https://github.com/martin2011qi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linux.com/community/forums/person/42808
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
|
||||
排名前4的开源漏洞追踪工具
|
||||
========================================
|
||||
|
||||
生活充满了漏洞。
|
||||
|
||||
无论怎样小心计划，无论花多少时间去设计，在执行阶段当轮胎压在路上，任何工程都会有未知的问题。也无妨。也许对于任何一个组织的最佳弹性衡量不是他们如何一切都按计划运行地处理事情，而是，当出现磕磕碰碰时他们处理速度。
|
||||
|
||||
一个任意工程管理流程的关键工具，特别是在软件开发领域，是一个问题追踪系统。基础很简单；允许漏洞在合作的方式被打开，追踪，和解决，同时很容易跟随进展。除了基本功能，还有很多专注于满足特定需求的选择，和使用案例，包括软件开发和更多。你可能熟悉托管版本的这些工具，像 [GitHub Issues](https://guides.github.com/features/issues/)或者[Launchpad](https://launchpad.net/)，这些是他们自己开放的资源。
|
||||
|
||||
让我们看一看四个管理漏洞和问题的优秀选择，全部开源代码、易于下载和自我托管。要清楚，我们可能没有办法在这里列出每一个问题跟踪工具；然而，这有四个我们偏爱的，基于功能丰富和项目背后的社区项目的规模。还有其他，可以肯定的是，如果你有一个好的理由你喜欢的没有列在这里,一定要让我们知道这是你最喜欢的工具,在下面的评论中使它脱颖而出。
|
||||
|
||||
## Redmine
|
||||
|
||||
[Redmine](http://www.redmine.org/) 是一个流行的漏洞追踪工具建立在Ruby on Rails和可以追溯到2006年。很多类似于Trac，另一方面我们最爱的是，Redmine可以管理多个项目然后整合了多种版本控制系统。除了基本问题追踪，Redmine也提供论坛，wiki，时间跟踪工具，和生成甘特图和日历的能力来跟踪项目的进展。
|
||||
|
||||
Redmine的设置相当灵活，支持多种数据库后端和几十种语言，还是可定制的，可以添加自定义字段到问题，用户，工程和更多。通过社区创建的插件和主题它可以进一步定制。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想试一试，一个[在线演示](http://demo.redmine.org/)可提供使用。Redmine在开源[GPL版本2](http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.en.html)下许可；开源代码可以在工程的[svn仓库](https://svn.redmine.org/redmine)或在[GitHub](https://github.com/redmine/redmine)镜像上找到。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Bugzilla
|
||||
|
||||
[Bugzilla](https://www.bugzilla.org/)是另一个流行的有漏洞追踪功能的开发工具。从名字您可能已经猜到了，Bugzilla最初是[Mozilla基金会](https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/)创建，用来跟踪当时称为网景通信套件开发漏洞的。为了更好的通过性从原来的Tcl移植到Perl路径，Bugzilla是一个比较老的和更广泛采用的问题跟踪系统，因为它用在许多著名的开源项目如GNOME，KDE，Linux内核本身。
|
||||
|
||||
拥有一些先进的工具，从通知到共享搜索重复的漏洞检测，Bugzilla是一个功能更丰富的选项。Bugzilla有高级搜索系统与全面的报表工具，生成图表和自动化计划报告的能力。像Redmine，Bugzilla是可扩展和可定制的，两者在字段本身像能创建自定义漏洞工作流一样。它也支持多种后端数据库，和自带的多语言支持。
|
||||
|
||||
Bugzilla在[Mozilla公共许可证](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Public_License)下许可，你可以读取他们[未来路线图](https://www.bugzilla.org/status/roadmap.html)还有在官网尝试一个[示例服务](https://landfill.bugzilla.org/)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Trac
|
||||
|
||||
[Trac](http://trac.edgewall.org/browser)自称是使用简单的方法基于web的软件工程管理软件，但不要混淆极简主义与缺乏功能。
|
||||
|
||||
python编写，Trac紧密结合它的漏洞跟踪与它的wiki系统和你选择的版本控制系统。项目管理能力突出，如生成的里程碑和路线图，一个可定制的报表系统，大事记，支持多资源库，内置的垃圾邮件过滤，还可以使用很多一般的语言。如其他漏洞追踪软件我们已经看到，有很多插件可进一步扩展其基本特性。
|
||||
|
||||
Trac是在改进的[BSD许可](http://trac.edgewall.org/wiki/TracLicense)下获得开放源码许可，虽然更老的版本发布在GPL下。你可以在一个[自托管仓库](http://trac.edgewall.org/browser)预览Trac的源码或者查看他们的[路线图](http://trac.edgewall.org/wiki/TracRoadmap)对未来的规划。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
## Mantis
|
||||
|
||||
[Mantis](https://www.mantisbt.org/)是这次收集中我们将看的最后一个工具，一个基于PHP且有16年历史的漏洞跟踪工具。另外漏洞跟踪支持多种不同的版本控制系统和一个事件驱动的通知系统，Mantis有一个与其他工具类似的功能设置。虽然它不本身包含一个wiki，它整合很多流行的wiki平台且本地化到多种语言。
|
||||
|
||||
Mantis在[GPL版本2](http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.en.html)下获得开源许可证书；你可以在[GitHub](https://github.com/mantisbt/mantisbt)浏览他的源代码或查看自托管[路线图](https://www.mantisbt.org/bugs/roadmap_page.php?project=mantisbt&version=1.3.x)对未来的规划。一个示例，你可以查看他们的内部[漏洞跟踪](https://www.mantisbt.org/bugs/my_view_page.php)。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
正如我们指出的，这四个不是唯一的选项。想要探索更多？[Apache Bloodhound](https://issues.apache.org/bloodhound/)，[Fossil](http://fossil-scm.org/index.html/doc/trunk/www/index.wiki)，[The Bug Genie](http://www.thebuggenie.com/)，还有很多可替换品都有专注的追随者，每个都有不同的优点和缺点。另外，一些工具在我们[项目管理](https://opensource.com/business/15/1/top-project-management-tools-2015)摘要有问题跟踪功能。所以，哪个是你首选的跟踪和挤压漏洞的工具？
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/business/16/2/top-issue-support-and-bug-tracking-tools
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jason Baker][a]
|
||||
译者：[wyangsun](https://github.com/wyangsun)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/jason-baker
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
|
||||
让sudo在用户输错密码时侮辱用户
|
||||
===========================================================
|
||||
|
||||
你在Linux终端中会有很多的乐趣。我今天要讲的不是在[终端中跑火车](http://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-terminal-train/)。
|
||||
|
||||
我今天要讲的技巧可以放松你的心情。前面一篇文章中，你学习了[如何在命令行中增加sudo命令的超时](http://itsfoss.com/change-sudo-password-timeout-ubuntu/)。今天的文章中，我会向你展示如让sudo在输错密码的时候侮辱你（或者其他人）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
对我讲的感到疑惑？这里，让我们看下这张gif来了解sudo如何在你输错密码之后侮辱你的。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
现在，你为什要这么做？毕竟，侮辱不会让你的一天开心，不是么？
|
||||
|
||||
对我来说，一点小技巧都是有趣的，并且要比以前的“密码错误”的错误提示更有趣。另外，我可以向我的朋友展示娱乐（这个例子中是通过自由开源软件）。我很肯定你有你自己的里有来使用这个技巧的。
|
||||
|
||||
## 在sudo中启用侮辱
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在`sudo`配置中增加下面的行来启用侮辱功能：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Defaults insults
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
让我们看看该如何做。打开终端并使用下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo visudo
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这会在[nano](http://www.nano-editor.org/)中打开配置文件。使得，我知道传统的‘visudo’应该在vi中打开`/etc/sudoers` 文件，但是Ubuntu及基于它的发行版会使用nano打开。由于我们再讨论vi，这里有一份[vi速查表](http://itsfoss.com/download-vi-cheat-sheet)可以在你决定使用vi的时候使用。
|
||||
|
||||
回到编辑sudeors文件界面，你需要找出Defaults所在的行。幸运的是，只需要在文件的开头加上“Defaults insults”，就像这样：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你正在使用nano，使用`Ctrl+X`来退出编辑器。在退出的时候，它会询问你是否保存更改。要保存更改，按下“Y”。
|
||||
|
||||
一旦你保存了sudoers文件之后，打开终端并在任何命令中使用sudo。故意输错密码病享受辱骂：）
|
||||
|
||||
sudo可能会讨厌的。看见没，他甚至在我再次输错之后威胁我。哈哈
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你喜欢这个终端技巧，你也可以查看[其他终端技巧的文章](http://itsfoss.com/category/terminal-tricks/)。如果你有其他有趣的技巧，在评论中分享。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/sudo-insult-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[ABHISHEK][a]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
Manjaro Linux 即将推出支持 ARM 处理器的 Manjaro-ARM
|
||||
===================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
最近，Manjaro 的开发者为 ARM 处理器发布了一个[ alpha 版本](https://manjaro.github.io/Manjaro-ARM-launched/)。这是这个基于 Arhclinux 的发行版的一大进步，在此之前，它只能在 32 位或者 64 位的个人电脑上运行。
|
||||
|
||||
根据公告， “[Manjaro Arm](http://manjaro-arm.org/) 项目致力于将简洁可定制的 Manjaro 移植到使用[ ARM 处理器](https://www.arm.com/)的设备上去。这些设备的数量正在上涨并且应用范围广泛。这些设备中最出名的是树莓派和 BeagleBoard“。目前 Alpha 版本仅支持树莓派2,但是毫无疑问，支持的设备数量会随时间增长。
|
||||
|
||||
现在这个项目的开发者有 dodgejcr, Torei, Strit, 和 Ringo32。他们正在寻求更多的人来帮助这个项目发展。除了开发者，[他们还在寻找维护者，论坛版主，管理员，以及设计师](http://manjaro-arm.org/forums/website/looking-for-contributors/?PHPSESSID=876d5c11400e9c25eb727e9965300a9a)。
|
||||
|
||||
Manjaro-ARM 将会有四个版本。媒体版本将可以运行Kodi并且允许你很少配置就能创建一个媒体中心。服务器版将会预先配置好 SSH，FTP，LAMP ，你能把你的 ARM 设备当作服务器使用。基本版是一个桌面版本，自带一个 XFCE 桌面。如果你想自己从头折腾系统的话你可以选择迷你版，它没有任何预先配置的包，仅仅包含一个 root 用户。
|
||||
|
||||
## 我的想法
|
||||
|
||||
作为一个 Manjaro 的粉丝（我在 4 个电脑上都安了 Manjaro），听说他们分支出一个 ARM 版我很高兴。 ARM 处理器被用到了越来越多的设备当中。如同评论员 Robert Cringely 所说， [设备制造商开始注意到昂贵的因特尔或者AMD处理器之外的便宜的多的ARM处理器](http://www.cringely.com/2016/01/21/prediction-8-intel-starts-to-become-irrelevent/)。甚至微软（憋打我）都开始考虑将自己的一些软件移植到 ARM 处理器上去。随着 ARM 处理器设备数量的增多，Manjaro 将会带给用户良好的体验。
|
||||
|
||||
对此，你怎样看待？你希望更多的发行版支持 ARM 吗？或者你认为 ARM 将是昙花一现？在评论区告诉我们。
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/manjaro-linux-arm/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[JOHN PAUL][a]
|
||||
译者：[name1e5s](https://github.com/name1e5s)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/john/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
|
||||
【免费下载】初学者Vi备忘单
|
||||
================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
一直以来，我都在给你们分享我使用Linux的经验。今天我想分享我的**Vi备忘单**。这份备忘单节省了我很多时间，因为我再也不用使用Google去搜索这些命令了。
|
||||
|
||||
## Basic Vi commands
|
||||
## 基本Vi命令
|
||||
|
||||
这并不是一个详尽的教程来教你[Vi编辑器](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi)的每一个方面。事实上，这根本就不是一个教程。这仅仅是一些基本Vi命令以及这些命令简单介绍的集合。
|
||||
|
||||
命令|解释
|
||||
:--|:--
|
||||
:x |保存文件并退出
|
||||
:q!|退出但不保存文件
|
||||
i|在光标左侧插入
|
||||
a|在光标右侧插入
|
||||
ESC|退出插入模式
|
||||
arrows|移动光标
|
||||
/text|搜索字符串text（大小写敏感）
|
||||
n|跳到下一个搜索结果
|
||||
x|删除当前光标处的字符
|
||||
dd|删除当前光标所在的行
|
||||
u|撤销上次改变
|
||||
:0|将光标移动到文件开头
|
||||
:n|将光标移动到第n行
|
||||
G|将光标移动到文件结尾
|
||||
^|将光标移动到该行开头
|
||||
$|将光标移动到该行结尾
|
||||
:set list|查看文件中特殊字符
|
||||
yy|复制光标所在行
|
||||
5yy|复制从光标所在行开始的5行
|
||||
p|在光标所在行下面粘贴
|
||||
|
||||
你可以通过下面的链接下载PDF格式的Vi备忘录：
|
||||
|
||||
[下载Vi备忘录](https://drive.google.com/file/d/0By49_3Av9sT1X3dlWkNQa3g2b2c/view?usp=sharing)
|
||||
|
||||
你可以把它打印出来放到你的办公桌上，或者把它保存到你的电脑上来使用。
|
||||
|
||||
## 我为什么要建立这个Vi备忘录？
|
||||
|
||||
几年前，当我刚刚接触Linux终端时，使用命令行编辑器这个主意使我一惊。我之前在我自己的电脑上使用过桌面版本的Linux，所以我很乐意使用像Gedit这样的有图形界面的编辑器。但是在工作环境中，我不得不使用命令行，并且无法使用图形界面版的编辑器。
|
||||
|
||||
我就这么被强迫地使用Vi来对远程Linux终端上的文件做一些基本的编辑。从这时候我开始了解并钦佩Vi的强大之处。
|
||||
|
||||
因为在那时候我还是一个Vi新手，所以我经常对Vi一些操作很困惑。仍然记得第一次使用Vi的时候，由于我不知道如何退出Vi，所以我都无法关闭某个文件。我也只能通过Google搜索来找到解决办法。我不得不接受这个尴尬的事实。
|
||||
|
||||
从那以后，我就决定制作一个列表来列出我经常会用到的基本Vi操作。这个列表，或者你可能称它为备忘录。在我早期使用Vi的时候，它对我非常有用。慢慢地，我对Vi更加熟悉，我已经可以熟记那些基本编辑命令。到现在，我甚至不需要再去查看我的Vi备忘录了。
|
||||
|
||||
## 你为什么需要Vi备忘录？
|
||||
|
||||
我能理解一个刚刚接触Vi的人的感受。你最喜欢的Ctrl+S快捷键不能像在其他编辑器那样方便地保存文件。Ctrl+C和Ctrl+V理应是通用的用来复制和粘贴的快捷键，但是在Vi中却不是这样。
|
||||
|
||||
很多人都在使用类似的备忘录帮助他们熟悉各种编程语言以及用来进行快速检索的“/”工具。相信我，使用备忘录会给程序员日常工作带来很大便利。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你刚刚开始接触Vi或者你经常使用但是总是记不住Vi操作，那么这份Vi备忘录对于你来说是非常有用的。你可以把它保存下来留作以后查询使用。
|
||||
|
||||
## 你怎么看待这份备忘录？
|
||||
|
||||
至今为止，我一直在克制我自己不要过于以来终端。我想知道你是怎么发现这篇文章的？你是否想让我分享更多类似的备忘录出来以供你们下载？我很期待你的意见和建议。
|
||||
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/download-vi-cheat-sheet/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[ABHISHEK][a]
|
||||
译者：[JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
|
||||
并行文件系统 BeeGFS 现已开源
|
||||
==================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
今天（2月23日） ThinkParQ 宣布完整的 [BeeGFS 并行文件系统][1] 的源码现已开源。由于 BeeGFS 是专为要求性能的环境开发的，所以它在开发时十分注重安装的简单以及高度的灵活性，包括融合了在存储服务器同时做计算任务时需要的设置。随着系统中的服务器以及存储设备的增加，文件系统的容量以及性能将是需求的拓展点，无论是小型集群还是多达上千个节点的企业级系统。
|
||||
|
||||
第一次官方声明开放 BeeGFS 的源码是在 2013 年的国际超级计算大会上发布的。这个声明是在欧洲的百亿亿次级超算项目 [DEEP-ER][2] 的背景下做出的，在这个项目里为了得到更好的 I/O 要求，一些微小的进步被设计并应用。对于运算量高达百亿亿次的系统，不同的软硬件必须有效的协同工作才能得到最佳的拓展性。因此，开源 BeeGFS 是让一个百亿亿次的集群的所有组成部分高效的发挥作用的一步。
|
||||
|
||||
“当我们的一些用户对于 BeeGFS 十分容易安装并且不用费心管理而感到高兴时，另外一些用户则想要知道它是如何运行的以便于更好的优化他们的应用，使得他们可以监控它或者把它移植到其他的平台上，比如 BSD，” Sven Breuner 说道，他是 ThinkParQ （BeeGFS 背后的公司）的 CEO，“而且，把 BeeGFS 移植到其他的非 X86 架构，比如 ARM 或者 Power，也是社区等着要做的一件事。”
|
||||
|
||||
对于未来的采购来说，ARM 技术的稳步发展确实使得它成为了一个越来越有趣的技术。因此， BeeGFS 的团队也参与了 [ExaNeSt][3]，一个来自欧洲的新的百亿亿次级超算计划，这个计划致力于使 ARM 的生态能为高性能的工作负载做好准备。“尽管现在 BeeGFS 在 ARM 处理器上可以算是开箱即用，这个项目也将给我们机会来证明我们在这个架构上也能完全发挥其性能。”， Bernd Lietzow ， BeeGFS 中 ExaNeSt 的领导者补充道。
|
||||
|
||||
作为一个有着 25 K 行 C++ 代码的元数据服务以及约 15 K 行存储服务的项目，BeeGFS 相对比较容易理解和拓展，不只是对于大神，对于对文件系统有兴趣的大学生也是这样。在 GitHub 上已经有很多的为 BeeGFS 写的项目，比如基于浏览器的监控或者 Docker 一体化。
|
||||
|
||||
有关新闻显示， [BeeGFS 用户大会][4]将于 5 月 18-19 日在德国凯泽斯劳滕举行。
|
||||
|
||||
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://insidehpc.com/2016/02/beegfs-parallel-file-system-now-open-source/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+InsideHPC+%28insideHPC.com%29
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[staff][a]
|
||||
译者：[name1e5s](https://github.com/name1e5s)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: http://insidehpc.com/author/staff/
|
||||
[1]: http://www.beegfs.com/
|
||||
[2]: http://www.deep-project.eu/deep-project/EN/Home/home_node.html
|
||||
[3]: http://www.exanest.eu/
|
||||
[4]: http://www.beegfs.com/content/user-meeting-2016/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
|
||||
我们能通过快速的，开放的研究战胜寨卡病毒吗？
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
关于寨卡病毒，最主要的问题就是我们对于它了解的太少了。这意味着我们需要尽快对它作出很多研究。
|
||||
|
||||
寨卡病毒现已严重威胁到世界人民的健康。在 2015 年爆发之后，它就成为了全球卫生的紧急状况，并且这个病毒也可能与儿童的出生缺陷有关。根据维基百科，在这个病毒在 40 年代末期被发现以后，它对于人类的影响早在 1952 年就被观测到了。
|
||||
|
||||
在 2 月 10 日，开放杂志 PLoS [发布了一个声明][1]，这个是声明是关于有关公共公众紧急状况的信息的共享。在此之后，刊登在开放期刊 F1000 的一篇文章 [开始了对于能治疗寨卡病毒的药物的研究][2]，它开放的讨论寨卡病毒的状况以及对它进行研究的需要。那个来自 PLoS 的声明列出了超过 30 个开放了对于寨卡病毒的研究进度的数据的重要组织。并且世界卫生组织实施了对于提交到他们那里的资料的特别规定使得在一个[创作共用许可证下][3]公布。
|
||||
|
||||
快速公布，无限制的重复利用，以及强调研究结果的传播是开放科研组织把他们的研究推出的战略性一步。看到一个需要我们给予关注的紧急状况的研究的开端是很令人受鼓舞的。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/life/16/2/how-rapid-open-science-could-change-game-zika-virus
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Marcus D. Hanwell][a]
|
||||
译者：[name1e5s](https://github.com/name1e5s)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mhanwell
|
||||
[1]: http://blogs.plos.org/plos/2016/02/statement-on-data-sharing-in-public-health-emergencies/
|
||||
[2]: http://f1000research.com/articles/5-150/v1
|
||||
[3]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/
|
||||
300
中文排版指北.md
Normal file
300
中文排版指北.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,300 @@
|
||||
# 中文文案排版指北
|
||||
[](https://david-dm.org/mzlogin/chinese-copywriting-guidelines#info=devDependencies)
|
||||
|
||||
统一中文文案、排版的相关用法，降低团队成员之间的沟通成本，增强网站气质。
|
||||
|
||||
Other languages:
|
||||
|
||||
- [English](https://github.com/mzlogin/chinese-copywriting-guidelines/blob/Simplified/README.en.md)
|
||||
- [Chinese Traditional](https://github.com/sparanoid/chinese-copywriting-guidelines)
|
||||
- [Chinese Simplified](README.md)
|
||||
|
||||
-----
|
||||
|
||||
## 目录
|
||||
|
||||
- [空格](#空格)
|
||||
- [中英文之间需要增加空格](#中英文之间需要增加空格)
|
||||
- [中文与数字之间需要增加空格](#中文与数字之间需要增加空格)
|
||||
- [数字与单位之间需要增加空格](#数字与单位之间需要增加空格)
|
||||
- [全角标点与其他字符之间不加空格](#全角标点与其他字符之间不加空格)
|
||||
- [`-ms-text-autospace` to the rescue?](#-ms-text-autospace-to-the-rescue)
|
||||
- [标点符号](#标点符号)
|
||||
- [不重复使用标点符号](#不重复使用标点符号)
|
||||
- [全角和半角](#全角和半角)
|
||||
- [使用全角中文标点](#使用全角中文标点)
|
||||
- [数字使用半角字符](#数字使用半角字符)
|
||||
- [遇到完整的英文整句、特殊名词，其內容使用半角标点](#遇到完整的英文整句特殊名词其內容使用半角标点)
|
||||
- [名词](#名词)
|
||||
- [专有名词使用正确的大小写](#专有名词使用正确的大小写)
|
||||
- [不要使用不地道的缩写](#不要使用不地道的缩写)
|
||||
- [争议](#争议)
|
||||
- [链接之间增加空格](#链接之间增加空格)
|
||||
- [简体中文使用直角引号](#简体中文使用直角引号)
|
||||
- [工具](#工具)
|
||||
- [谁在这样做？](#谁在这样做)
|
||||
- [参考文献](#参考文献)
|
||||
|
||||
## 空格
|
||||
|
||||
「有研究显示，打字的时候不喜欢在中文和英文之间加空格的人，感情路都走得很辛苦，有七成的比例会在 34 岁的时候跟自己不爱的人结婚，而其余三成的人最后只能把遗产留给自己的猫。毕竟爱情跟书写都需要适时地留白。
|
||||
|
||||
与大家共勉之。」——[vinta/paranoid-auto-spacing](https://github.com/vinta/pangu.js)
|
||||
|
||||
### 中英文之间需要增加空格
|
||||
|
||||
正确：
|
||||
|
||||
> 在 LeanCloud 上，数据存储是围绕 `AVObject` 进行的。
|
||||
|
||||
错误：
|
||||
|
||||
> 在LeanCloud上，数据存储是围绕`AVObject`进行的。
|
||||
|
||||
> 在 LeanCloud上，数据存储是围绕`AVObject` 进行的。
|
||||
|
||||
完整的正确用法：
|
||||
|
||||
> 在 LeanCloud 上，数据存储是围绕 `AVObject` 进行的。每个 `AVObject` 都包含了与 JSON 兼容的 key-value 对应的数据。数据是 schema-free 的，你不需要在每个 `AVObject` 上提前指定存在哪些键，只要直接设定对应的 key-value 即可。
|
||||
|
||||
例外：「豆瓣FM」等产品名词，按照官方所定义的格式书写。
|
||||
|
||||
### 中文与数字之间需要增加空格
|
||||
|
||||
正确：
|
||||
|
||||
> 今天出去买菜花了 5000 元。
|
||||
|
||||
错误：
|
||||
|
||||
> 今天出去买菜花了 5000元。
|
||||
|
||||
> 今天出去买菜花了5000元。
|
||||
|
||||
### 数字与单位之间需要增加空格
|
||||
|
||||
正确：
|
||||
|
||||
> 我家的光纤入户宽带有 10 Gbps，SSD 一共有 20 TB。
|
||||
|
||||
错误：
|
||||
|
||||
> 我家的光纤入户宽带有 10Gbps，SSD 一共有 10TB。
|
||||
|
||||
例外：度／百分比与数字之间不需要增加空格：
|
||||
|
||||
正确：
|
||||
|
||||
> 今天是 233° 的高温。
|
||||
|
||||
> 新 MacBook Pro 有 15% 的 CPU 性能提升。
|
||||
|
||||
错误：
|
||||
|
||||
> 今天是 233 ° 的高温。
|
||||
|
||||
> 新 MacBook Pro 有 15 % 的 CPU 性能提升。
|
||||
|
||||
### 全角标点与其他字符之间不加空格
|
||||
|
||||
正确：
|
||||
|
||||
> 刚刚买了一部 iPhone，好开心！
|
||||
|
||||
错误：
|
||||
|
||||
> 刚刚买了一部 iPhone ，好开心！
|
||||
|
||||
### `-ms-text-autospace` to the rescue?
|
||||
|
||||
Microsoft 有个 [`-ms-text-autospace`](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ie/ms531164(v=vs.85).aspx) 的 CSS 属性可以实现自动为中英文之间增加空白。不过目前并未普及，另外在其他应用场景，例如 OS X、iOS 的用户界面目前并不存在这个特性，所以请继续保持随手加空格的习惯。
|
||||
|
||||
## 标点符号
|
||||
|
||||
### 不重复使用标点符号
|
||||
|
||||
正确：
|
||||
|
||||
> 德国队竟然战胜了巴西队！
|
||||
|
||||
> 她竟然对你说「喵」？！
|
||||
|
||||
错误：
|
||||
|
||||
> 德国队竟然战胜了巴西队！！
|
||||
|
||||
> 德国队竟然战胜了巴西队！！！！！！！！
|
||||
|
||||
> 她竟然对你说「喵」？？！！
|
||||
|
||||
> 她竟然对你说「喵」？！？！？？！！
|
||||
|
||||
## 全角和半角
|
||||
|
||||
不明白什么是全角（全形）与半角（半形）符号？请查看维基百科词条『[全角和半角](http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%BD%A2%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%8A%E5%BD%A2)』。
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用全角中文标点
|
||||
|
||||
正确：
|
||||
|
||||
> 嗨！你知道嘛？今天前台的小妹跟我说「喵」了哎！
|
||||
|
||||
> 核磁共振成像（NMRI）是什么原理都不知道？JFGI！
|
||||
|
||||
错误：
|
||||
|
||||
> 嗨! 你知道嘛? 今天前台的小妹跟我说 "喵" 了哎!
|
||||
|
||||
> 嗨!你知道嘛?今天前台的小妹跟我说"喵"了哎!
|
||||
|
||||
> 核磁共振成像 (NMRI) 是什么原理都不知道? JFGI!
|
||||
|
||||
> 核磁共振成像(NMRI)是什么原理都不知道?JFGI!
|
||||
|
||||
### 数字使用半角字符
|
||||
|
||||
正确：
|
||||
|
||||
> 这件蛋糕只卖 1000 元。
|
||||
|
||||
错误：
|
||||
|
||||
> 这件蛋糕只卖 １０００ 元。
|
||||
|
||||
例外：在设计稿、宣传海报中如出现极少量数字的情形时，为方便文字对齐，是可以使用全角数字的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 遇到完整的英文整句、特殊名词，其內容使用半角标点
|
||||
|
||||
正确：
|
||||
|
||||
> 乔布斯那句话是怎么说的？「Stay hungry, stay foolish.」
|
||||
|
||||
> 推荐你阅读《Hackers & Painters: Big Ideas from the Computer Age》，非常的有趣。
|
||||
|
||||
错误：
|
||||
|
||||
> 乔布斯那句话是怎么说的？「Stay hungry，stay foolish。」
|
||||
|
||||
> 推荐你阅读《Hackers＆Painters：Big Ideas from the Computer Age》，非常的有趣。
|
||||
|
||||
## 名词
|
||||
|
||||
### 专有名词使用正确的大小写
|
||||
|
||||
大小写相关用法原属于英文书写范畴，不属于本 wiki 讨论內容，在这里只对部分易错用法进行简述。
|
||||
|
||||
正确：
|
||||
|
||||
> 使用 GitHub 登录
|
||||
|
||||
> 我们的客户有 GitHub、Foursquare、Microsoft Corporation、Google、Facebook, Inc.。
|
||||
|
||||
错误：
|
||||
|
||||
> 使用 github 登录
|
||||
|
||||
> 使用 GITHUB 登录
|
||||
|
||||
> 使用 Github 登录
|
||||
|
||||
> 使用 gitHub 登录
|
||||
|
||||
> 使用 gｲんĤЦ8 登录
|
||||
|
||||
> 我们的客户有 github、foursquare、microsoft corporation、google、facebook, inc.。
|
||||
|
||||
> 我们的客户有 GITHUB、FOURSQUARE、MICROSOFT CORPORATION、GOOGLE、FACEBOOK, INC.。
|
||||
|
||||
> 我们的客户有 Github、FourSquare、MicroSoft Corporation、Google、FaceBook, Inc.。
|
||||
|
||||
> 我们的客户有 gitHub、fourSquare、microSoft Corporation、google、faceBook, Inc.。
|
||||
|
||||
> 我们的客户有 gｲんĤЦ8、ｷouЯƧquﾑгє、๓เςг๏ร๏Ŧt ς๏гק๏гคtเ๏ภn、900913、ƒ4ᄃëв๏๏к, IПᄃ.。
|
||||
|
||||
注意：当网页中需要配合整体视觉风格而出现全部大写／小写的情形，HTML 中请使用标准的大小写规范进行书写；并通过 `text-transform: uppercase;`／`text-transform: lowercase;` 对表现形式进行定义。
|
||||
|
||||
### 不要使用不地道的缩写
|
||||
|
||||
正确：
|
||||
|
||||
> 我们需要一位熟悉 JavaScript、HTML5，至少理解一种框架（如 Backbone.js、AngularJS、React 等）的前端开发者。
|
||||
|
||||
错误：
|
||||
|
||||
> 我们需要一位熟悉 Js、h5，至少理解一种框架（如 backbone、angular、RJS 等）的 FED。
|
||||
|
||||
## 争议
|
||||
|
||||
以下用法略带有个人色彩，既：无论是否遵循下述规则，从语法的角度来讲都是**正确**的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 链接之间增加空格
|
||||
|
||||
用法：
|
||||
|
||||
> 请 [提交一个 issue](#) 并分配给相关同事。
|
||||
|
||||
> 访问我们网站的最新动态，请 [点击这里](#) 进行订阅！
|
||||
|
||||
对比用法：
|
||||
|
||||
> 请[提交一个 issue](#) 并分配给相关同事。
|
||||
|
||||
> 访问我们网站的最新动态，请[点击这里](#)进行订阅！
|
||||
|
||||
### 简体中文使用直角引号
|
||||
|
||||
用法：
|
||||
|
||||
> 「老师，『有条不紊』的『紊』是什么意思？」
|
||||
|
||||
对比用法：
|
||||
|
||||
> “老师，‘有条不紊’的‘紊’是什么意思？”
|
||||
|
||||
## 工具
|
||||
|
||||
仓库 | 语言
|
||||
--- | ---
|
||||
[vinta/paranoid-auto-spacing](https://github.com/vinta/paranoid-auto-spacing) | JavaScript
|
||||
[huei90/pangu.node](https://github.com/huei90/pangu.node) | Node.js
|
||||
[huacnlee/auto-correct](https://github.com/huacnlee/auto-correct) | Ruby
|
||||
[sparanoid/space-lover](https://github.com/sparanoid/space-lover) | PHP (WordPress)
|
||||
[nauxliu/auto-correct](https://github.com/NauxLiu/auto-correct) | PHP
|
||||
[hotoo/pangu.vim](https://github.com/hotoo/pangu.vim) | Vim
|
||||
[sparanoid/grunt-auto-spacing](https://github.com/sparanoid/grunt-auto-spacing) | Node.js (Grunt)
|
||||
[hjiang/scripts/add-space-between-latin-and-cjk](https://github.com/hjiang/scripts/blob/master/add-space-between-latin-and-cjk) | Python
|
||||
|
||||
## 谁在这样做？
|
||||
|
||||
网站 | 文案 | UGC
|
||||
--- | --- | ---
|
||||
[Apple 中国](http://www.apple.com/cn/) | Yes | N/A
|
||||
[Apple 香港](http://www.apple.com/hk/) | Yes | N/A
|
||||
[Apple 台湾](http://www.apple.com/tw/) | Yes | N/A
|
||||
[Microsoft 中国](http://www.microsoft.com/zh-cn/) | Yes | N/A
|
||||
[Microsoft 香港](http://www.microsoft.com/zh-hk/) | Yes | N/A
|
||||
[Microsoft 台湾](http://www.microsoft.com/zh-tw/) | Yes | N/A
|
||||
[LeanCloud](https://leancloud.cn/) | Yes | N/A
|
||||
[知乎](https://www.zhihu.com/) | Yes | 部分用户达成
|
||||
[V2EX](https://www.v2ex.com/) | Yes | Yes
|
||||
[SegmentFault](https://segmentfault.com/) | Yes | 部分用户达成
|
||||
[Apple4us](http://apple4us.com/) | Yes | N/A
|
||||
[豌豆荚](https://www.wandoujia.com/) | Yes | N/A
|
||||
[Ruby China](https://ruby-china.org/) | Yes | 标题达成
|
||||
[PHPHub](https://phphub.org/) | Yes | 标题达成
|
||||
|
||||
## 参考文献
|
||||
|
||||
- [Guidelines for Using Capital Letters](http://grammar.about.com/od/punctuationandmechanics/a/Guidelines-For-Using-Capital-Letters.htm)
|
||||
- [Letter case - Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letter_case)
|
||||
- [Punctuation - Oxford Dictionaries](http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/words/punctuation)
|
||||
- [Punctuation - The Purdue OWL](https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/section/1/6/)
|
||||
- [How to Use English Punctuation Corrently - wikiHow](http://www.wikihow.com/Use-English-Punctuation-Correctly)
|
||||
- [格式 - openSUSE](https://zh.opensuse.org/index.php?title=Help:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F)
|
||||
- [全角和半角 - 维基百科](http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%BD%A2%E5%92%8C%E5%8D%8A%E5%BD%A2)
|
||||
- [引号 - 维基百科](http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E8%99%9F)
|
||||
- [疑问惊叹号 - 维基百科](http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%96%91%E5%95%8F%E9%A9%9A%E5%98%86%E8%99%9F)
|
||||
|
||||
## CopyRight
|
||||
|
||||
[中文文案排版指北](https://github.com/sparanoid/chinese-copywriting-guidelines)
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user