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[translated]22 - The history of Android
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The history of Android
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### Android 4.2, Jelly Bean—new Nexus devices, new tablet interface ###
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The Android Platform was rapidly maturing, and with Google hosting more and more apps in the Play Store, there was less and less that needed to go out in the OS update. Still, the relentless march of updates must continue, and in November 2012 Android 4.2 was released. 4.2 was still called "Jelly Bean," a nod to the relatively small amount of changes that were present in this release.
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The LG-made Nexus 4 and Samsung-made Nexus 10.
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Photo by Google/Ron Amadeo
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Along with Android 4.2 came two flagship devices, the Nexus 4 and the Nexus 10, both of which were sold direct by Google on the Play Store. The Nexus 4 applied the Nexus 7 strategy of a quality device at a shockingly low price and sold for $300 unlocked. The Nexus 4 had a quad-core 1.5 GHz Snapdragon S4 Pro, 2GB of RAM and a 4.7-inch 1280×768 LCD. Google's new flagship phone was manufactured by LG, and with the manufacturer switch came a focus on materials and build quality. The Nexus 4 had a glass front and back, and while you couldn't drop it, it was one of the nicest-feeling Android phones to date. The biggest downside to the Nexus 4 was the lack of LTE at a time when most phones, including the Verizon Galaxy Nexus, came with the faster modem. Still, demand for the Nexus 4 greatly exceeded Google's expectations—the launch rush crashed the Play Store Web site on launch day. The device sold out in under an hour.
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The Nexus 10 was Google's first 10-inch Nexus tablet. The highlight of the device was the 2560×1600 display, which was the highest resolution in its class. All those pixels were powered by a dual core, 1.7GHz Cortex A15 processor and 2GB of RAM. With each passing month, it's looking more and more like the Nexus 10 is the first and last 10-inch Nexus tablet. Usually these devices are upgraded every year, but the Nexus 10 is now 16 months old, and there's no sign of the new model on the horizon. Google is doing well with smaller-sized 7-inch tablets, and it seems content to let partners [like Samsung][1] explore the larger end of the tablet spectrum.
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The new lock screen, wallpaper, and clock widget design.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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4.2 brought lots of changes to the lock screen. The font was centered and used an extremely thick weight for the hour and a thin font for the minutes. The lock screen was now paginated and could be customized with widgets. Rather than a simple clock on the lock screen, users could replace it with another widget or add extra pages to the lock screen for more widgets.
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The lock screen's add widget page, the list of widgets, the Gmail widget on the lock screen, and swiping over to the camera.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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The lock screen now worked like a stripped-down version of the home screen. Page outlines would pop up on the left and right sides of the lock screen to hint to users that they could swipe to other pages with other widgets. Swiping to the left would show a simple blank page with a plus sign in the center, and tapping on it would bring up a list of widgets that were compatible with the lock screen. Lock screens were limited to one widget per page and could be expanded or collapsed by dragging up or down on the widget. The right-most page was reserved for the camera—a simple over would open the camera interface, but you weren't able to swipe back.
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The new Quick Settings panel and a composite image of the app lineup.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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One of the biggest additions to 4.2 was the new "Quick Settings" panel. Android 3.0 brought a way to quickly change power settings to tablets, and 4.2 finally brought that ability to phones. A new icon was added to the top right corner of the notification panel that would switch between the normal list of notifications and the new quick settings screen. Quick Settings offered faster access to screen brightness, network connections, and battery and data usage without having to dig through the full settings screen. The top level settings button in Android 4.1 was removed, and a square was added to the Quick Settings screen for it.
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There were lots of changes to the app drawer and 4.2's lineup of apps and icons. Thanks to the wider aspect ratio of the Nexus 4 (5:3 vs 16:9 on the Galaxy Nexus), the app drawer on that device could now show a five-wide grid of icons. 4.2 replaced the stock browser with Google Chrome and the stock calendar with Google Calendar, both of which brought new icon designs. The Clock and Camera apps were revamped in 4.2, and new icons were part of the deal. "Google Settings" was a new app that offered shortcuts to all the existing Google Account settings around the OS, and it had a unified look with Google Search and the new Google+ icon. Google Maps got a new icon, and Google Latitude, which was part of Google Maps, was retired in favor of Google+ location.
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The browser was replaced with Chrome, and the new camera interface with a full screen viewfinder.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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The stock browser did its best Chrome imitation for a while—it took many cues from Chrome’s interface, many Chrome features, and was even using Chrome’s javascript engine—but by the time Android 4.2 rolled around, Google deemed the Android version of Chrome ready to replace the imitator. On the surface, it didn't seem like much of a difference; the interface looked different, and early versions of Chrome for Android didn't scroll as smoothly as the stock browser. Under the hood, though, everything was different. Development of Android's main browser was now handled by the Google Chrome team instead of being a side project of the Android team. Android's default browser moved from being a stagnant app tied to Android releases to a Play Store app that was continually updated. Today there is even a beta channel that receives several updates per month.
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The camera interface was redesigned. It was now a completely full-screen app, showing a live view of the camera and places controls on top of it. The layout aesthetic had a lot in common with the [camera design][2] of Android 1.5: minimal controls with a focus on the viewfinder output. The circle of controls in the center appeared when you either held your finger on the screen or pressed the circle icon in the bottom right corner. When holding your finger down, you could slide around to pick the options around the circle, often expanding out into a sub-menu. Releasing over a highlighted item would select it. This was clearly inspired by the Quick Controls in the Android 4.0 browser, but arranging the options in a circle meant your finger was almost always blocking part of the interface.
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The clock app, which went from a two-screen app to a feature-packed, useful application.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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The clock application was completely revamped, going from a simple two-screen alarm clock to a world clock, alarm, timer, and stopwatch. The clock app design was like nothing Google introduced before, with an ultra-minimal aesthetic and red highlights. It seemed to be an experiment for Google. Even several versions later, this design language seemed to be confined only to this app.
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The clock's time picker was particularly well-designed. It showed a simple number pad, and it would intelligently disable numbers that would result in an invalid time. It was also impossible to set an alarm time without implicitly selecting AM or PM, forever solving the problem of accidentally setting an alarm for 9pm instead of 9am.
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The new system UI for tablets used a stretched-out phone interface.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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The most controversial change in Android 4.2 was made to the tablet UI, which switched from a unified single bottom system bar to a two-bar interface with a top status bar and bottom system bar. The new design unified the phone and tablet interfaces, but critics said it was a waste of space to stretch the phone interface to a 10-inch landscape tablet. Since the navigation buttons had the whole bottom bar to themselves now, they were centered, just like the phone interface.
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Multiple users on a tablet, and the new gesture-driven keyboard.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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On tablets, Android 4.2 brought support for multiple users. In the settings, a "Users" section was added, where you could manage users on a device. Setup was done from within each user account, where Android would keep separate settings, home screens, apps, and app data for each user.
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4.2 also added a new keyboard with swiping abilities. Rather than just tapping each individual letter, users could now keep a finger on the screen the whole time and just slide from letter to letter to type.
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[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work.
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[@RonAmadeo][t]
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via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/22/
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/01/hands-on-with-samsungs-notepro-and-tabpro-new-screen-sizes-and-magazine-ui/
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[2]:http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/device-2013-12-26-11016071.png
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[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
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[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
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安卓编年史
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### Android 4.2，果冻豆——全新 Nexus 设备，全新平板界面 ###
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安卓平台成熟的脚步越来越快，谷歌也将越来越多的应用托管到 Play 商店，需要通过系统更新来更新的应用越来越少。但是不间断的更新还是要继续的，2012 年 11 月，安卓 4.2 发布。4.2 还是叫做“果冻豆”，这个版本主要是一些少量变动。
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LG 生产的 Nexus 4 和三星生产的 Nexus 10。
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Google/Ron Amadeo 供图
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和安卓 4.2 一同发布的还有两部旗舰设备，Nexus 4 和 Nexus 10，都由谷歌直接在 Play 商店出售。Nexus 4 使用了 Nexus 7 的策略，令人惊讶的低价和高质量，并且无锁设备售价 300 美元。Nexus 4 有一个 4 核 1.5GHz 骁龙 S4 Pro 处理器，2GB 内存以及 1280×768 分辨率 4.7 英寸 LCD 显示屏。谷歌的新旗舰手机由 LG 生产，并和制造商一起将关注点转向了材料和质量。Nexus 4 有着正反两面双面玻璃，这会让你爱不释手，他是有史以来触感最佳的安卓手机之一。Nexus 4 最大的缺点是没有 LTE 支持，那时候大部分手机，包括 Version Galaxy Nexus 都有更快的基带。但 Nexus 4 的需求仍大大超出了谷歌的预料——发布当日大量的流量拖垮了 Play 商店网站。手机在一小时之内销售一空。
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Nexus 10 是谷歌的第一部 10 英寸 Nexus 平板。该设备的亮点是 2560×1600 分辨率的显示屏，在其等级上是分辨率最高的。这背后是双核 1.7GHz Cortex A15 处理器和 2GB 内存的强力支持。随着时间一个月一个月地流逝，Nexus 10 似乎逐渐成为了第一部也是最后一部 10 英寸 Nexus 平板。通常这些设备每年都升级，但 Nexus 10 至今面世 16 个月了，可预见的未来还没有新设备的迹象。谷歌在小尺寸的 7 英寸平板上做得很出色，它似乎更倾向于让[像三星][1]这样的合作伙伴探索更大的平板家族。
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新的锁屏，壁纸，以及时钟小部件设计。
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Ron Amadeo 供图
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4.2 为锁屏带来了很多变化。文字居中，并且对小时使用了较大的字重，对分钟使用了较细的字体。锁屏现在是分页的，可以自定义小部件。锁屏不仅仅是一个简单的时钟，用户还可以将其替换成其它小部件或者添加额外的页面和更多的小部件。
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锁屏的添加小部件页面，小部件列表，锁屏上的 Gmail 部件，以及滑动到相机。
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Ron Amadeo 供图
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锁屏现在就像是一个精简版的主屏幕。页面轮廓会显示在锁屏的左右两侧来提示用户可以滑动到有其他小部件的页面。向左滑动页面会显示一个中间带有加号的简单空白页面，点击加号会打开兼容锁屏的小部件列表。锁屏每个页面限制一个小部件，将小部件向上或向下拖动可以展开或收起。最右侧的页面保留给了相机——一个简单的滑动就能打开相机界面，但是你没办法滑动回来。
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新的快速设置面板以及内置应用集合。
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Ron Amadeo 供图
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4.2 最大的新增特性之一就是“快速设置”面板。安卓 3.0 为平板引入了快速改变电源设置的途径，4.2 终于将这种能力带给了手机。通知中心右上角加入了一枚新图标，可以在正常的通知列表和新的快速设置之间切换。快速设置提供了对屏幕亮度，网络连接，电池以及数据用量更加快捷的访问，而不用打开完整的设置界面。安卓 4.1 中顶部的设置按钮移除掉了，快速设置中添加了一个按钮来替代它。
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应用抽屉和 4.2 中的应用阵容有很多改变。得益于 Nexus 4 更宽的屏幕横纵比（5：3，Galaxy Nexus 是 16：9），应用抽屉可以显示一行五个应用图标的方阵。4.2 将自带的浏览器替换为了 Google Chrome，自带的日历换成了 Google Calendar，他们都带来了新的图标设计。时钟和相机应用在 4.2 中经过了重制，新的图标也是其中的一部分。“Google Settings”是个新应用，用于提供对系统范围内所有存在的谷歌账户设置的快捷方式，它有着和 Google Search 和 Google+ 图标一致的风格。谷歌地图拥有了新图标，谷歌纵横，以往是谷歌地图的一部分，作为对 Google+ location 的支持在这个版本退役。
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浏览器替换为 Chrome，带有全屏取景器的新相机界面。
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Ron Amadeo 供图
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原自带浏览器在一段时间内对 Chrome 的模仿上下了不少功夫——它引入了许多 Chrome 的界面元素，许多 Chrome 的特性，甚至还使用了 Chrome 的 javascript 引擎——但安卓 4.2 来临的时候，谷歌认为安卓版的 Chrome 已经准备好替代这个模仿者了。表面上看起来没有多大不同；界面看起来不一样，而且早期版本的 Chrome 安卓版滚动起来没有原浏览器顺畅。不过深层次来说，一切都不一样。安卓的主浏览器开发现在由 Google Chrome 团队负责，而不是作为安卓团队的子项目存在。安卓的默认浏览器从绑定安卓版本发布停滞不前的应用变成了不断更新的 Play 商店应用。现在甚至还有一个每个月接收一些更新的 beta 通道。
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相机界面经过了重新设计。它现在完全是个全屏应用，显示摄像头的实时图像并且在上面显示控制选项。布局审美和安卓 1.5 的[相机设计][2]有很多共同之处：带对焦的最小化的控制放置在取景器显示之上。中间的控制环在你长按屏幕或点击右下角圆形按钮的时候显示。你的手指保持在屏幕上时，你可以滑动来选择环上的选项，通常是展开进入一个子菜单。在高亮的选项上释放手指选中它。这灵感很明显来自于安卓 4.0 浏览器中的快速控制，但是将选项安排在一个环上意味着你的手指几乎总会挡住一部分界面。
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时钟应用，从一个只有两个界面的应用变成功能强大，实用的应用。
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时钟应用经过了完整的改造，从一个简单的两个界面的闹钟，到一个世界时钟，闹钟，定时器，以及秒表俱全。时钟应用的设计和谷歌之前引入的完全不同，有着极简审美和红色高亮。它看起来像是谷歌的一个试验。甚至是几个版本之后，这个设计语言似乎也仅限于这个应用。
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时钟的时间选择器是经过特别精心设计的。它显示一个简单的数字盘，会智能地禁用会导致无效时间的数字。设置闹钟时间也不可能没有隐式选择选择的 AM 和 PM，永远地解决了不小心将 9am 的闹钟设置成 9pm 的问题。
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平板的新系统界面使用了延展版的手机界面。
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安卓 4.2 中最有争议的改变是平板界面，从单独一个统一的底部系统栏变成带有顶部状态栏和底部系统栏的双栏设计。新设计统一了手机和平板的界面，但批评人士说将手机界面延展到 10 英寸的横向平板上是浪费空间。因为导航按键现在拥有了整个底栏，所以他们像手机界面那样被居中。
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平板上的多用户，以及新的手势键盘。
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在平板上，安卓 4.2 带来了多用户支持。在设置里，新增了“用户”部分，你可以在这里管理一台设备上的用户。设置在每个用户账户内完成，安卓会给每个用户保存单独的设置，主屏幕，应用以及应用数据。
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4.2 还添加了有滑动输入能力的键盘。用户可以将手指一直保持在屏幕上，按顺序在字母按键上滑动来输入，而不用像以前那样一个一个字母单独地输入。
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[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron是Ars Technica的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。
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[@RonAmadeo][t]
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via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/22/
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译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/01/hands-on-with-samsungs-notepro-and-tabpro-new-screen-sizes-and-magazine-ui/
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[2]:http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/device-2013-12-26-11016071.png
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[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
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[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
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