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【完成翻译】20180531 How to create shortcuts in vi.md
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【sd886393认领翻译中】How to create shortcuts in vi
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======
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Learning the [vi text editor][1] takes some effort, but experienced vi users know that after a while, using basic commands becomes second nature. It's a form of what is known as muscle memory, which in this case might well be called finger memory.
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After you get a grasp of the main approach and basic commands, you can make editing with vi even more powerful and streamlined by using its customization options to create shortcuts. I hope that the techniques described below will facilitate your writing, programming, and data manipulation.
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Before proceeding, I'd like to thank Chris Hermansen (who recruited me to write this article) for checking my draft with [Vim][2], as I use another version of vi. I'm also grateful for Chris's helpful suggestions, which I incorporated here.
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First, let's review some conventions. I'll use <RET> to designate pressing the RETURN or ENTER key, and <SP> for the space bar. CTRL-x indicates simultaneously pressing the Control key and the x key (whatever x happens to be).
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Set up your own command abbreviations with the `map` command. My first example involves the `write` command, used to save the current state of the file you're working on:
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```
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:w<RET>
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```
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This is only three keystrokes, but since I do it so frequently, I'd rather use only one. The key I've chosen for this purpose is the comma, which is not part of the standard vi command set. The command to set this up is:
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```
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:map , :wCTRL-v<RET>
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```
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The CTRL-v is essential since without it the <RET> would signal the end of the map, and we want to include the <RET> as part of the mapped comma. In general, CTRL-v is used to enter the keystroke (or control character) that follows rather than being interpreted literally.
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In the above map, the part on the right will display on the screen as `:w^M`. The caret (`^`) indicates a control character, in this case CTRL-m, which is the system's form of <RET>.
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So far so good—sort of. If I write my current file about a dozen times while creating and/or editing it, this map could result in a savings of 2 x 12 keystrokes. But that doesn't account for the keystrokes needed to set up the map, which in the above example is 11 (counting CTRL-v and the shifted character `:` as one stroke each). Even with a net savings, it would be a bother to set up the map each time you start a vi session.
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Fortunately, there's a way to put maps and other abbreviations in a startup file that vi reads each time it is invoked: the `.exrc` file, or in Vim, the `.vimrc` file. Simply create this file in your home directory with a list of maps, one per line—without the colon—and the abbreviation is defined for all subsequent vi sessions until you delete or change it.
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Before going on to a variation of the `map` command and another type of abbreviation method, here are a few more examples of maps that I've found useful for streamlining my text editing:
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```
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Displays as
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:map X :xCTRL-v<RET> :x^M
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or
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:map X ,:qCTRL-v<RET> ,:q^M
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```
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The above equivalent maps write and quit (exit) the file. The `:x` is the standard vi command for this, and the second version illustrates that a previously defined map may be used in a subsequent map.
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```
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:map v :e<SP> :e
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```
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The above starts the command to move to another file while remaining within vi; when using this, just follow the "v" with a filename, followed by <RET>.
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```
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:map CTRL-vCTRL-e :e<SP>#CTRL-v<RET> :e #^M
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```
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The `#` here is the standard vi symbol for "the alternate file," which means the filename last used, so this shortcut is handy for switching back and forth between two files. Here's an example of how I use this:
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```
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map CTRL-vCTRL-r :!spell %>err &CTRL-v<RET> :!spell %>err&^M
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```
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(Note: The first CTRL-v in both examples above is not needed in some versions of vi.) The `:!` is a way to run an external (non-vi) command. In this case (`spell`), `%` is the vi symbol denoting the current file, the `>` redirects the output of the spell-check to a file called `err`, and the `&` says to run this in the background so I can continue editing while `spell` completes its task. I can then type `verr<RET>` (using my previous shortcut, `v`, followed by `err`) to go the file of potential errors flagged by the `spell` command, then back to the file I'm working on with CTRL-e. After running the spell-check the first time, I can use CTRL-r repeatedly and return to the `err` file with just CTRL-e.
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A variation of the `map` command may be used to abbreviate text strings while inputting. For example,
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```
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:map! CTRL-o \fI
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:map! CTRL-k \fP
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```
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This will allow you to use CTRL-o as a shortcut for entering the `groff` command to italicize the word that follows, and this will allow you to use CTRL-k for the `groff` command reverts to the previous font.
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Here are two other examples of this technique:
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```
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:map! rh rhinoceros
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:map! hi hippopotamus
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```
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The above may instead be accomplished using the `ab` command, as follows (if you're trying these out in order, first use `unmap! rh` and `umap! hi`):
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```
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:ab rh rhinoceros
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:ab hi hippopotamus
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```
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In the `map!` method above, the abbreviation immediately expands to the defined word when typed (in Vim), whereas with the `ab` method, the expansion occurs when the abbreviation is followed by a space or punctuation mark (in both Vim and my version of vi, where the expansion also works like this for the `map!` method).
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To reverse any `map`, `map!`, or `ab` within a vi session, use `:unmap`, `:unmap!`, or `:unab`.
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In my version of vi, undefined letters that are good candidates for mapping include g, K, q, v, V, and Z; undefined control characters are CTRL-a, CTRL-c, CTRL-k, CTRL-n, CTRL-o, CTRL-p, and CTRL-x; some other undefined characters are `#` and `*`. You can also redefine characters that have meaning in vi but that you consider obscure and of little use; for example, the X that I chose for two examples in this article is a built-in vi command to delete the character to the immediate left of the current character (easily accomplished by the two-key command `hx`).
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Finally, the commands
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```
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:map<RET>
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:map!<RET>
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:ab
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```
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will show all the currently defined mappings and abbreviations.
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I hope that all of these tips will help you customize vi and make it easier and more efficient to use.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/shortcuts-vi-text-editor
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作者：[Dan Sonnenschein][a]
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选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/dannyman
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[1]:http://ex-vi.sourceforge.net/
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[2]:https://www.vim.org/
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如何在 vi 中创建快捷键
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======
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学习使用 [vi 文本编辑器][1] 确实得花点功夫，不过 vi 的老手们都知道，经过一小会的锻炼，就可以将基本的 vi 操作融汇贯通。我们都知道“肌肉记忆”，那么学习 vi 的过程可以称之为“手指记忆”。
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当你抓住了基础的操作窍门之后，你就可以定制化地配置 vi 的快捷键，从而让其处理的功能更为强大、流畅。
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在开始之前，我想先感谢下 Chris Hermansen（他雇佣我写了这篇文章）仔细地检查了我的另一篇关于使用 vi 增强版本[Vim][2]的文章。当然还有他那些我未采纳的建议。
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首先，我们来说明下面几个惯例设定。我会使用符号<RET>来代表按下 RETURN 或者 ENTER 键，<SP> 代表按下空格键，CTRL-x 表示一起按下 Control 键和 x 键
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使用 `map` 命令来进行按键的映射。第一个例子是 `write` 命令，通常你之前保存使用这样的命令：
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```
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:w<RET>
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```
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虽然这里只有三个键，不过考虑到我用这个命令实在是太频繁了，我更想“一键”搞定它。在这里我选择逗号键，比如这样：
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```
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:map , :wCTRL-v<RET>
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```
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这里的 CTRL-v 事实上是对 <RET> 做了转义的操作，如果不加这个的话，默认 <RET> 会作为这条映射指令的结束信号，而非映射中的一个操作。 CTRL-v 后面所跟的操作会翻译为用户的实际操作，而非该按键平常的操作。
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在上面的映射中，右边的部分会在屏幕中显示为 `:w^M`，其中 `^` 字符就是指代 `control`，完整的意思就是 CTRL-m，表示就是系统中一行的结尾
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目前来说，就很不错了。如果我编辑、创建了十二次文件，这个键位映射就可以省掉了 2*12 次按键。不过这里没有计算你建立这个键位映射所花费的 11次按键（计算CTRL-v 和 冒号均为一次按键）。虽然这样已经省了很多次，但是每次打开 vi 都要重新建立这个映射也会觉得非常麻烦。
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幸运的是，这里可以将这些键位映射放到 vi 的启动配置文件中，让其在每次启动的时候自动读取：文件为 `.exrc`，对于 vim 是 `.vimrc`。只需要将这些文件放在你的用户根目录中即可，并在文件中每行写入一个键位映射，之后就会在每次启动 vi 生效直到你删除对应的配置。
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在继续说明 `map` 其他用法以及其他的缩写机制之前，这里在列举几个我常用提高文本处理效率的 map 设置：
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```
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Displays as
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:map X :xCTRL-v<RET> :x^M
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or
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:map X ,:qCTRL-v<RET> ,:q^M
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```
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上面的 map 指令的意思是写入并关闭当前的编辑文件。其中 `:x` 是 vi 原本的命令，而下面的版本说明之前的 map 配置可以继续用作第二个 map 键位映射。
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```
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:map v :e<SP> :e
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```
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上面的指令意思是在 vi 编辑器内部 切换文件，使用这个时候，只需要按 `v` 并跟着输入文件名,之后按 `<RET>` 键。
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```
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:map CTRL-vCTRL-e :e<SP>#CTRL-v<RET> :e #^M
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```
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`#` 在这里是 vi 中标准的符号，意思是最后使用的文件名。所以切换当前与上一个文件的方法就使用上面的映射。
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```
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map CTRL-vCTRL-r :!spell %>err &CTRL-v<RET> :!spell %>err&^M
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```
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（注意：在两个例子中出现的第一个 CRTL-v 在某些 vi 的版本中是不需要的）其中，`:!` 用来运行一个外部的（非 vi 内部的）命令。在这个拼写检查的例子中，`%` 是 vi 中的符号用来只带目前的文件， `>` 用来重定向拼写检查中的输出到 `err` 文件中，之后跟上 `&` 说明该命令是一个后台运行的任务，这样可以保证在拼写检查的同时还可以进行编辑文件的工作。这里我可以键入 `verr<RET>`（使用我之前定义的快捷键 `v` 跟上 `err`），进入 `spell` 输出结果的文件，之后再输入 `CTRL-e` 来回到刚才编辑的文件中。这样我就可以在拼写检查之后，使用 CTRL-r 来查看检查的错误，再通过 CTRL-e 返回刚才编辑的文件。
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还用很多字符串输入的缩写，也使用了各种 map 命令，比如：
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```
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:map! CTRL-o \fI
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:map! CTRL-k \fP
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```
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这个映射允许你使用 CTRL-o 作为 `groff` 命令的缩写，从而让让接下来书写的单词有斜体的效果，并使用 CTRL-k 进行恢复
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还有两个类似的映射：
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```
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:map! rh rhinoceros
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:map! hi hippopotamus
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```
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上面的也可以使用 `ab` 命令来替换，就像下面这样（如果想这么用的话，需要首先按顺序运行 1. `unmap! rh` 2. `umap! hi`）:
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```
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:ab rh rhinoceros
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:ab hi hippopotamus
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```
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在上面 `map!` 的命令中，缩写会马上的展开成原有的单词，而在 `ab` 命令中，单词展开的操作会在输入了空格和标点之后才展开（不过在Vim 和 本机使用的 vi中，展开的形式与 `map!` 类似）
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想要取消刚才设定的按键映射，可以对应的输入 `:unmap`, `unmap!`, `:unab`
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在我使用的 vi 版本中，比较好用的候选映射按键包括 `g, K, q, v, V, Z`，控制字符包括：`CTRL-a, CTRL-c, CTRL-k, CTRL-n, CTRL-p, CTRL-x`；还有一些其他的字符如`#, *`，当然你也可以使用那些已经在 vi 中有过定义但不经常使用的字符，比如本文选择`X`和`I`，其中`X`表示删除左边的字符，并立刻左移当前字符。
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最后，下面的命令
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```
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:map<RET>
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:map!<RET>
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:ab
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```
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将会显示，目前所有的缩写和键位映射。
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will show all the currently defined mappings and abbreviations.
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希望上面的技巧能够更好地更高效地帮助你使用 vi。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://opensource.com/article/18/5/shortcuts-vi-text-editor
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作者：[Dan Sonnenschein][a]
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选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/sd886393)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/dannyman
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[1]:http://ex-vi.sourceforge.net/
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[2]:https://www.vim.org/
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