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Translated:Command Line Tuesday--Part One.md
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Linux 与 BSD 有什么不同?
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================================================================================
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Linux 和 BSD 都是免费的，开源的，类Unix系统。他们甚至使用很多相同的软件。他们看上去简直就像是一个操作系统，那么，它们有什么不同吗？
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其实，两者之间的不同，远远超出了我们下面提到的这些，尤其是在构建完整操作系统和许可授权的哲学思想上，更是相差甚远。通过这篇短文将可以简单的了解它们之间的不同。
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### 基础 ###
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[许多人所称的“Linux”实际上不是 Linux][1]。Linux 从技术上说只是 Linux 内核，典型的 Linux 发行版则包括了 Linux 内核和许多软件。这是[为什么 Linux 有时被称为 GNU/Linux][2]。事实上，许多在 Linux 上使用的软件同样也在 BSD 上使用。
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Linux 和 BSD 都是类 UNIX 操作系统。我们可以通过阅读[类 UNIX 操作系统历史][3]发现 Linux 和 BSD 有不同的谱系。Linux 是由 Linus Torvalds 在芬兰上大学的时候开发的。BSD 则代表“Berkeley Software Distribution，伯克利软件套件”，其源于对加州大学伯克利分校所开发的贝尔实验室UNIX的一系列修改，它最终发展成一个完整的操作系统，现在有多个不同的BSD分支。
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### 内核 vs. 完整操作系统 ###
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严格的说，Linux 是只是一个内核。制作 Linux 发行版所要做的工作就是，汇集那些创建一个完整 Linux 操作系统所需的所有软件，将它组合成一个像 Ubuntu、Mint、Debian、RedHat 或者是 Arch 这样的 [Linux 发行版][4]。有许多不同的 Linux 发行版。
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与此相反的是，BSD 这个名字则代表其内核和操作系统。例如，FreeBSD 提供了 FreeBSD 内核和 FreeBSD 操作系统。它是作为一个单一的项目维护的。换句话说，如果你想要安装 FreeBSD，就只有一个 FreeBSD 可供你安装。如果你想要安装 Linux，你首先需要在许多 Linux 发行版之间选择。
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BSD 包括一个名为 Ports 的系统，它提供了一种安装软件包的方式。Ports 系统包含了软件包的源代码，所以您的计算机如果想安装软件的话，则需要先编译他们。（如果您曾经使用过以前流行的 Gentoo，有点类似那样。）不过，软件包也可以是预安装的二进制形式，以便你不需要花时间和系统资源编译他们就能运行。
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### 许可证 ###
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许可证是典型的差异，虽然它不会对大多数人产生影响。Linux 使用 GNU 通用公共许可证，即 GPL。如果你修改了 Linux 内核，并将其分发，你就必须放出您的修改的源代码。
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BSD 使用 BSD 许可证。如果你修改了 BSD 内核或发行版，并且发布它，你根本不需要必须发布其源代码。你可以自由地对你的 BSD 代码做任何你想做的事情，你没有义务发布的你修改的源代码，当然你想发布也行。
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两者都是[开放源码][5]的，但是以不同的方式。人们有时会陷入关于哪种许可证是“更自由”的辩论。GPL 可以帮助用户以确保他们可以拥有 GPL 软件的源代码，并限制开发人员迫使他们开放代码。BSD 许可证并不能确保用户可以拥有源代码，而是给开发人员选择是否公布代码的权利，即使他们想要把它变成一个闭源项目。
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### BSD分支 ###
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以下是通常认可的三个“主流” BSD 操作系统：
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- [FreeBSD][6]: FreeBSD 是最受欢迎的 BSD，针对高性能和易用性。它支持英特尔和 AMD 的32位和64位处理器。
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- [NetBSD][7]: NetBSD 被设计运行在几乎任何架构上，支持更多的体系结构。在他们的主页上的格言是"理所当然，我们运行在 NetBSD 上"。
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- [OpenBSD][8]:OpenBSD 为最大化的安全性设计的 —— 这不仅仅它宣称的功能，在实践中也确实如此。它是为银行和其他重要机构的关键系统设计的。
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还有两个其他的重要 BSD 操作系统：
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- [DragonFly BSD][9]: DragonFly BSD 的设计目标是提供一个运行在多线程环境中的操作系统 —— 例如，计算机集群。
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- [Darwin / Mac OS X][10]: Mac OS X 实际上基于 Darwin 操作系统，而 Darwin 系统基于 BSD。它与其他的 BSD 有点不同，虽然底层内核和其他的软件是开源代码(BSD 代码)，但操作系统的大部分是闭源的 Mac OS 代码)。苹果在 BSD 基础上开发了 Mac OS X 和 iOS，这样他们就不必写操作系统底层，就像 [谷歌在 Linux 基础上开发 android 系统][11]一样。
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### 你为什么会选择 BSD 而不是 Linux？###
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Linux 显然比 FreeBSD 更受欢迎。例如，Linux 往往会比 FreeBSD 更早提供新硬件的支持。BSD 有一个兼容包可用，使之能像大多数的其他软件一样原生的执行 Linux 二进制程序。
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如果您使用过 Linux， FreeBSD 不会让你感觉到太大的不同。如果把 FreeBSD 作为桌面操作系统，你也可以使用相同的 GNOME，KDE 或 Xfce [桌面环境][12]，你也可以在BSD上使用 Linux 上的大多数的其他软件。有一点需要注意，FreeBSD 不会自动安装的图形化桌面，所以你要花相对于 Linux 更多的心思来照顾你的BSD。BSD 更守旧一些。
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FreeBSD 的可靠性和稳定性也许更适合作为服务器的操作系统。而厂商也会选择 BSD 而不是 Linux 作为其操作系统，因为这样他们就不必放出他们修改的代码。
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如果你是一个 PC 桌面用户，你真的不需要太过在意 BSD。你可能会喜欢 Linux，因为它具有更先进的硬件支持，更容易安装，具有现代操作系统的特点。如果你关注服务器或嵌入式的设备，你可能会更喜欢 FreeBSD。
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我们可能会听到一些人说他们在桌面电脑上使用 FreeBSD，你当然也可能是其中之一！但像 Ubuntu 或 Mint 一样的开源操作系统对于多数用户来说更体验良好和更先进些。
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图片来源: [atzerok on Flickr][13]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.howtogeek.com/190773/htg-explains-whats-the-difference-between-linux-and-bsd/
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译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/177213/linux-isnt-just-linux-8-pieces-of-software-that-make-up-linux-systems/
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[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/139287/the-great-debate-is-it-linux-or-gnulinux/
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[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/182649/htg-explains-what-is-unix/
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[4]:http://www.howtogeek.com/132624/htg-explains-whats-a-linux-distro-and-how-are-they-different/
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[5]:http://www.howtogeek.com/129967/htg-explains-what-is-open-source-software-and-why-you-should-care/
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[6]:http://www.freebsd.org/
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[7]:http://www.netbsd.org/
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[8]:http://www.openbsd.org/
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[9]:http://www.dragonflybsd.org/
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[10]:http://opensource.apple.com/
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[11]:http://www.howtogeek.com/189036/android-is-based-on-linux-but-what-does-that-mean/
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[12]:http://www.howtogeek.com/163154/linux-users-have-a-choice-8-linux-desktop-environments/
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[13]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/atzerok/5378691454
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@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
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alim0x translating
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Dpkg Vulnerabilities Closed in Ubuntu 14.04
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================================================================================
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@ -22,4 +24,4 @@ via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Dpkg-Vulnerabilities-Closed-in-Ubuntu-14-04-
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/usn-2242-1/
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[1]:http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/usn-2242-1/
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Open Source LDAP Solutions
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================================================================================
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LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is an application protocol for accessing directory services. It runs on a layer above the TCP/IP stack incorporating simplified encoding methods, and offers a convenient way to connect to, search, and modify Internet directories, specifically X.500-based directory services. It is an open, vendor-neutral, industry standard application protocol. LDAP utilizes a client-server model.
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This protocol is specifically targeted at management applications and browser applications that provide read/write interactive access to directories.
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The main benefit of using an LDAP server is that information for an entire organization can be consolidated into a central repository. LDAP supports Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and Transport Layer Security (TLS), so that sensitive data can be protected. LDAP servers are used for a variety of tasks including, but not limited to, user authentication, machine authentication, user/system groups, asset tracking, organization representation, and application configuration stores.
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To provide an insight into the quality of open source software that is available, we have compiled a list of 5 high quality LDAP solutions.
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Now, let's explore the 5 LDAP solutions at hand. For each title we have compiled its own portal page, a full description with an in-depth analysis of its features, together with links to relevant resources and reviews.
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### LDAP Solutions ###
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- [389 Directory Server][] - Enterprise-class Open Source LDAP server
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- [OpenDJ][2] - Cloud Directory for the API Economy
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- [OpenLDAP][3] - LDAP suite of applications and development tools
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- [freeIPA][4] - Identity/Policy Management
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- [ApacheDS][5] - LDAP and Kerberos server written in Java
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140607022012848/LDAPSolutions.html
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://port389.org/
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[2]:http://opendj.forgerock.org/
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[3]:http://www.openldap.org/
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[4]:http://www.freeipa.org/
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[5]:http://directory.apache.org/apacheds/
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Making Linux Feel at Home
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================================================================================
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**Hiring Tux is a smart move for both small and large businesses. Linux once was considered a hobbyist's operating system, but it has come a long way and now is considered enterprise class. It is considered very stable and secure. Linux can easily be customized, and there is a huge community eager to help out. Those are just some of the reasons to migrate to the Linux desktop.**
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Migrating to a different operating system is never easy. Keeping the Windows opened or not chewing on a MacIntosh can be a frustrating and costly experience. Buying new upgraded hardware to keep up with costly new software releases is often an exercise in futility.
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Running a Linux distribution at home or in a small office environment can be a productive endeavor that brings cost savings and increased efficiency. Adopting a Linux server system instead of playing catch-up with a Microsoft infrastructure is often a smart business move for enterprise environments.
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However, the process of giving up a comfort zone around a familiar operating system often seems more of a challenge than it actually is. Individual users and SMBs can move into the Linux desktop in stages. The software is free, and users already have suitable hardware that can function with both platforms.
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Many larger enterprises already run their own Linux server silos and integrate Linux desktop use where it fits more easily. The growing use of cloud-based software lets office workers use their workstations without realizing any major change occurred.
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"Migrating to Linux is based on the use case. If you are home or are a developer, you are going to want to use all the power available in Linux. That is a no-brainer. There is no one easy way to migrate to another operating system. No one use case fits all. It is dependent on the user base," Mike Vitale, chief technology officer for [TalkPoint][1], told LinuxInsider.
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Working with enterprise clients in SMB environments, Vitale sees a growing movement of individual users and corporate leaders taking advantage of new technologies that draw them toward Linux.
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### Comfort Counts ###
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One of those Linux technologies is the Chrome OS and the low-cost laptop computers now powered by the Linux-based Chrome browser OS.
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For users already familiar with Google's Chrome browser or the open source Chromium browser project, using a Chromebook or cloud-based delivery system makes migrating to Linux an easy walk in the park.
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"One of the issues, regardless of which OS is used, is the browser capabilities. We have found that 85 percent of the time the user is in a browser," Thomas Deng, cofounder and senior vice president of product management for [Splashtop][2], told LinuxInsider.
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There's a growing interest in people adapting to newer technologies with quick learning curves, Deng observed. People use a variety of products. So migrating to an OS that resembles what they use on another device makes for a smoother transition.
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### hrome Craze Caters ###
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Mobile device users both at home and at work are becoming proficient with Linux without knowing it. They move back and forth among several operating systems. With that familiarity comes a comfort zone for open source. Using cross-platform software delivered from a cloud platform is an added migration measure.
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"What Google is doing is really interesting with the office suite. Google is opening the door with its Chrome OS now," said Vitale.
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A good example of opening doors while shutting Windows is how his company uses Chrome-driven tools in-house. For instance, TalkPoint uses the ChromeBox appliance.
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"That is opening the door for multimedia teams and traditional AV users. We are seeing a lot of inroads with that technology," Vitale explained.
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### Tablets Tackle Tradition ###
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Another instance of Linux devices paving the way for desktop OS migration is the popularity of the Android OS. Add to this the Linux distros retooled for smartphones and tablets.
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"As far as migrating people to Linux goes, people are getting more comfortable with the tablet interface, especially with their unhappiness over the Windows 8 interface. Everyone I know is trying to turn it back to Windows 7," said Vitale.
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### Cloud Has Linux Clout ###
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People expect to use their familiar productivity tools like MS Office for word processing. There is less familiarity with open source products on the Windows platform, so integrating open source before starting a move to fully implementing the Linux desktop helps, noted Deng.
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That trend of Windows users not knowing about open source is changing with the popularity of Google Docs and the Google Chrome browser, he pointed out.
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"What is also easing the transition to Linux is the shift to using cloud applications," Deng said. "Educating the user is the most effective way to move users into Linux. The Chromebook is becoming very widely adopted. It is an easy migration path into Linux."
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### Tux the Mighty ###
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Hiring Tux, the Penguin that is the Linux mascot, is a smart move for both small and large businesses. It is a mature, stable and flexible operating system that definitely can do the job, according to Shaun Seller, senior product manager at [Vision Solutions][3].
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"For a small business, running Linux is a compelling alternative to other operating systems and may provide advantages, depending on your business needs," Seller told LinuxInsider.
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It once was considered a hobbyist's operating system. Linux has come a long way and now is considered enterprise class. It is considered very stable and secure. Linux can easily be customized, and there is a huge community eager to help out, he said. Those are just some of the reasons to migrate to the Linux desktop.
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### Good Business Cents ###
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Leveraging more of the community support model can create cost savings, Seller said. Linux is available free with community support or through subscriptions that offer full technical support. Some Linux distributions also come with things like hardware and software certifications, which may be important for some work environments.
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For example, small businesses and larger enterprises can run a distribution such as CentOS or OpenSuse completely or in combination with a subscription-based version from [Red Hat][4] or Suse. Even with a full subscription model, Linux offers a lower total cost of ownership and better return on investment than Windows or traditional Unix, explained Seller.
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"I believe it makes sense for smaller businesses to take a close look at Linux," added Sellers. "Linux has a bright future, as open source software in general is helping drive innovation at a fast pace, with help and collaboration from the community, and companies like IBM and Red Hat."
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### Cozy but Cautious ###
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Operating systems can produce divided loyalties within families and workplaces. Take the case of Walker White, CTO of [BDNA][5]. He uses Linux as a desktop OS at home, but his family is not so enthusiastic about his computing passion.
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"My family members use Mac gear. They blindly follow the marketing ploys and the feature hype without any consideration of performance and such. I am on a personal holy war at home to try slipping more allegiance towards Linux," White told LinuxInsider.
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There are similar allegiance struggles in his company, he said, where the Linux desktop is not yet universally used -- but he is laying the foundation for a wider Linux deployment at work.
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BDNA uses the Google applications internally quite a bit. The company is migrating more and more things to cloud-based offerings. However, that will take more support from ongoing preparations.
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"When I switch over to applications like [OpenOffice][6], that operation has to be really seamless for it to start getting better adoption. From a pure marketing perspective, developers need to change the game a little bit. Apple is winning the hearts and minds of the young kids and the younger generations through their 30s. I see that attitude often at my company," he said.
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### Tux Takes On Apple ###
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Requests for new equipment are very specific to the high-end MacBook Pro, explained White. Even though the tools they mostly are using are based online, workers BDNA want the flashy, highly advertised hardware names.
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To break that view, he has to separate function from OS and hardware. Part of that battle is to insulate the user from the operating system itself. That can happen only when the industry has productivity applications both online and offline, according to While.
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"Even simple things like using file managers need to focus on not the OS but what that OS allows us to do within the apps that we use," he said.
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### Making Comfy Complete ###
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How much should an operating system control the computer user? That question is critical in migrating to Linux, said Whites.
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Consider the growing success of the Chromebook and Android phones and tablets. Do consumers really need to know they are running Linux?
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"I think the key to Linux migration and success of the Linux desktop in the home is tied to how much can we actually do online," White said. "Since I use Linux at home, I see the advantages."
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Whether you start at the consumer level at home or move up to the business user in the home or in a small business setting, it's important that users be comfortable with all of the tools and features they use. That includes things like sharing and creating documents, and everything that goes along with that, he explained.
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### Migrating Measures ###
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As for marketing, software and hardware makers need to put less emphasis on the operating system. For example, Chromebook is gaining acceptance in much the same way as Apple sells the MacBook. Google is not so much hawking a Linux OS as it is selling an appliance, White reasoned.
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"What developers really need to do is change the focus, so users get comfortable with Linux in their homes without dwelling on using a non-Windows or non-Mac operating system. Whatever you use has to be able to do the things you want it to do. Something like Chromebook does that with Linux under the covers," he pointed out.
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Computer makers must first start to break that mold of "it is Windows" or "it is a Mac." Until that happens, migrating to Linux will be a steep climb, White concluded.
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"It is not about branding the OS," he said. "It is about the capabilities of the devices the OS runs."
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxinsider.com/story/80415.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
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|
||||
[1]:http://www.talkpointcommunications.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.splashtop.com/
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[3]:http://www.visionsolutions.com/
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[4]:http://www.redhat.com/
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[5]:http://www.bdna.com/
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[6]:http://www.openoffice.org/
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[7]:
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[8]:
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[9]:
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[10]:
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[11]:
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[12]:
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[13]:
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[14]:
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[15]:
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[16]:
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[17]:
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[18]:
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[19]:
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[20]:
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@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
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Top 7 Desktop Environment For Linux
|
||||
|
||||
translating by wwhio
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Standard Linux circulations regularly default to one of two desktop environments, KDE or GNOME. Both of these give clients an instinctive and attractive desktop, and also offering a verity of media inbuilt softwares, system programs, games, utilities, web development tools, programming tools and so on. These two desktops center all the more on giving clients a cutting edge computing environment with all the accessories emphasized in Windows OS, instead of minimizing the measure of system resources they require.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using Ubuntu (or other) and exhausted of utilizing Unity desktop constantly? At that point, you ought to look at different choices accessible that can swap unity for you. I have gathered 7 desktop environments that are great and you beyond any doubt would need to utilize them once you are finished with this article.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Mate][1] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Mate is a fork of GNOME2. It gives a natural and appealing desktop environment utilizing conventional representations for Linux and other Unix-like working frameworks. MATE is under dynamic improvement to include help for new advances while saving a conventional desktop experience.
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04, surprisingly, permit clients to introduce the MATE desktop straight from the Ubuntu Software Center.
|
||||
|
||||
### [KDE][2] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
KDE is the other significant desktop look, close to Gnome. It is considered to be the flashier and most asset and heavy desktop environment of every one of them. It’s likewise the particular case that looks closest to Windows’ desktop without any extraordinary adjustments or templates. KDE has the most peculiarities, and in addition a huge measure of settings you can change to tweak your experience. There is likewise a considerable measure of topics accessible for KDE, so you can truly profit from KDE’s peculiarities and still have it look the way you need it to.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Cinnamon][3] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Cinnamon is a Gtk+-based environment. It initially began as a fork of the GNOME Shell, which is a client interface, and was at first created by (and for) Linux Mint. Cinnamon is essentially proposed for utilization with a console and a Pointing gadget, in the same way as a mouse; use with a touchscreen is likewise conceivable. Rather than KDE Plasma Workspaces, there is one GUI. Cinnamon 2.0, the current version, was disclosed on 10 October 2013.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Unity][4] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Unity is an interface for the GNOME desktop environment created by Canonical Ltd. for its Ubuntu OS. Unity appeared in the netbook release of Ubuntu 10.10. It was at first intended to make more proficient utilization of space given the constrained screen size of netbooks, including, for instance, a vertical app switcher called launcher, and a vertical space saver multipurpose top menubar. Unity in not a collection of different applications, like GNOME, KDE, Xfce, or LXDE, it is developed to use available utilities.
|
||||
|
||||
### [GNOME Shell][5] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME gives center interface capacities like exchanging windows, launch applications or see your notices. It exploits the capacities of cutting edge graphics hardware and gives attractive, innovative client interface ideas with give a delightful and simple to user experience. GNOME Shell is the defining technology of the GNOME 3 client experience.
|
||||
|
||||
A stable release of GNOME Shell was disclosed as a vital a piece of GNOME on 3 March 2011.
|
||||
|
||||
### [Xfce][6] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Xfce is a lighter desktop environment that is focused around the GTK schema. It looks very like Gnome 2/MATE, however it’s a lighter alternative than those two. It’s additionally much lighter than KDEand Gnome 3, so it’s ideal for low-fueled gadgets or for frameworks whose holders look to achieve greatest execution. It’s not the lightest alternative accessible – continue perusing for that – however Xfce does accomplish an equalization of execution and capacity.
|
||||
|
||||
### [LXDE][7] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
LXDE is ostensibly the lightest alternative accessible for a desktop environment, at least among those that the customary desktop standard. This GTK-based desktop environment replaces the greater part of the default apps with considerably lighter alternatives (think Abiword, Gnumeric, and so on rather than Libreoffice), and it offers no flash visual impacts – nor does it have great feel by and large, without highly weighted tweaks. But, it’s still has a nice looking desktop with full functionality that you ought to consider to use in the event that you need something fast and simple.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://pulpybucket.com/top-7-desktop-environment-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://mate-desktop.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://kde.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://cinnamon.linuxmint.com/
|
||||
[4]:https://unity.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.gnome.org/
|
||||
[6]:http://xfce.org/
|
||||
[7]:http://lxde.org/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
|
||||
Linux 平台七大桌面环境
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
通常的 Linux 发行版上都使用 KDE 或者 GNOME 作为默认的桌面环境。它们都给用户提供了一个易用的并且有吸引力的桌面，并且内置了各式各样的多媒体软件、系统程序、游戏、实用程序、网页开发工具、编程工具等等。这两个桌面致力于提供给用户一个拥有类似于 Windows 操作系统体验的尖端的计算环境，而忽略了最小化它们所占用的系统资源。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你正在使用 Ubuntu (或者其他Linux发行版) 并且疲于始终使用 Unity 桌面，那么你应该看看这些可以替代 Unity 的选择。我收集了 7 种桌面环境。它们都很棒。在你读完这篇文章之后，请试着使用它们吧。
|
||||
|
||||
### [Mate][1] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
MATE 是 GNOME2 的一个分支。它提供了一个自然且吸引人的桌面环境。它是 Linux 和其他 Unix-like 工作环境中的传统工作框架的代表。MATE 正在改善以使用新的技术来保留传统的桌面体验。
|
||||
|
||||
在 Ubuntu 14.04 中，可以直接从 Ubuntu 软件中心获取 MATE 桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
### [KDE][2] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
KDE 是一个类似于 GNOME 一样的重量级桌面环境。它在本文章所提及的7种桌面环境中被认为是最华丽最重量级的一个。它同样是一个类似于 Windows 的桌面，在这一点上没有什么特殊的变化。不过 KDE 非常有特点，但是随之而来的是大量的设置来提升你的桌面体验。同样的，有很多关于 KDE 的话题。所以真的可以从 KDE 的特点中获益，并且保持你所想的外观。
|
||||
|
||||
### [Cinnamon][3] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Cinnamon 是一个基于 Gtk+ 的环境。它最初作为 GNOME Shell 的一个用户界面分支，由 Linux Mint 创造。 Cinnamon 本质上是为了推行使用终端和定点装置。无论是使用鼠标，还是使用触摸屏都可以获得同样便捷的操作。不像 KDE Plasma 工作空间， 只有一种 GUI。 当前版本—— Cinnamon 2.0 展示于2013年10月10日。
|
||||
|
||||
### [Unity][4] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Unity 是 GNOME 桌面环境的一个界面，由 Canonical 公司创建，使用于 Ubuntu 系统中。Unity 最初现身于 Ubuntu 10.10 的上网本版本中。它起初打算充分利用上网本的屏幕空间，例如一个被称为启动器的垂直应用切换器（a vertical app switcher called launcher）和一个节省垂直空间的多功能顶部菜单栏。Unity 不像 GNOME , KDE, Xfce 或者 LXDE 是许多软件的合集，它是作为使用实用程序而开发的（it is developed to use available utilities）。
|
||||
|
||||
### [GNOME Shell][5] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 提供了桌面核心接口例如交换窗口，启动应用程序以及显示提示。它利用先进图形硬件来实现吸引人的，创新的界面思想，提供了愉悦简单的用户体验。GNOME Shell 定义了 GNOME 3 的客户体验。
|
||||
|
||||
作为 GNOME 的一个重要组成部分， GNOME Shell 的稳定版本首次发布于 2011年3月3日。
|
||||
|
||||
### [Xfce][6] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Xfce 是一个轻量级的桌面环境，围绕 GTK 框架实现。他看起来很像 Gnome 2 或者 MATE，然而 Xfce 是它们的轻量级替代品。相较于 KDE 和 GNOME 3 而言，Xfce 非常轻量级，所以它是运行小工具或者那些希望实现最大执行效率的框架的理想环境。它还不是可以获得的最轻量级的选择 - 请继续往下看 - 然而，Xfce 的确完成了执行效率和功能的平衡。
|
||||
|
||||
### [LXDE][7] ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
LXDE 显然是桌面环境中最轻量级的选择，至少在消费级的桌面标准中是这样。这个基于 GTK 的桌面环境使用了很多轻量级的选择替代了默认的应用（例如 Abiword, Gnumeric, 而不是 LibreOffice）。它提供了无闪烁的视觉冲击 - 总体感觉也没有很不错，没有复杂的设置。但是，LXDE 仍然提供了漂亮的桌面和完整的功能。当你需要快速简洁时，它就是你需要的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://pulpybucket.com/top-7-desktop-environment-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[wwhio](https://github.com/wwhio) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://mate-desktop.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://kde.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://cinnamon.linuxmint.com/
|
||||
[4]:https://unity.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.gnome.org/
|
||||
[6]:http://xfce.org/
|
||||
[7]:http://lxde.org/
|
||||
@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
|
||||
HTG 解释:Linux 与 BSD 有什么不同?
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux和BSD都是免费的，开源的，类Unix系统。他们甚至使用很多相同的软件。他们看上去简直就像是一个操作系统，那么，不同点真的不存在吗？
|
||||
|
||||
其实，两者之间的不同，远远超出了我们将提到的这些，尤其是在构建完整操作系统和许可授予的哲学思想上，更是相差深远。尽管这只能帮助你简单的理解他们的不同。
|
||||
|
||||
### 基础 ###
|
||||
[许多人所称的“Linux”实际上不是Linux ] [1]。Linux从技术上说只是Linux内核，典型的Linux分支则包括了Linux内核，还有许多软件。这是[为什么Linux有时被称为GNU/Linux][2]。事实上，许多同样的软件在Linux上使用BSD相同的软件。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux和BSD 都是类UNIX操作系统。我们可以通过阅读[类UNIX操作系统历史][3]发现Linux和BSD有不同的谱系。Linux是由Linus Torvalds在芬兰上大学的时候开发的。BSD则代表“伯克利软件套件”。因为这是在1977至1995年间由加州大学伯克利分校开发和发布的。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 内核 vs. 完整操作系统 ###
|
||||
Linux 是只是一个内核。[Linux 发行版][4] 所要做的工作汇集了创建一个完整的 Linux 操作系统所需的所有软件，将它组合到一个 Linux 内核上，像 Ubuntu，Mint，Debian、 Red 或者是 Arch。当然还有许多不同的 Linux 发行版。
|
||||
|
||||
与此相反的是，Bsd 是一个内核和操作系统。例如，FreeBSD 提供了 FreeBSD 内核和 FreeBSD 操作系统。它是作为一个单一的项目维护的。换句话说，如果你想要安装 FreeBSD，你只需安装 FreeBSD。如果你想要安装 Linux，你需要首先在许多 Linux 发行版之间选择。
|
||||
|
||||
BSDs include the ports system. which provides a way of installing software packages. The ports system contains software in source form, so your computer has to compile them before they’ll run. (If you ever used Gentoo when it was popular, it’s a bit like that.) However, packages can also be installed in pre-installed binary form so you don’t have to spend time and system resources compiling them.
|
||||
|
||||
Bsd 包括Ports体系。提供了一种安装软件包的方式。Ports体系包含以源代码形式发布软件，所以您的计算机如果想安装，则需要先编译他们。（如果您曾经使用过 Gentoo，它就是那样的。然而，包也可以是预安装的二进制形式，所以你不需要花时间和系统资源编译他们就能运行。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 授权 ###
|
||||
|
||||
授权是显著的差异，虽然它不会对大多数人产生影响。Linux 使用 GNU 通用公共许可证或 GPL。如果你修改 Linux 内核，并将其分发，你必须释放您的修改的源代码。
|
||||
|
||||
Bsd 使用 BSD 许可证。如果你修改的 BSD 内核，你不需要发布其源代码。你可以自由地编写任何你喜欢的 BSD 代码，你不是有义务发布的源代码，虽然你可以这样做如果你喜欢。
|
||||
|
||||
两者都是 [开放源码] [5]，但以不同的方式。人们有时会陷入关于哪种许可是"更自由"的辩论。GPL 可以帮助用户通过确保他们可以有 GPL 软件的源代码，但它通过迫使他们开放代码来限制开发人员。BSD 许可证并不能确保用户可以拥有有源代码，但它给开发人员选择是否公布代码的权利，即使他们想要把它变成一个闭源项目。
|
||||
|
||||
### 有关BSDs ###
|
||||
|
||||
这些都是通常被认为是"主要"BSD的三个操作系统：
|
||||
|
||||
- [FreeBSD][6]: FreeBSD 是最受欢迎的 BSD，针对高性能和易用性。它支持英特尔和 AMD 32 位和 64 位处理器。
|
||||
- [NetBSD][7]: NetBSD 设计运行在几乎任何架构上，支持更多的体系结构。在他们的主页上的格言是"Of course it runs NetBSD"。
|
||||
- [OpenBSD][8]:OpenBSD 为安全性设计的 —— 不仅仅因为它的功能，还包括他执行的方法。它是为银行和其他重要机构的关键系统设计的。
|
||||
|
||||
有两个其他的 BSD 操作系统：
|
||||
|
||||
- [DragonFly BSD][9]: DragonFly BSD 的设计目标是提供一个运行在多线程环境中的操作系统 — 例如，计算机集群。
|
||||
- [Darwin / Mac OS X][10]: Mac OS X 实际上基于Darwin操作系统，Darwin系统基于 BSD。它与其他的 Bsd 有点不同。虽然底层内核和其他的软件是开源代码(BSD 代码)，但操作系统的大部分是闭源代码(Mac OS 代码)。苹果内置 Mac OS X 和 iOS 基于BSD，这样他们就不必写操作系统底层，就像 [谷歌 android 系统在 Linux 上] [11]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 你为什么会选择 BSD 而不是 Linux？###
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 仍然比 FreeBSD 更受欢迎。Linux 往往会在FreeBSD之前提供新硬件的支持，例如，BSD可以提供兼容包，使之能像大多数的其他软件一样执行Linux的二进制程序。
|
||||
|
||||
如果您使用过 Linux和FreeBSD，你也不会发现有所不同。安装 FreeBSD 作为桌面操作系统，你也可以使用相同的 GNOME，KDE 或 Xfce [桌面环境] [12] 你也会在BSD上使用 Linux 上的其他软件。有一点需要注意，FreeBSD 不会自动安装的图形化桌面，所以你要花相对于Linux更多的心思来照顾你的BSD。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你是一个桌面的 PC 用户，你真的不需要太过在意 Bsd。你可能会喜欢 Linux，因为它具有更高级的硬件支持，更容易安装，具有现代操作系统的特点。如果你聚集服务器或设计嵌入式的设备，你可能会喜欢 FreeBSD。
|
||||
|
||||
我们可能会听到在桌面电脑上使用FreeBSD的人发表的评论，你当然也可能是其中之一！但像Ubuntu或Mint一样的开源操作系统将会变得更加用户友好。
|
||||
|
||||
图片来源: [atzerok on Flickr][13]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.howtogeek.com/190773/htg-explains-whats-the-difference-between-linux-and-bsd/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/177213/linux-isnt-just-linux-8-pieces-of-software-that-make-up-linux-systems/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/139287/the-great-debate-is-it-linux-or-gnulinux/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/182649/htg-explains-what-is-unix/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.howtogeek.com/132624/htg-explains-whats-a-linux-distro-and-how-are-they-different/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.howtogeek.com/129967/htg-explains-what-is-open-source-software-and-why-you-should-care/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.freebsd.org/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.netbsd.org/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.openbsd.org/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.dragonflybsd.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://opensource.apple.com/
|
||||
[11]:http://www.howtogeek.com/189036/android-is-based-on-linux-but-what-does-that-mean/
|
||||
[12]:http://www.howtogeek.com/163154/linux-users-have-a-choice-8-linux-desktop-environments/
|
||||
[13]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/atzerok/5378691454
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user