document/TranslateProject
2
0
Fork 0
mirror of https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git synced 2025-02-25 00:50:15 +08:00
Code Issues Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity

Merge pull request #2 from LCTT/master

Browse Source 
Update
This commit is contained in:
zianglei 2019-07-15 18:54:56 +08:00 committed by GitHub
commit c94027d368
No known key found for this signature in database
GPG Key ID: 4AEE18F83AFDEB23
13 changed files with 717 additions and 560 deletions
Show Stats Download Patch File Download Diff File Expand all files Collapse all files

214
published/20190607 4 tools to help you drive Kubernetes.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (wxy)
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11101-1.html)
[#]: subject: (4 tools to help you drive Kubernetes)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/tools-drive-kubernetes)
[#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux)
帮助你驾驭 Kubernetes 的 4 个工具
======
> 学习如何驾驭 Kubernetes 比如何建造它更重要，这些工具可以帮助你更快上路。
![Tools in a workshop][1]
在本系列的第三篇文章中，[Kubernetes 基础：首先学习如何使用][2]，我强调你应该学会使用 Kubernetes，而不是建造它。我还解释说，在 Kubernetes 中，你必须学习最小的一组原语来建模应用程序。我想强调这一点：你需要学习的这组原语是最简单的原语集，你可以通过它们学习如何实现生产级的应用程序部署（即高可用性 [HA]、多容器、多应用程序）。换句话说，学习 Kubernetes 内置的原语集比学习集群软件、集群文件系统、负载平衡器、让人发疯的 Apache 和 Nginx 的配置、路由器、交换机、防火墙和存储后端更容易 —— 这些是你在传统的 IT 环境（虚拟机或裸机）中建模简单的 HA 应用程序所需要的东西。
在这第四篇文章中，我将分享一些有助于你学习快速驾驭 Kubernetes 的工具。
### 1、Katacoda
无疑，[Katacoda][3] 是试驾 Kubernetes 集群的最简单方法。只需单击一下，五秒钟后就可以将基于 Web 的终端直接连接到正在运行的 Kubernetes 集群中。这对于使用和学习来说非常棒。我甚至将它用于演示和测试新想法。Katacoda 提供了一个完整的临时环境，在你使用完毕后可以回收利用。
![OpenShift Playground][4]
*[OpenShift Playground][5]*
![Kubernetes Playground][6]
*[Kubernetes Playground][7]*
Katacoda 提供了一个临时的环境和更深入的实验室环境。例如，我最近三四年主讲的 [Linux Container Internals Lab][3] 是在 Katacoda 中构建的。
Katacoda 在其主站点上维护了若干 [Kubernetes 和云教程][8]并与 Red Hat 合作以支持了一个 [OpenShift 的专用学习门户][9]。了解一下，它们是极好的学习资源。
当你第一次学习驾驶翻斗车时，最好先观察一下其他人的驾驶方式。
### 2、Podman generate kube
`podman generate kube` 命令是一个很棒的子命令，可以帮助用户自然地从运行简单容器的简单容器引擎转换到运行许多容器的集群用例（正如我在[上篇文章][2]中所描述的那样）。[Podman][10] 通过让你启动一个新的容器，然后导出这个可工作的 Kube YAML，并在 Kubernetes 中启动它来实现这一点。看看这个（你可以在 [Katacoda lab][3] 中运行它，它已经有了 Podman 和 OpenShift）。
首先，请注意运行容器的语法与 Docker 非常相似：
```
podman run -dtn two-pizza quay.io/fatherlinux/two-pizza
```
不过这个是其它容器引擎所没有的：
```
podman generate kube two-pizza
```
输出：
```
# Generation of Kubernetes YAML is still under development!
#
# Save the output of this file and use kubectl create -f to import
# it into Kubernetes.
#
# Created with podman-1.3.1
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2019-06-07T08:08:12Z"
labels:
app: two-pizza
name: two-pizza
spec:
containers:
- command:
- /bin/sh
- -c
- bash -c 'while true; do /usr/bin/nc -l -p 3306 < /srv/hello.txt; done'
env:
- name: PATH
value: /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
- name: TERM
value: xterm
- name: HOSTNAME
- name: container
value: oci
image: quay.io/fatherlinux/two-pizza:latest
name: two-pizza
resources: {}
securityContext:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: true
capabilities: {}
privileged: false
readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
tty: true
workingDir: /
status: {}
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2019-06-07T08:08:12Z"
labels:
app: two-pizza
name: two-pizza
spec:
selector:
app: two-pizza
type: NodePort
status:
loadBalancer: {}
```
你现在有了一些可以的工作 Kubernetes YAML，你可以用它作为练习的起点来学习、调整等等。`-s` 标志可以为你创造一项服务。[Brent Baude][11] 甚至致力于[添加卷/持久卷断言][12]等新功能。如果想进一步深入，请在 Brent 的博客文章《[Podman 现在可以轻松过渡到 Kubernetes 和 CRI-O][13]》中了解他的工作。
### 3、oc new-app
`oc new-app` 命令非常强大。它是特定于 OpenShift 的，所以它在默认的 Kubernetes 中不可用，但是当你开始学习 Kubernetes 时它非常有用。让我们从快速命令开始创建一个相当复杂的应用程序：
```
oc new-project -n example
oc new-app -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openshift/origin/master/examples/quickstarts/cakephp-mysql.json
```
使用 `oc new-app`，你可以从 OpenShift 开发人员那里偷取模板，并在开发原语来描述你自己的应用程序时拥有一个已知良好的起点。运行上述命令后，你的 Kubernetes 命名空间（在 OpenShift 中）将由若干新的已定义资源填充。
```
oc get all
```
输出：
```
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pod/cakephp-mysql-example-1-build 0/1 Completed 0 4m
pod/cakephp-mysql-example-1-gz65l 1/1 Running 0 1m
pod/mysql-1-nkhqn 1/1 Running 0 4m
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
replicationcontroller/cakephp-mysql-example-1 1 1 1 1m
replicationcontroller/mysql-1 1 1 1 4m
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
service/cakephp-mysql-example ClusterIP 172.30.234.135 <none> 8080/TCP 4m
service/mysql ClusterIP 172.30.13.195 <none> 3306/TCP 4m
NAME REVISION DESIRED CURRENT TRIGGERED BY
deploymentconfig.apps.openshift.io/cakephp-mysql-example 1 1 1 config,image(cakephp-mysql-example:latest)
deploymentconfig.apps.openshift.io/mysql 1 1 1 config,image(mysql:5.7)
NAME TYPE FROM LATEST
buildconfig.build.openshift.io/cakephp-mysql-example Source Git 1
NAME TYPE FROM STATUS STARTED DURATION
build.build.openshift.io/cakephp-mysql-example-1 Source Git@47a951e Complete 4 minutes ago 2m27s
NAME DOCKER REPO TAGS UPDATED
imagestream.image.openshift.io/cakephp-mysql-example docker-registry.default.svc:5000/example/cakephp-mysql-example latest About aminute ago
NAME HOST/PORT PATH SERVICES PORT TERMINATION WILDCARD
route.route.openshift.io/cakephp-mysql-example cakephp-mysql-example-example.2886795271-80-rhsummit1.environments.katacoda.com cakephp-mysql-example <all> None
```
这样做的好处是你可以删除 Pod，观察复制控制器如何重新创建它们，缩放 Pod 等等。你可以使用模板并将其更改为其他应用程序（这是我第一次启动时所做的）。
### 4、Visual Studio Code
我把我最喜欢的放在最后。我的大部分工作都使用 [vi][14]，但我从来没有为 Kubernetes 找到一个好的语法高亮器和代码补完插件（如果有的话，请告诉我）。相反，我发现微软的 [VS Code][15] 有一套杀手级的插件，可以完成 Kubernetes 资源的创建并提供样板。
![VS Code plugins UI][16]
首先，安装上图中显示的 Kubernetes 和 YAML 插件。
![Autocomplete in VS Code][17]
然后，你可以从头开始创建新的 YAML 文件，并自动补完 Kubernetes 资源。上面的示例显示了一个服务。
![VS Code autocomplete filling in boilerplate for an object][18]
当你使用自动补完并选择服务资源时，它会填充该对象的一些模板。当你第一次学习使用 Kubernetes 时，这非常棒。你可以构建 Pod、服务、复制控制器、部署等。当你从头开始构建这些文件甚至修改你使用 `podman generate kube` 创建的文件时，这是一个非常好的功能。
### 总结
这四个工具（如果算上两个插件，则为六个）将帮助你学习驾驭 Kubernetes，而不是构造或装备它。在本系列的最后一篇文章中，我将讨论为什么 Kubernetes 如此适合运行这么多不同的工作负载。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/tools-drive-kubernetes
作者：[Scott McCarty][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/tools_workshop_blue_mechanic.jpg?itok=4YXkCU-J (Tools in a workshop)
[2]: https://linux.cn/article-11036-1.html
[3]: https://learn.openshift.com/subsystems/container-internals-lab-2-0-part-1
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/openshift-playground.png (OpenShift Playground)
[5]: https://learn.openshift.com/playgrounds/openshift311/
[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kubernetes-playground.png (Kubernetes Playground)
[7]: https://katacoda.com/courses/kubernetes/playground
[8]: https://katacoda.com/learn
[9]: http://learn.openshift.com/
[10]: https://podman.io/
[11]: https://developers.redhat.com/blog/author/bbaude/
[12]: https://github.com/containers/libpod/issues/2303
[13]: https://developers.redhat.com/blog/2019/01/29/podman-kubernetes-yaml/
[14]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi
[15]: https://code.visualstudio.com/
[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/vscode_-_kubernetes_red_hat_-_plugins.png (VS Code plugins UI)
[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/vscode_-_kubernetes_service_-_autocomplete.png (Autocomplete in VS Code)
[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/vscode_-_kubernetes_service_-_boiler_plate.png (VS Code autocomplete filling in boilerplate for an object)

180
published/20190709 Pipx - Install And Run Python Applications In Isolated Environments.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11104-1.html)
[#]: subject: (Pipx – Install And Run Python Applications In Isolated Environments)
[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/pipx-install-and-run-python-applications-in-isolated-environments/)
[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/)
Pipx：在隔离环境中安装和运行 Python 应用
======
![][1]
我们始终建议在虚拟环境中安装 Python 应用以避免彼此冲突。Pip 包管理器可以帮助我们在隔离的环境中安装 Python 应用，我们使用两个工具，即 `venv` 和 `virtualenv`。还有一个 Python.org 推荐的名为 [Pipenv][2] 的 Python 包管理器也可以用来安装 Python 应用。与 Pip 不同，Pipenv 默认会自动创建虚拟环境。这意味着你不再需要为项目手动创建虚拟环境。今天，我偶然发现了一个名为 “Pipx” 的类似工具，它是一个自由开源程序，允许你在隔离的虚拟环境中安装和运行 Python 应用。
使用 Pipx，我们可以轻松安装 PyPI 中托管的数千个 Python 应用，而不会有太多麻烦。好的是，你可以使用常规用户权限执行所有操作。你不需要成为 “root” 用户或不需要具有 “sudo” 权限。值得一提的是，Pipx 可以从临时环境运行程序，而无需安装它。当你经常测试同一程序的多个版本时，这将非常方便。随 Pipx 一起安装的软件包可以随时列出、升级或卸载。Pipx 是一个跨平台的程序，因此它可以在 Linux、Mac OS 和 Windows 上运行。
### 安装 Pipx
Python 3.6+ 、Pip 和 `venv` 模块是安装 `pipx` 所必需的。确保按照以下指南中的说明安装它们。
* [如何使用 Pip 管理 Python 包][3]
此处，需要 `venv` 来创建虚拟环境。
接下来，运行以下命令安装 Pipx。
```
$ python3 -m pip install --user pipx
$ python3 -m userpath append ~/.local/bin
```
`pipx` 二进制文件的默认位置是 `~/.local/bin`。你可以使用 `PIPX_BIN_DIR` 环境变量覆盖它。如果要覆盖 `PIPX_BIN_DIR`，只需运行 `userpath append $PIPX_BIN_DIR`，确保它在你的路径中。
Pipx 的默认虚拟环境位置是 `~/.local/pipx`。这可以用环境变量 `PIPX_HOME` 覆盖。
让我们继续看看如何使用 Pipx 安装 Python 应用。
### 使用 Pipx 在隔离环境中安装和运行 Python 应用
以下是 Pipx 入门的几个例子
#### 安装 Python 包
要全局安装 Python 应用，例如 cowsay，请运行：
```
$ pipx install cowsay
```
此命令将自动创建虚拟环境，在其中安装包并包的可执行文件放在 `$PATH` 中。
示例输出：
```
installed package cowsay 2.0.3, Python 3.6.8
These binaries are now globally available
- cowsay
done! ✨ 🌟 ✨
```
![1][4]
*使用 Pipx 安装 Python 应用*
让我们测试新安装的 cowsay 程序：
![1][5]
在这里，我从官方网站上摘取了这些例子。你可以安装/测试任何其他的 Python 包。
#### 列出 Python 包
要使用 Pipx 列出所有已安装的应用，请运行：
```
$ pipx list
```
示例输出：
```
venvs are in /home/sk/.local/pipx/venvs
binaries are exposed on your $PATH at /home/sk/.local/bin
package cowsay 2.0.3, Python 3.6.8
- cowsay
```
如果你尚未安装任何软件包，你将看到以下输出：
```
nothing has been installed with pipx 😴
```
#### 升级包
要升级包，只需执行以下操作：
```
$ pipx upgrade cowsay
```
要一次性升级所有已安装的软件包，请使用：
```
$ pipx upgrade-all
```
#### 从临时虚拟环境运行应用
有时，你可能希望运行特定的 Python 程序，但并不实际安装它。
```
$ pipx run pycowsay moooo
```
![1][6]
*在临时隔离虚拟环境中运行 Python 应用*
此命令实际上并不安装指定程序，而是从临时虚拟环境运行它。你可以使用此命令快速测试 Python 应用。
你甚至可以直接运行 .py 文件。
```
$ pipx run https://gist.githubusercontent.com/cs01/fa721a17a326e551ede048c5088f9e0f/raw/6bdfbb6e9c1132b1c38fdd2f195d4a24c540c324/pipx-demo.py
pipx is working!
```
#### 卸载软件包
可以使用以下命令卸载软件包：
```
$ pipx uninstall cowsay
```
要删除所有已安装的包：
```
$ pipx uninstall-all
```
#### 获得帮助
要查看帮助部分，请运行：
```
$ pipx --help
```
就是这些了。如果你一直在寻找安全，方便和可靠的程序来安装和运行 Python 应用，Pipx 可能是一个不错的选择。
资源：
* [Pipx 的 GitHub 仓库][7]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.ostechnix.com/pipx-install-and-run-python-applications-in-isolated-environments/
作者：[sk][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/pipx-720x340.png
[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/pipenv-officially-recommended-python-packaging-tool/
[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/manage-python-packages-using-pip/
[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Install-Python-Applications-Using-Pipx.png
[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Test-Python-application.png
[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Run-Python-Applications-In-Isolated-Environments.png
[7]: https://github.com/pipxproject/pipx

82
published/20191110 What is DevSecOps.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (PandaWizard)
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11102-1.html)
[#]: subject: (What is DevSecOps?)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/1/what-devsecops)
[#]: author: (Brett Hunoldt https://opensource.com/users/bretthunoldtcom)
什么是 DevSecOps？
======
> DevSecOps 的实践之旅开始于 DevSecOps 增权、赋能和培养。下面就介绍如何开始学习使用 DevSecOps。
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/devop.png?itok=Yicb2nnZ)
> Stephen Streichsbier 说过： DevSecOps 使得组织可以用 DevOps 的速度发布内在安全的软件。
DevSecOps 是一场关于 DevOps 概念实践或艺术形式的变革。为了更好理解 DevSecOps，你应该首先理解 DevOps 的含义。
DevOps 起源于通过合并开发和运维实践，消除隔离，统一关注点，提升团队和产品的效率和性能。它是一种注重于构建容易维护和易于平常自动运营的产品和服务的新型协作方式。
安全在很多团队中都是常见的隔离点。安全的核心关注点是保护团队，而有时这也意味着创建延缓新服务或是新产品发布的障碍或策略，用于保障任何事都能被很好的理解和安全的执行，并且没有给团队带来不必要的风险。
因为安全隔离点方面的明显特征和它可能带来的摩擦，开发和运维有时会避开安全要求以满足客观情况。在一些公司，这种隔离形成了一种产品安全完全是安全团队责任的期望，并取决于安全团队去寻找产品的安全缺陷或是可能带来的问题。
DevSecOps 看起来是通过给开发或是运维角色加强或是建立安全意识，或是在产品团队中引入一个安全工程师角色，在产品设计中找到安全问题，从而把安全要求汇聚在 Devops 中。
这样使得公司能更快发布和更新产品，并且充分相信安全已经嵌入产品中。
### 坚固的软件哪里适用 DevSecOps？
建造坚固的软件是 DevOps 文化的一个层面而不是一个特别的实践，它完善和增强了 DevSecOps 实践。想想一款坚固的软件就像是某些经历过残酷战斗过程的事物。
有必要指出坚固的软件并不是 100% 安全可靠的（虽然它可能最终是在某些方面）。然而，它被设计成可以处理大部分被抛过来的问题。
践行坚固软件最重要的原则是促进竞争、实践、可控的失败与合作。
### 你该如何开始学习 DevSecOps ？
开始实践 DevSecOps 涉及提升安全需求和在开发过程中尽可能早的阶段进行实践。它最终在公司文化上提升了安全的重要性，使得安全成为所有人的责任，而并不只是安全团队的责任。
你可能在团队中听说过“<ruby>左上升<rt>shift left</rt></ruby>”这个词，如果你把开发周期线扁平化到一条横线上，以包括产品变革的的关键时期：从初始化到设计、建造、测试以及最终的运行，安全的目的就是尽早的参与进来。这使得风险可以在设计中能更好的评估、交流和减轻。“左提升”的含义是指促使安全能在开发周期线上更往左走。
这个过程始于三个关键要素：
* <ruby>增权<rt>empowerment</rt></ruby>
* <ruby>赋能<rt>enablement</rt></ruby>
* <ruby>培养<rt>education</rt></ruby>
增权，在我看来，是关于释放控制权以及使得团队（在理性分析下）做出独立决定而不用害怕失败或影响。这个过程的唯一告诫信息就是要严格的做出明智的决定（不要比这更低要求）。
为了实现增权，商务和行政支持（通过内部销售、展示来建立，通过建立矩阵来展示这项投资的回报）是打破历史障碍和割裂的团队的关键。合并安全人员到开发和运维团队中，提升交流和透明度有助于开始 DevSecOps 之旅。
这个整合和移动使得团队只关注单一的结果：打造一个他们共同负责的产品，让开发和安全人员相互依赖合作。这将引领你们共同走向增权。这是产品研发团队的共同责任，并保证每个可分割的产品都保持其安全性。
赋能涉及正确的使用掌握在团队手中的工具和资源。这是建立一种通过论坛、维基、信息聚合的知识分享文化。
打造一种注重自动化、重复任务应该编码来尽可能减少以后的操作并增强安全性的理念。这种场景不仅仅是提供知识，而是让这种知识能够通过多种渠道和媒介（通过某些工具）可获取，以便它可以被团队或是个人以他喜欢的方式去消化和分享。当团队成员正在编码时一种媒介可能工作的很好，而当他们在进行中时另一种可能更好。让工具简单可用，让团队用上它们。
不同的 DevSecOps 团队有不同的喜好，因此允许他们尽可能的保持独立。这是一个微妙的平衡工作，因为你确实希望实现规模经济和产品间共享的能力。在选择中协作和参与，并更新工具方法有助于减少使用中的障碍。
最后，也可能是最重要的，DevSecOps 是有关训练和兴趣打造。聚会、社交或是组织中通常的报告会都是让同事们教学和分享他们的知识的很棒的方式。有时，这些会突出其他人可能没有考虑过的共同挑战、顾虑或风险。分享和教学也是一种高效的学习和指导团队的方法。
在我个人经验中，每个团队的文化都是独一无二的，因此你不能用一种“普适”的方法。走进你的团队并找到他们想要使用的工具方法。尝试不同的论坛和聚会并找出最适用于你们文化的方式。寻找反馈并询问团队如何工作，他们喜欢什么以及对应的原因。适应和学习，保持乐观，不要停止尝试，你们将会有所收获。
- [下载 DevSecOps 的入门手册][1]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/what-devsecops
作者：[Brett Hunoldt][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[PandaWizard](https://github.com/PandaWizard)
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bretthunoldtcom
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/downloads/devsecops

69
sources/talk/20190211 Introducing kids to computational thinking with Python.md
View File

@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (WangYueScream )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Introducing kids to computational thinking with Python)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/2/break-down-stereotypes-python)
[#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins)
Introducing kids to computational thinking with Python
======
Coding program gives low-income students the skills, confidence, and knowledge to break free from economic and societal disadvantages.
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/idea_innovation_kid_education.png?itok=3lRp6gFa)
When the [Parkman Branch][1] of the Detroit Public Library was flooded with bored children taking up all the computers during summer break, the library saw it not as a problem, rather an opportunity. They started a coding club, the [Parkman Coders][2], led by [Qumisha Goss][3], a librarian who is leveraging the power of Python to introduce disadvantaged children to computational thinking.
When she started the Parkman Coders program about four years ago, "Q" (as she is known) didn't know much about coding. Since then, she's become a specialist in library instruction and technology and a certified Raspberry Pi instructor.
The program began by using [Scratch][4], but the students got bored with the block coding interface, which they regarded as "baby stuff." She says, "I knew we need to make a change to something that was still beginner friendly, but that would be more challenging for them to continue to hold their attention." At this point, she started teaching them Python.
Q first saw Python while playing a game with dungeons and skeleton monsters on [Code.org][5]. She began to learn Python by reading books like [Python Programming: An Introduction to Computer Science][6] and [Python for Kids][7]. She also recommends [Automate the Boring Stuff with Python][8] and [Lauren Ipsum: A Story about Computer Science and Other Improbable Things][9].
### Setting up a Raspberry Pi makerspace
Q decided to use [Raspberry Pi][10] computers to avoid the possibility that the students might be able to hack into the library system's computers, which weren't arranged in a way conducive to a makerspace anyway. The Pi's affordability, plus its flexibility and the included free software, lent more credibility to her decision.
While the coder program was the library's effort keep the peace and create a learning space that would engage the children, it quickly grew so popular that it ran out of space, computers, and adequate electrical outlets in a building built in 1921. They started with 10 Raspberry Pi computers shared among 20 children, but the library obtained funding from individuals, companies including Microsoft, the 4H, and the Detroit Public Library Foundation to get more equipment and expand the program.
Currently, about 40 children participate in each session and they have enough Raspberry Pi's for one device per child and some to give away. Many of the Parkman Coders come from low socio-economic backgrounds and don't have a computer at home, so the library provides them with donated Chromebooks.
Q says, "when kids demonstrate that they have a good understanding of how to use a Raspberry Pi or a [Microbit][11] and have been coming to programs regularly, we give them equipment to take home with them. This process is very challenging, however, because [they may not] have internet access at home [or] all the peripheral things they need like monitors, keyboards, and mice."
### Learning life skills and breaking stereotypes with Python
Q says, "I believe that the mainstays of learning computer science are learning critical thinking and problem-solving skills. My hope is that these lessons will stay with the kids as they grow and pursue futures in whatever field they choose. In addition, I'm hoping to inspire some pride in creatorship. It's a very powerful feeling to know 'I made this thing,' and once they've had these successes early, I hope they will approach new challenges with zeal."
She also says, "in learning to program, you have to learn to be hyper-vigilant about spelling and capitalization, and for some of our kids, reading is an issue. To make sure that the program is inclusive, we spell aloud during our lessons, and we encourage kids to speak up if they don't know a word or can't spell it correctly."
Q also tries to give extra attention to children who need it. She says, "if I recognize that someone has a more severe problem, we try to get them paired with a tutor at our library outside of program time, but still allow them to come to the program. We want to help them without discouraging them from participating."
Most importantly, the Parkman Coders program seeks to help every child realize that each has a unique skill set and abilities. Most of the children are African-American and half are girls. Q says, "we live in a world where we grow up with societal stigmas that frequently limit our own belief of what we can accomplish." She believes that children need a nonjudgmental space where "they can try new things, mess up, and discover."
The environment Q and the Parkman Coders program creates helps the participants break away from economic and societal disadvantages. She says that the secret sauce is to "make sure you have a welcoming space so anyone can come and that your space is forgiving and understanding. Let people come as they are, and be prepared to teach and to learn; when people feel comfortable and engaged, they want to stay."
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/break-down-stereotypes-python
作者：[Don Watkins][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://detroitpubliclibrary.org/locations/parkman
[2]: https://www.dplfound.org/single-post/2016/05/15/Parkman-Branch-Coders
[3]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/qumisha-goss-b3bb5470
[4]: https://scratch.mit.edu/
[5]: http://Code.org
[6]: https://www.amazon.com/Python-Programming-Introduction-Computer-Science/dp/1887902996
[7]: https://nostarch.com/pythonforkids
[8]: https://automatetheboringstuff.com/
[9]: https://nostarch.com/laurenipsum
[10]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/
[11]: https://microbit.org/guide/

219
sources/tech/20190607 4 tools to help you drive Kubernetes.md
View File

@ -1,219 +0,0 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (4 tools to help you drive Kubernetes)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/6/tools-drive-kubernetes)
[#]: author: (Scott McCarty https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux)
4 tools to help you drive Kubernetes
======
Learning to drive Kubernetes is more important that knowing how to build
it, and these tools will get you on the road fast.
![Tools in a workshop][1]
In the third article in this series, _[Kubernetes basics: Learn how to drive first][2]_ , I emphasized that you should learn to drive Kubernetes, not build it. I also explained that there is a minimum set of primitives that you have to learn to model an application in Kubernetes. I want to emphasize this point: the set of primitives that you _need_ to learn are the easiest set of primitives that you _can_ learn to achieve production-quality application deployments (i.e., high-availability [HA], multiple containers, multiple applications). Stated another way, learning the set of primitives built into Kubernetes is easier than learning clustering software, clustered file systems, load balancers, crazy Apache configs, crazy Nginx configs, routers, switches, firewalls, and storage backends—all the things you would need to model a simple HA application in a traditional IT environment (for virtual machines or bare metal).
In this fourth article, I'll share some tools that will help you learn to drive Kubernetes quickly.
### 1\. Katacoda
[Katacoda][3] is the easiest way to test-drive a Kubernetes cluster, hands-down. With one click and five seconds of time, you have a web-based terminal plumbed straight into a running Kubernetes cluster. It's magnificent for playing and learning. I even use it for demos and testing out new ideas. Katacoda provides a completely ephemeral environment that is recycled when you finish using it.
![OpenShift Playground][4]
[OpenShift playground][5]
![Kubernetes Playground][6]
[Kubernetes playground][7]
Katacoda provides ephemeral playgrounds and deeper lab environments. For example, the [Linux Container Internals Lab][3], which I have run for the last three or four years, is built in Katacoda.
Katacoda maintains a bunch of [Kubernetes and cloud tutorials][8] on its main site and collaborates with Red Hat to support a [dedicated learning portal for OpenShift][9]. Explore them both—they are excellent learning resources.
When you first learn to drive a dump truck, it's always best to watch how other people drive first.
### 2\. Podman generate kube
The **podman generate kube** command is a brilliant little subcommand that helps users naturally transition from a simple container engine running simple containers to a cluster use case running many containers (as I described in the [last article][2]). [Podman][10] does this by letting you start a few containers, then exporting the working Kube YAML, and firing them up in Kubernetes. Check this out (pssst, you can run it in this [Katacoda lab][3], which already has Podman and OpenShift).
First, notice the syntax to run a container is strikingly similar to Docker:
```
`podman run -dtn two-pizza quay.io/fatherlinux/two-pizza`
```
But this is something other container engines don't do:
```
`podman generate kube two-pizza`
```
The output:
```
# Generation of Kubernetes YAML is still under development!
#
# Save the output of this file and use kubectl create -f to import
# it into Kubernetes.
#
# Created with podman-1.3.1
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2019-06-07T08:08:12Z"
labels:
app: two-pizza
name: two-pizza
spec:
containers:
\- command:
\- /bin/sh
\- -c
\- bash -c 'while true; do /usr/bin/nc -l -p 3306 < /srv/hello.txt; done'
env:
\- name: PATH
value: /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin
\- name: TERM
value: xterm
\- name: HOSTNAME
\- name: container
value: oci
image: quay.io/fatherlinux/two-pizza:latest
name: two-pizza
resources: {}
securityContext:
allowPrivilegeEscalation: true
capabilities: {}
privileged: false
readOnlyRootFilesystem: false
tty: true
workingDir: /
status: {}
\---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
creationTimestamp: "2019-06-07T08:08:12Z"
labels:
app: two-pizza
name: two-pizza
spec:
selector:
app: two-pizza
type: NodePort
status:
loadBalancer: {}
```
You now have some working Kubernetes YAML, which you can use as a starting point for mucking around and learning, tweaking, etc. The **-s** flag created a service for you. [Brent Baude][11] is even working on new features like [adding Volumes/Persistent Volume Claims][12]. For a deeper dive, check out Brent's amazing work in his blog post "[Podman can now ease the transition to Kubernetes and CRI-O][13]."
### 3\. oc new-app
The **oc new-app** command is extremely powerful. It's OpenShift-specific, so it's not available in default Kubernetes, but it's really useful when you're starting to learn Kubernetes. Let's start with a quick command to create a fairly sophisticated application:
```
oc new-project -n example
oc new-app -f <https://raw.githubusercontent.com/openshift/origin/master/examples/quickstarts/cakephp-mysql.json>
```
With **oc new-app** , you can literally steal templates from the OpenShift developers and have a known, good starting point when developing primitives to describe your own applications. After you run the above command, your Kubernetes namespace (in OpenShift) will be populated by a bunch of new, defined resources.
```
`oc get all`
```
The output:
```
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pod/cakephp-mysql-example-1-build 0/1 Completed 0 4m
pod/cakephp-mysql-example-1-gz65l 1/1 Running 0 1m
pod/mysql-1-nkhqn 1/1 Running 0 4m
NAME DESIRED CURRENT READY AGE
replicationcontroller/cakephp-mysql-example-1 1 1 1 1m
replicationcontroller/mysql-1 1 1 1 4m
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
service/cakephp-mysql-example ClusterIP 172.30.234.135 <none> 8080/TCP 4m
service/mysql ClusterIP 172.30.13.195 <none> 3306/TCP 4m
NAME REVISION DESIRED CURRENT TRIGGERED BY
deploymentconfig.apps.openshift.io/cakephp-mysql-example 1 1 1 config,image(cakephp-mysql-example:latest)
deploymentconfig.apps.openshift.io/mysql 1 1 1 config,image(mysql:5.7)
NAME TYPE FROM LATEST
buildconfig.build.openshift.io/cakephp-mysql-example Source Git 1
NAME TYPE FROM STATUS STARTED DURATION
build.build.openshift.io/cakephp-mysql-example-1 Source Git@47a951e Complete 4 minutes ago 2m27s
NAME DOCKER REPO TAGS UPDATED
imagestream.image.openshift.io/cakephp-mysql-example docker-registry.default.svc:5000/example/cakephp-mysql-example latest About aminute ago
NAME HOST/PORT PATH SERVICES PORT TERMINATION WILDCARD
route.route.openshift.io/cakephp-mysql-example cakephp-mysql-example-example.2886795271-80-rhsummit1.environments.katacoda.com cakephp-mysql-example <all> None
```
The beauty of this is that you can delete Pods, watch the replication controllers recreate them, scale Pods up, and scale them down. You can play with the template and change it for other applications (which is what I did when I first started).
### 4\. Visual Studio Code
I saved one of my favorites for last. I use [vi][14] for most of my work, but I have never found a good syntax highlighter and code completion plugin for Kubernetes (if you have one, let me know). Instead, I have found that Microsoft's [VS Code][15] has a killer set of plugins that complete the creation of Kubernetes resources and provide boilerplate.
![VS Code plugins UI][16]
First, install Kubernetes and YAML plugins shown in the image above.
![Autocomplete in VS Code][17]
Then, you can create a new YAML file from scratch and get auto-completion of Kubernetes resources. The example above shows a Service.
![VS Code autocomplete filling in boilerplate for an object][18]
When you use autocomplete and select the Service resource, it fills in some boilerplate for the object. This is magnificent when you are first learning to drive Kubernetes. You can build Pods, Services, Replication Controllers, Deployments, etc. This is a really nice feature when you are building these files from scratch or even modifying the files you create with **Podman generate kube**.
### Conclusion
These four tools (six if you count the two plugins) will help you learn to drive Kubernetes, instead of building or equipping it. In my final article in the series, I will talk about why Kubernetes is so exciting for running so many different workloads.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/tools-drive-kubernetes
作者：[Scott McCarty][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux/users/fatherlinux
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/tools_workshop_blue_mechanic.jpg?itok=4YXkCU-J (Tools in a workshop)
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/kubernetes-basics
[3]: https://learn.openshift.com/subsystems/container-internals-lab-2-0-part-1
[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/openshift-playground.png (OpenShift Playground)
[5]: https://learn.openshift.com/playgrounds/openshift311/
[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/kubernetes-playground.png (Kubernetes Playground)
[7]: https://katacoda.com/courses/kubernetes/playground
[8]: https://katacoda.com/learn
[9]: http://learn.openshift.com/
[10]: https://podman.io/
[11]: https://developers.redhat.com/blog/author/bbaude/
[12]: https://github.com/containers/libpod/issues/2303
[13]: https://developers.redhat.com/blog/2019/01/29/podman-kubernetes-yaml/
[14]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi
[15]: https://code.visualstudio.com/
[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/vscode_-_kubernetes_red_hat_-_plugins.png (VS Code plugins UI)
[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/vscode_-_kubernetes_service_-_autocomplete.png (Autocomplete in VS Code)
[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/vscode_-_kubernetes_service_-_boiler_plate.png (VS Code autocomplete filling in boilerplate for an object)

2
sources/tech/20190703 6 open source web browser alternatives.md
View File

@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: translator: (zmaster-zhang)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )

2
sources/tech/20190703 How to Manually Install Security Updates on Debian-Ubuntu.md
View File

@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: translator: (hopefully2333)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )

2
sources/tech/20190708 10 ways to get started with Linux.md
View File

@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: translator: (wxy)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )

183
sources/tech/20190709 Pipx - Install And Run Python Applications In Isolated Environments.md
View File

@ -1,183 +0,0 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Pipx – Install And Run Python Applications In Isolated Environments)
[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/pipx-install-and-run-python-applications-in-isolated-environments/)
[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/)
Pipx – Install And Run Python Applications In Isolated Environments
======
![][1]
It is always recommended to install Python applications in Virtual Environments to avoid conflicts with one another. **Pip package manager** helps us to install Python applications in an isolated environments, using two tools namely **venv** and **virtualenv**. There is also another Python package manager named [**“Pipenv”**][2], which is recommended by Python.org, to install Python applications. Unlike Pip, Pipenv automatically creates virtual environments by default. Meaning – you don’t need to manually create virtual environments for your projects anymore. Today, I stumbled upon a similar tool named **“Pipx”** , a free and open source utility that allows you to install and run Python applications in an isolated virtual environments.
Using Pipx, we can easily install thousands of Python applications hosted in **PyPI** without much hassle. Good thing is you can do everything with regular user permissions. You need not to be “root” user or need not to have “sudo” permissions. It is worth mentioning that **Pipx can run a program from temporary environment** , without having to install it. This will be handy when you test multiple versions of same program often. The packages installed with Pipx can be listed, upgrade or uninstalled at any time. Pipx is a cross-platform application, so it can run on Linux, Mac OS and Windows.
### Install Pipx
**Python 3.6+** , **Pip** and **venv** module are required to install pipx. Make sure you have installed them as described in the following guide.
* [**How To Manage Python Packages Using Pip**][3]
Here, venv is needed to create virtual environments.
Next, run the following commands to install Pipx.
```
$ python3 -m pip install --user pipx
$ python3 -m userpath append ~/.local/bin
```
The default location of pipx’s binary is **~/.local/bin**. You can override this with the **PIPX_BIN_DIR** environment variable. If you override **PIPX_BIN_DIR** , just make sure it is on your path by running **userpath append $PIPX_BIN_DIR**.
And the default virtual environment location of Pipx is **~/.local/pipx**. This can be overridden with the environment variable **PIPX_HOME**.
Let us go ahead and see how to install Python applications using Pipx.
### Install And Run Python Applications In Isolated Environments Using Pipx
Here are few examples to getting started with Pipx.
##### Install Python packages
To install a Python application, for example **cowsay** , globally, run:
```
$ pipx install cowsay
```
This command will automatically create virtual environments, install the package in it and put the package executable file on your **$PATH**.
**Sample output:**
```
installed package cowsay 2.0.3, Python 3.6.8
These binaries are now globally available
- cowsay
done! ✨ 🌟 ✨
```
![1][4]
Install Python Applications Using Pipx
Let us test newly installed cowsay program:
![1][5]
Here, I have taken the examples from official site. You can install/test any other Python package of your choice.
##### List Python packages
To list all installed applications using Pipx, run:
```
$ pipx list
```
Sample output:
```
venvs are in /home/sk/.local/pipx/venvs
binaries are exposed on your $PATH at /home/sk/.local/bin
package cowsay 2.0.3, Python 3.6.8
- cowsay
```
If you have not installed any packages, you will see the following output:
```
nothing has been installed with pipx 😴
```
##### Upgrade Packages
To upgrade a package, simply do:
```
$ pipx upgrade cowsay
```
To upgrade all installed packages in one go, use:
```
$ pipx upgrade-all
```
##### Run a application from temporary virtual environments
At times, you might want to run a specific python program, but not actually install it.
```
$ pipx run pycowsay moooo
```
![1][6]
Run Python Applications In Temporary Isolated Virtual Environments
This command doesn’t actually install the given program, but run it from the temporary virtual environment. You can use this command for quickly testing a python application.
You can even run .py files directly as well.
```
$ pipx run https://gist.githubusercontent.com/cs01/fa721a17a326e551ede048c5088f9e0f/raw/6bdfbb6e9c1132b1c38fdd2f195d4a24c540c324/pipx-demo.py
pipx is working!
```
##### Uninstall packages
A package can be uninstalled with command:
```
$ pipx uninstall cowsay
```
To remove all installed packages:
```
$ pipx uninstall-all
```
##### Getting help
To view help section, run:
```
$ pipx --help
```
And, that’s all. If you’re ever looking for a safe, convenient and reliable application to install and run Python applications, Pipx might be a good choice.
**Resource:**
* [**Pipx GitHub Repository**][7]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.ostechnix.com/pipx-install-and-run-python-applications-in-isolated-environments/
作者：[sk][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/pipx-720x340.png
[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/pipenv-officially-recommended-python-packaging-tool/
[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/manage-python-packages-using-pip/
[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Install-Python-Applications-Using-Pipx.png
[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Test-Python-application.png
[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Run-Python-Applications-In-Isolated-Environments.png
[7]: https://github.com/pipxproject/pipx

2
sources/tech/20190711 How to install Elasticsearch on MacOS.md
View File

@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )

162
sources/tech/20190711 Type Linux Commands In Capital Letters To Run Them As Sudo User.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Type Linux Commands In Capital Letters To Run Them As Sudo User)
[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/type-linux-commands-in-capital-letters-to-run-them-as-sudo-user/)
[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/)
Type Linux Commands In Capital Letters To Run Them As Sudo User
======
![Type Linux Commands In Capital Letters To Run Them As Sudo User][1]
The reason I love Linux community a lot is they create so many FUN projects which you rarely find in any other propriety operating systems. A while ago, we looked at a fun project named [**“Hollywood”**][2] which turns the Terminal into a Hollywood technical melodrama hacker interface in Ubuntu-like systems. There are few other utilities available, for example **cowsay** , **fortune** , **sl** and **toilet** (!) etc., to kill your free time and keep you entertained! They may not be useful, but these utilities are really entertaining and fun to use. Today, I stumbled upon yet another similar utility named **“SUDO”**. As the name implies, whenever you type Linux commands in capital letters, the SUDO utility will run them as sudo user! Meaning, you need not to type “sudo” in-front of the Linux commands you about to run. Cool, yeah?
### Install SUDO
* * *
**A word of caution:**
Before installing this (or any utility), take a look at the source code (Link given at the end) and see if there are suspicious/malicious code included to harm your system. Test it in a VM. If you like or found it useful, you can use it in your personal/production systems.
* * *
Git clone the SUDO repository:
```
$ git clone https://github.com/jthistle/SUDO.git
```
This command will clone the contents of SUDO GIT repository and saves them in a directory named “SUDO” in your current working directory.
```
Cloning into 'SUDO'...
remote: Enumerating objects: 42, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (42/42), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (29/29), done.
remote: Total 42 (delta 17), reused 30 (delta 12), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (42/42), done.
```
Switch to SUDO directory:
```
$ cd SUDO/
```
And, install it using command:
```
$ ./install.sh
```
The command will add the following entries in your **~/.bashrc** file:
```
[...]
# SUDO - shout at bash to su commands
# Distributed under GNU GPLv2, @jthistle on github
shopt -s expand_aliases
IFS_=${IFS}
IFS=":" read -ra PATHS <<< "$PATH"
for i in "${PATHS[@]}"; do
for j in $( ls "$i" ); do
if [ ${j^^} != $j ] && [ $j != "sudo" ]; then
alias ${j^^}="sudo $j"
fi
done
done
alias SUDO='sudo $(history -p !!)'
IFS=${IFS_}
# end SUDO
```
It will also take a backup of your **~/.bashrc** and save it as **~/.bashrc.old**. You can restore it if anything goes catastrophically wrong.
Finally, update the changes using command:
```
$ source ~/.bashrc
```
### Now, type Linux Commands in Capital letters to run them as Sudo user
Usually, we execute Linux commands that requires sudo/root privileges like below.
```
$ sudo mkdir /ostechnix
```
Right? Yes! The above command will create directory named “ostechnix” in root (/). Let us cancel this command using **Ctrl+c**.
Once SUDO is installed, you can **type any Linux command in capital without sudo** and run them. So, you can run the above command like below:
```
$ MKDIR /ostechnix
$ TOUCH /ostechnix/test.txt
$ LS /ostechnix
```
![][3]
Type Linux Commands In Capital Letters To Run Them As Sudo User
Please note that **it will not bypass the sudo password**. You still need to type sudo password to execute the given command. It will only help to avoid typing “sudo” in-front of each command.
* * *
**Related read:**
* [**How To Run Particular Commands Without Sudo Password In Linux**][4]
* [**How To Restore Sudo Privileges To A User**][5]
* [**How To Grant And Remove Sudo Privileges To Users On Ubuntu**][6]
* [**How To Find All Sudo Users In Your Linux System**][7]
* [**How To Display Asterisks When You Type Password In Terminal**][8]
* [**How To Change The Sudo Prompt In Linux**][9]
* * *
Of course, typing “sudo” will take only a few seconds, so it is not a big deal. I must tell this is just fun and USELESS project to pass time. If you don’t like it, go away and learn something useful. If you like it, give it a go and have fun!
**Resource:**
* [**SUDO GitHub Repository**][10]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.ostechnix.com/type-linux-commands-in-capital-letters-to-run-them-as-sudo-user/
作者：[sk][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/sudo-720x340.png
[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/turn-ubuntu-terminal-hollywood-technical-melodrama-hacker-interface/
[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/SUDO-in-action.gif
[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/run-particular-commands-without-sudo-password-linux/
[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-restore-sudo-privileges-to-a-user/
[6]: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-grant-and-remove-sudo-privileges-to-users-on-ubuntu/
[7]: https://www.ostechnix.com/find-sudo-users-linux-system/
[8]: https://www.ostechnix.com/display-asterisks-type-password-terminal/
[9]: https://www.ostechnix.com/change-sudo-prompt-linux-unix/
[10]: https://github.com/jthistle/SUDO

75
translated/talk/20190211 Introducing kids to computational thinking with Python.md Normal file
View File

@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (WangYueScream)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Introducing kids to computational thinking with Python)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/2/break-down-stereotypes-python)
[#]: author: (Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins)
利用 Python 引导孩子的计算机思维
========================
编程可以给低收入家庭的学生提供足够的技能，信心和知识，进而让他们摆脱因为家庭收入低带来的经济和社会地位上的劣势。
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/idea_innovation_kid_education.png?itok=3lRp6gFa)
尽管暑假期间底特律公共图书馆的[帕克曼分部][1]挤满了无聊的孩子并且占用了所有的电脑，图书馆工作人员并不觉得这会是个问题，反而更多是一个机会。他们成立一个名为 [Parkman Coders][2] 的编程社团，社团以 [Qumisha Goss][3] 为首，她是图书管理员，也负责利用 Python 的魔力引导弱势儿童的计算机思维。
四年前 [Qumisha Goss][3] 刚发起 Parkman Coders 计划的时候， “Q” 并不是太懂编程。之后她通过努力成为图书馆里教学和技术方面的专家和 Raspberry Pi 认证讲师。
社团最开始采用 [Scratch][4] 教学，但很快学生就对这种图形化的块编程感到乏味，他们觉得这就是个“婴儿玩具”。Q 坦言，“我们意识到是时候需要在课程内容这方面做些改变了，如果是为了维持课程内容对初学者的友好性继续选择 Scratch 教学，这无疑会影响孩子们后期继续保持对编程的关注。”因此，她开始教授孩子们 Python。
Q 是在 [Code.org][5] 平台玩地牢骷髅怪物这个关卡的时候第一次接触到 Python。她最开始是通过 [Python Programming: An Introduction to Computer Science][6] 和 [Python for Kids][7] 这两本书学习 Python。她也推荐 [Automate the Boring Stuff with Python][8] 和 [Lauren Ipsum: A Story about Computer Science and Other Improbable Things][9] 这两本书。
### 建立一个基于 Raspberry Pi 的创客空间
Q 决定使用 [Raspberry Pi][10] 电脑来避免学生可能会因为自己的不当操作对图书馆的电脑造成损害，而且这些电脑因为便携性等问题也不方便用来构建组成一个创客空间。[Raspberry Pi][10] 的购买价格加上它的灵活性和便携性包括生态圈里面的一些适合教学的自由免费软件，让大家更能感受到她的决策的可行性和可靠性。
虽然图书馆发起 [Parkman Coders][2] 社区计划的本意是通过努力创造一个吸引孩子们的学习空间进而维持图书馆的平和，但社区发展的很快，很受大家欢迎以至于这座建立于 1921 的大楼的空间，电脑和插座都不够用了。他们最开始是 20 个孩子共享 10 台 [Raspberry Pi][10] 来进行授课，但后来图书馆陆续收到了来自个人和公司比如 Microsoft，4H，和 Detroit Public Library Foundation 的资金援助从而能够购买更多设备以支撑社区的进一步壮大发展。
目前，大概有 40 个孩子参加了每节课程而且图书馆也有了足够的 [Raspberry Pi][10] 让参与者人手一台设备甚至还可以分发出去。鉴于不少 [Parkman Coders][2] 的参与者来自于低收入家庭，图书馆也能提供别人捐赠的 Chromebooks 给他们使用。
Q 说，“当孩子们的表现可以证明他们能够很好的使用 [Raspberry Pi][10] 或者 [Microbit][11] 而且定期来参加课程，我们也会提供设备允许他们可以带回家练习。但即便这样也还是会遇到很多问题，比如他们在家无法访问网络或者没有显示器，键盘，鼠标等外设。”
### 利用 Python 学习生存技能，打破束缚
Q 说，“我认为教授孩子们计算机科学的主要目的是让他们学会批判性思考和解决问题的能力。我希望随着孩子们长大成人，不管他们选择在哪个领域继续发展他们的未来，这些经验教训都会一直伴随他们成长。此外，我也希望这个课程能够激发孩子们对创造的自豪感。能够清楚的意识到‘这是我做的’是一种很强烈很有用的感受。而且一旦孩子们越早能够有这种成功的体验，我相信未来的路上他们都会满怀热情迎接新的挑战而不是逃避。”
她继续分享道，“在学习编程的过程中，你不得不对单词的拼写和大小写高度警惕。受限于孩子年龄，有时候阅读认知会是个大问题。为了确保课程受众的包容性，我们会在授课过程中大声拼读，同样我们也会极力鼓励孩子们大声说出他们不知道的或者不能正确拼写的单词，以便我们纠正。”
Q 也会尝试尽力去给需要帮助的孩子们更多的关注。她解释道，“如果我确认有孩子遇到困难不能跟上我们的授课进度，我们会尝试在课下时间安排老师辅导帮助他，但还是会允许他们继续参加编程。我们想到帮助到他们而不是让他们因为挫败而沮丧的不在参与进来。”
最重要的是， [Parkman Coders][2] 计划所追求的是能够帮助每个孩子认识到每个人都会有独特的技能和能力。参与进来的大部分孩子都是非裔美国人，一半是女孩。Q 直言，“我们所生活在的这个世界，我们成长的过程中，伴随着各种各种的社会偏见，这些都常常会限制我们对自己所能达到的成就的准确认知。”她坚信孩子们需要一个没有偏见的空间，“他们可以尝试很多新事物，不会因为担心犯错责骂而束手束脚，可以放心大胆的去求知探索。”
Q 和 [Parkman Coders][2] 计划所营造的环境氛围能够帮助到参与者摆脱低家庭收入带来的劣势。如果说社区能够发展壮大到今天的规模真有什么独特秘诀的话，那大概就是，Q 解释道，“确保你有一个令人舒适的空间，充满了理解与宽容，这样大家才会被吸引过来。让来的人不忘初心，做好传道受业解惑的准备；当大家参与进来并感觉到充实愉悦，自然而然会想要留下来。”
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/2/break-down-stereotypes-python
作者：[Don Watkins][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[WangYueScream](https://github.com/WangYueScream)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://detroitpubliclibrary.org/locations/parkman
[2]: https://www.dplfound.org/single-post/2016/05/15/Parkman-Branch-Coders
[3]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/qumisha-goss-b3bb5470
[4]: https://scratch.mit.edu/
[5]: http://Code.org
[6]: https://www.amazon.com/Python-Programming-Introduction-Computer-Science/dp/1887902996
[7]: https://nostarch.com/pythonforkids
[8]: https://automatetheboringstuff.com/
[9]: https://nostarch.com/laurenipsum
[10]: https://www.raspberrypi.org/
[11]: https://microbit.org/guide/

85
translated/talk/20191110 What is DevSecOps.md
View File

@ -1,85 +0,0 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (PandaWizard)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (What is DevSecOps?)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/1/what-devsecops)
[#]: author: (Brett Hunoldt https://opensource.com/users/bretthunoldtcom)
什么是 DevSecOps？
======
DevSecOps 的实践之旅开始于 DevSecOps 授权，启用和培养。下面就介绍如何开始学习使用 DevSecOps。
![](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/devop.png?itok=Yicb2nnZ)
> Stephen Streichsbier 说过： DevSecOps 使得组织可以用 DevOps 的速度发布内在安全的软件。
DevSecOps 是一场关于 DevOps 概念实践或艺术形式的变革。为了更好理解 DevSecOps，你应该首先理解 DevOps 的含义。
DevOps 起源于通过合并开发和运维实践，消除隔离，统一关注点，提升团队和产品的效率和性能。它是一种注重构建容易维持和易于平常自动运营维护产品和服务的新型协作方式。
安全在很多团队中都是常见的隔离点。安全的核心关注点是保护团队，而有时这也意味着生成延缓新服务或是新产品发布的障碍或是策略，用于保障任何事都能被很好的理解和安全的执行，并且没有给团队带来不必要的风险。
**[[点击下载 DevSecOps 的引导手册]][1]**
因为安全方面的明显特征和它可能带来的摩擦，开发和运维有时会避开或是满足客观的安全要求。在一些公司，这种隔离形成了一种产品安全完全是安全团队责任的期望，并取决于安全团队去寻找产品的安全缺陷或是可能带来的问题。
DevSecOps 看起来是通过给开发或是运维角色加强或是建立安全意识，或是在产品团队中引入一个安全工程师角色，在产品设计中找到安全问题，从而把安全要求汇聚在 Devops 中。
这样使得公司能更快发布和更新产品，并且充分相信安全已经嵌入产品中。
### 坚固的软件哪里适用 DevSecOps？
建造坚固的软件是 DevOps 文化的一个层面而不是一个特别的实践，它完善和增强了 DevSecops 的实践。想想一款坚固的软件就像是某些经历过残酷战斗过程的事物。
有必要指出坚固的软件并不是 100% 安全可靠的（虽然它可能最终是在某些方面）。然而，它被设计成可以处理大部分被抛过来的问题。
践行坚固软件最重要的原则是促进竞争，实践，可控的失败与合作。
### 你如何开始学习 DevSecOps ？
开始实践 DevSecOps 涉及提升安全需求和在开发过程中最早期可能的阶段实践。它最终在公司文化上提升了安全的重要性，使得安全成为所有人的责任，而并不只是安全团队的责任。
你可能在团队中听说过“左上升”这个词，如果你把开发周期包括产品变革的的关键时期线放平在一条横线上，从初始化到设计，建造，测试以及最终的运行。安全的目的就是今早的参与进来。这使得风险可以在设计中能更好的评估、交流和减轻。“左提升”的含义是指促使安全能在开发周期线上更往左走。
这篇入门文章有三个关键要素：
* 授权
* 启用
* 培养
授权，在我看来，是关于释放控制权以及使得团队做出独立决定而不用害怕失败或影响（理性分析）。这个过程的唯一告诫信息就是要严格的做出明智的决定（不要比这更低要求）。
为了实现授权，商务和行政支持（通过内部销售，展示来建立，通过建立矩阵来 展示这项投资的回报）是打破历史障碍和分割的团队的关键。合并安全人员到开发和运维团队中，提升交流和透明度透明度有助于 DevSecOps 的开始之旅。
这次整合和移动使得团队只关注单一的结果：打造一个他们共同负责的产品，让开发和安全人员相互依赖合作。这将引领你们共同走向授权。这是产品研发团队的共同责任，并保证每个可分割的产品都保持其安全性。
启用涉及正确的使用掌握在团队手中的工具和资源。这是准备建立一种通过论坛、维基、信息聚合的知识分享文化。
打造一种注重自动化、重复任务应该编码来尽可能减少以后的操作并增强安全性。这种场景不仅仅是提供知识，而是让这种知识能够通过多种渠道和媒介（通过某些工具）可获取，以便它可以被团队或是个人以他喜欢的方式去消化和分享。一种工具可以更好的实现当团队成员正在编码而另一组成员正在来的路上。让工具简单可用和让团队可以使用它们。
不同的 DevSecOps 团队有不同的喜好，因此允许它们尽可能的保持独立。这是一种微笑平衡的练习，因为你真的很想在经济规模和能力中分享产品。在选择中协作参与并更新工具方法有助于减少使用中的障碍。
最后，也可能是最重要的， DevSecOps 是有关训练和兴趣打造。聚会、社交或是组织中通常的报告会都是很棒的方式让同事们教学和分享他们的知识。有时，这些高光的被分享的挑战、关注点或是一些其他人没有关注到的风险。分享和教学也是一种高效的学习和指导团队的方法。
在我个人经验中，每个团队的文化都是独一无二的，因此你不能用“一种尺寸适合所有”的方法。走进你的团队并找到他们想要使用的工具方法。尝试不同的论坛和聚会并找出最适用于你们文化的方式。寻找反馈并询问团队如何工作，他们喜欢什么以及对应的原因。适应和学习，保持乐观，不要停止尝试，你们将会有所收获。
[下载 DevSecOps 的入门手册][1]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/19/1/what-devsecops
作者：[Brett Hunoldt][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[PandaWizard](https://github.com/PandaWizard)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/bretthunoldtcom
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/downloads/devsecops