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Yu Ye
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如何在CentOS上安装iTOP(IT操作门户)
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如何在 CentOS 7 上安装开源 ITIL 门户 iTOP
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================================================================================
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iTOP简单来说是一个简单的基于网络的开源IT服务管理工具。它有所有的ITIL功能包括服务台、配置管理、事件管理、问题管理、更改管理和服务管理。iTOP依赖于Apache/IIS、MySQL和PHP，因此它可以运行在任何支持这些软件的操作系统中。因为iTOP是一个网络程序，因此你不必在用户的PC端任何客户端程序。一个简单的浏览器就足够每天的IT环境操作了。
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iTOP是一个简单的基于Web的开源IT服务管理工具。它有所有的ITIL功能，包括服务台、配置管理、事件管理、问题管理、变更管理和服务管理。iTOP依赖于Apache/IIS、MySQL和PHP，因此它可以运行在任何支持这些软件的操作系统中。因为iTOP是一个Web程序，因此你不必在用户的PC端任何客户端程序。一个简单的浏览器就足够每天的IT环境操作了。
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我们要在一台有满足基本需求的LAMP环境的CentOS 7上安装和配置iTOP。
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### 下载 iTOP ###
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iTOP的下载包现在在SOurceForge上，我们可以从这获取它的官方[链接][1]。
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iTOP的下载包现在在SourceForge上，我们可以从这获取它的官方[链接][1]。
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我们从这里的连接用wget命令获取压缩文件
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我们从这里的连接用wget命令获取压缩文件。
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[root@centos-007 ~]# wget http://downloads.sourceforge.net/project/itop/itop/2.1.0/iTop-2.1.0-2127.zip
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@ -40,7 +41,7 @@ iTOP的下载包现在在SOurceForge上，我们可以从这获取它的官方[
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installation.xml itop-change-mgmt-itil itop-incident-mgmt-itil itop-request-mgmt-itil itop-tickets
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itop-attachments itop-config itop-knownerror-mgmt itop-service-mgmt itop-virtualization-mgmt
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在解压的目录下，通过不同的数据模型用复制命令迁移需要的扩展从datamodels复制到web扩展目录下。
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在解压的目录下，使用如下的 cp 命令将不同的数据模型从web 下的 datamodels 目录下复制到 extensions 目录，来迁移需要的扩展。
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[root@centos-7 2.x]# pwd
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/var/www/html/itop/web/datamodels/2.x
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@ -50,19 +51,19 @@ iTOP的下载包现在在SOurceForge上，我们可以从这获取它的官方[
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大多数服务端设置和配置已经完成了。最后我们安装web界面来完成安装。
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打开浏览器使用ip地址或者FQDN来访问WordPress web目录。
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打开浏览器使用ip地址或者完整域名来访问iTop 的 web目录。
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http://servers_ip_address/itop/web/
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你会被重定向到iTOP的web安装页面。让我们按照要求配置，就像在这篇教程中做的那样。
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#### 先决要求验证 ####
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#### 验证先决要求 ####
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这一步你就会看到验证完成的欢迎界面。如果你看到了一些警告信息，你需要先安装这些软件来解决这些问题。
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这一步一个叫php mcrypt的可选包丢失了。下载下面的rpm包接着尝试安装php mcrypt包。
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这一步有一个叫php mcrypt的可选包丢失了。下载下面的rpm包接着尝试安装php mcrypt包。
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[root@centos-7 ~]#yum localinstall php-mcrypt-5.3.3-1.el6.x86_64.rpm libmcrypt-2.5.8-9.el6.x86_64.rpm.
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@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ iTOP的下载包现在在SOurceForge上，我们可以从这获取它的官方[
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#### iTop 许可协议 ####
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勾选同意iTOP所有组件的许可协议并点击“NEXT”。
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勾选接受 iTOP所有组件的许可协议，并点击“NEXT”。
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@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ iTOP的下载包现在在SOurceForge上，我们可以从这获取它的官方[
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#### 杂项参数 ####
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让我们选择额外的参数来选择你是否需要安装一个演示内容或者使用全新的数据库，接着下一步。
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让我们选择额外的参数来选择你是否需要安装一个带有演示内容的数据库或者使用全新的数据库，接着下一步。
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@ -118,7 +119,7 @@ iTOP的下载包现在在SOurceForge上，我们可以从这获取它的官方[
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#### 改变管理选项 ####
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选择不同的ticket类型以便管理可用选项中的IT设备更改。我们选择ITTL更改管理选项。
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选择不同的ticket类型以便管理可用选项中的IT设备变更。我们选择ITTL变更管理选项。
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@ -166,7 +167,7 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/tools/setup-itop-centos-7/
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作者：[Kashif Siddique][a]
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
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Superclass: 15 of the world’s best living programmers
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================================================================================
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When developers discuss who the world’s top programmer is, these names tend to come up a lot.
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Image courtesy [tom_bullock CC BY 2.0][1]
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It seems like there are lots of programmers out there these days, and lots of really good programmers. But which one is the very best?
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Even though there’s no way to really say who the best living programmer is, that hasn’t stopped developers from frequently kicking the topic around. ITworld has solicited input and scoured coder discussion forums to see if there was any consensus. As it turned out, a handful of names did frequently get mentioned in these discussions.
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Use the arrows above to read about 15 people commonly cited as the world’s best living programmer.
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Image courtesy [NASA][2]
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### Margaret Hamilton ###
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**Main claim to fame: The brains behind Apollo’s flight control software**
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Credentials: As the Director of the Software Engineering Division at Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, she headed up the team which [designed and built][3] the on-board [flight control software for NASA’s Apollo][4] and Skylab missions. Based on her Apollo work, she later developed the [Universal Systems Language][5] and [Development Before the Fact][6] paradigm. Pioneered the concepts of [asynchronous software, priority scheduling, and ultra-reliable software design][7]. Coined the term “[software engineering][8].” Winner of the [Augusta Ada Lovelace Award][9] in 1986 and [NASA’s Exceptional Space Act Award in 2003][10].
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Quotes: “Hamilton invented testing , she pretty much formalised Computer Engineering in the US.” [ford_beeblebrox][11]
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“I think before her (and without disrespect including Knuth) computer programming was (and to an extent remains) a branch of mathematics. However a flight control system for a spacecraft clearly moves programming into a different paradigm.” [Dan Allen][12]
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“... she originated the term ‘software engineering’ — and offered a great example of how to do it.” [David Hamilton][13]
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“What a badass” [Drukered][14]
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Image courtesy [vonguard CC BY-SA 2.0][15]
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### Donald Knuth ###
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**Main claim to fame: Author of The Art of Computer Programming**
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Credentials: Wrote the [definitive book on the theory of programming][16]. Created the TeX digital typesetting system. [First winner of the ACM’s Grace Murray Hopper Award][17] in 1971. Winner of the ACM’s [A. M. Turing][18] Award in 1974, the [National Medal of Science][19] in 1979 and the IEEE’s [John von Neumann Medal][20] in 1995. Named a [Fellow at the Computer History Museum][21] in 1998.
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Quotes: “... wrote The Art of Computer Programming which is probably the most comprehensive work on computer programming ever.” [Anonymous][22]
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“There is only one large computer program I have used in which there are to a decent approximation 0 bugs: Don Knuth's TeX. That's impressive.” [Jaap Weel][23]
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“Pretty awesome if you ask me.” [Mitch Rees-Jones][24]
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Image courtesy [Association for Computing Machinery][25]
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### Ken Thompson ###
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**Main claim to fame: Creator of Unix**
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Credentials: Co-creator, [along with Dennis Ritchie][26], of Unix. Creator of the [B programming language][27], the [UTF-8 character encoding scheme][28], the ed [text editor][29], and co-developer of the Go programming language. Co-winner (along with Ritchie) of the [A.M. Turing Award][30] in 1983, [IEEE Computer Pioneer Award][31] in 1994, and the [National Medal of Technology][32] in 1998. Inducted as a [fellow of the Computer History Museum][33] in 1997.
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Quotes: “... probably the most accomplished programmer ever. Unix kernel, Unix tools, world-champion chess program Belle, Plan 9, Go Language.” [Pete Prokopowicz][34]
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“Ken's contributions, more than anyone else I can think of, were fundamental and yet so practical and timeless they are still in daily use.“ [Jan Jannink][35]
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Image courtesy Jiel Beaumadier CC BY-SA 3.0
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### Richard Stallman ###
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**Main claim to fame: Creator of Emacs, GCC**
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Credentials: Founded the [GNU Project][36] and created many of its core tools, such as [Emacs, GCC, GDB][37], and [GNU Make][38]. Also founded the [Free Software Foundation][39]. Winner of the ACM's [Grace Murray Hopper Award][40] in 1990 and the [EFF's Pioneer Award in 1998][41].
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Quotes: “... there was the time when he single-handedly outcoded several of the best Lisp hackers around, in the Symbolics vs LMI fight.” [Srinivasan Krishnan][42]
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“Through his amazing mastery of programming and force of will, he created a whole sub-culture in programming and computers.” [Dan Dunay][43]
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“I might disagree on many things with the great man, but he is still one of the most important programmers, alive or dead” [Marko Poutiainen][44]
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“Try to imagine Linux without the prior work on the GNu project. Stallman's the bomb, yo.” [John Burnette][45]
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Image courtesy [D.Begley CC BY 2.0][46]
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### Anders Hejlsberg ###
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**Main claim to fame: Creator of Turbo Pascal**
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Credentials: [The original author of what became Turbo Pascal][47], one of the most popular Pascal compilers and the first integrated development environment. Later, [led the building of Delphi][48], Turbo Pascal’s successor. [Chief designer and architect of C#][49]. Winner of [Dr. Dobb's Excellence in Programming Award][50] in 2001.
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Quotes: “He wrote the [Pascal] compiler in assembly language for both of the dominant PC operating systems of the day (DOS and CPM). It was designed to compile, link and run a program in seconds rather than minutes.” [Steve Wood][51]
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“I revere this guy - he created the development tools that were my favourite through three key periods along my path to becoming a professional software engineer.” [Stefan Kiryazov][52]
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Image courtesy [vonguard CC BY-SA 2.0][53]
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### Doug Cutting ###
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**Main claim to fame: Creator of Lucene**
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Credentials: [Developed the Lucene search engine, as well as Nutch][54], a web crawler, and [Hadoop][55], a set of tools for distributed processing of large data sets. A strong proponent of open-source (Lucene, Nutch and Hadoop are all open-source). Currently [a former director of the Apache Software Foundation][56].
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Quotes: “... he is the same guy who has written an exceptional search framework(lucene/solr) and opened the big-data gateway to the world(hadoop).” [Rajesh Rao][57]
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“His creation/work on Lucene and Hadoop (among other projects) has created a tremendous amount of wealth and employment for folks in the world….” [Amit Nithianandan][58]
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Image courtesy [Association for Computing Machinery][59]
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### Sanjay Ghemawat ###
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**Main claim to fame: Key Google architect**
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Credentials: [Helped to design and implement some of Google’s large distributed systems][60], including MapReduce, BigTable, Spanner and Google File System. [Created Unix’s ical][61] calendaring system. Elected to the [National Academy of Engineering][62] in 2009. Winner of the [ACM-Infosys Foundation Award in the Computing Sciences][63] in 2012.
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Quote: “Jeff Dean's wingman.” [Ahmet Alp Balkan][64]
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Image courtesy [Google][65]
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### Jeff Dean ###
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**Main claim to fame: The brains behind Google search indexing**
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Credentials: Helped to design and implement [many of Google’s large-scale distributed systems][66], including website crawling, indexing and searching, AdSense, MapReduce, BigTable and Spanner. Elected to the [National Academy of Engineering][67] in 2009. 2012 winner of the ACM’s [SIGOPS Mark Weiser Award][68] and the [ACM-Infosys Foundation Award in the Computing Sciences][69].
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Quotes: “... for bringing breakthroughs in data mining( GFS, Map and Reduce, Big Table ).” [Natu Lauchande][70]
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“... conceived, built, and deployed MapReduce and BigTable, among a bazillion other things” [Erik Goldman][71]
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Image courtesy [Krd CC BY-SA 4.0][72]
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### Linus Torvalds ###
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**Main claim to fame: Creator of Linux**
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Credentials: Created the [Linux kernel][73] and [Git][74], an open source version control system. Winner of numerous awards and honors, including the [EFF Pioneer Award][75] in 1998, the [British Computer Society’s Lovelace Medal][76] in 2000, the [Millenium Technology Prize][77] in 2012 and the [IEEE Computer Society’s Computer Pioneer Award][78] in 2014. Also inducted into the [Computer History Museum’s Hall of Fellows][79] in 2008 and the [Internet Hall of Fame][80] in 2012.
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Quotes: “To put into prospective what an achievement this is, he wrote the Linux kernel in a few years while the GNU Hurd (a GNU-developed kernel) has been under development for 25 years and has still yet to release a production-ready example.” [Erich Ficker][81]
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“Torvalds is probably the programmer's programmer.” [Dan Allen][82]
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“He's pretty darn good.” [Alok Tripathy][83]
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Image courtesy [QuakeCon CC BY 2.0][84]
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### John Carmack ###
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**Main claim to fame: Creator of Doom**
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Credentials: Cofounded id Software and [created such influential FPS games][85] as Wolfenstein 3D, Doom and Quake. Pioneered such ground-breaking computer graphic techniques [adaptive tile refresh][86], [binary space partitioning][87], and surface caching. Inducted into the [Academy of Interactive Arts and Sciences Hall of Fame][88] in 2001, [won Emmy awards][89] in the Engineering & Technology category in 2007 and 2008, and given a lifetime achievement award by the [Game Developers Choice Awards][90] in 2010.
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Quotes: “He wrote his first rendering engine before he was 20 years old. The guy's a genius. I wish I were a quarter a programmer he is.” [Alex Dolinsky][91]
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“... Wolfenstein 3D, Doom and Quake were revolutionary at the time and have influenced a generation of game designers.” [dniblock][92]
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“He can write basically anything in a weekend....” [Greg Naughton][93]
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“He is the Mozart of computer coding….” [Chris Morris][94]
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Image courtesy [Duff][95]
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### Fabrice Bellard ###
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**Main claim to fame: Creator of QEMU**
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Credentials: Created a [variety of well-known open-source software programs][96], including QEMU, a platform for hardware emulation and virtualization, FFmpeg, for handling multimedia data, the Tiny C Compiler and LZEXE, an executable file compressor. [Winner of the Obfuscated C Code Contest][97] in 2000 and 2001 and the [Google-O'Reilly Open Source Award][98] in 2011. Former world record holder for [calculating the most number of digits in Pi][99].
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Quotes: “I find Fabrice Bellard's work remarkable and impressive.” [raphinou][100]
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“Fabrice Bellard is the most productive programmer in the world....” [Pavan Yara][101]
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“Hes like the Nikola Tesla of sofware engineering.” [Michael Valladolid][102]
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“He's a prolific serial achiever since the 1980s.” M[ichael Biggins][103]
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Image courtesy [Craig Murphy CC BY 2.0][104]
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### Jon Skeet ###
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**Main claim to fame: Legendary Stack Overflow contributor**
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Credentials: Google engineer and author of [C# in Depth][105]. Holds [highest reputation score of all time on Stack Overflow][106], answering, on average, 390 questions per month.
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Quotes: “Jon Skeet doesn't need a debugger, he just stares down the bug until the code confesses” [Steven A. Lowe][107]
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“When Jon Skeet's code fails to compile the compiler apologises.” [Dan Dyer][108]
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“Jon Skeet's code doesn't follow a coding convention. It is the coding convention.” [Anonymous][109]
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Image courtesy [Philip Neustrom CC BY 2.0][110]
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### Adam D'Angelo ###
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**Main claim to fame: Co-founder of Quora**
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Credentials: As an engineer at Facebook, [built initial infrastructure for its news feed][111]. Went on to become CTO and VP of engineering at Facebook, before leaving to co-found Quora. [Eighth place finisher at the USA Computing Olympiad][112] as a high school student in 2001. Member of [California Institute of Technology’s silver medal winning team][113] at the ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest in 2004. [Finalist in the Algorithm Coding Competition][114] of Topcoder Collegiate Challenge in 2005.
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Quotes: “An "All-Rounder" Programmer.” [Anonymous][115]
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"For every good thing I make he has like six." [Mark Zuckerberg][116]
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Image courtesy [Facebook][117]
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### Petr Mitrechev ###
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**Main claim to fame: One of the top competitive programmers of all time**
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Credentials: [Two-time gold medal winner][118] in the International Olympiad in Informatics (2000, 2002). In 2006, [won the Google Code Jam][119] and was also the [TopCoder Open Algorithm champion][120]. Also, two-time winner of the Facebook Hacker Cup ([2011][121], [2013][122]). At the time of this writing, [the second ranked algorithm competitor on TopCoder][123] (handle: Petr) and also [ranked second by Codeforces][124]
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Quote: “He is an idol in competitive programming even here in India…” [Kavish Dwivedi][125]
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Image courtesy [Ishandutta2007 CC BY-SA 3.0][126]
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### Gennady Korotkevich ###
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**Main claim to fame: Competitive programming prodigy**
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Credentials: Youngest participant ever (age 11) and [6 time gold medalist][127] (2007-2012) in the International Olympiad in Informatics. Part of [the winning team][128] at the ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest in 2013 and winner of the [2014 Facebook Hacker Cup][129]. At the time of this writing, [ranked first by Codeforces][130] (handle: Tourist) and [first among algorithm competitors by TopCoder][131].
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Quotes: “A programming prodigy!” [Prateek Joshi][132]
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“Gennady is definitely amazing, and visible example of why I have a large development team in Belarus.” [Chris Howard][133]
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“Tourist is genius” [Nuka Shrinivas Rao][134]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.itworld.com/article/2823547/enterprise-software/158256-superclass-14-of-the-world-s-best-living-programmers.html#slide1
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|
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作者：[Phil Johnson][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
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|
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.itworld.com/author/Phil-Johnson/
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[1]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/tombullock/15713223772
|
||||
[2]:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Margaret_Hamilton_in_action.jpg
|
||||
[3]:http://klabs.org/home_page/hamilton.htm
|
||||
[4]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DWcITjqZtpU&feature=youtu.be&t=3m12s
|
||||
[5]:http://www.htius.com/Articles/r12ham.pdf
|
||||
[6]:http://www.htius.com/Articles/Inside_DBTF.htm
|
||||
[7]:http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2003/sep/HQ_03281_Hamilton_Honor.html
|
||||
[8]:http://www.nasa.gov/50th/50th_magazine/scientists.html
|
||||
[9]:https://books.google.com/books?id=JcmV0wfQEoYC&pg=PA321&lpg=PA321&dq=ada+lovelace+award+1986&source=bl&ots=qGdBKsUa3G&sig=bkTftPAhM1vZ_3VgPcv-38ggSNo&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBGoVChMI3paoxJHWxwIVA3I-Ch1whwPn#v=onepage&q=ada%20lovelace%20award%201986&f=false
|
||||
[10]:http://history.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/a11Hamilton.html
|
||||
[11]:https://www.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/2oyd1y/margaret_hamilton_with_her_code_lead_software/cmrswof
|
||||
[12]:http://qr.ae/RFEZLk
|
||||
[13]:http://qr.ae/RFEZUn
|
||||
[14]:https://www.reddit.com/r/pics/comments/2oyd1y/margaret_hamilton_with_her_code_lead_software/cmrv9u9
|
||||
[15]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/44451574@N00/5347112697
|
||||
[16]:http://cs.stanford.edu/~uno/taocp.html
|
||||
[17]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/knuth_1013846.cfm
|
||||
[18]:http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/knuth_1013846.cfm
|
||||
[19]:http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.jsp?recip_id=198
|
||||
[20]:http://www.ieee.org/documents/von_neumann_rl.pdf
|
||||
[21]:http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Donald,Knuth/
|
||||
[22]:http://www.quora.com/Who-are-the-best-programmers-in-Silicon-Valley-and-why/answers/3063
|
||||
[23]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Jaap-Weel
|
||||
[24]:http://qr.ae/RFE94x
|
||||
[25]:http://amturing.acm.org/photo/thompson_4588371.cfm
|
||||
[26]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JoVQTPbD6UY
|
||||
[27]:https://www.bell-labs.com/usr/dmr/www/bintro.html
|
||||
[28]:http://doc.cat-v.org/bell_labs/utf-8_history
|
||||
[29]:http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?EdIsTheStandardTextEditor
|
||||
[30]:http://amturing.acm.org/award_winners/thompson_4588371.cfm
|
||||
[31]:http://www.computer.org/portal/web/awards/cp-thompson
|
||||
[32]:http://www.uspto.gov/about/nmti/recipients/1998.jsp
|
||||
[33]:http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Ken,Thompson/
|
||||
[34]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Pete-Prokopowicz-1
|
||||
[35]:http://qr.ae/RFEWBY
|
||||
[36]:https://groups.google.com/forum/#!msg/net.unix-wizards/8twfRPM79u0/1xlglzrWrU0J
|
||||
[37]:http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/RichardStallman
|
||||
[38]:https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html
|
||||
[39]:http://www.emacswiki.org/emacs/FreeSoftwareFoundation
|
||||
[40]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/stallman_9380313.cfm
|
||||
[41]:https://w2.eff.org/awards/pioneer/1998.php
|
||||
[42]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Greg-Naughton/comment/4146397
|
||||
[43]:http://qr.ae/RFEaib
|
||||
[44]:http://www.quora.com/Software-Engineering/Who-are-some-of-the-greatest-currently-active-software-architects-in-the-world/answer/Marko-Poutiainen
|
||||
[45]:http://qr.ae/RFEUqp
|
||||
[46]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/begley/2979906130
|
||||
[47]:http://www.taoyue.com/tutorials/pascal/history.html
|
||||
[48]:http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?AndersHejlsberg
|
||||
[49]:http://www.microsoft.com/about/technicalrecognition/anders-hejlsberg.aspx
|
||||
[50]:http://www.drdobbs.com/windows/dr-dobbs-excellence-in-programming-award/184404602
|
||||
[51]:http://qr.ae/RFEZrv
|
||||
[52]:http://www.quora.com/Software-Engineering/Who-are-some-of-the-greatest-currently-active-software-architects-in-the-world/answer/Stefan-Kiryazov
|
||||
[53]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/vonguard/4076389963/
|
||||
[54]:http://www.wizards-of-os.org/archiv/sprecher/a_c/doug_cutting.html
|
||||
[55]:http://hadoop.apache.org/
|
||||
[56]:https://www.linkedin.com/in/cutting
|
||||
[57]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Shalin-Shekhar-Mangar/comment/2293071
|
||||
[58]:http://www.quora.com/Who-are-the-best-programmers-in-Silicon-Valley-and-why/answer/Amit-Nithianandan
|
||||
[59]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/ghemawat_1482280.cfm
|
||||
[60]:http://research.google.com/pubs/SanjayGhemawat.html
|
||||
[61]:http://www.quora.com/Google/Who-is-Sanjay-Ghemawat
|
||||
[62]:http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=02062009
|
||||
[63]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/ghemawat_1482280.cfm
|
||||
[64]:http://www.quora.com/Google/Who-is-Sanjay-Ghemawat/answer/Ahmet-Alp-Balkan
|
||||
[65]:http://research.google.com/people/jeff/index.html
|
||||
[66]:http://research.google.com/people/jeff/index.html
|
||||
[67]:http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=02062009
|
||||
[68]:http://news.cs.washington.edu/2012/10/10/uw-cse-ph-d-alum-jeff-dean-wins-2012-sigops-mark-weiser-award/
|
||||
[69]:http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/dean_2879385.cfm
|
||||
[70]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Natu-Lauchande
|
||||
[71]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Cosmin-Negruseri/comment/28399
|
||||
[72]:https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LinuxCon_Europe_Linus_Torvalds_05.jpg
|
||||
[73]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/about/staff#torvalds
|
||||
[74]:http://git-scm.com/book/en/Getting-Started-A-Short-History-of-Git
|
||||
[75]:https://w2.eff.org/awards/pioneer/1998.php
|
||||
[76]:http://www.bcs.org/content/ConWebDoc/14769
|
||||
[77]:http://www.zdnet.com/blog/open-source/linus-torvalds-wins-the-tech-equivalent-of-a-nobel-prize-the-millennium-technology-prize/10789
|
||||
[78]:http://www.computer.org/portal/web/pressroom/Linus-Torvalds-Named-Recipient-of-the-2014-IEEE-Computer-Society-Computer-Pioneer-Award
|
||||
[79]:http://www.computerhistory.org/fellowawards/hall/bios/Linus,Torvalds/
|
||||
[80]:http://www.internethalloffame.org/inductees/linus-torvalds
|
||||
[81]:http://qr.ae/RFEeeo
|
||||
[82]:http://qr.ae/RFEZLk
|
||||
[83]:http://www.quora.com/Software-Engineering/Who-are-some-of-the-greatest-currently-active-software-architects-in-the-world/answer/Alok-Tripathy-1
|
||||
[84]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/quakecon/9434713998
|
||||
[85]:http://doom.wikia.com/wiki/John_Carmack
|
||||
[86]:http://thegamershub.net/2012/04/gaming-gods-john-carmack/
|
||||
[87]:http://www.shamusyoung.com/twentysidedtale/?p=4759
|
||||
[88]:http://www.interactive.org/special_awards/details.asp?idSpecialAwards=6
|
||||
[89]:http://www.itworld.com/article/2951105/it-management/a-fly-named-for-bill-gates-and-9-other-unusual-honors-for-tech-s-elite.html#slide8
|
||||
[90]:http://www.gamechoiceawards.com/archive/lifetime.html
|
||||
[91]:http://qr.ae/RFEEgr
|
||||
[92]:http://www.itworld.com/answers/topic/software/question/whos-best-living-programmer#comment-424562
|
||||
[93]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Greg-Naughton
|
||||
[94]:http://money.cnn.com/2003/08/21/commentary/game_over/column_gaming/
|
||||
[95]:http://dufoli.wordpress.com/2007/06/23/ammmmaaaazing-night/
|
||||
[96]:http://bellard.org/
|
||||
[97]:http://www.ioccc.org/winners.html#B
|
||||
[98]:http://www.oscon.com/oscon2011/public/schedule/detail/21161
|
||||
[99]:http://bellard.org/pi/pi2700e9/
|
||||
[100]:https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=7850797
|
||||
[101]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Erik-Frey/comment/1718701
|
||||
[102]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Erik-Frey/comment/2454450
|
||||
[103]:http://qr.ae/RFEjhZ
|
||||
[104]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/craigmurphy/4325516497
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||||
[105]:http://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/product/1935182471?ie=UTF8&tag=developetutor-21&linkCode=as2&camp=1634&creative=19450&creativeASIN=1935182471
|
||||
[106]:http://stackexchange.com/leagues/1/alltime/stackoverflow
|
||||
[107]:http://meta.stackexchange.com/a/9156
|
||||
[108]:http://meta.stackexchange.com/a/9138
|
||||
[109]:http://meta.stackexchange.com/a/9182
|
||||
[110]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/philipn/5326344032
|
||||
[111]:http://www.crunchbase.com/person/adam-d-angelo
|
||||
[112]:http://www.exeter.edu/documents/Exeter_Bulletin/fall_01/oncampus.html
|
||||
[113]:http://icpc.baylor.edu/community/results-2004
|
||||
[114]:https://www.topcoder.com/tc?module=Static&d1=pressroom&d2=pr_022205
|
||||
[115]:http://qr.ae/RFfOfe
|
||||
[116]:http://www.businessinsider.com/in-new-alleged-ims-mark-zuckerberg-talks-about-adam-dangelo-2012-9#ixzz369FcQoLB
|
||||
[117]:https://www.facebook.com/hackercup/photos/a.329665040399024.91563.133954286636768/553381194694073/?type=1
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||||
[118]:http://stats.ioinformatics.org/people/1849
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||||
[119]:http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2006/10/google-announces-winner-of-global-code_27.html
|
||||
[120]:http://community.topcoder.com/tc?module=SimpleStats&c=coder_achievements&d1=statistics&d2=coderAchievements&cr=10574855
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||||
[121]:https://www.facebook.com/notes/facebook-hacker-cup/facebook-hacker-cup-finals/208549245827651
|
||||
[122]:https://www.facebook.com/hackercup/photos/a.329665040399024.91563.133954286636768/553381194694073/?type=1
|
||||
[123]:http://community.topcoder.com/tc?module=AlgoRank
|
||||
[124]:http://codeforces.com/ratings
|
||||
[125]:http://www.quora.com/Respected-Software-Engineers/Who-are-some-of-the-best-programmers-in-the-world/answer/Venkateswaran-Vicky/comment/1960855
|
||||
[126]:http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gennady_Korot.jpg
|
||||
[127]:http://stats.ioinformatics.org/people/804
|
||||
[128]:http://icpc.baylor.edu/regionals/finder/world-finals-2013/standings
|
||||
[129]:https://www.facebook.com/hackercup/posts/10152022955628845
|
||||
[130]:http://codeforces.com/ratings
|
||||
[131]:http://community.topcoder.com/tc?module=AlgoRank
|
||||
[132]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi
|
||||
[133]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi/comment/4720779
|
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[134]:http://www.quora.com/Computer-Programming/Who-is-the-best-programmer-in-the-world-right-now/answer/Prateek-Joshi/comment/4880549
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@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
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The Free Software Foundation: 30 years in
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Welcome back, folks, to a new Six Degrees column. As usual, please send your thoughts on this piece to the comment box and your suggestions for future columns to [my inbox][1].
|
||||
|
||||
Now, I have to be honest with you all, this column went a little differently than I expected.
|
||||
|
||||
A few weeks ago when thinking what to write, I mused over the notion of a piece about the [Free Software Foundation][2] celebrating its 30 year anniversary and how relevant and important its work is in today's computing climate.
|
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||||
To add some meat I figured I would interview [John Sullivan][3], executive director of the FSF. My plan was typical of many of my pieces: thread together an interesting narrative and quote pieces of the interview to give it color.
|
||||
|
||||
Well, that all went out the window when John sent me a tremendously detailed, thoughtful, and descriptive interview. I decided therefore to present it in full as the main event, and to add some commentary throughout. Thus, this is quite a long column, but I think it paints a fascinating picture of a fascinating organization. I recommend you grab a cup of something delicious and settle in for a solid read.
|
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|
||||
### The sands of change ###
|
||||
|
||||
The Free Software Foundation was founded in 1985. To paint a picture of what computing was like back then, the [Amiga 1000][4] was released, C++ was becoming a dominant language, [Aldus PageMaker][5] was announced, and networking was just starting to grow. Oh, and that year [Careless Whisper][6] by Wham! was a major hit.
|
||||
|
||||
Things have changed a lot in 30 years. Back in 1985 the FSF was primarily focused on building free pieces of software that were primarily useful to nerdy computer people. These days we have software, services, social networks, and more to consider.
|
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|
||||
I first wanted to get a sense of what John feels are most prominent risks to software freedom today.
|
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|
||||
"I think there's widespread agreement on the biggest risks for computer user freedom today, but maybe not on the names for them."
|
||||
|
||||
"The first is what we might as well just call 'tiny computers everywhere.' The free software movement has succeeded to the point where laptops, desktops, and servers can run fully free operating systems doing anything users of proprietary systems can do. There are still a few holes, but they'll be closed. The challenge that remains in this area is to cut through the billion dollar marketing budgets and legal regimes working against us to actually get the systems into users hands."
|
||||
|
||||
"However, we have a serious problem on the set of computers whose primary common trait is that they are very small. Even though a car is not especially small, the computers in it are, so I include that form factor in this category, along with phones, tablets, glasses, watches, and so on. While these computers often have a basis in free software—for example, using the kernel Linux along with other free software like Android or GNU—their primary uses are to run proprietary applications and be shims for services that replace local computing with computing done on a server over which the user has no control. Since these devices serve vital functions, with some being primary means of communication for huge populations, some sitting very close to our bodies and our actual vital functions, some bearing responsibility for our physical safety, it is imperative that they run fully free systems under their users' control. Right now, they don't."
|
||||
|
||||
John feels the risk here is not just the platforms and form factors, but the services integrates into them.
|
||||
|
||||
"The services many of these devices talk to are the second major threat we face. It does us little good booting into a free system if we do our actual work and entertainment on companies' servers running software we have no access to at all. The point of free software is that we can see, modify, and share code. The existence of those freedoms even for nontechnical users provides a shield that prevents companies from controlling us. None of these freedoms exist for users of Facebook or Salesforce or Google Docs. Even more worrisome, we see a trend where people are accepting proprietary restrictions imposed on their local machines in order to have access to certain services. Browsers—including Firefox—are now automatically installing a DRM plugin in order to appease Netflix and other video giants. We need to work harder at developing free software decentralized replacements for media distribution that can actually empower users, artists, and user-artists, and for other services as well. For Facebook we have GNU social, pump.io, Diaspora, Movim, and others. For Salesforce, we have CiviCRM. For Google Docs, we have Etherpad. For media, we have GNU MediaGoblin. But all of these projects need more help, and many services don't have any replacement contenders yet."
|
||||
|
||||
It is interesting that John mentions finding free software equivalents for common applications and services today. The FSF maintains a list of "High Priority Projects" that are designed to fill this gap. Unfortunately the capabilities of these projects varies tremendously and in an age where social media is so prominent, the software is only part of the problem: the real challenge is getting people to use it.
|
||||
|
||||
This all begs the question of where the FSF fit in today's modern computing world. I am a fan of the FSF. I think the work they do is valuable and I contribute financially to support it too. They are an important organization for building an open computing culture, but all organizations need to grow, adjust, and adapt, particularly ones in the technology space.
|
||||
|
||||
I wanted to get a better sense of what the FSF is doing today that it wasn't doing at it's inception.
|
||||
|
||||
"We're speaking to a much larger audience than we were 30 years ago, and to a much broader audience. It's no longer just hackers and developers and researchers that need to know about free software. Everyone using a computer does, and it's quickly becoming the case that everyone uses a computer."
|
||||
|
||||
John went on to provide some examples of these efforts.
|
||||
|
||||
"We're doing coordinated public advocacy campaigns on issues of concern to the free software movement. Earlier in our history, we expressed opinions on these things, and took action on a handful, but in the last ten years we've put more emphasis on formulating and carrying out coherent campaigns. We've made especially significant noise in the area of Digital Restrictions Management (DRM) with Defective by Design, which I believe played a role in getting iTunes music off DRM (now of course, Apple is bringing DRM back with Apple Music). We've made attractive and useful introductory materials for people new to free software, like our [User Liberation animated video][7] and our [Email Self-Defense Guide][8].
|
||||
|
||||
We're also endorsing hardware that [respects users' freedoms][9]. Hardware distributors whose devices have been certified by the FSF to contain and require only free software can display a logo saying so. Expanding the base of free software users and the free software movement has two parts: convincing people to care, and then making it possible for them to act on that. Through this initiative, we encourage manufacturers and distributors to do the right thing, and we make it easy for users who have started to care about free software to buy what they need without suffering through hours and hours of research. We've certified a home WiFi router, 3D printers, laptops, and USB WiFi adapters, with more on the way.
|
||||
|
||||
We're collecting all of the free software we can find in our [Free Software Directory][10]. We still have a long way to go on this—we're at only about 15,500 packages right now, and we can imagine many improvements to the design and function of the site—but I think this resource has great potential for helping users find the free software they need, especially users who aren't yet using a full GNU/Linux system. With the dangers inherent in downloading random programs off the Internet, there is a definite need for a curated collection like this. It also happens to provide a wealth of machine-readable data of use to researchers.
|
||||
|
||||
We're acting as the fiscal sponsor for several specific free software projects, enabling them to raise funds for development. Most of these projects are part of GNU (which we continue to provide many kinds of infrastructure for), but we also sponsor [Replicant][11], a fully free fork of Android designed to give users the free-est mobile devices currently possible.
|
||||
|
||||
We're helping developers use free software licenses properly, and we're following up on complaints about companies that aren't following the terms of the GPL. We help them fix their mistakes and distribute properly. RMS was in fact doing similar work with the precursors of the GPL very early on, but it's now an ongoing part of our work.
|
||||
|
||||
Most of the specific things the FSF does now it wasn't doing 30 years ago, but the vision is little changed from the original paperwork—we aim to create a world where everything users want to do on any computer can be done using free software; a world where users control their computers and not the other way around."
|
||||
|
||||
### A cult of personality ###
|
||||
|
||||
There is little doubt in anyone's minds about the value the FSF brings. As John just highlighted, its efforts span not just the creation and licensing of free software, but also recognizing, certifying, and advocating a culture of freedom in technology.
|
||||
|
||||
The head of the FSF is the inimitable Richard M. Stallman, commonly referred to as RMS.
|
||||
|
||||
RMS is a curious character. He has demonstrated an unbelievable level of commitment to his ideas, philosophy, and ethical devotion to freedom in software.
|
||||
|
||||
While he is sometimes mocked online for his social awkwardness, be it things said in his speeches, his bizarre travel requirements, or other sometimes cringeworthy moments, RMS's perspectives on software and freedom are generally rock-solid. He takes a remarkably consistent approach to his perspectives and he is clearly a careful thinker about not just his own thoughts but the wider movement he is leading. My only criticism is that I think from time to time he somewhat over-eggs the pudding with the voracity of his words. But hey, given his importance in our world, I would rather take an extra egg than no pudding for anyone. O.K., I get that the whole pudding thing here was strained...
|
||||
|
||||
So RMS is a key part of the FSF, but the organization is also much more than that. There are employees, a board, and many contributors. I was curious to see how much of a role RMS plays these days in the FSF. John shared this with me.
|
||||
|
||||
"RMS is the FSF's President, and does that work without receiving a salary from the FSF. He continues his grueling global speaking schedule, advocating for free software and computer user freedom in dozens of countries each year. In the course of that, he meets with government officials as well as local activists connected with all varieties of social movements. He also raises funds for the FSF and inspires many people to volunteer."
|
||||
|
||||
"In between engagements, he does deep thinking on issues facing the free software movement, and anticipates new challenges. Often this leads to new articles—he wrote a 3-part series for Wired earlier this year about free software and free hardware designs—or new ideas communicated to the FSF's staff as the basis for future projects."
|
||||
|
||||
As we delved into the cult of personality, I wanted to tap John's perspectives on how wide the free software movement has grown.
|
||||
|
||||
I remember being at the [Open Source Think Tank][12] (an event that brings together execs from various open source organizations) and there was a case study where attendees were asked to recommend license choice for a particular project. The vast majority of break-out groups recommended the Apache Software License (APL) over the GNU Public License (GPL).
|
||||
|
||||
This stuck in my mind as since then I have noticed that many companies seem to have opted for open licenses other than the GPL. I was curious to see if John had noticed a trend towards the APL as opposed to the GPL.
|
||||
|
||||
"Has there been? I'm not so sure. I gave a presentation at FOSDEM a few years ago called 'Is Copyleft Being Framed?' that showed some of the problems with the supposed data behind claims of shifts in license adoption. I'll be publishing an article soon on this, but here's some of the major problems:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Free software license choices do not exist in a vacuum. The number of people choosing proprietary software licenses also needs to be considered in order to draw the kinds of conclusions that people want to draw. I find it much more likely that lax permissive license choices (such as the Apache License or 3-clause BSD) are trading off with proprietary license choices, rather than with the GPL.
|
||||
- License counters often, ironically, don't publish the software they use to collect that data as free software. That means we can't inspect their methods or reproduce their results. Some people are now publishing the code they use, but certainly any that don't should be completely disregarded. Science has rules.
|
||||
- What counts as a thing with a license? Are we really counting an app under the APL that makes funny noises as 1:1 with GNU Emacs under GPLv3? If not, how do we decide which things to treat as equals? Are we only looking at software that actually works? Are we making sure not to double- and triple- count programs that exist on multiple hosting sites, and what about ports for different OSes?
|
||||
|
||||
The question is interesting to ponder, but every conclusion I've seen so far has been extremely premature in light of the actual data. I'd much rather see a survey of developers asking about why they chose particular licenses for their projects than any more of these attempts to programmatically ascertain the license of programs and then ascribe human intentions on to patterns in that data.
|
||||
|
||||
Copyleft is as vital as it ever was. Permissively licensed software is still free software and on-face a good thing, but it is contingent and needs an accompanying strong social commitment to not incorporate it in proprietary software. If free software's major long-term impact is enabling businesses to more efficiently make products that restrict us, then we have achieved nothing for computer user freedom."
|
||||
|
||||
### Rising to new challenges ###
|
||||
|
||||
30 years is an impressive time for any organization to be around, and particularly one with such important goals that span so many different industries, professions, governments, and cultures.
|
||||
|
||||
As I started to wrap up the interview I wanted to get a better sense of what the FSF's primary function is today, 30 years after the mission started.
|
||||
|
||||
"I think the FSF is in a very interesting position of both being a steady rock and actively pushing the envelope."
|
||||
|
||||
"We have core documents like the [Free Software Definition][13], the [GNU General Public License][14], and the [list we maintain of free and nonfree software licenses][15], which have been keystones in the construction of the world of free software we have today. People place a great deal of trust in us to stay true to the principles outlined in those documents, and to apply them correctly and wisely in our assessments of new products or practices in computing. In this role, we hold the ladder for others to climb. As a 501(c)(3) charity held legally accountable to the public interest, and about 85% funded by individuals, we have the right structure for this."
|
||||
|
||||
"But we also push the envelope. We take on challenges that others say are too hard. I guess that means we also build ladders? Or maybe I should stop with the metaphors."
|
||||
|
||||
While John may not be great with metaphors (like I am one to talk), the FSF is great at setting a mission and demonstrating a devout commitment to it. This mission starts with a belief that free software should be everywhere.
|
||||
|
||||
"We are not satisfied with the idea that you can get a laptop that works with free software except for a few components. We're not satisfied that you can have a tablet that runs a lot of free software, and just uses proprietary software to communicate with networks and to accelerate video and to take pictures and to check in on your flight and to call an Über and to.. Well, we are happy about some such developments for sure, but we are also unhappy about the suggestion that we should be fully content with them. Any proprietary software on a system is both an injustice to the user and inherently a threat to users' security. These almost-free things can be stepping stones on the way to a free world, but only if we keep our feet moving."
|
||||
|
||||
In the early years of the FSF, we actually had to get a free operating system written. This has now been done by GNU and Linux and many collaborators, although there is always more software to write and bugs to fix. So while the FSF does still sponsor free software development in specific areas, there are thankfully many other organizations also doing this."
|
||||
|
||||
A key part of the challenge John is referring to is getting the right hardware into the hands of the right people.
|
||||
|
||||
"What we have been focusing on now are the challenges I highlighted in the first question. We are in desperate need of hardware in several different areas that fully supports free software. We have been talking a lot at the FSF about what we can do to address this, and I expect us to be making some significant moves to both increase our support for some of the projects already out there—as we having been doing to some extent through our Respects Your Freedom certification program—and possibly to launch some projects of our own. The same goes for the network service problem. I think we need to tackle them together, because having full control over the mobile components has great potential for changing how we relate to services, and decentralizing more and more services will in turn shape the mobile components."
|
||||
|
||||
I hope folks will support the FSF as we work to grow and tackle these challenges. Hardware is expensive and difficult, as is making usable, decentralized, federated replacements for network services. We're going to need the resources and creativity of a lot of people. But, 30 years ago, a community rallied around RMS and the concept of copyleft to write an entire operating system. I've spent my last 12 years at the FSF because I believe we can rise to the new challenges in the same way."
|
||||
|
||||
### Final thoughts ###
|
||||
|
||||
In reading John's thoughtful responses to my questions, and in knowing various FSF members, the one sense that resonates for me is the sheer level of passion that is alive and kicking in the FSF. This is not an organization that has got bored or disillusioned with its mission. Its passion and commitment is as voracious as it has ever been.
|
||||
|
||||
While I don't always agree with the FSF and I sometimes think its approach is a little one-dimensional at times, I have been and will continue to be a huge fan and supporter of its work. The FSF represent the ethical heartbeat of much of the free software and open source work that happens across the world. It represents a world view that is pretty hard to the left, but I believe its passion and conviction helps to bring people further to the right a little closer to the left too.
|
||||
|
||||
Sure, RMS can be odd, somewhat hardline, and a little sensational, but he is precisely the kind of leader that is valuable in a movement that encapsulates a mixture of technology, ethics, and culture. We need an RMS in much the same way we need a Torvalds, a Shuttleworth, a Whitehurst, and a Zemlin. These different people bring together mixture of perspectives that ultimately maps to technology that can be adaptable to almost any set of use cases, ethics, and ambitions.
|
||||
|
||||
So, in closing, I want to thank the FSF for its tremendous efforts, and I wish the FSF and its fearless leaders, one Richard M. Stallman and one John Sullivan, another 30 years of fighting the good fight. Go get 'em!
|
||||
|
||||
> This article is part of Jono Bacon's Six Degrees column, where he shares his thoughts and perspectives on culture, communities, and trends in open source.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://opensource.com/business/15/9/free-software-foundation-30-years
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jono Bacon][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://opensource.com/users/jonobacon
|
||||
[1]:Welcome back, folks, to a new Six Degrees column. As usual, please send your thoughts on this piece to the comment box and your suggestions for future columns to my inbox.
|
||||
[2]:http://www.fsf.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://twitter.com/johns_fsf/
|
||||
[4]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga_1000
|
||||
[5]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_PageMaker
|
||||
[6]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=izGwDsrQ1eQ
|
||||
[7]:http://fsf.org/
|
||||
[8]:http://emailselfdefense.fsf.org/
|
||||
[9]:http://fsf.org/ryf
|
||||
[10]:http://directory.fsf.org/
|
||||
[11]:http://www.replicant.us/
|
||||
[12]:http://www.osthinktank.com/
|
||||
[13]:http://www.fsf.org/about/what-is-free-software
|
||||
[14]:http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html
|
||||
[15]:http://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.en.html
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
translating wi-cuckoo
|
||||
How to Download, Install, and Configure Plank Dock in Ubuntu
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
It’s a well-known fact that Linux is extremely customizable with users having a lot of options to choose from – be it the operating systems’ various distributions or desktop environments available for a single distro. Like users of any other OS, Linux users also have different tastes and preferences, especially when it comes to desktop.
|
||||
@ -63,4 +64,4 @@ via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/download-install-configure-plank-dock-ubuntu
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/himanshu/
|
||||
[1]:https://launchpad.net/plank
|
||||
[1]:https://launchpad.net/plank
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,198 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[xiqingongzi translating]
|
||||
RHCSA Series: Yum Package Management, Automating Tasks with Cron and Monitoring System Logs – Part 10
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
In this article we will review how to install, update, and remove packages in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7. We will also cover how to automate tasks using cron, and will finish this guide explaining how to locate and interpret system logs files with the focus of teaching you why all of these are essential skills for every system administrator.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
RHCSA: Yum Package Management, Cron Job Scheduling and Log Monitoring – Part 10
|
||||
|
||||
### Managing Packages Via Yum ###
|
||||
|
||||
To install a package along with all its dependencies that are not already installed, you will use:
|
||||
|
||||
# yum -y install package_name(s)
|
||||
|
||||
Where package_name(s) represent at least one real package name.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, to install httpd and mlocate (in that order), type.
|
||||
|
||||
# yum -y install httpd mlocate
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: That the letter y in the example above bypasses the confirmation prompts that yum presents before performing the actual download and installation of the requested programs. You can leave it out if you want.
|
||||
|
||||
By default, yum will install the package with the architecture that matches the OS architecture, unless overridden by appending the package architecture to its name.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, on a 64 bit system, yum install package will install the x86_64 version of package, whereas yum install package.x86 (if available) will install the 32-bit one.
|
||||
|
||||
There will be times when you want to install a package but don’t know its exact name. The search all or search options can search the currently enabled repositories for a certain keyword in the package name and/or in its description as well, respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
For example,
|
||||
|
||||
# yum search log
|
||||
|
||||
will search the installed repositories for packages with the word log in their names and summaries, whereas
|
||||
|
||||
# yum search all log
|
||||
|
||||
will look for the same keyword in the package description and url fields as well.
|
||||
|
||||
Once the search returns a package listing, you may want to display further information about some of them before installing. That is when the info option will come in handy:
|
||||
|
||||
# yum info logwatch
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Search Package Information
|
||||
|
||||
You can regularly check for updates with the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
# yum check-update
|
||||
|
||||
The above command will return all the installed packages for which an update is available. In the example shown in the image below, only rhel-7-server-rpms has an update available:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Check For Package Updates
|
||||
|
||||
You can then update that package alone with,
|
||||
|
||||
# yum update rhel-7-server-rpms
|
||||
|
||||
If there are several packages that can be updated, yum update will update all of them at once.
|
||||
|
||||
Now what happens when you know the name of an executable, such as ps2pdf, but don’t know which package provides it? You can find out with `yum whatprovides “*/[executable]”`:
|
||||
|
||||
# yum whatprovides “*/ps2pdf”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Find Package Belongs to Which Package
|
||||
|
||||
Now, when it comes to removing a package, you can do so with yum remove package. Easy, huh? This goes to show that yum is a complete and powerful package manager.
|
||||
|
||||
# yum remove httpd
|
||||
|
||||
Read Also: [20 Yum Commands to Manage RHEL 7 Package Management][1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Good Old Plain RPM ###
|
||||
|
||||
RPM (aka RPM Package Manager, or originally RedHat Package Manager) can also be used to install or update packages when they come in form of standalone `.rpm` packages.
|
||||
|
||||
It is often utilized with the `-Uvh` flags to indicate that it should install the package if it’s not already present or attempt to update it if it’s installed `(-U)`, producing a verbose output `(-v)` and a progress bar with hash marks `(-h)` while the operation is being performed. For example,
|
||||
|
||||
# rpm -Uvh package.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
Another typical use of rpm is to produce a list of currently installed packages with code>rpm -qa (short for query all):
|
||||
|
||||
# rpm -qa
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Query All RPM Packages
|
||||
|
||||
Read Also: [20 RPM Commands to Install Packages in RHEL 7][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Scheduling Tasks using Cron ###
|
||||
|
||||
Linux and other Unix-like operating systems include a tool called cron that allows you to schedule tasks (i.e. commands or shell scripts) to run on a periodic basis. Cron checks every minute the /var/spool/cron directory for files which are named after accounts in /etc/passwd.
|
||||
|
||||
When executing commands, any output is mailed to the owner of the crontab (or to the user specified in the MAILTO environment variable in the /etc/crontab, if it exists).
|
||||
|
||||
Crontab files (which are created by typing crontab -e and pressing Enter) have the following format:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Crontab Entries
|
||||
|
||||
Thus, if we want to update the local file database (which is used by locate to find files by name or pattern) every second day of the month at 2:15 am, we need to add the following crontab entry:
|
||||
|
||||
15 02 2 * * /bin/updatedb
|
||||
|
||||
The above crontab entry reads, “Run /bin/updatedb on the second day of the month, every month of the year, regardless of the day of the week, at 2:15 am”. As I’m sure you already guessed, the star symbol is used as a wildcard character.
|
||||
|
||||
After adding a cron job, you can see that a file named root was added inside /var/spool/cron, as we mentioned earlier. That file lists all the tasks that the crond daemon should run:
|
||||
|
||||
# ls -l /var/spool/cron
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Check All Cron Jobs
|
||||
|
||||
In the above image, the current user’s crontab can be displayed either using cat /var/spool/cron/root or,
|
||||
|
||||
# crontab -l
|
||||
|
||||
If you need to run a task on a more fine-grained basis (for example, twice a day or three times each month), cron can also help you to do that.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, to run /my/script on the 1st and 15th of each month and send any output to /dev/null, you can add two crontab entries as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
01 00 1 * * /myscript > /dev/null 2>&1
|
||||
01 00 15 * * /my/script > /dev/null 2>&1
|
||||
|
||||
But in order for the task to be easier to maintain, you can combine both entries into one:
|
||||
|
||||
01 00 1,15 * * /my/script > /dev/null 2>&1
|
||||
|
||||
Following the previous example, we can run /my/other/script at 1:30 am on the first day of the month every three months:
|
||||
|
||||
30 01 1 1,4,7,10 * /my/other/script > /dev/null 2>&1
|
||||
|
||||
But when you have to repeat a certain task every “x” minutes, hours, days, or months, you can divide the right position by the desired frequency. The following crontab entry has the exact same meaning as the previous one:
|
||||
|
||||
30 01 1 */3 * /my/other/script > /dev/null 2>&1
|
||||
|
||||
Or perhaps you need to run a certain job on a fixed frequency or after the system boots, for example. You can use one of the following string instead of the five fields to indicate the exact time when you want your job to run:
|
||||
|
||||
@reboot Run when the system boots.
|
||||
@yearly Run once a year, same as 00 00 1 1 *.
|
||||
@monthly Run once a month, same as 00 00 1 * *.
|
||||
@weekly Run once a week, same as 00 00 * * 0.
|
||||
@daily Run once a day, same as 00 00 * * *.
|
||||
@hourly Run once an hour, same as 00 * * * *.
|
||||
|
||||
Read Also: [11 Commands to Schedule Cron Jobs in RHEL 7][3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Locating and Checking Logs ###
|
||||
|
||||
System logs are located (and rotated) inside the /var/log directory. According to the Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard, this directory contains miscellaneous log files, which are written to it or an appropriate subdirectory (such as audit, httpd, or samba in the image below) by the corresponding daemons during system operation:
|
||||
|
||||
# ls /var/log
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Log Files Location
|
||||
|
||||
Other interesting logs are [dmesg][4] (contains all messages from kernel ring buffer), secure (logs connection attempts that require user authentication), messages (system-wide messages) and wtmp (records of all user logins and logouts).
|
||||
|
||||
Logs are very important in that they allow you to have a glimpse of what is going on at all times in your system, and what has happened in the past. They represent a priceless tool to troubleshoot and monitor a Linux server, and thus are often used with the `tail -f command` to display events, in real time, as they happen and are recorded in a log.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, if you want to display kernel-related events, type the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
# tail -f /var/log/dmesg
|
||||
|
||||
Same if you want to view access to your web server:
|
||||
|
||||
# tail -f /var/log/httpd/access.log
|
||||
|
||||
### Summary ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you know how to efficiently manage packages, schedule tasks, and where to look for information about the current and past operation of your system you can rest assure that you will not run into surprises very often. I hope this article has helped you learn or refresh your knowledge about these basic skills.
|
||||
|
||||
Don’t hesitate to drop us a line using the contact form below if you have any questions or comments.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/yum-package-management-cron-job-scheduling-monitoring-linux-logs/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/20-linux-yum-yellowdog-updater-modified-commands-for-package-mangement/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/20-practical-examples-of-rpm-commands-in-linux/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/11-cron-scheduling-task-examples-in-linux/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/dmesg-commands/
|
||||
@ -1,144 +0,0 @@
|
||||
FSSlc translating
|
||||
|
||||
RHCSA Series: Automate RHEL 7 Installations Using ‘Kickstart’ – Part 12
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Linux servers are rarely standalone boxes. Whether it is in a datacenter or in a lab environment, chances are that you have had to install several machines that will interact one with another in some way. If you multiply the time that it takes to install Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 manually on a single server by the number of boxes that you need to set up, this can lead to a rather lengthy effort that can be avoided through the use of an unattended installation tool known as kickstart.
|
||||
|
||||
In this article we will show what you need to use kickstart utility so that you can forget about babysitting servers during the installation process.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
RHCSA: Automatic Kickstart Installation of RHEL 7
|
||||
|
||||
#### Introducing Kickstart and Automated Installations ####
|
||||
|
||||
Kickstart is an automated installation method used primarily by Red Hat Enterprise Linux (and other Fedora spin-offs, such as CentOS, Oracle Linux, etc.) to execute unattended operating system installation and configuration. Thus, kickstart installations allow system administrators to have identical systems, as far as installed package groups and system configuration are concerned, while sparing them the hassle of having to manually install each of them.
|
||||
|
||||
### Preparing for a Kickstart Installation ###
|
||||
|
||||
To perform a kickstart installation, we need to follow these steps:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Create a Kickstart file, a plain text file with several predefined configuration options.
|
||||
|
||||
2. Make the Kickstart file available on removable media, a hard drive or a network location. The client will use the rhel-server-7.0-x86_64-boot.iso file, whereas you will need to make the full ISO image (rhel-server-7.0-x86_64-dvd.iso) available from a network resource, such as a HTTP of FTP server (in our present case, we will use another RHEL 7 box with IP 192.168.0.18).
|
||||
|
||||
3. Start the Kickstart installation
|
||||
|
||||
To create a kickstart file, login to your Red Hat Customer Portal account, and use the [Kickstart configuration tool][1] to choose the desired installation options. Read each one of them carefully before scrolling down, and choose what best fits your needs:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Kickstart Configuration Tool
|
||||
|
||||
If you specify that the installation should be performed either through HTTP, FTP, or NFS, make sure the firewall on the server allows those services.
|
||||
|
||||
Although you can use the Red Hat online tool to create a kickstart file, you can also create it manually using the following lines as reference. You will notice, for example, that the installation process will be in English, using the latin american keyboard layout and the America/Argentina/San_Luis time zone:
|
||||
|
||||
lang en_US
|
||||
keyboard la-latin1
|
||||
timezone America/Argentina/San_Luis --isUtc
|
||||
rootpw $1$5sOtDvRo$In4KTmX7OmcOW9HUvWtfn0 --iscrypted
|
||||
#platform x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T
|
||||
text
|
||||
url --url=http://192.168.0.18//kickstart/media
|
||||
bootloader --location=mbr --append="rhgb quiet crashkernel=auto"
|
||||
zerombr
|
||||
clearpart --all --initlabel
|
||||
autopart
|
||||
auth --passalgo=sha512 --useshadow
|
||||
selinux --enforcing
|
||||
firewall --enabled
|
||||
firstboot --disable
|
||||
%packages
|
||||
@base
|
||||
@backup-server
|
||||
@print-server
|
||||
%end
|
||||
|
||||
In the online configuration tool, use 192.168.0.18 for HTTP Server and `/kickstart/tecmint.bin` for HTTP Directory in the Installation section after selecting HTTP as installation source. Finally, click the Download button at the right top corner to download the kickstart file.
|
||||
|
||||
In the kickstart sample file above, you need to pay careful attention to.
|
||||
|
||||
url --url=http://192.168.0.18//kickstart/media
|
||||
|
||||
That directory is where you need to extract the contents of the DVD or ISO installation media. Before doing that, we will mount the ISO installation file in /media/rhel as a loop device:
|
||||
|
||||
# mount -o loop /var/www/html/kickstart/rhel-server-7.0-x86_64-dvd.iso /media/rhel
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Mount RHEL ISO Image
|
||||
|
||||
Next, copy all the contents of /media/rhel to /var/www/html/kickstart/media:
|
||||
|
||||
# cp -R /media/rhel /var/www/html/kickstart/media
|
||||
|
||||
When you’re done, the directory listing and disk usage of /var/www/html/kickstart/media should look as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Kickstart Media Files
|
||||
|
||||
Now we’re ready to kick off the kickstart installation.
|
||||
|
||||
Regardless of how you choose to create the kickstart file, it’s always a good idea to check its syntax before proceeding with the installation. To do that, install the pykickstart package.
|
||||
|
||||
# yum update && yum install pykickstart
|
||||
|
||||
And then use the ksvalidator utility to check the file:
|
||||
|
||||
# ksvalidator /var/www/html/kickstart/tecmint.bin
|
||||
|
||||
If the syntax is correct, you will not get any output, whereas if there’s an error in the file, you will get a warning notice indicating the line where the syntax is not correct or unknown.
|
||||
|
||||
### Performing a Kickstart Installation ###
|
||||
|
||||
To start, boot your client using the rhel-server-7.0-x86_64-boot.iso file. When the initial screen appears, select Install Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.0 and press the Tab key to append the following stanza and press Enter:
|
||||
|
||||
# inst.ks=http://192.168.0.18/kickstart/tecmint.bin
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
RHEL Kickstart Installation
|
||||
|
||||
Where tecmint.bin is the kickstart file created earlier.
|
||||
|
||||
When you press Enter, the automated installation will begin, and you will see the list of packages that are being installed (the number and the names will differ depending on your choice of programs and package groups):
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Automatic Kickstart Installation of RHEL 7
|
||||
|
||||
When the automated process ends, you will be prompted to remove the installation media and then you will be able to boot into your newly installed system:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
RHEL 7 Boot Screen
|
||||
|
||||
Although you can create your kickstart files manually as we mentioned earlier, you should consider using the recommended approach whenever possible. You can either use the online configuration tool, or the anaconda-ks.cfg file that is created by the installation process in root’s home directory.
|
||||
|
||||
This file actually is a kickstart file, so you may want to install the first box manually with all the desired options (maybe modify the logical volumes layout or the file system on top of each one) and then use the resulting anaconda-ks.cfg file to automate the installation of the rest.
|
||||
|
||||
In addition, using the online configuration tool or the anaconda-ks.cfg file to guide future installations will allow you to perform them using an encrypted root password out-of-the-box.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now that you know how to create kickstart files and how to use them to automate the installation of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 servers, you can forget about babysitting the installation process. This will give you time to do other things, or perhaps some leisure time if you’re lucky.
|
||||
|
||||
Either way, let us know what you think about this article using the form below. Questions are also welcome!
|
||||
|
||||
Read Also: [Automated Installations of Multiple RHEL/CentOS 7 Distributions using PXE and Kickstart][2]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/automatic-rhel-installations-using-kickstart/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/
|
||||
[1]:https://access.redhat.com/labs/kickstartconfig/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/multiple-centos-installations-using-kickstart/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
FSSlc translating
|
||||
|
||||
RHCSA Series: Mandatory Access Control Essentials with SELinux in RHEL 7 – Part 13
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
During this series we have explored in detail at least two access control methods: standard ugo/rwx permissions ([Manage Users and Groups – Part 3][1]) and access control lists ([Configure ACL’s on File Systems – Part 7][2]).
|
||||
@ -173,4 +175,4 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/selinux-essentials-and-control-filesystem-access/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/rhcsa-exam-configure-acls-and-mount-nfs-samba-shares/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/rhcsa-series-secure-ssh-set-hostname-enable-network-services-in-rhel-7/
|
||||
[4]:https://www.nsa.gov/research/selinux/index.shtml
|
||||
[5]:https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/7/html/SELinux_Users_and_Administrators_Guide/part_I-SELinux.html
|
||||
[5]:https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/7/html/SELinux_Users_and_Administrators_Guide/part_I-SELinux.html
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
|
||||
Linux Server See the Historical and Statistical Uptime of System With tuptime Utility
|
||||
使用tuptime工具查看Linux服务器系统历史开机时间统计
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
You can use the following tools to see how long system has been running on a Linux or Unix-like system:
|
||||
你们可以使用下面的工具来查看Linux或者类Unix系统运行了多长时间：
|
||||
- uptime : 告诉你服务器运行了多长的时间。
|
||||
- lastt : 显示重启和关机时间。
|
||||
- tuptime : 报告系统的历史运行时间和统计运行时间，这是指重启之间的运行时间。和uptime命令类似，不过输出结果更有意思。
|
||||
|
||||
- uptime : Tell how long the server has been running.
|
||||
- lastt : Show the reboot and shutdown time.
|
||||
- tuptime : Report the historical and statistical running time of system, keeping it between restarts. Like uptime command but with more interesting output.
|
||||
#### 找出系统上次重启时间和日期 ####
|
||||
|
||||
#### Finding out the system last reboot time and date ####
|
||||
|
||||
You [can use the following commands to get the last reboot and shutdown time and date on a Linux][1] operating system (also works on OSX/Unix-like system):
|
||||
你[可以使用下面的命令来获取Linux操作系统的上次重启和关机时间及日期][1]（在OSX/类Unix系统上也可以用）：
|
||||
|
||||
## Just show system reboot and shutdown date and time ###
|
||||
who -b
|
||||
@ -20,28 +19,27 @@ You [can use the following commands to get the last reboot and shutdown time and
|
||||
awk '{ print "up " $1 /60 " minutes"}' /proc/uptime
|
||||
w
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample outputs:**
|
||||
**样例输出：**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fig.01: Various Linux commands in action to find out the server uptime
|
||||
图像01：用于找出服务器开机时间的多个Linux命令
|
||||
|
||||
**Say hello to tuptime**
|
||||
**跟tuptime问打个招呼吧**
|
||||
|
||||
The tuptime command line tool can report the following information on a Linux based system:
|
||||
tuptime命令行工具可以报告基于Linux的系统上的下列信息：
|
||||
1. 系统启动次数统计
|
||||
2. 注册首次启动时间（也就是安装时间）
|
||||
1. 正常关机和意外关机统计
|
||||
1. 平均开机时间和故障停机时间
|
||||
1. 当前开机时间
|
||||
1. 首次启动以来的开机和故障停机率
|
||||
1. 累积系统开机时间、故障停机时间和合计
|
||||
1. 报告每次启动、开机时间、关机和故障停机时间
|
||||
|
||||
1. Count system startups
|
||||
1. Register first boot time (a.k.a. installation time)
|
||||
1. Count nicely and accidentally shutdowns
|
||||
1. Average uptime and downtime
|
||||
1. Current uptime
|
||||
1. Uptime and downtime rate since first boot time
|
||||
1. Accumulated system uptime, downtime and total
|
||||
1. Report each startup, uptime, shutdown and downtime
|
||||
#### 安装 ####
|
||||
|
||||
#### Installation ####
|
||||
|
||||
Type the [following command to clone a git repo on a Linux operating system][2]:
|
||||
输入[下面的命令来克隆git仓库到Linux系统中][2]：
|
||||
|
||||
$ cd /tmp
|
||||
$ git clone https://github.com/rfrail3/tuptime.git
|
||||
@ -49,45 +47,45 @@ Type the [following command to clone a git repo on a Linux operating system][2]:
|
||||
$ cd tuptime
|
||||
$ ls
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample outputs:**
|
||||
**样例输出：**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fig.02: Cloning a git repo
|
||||
图像02：克隆git仓库
|
||||
|
||||
Make sure you've Python v2.7 installed with sys, optparse, os, re, string, sqlite3, datetime, disutils, and locale modules.
|
||||
确保你随sys，optparse，os，re，string，sqlite3，datetime，disutils安装了Python v2.7和本地模块。
|
||||
|
||||
You can simply install it as follows:
|
||||
你可以像下面这样来安装：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo tuptime-install.sh
|
||||
|
||||
OR do a manual installation (recommended method due to systemd or non-systemd based Linux system):
|
||||
或者，可以手工安装（根据基于systemd或非systemd的Linux的推荐方法）：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo cp /tmp/tuptime/latest/cron.d/tuptime /etc/cron.d/tuptime
|
||||
|
||||
If is a system with systemd, copy service file and enable it:
|
||||
如果系统是systemd的，拷贝服务文件并启用：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo cp /tmp/tuptime/latest/systemd/tuptime.service /lib/systemd/system/
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl enable tuptime.service
|
||||
|
||||
If the systemd don't have systemd, copy init file:
|
||||
如果系统不是systemd的，拷贝初始化文件：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo cp /tmp/tuptime/latest/init.d/tuptime.init.d-debian7 /etc/init.d/tuptime
|
||||
$ sudo update-rc.d tuptime defaults
|
||||
|
||||
**Run it**
|
||||
**运行**
|
||||
|
||||
Simply type the following command:
|
||||
只需输入以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo tuptime
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample outputs:**
|
||||
**样例输出：**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Fig.03: tuptime in action
|
||||
图像03：tuptime工作中
|
||||
|
||||
After kernel upgrade I rebooted the box and typed the same command again:
|
||||
在更新内核后，我重启了系统，然后再次输入了同样的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo tuptime
|
||||
System startups: 2 since 03:52:16 PM 08/21/2015
|
||||
@ -101,11 +99,11 @@ After kernel upgrade I rebooted the box and typed the same command again:
|
||||
System downtime: 5 hours, 0 minutes and 11 seconds
|
||||
System life: 15 days, 14 hours, 36 minutes and 18 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
You can change date and time format as follows:
|
||||
你可以像下面这样修改日期和时间格式：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo tuptime -d '%H:%M:%S %m-%d-%Y'
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample outputs:**
|
||||
**样例输出：**
|
||||
|
||||
System startups: 1 since 15:52:16 08-21-2015
|
||||
System shutdowns: 0 ok - 0 bad
|
||||
@ -118,11 +116,11 @@ You can change date and time format as follows:
|
||||
System downtime: 0 seconds
|
||||
System life: 15 days, 9 hours, 21 minutes and 19 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
Enumerate each startup, uptime, shutdown and downtime:
|
||||
计算每次启动、开机时间、关机和故障停机时间：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo tuptime -e
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample outputs:**
|
||||
**样例输出：**
|
||||
|
||||
Startup: 1 at 03:52:16 PM 08/21/2015
|
||||
Uptime: 15 days, 9 hours, 22 minutes and 33 seconds
|
||||
@ -143,10 +141,10 @@ Enumerate each startup, uptime, shutdown and downtime:
|
||||
via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/hardware/howto-see-historical-statistical-uptime-on-linux-server/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Vivek Gite
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/hardware/howto-see-historical-statistical-uptime-on-linux-server/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/debian-ubunut-linux-download-a-git-repository/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/debian-ubunut-linux-download-a-git-repository/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
|
||||
[xiqingongzi translating]
|
||||
RHCSA Series: Yum 包管理, 自动任务计划和系统监控日志 – Part 10
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾如何在REHL7中安装，更新和删除软件包。我们还将介绍如何使用cron任务的自动化，并完成如何查找和监控系统日志文件以及为什么这些技能是系统管理员必备技能
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
RHCSA: Yum包管理, 任务计划和系统监控 – 第十章
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用yum 管理包 ###
|
||||
|
||||
要安装一个包以及所有尚未安装的依赖包，您可以使用：
|
||||
|
||||
# yum -y install package_name(s)
|
||||
|
||||
package_name(s) 需要是一个存在的包名
|
||||
|
||||
例如，安装httpd和mlocate（按顺序），类型。
|
||||
|
||||
# yum -y install httpd mlocate
|
||||
|
||||
**注意**: 字符y表示绕过执行下载和安装前的确认提示，如果需要，你可以删除它
|
||||
|
||||
默认情况下，yum将安装与操作系统体系结构相匹配的包，除非通过在包名加入架构名
|
||||
|
||||
例如，在64位系统上，使用yum安装包将安装包的x86_64版本，而package.x86 yum安装（如果有的话）将安装32位。
|
||||
|
||||
有时，你想安装一个包，但不知道它的确切名称。搜索可以在当前启用的存储库中去搜索包名称或在它的描述中搜索，并分别进行。
|
||||
|
||||
比如,
|
||||
|
||||
# yum search log
|
||||
|
||||
将搜索安装的软件包中名字与该词类似的软件，而
|
||||
|
||||
# yum search all log
|
||||
|
||||
也将在包描述和网址中寻找寻找相同的关键字
|
||||
|
||||
一旦搜索返回包列表，您可能希望在安装前显示一些信息。这时info选项派上用场：
|
||||
|
||||
# yum info logwatch
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
搜索包信息
|
||||
|
||||
您可以定期用以下命令检查更新：
|
||||
|
||||
# yum check-update
|
||||
|
||||
上述命令将返回可以更新的所有安装包。在下图所示的例子中，只有rhel-7-server-rpms有可用更新：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
检查包更新
|
||||
|
||||
然后，您可以更新该包，
|
||||
|
||||
# yum update rhel-7-server-rpms
|
||||
|
||||
如果有几个包，可以一同更新，yum update 将一次性更新所有的包
|
||||
|
||||
现在，当你知道一个可执行文件的名称，如ps2pdf，但不知道那个包提供了它？你可以通过 `yum whatprovides “*/[executable]”`找到:
|
||||
|
||||
# yum whatprovides “*/ps2pdf”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
查找文件属于哪个包
|
||||
|
||||
现在，当删除包时，你可以使用 yum remove Package ，很简单吧？Yum 是一个完整的强大的包管理器。
|
||||
|
||||
# yum remove httpd
|
||||
|
||||
Read Also: [20 Yum Commands to Manage RHEL 7 Package Management][1]
|
||||
|
||||
### 文本式RPM工具 ###
|
||||
|
||||
RPM（又名RPM包管理器，或原本RedHat软件包管理器）也可用于安装或更新软件包来当他们在独立`rpm`包装形式。
|
||||
|
||||
往往使用`-Uvh` 表面这个包应该被安装而不是已存在或尝试更新。安装是`-U` ,显示详细输出用`-v`,显示进度条用`-h` 例如
|
||||
# rpm -Uvh package.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
另一个典型的使用rpm 是产生一个列表，目前安装的软件包的code > rpm -qa(缩写查询所有)
|
||||
|
||||
# rpm -qa
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
查询所有包
|
||||
|
||||
Read Also: [20 RPM Commands to Install Packages in RHEL 7][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Cron任务计划 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Linux和UNIX类操作系统包括其他的工具称为Cron允许你安排任务（即命令或shell脚本）运行在周期性的基础上。每分钟定时检查/var/spool/cron目录中有在/etc/passwd帐户文件中指定名称的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
执行命令时，输出是发送到crontab的所有者（或者在/etc/crontab，在MailTO环境变量中指定的用户，如果它存在的话）。
|
||||
|
||||
crontab文件（这是通过键入crontab e和按Enter键创建）的格式如下：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
crontab条目
|
||||
|
||||
因此，如果我们想更新本地文件数据库（这是用于定位文件或图案）每个初二日上午2:15，我们需要添加以下crontab条目：
|
||||
|
||||
15 02 2 * * /bin/updatedb
|
||||
|
||||
以上的条目写着：”每年每月第二天的凌晨2：15运行 /bin/updatedb“ 无论是周几”，我想你也猜到了。星号作为通配符
|
||||
|
||||
添加一个cron作业后，你可以看到一个文件名为root被添加在/var/spool/cron，正如我们前面所提到的。该文件列出了所有的crond守护进程运行的任务：
|
||||
|
||||
# ls -l /var/spool/cron
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
检查所有cron工作
|
||||
|
||||
在上图中，显示当前用户的crontab可以使用 cat /var/spool/cron 或
|
||||
|
||||
# crontab -l
|
||||
|
||||
如果你需要在一个更精细的时间上运行的任务（例如，一天两次或每月三次），cron也可以帮助你。
|
||||
|
||||
例如，每个月1号和15号运行 /my/script 并将输出导出到 /dev/null，您可以添加如下两个crontab条目：
|
||||
|
||||
01 00 1 * * /myscript > /dev/null 2>&1
|
||||
01 00 15 * * /my/script > /dev/null 2>&1
|
||||
|
||||
不过为了简单，你可以将他们合并
|
||||
|
||||
01 00 1,15 * * /my/script > /dev/null 2>&1
|
||||
在前面的例子中，我们可以在每三个月的第一天的凌晨1：30运行 /my/other/script .
|
||||
|
||||
30 01 1 1,4,7,10 * /my/other/script > /dev/null 2>&1
|
||||
|
||||
但是当你必须每一个“十”分钟，数小时，数天或数月的重复某个任务时，你可以通过所需的频率来划分正确的时间。以下为前一个crontab条目具有相同的意义：
|
||||
|
||||
30 01 1 */3 * /my/other/script > /dev/null 2>&1
|
||||
|
||||
或者也许你需要在一个固定的时间段或系统启动后运行某个固定的工作，例如。你可以使用下列五个字符串中的一个字符串来指示你想让你的任务计划工作的确切时间：
|
||||
|
||||
@reboot 仅系统启动时运行.
|
||||
@yearly 一年一次, 类似与 00 00 1 1 *.
|
||||
@monthly 一月一次, 类似与 00 00 1 * *.
|
||||
@weekly 一周一次, 类似与 00 00 * * 0.
|
||||
@daily 一天一次, 类似与 00 00 * * *.
|
||||
@hourly 一小时一次, 类似与 00 * * * *.
|
||||
|
||||
Read Also: [11 Commands to Schedule Cron Jobs in RHEL 7][3]
|
||||
|
||||
### 定位和查看日志###
|
||||
|
||||
系统日志存放在 /var/log 目录.根据Linux的文件系统层次标准，这个目录包括各种日志文件，并包含一些必要的子目录(如 audit, httpd, 或 samba ,如下图)，并由相应的系统守护进程操作
|
||||
|
||||
# ls /var/log
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 日志定位
|
||||
|
||||
其他有趣的日志比如 [dmesg][4](包括了所有内核缓冲区的信息)，安全(用户认证尝试链接)，信息(系统信息)，和wtmp(记录了所有用户的登录登出)
|
||||
|
||||
日志是非常重要的，他们让你可以看到是任何时刻发生在你的系统的事情，甚至是已经过去的事情。他们是无价的工具，解决和监测一个Linux服务器，并因此经常使用的 “tail -f command ”来实时显示正在发生并实时写入的事件。
|
||||
|
||||
举个例子，如果你想看你的内核的日志，你需要输入如下命令
|
||||
|
||||
# tail -f /var/log/dmesg
|
||||
|
||||
同样的，如果你想查看你的网络服务器日志，你需要输入如下命令
|
||||
|
||||
# tail -f /var/log/httpd/access.log
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果你知道如何有效的管理包，安排任务，以及知道在哪寻找系统当前和过去操作的信息，你可以放心你将不会总是有太多的惊喜。我希望这篇文章能够帮你学习或回顾这些基础知识。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你有任何问题或意见，请使用下面的表格反馈给我们。
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/yum-package-management-cron-job-scheduling-monitoring-linux-logs/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
|
||||
译者：[xiqingongzi](https://github.com/xiqingongzi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/20-linux-yum-yellowdog-updater-modified-commands-for-package-mangement/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/20-practical-examples-of-rpm-commands-in-linux/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/11-cron-scheduling-task-examples-in-linux/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.tecmint.com/dmesg-commands/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
|
||||
RHCSA 系列： 使用 ‘Kickstart’完成 RHEL 7 的自动化安装 – Part 12
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
无论是在数据中心还是实验室环境，Linux 服务器很少是独立的机子，很可能有时你不得不安装多个以某种方式相互联系的机子。假如你将在单个服务器上手动安装 RHEL 7 所花的时间乘以你需要配置的机子个数，则这将导致你必须做出一场相当长的努力，而通过使用被称为 kicksta 的无人值守安装工具则可以避免这样的麻烦。
|
||||
|
||||
在这篇文章中，我们将向你展示使用 kickstart 工具时所需的一切，以便在安装过程中，不用你时不时地照看“处在襁褓中”的服务器。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
RHCSA： RHEL 7 的自动化 Kickstart 安装
|
||||
|
||||
#### Kickstart 和自动化安装简介 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Kickstart 是一种被用来执行无人值守操作系统安装和配置的自动化安装方法，主要被 RHEL(和其他 Fedora 的副产品，如 CentOS，Oracle Linux 等)所使用。因此，kickstart 安装方法可使得系统管理员只需考虑需要安装的软件包组和系统的配置，便可以得到相同的系统，从而省去必须手动安装这些软件包的麻烦。
|
||||
|
||||
### 准备一次 Kickstart 安装 ###
|
||||
|
||||
要执行一次 kickstart 安装，我们需要遵循下面的这些步骤：
|
||||
|
||||
1. 创建一个 Kickstart 文件，它是一个带有多个预定义配置选项的纯文本文件。
|
||||
|
||||
2. 使得 Kickstart 文件在可移动介质上可得，如一个硬盘或一个网络位置。客户端将使用 `rhel-server-7.0-x86_64-boot.iso` 镜像文件，而你还需要使得完全的 ISO 镜像(`rhel-server-7.0-x86_64-dvd.iso`)可从一个网络资源上获取得到，例如通过一个 FTP 服务器的 HTTP(在我们当前的例子中，我们将使用另一个 IP 地址为 192.168.0.18 的 RHEL 7 机子)。
|
||||
|
||||
3. 开始 Kickstart 安装。
|
||||
|
||||
为创建一个 kickstart 文件，请登陆你的红帽客户门户网站帐户，并使用 [Kickstart 配置工具][1] 来选择所需的安装选项。在向下滑动之前请仔细阅读每个选项，然后选择最适合你需求的选项：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Kickstart 配置工具
|
||||
|
||||
假如你指定安装将通过 HTTP，FTP，NFS 来执行，请确保服务器上的防火墙允许这些服务通过。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管你可以使用红帽的在线工具来创建一个 kickstart 文件，但你还可以使用下面的代码来作为参考手动地创建它。例如，你可以注意到，下面的代码指定了安装过程将使用英语环境，使用拉丁美洲键盘布局，并设定时区为 America/Argentina/San_Luis 时区：
|
||||
|
||||
lang en_US
|
||||
keyboard la-latin1
|
||||
timezone America/Argentina/San_Luis --isUtc
|
||||
rootpw $1$5sOtDvRo$In4KTmX7OmcOW9HUvWtfn0 --iscrypted
|
||||
#platform x86, AMD64, or Intel EM64T
|
||||
text
|
||||
url --url=http://192.168.0.18//kickstart/media
|
||||
bootloader --location=mbr --append="rhgb quiet crashkernel=auto"
|
||||
zerombr
|
||||
clearpart --all --initlabel
|
||||
autopart
|
||||
auth --passalgo=sha512 --useshadow
|
||||
selinux --enforcing
|
||||
firewall --enabled
|
||||
firstboot --disable
|
||||
%packages
|
||||
@base
|
||||
@backup-server
|
||||
@print-server
|
||||
%end
|
||||
|
||||
在上面的在线配置工具中，在选择以 HTTP 来作为安装源后，设置好在安装过程中使用 192.168.0.18 来作为 HTTP 服务器的地址，`/kickstart/tecmint.bin` 作为 HTTP 目录。
|
||||
|
||||
在上面的 kickstart 示例文件中，你需要特别注意
|
||||
|
||||
url --url=http://192.168.0.18//kickstart/media
|
||||
|
||||
这个目录是你解压 DVD 或 ISO 安装介质的地方。在执行解压之前，我们将把 ISO 安装文件作为一个回环设备挂载到 /media/rhel 目录下：
|
||||
|
||||
# mount -o loop /var/www/html/kickstart/rhel-server-7.0-x86_64-dvd.iso /media/rhel
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
挂载 RHEL ISO 镜像
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，复制 /media/rhel 中的全部文件到 /var/www/html/kickstart/media 目录：
|
||||
|
||||
# cp -R /media/rhel /var/www/html/kickstart/media
|
||||
|
||||
这一步做完后，/var/www/html/kickstart/media 目录中的文件列表和磁盘使用情况将如下所示：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Kickstart 媒体文件
|
||||
|
||||
现在，我们已经准备好开始 kickstart 安装了。
|
||||
|
||||
不管你如何选择创建 kickstart 文件的方式，在执行安装之前检查这个文件的语法总是一个不错的主意。为此，我们需要安装 pykickstart 软件包。
|
||||
|
||||
# yum update && yum install pykickstart
|
||||
|
||||
然后使用 ksvalidator 工具来检查这个文件：
|
||||
|
||||
# ksvalidator /var/www/html/kickstart/tecmint.bin
|
||||
|
||||
假如文件中的语法正确，你将不会得到任何输出，反之，假如文件中存在错误，你得到警告，向你提示在某一行中语法不正确或出错原因未知。
|
||||
|
||||
### 执行一次 Kickstart 安装 ###
|
||||
|
||||
首先，使用 rhel-server-7.0-x86_64-boot.iso 来启动你的客户端。当初始屏幕出现时，选择安装 RHEL 7.0 ，然后按 Tab 键来追加下面这一句，接着按 Enter 键：
|
||||
|
||||
# inst.ks=http://192.168.0.18/kickstart/tecmint.bin
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
RHEL Kickstart 安装
|
||||
|
||||
其中 tecmint.bin 是先前创建的 kickstart 文件。
|
||||
|
||||
当你按了 Enter 键后，自动安装就开始了，且你将看到一个列有正在被安装的软件的列表(软件包的数目和名称根据你所选择的程序和软件包组而有所不同)：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
RHEL 7 的自动化 Kickstart 安装
|
||||
|
||||
当自动化过程结束后，将提示你移除安装介质，接着你就可以启动到你新安装的系统中了：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
RHEL 7 启动屏幕
|
||||
|
||||
尽管你可以像我们前面提到的那样，手动地创建你的 kickstart 文件，但你应该尽可能地考虑使用受推荐的方式：你可以使用在线配置工具，或者使用在安装过程中创建的位于 root 家目录下的 anaconda-ks.cfg 文件。
|
||||
|
||||
这个文件实际上就是一个 kickstart 文件，所以你或许想在选择好所有所需的选项(可能需要更改逻辑卷布局或机子上所用的文件系统)后手动地安装第一个机子，接着使用产生的 anaconda-ks.cfg 文件来自动完成其余机子的安装过程。
|
||||
|
||||
另外，使用在线配置工具或 anaconda-ks.cfg 文件来引导将来的安装将允许你使用一个加密的 root 密码来执行系统的安装。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
既然你知道了如何创建 kickstart 文件并如何使用它们来自动完成 RHEL 7 服务器的安装，你就可以忘记时时照看安装进度的过程了。这将给你时间来做其他的事情，或者若你足够幸运，你还可以用来休闲一番。
|
||||
|
||||
无论以何种方式，请使用下面的评论栏来让我们知晓你对这篇文章的看法。提问也同样欢迎！
|
||||
|
||||
另外，请阅读：[使用 PXE 和 kickstart 来自动化安装多个 RHEL/CentOS 7 发行版本][2]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/automatic-rhel-installations-using-kickstart/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
|
||||
译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/gacanepa/
|
||||
[1]:https://access.redhat.com/labs/kickstartconfig/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/multiple-centos-installations-using-kickstart/
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user