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​No reboot patching comes to Linux 4.0
================================================================================
> **Summary**:With the new Linux 4.0 kernel, you'll need to reboot Linux less often than ever.
With [Linux 4.0][1], you may never need to reboot your operating system again.
![Using Linux means never having to reboot. -- SUSE ](http://zdnet4.cbsistatic.com/hub/i/r/2015/03/02/5e766833-454b-45b5-a8f7-a55d21e9d26a/resize/270x270/4d0774552c342a1507784ef802619b71/livepatching.jpg)
Using Linux means never having to reboot. -- SUSE
One reason to love Linux on your servers or in your data-center is that you so seldom needed to reboot it. True, critical patches require a reboot, but you could go months without rebooting. Now, with the latest changes to the Linux kernel you may be able to go years between reboots.
This is actually a feature that was available in Linux in 2009 thanks to a program called [Ksplice][2]. This program compares the original and patched kernels and then uses a customized kernel module to patch the new code into the running kernel. Each Ksplice-enabled kernel comes with a special set of flags for each function that will be patched. The [Ksplice process][3] then watches for a moment when the code for the function being patched isn't in use, and ta-da, the patch is made and your server runs on.
[Oracle acquired Ksplice][4] in 2011, and kept it just for its own [Oracle Linux][5], a [Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL)][6] clone, and as a RHEL subscription service. That left all the other enterprise and server Linux back where they started.
Then [KernelCare released a service that could provide bootless patches][7] for most enterprise Linux distros. This program use proprietary software and is only available as a service with a monthly fee. That was a long way from satisfying many Linux system administrators.
So, [Red Hat][8] and [SUSE][9] both started working on their own purely open-source means of giving Linux the ability to keep running even while critical patches were being installed. Red Hat's program was named [kpatch][10], while SUSE' is named [kGraft][11].
The two companies took different approaches. Kpatch issues a stop_machine() command. After that it looks at the stack of existing processes using [ftrace][12] and, if the patch can be made safely, it redirects the running code to the patched functions and then removes the now outdated code.
Kgraft also uses ftrace, but it works on the thread level. When an old function is called it makes sure the thread reaches a point that it can switch to the new function.
While the end result is the same, the operating system keeps running while patches are made, there are significant differences in performance. Kpatch takes from one to forty milliseconds, while kGraft might take several minutes but there's never even a millisecond of down time.
At the Linux Plumbers Conference in October 2014, the two groups got together and started work on a way to [patch Linux without rebooting that combines the best of both programs][13]. Essentially, what they ended up doing was putting both kpatch and kGraft in the 4.0 Linux kernel.
Jiri Kosina, a SUSE software engineer and Linux kernel developer, explained, that live-patching in the Linux kernel will "provides a basic infrastructure for function "live patching" (i.e. code redirection), including API [application programming interface] for kernel modules containing the actual patches, and API/ABI [application binary interface] for userspace to be able to operate on the patches. This is "relatively simple and minimalistic, as it's making use of existing kernel infrastructure (namely ftrace) as much as possible. It's also self-contained, in a sense that it doesn't hook itself in any other kernel subsystem (it doesn't even touch any other code)."
The release candidate for Linux 4.0 is now out. Kosina stated that "It's now implemented for x86 only as a reference architecture, but support for powerpc, s390 and arm is already in the works." And, indeed, the source code for these architectures is already in the [Live Patching Git code][14].
Simply having the code in there is just the start. Your Linux distribution will have to support it with patches that can make use of it. With both Red Hat and SUSE behind it, live patching will soon be the default in all serious business Linux distributions.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://www.zdnet.com/article/no-reboot-patching-comes-to-linux-4-0/#ftag=RSSbaffb68
作者：[Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/us/sjvn/
[1]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-kernel-turns-over-release-odometer-to-4-0/
[2]:http://www.computerworld.com/article/2466389/open-source-tools/never-reboot-again-with-linux-and-ksplice.html
[3]:http://www.ksplice.com/
[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/oracle-acquires-zero-downtime-linux-upgrade-software/
[5]:http://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/linux/overview/index.html
[6]:http://www.redhat.com/en/technologies/linux-platforms/enterprise-linux
[7]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/kernelcare-new-no-reboot-linux-patching-system/
[8]:http://www.redhat.com/
[9]:http://www.suse.com/
[10]:http://rhelblog.redhat.com/2014/02/26/kpatch/
[11]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/suse-gets-live-patching/
[12]:http://elinux.org/Ftrace
[13]:http://linuxplumbersconf.org/2014/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/LPC2014_LivePatching.txt
[14]:https://kernel.googlesource.com/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jikos/livepatching/+/9ec0de0ee0c9f0ffe4f72da9158194121cc22807

3
sources/tech/20150211 25 Tips for Intermediate Git Users.md
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zpl1025
25 Tips for Intermediate Git Users
================================================================================
I’ve been using git for about 18 months now and thought I knew it pretty well. Then we had [Scott Chacon][1] from GitHub over to do some training at [LVS, a supplier/developer of betting/gaming software][2] (where contracted until 2013) and I learnt a ton in the first day.
@ -466,4 +467,4 @@ via: https://www.andyjeffries.co.uk/25-tips-for-intermediate-git-users/
[a]:https://www.andyjeffries.co.uk/author/andy-jeffries/
[1]:http://gitcasts.com/about
[2]:http://www.lvs.co.uk/
[2]:http://www.lvs.co.uk/

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How To Fix “Not Enough Free Disk Space On /boot” In Ubuntu
================================================================================
### Question: How To Fix “Not Enough Free Disk Space On /boot” In Ubuntu? ###
Today, I got the following error, but a simple one, when try to update my Lubuntu 14.04 desktop.
> “Not Enough Free Disk Space On /boot”
![](https://www.unixmen.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Software-Updater_002.png)
This is because my /boot partition has caught up with unwanted old kernels, packages etc.
### Answer: ###
I heard about **Computer Janitor** feature which will remove unwanted old junk files in Ubuntu Tweak tool. Using the Computer Janitor, you can clean up your system like a freshly installed system. Janitor will remove;
- Apps cache(Firefox/Chrome cache, Software center cache);
- Thumbnail cache;
- Apt cache;
- Old kernels;
- Package configs;
- And unneeded packages.
If you haven’t install this tool, look at the following link.
- **[How To Install And Use Ubuntu Tweak On Ubuntu][1]**
To remove unwanted junk files, open Ubuntu Tweak, and click on the **Janitor** option.
![](https://www.unixmen.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Ubuntu-Tweak_006.png)
Select the check the boxes to remove unwanted junk from your system, and click **Clean** button.
![](https://www.unixmen.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Ubuntu-Tweak_007.png)
Janitor will now start to clean up your system
![](https://www.unixmen.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Ubuntu-Tweak_003.png)
Cool! The system is clean now.
![](https://www.unixmen.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Ubuntu-Tweak_008.png)
Again I re-launched the software updater. This time it went smoothly without any issues.
![](https://www.unixmen.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Software-Updater_009.png)
That’s all. Enjoy. There are others ways also available to clean up the system. But, this seems very easy to follow. We can do system clean up in few mouse clicks.
Cheers!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.unixmen.com/how-to-fix-not-enough-free-disk-space-on-boot-in-ubuntu/
作者：[SK][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://www.unixmen.com/author/sk/
[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/after-a-fresh-install-of-ubuntu-1010-maverick-meerkat-configuration-made-easy-with-ubuntu-tweak/

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How To Fix Windows Updates Stuck At 0%
================================================================================
How do you feel when you log in to Windows after a month, find there are updates to install, you select to install these updates and those **Windows updates stuck at zero percent**?
Why am I talking about Windows updates on a blog dedicated to Linux and Open Source? Because I prefer to [dual boot Windows with Linux][1]. While I use Linux as my main desktop, once in a while I do log in to Windows. The most annoying thing after logging in Windows is the Windows updates. It has happened to me on several occasions that I found **Windows update not working**. I choose to install the updates and Windows updates get stuck at 0 KB and 0%, like this:
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Windows_Updates_stuck_at_zero.jpeg)
In this tutorial, we shall see how to make Windows update work again. The tutorial should be applicable for Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 8.1.
### Fix Windows updates stuck at zero percent ###
Please mind that Windows updates can be stuck at any percent and the trick which we are going to use would require you to install those updates again. I hope you do not find that too inconvenient. If you are ready, let’s see how to fix this Windows update issue.
#### Step 1: ####
Press Windows+R. This will prompt run dialogue box. In here, type services.msc:
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Updates_3.png)
#### Step 2: ####
Now it brings us to all the services installed in Windows. These services are listed in alphabetical order. Scroll down and look for **Windows Update Service**. Right click on it and stop it.
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Windows_Updates_stuck_1.jpeg)
#### Step 3: ####
Now go in **C:\Windows\SoftwareDistribution and delete all of its contents**. Actually, this is the folder where downloaded installation files were stored. But since Windows update suck, they somehow have problem with partially downloaded update files.
#### Step 4: ####
Go back to services again (as mentioned in Step 1) and this time start the Windows Update Service, by right clicking on it. Try to update Windows again. It should be working this time.
So once you have got the updates working, perhaps you will find plenty of updates to install at next reboot. And that moment calls for a meme:
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Windows_update_suck.jpg)
Jokes apart, I hope this tip helps you to get rid of Windows updates hanged at 0%. I wish that Linux like updates are also included in the list of [Windows 10 features copied from Linux][2]. I wish.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-windows-updates-stuck-0/
作者：[Abhishek][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
[1]:http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-1404-dual-boot-mode-windows-8-81-uefi/
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/windows-10-inspired-linux/

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Linux Basics: How To Find Maximum Supported RAM By Your System
================================================================================
![](https://1102047360.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/RAM-790x527.jpg)
Mostly, you will find maximum supported RAM by your system from the BIOS, Product catalog, or manuals. Here is the simple, yet useful trick, to find out maximum supported RAM using Dmidecode without opening the system chassis or referring the BIOS, product catalogs.
### What is Dmidecode? ###
As you may know, **Dmidecode** is a tool for dumping a computer’s DMI (some say SMBIOS) table contents in a human-readable format. This table contains a description of the system’s hardware components, as well as other useful pieces of information such as serial numbers and BIOS revision. Using Dmidecode, you can retrieve this information without having to probe for the actual hardware.
### Find out the maximum RAM supported by your system ###
Make sure you have installed dmidecode on your system. I think it will be automatically installed while installing your OS, but I am not sure though.
**On Deb based system:**
sudo apt-get install dmidecode
**On RPM based system:**
sudo yum install dmidecode
**On SUSE/openSUSE:**
sudo zypper in dmidecode
Well, we installed dmidecode. Let us find out the maximum RAM supported. To do that, enter the following command:
sudo dmidecode -t 16
**Sample output:**
# dmidecode 2.12
SMBIOS 2.6 present.
Handle 0x0014, DMI type 16, 15 bytes
Physical Memory Array
Location: System Board Or Motherboard
Use: System Memory
Error Correction Type: None
Maximum Capacity: 16 GB
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Number Of Devices: 2
As you see in the above output, my system will support RAM upto 16GB, and it has two RAM slots. Pretty easy, isn’t it?
Well, let us find out the currently installed RAM details.
sudo dmidecode -t 17
**Sample output:**
# dmidecode 2.12
SMBIOS 2.6 present.
Handle 0x0017, DMI type 17, 28 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0014
Error Information Handle: 0x0000
Total Width: Unknown
Data Width: Unknown
Size: No Module Installed
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM_B
Bank Locator: BANK 2
Type: Unknown
Type Detail: None
Speed: Unknown
Manufacturer: Not Specified
Serial Number: Not Specified
Asset Tag: Not Specified
Part Number: Not Specified
Rank: Unknown
Handle 0x0015, DMI type 17, 28 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0014
Error Information Handle: 0x0000
Total Width: 64 bits
Data Width: 64 bits
Size: 4096 MB
Form Factor: SODIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM_A
Bank Locator: BANK 0
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: 1067 MHz
Manufacturer: 014F
Serial Number: 00092AF2
Asset Tag: 54114000
Part Number: JM1066KSN-4G
Rank: Unknown
As per the above output, I have installed one RAM in DIMM slot 1. The RAM size is **4GB**, and it’s type and speed is **DDR3** and **1067 MHz** respectively.
Also, we can have the complete RAM details using the following commands.
sudo dmidecode -t memory
sudo dmidecode -t memory | less
sudo dmidecode -t memory | more
**Sample output:**
# dmidecode 2.12
SMBIOS 2.6 present.
Handle 0x0014, DMI type 16, 15 bytes
Physical Memory Array
Location: System Board Or Motherboard
Use: System Memory
Error Correction Type: None
Maximum Capacity: 16 GB
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Number Of Devices: 2
Handle 0x0017, DMI type 17, 28 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0014
Error Information Handle: 0x0000
Total Width: Unknown
Data Width: Unknown
Size: No Module Installed
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM_B
Bank Locator: BANK 2
Type: Unknown
Type Detail: None
Speed: Unknown
Manufacturer: Not Specified
Serial Number: Not Specified
Asset Tag: Not Specified
Part Number: Not Specified
Rank: Unknown
Handle 0x0015, DMI type 17, 28 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0014
Error Information Handle: 0x0000
Total Width: 64 bits
Data Width: 64 bits
Size: 4096 MB
Form Factor: SODIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM_A
Bank Locator: BANK 0
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: 1067 MHz
Manufacturer: 014F
Serial Number: 00092AF2
Asset Tag: 54114000
Part Number: JM1066KSN-4G
Rank: Unknown
Curious to know the complete system details such as Motherboard, Memory, Bios etc? Well, enter the following command to get all details.
sudo dmidecode
**Sample output:**
# dmidecode 2.12
SMBIOS 2.6 present.
48 structures occupying 2173 bytes.
Table at 0x000EB840.
Handle 0xDA00, DMI type 218, 251 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
DA FB 00 DA B2 00 0D 5F 0F 37 40 7D 00 00 00 00
00 7E 00 01 00 00 00 DC 01 00 80 02 00 DD 01 00
80 03 00 75 01 01 80 01 00 76 01 02 80 01 00 2D
01 03 80 01 00 2E 01 03 80 00 00 81 01 07 80 00
00 82 01 07 80 01 00 83 01 08 80 00 00 84 01 08
80 01 00 85 01 06 80 00 00 86 01 06 80 01 00 58
02 05 80 00 00 57 02 05 80 01 00 9C 00 02 00 01
00 9B 00 02 00 00 00 8A 01 03 00 01 00 89 01 03
00 00 00 7F 01 04 00 00 00 80 01 04 00 01 00 53
01 05 00 00 00 52 01 05 00 01 00 7B 01 06 00 00
00 7C 01 06 00 01 00 94 01 07 00 00 00 93 01 07
00 01 00 7D 00 08 00 00 00 2D 00 09 00 01 00 2E
00 09 00 00 00 6E 00 0A 00 00 00 95 00 0B 00 01
00 96 00 0B 00 00 00 2F 02 0C 00 01 00 30 02 0C
00 00 00 50 02 0D 00 00 00 51 02 0D 00 01 00 52
02 0D 00 02 00 FF FF 00 00 00 00
Handle 0xDA01, DMI type 218, 59 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
DA 3B 01 DA B2 00 0D 5F 0F 37 40 53 02 0D 00 03
00 54 02 0D 00 04 00 56 02 0D 00 05 00 4B 01 0E
00 01 00 4A 01 0E 00 00 00 EA 00 0F 00 01 00 EB
00 0F 00 00 00 FF FF 00 00 00 00
Handle 0x0004, DMI type 4, 42 bytes
Processor Information
Socket Designation: CPU 1
Type: Central Processor
Family: Core i3
Manufacturer: Intel
ID: A7 06 03 01 FF FB AB BE
Signature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 42, Stepping 7
Flags:
FPU (Floating-point unit on-chip)
VME (Virtual mode extension)
DE (Debugging extension)
PSE (Page size extension)
TSC (Time stamp counter)
MSR (Model specific registers)
PAE (Physical address extension)
MCE (Machine check exception)
CX8 (CMPXCHG8 instruction supported)
APIC (On-chip APIC hardware supported)
SEP (Fast system call)
MTRR (Memory type range registers)
PGE (Page global enable)
MCA (Machine check architecture)
CMOV (Conditional move instruction supported)
PAT (Page attribute table)
PSE-36 (36-bit page size extension)
CLFSH (CLFLUSH instruction supported)
DS (Debug store)
ACPI (ACPI supported)
MMX (MMX technology supported)
FXSR (FXSAVE and FXSTOR instructions supported)
SSE (Streaming SIMD extensions)
SSE2 (Streaming SIMD extensions 2)
SS (Self-snoop)
HTT (Multi-threading)
TM (Thermal monitor supported)
PBE (Pending break enabled)
Version: Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-2350M CPU @ 2.30GHz
Voltage: 1.1 V
External Clock: 100 MHz
Max Speed: 2300 MHz
Current Speed: 2300 MHz
Status: Populated, Enabled
Upgrade: Other
L1 Cache Handle: 0x0005
L2 Cache Handle: 0x0006
L3 Cache Handle: 0x0007
Serial Number: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Asset Tag: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Part Number: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Core Count: 2
Core Enabled: 1
Thread Count: 2
Characteristics:
64-bit capable
Handle 0x0005, DMI type 7, 19 bytes
Cache Information
Socket Designation: L1-Cache
Configuration: Enabled, Not Socketed, Level 1
Operational Mode: Write Back
Location: Internal
Installed Size: 64 kB
Maximum Size: 64 kB
Supported SRAM Types:
Other
Installed SRAM Type: Other
Speed: Unknown
Error Correction Type: None
System Type: Unified
Associativity: 8-way Set-associative
Handle 0x0006, DMI type 7, 19 bytes
Cache Information
Socket Designation: L2-Cache
Configuration: Enabled, Not Socketed, Level 2
Operational Mode: Varies With Memory Address
Location: Internal
Installed Size: 512 kB
Maximum Size: 512 kB
Supported SRAM Types:
Other
Installed SRAM Type: Other
Speed: Unknown
Error Correction Type: None
System Type: Unified
Associativity: 8-way Set-associative
Handle 0x0007, DMI type 7, 19 bytes
Cache Information
Socket Designation: L3-Cache
Configuration: Enabled, Not Socketed, Level 3
Operational Mode: Varies With Memory Address
Location: Internal
Installed Size: 3072 kB
Maximum Size: 3072 kB
Supported SRAM Types:
Other
Installed SRAM Type: Other
Speed: Unknown
Error Correction Type: None
System Type: Unified
Associativity: Other
Handle 0x0008, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J1A1
Internal Connector Type: None
External Reference Designator: PS2Mouse
External Connector Type: PS/2
Port Type: Mouse Port
Handle 0x0009, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J1A1
Internal Connector Type: None
External Reference Designator: Keyboard
External Connector Type: PS/2
Port Type: Keyboard Port
Handle 0x000A, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J2A2B
Internal Connector Type: None
External Reference Designator: Video
External Connector Type: DB-15 female
Port Type: Video Port
Handle 0x000B, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J3A1
Internal Connector Type: None
External Reference Designator: USB1
External Connector Type: Access Bus (USB)
Port Type: USB
Handle 0x000C, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J3A1
Internal Connector Type: None
External Reference Designator: USB2
External Connector Type: Access Bus (USB)
Port Type: USB
Handle 0x000D, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J3A1
Internal Connector Type: None
External Reference Designator: USB3
External Connector Type: Access Bus (USB)
Port Type: USB
Handle 0x000E, DMI type 8, 9 bytes
Port Connector Information
Internal Reference Designator: J5A1
Internal Connector Type: None
External Reference Designator: LAN
External Connector Type: RJ-45
Port Type: Network Port
Handle 0x000F, DMI type 9, 17 bytes
System Slot Information
Designation: J6B2
Type: x16 PCI Express
Current Usage: In Use
Length: Long
ID: 0
Characteristics:
3.3 V is provided
Opening is shared
PME signal is supported
Bus Address: 0000:00:01.0
Handle 0x0010, DMI type 9, 17 bytes
System Slot Information
Designation: J6B1
Type: x1 PCI Express
Current Usage: In Use
Length: Short
ID: 1
Characteristics:
3.3 V is provided
Opening is shared
PME signal is supported
Bus Address: 0000:00:1c.3
Handle 0x0012, DMI type 11, 5 bytes
OEM Strings
String 1: Dell System
String 2: 5[0003]
String 3: 13[P18F]
Handle 0x0013, DMI type 12, 5 bytes
System Configuration Options
Option 1: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Handle 0x001C, DMI type 21, 7 bytes
Built-in Pointing Device
Type: Touch Pad
Interface: Bus Mouse
Buttons: 2
Handle 0x001D, DMI type 22, 26 bytes
Portable Battery
Location: Sys. Battery Bay
Manufacturer: Sanyo
Serial Number: 5390
Name: DELL 4YRJH22
Chemistry: Lithium Ion
Design Capacity: 45000 mWh
Design Voltage: 10800 mV
SBDS Version: 1.0
Maximum Error: 2%
SBDS Manufacture Date: 2012-02-28
OEM-specific Information: 0x00000001
Handle 0x001E, DMI type 32, 20 bytes
System Boot Information
Status: No errors detected
Handle 0x0020, DMI type 27, 12 bytes
Cooling Device
Type: Fan
Status: OK
OEM-specific Information: 0x00000000
Handle 0x0021, DMI type 28, 20 bytes
Temperature Probe
Description: CPU Internal Temperature
Location: Processor
Status: OK
Maximum Value: 127.0 deg C
Minimum Value: 0.0 deg C
Resolution: 1.000 deg C
Tolerance: 0.5 deg C
Accuracy: Unknown
OEM-specific Information: 0x00000000
Handle 0xB000, DMI type 176, 5 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
B0 05 00 B0 00
Handle 0xB100, DMI type 177, 12 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
B1 0C 00 B1 1A 0E 00 00 00 00 00 00
Handle 0x0025, DMI type 209, 12 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
D1 0C 25 00 00 00 00 03 05 01 00 03
Handle 0x0026, DMI type 210, 12 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
D2 0C 26 00 00 00 00 03 05 20 01 03
Handle 0x0027, DMI type 211, 13 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
D3 0D 27 00 01 00 00 00 00 02 03 04 04
Strings:
Front
Handle 0x0028, DMI type 212, 57 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
D4 39 28 00 70 00 71 00 01 49 50 48 9C 00 49 FC
01 9B 00 49 FC 00 7F 01 4A FB 04 80 01 4A FB 00
53 01 4A F7 08 52 01 4A F7 08 7B 01 4A EF 10 7C
01 4A EF 10 FF FF 00 00 00
Handle 0x002A, DMI type 217, 8 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
D9 08 2A 00 01 02 00 00
Strings:
Handle 0x002B, DMI type 219, 11 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
DB 0B 2B 00 00 01 02 03 00 04 05
Strings:
Handle 0x002C, DMI type 220, 22 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
DC 16 2C 00 01 F0 00 00 02 F0 00 00 00 00 03 F0
04 F0 00 00 00 00
Handle 0x002D, DMI type 221, 19 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
DD 13 2D 00 00 00 00 00 00 03 00 00 00 00 00 00
00 00 00
Handle 0x002E, DMI type 222, 16 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
DE 10 2E 00 01 08 FF FF 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
Handle 0x0014, DMI type 16, 15 bytes
Physical Memory Array
Location: System Board Or Motherboard
Use: System Memory
Error Correction Type: None
Maximum Capacity: 16 GB
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Number Of Devices: 2
Handle 0x0016, DMI type 20, 19 bytes
Memory Device Mapped Address
Starting Address: 0x00000000000
Ending Address: 0x000FFFFFFFF
Range Size: 4 GB
Physical Device Handle: 0x0015
Memory Array Mapped Address Handle: 0x0018
Partition Row Position: 1
Interleave Position: 1
Interleaved Data Depth: 1
Handle 0x0017, DMI type 17, 28 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0014
Error Information Handle: 0x0000
Total Width: Unknown
Data Width: Unknown
Size: No Module Installed
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM_B
Bank Locator: BANK 2
Type: Unknown
Type Detail: None
Speed: Unknown
Manufacturer: Not Specified
Serial Number: Not Specified
Asset Tag: Not Specified
Part Number: Not Specified
Rank: Unknown
Handle 0x0018, DMI type 19, 15 bytes
Memory Array Mapped Address
Starting Address: 0x00000000000
Ending Address: 0x000FFFFFFFF
Range Size: 4 GB
Physical Array Handle: 0x0014
Partition Width: 2
Handle 0x002F, DMI type 13, 22 bytes
BIOS Language Information
Language Description Format: Abbreviated
Installable Languages: 1
eng
Currently Installed Language: eng
Handle 0x0030, DMI type 131, 64 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
83 40 30 00 31 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00
F8 00 4B 1C FF FF FF FF 01 00 00 00 00 00 07 00
AD 04 04 00 00 00 00 00 C8 00 FF FF 00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00 32 00 00 00 76 50 72 6F 00 00 00 00
Handle 0x0029, DMI type 216, 9 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
D8 09 29 00 01 02 01 00 00
Strings:
INTEL
0000
Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes
BIOS Information
Vendor: Dell Inc.
Version: A05
Release Date: 08/03/2012
Address: 0xF0000
Runtime Size: 64 kB
ROM Size: 2048 kB
Characteristics:
MCA is supported
PCI is supported
BIOS is upgradeable
BIOS shadowing is allowed
ESCD support is available
Boot from CD is supported
Selectable boot is supported
BIOS ROM is socketed
EDD is supported
5.25"/1.2 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
3.5"/720 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
3.5"/2.88 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h)
Print screen service is supported (int 5h)
8042 keyboard services are supported (int 9h)
Serial services are supported (int 14h)
Printer services are supported (int 17h)
CGA/mono video services are supported (int 10h)
ACPI is supported
USB legacy is supported
ATAPI Zip drive boot is supported
BIOS boot specification is supported
Targeted content distribution is supported
BIOS Revision: 0.5
Firmware Revision: 0.5
Handle 0x0002, DMI type 2, 15 bytes
Base Board Information
Manufacturer: Dell Inc.
Product Name: 01HXXJ
Version: A05
Serial Number: .JSQ7PA1.CN7117623M00J2.
Asset Tag: Not Specified
Features:
Board is a hosting board
Board is replaceable
Location In Chassis: To Be Filled By O.E.M.
Chassis Handle: 0x0003
Type: Motherboard
Contained Object Handles: 0
Handle 0x0003, DMI type 3, 21 bytes
Chassis Information
Manufacturer: Dell Inc.
Type: Portable
Lock: Not Present
Version: Not Specified
Serial Number: JSR1
Asset Tag: Not Specified
Boot-up State: Safe
Power Supply State: Safe
Thermal State: Safe
Security Status: None
OEM Information: 0x00000000
Height: Unspecified
Number Of Power Cords: 1
Contained Elements: 0
Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes
System Information
Manufacturer: Dell Inc.
Product Name: Inspiron N5050
Version: Not Specified
Serial Number: JSR1
UUID: 4C4C4544-0053-5110-8029-CAC05241
Wake-up Type: Power Switch
SKU Number: To be filled by O.E.M.
Family:
Handle 0x0024, DMI type 208, 12 bytes
OEM-specific Type
Header and Data:
D0 0C 24 00 02 05 FE 00 04 05 01 02
Strings:
20120323
20120323
Handle 0x0011, DMI type 10, 6 bytes
On Board Device Information
Type: Video
Status: Enabled
Description: Mobile Intel SandyBridge HD Graphics
Handle 0x0015, DMI type 17, 28 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x0014
Error Information Handle: 0x0000
Total Width: 64 bits
Data Width: 64 bits
Size: 4096 MB
Form Factor: SODIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM_A
Bank Locator: BANK 0
Type: DDR3
Type Detail: Synchronous
Speed: 1067 MHz
Manufacturer: 014F
Serial Number: 0009F2
Asset Tag: 54114000
Part Number: JM1066-4G
Rank: Unknown
Handle 0x0031, DMI type 127, 4 bytes
End Of Table
That’s it. Happy weekend. Stay happy!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-how-to-find-maximum-supported-ram-by-your-system/
作者：[SK][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://www.unixmen.com/author/sk/

45
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Linux Basics: How To Fix “E: /var/cache/apt/archives/ subprocess new pre-removal script returned error exit status 1″ In Ubuntu
================================================================================
![](https://1102047360.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ubuntu-790x558.png)
Today, I got a problem while updating VirtualBox to the latest version.
> E: /var/cache/apt/archives/ subprocess new pre-removal script returned error exit status 1
![](https://www.unixmen.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Update-Manager_0011.png)
### Solution: ###
I googled a bit and found the solution. Here is what I did to solve the problem.
sudo apt-get clean
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade
This will almost fix the problem.
If you still end up with the same error, then try the following commands:
sudo dpkg --configure -a
sudo apt-get -f install
Or, you can manually download the latest version from [Oracle VirtualBox][1] site and install it as shown below.
sudo apt-get update
sudo dpkg -i virtualbox-4.3_4.3.24-98716~Ubuntu~raring_amd64.deb
sudo apt-get -f install
sudo apt-get autoclean && sudo apt-get autoremove
Cheers!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-how-to-fix-e-varcacheaptarchives-subprocess-new-pre-removal-script-returned-error-exit-status-1-in-ubuntu/
作者：[SK][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://www.unixmen.com/author/sk/
[1]:https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads

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Monitoring Your Network And Servers With Observium
================================================================================
### Introduction ###
You have a problem while monitoring your servers, switches or physical machines. **Observium** fits your need. As a free monitoring system, it helps you to monitor your servers remotely. It is an auto-discovering SNMP based network monitoring platform written in PHP which includes support for a wide range of network hardware and operating systems including Cisco, Windows, Linux, HP, NetApp and many other. I will give you the steps to follow while setting up an **Observium** server on Ubuntu 12.04.
![](https://www.unixmen.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Capture1.png)
Currently there are two different versions of **observium**.
- The observium Community is a free tool and licensed under the QPL Open Source license. This version is the best solution for small deployments. It gets security updates each 6 months.
- While the second version, the Observium Professional is distributed under SVN based release mechanism. And it gets daily security updates. This tool is the best for Service Provider and enterprises deployments.
For more information you can visit the offcial [website of Observium][1].
### System Requirements ###
In order to install **Observium** , it’s necessary to have a server with a fresh installation. The development of **Observium** takes place on Ubuntu LTS and Debian systems, so it’s recommended to install **Observium** on Ubuntu or Debian because may be issues with other platforms.
This article will guide you on how to install **Observium** on Ubuntu 12.04. For a small **Observium** installation is recommended to use 256MB for the memory and dual core for the process.
### Installing Prerequisites ###
Before installing **Observium** you need to make sure to install all dependencies.
First step is to update your server
sudo apt-get update
Then you need to install all packages required to run Observium.
Observuim need this list of software the run correctly:
- LAMP server
- fping
- Net-SNMP 5.4+
- RRDtool 1.3+
- Graphviz
Requirements for optional features:
- Ipmitool – Only if you want to poll IPMI baseboard controllers on servers
- Libvirt-bin – Only if you want to monitor remote VM hosts using libvirt
sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php5 php5-cli php5-mysql php5-gd php5-mcrypt php5-json php-pear snmp fping mysql-server mysql-client python-mysqldb rrdtool subversion whois mtr-tiny ipmitool graphviz imagemagick libvirt ipmitool
### Creation MySQL Database and User for Observium ###
Now you need to log into MySQL and create database for **Observuim**:
mysql -u root -p
After successful authenticated, you need to create the database.
CREATE DATABASE observium;
The database Name is **Observium**. You will need this information later.
Now, you should create the database administrator.
CREATE USER observiumadmin@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'observiumpassword';
Next, you need to give this user permissions to administer the database you created.
GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON observium.* TO observiumadmin@localhost;
You need to flush the privilege information to disk to activate the new MySQL user:
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
exit
### Downloading and Installing Observium ###
Now that our system is ready, we can start the installation of Observium.
First step to do is, creating the directory Observium is going to operate out of:
mkdir -p /opt/observium && cd /opt
For the purpose of this tutorial, we’re going to be using the Community/Open Source Edition of Observium. Download and unpack it.
wget http://www.observium.org/observium-community-latest.tar.gz
tar zxvf observium-community-latest.tar.gz
Now go under Observium directory
cd observium
Copy the default configuration file ‘**config.php.default**‘ to ‘**config.php**‘ and fill out the database config options:
cp config.php.default config.php
nano config.php
----------
/ Database config
$config['db_host'] = 'localhost';
$config['db_user'] = 'observiumadmin';
$config['db_pass'] = 'observiumpassword';
$config['db_name'] = 'observium';
Let’s setup the default schema for the MySQL Database:
php includes/update/update.php
Now you need to create directory to store rrd file and change permission to let apache write into the file .
mkdir rrd
chown apache:apache rrd
To help you troubleshooting on case of problem, you need to create logs file.
mkdir -p /var/log/observium
chown apache:apache /var/log/observium
Now you have to create the virtual host configuration for Observium
<VirtualHost *:80>
DocumentRoot /opt/observium/html/
ServerName observium.domain.com
CustomLog /var/log/observium/access_log combined
ErrorLog /var/log/observium/error_log
<Directory "/opt/observium/html/">
AllowOverride All
Options FollowSymLinks MultiViews
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>
Next, you need to enable rewrite functionality for your Apache server.
To enable `mod_rewrite` modules, type this command:
sudo a2enmod rewrite
This module will be enable the next after reboot of Apache service.
sudo service apache2 restart
### Configuring Observium ###
Before log into the web interface, you need to create administrator account (level 10) to Observium
# cd /opt/observium
# ./adduser.php admin adminpassword 10
User admin added successfully.
Next set a cron jobs for the discovery and the poller jobs, create a new file ‘**/etc/cron.d/observium**‘ and add the following contents.
33 */6 * * * root /opt/observium/discovery.php -h all >> /dev/null 2>&1
*/5 * * * * root /opt/observium/discovery.php -h new >> /dev/null 2>&1
*/5 * * * * root /opt/observium/poller-wrapper.py 1 >> /dev/null 2>&1
Reload cron process to take new entries.
# /etc/init.d/cron reload
You’ve installed Observium Server! Log into Observium using your browser **http://<Server IP>** and be on your way.
![](https://www.unixmen.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Capture.png)
Enjoy!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.unixmen.com/monitoring-network-servers-observium/
作者：[anismaj][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:https://www.unixmen.com/author/anis/
[1]:http://www.observium.org/

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Share Folders On Local Network Between Ubuntu And Windows
================================================================================
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Share_Folder_Ubuntu_windows.jpeg)
This is a complete tutorial to show you **how to share folders over local network in Ubuntu**.
Do you have multiple devices in your home? Do you have to use Flash Drive or SD card to transfer data from Ubuntu to another computer? Do you find it annoying? We know you do. Because we don’t want you to waste your precious time while you can transfer your files, documents and other large stuff quickly and easily, over the local network. It’s one time setup and then with some clicks you will be able to **share files between Ubuntu and Windows** or any other Linux system. And don’t worry it’s easy and takes only little time.
One more thing to add, while we performed this tutorial on Ubuntu, this tutorial should be valid for any other Linux OS.
#### Share folder on local network in Ubuntu ####
If you are using Ubuntu 14.04, 14.10 or 12.04, there are two ways you can share your local files over the local network to access it from Windows or other Linux computers.
- Share it for everyone’s access on local network, without password
- Password protect the folders for restricted access
We’ll see both methods in this post and will let you decide which one you would prefer to use.
### 1. Share folders on local network without password ###
#### Step 1: ####
To share a folder on local network in Ubuntu, right click on the desired folder and select Local Network Share:
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Share_Folder_Ubuntu.jpeg)
**Possible troubleshoot**: If do not see the option of Local Network Share in right click menu, open a terminal and use the following command to install nautlius-share:
sudo apt-get install nautilus-share
You’ll need to restart Nautilus. Either log out and log in back or use the command below:
nautilus -q
#### Step 2: ####
When you click on Local Network Share, you will see the option of sharing the folder. Just check the option of Share this folder:
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Share_Folder_Ubuntu_1.jpeg)
Possible troubleshoot: If you are prompted about Sharing service not being installed, like in the screenshot below, just click on Install service and follow the instructions.
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Share_Folder_Ubuntu_2.jpeg)
#### Step 3: ####
When you check the option of Share this folder, you’ll see option of Create Share available for you. You can also allow other users to edit the files in the shared folder. Option for guest access can be checked as well.
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Share_folder_Ubuntu_3.png)
You’ll see that the folder icon have been changed to show that it has been shared. To stop sharing a folder, just uncheck the Share this folder option.
Now this was the easy way out. This provides access to anyone on your local network to access these files. In normal condition, you should prefer this. I mean, devices on your home network should be generally know devices. But this could not be the case always. What if you want only certain people to access it? This is where Samba server comes in picture. We’ll see that in the second part of the tutorial.
### 2. Share the folders on local network in Ubuntu with password protection ###
To do this, we need to configure Samba server. Actually, we did use Samba in the previous part of this tutorial. We just did not emphasize on it. Before we go on seeing how to set up Samba server for local network sharing in Ubuntu, let’s first have a quick look on what actually is [Samba][1].
#### What is Samba? ####
Samba is the software package that allows you to share files, documents and printers across a network, irrespective of whether you are using Linux, Windows and Mac. It’s available for all major platforms and can work tremendously nice in all of them. Quoting from Wikipedia:
> Samba a free software re-implementation of the SMB/CIFS networking protocol, and was originally developed by Andrew Tridgell. As of version 3, Samba provides file and print services for various Windows Clients and can integrate with a Windows Server domain, either as a Primary Domain Controller (PDC) or as a domain member. It can also be part an Active Directory domain.
#### Install Samba server on Ubuntu ####
You can easily install Samba on you Ubuntu box. Before installing update your system so that you can install any available updates.
sudo apt-get update && apt-get upgrade
Now install Samba serer and few other required stuffs with the following command:
sudo apt-get install samba samba-common system-config-samba python-glade2 gksu
Once you’ve installed Samba server, it’s time to configure Samba from the graphical interface window to share files.
#### Configure Samba server on Ubuntu ####
Open Samba Configuration tool from the dash:
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Setup-Samba.png)
Go to **Preference->Server Settings**. Although the default settings are good and may be same you need. But you may need to make change to it in some cases.
Now in Server Settings you’ve two tabs, ‘Basic’ and ‘Security’. Under Basic tab you’ve the following options that mean:
- Workgroup – This is the name of the Workgroup of the computer you want to connect to. For example, if you want to connect to a Windows computer so you will enter the workgroup name of Windows computer, and in Windows you already have the same workgroup name as is set by default in Samba Server Settings. But if you have a different workgroup name on Windows then you will enter that workgroup name in this field. (In Windows 7 to get the workgroup name, right-click Computer icon and go to Properties, there you’ll see Windows Workgroup name.)
- Description – This is the name of your computer as seen by others. Don’t use spaces or non-internet friendly characters.
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/samba-server-settings.png)
setting up samba serverAllowing ‘Guests’ is not advisable so there is no reason to change security settings. Keep as it is.
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Samba-Security-Settings-compressed.jpg)
Samba Security security settingsIt is all done! You’ve setup Samba Server. We are not far from sharing our first folder on network.
#### Create a system user for network file sharing ####
We will now create a system user for sharing file on network. This is how simple it is.
- Go to **System Settings**.
- Under Systems Settings Click **User Accounts**.
- Click **unlock** to Enable + (**plus**) icon.
- Click + (plus) icon to create a new system user.
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/create-system-user1.jpg)
Now as you can see the above image, you can enter ‘Full name’. As you enter ‘Full name’ Username will be taken as Full name automatically. Because we are creating this user to share files so we will assign Account Type to ‘**Standard**‘.
Done above steps? Click add. You have created a system user. The user is not yet activated so we will activate it by setting up password for this account. Make sure Users accounts panel is unlocked. Click Account disabled and type a new password, then confirm password and click Change.
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/activate-system-user.jpg)
Yipee… Upto now we have installed and configured Samba and We have created a System user to share files on network from the account and we have activated our newly created account, too. Now We will move to Samba for the last step of configuring everything, then we will share a folder.
#### Add new Samba user ####
Open Samba and click Samba Users under Preference. Fill up the the simple dialogue. Here are couple of details about the fields:
**Unix Username** – In this case I am selecting the user that I just created.
**Windows Username** – You will enter this username when you are accessing from Windows Machine.
**Samba Password** – You will enter this password when you are accessing from Windows Machine.
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/samba-user-setting.jpg)
Once you’ve done click OK. Now take a deep breath. You have successfully created a network with the help of Samba. Now restart the network or Samba services and ready to share files with other machines.
sudo restart smbd && sudo restart nmbd
#### Share folders or files over the network ####
To share files with Samba it’s simple with graphical user interface. Click the Plus icon in Samba and you will get dialogue like this:
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/share-files-and-folders.jpg)
share files and folders over network with sambaComplete the fields. In ‘Directory‘ browse the folder you want to share. Here are the details about the fields you will see here:
- **Share name** is the name of the folder that other would see.
- **Description** is simply about the content you are sharing on network.
- **Writable** You shared folders are ‘read only’ by default. You can set them to writable if you want others on network to change them.
- **Visible** As the name suggests when you click Visible, the shared folder will be visible to the people on network.
Now you can set permissions for the folder you are sharing. To do this click ‘Access’ tab and check the users you want to share the folder with. When you select Allow access to everyone, the folder will be accessible to everyone on the network.
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Screenshot-from-2015-02-28-202031.png)
Finally click OK to complete the sharing. Now the folder is shared with the people you want. You have completed sharing file on network. Is there everything left? Yes! How to remove the folders from the network?
#### Remove shared folders ####
We will also need to remove some of the folders after sometime from network. It is very simple and here is how we can do that.
![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/remove-shared-folder-from-network.jpg)
This is all done! We can also share files over network using terminal but that would not be as easy as this one. If you request for command line sharing then I will write a tutorial on how to share files over network with command line in Linux.
So, how do you find this tutorial to share files on local network in Ubuntu? I hope with this tutorial you can **easily share files between Ubuntu and Windows**. If you have questions or suggestions, feel free to ask it in the comment box below.
This tutorial was requested by Kalc. If you would like, you can [request your own tutorial][2]. We would be happy to help you out along with other readers facing the same issue.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: http://itsfoss.com/share-folders-local-network-ubuntu-windows/
作者：[Mohd Sohail][a]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/sohail/
[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samba_%28software%29
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/request-tutorial/

46
translated/tech/20141127 dupeGuru--Find And Remove Duplicate Files Instantly From Hard Drive.md
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@ -3,17 +3,17 @@ dupeGuru - 直接从硬盘中查找并移除重复文件
### 简介 ###
对我们来说，磁盘被装满是一个较大的困扰。无论我们如何小心谨慎，我们总可能将相同的文件复制到多个不同的地方，或者在不知情的情况下，重复下载了同一个文件。因此，迟早你会看到“磁盘已满”的错误提示，若此时我们确实需要一些磁盘空间来存储重要数据，以上情形无疑是最糟糕的。假如你确信自己的系统中有重复文件，那么 **dupeGuru** 可能会帮助到你。
对我们来说，磁盘被装满是棘手问题之一。无论我们如何小心谨慎，我们总可能将相同的文件复制到多个不同的地方，或者在不知情的情况下，重复下载了同一个文件。因此，迟早你会看到“磁盘已满”的错误提示，若此时我们确实需要一些磁盘空间来存储重要数据，以上情形无疑是最糟糕的。假如你确信自己的系统中有重复文件，那么 **dupeGuru** 可能会帮助到你。
dupeGuru 团队也开发了名为 **dupeGuru 音乐版** 的应用来移除重复的音乐文件，和名为 **dupeGuru 图片版** 的应用来移除重复的图片文件。
### 1. dupeGuru (标准版) ###
对于那些不熟悉 [dupeGuru][1] 的人来说，它是一个免费，开源，跨平台的应用，其用途是在系统中查找和移除重复文件。它可以在 Linux, Windows, 和 Mac OS X 等平台下使用。通过使用一个快速的模糊匹配算法，它可以在几分钟内找到重复文件。同时，你还可以调整 dupeGuru 使它去精确查找特定文件类型的重复文件，以及从你想删除的文件中，消除特定的某些文件。它支持英语、 法语、 德语、 中文 （简体）、 捷克语、 意大利语、亚美尼亚语、 俄语、乌克兰语、巴西语和越南语。
需要告诉那些不熟悉 [dupeGuru][1] 的人，它是一个免费、开源、跨平台的应用，其用途是在系统中查找和移除重复文件。它可以在 Linux, Windows, 和 Mac OS X 等平台下使用。通过使用一个快速的模糊匹配算法，它可以在几分钟内找到重复文件。同时，你还可以调整 dupeGuru 使它去精确查找特定文件类型的重复文件，以及从你想删除的文件中，清除某种文件。它支持英语、 法语、 德语、 中文 （简体）、 捷克语、 意大利语、亚美尼亚语、俄语、乌克兰语、巴西语和越南语。
#### 在 Ubuntu 14.10/14.04/13.10/13.04/12.04 中安装 dupeGuru ####
dupeGuru 开发者已经构建了一个 Ubuntu PPA (Personal Package Archives)来简化安装过程。为了安装 dupeGuru，依次在终端中键入以下命令：
dupeGuru 开发者已经构建了一个 Ubuntu PPA (Personal Package Archives)来简化安装过程。想要安装 dupeGuru，依次在终端中键入以下命令：
```
sudo apt-add-repository ppa:hsoft/ppa
@ -23,31 +23,31 @@ sudo apt-get install dupeguru-se
### 使用 ###
使用非常简单，可从 Unity 面板或菜单中启动 dupeGuru 。
使用非常简单，可从 Unity 面板或菜单中启动 dupeGuru。
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/dupeGuru_007.png)
![](https://1102047360.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/dupeGuru_007.png)
点击位于底部的 `+` 按钮来添加你想扫描的文件目录。点击 `扫描` 按钮开始查找重复文件。
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/dupeGuru_008.png)
![](https://1102047360.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/dupeGuru_008.png)
一旦所选目录中含有重复文件，则它将在窗口中展示重复文件。正如你所看到的，在下面的截图中，我的下载目录中有一个重复文件。
一旦所选目录中含有重复文件，那么它将在窗口中展示重复文件。正如你所看到的，在下面的截图中，我的下载目录中有一个重复文件。
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/dupeGuru-Results_009.png)
![](https://1102047360.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/dupeGuru-Results_009.png)
现在，你可以决定下一步如何操作。你可以删除这个重复的文件，或者对它进行重命名，抑或是 复制/移动 这个文件到另一个位置。为此，选定该重复文件，或 在菜单栏中选定写有“**仅显示重复**”选项 ，如果你选择了“**仅显示重复**”选项，则只有重复文件在窗口中可见，这样你便可以轻易地选择并删除这些文件。点击“操作”下拉菜单，最后选择你将执行的操作。在这里，我只想删除重复文件，所以我选择了“移动标记文件到垃圾箱”这个选项。
现在，你可以决定下一步如何操作。你可以删除这个重复的文件，或者对它进行重命名，抑或是 复制/移动 到另一个位置。为此，选定该重复文件，或在菜单栏中选定写有“**仅显示重复**”选项 ，如果你选择了“**仅显示重复**”选项，则只有重复文件在窗口中可见，这样你便可以轻松选择并删除这些文件。点击“操作”下拉菜单，最后选择你将执行的操作。在这里，我只想删除重复文件，所以我选择了“移动标记文件到垃圾箱”这个选项。
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Menu_010.png)
![](https://1102047360.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Menu_010.png)
接着，点击“继续”选项来移除重复文件。
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Deletion-Options_011.png)
![](https://1102047360.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Deletion-Options_011.png)
### 2. dupeGuru 音乐版 ###
[dupeGuru 音乐版][2] 或 简称 dupeGuru ME ，它的功能与 dupeGuru 类似。它拥有 dupeGuru 的所有功能，但它包含更多的信息列 （如比特率，持续时间，标签等）和更多的扫描类型（如带有字段的文件名，标签以及音频内容）。同 dupeGuru 一样， dupeGuru ME 也运行在 Linux, Windows, 和 Mac OS X 中。
[dupeGuru 音乐版][2] 或简称 dupeGuru ME，它的功能与 dupeGuru 类似。它拥有 dupeGuru 的所有功能，但它包含更多的信息列 （如比特率，持续时间，标签等）和更多的扫描类型（如带有字段的文件名，标签以及音频内容）。和 dupeGuru 一样，dupeGuru ME 也运行在 Linux、Windows 和 Mac OS X 中。
它支持众多的格式，诸如 MP3, WMA, AAC (iTunes 格式), OGG, FLAC, 即失真率较少的 AAC 和 WMA 格式等。
它支持众多的格式，诸如 MP3、WMA、AAC (iTunes 格式)、OGG、FLAC，以及失真率较少的 AAC 和 WMA 格式等。
#### 在 Ubuntu 14.10/14.04/13.10/13.04/12.04 中安装 dupeGuru ME ####
@ -59,19 +59,19 @@ sudo apt-get install dupeguru-me
### 使用 ###
你可以从 Unity 面板或菜单中启动它。dupeGuru ME 的使用方法，操作界面和外观与正常的 dupeGuru 类似。添加你想扫描的目录并选择你想执行的操作。重复的音乐文件就会被删除。
你可以从 Unity 面板或菜单中启动它。dupeGuru ME 的使用方法、操作界面以及外观和正常的 dupeGuru 类似。添加你想扫描的目录并选择你想执行的操作。重复的音乐文件就会被删除。
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/dupeGuru-Music-Edition-Results_012.png)
![](https://1102047360.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/dupeGuru-Music-Edition-Results_012.png)
### 3. dupeGuru 图片版 ###
[dupeGuru 图片版][3],或简称为 duepGuru PE，是一个在你的电脑中查找重复图片的工具。它与 dupeGuru 类似，但独具匹配重复图片的功能。dupeGuru PE 可运行在 Linux, Windows, 和 Mac OS X 中。
[dupeGuru 图片版][3],或简称为 duepGuru PE，是一个在你的电脑中查找重复图片的工具。它和 dupeGuru 类似，但独具匹配重复图片的功能。dupeGuru PE 可运行在 Linux、Windows 和 Mac OS X 中。
dupeGuru PE 支持 JPG, PNG, TIFF, GIF 和 BMP 等图片格式。所有的这些格式可以被同时比较。Mac OS X 版的 dupeGuru PE 还支持 PSD 和 RAW (CR2 和 NEF) 格式。
dupeGuru PE 支持 JPG、PNG、TIFF、GIF 和 BMP 等图片格式。所有的这些格式可以被同时比较。Mac OS X 版的 dupeGuru PE 还支持 PSD 和 RAW (CR2 和 NEF) 格式。
#### 在 Ubuntu 14.10/14.04/13.10/13.04/12.04 中安装 dupeGuru PE ####
由于我们已经添加了 PPA， 我们也不必为 dupeGuru PE 添加 PPA。只需运行如下命令来安装它。
由于我们已经添加了 PPA，我们也不必为 dupeGuru PE 再次添加。只需运行如下命令来安装它。
```
sudo apt-get install dupeguru-pe
@ -79,13 +79,13 @@ sudo apt-get install dupeguru-pe
#### 使用 ####
就使用方法，操作界面和外观而言，它与 dupeGuru ，dupeGuru ME 类似。我就纳闷为什么开发者为不同的类别开发了不同的版本。我想如果开发一个结合以上三个版本功能的应用，或许会更好。
就使用方法，操作界面和外观而言，它与 dupeGuru，dupeGuru ME 类似。我就纳闷为什么开发者为不同的类别开发了不同的版本。我想如果开发一个结合以上三个版本功能的应用，或许会更好。
启动它，添加你想扫描的目录，并选择你想执行的操作。就这样，你的重复文件将消失。
启动它，添加你想扫描的目录，并选择你想执行的操作。就这样，你的重复文件将被清除。
![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/dupeGuru-Picture-Edition-Results_014.png)
![](https://1102047360.rsc.cdn77.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/dupeGuru-Picture-Edition-Results_014.png)
如若因为任何的安全问题而不能移除某些重复文件，请记下这些文件的位置，通过终端或文件管理器来手动删除它们。
如果因为任何的安全问题而不能移除某些重复文件，请记下这些文件的位置，通过终端或文件管理器来手动删除它们。
欢呼吧！
@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ via: http://www.unixmen.com/dupeguru-find-remove-duplicate-files-instantly-hard-
作者：[SK][a]
译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出