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自动选题: 20191114 Creating Custom Themes in Drupal 8
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Creating Custom Themes in Drupal 8)
[#]: via: (https://opensourceforu.com/2019/11/creating-custom-themes-in-drupal-8/)
[#]: author: (Bhanu Prakash Poluparthi https://opensourceforu.com/author/bhanu-poluparthi/)
Creating Custom Themes in Drupal 8
======
[![][1]][2]
_A theme in a website is a set of files that defines the overall look and the user experience of a website. It usually comprises all the graphical elements such as colours and window decorations that help the user to customise the website. Drupal provides the user with a bunch of basic themes for a website that are very generic. However, these default themes do not suit all types of users. So there is a need to build themes that meet one’s requirements._
Creating and customising themes in Drupal 8 is easy because of a modern template engine for PHP named Twig, which is a part of the Symfony 2 framework. Moving from a PHP template to Twig, and from the INI format to YAML, are some of the main changes in Drupal 8 theming. These changes in Drupal 8 have improved the security and inheritance, making theming more distinguished.
With reference to Figure 1,
* _.info_ provides information about your theme.
* _html.tpl.php_ displays the basic HTML structure of a single Drupal page.
* _page.tpl.php_ is the main template that defines the contents on most of the pages.
* _style.css_ is the CSS file that sets the CSS rules for the template.
* _node.tpl.php_ defines the contents of the nodes.
* _block.tpl.php_ defines the contents in the blocks.
* _comment.tpl.php_ defines the contents in the comments.
* _Template.php_ is used to hold preprocessors for generating variables before they are merged with the markup inside .tpl.php files.
* _Theme-settings.php_ is used to modify the entire theme settings form.
* _.libraries.yml_ defines your libraries (mostly your JS, CSS files).
* _.breakpoints.yml_ defines the points to fit different screen devices.
* _.theme_ is the PHP file that stores conditional logic and data preprocessing of the variables before they are merged with markup inside the .html.twig file.
* _/includes_ is where third-party libraries (like Bootstrap, Foundation, Font Awesome, etc) are put. It is a standard convention to store them in this folder.
The basic requirement to create a new Drupal theme is to have Drupal localhost installed on your system.
![Figure 1: Drupal 7 theme structure \(https://www.drupal.org/docs/7/theming/ overview-of-theme-files\)][3]
**Drupal 8 theme structure**
A custom theme can be made by following the steps mentioned below.
_**Step 1: Creating the custom themes folder**_
Go to the Drupal folder in which you can find a folder named Theme.
* Enter the folder ‘theme’.
* Create a folder ‘custom’.
* Enter the folder ‘custom’.
* Create a folder ‘osfy’.
Start creating your theme files over here. The theme name taken here is osfy.
_**Step 2: Creating a YML file**_
To inform the website about the existence of this theme, we use _.yml_ files. The basic details required in the YML are mentioned below:
1\. Name
2\. Description
3\. Type
4\. Core
```
name: osfy
description: My first responsive custom theme.
type: theme
package: custom
base theme: classy
core: 8.x
regions:
head: head
header: header
content: content
sidebar: sidebar
footer: Footer
Stylesheets-remove:
-”Remove Stylesheets”
```
We can proceed once the theme appears in the uninstalled section of your website’s _Appearance_ tab.
Open the Drupal website and check for the new theme in the _Appearance_ section. It will be under the uninstalled list of themes in the _Appearance_ tab.
**Note:** 1\. Base theme indicates which base theme your custom theme is going to inherit. The default base theme provided by Drupal is ‘Stable’.
2\. Regions defines the regions in which your blocks are to be placed in your theme. If not declared, Drupal uses default regions from the core.
---
_**Step 3: Adding the .libraries.yml file:**_
We have indicated all the libraries comprising JavaScript and CSS styling, and now we will define them in the _libraries.yml_ file.
```
global-components:
version: 1.x
css:
theme:
css/style.css: {}
includes/bootstrap/css/bootstrap.css: {}
```
We will use _style.css_ for the theme styling and bootstrap.css for responsive display using Bootstrap libraries. Style.css resides in the core/css folder, whereas bootstrap.css resides in the _includes/bootstrap/css_ folder.
![Figure 2: Drupal 8 theme structure][4]
_**Step 4: Creating theme regions**_
To better understand how Twig has made things easier, use the following code:
```
<?php print render($title_prefix); ?>
<?php if ($title): ?>
<h1 class="title" id="page-title">
<?php print $title; ?>
</h1>
<?php endif; ?>
{{ title_prefix }}
{% if title %}
<h1 class="title" id="page-title">
{{ title }}
</h1>
{% endif %}
```
The template file functions are:
_html.html.twig_ – Theme implementation for the basic structure of a single page
_page.html.twig_ – Theme implementation to display a single page
_node.html.twig_ – Default theme implementation to display a node
_region.html.twig_ – Default theme implementation to display a region
_block.html.twig_ – Default theme implementation to display a block
_field.html.twig_ – Theme implementation for a field
To create the page.html.twig file, give the following commands:
```
/**
* @file
* Default theme implementation to display a single page.
*
* example code for basic header, footer and content page
**/
<div id="page">
{% if page.head %}
<section id="head">
<div class= "container">
{{ page.head }}
</div>
</section>
{% endif %}
<header id="header">
<div class="container">
{{ page.header }}
</div>
</header>
<section id="main">
<div class="container">
<div class="row">
<div id="content" class="col-md-10 col-sm-10 col-xs-12">
{{ page.content }}
</div>
{% if page.sidebar %}
<aside id="sidebar" class="sidebar col-md-2 col-sm-2 col-xs-12">
{{ page.sidebar}}
</aside>
{% endif %}
</div>
</div>
</section>
{% if page.footer %}
<footer id="footer">
<div class="container">
{{ page.footer }}
</div>
</footer>
{% endif %}
</div>
```
_**Step 5: Enabling the theme**_
To place content in the respective regions, in the Manage administrative menu, navigate to _Structure &gt; Block layout &gt; Custom block library (admin/structure/block/block-content)_. Click Add custom block. The Add custom block page appears. Fill in the fields and click on _Save_.
The block design used here is as in Figure 2.
**A few more things to do**
* Place a _logo.svg_ file in the theme folder. Drupal will look for it by default and enable the logo for the theme.
* To show your theme picture in the admin interface next to your theme name, place an image screenshot.png in your theme directory itself.
* Use your creativity from here onwards to style and customise the appearance of your theme.
* While writing the code for Twig files, remember to comment all the important information for future reference.
To make your theme work on your Drupal localhost, go to _/admin/appearance_ where you can find the theme ‘osfy’. Choose the option ‘Set as default’.
You can start using your theme from now.
![Avatar][5]
[Bhanu Prakash Poluparthi][6]
The author is an open source enthusiast and has been a part of
the Drupal organisation since 2017. He was an intern at Google
Summer of Code 2017 and a mentor at Google Code-In 2018.
[![][7]][8]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensourceforu.com/2019/11/creating-custom-themes-in-drupal-8/
作者：[Bhanu Prakash Poluparthi][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
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