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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (COVID-19: Weekly health check of ISPs, cloud providers and conferencing services)
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3534130/covid-19-weekly-health-check-of-isps-cloud-providers-and-conferencing-services.html)
[#]: author: (Tim Greene https://www.networkworld.com/author/Tim-Greene/)
COVID-19: Weekly health check of ISPs, cloud providers and conferencing services
======
ThousandEyes, which tracks internet and cloud traffic, is providing Network World with weekly updates on the performance of three categories of service provider: ISP, cloud provider, UCaaS
[ThousandEyes][1]
_As COVID-19 continues to spread, forcing employees to work from home, the services of ISPs, cloud providers and conferencing services a.k.a. unified communications as a service (UCaaS) providers are experiencing increased traffic._
_Thousand Eyes is monitoring how these increases affect outages and the performance these providers undergo. It will provide Network World a roundup of interesting events of  the week in the delivery of these services, and Network World will provide a summary here. Stop back next week for another update._
With the increased use of remote-access VPNs, major carriers are reporting dramatic increases in their network traffic – with Verizon reporting a 20% week-over-week increase, and Vodafone reporting an increase of 50%.
[Read about IPv6 and cloud-access security brokers][2]
While there has been no corresponding spike in outages in service provider networks, over the past six weeks there has been a steady increase in outages across multiple provider types both worldwide and in the U.S., all according to ThousandEyes, which keeps track of internet and cloud traffic.
### IDG Special Report:
Navigating the Pandemic
* [Business continuity: Coronavirus crisis puts CIOs’ plans to the test][3]
* [Coronavirus challenges remote networking][4]
* [A security guide for pandemic planning: 7 key steps][5]
* [10 tips to set up your home office for videoconferencing][6]
* [How to survive and thrive while working from home][7]
* [WTH? OSS knows how to WFH IRL][8]
This includes “a concerning upward trajectory” since the beginning of March of ISP outages worldwide that coincides with the spread of COVID-19, [according to a ThousandEyes blog][9] by Angelique Medina, the company’s director of product marketing. ISP outages worldwide hovered around 150 per week between Feb. 10 and March 19, but then increased to between just under 200 and about 225 during the following three weeks.
In the U.S. those numbers were a little over 50 in the first time range and reaching about 100 during the first week of March. “That early March level has been mostly sustained over the last couple of weeks,” Medina writes.
Cogent Communications was one ISP with nearly identical large scale outages on March 11 and March 18, with “disruptions for the fairly lengthy period (by Internet standards) of 30 minutes,” she wrote.
[][10]
Hurricane Electric suffered an outage March 20 that was less extensive and shorter than Cogent’s but included smaller disruptions that altogether affected hundreds of sites and services, she wrote.
Public-cloud provider networks have withstood the effects of COVID-19 well, with slight increases in the number of outages in the U.S., but otherwise relatively level around the world. The possible reason: “Major public cloud providers, such as AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud, have built massive global networks that are incredibly well-equipped to handle traffic surges,” Medina wrote. And when these networks do have major outages it’s due to routing or infrastructure state changes, not traffic congestion.
Some providers of collaboration applications – the likes of Zoom, Webex, MSFT Teams, RingCentral – also experienced performance problems between March 9 and March 20. ThousandEyes doesn’t name them, but does list performance numbers for what it describes “the top three” UCaaS providers. One actually showed improvements in availability, latency, packet loss and jitter. The other two “showed minimal (in the grand scheme of things) degradations on all fronts — not surprising given the unprecedented strain they’ve been under,” according to the blog.
Each provider showed spikes in traffic loss over the time period that ranged from less than 1% to more than 4% in one case. In the case of one provider, “outages within its own network spiked last week, meaning that the network issues impacting users were taking place on infrastructure managed by the provider versus an external ISP.”
“Outage incidents within large UCaaS provider networks are fairly infrequent; however, the recent massive surge in usage is clearly stressing current design limits. Capacity is reportedly being added across the board to meet new service demands,” according to the blog.
Meanwhile, ThousandEyes has introduced a new feature on its site a [Global Internet Outages Map][1] that is updated every few minutes. It shows recent and ongoing outages
## Google outage unrelated to COVID-19
On March 26 Google suffered a 20 minute outage on the East Coast of the U.S., apparently from a router failure in Atlanta, ThousandEyes said, agreeing with a statement put out by Googe to that effect.
That problem affected other regions of the U.S. as evidenced by Google sites such as google.com intermittently returning server errors."These 500 server errors are consistent with an inability to reach the backend systems necessary to correctly load various services," ThousandEyes said in a statement. "Any traffic traversing the affected region — connecting from Google’s front-end servers to backend services — may have been impacted and seen the resulting server errors."
ThousandEyes posted interactive results of tests it ran about the outage [here][11] and [here][12].
.
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][13] and [LinkedIn][14] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3534130/covid-19-weekly-health-check-of-isps-cloud-providers-and-conferencing-services.html
作者：[Tim Greene][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Tim-Greene/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.thousandeyes.com/outages
[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3391380/does-your-cloud-access-security-broker-support-ipv6-it-should.html
[3]: https://www.cio.com/article/3532899/business-continuity-coronavirus-crisis-puts-cios-plans-to-the-test.html
[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3532440/coronavirus-challenges-remote-networking.html
[5]: https://www.csoonline.com/article/3528878/a-security-guide-for-pandemic-planning-7-key-steps.html
[6]: https://www.computerworld.com/article/3250684/10-tips-to-set-up-your-home-office-for-videoconferencing.html
[7]: https://www.computerworld.com/article/3532283/how-to-survive-and-thrive-while-working-from-home.html
[8]: https://www.infoworld.com/article/3533050/wth-oss-knows-how-to-wfh-irl.html
[9]: https://blog.thousandeyes.com/internet-health-during-covid-19/
[10]: https://www.networkworld.com/blog/itaas-and-the-corporate-storage-technology/?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE22140&utm_content=sidebar (ITAAS and Corporate Storage Strategy)
[11]: https://agisi.share.thousandeyes.com/view/endpoint-agent/?roundId=1585237800&metric=loss&scenarioId=eyebrowNetwork&filters=%7B%22filters%22:%7B%22domain%22:%5B%22google.com%22%5D,%22geonameId%22:%5B4148757,4180439,4459467,4460243,4509177,4671240,4744709,4744870,4887398,4890864,4930956,5099836,5110266,5110302,5128581,5145476,5150529,5282804,5786882%5D%7D%7D&page=0,0&grouping=BY_NETWORK,BY_DOMAIN
[12]: https://ythkurgdz.share.thousandeyes.com/view/tests/?roundId=1585236900&metric=availability&scenarioId=httpServer&testId=1283781
[13]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/
[14]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world

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sources/tech/20200319 7 open hardware projects working to solve COVID-19.md
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (7 open hardware projects working to solve COVID-19)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/3/open-hardware-covid19)
[#]: author: (Harris Kenny https://opensource.com/users/harriskenny)
7 open hardware projects working to solve COVID-19
======
Open hardware solutions can prevent the spread and suffering of the
novel coronavirus.
![open on blue background with heartbeat symbol][1]
The open source [hardware][2] movement has long championed the importance of the right to repair, fully own the technology you buy, and be able to remix and reproduce gadgets, just like you can with music. And so, during this challenging time, open hardware is providing some answers to some of the problems created by the coronavirus pandemic.
### An overview of what's happening
For one, hardware developers around the world are working to resolve supply chain weaknesses using open source, the same philosophy that has driven a proliferation of new software technologies over the last 30 years. The hardware movement's past successes include the [RepRap Project][3], [Open Source Ecology][4], and [Open Source Beehives][5], proving this can be done.
There has been increasing interest in creators using 3D printing and other technologies to create replacement parts for and manufacturing of safety equipment on demand. For example, the Polytechnic University lab in Hong Kong [3D printed face shields][6] for hospital workers. And Italian startup Isinnova partnered with the FabLab in Milan to [3D-print replacement valves][7] for reanimation devices in hard-hit Northern Italy. Companies are also releasing designs to adapt our physical interactions, like this [3D printed hands-free door opener][8] from Materialise. These examples of replacing parts and solving problems are an excellent start and appear to be saving lives.
Another traditional hardware technique is picking up steam: sewing. The AFP reports that there is an acute need for face masks around the world and guidance from the World Health Organization about their importance. With single-use, disposable masks being prioritized for healthcare workers, in the Czech Republic people are [taking to sewing to make their own masks][9]. (Repeat-use masks do introduce sterility concerns.) The Facebook group "Czechia sews face masks" started to address this problem in their country, with tens of thousands of members using their at-home sewing machines.
Open source hardware equipment and machinery projects are also gaining traction. First, there is testing equipment that is sophisticated and highly capable. Next, there is medical equipment that can be categorized as field-grade (at best) for scenarios with no other option. These projects are outlined in detail below.
To learn more, I spoke with Jason Huggins, founder and CEO of Chicago-based [Tapster Robotics][10]. Tapster Robotics designs and manufactures desktop robots using 3D printing, computer numerical control (CNC) machining, and open electronics like [Arduino][11]. He has both the technical know-how and the industrial capacity to make an impact. And he wants to commit his company's resources to help in this fight.
"Basically, we're in a World War II mobilization moment right now. Even though I'm not a doctor, we should still all follow the Hippocratic Oath. Whatever I do, I don't want to make the problem worse," Huggins explains. "As a counterpoint, there is WHO executive director Dr. Michael Ryan's comment: 'Speed trumps perfection,'" Huggins argues.
> Wow.
>
> This man is the global authority on the spread of disease. If you are a leader (in any capacity) watch this. If you are not, watch it too. [pic.twitter.com/bFogaekehM][12]
>
> — Jim Richards Sh🎙wgram (@JIMrichards1010) [March 15, 2020][13]
Huggins has extensive experience with delivering during times of need. His efforts were instrumental in helping [Healthcare.gov][14] scale after its challenging initial launch. He also created the software industry-standard testing frameworks Selenium and Appium. With this experience, his advice is well worth considering.
I also spoke with Seattle-based attorney Mark Tyson of [Tyson Law][15], who works with startups and small businesses. He has direct experience working with nimble companies in rapidly evolving industries. In framing the overall question, Tyson begins:
> Good Samaritan laws protect volunteers—i.e., “Good Samaritans”—from being held liable as a result of their decision to give aid during an emergency. While the specifics of these laws vary by state, they share a common public policy rationale: namely, encouraging bystanders to help others facing an emergency. Conceivably, this rationale could justify application of these types of laws in less traditional settings than, say, pulling the victim of a car accident out of harm’s way.
Applying this specific situation, Tyson notes:
> "Before taking action, creators would be wise to speak with an attorney to conduct a state-specific risk assessment. It would also be prudent to ask larger institutions, like hospitals or insurers, to accept potential liability exposure via contract—for instance, through the use of indemnification agreements, whereby the hospital or its insurer agrees to indemnify the creator for liability."
Tyson understands the urgency and gravity of the situation. This option to use contracts is not meant to be a roadblock; instead, it may be a way to help adoption happen at scale to make a bigger difference faster. It is up to you or your organization to make this determination.
With all that said, let's explore the projects that are in use or in development (and may be available for deployment soon).
### 7 open hardware projects fighting COVID-19
#### Opentrons
[Opentrons][16]' open source lab automation platform is comprised of a suite of open source hardware, verified labware, consumables, reagents, and workstations. Opentrons says its products can help dramatically [scale-up COVID-19 testing][17] with systems that can "automate up to 2,400 tests per day within days of an order being placed." It plans to ramp up to 1 million tested samples by July 1.
![Opentrons roadmap graphic][18]
From the Opentrons [website][17], Copyright
The company is already working with federal and local government agencies to determine if its systems can be used for clinical diagnosis under an [emergency use authorization][19]. Opentrons is shared under an [Apache 2.0 license][20]. I first learned of it from biologist Kristin Ellis, who is affiliated with the project.
#### Chai Open qPCR
Chai's [Open qPCR][21] device uses [polymerase chain reaction][22] (PCR) to rapidly test swabs from surfaces (e.g., door handles and elevator buttons) to see if the novel coronavirus is present. This open source hardware shared under an [Apache 2.0 license][23] uses a [BeagleBone][24] low-power Linux computer. Data from the Chai Open qPCR can enable public health, civic, and business leaders to make more informed decisions about cleaning, mitigation, facility closures, contract tracing, and testing.
#### OpenPCR
[OpenPCR][25] is a PCR testing device kit from Josh Perfetto and Jessie Ho, the creators behind the Chai Open qPCR. This is more of a DIY open source device than their previous project, but it has the same use case: using environmental testing to identify the coronavirus in the field. As the project page states, "traditional real-time PCR machines capable of detecting these pathogens typically cost upwards of $30,000 US dollars and are not suitable for field usage." Because OpenPCR is a kit users build and is shared under a [GPLv3.0 license][26], the device aims to democratize access to molecular diagnostics.
![OpenPCR][27]
From the OpenPCR [website][25], Copyright
And, like any good open source project, there is a derivative! [WildOpenPCR][28] by [GaudiLabs][29] in Switzerland is also shared under a [GPLv3.0 license][30].
#### PocketPCR
Gaudi Labs' [PocketPCR][31] thermocycler is used to activate biological reactions by raising and lowering the temperature of a liquid in small test tubes. It can be powered with a simple USB power adapter, either tethered to a device or on its own, with preset parameters that don't require a computer or smartphone.
![PocketPCR][32]
From the PocketPCR [website][31], Copyright
Like the other PCR options described in this article, this device may facilitate environmental testing for coronavirus, although its project page does not explicitly state so. PocketPCR is shared under a [GPLv3.0 license][33].
#### Open Lung Low Resource Ventilator
The [Open Lung Low Resource Ventilator][34] is a quick-deployment ventilator that utilizes a [bag valve mask][35] (BVM), also known as an Ambu-bag, as a core component. Ambu-bags are mass-produced, certified, small, mechanically simple, and adaptable to both invasive tubing and masks. The OPEN LUNG ventilator will use micro-electronics to sense and control air pressure and flow, with the goal to enable semi-autonomous operation.
![Open Lung ventilator][36]
Open Lung [on GitLab][37]
This early-stage project boasts a large team with hundreds of contributors, led by: Colin Keogh, David Pollard, Connall Laverty, and Gui Calavanti. It is shared under a [GPLv3.0 license][38].
#### Pandemic Ventilator
The [Pandemic Ventilator][39] is a DIY ventilator prototype. Like the RepRap project, it uses commonly available hardware components in its design. The project was uploaded by user Panvent to Instructables more than 10 years ago, and there are six major steps to producing it. The project is shared under a [CC BY-NC-SA license][39]. This video shows the system in action:
#### Folding at Home
[Folding at Home][40] is a distributed computing project for simulating protein dynamics, including the process of protein folding and the movements of proteins implicated in a variety of diseases. It is a call-to-action for citizen scientists, researchers, and volunteers to use their computers at home to help run simulations, similar to the decommissioned [SETI@Home project][41]. If you're a technologist with capable computer hardware, Folding at Home is for you.
![Markov state model][42]
Vincent Voelz, CC BY-SA 3.0
Folding at Home uses Markov state models (shown above) to model the possible shapes and folding pathways a protein can take in order to look for new therapeutic opportunities. You can find out more about the project in Washington University biophysicist Greg Bowman's post on [how it works and how you can help][43].
The project involves a consortium of academic laboratories, contributors, and corporate sponsors from many countries, including Hong Kong, Croatia, Sweden, and the United States. Folding at Home is shared under a [mix of GPL and proprietary licenses][44] on [GitHub][45] and is multi-platform for Windows, macOS, and GNU/Linux (e.g., Debian, Ubuntu, Mint, RHEL, CentOS, Fedora).
### Many other interesting projects
These projects are just a fraction of the activity happening in the open hardware space to solve or treat COVID-19. In researching this article, I discovered other projects worth exploring, such as:
* [Open source ventilators, oxygen concentrators, etc.][46] by Coronavirus Tech Handbook
* [Helpful engineering][47] by ProjectOpenAir
* [Open source ventilator hackathon][48] on Hackaday
* [Specifications for simple open source mechanical ventilator][49] by Johns Hopkins emergency medicine resident Julian Botta
* [Coronavirus-related phishing, malware, and randomware on the rise][50] by Shannon Morse
* [Converting a low-cost CPAP blower into a rudimentary ventilator][51] by jcl5m1
* [Forum A.I.R.E. discussion on open respirators and fans][52] (Spanish/español)
* [Special Issue on Open-Source COVID19 Medical Hardware][53] by Elsevier HardwareX
These projects are based all over the world, and this type of global cooperation is exactly what we need, as the virus ignores borders. The novel coronavirus pandemic affects countries at different times and in different ways, so we need a distributed approach.
As my colleague Steven Abadie and I write in the [OSHdata 2020 Report][54], the open source hardware movement is a global movement. Participating individuals and organizations with certified projects are located in over 35 countries around the world and in every hemisphere.
![Open source hardware map][55]
OSHdata, CC BY-SA 4.0 International
If you are interested in joining this conversation with open source hardware developers around the world, join the [Open Hardware Summit Discord][56] server with a dedicated channel for conversations about COVID-19. You can find roboticists, designers, artists, firmware and mechanical engineers, students, researchers, and others who are fighting this war together. We hope to see you there.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/20/3/open-hardware-covid19
作者：[Harris Kenny][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/harriskenny
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/health_heartbeat.png?itok=P-GXea-p (open on blue background with heartbeat symbol)
[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-open-hardware
[3]: https://reprap.org/wiki/RepRap
[4]: https://www.opensourceecology.org/
[5]: https://www.osbeehives.com/
[6]: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3052135/polytechnic-university-lab-3d-printing-face
[7]: https://www.3dprintingmedia.network/covid-19-3d-printed-valve-for-reanimation-device/
[8]: https://www.3dprintingmedia.network/materialise-shows-3d-printed-door-opener-for-coronavirus-containment-efforts/
[9]: https://news.yahoo.com/stitch-time-czechs-sew-combat-virus-mask-shortage-205213804.html
[10]: http://tapster.io/
[11]: https://opensource.com/life/15/5/arduino-or-raspberry-pi
[12]: https://t.co/bFogaekehM
[13]: https://twitter.com/JIMrichards1010/status/1239140710558969857?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
[14]: http://Healthcare.gov
[15]: https://www.marktysonlaw.com/
[16]: https://opentrons.com/
[17]: https://blog.opentrons.com/testing-for-covid-19-with-opentrons/
[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/opentrons.png (Opentrons roadmap graphic)
[19]: https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/policy-diagnostics-testing-laboratories-certified-perform-high-complexity-testing-under-clia-prior
[20]: https://github.com/Opentrons/opentrons/blob/edge/LICENSE
[21]: https://www.chaibio.com/openqpcr
[22]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction
[23]: https://github.com/chaibio/chaipcr
[24]: https://beagleboard.org/bone
[25]: https://openpcr.org/
[26]: https://github.com/jperfetto/OpenPCR/blob/master/license.txt
[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/openpcr.png (OpenPCR)
[28]: https://github.com/GenericLab/WildOpenPCR
[29]: http://www.gaudi.ch/GaudiLabs/?page_id=328
[30]: https://github.com/GenericLab/WildOpenPCR/blob/master/license.txt
[31]: http://gaudi.ch/PocketPCR/
[32]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pocketpcr.png (PocketPCR)
[33]: https://github.com/GaudiLabs/PocketPCR/blob/master/LICENSE
[34]: https://gitlab.com/TrevorSmale/low-resource-ambu-bag-ventilor
[35]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag_valve_mask
[36]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/open-lung.png (Open Lung ventilator)
[37]: https://gitlab.com/TrevorSmale/low-resource-ambu-bag-ventilor/-/blob/master/images/CONCEPT_1_MECH.png
[38]: https://gitlab.com/TrevorSmale/low-resource-ambu-bag-ventilor/-/blob/master/LICENSE
[39]: https://www.instructables.com/id/The-Pandemic-Ventilator/
[40]: https://foldingathome.org/
[41]: https://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/
[42]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/foldingathome.png (Markov state model)
[43]: https://foldingathome.org/2020/03/15/coronavirus-what-were-doing-and-how-you-can-help-in-simple-terms/
[44]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding@home
[45]: https://github.com/FoldingAtHome
[46]: https://coronavirustechhandbook.com/hardware
[47]: https://app.jogl.io/project/121#about
[48]: https://hackaday.com/2020/03/12/ultimate-medical-hackathon-how-fast-can-we-design-and-deploy-an-open-source-ventilator/
[49]: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FNPwrQjB1qW1330s5-S_-VB0vDHajMWKieJRjINCNeE/edit?fbclid=IwAR3ugu1SGMsacwKi6ycAKJFOMduInSO4WVM8rgmC4CgMJY6cKaGBNR14mpM
[50]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmQ1twpPpXA
[51]: https://github.com/jcl5m1/ventilator
[52]: https://foro.coronavirusmakers.org/
[53]: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/hardwarex/call-for-papers/special-issue-on-open-source-covid19-medical-hardware
[54]: https://oshdata.com/2020-report
[55]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/oshdata-country.png (Open source hardware map)
[56]: https://discord.gg/duAtG5h

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sources/tech/20200325 Linux firewall basics with ufw.md Normal file
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (Linux firewall basics with ufw)
[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3533551/linux-firewall-basics-with-ufw.html)
[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/)
Linux firewall basics with ufw
======
We take a look at ufw - the uncomplicated firewall - on Linux, providing some insights and commands for making changes.
Vertigo3D / Getty Images
The **ufw** (uncomplicated firewall) represents a serious simplification to [iptables][1] and, in the years that it’s been available, has become the default firewall on systems such as Ubuntu and Debian. And, yes, **ufw** is surprisingly uncomplicated – a boon for newer admins who might otherwise have to invest a lot of time to get up to speed on firewall management.
GUIs are available for **ufw** (like **gufw**), but **ufw** commands are generally issued on the command line. This post examines some commands for using **ufw** and looks into how it works.
First, one quick way to see how **ufw** is configured is to look at its configuration file – **/etc/default/ufw**. In the command below, we display the settings, using **grep** to suppress the display of both blank lines and comments (line starting with #).
[RELATED: Linux hardening: a 15-step checklist for a secure Linux server][2]
```
$ grep -v '^#\|^$' /etc/default/ufw
IPV6=yes
DEFAULT_INPUT_POLICY="DROP"
DEFAULT_OUTPUT_POLICY="ACCEPT"
DEFAULT_FORWARD_POLICY="DROP"
DEFAULT_APPLICATION_POLICY="SKIP"
MANAGE_BUILTINS=no
IPT_SYSCTL=/etc/ufw/sysctl.conf
IPT_MODULES="nf_conntrack_ftp nf_nat_ftp nf_conntrack_netbios_ns"
```
As you can see, the default policy is to drop input and allow output. Additional rules that allow the connections that you specifically want to be accept are configured separately.
The basic syntax for ufw commands might look like thee below, though this synopsis is not meant to imply that typing only “ufw” will get you further than a quick error telling you that arguments are required.
```
ufw [--dry-run] [options] [rule syntax]
```
The **\--dry-run** option means that **ufw** won’t run the command you specify, but will show you the results that you would see if it did. It will, however, display the entire set of rules as they would exist if the change were made, so be prepared for more than a few lines of output.
To check the status of **ufw**, run a command like the following. Note that even this command requires use of **sudo** or use of the root account.
[][3]
```
$ sudo ufw status
Status: active
To Action From
-- ------ ----
22 ALLOW 192.168.0.0/24
9090 ALLOW Anywhere
9090 (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
```
Otherwise, you will see something like this:
```
$ ufw status
ERROR: You need to be root to run this script
```
Adding "verbose" provides a few additional details:
```
$ sudo ufw status verbose
Status: active
Logging: on (low)
Default: deny (incoming), allow (outgoing), disabled (routed)
New profiles: skip
To Action From
-- ------ ----
22 ALLOW IN 192.168.0.0/24
9090 ALLOW IN Anywhere
9090 (v6) ALLOW IN Anywhere (v6)
```
You can easily allow and deny connections by port number with commands like these:
```
$ sudo ufw allow 80 <== allow http access
$ sudo ufw deny 25 <== deny smtp access
```
You can check out the **/etc/services** file to find the connections between port numbers and service names.
```
$ grep 80/ /etc/services
http 80/tcp www # WorldWideWeb HTTP
socks 1080/tcp # socks proxy server
socks 1080/udp
http-alt 8080/tcp webcache # WWW caching service
http-alt 8080/udp
amanda 10080/tcp # amanda backup services
amanda 10080/udp
canna 5680/tcp # cannaserver
```
Alternately, you can use service names like in these commands.
```
$ sudo ufw allow http
Rule added
Rule added (v6)
$ sudo ufw allow https
Rule added
Rule added (v6)
```
After making changes, you should check the status again to see that those changes have been made:
```
$ sudo ufw status
Status: active
To Action From
-- ------ ----
22 ALLOW 192.168.0.0/24
9090 ALLOW Anywhere
80/tcp ALLOW Anywhere <==
443/tcp ALLOW Anywhere <==
9090 (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
80/tcp (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6) <==
443/tcp (v6) ALLOW Anywhere (v6) <==
```
The rules that **ufw** follows are stored in the **/etc/ufw** directory. Note that you need root access to view these files and that each contains a large number of rules.
```
$ ls -ltr /etc/ufw
total 48
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1391 Aug 15 2017 sysctl.conf
-rw-r----- 1 root root 1004 Aug 17 2017 after.rules
-rw-r----- 1 root root 915 Aug 17 2017 after6.rules
-rw-r----- 1 root root 1130 Jan 5 2018 before.init
-rw-r----- 1 root root 1126 Jan 5 2018 after.init
-rw-r----- 1 root root 2537 Mar 25 2019 before.rules
-rw-r----- 1 root root 6700 Mar 25 2019 before6.rules
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Nov 12 08:21 applications.d
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 313 Mar 18 17:30 ufw.conf
-rw-r----- 1 root root 1711 Mar 19 10:42 user.rules
-rw-r----- 1 root root 1530 Mar 19 10:42 user6.rules
```
The changes made earlier in this post (the addition of port **80** for **http** access and **443** for **https** (encrypted http) access will look like this in the **user.rules** and **user6.rules** files:
```
# grep " 80 " user*.rules
user6.rules:### tuple ### allow tcp 80 ::/0 any ::/0 in
user6.rules:-A ufw6-user-input -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
user.rules:### tuple ### allow tcp 80 0.0.0.0/0 any 0.0.0.0/0 in
user.rules:-A ufw-user-input -p tcp --dport 80 -j ACCEPT
You have new mail in /var/mail/root
# grep 443 user*.rules
user6.rules:### tuple ### allow tcp 443 ::/0 any ::/0 in
user6.rules:-A ufw6-user-input -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
user.rules:### tuple ### allow tcp 443 0.0.0.0/0 any 0.0.0.0/0 in
user.rules:-A ufw-user-input -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
```
With **ufw**, you can also easily block connections from a system using a command like this:
```
$ sudo ufw deny from 208.176.0.50
Rule added
```
The status command will show the change:
```
$ sudo ufw status verbose
Status: active
Logging: on (low)
Default: deny (incoming), allow (outgoing), disabled (routed)
New profiles: skip
To Action From
-- ------ ----
22 ALLOW IN 192.168.0.0/24
9090 ALLOW IN Anywhere
80/tcp ALLOW IN Anywhere
443/tcp ALLOW IN Anywhere
Anywhere DENY IN 208.176.0.50 <== new
9090 (v6) ALLOW IN Anywhere (v6)
80/tcp (v6) ALLOW IN Anywhere (v6)
443/tcp (v6) ALLOW IN Anywhere (v6)
```
All in all, **ufw** is both easy to configure and easy to understand.
Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3533551/linux-firewall-basics-with-ufw.html
作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2716098/working-with-iptables.html
[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3143050/linux/linux-hardening-a-15-step-checklist-for-a-secure-linux-server.html#tk.nww-fsb
[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/blog/itaas-and-the-corporate-storage-technology/?utm_source=IDG&utm_medium=promotions&utm_campaign=HPE22140&utm_content=sidebar (ITAAS and Corporate Storage Strategy)
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114
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@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: ( )
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (How to install Microsoft TrueType Fonts on Ubuntu-based Distributions)
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/install-microsoft-fonts-ubuntu/)
[#]: author: (Community https://itsfoss.com/author/itsfoss/)
How to install Microsoft TrueType Fonts on Ubuntu-based Distributions
======
If you open some Microsoft documents in LibreOffice on Linux, you’ll notice that the fonts look a bit different. You’ll also notice that you cannot find common fonts like [Times New Roman][1], Arial etc.
Don’t worry. I’ll show you how to install these fonts in Ubuntu and other Ubuntu-based Linux distributions. But before that, let me tell you why these fonts are not available by default.
### Why Microsoft fonts are not installed by default in Linux?
![][2]
Times New Roman, Arial and other such fonts are owned by Microsoft and they are not open source. Many Linux distributions don’t provide proprietary software by default to avoid licensing issue.
This is why Ubuntu and other Linux distributions use an open source fonts “Liberation fonts” to substitute Microsoft fonts by default. The [Liberation Fonts][3] were created by [Red Hat][4] to substitute Arial, Arial Narrow, Times New Roman and Courier New as their width is the same. When you open a document written in Times New Roman, the equivalent Liberation Font will be used to keep the document uninterrupted.
However Liberation fonts are not identical to Microsoft’s fonts and in some cases you may need to use Arial or Times New Roman. A very common scenario is that Microsoft’s fonts are the only option is in schools, universities and other public and private organizations. They require you to submit the documents in one of those fonts.
Good thing is that you can install the Microsoft fonts on Ubuntu and other distributions easily. This way, you will be able to increase compatibility of LibreOffice and have the freedom to choose an open source office software.
### Installing Microsoft fonts on Ubuntu-based Linux distributions
You can [install new fonts in Ubuntu][5] by downloading them on your own. But since Microsoft fonts are very popular (and is provided free of cost), Ubuntu provides an easy way of installing it.
Be aware that despite Microsoft has released its core fonts for free of charge, the usage of the fonts is restricted in other operating systems. You’ll have to read and accept EULA (End User License Agreement) before installing Microsoft fonts in Ubuntu.
These fonts are [available in the multiverse repositories so make sure to enable it][6] first:
```
sudo add-apt-repository multiverse
```
After that, you can update your Ubuntu repository cache and install the Microsoft fonts like this:
```
sudo apt update && sudo apt install ttf-mscorefonts-installer
```
Press tab to select **OK** and the press enter when the Microsoft’s End user agreement appears.
![Press tab to highlight the selection][7]
Click **Yes** to accept the Microsoft’s agreement:
![Use tab key to make a selection and then press enter][8]
When the installation is done, you should update the font cache using the command below:
```
sudo fc-cache -f -v
```
![][9]
If you open the LibreOffice now, you’ll see the Microsoft [TrueType fonts][10].
![][11]
In case that you accidentally reject the license agreement, you can reinstall the installer with this command:
```
sudo apt install –reinstall ttf-mscorefonts-installer
```
Microsoft TrueType fonts are also available via the [Ubuntu Restricted Extras package][12] that contains other proprietary media codecs to play files like MP3 etc.
Don’t underestimate proprietary fonts
You may think what’s the big deal with fonts? After all, it’s just a font, not a crucial piece of software, right?
But did you know that for years, [Netflix paid millions of dollars for the proprietary font][13] it used? At the end, they created their own custom fonts and that saved them a considerable amount of money.
I hope you find this quick tutorial useful. More productivity tutorials are down the line, leave your comments below and subscribe to our social media for more!
![][14]
### Dimitrios Savvopoulos
Dimitrios is an MSc Mechanical Engineer but a Linux enthusiast in heart. He is well settled in Solus OS but curiosity drives him to constantly test other distros. Challenge is part of his personality and his hobby is to compete from 5k to the marathon distance.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://itsfoss.com/install-microsoft-fonts-ubuntu/
作者：[Community][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/itsfoss/
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Times_New_Roman
[2]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/microsoft-fonts-ubuntu.png?ssl=1
[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_fonts
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hat
[5]: https://itsfoss.com/install-fonts-ubuntu/
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-repositories/
[7]: https://i1.wp.com/i.imgur.com/JoEJp5w.png?ssl=1
[8]: https://i0.wp.com/i.imgur.com/M8zTc7f.png?ssl=1
[9]: https://i0.wp.com/i.imgur.com/Cshle6S.png?ssl=1
[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TrueType
[11]: https://i1.wp.com/i.imgur.com/9oIu3oj.png?ssl=1
[12]: https://itsfoss.com/install-media-codecs-ubuntu/
[13]: https://thehustle.co/nextflix-sans-custom-font/
[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Dimitrios.jpg?ssl=1

140
sources/tech/20190124 ffsend - Easily And Securely Share Files From Linux Command Line Using Firefox Send Client.md → translated/tech/20190124 ffsend - Easily And Securely Share Files From Linux Command Line Using Firefox Send Client.md
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@ -1,91 +1,79 @@
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
[#]: translator: (FSSlc)
[#]: reviewer: ( )
[#]: publisher: ( )
[#]: url: ( )
[#]: subject: (ffsend – Easily And Securely Share Files From Linux Command Line Using Firefox Send Client)
[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/ffsend-securely-share-files-folders-from-linux-command-line-using-firefox-send-client/)
[#]: author: (Vinoth Kumar https://www.2daygeek.com/author/vinoth/)
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
[#]: translator: "FSSlc"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
[#]: subject: "ffsend – Easily And Securely Share Files From Linux Command Line Using Firefox Send Client"
[#]: via: "https://www.2daygeek.com/ffsend-securely-share-files-folders-from-linux-command-line-using-firefox-send-client/"
[#]: author: "Vinoth Kumar https://www.2daygeek.com/author/vinoth/"
ffsend – Easily And Securely Share Files From Linux Command Line Using Firefox Send Client
ffsend - 在 Linux 命令行中通过 FireFox Send 服务来简单安全地分享文件
======
Linux users were preferred to go with scp or rsync for files or folders copy.
Linux 用户更偏爱使用 `scp` 或 `rsync` 来进行文件或目录的复制拷贝。很多新的可选方式正发生在 Linux 上，因为 Linux 是开源的，所以任何人都可以为 Linux 开发一个安全软件。
However, so many new options are coming to Linux because it’s a opensource.
在过去我们已经写了多篇有关安全分享这个话题的文章，它们分别是 **[OnionShare][1]** , **[Magic Wormhole][2]** , **[Transfer.sh][3]** 和 **[Dcp – Dat Copy][4]**.
Anyone can develop a secure software for Linux.
今天我们甚至还将继续讨论这个话题，我们将介绍名为 `ffsend` 的工具。
We had written multiple articles in our site in the past about this topic.
### ffsend 是什么？
Even, today we are going to discuss the same kind of topic called ffsend.
[ffsend][5] 是 Firefox Send 服务的一个命令行客户端，允许用户通过命令行来传递和接收文件或目录。
Those are **[OnionShare][1]** , **[Magic Wormhole][2]** , **[Transfer.sh][3]** and **[Dcp – Dat Copy][4]**.
它允许我们通过一个安全、私密、加密的链接，使用一个简单的命令来轻易安全地分享文件和目录。
### What’s ffsend?
使用 Firefox 的 Send 服务，文件可以被共享，最大允许的文件大小为 2GB（译者注：现在官网上写的是最大 1GB，登录后最大 2.5GB）。其他人可以通过这个工具或者网页浏览器来下载这些被分享的文件。
[ffsend][5] is a command line Firefox Send client that allow users to transfer and receive files and folders through command line.
所有的文件总是在客户端被加密，并且秘钥将不会被远程主机所分享。另外，你还可以为上传的文件设置密码。
It allow us to easily and securely share files and directories from the command line through a safe, private and encrypted link using a single simple command.
被上传的文件在被下载（默认被下载 1 次，最多可被下载 10 次）后或者 24 小时后，它们将被自动删除。这将确保你的文件不会永远的保留在网络上。
Files are shared using the Send service and the allowed file size is up to 2GB.
该工具当前处于 alpha 阶段，使用时请自担风险。而且，当前只有有限个安装选项可用。
Others are able to download these files with this tool, or through their web browser.
### ffsend 的特点：
All files are always encrypted on the client, and secrets are never shared with the remote host.
* 全功能且友好的命令行工具
* 安全地上传和下载文件与目录
* 在客户端总是被加密
* 额外的密码保护，密码生成和可配置下载次数限制
* 内置文件或目录的打包和解压
* 可以简单地管理你的历史分享记录
* 能够使用你自己的发送主机
* 查看或者删除共享文件
* 精准的错误报告
* 由加密或上传下载导致的低内存消耗
* 无需集成就可被用在脚本中
Additionally you can add a password for the file upload.
### 如何在 LInux 中安装 ffsend 呢？
The uploaded files will be removed after the download (default count is 1 up to 10) or after 24 hours. This will make sure that your files does not remain online forever.
当前除了 Debian 和 Arch Linux 系统，其他发行版还没有相应的安装包（译者注：这个信息已过时，最新内容请看[这里](https://github.com/timvisee/ffsend#install)）。然而，我们可以轻易地根据我们自己的操作系统和架构下载到相应的预编译二进制文件。
This tool is currently in the alpha phase. Use at your own risk. Also, only limited installation options are available right now.
### ffsend Features:
* Fully featured and friendly command line tool
* Upload and download files and directories securely
* Always encrypted on the client
* Additional password protection, generation and configurable download limits
* Built-in file and directory archiving and extraction
* History tracking your files for easy management
* Ability to use your own Send host
* Inspect or delete shared files
* Accurate error reporting
* Low memory footprint, due to encryption and download/upload streaming
* Intended to be used in scripts without interaction
### How To Install ffsend in Linux?
There is no package for each distributions except Debian and Arch Linux systems. However, we can easily get this utility by downloading the prebuilt appropriate binaries file based on the operating system and architecture.
Run the below command to download the latest available version for your operating system.
运行下面的命令来为你的操作系统下载 `ffsend` 最新可用的版本（译者注：当前最新版本为 v0.2.58）：
```
$ wget https://github.com/timvisee/ffsend/releases/download/v0.1.2/ffsend-v0.1.2-linux-x64.tar.gz
```
Extract the tar archive using the following command.
然后使用下面的命令来解压 tar 包：
```
$ tar -xvf ffsend-v0.1.2-linux-x64.tar.gz
```
Run the following command to identify your path variable.
接着运行下面的命令来查看你的 `PATH` 环境变量：
```
$ echo $PATH
/home/daygeek/.cargo/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/bin:/usr/lib/jvm/default/bin:/usr/bin/site_perl:/usr/bin/vendor_perl:/usr/bin/core_perl
```
As i told previously, just move the executable file to your path directory.
正如我先前告知的那样，下面我们要做的就是将这个可执行文件放置到 `PATH` 环境变量中的某个目录中：
```
$ sudo mv ffsend /usr/local/sbin
```
Run the `ffsend` command alone to get the basic usage information.
直接运行 `ffsend` 可以获取其基本使用信息：
```
$ ffsend
@ -103,30 +91,30 @@ To show all subcommands, features and other help:
ffsend help [SUBCOMMAND]
```
For Arch Linux based users can easily install it with help of **[AUR Helper][6]** , as this package is available in AUR repository.
对于使用基于 Arch Linux 系统的用户可以简单地借助 **[AUR Helper][6]** 来安装它，因为这个包已经在 AUR 软件仓库中了。
```
$ yay -S ffsend
```
For **`Debian/Ubuntu`** systems, use **[DPKG Command][7]** to install ffsend.
对于使用 **`Debian/Ubuntu`** 系统的用户，使用 **[DPKG 命令][7]** 来安装 `ffsend`。
```
$ wget https://github.com/timvisee/ffsend/releases/download/v0.1.2/ffsend_0.1.2_amd64.deb
$ sudo dpkg -i ffsend_0.1.2_amd64.deb
```
### How To Send A File Using ffsend?
### 如何使用 ffsend 来发送文件？
It’s not complicated. We can easily send a file using simple syntax.
这并不复杂，我们可以简单地通过下面的语法来发送文件。
**Syntax:**
**语法：**
```
$ ffsend upload [/Path/to/the/file/name]
```
In the following example, we are going to upload a file called `passwd-up1.sh`. Once you upload the file then you will be getting the unique URL.
在下面的例子中，我们将上传一个名为 `passwd-up1.sh` 的文件，一旦你上传了该文件，你将得到一个唯一的 URL。
```
$ ffsend upload passwd-up1.sh --copy
@ -136,15 +124,15 @@ Share link: https://send.firefox.com/download/a4062553f4/#yy2_VyPaUMG5HwXZzYRmpQ
![][9]
Just download the above unique URL to get the file in any remote system.
在任何远端的系统上，只需要使用上面那个唯一的 URL 就可以下载上传的文件了。
**Syntax:**
**语法：**
```
$ ffsend download [Generated URL]
```
Output for the above command.
命令的输出如下：
```
$ ffsend download https://send.firefox.com/download/a4062553f4/#yy2_VyPaUMG5HwXZzYRmpQ
@ -153,13 +141,13 @@ Download complete
![][10]
Use the following syntax format for directory upload.
使用下面的语法来对目录进行上传：
```
$ ffsend upload [/Path/to/the/Directory] --copy
```
In this example, we are going to upload `2g` directory.
在下面的例子中，我们将上传一个名为 `2g` 的目录：
```
$ ffsend upload /home/daygeek/2g --copy
@ -170,7 +158,7 @@ Upload complete
Share link: https://send.firefox.com/download/90aa5cfe67/#hrwu6oXZRG2DNh8vOc3BGg
```
Just download the above generated the unique URL to get a folder in any remote system.
在任意的远端系统中，只需要利用上面生成的唯一 URL 就可以获取到刚才上传的目录了。
```
$ ffsend download https://send.firefox.com/download/90aa5cfe67/#hrwu6oXZRG2DNh8vOc3BGg
@ -179,7 +167,7 @@ Extracting...
Download complete
```
As this already send files through a safe, private, and encrypted link. However, if you would like to add a additional security at your level. Yes, you can add a password for a file.
上面已经通过安全、私密和加密过的链接来发送了文件。然而，如果你想在你的掌控范围内再添加额外的安全措施，你可以为文件添加密码。
```
$ ffsend upload file-copy-rsync.sh --copy --password
@ -188,7 +176,7 @@ Upload complete
Share link: https://send.firefox.com/download/0742d24515/#P7gcNiwZJ87vF8cumU71zA
```
It will prompt you to update a password when you are trying to download a file in the remote system.
当你在远端系统中尝试下载该文件时，它将要求你输入密码：
```
$ ffsend download https://send.firefox.com/download/0742d24515/#P7gcNiwZJ87vF8cumU71zA
@ -197,7 +185,7 @@ Password:
Download complete
```
Alternatively you can limit a download speed by providing the download speed while uploading a file.
另外，你还可以在上传过程中提供下载次数限制来限制文件被下载的次数。
```
$ ffsend upload file-copy-scp.sh --copy --downloads 10
@ -205,16 +193,16 @@ Upload complete
Share link: https://send.firefox.com/download/23cb923c4e/#LVg6K0CIb7Y9KfJRNZDQGw
```
Just download the above unique URL to get a file in any remote system.
然后你可以在任意的远程系统中使用上面的唯一 URL 来下载该文件：
```
ffsend download https://send.firefox.com/download/23cb923c4e/#LVg6K0CIb7Y9KfJRNZDQGw
Download complete
```
If you want to see more details about the file, use the following format. It will shows you the file name, file size, Download counts and when it will going to expire.
假如你想看这个链接的更多细节，你可以使用下面的命令来查看它的信息，它将为你展示文件名称、文件大小、被下载次数以及过期时间。
**Syntax:**
**语法：**
```
$ ffsend info [Generated URL]
@ -228,7 +216,7 @@ Downloads: 3 of 10
Expiry: 23h58m (86280s)
```
You can view your transaction history using the following format.
此外，你还可以使用下面的命令来查看你的传输历史：
```
$ ffsend history
@ -241,9 +229,9 @@ $ ffsend history
6 https://send.firefox.com/download/69afaab1f9/#5z51_94jtxcUCJNNvf6RcA 23h43m
```
If you don’t want the link anymore then we can delete it.
假如你不想再分享某个链接，你可以使用下面的语法来删除它：
**Syntax:**
**语法：**
```
$ ffsend delete [Generated URL]
@ -252,15 +240,15 @@ $ ffsend delete https://send.firefox.com/download/69afaab1f9/#5z51_94jtxcUCJNNvf
File deleted
```
Alternatively this can be done using firefox browser by opening the page <https://send.firefox.com/>.
另外，你还可以通过使用 firefox 浏览其打开 https://send.firefox.com/ 来完成相应的分享。
Just drag and drop a file to upload it.
只需要拖拽该文件就可以上传它：
![][11]
Once the file is downloaded, it will show you that 100% download completed.
一旦该文件被下载，它将展示 100% 的下载状态。
![][12]
To check other possible options, navigate to man page or help page.
想查看其他的可能选项，请浏览它对应的 man 信息或者帮助页：
```
$ ffsend --help
@ -309,7 +297,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/ffsend-securely-share-files-folders-from-linux-com
作者：[Vinoth Kumar][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: subject: (7 open hardware projects working to solve COVID-19)
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/3/open-hardware-covid19)
[#]: author: (Harris Kenny https://opensource.com/users/harriskenny)
应对新冠病毒事件的 7 个开放硬件项目
======
> 开放硬件解决方案可以为抵御新型冠状病毒的传播和痛苦做出贡献。
![open on blue background with heartbeat symbol][1]
开源[硬件][2]运动长期以来一直主张维修权的重要性，完全拥有所购买的技术，并能够像音乐一样重新组合和复制组件。因此，在这个充满挑战的时期内，开放硬件为由冠状病毒大流行引起的一些问题提供了一些答案。
### 背景概述
首先，全球的硬件开发人员正在努力使用开源解决供应链中的弱点，在过去 30 年中，这种理念推动了新软件技术的大量涌现。过去在硬件运动方面的成功，如 [RepRap Project][3]，[Open Source Ecology][4] 和 [Open Source Beehives][5]，证明了这一点是可以做到的。
对使用 3D 打印和其他技术按需制造安全设备的替换零件和按需生产的创作者的兴趣日益增加。例如，香港理工大学实验室为医院工作人员提供 [3D 打印面罩][6]。意大利初创公司 Isinnova 与米兰 FabLab 合作，为受重灾的意大利北部提供用于呼吸机的 [3D 打印替换阀][7]。公司们还发布了设计以适应我们的物理接触，例如 Materialise 的 [3D 打印免提开门器] [8]。这些更换零件和解决问题的示例是一个很好的起点，为挽救生命做出了努力。
另一种传统的硬件技术正在加速发展：缝纫。法新社报道说，全球急需口罩，来自世界卫生组织的指导也指明了其重要性。随着一次性口罩要优先供给于医护人员，捷克共和国的人们[开始缝制自己的口罩][9]。（重复使用的口罩确实会带来细菌问题。）Facebook 小组“捷克缝制口罩”开始在他们的国家解决这个问题，成千上万的成员开始用起了他们的家用缝纫机。
开源硬件设备和机械项目也越来越受欢迎。首先，有一些测试性设备具备高精度且功能强大。其次，在没有其他选择方案的情况下，有一些医疗设备可以归类为现场级（最好）。这些项目将在下面详细概述。
为了解更多信息，我与总部位于芝加哥的 [Tapster Robotics][10] 的创始人兼首席执行官 Jason Huggins 进行了交谈。Tapster Robotics 使用 3 D打印、计算机数控（CNC）加工和 [Arduino][11] 等开放式电子产品设计和制造台式机器人。他兼具技术知识和工业能力，具有很高的影响力。他想投入自己公司的资源来帮助这场斗争。
“基本上，我们现在正处于第二次世界大战的动员时刻。即使我不是医生，我们仍然应该遵循希波克拉底誓言。无论我做什么，我都不想让问题变得更糟，” Huggins 解释。他认为：“作为对策，世卫组织执行主任 Michael Ryan 博士发表了这样的评论：‘速度胜过完美’。”
> 哇
>
> 这个人是疾病传播的全球权威。如果您是领导者（无论以何种身份），请注意。如果不是，也请注意。 [pic.twitter.com/bFogaekehM][12]
>
> — Jim RichardsSh🎙wgram（@JIMrichards1010）[2020 年 3 月 15 日][13]
Huggins 在应需提供方面具有丰富的经验。他的努力有助于 [Healthcare.gov][14] 在挑战性的最初启动后得以扩展。他还创建了软件行业标准的测试框架 Selenium 和 Appium。有了这一经验，他的建议非常值得考虑。
我还与 [Tyson Law][15] 的西雅图律师 Mark Tyson 进行了交谈，他与初创公司和小型企业合作。他在快速发展的行业中与敏捷公司合作有着直接的经验。在阐述整个问题时，Tyson 说到：
> 《<ruby>善良的撒玛利亚人法<rt>Good Samaritan law</rt></ruby>》保护志愿者（即“好撒玛利亚人”）免于因其决定在紧急情况下提供援助而承担责任。尽管这些法律的具体内容因州而异，但它们具有共同的公共政策依据：即鼓励旁观者帮助遇到紧急情况的其他人。可以想象，除了传统的把车祸的受害者从伤害中拉出来之外，这种理论依据可以证明在不太传统的环境中应用这类法律的合理性。
对于这种特定情况，Tyson 指出：
> “在采取行动之前，创客们明智的做法是与律师沟通一下，以针对特定的州进行风险评估。还应谨慎地要求大型机构（例如医院或保险公司）通过合同接受潜在的责任风险，例如，通过使用赔偿协议，使医院或其保险人同意赔偿创客们的责任。”
Tyson 明白情况的紧迫性和严重性。使用合同的这种选择并不意味着障碍。相反，这可能是一种帮助其大规模采用的方法，以更快地产生更大的变化。这取决于你或你的机构。
综上所述，让我们探索正在使用或正在开发中的项目（可能很快就可以部署）。
### 7 个与新冠病毒对抗的开放硬件项目
#### Opentrons
[Opentrons][16] 的开源实验室自动化平台由一套开源硬件、经过验证的实验室器具、消耗品、试剂和工作站组成。Opentrons 表示，其产品可以“在下订单后几天内每天自动进行多达 2400 个测试”的系统，可以极大地帮助提高[新冠病毒测试规模][17]。它计划在 7 月 1 日之前提升多达 100 万个测试样本。
![Opentrons roadmap graphic][18]
*来自 Opentrons [网站][17]，版权所有*
该公司已经在与联邦和地方政府机构合作，以确定其系统是否可以在[紧急使用授权][19]下用于临床诊断。 Opentrons 在 [Apache 2.0 许可证][20]下共享。我最初是从与该项目有联系的生物学家 Kristin Ellis 斯那里得知它的。
#### Chai 的 Open qPCR
Chai 的 [Open qPCR][21] 设备使用[聚合酶链反应][22]（PCR）快速检测物品表面（例如，门把手和电梯按钮）上的拭子，以查看是否存在新型冠状病毒。这种在 [Apache 2.0 许可证][23]下共享的开源硬件使用 [BeagleBone][24] 低功耗 Linux 计算机。Chai 的 Open qPCR 提供的数据可以使公共卫生、公民和企业领导者做出有关清洁、缓解、关闭设施、接触追踪和测试的更明智的决策。
#### OpenPCR
[OpenPCR][25] 是 Chai Open qPCR 的创建者 Josh Perfetto 和 Jessie Ho 的 PCR 测试设备套件。与以前的项目相比，这更像是一种 DIY 开源设备，但它具有相同的使用场景：使用环境测试来识别野外冠状病毒。正如该项目页面所指出的那样，“能够检测这些病原体的传统实时 PCR 机通常花费超过 30,000 美元，而且不适合在现场使用。”由于 OpenPCR 是用户构建的工具包，并且在 [GPLv3.0 许可证][26]下共享，因此该设备旨在使分子诊断的访问大众化。
![OpenPCR][27]
*来自 OpenPCR [网站][25]，版权所有*
而且，就像任何优秀的开源项目一样，它也有一个衍生产品！瑞士的 [GaudiLabs][29] 推出的 [WildOpenPCR][28] 也以 [GPLv3.0 许可证][30]共享。
#### PocketPCR
Gaudi Labs 的 [PocketPCR][31] 热循环仪可通过升高和降低小试管中液体的温度来激活生物反应。它可以通过简单的 USB 电源适配器供电，该适配器可以绑定到设备上，也可以单独使用，不需要计算机或智能手机时可使用预设参数。
![PocketPCR][32]
*来自 PocketPCR [网站][31]，版权所有*
与本文所述的其他 PCR 产品一样，此设备可能有助于对冠状病毒进行环境测试，尽管其项目页面并未明确说明。PocketPCR 在 [GPLv3.0 许可证][33]下共享。
#### Open Lung 低资源呼吸机
[Open Lung 低资源呼吸机][34]是一种快速部署的呼吸机，它以[气囊阀罩][35]（BVM）（也称为 Ambu 气囊）为核心组件。Ambu 气囊已批量生产，经过认证，体积小，机械简单，并且适用于侵入性导管和口罩。 OPEN LUNG 呼吸机使用微电子技术来感测和控制气压和流量，以实现半自主运行。
![Open Lung ventilator][36]
*Open Lung，[GitLab][37]*
这个早期项目拥有一支由数百名贡献者组成的大型团队，领导者包括：Colin Keogh、David Pollard、Connall Laverty 和 Gui Calavanti。它是以 [GPLv3.0 许可证][38]共享的。
#### Pandemic 呼吸机
[Pandemic 呼吸机][39]是 DIY 呼吸机的原型。像 RepRap 项目一样，它在设计中使用了常用的硬件组件。该项目已由用户 Panvent 于 10 多年前上传到 Instructables，并且有六个主要的生产步骤。该项目是以 [CC BY-NC-SA 许可证][39]共享的。
#### Folding at Home
[Folding at Home][40] 是一个分布式计算项目，用于模拟蛋白质动力学，包括蛋白质折叠的过程以及与多种疾病有关的蛋白质运动。这是一个面向公民科学家、研究人员和志愿者的行动呼吁，类似于退役的 [SETI@Home 项目][41]中在家中使用计算机来运行解码计算。如果你是具备强大计算机硬件功能的技术人员，那么这个项目适合你。
![Markov state model][42]
*Vincent Voelz，CC BY-SA 3.0*
Folding at Home 项目使用马尔可夫状态模型（如上所示）来建模蛋白质可能采取的形状和折叠途径，以寻找新的治疗机会。你可以在华盛顿大学生物物理学家 Greg Bowman 的帖子“[它是如何运作的以及如何提供帮助][43]”中找到有关该项目的更多信息。
该项目涉及来自许多国家（包括香港、克罗地亚、瑞典和美国）的财团的学术实验室、贡献者和公司赞助者。 在 [GitHub][45] 上，[在混合了 GPL 和专有许可证][44]下可以共享，并且可以在 Windows、macOS 和 GNU/Linux（例如 Debian、Ubuntu、Mint、RHEL、CentOS、Fedora）。
### 许多其他有趣的项目
这些项目只是在开放硬件领域中解决或治疗新冠病毒活动中的一小部分。在研究本文时，我发现了其他值得探索的项目，例如：
* Coronavirus Tech Handbook 提供的[开源呼吸机、氧气浓缩器等][46]
* 来自 ProjectOpenAir 的 [有用的工程][47]
* Hackaday 上的[开源呼吸机黑客马拉松][48]
* 约翰·霍普金斯急诊医学住院医师 Julian Botta 的[简单开源机械呼吸机规范][49]
* [与冠状病毒有关的网络钓鱼、恶意软件和随机软件正在增加][50]，作者：Shannon Morse
* [将低成本的 CPAP 鼓风机转换为基本通风机][51]，作者： jcl5m1
* [A.I.R.E. 论坛上关于开放呼吸器和风扇的讨论][52]（西班牙语）
* [关于新冠病毒的开源医疗硬件的特殊问题][53]，作者：Elsevier HardwareX
这些项目遍布全球，而这种全球合作正是我们所需要的，因为病毒无视国界。新冠病毒大流行在不同时期以不同方式影响国家，因此我们需要一种分布式方法。
正如我和同事 Steven Abadie 在 [OSHdata 2020 报告][54]中所写的那样，开源硬件运动是全球性运动。参与该认证项目的个人和组织遍布全球 35 个国家和每个半球。
![Open source hardware map][55]
*OSHdata，CC BY-SA 4.0 国际版*
如果你有兴趣加入这场与全球开源硬件开发人员的对话，请加入[Open Hardware Summit Discord][56]服 务器，并通过专用渠道进行有关新冠病毒的讨论。你在这里可以找到机器人专家、设计师、艺术家、固件和机械工程师、学生、研究人员以及其他共同为这场战争而战的人。希望可以看到你。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/20/3/open-hardware-covid19
作者：[Harris Kenny][a]
选题：[lujun9972][b]
译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/harriskenny
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/health_heartbeat.png?itok=P-GXea-p (open on blue background with heartbeat symbol)
[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-open-hardware
[3]: https://reprap.org/wiki/RepRap
[4]: https://www.opensourceecology.org/
[5]: https://www.osbeehives.com/
[6]: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3052135/polytechnic-university-lab-3d-printing-face
[7]: https://www.3dprintingmedia.network/covid-19-3d-printed-valve-for-reanimation-device/
[8]: https://www.3dprintingmedia.network/materialise-shows-3d-printed-door-opener-for-coronavirus-containment-efforts/
[9]: https://news.yahoo.com/stitch-time-czechs-sew-combat-virus-mask-shortage-205213804.html
[10]: http://tapster.io/
[11]: https://opensource.com/life/15/5/arduino-or-raspberry-pi
[12]: https://t.co/bFogaekehM
[13]: https://twitter.com/JIMrichards1010/status/1239140710558969857?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw
[14]: http://Healthcare.gov
[15]: https://www.marktysonlaw.com/
[16]: https://opentrons.com/
[17]: https://blog.opentrons.com/testing-for-covid-19-with-opentrons/
[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/opentrons.png (Opentrons roadmap graphic)
[19]: https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/policy-diagnostics-testing-laboratories-certified-perform-high-complexity-testing-under-clia-prior
[20]: https://github.com/Opentrons/opentrons/blob/edge/LICENSE
[21]: https://www.chaibio.com/openqpcr
[22]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction
[23]: https://github.com/chaibio/chaipcr
[24]: https://beagleboard.org/bone
[25]: https://openpcr.org/
[26]: https://github.com/jperfetto/OpenPCR/blob/master/license.txt
[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/openpcr.png (OpenPCR)
[28]: https://github.com/GenericLab/WildOpenPCR
[29]: http://www.gaudi.ch/GaudiLabs/?page_id=328
[30]: https://github.com/GenericLab/WildOpenPCR/blob/master/license.txt
[31]: http://gaudi.ch/PocketPCR/
[32]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/pocketpcr.png (PocketPCR)
[33]: https://github.com/GaudiLabs/PocketPCR/blob/master/LICENSE
[34]: https://gitlab.com/TrevorSmale/low-resource-ambu-bag-ventilor
[35]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bag_valve_mask
[36]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/open-lung.png (Open Lung ventilator)
[37]: https://gitlab.com/TrevorSmale/low-resource-ambu-bag-ventilor/-/blob/master/images/CONCEPT_1_MECH.png
[38]: https://gitlab.com/TrevorSmale/low-resource-ambu-bag-ventilor/-/blob/master/LICENSE
[39]: https://www.instructables.com/id/The-Pandemic-Ventilator/
[40]: https://foldingathome.org/
[41]: https://setiathome.ssl.berkeley.edu/
[42]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/foldingathome.png (Markov state model)
[43]: https://foldingathome.org/2020/03/15/coronavirus-what-were-doing-and-how-you-can-help-in-simple-terms/
[44]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folding@home
[45]: https://github.com/FoldingAtHome
[46]: https://coronavirustechhandbook.com/hardware
[47]: https://app.jogl.io/project/121#about
[48]: https://hackaday.com/2020/03/12/ultimate-medical-hackathon-how-fast-can-we-design-and-deploy-an-open-source-ventilator/
[49]: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1FNPwrQjB1qW1330s5-S_-VB0vDHajMWKieJRjINCNeE/edit?fbclid=IwAR3ugu1SGMsacwKi6ycAKJFOMduInSO4WVM8rgmC4CgMJY6cKaGBNR14mpM
[50]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmQ1twpPpXA
[51]: https://github.com/jcl5m1/ventilator
[52]: https://foro.coronavirusmakers.org/
[53]: https://www.journals.elsevier.com/hardwarex/call-for-papers/special-issue-on-open-source-covid19-medical-hardware
[54]: https://oshdata.com/2020-report
[55]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/oshdata-country.png (Open source hardware map)
[56]: https://discord.gg/duAtG5h