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Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject into translating
This commit is contained in:
geekpi
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c6b671b1f4
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.github/workflows/lctt-article-checker.yml
vendored
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.github/workflows/lctt-article-checker.yml
vendored
@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ jobs:
|
||||
- uses: actions/checkout@v2
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||||
with:
|
||||
fetch-depth: 0
|
||||
- name: ensure source branch is not "master"
|
||||
run: '[ "${{ github.head_ref }}" != master ]'
|
||||
- name: "checkout master branch & return to pull request branch"
|
||||
run: CURRENT=$(echo ${{github.ref}} | sed "s|refs/|refs/remotes/|") && git checkout master && git checkout $CURRENT
|
||||
- name: run check
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Try quantum computing with this open source software development kit)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/6/qiskit)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Gordon Haff https://opensource.com/users/ghaff)
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (cool-summer-021)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-15552-1.html)
|
||||
|
||||
借助开源软件开发包尝试量子计算编程
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> Qiskit 是一个开源 SDK，借助它可以免费访问量子模拟器和硬件资源。
|
||||
|
||||
![][0]
|
||||
|
||||
经典计算机是基于二进制数的，二进制数有 0 和 1 两种形式。这并不是由于二进制逻辑系统比有更多基本状态的逻辑系统（甚至包括模拟计算机）有内在优势。而是，对电路元件的开关操作很容易实现，而且借助先进的半导体技术，可以制造出体积小且价格低廉的计算机。
|
||||
|
||||
但它们并非没有局限性。经典计算机求解某些问题的效率并不高，主要是那些时间或内存成本随着问题的规模（$n$）呈指数级增长的问题。我们把这种问题称为 $O(2^n)$（[大 O 表示法][2]）。
|
||||
|
||||
大部分现代加密方法甚至依赖这一特性。把两个大素数相乘，耗费的成本低（$O(n^2)$），但进行反向操作就非常耗时。所以只要使用的数字足够大，对它分解质因数就非常困难。
|
||||
|
||||
### 进入量子世界
|
||||
|
||||
量子计算的基础数学和力学知识不在本文的探讨范围内。然而，还是有一些基础知识需要预先说明。
|
||||
|
||||
量子计算机以 [量子比特][3] 代替了二进制比特 —— 量子比特是体现量子属性的可控计算单元。构成量子比特的通常是超导元件，或自然界中存在的量子实物（例如电子）。量子比特可以以“<ruby>叠加<rt>superposition</rt></ruby>”状态存在，叠加态是 0 和 1 以某种方式组合起来的复杂状态。你可能听说过，量子比特既为 1 又为 0，这种说法并不准确。真实情况是，如果进行测量，量子比特的状态会坍缩为 0 或 1。在数学上，量子比特未测量的状态可以看作 <ruby>[布洛赫球面][4]<rt>Bloch sphere</rt></ruby> 的几何表示上的一个点。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管对习惯使用经典计算机的任何人来说，叠加态是一个全新的概念，但一个量子比特本身并没有什么趣味性。量子计算的第二个概念是“<ruby>干涉<rt>interference</rt></ruby>”。真正的量子计算机本质上是统计性质的。量子算法对干涉图案进行编码，增加了可以测量编码方案的状态的概率。
|
||||
|
||||
叠加和干涉的概念虽然新颖，但在物理世界中也有对应的现象。而量子力学中的“<ruby>纠缠<rt>entanglement</rt></ruby>”却没有，但它是实现指数级量子加速的真正关键。借助量子纠缠，对一个微观粒子的测量可以影响后续对其他被纠缠的粒子的测量结果 —— 即使是那些物理上没有关联的粒子。
|
||||
|
||||
### 量子计算能做什么？
|
||||
|
||||
今天的量子计算机就其包含的量子比特的数量而言是相当小的，只有几十到几百个。因此，虽然人们不断开发新的算法，但比同级别经典计算机运行得快的硬件还未问世。
|
||||
|
||||
但是在很多领域，量子计算机能带来很大好处。例如，它能提供较好的方法来模拟自然界的量子系统，例如分子，其复杂程度超过了经典计算机的建模能力。量子计算也跟线性代数有关，它是机器学习和很多其他现代优化问题的基础。因此，我们有理由认为量子计算也可以很好地适用于此。
|
||||
|
||||
在量子算法相对于普通算法的优势方面，[Shor 算法][5] 是经常被提及的例子，它在较早时候就用于分解质因数。它由 MIT 的数学家 Peter Shor 于 1994 年发明，量子计算机目前还不能在较大的问题上运行该算法。但它已经被证明可以在 $O(n^3)$ 时间内完成工作，而不像经典算法那样需要指数级的时间。
|
||||
|
||||
### 从使用 Qiskit 开始
|
||||
|
||||
你可能在想：“我身边没有量子计算机，但我很想尝试一下。能做到吗？”
|
||||
|
||||
我们来了解一下名称为 [Qiskit][6] 的开源项目（采用 Apache 2.0 许可证）。它是一个软件开发包（SDK），用于访问 IBM 量子实验室的量子计算模拟器和物理硬件（免费）。你只需要注册获得一个 API 密钥。
|
||||
|
||||
当然，如果要深入研究 Qiskit，需要很多其他方面的知识，线性代数只是其中一部分，这些都远远超出了本文的范围。如果你需要深入学习，网上有很多免费资源，其中也不乏完整的教科书。然而，体验一下也很简单，只需要一些 Python 和 Jupyter notebook 的基础知识即可。
|
||||
|
||||
为了增加趣味性，我们全程使用 [Qiskit 教程][8] 的 “Hello, World!” 程序：
|
||||
|
||||
首先，安装教程的相关工具和部件：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
pip install git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/qiskit-textbook.git#subdirectory=qiskit-textbook-src
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
下一步，进行软件包的导入：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, assemble, Aer
|
||||
from math import pi, sqrt
|
||||
from qiskit.visualization import plot_bloch_multivector, plot_histogram
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
`Aer` 是本地模拟器。Qiskit 包括四个组件：`Aer`、基础组件 `Terra`、用于实际的量子系统上的噪音和错误处理的 `Ignis`，以及用于算法开发的 `Aqua`。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# Let's do an X-gate on a |0> qubit
|
||||
qc = QuantumCircuit(1)
|
||||
qc.x(0)
|
||||
qc.draw()
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
虽然底层数学原理还涉及到矩阵乘法，量子计算机中 X 门也可以认为类似于经典计算机中的非门。（事实上，它经常被称为 "非门"）。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，运行并测量它。结果跟你预期的一样，因为量子比特的初始状态是 `|0>`，接着反转，然后被测量。（使用 `|0>` 和 `|1>` 与经典计算机中的比特区分开来。）
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# Let's see the result
|
||||
svsim = Aer.get_backend('statevector_simulator')
|
||||
qobj = assemble(qc)
|
||||
state = svsim.run(qobj).result().get_statevector()
|
||||
plot_bloch_multivector(state)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![Bloch sphere showing the expected result][9]
|
||||
|
||||
*布洛赫球体显示了预期的运行结果*
|
||||
|
||||
### 结论
|
||||
|
||||
在某些方面，你可以把量子计算看作用于经典计算机的一种独特的协处理器，跟 GPU 和 FPGA 一样。不同的是，在可预见的未来，量子计算机可以被用户像网络资源一样访问到。另一个差异是，它们的工作有本质的不同，所以不像很多其他你熟悉的加速器那样。因此，人们对算法开发如此感兴趣，并投入大量资源来研究量子在何时何地的性能最好。了解一下这些东西也无妨。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/21/6/qiskit
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gordon Haff][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[cool-summer-021](https://github.com/cool-summer-021)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ghaff
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/gears_devops_learn_troubleshooting_lightbulb_tips_520.png?itok=HcN38NOk (Tips and gears turning)
|
||||
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_notation
|
||||
[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit
|
||||
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloch_sphere
|
||||
[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm
|
||||
[6]: https://qiskit.org/
|
||||
[7]: https://qiskit.org/learn
|
||||
[8]: https://qiskit.org/textbook/preface.html
|
||||
[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bloch-sphere.png (Bloch sphere showing the expected result)
|
||||
[10]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||||
[0]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202302/18/173656shxb63jjx9z5jwxl.jpg
|
||||
137
published/20220616 -It-s time to contribute to open source-.md
Normal file
137
published/20220616 -It-s time to contribute to open source-.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "“It’s time to contribute to open source”"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://www.opensourceforu.com/2022/06/its-time-to-contributing-to-open-source/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Abbinaya Kuzhanthaivel https://www.opensourceforu.com/author/abbinaya-swath/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "XiaotingHuang22"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15555-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
“是时候为开源做贡献了”
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][0]
|
||||
|
||||
Nilesh Vaghela 是 AWS 的<ruby>社区英雄<rt>community hero</rt></ruby>，也是一家云计算开源公司 ElectroMech Corporation 的创始人。据 Nilesh 说，为开源做出贡献本身就是一种有意义的事。但是它需要人们的投入和奉献，而这个过程涉及许多步骤，从选择项目到确保你的贡献成果获得关注。在与 OSFY的 Abbinaya Kuzhanthaivel 的对话中，他分享了一些关于开发人员如何帮助提高印度对开源的贡献的技巧。
|
||||
|
||||
![Nilesh Vaghela, AWS 的社区英雄以及 ElectroMech 公司的创始人][1]
|
||||
|
||||
### 问：你能告诉我们一下你目前的角色和对开源的贡献吗？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 我目前是一名从事自动化工作的架构师。我领导着多个团队，并且同时主要在开源安全服务平台 Invinsense 上作出贡献。我在 1998 年初创建了开源小组，当时已经有大约 1500 名成员。我现在管理的一个小组 (https://groups.google.com/g/vglug) 自 2014-15 年以来一直非常活跃。
|
||||
|
||||
### 问：你是如何开始在开源项目中工作的？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 我是一名有着从业资格的机械工程师，当时我在我的公司 ElectroMech Corporation 负责调制解调器和 UPS 系统。我慢慢地被拖入负责 PC、网络和 Linux 等等。1996 年，我在核科学中心看到超过 150 台计算机服务器在 Linux 上运行时广受启发，之后便开始尝试。自此我将我的公司完全转变为专注于培训和支持的开源公司。
|
||||
|
||||
我可以自豪地说，我是最早一批使用开源的人 —— 帮助客户了解什么是开源、它有什么好处、什么是免费的、安全或代码问题等等。我们在 Vadodara 得到了至少四五个客户，并且最终通过黄页上的广告宣传自己。我们与 Red Hat 合作并且关系一直持续到现在。
|
||||
|
||||
### 问：自那以来你认为开源发展如何？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 我可以说，早些时候，开源是一种令人着迷的强烈爱好，吸引人们参与其中。当一些来自西伯利亚的贡献者致力于改善水资源短缺问题时，世界各地的用户都说他们的产品有多么简单易用，这给我留下了特别深刻的印象。它更像是一项企业社会责任（CSR）活动。人们和专家创建一个委员会来管理和推进项目。人们会因为对技术的热爱而加入进来，没有任何期望。
|
||||
|
||||
那时我并不相信开源可以商业化，但它是当今大多数创新和技术的驱动力，而且越来越多的企业正在采用它。我们期待在贡献和使用开源方面取得很好的平衡，因为我们有个人、社区和大公司参与进来。这才是开源真正的未来和力量。
|
||||
|
||||
### 问：你可以分享一些自己遇到的困难吗？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 最初我是单枪匹马干，但一旦人们知道我的意图是好的，他们就会加入我。我在没有任何期望的情况下创建了很多社区，但确实在声誉或名望方面间接地获得了回报；有人理解我是技术达人，并长期给我项目。在早期，人们刚开始加入社区并且不需要付出很多精力就可以做出贡献。因为我的目标不是做生意，因此可以说我没有真正面临什么障碍。
|
||||
|
||||
### 问：作为社区领袖，你的领导格言和经验教训是什么？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 首先，如果你想建立一个社区，那就保持中立，不要抱有偏见。虽然看起来好像是你作为领导者正在管理一个社区，但请记住，加入社区的人都是平等地做出贡献的。永远不要让成员失去动力。在发表评论和回答问题时要有礼貌。不管是什么问题，如果你不想回答，那就选择沉默。但别让人们停止提问，而是帮助他们建立专业知识。
|
||||
|
||||
第二，不要让社区掺杂商业。不要让社区的目标和你个人企业的目标产生混淆和互相匹配。将它们严格区分开来。
|
||||
|
||||
始终尝试鼓励人们参与，而不是作为专家提供指导。如果你发现人们有兴趣领导项目并采取主动，请给出舞台让他们发挥。邀请他们参与社区活动。这将帮助你培养更多的社区领袖。此外，让你的社区保持简单，不要在初始阶段让赞助商参与进来。
|
||||
|
||||
### 问：你从谁那里得到了灵感？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 开源运动之父 Richard Stallman 是我的灵感来源，我一直很钦佩他的项目。
|
||||
|
||||
除了他之外，我还有一个有趣的事要分享，它激励着我从事开源工作。在我开始从事开源工作的时候，核科学中心的大部分软件都是基于 Windows 操作系统的。然而，许多科学家希望使用基于 Linux 的软件。在两三个月内，他们实际上创建了 Linux 驱动程序。这就是让我着迷的地方——用户可以创建这些驱动程序，这在专有软件中是不太可能发生的。我真的很喜欢开源赋权用户这一点。
|
||||
|
||||
### 问：你对印度开源格局以及改进空间有什么看法？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 印度是使用开源的人最多的国家（LCTT 校注：或应加上“之一”），我们正致力于成为贡献者。有这么多开发者，印度却仍然没有软件巨头。我们拥有的主要是服务提供者，而不是创新者。更多的人应该成为开源的贡献者，去开发具有国际标签的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
为开源做贡献的想法应该从学校和大学抓起。幸运的是，古吉拉特邦政府已经在 8 年级到 10 年级里推出基于 Linux 的课程。教育年轻一代并让他们了解开源模型很重要。
|
||||
|
||||
其次，我们要培养好的导师。当人们开始贡献时，找到一位在这个项目中工作的开源导师很重要。导师给出了一个小任务，尝试代码然后提交。如果一切顺利，成员的贡献会逐渐增加。不幸的是，在印度导师很少。我们需要有很多导师，或者可以与世界各地的导师建立联系。
|
||||
|
||||
第三是要鼓励那些踊跃贡献的人。让人们发现，一旦你成为了一位广受认可的开发人员或为开源开发做出贡献的人，你在职业发展和业务上也会有所突破。
|
||||
|
||||
通过遵循这些简单的方法，印度可以成为开源的主要贡献者。
|
||||
|
||||
### 问：你如何看待为开源做出贡献时编程方面的要求？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 根据我的经验，如果你知道计算机内部的知识，如何开发应用程序，你应该维护什么样的代码标准，以及如何管理团队和其他最佳做法，你可能不必担心编程专业知识。
|
||||
|
||||
在设计、安全维护和整合方面还有其他角色可以担任。看看你合适什么。通过做你喜欢的事情来不断提升加强自己的技能。如果你仍然对编码感兴趣，那么你就在其他开发人员的支持下去学习。
|
||||
|
||||
### 问：你如何确定一个你想参与的项目？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 你需要了解你最感兴趣的几个领域，然后对围绕这些领域发生的项目进行研究。你需要弄清楚哪些领域有招募更多志愿者的需求或职位空缺。 你可以从小处着手练习，然后积累专业知识。
|
||||
|
||||
避免随大流；重要的是你的个人兴趣。例如，因为现在 DevOps（开发运维一体化）的需求量很大，你便可能更倾向于选择 DevOps 项目。不要犯这个错误。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在云原生基金会（[CNCF][2]）、Apache、Fedora、Red Hat 等平台上找到开源项目。通过这种方式，你还可以找到已经在从事项目并可以给出适当指导的导师。
|
||||
|
||||
### 问：每个项目有自己的目的和目标受众，有时它们甚至与开源目标不一致。那么，在开始做出贡献之前要核实什么？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 我同意，当有人开始一个开源项目但随后又将其商业化时，你会感到为开源作出贡献也变得颇有难度。但这样的风险总是会有的，不应让你对此感到挫败。
|
||||
|
||||
首先试着去了解该小组 —— 小组中的贡献者有多受欢迎，他们贡献了多长时间，以及他们的声誉如何。一旦你加入，观察每一个人和每一件事是关键。尝试至少学习三到六个月，并了解一切是如何运作的。如果你发现他们的意图不对，你可以随时离开这个项目。但如果你觉得没问题，那就继续做贡献吧。
|
||||
|
||||
![ElectroMech 公司的团队][3]
|
||||
|
||||
你可以看看他们是否有某些许可证，例如 GPLv3。你还可以查看未修改的许可证版本，例如 Apache 开源许可证。
|
||||
|
||||
### 问：你觉得大公司会接受应届生投稿吗？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 是的，当然。公司也喜欢指导新人。他们通常不允许你直接贡献，但可能先会给你一个小任务。导师会首先尝试了解你拥有什么技能以及你的能力如何。一旦他们认可你具备所需的技能，他们将继续指导你或根据你的技能将你分配给其他导师。初始阶段非常关键。很多公司都会做一些筛选，只有在你证明了自己的能力之后，你才会被允许做出贡献。
|
||||
|
||||
### 问：贡献者在接手项目时必须克服的最初挑战是什么？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 首先，你应该非常认真地对待你的贡献。没有书面承诺，贡献者可能倾向于对工作掉以轻心。这种想法是完全错误的。尝试每天投入 8-10 小时或任何可行的时间。如果你因为觉得没有立竿见影的回报而不愿投入其中，那么你就不是一个好的贡献者。
|
||||
|
||||
在最初阶段始终严格遵守导师的指导。这对于健康的贡献非常重要。有时你可能会认为自己擅长某事，而你的导师可能不会根据该技能给你分配项目。在这种情况下只需找你的导师，问他你应该做什么，你的角色是什么，以及你可以如何贡献。
|
||||
|
||||
### 问：许多开发人员在提交项目贡献后没有得到回复。如何让自己提交的东西被人注意到呢？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 写一篇关于你计划作出贡献的项目的小博客，包括你喜欢的方面，你不喜欢的地方，以及可以改进的地方。这种积极的推广方式可以帮到你很多。
|
||||
|
||||
成为小组的一员并参与与该项目相关的活动。作为贡献的替代，首先尝试参与到团队中去，这将增加你被采纳为贡献者的机会。
|
||||
|
||||
一旦你对项目有了更好的了解，你的工作不仅会被接受，而且你将能够更好地适应该项目。
|
||||
|
||||
### 问：你如何克服你的贡献不被接受的情况？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 就是理解发生这种情况的原因有很多 —— 也许你没有在合适的项目中，或者你没有做出正确的贡献。如果项目是国家驱动的，你的请求可能不会被接受。因此，如前所述，请记得列个清单。如果你的贡献没有被接受，请不要担心，因为要么你不适合该项目，要么该项目不适合你。
|
||||
|
||||
我会建议尝试找四到五个项目，并且至少有一个项目会接受你所做的工作。
|
||||
|
||||
### 问：你对我们的读者有何想说的？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 开源是当今大多数创新背后的驱动力。让我们根据自己的能力和技能试着做出贡献，而不是仅仅使用开源。贡献可以是代码、文档、测试、博客、金钱等。是时候做出贡献了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 问：ElectroMech 公司有招人的计划吗？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 我们在云计算 DevOps（开发运维一体化）方面有需求，正在招聘云架构师、Python 开发人员、Linux 架构师和安全专业人员。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.opensourceforu.com/2022/06/its-time-to-contributing-to-open-source/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abbinaya Kuzhanthaivel][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[XiaotingHuang22](https://github.com/XiaotingHuang22)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.opensourceforu.com/author/abbinaya-swath/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
|
||||
[1]: https://www.opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Nilesh-Vaghela-AWS-community-hero-and-founder-ElectroMech-Corporation.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwib2vvv3dv3AhVa7XMBHfZSCsIQFnoECAgQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cncf.io%2F&usg=AOvVaw2LnRyH4SZPDHntRLJU_b3q
|
||||
[3]: https://www.opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/The-team-at-ElectroMech-Corporation.jpg
|
||||
[0]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202302/19/141128wxkesmzesuboso6w.jpg
|
||||
@ -3,23 +3,26 @@
|
||||
[#]: author: "Gopala Krishna Behara https://www.opensourceforu.com/author/gopalakrishna-behara/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "onionstalgia"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15548-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
为什么企业应该选择平台即服务（PaaS）
|
||||
======
|
||||
*<ruby>平台即服务<rt>PaaS</rt></ruby> "能够快速、轻松地创建网络应用，而无需购买和维护其下的软件和基础设施。本文解释了它为什么有用。*
|
||||
|
||||
平台即服务（以下简称 PaaS）是一种“免去了建立和维护基础设施的复杂工作，为客户提供开发、运行和管理应用程序的平台”的云计算服务。这是云原生应用和支持系统所依托的核心平台。
|
||||
![][0]
|
||||
|
||||
> 平台即服务能够快速、轻松地创建网络应用，而无需购买和维护其下的软件和基础设施。本文解释了它为什么有用。
|
||||
|
||||
<ruby>平台即服务<rt>PaaS</rt></ruby>（以下简称 PaaS）指的是云计算服务，它为客户提供了开发、运行和管理应用程序的平台，而免去了建立和维护与开发和启动应用程序相关的基础设施的复杂工作。这是云原生应用和支持系统所依托的核心平台。
|
||||
|
||||
PaaS 通常包括不同的应用基础功能，包括应用平台、集成平台、业务分析平台、事件流服务和移动后端服务。此外，它还包括一套与监控、管理、部署相关的功能。
|
||||
|
||||
开发人员希望他们的开发环境不需要等待，而运营团队则更关心性能和稳定性。这经常引起两方间的冲突。PaaS 为这两方创造了和平的环境。作为服务交付的应用平台，即 PaaS，被用于部署用户代码。Cloud Foundry、Cloudify 和 OpenShift 这些开源环境都可用作 PaaS。
|
||||
开发人员希望他们的开发环境不需要等待，而运营团队则更关心性能和稳定性。这经常引起两方间的冲突。PaaS 为这两方创造了和平的环境。一个作为服务交付的应用平台被称作 PaaS，它被用于部署用户代码。Cloud Foundry、Cloudify 和 OpenShift 这些开源环境都可用作 PaaS。
|
||||
|
||||
### PaaS 的采用模式
|
||||
|
||||
云计算必须满足五个基本特征——按需服务、接入网络、资源池化、弹性和可度量的服务。为此，云计算提供了三种服务模式：软件即服务（SaaS）、平台即服务（PaaS）、基础设施即服务（IaaS）。
|
||||
云计算必须满足五个基本特征：按需服务、接入网络、资源池化、弹性和可度量的服务。为此，云计算提供了三种服务模式：<ruby>软件即服务<rt>Software as a Service</rt></ruby>（SaaS）、<ruby>平台即服务<rt>Platform as a Service</rt></ruby>（PaaS）、<ruby>基础设施即服务<rt>Infrastructure as a Service</rt></ruby>（IaaS）。
|
||||
|
||||
业务选用 PaaS 的关键驱动力：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -27,25 +30,25 @@ PaaS 通常包括不同的应用基础功能，包括应用平台、集成平台
|
||||
* 通过减少应用程序的交付时间和提高开发和交付质量，最大限度地降低 IT 成本
|
||||
* 增加中间件之间的灵活性和集成度
|
||||
|
||||
**简单 PaaS** 是踏入 PaaS 领域的入门。它可以提供应用程序服务，并将它们暴露在自助服务的目录中，自动部署和计量服务使用的资源。
|
||||
*简单 PaaS*：踏入 PaaS 领域的入口。它可以提供应用程序服务，并将它们暴露在自助服务的目录中；自动部署和计量服务使用的资源。
|
||||
|
||||
*管理 PaaS* 管理已配置应用程序的<ruby>服务级别协议<rt>SLA</rt></ruby>和<ruby>服务质量<rt>QoS</rt></ruby>，例如弹性、应用程序性能、安全性等。
|
||||
*管理 PaaS*：管理已配置应用程序的<ruby>服务级别协议<rt>SLA</rt></ruby>和<ruby>服务质量<rt>QoS</rt></ruby>，例如弹性、应用程序性能、安全性等。
|
||||
|
||||
*编程 PaaS* 允许应用程序与外部应用程序或公共云集成，并实现自动扩展和云爆发场景。
|
||||
*编程 PaaS*：允许应用程序与外部应用程序或公共云集成，并实现自动扩展和云爆发场景。
|
||||
|
||||
*<ruby>面向流程<rt>Process-oriented</rt></ruby> PaaS* 允许通过创建持续交付流程来实现<ruby>开发运维<rt>DevOps</rt></ruby>流程，该流程可以自动构建、测试应用程序并将其交付到云环境中。
|
||||
*面向流程 PaaS*：允许通过创建持续交付流程来实现<ruby>开发运维<rt>DevOps</rt></ruby>流程，该流程可以自动构建、测试应用程序并将其交付到云环境中。
|
||||
|
||||
除了这些采用模式之外，还有其他的 PaaS 变体如下，这些变化可能与上文的模式有一定重合。
|
||||
除了这些采用模式之外，还有其他的 PaaS 变体如下，这些变化可能与上文的模式有一定重合：
|
||||
|
||||
**<ruby>集成平台即服务<rt>iPaaS</rt></ruby>**是一套能够开发、执行和管理集成流的云服务。集成流可以是个人内部或跨多个组织连接的，可以包含任何企业内部或基于云的流程、服务、应用和数据。这些组合变化可能也符合上述的模式之一，例如 MuleSoft CloudHub 和 BizTalk。
|
||||
*集成平台即服务（iPaaS）*：一套能够开发、执行和管理集成流的云服务。集成流可以是个人内部或跨多个组织连接的，可以包含任何企业内部或基于云的流程、服务、应用和数据。这些组合变化可能也符合上述的模式之一，例如 MuleSoft CloudHub 和 BizTalk。
|
||||
|
||||
**<ruby>移动平台即服务<rt>mPaaS</rt></ruby>**是为开发移动应用提供的<ruby>集成开发环境<rt>IDE</rt></ruby>，并且支持多种移动平台。
|
||||
*移动平台即服务（mPaaS）*：为开发移动应用提供的集成开发环境（IDE），并且支持多种移动平台。
|
||||
|
||||
**<ruby>数据库平台即服务<rt>dbPaas</rt></ruby>**是一种按需的、安全且可扩展的自助式数据库平台，可自动配置和管理数据库。dbPaaS 使扩展数据库变得更加容易，并使它们更加可靠。
|
||||
*数据库平台即服务（dbPaas）*：一种按需的、安全且可扩展的自助式数据库平台，可自动配置和管理数据库。dbPaaS 使扩展数据库变得更加容易，并使它们更加可靠。
|
||||
|
||||
**<ruby>物联网平台即服务<rt>IoTPaaS</rt></ruby>**提供了实现异构物联网拓扑所需的通信、安全、分析和管理的通用基础架构。它为构建物联网解决方案提供了更简单、更敏捷的模型。
|
||||
*物联网平台即服务（IoTPaaS）*：提供了实现异构物联网拓扑所需的通信、安全、分析和管理的通用基础架构。它为构建物联网解决方案提供了更简单、更敏捷的模型。
|
||||
|
||||
**<ruby>业务流程管理平台即服务<rt>bpmPaaS</rt></ruby>**是一个完整的预集成业务流程管理平台，托管在云端并作为服务交付。它被用于开发和执行整个企业的业务流程和以工作流程为中心的应用程序。例如 Pega cloud 和 OpenText Cordys cloud。
|
||||
*业务流程管理平台即服务（bpmPaaS）*：一个完整的预集成业务流程管理平台，托管在云端并作为服务交付。它被用于开发和执行整个企业的业务流程和以工作流程为中心的应用程序。例如 Pega cloud 和 OpenText Cordys cloud。
|
||||
|
||||
PaaS 的一些基本特征：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -65,19 +68,19 @@ PaaS 的一些基本特征：
|
||||
* 应用堆栈的选择
|
||||
* 语言、数据库和框架支持
|
||||
* 规模的可扩展性
|
||||
* <ruby>服务质量<rt>QoS</rt></ruby>
|
||||
* 服务质量（QoS）
|
||||
* 开发和运营的工具
|
||||
* 它有多适合你的业务
|
||||
|
||||
现在让我们快速浏览下流行的开源 PaaS。
|
||||
|
||||
**Cloud Foundry：**提供了多种云的选择、开发者框架和应用服务。Cloud Foundry 使构建、测试、部署和扩展应用程序变得更快、更容易。
|
||||
*Cloud Foundry*：提供了多种云的选择、开发者框架和应用服务。Cloud Foundry 使构建、测试、部署和扩展应用程序变得更快、更容易。
|
||||
|
||||
它有不同的发行版本，其中比较流行的是 Pivotal 和 IBM。它包含应用<ruby>运行时<rt>runtime</rt></ruby>和容器运行时。在 Pivotal 上包含有应用服务和容器服务。
|
||||
|
||||
**OpenShift：**红帽的云计算 PaaS 产品。这是一个云端的应用平台，应用开发者和团队可以在这里构建、测试、部署和运行他们的应用程序。
|
||||
*OpenShift*：红帽的云计算 PaaS 产品。这是一个云端的应用平台，应用开发者和团队可以在这里构建、测试、部署和运行他们的应用程序。
|
||||
|
||||
**Cloudify：** 在开放的原则下开发和设计，用以推动 IT 转型革命。它使组织能够在其上设计、建立和提供各种商业应用和网络服务。Cloudify 的最新版本为 4.3，它包含了先进的安全、控制和<ruby>真自服务<rt>true self-service</rt></ruby>等增强功能。Cloudify 4.3 还为 Kubernetes 容器编排引入了全新的概念。
|
||||
*Cloudify*：在开放的原则下开发和设计，用以推动 IT 转型革命。它使组织能够在其上设计、建立和提供各种商业应用和网络服务。Cloudify 的最新版本为 4.3，它包含了先进的安全、控制和<ruby>真自服务<rt>true self-service</rt></ruby>等增强功能。Cloudify 4.3 还为 Kubernetes 容器编排引入了全新的概念。
|
||||
|
||||
| 功能 | Cloud Foundry | Cloudify | OpenShift |
|
||||
| :- | :- | :- | :- |
|
||||
@ -117,9 +120,11 @@ via: https://www.opensourceforu.com/2022/09/why-enterprises-should-opt-for-platf
|
||||
作者：[Gopala Krishna Behara][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[onionstalgia](https://github.com/onionstalgia)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.opensourceforu.com/author/gopalakrishna-behara/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
|
||||
|
||||
[0]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202302/17/094352atasztuxqg4t1ctt.jpg
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Merge design and code with Penpot"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/23/1/merge-design-code-penpot"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15549-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
用 Penpot 弥合设计和代码之间的鸿沟
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][0]
|
||||
|
||||
> 用 Penpot 这个开源的设计工作空间来弥合编程和设计之间的鸿沟。
|
||||
|
||||
在计算机编程的大部分历史中，在创建应用的代码的程序员和创建应用的用户体验（UX）的设计师之间一直存在着鸿沟。这两个学科接受的培训大不相同，他们使用的工具也不同。程序员使用文本编辑器或集成开发环境来编写代码，而设计师则经常绘制小部件布局和潜在交互的示意图。虽然一些 IDE，像 [Eclipse][1] 和 [Netbeans][2]，有界面设计组件，但它们通常专注于小部件的位置而不是小部件的设计。开源设计应用 [Penpot][3] 是一个协作式设计和原型设计平台。它有一套新的功能，使设计师和开发者可以很容易地用熟悉的工作流程协同工作。Penpot 的设计界面可以让开发者在设计过程中和谐地编写代码，这是其他工具所无法做到的。自从我们 [上次介绍它][4] 以来，它已经有了长足的进步。它的最新功能不仅改善了你使用 Penpot 的体验，还推动了开源的 Penpot 应用超越类似的专有工具。
|
||||
|
||||
### 用 Penpot 做原型
|
||||
|
||||
在设计应用的最佳工作方式时，常见问题之一是在设计的时候这个应用还不存在。设计师可以通可视化和故事板来帮助设计团队和程序员了解目标是什么。但这是一个需要迭代和反馈的过程，当开发人员开始实施 UX 设计，设计会发生变化以应对对代码的实际变化。
|
||||
|
||||
使用 Penpot，你可以为你的网络或移动应用创建一个“可用”原型。你可以将按钮与特定的行动联系起来，根据用户的输入触发布局的变化。而这一切都可以在项目的代码存在之前完成。
|
||||
|
||||
但是，这方面最重要的不是模拟的能力。在 Penpot 中为应用的设计所做的一切都有可用的布局数据，开发人员可以在最终的项目中使用它们。Penpot 不仅仅是一个出色的绘图和布局工具。它为编码过程提供了信息。
|
||||
|
||||
Penpot 现在不仅仅是提供了一个设计师特定元素的视觉列表，如属性、颜色和排版，而是将代码输出直接整合到设计工作区（就像 Web 浏览器中的开发者工具）。设计师和开发人员共享设计和前端开发的相同空间，以他们需要的任何格式获得规格。
|
||||
|
||||
![Image of the current Penpot interface][5]
|
||||
|
||||
### 内存解锁
|
||||
|
||||
许多在线设计工具使用专有技术来提供一些花哨的功能，但代价是基本上成为一个应用，你只能运行它，而不能通过浏览器访问。不过 Penpot 使用开放的网络标准，并由你的网络浏览器渲染。这意味着 Penpot 可以访问浏览器可用的最大内存，使得 Penpot 成为第一个具有设计扩展性的在线原型和布局应用。你可以提供更多的选项、更多的模型，和更多的场地。此外，你可以向更多的并发协作者开放你的设计空间，而不必担心应用的内存耗尽。
|
||||
|
||||
### 自我托管和 SaaS
|
||||
|
||||
Penpot 是开源的，所以你不用必须在云上使用它，如果这不适合你的工作流程。你可以在一个容器中轻松地自我托管 Penpot，在你自己的工作站上作为一个本地应用使用，或者在你自己的服务器上为你的组织托管它。
|
||||
|
||||
### 开源设计
|
||||
|
||||
我以前写过一篇 [Penpot 的介绍性文章][6]，自那以后，这个应用变得更好了。如果你想把程序员和相关人员带入你的设计过程中，那么请试试 Penpot。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/23/1/merge-design-code-penpot
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/article/20/12/eclipse
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/20/12/netbeans
|
||||
[3]: http://penpot.app
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/article/21/9/open-source-design
|
||||
[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-07/Current%20Penpot%20interface.png
|
||||
[6]: https://opensource.com/article/21/12/open-source-design-penpot
|
||||
[0]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202302/17/143544u59tzeqplyhpt08h.jpg
|
||||
@ -3,13 +3,17 @@
|
||||
[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15554-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 上的开源视频字幕
|
||||
Live Captions：Linux 上的开源视频字幕应用
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![Image showing Live Captions presenting text from a Jitsi call. ][6]
|
||||
|
||||
> Live Captions 是一个用于 Linux 桌面的应用程序，为视频提供即时、本地和开源的字幕。
|
||||
|
||||
在一个完美的世界里，所有的视频都会有文字说明，直播视频也会有字幕。这不仅是没有听力的人能够参与流行文化和视频聊天的要求，对于有听力的人来说，这也是一种奢侈，他们只是喜欢阅读所说的内容。但并不是所有的软件都有内置的字幕，有些软件是依靠第三方的云服务来实现的。[Live Captions][1] 是 Linux 桌面上的一个应用，为视频提供即时、本地和开源的字幕。
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装 Live Captions
|
||||
@ -19,8 +23,7 @@ Linux 上的开源视频字幕
|
||||
如果你的 Linux 发行版没有附带软件中心，请从终端手动安装它。首先，添加 [Flathub][3] 仓库：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub \
|
||||
https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo
|
||||
$ flatpak remote-add --if-not-exists flathub https://flathub.org/repo/flathub.flatpakrepo
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，安装应用：
|
||||
@ -49,7 +52,7 @@ $ fuzzpak LiveCaptions
|
||||
|
||||
![Image showing preferences in Live Captions.][5]
|
||||
|
||||
你可以设置字体、字体大小、颜色等。默认情况下，Live Captions 没有 100% 把握的文本会以比你选择的字体颜色更深的颜色呈现。如果你使用实时字幕是为了方便，这可能没有必要，但如果你听不到视频，那么了解一下可能不正确的文字是不错的。
|
||||
你可以设置字体、字体大小、颜色等。默认情况下，Live Captions 不是完全确定的文本会以更深的颜色呈现（LCTT 校注：因为有些语音识别结果不能确保完全正确）。如果你使用实时字幕是为了方便，这可能没有必要，但如果你听不到视频的声音，那么知道哪些文本可能不正确是有用的。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以随时返回偏好页面，所以你的选择不一定是最终的。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -57,15 +60,13 @@ $ fuzzpak LiveCaptions
|
||||
|
||||
当 Live Captions 开始运行，任何通过系统声音传来的英语单词都会被打印到 Live Captions 窗口中。
|
||||
|
||||
![Image showing Live Captions presenting text from a Jitsi call. ][6]
|
||||
这不是一项云服务。不需要 API 密钥。没有遥测或间谍活动，也没有数据收集。事实上，它甚至不需要网络权限。Live Captions 是开源的，所以没有使用专有的服务或库。
|
||||
|
||||
这不是一项云服务。不需要 API 密钥。没有遥测或间谍活动，也没有数据收集。事实上，它甚至不需要网络权限。Live Captions 是开源的，所以没有使用专有服务或库。
|
||||
|
||||
要改变声音输入，请点击 **Live Captions** 窗口左上方的**麦克风**图标。要打开**偏好**窗口，请点击 **Live Captions** 窗口左下方的**齿轮**图标。
|
||||
要改变声音输入，请点击 Live Captions 窗口左上方的麦克风图标。要打开 “<ruby>偏好<rt>Preferences</rt></ruby>” 窗口，请点击 Live Captions 窗口左下方的齿轮图标。
|
||||
|
||||
### 开放访问
|
||||
|
||||
根据我的经验，Live Captions 的结果是好的。它们并不完美，但在小型的 [Jitsi 视频通话][7]中，它很出色。即使是小众的视频（例如战锤 40,000 的激烈比赛），它也做得出奇地好，只在最虚构的科幻术语上磕磕碰碰。
|
||||
根据我的经验，Live Captions 的结果是好的。它们并不完美，但在小型的 [Jitsi 视频通话][7]中，它很出色。即使是小众的视频（例如 Warhammer 40K 的激烈比赛），它也做得出奇地好，只在最虚构的科幻术语上磕磕碰碰。
|
||||
|
||||
让开源代码易于访问是至关重要的，最终它有可能使每个人受益。我个人不需要 Live Captions，但当我不想听视频的时候，我喜欢使用它。当我希望得到帮助以专注于我可能会分心的事情时，我也会使用它。Live Captions 不仅仅是一个有趣的开源项目，它也是一个重要的项目。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/23/2/live-captions-linux
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -3,25 +3,27 @@
|
||||
[#]: author: "Pradeep Kumar https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15556-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
Elementary OS 7 安装指南及截图
|
||||
elementary OS 7 安装指南（附截图）
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
你好，技术人员，在这篇文章中，我们将介绍如何在笔记本电脑或台式机上一步一步地安装 Elementary OS 7，并附有截图。它是基于最新和稳定的 Ubuntu 22.04 LTS。
|
||||
![][0]
|
||||
|
||||
Elementary OS 7 的代号为 “Horus”，并带来了很多改进，例如：
|
||||
在这篇文章中，我们将介绍如何在笔记本电脑或台式机上一步一步地安装 elementary OS 7，并附有截图。它基于最新和稳定的 Ubuntu 22.04 LTS。
|
||||
|
||||
elementary OS 7 的代号为 “Horus”，并带来了很多改进，例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- 改进了 AppCenter 和安装所有需要的应用。
|
||||
- 改进了 Sideload 和可选商店 （Flathub） 的体验。
|
||||
- 改进了侧载和可选商店（Flathub）的体验。
|
||||
- 最新的 GNOME Web 43，支持创建网络应用。
|
||||
- 快速获得操作系统和应用的更新
|
||||
- 电源配置文件管理
|
||||
- 应用描述的改进
|
||||
|
||||
##### Elementary OS 7 的系统要求
|
||||
### elementary OS 7 的系统要求
|
||||
|
||||
- 双核 64 位处理器
|
||||
- 4GB 内存或更多
|
||||
@ -29,57 +31,57 @@ Elementary OS 7 的代号为 “Horus”，并带来了很多改进，例如：
|
||||
- 互联网接入
|
||||
- 可启动的 USB 驱动器（4GB 存储空间）
|
||||
|
||||
闲话少说，让我们进入安装步骤
|
||||
闲话少说，让我们进入安装步骤：
|
||||
|
||||
### 1）下载 Elementary OS 7
|
||||
### 1）下载 elementary OS 7
|
||||
|
||||
使用下面的官方网址来下载 ISO 文件。
|
||||
|
||||
- [下载 Elementary OS 7 ISO][1]
|
||||
> **[下载 elementary OS 7 ISO][1]**
|
||||
|
||||
ISO 文件下载完成后，将其刻录到 USB 驱动器，并使其可启动。
|
||||
|
||||
在 Windows 操作系统中，用 “Rufus” 制作可启动的 USB 驱动器。在 Linux 中，请参考以下网址：
|
||||
在 Windows 操作系统中，用 Rufus 制作可启动的 USB 驱动器。在 Linux 中，请参考以下网址：
|
||||
|
||||
- [如何在 Ubuntu/Linux Mint 上创建可启动的 USB 驱动器][2]
|
||||
> **[如何在 Ubuntu/Linux Mint 上创建可启动的 USB 驱动器][2]**
|
||||
|
||||
### 2）用可启动媒体启动系统
|
||||
### 2）用可启动介质启动系统
|
||||
|
||||
现在用可启动的 USB 驱动器启动目标系统。从 bios 设置中把启动介质从硬盘改为 USB。当系统用 USB 驱动器启动时，我们将看到以下页面。
|
||||
现在用可启动的 USB 驱动器启动目标系统。从 BIOS 设置中把启动介质从硬盘改为 USB。当系统用 USB 驱动器启动时，我们将看到以下页面。
|
||||
|
||||
![][3]
|
||||
|
||||
### 3）选择安装语言
|
||||
|
||||
选择你喜欢的语言，然后点击“选择”。
|
||||
选择你喜欢的语言，然后点击“<ruby>选择<rt>Select</rt></ruby>”。
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
### 4）选择键盘布局
|
||||
|
||||
在这一步，你将被要求选择键盘布局，然后点击“选择”。
|
||||
在这一步，你将被要求选择键盘布局，然后点击“<ruby>选择<rt>Select</rt></ruby>”。
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
### 5） 尝试或安装 elementary OS
|
||||
### 5）尝试或安装 elementary OS
|
||||
|
||||
我们将看到下面的页面，在这里我们必须选择安装类型。它给了我们以下选项：
|
||||
|
||||
- 试用演示模式 – 试用 Elementary OS 7 而不安装
|
||||
- 擦除磁盘并安装 – 安装程序将擦除整个磁盘并自动创建所需分区。
|
||||
- 自定义安装（高级）– 它将给我们一个选项来创建自定义分区。
|
||||
- <ruby>试用演示模式<rt>Try Demo Mode</rt></ruby> – 试用 elementary OS 7 而不安装
|
||||
- <ruby>擦除磁盘并安装<rt>Erase disk and Install</rt></ruby> – 安装程序将擦除整个磁盘并自动创建所需分区。
|
||||
- <ruby>自定义安装（高级）<rt>Custom Install (Advanced)</rt></ruby> – 它将给我们一个选项来创建自定义分区。
|
||||
|
||||
在这篇文章中，我将使用第二个选项（擦除磁盘并安装）。
|
||||
|
||||
![][6]
|
||||
|
||||
点击“擦除磁盘并安装”。
|
||||
点击“<ruby>擦除磁盘并安装<rt>Erase disk and Install</rt></ruby>”。
|
||||
|
||||
在下面的屏幕上，选择要安装操作系统的驱动器，然后点击“擦除并安装”。
|
||||
在下面的屏幕上，选择要安装操作系统的驱动器，然后点击“<ruby>擦除并安装<rt>Erase and Install</rt></ruby>”。
|
||||
|
||||
![][7]
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想对设备的驱动器进行加密，那么点击“选择密码”，否则点击“不加密”。
|
||||
如果你想对设备的驱动器进行加密，那么点击“<ruby>选择密码<rt>Choose Password</rt></ruby>”，否则点击“<ruby>不加密<rt>Don’t Encrypt</rt></ruby>”。
|
||||
|
||||
![][8]
|
||||
|
||||
@ -93,7 +95,7 @@ ISO 文件下载完成后，将其刻录到 USB 驱动器，并使其可启动
|
||||
|
||||
![][10]
|
||||
|
||||
点击“重启设备”，不要忘记从 bios 设置中改变启动介质，以便用磁盘启动。
|
||||
点击“<ruby>重启设备<rt>Restart Device</rt></ruby>”，不要忘记从 BIOS 设置中改变启动介质，以便用磁盘启动。
|
||||
|
||||
### 7）创建本地用户并设置主机名
|
||||
|
||||
@ -103,7 +105,7 @@ ISO 文件下载完成后，将其刻录到 USB 驱动器，并使其可启动
|
||||
|
||||
![][11]
|
||||
|
||||
点击“完成设置”。
|
||||
点击“<ruby>完成设置<rt>Finish Setup</rt></ruby>”。
|
||||
|
||||
在下面的页面中，你将被提示输入你在上面创建的本地用户凭证。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -111,21 +113,21 @@ ISO 文件下载完成后，将其刻录到 USB 驱动器，并使其可启动
|
||||
|
||||
输入凭证后，点击回车。
|
||||
|
||||
### 8）Elementary OS 7 欢迎页
|
||||
### 8）elementary OS 7 欢迎页
|
||||
|
||||
我们将看到下面的欢迎页。
|
||||
|
||||
![][13]
|
||||
|
||||
选择“跳过所有”。
|
||||
选择“<ruby>跳过所有<rt>Skip All</rt></ruby>”。
|
||||
|
||||
![][14]
|
||||
|
||||
点击“开始使用”，然后我们会看到下面的桌面。
|
||||
点击“<ruby>开始使用<rt>Get Started</rt></ruby>”，然后我们会看到下面的桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
![][15]
|
||||
|
||||
很好，这表明你已经成功地在系统上安装了 Elementary OS 7。这就是本指南的全部内容，请探索这个令人兴奋的 Linux 发行版并享受其中的乐趣吧😊。
|
||||
很好，这表明你已经成功地在系统上安装了 elementary OS 7。这就是本指南的全部内容，请探索这个令人兴奋的 Linux 发行版并享受其中的乐趣吧😊。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -134,7 +136,7 @@ via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/elementary-os-7-installation-guide/
|
||||
作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -154,4 +156,5 @@ via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/elementary-os-7-installation-guide/
|
||||
[12]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Login-screen-elementaryos7.png?ezimgfmt=ng:webp/ngcb22
|
||||
[13]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/ElementaryOS7-Welcome-Screen.png?ezimgfmt=ng:webp/ngcb22
|
||||
[14]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Get-Started-ElementaryOS7.png?ezimgfmt=ng:webp/ngcb22
|
||||
[15]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Desktop-Screen-ElementaryOS7-After-Installation.png
|
||||
[15]: https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/Desktop-Screen-ElementaryOS7-After-Installation.png
|
||||
[0]: https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202302/19/143743asfmbfrt7mc1tczb.jpg
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "GNOME is (kind of) Bringing Back a Feature It Had Removed a Few Years Ago"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/gnome-design-quick-access/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Ankush Das https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "SJFCS"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15551-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 正在（某种程度上）恢复在几年前删除的功能
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> GNOME 的设计做了一些有意义的变化，它（某种程度上）带回了一个它早先删除的类似功能。
|
||||
|
||||
![GNOME 正在（某种程度上）恢复它几年前删除的功能][1]
|
||||
|
||||
几年前，GNOME 移除了应用程序的菜单和指示器。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你不太清楚，应用程序指示器是一种从顶部面板与后台运行的应用程序进行交互的方式。
|
||||
|
||||
是的，你可以 [添加一个应用程序指示器的扩展][2] 来获得同样的功能。但是，在使用 GNOME 桌面环境的发行版上，如 Fedora，你不再能找到默认的能力。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，Ubuntu，它的一些 [官方版本][3]，以及其他发行版如 Pop!_OS，支持系统托盘图标，尽管 GNOME 放弃了它们。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，经过多年的设计变化，看起来我们可能会看到类似的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
### GNOME 将添加一个检查后台活动程序的简便方法
|
||||
|
||||
目前，在没有活动窗口的情况下，找出在后台运行的应用程序并没有简便的方法。
|
||||
|
||||
你必须使用 [任务管理器][4] 或 [系统监控工具][5] 以获得更好的观测能力。
|
||||
|
||||
在未来的 GNOME 版本中（可能是 GNOME 44），你或许可以期待有一个功能可以直接从顶部面板的菜单面板上监控后台运行的应用程序。
|
||||
|
||||
![GNOME 设计模拟图，用于从通知菜单中检查后台应用程序][6]
|
||||
|
||||
[Allan Day][7] 的想法仍在讨论中，他分享了一个 [设计模拟图][8]。不过，它很有可能会被接受。
|
||||
|
||||
这个想法也促使开发者 [Georges Basile Stavracas Neto][9] 披露了 Flatpak 的 xdg-desktop-portal 组件，它可以使得检测运行中的 Flatpak 应用程序变得容易。
|
||||
|
||||
> 📋 检查后台应用程序这个功能的位置或设计仍在进行中；你在上面看到的内容可能会随着最终的实施而改变。
|
||||
|
||||
### 这是否也会使应用指示器回归？
|
||||
|
||||
并非如此。
|
||||
|
||||
通过这个功能，GNOME 旨在让你快速看到后台运行的应用程序，并对它们进行管理（关闭它们或访问特定的设置）。
|
||||
|
||||
然而，你仍需要少量点击来达到这一点 🖱️。
|
||||
|
||||
小程序指示器或系统托盘图标是访问在后台运行的应用程序更快捷的方式，尽管不是每个后台应用程序都被列出。
|
||||
|
||||
毕竟，这总比没有好。
|
||||
|
||||
而最终，这些设计上的变化可能会产生一种直观的方式，以某种形式让应用指示器回归。
|
||||
|
||||
💬 你对这个决定与即将发布的 GNOME 设计变化有何看法？请在下面的评论中分享你的想法。
|
||||
|
||||
参考：[Phoronix][10]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/gnome-design-quick-access/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[SJFCS](https://github.com/SJFCS)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed/
|
||||
[1]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w2000/2023/02/gnome-brings-mysterious-features.png
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/enable-applet-indicator-gnome/
|
||||
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/which-ubuntu-install/
|
||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/task-manager-linux/
|
||||
[5]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-system-monitoring-tools/
|
||||
[6]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/background-app-running.png
|
||||
[7]: https://gitlab.gnome.org/aday
|
||||
[8]: https://gitlab.gnome.org/Teams/Design/os-mockups/-/issues/191
|
||||
[9]: https://github.com/GeorgesStavracas
|
||||
[10]: https://www.phoronix.com/news/GNOME-Monitor-Background-Apps
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Opera Browser Plans to Integrate ChatGPT"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://debugpointnews.com/opera-chatgpt-integration/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "arindam https://debugpointnews.com/author/dpicubegmail-com/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "gpchn"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: publisher: "wxy"
|
||||
[#]: url: "https://linux.cn/article-15547-1.html"
|
||||
|
||||
Opera 浏览器计划集成 ChatGPT
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
> 据报道，Opera 浏览器正在寻求将语言模型 ChatGPT 集成到其桌面和移动产品中。
|
||||
|
||||
### 摘要
|
||||
|
||||
- 据报道，流行的桌面和移动网络浏览器 Opera 浏览器正在探索将语言模型 ChatGPT 集成到其产品中。
|
||||
- 微软最近宣布将 ChatGPT 的制造商 OpenAI 技术集成到其 Edge 网络浏览器中，为用户添加人工智能功能。
|
||||
|
||||
### Opera 与 ChatGPT
|
||||
|
||||
[Opera][2]，一个被广泛使用的桌面和移动网络浏览器，将把语言模型 ChatGPT 集成到它的软件产品中。Opera 的母公司昆仑科技是这一新闻的幕后推手，尽管这次集成的细节仍然有限。Opera 提供了一系列软件产品，包括桌面网络浏览器、移动网络浏览器以及其为 Chromebook 设计的浏览器版本。
|
||||
|
||||
最有可能整合 ChatGPT 的是 Opera 的主要桌面浏览器，包括 Opera 浏览器和 Opera GX（这是一款为游戏玩家设计的浏览器）。然而，也有可能集成到 Opera 的移动浏览器中，包括常规的 Opera 移动浏览器、Opera Mini 和 Opera Crypto 浏览器。
|
||||
|
||||
### 来自微软和谷歌的最新更新
|
||||
|
||||
微软上周宣布将 OpenAI 集成到其 Edge 网络浏览器中，成为头条新闻。这种集成将在未来为 Edge 用户带来两种人工智能功能，即 “<ruby>Chat<rt>聊天</rt></ruby>” 和 “<ruby>撰写<rt>Compose</rt></ruby>”。“聊天”功能可以让用户在浏览器中直接与人工智能交流。同时，“撰写”功能帮助用户进行文本撰写，包括使用不同的语气和长度撰写电子邮件和社交媒体帖子。
|
||||
|
||||
在最近的一次演示中，谷歌没有宣布将人工智能聊天机器人直接集成到其 Chrome 浏览器中，这一举措得到的回应并不热烈。
|
||||
|
||||
### 下一步是什么
|
||||
|
||||
据 Statcounter 统计，Opera 浏览器被数亿用户使用，在全球浏览器市场占有 2.4% 的份额。虽然它可能落后于谷歌 Chrome 的 65% 和 Safari 的 18%，但与 Mozilla Firefox 的 3% 相比，它仍然保持着自己的优势。
|
||||
|
||||
昆仑科技是一家在深圳证券交易所上市的北京公司。本周，中国搜索巨头百度宣布计划在其搜索产品中集成 ChatGPT 风格的机器人。
|
||||
|
||||
总之，ChatGPT 与 Opera 浏览器的集成代表着人工智能网络浏览向前迈出的重要一步。随着微软和百度等公司将人工智能技术融入其产品，Opera 将自己定位为该领域的领导者。
|
||||
|
||||
随着数亿用户和浏览器市场的日益增长，ChatGPT 与 Opera 的集成是一项备受期待的发展。
|
||||
|
||||
参考：[CNBC][3]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://debugpointnews.com/opera-chatgpt-integration/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[arindam][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[gpchn](https://github.com/gpchn)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://debugpointnews.com/author/dpicubegmail-com/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
|
||||
[1]: https://debugpointnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/opera.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.opera.com/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/09/web-browser-opera-is-planning-to-incorporate-chatgpt.html
|
||||
@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "GNOME is (kind of) Bringing Back a Feature It Had Removed a Few Years Ago"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/gnome-design-quick-access/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Ankush Das https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "SJFCS"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME is (kind of) Bringing Back a Feature It Had Removed a Few Years Ago
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME design changes makes sense, as it brings back (sort of) a similar functionality that it removed earlier.
|
||||
|
||||
![GNOME is (kind of) Bringing Back a Feature It Had Removed a Few Years Ago][1]
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME removed the application menus and indicators a few years back.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are curious, app indicators were a way of interacting with the apps running in the background from the top panel.
|
||||
|
||||
Yes, you can [add an extension for app indicators][2] to get the same functionality. But, you will no longer find the ability by default on distributions using stock GNOME desktop environment, like Fedora.
|
||||
|
||||
However, Ubuntu, some of its [official flavors][3], and other distributions like Pop!_OS support the system tray icons even though GNOME dropped them.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, after years of design changes, it looks like we might be seeing something similar.
|
||||
|
||||
### GNOME to Add a Quick Way to Check Active Apps in the Background
|
||||
|
||||
Currently, there's no quick way to find out the apps running in the background without an active window.
|
||||
|
||||
You must use the [task manager][4] or [system monitoring tools][5] for better insights.
|
||||
|
||||
With future GNOME releases (probably GNOME 44), you may expect **a feature to monitor background running apps** right from the **menu panel** of the top panel.
|
||||
|
||||
![gnome design mockup for backround app check from the notification menu][6]
|
||||
|
||||
The idea by [Allan Day][7] is still in discussion, and a [design mockup][8] has been shared. However, there is a good chance that it will be accepted.
|
||||
|
||||
This idea has also prompted developer [Georges Basile Stavracas Neto][9] to expose Flatpak's xdg-desktop-portal component, making it easy to detect running Flatpak applications.
|
||||
|
||||
> 📋 The placement or design of checking background apps is still a work in progress; what you see above may change with the final implementation.
|
||||
|
||||
### Would This Bring Back App Indicators Too?
|
||||
|
||||
Not exactly.
|
||||
|
||||
With this feature, GNOME aims to allow you to quickly see the background running apps and manage them (close them or access specific settings).
|
||||
|
||||
However, you still have a few clicks to reach this point 🖱️
|
||||
|
||||
The applet indicators or the system tray icons were a faster way to access applications running in the background, even though not every background app was listed.
|
||||
|
||||
After all, it is better than nothing.
|
||||
|
||||
And eventually, these design changes could result in an intuitive way to get app indicators back in some form.
|
||||
|
||||
_💬 What do you think about this decision with GNOME design changes for upcoming releases? Share your thoughts in the comments below._
|
||||
|
||||
**Via**: [Phoronix][10]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/gnome-design-quick-access/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed/
|
||||
[1]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w2000/2023/02/gnome-brings-mysterious-features.png
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/enable-applet-indicator-gnome/
|
||||
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/which-ubuntu-install/
|
||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/task-manager-linux/
|
||||
[5]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-system-monitoring-tools/
|
||||
[6]: https://news.itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/background-app-running.png
|
||||
[7]: https://gitlab.gnome.org/aday
|
||||
[8]: https://gitlab.gnome.org/Teams/Design/os-mockups/-/issues/191
|
||||
[9]: https://github.com/GeorgesStavracas
|
||||
[10]: https://www.phoronix.com/news/GNOME-Monitor-Background-Apps
|
||||
@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Opera Browser Plans to Integrate ChatGPT"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://debugpointnews.com/opera-chatgpt-integration/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "arindam https://debugpointnews.com/author/dpicubegmail-com/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "gpchn"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Opera Browser Plans to Integrate ChatGPT
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
**Opera browser is reportedly looking to integrate the language model ChatGPT into its desktop and mobile products.**
|
||||
|
||||
### In brief
|
||||
|
||||
- Opera browser, a popular desktop and mobile web browser is reportedly exploring integrating the language model ChatGPT into its products.
|
||||
- Microsoft recently announced the integration of OpenAI technology, the maker of ChatGPT, into its Microsoft Edge web browser, adding AI-powered features for users.
|
||||
|
||||
### Opera and ChatGPT
|
||||
|
||||
[Opera][2], a widely-used desktop and mobile web browser is set to integrate the language model ChatGPT into its software products. Opera’s parent company Kunlun Tech is behind the news, although the details of the integration remain limited. Opera offers a range of software products, including desktop web browsers, mobile web browsers, and a version of its browser designed for Chromebooks.
|
||||
|
||||
The most likely candidates for the ChatGPT integration are Opera’s main desktop browsers, including Opera browser and Opera GX, a browser designed for gamers. However, there is also potential for integration into Opera’s mobile browsers, including the regular Opera mobile browser, Opera Mini, and Opera Crypto Browser.
|
||||
|
||||
### Recent updates from Microsoft and Google
|
||||
|
||||
Microsoft made headlines this week by announcing OpenAI integration into its Microsoft Edge web browser. The integration will bring two AI-powered features, Chat and Compose, to Edge users in the future. Chat allows users to communicate directly with the AI in the browser. At the same time, Compose helps users with text composition, including writing emails and social media posts with different tones and lengths.
|
||||
|
||||
During a recent presentation, Google did not announce direct AI chatbot integration into its Chrome browser, which received a less-than-enthusiastic response.
|
||||
|
||||
### What’s next
|
||||
|
||||
Opera browser is used by hundreds of millions of users, with a 2.4% share of the global browser market, according to Statcounter. While it may trail behind Google Chrome’s 65% and Safari’s 18%, it still holds its own compared to Mozilla Firefox’s 3%.
|
||||
|
||||
Kunlun Tech is a Beijing-based company listed on the Shenzhen stock exchange. This week, Chinese search giant Baidu announced plans to integrate a ChatGPT-style bot into its search product.
|
||||
|
||||
In conclusion, the integration of ChatGPT into the Opera browser represents a significant step forward in AI-powered web browsing. As companies like Microsoft and Baidu integrate AI technology into their products, Opera is positioning itself as a leader in the field.
|
||||
|
||||
With hundreds of millions of users and a growing presence in the browser market, the integration of ChatGPT into Opera is a highly-anticipated development.
|
||||
|
||||
Via [CNBC][3]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://debugpointnews.com/opera-chatgpt-integration/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[arindam][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://debugpointnews.com/author/dpicubegmail-com/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
|
||||
[1]: https://debugpointnews.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/opera.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.opera.com/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.cnbc.com/2023/02/09/web-browser-opera-is-planning-to-incorporate-chatgpt.html
|
||||
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/1/troubleshoot-hardware-sysadmin"
|
||||
[#]: author: "David Both https://opensource.com/users/dboth"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: translator: "toknow-gh"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/10/whats-new-awk"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: translator: "connermemory"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "A brief history of LibreOffice"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/23/2/libreoffice-history"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Italo Vignoli https://opensource.com/users/italovignoli"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "onionstalgia"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
A brief history of LibreOffice
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
In early 2009, OpenOffice.org was the main competitor to Microsoft Office in the individual office productivity suites market. The popular open source office suite's community looked forward to a November conference in Orvieto, Italy. Things were going well, and the future looked bright.
|
||||
|
||||
And then, in April of that year, Oracle announced its plans to acquire Sun Microsystems.
|
||||
|
||||
Personally, I knew it was bad news for OpenOffice.Org. Oracle had no interest in the open source suite, and I felt confident it would abandon the project. Of course, I hoped to be proved wrong at the upcoming conference. Instead, a single representative from Oracle, with no budget to speak of, arrived in Orvieto and talked vaguely about monetization and re-branding. I felt that my worst fears were confirmed, and my fellow community members agreed.
|
||||
|
||||
The community returned home from Orvieto that year and resolved to take action. The time had finally come to turn into reality what the OpenOffice.Org project had promised. We were determined to create an independent foundation to manage the project's assets and promote the development of the suite under the umbrella of the community. OpenOffice.org would no longer belong to a company but to its users and individual contributors.
|
||||
|
||||
### Building the foundation
|
||||
|
||||
At the time, the OpenOffice.org project had a presence on every continent, with language communities helping to localize and promote it. The four most important:
|
||||
|
||||
- German: The software was born in Germany, and StarDivision was based in Hamburg, so there was a natural link between the group of developers and German-speaking supporters.
|
||||
- French: The government supported the open source software.
|
||||
- Italian: The group to which I belonged.
|
||||
- Brazilian
|
||||
|
||||
At the beginning of 2010, at the initiative of the French and German language communities, the most active volunteers—together with some independent and SUSE developers—started working on a fork project. The aim was to launch an alternative project involving both the global community and the companies invested in OpenOffice.org.
|
||||
|
||||
I have over 30 years of experience working in international business and consultancy agencies. The project brought me in to manage the marketing and communication strategy.
|
||||
|
||||
In the months that followed, activity became increasingly hectic. There was a weekly teleconference meeting, as the news coming in from Star Division (the department responsible for OpenOffice.org) was increasingly negative.
|
||||
|
||||
Even with the dissolution of OpenOffice.org seemingly imminent, a conference in Budapest was confirmed by the publication of a CFP (Call for Papers). Of course, the fork project members also did nothing different from previous years. They presented their talk proposals and made travel plans.
|
||||
|
||||
### A safe place for documents
|
||||
|
||||
At the beginning of the summer, the fork was almost ready. Our group met in Budapest to gauge the situation from the OpenOffice.org side and for a first face-to-face organizational meeting.
|
||||
|
||||
The Budapest conference ran smoothly, with meetings, keynotes, and technical sessions taking place over the three-day event. Everything seemed more or less normal.
|
||||
|
||||
Everything was not normal.
|
||||
|
||||
Some attendees were a little suspicious when several leading figures failed to attend the conference's main social event, an overnight cruise on the Danube. We didn't participate in this event because we were meeting in a restaurant to discuss the final details of a new foundation. There was a lot to get right. We had to determine an announcement date and the composition of the Steering Committee that would coordinate the tasks required to bring the foundation to life.
|
||||
|
||||
### LibreOffice
|
||||
|
||||
The three weeks between the conference and the announcement of LibreOffice were hectic. I prepared the launch strategy and the text of the press release. The developers prepared the software. The application's name had just been decided a few days earlier during a teleconference (which I'd joined from Grosseto, where I was attending the Italian open source software community meeting).
|
||||
|
||||
On September 28, 2010, I distributed the press release announcing The Document Foundation and LibreOffice to a global mailing list of about 250 journalists, which I painstakingly put together using input from the public relations agencies where I worked.
|
||||
|
||||
Here is the release:
|
||||
|
||||
> The community of volunteers developing and promoting OpenOffice.Org announces an independent foundation to drive the further growth of the project. The foundation will be the cornerstone of a new ecosystem where individuals and organisations can contribute to and benefit from the availability of a truly free office suite. It will generate increased competition and choice for the benefit of customers and drive innovation in the office suite market. From now on the OpenOffice.Org community will be known as The Document Foundation.
|
||||
|
||||
We invited Oracle to become a member of the foundation and donate the brand the community had grown during the previous ten years. Pending the decision, we chose the brand LibreOffice for the software going forward.
|
||||
|
||||
Reactions to the announcement from the press were very positive. On the other hand, companies and analysts tended to be suspicious of an office suite governed by a community, an entity they never fully understood because of its flat, meritocratic organization.
|
||||
|
||||
In the two weeks following the announcement, 80 new developers joined the project, disproving the predictions of those who considered it unrealistic to launch a fork relying only on SUSE and Red Hat developers. Unsurprisingly, most of the language communities switched to LibreOffice.
|
||||
|
||||
LibreOffice is built from the source code of OpenOffice.org. The new functionalities are integrated in the source code of Go-OO and not on OOo.
|
||||
|
||||
For this reason, the first version of LibreOffice—announced on January 25, 2011—was 3.3 to maintain consistency with OpenOffice.org. This was useful for users who had migrated to the new suite since the first version. The software was still a little immature due to significant technical debt that had to be accounted for. This caused problems and instability that would largely be corrected through code cleaning and refactoring throughout the 3.x and 4.x versions. By versions 5.x and 6.x, the source code was considered stable, which allowed the user interface to be improved and the development of mobile and cloud versions.
|
||||
|
||||
In the spring of 2011, Oracle transferred the OpenOffice.org source code to the Apache Software Foundation. The project lasted for three years. The last new version was nearly a decade ago.
|
||||
|
||||
### The future is open
|
||||
|
||||
The formation process of The Document Foundation ended in early 2012, with registration by the Berlin authorities on February 17, 2012. This was a lengthy process because the founders wanted volunteer members of the project also to be members of the foundation based on contributions. This detail hadn't been foreseen for foundations under German law, so it required several revisions of statutes to comply with this condition.
|
||||
|
||||
The foundation's first two activities were the membership committee's election. This is the structure that decides on the transition from mere volunteer to member of The Document Foundation on the basis of contributions. There are five members and three deputies. Finally, there's a Board of Directors, which steers the foundation administratively and strategically, consisting of seven members and three deputies.
|
||||
|
||||
At the end of 2012, the foundation hired its first employee. This employee was Florian Effenberger, who was later promoted to executive director. Today, the team has a dozen members who take care of day-to-day activities such as coordinating projects, administration, network infrastructure management, software releases, mentoring of new developers, coordination of quality assurance, user interface evolution, and marketing and communications.
|
||||
|
||||
Right now, the foundation is looking for developers to handle tasks that do not fit the objectives of enterprise customers, such as RTL language management and accessibility. These features aren't developed by the companies in the LibreOffice ecosystem, which offer them feature development services, Level 3 support, and Long Term Support versions of the software optimized for enterprise needs.
|
||||
|
||||
More than 12 years after the announcement of LibreOffice and The Document Foundation, we can say that we have achieved our goal of developing an independent free and open source (FOSS) project. Our project is based on an extended community of individual volunteers and companies contributing according to their abilities. These participants help create the unmatched free office suite and support open standards by adopting and evolving the only true standard office document format on the market (Open Document Format, or ODF) while also ensuring excellent compatibility with the proprietary OOXML format.
|
||||
|
||||
The sustainability of this model is a day-to-day problem. There's severe competition from big tech firms. We're always searching for a balance between those who would like everything to be cost-free and those who would like each user to contribute according to their ability. No matter what, though, LibreOffice is an open source office suite, providing added value above and beyond its competition.
|
||||
|
||||
Try LibreOffice. Donate. Support it at home and work. Tell your friends about it. LibreOffice is the open source office solution that ensures you always have access to your data and control over your creativity.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/23/2/libreoffice-history
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Italo Vignoli][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/italovignoli
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Try quantum computing with this open source software development kit)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/21/6/qiskit)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Gordon Haff https://opensource.com/users/ghaff)
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (cool-summer-021)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
Try quantum computing with this open source software development kit
|
||||
======
|
||||
Qiskit is an open source software development kit for accessing quantum
|
||||
simulators and hardware for free.
|
||||
![Tips and gears turning][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Classical computing is based on bits. Zeros and ones. This isn't because there's some inherent advantage to a binary logic system over logic systems with more states—or even over analog computers. But on-off switches are easy to make and, with modern semiconductor technology, we can make them very small and very cheap.
|
||||
|
||||
But they're not without limits. Some problems just can't be efficiently solved by a classical computer. These tend to be problems where the cost, in time or memory, increases exponentially with the scale (`n`) of the problem. We say such problems are `O(2n)` in [Big O notation][2].
|
||||
|
||||
Much of modern cryptography even depends on this characteristic. Multiplying two, even large, prime numbers together is fairly cheap computationally (`O(n2)`). But reversing the operation takes exponential time. Use large enough numbers, and decryption that depends on such a factoring attack is infeasible.
|
||||
|
||||
### Enter quantum
|
||||
|
||||
A detailed primer on the mathematical and quantum mechanical underpinnings of quantum computing is beyond the scope of this article. However, here are some basics.
|
||||
|
||||
A quantum computer replaces bits with [qubits][3]—controllable units of computing that display quantum properties. Qubits are typically made out of either an engineered superconducting component or a naturally occurring quantum object such as an electron. Qubits can be placed into a "superposition" state that is a complex combination of the 0 and 1 states. You sometimes hear that qubits are _both_ 0 and 1, but that's not really accurate. What is true is that, when a measurement is made, the qubit state will collapse into a 0 or 1. Mathematically, the (unmeasured) quantum state of the qubit is a point on a geometric representation called the [Bloch sphere][4].
|
||||
|
||||
While superposition is a novel property for anyone used to classical computing, one qubit by itself isn't very interesting. The next unique quantum computational property is "interference." Real quantum computers are essentially statistical in nature. Quantum algorithms encode an interference pattern that increases the probability of measuring a state encoding the solution.
|
||||
|
||||
While novel, superposition and interference do have some analogs in the physical world. The quantum mechanical property "entanglement" doesn't, and it's the real key to exponential quantum speedups. With entanglement, measurements on one particle can affect the outcome of subsequent measurements on any entangled particles—even ones not physically connected.
|
||||
|
||||
### What can quantum do?
|
||||
|
||||
Today's quantum computers are quite small in terms of the number of qubits they contain—tens to hundreds. Thus, while algorithms are actively being developed, the hardware needed to run them faster than their classical equivalents doesn't exist.
|
||||
|
||||
But there's considerable interest in quantum computing in many fields. For example, quantum computers may offer a good way to simulate natural quantum systems, like molecules, whose complexity rapidly exceeds the ability of classical computers to model them accurately. Quantum computing is also tied mathematically to linear algebra, which underpins machine learning and many other modern optimization problems. Therefore, it's reasonable to think quantum computing could be a good fit there as well.
|
||||
|
||||
One commonly cited example of an existing quantum algorithm likely to outperform classical algorithms is [Shor's algorithm][5], which can do the factoring mentioned earlier. Invented by MIT mathematician Peter Shor in 1994, quantum computers can't yet run the algorithm on larger than trivially sized problems. But it's been demonstrated to work in polynomial `O(n3)` time rather than the exponential time required by classical algorithms.
|
||||
|
||||
### Getting started with Qiskit
|
||||
|
||||
At this point, you may be thinking: "But I don't have a quantum computer, and I really like to get hands-on. Is there any hope?"
|
||||
|
||||
Enter an open source (Apache 2.0 licensed) project called [Qiskit][6]. It's a software development kit (SDK) for accessing both the quantum computing simulators and the actual quantum hardware (for free) in the IBM Quantum Experience. You just need to sign up for an API key.
|
||||
|
||||
Certainly, a deep dive into Qiskit, to say nothing of the related linear algebra, is far beyond what I can get into here. If you seek such a dive, there are [many free resources online][7], including a complete textbook. However, dipping a toe in the water is straightforward, requiring only some surface-level knowledge of Python and Jupyter Notebooks.
|
||||
|
||||
To give you a taste, let's do a "Hello, World!" program entirely within the [Qiskit textbook][8].
|
||||
|
||||
Begin by installing some tools and widgets specific to the textbook:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`pip install git+https://github.com/qiskit-community/qiskit-textbook.git#subdirectory=qiskit-textbook-src`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Next, do the imports:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, assemble, Aer
|
||||
from math import pi, sqrt
|
||||
from qiskit.visualization import plot_bloch_multivector, plot_histogram
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Aer is the local simulator. Qiskit consists of four components: **Aer**, the **Terra** foundation, **Ignis** for dealing with noise and errors on real quantum systems, and **Aqua** for algorithm development.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# Let's do an X-gate on a |0> qubit
|
||||
qc = QuantumCircuit(1)
|
||||
qc.x(0)
|
||||
qc.draw()
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
An **X-gate** in quantum computing is similar to a **Not gate** in classical computing, although the underlying math actually involves matrix multiplication. (It is, in fact, often called a **NOT-gate**.)
|
||||
|
||||
Now, run it and do a measurement. The result is as you would expect because the qubit was initialized in a `|0>` state, then inverted, and measured. (Use `|0>` and `|1>` to distinguish from classic bits.)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# Let's see the result
|
||||
svsim = Aer.get_backend('statevector_simulator')
|
||||
qobj = assemble(qc)
|
||||
state = svsim.run(qobj).result().get_statevector()
|
||||
plot_bloch_multivector(state)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![Bloch sphere showing the expected result][9]
|
||||
|
||||
Bloch sphere showing the expected result. (Gordon Haff, [CC-BY-SA 4.0][10])
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
In some respects, you can think of quantum computing as a sort of exotic co-processor for classical computers in the same manner as graphics processing units (GPUs) and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). One difference is that quantum computers will be accessed almost entirely as network resources for the foreseeable future. Another is that they work fundamentally differently, which makes them unlike most other accelerators you might be familiar with. That's why there's so much interest in algorithm development and significant resources going in to determine where and when quantum fits best. It wouldn't hurt to see what all the fuss is about.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/21/6/qiskit
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gordon Haff][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ghaff
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/gears_devops_learn_troubleshooting_lightbulb_tips_520.png?itok=HcN38NOk (Tips and gears turning)
|
||||
[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_O_notation
|
||||
[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit
|
||||
[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloch_sphere
|
||||
[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shor%27s_algorithm
|
||||
[6]: https://qiskit.org/
|
||||
[7]: https://qiskit.org/learn
|
||||
[8]: https://qiskit.org/textbook/preface.html
|
||||
[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/bloch-sphere.png (Bloch sphere showing the expected result)
|
||||
[10]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
|
||||
@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Easily Connect your iPhone with Linux as KDE Connect Arrives on the App Store"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/kde-connect-ios/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Ankush Das https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Easily Connect your iPhone with Linux as KDE Connect Arrives on the App Store
|
||||
======
|
||||
The impressive open-source client to help connect mobiles with computers is now available for iPhones and iPad. Try it out!
|
||||
|
||||
![kde connect][1]
|
||||
|
||||
KDE Connect is an open-source tool that lets you connect your mobile phone with your PC.
|
||||
|
||||
Originally, KDE Connect supported Android devices to connect with Linux. Gradually, they added support for Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, it looks like you can use KDE Connect with your iOS device (iPhone or iPad) to connect to your Windows/Linux computer.
|
||||
|
||||
Note that macOS is also in the list of supported platforms. However, it is still an early release version for macOS. So, it may not work as good as it does with other platforms.
|
||||
|
||||
### KDE Connect on the App Store
|
||||
|
||||
![][2]
|
||||
|
||||
We did not notice any official announcement for this. However, some users spotted KDE Connect being available on the [App Store for iOS users][3] right after the release of [version 0.2.1][4].
|
||||
|
||||
The App Store lists all the essential features including:
|
||||
|
||||
* Shared clipboard: to copy/paste between devices.
|
||||
* Ability to share files and URLs to your computer from any app.
|
||||
* Use your phone screen as your computer’s touchpad (visual touchpad).
|
||||
* Remote presentation remote mode.
|
||||
* Run commands on your computer from your phone
|
||||
* End-to-end TLS encryption for security.
|
||||
|
||||
While this remains as an open-source app, the app licensing is a bit different as spotted by [OMGUbuntu][5] to comply with App Store guidelines.
|
||||
|
||||
It is also worth noting that the feature set may not be the same as its Android counterpart, but at least we finally have KDE Connect for iOS users, making it a truly open-source cross-plaform solution to connect mobiles with computers.
|
||||
|
||||
I’d be comfortable recommending KDE Connect to anyone who wants to keep things in check with their mobile through computers.
|
||||
|
||||
Head to the app store from the button below to get started installing it. You can also find various other installation options for different supported platforms on its [official download page][6].
|
||||
|
||||
Have you tried KDE Connect on iOS yet? Let me know your thoughts in the comments.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/kde-connect-ios/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
|
||||
[1]: https://news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/kde-connect-on-iphone-ipad.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/kde-connect-ios.jpg
|
||||
[3]: https://apps.apple.com/id/app/kde-connect/id1580245991
|
||||
[4]: https://invent.kde.org/network/kdeconnect-ios/-/commit/43d2ecbbb7e4e70274849f5ec987721318eb9f57
|
||||
[5]: https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2022/05/kde-connect-iphone-app-available
|
||||
[6]: https://kdeconnect.kde.org/download.html
|
||||
146
sources/tech/20230215.0 ⭐️ Login as Root in Ubuntu GUI.md
Normal file
146
sources/tech/20230215.0 ⭐️ Login as Root in Ubuntu GUI.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Login as Root in Ubuntu GUI"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-login-root/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Sagar Sharma https://itsfoss.com/author/sagar/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Login as Root in Ubuntu GUI
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
By default, Ubuntu disables the root account. You must use the sudo command for any tasks requiring root privileges.
|
||||
|
||||
This is for your own security, of course. Using the system as root all the time is like running around with a sword in your hand. It increases the chances of messing up things.
|
||||
|
||||
Logging in as root is still common in the servers. On the desktop side, it's quite rare to log in as root. Even Kali Linux has changed it.
|
||||
|
||||
And yet, a few desktop users want to log in as root. This is not something advisable but surely doable.
|
||||
|
||||
in this guide, I will show you how to **log in as a root in your GNOME desktop** using Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
### How to login as a root in the GNOME desktop
|
||||
|
||||
🚧
|
||||
|
||||
I won't advise login as root on the desktop. You have sudo mechanism for all your root needs. Do it only if you have a good enough reason. This tutorial is for demo purposes only. You have been cautioned.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 1: Enable root account
|
||||
|
||||
You want to log in as root. But the root account is disabled by default. The first step is to enable it.
|
||||
|
||||
Change the root account password that will eventually enable the root account for you:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo passwd root
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![change the password of root account in ubuntu][1]
|
||||
|
||||
It goes without saying that you should not forget the root password.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 2: Change GDM configuration
|
||||
|
||||
🚧
|
||||
|
||||
This part of the tutorial is only valid for GNOME. Please
|
||||
|
||||
[check your desktop environment][2]
|
||||
|
||||
and ensure that it is GNOME.
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu uses GNOME by default and GNOME uses the GDM display manager.
|
||||
|
||||
To allow log in as root into GNOME, you need to make some changes in the GDM configuration file located at `/etc/gdm3/custom.conf`.
|
||||
|
||||
Make a backup of the config file:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
cp /etc/gdm3/custom.conf /etc/gdm3/custom.conf~
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
In the worst case, if you somehow mess things up, the back up file can be used to replace the existing one from the TTY.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, open the GDM file with the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo nano /etc/gdm3/custom.conf
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
And add the following line to allow the root login:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
AllowRoot=true
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![configure GDM on ubuntu][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Press Ctrl+X to exit Nano while saving it.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 3: Configure PAM authentication
|
||||
|
||||
Now, you will have to configure the PAM authentication daemon file, which can be opened by the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo nano /etc/pam.d/gdm-password
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
In this file, you will have to comment out the following line with the `#` symbol that denies the root access in GUI:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
auth required pam_succeed_if.so user != root quiet_success
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
[Save changes and exit from the nano][5] text editor.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Step 4: Log in as root
|
||||
|
||||
Now, reboot your system:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
reboot
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
At the login screen, select the `Not listed` option, enter `root` in username and enter the password that you configured at the beginning of this guide:
|
||||
|
||||
![Login as a root in ubuntu desktop][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Once you log in, it will notify you by saying, **"logged in as a privileged user":**
|
||||
|
||||
![logged in as a privileged user in Ubuntu][7]
|
||||
|
||||
That's it! Now, you are running your Ubuntu system as a root.
|
||||
|
||||
### Things you should know when running the system as a root user
|
||||
|
||||
There is a reason why Ubuntu disables a root account by default. Want to know why? Here you have it:
|
||||
|
||||
Root User in Ubuntu- Important Things You Should KnowHow do you become root user in Ubuntu? Either you run commands with root privilege like this: sudo any_command Or you switch user in Ubuntu to root user like this: sudo su In both cases, you’ll have to enter your own user account’s password. But there’s![][8]It's FOSSAbhishek Prakash![][9]
|
||||
|
||||
And again, it is not advisable to log in a s root in your desktop Linux system. Please follow the norms and stay away from such (mis) adventures.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-login-root/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sagar Sharma][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/sagar/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed/
|
||||
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/change-the-password-of-root-account-in-ubuntu.png
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/find-desktop-environment/
|
||||
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/configure-GDM-on-ubuntu.png
|
||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/configure-PAM-authentication-daemon-in-ubuntu.gif
|
||||
[5]: https://linuxhandbook.com/nano-save-exit/
|
||||
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/Login-as-a-root-in-Ubuntu-desktop.png
|
||||
[7]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/01/logged-in-as-a-privileged-user-in-Ubuntu.png
|
||||
[8]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png
|
||||
[9]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2020/01/root_user_ubuntu.png
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "5 escape sequences for your Linux shell"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/23/2/escape-sequences-linux-shell"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
5 escape sequences for your Linux shell
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
I recently read an [article about shell metacharacters][1] by Opensource.com correspondent Don Watkins. His article made me think about all the weird things you could do with shell input. While I probably have yet to discover the extremes, I do often find shell escape sequences, like `\b` and `\t` and `\f` strangely useful.
|
||||
|
||||
Escape sequences are a special type of terminal input. They're designed to make it possible for you to enter characters or events that you may not have on your physical keyboard. Here are my favorite escape sequences for the Bash shell.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Backspace
|
||||
|
||||
You can enter a backspace character as part of a command, more or less loading it to trigger once the command executes. For instance, looking casually at this command, you might expect its output to be `ab`, but take a look at the actual output:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo a$'\b'b
|
||||
b
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Technically, the shell did output `ab` (you can confirm that by appending `| wc -m` to the command) but part of the total output was the `\b` backspace event. The backspace removed `a` before outputting `b`, and so the viewable output is just `b`.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Newline
|
||||
|
||||
A newline character is a signal for your shell to go to column 0 of the next line. This is essential when using a command like [printf][2], which doesn't assume that you want a newline added to the end of your output, the way `echo` does. Look at the difference between a `printf` statement without the `\n` newline character and one with it:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ printf "%03d.txt" 1
|
||||
001.txt$
|
||||
$ printf "%03d.txt\n" 1
|
||||
001.txt
|
||||
$
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Form feed
|
||||
|
||||
A `\f` form feed signal is like a newline character, but without the imperative to return to column 0. Here's a `printf` command using a form feed instead of a newline:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ printf "%s\f" hello
|
||||
hello
|
||||
$
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Your shell prompt is on the next line, but not at the start of the line.
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Tab
|
||||
|
||||
There are two tab escape sequences: the `\t` horizontal tab and the `\v` vertical tab. The horizontal tab is exactly what you'd expect.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo a$'\t'b
|
||||
a b
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The vertical tab is, in theory, the same principle but in vertical space. On most consoles, though, the vertical spacing of a line isn't variable, so it usually ends up looking a lot like a form feed:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo a$'\v'b
|
||||
a
|
||||
b
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Unicode
|
||||
|
||||
There are a lot of characters available in the Unicode standard, and your keyboard only has about 100 keys. There are a few ways to enter [special characters][3] on Linux, but one way to enter them into the terminal is to use the Unicode escape sequence. You start this escape sequence with `\u` followed by a hexadecimal value. You can find many Unicode values in the file `/usr/share/X11/locale/en_US.UTF-8/Compose`, or you can look at the Unicode specification at [https://www.unicode.org/charts/][4].
|
||||
|
||||
This can be a useful trick for entering common symbols like Pi (the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter):
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo $'\u03C0'
|
||||
π
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
There are lots of other symbols and characters, too.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo $'\u270B'
|
||||
✋
|
||||
$ echo $'\u2658'
|
||||
♘
|
||||
$ echo $'\u2B67'
|
||||
⭧
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
There's Braille notation, musical notation, alphabets, electrical symbols, mathematical symbols, emoji, game symbols, and much more. In fact, there are so many available symbols that sometimes you need the `\U` (note the capital letter) Unicode escape sequence to access Unicode in the high ranges. For instance, this 5-of-Hearts playing card only appears with the `\U` escape sequence:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo $'\U1F0B5'
|
||||
🂵
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Have a look around on the Unicode specification to find your niche, and use `\u` and `\U` to access all the special symbols you need.
|
||||
|
||||
### Escape the shell
|
||||
|
||||
There are 18 escape sequences listed in the man page for the Bash shell, and some I find more useful than others. I've covered my favorites in this article, and Don Watkins talked about the metacharacters he uses most often in his article, yet there's still more to be discovered. There are ways to encode ranges of letters and numbers, subshells, mathematical equations, and more. For a good overview of metacharacters available for the shell, download our [metacharacter cheat sheet][5] and keep it handy as you get better at using the most powerful application on your computer: the Linux terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/23/2/escape-sequences-linux-shell
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed/
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/article/22/2/metacharacters-linux
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/printf
|
||||
[3]: https://opensource.com/article/22/7/linux-compose-key-cheat-sheet
|
||||
[4]: https://www.unicode.org/charts/
|
||||
[5]: https://opensource.com/downloads/linux-metacharacters-cheat-sheet
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,369 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Beginner's Guide to R Markdown Syntax [With Cheat Sheet]"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/r-markdown/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Sreenath https://itsfoss.com/author/sreenath/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Beginner's Guide to R Markdown Syntax [With Cheat Sheet]
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
You probably already know about the lightweight Markdown markup language. Refer to our [Markdown guide][1], if you're new to the concept. Overall, it is a simple and effective language for creating plain-text documents.
|
||||
|
||||
However, Markdown may not be enough to make detailed reports or technical documents.
|
||||
|
||||
Hence, **R Markdown** as an **interactive file format** came into existence back in 2014 thanks to packages like [knitr][2] and [Pandoc][3]. It combines plain text with in-line R code, helping you make a dynamic document.
|
||||
|
||||
To create R Markdown documents, you can use [various IDEs][4] and extensions to make it possible. However, the official IDE that helps you do it is **RStudio**. So, in this article, we will focus on **learning R Markdown syntax using RStudio**.
|
||||
|
||||
💡
|
||||
|
||||
If you did not know,
|
||||
|
||||
**R programming language**
|
||||
|
||||
is used for statistical computing, graphics representation, and reporting.
|
||||
|
||||
**Suggested Read 📖**
|
||||
|
||||
How to Install and Use R on UbuntuBrief: This tutorial teaches you to install R on Ubuntu. You’ll also learn how to run your first R program in Ubuntu using various methods. R, together with Python, is the most commonly used programming language for statistical computing and graphics, making it easy to work with data. With![][5]It's FOSSSergiu![][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Setting RStudio
|
||||
|
||||
RStudio makes it easy to work with R Markdown by its setup process. You just need to install a package, and you are done for the most part!
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have RStudio installed, head to the Tools menu and select the _Install Packages_ option.
|
||||
|
||||
![Select Install Packages option under Tools menu in RStudio][7]
|
||||
|
||||
On the new dialog box, search for rmarkdown and install it.
|
||||
|
||||
![Install RMarkdown Package by searching it and pressing install button on the new package install dialog box][8]
|
||||
|
||||
💡
|
||||
|
||||
To use code chunks like python, you need to install additional packages. RStudio will prompt you to install the required packages when you try to include them in your document.
|
||||
|
||||
Once installed, you can start a new rmarkdown document by selecting **File > New > RMarkdown**.
|
||||
|
||||
![Create a new RMarkdown Document from File menu][9]
|
||||
|
||||
This will prompt you to add some information regarding the document (metadata for the file). Fill those up.
|
||||
|
||||
![Provide the title and other details for new document in rmarkdown][10]
|
||||
|
||||
Or you can create an empty document to start fresh.
|
||||
|
||||
### RMarkdown Syntax
|
||||
|
||||
Since it is just "**enhanced Markdown**," most syntax remains the same.
|
||||
|
||||
There would be some differences when you add things not usually supported with Markdown, like **tables, math equations, code chunks, etc.**
|
||||
|
||||
Here's a quick summary of what we will be covering:
|
||||
|
||||
Name of the RMarkdown BlockProper Syntax |
|
||||
| Heading | # Level 1## Level 2### Level 3Level 1=======Level 2------- |
|
||||
| Emphasis | *Italics*_Italics_**Bold**__Bold__ |
|
||||
| List | Unordered List* Item* Item + Sub + SubOrdered List1. Item2. Item + Sub + Sub |
|
||||
| Code Chunk | Normal Code Block```Code Goes Here```R Code Block```{r}R CODE```You can use other languages also.Inline `code` |
|
||||
| Links | Plain Link: Paste the URLLink with Caption: [Text](URL_Address)Link to a section: [Text](#Name-of-section) |
|
||||
| Table | | Column | Column | Column || ------ | ------ | ------ || Item | Item | Item || Item | Item | Item | |
|
||||
| Equations | In line Equations: $Equations$Display Equations: $$Equations$$ |
|
||||
| Images | Without Caption: With Caption :  |
|
||||
| Block Quotes | > Type your Block Quotes |
|
||||
| Misc | Super Script : Text^Superscript^Horizontal rule or Page Break:========= or ----------For Manual Line break, end line with 2+ spaces |
|
||||
|
||||
#### The YAML Header
|
||||
|
||||
At the top of a Rmarkdown document, there is a YAML header enclosed within two `---`. This block usually contains a title, author, date, and the file type you want to output, defining the **final look of the document.**
|
||||
|
||||
The file type is either **HTML, PDF, or Word.**
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
---
|
||||
title: "Sample"
|
||||
author: "It's FOSS"
|
||||
date: "2023-02-08"
|
||||
output: pdf_document
|
||||
---
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This can be added while setting the new document in RStudio, which is shown in the above section.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Heading
|
||||
|
||||
In R Markdown, we can give heading in two different methods. Either we can use the # character for different levels of heading like:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# Heading Level 1
|
||||
## Heading Level 2
|
||||
### Heading Level 3
|
||||
#### Heading Level 4
|
||||
##### Heading Level 5
|
||||
###### Heading Level 6
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Or, `=` and `-` for level 1 and 2 headings, respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Level 1 Heading
|
||||
===============
|
||||
|
||||
Level 2 Heading
|
||||
---------------
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![various types of heading levels in rmarkdown file][11]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Lists
|
||||
|
||||
There are two types of Lists, the first one is an **Unordered list**, or you could call them bullet points:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
* Item 1
|
||||
* Item 2
|
||||
+ Sub 1
|
||||
+ Sub 2
|
||||
* Item 3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
And the second one is the **Ordered list**, which is the numbered type:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
1. Item 1
|
||||
2. Item 2
|
||||
+ Sub 1
|
||||
+ Sub 2
|
||||
3. Item 3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![order and unordered list example][12]
|
||||
|
||||
**Suggested Read 📖**
|
||||
|
||||
Read and Organize Markdown Files in Linux Terminal With GlowGlow is a CLI tool that lets you render Markdown files in the Linux terminal. You can also organize Markdown files with it.![][13]It's FOSSAbhishek Prakash![][14]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Format text within a paragraph
|
||||
|
||||
There are several ways to format text.
|
||||
|
||||
![][15]
|
||||
|
||||
You can add emphasis to the text like italics or bold using:
|
||||
|
||||
- Italics: Place the text in between single asterisks or single underscore
|
||||
- Bold: Place the text in between double asterisks or double underscores.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
*This is Italicized text*
|
||||
_This is Italicized text_
|
||||
|
||||
**This is Bold Text**
|
||||
__This is Bold Text__
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can explore on this using our resource on [how to add bold and italic text in Markdown][16].
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to add superscript to a text, place the text that should be superscript in between `^` symbol.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Normal Text^super_script^
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Or, if you want to add text strike-through, place the text in between two `~~` symbol.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
~Strike Through this~~
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![][17]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Adding Code Chunks
|
||||
|
||||
Embedding code is the primary purpose of R Markdown. It allows us to add codes in several ways.
|
||||
|
||||
**Adding Normal code block.**
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to add a normal code block to separate it from other text, use the syntax below:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```
|
||||
Your Code Goes Here
|
||||
```
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can also try [adding code blocks with syntax highlighting][18].
|
||||
|
||||
You should append the language in curly braces if you want to add code and embed its output to the document:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
```{Language}
|
||||
Your Code Goes Here
|
||||
```
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Or, you can add inline codes by placing the respective text between ` symbols.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
The `code` is a code
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Here's how it should look like:
|
||||
|
||||
![][19]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Links
|
||||
|
||||
To add a link as plain text, just paste the link as it is in a line.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
https://itsfoss.com
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Or, to make a text hyperlink, use the syntax:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[Text](URL Address)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Another way to add a link is, when you want to link to a section of the page. In this case, use the syntax:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[Text](#Name-of-section)
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![][20]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Tables
|
||||
|
||||
The syntax for adding tables is similar to that of markdown.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|Column|Column|Column|
|
||||
| --- | --- | --- |
|
||||
|Item|Item|Item|
|
||||
|Item|Item|Item|
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![][21]
|
||||
|
||||
📋
|
||||
|
||||
Curious to know more? Refer to our guide on
|
||||
|
||||
[creating tables in Markdown][22]
|
||||
|
||||
.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Images
|
||||
|
||||
To add an image, use the syntax:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
OR
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![][23]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Block Quotes
|
||||
|
||||
RMarkdown allows you to add block quotes. To use this, use the **> (greater than)** symbol in front of the line/paragraph you want to quote.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
This is a normal text
|
||||
|
||||
> This is a Block Quote
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![][24]
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to explore more use cases of blockquote, head to our [Markdown quotes][25] guide.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Equations
|
||||
|
||||
Using RMarkdown, you can add either equations or display complex LaTex equations.
|
||||
|
||||
For example:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
In line Pythagorean Theorem: $Equation$
|
||||
|
||||
Display Equation: $$Equation$$
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![adding equations in R Markdown document][26]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Horizontal Rule / Page Break
|
||||
|
||||
Use three or more asterisks or dashes to add a horizontal rule /page break.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
************
|
||||
|
||||
------------
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to add a manual line break, end that line with two or more spaces.
|
||||
|
||||
### Summary
|
||||
|
||||
### R Markdown is Useful (Cheat Sheet)
|
||||
|
||||
Whether you are working with scientific reports or want to create any other type of dynamic document, R Markdown is your best bet to make the most out of Markdown.
|
||||
|
||||
Here's a cheat sheet to help you summarize it all:
|
||||
|
||||
![][27]
|
||||
|
||||
[R Markdown Cheat SheetR Markdown Cheat Sheet.pdf145 KBdownload-circle][28]
|
||||
|
||||
_💬 Did we miss something that you use with R Markdown? Share your thoughts in the comments down below._
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/r-markdown/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sreenath][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/sreenath/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed/
|
||||
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/markdown-guide/
|
||||
[2]: https://www.r-project.org/nosvn/pandoc/knitr.html
|
||||
[3]: https://itsfoss.comknitr, and Pandoc
|
||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/best-modern-open-source-code-editors-for-linux/
|
||||
[5]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png
|
||||
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2019/06/install-r-on-ubuntu.jpg
|
||||
[7]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/select-install-packages.png
|
||||
[8]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/install-rmarkdown-1.png
|
||||
[9]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/new-r-markdown.png
|
||||
[10]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/new-document-in-rmark.png
|
||||
[11]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/Headings.png
|
||||
[12]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/List.png
|
||||
[13]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/12/android-chrome-192x192.png
|
||||
[14]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/wordpress/2022/01/glow-cli-markdown.png
|
||||
[15]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/emphasis.png
|
||||
[16]: https://itsfoss.com/markdown-bold-italic/
|
||||
[17]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/superescript.png
|
||||
[18]: https://itsfoss.com/markdown-code-block/
|
||||
[19]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/code-chunk.png
|
||||
[20]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/links.png
|
||||
[21]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/table.png
|
||||
[22]: https://itsfoss.com/markdown-table/
|
||||
[23]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/images.png
|
||||
[24]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/block-quotes.png
|
||||
[25]: https://itsfoss.com/markdown-quotes/
|
||||
[26]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/equations.png
|
||||
[27]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/R-Markdown-Cheat-Sheet.webp
|
||||
[28]: https://itsfoss.com/content/files/2023/02/R-Markdown-Cheat-Sheet.pdf
|
||||
123
sources/tech/20230217.1 ⭐️ Downgrading a Package via apt-get.md
Normal file
123
sources/tech/20230217.1 ⭐️ Downgrading a Package via apt-get.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Downgrading a Package via apt-get"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://itsfoss.com/downgrade-apt-package/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: " "
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
Downgrading a Package via apt-get
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
In a situation where a recently upgraded software is causing issues?
|
||||
|
||||
While you can always investigate the issue to fix it, at times, going back to the previous working version saves time and effort.
|
||||
|
||||
If the new version introduced a bug, you could do nothing on your end, right?
|
||||
|
||||
The good thing is that you can easily downgrade an apt package in Ubuntu and Debian.
|
||||
|
||||
All you have to do is to use the apt command like this:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt install package_name=package-version-number
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
That seems easy enough but how would you get the exact version number? Which old versions are supported? You can get that detail with:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-cache policy package_name
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Let me explain all this with a real-life example.
|
||||
|
||||
### Downgrading apt package
|
||||
|
||||
Recently, I was updating the Ubuntu server that hosts It's FOSS Community forum.
|
||||
|
||||
I did the usual apt update && apt upgrade and things went bonkers by the time updates were installed.
|
||||
|
||||
Apparently, the latest version of Docker didn't support the aufs storage driver. To reduce the downtime, I opted to downgrade to the previous Docker version.
|
||||
|
||||
Check the currently installed package version
|
||||
|
||||
![Installed Docker version][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Then check for the available versions that could be installed:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-cache policy package_name
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
It may throw a huge list or just a small one:
|
||||
|
||||
![All installable versions of an apt package][2]
|
||||
|
||||
If it shows at least one older version than the current one, you are in luck.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, you may think that the version number of a package would be composed of just the numbers. But that may not always be the case.
|
||||
|
||||
Basically, you copy the entire stuff before 500 (the priority number).
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
brave-browser:
|
||||
Installed: 1.48.158
|
||||
Candidate: 1.48.164
|
||||
Version table:
|
||||
1.48.164 500
|
||||
500 https://brave-browser-apt-release.s3.brave.com stable/main amd64 Packages
|
||||
*** 1.48.158 500
|
||||
500 https://brave-browser-apt-release.s3.brave.com stable/main amd64 Packages
|
||||
100 /var/lib/dpkg/status
|
||||
1.47.186 500
|
||||
500 https://brave-browser-apt-release.s3.brave.com stable/main amd64 Packages
|
||||
1.47.171 500
|
||||
500 https://brave-browser-apt-release.s3.brave.com stable/main amd64 Packages
|
||||
1.46.153 500
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have got the package number, use it to downgrade the installed package like this:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt install package_name=package-version-number
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![Downgrading an installed package via apt-get command][3]
|
||||
|
||||
You'll see a warning about downgrading the package, of course.
|
||||
|
||||
![Downgrading apt package][4]
|
||||
|
||||
But once the process completes, your package would have been downgraded to the given older version.
|
||||
|
||||
### So, hold it, maybe?
|
||||
|
||||
So, you just learned to downgrade apt packages. But if you don't pay attention, the package will be upgraded again with the next system update.
|
||||
|
||||
Don't want that? You can [prevent a package from being updated][5]. Use the apt-mark command like this:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-mark hold package_name
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
I hope this quick tip helps you with downgrading the apt packages when the need arises. Let me know if you have questions or suggestions.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/downgrade-apt-package/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed/
|
||||
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/installed-docker-version.png
|
||||
[2]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/available-docker-versions.png
|
||||
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/downgrading-installed-packages.png
|
||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/content/images/2023/02/downgrading-installed-package.png
|
||||
[5]: https://itsfoss.com/prevent-package-update-ubuntu/
|
||||
@ -1,138 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "“It’s time to contribute to open source”"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://www.opensourceforu.com/2022/06/its-time-to-contributing-to-open-source/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Abbinaya Kuzhanthaivel https://www.opensourceforu.com/author/abbinaya-swath/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "XiaotingHuang22"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
“是时候为开源做贡献了”
|
||||
======
|
||||
Nilesh Vaghela 是 AWS 社区的英雄和一家云计算开源公司ElectroMech Corporation的创始人。据Nilesh说，为开源做出贡献本身就是一种有意义的事。 但是它需要人们的投入和奉献，而这个过程涉及许多步骤，从选择项目到确保您的贡献成果获得关注。在与 OSFY的 Abbinaya Kuzhanthaivel 的对话中，他分享了一些关于开发人员如何帮助改善印度对开源的贡献的技巧。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
![Nilesh Vaghela,
|
||||
AWS 的社区英雄以及ElectroMech公司的创始人][1]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
##### 问：您能告诉我们一下您目前的角色和对开源的贡献吗？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 我目前是一名从事自动化工作的架构师。我领导多个团队，并且主要在开源安全服务平台 Invinsense 上作出贡献。我在 1998 年初创建了开源小组，当时已经有大约 1500 名成员。我现在处理的一个小组 (https://groups.google.com/g/vglug) 自 2014-15 年以来一直非常活跃。
|
||||
|
||||
##### 问：您是如何开始在开源项目中工作的？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 我是一名有着从业资格的机械工程师，当时我在我的公司 ElectroMech Corporation 处理调制解调器和 UPS 系统。我慢慢地陷入了奔波于处理 PC、网络和Linux的困境。1996年，我在核科学中心看到超过 150 台计算机服务器在 Linux 上运行时广受启发，之后便开始进行实验。自此我将我的公司完全转变为专注于培训和支持的开源公司。
|
||||
|
||||
我可以自豪地说，我是最早一批使用开源的人——帮助客户了解什么是开源、它有什么好处、什么是免费的、安全或代码问题等等。我们在巴罗达得到了至少四五个客户的支持，并且最终通过黄页上的广告宣传了自己。我们与 Red Hat 合作并且关系一直持续到现在。
|
||||
|
||||
##### 问：自那以来您认为开源发展如何？
|
||||
|
||||
答：我可以说，早期开源是一种令人着迷的强烈爱好，吸引人们参与其中。当年一些来自西伯利亚的贡献者致力于改善水资源短缺问题，世界各地的用户都说他们的产品有多么简单易用，这给我留下了特别深刻的印象。它更像是一项企业社会责任 (CSR) 活动。委员会由开源人员和专家组成，共同管理和推进项目。人们会不带期望，仅因为对技术的热爱而加入。
|
||||
|
||||
那时我不相信开源可以商业化，但它是当今大多数创新和技术的驱动力，而且越来越多的企业正在采用它。我们期待在贡献和使用开源方面取得很好的平衡，因为我们有个人、社区和大公司参与进来。这才是开源真正的未来和力量。
|
||||
|
||||
##### 问：您可以分享一些自己遇到的困难吗？
|
||||
|
||||
答：最初我是单枪匹马干，但一旦人们知道我的意图是好的，他们就会加入我。我在没有任何期望的情况下创建了很多社区，但确实在声誉或名望方面间接地获得了回报；有人理解我是技术达人，并给了我长期的项目。在早期，人们刚开始加入社区并且不需要付出很多精力就可以做出贡献。因为我的目标不是做生意，因此可以说我没有真正面临什么障碍。
|
||||
|
||||
##### 问：作为社区领袖，您的领导格言和经验教训是什么？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 首先，如果你想建立一个社区，那就保持中立，不要抱有偏见。虽然看起来好像是你作为领导者正在管理一个社区，但请记住，加入社区的人都是平等地做出贡献的。永远不要让成员失去动力。在发表评论和回答问题时要有礼貌。不管是什么问题，如果你不想回答，那就选择沉默。但别让人们停止提问，而是帮助他们建立专业知识。
|
||||
|
||||
第二，不要让社区掺杂商业。不要让社区的目标和你个人企业的目标产生混淆和互相匹配。将它们严格区分开来。
|
||||
|
||||
始终尝试鼓励人们参与，而不是作为专家提供指导。如果你发现人们有兴趣领导项目并采取主动，请给出舞台让他们发挥。邀请他们参与社区活动。这将帮助你培养更多的社区领袖。此外，让您的社区保持简单，不要在初始阶段让赞助商参与进来。
|
||||
|
||||
##### 问：您向谁寻求灵感？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 开源运动之父 Richard Stallman 是我的灵感来源，我一直很钦佩他的项目。
|
||||
|
||||
除了他之外，我还有一个有趣的事要分享，它激励着我从事开源工作。 在我开始从事开源工作的时候，核科学中心的大部分软件都是基于 Windows 操作系统的。然而，许多科学家希望使用基于 Linux 的软件。 在两三个月内，他们实际上创建了 Linux 驱动程序。 这就是让我着迷的地方——用户可以创建这些驱动程序，这在专有软件中是不太可能发生的。我真的很喜欢开源赋权用户这一点。
|
||||
|
||||
##### 问：您对印度开源格局以及改进空间有什么看法？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 印度是最多人使用开源的国家，我们正致力于成为贡献者。有这么多开发者，印度却仍然没有软件巨头。我们拥有的主要是服务提供者，而不是创新者。更多的人应该成为开源的贡献者，去开发具有国际标签的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
为开源做贡献的想法应该从学校和大学抓起。幸运的是，古吉拉特邦政府已经在 8 年级到 10 年级里推出基于 Linux 的课程。教育年轻一代并让他们了解开源模型很重要。
|
||||
|
||||
其次，我们要培养好的导师。 当人们开始贡献时，找到一位在这个项目中工作的开源导师很重要。导师给出了一个小任务，尝试代码然后提交。如果一切顺利，成员的贡献会逐渐增加。不幸的是，在印度导师很少。 我们需要有很多导师，或者可以与世界各地的导师建立联系。
|
||||
|
||||
三是要鼓励那些踊跃贡献的人。让人们发现，一旦你成为了一位广受认可的开发人员或为开源开发做出贡献的人，你在职业发展和业务上也会有所突破。
|
||||
|
||||
通过遵循这些简单的方法，印度可以成为开源的主要贡献者。
|
||||
|
||||
##### 问：您如何看待为开源做出贡献时编程方面的要求？
|
||||
|
||||
**答：** 根据我的经验，如果你知道内部部件，如何开发应用程序，你应该维护什么样的代码标准，以及如何管理团队和其他最佳做法，你可能不必担心编程专业知识。
|
||||
|
||||
在设计、安全维护和整合方面还有其他角色可以担任。看看你合适什么。通过做你喜欢的事情来不断提升加强自己的技能。如果你仍然对编码感兴趣，那么你就在其他开发人员的支持下去学习。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
##### 问：你如何确定一个你想参与的项目？
|
||||
|
||||
答：你需要了解你最感兴趣的几个领域，然后对围绕这些领域发生的项目进行研究。你需要弄清楚哪些领域有招募更多志愿者的需求或职位空缺。 您可以从小处着手练习，然后积累专业知识。
|
||||
|
||||
避免随大流；重要的是你的个人兴趣。例如，因为现在 DevOps （开发运维一体化）的需求量很大，你便可能更倾向于选择 DevOps 项目。不要犯这个错误。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在 Cloud Native Computing Foundation ([CNCF][2])、Apache、Fedora、Red Hat 等平台上找到开源项目。通过这种方式，你还可以找到已经在从事项目并可以给出适当指导的导师。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
##### 问：每个项目有自己的目的和目标受众。有时它们甚至与开源目标不一致。那么，在开始做出贡献之前要核实什么？
|
||||
|
||||
答：我同意当有人开始一个开源项目但随后又将其商业化时，你会感到为开源作出贡献也变得颇有难度。 但这样的风险总是会有的，不应让你对此感到挫败。
|
||||
|
||||
首先试着去了解小组——小组中的贡献者有多受欢迎，他们贡献了多长时间，以及他们的声誉如何。 一旦你加入，观察每一个人和每一件事是关键。尝试至少学习三到六个月，并了解一切是如何运作的。如果你发现他们的意图不对，你可以随时离开这个项目。但如果你觉得没问题，那就继续做贡献吧。
|
||||
|
||||
![ElectroMech公司的团队][3]
|
||||
|
||||
你可以看看他们是否有某些许可证，例如 GPL 版本 3。你还可以查看未修改的许可证版本，例如 Apache 开源许可证。
|
||||
|
||||
##### 问： 你觉得大公司会接受应届生投稿吗？
|
||||
|
||||
答：是的，当然。公司也喜欢指导新人。他们通常不允许你直接贡献，但可能先会给你一个小任务。导师会首先尝试了解你拥有什么技能以及你的能力如何。一旦他们认可你具备所需的技能，他们将继续指导你或根据你的技能将你分配给其他导师。初始阶段非常关键。很多公司都会做一些筛选，只有在你证明了自己的能力之后，你才会被允许做出贡献。
|
||||
|
||||
##### 问：贡献者在接手项目时必须克服的最初挑战是什么？
|
||||
|
||||
A. 首先，你应该非常认真地对待你的贡献。 没有书面承诺，贡献者可能倾向于对工作掉以轻心。这种想法是完全错误的。尝试每天投入 8-10 小时或任何可行的时间。如果你因为觉得没有立竿见影的回报而不愿投入其中，那么你就不是一个好的贡献者。
|
||||
在最初阶段始终严格遵守导师的指导。这对于健康的贡献非常重要。有时你可能会认为自己擅长某事，而你的导师可能不会根据该技能给你分配项目。在这种情况下只需找你的导师，问他你应该做什么你的角色是什么，以及你可以如何贡献。
|
||||
|
||||
##### 问：许多开发人员在提交项目贡献后没有得到回复。如何让自己提交的东西被人注意到呢？
|
||||
|
||||
答：写一篇关于你计划作出贡献的项目的小博客，包括你喜欢的方面，你不喜欢的地方，以及可以改进的地方。这种积极的推广方式可以帮到你很多。
|
||||
|
||||
成为小组的一员并参与与该项目相关的活动。作为贡献的替代，首先尝试参与到团队中去，这将增加你被采纳为贡献者的机会。
|
||||
|
||||
一旦您对项目有了更好的了解，您的工作不仅会被接受，而且您将能够更好地适应该项目。
|
||||
|
||||
##### 问：你如何克服你的贡献不被接受的情况？
|
||||
|
||||
答：就是理解发生这种情况的原因有很多——也许你没有在合适的项目中，或者你没有做出正确的贡献。如果项目是国家驱动的，您的请求可能不会被接受。因此，如前所述，请记得列个清单。如果您的贡献没有被接受，请不要担心，因为要么你不适合该项目，要么该项目不适合你。
|
||||
|
||||
我会建议尝试找四到五个项目，并且至少有一个项目会接受你所做的工作。
|
||||
|
||||
##### 问：您对我们的读者有何想说的？
|
||||
|
||||
答：开源是当今大多数创新背后的驱动力。让我们根据自己的能力和技能试着做出贡献，而不是仅仅使用开源。贡献可以是代码、文档、测试、博客、金钱等。是时候做出贡献了。
|
||||
|
||||
##### 问：ElectroMech 公司有招人的计划吗？
|
||||
|
||||
我们在云 DevOps（开发运维一体化）方面有需求，正在招聘云架构师、Python 开发人员、Linux 架构师和安全专业人员。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.opensourceforu.com/2022/06/its-time-to-contributing-to-open-source/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abbinaya Kuzhanthaivel][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[XiaotingHuang22](https://github.com/XiaotingHuang22)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.opensourceforu.com/author/abbinaya-swath/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
|
||||
[1]: https://www.opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Nilesh-Vaghela-AWS-community-hero-and-founder-ElectroMech-Corporation.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwib2vvv3dv3AhVa7XMBHfZSCsIQFnoECAgQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cncf.io%2F&usg=AOvVaw2LnRyH4SZPDHntRLJU_b3q
|
||||
[3]: https://www.opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/The-team-at-ElectroMech-Corporation.jpg
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "A brief history of LibreOffice"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/23/2/libreoffice-history"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Italo Vignoli https://opensource.com/users/italovignoli"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "onionstalgia"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
LibreOffice 简史
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
在 2009 年初，OpenOffice.org 还是微软 Office 在个人办公生产力套件市场的主要竞争对手。这个流行的开源办公套件的社区，期待着 11 月在意大利奥尔维耶托举行的研讨会。事情进展顺利，未来看起来很光明。
|
||||
|
||||
可这之后，同年 4 月，<ruby>甲骨文公司<rt>Oracle</rt></ruby>宣布了对<ruby>太阳计算机系统公司<rt>Sun Microsystems</rt></ruby>的收购计划。
|
||||
|
||||
就个人而言，我觉得这对 OpenOffice.org 来说是个坏消息。甲骨文对开源套件没有兴趣，我料想它会放弃这个项目。当然，我更希望在研讨会上被证明是我想错了。但到最后，甲骨文只派了一名代表来到奥尔维耶托，乏善可陈，含糊其辞地谈论了盈利和品牌重塑。我和其他社区成员们都觉得，最担心的事情成真了。
|
||||
|
||||
那一年，社区成员从奥尔维耶托返程之后决定采取行动。是时候兑现 OpenOffice.org 项目的承诺了。我们决心创建一个独立的基金会来管理项目的资产，在社区的保护下促进套件的开发。OpenOffice.org 将不再隶属于哪一家公司，而是属于它的用户和个人贡献者们。
|
||||
|
||||
### 建立基金会
|
||||
|
||||
当时，OpenOffice.org 项目覆盖各个大洲，在语言社区帮助下进行本地化和推广，其中最主要的四个依次是：
|
||||
|
||||
- 德国：软件是诞生于德国的，而且 StarDivision 的总部也在汉堡，因此开发者群体和德语支持者之间沟通顺畅。
|
||||
|
||||
- 法国：政府支持开源软件。
|
||||
- 意大利：我所在的小组。
|
||||
- 巴西
|
||||
|
||||
2010 年初，在法国和德国语言社区的倡议下，最活跃的志愿者——连同一些独立开发者和 SUSE 的开发者们——着手建立了一个分支项目，旨在作为一个额外的选择，让全球社区和投资 OpenOffice.org 的企业能够同时参与进来。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我在国际商业咨询机构已有超过 30 年的工作经验了。在这个项目中负责市场营销和战略沟通。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
随后的几个月里，活动越发忙碌。由于从 Star Division（负责 OpenOffice.org 的部门）传来的消息越来越负面，每周都得召开一次电话会议。
|
||||
|
||||
即使 OpenOffice.org 的解散似乎迫在眉睫，我们还是通过发布文章征稿的方式，确认了位于布达佩斯的研讨会仍将举办。当然，分支项目的成员在做的也和往年别无二致。他们提交了演讲提案并制定了旅行计划。
|
||||
|
||||
### 一个安全的文件存放处
|
||||
|
||||
夏初，分支项目几乎要完成了。我们的小组在布达佩斯开会评估 OpenOffice.org 方面的境况，并召开了第一次面对面的组织会议。
|
||||
|
||||
布达佩斯的研讨会进行得很顺利，为期三天日程中举行了会议、主题演讲和技术研讨。一切似乎还算平常。
|
||||
|
||||
可其实并不平常。
|
||||
|
||||
当几位领头人没去参加会议的主要社交活动——多瑙河上过夜巡游的时候，一些与会者开始有些疑虑了。其实我们没参加这次活动，是因为我们在餐厅开会敲定新基金会的最终细节，有太多事情要确保万无一失。我们必须定下公告日期，并且，为了协调基金会落地的各项任务，需要确定指导委员会的人员组成。
|
||||
|
||||
### LibreOffice
|
||||
|
||||
这次会议和 LibreOffice 发布之间间隔三周，我们紧锣密鼓地准备。我拟好了发布策略和新闻稿，开发者们为软件做准备。应用的名字甚至是在发布的前几天的一次电话会议上敲定的，那时我在格罗塞托，正在参加意大利开源软件社区会议。
|
||||
|
||||
2010 年 9 月 28 日，我把宣布「<ruby>文档基金会<rt>The Document Foundation</rt></ruby>」和 LibreOffice 的新闻稿分发到一个包含全球约 250 名记者的发信列表中，这列表可是我根据供职过的公共关系机构的来信，花了很大力气整理的。
|
||||
|
||||
发布文档是这样的：
|
||||
|
||||
> 开发和推广 OpenOffice.org 的志愿者社区宣布将成立一个独立的基金会，推动项目的进一步发展。基金会将成为一个新的生态系统的基石，在这里，个人和组织都可以为一个真正免费的办公套件做出贡献，并从中受益。从用户的利益出发，这将带来更多的竞争和选择，并推动办公套件市场的创新。从现在开始，OpenOffice.org 社区将被称为「<ruby>文档基金会<rt>The Document Foundation</rt></ruby>」。
|
||||
>
|
||||
|
||||
我们邀请过 Oracle 成为基金会的成员并捐赠社区在过去十年中发展起来的品牌。而在他们做出决定之前，我们选择了 LibreOffice 作为即将到来的软件的品牌。
|
||||
|
||||
媒体界对公告的反应非常积极。但另一方面，企业和分析师则倾向于对由社区管理的办公套件表示质疑，这是他们从未完全理解的实体，因为这个组织很扁平、任人唯贤。
|
||||
|
||||
公告发布后的两周内，就有 80 位新开发者加入这个项目，推翻了那些认为"仅凭 SUSE 和 Red Hat 的开发者来启动分支项目并不现实"的预测。不出所料，大多数语言社区都转向了 LibreOffice。
|
||||
|
||||
LibreOffice 是基于 OpenOffice.org 的源代码构建的。但新的功能被集成在 <ruby>Go-OO<rt>Go-Open Office</rt></ruby> 的源代码中，而不是在 OpenOffice.org 上了。
|
||||
|
||||
出于这个原因，LibreOffice 的第一个版本（于 2011 年 1 月 25 日发布）为 3.3，以保持与 OpenOffice.org 的一致性。我们认为这对于从第一个版本迁移到新套件的用户很有帮助。由于还有必须解决的明显技术欠缺，软件目前仍不成熟，这导致的问题和不稳定预计将很大程度上通过 3.x 和 4.x 版本的代码清理和重构得到纠正。到 5.x 和 6.x 版本，我们认为源代码将是稳定的，并有条件改进用户界面以及开发移动和云版本。
|
||||
|
||||
2011 年春天，甲骨文将 OpenOffice.org 源代码转移到 Apache 软件基金会。项目仅持续了三年，上一个新版本已经是将近十年前的事了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 未来是开放的
|
||||
|
||||
文档基金会的组建过程于 2012 年初结束，并于 2012 年 2 月 17 日在柏林有关部门完成注册。因为创始人希望该项目的志愿者成员们也可以根据贡献成为基金会成员，这让注册过程十分漫长。德国的法规并未考虑到基金会的这一细节，因此需要对法规进行多次修订才能满足现有状况。
|
||||
|
||||
基金会成立之初的前两项活动都是委员会成员的选举。这是从单纯的志愿者过渡到基于贡献的文档基金会成员所必经的规程。委员五人，副委员三人。最后，负责在行政和战略方面领导基金会的董事会，由七名成员和三名副手组成。
|
||||
|
||||
2012 年底，基金会聘请了第一位雇员，Florian Effenberger，在后来他被提升为执行董事。今天，这个团队有十几个成员，他们负责日常活动，例如协调项目、行政管理、网络基础设施管理、软件发布、指导新的开发人员、协调质量保证、用户界面的演进、以及营销和沟通。
|
||||
|
||||
目前，基金会正在寻找开发人员满足企业客户需求，例如 RTL 语言管理和辅助功能。这些功能不是由那些，能提供功能开发服务、3 级支持和针对企业需求优化的软件长期支持版本，的 LibreOffice 生态系统中的公司开发的。
|
||||
|
||||
在 LibreOffice 和文档基金会宣布成立超过 12 年后，我们可以说，我们已经实现了开发独立的「<ruby>自由和开源软件<rt>FOSS</rt></ruby>」的项目目标。我们的项目基于一个由个人志愿者和公司量力而行做出贡献的扩展社区。参与者们帮助创建了无与伦比的免费办公套件，并通过采用和发展现有市场上唯一真正的<ruby>标准办公文档格式<rt>ODF</rt></ruby>来支持开放标准。同时，套件也确保了与专有的 OOXML 格式的出色兼容性。
|
||||
|
||||
这种模式的可持续性是一个日常问题。身处于与大型科技公司的激烈竞争下，我们一直在尝试，试图在“希望一切都免费”，和“希望每个用户都能力所能及做出贡献”之间达成一种平衡。不过无论如何，LibreOffice 都会是开源的办公套件，这提供了竞争之上的额外价值。
|
||||
|
||||
尝试LibreOffice，捐赠，不论是工作还是业余，支持它，向你的朋友介绍它。LibreOffice 是一个开源的办公解决方案，它确保你总是能够访问你的数据，并掌控你的创造力。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/23/2/libreoffice-history
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Italo Vignoli][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[onionstalgia](https://github.com/onionstalgia)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/italovignoli
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Easily Connect your iPhone with Linux as KDE Connect Arrives on the App Store"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://news.itsfoss.com/kde-connect-ios/"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Ankush Das https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "XiaotingHuang22"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
KDE Connect 登陆 App Store，轻松将你的 iPhone 与 Linux 连接起来
|
||||
======
|
||||
这是一个令人印象深刻的开源客户端，能帮你将手机与电脑连接起来，现在可用于 iPhone 和 iPad。快来试试看！
|
||||
|
||||
![kde connect][1]
|
||||
|
||||
KDE Connect 是一种开源工具，可让您将手机与电脑连接起来。
|
||||
|
||||
最初，KDE Connect 支持 Android 设备与 Linux 连接。 他们逐渐增加了对 Windows 的支持。
|
||||
|
||||
现在似乎可以使用 KDE Connect 让你的 iOS 设备（iPhone 或 iPad）连接到你的 Windows/Linux 计算机。
|
||||
|
||||
需要注意的是macOS 也在支持的平台列表中。 但是，它仍然是 macOS 的早期发布版本。 因此它可能不如在其他平台上那么好用。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### App Store 上的 KDE Connect
|
||||
|
||||
![][2]
|
||||
|
||||
我们没有注意到任何官方公告。 然而，一些用户发现 KDE Connect 在 [版本 0.2.1][4] 发布后立即在 [适用于 iOS 用户的 App Store][3] 上。
|
||||
|
||||
App Store 列出了所有基本功能，包括：
|
||||
|
||||
* 共享剪贴板：在设备之间复制/粘贴。
|
||||
* 能够从所有应用程序中将文件和 URL 共享到你的计算机。
|
||||
* 将手机屏幕用作计算机的触摸板（可视触摸板）。
|
||||
* 远程演示远程模式。
|
||||
* 通过手机在计算机上运行命令
|
||||
* 端到端 TLS 加密以确保安全。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然 KDE Connect依然是一个开源应用程序，但为符合 App Store 指南，我们发现 KDE Connect 的应用程序许可与 [OMGUbuntu][5] 有所不同。
|
||||
|
||||
同时值得注意的是，这里列出的功能可能与 Android 版本不同，但至少我们终于为 iOS 用户提供了 KDE Connect，使其成为连接手机和计算机的真正开源跨平台解决方案。
|
||||
|
||||
我可以放心将 KDE Connect 推荐给任何想通过手机来对电脑进行操作的人。
|
||||
|
||||
点击下方的按钮即可前往应用程序商店开始安装。 你还可以在其 [官方下载页面][6] 上找到针对不同支持平台的各种其他安装选项。
|
||||
|
||||
你试过 iOS 上的 KDE Connect 了吗？ 在评论区中让我知道你的想法。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.itsfoss.com/kde-connect-ios/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[XiaotingHuang22](https://github.com/XiaotingHuang22)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://news.itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
|
||||
[1]: https://news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/kde-connect-on-iphone-ipad.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://news.itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/kde-connect-ios.jpg
|
||||
[3]: https://apps.apple.com/id/app/kde-connect/id1580245991
|
||||
[4]: https://invent.kde.org/network/kdeconnect-ios/-/commit/43d2ecbbb7e4e70274849f5ec987721318eb9f57
|
||||
[5]: https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2022/05/kde-connect-iphone-app-available
|
||||
[6]: https://kdeconnect.kde.org/download.html
|
||||
@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: subject: "Merge design and code with Penpot"
|
||||
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/23/1/merge-design-code-penpot"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth"
|
||||
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
|
||||
[#]: translator: "geekpi"
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: " "
|
||||
[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
|
||||
|
||||
用 Penpot 合并设计和代码
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
在计算机编程的大部分历史中，在创建应用的代码的程序员和创建应用的用户体验（UX）的设计师之间一直存在着差距。这两个学科接受的培训大不相同，他们使用的工具也不同。程序员使用文本编辑器或集成开发环境来编写代码，而设计师则经常绘制小部件布局和潜在交互的概念。虽然一些 IDE，像 [Eclipse][1] 和 [Netbeans][2]，有界面设计组件，但它们通常专注于小部件的位置而不是小部件的设计。开源设计应用 [Penpot][3] 是一个协作式设计和原型设计平台。它有一套新的功能，使设计师和开发者可以很容易地用熟悉的工作流程一起工作。Penpot 的设计界面可以让开发者在设计过程中和谐地编写代码，这是其他工具所无法做到的。自从 Opensource.com [最后一次关注它][4]以来，它已经有了长足的进步。它的最新功能不仅改善了你使用 Penpot 的体验，还推动了开源的 Penpot 应用超越类似的专有工具。
|
||||
|
||||
### 用 Penpot 做原型
|
||||
|
||||
试图设计一个应用如何最好地工作的常见问题之一是，在设计的时候，这个应用还不存在。设计师可以通过视觉化和故事板来帮助设计团队和程序员了解目标是什么。但这是一个需要迭代和反馈的过程，因为开发人员开始实施 UX 概念，并且设计会发生变化以对代码的现实做出反应。
|
||||
|
||||
使用 Penpot，你可以为你的网络或移动应用创建一个“可用”原型。你可以将按钮与特定的行动联系起来，根据用户的输入触发布局的变化。而这一切都可以在项目的代码存在之前完成。
|
||||
|
||||
这方面最重要的不是做一个模拟的能力，但是。在 Penpot 中为应用的设计所做的一切都有可用的布局数据，开发人员可以在最终的项目中使用。Penpot 不仅仅是一个伟大的绘图和布局工具。它为编码过程提供信息。
|
||||
|
||||
Penpot 不是仅仅提供一个设计师特定元素的视觉列表，如属性、颜色和排版，而是现在将代码输出直接整合到设计工作区（就像 Web 浏览器中的开发者工具）。设计师和开发人员共享设计和前端开发的相同空间，以他们需要的任何格式获得规范。
|
||||
|
||||
![Image of the current Penpot interface][5]
|
||||
|
||||
### 内存解锁
|
||||
|
||||
许多在线设计工具使用专有技术来提供一些花哨的功能，但代价是基本上成为一个应用，你不能运行，而只能通过浏览器访问。虽然 Penpot 使用开放的网络标准，并由你的 Web
|
||||
浏览器渲染。这意味着 Penpot 可以访问 Web 浏览器的最大可用内存，这使得 Penpot 成为第一个具有设计扩展性的在线原型和布局应用。你可以提供更多的选项，更多的模型，和更多的投稿。此外，你可以向更多的并发合作者开放你的设计空间，而不必担心应用的内存耗尽。
|
||||
|
||||
### 自我托管和 SaaS
|
||||
|
||||
Penpot 是开源的，所以你不必在云上使用它，如果这不适合你的工作流程。你可以在一个容器中轻松地自我托管 Penpot，在你自己的工作站上作为一个本地应用使用，或者在你自己的服务器上为你的组织托管它。
|
||||
|
||||
### 开源设计
|
||||
|
||||
我以前写过一篇 [Penpot 的介绍性文章][6]，自那以后，这个应用变得更好了。如果你想把程序员和相关人员带入你的设计过程中，那么请试试 Penpot。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/23/1/merge-design-code-penpot
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lkxed][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/article/20/12/eclipse
|
||||
[2]: https://opensource.com/article/20/12/netbeans
|
||||
[3]: http://penpot.app
|
||||
[4]: https://opensource.com/article/21/9/open-source-design
|
||||
[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/2022-07/Current%20Penpot%20interface.png
|
||||
[6]: https://opensource.com/article/21/12/open-source-design-penpot
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user