mirror of
https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git
synced 2025-02-28 01:01:09 +08:00
Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
This commit is contained in:
crowner
commit
c412f1f5bd
@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
|
||||
Debian 7.2 "Wheezy"正式发布
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
==========================
|
||||
|
||||
**Debian项目宣布即将推出可供下载的第二个维护版本的Debian 7 Linux操作系统。**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Debian 7.2仅仅是一个维护更新版本，但是它确实进行了一系列的升级并且为当前稳定版本进行了一些修正，也为其更新了许多包。
|
||||
|
||||
“请注意这次更新并不是使用了一个新的Debian 7，而仅仅是更新了其中的一些包。因此没有必要将以前废旧的Wheezy CD或DVD丢掉，只需要在安装系统完成后，通过最新的Debian镜像更新一些过期的包即可。”官方公告这么说。
|
||||
“请注意这次更新并不是构建了一个新的Debian 7，而仅仅是更新了其中的一些包。因此没有必要将以前废旧的Wheezy CD或DVD丢掉，只需要在安装系统完成后，通过最新的Debian镜像更新一些过期的包即可。”官方公告这么说。
|
||||
|
||||
这意味着已经安装有Debian 7.0或7.1的用户不用再重新安装系统。他们只需完成定期的升级即可，这样只需要从security.debian.org下载很少部分包。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -21,9 +22,10 @@ Debian 7.2仅仅是一个维护更新版本，但是它确实进行了一系列
|
||||
|
||||
来自: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Debian-7-2-quot-Wheezy-quot-Officially-Released-390694.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[SCUSJS](https://github.com/scusjs) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[SCUSJS](https://github.com/scusjs) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.debian.org/News/2013/20131012
|
||||
[2]:http://cdimage.debian.org/debian-cd/7.1.0/i386/iso-dvd/debian-7.1.0-i386-DVD-1.iso
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
|
||||
Debian OpenSSL Bug - 后门还是安全事故?
|
||||
======================================================
|
||||
|
||||
之前，Ed 写了篇文章[《软件透明度》][1]，主旨是如果软件开发的过程是透明的，那么软件对恶意的后门（以及无心的安全漏洞）就更具抵抗性。
|
||||
|
||||
软件透明的因素包括公开源代码，可以阅读源代码或为一个项目反馈的问题做出贡献，以及参与内部开发讨论。他提到一种情况，在这儿我想详细讨论一下：在2008年，Debian项目（一个用于web服务器的很流行的linux发行版），[宣称][2]Debian中[OpenSSL][3]的伪随机数生成器遭到破解，已经不安全了。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，了解一些背景信息：伪随机数生成器（PRNG）就是一个程序，假定代号为F。给定一个随机种子s，则会得到一个看起来随机的长的二进制序列F(s)。如果我和你都使用同样的种子s，两个人会得到同样的二进制序列。但是如果我随机选择一个s，也不告诉你s是什么，你根本不能够推测F(s)的结果，如你所期望的，F(s)就是随机的。OpenSSL中的PRNG试图从系统中抓取不可预测的信息（称之为"熵"）,比如当前进程ID，或者很有可能是不同的内存内容（比如，由其它一些进程控制或可能控制的未初始化的内存）等等。把这些东西转换成种子s，就会得到随机比特流F(s)。
|
||||
|
||||
2006年，为了解决一个用于查找软件内存存取bug的[工具][5]的[警告问题][4]，一名Debian维护者[决定注释掉][6]OpenSSL PRNG里的[两行代码][7]。但是这两行代码非常重要，它们负责抓取几乎所有的不可预测的熵，以作为OpenSSL PRNG的种子。没有这些代码，PRNG只有总共32,767个选择可作为种子s，因而也只有这么多的F(s)供选择。
|
||||
|
||||
这样一来，很多依赖于OpenSSL随机数生成器的程序，其实并没有它们以为的那么多的随机选择。比如，一个这样的程序要为SSL（安全网络浏览）和SSH（安全远程登录）生成秘钥。严格来说，这些秘钥必须是随机的：如果你可以猜到我的秘钥，你就可以破解我使用该秘钥保护的任何东西。这意味着你有能力读取加密的通讯信息，[登录到远程服务器][8]，或者[伪造看起来似乎是真实的信息][9]。这个漏洞是2006年第一次引入，而且[进入到Ubuntu中][10](另一个流行的linux发行版，广泛应用于网络服务器)。漏洞影响到数以千计的服务器而且[存在了很长一段时间][11]，因为只是给受影响的服务器打补丁还不足以解决问题，必须替换掉任何在漏洞存在情况下生成的秘钥。
|
||||
|
||||
顺便说一句，为伪随机数生成器寻找熵是个[著名][12]的[难题][13]。事实上，在今天来看要解决这个问题依然是个[巨大的挑战][14]。随机错误难以检测，因为当你盯着输出看时，每次运行程序结果都不一样，就像随机的一样。弱随机性很难发现，但是它可以使（貌似）安全的加密系统失效。不过，Debian中的那个漏洞很醒目，被发现后[在安全社区][15][引起了很多嘲笑][16]。
|
||||
|
||||
于是有人问，这是个故意设置的后门吗？似乎不大可能。做出这个更改的代码维护者 [Kurt Roeckx][17]，后来成为[Debian项目的主管][18]。这意味着他是个可靠的家伙，不是为了插入漏洞而由NSA伪造出来的身份。想进入Debian项目组的核心，需要做出巨大的努力，那真是出了名的难进。这样看来，错误根本不是有意为之，而是[一系列失误][19]导致的，而且后果严重。
|
||||
|
||||
漏洞确实是在一个透明的环境下发生的。所做的任何一件事都是公开的。但是漏洞还是引入了，而且长时间未被注意到。部分原因在于，透明引起了很多混乱，导致本应发现这个显而易见的漏洞的人们也都没太在意。
|
||||
另外，也因为漏洞本身太过微妙，一个随意的观察者很难发现修改带来的影响。
|
||||
|
||||
这是否意味着软件透明没什么帮助？ 我可不这么认为。许多人都赞同透明软件要比不透明软件更安全。但是这也并不表示漏洞不会产生，或者认为有其他人都看着呢而我们自己就可以掉以轻心。
|
||||
|
||||
至少，多年以后，透明可以让我们回顾，究竟是什么导致了某个漏洞--本文例子中，就是工程上的纰漏，而非人为破坏。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/kroll/software-transparency-debian-openssl-bug/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[l3b2w1](https://github.com/l3b2w1) 校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/felten/software-transparency/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.debian.org/security/2008/dsa-1571
|
||||
[3]:https://www.openssl.org/
|
||||
[4]:http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=363516
|
||||
[5]:http://valgrind.org/
|
||||
[6]:http://marc.info/?l=openssl-dev&m=114651085826293&w=2
|
||||
[7]:http://svn.debian.org/viewsvn/pkg-openssl/openssl/trunk/rand/md_rand.c?rev=141&view=diff&r1=141&r2=140&p1=openssl/trunk/rand/md_rand.c&p2=/openssl/trunk/rand/md_rand.c
|
||||
[8]:http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/5622/
|
||||
[9]:http://plog.sesse.net/blog/tech/2008-05-14-17-21_some_maths.html
|
||||
[10]:http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/usn-612-1/
|
||||
[11]:http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~hovav/dist/debiankey.pdf
|
||||
[12]:http://xkcd.com/221/
|
||||
[13]:http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/2001-10-25/
|
||||
[14]:https://factorable.net/weakkeys12.extended.pdf
|
||||
[15]:http://www.links.org/?p=327
|
||||
[16]:http://www.xkcd.com/424/
|
||||
[17]:http://www.roeckx.be/journal/
|
||||
[18]:http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2009/02/msg00009.html
|
||||
[19]:http://research.swtch.com/openssl
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
|
||||
更新了有趣细节的 Unity 8
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
===================
|
||||
|
||||
作为下一代 Unity 的 [Unity 8][1]，其目标是在发展理念上与 Ubuntu 设备桌面系统趋于一致。Unity 8 旨在手机、平板，及电脑设备上展现其独到的审美、强大的功能和专业的设计。
|
||||
|
||||
Unity 8 已经更新了又一个重要的 release 版本，在这一新版本中，Unity的基本元素经过优化处理后，显得更加清新和自然了。
|
||||
@ -8,11 +9,11 @@ Unity 8 已经更新了又一个重要的 release 版本，在这一新版本中
|
||||
|
||||
最新版本的 Unity 8 在 Music 域中为 **coverflow** 效果增加了不少细节，使用巧妙精致的形状渲染音乐的封面（音乐曲目的大号缩略图）。
|
||||
|
||||
打开 Music 域，映入眼帘的是循环铺展着的封面，通过使用新的外观（增加了宽度并且减少了高度），使得封面看起来更接近于方形。这样修改的效果是，封面显得更加精致典雅，散发出了一种风格和品质。此外，封面与 `Albums` 的缩略图（例如）看起来更加一致（具有一样的外观和感觉）。
|
||||
打开 Music 域，映入眼帘的是循环铺展着的唱片封面，通过使用新的外观（增加了宽度并且减少了高度），使得封面看起来更接近于方形。这样修改的效果是，封面显得更加精致典雅，散发出了一种风格和品质。此外，封面的风格看起来更加一致，例如与相簿的缩略图具有一样的外观和感觉。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Unity 8 自带了多个搜索框，搜索框支持显示 **动态提示符** 。当您在搜索框中输入一个单词时，您可以看到一个色泽鲜艳的圆圈在不停旋转，这代表正在搜索中。
|
||||
Unity 8 自带了多个搜索框，搜索框支持显示 **动态指示** 。当您在搜索框中输入一个单词时，您可以看到一个色泽鲜艳的圆圈在不停旋转，这代表正在搜索中。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -22,9 +23,10 @@ Unity 8 自带了多个搜索框，搜索框支持显示 **动态提示符** 。
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://iloveubuntu.net/unity-8-updated-interesting-refinements
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[will.qian](https://github.com/willqian) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[will.qian](https://github.com/willqian) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://launchpad.net/unity8
|
||||
[2]:apt://unity8
|
||||
127
sources/10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md
Normal file
127
sources/10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
|
||||
10 Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu 13.10
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Ubuntu 13.10 is out, you’ve upgraded, and you’re wondering what to do now. Don’t fret – here are 10 things to do after installing Ubuntu 13.10.**
|
||||
|
||||
We put together a post-install checklist for every release of Ubuntu, but as new features arrive and improvements are made, the steps we suggest change and alter.
|
||||
|
||||
So what are the best things to do after upgrading to Ubuntu 13.10?
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Get Up To Speed ###
|
||||
|
||||
While Ubuntu 13.10 packs in fewer user-facing features than previous releases the effect of the new Smart Scopes Service is hard to miss.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Enable Additional Drivers ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu supports a vast array of hardware right out of the box. But while the free, open-source drivers that make this possible are increasingly capable you may find that performance less that ideal for playing games on Steam or streaming HD video.
|
||||
|
||||
If so you may want to **install and enable any proprietary drivers** listed in the Software & Updates tool.
|
||||
|
||||
Open the Software Sources app via the Dash (or through System Settings) then click through to the ’Additional Drivers’ tab and follow the on-screen prompts.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Install Media Codecs in Ubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Due to a big tangle of legal issues Ubuntu is unable to play many popular audio and video formats ‘out of the box’. It’s an inconvenience born of necessity.
|
||||
|
||||
But installing what’s needed is only a couple of clicks away. During installation you can tick the ’*Enable Restricted Formats*’ box to have the required codecs pulled in, or – if you forgot to do that – you can install everything needed to get media working from the Ubuntu Software Centre.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Install Third-Party Codecs][1]
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Set Up Your Social Life ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Facebook, Twitter, Google Talk, Gmail and a heap more social accounts can be set up in one go using the *Online Accounts* hub.
|
||||
|
||||
Just add an network then **decide which applications can use it**. For example, stop Empathy firing up Google Chat by default, and filter our Facebook from the Social Lens.
|
||||
|
||||
Services supported include Twitter, Google, Yahoo!, Facebook (including Facebook Chat), Flickr, and a growing number of others.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Add Additional Apps ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu offers a lot of neat apps by default but one size doesn’t fit all. If you don’t like a certain app, or find yourself missing something else, you can easily add more software.
|
||||
|
||||
Fire up the Ubuntu Software Centre to browse thousands of free applications, including popular choices like:
|
||||
|
||||
- **Dropbox** - Popular, cross-platform cloud storage service
|
||||
- **Steam** – Game distribution platform
|
||||
- **GIMP** – Advanced image editor
|
||||
- **VLC** – Popular media player
|
||||
|
||||
You’ll also find a wealth of additional software listed on sites like ours – check out our Apps tag for some ideas.
|
||||
|
||||
- [View App Posts on OMG! Ubuntu!][2]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Protect Your Privacy ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Privacy is a hot-potato these days, so it’s great to see that the latest release of Ubuntu improves its Privacy offerings with a new look and a handful of extra options.
|
||||
|
||||
Whether you want to hide a folder or app from appearing in the Dash, restrict access to your computer after waking up, or choose what data about system crashes is sent back to Canonical, the Privacy & Security pane is where you’ll find all the tools you need.
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Embrace The Web ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Canonical are enticing web devs with word that websites can be easily packaged, integrated and made available for install on Ubuntu Touch.
|
||||
|
||||
The genesis of this approach has been included on desktop Ubuntu for a few releases. Over 30 popular websites – including Gmail, Yahoo! & Rd.io - can seamlessly integrate with parts of the desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, add GMail and you get fancy Gmail options in the Launcher and Messaging Menu; enable Rd.io and you’ll be able to control playback using the Sound Menu.
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Make Unity Yours ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Unity is more customisable than people think. *Unity Tweak Tool* is a third-party app that lets you adjust the Unity desktop experience to suit you.
|
||||
|
||||
Options include:
|
||||
|
||||
- Adjust launcher transparency
|
||||
- Set launcher icon animations
|
||||
- Enable workspaces
|
||||
- Configure shortcuts
|
||||
- Move window controls
|
||||
|
||||
And no, before you wonder, it won’t let you move the launcher.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Install Unity Tweak Tool from Ubuntu Software Centre][3]
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Filter The Noise ###
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu’s new ‘Smart Scopes’ service promises to be a handy tool, but at present it’s just not as smart as it claims.
|
||||
|
||||
The good news is that feature can be switched off with a click, so there’s no need to avoid using Ubuntu altogether.
|
||||
|
||||
If you find yourself facing a wall of obscure music results or obtuse shopping suggestions every time you search for something unrelated you can disable each offending scope individually.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you find yourself flooded with irrelevant music results for every search disable the music scopes. Don’t want Amazon suggestions? Switch Amazon off.
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Spread The Word about Ubuntu 13.10 ###
|
||||
|
||||
This item on our to-do list is cringe-worthy, I know. But the only way people are going to try out Ubuntu 13.10 is if they know about it – so do your bit and share news of it.
|
||||
|
||||
Whether you just post this post to Facebook, or make a LiveUSB for your OS X-loving partner, you’ll be helping raise awareness of Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
Don’t forget to enjoy using it, too. Go check your Facebook profile, listen to some music, and do a bit of surfing in Firefox.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/10-things-installing-ubuntu-13-10
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/ubuntu-restricted-extras/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/category/app
|
||||
[3]:apt:unity-tweak-tool
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
Development version of GIMP presented with top-bottom-left-right configurable tabs
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[GIMP][1] is a powerful, advanced and complex image-editing application, permitting to both regular and professional skilled users to in-depth edit images via a massive amount of features, tools and functionalities.
|
||||
|
||||
It seems that the unstable development-only versions of **GIMP** are targeting interesting potential additions, including a more friendly and configurable manner of enjoying tabs in **GIMP**.
|
||||
|
||||
The official Google+ webpage of GIMP [shared][2] an interesting image with a **development** version of GIMP featuring adjustable tabs, essentially, allowing the user to set the tabs in GIMP on top, bottom, left and right areas, therefore, permitting an easy rearranging of tabs per-one's likeness.
|
||||
|
||||
The mentioned tweakable tabs are to be housed under the `Windows` menu, where the user is to be probably able to 1-click away select desired locations for tabs.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The exciting support has been created due to "**in some cases it's desirable to have tabs position configurable**, so Jehan Pagès did just that: the unstable branch now lets you choose where you want your tabs: top, bottom, left, or right sides".
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://iloveubuntu.net/development-version-gimp-presented-top-bottom-left-right-configurable-tabs
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.gimp.org/
|
||||
[2]:https://plus.google.com/116634837115748851709/posts/KuXpxUf8iVm
|
||||
114
sources/Install Ubuntu 13.10 Server Step by Step.md
Normal file
114
sources/Install Ubuntu 13.10 Server Step by Step.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
|
||||
Install Ubuntu 13.10 Server Step by Step
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Yesterday was a big day for Canonical and Ubuntu fans. Yes, After 6 months long effective development, Ubuntu 13.10 Desktop & Server, Lubuntu 13.10, Kubuntu 13.10 was finally made available to download.
|
||||
|
||||
You might want to check out our existing guides:
|
||||
|
||||
- >>> [pUbuntu 13.10 has been released | Installation instructions with screenshots][1]
|
||||
- >>> [How to upgrade from Ubuntu 13.04 Raring to Ubuntu 13.10 Saucy Salamander][2]
|
||||
- >>> [Top things to do after installing Ubuntu 13.10 Saucy Salamander][3](注：这个文章我们翻译过，可以把链接改成我们发布的地址，发布的时候删除包括括号在内的这些文字)
|
||||
|
||||
In the above awesome series, we want to add one more guide about **Ubuntu 13.10 server installation**. Here you go.
|
||||
|
||||
Download the latest version of **[Ubuntu 13.10 server edition here][4]**. Boot your server with latest Ubuntu 13.10 server ISO. You will see the following like screen.
|
||||
|
||||
Select your desired language.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Click Install Ubuntu Server.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Select Installation language.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Select your Country.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Configure locale settings.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Detect keyboard layout.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Select the keyboard layout.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enter your server hostname.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enter the username.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Choose user password.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to encrypt the user home directory, select Yes, else select No.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Select the partitioning method.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now installation will begin.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you have any proxy server on your network, enter the proxy server IP address.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Select Install security updates automatically and press enter.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Choose the software to install.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Click Yes to install Grub boot loader.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Installation is completed now. Select Continue to reboot the server.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Login to Ubuntu server.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enter the username and password to login.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it. Your Ubuntu 13.10 server is up and running now.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-ubuntu-server-13-10-step-step/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/ubuntu-13-10-saucy-salamander-released-screenshots/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.unixmen.com/upgrade-ubuntu-13-04-raring-ubuntu-13-10-saucy-salamander/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.unixmen.com/top-things-installing-ubuntu-13-10/
|
||||
[4]:http://releases.ubuntu.com/saucy/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
|
||||
Mark Shuttleworth Brands Mir Opponents “The Open Source Tea Party”
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**The free software community has been rocked by recent comments made by Ubuntu founder Mark Shuttleworth.**
|
||||
|
||||
> ‘At least we know now who belongs to the Open Source Tea Party’
|
||||
|
||||
In a blog post announcing the codename of Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, the multi-millionaire space tourist describes opponents of Ubuntu’s new display server ‘Mir’ as “The Open Source Tea Party”.
|
||||
|
||||
These “outraged individuals” are, he argues, attacking the project “on purely political grounds”, explaining:
|
||||
|
||||
> “When a project says “we will not accept a patch to enable support for Mir” they are saying you should not have the option. When that’s typically a project which goes to great lengths to give its users every option, again, I suggest there is a political motive.”
|
||||
|
||||
His accusations haven’t gone over well in the wider free software community.
|
||||
|
||||
### “Debate” ###
|
||||
|
||||
In one of the more level-headed responses to the remarks, prominent KDE developer Aaron Seigo [has invited Mark to join a live, public debate][1] on “*the merits of Mir, Wayland and their implications vis-à-vis Free software.*”
|
||||
|
||||
A public airing would, Seigo feels, help show that the arguments against Mir are technically, as opposed to politically, motivated.
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu Community Manager Jono Bacon, in response to Seigo’s offer, has described the fallout from Shuttleworth’s comments “yet another pointless Open Source bickering match”, suggesting that parties on both sides of the argument should ”*stop biting at each other’s ankles about their respective projects.*”
|
||||
|
||||
### “Tensions” ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tensions between Mir proponents and those who see Wayland as the afforded successor to X have been building ever since Canonical announced plans to roll with their own solution earlier this year.
|
||||
|
||||
The decision came as a surprise to many as, in 2010, Mark Shuttleworth had been explicit about the need to work with Wayland developers rather than against them. He wrote at the time:
|
||||
|
||||
> “We evaluated the cost of building a new display manager, informed by the lessons learned in Wayland. We came to the conclusion that any such effort would only create a hard split in the world which wasn’t worth the cost of having done it. There are issues with Wayland, but they seem to be solvable, we’d rather be part of solving them than chasing a better alternative.”
|
||||
|
||||
This sudden u-turn was not helped by Canonical allegedly making ‘inaccurate and erroneous assumptions’ about Wayland in initial statements explaining their decision to not use it. Canonical later retracted and amended their claims.
|
||||
|
||||
> The grievances felt by parties on both sides of the divide show no signs of abating.
|
||||
|
||||
Shuttleworth has also risked raising further ire by describing systemd – a modern replacement for the ‘init’ daemon - as “invasive” and “hardly justified”.
|
||||
|
||||
Canonical’s own init replacement, *Upstart*, is most notably used in Ubuntu and Ubuntu-based derivatives, as well as in Chrome OS. Systemd, created some four years after upstart, is used by default in a growing number of Linux distributions, including *Arch, Fedora, Mageia, and openSUSE*.
|
||||
|
||||
While the grievances felt by parties on both sides of the divide show no signs of abating, the technologies they surround continue to progress.
|
||||
|
||||
Mir, which includes a compatibility layer for running legacy ‘xserver’ applications and input devices, was held back from shipping as default in Ubuntu 13.10 due to ‘technical difficulties’, though recent benchmarks are showing only negligible performance hits compared to the traditional X server.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/mark-shuttleworth-brands-mir-opponents-open-source-tea-party
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://plus.google.com/107555540696571114069/posts/76Nd9RSTZWp
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
|
||||
Modern terminal Final Term adds multiple-terminals per-window support
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[Final Term][1] is a modern terminal application that centers exciting capabilities and handy features into a beautiful interface, Final Term presenting itself as a significant advancement for the terminal metaphor.
|
||||
|
||||
Smart command completion with drop-down menu and case sensitive/insensitive ability, semantic text menus recognizing web URLs, IP addresses, PIDs, option to collapse commands, 8 / 16 / 256 colors support, drop-down look, accurate and proper window resizing with precise text repositioning come to present Final Term as an advanced, versatile terminal application.
|
||||
|
||||
Along with the already-existent pack of solid and exciting features, it seems that Final Term's development is targeting new features for inclusion, as in the case of the newly-announced **multiple terminals per window** support.
|
||||
|
||||
Essentially, the multiple-terminals-per-window allows the user to split the Final Term's window into multiple splits, splits then having the capacity to contain numerous tabs.
|
||||
|
||||
As seen in the below GIF, the modern terminal application features now a clickable menu containing *New Tab, Split Horizontally* and *Split Vertically*, clicking on *Split Horizontally*, splits the window horizontally, behavior followed by *Split Vertically*, too.
|
||||
|
||||
Yet, hitting the *New Tab* entry, continues to add new and new tabs into a portion/split of the Final Term's main window, therefore, permitting an advanced usage of the terminal application suitable for both regular and complex demands.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
A definitely interesting aspect of the mentioned feature is its drag & drop support, dragging a tab from one split and dropping it on another split, moves the tab on the other split and, thus, moves all commands and details from one side of the terminal to another preferred area of the terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
The full article, including the programming-specific manner of implementing the handy features, is available on [http://blog.finalterm.org/2013/10/multiple-terminals-final-term-style.html][2]
|
||||
|
||||
Final Term's code is available on [https://github.com/p-e-w/finalterm][3]
|
||||
|
||||
**Worth mentioning**
|
||||
|
||||
At the moment, Final Term is work in progress.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://iloveubuntu.net/modern-terminal-final-term-adds-multiple-terminals-window-support
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://finalterm.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://blog.finalterm.org/2013/10/multiple-terminals-final-term-style.html
|
||||
[3]:https://github.com/p-e-w/finalterm
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
[这篇我领了]
|
||||
NoSQL comparison
|
||||
================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
131
sources/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md
Normal file
131
sources/The future of Linux--Evolving everywhere.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
|
||||
The future of Linux: Evolving everywhere
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
*InfoWorld* - Mark Shuttleworth's recent closure of [Ubuntu Linux bug No. 1][1] ("Microsoft has a majority market share") placed a meaningful, if somewhat controversial, exclamation point on how far Linux has come since Linus Torvalds rolled out the first version of the OS in 1991 as a pet project.
|
||||
|
||||
Microsoft may not (yet) have been taken down on the quickly fading desktop, but the nature of computing has changed completely, thanks in large part to Linux's rise as a cornerstone of IT. There's scarcely a part of computing today, from cloud servers to phone OSes, that isn't powered by Linux or in some way affected by it.
|
||||
|
||||
**Linux by the numbers: Commits, jobs, adoption**
|
||||
|
||||
The pace of development hastens, as demand for Linux pros grows
|
||||
|
||||
But where from here? If Linux acceptance and development are peaking, where does Linux go from up? Because Linux is such a mutable phenomenon and appears in so many incarnations, there may not be any single answer to that question.
|
||||
|
||||
More important, perhaps, is how Linux -- the perennial upstart -- will embrace the challenges of being a mature and, in many areas, market-leading project. Here's a look at the future of Linux: as raw material, as the product of community and corporate contributions, and as the target of any number of challenges to its ethos, technical prowess, and growth.
|
||||
|
||||
**Linux: Bend it, shape it, any way you want it**
|
||||
|
||||
If there's one adjective that sums up a significant source of Linux's power, it's "malleable." Linux is raw material that can be cut, stitched, and tailored to fit most any number of scenarios, from tiny embedded devices to massively parallel supercomputers.
|
||||
|
||||
That's also been one of Linux's shortcomings. Its protean nature means users rarely use "Linux" -- instead, they use a Linux-based product such as Android, or a hardware device built with a Linux base such as an in-home router. Desktop Linux's multiple (and often incompatible) incarnations winnow out all but the most devoted users.
|
||||
|
||||
"How end-users experience Linux is definitely fragmented," admits Jim Zemlin, executive director of the Linux Foundation. "But that's one of the powers of Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
"It's a building block that has allowed Google to build Android and Chromebooks, Amazon to build the Kindle, Canonical to build Ubuntu, and much more. All of those experiences are different for the user, but there is choice for the consumer."
|
||||
|
||||
Mark Baker, Ubuntu Server product manager for Canonical, which leads the Ubuntu project, puts it in almost exactly those words: "Open source delivers freedom of choice." Open source naturally encourages modularity, he says, so "with open source you can choose the best components for your situation," whether you're a user working on a home machine or a systems architect developing a data center.
|
||||
|
||||
But Al Gillen, program vice president for system software and an analyst at IDC specializing in operating environments, questions the value proposition of such total freedom going forward. "Linux is open source, and as such, anybody can fork off code and turn it into something else. However, the industry has shown that forks without value go away, and there is great value associated with staying close to main line code."
|
||||
|
||||
Android users have experienced this most directly with the fragmentation that exists between different editions of the OS. None of that is, strictly speaking, Linux's fault, but as with the myriad desktop distributions before it, Android fragmentation illustrates the tension that arises between allowing the freedom to change the product and the fallout of inconsistency of implementation.
|
||||
|
||||
Ironically, that might mean the best thing for Linux, going forward, is to double down on Linux as raw material.
|
||||
|
||||
Eric Sammer, engineering manager at Cloudera, doesn't see Linux alone as having users "the same way as something like Firefox or the Apache Web server." Linux "is targeted toward operating system builders, not the end-user," and so it needs "tons of other software -- much of it tightly coupled, from a user's perspective (such as a boot loader) -- to form a complete system." As Torvalds himself noted in the release notes for the very first Linux kernel, "A kernel by itself gets you nowhere."
|
||||
|
||||
Both Gillen's and Sammer's words are echoed by how Linux's biggest uptake with users has been, again, Android, with all its attendant value added by Google and the app ecosystem developed for the OS. The malleability of Linux is only a first step toward an actual product -- as its most successful advocates understand.
|
||||
|
||||
**Corporate contributors: Asset or obstacle?**
|
||||
|
||||
Another of Linux's hallmarks is that it's a collaborative effort; out of the contributions of many come one. But where are those collaborators coming from?
|
||||
|
||||
Answer: Corporations -- mainly, those who stand to benefit themselves from supporting Linux for their own future endeavors. Aside from Red Hat (apart from Canonical, the most widely recognized corporate vendor of Linux solutions), top contributors include Intel, IBM, Texas Instruments, and even Microsoft.
|
||||
|
||||
Much of Linux's flexibility is due to such contributions, which expand Linux's ability to run on multiple platforms and on a broad spectrum of devices. Enlightened self-interest is the main motive here: Microsoft's own kernel additions, for instance, largely revolve around allowing Linux to run well under Hyper-V.
|
||||
|
||||
Sammer believes the prevalence of corporate-backed contributors is "due to the barrier of entry to any project as complex and critical as the Linux kernel. Your average C hacker doesn't have the time to get up to speed, build the credibility with the community, and contribute meaningful patches in their spare time, without significant backing." In his view, corporations most often have the resources to support such endeavors, with universities and research organizations being further behind.
|
||||
|
||||
But has the prevalence of corporate contribution to Linux turned the OS into a mere corporate plaything? Is that Linux's future, to be a toy of the monoliths?
|
||||
|
||||
What matters most is not who's contributing, but in what spirit. Linux advocates are firm believers in contributions to Linux, no matter what the source, as a net gain -- as long as the gains are contributed back to the community as a whole.
|
||||
|
||||
Mark Coggin, senior director of product marketing for Red Hat Enterprise Linux, believes "the best innovations are those that are leveraged, and improved by the greatest number of participants in the open source community."
|
||||
|
||||
"We put all of our innovations into open source projects, and seek to gain acceptance by those upstream groups before we incorporate them into our supported products like Red Hat Enterprise Linux. We hope that everyone who works to enhance the Linux kernel and the userspace projects also takes a view like ours," Coggin says.
|
||||
|
||||
It's also not widely believed that corporate contributions are a form of "hijacking Linux," as Gillen puts it -- a way to make Linux "less applicable to other major user contingents." He's convinced commercial support for Linux and commercial enhancements to Linux "are an asset to the Linux development paradigm; not a negative."
|
||||
|
||||
**Likewise, to Zemlin, Linux development "is not a zero-sum game."**
|
||||
|
||||
"What one developer does in the mobile space to improve power consumption can benefit a developer working in the data center who needs to ensure their servers are running efficiently," says Zemlin. "That shared development is what makes Linux so powerful."
|
||||
|
||||
Corporate contributions are not the enemy to him, either: "Having people paid to work on Linux has never been a bad thing; it has allowed it to be iterated upon quickly and innovation to be accelerated."
|
||||
|
||||
The real issues, as Baker notes, come when "some very large Web companies make some changes available and push them upstream, but decide to keep others in-house to give them an advantage."
|
||||
|
||||
Version 3 of the GPL -- the license Linux was released under in an earlier version -- was developed in part as a response to such behaviors. However, it only prevents taking code others have written and redeploying it as a Web service. There's no inherent (or legal) way to prevent code developed in-house from being kept in-house -- which might well simply be part of the ongoing social cost of offering Linux freely to the world.
|
||||
|
||||
**The biggest threats to Linux**
|
||||
|
||||
If corporate co-opting is less likely than ever, thanks to the mechanisms that keep Linux an open project, what real threats does it face?
|
||||
|
||||
Nobody takes very seriously the idea that Linux is about to be wiped off the map by a rogue patent threat or lawsuit. One of the biggest such legal attacks, SCO Group's lawsuit against IBM, widely construed as a proxy attack on Linux, failed miserably.
|
||||
|
||||
Coggin is of this mindset: "Linux's huge success, with a vast network of developers and widespread global adoption, means that it is highly resilient. Although patent threats arise from time to time, as they do with many technologies, it seems unlikely that a patent or combination of patents could pose an existential threat to Linux."
|
||||
|
||||
Plus, competition in the form of other closed source products, or even those with more liberal licensing (such as the various BSDs), hasn't really materialized to the degree that Linux runs the risk of being pushed aside.
|
||||
|
||||
Sammer sums up the biggest legitimate threat to Linux in a single word: complacency -- the complacency that goes with becoming a market leader in any field.
|
||||
|
||||
"If you're vying for first place," he says, "you're usually more open to change of process, of mindset, of road map, of status quo, whatever. I can't help but think of Firefox losing so much to Chrome so fast, or the commercial Unixes losing to Linux, or all the other examples of such things."
|
||||
|
||||
In roughly the same vein, Zemlin sees a threat in the form of a lack of experienced Linux talent to support the demand; hence the [Linux Training][2] program.
|
||||
|
||||
Gillen sees a threat coming from a transition that "over time, moves the majority of the Linux user community from the enterprise customer over to service providers."
|
||||
|
||||
Such a move would put Linux users at the mercy of people who may consume Linux and provide it as a service but don't return their innovations to the community as a whole. It may take a decade or more for such a shift to happen, but it could have "negative implications for Linux overall, and to commercial vendors that sell Linux-based solutions."
|
||||
|
||||
Another possible threat to Linux is corporate co-opting -- not of the code itself, but of the possibilities it provides. Baker is worried about the rise of mobile devices, many of which, although powered by Linux, are powered all the more by corporate concerns.
|
||||
|
||||
"That's why we need alternatives like Ubuntu and Firefox," says Baker, "to provide real alternatives for those who do not want their experience of the Internet to be determined by Apple or Google."
|
||||
|
||||
Of those two, Google -- by way of Android -- is the main offender in this accusation. Many of the arguments against Android revolve around it being a Linux-powered OS that's little more than a portal to Google's view of the world, and thus isn't true to the spirit of Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
In short, the biggest threats to Linux may well be from within -- unintended by-products of the very things that make it most attractive in the first place. Its inherent mutability and malleability has so far given it an advantage over complacency and co-opting, but it isn't clear that will always be true.
|
||||
|
||||
**Where from here?**
|
||||
|
||||
Linux is unquestionably here to stay, and in more than one form. But how it will do that and at what cost are up for debate.
|
||||
|
||||
The most obvious future path for Linux is where it becomes that much more of a substrate for other things -- a way to create infrastructure -- and where it becomes that much less a product unto itself in any form. The real innovation doesn't just come from deploying Linux, but deploying it as a way to find creative solutions to problems, by delivering it in such a way that few people are forced to deal with Linux as such, and by staying a step ahead of having it put behind technological bars.
|
||||
|
||||
Coggin puts it this way: "Linux is emerging beyond that of a packaged or flexible operating system to become more of an infrastructure platform. With this, we see developers and architects using Linux to build next-generation solutions, and creating next-generation enterprise architectures." Much of this work is already under way, he claims, in "cloud, big data, mobile, and social networks."
|
||||
|
||||
Gillen, too, agrees that Linux "is going to be a very key part of public cloud infrastructure, and as such, it has ensured itself a long-term role in the industry."
|
||||
|
||||
"Linux already runs the cloud, of that there is no doubt," says Baker. "It needs to maintain its position as the platform for scale-out computing -- this means staying ahead of new technologies like ARM server chips and hyperscale, software-defined networking, and the overall software-defined data center." Such work ought to complement other ongoing efforts to create open system hardware designs, such as the [Open Compute Project's][3].
|
||||
|
||||
**Linux by the numbers: Commits, jobs, adoption**
|
||||
|
||||
The pace of development hastens, as demand for Linux pros grows
|
||||
|
||||
One possible downside of Linux becoming an ubiquitous infrastructure element is it becoming as institutionalized as the commercial, closed source Unixes it has displaced. But Zemlin thinks Linux's very mutability works in its favor here: "If you would have asked Linus Torvalds or other members of the community a decade ago if Linux would power more mobile phones than any other platform, they certainly wouldn't have expected that. We'd rather just watch where it goes and not try to forecast since we most certainly will be wrong."
|
||||
|
||||
Another important future direction for some is, as mentioned above, "go[ing] mobile in a bigger way independently of Google," as Baker puts it. Projects like Mozilla's Firefox OS for phones are one incarnation of this, although it's unclear how much of a dent such a thing will make in Google's existing, and colossal, market share for Android.
|
||||
|
||||
Lastly, and most crucially, there's the question of who will be responsible for ushering Linux into its own future. While Linux can be forked and its development undertaken by others, history's shown that having a single core development team for Linux -- and equally consistent core teams for projects based on it -- is best.
|
||||
|
||||
That puts all the more burden on the core team to keep Linux moving forward in ways that complement its existing and future use cases, and not to protect it -- perhaps futilely -- from becoming something it might well be in its best interests to transform into.
|
||||
|
||||
If Linux's future really is everywhere, it might well also be in a form that no one now can conceive of -- and that's a good thing.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.networkworld.com/news/2013/101513-the-future-of-linux-evolving-274829.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+bug/1
|
||||
[2]:http://training.linuxfoundation.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.opencompute.org/2013/05/08/up-next-for-the-open-compute-project-the-network/
|
||||
21
sources/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Named ‘Trusty Tahr’.md
Normal file
21
sources/Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Named ‘Trusty Tahr’.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Named ‘Trusty Tahr’
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**The tantalising trials of taxonomy are complete: the mascot for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS has been chosen – get used to typing out the name ‘Trusty Tahr’.**
|
||||
|
||||
“*What’s a…tahr?*”, you ask? Google tells me it’s a goat-like mammal found in mountainous areas in Oman, India and the Himalayas.
|
||||
|
||||
The sure-footed animal reflects the goals for Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, which [Shuttleworth says][1], will see conservative choices made on the desktop as it focuses on delivering “*…performance, refinement, maintainability [and] technical debt.*”
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS for servers and desktops is pencilled in for release in April 2014.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/ubuntu-14-04-lts-named-trusty-tahr
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1295
|
||||
110
sources/Why I can’t live without Linux.md
Normal file
110
sources/Why I can’t live without Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
|
||||
Why I can’t live without Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
This is written targeting users who might want to try Linux. But also with some facts that Linux users should be aware and feel proud of.
|
||||
|
||||
Bored to read long stories? Navigate to the final part “**To compile it all**”.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why I can’t live without Linux? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Well I am biased and I have my own reasons. When I turn on my Linux machine after days/months, it just boots like a charm. You will be surprised to know that most OS doesn’t boot this way.
|
||||
|
||||
### Consider few scenarios: ###
|
||||
|
||||
1. Your machine crashes more often.
|
||||
1. It’s too damn slow.
|
||||
1. Files/folders getting created/deleted without your intervention.
|
||||
1. Machine shuts down for no reason.
|
||||
|
||||
What’s the catch? Your machine is infected by a virus. Now, it hardly happens in Linux. Hardly implies “never at all” here :)
|
||||
|
||||
### So why/how? ###
|
||||
|
||||
Consider 100 people coding/reviewing something or even 1000s doing it. Still Linux is much bigger with the visibility that almost any developer in the world can see “what is being coded?” and point out if there is a flaw.
|
||||
|
||||
**On 14 March 1994, Linux 1.0.0 was released, with 176,250 lines of code.
|
||||
As of 2013, the Linux 3.10 release had 15,803,499 lines of code.**
|
||||
|
||||
And another thing, is the way Linux has been designed. Unlike few other OS, In Linux, almost all complex tasks requires root permission. Say, in windows, you’re navigating to some random system folder and deleting something (so, why would you do that? Say, some virus did that. Well, it can. Also I have seen people who do it to get more memory ). Nothing happens, but at the time of next reboot.. (I am scared to say more). Whereas in Linux, it prompts for root password whenever you try to do something with the system. What if I am root and I messed up the system? This is worst case scenario, but still there are lot of people out there to guide you how to fix it.
|
||||
|
||||
**How would you feel when some random guys in the street come running to help you, when you fell down? Love and support is priceless. You gotta feel it.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**The stability** – There are Linux machines running eternally. A simple “uptime” command would let you know how long the machine has been running. You never need to turn it off at all. Pretty much hot swappable. Of course there are other OS machines that reports equally high uptime, but again, Linux machines are less prone to crashes, blue screen of death (:D) and as such, unless and until you mess it up.
|
||||
|
||||
As the old saying goes “**Linux is user friendly, but not idiot friendly**”
|
||||
|
||||
There must be lot of things you might be doing to protect your machine from viruses/trojans. As a study says, the average time before a windows get affected after connecting to internet is 40 minutes, whereas Linux – Like a boss. That too, you don’t need to install anything apart from the base OS itself.
|
||||
|
||||
**Enhanced security** – Iptables, an awesome command line utility to setup firewall. Also, there are lot of other innovations like *port knocking, chroot jail* and as such.
|
||||
|
||||
**SELinux** – Say you gave full access permission to a file, still other won’t be able to access it, if SELinux is enforcing and set.
|
||||
|
||||
Other OS source codes are accessible to only people who work on that, whereas, Linux, everyone can access the source code, which means mistakes are less likely and even if somethings wrong, fixes are made in no time. Say that you have suffered a security attack, then the corresponding company of that OS might release a patch in a month’s time or week’s time, which means your system continues to be vulnerable for time being. But Linux, with countless people’s contribution & active participation, it’s far better, not better, just the best.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, say, if the OS company doesn’t fix the bug, then what? Well, you just got to live with that. Whereas in linux, there are lot of people of fix it, or if you’re a better programmer, maybe you shall fix it and thus contribute it to the open source community. **The joy of giving!**
|
||||
|
||||
Why would you buy an OS, when there is a lot better OS (Linux), which is a freeware and opensource. Note that the opportunity to learn is much when you decide to go with opensource. If you’re a good programmer, you shall take the source code, build it /design it & use it your way.
|
||||
|
||||
**People all around the world put their time and brain in bringing you an OS, which would compete every other OS, that exists in market and that is Linux.**
|
||||
|
||||
**No crapware** – Alright, the OS is open source. What about other utilities? Well, there are lot of open source utilities out there which can be used, whereas in case of other OS, where almost all software might ask you to subscribe for the service, upgrade/buy. And the worst part is, after few days of using a software, you might come to know that it’s just a 30 days trial. And these softwares comes installed along with your OS. On the other hand, In Linux, you will never experience such frustrations.
|
||||
|
||||
**Also, Linux comes with pre-installed applications and hence you’re good to get started just after installation.**
|
||||
|
||||
In linux, most of the drivers comes along with the kernel, so you need not go search for a driver whenever you need to use some hardware component.
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re just a normal desktop user, with nothing much to do with the CLI – well, Linux comes with various desktops like Gnome, KDE and yep, you can call it “**next generation of desktops**”
|
||||
|
||||
Have you ever experienced your OS getting sluggish as days passes, and re-install resolves the problem. Well, try Linux and you will be surprised. It runs fast and responsive for years since day one and hence allow you to concentrate on work, rather on handling OS frustrations.
|
||||
|
||||
**No backdoors** – When you don’t have any idea about source code of an OS, how can you be sure that there are no backdoors. What if the manufacturer company did integrated a backdoor, which would kill your privacy by sharing your data whenever you connect to internet? In Linux, everything is open. And hence no backdoors can be introduced into the OS.
|
||||
|
||||
Here comes another interesting fact: Almost every one using windows might have got frustrated for the fact that you need to reboot your machine, whenever you update some software, or the OS itself. Linux doesn’t demand such reboots. Linux is stable and runs perfectly for years without rebooting.
|
||||
|
||||
**Let the old boxes taste life again** – Linux runs perfectly well on even old hardware, unlike other OS which demands you a new hardware, just for the sake of using it.
|
||||
|
||||
### To compile it all.. ###
|
||||
|
||||
why to use illegally, when you’re getting something for free
|
||||
|
||||
- Give life to old boxes
|
||||
- Get started in no time
|
||||
- update in a go
|
||||
- No crapware
|
||||
- No backdoors
|
||||
- No virus
|
||||
- Stability
|
||||
- Compatibility
|
||||
- Enhanced security
|
||||
- Fast and responsive
|
||||
- Linux doesn’t need defragmentation
|
||||
- Well, choosing linux did have an influence on the environment. (Google it)
|
||||
- Free and unlimited support -forums, mailing lists, IRC channels
|
||||
- Workspaces feature – Next generation of desktops
|
||||
- No big mess
|
||||
- Report bugs and get it fixed
|
||||
- You don’t have to feel alone.
|
||||
- Contribute something back and feel contended. The joy of giving.
|
||||
- Other OS are being owned by a company. Microsoft owns windows, Apple owns Mac-OS.
|
||||
- And Linux? Well, we own it.
|
||||
|
||||
Above all, the sense of freedom that you taste – priceless. You gotta experience it, rather just reading.
|
||||
|
||||
For me, **Linuxing is meditating**. How about, for you? :)
|
||||
|
||||
**Well, if you agree with me, cheers! Time to pour linux into your hardware and enjoy the drink.**
|
||||
|
||||
**Well, if you don’t agree with me, cheers, again. For that, to prove me wrong, you need to try it anyway.**
|
||||
|
||||
Google “Linuxing urban dictionary” and have a laugh :D
|
||||
|
||||
Thanks for reading. Cheers !
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/cant-live-without-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
"Performance, refinement, maintainability, technical debt, improving quality" and "we’re going to keep racing forward" to characterize Ubuntu 14.04's development cycle
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Ubuntu 13.10 was released yesterday, Ubuntu 13.10 allowing users to utilize an up-to-date optimized Ubuntu release with gains in agility, fluidity and an overall solid look & feel.
|
||||
|
||||
Starting of today, the natural flow of the developers is Ubuntu 14.04-centric, version being an LTS and, therefore, receiving a special treatment following Ubuntu's values and strategies.
|
||||
|
||||
**Mark Shuttleworth** [announced][1] hours ago the new name of Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, Trusty Tahr, interesting article presenting the focus on the 14.04 LTS version, too.
|
||||
|
||||
Among the to-be-followed directions, Mark Shuttleworth talked about and listed performance, refinement, maintainability and technical debt, while adopting a more conservative approach in creating, shaping and delivering Trusty, "it would be entirely appropriate for us to make **conservative choices**".
|
||||
|
||||
The conservative nature of Ubuntu 14.04's development is natural, the next LTS will feature five years of support, while pleasing both users and companies interested in the most stable Ubuntu experience.
|
||||
|
||||
Moreover, Ubuntu 14.04 LTS is to witness:
|
||||
|
||||
- "we will be providing OpenStack I, J and K on 14.04 for LTS deployments"
|
||||
- "on the desktop, 13.10 has benefited greatly from the fact that it has a team just focused on improving quality. We’ll do the same again and more for 14.04"
|
||||
- "on the mobile front, we’re going to keep racing forward, the platform is too new for an LTS"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The in-depth decisions about what, where, how, when related to Ubuntu 14.04 LTS are to be planned, discussed and refined in the upcoming [virtual Ubuntu Developer][2] Summit, video-session based event happening during **November 19th - November 21st **2013, event fully open for participation and completely open to interested users, third-party developers and teams seeking to learn about all Ubuntu layers and areas directly as presented by Ubuntu developers, designers, leaders, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS will not feature convergence capabilities, yet, the work continues with vigorous plans and according features in the 14.04 cycle, too, "we won’t get there in one cycle but given the pace of improvement of the phone and tablet in the last month I think **it’s going to be a fantastic cycle there"**.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://iloveubuntu.net/performance-refinement-maintainability-technical-debt-improving-quality-and-we%E2%80%99re-going-keep-racing
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.markshuttleworth.com/archives/1295
|
||||
[2]:http://uds.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
|
||||
[scusjs占坑]每日Ubuntu技巧 - 怎么安装谷歌Chrome浏览器
|
||||
每日Ubuntu小技巧——怎样安装谷歌Chrome浏览器
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
对于刚刚开始使用Ubuntu并想安装谷歌Chrome浏览器的新用户来说，这篇文章将是最快的方法。有许多安装在Ubuntu上安装Chrome的方法。一些方法喜欢直接在[谷歌Chrome下载页面][1]获得**deb**进行安装。
|
||||
对于刚刚开始使用Ubuntu并想安装谷歌Chrome浏览器的新用户来说，本文所介绍的方法是最快捷的。在Ubuntu上安装谷歌Chrome的方法有很多。一些用户喜欢直接在[谷歌Chrome下载页面][1]获得 **deb** 进行安装。
|
||||
|
||||
另一些方法喜欢通过来自Chromium的PPA进行安装。我更喜欢通过**wget**命令下载安装。通过命令行的方式是最快的，也是这篇文章想要告诉你的。
|
||||
另一些用户喜欢通过来自Chromium的PPA进行安装。我更喜欢通过 **wget** 命令下载安装。通过命令行的方式是最快的，也是这篇文章想要告诉你的。
|
||||
|
||||
可能你已经知道，谷歌Chrome已经完成屌丝的逆袭成为最流行的网络浏览器之一。实际上，这也是我最喜欢的浏览器。我最开始使用的是Internet Explorer，然后换成Firefox，最后又换成了谷歌Chrome。
|
||||
|
||||
我并不是想让你换浏览器，但是如果你想要在Ubuntu下安装Chrome，那么就去安装它吧。
|
||||
|
||||
要开始安装Chrome，你有一些选择。首先你可以使用Firefox访问[谷歌Chrome下载页面][1]然后下载一个拷贝。如果你不喜欢使用命令行，你可以使用这个方法。
|
||||
要开始安装Chrome，你有一些选择。首先你可以使用Firefox访问[谷歌Chrome下载页面][1]然后下载一个拷贝。如果你不喜欢使用命令行，你可以使用下面这个方法。
|
||||
|
||||
对于喜欢使用终端命令行的用户来说，使用以下命令来下载。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -29,7 +29,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
然后就搞定了！安装完成后，到Unity Dash搜索Chrome就可以启动它了。
|
||||
|
||||
Enjoy!
|
||||
使用愉快!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -37,6 +37,6 @@ Enjoy!
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[SCUSJS](https://github.com/scusjs) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[SCUSJS](https://github.com/scusjs) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://www.google.com/intl/en/chrome/browser/#eula
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Debian OpenSSL Bug - 后门还是安全事故?
|
||||
======================================================
|
||||
|
||||
周一，Ed 写了篇文章《软件透明度》[1]，主旨是如果软件开发的过程是透明的，那么软件对恶意的后门（以及无心的安全漏洞）就更具抵抗性。
|
||||
软件透明的因素包括公开源代码，可以读取或为一个项目的追踪议题做出贡献，以及参与内部开发讨论。他提到一种情况，在这儿我想详细讨论一下：
|
||||
2008年，Debian项目（一个用于web服务器的很流行的linux发行版），宣称[2]Debian中OpenSSL[3]的伪随机数生成器遭到破解，已经不安全了。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，了解一些背景信息：伪随机数生成器（PRNG）就是一个程序，假定代号为F。给定一个随机种子s，则会得到一个长的比特流F(s),看起来像个随机数。如果我和你都使用同样的种子s，两个人会得到同样的比特流。但是如果我随机选择一个s，也不告诉你s是什么，
|
||||
你根本不能够推测F(s)的结果，如你所知，F(s)也是随机的。OpenSSL中的PRNG试图从系统中抓取不可预测的信息（"熵"）,比如当前进程ID，
|
||||
或者很有可能是不同的内存内容（比如，由其它一些进程控制或可能控制的未初始化的内存）等等。把这些东西转换成种子s，就会得到随机比特流F(s)。
|
||||
|
||||
2006年，为了解决一个用于查找软件内存存取bug的工具[5]的警告问题[4]，一名Debian维护者决定注释掉[6]OpenSSL PRNG里的两行代码[7]。
|
||||
但是这两行代码非常重要，它们负责抓取几乎所有的不可预测的熵，以作为OpenSSL PRNG的种子。没有这些代码，PRNG只有总共32,767个选择可作为种子s，因而也只有这么多的F(s)供选择。
|
||||
|
||||
这样一来，很多依赖于OpenSSL随机数生成器的程序，其实并没有它们以为的那么多的随机选择。比如，一个这样的程序要为SSL（安全网络浏览）和SSH（安全远程登录）生成秘钥。严格来说，这些秘钥必须是随机的：如果你可以猜到我的秘钥，
|
||||
你就可以破解我使用该秘钥保护的任何东西。这意味着你有能力读取加密的通讯信息，登录到远程服务器[8]，或者伪造看起来似乎是真实的信息[9]。
|
||||
这个漏洞是2006年第一次引入，而且进入到Ubuntu中[10](另一个流行的linux发行版，广泛应用于网络服务器)。漏洞影响到数以千计的服务器而且
|
||||
存在了很长一段时间[11]，因为只是给受影响的服务器打补丁还不足以解决问题，必须替换掉任何在漏洞存在情况下生成的秘钥。
|
||||
|
||||
顺便说一句，为伪随机数生成器寻找熵是个著名[12]的难题[13]。事实上，在今天来看要解决这个问题依然是个巨大的挑战。随机错误难以检测，
|
||||
因为当你盯着输出看时，每次运行程序结果都不一样，就像随机的一样。弱随机性很难发现，但是它可以使（貌似）安全的加密系统失效。
|
||||
不过，Debian中的那个漏洞很醒目，被发现后在安全社区[15]引起了很多嘲笑[16]。
|
||||
|
||||
于是有人问，这是个后门，故意设置的吗？似乎不大可能。做出这个更改的代码维护者 [Kurt Roeckx][17]，后来成为Debian项目的主管。这意味着他是个可靠的家伙，
|
||||
不是为了插入漏洞而由NSA伪造出来的身份。想进入Debian项目组的核心，需要做出巨大的努力，那真是出了名的难进。
|
||||
这样看来，错误根本不是有意为之，而是一系列失误导致的，而且后果严重。
|
||||
|
||||
漏洞确实是在一个透明的环境下发生的。所做的任何一件事都是公开的。但是漏洞还是引入了，而且长时间未被注意到。部分原因在于，透明引起了很多混乱，导致本应发现这个显而易见的漏洞的人们也都没太在意。
|
||||
另外，也因为漏洞本身太过微妙，一个随意的观察者很难发现修改带来的影响。
|
||||
|
||||
这是否意味着软件透明没什么帮助？ 我可不这么认为。许多人都赞同透明软件要比不透明软件更安全。但是这也并不表示漏洞不会产生，或者认为有其他人都看着呢而我们自己就可以掉以轻心。
|
||||
|
||||
至少，多年以后，透明可以让我们回顾，究竟是什么导致了某个漏洞--本文例子中，就是工程上的纰漏，而非人为破坏。
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/kroll/software-transparency-debian-openssl-bug/
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[l3b2w1](https://github.com/l3b2w1) 校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/felten/software-transparency/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.debian.org/security/2008/dsa-1571
|
||||
[3]:https://www.openssl.org/
|
||||
[4]:http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=363516
|
||||
[5]:http://valgrind.org/
|
||||
[6]:http://marc.info/?l=openssl-dev&m=114651085826293&w=2
|
||||
[7]:http://svn.debian.org/viewsvn/pkg-openssl/openssl/trunk/rand/md_rand.c?rev=141&view=diff&r1=141&r2=140&p1=openssl/trunk/rand/md_rand.c&p2=/openssl/trunk/rand/md_rand.c
|
||||
[8]:http://www.exploit-db.com/exploits/5622/
|
||||
[9]:http://plog.sesse.net/blog/tech/2008-05-14-17-21_some_maths.html
|
||||
[10]:http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/usn-612-1/
|
||||
[11]:http://cseweb.ucsd.edu/~hovav/dist/debiankey.pdf
|
||||
[12]:http://xkcd.com/221/
|
||||
[13]:http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/2001-10-25/
|
||||
[14]:https://factorable.net/weakkeys12.extended.pdf
|
||||
[15]:http://www.links.org/?p=327
|
||||
[16]:http://www.xkcd.com/424/
|
||||
[17]:http://www.roeckx.be/journal/
|
||||
[18]:http://lists.debian.org/debian-devel-announce/2009/02/msg00009.html
|
||||
[19]:http://research.swtch.com/openssl
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user