Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject.git

README.md

@@ -125,4 +125,4 @@ LCTT的组成
 * 2014/05/04 更换了新的QQ群：198889102
 * 2014/05/16 增加了Core Translators 成员: will.qian、vizv。
 * 2014/06/18 由于GOLinux令人惊叹的翻译速度和不错的翻译质量，升级为Core Translators 成员。
-* 2014/09/09 LCTT 一周年，做一年总结。并将曾任 CORE 的成员分组为 Senior，以表彰他们的贡献。
+* 2014/09/09 LCTT 一周年，做一年[总结](http://linux.cn/article-3784-1.html)。并将曾任 CORE 的成员分组为 Senior，以表彰他们的贡献。

lctt2014.md

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ LCTT 2014 ： LCTT 成立一年总结
 
 于是，2013 年 9 月 10日，草草而就的 LCTT 就成立了，很快就创建了一个 QQ 群作为交流，并确定了名称为“Linux.CN Translate Team”，简称 LCTT。考虑到需要多人协作，几乎没有多想，就决定了采用 GITHUB 作为翻译平台——虽然现在看起来，GITHUB 作为主要工作平台，有利也有弊，但是，总体来说还是不错的。LCTT 就这样启动了。
 
-### 发展 ### 
+### 发展 ###
 
 次日，我们就组织起来了翻译，并初步拟定了翻译流程、分工之类的内容。
 
@@ -76,5 +76,8 @@ _写下这个标题时，我也颇感觉惭愧的，这也算是我正视这个
 
 期待 LCTT 的下一个年度的发展吧！
 
+----
+
 LCTT wxy
+
 2014 年 9 月 10 日

published/20140610 How does the cloud affect the everyday linux user.md

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+“云”是怎么影响着每一位linux用户的？
+================================================================================
+### “云”简介 ###
+
+不论是报纸、在线资讯、播客、科技博客、科技门户网站，甚至是电台和电视。“云计算”永远都是人们津津乐道的主题。
+
+然而，因为“云计算”包含了太多的东西，现在并没有一个明确的定义，所以你认为“云计算”应该是什么呢？
+
+> **云计算** 过去常常被当做是网络计算的一个模型，网络计算就是把用户程序或者是应用运行在一个联网的服务器或是一个服务器集群，而不是像个人电脑、平板以及智能手机这一类运算设备。比如像传统的client-server (客户机-服务器模型) 和老一代的大型机，^[1] 用户通过连接服务器来执行一项任务。这和“云计算”是不同的，“云计算”是利用虚拟化的技术，把运算进程运行在一个或多个服务器上。利用虚拟技术，越来越多的物理化的服务器被配置和划分成多个独立的“虚拟”服务器，每个服务独立运行，对于用户来说，就像是运行在一个独立的物理服务器上一样。虚拟服务器本质上还是从他们的物理服务器中分离出来的，由于这种灵活的配置方式，使得人们可以按照意愿移动服务器和按比例分配资源而不影响最终的用户体验。计算机资源已成“颗粒”，给用户和管理人员提供方便，包括提供按需自助服务，支持更广泛的跨平台之间的访问，资源共享，快速重新部署，可被监控与量测服务。^[2]
+
+以上引用摘自维基百科。
+
+在过去，我们要么用哑终端连接大型电脑主机，要么近年来使用桌面电脑连接运行在内部服务器上的应用，就像网站连接数据库一样。
+	
+现在，所有桌面、应用和服务器的管理都已经本地化，都需要来自它们所属公司的技术支持。
+
+然而这只对软件公司等少数的公司有利，却对其他的一些商业公司不利，比如说银行、保险公司和石油公司。信息技术公司没有银行的职能，就好像是做餐饮的钻不出地下的石油一样。
+
+大公司早已把很多服务外包给专业的公司。例如，让餐饮公司为他们的员工提供食堂，以及我们所熟知的离岸呼叫中心处理银行业务的客户电话。
+
+IT 行业的很多服务也逐渐转向外包，许多的技术支持和开发的业务都被打包给中国、印度、马来西亚和东欧。
+
+云计算与传统的典型模型有很大不同的一方面在于虚拟化，这种虚拟化的技术把服务运行于虚拟服务器上，服务器可以被放置在同一个地方或者是相隔千山万水，但是，这并不重要，你也不用担心，因为那不是你该担心的事情。
+
+> 现在，“云计算”已经成为云计算基础设施的简称。^[4] 这个术语来源于早年一些网络工程师用云状的符号表示那些对他们来说未知的网络。^[5] 后来，营销者普及了这个云的概念，指的是软件、平台和一些可以买卖的基础设施。比如，远程登录互联网。
+
+因此，这篇文章讲述了和云相关的所有，对于linux的用户来说，这意味着你想用它做什么和它能为自己做些什么，当然，这有可能也会给我们造成一些误区。
+
+从一个终端用户和家庭使用者的角度来看，云计算最基本的就是提供在线服务。
+
+所以，让我们来说一说云能到底能给每一位linux用户提供些什么有用的服务？
+
+### 电子邮件 ###
+
+当你读到这里的时候，如果你还没有一个电子邮箱，我只能说你OUT了。
+
+据PC杂志顾问统计分析，截至2014三月份，电子邮箱的用户最多的前六名分别是Outlook、GMail、Yahoo、icloud、AOL和GMX。
+
+### 办公套件 ###
+
+和电子邮件客户端一样，对于每个人来说，另一个最常用的工具之一就是办公套件。
+
+在以前，当人们刚刚进入电脑世界的时候，买一个电脑会带回一个超大型的机器和半打子CD，刻着几个没用的 Microsoft Works ( 微软工作软件 )。 (LCTT译注：Microsoft Works Mirosoft Works是微软的一种家用综合软件，它主要面向低端的家庭用户,提供基本的能提高生活效率的工具,比如提供简单的文档处理、数据库、电子表格的入门级办公包功能。) 微软工作软件是一个廉价，而且无用到几乎要被砍掉的微软office版本。
+
+而现在，你甚至不需要在你的电脑上安装任何的办公套件，即便是有LibreOffice和Kingsoft这样好的软件供选择。
+
+最好的选择当然是Google Docs和Office 365。对于Office 365能否很好的运行于Linux平台，这篇来自2012期专业电脑的文章似乎说明了这个问题。
+
+![](http://www.linuxnews.pro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/office365_1.png)
+
+有人说这怎么可能呢，我不相信，所以，我注册并登录了Office 365，想看看到底是什么情况。
+
+注册，可以免费试用一个月，并且会赠送包括Word、Excel、和Outlook等一些在线应用。
+
+![](http://www.linuxnews.pro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/office365_2.png)
+
+一切看起来都挺好，我打开了Microsoft Word，选择了一个模板来使用，当然根本就没有打开成功。
+
+Office 365 并没有很好的支持linux设备，况且，说实话，你也不需要这东西。so，咱们继续。
+
+![](http://www.linuxnews.pro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/office365_3.png)
+
+Google Docs对于一般的办公支持非常完美，它能完成很多的事情，并且有很多的模板针对文字处理，演示工具，电子表格等。即使它始终也代替不了Excel，因为他并没有成百上千的开发人员为其创建宏和编写VBA脚本。
+
+![](http://www.linuxnews.pro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/zoho_1.png)
+
+另一个可供选择的办公套件是Zoho。
+
+和Google Docs一样，Zoho也包含有文字处理工具，演示程序，电子表格程序和电子邮件。
+
+此外，还有很多金融和客户管理系统。
+
+![](http://www.linuxnews.pro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/zoho_2.png)
+
+这个工具的界面看起来真的很简洁，很棒。
+
+它和Google Docs和Zoho这些在线服务一样，给予了人们相互协作的便利。
+
+很多文档被不同的人分享，然后在不同的地方被不同的人修改完善。
+
+这里会给出一些理由来帮助你从Google Docs和Zoho中选择一个适合你的办公套件。
+
+### 在线文件存储 ###
+
+Google Docs和Zoho给我们提供了其他一些很好的服务，就是很好的线上存储能力，你们可以线上存储很多文档和创建很多文件。
+
+也有一些其他的服务,比如说Dropbox,仅仅只提供在云存储服务。
+
+像Dropbox这样的云存储的好处是如果你的东西被偷了或者是不小心房子着火了，而这时，你仍然有一份离岸备份是安好无缺的。你仍然可以在任何地方获取你的文件。
+
+Dropbox对于前2G的容量是免费的，如果你还有更多的东西要存储，每天还有更多的事情要做，每个月只要9.9美刀，你就能拥有100G的存储空间，另外，Dropbox也提供商务版本，每个月15美刀。
+
+当然，并不是说Dropbox没有可替代的方案，这个网站也提供了很多很好的一些在线备份的方案。
+
+### 相册 ###
+
+自从有了数码照相机和智能手机，现在越来越多的人们利用存储卡来保存照片。
+
+我相信肯定有人因为电话坏了而丢失照片，因为他的照片是存储在电话上的，而不是其他的存储设备，甚至，有些因为丢失了电话而丢失了他们孩子的运动会照片或者是其他一些具有纪念意义的照片资料。
+
+丢失电话肯定不是什么好事情，如果你放机灵一点，情况可能要好一点，因为很多人的电话和email，facebook，Twitter的账户是同步的，甚至在线存储也是。
+
+当然，丢失手机时，我们可以更改以上那些账户的密码，可是丢失的照片却是再也找不回来了，这让人有一点点伤心。
+
+备份资料到电脑当然是一种很好的解决方法，不过要是你的笔记本哪天不小心坏了，你也只能变得一无所有，从头再来。
+
+在线照片存储的网站是一个很好的资源，因为他们不止要保证你的照片的安全，你也可以很方便的把照片分享给你选择的人。省去了那些把同样的照片做无数次的拷贝分别发给妈妈，奶奶，妹妹，阿姨和岳母等各种亲戚朋友的麻烦。
+
+我常用的一个是谷歌的Picasa相册工具，但是大家也可能听说过像Flickr这样的网络相册。
+
+Lifehacker给出了最好的5个网络分享的相册。
+
+请记住，他们仅仅是被称作相册分享工具，并不是说你一定要分享，你也可以自己保留他们。
+
+### 音乐 ###
+
+我得到的第一个唱片是20世纪80年代初“Adam and the Ants”的"Kings of the wild frontier"里的一个12英寸的碟子。
+
+在20世纪80年代后的很长一段时间里，唱片逐渐被磁带所取代，就好像是我积累了很多的磁带以后，磁带却被CD所取代。
+
+后来，成百上千的CD和MP3越来越普遍，直至成为了一种潮流。
+
+而音频流媒体始终也跟着潮流一起进步，比如像Spotify。
+
+Spotify是一个免费的软件，但是里面包含广告，对于使用的人们而言，它就像是一个你可以定制的私人电台，当然你也可以交月费来去除广告。
+
+Grooveshark和last.fm也有提供很多相似的服务。
+
+Techradar给出了7种Spotify的替代方案。
+
+### 电影 ###
+
+小飞象 (Dumbo) 是我最早在电影院看的一部电影。而我最早接触录像是“Krull”，它讲述了Dulph Lundgren的年轻时候的经历，录像的格式是Beta Max。(当时我的邻居就有一个) 。
+
+有一天，爸爸从收音机租赁处带回来一个录像机，我和我的姐姐就轮流去录像店租带子看。我清楚的记得，我第一次租的带子名字叫“黑洞”(The Black Hole)。
+
+直到有声电影的出现，你就不得不拿一个很大的东西来装电影带子，所以有些天才就发明了DVD，甚至是制造出了蓝光碟片。
+
+现在，流媒体已经充斥着我们生活的每一天，要是你有个牛X的网络就更完美了。
+
+其中，最出名的流媒体提供商是Netflix和Lovefilm (Netflix和Lovefilm都是在线的影片租赁公司)。
+
+linuxnews给了我们一些更好的选择来替代Netflix，因为并不是所有的服务都能无缝的在linux上工作，包括Netflix。
+
+### 游戏 ###
+
+继音乐，电影搬到线上以后，游戏也登上了在线的舞台。
+
+对游戏来说就要困难一些，因为音乐只占用很少的带宽，而电影的要求相对高一点，但是也仅仅是为了得到一幅清晰的画面。
+
+游戏始终需要很高的帧速支持，不然即使你手上有一个很好玩的游戏，可能也不值得去尝试。
+
+当前，很多游戏服务商都有提供基于云的游戏，包括OnLive和StreamMyGame也有提供。
+
+linuxnews给出了6个和OnLive竞争的游戏服务提供商。
+
+### 争议 ###
+
+云计算也并不是没有争议。
+
+首先，最大的问题就是安全问题，如果有人进入了你的在线存储空间和你的电子邮箱，并盗取了你的个人信息。
+
+那么在线存储你都会存些什么呢？像Megaupload.com这样的网站，上面都有很多有价值的客户资料。
+
+Megaupload.com这个网站本来提供的大容量文件的存储，而问题却是，很多人用它来分享一些有版权的资料，美国的当局就不依不饶的下来检查，所以这个服务被迫关掉了。
+
+现在，因为很多人丢失了资料，当局的这样做也是无可厚非的，但是对于那些没有做错事的人来说，他们的数据资料也丢失了，美国当局拒绝还给本人。
+
+最后给出了一个服务正在维护的答复，如果你的电子邮件停了一天你能应付，那么3天呢？甚至是一个月你还能应付得了吗，那么你也就只能任由服务提供商摆布了。
+
+很多大公司已经取回了丢失的数据，但是仍然有很多心脏病漏洞(openssl的heartbleed安全漏洞)的消息在，这是ssl应用多年中发现的一个重大的安全漏洞。
+
+所以说，如果你用了别人提供的在线服务，那么你必须信赖他们技术支持人员，你也必须相信他们不会出现被黑客攻击，硬件故障，缺乏备份和无法恢复系统这样的情况。
+
+### 总结 ###
+
+现在云计算早已成了充斥着在线服务的主题，你的浏览器就是一个客户端，连接世界上任意一个地方的服务器或者是服务器集群。重点是你没必要去关注，而且你也不需要知道。
+
+一般来说，我们仅仅触及的是它的表面，所有我们每天接触到的云，对于我们大多数人来说甚至都不用去关注它。
+
+至于说云到底是怎样影响着每一位linux用户，事实去证明是有很多的。
+
+云到底是好是坏？又或许什么都不是。每一种服务的好坏都要看它的优势。
+
+或许云仅仅是营销人员炒起来的一个概念，也只会让技术新闻感到兴奋。是否还有人记得我们一直在用的“Web 2.0”？
+
+感谢您的阅读。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.linuxnews.pro/how-does-the-cloud-affect-the-everyday-linux-user/
+
+译者：[barney-ro](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

published/20140624 Staying free--should GCC allow non-free plug ins.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+保持自由 - GCC应该接受收费插件吗？
+================================================================================
+
+> GCC邮件列表中在争论GCC是否应该接受收费插件，但是认为GCC是一个免费软件开发的媒介的论调占得了上风
+
+Gcc以及它在模块化方面的缺失又一次作为一个问题被提出来，并且和市场上的新的编译器LLVM做了对比。GCC巨大而古老：5百万行代码，30年研发时间，并且还在继续增长。相比较而言，LLVM更加年轻，更加模块化，并且允许所有的语言都作为一个模块添加进去。
+
+LLVM的核心是‘开放源代码’。GCC是反著作权（copyleft）代表，是严格的免费软件，她不允许以任何形式收费的插件的代码进入到GCC的代码中。争论的一种意见，正如Eric Raymond说的，“FSF不可能既阻止持有所有权的供应者添加他们的插件到一个免费编译器中，又让这个编译器得到发展。就像马儿已经偏离了跑道，反对插件策略的战略目标已经彻底的失败了”。
+
+LLVM已经被苹果公司采用作为OS X和苹果硬件上GCC的替代品，并且正在变得流行起来，特别是在BSD系列操作系统的用户中间。LLVM的拥护者推测LLVM将会在更广阔的应用程序和移动设备开发市场上成为GCC的替代者。GCC的反对者们的观点是GCC太过复杂，并且开发者们必须遵守她的‘反著作权（copyleft）’。这限制了那些不想在‘反著作权（copyleft）’许可证下发布他们的语言或者软件产品。作为典型，苹果公司有一个很长的厌恶免费软件的历史。他们也不允许遵守‘反著作权（copyleft）’的软件通过他们的App Store发布。
+
+LLVM和GCC之间的争论其实是GNU/Linux和BSD系列、开放源代码和免费软件之间历史差异的翻新版。开放源码的开发者允许代码被以任何形式的使用，免费或者维持版权。免费软件则严格地规定，代码或者针对代码做的更新，必须保持永久免费。免费软件的支持者认为完整的‘反著作权’授权有助于GCC的发展，并且已经将Linux和免费软件带到一个其他方式无法到达的高度，同时保证了免费软件不会被收购或者堕落成商业利益。开放源码的支持者则认为开放源码更加的自由，因为使用这没有受到限制，他们可以随意使用，包括开发非开源的版本。
+
+GNU编译器集合（GCC）一直是免费软件发展的关键。编译器是稀有且昂贵的商品，版权软件公司也充斥着对不符合标准的特性的需求。让软件兼容不同的机器和操作系统是一个非必需的复杂任务。GCC作为第一个真正免费的跨平台编译器，简化了这个过程。
+
+GCC对于软件开发者和移动设备开发者来说也是一个划时代的产品，而不仅仅对于那些免费软件概念提出者。GCC不但免费和可移植，她跨越不同硬件架构的普遍性和公用性使得更加容易做到软件的兼容性、鲁棒性和一致性。这和John Gilmore，Michael Tiemann和David Henkel-Wallace在开发GCC时发现的一样。这也是Cygnus Solutions公司主要的卖点，Cygnus Solutions是第一家靠卖免费软件赚钱的公司。[译注：Cygnus Solutions是John Gilmore, Michael Tiemann and David Henkel- Wallace创办的公司，同时也是GNU几个主要产品的贡献者]
+
+LLVM和GCC之间主要的技术差异集中在组成‘前端’，‘中端’，‘后端’的模块分割。‘前端’用来翻译特定的语言。‘中端’对翻译后产生的代码进行优化。‘后端’将优化后的代码转化成特定硬件架构的机器码。LLVM将这些模块分割成不同的实体，但是由于语义的和历史的原因，GCC模糊了这些模块之间的界限。
+
+对于一个免费软件项目，添加一种新的语言或者架构到GCC也许是一个非常困难的过程，添加有版权的插件也是不允许的。由于模块间界限非常不明确，最容易的添加方法就是让添加的特性遵循免费软件许可证。最初的开发者也许想保持代码的封闭和版权，但最后不得不将代码以免费软件发布。早期的C++以及Objective C就被认为是其中典型的例子。
+
+与此相反，LLVM允许，甚至也许可以说是鼓励添加和发展版权语言和架构，比如英伟达基于Clang和LLVM的对于GPU开发的NVCC。NVCC的源代码是免费软件或者开源软件开发者获取不到的。
+
+Richard Stallman[对这方面的演讲中][1]旗帜鲜明地宣布：“在免费软件运动中，我们为自由而战。免费软件的的价值观从根本上就和开源软件不同，后者以写‘更好的代码’为终极目标。如果GCC从免费的编译器变成非免费的编译器，她将不再能够达成自由的目标。
+
+“Clang和LLVM的开发者不认可我们的价值观和目标，所以得出了跟我们不一样的结论。他们反对我们采取的捍卫自由的措施，因为他们只看到这对他们造成的不便，却没有看到（或者不关心）他们真正的需求。我猜测他们把他们的工作定义为‘开源’，并且漠视自由。”
+
+GCC开发者们不可能在许可证的条件上妥协。LLVM在某些行业的部门非常流行，因为它很年轻很新，在编程语言的浪潮中跳跃式发展着。流行的风向着更加开放奔跑，GCC决心跟商业利益死磕也许是这个长期演进路上的一大助力。Unix公司们从80和90年代的Unix战争中学到了一些东西。语言和操作系统都是工具，它们最好是开放和共享的。GCC是免费软件，不属于任何人。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/features/staying-free-should-gcc-allow-non-free-plug-ins
+
+译者：[love\_daisy\_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://lwn.net/articles/582241

published/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Webapps.md

@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+在Ubuntu上要用微软OFFICE？去安装官方的Web应用吧
+==================================================
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/office-web-app-.jpg)
+
+**不论你喜欢与否，微软 Office 及其文件格式是大多数工作和学习环境所必须的，无论是好用还是不好用** 
+
+通过使用[LibreOffice的应用程序套件][1]，在Ubuntu上阅读、编辑和保存这些专有文件格式出现是基本可行的。 Writer、Calc和Impress都不同程度的和微软 Office 可以互通，虽然以我的实际经验来看（幸好很短暂），不是很完美。 
+
+有时候你会不得不使用微软Office（虽然我们大多数人都心里向着开放标准，但是我们不应该无视实际问题），但你如果不太想去购买一个完整的微软OFFICE许可证，并通过 WINE来运行它，那么微软的在线网络应用程序就是完美的解决方法。 
+
+###在Ubuntu安装微软在线办公软件上的应用程序### 
+
+为了更容易地从Ubuntu的桌面访问这些在线版本，“Linux的Web应用项目”创造了一个小的、非官方的安装程序。它可以添加Web应用程序的快捷方式（“漂亮的书签”）到您的应用程序启动器。 
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/microsoft-office-web-apps.jpg)
+
+通过快捷方式，可以在你的默认的浏览器中打开相应的Microsoft Web应用，不可能有比这更简单的了。听起来不错吧？你可以找到这些Web 应用的快捷方式： 
+
+- Word
+- Excel
+- PowerPoint
+- Outlook
+- OneDrive
+- Calendar
+- OneNote
+- People
+
+该软件包还创建了一个新的应用程序类别来容纳这些链接，不但可以让您把这些快捷方式从其他应用程序单独分开来，而且是直接位于常见的“办公软件”应用程序下。 
+
+这些都是必不可少的吗？不见得。他们有用吗？这取决于你的工作需要。但它是不错的选择吗？一定是的。 
+
+你可以从下面的链接下载.deb文件安装程序。适用于Ubuntu14.04 LTS和更高版本。 
+
+- [下载微软的在线办公应用(.deb)][2] 
+
+###其他可选项###
+
+![](http://d0od.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Screen-Shot-2014-04-15-at-15.29.35-350x200.png)
+
+类似的替代方案是[安装Chrome官方网上应用商店的在线办公应用程序][3]，然后添加应用程序启动器到Linux。这也会在 Dash 中为它们创建启动快捷方式，不过那些可以被设置为打开自己的窗口框架中，而且不需要安装任何第三方软件包。 
+
+同时，谷歌最近在整合完整的Office功能（由于其购买了QuickOffice）[到自己的文档，幻灯片和表单应用][4]。Android应用程序Quickoffice退出了舞台，而以Chrome扩展的方式再次出现。 
+
+如果你是一个深度的谷歌网络硬盘/文档的用户，那么这个解决方案可能对你来说更好。 
+
+-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ 
+
+via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/run-microsoft-office-web-apps-ubuntu-desktop
+
+译者：[cereuz](https://github.com/cereuz) 
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/
+[2]:https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByQnaVw7riBQMjNCUFh4ZlM4Y0E/edit?usp=sharing
+[3]:http://www.omgchrome.com/microsoft-brings-office-online-chrome-web-store/
+[4]:http://www.omgchrome.com/quickoffice-chrome-extension-gets-name-change/

published/20140724 diff -u--What is New in Kernel Development.md

@@ -1,22 +1,22 @@
 diff -u: 内核开发里的新鲜事儿
 ================================================================================
-偶尔总会有人指出Linux中的POSIX违规（注：violation此处暂译为违规，若不妥，请修正），通常的回答是修复违规问题，但有时李纳斯·托瓦兹认为POSIX特性是不完整的，至少他们维护Linux特性的情形下是这样的。因此，他们或许应该构建一层POSIX兼容层，即便这个分层会相对较慢和低效。
+偶尔总会有人指出Linux中的POSIX违规（violation），通常的回答是“修复违规问题”，但有时李纳斯·托瓦兹认为POSIX特性是不完整的，至少他们维护Linux特性的情形下是这样的。因此，他们或许应该构建一层POSIX兼容层，即便这个分层会相对较慢和低效。
 
-这一次，*迈克尔·凯利斯克*报告了一个影响文件操作的POSIX违规。显然，在多线程操作期间读写文件会导致竞争出现，重写其它操作的改变。
+这一次，*迈克尔·凯利斯克（Michael Kerrisk）*报告了一个影响文件操作的POSIX违规。显然，在多线程操作期间读写文件会导致竞争出现，重写其它操作的改变。
 
-关于这是否是POSIX的一个违规存在一些讨论，但到最后又有谁关心呢？数据重写是很糟糕的。在迈克尔提交部分代码去重现这个问题后，讨论的问题集中到该做什么去修复它。但迈克尔确实提出了“Linux从早期开始就与UNIX不一致。（如在1992年版的史蒂夫的APUE的191页讨论到fork()操作后在父进程与子进程之间文件偏移量的共享问题。尽管史蒂夫没有显式地讲清楚一致性的保证，但缺乏这个保证的推论这里的讨论可能有些没意义。）”的观点。
+关于这是否是POSIX的一个违规存在一些讨论，但到最后又有谁关心呢？数据重写（clobbering）是很糟糕的事情。在迈克尔提交部分代码去重现这个问题后，讨论的问题集中到该做什么去修复它。但迈克尔的观点是：“Linux从早期开始就与UNIX不一致。（如在1992年版的史蒂夫的APUE的191页讨论到fork()操作后在父进程与子进程之间文件偏移量的共享问题。尽管史蒂夫没有显式地讲清楚一致性的保证，但缺乏这个保证的推论这里的讨论可能有些没意义。）”
 
-艾尔·维洛和李纳斯一起设法解决这个修复。李纳斯尝试引入一个简单的互斥量去锁住文件，以便写操作无法互相重写。艾尔提出了自己的改进以改善李纳斯的补丁。
+艾尔·维洛（Al Viro）和李纳斯一起设法解决这个修复。李纳斯尝试引入一个简单的互斥量去锁住文件，以便写操作无法互相重写。艾尔提出了自己的改进以改善李纳斯的补丁。
 
 李纳斯一度解释过这个故障自身的历史。显然，从前这个用来告诉系统去哪里写文件的文件指针已经被锁在一个信号量中，所以只有一个进程可以在某一时刻对这个文件做任何操作。但是，他们从中拿走了这个信号量，以便在任何时候可以适应设备文件和其它非常规文件，因为当用户被禁止写入其中时它们就会陷入竞争状态。
 
-这就是错误的由来。那时候，它悄悄通过了检查，未被发现。因为实际上对常规文件的读写仍然由内核自动处理。只有文件指针自身可以避免同步。而且，因为高速线程化的文件操作是一个非常罕见的需求，所以对任何人来说都需要很长时间才能遇到这个问题并报告它。
+这就是错误的由来。那个时候，它悄悄地通过了检查，未被发现。因为实际上对常规文件的读写仍然由内核自动处理。只有文件指针自身可以避免同步。而且，因为高速线程化的文件操作是一个非常罕见的需求，所以对任何人来说都需要很长时间才能遇到这个问题并报告它。
 
-一个有趣的小细节是当李纳斯和艾尔在寻找一个修复方案时，艾尔一度抱怨李纳斯采用的方法并不能支持确定的架构，包括*ARM*和*PowerPC*。李纳斯的回应是“我怀疑关心这个是否有意义。[...]如果使用ARM/PPC架构的人停止抱怨，他们可以往gcc中加入struct-return的支持。”
+一个有趣的小细节是当李纳斯和艾尔在寻找一个修复方案时，艾尔一度抱怨李纳斯采用的方法并不能支持一些确定的架构，包括*ARM*和*PowerPC*。李纳斯的回应是“我怀疑关心这个是否有意义。[...]如果使用ARM/PPC架构的人停止抱怨，他们可以往gcc中加入struct-return的支持。”
 
 看到这些问题突然产生并得到处理通常是很有趣的。在某些情况下，这个修复的部分工作必须在内核中进行，部分在GCC中，部分在其它地方。在这个特例里，艾尔认为整个事情都应该在内核里处理，他在灵感的激发下往补丁中写入了自己的版本，李纳斯也接受了。
 
-*安迪·克伦*则想为*perf*增加底层CPU事件支持。问题在于这可能会导致大量的底层事件，而且会因CPU的变化而改变。即使为了所有类型的CPU把可能的时间都存储在内存里，也可能会显著地增加内核的运行大小。因此，把这个信息硬编码进内核的方法是有问题的。
+*安迪·克伦（Andi Kleen）*则想为*perf*增加底层CPU事件支持。问题在于这可能会导致大量的底层事件，而且会因CPU的变化而改变。即使为了所有类型的CPU把可能的时间都存储在内存里，也可能会显著地增加内核的运行大小。因此，把这个信息硬编码进内核的方法是有问题的。
 
 他也指出*OProfile*工具依赖于这些时间的公开可用列表，尽管他表示OProfile开发者并非总维持他们的列表与最新的可用版本一致。
 
@@ -24,20 +24,21 @@ diff -u: 内核开发里的新鲜事儿
 
 有各种各样对安迪代码的反馈，其中大部分涉及到应该在哪个目录下保存事件列表和文件如何命名。这份代码本身的特性似乎得到了很好的回应。一处细节证明了安迪的代码比其他人的更有争议，就是将列表下载到用户家目录下的一个子目录。安迪表示如果不这样做的话，用户可能会以系统管理员的身份去下载事件列表，这会是危害安全的操作。
 
-萨沙·莱文最近发布了一个脚本来从堆栈转储中把*十六进制的偏移量*翻译成有意义的指向内核源码文件的行号。因此诸如“ffffffff811f0ec8”形式的十六进制表示可以被翻译成“fs/proc/generic.c:445”。
+萨沙·莱文（Sasha Levin）最近发布了一个脚本来从堆栈转储中把*十六进制的偏移量*翻译成有意义的指向内核源码文件的行号。因此诸如“ffffffff811f0ec8”形式的十六进制表示可以被翻译成“fs/proc/generic.c:445”。
 
-然而，结果表明李纳斯·托瓦兹正打算从堆栈转储中移除十六进制偏移量，具体原因是他们难以理解。所以萨沙的代码看起来过时了。【译者注：程序媛，伤不起！】
+然而，结果表明李纳斯·托瓦兹正打算从堆栈转储中移除十六进制偏移量，具体原因是他们难以理解。所以萨沙的代码看起来过时了。[译者注：程序媛，伤不起！:< ]
 
 他们在这个问题上纠结了一番。起初，萨沙打算依赖存储在System.map文件里的数据区补偿，但李纳斯指出包括他在内的有些人并不会保留System.map文件。李纳斯推荐使用/usr/bin/nm从编译好的内核文件中提取符号表。
 
 所以，似乎萨沙的脚本可能确实为调试堆栈转储提供了有意义的文件和行号，假设堆栈转储提供足够的信息去完成计算。
+
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/diff-u-whats-new-kernel-development-0
 
 原文作者：[Zack Brown][a]
 
-译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/20140730 How to use variables in shell Scripting.md

@@ -13,56 +13,56 @@ shell脚本中的变量是用来**调用**一个**数值**或者**字符值**的
 <table width="100%" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1">
   <tbody>
     <tr>
-      <td><strong> System Defined Variables </strong></td>
-      <td><strong> Meaning </strong></td>
+      <td><strong>系统定义的变量 </strong></td>
+      <td><strong>意义 </strong></td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
       <td> BASH=/bin/bash </td>
-      <td> Shell Name </td>
+      <td>  Bash Shell 名称 </td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
       <td> BASH_VERSION=4.1.2(1) </td>
-      <td> Bash Version </td>
+      <td> Bash 版本 </td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
       <td> COLUMNS=80 </td>
-      <td> No. of columns for our screen </td>
+      <td> 你的屏幕宽度（列数） </td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
       <td> HOME=/home/linuxtechi </td>
-      <td> Home Directory of the User </td>
+      <td> 用户家目录 </td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
       <td> LINES=25 </td>
-      <td> No. of columns for our screen </td>
+      <td> 你的屏幕高度（行数） </td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
       <td> LOGNAME=LinuxTechi </td>
-      <td> LinuxTechi Our logging name </td>
+      <td> 当前登录用户的名字 </td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
       <td> OSTYPE=Linux </td>
-      <td> OS type </td>
+      <td> 操作系统类型 </td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
       <td> PATH=/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin </td>
-      <td> Path Settings </td>
+      <td> 可执行文件搜索路径  </td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
       <td> PS1=[\u@\h \W]\$ </td>
-      <td> Prompt Settings </td>
+      <td> 命令行提示符 </td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
       <td> PWD=/home/linuxtechi </td>
-      <td> Current Working Directory </td>
+      <td> 当前工作目录 </td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
       <td> SHELL=/bin/bash </td>
-      <td> Shell Name </td>
+      <td> Shell 名称 </td>
     </tr>
     <tr>
       <td> USERNAME=linuxtechi </td>
-      <td> User name who is currently login to system </td>
+      <td> 当前登录的用户名 </td>
     </tr>
   </tbody>
 </table>
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ shell脚本中的变量是用来**调用**一个**数值**或者**字符值**的
     $ echo “The cost of the item is $15”
     The cost of the item is 5
 
-很明显，那不是我们说希望的。无论何时，当脚本遇见引号中的美元符号时，它都会认为你是在调用一个变量。在本例中，改脚本试着显示**变量$1**（而这个变量并没有定义），然后显示数字5。要显示实际上的美元符号，你**必须前置**一个**反斜线字符**：
+很明显，那不是我们说希望的。无论何时，当脚本遇见引号中的美元符号时，它都会认为你是在调用一个变量。在本例中，该脚本试着显示**变量$1**（而这个变量并没有定义），然后显示数字5。要显示实际上的美元符号，你**必须前置**一个**反斜线字符**：
 
     $ echo “The cost of the item is \$15”
     The cost of the item is $15
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ shell脚本中的变量是用来**调用**一个**数值**或者**字符值**的
 
 这些变量由**用户**定义。shell脚本允许我们在脚本中设置并使用我们**自己的变量**。设置变量允许你**临时存储数据**并在脚本中使用，让shell脚本看起来像一个真正的计算机程序。
 
-**用户变量**可以是任何不超过**20个字母，数字**的文本字符串，或者**一个下划线字符**。用户变量是大小写敏感的，因此，变量Var1和变量var1是不同的变量。这个小规则常常让新手编写脚本时麻烦重重。
+**用户变量**可以是任何不超过**20个的字母、数字**或者**下划线字符**的文本字符串（LCTT 译注：变量只能以字母或下划线开头）。用户变量是大小写敏感的，因此，变量Var1和变量var1是不同的变量。这个小规则常常让新手编写脚本时麻烦重重。
 
 我们可以通过**等于号**为变量赋值。变量，等于号和值（对于新手又是个麻烦的地方）之间不能有空格。下面是几个给用户变量赋值的例子：
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ shell脚本为变量值**自动确定数据类型**。shell脚本内定义的变
     Jessica checked in 5 days ago
     $
 
-每次变量被**调用**，它都会产生当前分配给它的值。记住这一点很重要，当调用一个变量值时，你使用**美元符号**，但是当调用一个变量来为其分配一个值时，你不能用美元符号。下面用例子来说明：
+每次变量被**调用**，它都会变成了当前分配给它的值。有一点很重要，当调用一个变量值时，你使用**美元符号**，但是当为一个变量分配一个值时，你不能用美元符号。下面用例子来说明：
 
     $ cat test4
     #!/bin/bash
@@ -180,7 +180,7 @@ shell会在**反引号**中运行命令，然后将输出结果赋值给变量te
     $ ./test5
     The date and time are: Mon Jan 31 20:23:25 EDT 2011
 
-**注**：在bash中，你也可以选用$(...)语法来替换反引号(`)，它有个优点就是可以重用。
+**注**：在bash中，你也可以选用$(...)语法来替换反引号(`)，它有个优点就是可以重用（re-entrant）。
 
 例：
 
@@ -192,8 +192,8 @@ shell会在**反引号**中运行命令，然后将输出结果赋值给变量te
 via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/variables-in-shell-scripting/
 
 作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a]
-译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[	](https://github.com/GOLinux)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/20140801 How To Install Java On Ubuntu 14.04.md

@@ -3,17 +3,17 @@
 
 ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install_Java_Ubuntu_Linux_Mint.jpeg)
 
-想知道**如何在Ubuntu 14.04中安装Java**？安装Java肯定是[安装Ubuntu 14.04后首先要做的几件事情之一](1)，而且这也很简单
+想知道**如何在Ubuntu 14.04中安装Java**？安装Java肯定是[安装Ubuntu 14.04后首先要做的几件事情之一](1)，而且这也很简单。
 
-许多人比较厌恶Java，但是很有可能因为某些原因，你需要安装Java，尽管你很讨厌它。在这篇文章中，我们将展示如何在Ubuntu 14.04安装Java（也可能在Linux Mint 17同样适用）
+许多人比较厌恶Java，但是很有可能因为某些原因你需要安装Java，尽管你很讨厌它。在这篇文章中，我们将展示如何在Ubuntu 14.04安装Java（也可能在Linux Mint 17同样适用）。
 
 ### JRE vs OpenJDK vs Oracle JDK ###
 
-在我们继续了解如何安装Java之前，让我们快速地了解JRE,OpenJDK和Oracle JDK之间的不同之处
+在我们继续了解如何安装Java之前，让我们快速地了解JRE、OpenJDK和Oracle JDK之间的不同之处。
 
-- JRE（Java Runtime Environment），它是你运行一个基于Java语言应用程序的所正常需要的环境。如果你不是一个程序员的话，这些足够你的需要
-- JDK代表Java开发工具包，如果你想做一些有关Java的开发（阅读程序），这正是你所需要的
-- OpenJDK是Java开发工具包的开源实现，Oracle JDK是Java开发工具包的官方Oracle版本。尽管OpenJDK已经足够满足大多数的案例，但是许多程序比如[Android Studio](2)建议使用Oracle JDK，以避免UI/性能问题
+- JRE（Java Runtime Environment），它是你运行一个基于Java语言应用程序的所正常需要的环境。如果你不是一个程序员的话，这些足够你的需要。
+- JDK代表Java开发工具包，如果你想做一些有关Java的开发（阅读程序），这正是你所需要的。
+- OpenJDK是Java开发工具包的开源实现，Oracle JDK是Java开发工具包的官方Oracle版本。尽管OpenJDK已经足够满足大多数的案例，但是许多程序比如[Android Studio](2)建议使用Oracle JDK，以避免UI/性能问题。
 
 ### 检查Java是否已经安装在Ubuntu上 ###
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 
 ### 在Ubuntu和Linux Mint上安装Java ###
 
-看了各种类型‘Java’的不同之后，让我们看如何安装他们
+看了各种类型‘Java’的不同之后，让我们看如何安装他们。
 
 #### 在Ubuntu和Linux Mint上安装JRE ####
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 
 	sudo apt-get install default-jdk
 
-特殊地，如果你想要安装Java 7或者Java 6等等，你可以使用openjdk-7-jdk/openjdk-6jdk，但是记住在此之前安装openjdk-7-jre/openjdk-6-jre
+特殊地，如果你想要安装Java 7或者Java 6等等，你可以使用openjdk-7-jdk/openjdk-6jdk，但是记住在此之前安装openjdk-7-jre/openjdk-6-jre。
 
 #### 在Ubuntu和Linux Mint上安装Oracle JDK ####
 
@@ -58,17 +58,17 @@
 	sudo apt-get install oracle-java8-installer
 	sudo apt-get install oracle-java8-set-default
 
-如果你想安装Java 7(i.e Java 1.7)，在上面的命令中用java7代替java8
+如果你想安装Java 7(i.e Java 1.7)，在上面的命令中用java7代替java8。
 
-我希望这篇文章能够帮助你学会在Ubuntu,Linux Mint和其它基于Ubuntu的Linux发行版本上安装Java，我们欢迎所有问题或者建议
+我希望这篇文章能够帮助你学会在Ubuntu,Linux Mint和其它基于Ubuntu的Linux发行版本上安装Java，我们欢迎所有问题或者建议。
 
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-via:
+via: http://itsfoss.com/install-java-ubuntu-1404/
 
 作者：[Abhishek][a]
 译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
  
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
  

published/20140811 Disable or Password Protect Single User Mode or RHEL ro CentOS ro 5.x ro 6.x.md

@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
-在RHEL / CentOS / 5.x / 6.x上禁用并使单用户模式受到密码保护
+在RHEL / CentOS / 5.x / 6.x上用密码保护单用户模式
 ================================================================================
-大家好,
-
-如果您还没有使用密码保护单用户模式，这对你的Linux服务器会是一个很大的风险，所以在涉及到安全性时，使用密码保护单用户模式是非常重要的。
+大家好，如果您还没有使用密码保护单用户模式，这对你的Linux服务器会是一个很大的风险，所以在涉及到安全性时，使用密码保护单用户模式是非常重要的。
 
 今天这篇文章我会向你展示如何在RHEL / CentOS 5.x 和 RHEL / CentOS 6.x上使用密码保护你的单用户模式。
 
 请仔细地执行所给出的命令，不然你的系统将会无法正常启动。首先，我会请你先完整地读完，然后在尝试。请自己承担相应的后果:-) 
 
 ![Password Protect](http://www.tejasbarot.com/wp-content/uploads//password-300x140.jpg)
-Password Protect
+
+<small>Password Protect</small>
 
 ### 1. 对于 RHEL / CentOS 5.x ###
 
@@ -17,11 +16,11 @@ Password Protect
 
     cp /etc/inittab /etc/inittab.backup
 
-** 禁用并使单用户模式受到密码保护，用root执行下面的命令 :-**
+**要使单用户模式受到密码保护，用root执行下面的命令 :-**
 
-    [root@tejas-barot-linux ~]$ sed -i '1i  su:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin'
+    [root@tejas-barot-linux ~]# sed -i '1i  su:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin' /etc/inittab
 
-** 这样你会看到像下面这样的 **
+**这样你会看到像下面这样的**
 
     su:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin
     # Default runlevel. The runlevels used by RHS are:
@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ Password Protect
     #
     id:3:initdefault:
 
-*NOTE: 如果你不想使用sed命令你可以在/etc/inittab 顶部加入 “su:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin” *
+*NOTE: 如果你不想使用sed命令你可以在/etc/inittab 顶部加入 “su:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin”*
 
 ### 2. 对于 RHEL / CentOS 6.x ###
 
@@ -43,9 +42,9 @@ Password Protect
 
     cp /etc/sysconfig/init /etc/sysconfig/init.backup
 
-#### 2.2 禁用并使单用户模式受到密码保护，用root执行下面的命令 :- ####
+#### 2.2 要使单用户模式受到密码保护，用root执行下面的命令 :- ####
 
-    [root@tejas-barot-linux ~]$#sed -i 's/SINGLE=\/sbin\/sushell/SINGLE=\/sbin\/sulogin/' /etc/sysconfig/init
+    [root@tejas-barot-linux ~]# sed -i 's/SINGLE=\/sbin\/sushell/SINGLE=\/sbin\/sulogin/' /etc/sysconfig/init
 
 **这样你会看到像下面这样的**
 
@@ -53,15 +52,15 @@ Password Protect
 
 *注意 :- 如果你不想使用sed你可以在 /etc/sysconfig/init 中直接改成 “SINGLE=/sbin/sulogin”*
 
-E享受Linux :) 享受开源
+享受Linux :) 享受开源
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-via: http://www.tejasbarot.com/2014/05/05/disable-password-protect-single-user-mode-rhel-centos-5-x-6-x/#axzz39oGCBRuX
+via: http://www.tejasbarot.com/2014/05/05/disable-password-protect-single-user-mode-rhel-centos-5-x-6-x/
 
 作者：[Tejas Barot][a]
 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/20140811 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to check the last time system was rebooted on Linux.md

@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
-Linux FAQ -- 如何检查Linux系统的最后重启时间
+Linux有问必答：如何检查Linux系统的最后重启时间
 ================================================================================
-> **问题**: 是否有一个命令可以快速地检查系统已经运行了多久? 也就是我怎么知道Linux最后的重启时间? 
 
-There are several ways to find out the last system reboot time,
+> **问题**: 是否有一个命令可以快速地检查系统已经运行了多久? 也就是我怎么知道Linux系统最后的重启时间? 
+
+有许多方法来查询系统最后的重启时间。
 
 ### 方法一 ###
 
@@ -12,27 +13,27 @@ There are several ways to find out the last system reboot time,
 
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3925/14881994335_041e9c2f86_z.jpg)
 
-这条命令实际上显示的是最近几天的系统运行时间。last原本被设计来显示某个特定用户的登录历史。在Linux中，有一个特别的“伪用户”称为reboot会在系统重启的时候立即登录。这样通过检查reboot用户的登录历史，你就可以检查最后的重启时间。
+这条命令实际上显示的是最近几天的系统运行时间。last原本被设计来显示某个特定用户的登录历史。在Linux中，有一个特别的“伪用户”称为reboot会在系统重启的时候立即自动登录。这样通过检查reboot用户的登录历史，你就可以检查最后的重启时间。
 
 ### 方法二 ###
 
-另外一个检测系统最后启动时间的方法是使用who命令带上’-b‘选项。
+另外一个检测系统最后启动时间的方法是使用who命令带上‘-b’选项。
 
     $ who -b 
 
 ### 方法三 ###
 
-你同样可以使用uptime命令来推断系统最后的启动时间。uptime命令会显示当前的时间，同样也会显示系统已经运行的时间。从这些信息中，你就可以计算系统最后启动的时间了
+你同样可以使用uptime命令来推断系统最后的启动时间。uptime命令会显示当前的时间，同样也会显示系统已经运行的时间。从这些信息中，你就可以计算系统最后启动的时间了 
 
     $ uptime 
 
-![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3915/14881660192_58f2843969_o.png)
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3915/14881660192_58f2843969_o.png) 
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/check-last-time-system-rebooted-linux.html
 
 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
 
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

published/20140818 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to set a static MAC address on VMware ESXi virtual machine.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-Linux FAQ -- 如何在VMware ESXi虚拟机上设置静态MAC地址。
+Linux有问必答：如何在VMware ESXi虚拟机上设置静态MAC地址
 ================================================================================
-> **问题**:我想给VMware ESXi上的一台虚拟机分配一个静态的MAC地址。然而当我开始这么做的时候，虚拟机就不能启动了不且抛出了一个这样一个错误"00:0c:29:1f:4a:ab is not an allowed static Ethernet address. It conflicts with VMware reserved MACs"（00:0c:29:1f:4a:ab不是一个合法的静态以太网地址。它与VMWare的保留MAC地址冲突）。我该如何在VMware ESXi虚拟机上设置静态MAC地址？
+> **问题**:我想给VMware ESXi上的一台虚拟机分配一个静态的MAC地址。然而当我开始这么做的时候，虚拟机就不能启动了，并且抛出了一个这样一个错误"00:0c:29:1f:4a:ab is not an allowed static Ethernet address. It conflicts with VMware reserved MACs"（00:0c:29:1f:4a:ab不是一个合法的静态以太网地址。它与VMWare的保留MAC地址冲突）。我该如何在VMware ESXi虚拟机上设置静态MAC地址？
 
 当你在VMware ESXi上创建虚拟机时，虚拟机的每个网络接口就被分配了一个动态的NAC地址。如果你想要改变默认的行为并给你的虚拟机分配一个静态MAC地址时就这样做
 
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ Linux FAQ -- 如何在VMware ESXi虚拟机上设置静态MAC地址。
 
 首先关闭你想要分配静态MAC地址的虚拟机。
 
-[对你的ESXi主机启用SSH访问][1]如果你还没这么做的话。接着通过SSH登录ESXi主机。
+[对你的ESXi主机启用SSH访问][1]，如果你还没这么做的话。接着通过SSH登录ESXi主机。
 
 移到你虚拟机的.vmx文件所在目录。
 
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Linux FAQ -- 如何在VMware ESXi虚拟机上设置静态MAC地址。
 via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/static-mac-address-vmware-esxi-virtual-machine.html
 
 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/20140819 A Pocket Guide for Linux ssh Command with Examples.md

@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+Linux 下 SSH 命令实例指南
+================================================================================
+如果你已经在IT圈内混了很长时间, 应该对 SSH 这个了不起的工具及其安全特性有所耳闻吧. 本教程可以让你在短时间内掌握通过 SSH 安全便利地连接到远程计算机的技术.
+
+如果你对 SSH 还没什么概念, 可以先访问 [维基百科][1] 进行了解.
+
+### 基本用法 ###
+
+最简单的 SSH 命令只需要指定用户名和主机名参数即可. 主机名可以是 IP 地址或者域名. 命令格式如下:
+
+    $ ssh user@hostname
+
+比如要在我的局域网内登录一个树莓派系统, 只需要简单的在命令行输入如下命令:
+
+    $ ssh pi@10.42.0.47
+
+命令中的 pi 和 10.42.0.47 分别是我的树莓派系统的用户名和局域网 IP 地址. 实际使用时主机名需要改成你的目标主机(局域网内或者远程)的 IP 地址.
+
+![basic ssh](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/basic-ssh.png)
+
+如果你能够成功登陆, 那么下面的内容对你来说就轻而易举了.
+
+### 使用其他端口 ###
+
+SSH 默认连接到目标主机的 22 端口上,但是由于各种原因你可能需要连接到其他端口.
+
+    $ ssh -p 10022 user@hostname
+
+如上命令就是通过添加参数 -p 指定端口号为 10022.
+
+### 远程执行命令 ###
+
+有时在远程主机执行一条命令并显示到本地, 然后继续本地工作是很方便的. SSH 就能满足这个需求:
+
+    $ ssh pi@10.42.0.47 ls -l
+
+比如上面这个命令就会枚举远程主机的主目录内容并在本地显示. 是不是很酷? 你可以尝试下其他命令看看.
+
+![remote command](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/remote-command.png)
+
+### 挂载远程文件系统 ###
+
+另外一个很赞的基于 SSH 的工具叫 sshfs. sshfs 可以让你在本地直接挂载远程主机的文件系统.
+
+    $ sshfs -o idmap=user user@hostname:/home/user ~/Remote
+
+比如下面这条命令:
+
+    $ sshfs -o idmap=user pi@10.42.0.47:/home/pi ~/Pi
+
+该命令就将远程主机 pi 用户的主目录挂载到本地主目录下的 Pi 文件夹.
+
+要详细了解可以参考 [sshfs 教程][2]. 
+
+### X11 图形界面 ###
+
+假如现在你想要在远程主机运行一个图形界面的程序, SSH 已经帮你想到了! 用前面提到的 SSH 基本命令加上参数 -X 连接到远程主机即可开启 X11 转发功能. 登录后你可能觉得没什么差别, 但是当你运行一个图形界面程序后就会发现其中的不同的.
+
+    $ ssh -X pi@10.42.0.47
+
+    $ pistore
+
+如果你想在运行图形界面程序的同时做些别的事情, 只需要简单地在命令末尾加一个 & 符号.
+
+    $ pistore&
+
+![X11 forwarding](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/X11-forwarding.png)
+
+### 转义字符 ###
+
+SSH 提供了多样的转义字符功能. 用 SSH 连接到任意一台远程主机然后输入 ~? 你就可以看到支持的转义字符和功能说明列表. 以下例子展示了 **~#** 和 **~C** 的效果.
+
+![escape sequences](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/escape-sequences.png)
+
+### 配置 SSH ###
+
+如果你需要改变 SSH 的配置, 请用你喜好的文本编辑器打开 **/etc/ssh/sshd_config** 进行编辑. 比如你想改变登陆的标语, 在配置文件中找到下面这行:
+
+    #Banner none
+
+删除 # 字符(取消该行的注释), 将 none 替换为包含你期望显示内容的文件地址. 修改后该行应该类似这样:
+
+    Banner /etc/issue
+
+在配置文件 **/etc/ssh/sshd_config** 中你还可以找到端口号, 空闲超时时间等配置项. 配置项大都比较容易理解, 但是保险起见在你修改一些不是很确定的配置项时最好参考下 SSH 的帮助文档.
+
+### 构建 ssh 密钥对 ###
+
+运行以下命令创建密钥对:
+
+    $ ssh-keygen -t dsa
+
+此命令会要求你输入密码(可以留空), 然后就会生成密钥并会显示一张该密钥对应的随机图.
+
+![generate key pair](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/generate-key-pair.png)
+
+### 寻找主机密钥 ###
+
+在你准备添加密钥之前不妨先用以下命令看看是否已经添加了对应主机的密钥了.
+
+    $ ssh-keygen -F 10.42.0.47
+
+![find hostkey](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/find-hostkey.png)
+
+### 删除主机密钥 ###
+
+某些情况下, 比如主机地址更改或者不再使用某个密钥, 你就可能需要删除某个密钥.
+
+    $ ssh-keygen -R 10.42.0.47
+
+用以上命令就可删除. 这比手动在 **~/.ssh/known_hosts** 文件中删除要方便很多.
+
+![remove hostkey](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/remove-hostkey.png)
+
+### 总结 ###
+
+通过以上的内容你应该可以轻松使用 SSH 了. SSH 还有很多功能值得你去发掘, 这就要看你的想象力了。
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/pocket-guide-linux-ssh-command/
+
+作者：[Bobbin Zachariah][a]
+译者：[henryfour](https://github.com/henryfour)
+校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/bobbin/
+[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell
+[2]:http://linoxide.com/how-tos/sshfs-mount-remote-directories/

published/20140825 China Will Change The Way All Software Is Bought And Sold.md

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+中国将要改变软件购买和销售的方式
+================================================================================
+![](http://a5.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fill,h_900,q_70,w_1600/MTE5NDg0MDYyMzQ4MzE0MTI3.jpg)
+
+> 这一切都是关于“开源”.
+
+**中国并不需要你，也不需要你的软件。具体说来，中国市场并不需要你的工程师日以继夜的工作，也不需要你提供的任何东西。
+
+中国每年会产生超过100000名新软件工程师。这些工程师会写出一大批令人惊叹的奇妙软件。如果有中国市场上尚未出现的软件，中国的工程师们就会从国外“借鉴”。在2012年，这样的软件掠夺达到了77%之多。对于那些已经面对着开源和云服务的挑战的西方软件卖家来说，中国无疑让他们的日子更苦难了。
+
+不止是更困难，简直是举步维艰。
+
+中国正在挑战西方公司在中国及其他地区的赚钱模式。对于那些已经明白如何在中国运营的公司来说，他们的未来看起来一片光明。
+
+### 抵制中国模式 ###
+
+当然，并非每家公司都会坐以待毙。以微软为例，微软已经通过[行使美国的国家司法权力来禁止中国公司做生意][1]——除非他们向微软购买许可证。这是一种很聪明的做法，而且它可能会为微软创造数十亿美元的价值，但是最终这一做法看起来与中国市场格格不入。
+
+原因很简单，中国与微软对待知识产权的态度十分不同。
+
+正如 [我所提到的][2]，“与同在亚洲的印度十分相似，中国的企业更倾向于购买复杂的、面向企业的软件。因为这种软件比服务大众的公司开发出来的更为先进。”但这种形势不会持续太久，因为中国的软件产业正在以一种惊人的速度前进，并毫无颓势。中国将会坚持向西方国家“借鉴”代码，直到有一天有足够的能力可以创造出创新性的软件。
+
+但即使到那时候，中国的软件公司与美国软件的运营模式还是有所不同，美国的软件大多都已经捆绑在设备、架构在云端或者公司只靠提供软件支持而盈利。而这些运营模式都是无法克隆的。
+
+不出所料，接下来的问题将是，这些公司将如何通过“开源”来盈利。
+
+### 开源化中国 ###
+
+正如CCID的分析师在 [J. Aaron Farr 的关于中国开源化报告][3] 中指出的，中国的开源社区规模很小而且没什么影响力。开源社区中缺少大项目、参与者稀少而且资金匮乏。
+
+这真是个坏消息。
+
+而好消息是，华为等公司将开源视为一种战略前景。具体而言，当[华为的开源项目网页][4]过时或疲软之时，就间接显示出了技术大步伐的前进方向。在与参与了开源项目的华为公司内部顾问的谈话中，虽然华为对如何参与到开源社区还处于摸索阶段，但他们总是对华为的开源项目赞不绝口。
+
+这看起来并不容易坚持长久。
+
+从一件事就可以看出端倪。中国最大的互联网公司们都纷纷以积极地姿态拥抱开源，这意味着中国开源时代的到来。你若是和任意一位在百度、阿里巴巴、微博的员工谈话，你会发现他们的软件项目都是彻底开源的。这些开源的软件都是运行在这些公司自己研发的硬件上而不是西方的硬件上。
+
+换句话说，这样的模式已经和美国及西欧的运营模式如出一辙了。
+
+抬头看看 [现金软件行业内最炙手可热的新公司][5]， 你就会知道中国的互联网公司未来的主流趋势，正如发生在西方世界的一样。不出意料的，许多都是关于“开源”。
+
+### 销售给中国 ###
+
+所有的一切都表明中国的软件行业不会像美国的软件行业发展历史一般发展。中国不会产生在柜台上卖卖软件就赚上亿美元的公司。因为西方对于知识产权的观念无法简单适用于中国的科技经济。
+
+所以，商家们需要售卖比软件更丰富的产品。云服务是一大前景。硬件设施看起来也是前途璀璨。软件支持和咨询服务（虽然有一些非主流）也很被公司门看好。总而言之，中国的软件行业将会充满开源味道，而不能靠着简单的售卖专柜软件的形式赚钱。
+
+图片由 [hackNY.org][6] 提供。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+原文: http://readwrite.com/2014/08/12/china-opensource-software-ip-programmers-united-states
+
+作者：[Matt Asay][a]
+译者：[chi1shi2](https://github.com/chi1shi2)
+校对：[reinoir](https://github.com/reinoir)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://readwrite.com/author/matt-asay
+[1]:http://readwrite.com/2014/03/17/microsoft-anti-piracy-strategy-china
+[2]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/11/india-starts-paying-for-software-china-it
+[3]:http://cdn.oreillystatic.com/en/assets/1/event/12/Open%20Source%20in%20China%20Presentation%201.pdf
+[4]:http://huawei.com/en/about-huawei/Partner/openathuawei/index.htm
+[5]:http://codingvc.com/which-technologies-do-startups-use-an-exploration-of-angellist-data
+[6]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/hackny/8675057448/

published/20140825 Linux Terminal--speedtest_cli checks your real bandwidth speed.md

@@ -3,15 +3,15 @@ Linux终端：speedtest_cli检测你的实时带宽速度
 
 ![](http://www.speedtest.net/result/3700218352.png)
 
-什么是你在家（或者办公室）的上传和下载速度？你能保证，你支付费用给ISP的同时，你得到了等价的回报？
+你在家（或者办公室）的上传和下载速度如何？你能保证，你支付费用给ISP的同时得到了等价的回报？
 
-为了测试我们因特网连接的速度，当下存在着一些因特网服务，比如说SpeedTest，这是一种可以通过Web浏览器和手机应用程序浏览的web服务
+要想测试我们因特网连接的速度，当下存在着一些因特网服务，比如说SpeedTest，这是一种可以通过Web浏览器和手机应用程序浏览的web服务。
 
-现在，你可以很容易地检测你的网速，使用speedtest_cli同样很简单，它是一个使用[speedtest.net][2]来测试因特网[带宽][1]的命令行界面。通过这种方式，你也可以在没有浏览器或者图形化界面的服务器上做带宽测试
+现在，你可以很容易地检测你的网速，使用speedtest_cli同样很简单，它是一个使用[speedtest.net][2]来测试因特网[带宽][1]的命令行界面。通过这种方式，你也可以在没有浏览器或者图形化界面的服务器上做带宽测试。
 
 ### 安装 ###
 
-speedtest_cli是一个python脚本，所以它真的很容易安装和使用，你拥有许多方式安装它：
+speedtest_cli是一个python脚本，所以它真的很容易安装和使用，你可以通过许多方式安装它：
 
 #### 1）pip / easy_install ####
 
@@ -39,8 +39,11 @@ speedtest_cli是一个python脚本，所以它真的很容易安装和使用，
 getdeb仓库给我们提供了[安装包][3]，按照下面的步骤，就可以轻松安装：
 
 - 安装[getdeb包][4]
+
 或者
-- 手动地配置仓库：
+
+- 手动配置仓库：
+
 进入系统管理软件源，第三方软件选项，加上：
 
 	deb http://archive.getdeb.net/ubuntu trusty-getdeb apps
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ getdeb仓库给我们提供了[安装包][3]，按照下面的步骤，就可以
 
 #### 4）下载（和以前的方式一样） ####
 
-作为最后的选择，只需要下载python脚本，然后在你想运行的地方运行脚本：
+最后一个选择，只需要下载python脚本，然后在你想运行的地方运行脚本：
 
 	wget -O speedtest-cli https://raw.github.com/sivel/speedtest-cli/master/speedtest_cli.py
 	chmod +x speedtest-cli
@@ -68,7 +71,7 @@ getdeb仓库给我们提供了[安装包][3]，按照下面的步骤，就可以
 
 ### 基本用法 ###
 
-你可以不带任何选项地运行speedtest_cli.py，然后你会在终端获得关于你带宽速度的报告，这就是我蹩脚的意大利Adsl输出：
+你可以不带任何选项地运行speedtest_cli.py，然后你会在终端获得关于你带宽速度的报告，这就是我那糟糕的意大利Adsl输出： 
 
 	$ ./speedtest_cli.py
 	Retrieving speedtest.net configuration...
@@ -81,7 +84,7 @@ getdeb仓库给我们提供了[安装包][3]，按照下面的步骤，就可以
 	Testing upload speed...............................................
 	Upload: 0.34 Mbits/s
 
-这就是简简单单的基本用法，这足以让你知道你因特网连接的好坏，但是有可能，你需要和朋友分享这条信息，为了到达此目的，只需要-share选项
+这就是基本用法，这足以让你知道你因特网连接的好坏，但是可能你想要和朋友分享这条信息，那么，只需要-share选项就可以
 
 	./speedtest_cli.py --share
 	Retrieving speedtest.net configuration...
@@ -119,7 +122,7 @@ getdeb仓库给我们提供了[安装包][3]，按照下面的步骤，就可以
 	2918) ReteIVO by D.t.s. Srl (Arezzo, Italy) [129.79 km]
 	...
 
-现在，我知道围绕在我周围的服务器的ID，我可以使用-server选项选择一个特定的服务器，所以，为了选择位于Florence（ID 2710）的服务器，我使用下面的命令：
+既然我知道了围绕在我周围的服务器的ID，我可以使用-server选项选择一个特定的服务器，所以，要想选择位于佛罗伦萨（ID 2710）的服务器，我使用下面的命令：
 
 	./speedtest_cli.py --server 2710
 	Retrieving speedtest.net configuration...
@@ -135,18 +138,16 @@ getdeb仓库给我们提供了[安装包][3]，按照下面的步骤，就可以
 
 ---
 
-via: http://linuxaria.com/howto/linux-terminal-speedtest_cli-checks-you
-r-real-bandwidth-speed
+via: http://linuxaria.com/howto/linux-terminal-speedtest_cli-checks-your-real-bandwidth-speed
 
 译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 
 [1]:http://linuxaria.com/article/tool-command-line-bandwidth-linux 
 [2]:http://linuxaria.com/howto/speedtest.net
 [3]:http://www.getdeb.net/
-[4]:http://archive.getdeb.net/install_deb/getdeb-repository_0.1-1~getde
-b1_all.deb
+[4]:http://archive.getdeb.net/install_deb/getdeb-repository_0.1-1~getdeb1_all.deb
 [5]:http://www.asapy.com/
 

published/20140829 Linux Doesn't Need to Own the Desktop.md

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+Linux 应当放弃桌面
+================================================================================
+Linus Torvalds 前不久发布了 Linux 3.17 rc-2，这[偏离了他正常的发布时间表][1]，因为8月25日是 Linux 的第23个生日。“Hello 大家好，你还在使用minix吗？”，23年前的8月25日，Torvalds 在 Linux 的第一次发布中这样写道。
+
+与此同时，最近 PCMag.com 网站声称[Linux 的时间已经不多了][2]。但是你们不觉得这样没玩没了地讨论 Linux 在桌面端是否成功其实是毫无意义的吗？Linux 已经广泛应用于超级计算机和车载系统，它构建了 Android 的基础，同时还是最流行的云整合（例如 OpenStack）的运行平台 —— 以上这些还只是 Linux 的一部分成就。桌面并不是 Linux 唯一的战场。
+
+Jon Buys 在他[最近的文章][3]中谈到了 Linux 专业化以及与桌面有关的内容：
+
+> “最近，IT业在追问‘[Linus 是否还在执著于 Linux 桌面？][4]’,来自 Teck Republic 的 Matt Asay 也在说‘[拜托不要再讨论 Linux 桌面了行吗？][5]’。这两篇文章都对 Linux 在个人计算机方面的发展空间持怀疑态度，还拿 Android 的成功故事来说事…… 但是它们都忽略了，Linux的灵活性以及它开源许可证的开放性，也许这两者正是拯救 Linux 桌面的关键。”
+
+也许这是事实，但是 Linux 对于如此众多的桌面用户来说，还是太多余了。Linux 分享庞大市场的最佳机会已经来也匆匆去也匆匆了。
+
+事实其实很简单，Linux已经改变了世界，获得了无与伦比的成功 —— 除了桌面系统，这毋庸置疑。Android已经不仅仅是一个基于Linux的平台，它已经成为了一个伟大的标志。Linux在服务器端和嵌入式技术领域占有巨大的份额，同时也为平台整合方面不断提供创新动力。Ubuntu已经成为部署搭建 OpenStack 最流行的平台。全世界的超级计算机都运行着 Linux，Chrome OS 也是基于 Linux。
+
+因此，Linux 正在不断推动着整个世界的巨变，批评家们是时候停下来执著于 Linux 在桌面端的状态了。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://ostatic.com/blog/linux-doesnt-need-to-own-the-desktop
+
+作者：[Sam Dean][a]
+译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://ostatic.com/member/samdean
+[1]:http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/08/26/linux_turns_23_and_linus_torvalds_celebrates_as_only_he_can/
+[2]:http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2465125,00.asp
+[3]:http://ostatic.com/blog/specialization-and-the-linux-desktop
+[4]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/432816/does-it-still-make-sense-linus-want-desktop-linux
+[5]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/can-we-please-stop-talking-about-the-linux-desktop/

published/20140901 Awesome systemd Commands to Manage Linux System.md

@@ -0,0 +1,290 @@
+真的超赞！用systemd命令来管理linux系统！
+================================================================================
+
+Systemd是一种新的linux系统服务管理器。
+
+它替换了init系统，能够管理系统的启动过程和一些系统服务，一旦启动起来，就将监管整个系统。在本文中，我们用的是[安装有 systemd 216 版本的centos 7.0][1]，其最新版本[可以从 freedesktop.org 下载得到][2]。
+
+因为linux操作系统里出现的这一个新人，PID 1被“systemd”占据了，这能通过**pstree**命令看到。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# pstree
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/01.systemd_pstree.png)
+
+那么现在让我们来探索systemd擅长什么，它又有多大的可能性成为sysVinit的新的替代品。
+
+### 1. 更快启动 ###
+
+sysvinit一次一个串行地启动进程。
+
+而Systemd则并行地启动系统服务进程，并且最初仅启动确实被依赖的那些服务，极大地减少了系统引导的时间。
+
+你可以用下面的命令看到系统引导用时：
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemd-analyze
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/02.systemd_analyze.png)
+
+使用 **time** 参数也能够显示同样的内容。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemd-analyze time
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/03.systemd_analyze2.png)
+
+如果你想以进程初始化所占用时间排序打印出所有正在运行的单元列表，那么**systemd-analyze**命令可以帮助你完成这个任务。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemd-analyze blame
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/04.systemd_blame.png)
+
+上面的截屏只显示了小部分进程，你可以就像less分页器那样用箭头滚动列表。
+
+### 2.  systemctl 命令 ###
+
+systemctl命令是自systemd出现以来被广泛讨论的命令。你可以通过这个命令管理你的整个系统，让我们通过探究这个命令来更进一步。
+
+#### 2.1 列出单元 ####
+
+**systemctl**命令可以带上list-units，也可以什么选项都不带来列出所有正在运行的单元。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl
+
+或
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl list-units
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/05.systemd_list_units.png)
+
+#### 2.2 列出失败的单元 ####
+
+运行失败的单元可以用带--failed选项的命令显示出来。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl --failed
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/06.systemd_failed.png)
+
+你可以在这篇文章很多地方看到systemctl的用法。
+
+### 3. 管理服务 ###
+
+让我们来看看systemd是怎么管理系统服务的。
+
+#### 3.1 激活的服务 ####
+
+所有被激活的服务可以同下面这条命令来查看。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl list-units -t service
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/07.systemd_active_services.png)
+
+#### 3.2 服务状态 ####
+
+在sysvinit中，我们可以用“**service**”命令来管理服务，但在systemd中，我们用systemctl这个命令。
+我们可以用下面这个命令来查看服务是否在运行。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl status dnsmasq
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/08.systemd_status.png)
+
+#### 3.3 启动一个服务 ####
+
+用下面这条命令来启动服务。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl start dnsmasq
+
+对应于**service**命令，这个命令不进行输出。但是毋庸置疑，我们可以通过再次查看这个刚刚被启动的服务的status（状态）来确认他是否被成功地启动了。
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/09.systemd_start.png)
+
+#### 3.4 停止一个服务 ####
+
+现在聪明的你一定知道怎么在systemd下用命令来关闭服务了吧。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl stop dnsmasq
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/10.systemd_stop.png)
+
+#### 3.5 重启一个服务 ####
+
+类似的，重启系统服务是用‘**systemctl restart**’来管理的。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl restart dnsmasq
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/11.systemd_restart.png)
+
+#### 3.6 重新加载一个服务 ####
+
+在我们需要重新加载服务的配置文件又不想重启这个服务（例如ssh）时，我们可以用这个命令。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl reload sshd
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/12.systemd_reload.png)
+
+虽然上述几个命令的语法是可以工作的，但是官方文档建议我们用下面这种语法形式来运行命令（LCTT 译注，即使用在服务名后面跟上“.service”的完整名称）：
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl status dnsmasq.service
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/13.systemd_alternate_syntax.png)
+
+### 4. 管理引导时的服务 ###
+
+**chkconfig**命令被用来管理系统引导时的服务。同样用systemd也可以管理引导时的系统服务。
+
+#### 4.1 检查服务引导时是否运行 ####
+
+这条命令用来确定服务是否是引导时启动的。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl is-enabled dnsmasq.service
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/14.systemd_is_enabled.png)
+
+#### 4.2 让服务在引导时运行 ####
+
+**systemctl**命令是这样来enable（使之在引导时启动）一个服务的。（这相当于sysvinit中的‘**chkconfig on**’）
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl enable dnsmasq.service
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/15.systemd_enable.png)
+
+#### 4.3 取消服务在引导时运行 ####
+
+类似的，使服务不在引导时启动用这个命令。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl disable dnsmasq.service
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/16.systemd_disable.png)
+
+### 5. 管理远程系统 ###
+
+所有刚才提到的systemctl命令通常都能被用来管理远程主机，完成这个任务将用到**ssh**来进行通讯。你只需要像这样将远程主机和用户名添加到systemctl命令后。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl status sshd -H root@1.2.3.4
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/17.systemd_remote.png)
+
+### 6. 管理目标 ###
+
+Systemd有一个完成与sysVinit的runlevels相似任务的构想。
+
+sysVinit的runlevels大多是以数字分级的。这里是runlevers在systemd中的对应元素。
+
+> 0 runlevel0.target, poweroff.target
+> 
+> 1, s, single runlevel1.target, rescue.target
+> 
+> 2, 4 runlevel2.target, runlevel4.target, multi-user.target
+> 
+> 3 runlevel3.target, multi-user.target
+> 
+> 5 runlevel5.target, graphical.target
+> 
+> 6 runlevel6.target, reboot.target
+> 
+> emergency emergency.target
+
+#### 6.1 改变当前目标 ####
+
+当前target可以用这个命令切换。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl isolate graphical.target
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/18.systemd_isolate.png)
+
+#### 6.2 列出当前目标 ####
+
+如果你想查看你正处于哪个target中，你需要列出相应的单元。虽然这样操作可能让你不太爽，但是这就是systemd工作的方式。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl list-units --type=target
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/19.systemd_targets.png)
+
+你可以看到“graphical.target”列在此处，这就是我们刚才切换到的目标。现在，让我们切换runlevel到multi-user.target，然后分析下列命令的输出。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl isolate multi-user.target
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl list-units --type=target
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/20.systemd_multi-user.png)
+
+#### 6.3 列出默认目标 ####
+
+用这个systemctl命令来查看默认目标。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl get-default
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/21.systemd_get_default.png)
+
+#### 6.4 改变默认目标 ####
+
+通过systemctl的set-default命令可以将某个目标设置成默认目标。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl set-default graphical.target
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/22.systemd_set_default.png)
+
+### 7. 记录 systemd 的日志 ###
+
+journald是systemd独有的日志系统，替换了sysVinit中的syslog守护进程。命令**journalctl**用来读取日志。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# journalctl
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/23.systemd_logs.png)
+
+#### 7.1 查看引导信息 ####
+
+运行**journalctl -b**命令来查看所有引导日志。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# journalctl -b
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/24.systemd_boot.png)
+
+#### 7.2 即时显示引导日志 ####
+
+下面这个命令可以实时显示系统日志（类似**tail -f**）。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# journalctl -f
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/25.systemd_follow_logs.png)
+
+#### 7.3 查看特定服务的日志 ####
+
+你可以像这样运用**journalctl**来查看你只想看到的服务或可执行程序的日志。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# journalctl /usr/sbin/dnsmasq
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/26.systemd_specific.png)
+
+### 8. 电源管理 ###
+
+systemctl命令也可以用来关机，重启或者休眠。
+
+要关机、重启、挂起和休眠，分别使用如下命令：
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl poweroff
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl reboot
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl suspend
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl hibernate
+
+### 9. 又及 ###
+
+**systemd**带来了一整套与操作系统交互的新途径，并且极具特色。举个栗子，你可以用hostnamectl命令来获得你的linux机器的hostname和其它有用的独特信息。
+
+    [root@linoxide ~]# hostnamectl
+
+![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/27.systemd_hostnamectl.png)
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-systemd-commands/
+
+作者：[Raghu][a]
+译者：[szrlee](https://github.com/szrlee)
+校对：[ wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/raghu/
+[1]:http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-systemd-centos-redhat/
+[2]:http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/

published/20140902 How to share on linux the output of your shell commands.md

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+如何在linux上分享你shell命令的输出 
+================================================================================
+前段时间我发布了一篇关于[shelr.tv][1]这个网站的文章，它提供一个服务允许你从网站上直接分享你的[终端][2]记录。
+
+现在shelr.tv这个网站似乎关闭了，然后我四处寻找是否有类似的网站，于是我发现了[commands.com][3]。
+
+从它的主页上来看，它的服务和其他网站提供的服务是类似的，因此让我们来测试它。
+
+### 步骤 1 – 在网站上注册 ###
+
+只需要[注册][4]一个新的 用户名/密码，或者直接使用你的github账户快速登录。
+
+### 步骤 2 – 下载安装monitor程序 ###
+
+[Monitor][5]是一个命令行工具，它能捕获命令行的输入输出并且发送到commands.com网站上，这个程序是开源的，并托管在github上。
+
+Monitor使得仓库的设置/安装变得更简单。通过它，你能方便地向人们展示最常见的错误与命令的输出。
+
+简而言之，你能方便地和世界分享你的命令及其输出。
+
+通过如下简单几步来安装它：
+
+1) 克隆github上的这个项目的仓库，这样你能获得最新的源代码。
+
+要完成这步，你需要在系统中已经安装了git命令，如果你得到关于这个命令的报错信息，你可以使用包管理工具来安装它，例如：
+
+基于Debian的发布版：
+
+    apt-get install git
+
+Redhat/Centos/Fedora发布版：
+
+    yum install git
+
+现在从终端克隆这个仓库：
+
+    git clone https://github.com/dtannen/monitor.git
+
+2) 安装readline和curl，这些库是通过源码构建程序的先决条件：
+
+基于Debian的发布版：
+
+    apt-get install libreadline-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev
+
+Redhat/Centos/Fedora发布版：
+
+    yum install readline-devel curl-devel
+
+3) 构建程序：
+
+要完成这步，你必须进入刚刚用git克隆的目录，然后编译这个c程序：
+
+    cd monitor
+    make
+    sudo make install
+
+默认安装将把二进制文件放入/usr/local/bin目录下。
+
+![](http://cdn.linuxaria.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/commands.png)
+
+### 步骤 3 – 使用monitor命令###
+
+monitor命令特别简单易用：
+
+    monitor {-d} {-h} {-u <username>}
+     
+        -d : 不删除/tmp下的文件
+        -h : 帮助
+        -u : commands.com用户名</username>
+
+要退出monitor程序，需要按ctrl-c。
+
+对我来说这仅仅意味着打开一个终端然后执行这些命令：
+
+    riccio@mint-desktop ~ $ monitor -u ricciocri
+    Password: 
+     
+    Successfully logged in...
+    AuthKey saved to /tmp/.riccio.commands.com.  Delete file to return to Anonymous posting.
+    monitor$ cd /tmp
+    ...
+
+想知道在这之后我使用过的哪个命令吗？我已经把这个会话公开（默认是私有），因此你可以去这个url查看：[https://commands.com/JTNSHRLQJA][6]
+
+在这里，你能看我已经使用过的命令以及它们的输出，一个有趣的选项是“fold/expand”你可以折叠（fold）所有的命令的输出或者仅仅展开（expand）你喜欢的那个命令的输出。
+
+### 总结 ###
+
+这只是一个简单的安装指南，在这个网站上你能参加更多“社会化”的活动，比如评论脚本/shell会话，派生它们或者选择你的最爱。
+
+和github一样，你能派生任何一个公开的脚本/命令并能直接在网站上改变它，然后你也能得到一个公开（或私有）的url。你可以直接运行你脚本，就像这样：
+
+    curl commands.io/JTNSHRLQJA | sh
+
+在网络上储存一些你在电脑/服务器上经常使用到的脚本，这是极好的，通常不要放置任何密码或敏感信息，这样你的信息才足够安全。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://linuxaria.com/article/how-to-share-on-linux-the-output-of-your-shell-commands
+
+译者：[guodongxiaren](https://github.com/guodongxiaren)
+校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://linuxaria.com/recensioni/shelr-broadcast-your-linux-shell-on-the-net
+[2]:http://linuxaria.com/tag/shell
+[3]:https://commands.com/
+[4]:https://commands.com/Register/Index
+[5]:https://github.com/dtannen/monitor
+[6]:https://commands.com/JTNSHRLQJA

published/20140905 Ubuntu Touch Now Has a Torrent Client in the Ubuntu Store.md

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+Ubuntu商城有了一款 Ubuntu Touch 的 BT 客户端了
+================================================================================
+![DowNow](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Ubuntu-Touch-Now-Has-a-Torrent-Clinent-in-the-Ubuntu-Store-457538-2.jpg)
+
+**Ubuntu触屏平台已经拥有许多有趣应用程序，甚至看起来很多开发者已经开始实现许多超乎期望的软件，像BT客户端就是个很好的例子。**
+
+Ubuntu触屏设备的应用商店在过去几个月一直平稳增长并增添了许多有趣的应用程序。其中大多数都已经满足操作系统的基本需求，但也有不少远远超出普通用户的需求。
+
+你会发现在大多数手机中BT客户端并不是必备的东西。Android和Windows手机已经已经有这类的应用程序，看起来Ubuntu也将是支持的平台之一。Ubuntu开发者[Alan Pope][1]公布了一张正在为Ubuntu平台开发的应用程序的截图，该程序命名为DowNow。
+
+这是一个相对较新的应用程序，而且仍然在开发中，你可以在Launchpad点击DowNow 0.3安装包，如果你想要获得更多详情，你也可以从Ubuntu软件中心下载。
+
+目前，只有Nexus4和Nexus7设备支持，如果你想要在更多手机上尝试Ubuntu，也许还要等待几个月。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Touch-Now-Has-a-Torrent-Clinent-in-the-Ubuntu-Store-457538.shtml
+
+作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
+译者：[disylee](https://github.com/disylee)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
+[1]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/+AlanPope/posts/Ej3vKVxBum8

published/20140910 Colourful systemd vs sysVinit Linux Cheatsheet.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+systemd 与 sysVinit 彩版对照表
+================================================================================
+
+**systemd** 是一种新型init系统「译者注：每个操作系统都有一个启动程序，而Linux init是Linux系统操作中不可缺少的程序之一。所谓的init进程，它是一个由内核启动的用户级进程。内核自行启动（已经被载入内存，开始运行，并已初始化所有的设备驱动程序和数据结构等）之后，就通过启动一个用户级程序init的方式，完成引导进程。所以init始终是第一个进程（其进程编号始终为1）」，最早在Fedora中使用「译者注：真的吗？不是Arch？」，经过调整适应了其它许多发行版，例如RedHat、Suse和CentOS。
+
+历史上，我们大部分人用过传统的SysV init 初始化脚本，它通常情况下在/etc/rc.d/init.d/文件夹下。这些脚本调用守护进程二进制代码，在后台fork一个进程。
+
+尽管shell脚本非常的灵活，但是很难实现像superviseing（监管）进程和并行执行命令这样的任务。
+
+通过对systemd的新式守护进程的介绍，我们发现systemd可以在runtime（运行时）更加简单的监管和控制守护进程，并且简化了监控的实现方式（implementation）。
+
+**systemctl**命令是systemd团队一个非常好的首创。
+
+这个命令能够显示更多的详细错误信息和包括启动错误在内的服务运行时错误。systemd引入了一个新术语：**cgroups**（控制组），它基本上是可被分层次安排的进程任务组。「译者注：这里简单介绍一下cgroup（control group）称为Containers，Containers着眼于资源的分配，利用configfs作配置。它有两个重要概念：第一是subsystem，内核可以给进程提供的服务/资源；第二是container，一个进程组，成员共享同样的一个或多个子系统分配限制。Containers是分层次的，一个container可以hold多个container。它的可取之处是创建了一个资源分配的框架，其它开发者可以利用这个框架去开发自己的资源分配patch，比如磁盘设备。」
+
+如果仅仅通过原来的初始化系统，决定哪个进程是做什么的、属于哪个用户的变得越来越困难。
+
+但是通过systemd，当一个进程派生其它进程时，这些子进程会被自动变成父进程控制组的成员，这样一来就可以避免继承的混乱。
+
+
+![](http://images.linoxide.com/systemd-vs-sysVinit-cheatsheet.jpg)
+
+有许多新的运行[在 rhel / centos 7.0 上的 systemd 命令][1]可以替代 sysvinit 的对应命令。你也可以下载 [本文的 PDF 版本][2]。
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/systemd-vs-sysvinit-cheatsheet/
+
+作者：[Bobbin Zachariah][a]
+译者：[szrlee](https://github.com/szrlee)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/bobbin/
+[1]:http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-systemd-commands/
+[2]:http://images.linoxide.com/systemd-vs-sysVinit-cheatsheet.pdf

published/20140910 Meet the 12 Ubuntu 14.10 Wallpaper Contest Winners (So Far).md

@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+12张Ubuntu 14.10壁纸竞赛（目前为止的）获奖壁纸
+================================================================================
+让我们欣赏一组你在未来几个月会看到一大堆的图片吧。是的，在[Ubuntu 14.10壁纸竞赛获奖者壁纸][1]已经公布了。
+
+嗯，可以说是宣布吧。到目前为止12张背景图片已经正式被应用在Ubuntu 14.10版本中了。
+
+由四月份的获奖作者组成的评审团筛选了几乎400张图片，最终选择了出了视觉上丰富又多彩的一组。我知道我每6个月就要说一次这个，但是这一次的作品看起来还是那么的棒（不仅仅是因为当中一两张是[我们的最爱][2]！）。
+
+### 让我们瞧瞧这几张获奖图片 ###
+
+你能在下面看到目前选出的作品。需要强调的是，这是到目前为止的，如比赛的组织者[**Iain Farrell所说的**][3] ：“我还在等一些回复，不过如果他们不给我回复就只能不包括他们的了！”   
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/utopic.jpg)
+
+不可缺少的经典吉祥物壁纸
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Empty-Space-by-Glenn-Rayat.jpg)
+
+‘空’ —— Glenn Rayat
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Horses-on-sand-dunes-by-Matthias-Siewert.jpg)
+
+沙漠与马 —— M. Siewert
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Golden-leaves-by-Mauro-Campanelli.jpg)
+
+金色的叶
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/salcantayperu-by-Life-Nomadic.jpg)
+
+游牧生活 —— Sal’
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/xgu.jpeg)
+
+‘xgu472hf2′ —— Lariliikala
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Redes-de-hilo-by-Juan-Pablo-Lauriente.jpg)
+
+多石海岸 —— Juan PL.
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/warm-grass.jpeg)
+
+‘暖草’ —— dcsearle.t21
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Kronach-leuchtet-2014-by-Brian-Fox.jpg)
+
+克罗纳赫灯具 —— Brian Fox
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Night-Seascape-by-Davor-Dopar.jpg)
+
+达沃多帕的海景
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Music-tomasino.cz_.jpg)
+
+托马西诺音乐
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Sunny-Autumn-by-Joel-Heaps.jpg)
+
+阳光之秋
+
+如果有任何变化我们将会更新这篇文章，你可以[点击这里][4]获取这些参赛作品的压缩包。完整的乌托邦壁纸包，可能会包含进新的默认壁纸，这些都会在未来2天内发生。
+
+通过下方的评论来让我们知道哪张图你的最爱吧！不要吝啬赞美之词！
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/09/ubuntu-14-10-wallpaper-contest-winners
+
+作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
+译者：[ZTinoZ](https://github.com/ZTinoZ)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
+[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/ubuntu-14-10-wallpaper-contest
+[2]:http://linux.cn/article-3745-1.html
+[3]:https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/ubuntu-wallpapers/+bug/1354341/comments/2
+[4]:https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/ubuntu-wallpapers/+bug/1354341/+attachment/4199899/+files/14.10%20images.zip

published/20140910 [Quick Tip] How To List All Installed Packages On Linux Distributions.md

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
-[Quick Tip] How To List All Installed Packages On Linux Distributions
+怎么在Linux发行版下列出所有安装了的包
 ================================================================================
 ![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/linux-790x536.png)
 
-To list all installed package on a Linux system depends on which distribution you are running and the package management mode used.
+列出所有安装了的包的方法取决于你用什么发行版以及包管理器。
 
-In this tutorial, we are going to look at commands on some of the notable and popularly used distros.
+在这个教程里，我们将提供主流发行版的命令。
 
-**NOTE**: You can pipe the less command OR redirected to a text file using the redirection operator (>). Below are examples
+**注意**: 你可以用管道筛选或者用重定向符（>）来把结果重定向到一个文件。例子如下。
 
     example | less
 
@@ -38,15 +38,15 @@ In this tutorial, we are going to look at commands on some of the notable and po
 
     dpkg -l
 
-Good day.
+祝你一天好心情。
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 via: http://www.unixmen.com/quick-tip-list-installed-packages-linux-distributions/
 
 作者：[Enock Seth Nyamador][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/20140912 How to Go Hands On With the Utopic Unicorn--Literally.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+如何“上手”体验乌托邦独角兽！
+================================================================================
+**想要知道如何在正式发布前上手体验乌托邦独角兽（Utopic Unicorn）？现在你就可以做到！—— 真的是[“上手”][1]体验哦~！**
+
+显然是为了庆祝即将发布的同名Ubuntu，Canonical上线了一款“手把手教你独角兽折纸指南”。这一活动作为该公司[2014 Deconstruct][2] 大会的一部分出现，大会于九月上旬在英国Brighton举办。
+
+![Image: Alejandra Obregon](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ubuntu-unicorns-750x745.jpg)
+
+供图: Alejandra Obregon
+
+大会为期一天，为富有创造力的专家以及数字文化狂热者们提供了一个理想的交流场所，Canonical将展示一个正在开发中版本的 Ubuntu Phone，内容包括具体的设计以及用户交互界面，用以满足与会观众。
+
+人们对这一折纸活动的反响很积极。折纸独角兽作品最棒的人，将会获得一部全新的 Ubuntu 手机，这大大激发了人们的积极性。
+
+### 下载折纸独角兽 ###
+
+其余没有获奖的朋友，也不要气馁，下载折纸独角兽还是会有惊喜哦~
+
+如果你有五分钟的休息时间，为什么不玩玩这个折纸娱乐一下呢？如果你认为自己折出来的独角兽非常非常出（la）色（ji），请在[Twitter][3] 或 [Google+][4]上给我们发照片~（译者表示不爽！这是诚心不给我们天朝百姓获奖的机会吗？）
+
+- [下载 ‘Make a Unicorn’ 手工折纸][5]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/09/unicorn-origami-download-pdf-ubuntu-utopic
+
+作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
+译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
+[1]:http://design.canonical.com/2014/09/canonical-and-ubuntu-at-dconstruct/
+[2]:http://2014.dconstruct.org/
+[3]:http://twitter.com/omgubuntu
+[4]:http://plus.google.com/+omgubuntu
+[5]:http://design.canonical.com/wp-content/uploads/042_CAN_dConstruct_instructions.pdf

published/20140915 Potenza Icon Themes 2.0 Available For Download.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+Potenza 图标主题2.0已可下载
+=================================================
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Potenza_Icons.jpeg)
+
+[Potenza][1]图标主题版本2.0已经发布。Potenza 图标的灵感来自[faenza][2]，faenza是我们在[Ubuntu 13.10的最佳图标][3]的列出的一款漂亮的图标主题。
+
+Potenza 的开发者 Alessandro Bompadre说，他曾试图建立一个适用于Linux的完整图标集，它应该适合各种桌面环境，包括如Unity，Gnome，Cinnamon，KDE等。
+
+###下载 Potenza 图标###
+
+Potenza 图标可在 Ubuntu，Linux Mint、Elementary OS、Linux Lite 等环境中通过Noobslab的PPA来安装。只有一点需要提醒你，因为要为所有主要类型的桌面环境提供了大量的图标，所以总下载字节大概是400 MB。
+
+打开一个终端，使用下面的命令：
+
+    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/potenza
+    sudo apt-get update
+    sudo apt-get install potenza-2
+
+如果你不想使用PPA，您也可以从下面的链接安装该图标主题：
+
+- [下载 Potenza 图标主题][4]
+
+解压文件到 ~/.icons 目录。在Ubuntu的Unity环境中，你可以[使用Unity Tweak Tool把当前的图标主题切换][5] 为 Potenza 。
+
+希望你喜欢Potenza，您也可以试试[Dalisha图标主题][6]或看看我们的[Ubuntu 14.04的最佳图标主题列表][7]。
+
+-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------
+
+via: http://itsfoss.com/potenza-icon-themes-20-download/
+
+作者：[Abhishek][a]
+译者：[fbigun](https://github.com/fbigun)
+校对：[wxy]（https://github.com/wxy）
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
+[1]:https://github.com/AlessandroBompadre/Potenza/
+[2]:http://tiheum.deviantart.com/art/Faenza-Icons-173323228
+[3]:http://itsfoss.com/best-icon-themes-ubuntu-1310/
+[4]:http://gnome-look.org/content/show.php/Potenza+2.0?content=166853
+[5]:http://itsfoss.com/best-icon-themes-ubuntu-1404/
+[6]:http://itsfoss.com/dalisha-icon-ubuntu-linux/
+[7]:http://itsfoss.com/best-icon-themes-ubuntu-1404/

published/The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+开源女巫狩猎归来！
+================================================================================
+![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/shutterstock-open-gate.jpg)
+
+> 开源软件社区已经做出了改变，就像之前的美好时光。
+
+开源已经变的温和了，之前我们有过各种不同的思潮，但是最近我们对分享代码和创新却有种奇怪的迷恋。
+
+幸运的是，这一系列的使用主义注定要结束了。在过去的一段时间里，我们团结在Mozilla身边支持DRM版权保护以及嘲笑Red Hat和OpenStack之间的竞争。开源社区那些年仅有的几个开源软件明星和[Open Core 这种商业模式][1]产生了冲突而被反噬了。
+
+噢，怎么变成这样了！
+
+
+### Red Hat 退回到2003年 ###
+
+Red Hat，开源软件理想主义的典范，在几周前拒绝支持它的竞争对手。Jodi Mardesich[出色的][2]揭露了真相，而Red Hat在努力辩护，这个真相就是：
+
+Red Hat不想支持它的竞争对手，它的OpenStack的竞争对手也不想这样做。
+
+在另外世界上这算是新闻吗？
+
+### Mozilla变成了麻瓜 ###
+
+Red Hat作为开源软件理想主义的典范代表很容易成为各种带颜色攻击的目标，Mozilla其实是更大的一个目标。
+
+Mozilla致力于为用户服务，它最近进行了一场自我牺牲似的CEO 下台，同意加入DRM的技术，即纯Firefox浏览器源码可以使用户观看视频。
+
+人们想看视频，Mozilla倾向于在它的浏览器中观看。
+
+总是找到别人的思想滑坡的问题，开源软件组织[批评了][3] Mozilla，深切表达了自己对于Mozilla的失望，因为这种“为减轻市场份额的流失而妥协重要原则的决定”令人担忧。
+
+但是，Mozilla为什么要做这样的傻事呢，为了用户，你懂的。
+
+抛开道德说教的部分不说，[电子前沿基金会哀叹][4]，“开放网络最后的抗争已经失败了”。它对Mozilla投降的做法争论道：“接受DRM会改变这个行业”！DRM的倡导者一再妥协，一个公司又一个公司(PC行业)演变成一个行业，它通过锁定装置，监视器，接受每一个人的管理建立自己的利益关系。
+
+[Mitchell Bake解释道][5]，Mozilla可能并没有投降：“Firefox用户会需要使用另外的浏览器来观看他们自己想看的视频，这会让人怀疑Firfox做一一个产品是否真的有用”。
+
+嗯，好吧。
+
+### 回到我们的思想源头 ###
+
+我们或许希望其它人都按照我们的想法来，但事实上他们却有着不同的考虑。免费的软件让步给更加务实的开源软件，认为只有“不二法门”的想法也逐渐消亡了。
+
+这种意识在目前还是有用的，但它并不总是方便和舒服。我崇尚开源软件的实用主义和Apache软件基金会，这样有很大的好处提醒GPL组织在意识形态上的危机感。软件自由真的很重要。
+
+这么多悲观的言论，我自己也感到了恐惧，希望回到一个不断会自我鞭策的免费的开软软件的组织。这使开源软件协作变少而且更难驾驭，但是会变得更有力而且关乎未来。
+
+（译者注：本文来源于一篇国外的杂文，译者和校对在翻译时感觉颇为吃力，因此肯定有大量谬误和不足，敬请大家谅解，或提出指正。虽然这篇文章说的事情已经过去了一段时间了，但是其反映的问题和潜伏的暗流也许影响更为深远。）
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://readwrite.com/2014/05/21/open-source-witch-hunt-mozilla-openstack-redhat#feed=/hack&awesm=~oEYDhxfP0Qv5hE
+
+译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_core
+[2]:http://readwrite.com/2014/05/16/red-hat-openstack-mirantis-rhel-support
+[3]:http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-condemns-partnership-between-mozilla-and-adobe-to-support-digital-restrictions-management
+[4]:https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/05/mozilla-and-drm
+[5]:https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2014/05/14/drm-and-the-challenge-of-serving-users/

sources/news/20140905 Ubuntu Touch Now Has a Torrent Client in the Ubuntu Store.md

@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-Ubuntu Touch Now Has a Torrent Client in the Ubuntu Store
-================================================================================
-![DowNow](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Ubuntu-Touch-Now-Has-a-Torrent-Clinent-in-the-Ubuntu-Store-457538-2.jpg)
-
-**The Ubuntu Touch platform is already the host of many interesting applications, and it looks like the developers have started to implement software that goes beyond what you might expect, like a torrent client for example.**
-
-The app store for Ubuntu Touch has been growing steadily over the past few months and interesting applications are added all the time. Most of them are covering some of the basic needs of the operating system, but there are quite a few that go well beyond regular users’ needs.
-
-A torrent client is not something that you will find on most phones. Android and Windows Phone already have this kind of apps and it looks like Ubuntu is now one of those platforms. Ubuntu developer [Alan Pope][1] posted a screenshot with a new application that's being developed for the Ubuntu platforms called DowNow.
-
-This is a relatively new application and it's still under development. You can find the click package for DowNow 0.3 in Launchpad, if you want to take a closer look, or you can download from Ubuntu Software Center.
-
-For now, the only supported devices are Nexus 4 and Nexus 7, if you want to test Ubuntu for phones, but that might change in the coming months.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Touch-Now-Has-a-Torrent-Clinent-in-the-Ubuntu-Store-457538.shtml
-
-作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
-[1]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/+AlanPope/posts/Ej3vKVxBum8

sources/news/20140910 Meet the 12 Ubuntu 14.10 Wallpaper Contest Winners (So Far).md

@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-Meet the 12 Ubuntu 14.10 Wallpaper Contest Winners (So Far)
-================================================================================
-Get ready to glance over a group of images you’ll be seeing a whole lot more of in the coming months. Yes, the winners of the [Ubuntu 14.10 Wallpaper contest][1] have been unveiled.
-
-Well, announced ‘sort of’. So far twelve backgrounds have been formally selected to ship on the Ubuntu 14.10 release.
-
-Having sifted through an entry pool of almost 400 images the judging panel made up of April’s winning artists have chosen a visually varied and colourful collection. I know I say it every 6 months, but this one looks to be the best yet (and not just because one or two of [our own favourites made it in][2]!)
-
-### Meet The Winners ###
-
-You can see the current crop of selected images below. Emphasis is on current for now as, according to the contest organiser Iain Farrell, [**he is**][3] “…awaiting a couple from people but if they don’t come back to me we’ll have to go without!” .  
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/utopic.jpg)
-
-Obligatory mascot wallpaper
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Empty-Space-by-Glenn-Rayat.jpg)
-
-‘Empty Space’ by Glenn Rayat
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Horses-on-sand-dunes-by-Matthias-Siewert.jpg)
-
-Sand & horses by M. Siewert
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Golden-leaves-by-Mauro-Campanelli.jpg)
-
-Golden Leaves
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/salcantayperu-by-Life-Nomadic.jpg)
-
-Life Nomadic by Sal’
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/xgu.jpeg)
-
-‘xgu472hf2′ by Lariliikala
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Redes-de-hilo-by-Juan-Pablo-Lauriente.jpg)
-
-Rocky shore? Juan PL.
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/warm-grass.jpeg)
-
-‘Warm Grasses’ by dcsearle.t21
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Kronach-leuchtet-2014-by-Brian-Fox.jpg)
-
-Kronach Leuchtet by Brian Fox
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Night-Seascape-by-Davor-Dopar.jpg)
-
-Davor Dopar’s seascape
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Music-tomasino.cz_.jpg)
-
-Music by Tomasino
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Sunny-Autumn-by-Joel-Heaps.jpg)
-
-Joel Heaps’ Sunny Autumn 
-
-We’ll update this post when/if any changes occur. You can grab a .zip archive of the entries for yourself [from Launchpad][4]. The full Utopic Wallpapers package, likely to include the ‘new’ default wallpaper, will be made available in the next day or two.
-
-Let us know which of the designs are your favourites in the comments below — and do try to keep things positive! 
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/09/ubuntu-14-10-wallpaper-contest-winners
-
-作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
-[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/ubuntu-14-10-wallpaper-contest
-[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/best-ubuntu-wallpaper-contest-entries-1410
-[3]:https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/ubuntu-wallpapers/+bug/1354341/comments/2
-[4]:https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/ubuntu-wallpapers/+bug/1354341/+attachment/4199899/+files/14.10%20images.zip

sources/news/20140915 One of the Smallest Distros in the World, Tiny Core, Gets a Fresh Update.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+One of the Smallest Distros in the World, Tiny Core, Gets a Fresh Update
+================================================================================
+![Tiny Core desktop](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/One-of-the-Smallest-Distros-in-the-World-Tiny-Core-Gets-a-Fresh-Update-458785-2.jpg)
+
+Tiny Core desktop
+
+**Robert Shingledecker has announced the immediate availability for download of the final version of the Tiny Core 5.4 Linux operating system, which also happens to be one the smaller operating systems in the world.**
+
+The name of the distro says pretty much everything about the operating system, but the developers have integrated some interesting packages and a very light desktop to match it. This latest iteration only had a single Release Candidate and it's one of the quietest releases made so far. 
+
+"Tiny Core is simply an example of what the Core Project can produce, an 12MB FLTK/FLWM desktop. The user has complete control over which applications and/or additional hardware to have supported, be it for a desktop, a netbook, an appliance, or server, selectable by the user by installing additional applications from online repositories, or easily compiling most anything you desire using tools provided," says the dev on the official website.
+
+According to the changelog, entries for nfs server have been added, 'Done' is now printed in a new lin, and udev has been updated to version 174 to fix a race condition.
+
+A complete list of updates and changes can be found in the official [announcement][1].
+
+You can download Tiny Core Linux 5.4.
+
+- [Tiny Core Linux 5.4 (ISO)][2][iso] [14 MB]
+- [Tiny Core Plus 5.4 (ISO)][3][iso] [72 MB]
+- [Core 5.4 (ISO)][4][iso] [8.90 MB]
+
+The distribution is Live, so you can test it before installing it.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/One-of-the-Smallest-Distros-in-the-World-Tiny-Core-Gets-a-Fresh-Update-458785.shtml
+
+作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
+[1]:http://forum.tinycorelinux.net/index.php/topic,17487.0.html
+[2]:http://distro.ibiblio.org/pub/linux/distributions/tinycorelinux/5.x/x86/release/TinyCore-5.4.iso
+[3]:http://repo.tinycorelinux.net/5.x/x86/release/CorePlus-5.4.iso
+[4]:http://distro.ibiblio.org/tinycorelinux/5.x/x86/release/Core-current.iso

sources/news/20140917 GNOME Control Center 3.14 RC1 Corrects Lots of Potential Crashes.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+alim0x translating
+
+GNOME Control Center 3.14 RC1 Corrects Lots of Potential Crashes
+================================================================================
+![GNOME Control Center in Arch Linux](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/GNOME-Control-Center-3-14-RC1-Correct-Lots-of-Potential-Crashes-458986-2.jpg)
+
+GNOME Control Center in Arch Linux
+
+**GNOME Control Center, GNOME's main interface for the configuration of various aspects of your desktop, has been updated to version 3.14 RC1, along with a lot of the packages from the GNOME stack.**
+
+The GNOME Control Center is a piece of software that's actually very important in the GNOME ecosystem, although not all users are aware of its existence. This is the part that takes care of all the settings in an OS powered by GNOME, as you can see from the screenshot.
+
+It's not something that's usually advertised and it's actually one of the few packages in the GNOME stack that doesn't have the same name as source and as implementation. The source package is called GNOME Control Center, but users will usually see Settings or System Settings, depending on what the developers choose.
+
+### What's new in GNOME Control Center 3.14 RC1 ###
+
+According to the changelog, libgd has been updated in order to fix the GdNotification theming, the background chooser dialog is no longer resizing when switching views, a stack with three views is now used for the chooser dialog, a memory leak in Flickr support has been fixed, the hard-code font size is no longer used for the Date & Time, a crash that occurred if the WM changed (or restarted) has been fixed, a possible crash that occurred when wireless-enabled was changing has been fixed, and more potential crashers for WWAN have been corrected.
+
+Also, the hotspot is now running only if the device is active, all of the virtualization bridges are now hidden, the underlying device for VPN connections is no longer shown, the empty folder list is no longer shown by default, various UI padding issues have been fixed, the focus is now returned in the account dialog, a crash that occurred when setting year to 0 has been fixed, the "Wi-Fi hotspot" properties are now centered, a warning provided on startup with the hotspot enabled has been fixed, and an error is now provided when turning on the hotspot fails.
+
+A complete list of changes, updates, and bug fixes can be found in the official [changelog][1].
+
+You can download GNOME Control Center 3.14 RC1:
+
+- [tar.xz (3.12.1 Stable)][2][sources] [6.50 MB]
+- [tar.xz (3.14 RC1 Development)][3][sources] [6.60 MB]
+
+This is just the source package and you will have to compile it yourself in order to test it. Unless you really know what you are doing, you should wait until the complete GNOME stack is made available through the repositories.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/GNOME-Control-Center-3-14-RC1-Correct-Lots-of-Potential-Crashes-458986.shtml
+
+作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
+[1]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-control-center/3.13/gnome-control-center-3.13.92.news
+[2]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-control-center/3.12/gnome-control-center-3.12.1.tar.xz
+[3]:http://ftp.acc.umu.se/pub/GNOME/sources/gnome-control-center/3.13/gnome-control-center-3.13.92.tar.xz

sources/news/20140919 Another Italian City Says Goodbye To Microsoft Office, Will Switch To OpenOffice Soon.md

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+Another Italian City Says Goodbye To Microsoft Office, Will Switch To OpenOffice Soon
+================================================================================
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Turin_Open_Source.jpg)
+
+It seems [Open Source][1] adoption is the latest fad in European countries. Last month only we heard that [Turin became the first Italian city to officially opt for Open Source product][2]. Another city in north-west Italy, [Udine][3], has also announced that it is ditching Microsoft office and will migrate to [OpenOffice][4].
+
+Udine has a population of 100,000 and the administration has around 900 computers which are running Microsoft Windows as their default productivity suite. As per the [budget document][5], the migration will start somewhere around December with 80 new computers. It will be followed by the migration of older computers to OpenOffice.
+
+The migration is estimated to save licensing fee which otherwise would have cost around Euro 400 per computer, which makes a total of Euro 360,000. But saving money is not the only goal of this migration, getting regular software update is also one of the factors.
+
+Of course the transition from Microsoft Office to OpenOffice won’t be smooth. Keeping this in mind, the municipality is planning training sessions for at least first few employees who will get the new machines with OpenOffice.
+
+As I stated earlier, this seems to be a trend in Europe. [French city Toulouse saved a million euro with LibreOffice][6] earlier this year along with [Canary Islands in Spain][7]. Neighboring Spanish city [Geneva also showed sign of Open Source adoption][8]. In other part of the world, government organizations in [Tamil Nadu][9] and Kerala provinces of India also ditched Microsoft for Open Source.
+
+I think demise of Windows XP has been a boon for Open Source, along with sluggish economy. Whatever may be the reason, I am happy to see this list growing. What about you?
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://itsfoss.com/udine-open-source/
+
+作者：[Abhishek][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
+[1]:http://itsfoss.com/category/open-source-software/
+[2]:http://itsfoss.com/italian-city-turin-open-source/
+[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udine
+[4]:https://www.openoffice.org/
+[5]:http://www.comune.udine.it/opencms/opencms/release/ComuneUdine/comune/Rendicontazione/PEG/PEG_2014/index.html?lang=it&style=1&expfolder=???+NavText+???
+[6]:http://itsfoss.com/french-city-toulouse-saved-1-million-euro-libreoffice/
+[7]:http://itsfoss.com/canary-islands-saves-700000-euro-open-source/
+[8]:http://itsfoss.com/170-primary-public-schools-geneva-switch-ubuntu/
+[9]:http://itsfoss.com/tamil-nadu-switches-linux/

sources/news/20140919 Red Hat Acquires FeedHenry for $82 Million to Advance Mobile Development.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+Red Hat Acquires FeedHenry for $82 Million to Advance Mobile Development
+================================================================================
+> Red Hat jumps into the mobile development sector with a key acquisition.
+
+Red Hat's JBoss developer tools division has always focused on enterprise development, but hasn't always been focused on mobile. Today that will start to change as Red Hat announced its intention to acquire mobile development vendor [FeedHenry][1] for $82 million in cash. The deal is set to close in the third quarter of Red Hat's fiscal 2015. Red Hat is set to disclose its second quarter fiscal 2015 earning at 4 ET today.
+
+Mike Piech, general manager of Middleware at Red Hat, told Datamation that upon the deal's closing FeedHenry's employees will become Red Hat employees
+
+FeedHenry's development platform enables application developers to rapidly build mobile application for Android, IOS, Windows Phone and BlackBerry. The FeedHenry platform leverages Node.js programming architecture, which is not an area where JBoss has had much exposure in the past.
+
+"The acquisition of FeedHenry significantly expands Red Hat's support for and engagement in Node.js," Piech said.
+
+Piech Red Hat's OpenShift Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) technology already has a Node.js cartridge. Additionally Red Hat Enterprise Linux ships a tech preview of node.js as part of the Red Hat Software Collections.
+
+While node.js itself is open source, not all of FeedHenry's technology is currently available under an open source license. As has been Red Hat's policy throughout its entire history, it is now committing to making FeedHenry open source as well.
+
+"As we've done with other acquisitions, open sourcing the technology we acquire is a priority for Red Hat, and we have no reason to expect that approach will change with FeedHenry," Piech said.
+
+Red Hat's last major acquisition of a company with non open source technology was with [ManageIQ][2] for $104 million back in 2012. In May of this year, Red Hat launched the ManageIQ open-source project, opening up development and code of the formerly closed-source cloud management technology.
+
+From an integration standpoint, Red Hat is not yet providing full details of precisely where FeedHenry will fit it.
+
+"We've already identified a number of areas where FeedHenry and Red Hat's existing technology and products can be better aligned and integrated," Piech said. "We'll share more details as we develop the roadmap over the next 90 days."
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.datamation.com/mobile-wireless/red-hat-acquires-feedhenry-for-82-million-to-advance-mobile-development.html
+
+作者：[Sean Michael Kerner][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.datamation.com/author/Sean-Michael-Kerner-4807810.html
+[1]:http://www.feedhenry.com/
+[2]:http://www.datamation.com/cloud-computing/red-hat-makes-104-million-cloud-management-bid-with-manageiq-acquisition.html

sources/news/Munich Council- LiMux Demise Has Been Greatly Exaggerated.md

@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-慕尼黑市议会称： LiMux 项目的死讯被过分夸大了
-================================================================================
-![LiMux – 慕尼黑市议会的官方操作系统](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/limux-4-kde-desktop.jpg)
-
-LiMux - 慕尼黑市议会的官方操作系统
-
-慕尼黑市议会的新闻发言人试图澄清其[计划重新审视当地政府 IT 系统使用的所有开源软件][1]的背后原因。
-
-大量德国媒体披露，“慕尼黑市新任市长要求提交一份关于 LiMux 使用率的报告”，LiMux是一个在该市超过 80% 的市政府部门中使用的开源 Linux 发行版 ，慕尼黑市议会新闻发言人正是针对这条新闻所做的反应。
-
-该报告引用了一位不愿透露姓名的市政府官员的话，他声称政府雇员在使用开源软件时“非常痛苦”，还有人人称其为“昂贵的失败”。副市长 Josef Schmid 说，（更换到开源系统）这件事是“意识形态驱使的”，并非理性的财务行为。
-
-过去被看成是大规模迁移 Linux 的典范的慕尼黑市，如今这个背道而驰的新闻迅速像病毒一样扩散开来。现在市议会的新闻发言人 Stefan Hauf 正试着澄清这件事。
-
-### “未来计划” ###
-
-Hauf 确认了新任市长要求重新审查城市 IT 系统以及操作系统选择的事，但这份报告的目的并不像之前报道中暗示的那样仅仅是为了决定什么时候退回到 Microsoft Windows。
-
-**“这是有关机构、经费、性能和可用性以及用户满意度的事，”** [Techrepublic][2] 引用了他的言辞。
-
-**“（这仅仅是在收集）现实情况，为我们决定市议会今后该如何处理提供依据。”**
-
-Hauf 同时也确认了市议会员工的确抱怨过 LiMux，但是主要集中在 OpenOffice 的兼容性问题上，有些问题只要换到 LibreOffice 就能解决。
-
-那么，慕尼黑市会用回 Windows 吗？正如我们在之前的报道中所说：不能排除这种可能，但是现在下结论还太早。
-
-目前该报告所建议的截止日期还没定，任何和慕尼黑 IT 基础设施相关的决定都需要由他们自己投票决定，主流选民目前抱有“支持” LiMux 的态度。
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/munich-council-say-talk-limux-demise-greatly-exaggerated
-
-作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
-译者：[sailing](https://github.com/sailing)
-校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
-[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/munich-city-linux-switching-back-windows
-[2]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/no-munich-isnt-about-to-ditch-free-software-and-move-back-to-windows/

sources/talk/20140610 How does the cloud affect the everyday linux user.md

@@ -1,197 +0,0 @@
-barney-ro translating 
-
-How does the cloud affect the everyday linux user?
-================================================================================
-### Introduction ###
-
-Cloud computing is one of those terms you hear about and see all the time whether it is in the national newspapers, online news websites, podcasts, technical blogs, technical news sites or on radio and television.
-
-It is a fairly woolly term that encompasses so many things but what exactly is it?
-
-> **Cloud computing** is a term used to refer to a model of network computing where a program or application runs on a connected server or servers rather than on a local computing device such as a PC, tablet or smartphone. Like the traditional client-server model or older mainframe computing,[1] a user connects with a server to perform a task. The difference with cloud computing is that the computing process may run on one or many connected computers at the same time, utilizing the concept of virtualization. With virtualization, one or more physical servers can be configured and partitioned into multiple independent “virtual” servers, all functioning independently and appearing to the user to be a single physical device. Such virtual servers are in essence disassociated from their physical server, and with this added flexibility, they can be moved around and scaled up or down on the fly without affecting the end user. The computing resources have become “granular”, which provides end user and operator benefits including on-demand self-service, broad access across multiple devices, resource pooling, rapid elasticity and service metering capability.[2]
-
-The above quote was obviously taken from Wikipedia.
-
-In the past we either used dumb terminals to connect to a mainframe or more recently desktop computers connected to applications on in-house servers which in turn connected to databases also kept on site.
-
-The management of the desktops, applications and servers were all local and all had to be supported by the company who owned them.
-
-Whilst this might be great for software houses it isn’t good business for other companies such as banks, insurance companies and oil companies. Information Technology is not a banking function in the same way catering isn’t a function of drilling oil out of the ground.
-
-Large companies have long since outsourced many functions to dedicated companies. For example outside catering companies provide the staff canteen and we all know about the offshore call centres handling customer calls for the banks.
-
-IT has also become an offshore function with a number of support and development functions shipped out to China, India, Malaysia and Eastern Europe.
-
-Cloud computing is different to the typical model in that it is all about virtualisation. It is about putting applications on virtual servers which could all be in one location or could be thousands of miles apart but the point is it doesn’t matter because it is somebody else’s job to make sure they work.
-
-> In common usage the term “the cloud” has become a shorthand way to refer to cloud computing infrastructure.[4] The term came from the cloud symbol that network engineers used on network diagrams to represent the unknown (to them) segments of a network.[5] Marketers have further popularized the phrase “in the cloud” to refer to software, platforms and infrastructure that are sold “as a service”, i.e. remotely through the Internet.
-
-This article is therefore all about the cloud and what it means for the everyday linux user and what it can do for you and what, if any, pitfalls are there.
-
-From an end user and home user point of view, cloud computing has basically come to mean any service that is hosted online.
-
-So here goes, which cloud services are useful for an everyday linux user?
-
-### Email ###
-
-I would be very surprised if you are reading this and you don’t have an email account.
-
-PC Advisor magazine analysed the top 6 emails services back in March, 2014 consisting of Outlook, GMail, Yahoo, iCloud, AOL and GMX.
-
-### Office Suites ###
-
-As well as an email client one of the most commonly used tools required by everyone is an office suite.
-
-In the past people would toddle off down to PC World, buy a computer and come home with a great big machine and half a dozen CDs containing 5 programs you definitely won’t use and Microsoft Works which was a cheap and virtually useless cut down version of Microsoft Office.
-
-Now you don’t even need an office suite on your computer even though there are some great free choices out there including LibreOffice and Kingsoft.
-
-The obvious choices are of course Google Docs and Office 365. Does Office 365 work for Linux? Well this article from PC Pro in 2012 seems to suggest that it does.
-
-![](http://www.linuxnews.pro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/office365_1.png)
-
-I don’t believe everything I read though so I signed up to Office 365 to see what would happen.
-
-Signing up was free for a month and I was presented with a list of online applications that I could use which included Word, Excel and Outlook.
-
-![](http://www.linuxnews.pro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/office365_2.png)
-
-All looked to be going well. I started Microsoft Word, chose a template to use and then of course it didn’t work at all.
-
-Office 365 isn’t yet supported on Linux and to be honest you don’t need it. Move on.
-
-![](http://www.linuxnews.pro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/office365_3.png)
-
-Google Docs works and for home use it is perfect. There are hundreds of templates for the word processing and presentation tools and the spreadsheet application does most things although it doesn’t really replace Excel because you haven’t got hundreds of wannabe developers creating naff macros and VBA scripts everywhere.
-
-![](http://www.linuxnews.pro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/zoho_1.png)
-
-Another alternative to Office 365 is Zoho.
-
-Similar to Google Docs, Zoho includes a word processor, spreadsheet tool, presentation tool and mail.
-
-There are finance and CRM tools as well.
-
-![](http://www.linuxnews.pro/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/zoho_2.png)
-
-The interface for the tools is actually very nice and clean.
-
-Services such as Google Docs and Zoho also give you the power of collaboration.
-
-Documents can be shared and worked on by different people in different locations.
-
-This site provides a good list of alternative choices to Google Docs and Zoho.
-
-### Online File Storage ###
-
-Another good service provided by Google Docs and Zoho is the ability to store the documents and files you create online.
-
-There are other services however such as Dropbox that are used to exclusively store your documents in the cloud.
-
-The benefit of storing files with services like Dropbox is that if your house is burgled or catches fire then you have an offshore backup that remains intact. You can also access your files anywhere.
-
-Dropbox is free for up to 2 gigabytes of use. If you have a lot more data, and most of us do nowadays, then there is a $ 9.99 monthly plan that is available allowing for 100 gigabytes. There is also a business version available from $ 15 a month.
-
-There are of course alternatives to Dropbox and this site provides a list of the best online backup solutions.
-
-### Photos ###
-
-Since the introduction of digital cameras and more recently smart phones, more and more of us have memory cards full of photos.
-
-I bet that at some point or other that you have lost photos because your phone died and the photos were on the phone and not the memory card or you lost your phone losing pictures of your child’s sports day or another important occasion.
-
-Losing a phone is never a good thing. If you are clever you will have set up some sort of security because most people have their phones synchronised with their email accounts, Facebook, Twitter and even online banking.
-
-All it takes to fix a lost phone is to change the passwords to all of the above accounts but lost photos are just not possible to recover and are a little bit more upsetting when lost.
-
-One solution of course is to backup to your computer. This is of course a good first step but occasionally laptops break as well and you are back to square one.
-
-Online photo storage sites are great resources because not only do they keep your photos safe you can also share them with whoever you choose to, eliminating the need to get 5 copies of the same photo developed to send to mum, nan, sister, aunty and mother-in-law.
-
-The solution I like to use is Google’s Picasa but many of you will have heard of services like Flickr as well.
-
-Lifehacker has a list of the five best photo sharing services.
-
-Remember though that just because they are called photo sharing services doesn’t mean you have to share them. You can keep them just to yourself.
-
-### Music ###
-
-The first record that I was ever given was a 12 inch vinyl version of “Kings of the wild frontier” by “Adam and the Ants” back in the early 1980s.
-
-As the 1980s progressed the long play records were replaced by cassettes and just as I had accumulated a decent number of cassettes the compact disc became the thing to have.
-
-Hundreds of compact discs later and MP3 file sharing became the norm and it even became the legal way of doing things.
-
-Nothing sits still with technology and the future is now with audio streaming services such as Spotify.
-
-Spotify is free to use but is supported with the inclusion of adverts. In this regard it is like having your own personal radio station where you choose the playlist. Of course you can pay a monthly fee and have the adverts removed altogether.
-
-There are dozens of similar services including Grooveshark and last.fm.
-
-Techradar has a list of 7 alternatives to Spotify.
-
-### Film ###
-
-The first film I ever watched in the Cinema was Dumbo. The first video I ever watched was “Krull” which contained a young Dulph Lundgren. The format of the video was on Beta Max. (My next door neighbour had one).
-
-My dad came home one day with a video recorder from Radio Rentals and my sister and I used to take it in turns to pick a video to hire from the video store. I remember my first choice being “The Black Hole”.
-
-As with music time moves on. Just as you get large units full of movies, some genius comes along and develops DVDs and then they come out with Bluerays.
-
-Now of course video streaming is the order of the day especially if you have a decent enough internet connection.
-
-The most commonly known services are Netflix and Lovefilm.
-
-This website has a list of good alternatives to Netflix. Not all of these services (including Netflix) work seamlessly on Linux.
-
-### Gaming ###
-
-Music, films and now gaming have moved to the online arena.
-
-Gaming is of course more difficult. Music is relatively low cost in terms of bandwidth and although films require a little more, the stream just needs to remain steady to get a clear picture.
-
-Games need to run at a consistently high frame rate to be playable and unless you have a decent connection it probably isn’t even worth trying.
-
-Current services offering a cloud gaming service include OnLive and StreamMyGame.
-
-This site contains a list of 6 online gaming services to rival OnLive.
-
-### Pitfalls ###
-
-Cloud computing isn’t free from issues.
-
-There is the obvious problem of hacking. If someone gets access to your online banking or your email then you have a real problem.
-
-What about online file storage? There is currently the high profile case of Megaupload.com.
-
-Megaupload.com was essentially a file storage site for storing large files. The problem is that a lot of people used the service to share copyright material and the US authorities came down like a ton of bricks and the service was shut down.
-
-Now a lot of people losing files would perhaps be expecting the inevitable but what about people who genuinely did nothing wrong. Their data has been lost. The US authorities refusing to give it back.
-
-Finally there is the subject of service maintenance. If your email went down for a day could you cope? What about 3 days? What about a month? You are at the mercy of the service provider.
-
-A lot has been made about large companies losing data and there has also been a lot of noise regarding heartbleed which is a vulnerability found in SSL left unpatched for years.
-
-If you have services hosted for you online then you are relying on technical support staff to do their job properly and if they don’t you could be at the mercy of hackers, hardware failures and poor backup and recovery maintenance.
-
-### Summary ###
-
-Cloud computing has really become the buzz term for any online service. Your web browser is a client connecting to a server or clusters of servers hosted anywhere in the world. The point is that you don’t care. You don’t need to know.
-
-Generally speaking I have barely touched the surface. We all use the cloud everyday and most of us don’t even think about it.
-
-How does the cloud affect the everyday linux user? It turns out quite a bit.
-
-Is the cloud a good or bad thing? Neither. Each service has to be judged on it’s own merits.
-
-The term “The Cloud” is just something marketing people and the technical press get excited about. Anyone remember when they kept using the term “Web 2.0″?
-
-Thankyou for reading.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.linuxnews.pro/how-does-the-cloud-affect-the-everyday-linux-user/
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/talk/20140624 Staying free--should GCC allow non-free plug ins.md

@@ -1,37 +0,0 @@
-Staying free – should GCC allow non-free plug ins?
-================================================================================
-> Arguments in favour of the use of non-free plug-ins in GCC have again been raised on GCC mailing-lists, but are trumped by the arguments for GCC as a vehicle for free software development
-
-Once again, Gcc and its lack of modularity has been raised as an issue and contrasted with LLVm, the new compiler on the block. GCC is huge and venerable: 5 million lines, 30 years, and growing. LLVM, in contrast, is relatively youthful and modular and allows free and proprietary languages to be added as modules.
-
-The core of LLVM is ‘open source’. GCC is copyleft and unreservedly free software and doesn’t allow plug-ins or other means to add proprietary extensions to the GCC code. The argument, as delivered by Eric Raymond, is that “FSF can no longer prevent proprietary vendors from plugging into a free compiler to improve their tools. That horse has left the barn; the strategic goal of the anti-plug-in policy has been definitively busted.”
-
-LLVM has been sponsored by Apple as a replacement for GCC on OS X and Apple hardware and has grown in popularity, especially among users of the BSDs. Advocates of LLVM see it as a putative replacement for GCC in the wider market for applications developers and mobile devices. The argument against GCC is that its complexity, and the commitment of its developers to copyleft licensing, constrains the possibilities for proprietary developers, who do not want to release their language or architectural specifications under a copyleft licence. Apple, of course, has a long history of antipathy to free software, and doesn’t allow applications licensed under copyleft licences to be distributed through its App Store.
-
-To this extent, the argument between LLVM and GCC is a retread of the historic differences between GNU/Linux and the BSDs, between ‘open source’ and free software. Open source developers allow the code to be reused in any context, free or proprietary. Free software is restrictive in that it insists that the code, and any modifications to the code, must remain free in perpetuity. Advocates of free software would argue that the integrity of copyleft licensing has been instrumental in the spread of GCC, and has taken Linux and free software into places it would not otherwise have reached, and that free software cannot be bought or corrupted by commercial or corporate interests. Open source advocates argue that open source is more free because the user has no restrictions and can do what he or she likes, including developing closed source versions of the code.
-
-Since the beginning, the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) was vital to the spread of free software. Compilers were a rare and expensive commodity and the compilers of the proprietary software companies were rife with ‘features’ that were non-compliant with ANSI programming standards. Porting software between different machines and operating systems was an unnecessarily complicated task. GCC, the first truly free cross-platform compiler, commoditised this process.
-
-GCC was a breakthrough product for applications developers and mobile device developers – not just those who were committed to the idea of free software. Not only was GCC free and portable, its ubiquity and commonality across different architectures made it easier to port software between machines and to expect robust and consistent results – as the likes of John Gilmore, Michael Tiemann and David Henkel- Wallace were to discover when they made GCC and its development the key selling point of Cygnus Solutions, the first company to make money by selling free software.
-
-The primary technical difference between LLVM and GCC emerges in the separation between the modules that form the ‘front ends’, ‘middle end’ and ‘back ends’ of both GCC and LLVM. ‘Front ends’ are used to interpret the code specific to the translation of a particular language. The ‘middle end’ optimises the translated code. The ‘back ends’ take the optimised code and apply the results to a specific target architecture. LLVM separates these modules into distinct entities, but for semantic and historical reasons, GCC obfuscates the separation between the modules.
-
-Perhaps untypically for a free software project, it is a difficult process to add a new language or architecture to GCC and the adding of proprietary plug-ins is not allowed. There is little clear separation between the modules, and the path of least resistance is to add any feature under a free software licence. The early ports of C++ and Objective C (via Apple) are cited as examples where the original developers might have preferred to keep the code in-house and proprietary, and instead released the code as free software.
-
-In contrast, LLVM has allowed, or perhaps even encouraged, the addition and development of proprietary languages and architectures – one example being Nvidia’s NVCC for GPU computing, based on Clang and LLVM. The source code of NVCC is inaccessible to free software or ‘open source’ developers.
-
-Richard Stallman’s [take on this][1] is characteristically resolute: “In the free software movement, we campaign for the freedom of the users of computing. The values of free software are fundamentally different from the values of open source, which make‘bettercode’theultimategoal. IfGCCwere to change from a free compiler into a platform for non-free compilers, it would no longer serve the goal of freedom very well.
-
-“The Clang and LLVM developers reach different conclusions from ours because they do not share our values and goals. They object to the measures we have taken to defend freedom because they see the inconvenience of them and do not recognise (or don’t care about) the need for them. I would guess they describe their work as ‘open source’ and do not talk about freedom.”
-
-The GCC developers are unlikely to compromise on the licensing terms. While LLVM is fashionable among certain sectors of industry, because it is young and new and has been quicker to jump on developing trands in programming languages, the prevailing wind is towards greater openness, and GCC’s resolve to be incorruptible and free from commercial interests, may be the greater asset in the long term. The Unix companies learnt something from the Unix wars of the Eighties and Nineties. Languages and operating systems are tools, and are better open and shared. GCC is free software and belongs to nobody.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/features/staying-free-should-gcc-allow-non-free-plug-ins
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:http://lwn.net/articles/582241

sources/talk/20140626 Linux Administration--A Smart Career Choice.md

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+CNprober translating...
+
 Linux Administration: A Smart Career Choice
 ================================================================================
 ![](http://www.opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/linux.jpeg)

sources/talk/20140818 Where And How To Code--Choosing The Best Free Code Editor.md

@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-Where And How To Code: Choosing The Best Free Code Editor
-================================================================================
-A close look at Cloud9, Koding and Nitrous.IO.
-
-![](http://a2.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fill,h_900,q_70,w_1600/MTIzMDQ5NjYzODM4NDU1MzA4.jpg)
-
-**Ready to start your first coding project? Great! Just configure** Terminal or Command Prompt, learn to use it and then install all the languages, add-on libraries and APIs you’ll need. When you're finally through with all that, you can get started with installing [Visual Studio][1] so you can preview your work.  
-
-At least that's how you used to have to do it.
-
-No wonder beginning coders are increasingly turning to online integrated development environments (IDEs). An IDE is a code editor that comes ready to work with languages and all their dependencies, saving you the hassle of installing them on your computer.
-
-I wanted to learn more about what constitutes the typical IDE, so I took a look at the free tier for three of the most popular integrated development environments out there: [Cloud9][2], [Koding][3], and [Nitrous.IO][4]. In the process, I learned a lot about the cases in which programmers would and would not want to use IDEs. 
-
-### Why Use An IDE? ###
-
-If a text editor is like Microsoft Word, think of an IDE as Google Drive. You get similar functionality, but it's accessible from any computer and ready to share. As the Internet becomes an increasingly influential part of project workflow, IDEs make life easier.
-
-I used Nitrous.IO for my last ReadWrite tutorial, the Python app in [Create Your Own Obnoxiously Simple Messaging App Just Like Yo][5]. When you use an IDE, you select the language you want to work in so you can test and preview how it looks on the IDE’s Virtual Machine (VM) designed to run programs written specifically in that language.
-
-If you read the tutorial, you'll see there are only two API libraries that my app depended on—messaging service Twilio and Python microframework Flask. That would have been easy to build using a text editor and Terminal on my computer, but I chose an IDE for yet another convenience: when everyone is using the same developer environment, it’s easier to follow along with a tutorial.
-
-### What An IDE Is Not ###
-
-Still, an IDE is not a long term hosting solution. 
-
-When you’re working on an IDE, you’re able to build, test and preview your app in the cloud. You’re even able to share the final draft via link.
-
-But you can’t use an IDE to store your project permanently. You wouldn't ditch your blog in favor of hosting your posts as Google Drive documents. Like Google Drive, IDEs allow you to link and share content, but neither are equipped to replace real hosting.
-
-What's more, IDEs aren't designed for wide-spread sharing. Despite the increased functionality IDEs add to the preview capability of most text editors, stick with showing off your app preview to friends and coworkers, not with, say, the front page of Hacker News. In that case, your IDE would probably shut you down for excessive traffic. 
-
-Think of it this way: an IDE is a place to build and test your app; a host is a place for it to live. So once you’ve finalized your app, you’ll want to deploy it on a cloud-based service that lets you host apps long term, preferably one with a free hosting option like [Heroku][6].
-
-### Choosing An IDE ###
-
-![](http://a2.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,w_630/MTIzNjEzMTg5MjA2NDc2MzAy.png)
-
-As IDEs become more popular, more are popping up all the time. In my opinion, there’s no perfect IDE. However, some IDEs are better for certain work process priorities than others.
-
-I took a look at the free tier for three of the most popular integrated development environments out there: Cloud9, Koding, and Nitrous.IO. Each has its benefits, depending on what you're working on. Here's what I found. 
-
-### Cloud9: Ready To Collaborate ###
-
-When I signed up for Cloud9, one of the first things it prompted me to do was integrate my GitHub and BitBucket accounts. Instantly, all my GitHub projects, solo and collaborative, were ready to clone and work on in Cloud9’s development tool. Other IDEs have nowhere near this level of GitHub integration.
-
-Out of the three IDEs I looked at, Cloud9 seemed most intent on ensuring an environment where I could work seamlessly with co-coders. Here, it’s not just a chat function in the corner. In fact, said CEO Ruben Daniels, Cloud9 collaborators can see each others coding in real time, just like co-authors are able to on Google Drive.
-
-“Most services’ collaborative features only work on a single file,” said Daniels. “Ours work on multiples throughout the project. Collaboration is fully integrated within the IDE.” 
-
-### Koding: Help When You Need It ###
-
-IDEs give you the tools you need to build and test applications in the gamut of open source languages. For a beginner, that can be a little bit intimidating. For example, if I’m working on a project with both Python and Ruby components, which VM do I use for testing?
-
-The answer is both, though on a free account, you can only turn on one VM for testing at a time. I was able to find that out right on my Koding dashboard, which doubles as a place for users to give and get advice on their Koding projects. Of the three, it’s the most transparent when it comes to where you can ask for assistance and hear back in minutes.
-
-“We have an active community built into the application,” said Nitin Gupta, Chief Business Officer at Koding. “We wanted to create an environment that is extremely attractive to people who need help and who want to help.”
-
-### Nitrous.IO: An IDE Wherever You Want ###
-
-The ultimate advantage of using an IDE over your own desktop environment is that it’s self-contained. You don’t have to install anything to use it. On the other hand, the ultimate advantage of using your own desktop environment is that you can work locally, even without Internet.
-
-Nitrous.IO gives you the best of both worlds. You can use the IDE on the Web, or you can download it to your own computer, said cofounder AJ Solimine. The advantage is that you can merge the integrations of Nitrous with the familiarity of your preferred text editor.
-
-“You can access Nitrous.IO from any modern web browser via our online Web IDE, but we also have handy desktop applications for Windows and Mac that let you edit with your favorite editor,” he said. 
-
-### The Bottom Line ###
-
-The most surprising thing I learned from a week of [using][7] three different IDEs? How similar they are. [When it comes to the basics of coding][8], they’re all equally helpful.
-
-Cloud9, Koding, [and Nitrous.IO all support][9] every major open source language, from Ruby to Python to PHP to HTML5. You can choose from any of those VMs.
-
-Both Cloud9 and Nitrous.IO have built-in one-click GitHub integration. For Koding there are a [couple more steps][10], but it can be done. 
-
-Each integrated easily with the APIs I needed. Each let me install my preferred package installers, too (and Koding made me do it as a superuser). They all have a built in Terminal for easily testing and deploying projects. All three allow you to easily preview your project. And of course, they all hosted my project in the cloud so I could work on it anywhere.
-
-On the downside, they all had the same negatives, which is reasonable when you consider they're free. You can only run one VM at a time to test a program written in a particular language. When you’re not using your VM for a while, the IDE preserves bandwidth by putting it into hibernation and you have to wait for it to reload next time you use it (and Cloud9 was especially laborious). None of them make a good permanent host for your finished projects.
-
-So to answer those who ask me if there’s a perfect free IDE out there, probably not. But depending on your priorities, there might be one that’s perfect for your project.
-
-Lead image courtesy of [Shutterstock][11]
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://readwrite.com/2014/08/14/cloud9-koding-nitrousio-integrated-development-environment-ide-coding
-
-作者：[Lauren Orsini][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://readwrite.com/author/lauren-orsini
-[1]:http://www.visualstudio.com/
-[2]:http://c9.io/
-[3]:https://koding.com/
-[4]:http://nitrous.io/
-[5]:http://readwrite.com/2014/07/11/one-click-messaging-app
-[6]:http://heroku.com/
-[7]:http://help.nitrous.io/ide-general/
-[8]:https://www.nitrous.io/desktop
-[9]:https://www.nitrous.io/desktop
-[10]:https://koding.com/Activity/steps-clone-projects-github-koding-1-create-account-github-2-open-your-terminal-3
-[11]:http://www.shutterstock.com/

sources/talk/20140818 Why Your Company Needs To Write More Open Source Software.md

@@ -1,68 +0,0 @@
-Why Your Company Needs To Write More Open Source Software - ReadWrite
-================================================================================
-> Real innovation doesn't happen behind closed doors.
-
-![](http://a5.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fill,h_900,q_70,w_1600/MTE5NDg0MDYxMTkxMzQxNTgz.jpg)
-
-**The Wall Street Journal [thinks][1] it's news that Zulily is developing** "more software in-house." It's not. At all. As [Eric Raymond wrote][2] years ago, 95% of the world's software is written for use, not for sale. The reasons are many, but one stands out: as Zulily CIO Luke Friang declares, it's "nearly impossible for a [off the shelf] solution to keep up with our pace."
-
-True now, just as it was true 20 years ago.
-
-But one thing is different, and it's something the WSJ completely missed. Historically software developed in-house was zealously kept proprietary because, the reasoning went, it was the source of a firm's competitive advantage. Today, however, companies increasingly realize the opposite: there is far more to be gained by open sourcing in-house software than keeping it closed.
-
-Which is why your company needs to contribute more open-source code. Much more.
-
-We've gone through an anomalous time these past 20 years. While most software continued to be written for internal use, most of the attention has been focused on vendors like SAP and Microsoft that build solutions that apply to a wide range of companies.
-
-That's the theory, anyway.
-
-In practice, buyers spent a small fortune on license fees, then a 5X multiple on top of that to make the software fit their requirements. For example, a company may spend $100,000 on an ERP system, but they're going to spend another $500,000 making it work. 
-
-One of the reasons open source took off, even in applications, was that companies could get a less functional product for free (or a relatively inexpensive fee) and then spend their implementation dollars tuning it to their needs. Either way, customization was necessary, but the open source approach was less costly and arguably more likely to result in a more tailored result.
-
-Meanwhile, technology vendors doubled-down on "sameness," as Redmonk analyst [Stephen O'Grady describes][3]:
-
-> The mainstream technology industry has, in recent years, eschewed specialization. Virtual appliances, each running a version of the operating system customized for an application or purpose, have entirely failed to dent the sales of general purpose alternatives such as RHEL or Windows. For better than twenty years, the answer to any application data persistence requirement has meant one thing: a relational database. If you were talking about enterprise application development, you were talking about Java. And so on.
-
-Along the way, however, companies discovered that vendors weren't really meeting their needs, even for well-understood product categories like Content Management Systems. They needed different, not same.
-
-So the customers went rogue. They became vendors. Sort of.
-
-As is often the case, [O'Grady nails][4] this point. Writing in 2010, O'Grady uncovers an interesting trend: "Software vendors are facing a powerful new market competitor: their customers." 
-
-Think about the most visible technologies today. Most are open source, and nearly all of them were originally written for some company's internal use, or some developer's hobby. Linux, Git, Hadoop, Cassandra, MongoDB, Android, etc. None of these technologies were originally written to be sold as products.
-
-Instead, they were developed by companies—usually Web companies—building software to "[scratch their own itches][5]," to use the open source phrase. And unlike previous generations of in-house software developed at banks, hospitals and other organizations, they open sourced the code. 
-
-While [some companies eschew developing custom software][6] because they don't want to maintain it, open source (somewhat) mitigates this by letting a community grow up to extend and maintain a project, thereby amortizing the costs of development for the code originators. Yahoo! started Hadoop, but its biggest contributors today are Cloudera and Hortonworks. Facebook kickstarted Cassandra, but DataStax primarily maintains it today. And so on.
-
-Today real software innovation doesn't happen behind closed doors. Or, if it does, it doesn't stay there. It's open source, and it's upending decades of established software orthodoxy.
-
-Not that it's for the faint of heart. 
-
-The best open-source projects [innovate very fast][7]. Which is not the same as saying anyone will care about your open-source code. There are [significant pros and cons to open sourcing your code][8]. But one massive "pro" is that the best developers want to work on open code: if you need to hire quality developers, you need to give them an open source outlet for their work. (Just [ask Netflix][9].)
-
-But that's no excuse to sit on the sidelines. It's time to get involved, and not for the good of some ill-defined "community." No, the primary beneficiary of open-source software development is you and your company. Better get started.
-
-Lead image courtesy of Shutterstock.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://readwrite.com/2014/08/16/open-source-software-business-zulily-erp-wall-street-journal
-
-作者：[Matt Asay][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://readwrite.com/author/matt-asay
-[1]:http://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2014/08/08/zulily-calls-in-house-software-a-differentiator-for-competitive-advantage/
-[2]:http://oreilly.com/catalog/cathbazpaper/chapter/ch05.html
-[3]:http://redmonk.com/sogrady/2010/01/12/roll-your-own/#ixzz3ATBuZsef
-[4]:http://redmonk.com/sogrady/2010/01/12/roll-your-own/
-[5]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar
-[6]:http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/roll_your_own_software_hidden_dangers_on_the_road_less_traveled/
-[7]:http://readwrite.com/2013/12/12/open-source-innovation
-[8]:http://readwrite.com/2014/07/07/open-source-software-pros-cons
-[9]:http://techblog.netflix.com/2012/07/open-source-at-netflix-by-ruslan.html

sources/talk/20140826 Linus Torvalds Promotes Linux for Desktops, Embedded Computing.md

@@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
-Linus Torvalds Promotes Linux for Desktops, Embedded Computing
-================================================================================
-> Linux kernel developer and open source leader Linus Torvalds spoke recently about the future of desktop Linux and Linux for embedded devices.
-
-![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/08/linus-torvalds-1.jpg)
-
-What's the future of Linux for desktop computers and embedded devices? That's a question up for debate, but Linux founder and open source superstar Linus Torvalds provided some intriguing viewpoints in a discussion at the [Linux Foundation's][1] recent LinuxCon event.
-
-As the guy who wrote the first Linux kernel code and shared it publicly over the Internet back in 1991, Torvalds is without doubt among the most famous developers of open source software—or any software, really—alive today. And while Torvalds is only one individual among many thousands of people and organizations guiding the development of Linux, his opinions tend to be influential with the open source community, and his role as a lead kernel developer places him in a powerful position for deciding which features and code make it into the operating system.
-
-So it's worth paying attention when Torvalds says, "I still want the desktop," as he [did last week][2] at LinuxCon. It's a sign that he still sees a future for Linux as an operating system for powering personal PCs, even though desktop Linux market share has remained minuscule and relatively flat for more than a decade, and most of the commercial activity around Linux these days involves servers or Android-powered mobile hardware.
-
-But, Torvalds added, ensuring a strong future for desktop Linux means solving an "infrastructure problem" that stems, he seems to believe, from the broader open source software ecosystem and the hardware world. It's not the core Linux code itself that's at issue, and making the channel friendly for desktop Linux is a feat Torvalds and his fellow kernel developers probably have little power to achieve on their own. That's up to app developers, hardware manufacturers and other parties who have the power to deliver computing platforms based on Linux that people will readily use.
-
-On the other hand, Torvalds also mentioned a hope that kernel developers might streamline the Linux code for embedded devices—a task that might be at odds in some ways with making the kernel more desktop-friendly. But that's not necessarily the case, and at any rate, given that Linux is designed to be so modular, there's no reason a single kernel code base can't meet the needs of desktop users and embedded developers equally well, depending on which chunks they choose to use.
-
-As a longtime desktop Linux user who would also like to see more Linux-powered embedded devices, I'm hoping Torvalds's aspirations in both regards will be realized, and that I will one day be able to do everything I need using only Linux, whether it's on a desktop computer, a mobile phone, the car or anywhere else.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/082514/linus-torvalds-promotes-linux-desktops-and-embedded-compu
-
-作者：[Christopher Tozzi][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi
-[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/
-[2]:http://www.eweek.com/enterprise-apps/linux-founder-linus-torvalds-still-wants-the-desktop.html

sources/talk/20140828 Interesting facts about Linux.md

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+translating by barney-ro
+
 Interesting facts about Linux
 ================================================================================
 Today, August, 25th, is the 23rd birthday of Linux. The modest [Usenet post][1] made by a 21 year old student at the University of Helsinki on August 25th, 1991, marks the birth of the venerable Linux as we know it today.
@@ -49,7 +51,7 @@ Happy birthday, Linux!
 via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/08/interesting-facts-linux.html
 
 作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+译者：[barney-ro](https://github.com/barney-ro)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/talk/20140829 Linux Doesn't Need to Own the Desktop.md

@@ -1,32 +0,0 @@
-Linux Doesn't Need to Own the Desktop
-================================================================================
-Linus Torvalds issued Linux 3.17 rc-2 on Monday of this week, and [he deviated from his normal schedule][1] in doing so, because August 25 happens to mark the 23rd anniversary of the original Linux announcement. "Hello everybody out there using minix," Torvalds wrote.
-
-Meanwhile, PCMag.com has proclaimed that [Linux has run out of time][2]. But isn't it true that the endless discussions of whether Linux is a success on the desktop are moot? Linux is in supercomputers and cars, it formed the basis for Android and is the most popular platform to run emerging cloud platforms like OpenStack on--just to name a few of its successes. The desktop is not the only battleground for Linux.
-
-Jon Buys took note of specialization and the Linux desktop [in a recent post][3], where he wrote:
-
-> "Recently, IT World asked “[Does it still make sense for Linus to want the desktop for Linux?][4]”, and Matt Asay from Tech Repubic asked “[Can we please stop talking about the Linux desktop?][5]”. Both publishers are critical of the claim that there is still room for Linux on Personal Computers, and point to Android as a Linux success story...What both articles miss though is that the flexibility of Linux, and the permissiveness of its open source license may be the things that save Linux on the desktop."
-
-That may be true, but Linux is so much to so many people beyond the desktop. Linux's opportunity for great market share on the desktop has come and gone.
-
-The simple fact is that Linux has changed the world and been a tremendous success outside the desktop, and there is nothing wrong with that. Android is hardly the only Linux-based platform that has made a big mark. Linux is huge on servers, in embedded technology, and is a constant prompt for innovation on emerging platforms. Ubuntu is the most popular platform for building OpenStack deployments on. Supercomputers all over the world run Linux, and Chrome OS is based on it.
-
-So Linux is making a huge difference globally, and it is time for detractors to stop focusing exclusively on its status on the desktop.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://ostatic.com/blog/linux-doesnt-need-to-own-the-desktop
-
-作者：[Sam Dean][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://ostatic.com/member/samdean
-[1]:http://www.theregister.co.uk/2014/08/26/linux_turns_23_and_linus_torvalds_celebrates_as_only_he_can/
-[2]:http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2465125,00.asp
-[3]:http://ostatic.com/blog/specialization-and-the-linux-desktop
-[4]:http://www.itworld.com/open-source/432816/does-it-still-make-sense-linus-want-desktop-linux
-[5]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/can-we-please-stop-talking-about-the-linux-desktop/

sources/talk/20140902 Happy Birthday Email.md

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-Happy Birthday Email
-================================================================================
-**An Indian American had the brain to invent electronic mail without which we cannot figure out a single day in this era.**
-
-![](http://1-ps.googleusercontent.com/h/www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/150x150xDbOx104130AM8312014.jpg.pagespeed.ic.QJJxt_P8uE.jpg)
-
-30 August, email turned 32. Now we wonder how this fast and quick method of message transfer came into existence. The credit goes to an Indian American, Shiva Ayyadurai. Shiva developed a full-scale software of the interoffice mail system and it was named email.
-
-He was officially acknowledged as the inventor of the computer programme on 30 August, 1982, by the US government. Born to Tamil family in Bombay, Shiva was just 14 years old when he invented the email system. He was studying at Livingston High School in New Jersey and he began working on this system for the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. A copyright was given to the email system as no other way was known to protect software inventions at that time.
-
-Ayyadurai got the idea of the email system from the way mail was transported internally in offices. He tried to make a copy of ‘Pneumatic Tube System’ which was mostly used to send interoffice mails across offices. This system used a physical network of tubes which used to transport typed mails to secretaries. Each secretary used to have inbox, outbox, drafts, carbon copy paper, folders, address book, paper clips or attachments etc. All these were used to create and process incoming and outgoing mails.
-
-Shiva also took a note of the common templates like “To”, “From”, “Subject”, “Date”, “Body”, “CC”, “BCC” and so on. All these templates were incorporated in the version of the electronic mail too. Mail was written FORTRAN programming language and Shiva discovered an electronic version of the same. Shiva received many accolades for his extraordinary work and also won a Westinghouse Science Talent Search Award for high school seniors in 1981. Now Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History (SINMAH) has the official US copyright for “Email”. But there is a controversy that not Ayyadurai but some other people have invented email. 
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=147170
-
-作者：Sanchari Banerjee
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/talk/20140910 Why Do Some Old Programming Languages Never Die.md

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+(translating by runningwater)
 Why Do Some Old Programming Languages Never Die?
 ================================================================================
 > We like what we already know.
@@ -73,7 +74,7 @@ Lead image by [Blake Patterson][4]
 via: http://readwrite.com/2014/09/02/programming-language-coding-lifetime
 
 作者：[Lauren Orsini][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/talk/20140910 With Apple Watch Unveiled, Could an Ubuntu Smartwatch Be Next.md

@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-With Apple Watch Unveiled, Could an Ubuntu Smartwatch Be Next?
-================================================================================
-**Apple today confirmed its long-rumoured foray into the wearable computing market with the launch of ‘Apple Watch’.**
-
-![Ubuntu Smartwatch – good idea?](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ubuntu-galaxy-gear-smartwatch.png)
-
-Ubuntu Smartwatch – good idea?
-
-Backed by a robust set of features, hardware solutions and app partnerships, the wrist mounted device is being heralded by the company as “a new chapter in the relationship people have with technology.”
-
-But does its arrival, and the uptick in consumer interest it will likely bring, mean Ubuntu should follow with a version of Ubuntu for smartwatches?
-
-### Big Hand Is On Success ###
-
-Apple joins the fast growing smart-watch sector at just about the right time. The boundaries of what a wrist-mounted computer can and should do are not yet set in stone. Bad design, poor user interfaces, and weak arguments for the usefulness of wearable technology to mainstream users has seen the hardware category remains sufficiently impressionable — a factor that has allowed Cupertino to take its time with the Apple Watch.
-
-> ‘More than 22 million smartwatches will be sold this year, say analysts’
-
-Sales of wearables, including fitness trackers, last year were just shy of 10 million units worldwide. This year the number of devices analysts expect to see shifted will pass 22 million — and that’s without the Apple Watch, which doesn’t hit retail until early 2015.
-
-It’s easy to see where the growth is going to come from. The IFA 2014 tradeshow held in Berlin at the start of September played host to a swathe of new wearables from major OEMs, including Sony and ASUS. Most are running Google’s newly released Android Wear platform.
-
-A more mature offering, Android Wear debunks the novelty argument often associated with the form factor to present a consistent and convincing user scenario. Though, as with the new Apple Watch, it is one tightly hinging on an existing smartphone ecosystem.
-
-Whether it’s a use case a wrist-mounted version Ubuntu can match isn’t (yet) clear.
-
-#### ‘No Plans for an Ubuntu Smartwatch’ ####
-
-The versatility of the Ubuntu OS combined with the stringent vision for a multi-device and convergent future has already seen Canonical target smart TVs, tablets and smartphones. Mir, the company’s homegrown display server, was even created to power interfaces on screens of all sizes (though admittedly not 1.5″ ones!).
-
-At the start of this year then-Canonical community manager Jono Bacon was asked whether there were plans for an Ubuntu watch. Offering his opinion on the subject, Bacon mused: “adding another form factor to the [ubuntu touch] roadmap would only slow things down”. 
-
-As the two year anniversary of the Ubuntu Phone announcement approaches, it’s hard not to agree with him.
-
-### Tick, Tock, Hedge-Your-Bets O’Clock ###
-
-But all hope is not lost. In a [press call a few months later][1] Ubuntu founder Mark Shuttleworth mentioned wearable technologies in the same breath as the company’s plans for TVs, tablets and smartphones, saying:
-
-> “Ubuntu is really unique in that it has this beautiful design on the phone, but it’s also designed at the same time to feed all of those other ecosystems, from wearables to the PC.”
-
-While far from concrete confirmation, it serves as a pointer; an optimistic hedge in that direction.
-
-#### Not likely — and here’s why ####
-
-Canonical is not averse to entering markets with entrenched monopolies. In fact, it’s in the DNA of the company — RHEL on servers, Windows on desktops, Android on smartphones…
-
-Ubuntu for devices is built as such that it could be expended to and adapted to run on smaller screens, possible even those as small as a watch face. When the common code base is in place for phone, tablet, desktop and TV I’d be surprised if we didn’t see some sort of effort in this direction from the community.
-
-But reason why I don’t think it’s likely to happen from Canonical’s side, at least not yet, is an echo of Jono Bacon’s personal thoughts earlier this year: time and effort.
-
-Tim Cook said in his keynote: “*We didn’t take the iPhone and shrink the user interface and strap it on your wrist.*” It’s an obvious statement. Designing a UI and UX model for such a small screen; working through interaction methodologies; complimenting hardware and input models isn’t a simple task.
-
-Wearable technology is still a nascent market. At this stage Canonical would be wasting development, design and business time in pursuing it. Any benefits would be outweighed by the loss in other, more pressing areas.
-
-Playing the longer game, waiting it out to see where other efforts succeed and fail, is the harder route, but the one better suited to Ubuntu as it stands today. It’s better for Canonical to focus energies on existing products (which some argue are already arriving late) before throwing newer ones out ahead of them.
-
-**For an idea of what an Ubuntu smartwatch could be like hit play on the following video which shows an interactive Unity themed skin for the Tizen powered Samsung Galaxy Gear smartwatch.**
-
-注：youtube视频，发布的时候不行做个链接吧
-<iframe width="750" height="563" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/8Zf5dktXzEs?feature=oembed"></iframe>
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/09/ubuntu-smartwatch-apple-iwatch
-
-作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
-[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/03/ubuntu-tablets-coming-year

sources/talk/20140911 5 Reasons Why I Hate GNU or Linux--Do You Hate (Love) Linux.md

@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+5 Reasons Why I Hate GNU/Linux – Do You Hate (Love) Linux?
+================================================================================
+This part of Linux, I don’t like to talk very often but sometimes I do really feel some of the aspects related to Linux is real pain. Here are the five points which I come across on a daily basis, almost.
+
+![5 Reasons Why I Hate Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/I-Hate-Linux.jpg)
+
+5 Reasons Why I Hate Linux
+
+### 1. Choose from Too Many Good Distros ###
+
+While reading several on-line forum (a part of my hobby), I very often come across a question like – Hi, I am new to Linux, just [switched over from Windows to Linux][1]. Which Linux Distribution, I should get my hands dirty with? Oh! forgot to mention, I am an Engineering Student.
+
+As soon as someone posted such question, there is a flood of comments. each distribution’s fan boy tries to make sense that the distro he is using leads all the rest, a few comments may look like:
+
+1. Get your hands upon Linux Mint or Ubuntu, they are easy to use specially for newbies like you.
+1. Ubuntu is Sh** better go with Mint.
+1. If you want something like windows, better stay there.
+1. Nothing is better than Debian. It is easy to use and contains all the packages you may need.
+1. Slackware, for the point, if you learn slack you learn Linux.
+   At this point, the student who asked question really gets confused and annoyed.
+1. CentOS – Nothing like this, when comes to stability.
+1. I will recommend Fedora, Bleeding edge technology implementation, you will get a lot to learn.
+1. Puppy Linux, SUSE, BSD, Manjaro, Megia, Kali, RedHat Beta, etc,……
+
+At the end of discussion, the discussion forum may be used as a paper for research based upon the facts and figure provided in the comments.
+
+Now think the same in Windows or Mac – One may say are you Insane? Still using Windows XP or Vista but no one will try to prove that windows 8 is better than XP and XP is more on a User Friendly side. You won’t get a fan boy in Mac as well, who is trying to jump into the discussion just to make his point sounds louder.
+
+You may frequently come across points like – Distros are like religion. These things makes the newbie puzzled. Anyone who have used Linux for a considerable time would be knowing that all the distros are same at the base. It is only the working interface and the way to perform task differs and that too rarely. You are using apt, yum, portage, emerge, spike or ABS who cares as far as the things are done and user is comfortable with it.
+
+Well the above scenario is not only true in forums and groups on-line, it is sometimes taken to the corporate world.
+
+I was recently being Interviewed by a company based in Mumbai (India). The person interviewing, asked me several questions and technologies, I have worked with. As per their requirements, I have worked with nearly half of the technologies they were looking for. A few of last conversation as mentioned below.
+
+**Interviewer**: Do you know kernel editing? (Then he talked to himself for a couple of seconds – no, no not kernel editing, it is a very different thing.) Do you know how to compile a kernel on a monolithic side?
+
+**Me**: Yes, we just need to make sure what we need to run in future. We need to select those options only that supports our need before compiling the kernel.
+
+**Interviewer**: How do you compile a kernel?
+
+**Me**: make menuconfig, fire it as………..(interrupted)
+
+**Interviewer**: When have you compiled the kernel lastly without any help?
+
+**Me**: Very recently on my Debian…..(Interrupted)
+
+**Interviewer**: Debian? Do you know what we does? Debian-Febian is not of our use. We use CentOS. Ok, I will tell the management the result. They will call you.
+
+**Not to Mention**: I didn’t get the call or job, but certainly the phrase **Debian-febian** forces me to think over and over again. He could have said we don’t use Debian, we use CentOS. The tone of him, was a bit racist, it is spread-ed all over.
+
+### 2. Some of the very important software has no support in Linux ###
+
+No! I am not talking about Photoshop. I understand Linux is not build to perform such task. But some backbone softwares required to connect your Android phone to PC for Updation – PC Suite certainly means a lot. I have been looking for a windows PC.
+
+I know Linux is more like a server side OS. Really? Is not it trying to make a point that, it has been used as a Desktop as well? If Yes! It should have other developed desktop features. For a desktop user security, stability, RAID, Kernel does not mean much. They should get their work done with little or no effort.
+
+Moreover the companies like Samsung, Sony, Micromax, etc are dealing with Android (Linux) Phones and they have no support to get their phone connected over a Linux PC.
+
+Don’t drag me in PC suite discussion. For Linux to be a Desktop OS, it still lacks several things, Little or no gaming support – I mean high end gaming. No professional Video and Photo Editing Tools, I Said Professional. And yeah I remember Titanic and Avatar Movies were maid using some kind of FOSS video editor, I am coming to that point.
+
+Agree or not, Linux still has to go a long way to be a distro for everyone.
+
+### 3. Linuxer have a habit of living in virtual world ###
+
+I am a Linux user, and I am superior than you. I can handle terminal much better than you. You know Linux is Everywhere in your wrist watch, mobile phones, remote control. You know what, Hacker’s use Linux. Are you aware as soon as you boot Linux you become hacker. You can do several things from Linux you can’t even think of using Windows and Mac.
+
+Let me tell you, Linux is now being used in International Space Station. The world’s most successful movies Avatar and Titanic were build using Linux. Last but not the least, world’s 90% supercomputers are using Linux. World’s Top 5 fastest computer are using Linux. Facebook, Linkedin, Google, Yahoo all have their server based on Linux.
+
+I don’t mean they are wrong. I only mean they keeps on talking about the thing they very little know about.
+
+### 4. The long hours of compilation and dependency resolution ###
+
+I am aware of automatic dependency resolution and the program getting smart day by day. Still think from corporate view, I was installing a program say ‘y‘, it had one dependency say ‘**x**‘ which was unable to be resolved automatically. While resolving ‘**x**‘ I came across 8 other dependency, a few of other were dependent on a few other libraries and program. Isn’t it painful?
+
+The rule of corporate is to have the work done efficiently with less man power and as much less time as possible. Who cares if your piece of codes are coming from Windows or Mac or Linux as far as the work is done.
+
+### 5. Too much manual work ###
+
+No matter which distro you choose, you have to manually do a lot a things time-to-time. Lets say you are installing proprietary Nvidia Driver. Now you need to kill **X** manually, may need to edit **Xorg.conf** manually and still may have a broken **X**. Furthermore, you have to make sure that the next time kernel updates, it still be in working condition.
+
+Think of same on Windows. You have nothing to do other than firing the executables and click** Next, Next, I Agree, Next, Forward, Finish, Reboot** and your system may very rarely have broken GUI. Though the demerit is a broken GUI is not possible to be repaired on Windows but easily on Linux.
+
+Hey don’t tell me its because of security implementation. If you are installing something using ‘**root**‘, and still needs a lot of things done manually that not security. Some may have a point that it gives you power to configure your system to any extent. My friend at least give him a working interface from where he can configure it to next best level. Why Installer laves him to re-invent the wheel every-time in the name of security and configurability.
+
+I myself is a Linux fan and have been working on this platform for nearly half a decades. I myself have used Distros of several kind and came to the above conclusion. You may have used a different distro’s and might you’ve came to a such conclusion, where you feel that Linux is not upto the mark.
+
+Please do share with us, why do you hate (Love) Linux? via our comment section below.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.tecmint.com/why-i-hate-linux/
+
+作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
+[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/useful-linux-commands-for-newbies/

sources/talk/20140912 What' s wrong with IPv4 and Why we are moving to IPv6.md

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+What’s wrong with IPv4 and Why we are moving to IPv6
+================================================================================
+For the past 10 years or so, this has been the year that IPv6 will become wide spread. It hasn’t happened yet. Consequently, there is little widespread knowledge of what IPv6 is, how to use it, or why it is inevitable.
+
+![IPv4 and IPv6 Comparison](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ipv4-ipv6.gif)
+
+IPv4 and IPv6 Comparison
+
+### What’s wrong with IPv4? ###
+
+We’ve been using **IPv4** ever since RFC 791 was published in 1981. At the time, computers were big, expensive, and rare. IPv4 had provision for **4 billion IP** addresses, which seemed like an enormous number compared to the number of computers. Unfortunately, IP addresses are not use consequently. There are gaps in the addressing. For example, a company might have an address space of **254 (2^8-2)** addresses, and only use 25 of them. The remaining 229 are reserved for future expansion. Those addresses cannot be used by anybody else, because of the way networks route traffic. Consequently, what seemed like a large number in 1981 is actually a small number in 2014.
+
+The Internet Engineering Task Force (**IETF**) recognized this problem in the early 1990s and came up with two solutions: Classless Internet Domain Router (**CIDR**) and private IP addresses. Prior to the invention of CIDR, you could get one of three network sizes: **24 bits** (16,777,214 addresses), **20 bits** (1,048,574 addresses) and **16 bits** (65,534 addresses). Once CIDR was invented, it was possible to split networks into subnetworks.
+
+So, for example, if you needed **5 IP** addresses, your ISP would give you a network with a size of 3 bits which would give you **6 IP** addresses. So that would allow your ISP to use addresses more efficiently. Private IP addresses allow you to create a network where each machine on the network can easily connect to another machine on the internet, but where it is very difficult for a machine on the internet to connect back to your machine. Your network is private, hidden. Your network could be very large, 16,777,214 addresses, and you could subnet your private network into smaller networks, so that you could manage your own addresses easily.
+
+You are probably using a private address right now. Check your own IP address: if it is in the range of **10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255** or **172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255** or **192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255**, then you are using a private IP address. These two solutions helped forestall disaster, but they were stopgap measures and now the time of reckoning is upon us.
+
+Another problem with **IPv4** is that the IPv4 header was variable length. That was acceptable when routing was done by software. But now routers are built with hardware, and processing the variable length headers in hardware is hard. The large routers that allow packets to go all over the world are having problems coping with the load. Clearly, a new scheme was needed with fixed length headers.
+
+Still another problem with **IPv4** is that, when the addresses were allocated, the internet was an American invention. IP addresses for the rest of the world are fragmented. A scheme was needed to allow addresses to be aggregated somewhat by geography so that the routing tables could be made smaller.
+
+Yet another problem with IPv4, and this may sound surprising, is that it is hard to configure, and hard to change. This might not be apparent to you, because your router takes care of all of these details for you. But the problems for your ISP drives them nuts.
+
+All of these problems went into the consideration of the next version of the Internet.
+
+### About IPv6 and its Features ###
+
+The **IETF** unveiled the next generation of IP in December 1995. The new version was called IPv6 because the number 5 had been allocated to something else by mistake. Some of the features of IPv6 included.
+
+- 128 bit addresses (3.402823669×10³⁸ addresses)
+- A scheme for logically aggregating addresses
+- Fixed length headers
+- A protocol for automatically configuring and reconfiguring your network.
+
+Let’s look at these features one by one:
+
+#### Addresses ####
+
+The first thing everybody notices about **IPv6** is that the number of addresses is enormous. Why so many? The answer is that the designers were concerned about the inefficient organization of addresses, so there are so many available addresses that we could allocate inefficiently in order to achieve other goals. So, if you want to build your own IPv6 network, chances are that your ISP will give you a network of **64 bits** (1.844674407×10¹⁹ addresses) and let you subnet that space to your heart’s content.
+
+#### Aggregation ####
+
+With so many addresses to use, the address space can be allocated sparsely in order to route packets efficiently. So, your ISP gets a network space of **80 bits**. Of those 80 bits, 16 of them are for the ISPs subnetworks, and 64 bits are for the customer’s networks. So, the ISP can have 65,534 networks.
+
+However, that address allocation isn’t cast in stone, and if the ISP wants more smaller networks, it can do that (although probably the ISP would probably simply ask for another space of 80 bits). The upper 48 bits is further divided, so that ISPs that are “**close**” to one another have similar network addresses ranges, to allow the networks to be aggregated in the routing tables.
+
+#### Fixed length Headers ####
+
+An **IPv4** header has a variable length. An **IPv6** header always has a fixed length of 40 bytes. In IPv4, extra options caused the header to increase in size. In IPv6, if additional information is needed, that additional information is stored in extension headers, which follow the IPv6 header and are generally not processed by the routers, but rather by the software at the destination.
+
+One of the fields in the IPv6 header is the flow. A flow is a **20 bit** number which is created pseudo-randomly, and it makes it easier for the routers to route packets. If a packet has a flow, then the router can use that flow number as an index into a table, which is fast, rather than a table lookup, which is slow. This feature makes **IPv6** very easy to route.
+
+#### Automatic Configuration ####
+
+In **IPv6**, when a machine first starts up, it checks the local network to see if any other machine is using its address. If the address is unused, then the machine next looks for an IPv6 router on the local network. If it finds the router, then it asks the router for an IPv6 address to use. Now, the machine is set and ready to communicate on the internet – it has an IP address for itself and it has a default router.
+
+If the router should go down, then the machines on the network will detect the problem and repeat the process of looking for an IPv6 router, to find the backup router. That’s actually hard to do in IPv4. Similarly, if the router wants to change the addressing scheme on its network, it can. The machines will query the router from time to time and change their addresses automatically. The router will support both the old and new addresses until all of the machines have switched over to the new configuration.
+
+IPv6 automatic configuration is not a complete solution. There are some other things that a machine needs in order to use the internet effectively: the name servers, a time server, perhaps a file server. So there is **dhcp6** which does the same thing as dhcp, only because the machine boots in a routable state, one dhcp daemon can service a large number of networks.
+
+#### There’s one big problem ####
+
+So if IPv6 is so much better than IPv4, why hasn’t adoption been more widespread (as of **May 2014**, Google estimates that its IPv6 traffic is about **4%** of its total traffic)? The basic problem is which comes first, the **chicken or the egg**? Somebody running a server wants the server to be as widely available as possible, which means it must have an **IPv4** address.
+
+It could also have an IPv6 address, but few people would use it and you do have to change your software a little to accommodate IPv6. Furthermore, a lot of home networking routers do not support IPv6. A lot of ISPs do not support IPv6. I asked my ISP about it, and I was told that they will provide it when customers ask for it. So I asked how many customers had asked for it. One, including me.
+
+By way of contrast, all of the major operating systems, Windows, OS X, and Linux support IPv6 “**out of the box**” and have for years. The operating systems even have software that will allow IPv6 packets to “**tunnel**” within IPv4 to a point where the IPv6 packets can be removed from the surrounding IPv4 packet and sent on their way.
+
+#### Conclusion ####
+
+IPv4 has served us well for a long time. IPv4 has some limitations which are going to present insurmountable problems in the near future. IPv6 will solve those problems by changing the strategy for allocating addresses, making improvements to ease the routing of packets, and making it easier to configure a machine when it first joins the network.
+
+However, acceptance and usage of IPv6 has been slow, because change is hard and expensive. The good news is that all operating systems support IPv6, so when you are ready to make the change, your computer will need little effort to convert to the new scheme.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.tecmint.com/ipv4-and-ipv6-comparison/
+
+作者：[Jeff Silverman][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/jeffsilverm/

sources/talk/20140915 10 Open Source Cloning Software For Linux Users.md

@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+10 Open Source Cloning Software For Linux Users
+================================================================================
+>  These cloning software take all disk data, convert them into a single .img file and you can copy it to another hard drive.
+
+![](http://1-ps.googleusercontent.com/h/www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/150x150x1Qn740810PM9112014.jpg.pagespeed.ic.Ch7q5vT9Yg.jpg)
+
+Disk cloning means copying data from a hard disk to another one and you can do this by simple copy & paste. But you cannot copy the hidden files and folders and not the in-use files too. That's when you need a cloning software which can also help you in saving a back-up image from your files and folders. The cloning software takes all disk data, convert them into a single .img file and you can copy it to another hard drive. Here we give you the best 10 Open Source Cloning software:
+
+### 1. [Clonezilla][1]: ###
+
+Clonezilla is a Live CD based on Ubuntu and Debian. It clones all your hard drive data and take a backup just like Norton Ghost on Windows but in a more effective way. Clonezilla support many filesystems like ext2, ext3, ext4, btrfs, xfs and others. It also supports BIOS, UEFI, MPR and GPT partitions.
+
+![](http://1-ps.googleusercontent.com/h/www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/rte/my_documents/my_pictures/600x450xZ34_clonezilla-600x450.png.pagespeed.ic.8Jq7pL2dwo.png)
+
+### 2. [Redo Backup][2]: ###
+
+Redo Bakcup is another Live CD tool which clones your drivers easily. It is free and Open Source Live System which has its licence under GPL 3. Its main features include easy GUI boots from CD, no installation, restoration of Linux and Windows systems, access to files with out any log-in, recovery of deleted files and more.
+
+![](http://1-ps.googleusercontent.com/h/www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/rte/my_documents/my_pictures/600x450x7D5_Redo-Backup-600x450.jpeg.pagespeed.ic.3QMikN07F5.jpg)
+
+### 3. [Mondo Rescue][3]: ###
+
+Mondo doesn't work like other software. It doesn’t convert your hard drivers into an .img file. It converts them into an .iso image and with Mondo you can also create a custom Live CD using “mindi” which is a special tool developed by Mondo Rescue to clone your data from the Live CD. It supports most Linux distributions, FreeBSD, and it is licensed under GPL.
+
+![](http://1-ps.googleusercontent.com/h/www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/rte/my_documents/my_pictures/620x387x3C4_MondoRescue-620x387.jpeg.pagespeed.ic.cqVh7nbMNt.jpg)
+
+### 4. [Partimage][4]: ###
+
+This is an open-source software backup, which works under Linux system, by default. It's also available to install from the package manager for most Linux distributions and if you don’t have a Linux system then you can use “SystemRescueCd”. It is a Live CD which includes Partimage by default to do the cloning process that you want. Partimage is very fast in cloning hard drivers.
+
+![](http://1-ps.googleusercontent.com/h/www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/rte/my_documents/my_pictures/620x424xBZF_partimage-620x424.png.pagespeed.ic.ygzrogRJgE.png)
+
+### 5. [FSArchiver][5]: ###
+
+FSArchiver is a follow-up to Partimage, and it is again a good tool to clone hard disks. It supports cloning Ext4 partitions and NTFS partitions, basic file attributes like owner, permissions, extended attributes like those used by SELinux, basic file system attributes for all Linux file systems and so on.
+
+### 6. [Partclone][6]: ###
+
+Partclone is a free tool which clones and restores partitions. Written in C it first appeared in 2007 and it supports many filesystems like ext2, ext3, ext4, xfs, nfs, reiserfs, reiser4, hfs+, btrfs. It is very simple to use and it's licensed under GPL.
+
+### 7. [doClone][7]: ###
+
+doClone is a free software project which is developed to clone Linux system partitions easily. It's written in C++ and it supports up to 12 different filesystems. It can preform Grub bootloader restoration and can also transform the clone image to another computer via LAN. It also provides support to live cloning which means you will eb able to clone from the system even if it's running.
+
+![](http://1-ps.googleusercontent.com/h/www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/rte/my_documents/my_pictures/620x396x2A6_doClone-620x396.jpeg.pagespeed.ic.qhimTILQPI.jpg)
+
+### 8. [Macrium Reflect Free Edition][8]: ###
+
+Macrium Reflect Free Edition is claimed to be one of the fastest disk cloning utilities which supports only Windows file systems. It is a fairly straightforward user interface. This software does disk imaging and disk cloning and also allows you to access images from the file manager. It allows you to create a Linux rescue CD and it is compatible with Windows Vista and 7.
+
+![](http://1-ps.googleusercontent.com/h/www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/rte/my_documents/my_pictures/620x464xD1E_open1.jpg.pagespeed.ic.RQ41AyMCFx.png)
+
+### 9. [DriveImage XML][9]: ###
+
+DriveImage XML uses Microsoft VSS for creation of images, quite reliably. With this software you can create "hot" images from a disk, which is still running. XML files store images, which means you can access them from any supporting third-party software. DriveImage XML also allows restoring an image to a machine without any reboot. This software is also compatible with Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Vista, and 7.
+
+![](http://1-ps.googleusercontent.com/h/www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/rte/my_documents/my_pictures/620x475x357_open2.jpg.pagespeed.ic.50ipbFWsa2.jpg)
+
+### 10. [Paragon Backup & Recovery Free][10]: ###
+
+Paragon Backup & Recovery Free does a great job when it comes to managing scheduled imaging. This is a free software but it's for personal use only.
+
+![](http://1-ps.googleusercontent.com/h/www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/rte/my_documents/my_pictures/600x536x9Z9_open3.jpg.pagespeed.ic.9rDHp0keFw.png)
+
+
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=148039
+
+作者：Sanchari Banerjee
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://clonezilla.org/
+[2]:http://redobackup.org/
+[3]:http://www.mondorescue.org/
+[4]:http://www.partimage.org/Main_Page
+[5]:http://www.fsarchiver.org/Main_Page
+[6]:http://www.partclone.org/
+[7]:http://doclone.nongnu.org/
+[8]:http://www.macrium.com/reflectfree.aspx
+[9]:http://www.runtime.org/driveimage-xml.htm
+[10]:http://www.paragon-software.com/home/br-free/

sources/talk/20140915 Make Downloading Files Effortless.md

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+zpl1025
+Make Downloading Files Effortless
+================================================================================
+A download manager is computer software that is dedicated to the task of downloading files, optimizing bandwidth usage, and operating in a more organized way. Some web browsers, such as Firefox, include a download manager as a feature, but their implementation lacks the sophistication of a dedicated download manager (or add-ons for the web browser), without using bandwidth optimally, and without good file management features.
+
+Users that regularly download files benefit from using a good download manager. The ability to maximize download speeds (with download acceleration), resume and schedule downloads, make safer and more rewarding downloading. Download managers have lost some of their popularity, but the best of them offer real benefits including tight integration with browsers, support for popular sites such as YouTube and much more.
+
+There are some sublime open source download managers for Linux, which makes selection somewhat problematic. I have compiled a roundup of my favorite download managers, and add-ons that turn a download manager into an excellent download manager for Firefox. Each application featured here is released under an open source license.
+
+----------
+
+![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/uGet.png)
+
+![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-uGet.png)
+
+uGet is a lightweight, easy-to-use and full-featured open source download manager. uGet allows the user to download in multiple parallel streams for download acceleration, put files in a download queue, pause & resume downloads, offers advanced category management, with browser integration, clipboard monitoring, batch downloads, localized into 26 languages, and many more features.
+
+uGet is mature software; it has been in developed for more than 11 years. In that time, it has progressed into a highly versatile download manager, with an estimable set of features, yet maintaining ease of use.
+
+uGet is written in the C language, uses cURL as a backend, and the applicable library, libcurl. uGet has excellent platform compatibility. uGet is primarily a project for Linux, but it also runs on Mac OS X, FreeBSD, Android, and Windows.
+
+#### Features include:  ####
+
+- Easy to use
+- Downloads queue place your downloads into a queue to download as many, or as few, downloads as you want simultaneously
+- Resume downloads
+- Categorized defaults
+- Clipboard monitor which is well implemented
+- Batch downloads
+- Import downloads import from HTML files
+- Support for downloading files through HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, BitTorrent & Metalink
+- Multi-connection (also known as Multi-Segment): up to 20 simultaneous connections per download with adaptive segment management which means that when one segment drops out then the other connections pick up the slack to ensure optimal download speeds at all times
+- Multi-mirror
+- FTP login & anonymous FTP
+- Powerful scheduler
+- FireFox integration via FlashGot
+- Aria2 plugin
+- Theme chameleoning
+- Quiet mode
+- Keyboard shortcuts
+- CLI / Terminal usage support
+- Folder auto-creation
+- Download history management
+- GnuTLS support
+- Supports 26 languages including: Arabic, Belarusian, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional), Czech, Danish, English (default), French, Georgian, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Italian, Polish, Portuguese (Brazil), Russian, Spanish, Turkish, Ukrainian, and Vietnamese
+
+
+- Website: [ugetdm.com][1]
+- Developer: C.H. Huang and contributors
+- License: GNU LGPL 2.1
+- Version Number: 1.10.5
+
+----------
+
+![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/DownThemAll%21.png)
+
+![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-DownThemAll%21.png)
+
+DownThemAll! is a fast, reliable and easy-to-use, open source download manager/accelerator built inside Firefox. This add-on lets the user download all the links or images contained in a webpage and much more. The add-on gives the user full control over downloads, dedicated speed and number of parallel connections at any time. Use Metalinks or add mirrors manually to download a file from different servers at the same time.
+
+DownThemAll reads the size of the files you want to download and splits them into multiple sections, which are downloaded in parallel.
+
+#### Features include: ####
+
+- Complete integration with Firefox
+- Multi-part download which allows the user to download the file in pieces, then combining the pieces after a completed download; thus increasing the download speed when connected to a slow server
+- Metalink support which allows multiple URLs for each file to be passed to DTA, along with checksums and other informatio
+- Spider a page with a single link
+- Filtering
+- Advanced auto-renaming options
+- Pause and restart downloads
+
+
+- Website: [addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/downthemall][2]
+- Developer: Federico Parodi, Stefano Verna, Nils Maier
+- License: GNU GPL v2
+- Version Number: 2.0.17
+
+----------
+
+![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/JDownloader.png)
+
+![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-JDownloader.png)
+
+JDownloader is a free, open-source download management tool with a large community of developers that makes downloading easy and fast. Users can start, stop or pause downloads, set bandwith limitations, auto-extract archives and much more. It offers an easy-to-extend framework.
+
+JDownloader simplifies downloading files from One-Click-Hosters. It also offers downloading in multiple parallel streams, captcha recognition, automatic file extraction and much more. Additionally, many "link encryption" sites are supported - so you just paste the "encrypted" links and JDownloader does the rest. JDownloader can import CCF, RSDF and DLC files.
+
+#### Features include: ####
+
+- Download several files at once
+- Download with multiple connections
+- JD has an own powerful OCR module
+- Automatic extractor (including password list search) (Rar archives)
+- Theme Support
+- Multilingual
+- About 110 hoster and over 300 decrypt plug-ins
+- Reconnect with JDLiveHeaderScripts: (1400 router supported)
+- Webupdate
+- Integrated package manager for additional modules (eg. Webinterface, Shutdown)
+
+
+- Website: [jdownloader.org][3]
+- Developer: AppWork UG
+- License: GNU GPL v3
+- Version Number: 0.9.581
+
+----------
+
+![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/FreeRapidDownloader.png)
+
+![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-FreeRapidDownloader.png)
+
+FreeRapid Downloader is an easy to use open source downloader that supports downloading from Rapidshare, Youtube, Facebook, Picasa and other file-sharing services. Its engine is based on a list of plugins that make it possible to download from specific websites.
+
+FreeRapid Downloader is an ideal choice for users needing a download manager specialized in sharing websites.
+
+FreeRapid Downloader is written in Java. It needs at least Sun Java 7.0 to run.
+
+#### Features include: ####
+
+- Easy to use
+- Supports concurrent downloading from multiple services
+- Supports resuming downloads
+- Download using proxy list
+- Supports streamed videos or pictures
+- Download history
+- Smart clipboard monitoring
+- Automatic checking for file's existence on server
+- Auto shutdown options
+- Automatic plugins updates
+- Simple CAPTCHA recognition
+- Multi-platform support
+- Internationalization support: English, Bulgarian, Czech, Finnish, Portugal, Slovak, Hungarian, Simplified Chinese and many others
+- More than 700 supported sites
+
+
+- Website: [wordrider.net/freerapid/][4]
+- Developer: Vity and contributors
+- License: GNU GPL v2
+- Version Number: 0.9u4
+
+----------
+
+![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content2/png/FlashGot.png)
+
+![](http://www.linuxlinks.com/portal/content/reviews/Utilities/Screenshot-FlashGot.png)
+
+FlashGot is a free add-on for Firefox and Thunderbird, meant to handle single and massive ("all" and "selection") downloads with several external Download Managers.
+
+FlashGot turns every supported download manager into a download manager for Firefox.
+
+#### Features include: ####
+
+- Supports in Linux: Aria, Axel Download Accelerator, cURL, Downloader 4 X, FatRat, GNOME Gwget, FatRat, JDownloader, KDE KGet, pyLoad, SteadyFlow, uGet, wxDFast, and wxDownload Fast)
+- Build Gallery functionality which helps to synthesize full media galleries in one page, from serial contents originally scattered on several pages, for easy and fast "download all"
+- FlashGot Link downloads through the default download manager the link under the mouse pointer
+- FlashGot Selection
+- FlashGot All
+- FlashGot Tabs
+- FlashGot Media
+- Capture all links from a page
+- Capture all links from all tabs
+- Filter the links using a mask (e.g. to download only certain types of files)
+- Make a selection on a web page and capture all links in that selection
+- Supports direct and batch download from the most popular link protection and file hosting services
+- Privacy options
+- Internationalization support
+
+
+- Website: [flashgot.net][5]
+- Developer: Giorgio Maone
+- License: GNU GPL v2
+- Version Number: 1.5.6.5
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/20140913062041384/DownloadManagers.html
+
+作者：Frazer Kline
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://ugetdm.com/
+[2]:https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/downthemall/
+[3]:http://jdownloader.org/
+[4]:http://wordrider.net/freerapid/
+[5]:http://flashgot.net/

sources/talk/The history of Android/06 - The history of Android.md

@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-The history of Android
-================================================================================
-![The T-Mobile G1](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/t-mobile_g1.jpg)
-The T-Mobile G1
-Photo by T-Mobile
-
-### Android 1.0—introducing Google Apps and actual hardware ###
-
-By October 2008, Android 1.0 was ready for launch, and the OS debuted on the [T-Mobile G1][1] (AKA the HTC Dream). The G1 was released into a market dominated by the iPhone 3G and the [Nokia 1680 classic][2]. (Both of those phones went on to tie for the [best selling phone][3] of 2008, selling 35 million units each.) Hard numbers of G1 sales are tough to come by, but T-Mobile announced the device broke the one million units sold barrier in April 2009. It was way behind the competition by any measure.
-
-The G1 was packing a single-core 528Mhz ARM 11 processor, an Adreno 130 GPU, 192MB of RAM, and a whopping 256MB of storage for the OS and Apps. It had a 3.2-inch, 320x480 display, which was mounted to a sliding mechanism that revealed a full hardware keyboard. So while Android software has certainly come a long way, the hardware has, too. Today, we can get much better specs than this in a watch form factor: the latest [Samsung smart watch][4] has 512MB of RAM and a 1GHz dual-core processor.
-
-While the iPhone had a minimal amount of buttons, the G1 was the complete opposite, sporting almost every hardware control that was ever invented. It had call and end call buttons, home, back, and menu buttons, a shutter button for the camera, a volume rocker, a trackball, and, of course, about 50 keyboard buttons. Future Android devices would slowly back away from thousand-button interfaces, with nearly every new flagship lessening the number of buttons.
-
-But for the first time, people saw Android running on actual hardware instead of a frustratingly slow emulator. Android 1.0 didn't have the smoothness, flare, or press coverage of the iPhone. It wasn't as capable as Windows Mobile 6.5. Still, it was a good start.
-
-![The default app selection of Android 1.0 and 0.9.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/apps.png)
-The default app selection of Android 1.0 and 0.9.
-Photo by Ron Amadeo
-
-The core of Android 1.0 didn't look significantly different from the beta version released two months earlier, but the consumer product brought a ton more apps, including the full suite of Google apps. Calendar, Email, Gmail, IM, Market, Settings, Voice Dialer, and YouTube were all new. At the time, music was the dominant media type on smartphones, the king of which was the iTunes music store. Google didn't have an in-house music service of its own, so it tapped Amazon and bundled the Amazon MP3 store.
-
-The most important addition to Android 1.0 was the debut of Google's store, called "Android Market Beta." While most companies were content with calling their app catalog some variant of "app store"—meaning a store that sold apps and only apps—Google had much wider ambitions. It went with the much more general name of "Android Market." The idea was that the Android Market would not just house apps, but everything you needed for your Android device.
-
-![The first Android Market client. Screenshots show the main page, “my downloads," an app page, and an app permissions page.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/market.png)
-The first Android Market client. Screenshots show the main page, “my downloads," an app page, and an app permissions page.
-Photo by [Google][5]
-
-At the time, the Android Market only offered apps and games, and developers weren't even able to charge for them. Apple's App Store had a four-month head start on the Android Market, but Google's big differentiator was that Android's store was almost completely open. On the iPhone, apps were subject to review by Apple and had to meet design and technical guidelines. Potential apps also weren't allowed to duplicate the stock functionality. On the Android Market, developers were free to do whatever they wanted, including replacing the stock apps. The lack of control would turn out to be a blessing and a curse. It allowed developers to innovate on the existing functionality, but it also meant even the trashiest applications were allowed in.
-
-Today, this client is another app that can no longer communicate with Google's servers. Luckily, it's one of the few early Android apps [actually documented][6] on the Internet. The main screen provided links to the common areas like Apps, Games, Search, and Downloads, and the top section had horizontally scrolling icons for featured apps. Search results and the "My Downloads" page displayed apps in a scrolling list, showing the name, developers, cost (at this point, always free), and rating. Individual app pages showed a brief description, install count, comments and ratings from users, and the all-important install button. This early Android Market didn’t support pictures, and the only field for developers was a description box with a 500-character limit. This made things like maintaining a changelog very difficult, as the only spot to put it was in the description.
-
-Right out of the gate, the Android Market showed permissions that an app required before installing. This is something Apple wouldn't get around to implementing until 2012, after an iOS app was caught [uploading entire address books][7] to the cloud without the user's knowledge. The permissions display gave a full rundown of what permissions an app was using, although this version railroaded users into agreeing. There was an “OK" button, but no way to cancel other than the back button.
-
-![Gmail showing the inbox, the inbox with the menu open. ](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/gmail1.01.png)
-Gmail showing the inbox, the inbox with the menu open. 
-Photo by Ron Amadeo
-
-The next most important app was probably Gmail. Most of the base functionality was here already. Unviewed messages showed up in bold, and labels displayed as colored tags. Individual messages in the Inbox showed the subject, author(s), and number of replies in a conversation. The trademark Gmail star was here—a quick tap would star or unstar something. As usual for early versions of Android, the Menu housed all the buttons on the main inbox view. Once inside a message, though, things got a little more modern, with "reply" and "forward" buttons as permanent fixtures at the bottom of the screen. Individual replies could be expanded and collapsed just by tapping on them.
-
-The rounded corners, shadows, and bubbly icons gave the whole app a "cartoonish" look, but it was a good start. Android's function-first philosophy was really coming through here: Gmail supported labels, threaded messaging, searching, and push e-mail.
-
-![Gmail’s label view, compose screen, and settings on Android 1.0.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/gmail3.png)
-Gmail’s label view, compose screen, and settings on Android 1.0.
-Photo by Ron Amadeo
-
-But if you thought Gmail was ugly, the Email app took it to another level. There was no separate inbox or folder view—everything was mashed into a single screen. The app presented you with a list of folders and tapping on one would expand the contents in-line. Unread messages were denoted with a green line on the left, and that was about it for the e-mail interface. The app supported IMAP and POP3 but not Exchange.
-
-----------
-
-![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg)
-
-[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work.
-
-[@RonAmadeo][t]
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/6/
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2008/10/android-g1-review/
-[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_1680_classic
-[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_mobile_phones#2008
-[4]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/04/review-we-wear-samsungs-galaxy-gear-and-galaxy-fit-so-you-dont-have-to/
-[5]:http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2008/08/android-market-user-driven-content.html
-[6]:http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2008/08/android-market-user-driven-content.html
-[7]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/02/path-addresses-privacy-controversy-but-social-apps-remain-a-risk-to-users/
-[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
-[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo

sources/talk/The history of Android/07 - The history of Android.md

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+alim0x translating
+
 The history of Android
 ================================================================================
 ![Both screens of the Email app. The first two screenshots show the combined label/inbox view, and the last shows a message.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/email2lol.png)
@@ -106,4 +108,4 @@ via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-histor
 [2]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3z7Tw1K17A
 [3]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2009/02/google-tries-location-based-social-networking-with-latitude/
 [a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
-[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
+[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo

sources/tech/20140729 10 Useful 'Squid Proxy Server' Interview Questions and Answers in Linux.md

@@ -1,131 +0,0 @@
-10 Useful “Squid Proxy Server” Interview Questions and Answers in Linux
-================================================================================
-It’s not only to System Administrator and Network Administrator, who listens the phrase Proxy Server every now and then but we too. Proxy Server is now a corporate culture and is the need of the hour. Proxy server now a days is implemented from small schools, cafeteria to large MNCs. Squid (also known as proxy) is such an application which acts as proxy server and one of the most widely used tool of its kind.
-
-This Interview article aims at strengthening your base from Interview point on the ground of proxy server and squid.
-
-![Squid Interview Questions](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Squid-Interview-Questions.png)
-Squid Interview Questions
-
-### 1. What do you mean by Proxy Server? What is the use of Proxy Server in Computer Networks? ###
-
-> **Answer** : A Proxy Server refers to physical machine or Application which acts intermediate between client and resource provider or server. A client seeks for file, page or data from the the proxy server and proxy server manages to get the requested demand of client fulfilled by handling all the complexities in between.
-
-Proxy servers are the backbone of WWW (World Wide Web). Most of the proxies of today are web proxies. A proxy server handles the complexity in between the Communication of client and Server. Moreover it provides anonymity on the web which simply means your identity and digital footprints are safe. Proxies can be configured to allow which sites client can see and which sites are blocked.
-
-### 2. What is Squid? ###
-
-> **Answer** : Squid is an Application software released under GNU/GPL which acts as a proxy server as well as web cache Daemon. Squid primarily supports Protocol like HTTP and FTP however other protocols like HTTPS, SSL,TLS, etc are well supported. The feature web cache Daemon makes web surfing faster by caching web and DNS for frequently visited websites. Squid is known to support all major platforms including Linux, UNIX, Microsoft Windows and Mac.
-
-### 3. What is the default port of squid and how to change its operating port? ###
-
-> **Answer** : The default port on which squid runs is 3128. We can change the operating port of squid from default to any custom unused port by editing its configuration file which is located at /etc/squid/squid.conf as suggested below.
-
-Open ‘/etc/squid/squid.conf’ file and with your choice of editor.
-
-    # nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
-
-Now change this port to any other unused port. Save the editor and exit.
-
-    http_port 3128
-
-Restart the squid service as shown below.
-
-    # service squid restart
-
-### 4. You works for a company the management of which ask you to block certain domains through squid proxy server. What are you going to do? ###
-
-> **Answer** : Blocking domain is a module which is implemented well in the configuration file. We just need to perform a little manual configuration as suggested below.
-
-a. Create a file say ‘blacklist’ under directory ‘/etc/squid’.
-
-    # touch /etc/squid/blacklist
-
-b. Open the file ‘/etc/squid/blacklist’ with nano editor.
-
-     # nano /etc/squid/blacklist
-
-c. Add all the domains to the file blacklist with one domain per line.
-
-    .facebook.com
-    .twitter.com
-    .gmail.com
-    .yahoo.com
-    ...
-
-d. Save the file and exit. Now open the Squid configuration file from location ‘/etc/squid/squid.conf’.
-
-    # nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
-
-e. Add the lines below to the Squid configuration file.
-
-    acl BLACKLIST dstdom_regex -i “/etc/squid/blacklist”
-    http_access deny blacklist
-
-f. Save the configuration file and exit. Restart Squid service to make the changes effective.
-
-    # service squid restart
-
-### 5. What is Media Range Limitation and partial download in Squid? ###
-
-> **Answer** : Media Range Limitation is a special feature of squid in which just the required data is requested from the server and not the whole file. This feature is very well implemented in various videos streaming websites like Youtube and Metacafe where a user can click on the middle of progress bar hence whole video need not be fetched except for the requested part.
-
-The squid’s feature of partial download is implemented well within windows update where downloads are requested in the form of small packets which can be paused. Because of this feature a update downloading windows machine can be restarted without any fear of data loss. Squid makes the Media Range Limitation and Partial Download possible only after storing a copy of whole data in it. Moreover the partial download gets deleted and not cached when user points to another page until Squid is specially configured somehow.
-
-### 6. What is reverse proxy in squid? ###
-
-> **Answer** : Reverse proxy is a feature of Squid which is used to accelerate the web surfing for end user. Say the Real server ‘RS’ contains the resource and ‘PS’ is the proxy Server. The client seek some data which is available at RS. It will rely on RS for the specified data for the first time and the copy of that specified data gets stored on PS for configurable amount of time. For every request for that data from now PS becomes the real source. This results in Less traffic, Lesser CPU usages, Lesser web resource utilization and hence lesser load to actual server RS. But RS has no statistics for the total traffic since PS acted as actual server and no Client reached RS. ‘X-Forwarded-For HTTP’ can be used to log the client IP although on RS.
-
-Technically it is feasible to use single squid server to act both as normal proxy server and reverse proxy server at the same point of time.
-
-### 7. Since Squid can be used as web-cache Daemon, is it possible to Clear its Cache? How? ###
-
-> **Answer** : No Doubt! Squid acts as web-cache Daemon which is used to accelerate web surfing still it is possible to clear its cache and that too very easily.
-
-a. First stop Squid proxy server and delete cache from the location ‘/var/lib/squid/cache’ directory.
-
-    # service squid stop
-    # rm -rf /var/lib/squid/cache/*<
-
-b. Create Swap directories.
-
-    # squid -z
-
-### 8. A client approaches you, who is working. They want the web access time be restricted for their children. How will you achieve this scenario? ###
-
-Say the web access allow time be 4′o clock to 7′o clock in the evening for three hours, sharply form Monday to Friday.
-
-a. To restrict web access between 4 to 7 from Monday to Friday, open the Squid configuration file.
-
-    # nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
-
-b. Add the following lines and save the file and exit.
-
-    acl ALLOW_TIME time M T W H F 16:00-19:00
-    shttp_access allow ALLOW_TIME
-
-c. Restart the Squid Service.
-
-    # service squid restart
-
-### 9. Squid stores data in which file format? ###
-
-> **Answer** : Data stored by Squid is in ufs format. Ufs is the old well-known Squid storage format.
-
-### 10. Where do cache gets stored by squid? ###
-
-> **Answer** : A squid stores cache in special folder at the location ‘/var/spool/squid’.
-
-That’s all for now. I’ll be here again with another interesting article soon. Till then stay tuned and connected to Tecmint. Don’t forget to provide us with your valuable feedback the comment section below.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.tecmint.com/squid-interview-questions/
-
-作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/

sources/tech/20140801 What are better alternatives to basic command line utilities.md

@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-What are better alternatives to basic command line utilities
-================================================================================
-The command line can be scary especially at the beginning. You might even experience some command-line-induced nightmare. Over time, however, we all realize that the command line is actually not that scary, but extremely useful. In fact, the lack of shell is what gives me an ulcer every time I have to use Windows. The reason for the change in perception is that the command line tools are actually smart. The basic utilities, what you are given to work with on any Linux terminal, are very powerful. But very powerful is never enough. If you want to make your command line experience even more pleasant, here are a few applications that you can download to replace the default ones, and will provide you with far more features than the originals.
-
-### dfc ###
-
-As an LVM user, I really like to keep an eye on my hard drive memory usage. I also never really understood why in Windows we have to open the file explorer to know this basic information. Hopefully on Linux, we can use the command.
-
-    $ df -h 
-
-![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3858/14768828496_c8a42620a3_z.jpg)
-
-which gives you the size, usage, free space, ratio, and mount point of every volume on your computer. Notice that you have to pass in the "-h" argument to get all the data in human readable format (gigabytes instead of kilobytes). But you can replace completely df with [dfc][1], which can, without any additional arguments, get you everything that df showed, and throw in a usage graph for each device, and a color code, which makes it a lot easier to read.
-
-![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5594/14791468572_a84d4b6145_z.jpg)
-
-As a bonus, you can sort the volumes using the argument "-q", define the units that you want to see with "-u", and even export to csv or html format with "-e"
-
-### dog ###
-
-Dog is better than cat. At least that is what this program declares. You have to give it credit for once. Everything that the cat command does, [dog][2] does it better. Beyond just outputting some text stream to the console, dog is capable of filtering that stream. You can for example find all images in a web page by using the syntax:
-
-    $ dog --images [URL] 
-
-![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5568/14811659823_ea8d22d045_z.jpg)
-
-Or all the links with:
-
-    dog --links [URL] 
-
-![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3902/14788690051_7472680968_z.jpg)
-
-Besides, dog commands can also do other smaller tasks, like convert to upper or lower case, use different encoding, display the line numbers, and deal with hexadecimal. In short, dog is a must-have to replace cat.
-
-### advcp ###
-
-One of the most basic command in Linux is the copy command: cp. It is probably as basic as cd. Yet it cruelly lacks feedback. You can enable the verbose mode to see which files are being copied in real time, but if one of the files is very big, you will be left waiting in front of your screen with no idea of what is really happening behind the scenes. An easy way to fix that is to add a progress bar: what advcp (short for advanced cp) does! Available as a [patched version][3] of the [GNU coreutils][4], advcopy provides you with the acp and amv commands, which are "advanced" versions of cp and mv. Use the syntax:
-
-    $ acp -g [file] [copy] 
-
-to copy a file to another location, and display a progress bar.
-
-![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5588/14605117730_fe611fc234_z.jpg)
-
-I also advise using an alias in your .barshrc or .zshrc
-
-    alias cp="acp -g"
-    alias mv="amv -g"
-
-### The Silver Searcher ###
-
-Behind this atypical name, [the silver searcher][5] is a utility designed as a replacement for grep and [ack][6]. Intended to be faster than ack, and capable of ignoring files unlike grep, the silver searcher scrolls through your text file looking for the piece that you want. Among other features, it can spit out a colored output, follow symlink, use regular expressions, and even ignore some patterns. 
-
-![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3876/14605308117_f966c77140_z.jpg)
-
-The developers' website provides us with some benchmark statistic on the search speed which, if they are still true, are quite impressive. And cherry on the cake: you can include the utility in Vim in order to call it with a simple shortcut. In two words, smart and fast.
-
-### plowshare ###
-
-All fans of the command line like to use wget or one of its alternatives to download things from the internet. But if you use a lot of file sharing websites, like mediafire or rapidshare, you will be glad to know that there is an equivalent to wget dedicated to those websites, which is called [plowshare][7]. Once you install it, you can download files with:
-
-    $ plowdown [URL] 
-
-or upload them with:
-
-    $ plowup [website name] [file] 
-
-given that you have an account for that file sharing website.
-
-Finally, it is possible to gather information, such as a list of links contained in a shared folder with:
-
-    $ plowlist [URL] 
-
-or the filename, size, hash, etc, with:
-
-    $ plowprobe [URL] 
-
-plowshare is also a good alternative to the slow and excruciating jDownloader for those of you who are familiar with these services.
-
-### htop ###
-
-If you use top command regularly, chances are you will love [htop][8] command. Both top and htop offer a real-time view of running processes, but htop boasts of a number of user-friendly features lacking in top command. For example, with htop, you can scroll process list vertically or horizontally to see full command lines of every process, and can do basic process management (e.g., kill, (re)nice) using mouse clicks and arrow keys (without entering numeric PIDs).
-
-![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5581/14819141403_6f2348590f_z.jpg)
-
-To conclude, these kinds of tools, which efficiently replace basic command line utilities, are like little pearl of usefulness. They are not always easy to find, but once you've got one, you always wonder how you survived for so long without it. If you know any other utility fitting this description, please share in the comments.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/better-alternatives-basic-command-line-utilities.html
-
-作者：[Adrien Brochard][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/adrien
-[1]:http://projects.gw-computing.net/projects/dfc
-[2]:http://archive.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/dog/
-[3]:http://zwicke.org/web/advcopy/
-[4]:http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/
-[5]:https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher
-[6]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/01/search-text-files-patterns-efficiently.html
-[7]:https://code.google.com/p/plowshare/
-[8]:http://hisham.hm/htop/

sources/tech/20140811 Check how much do you type with WhatPulse on Linux.md

@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-Check how much do you type with WhatPulse on Linux
-================================================================================
-![](http://cdn.linuxaria.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/whatpulse.png)
-
-If, like me, you are a statistics freak you must install this small application on all your computers: [WhatPulse][1]
-
-The software tracks a user’s pressed keys, mouse clicks and used [bandwidth][2] and the uptime of the system. Periodically, or by hand, the user can upload to the server the number of keystrokes made; this is called “pulsing”. 
-
-Users can see where they are in a leaderboard of people who have joined the program and compare themselves against people from their own countries. Users can also join teams, which enables them to compare themselves against people with similar interests (Go Linux Users !!).
-
-There is a basic, and free, version where you can easily see and check all the basic statistics and a premium account where you can see some more stats.
-
-The software is available for Linux, Windows and Mac.
-
-### Registration on the website ###
-
-As first step you have to register your account on the [WhatPulse Website][1] or as alternative when you first start the WhatPulse client there is a practical wizard through which each user has the option to create an account to upload their own statistics (you can also log in with Facebook).
-
-You will be prompted to login, once you login, you have to search for your computers name, this is because you can login to several computers with this and they’ll all collectively go to the same statistic count. Once you’ve logged in, a small W will appear in your system tray, that’s it, your set up!
-
-### Installation of WhatPulse on Linux ###
-
-The official website offer on the [download page][3] a generic version distributed via a .tar.gz archive (available for 32 and 64 bit) and a debian package.
-
-Personally I’ve installed the debian package on my Mint Qiana and the [Aur Package][4] on My Arch Linux, no problems at all.
-
-If you want to go with the generic installation please keep in mind that WhatPulse requires several libraries to function. Mainly Qt, because WhatPulse is built on Qt. Here’s a list of requirements:
-
-- libQtCore
-- libQtWebKit
-- libqt4-sql
-- libqt4-sql-sqlite
-- openssl-devel (libssl-dev)
-- libQtScript
-
-#### Input Statistics ####
-
-The client needs permissions to be allowed to read your keyboard/mouse input. Run the included interactive .sh script to set up these permissions.
-
-#### [Network][5] Statistics ####
-
-To enable the network measurements, you also need the package **libpcap** to allow WhatPulse to hook into the network traffic. If WhatPulse does not find libpcap, it will run but it will not display any network statistics.
-
-![](http://cdn.linuxaria.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/heatmap.png)
-
-### Using the Application ###
-
-By default WhatPulse will start automatically at the login of your graphical session and clicking on the W on your systray you’ll go to the Overview tab that gives a birds-eye view of all the different information gathered about your machine, for instance, the Linux version installed on your PC, processor model, RAM, GPU, total click counts, keystrokes and bandwidth usage. Clicking ‘Pulse’ under these information will upload the gathered data to the main server.
-
-It’s also possible to select when automatically ‘Pulse’ the data to the server, such as every 50.000 clicks or 1 GB downloaded.
-
-For further details, you can switch to each category’s pertaining tab. For example, the Input tab shows you the amount of key strokes and clicks your PC has registered during a certain time period. The time period can be sorted on a daily, weekly, monthly, yearly and all-time basis. The ‘all’ setting will show stats since the program was installed.
-
-Below the keystrokes, you’ll find the keyboard heat map, which basically uses light and warm colors to shows what keys were used more than others during the selected time period, as shown in the screenshot above. Below that, the app displays the total amount of clicks registered in the selected period.
-
-Under the Network tab, it’s possible to view the daily Internet usage. The application can monitor bandwidth usage of all the network devices, and even shows you bandwidth usage by country. Once again, you can navigate between available data using the arrow buttons at the top-right.
-
-On the website you’ll see the sum of all your computer statistics with the same information available on the client.
-
-Disclaimer: The link above to the WhatPulse website contains my referral link, using it when you register will give me a premium account for some time.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://linuxaria.com/recensioni/check-how-much-do-you-type-with-whatpulse-on-linux
-
-作者：[linuxari][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://plus.google.com/100563597940685405833?rel=author
-[1]:http://whatpulse.org/ref/833872/
-[2]:http://linuxaria.com/article/tool-command-line-bandwidth-linux
-[3]:http://www.whatpulse.org/downloads/
-[4]:https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/whatpulse/
-[5]:http://linuxaria.com/tag/network

sources/tech/20140815 How to manage a WiFi connection from the command line.md

@@ -1,79 +0,0 @@
-(translating by runningwater)
-How to manage a WiFi connection from the command line
-================================================================================
-Whenever you install a new Linux distribution on a computer, it is in general recommended that you connect to the internet via a wired connection. There are two main reasons for this: one, your wireless adapter may not have the right driver loaded; second, if you are installing from the command line, managing WiFi is scary. I always tried to avoid dealing with WiFi over the command line. But in the Linux world, there is no place for fear. If you do not know how to do something, that is the only reason you need to go ahead and learn it. So I forced myself to learn how to manage a WiFi connection from the command line on Linux.
-
-There are of course multiple ways to connect to a WiFi from the command line. But for the sake of this post, and as an advice, I will try to use the most basic way: the one that uses programs and utilities included in the "default packages" of any distribution. Or at least I will try. An obvious reason for this choice is that the process can potentially be reproduced on any Linux computer. The downside is its relative complexity.
-
-First, I will assume that you have the correct drivers loaded for your wireless LAN card. There is no way to start anything without that. And if you don't, you should take a look at the Wiki and documentation for your distribution.
-
-Then you can check which interface supports wireless connections with the command
-
-    $ iwconfig
-
-![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5578/14725621337_b174a3029c_z.jpg)
-
-In general, the wireless interface is called wlan0. There are of course exceptions, but for the rest of this tutorial, I will call it that way.
-
-Just in case, you should make sure that the interface is up with:
-
-    $ sudo ip link set wlan0 up
-
-Once you know that your interface is operational, you should scan for nearby wireless networks with:
-
-    $ sudo iw dev wlan0 scan | less 
-
-![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3847/14909117931_e2f3d0feb0_z.jpg)
-
-From the output, you can extract the name of the network (its SSID), its signal power, and which type of security it uses (e.g., WEP, WPA/WPA2). From there, the road splits into two: the nice and easy, and the slightly more complicated case.
-
-If the network you want to connect to is not encrypted, you can connect straight to it with:
-
-    $ sudo iw dev wlan0 connect [network SSID]
-
-If the network uses WEP encryption, it is also quite easy:
-
-    $ sudo iw dev wlan0 connect [network SSID] key 0:[WEP key]
-
-But everything gets worse if the network uses WPA or WPA2 protocols. In this case, you have to use the utility called wpa_supplicant, which is not always included by default. You then have to modify the file at /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf to add the lines:
-
-    network={
-        ssid="[network ssid]"
-        psk="[the passphrase]"
-        priority=1
-    }
-
-I recommend that you append it at the end of the file, and make sure that the other configurations are commented out. Be careful that both the ssid and the passphrase are case sensitive. You can also technically put the name of the access point as the ssid, and wpa_supplicant will replace it with the proper ssid.
-
-Once the configuration file is completed, launch this command in the background:
-
-    $ sudo wpa_supplicant -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
-
-Finally, whether you connected to an open or a secure network, you have to get an IP address. Simply use:
-
-    $ sudo dhcpcd wlan0
-
-If everything goes well, you should get a brand new local IP via DHCP, and the process will fork in the background. If you want to be sure that you are connected, you can always check again with:
-
-    $ iwconfig
-
-![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3904/14725573368_7110407db8_z.jpg)
-
-To conclude, I think that getting over the first step is completely worth it. You never know when your GUI will be down, or when you cannot access a wired connection, so getting ready now seems very important. Also, as mentioned before, there are a lot of ways (e.g., NetworkManager, [wicd][1], [netcfg][2], [wifi][3]) to manage a wireless connection. If I try to stick to the most basic way, I know that in some cases, the utilities that I used may not even be available to you, and that you would have to download them prior to that. On the other side of the balance, there are some more advanced programs, which are definitely not included in the "default packages," which will greatly simplify the whole process. But as a general advice, it is good to stick to the basics at first.
-
-What other ways would you recommend to connect via WiFi from the command line? Please let us know in the comments.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/08/manage-wifi-connection-command-line.html
-
-作者：[Adrien Brochard][a]
-译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/adrien
-[1]:http://wicd.sourceforge.net/
-[2]:https://www.archlinux.org/netcfg/
-[3]:https://github.com/rockymeza/wifi

sources/tech/20140818 Disable reboot using Ctrl-Alt-Del Keys in RHEL or CentOS.md

@@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
-Disable reboot using Ctrl-Alt-Del Keys in RHEL / CentOS
-================================================================================
-In Linux , It's a security concern for us  to allow anyone  to **reboot** the server using  **Ctrl-Alt-Del keys**. It is always recommended in production boxes that one should disable reboot uisng Ctrl-Alt-Del keys.
- 
-In this article we will discuss how can we disable reboot via above keys in RHEL & CentOS
-
-### For RHEL 5.X & CentOS 5.X ### 
-
-To prevent the **init** process from handling **Ctrl-Alt-Del**, edit the file  '**/etc/inittab**' comment the line which begins with '**ca::ctrlaltdel**:'  as shown below :
-
-    [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/inittab
-    # Trap CTRL-ALT-DELETE
-    #ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now
-
-We can also modify the line 'ca::ctrlaltdel:'  to generate logs , if anybody try to reboot the server using the keys ,
-
-    [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/inittab
-    # Trap CTRL-ALT-DELETE
-    ca::ctrlaltdel:/bin/logger -p authpriv.warning -t init "Console-invoked Ctrl-Alt-Del was ignored"
-
-### For RHEL6.X & CentOS 6.X ###
-
-In RHEL 6.X / CentOS 6.X , reboot using the keys are handled by the file '**/etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf**'.
-
-**Step:1** Before making the changes , first take the backup using below command
-
-    [root@localhost ~]# cp -v /etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf /etc/init/control-alt-delete.override
-
-**Step:2** Edit the file , replacing the 'exec /sbin/shutdown' line with the following, which will simply generate a log entry each time Ctrl-Alt-Del is pressed:
-
-    [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf
-    exec /usr/bin/logger -p authpriv.notice -t init "Ctrl-Alt-Del was pressed and ignored" 
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/disable-reboot-using-ctrl-alt-del-keys/
-
-作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/

sources/tech/20140819 8 Options to Trace or Debug Programs using Linux strace Command.md

@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-8 Options to Trace/Debug Programs using Linux strace Command
-================================================================================
-The strace is the tool that helps in debugging issues by tracing system calls executed by a program. It is handy when you want to see how the program interacts with the operating system, like what system calls are executed in what order.
-
-This simple yet very powerful tool is available for almost all the Linux based operating systems and can be used to debug a large number of programs.
-
-### 1. Command Usage ###
-
-Let’s see how we can use strace command to trace the execution of a program.
-
-In the simplest form, any command can follow strace. It will list a whole lot of system calls. Not all of it would make sence at first, but if you’re really looking for something particular, then you should be able to figure something out of this output.
-Lets see the system calls trace for simple ls command.
-
-    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace ls
-
-![Stracing ls command](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/01.strace_ls.png)
-
-This output shows the first few lines for strace command. The rest of the output is truncated.
-
-![Strace write system call (ls)](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/02.strace_ls_write.png)
-
-The above part of the output shows the write system call where it outputs to STDOUT the current directory’s listing. Following image shows the listing of the directoy by ls command (without strace).
-
-    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ ls
-
-![ls command output](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/03.ls_.png)
-
-#### 1.1 Find configuration file read by program ####
-
-One use of strace (Except debugging some problem) is that you can find out which configuration files are read by a program. For example,
-
-    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace php 2>&1 | grep php.ini
-
-![Strace config file read by program](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/04.strace_php_configuration.png)
-
-#### 1.2 Trace specific system call ####
-
-The -e option to strace command can be used to display certain system calls only (for example, open, write etc.)
-
-Lets trace only ‘open’ system call for cat command.
-
-    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -e open cat dead.letter
-
-![Stracing specific system call (open here)](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/05.strace_open_systemcall.png)
-
-#### 1.3 Stracing a process ####
-
-The strace command can not only be used on the commands, but also on the running processes with -p option.
-
-    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ sudo strace -p 1846
-
-![Strace a process](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/06.strace_process.png)
-
-#### 1.4 Statistical summary of strace ####
-
-The summary of the system calls, time of execution, errors etc. can be displayed in a neat manner with -c option:
-
-    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -c ls
-
-![Strace summary display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/07.strace_summary.png)
-
-#### 1.5 Saving output ####
-
-The output of strace command can be saved into a file with -o option.
-
-    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ sudo strace -o process_strace -p 3229
-
-![Strace a process](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/08.strace_output_file.png)
-
-The above command is run with sudo as it will display error in case the user ID does not match with the process owner.
-
-### 1.6 Displaying timestamp ###
-
-The timestamp can be displayed before each output line with -t option.
-
-    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -t ls
-
-![Timestamp before each output line](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/09.strace_timestamp.png)
-
-#### 1.7 The Finer timestamp ####
-
-The -tt option displays timestamp followed by microsecond.
-
-    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -tt ls
-
-![Time - Microseconds](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/010.strace_finer_timestamp.png)
-
-The -ttt displays microseconds like above, but instead of printing surrent time, it displays the number of seconds since the epoch.
-
-    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -ttt ls
-
-![Seconds since epoch](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/011.strace_epoch_seconds.png)
-
-#### 1.8 Relative Time ####
-
-The -r option displays the relative timestamp between the system calls.
-
-    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -r ls
-
-![Relative Timestamp](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/012.strace_relative-time.png)
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-strace-command-examples/
-
-作者：[Raghu][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/raghu/

sources/tech/20140819 A Pocket Guide for Linux ssh Command with Examples.md

@@ -1,133 +0,0 @@
-A Pocket Guide for Linux ssh Command with Examples
-================================================================================
-If you have been in the IT world for quite some time you probably have heard about SSH, how great a tool it is and all its cool security features. In this tutorial you will learn how to use SSH in a few minutes and login to your remote computers seamlessly and securely.
-
-If you have no clue what SSH is you can visit [Wikipedia][1] before proceeding.
-
-### Basic Usage ###
-
-The simplest usage of SSH is where you specify a user and the hostname. The hostname could be an IP address or a domain name an in the following format.
-
-    $ ssh user@hostname
-
-For example to login to a Raspberry Pi on my LAN, I would simply type the command in the terminal as follows:
-
-    $ ssh pi@10.42.0.47
-
-Where pi is the user and 10.42.0.47 is the IP of the Raspberry Pi on my LAN. Change this accordingly to reflect your LAN configuration or your remote computer’s IP address.
-
-![basic ssh](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/basic-ssh.png)
-
-If you have logged in successfully then the rest of the guide shall be a breeze for you.
-
-### Using A Different Port ###
-
-By default ssh uses port 22, but for various reasons you may want to connect to another port.
-
-    $ ssh -p 10022 user@hostname
-
-This will connect to ssh via port 10022 instead of port 22.
-
-### Execute Commands Remotely ###
-
-At times its convenient to execute a command on the remote host and get the output and continue working on the local machine. Well SSH has catered for this need,
-
-    $ ssh pi@10.42.0.47 ls -l
-
-This command for example will list the contents of the home directory and return the prompt to you. Cool? Try it out with other commands as well.
-
-![remote command](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/remote-command.png)
-
-### Mounting remote filesystems ###
-
-Another great tool based on ssh is sshfs. With sshfs you can mount remote filesystems and have the remote files on the local machine.
-
-    $ sshfs -o idmap=user user@hostname:/home/user ~/Remote
-
-For example this command can be used as:
-
-    $ sshfs -o idmap=user pi@10.42.0.47:/home/pi ~/Pi
-
-This will mount pi’s home directory to a folder on the local machine called Pi.
-
-For more details on sshfs [look at our sshfs tutorial][2].
-
-### X11 Forwarding ###
-
-Suppose now you want to run a GUI program on your remote computer? SSH had you in mind! Login to the remote machine with the basic SSH command but -X option. This will allow X11 forwarding. After you login you might not see any difference, but once you invoke a GUI based program you notice the difference.
-
-    $ ssh -X pi@10.42.0.47
-
-    $ pistore
-
-Now you may want to do other stuff on the command line while running the GUI program. Simply suffix the command with &.
-
-    $ pistore&
-
-![X11 forwarding](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/X11-forwarding.png)
-
-### Escape Sequences ###
-
-There are various escape sequences provided by SSH. To view them, SSH to any remote machine then type tilde(~) followed by a question mark. You will see a couple of other supported escape sequences. In this example you can the output of **~#** and **~C**.
-
-![escape sequences](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/escape-sequences.png)
-
-### Edit SSH Configuration ###
-
-If you need to change SSH configuration, open the file **/etc/ssh/sshd_config** with your favourite text editor and edit whatever you need to. For example we might need to change the banner. In your text editor find the following line:
-
-    #Banner none
-
-Uncomment the line by deleting the # then add a path to the file with the message you want displayed. The line should now read as:
-
-    Banner /etc/issue
-
-In this /etc/ssh/sshd_config file you will also find the options of changing the port number, idle logout timeout e.t.c . These are fairly straight forward, but refer to the ssh manual for anything that might not be familiar before attempting to make changes.
-
-### Generate SSH Key Pair ###
-
-To generate a new key pair run the command as follows:
-
-    $ ssh-keygen -t dsa
-
-You will be asked for a passphrase then the key pair will be generated. This command will also give you the key’s randomart image.
-
-![generate key pair](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/generate-key-pair.png)
-
-### Finding A Hostkey ###
-
-Now before you add that key pair it does no harm to see if it exists already.
-
-    $ ssh-keygen -F 10.42.0.47
-
-![find hostkey](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/find-hostkey.png)
-
-### Removing A Hostkey ###
-
-Sometimes its necessary to remove a key pair you had generated, for example when the host has changed or perhaps when you need to remove keys that are no longer used.
-
-    $ ssh-keygen -R 10.42.0.47
-
-This is much more convenient than opening **~/.ssh/known_hosts**
-and removing the keys manually.
-
-![remove hostkey](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/remove-hostkey.png)
-
-### Conclusion ###
-
-With the above commands you will be able to use SSH with ease. There is more to explore and your imagination is your limitation.
-
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/pocket-guide-linux-ssh-command/
-
-作者：[Bobbin Zachariah][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/bobbin/
-[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell
-[2]:http://linoxide.com/how-tos/sshfs-mount-remote-directories/

sources/tech/20140821 How to sniff HTTP traffic from the command line on Linux.md

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+SPccman is translating
 How to sniff HTTP traffic from the command line on Linux
 ================================================================================
 Suppose you want to sniff live HTTP web traffic (i.e., HTTP requests and responses) on the wire for some reason. For example, you may be testing experimental features of a web server. Or you may be debugging a web application or a RESTful service. Or you may be trying to troubleshoot [PAC (proxy auto config)][1] or check for any malware files surreptitiously downloaded from a website. Whatever the reason is, there are cases where HTTP traffic sniffing is helpful, for system admins, developers, or even end users.
@@ -100,4 +101,4 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/08/sniff-http-traffic-command-line-linux.html
 [2]:http://xmodulo.com/2012/11/what-are-popular-packet-sniffers-on-linux.html
 [3]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/06/monitor-nginx-web-server-command-line-real-time.html
 [4]:http://dumpsterventures.com/jason/httpry/
-[5]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html
+[5]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/03/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html

sources/tech/20140829 6 Interesting Funny Commands of Linux (Fun in Terminal) – Part II.md

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+wangjiezhe translating
 6 Interesting Funny Commands of Linux (Fun in Terminal) – Part II
 ================================================================================
 In our past following articles, we’ve shown some useful articles on some funny commands of Linux, which shows that Linux is not as complex as it seems and can be fun if we know how to use it. Linux command line can perform any complex task very easily and with perfection and can be interesting and joyful.
@@ -96,11 +97,11 @@ That’s all for now. I’ll be here again with another interesting article. Til
 via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-funny-commands/
 
 作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+译者：[wangjiezhe](https://github.com/wangjiezhe)
 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 
 [a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/
 [1]:http://www.tecmint.com/20-funny-commands-of-linux-or-linux-is-fun-in-terminal/
-[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/play-with-word-and-character-counts-in-linux/
+[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/play-with-word-and-character-counts-in-linux/

sources/tech/20140901 Awesome systemd Commands to Manage Linux System.md

@@ -1,282 +0,0 @@
-Awesome ! systemd Commands to Manage Linux System
-================================================================================
-Systemd is the new system and service manager for Linux. It is a replacement for init system and can manage system startup and services. It starts up and supervises the entire system. In article we are using [centos 7.0 installed with systemd 216 version][1] and the latest version is [available for download from freedesktop.org][2].
-
-With new player in town, PID 1 is occupied by “systemd” and can be seen from pstree command as well:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# pstree
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/01.systemd_pstree.png)
-
-Lets explore what systemd is capable of and what possibilities we have with the new replacement for sysVinit.
-
-### 1. Faster startup ###
-
-The sysvinit starts the processes serially, one at a time. Systemd starts services in parallel and starts only those services which are actually required, reducing the boot time significantly.
-You can get the boot process duration with the following command:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemd-analyze
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/02.systemd_analyze.png)
-
-The command systemd-analyze time also shows the same information.
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemd-analyze time
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/03.systemd_analyze2.png)
-
-If you want to print a list of all running units, the blame option to systemd-analyze command can provide you with that, ordered by the time taken to initialize.
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemd-analyze blame
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/04.systemd_blame.png)
-
-The above screen shows only a small number of processes, you can scroll through the list with arrows just like in less pager.
-
-### 2. The systemctl command ###
-
-The systemctl command is the most talked command that comes with systemd. You can manage a whole lot of your system with this command. Let’s explore this command before going any further:
-
-#### 2.1 List Units ####
-
-systemctl command without any option lists all the running units. The list-units switch also does the same.
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl
-
-or
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl list-units
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/05.systemd_list_units.png)
-
-#### 2.2 Listing failed units ####
-
-The failed units can be listed with --failed switch.
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl --failed
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/06.systemd_failed.png)
-
-You will see the use of systemctl command at many places in this article.
-
-### 3. Managing services ###
-
-Let us now see how services can be managed with systemd.
-
-#### 3.1 Active services ####
-
-All the active services can be checked with the following command:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl list-units -t service
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/07.systemd_active_services.png)
-
-#### 3.2 Service status ####
-
-In the sysvinit, we could use the “service” command to manage the services, but with systemd, the systemctl command is used to manage services. In ordwer to see whether a service is running or not, we can use the systemctl command like this:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl status dnsmasq
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/08.systemd_status.png)
-
-#### 3.3 Start a service ####
-
-To start a service, again we use the systemctl command as:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl start dnsmasq
-
-As opposed to service command, this command does not give any output. But of course, we can check the status of the service once again to confirm that its started successfully:
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/09.systemd_start.png)
-
-#### 3.4 Stopping a service ####
-
-Now you are smart enough and already know the command to stop a service with systemd:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl stop dnsmasq
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/10.systemd_stop.png)
-
-#### 3.5 Restart a service ####
-
-Similarly, restarting a service is managed using ‘systemctl restart ‘:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl restart dnsmasq
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/11.systemd_restart.png)
-
-#### 3.6 Reload a service ####
-
-In case we need to reload the configuration of service (say ssh), without restarting it, we can use the command:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl reload sshd
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/12.systemd_reload.png)
-
-Although all of the above syntax are working, the official documentation suggests that these command be run with following syntax:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl status dnsmasq.service
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/13.systemd_alternate_syntax.png)
-
-### 4. Managing services at boot ###
-
-The chkconfig command was used to manage services at boot. The same command systemd is used with systemd to manage services at boot.
-
-#### 4.1 Checking service status at boot ####
-
-In order to check if a service is enabled on boot or not:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl is-enabled dnsmasq.service
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/14.systemd_is_enabled.png)
-
-#### 4.2 Enable a service at boot ####
-
-systemctl command can be used like this to enable a service at boot (this corresponds to sysvinit ‘chkconfig on’)
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl enable dnsmasq.service
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/15.systemd_enable.png)
-
-#### 4.3 Disable a service at boot ####
-
-Similarly, the services can be disabled at boot with systemctl command:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl disable dnsmasq.service
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/16.systemd_disable.png)
-
-### 5. Managing Remote systems ###
-
-Typically, all of the ablve systemctl commands can be used to manage a remote host with systemctl command itself. This will use ssh for communication with the remote host. All you need to do is add the user and host to systemctl command like this:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl status sshd -H root@1.2.3.4
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/17.systemd_remote.png)
-
-### 6. Managing targets: ###
-
-Systemd has concept of targets having similar purpose to runlevels in sysVinit.
-The runlevels in sysVinit were mostly numeric (0,1,2,…). Here are the runlevels in sysVinit with their systemd counterparts:
-
-> 0 runlevel0.target, poweroff.target
-> 
-> 1, s, single runlevel1.target, rescue.target
-> 
-> 2, 4 runlevel2.target, runlevel4.target, multi-user.target
-> 
-> 3 runlevel3.target, multi-user.target
-> 
-> 5 runlevel5.target, graphical.target
-> 
-> 6 runlevel6.target, reboot.target
-> 
-> emergency emergency.target
-
-#### 6.1 Changing current target ####
-
-The current target(runlevel) can be changed with the command:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl isolate graphical.target
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/18.systemd_isolate.png)
-
-#### 6.2 List current target ####
-
-If you want to see what target you are in, you need to list all the corresponding units. It might not feel at home with this new way, but its the way systemd works.
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl list-units --type=target
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/19.systemd_targets.png)
-
-You can see “graphical.target” listed here. This is what we changed our target into. Now let’s change the runlevel again to multi-user.target and then analyze this output:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl isolate multi-user.target
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl list-units --type=target
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/20.systemd_multi-user.png)
-
-#### 6.3 List default target ####
-
-To list the default target, we use systemctl command like this:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl get-default
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/21.systemd_get_default.png)
-
-#### 6.4 Change default target ####
-
-The default target can be set with set-default command with systemctl:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl set-default graphical.target
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/22.systemd_set_default.png)
-
-### 7. Logging in systemd ###
-
-The systemd has its own logging system called journald. It replaces the syslog daemon from sysVinit. The command journalctl is used to read the logs.
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# journalctl
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/23.systemd_logs.png)
-
-#### 7.1 Boot messages ####
-
-To see all boot messages, run the command “journalctl -b”.
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# journalctl -b
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/24.systemd_boot.png)
-
-#### 7.2 Follow logs ####
-
-The following command follows the system logs in real time (similar to tail -f).
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# journalctl -f
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/25.systemd_follow_logs.png)
-
-#### 7.3 Service specific logs ####
-
-To check logs specific to a particular service or executable, use journalctl like this:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# journalctl /usr/sbin/dnsmasq
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/26.systemd_specific.png)
-
-### 8. Power management ###
-
-The systemctl command can be used to put the system down, or reboot or hibernate.
-
-To poweroff, reboot, suspend and hibernate, use the following commands respectively:
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl poweroff
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl reboot
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl suspend
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# systemctl reboot
-
-### 9. Bonus ###
-
-The systemd brings out the whole new approach to interacting with your operating system. The systemd is so full of features. For example, you can get the hostname and other useful features about your Linux machine, you can use hostnamectl command
-
-    [root@linoxide ~]# hostnamectl
-
-![](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/27.systemd_hostnamectl.png)
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-systemd-commands/
-
-作者：[Raghu][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/raghu/
-[1]:http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/install-systemd-centos-redhat/
-[2]:http://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/

sources/tech/20140902 How to share on linux the output of your shell commands.md

@@ -1,112 +0,0 @@
-How to share on linux the output of your shell commands
-================================================================================
-Some time ago I posted an article about [shelr.tv][1] a website and a service that was made to allow you to share your [terminal][2] records directly from the website.
-
-Now the website of shelr.tv seems dead and so I’ve took a look around to see if there are similar websites and I’ve found [commands.com][3].
-
-For what I can see from their homepage it’s a service similar to the other, so let’s test it.
-
-### Step 1 – Register on the website ###
-
-Just [register][4] with a new username/password or use your github account to do it quickly.
-
-### Step 2 – download and install the program monitor ###
-
-[Monitor][5] is a command-line tool that captures command-line input/output and sends it to commands.com, the program it’s open source and hosted on github.
-
-Monitor makes it easy to automate set-up/install of repos. With it you can easily show at people the most common errors and output from commands.
-
-In short with it you can easily share your commands and their output with the world.
-
-To install it follow these simple steps:
-
-1) Clone the github repository of this project, in this way you’ll get the latest source code.
-
-To do this you need the git command installed on your system, if you get an error with this command install it with your package manager, such as
-
-Debian based distributions:
-
-    apt-get install git
-
-Redhat/Centos/Fedora distributions
-
-    yum install git
-
-And now from a terminal clone the repository with:
-
-    git clone https://github.com/dtannen/monitor.git
-
-2) Install readline and curl, these libraries are a pre-requisite for building the program from the sources:
-
-Debian based distributions:
-
-    apt-get install libreadline-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev
-
-Redhat/Centos/Fedora distributions
-
-    yum install readline-devel curl-devel
-
-3) Build the program:
-
-To do this you have to go to the directory we just cloned with git and compile the c program:
-
-    cd monitor
-    make
-    sudo make install
-
-The default installation will put the binary in /usr/local/bin
-
-![](http://cdn.linuxaria.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/commands.png)
-
-### Step 3 – using the monitor command ###
-
-The command monitor it’s pretty easy to use:
-
-    monitor {-d} {-h} {-u <username>}
-     
-        -d : do not delete /tmp files
-        -h : help
-        -u : commands.com username</username>
-
-To exit the monitor program you just have to use ctrl-c.
-
-So for me this means just opening a terminal and give these commands:
-
-    riccio@mint-desktop ~ $ monitor -u ricciocri
-    Password: 
-     
-    Successfully logged in...
-    AuthKey saved to /tmp/.riccio.commands.com.  Delete file to return to Anonymous posting.
-    monitor$ cd /tmp
-    ...
-
-Want to see which command I’ve used after these ?
-I’ve made this session public (the default it’s private) so you can simply check this url: [https://commands.com/JTNSHRLQJA][6]
-
-From there you can see the commands I’ve used and their output, an interesting options it’s the “fold/expand” so you could fold all commands and just expand the output of the one you like more.
-
-### Conclusions ###
-
-This is just the a basic startup guide, from the website you can make more “social” activity such as comment script/shell sessions, fork them or choose your favorites.
-
-Like github, you can fork any public script/command and change it directly from the website and after that you can also get a public (or private url) that you can use to run directly your script with something like this:
-
-    curl commands.io/JTNSHRLQJA | sh
-
-That’s great to store on the net some scripts that you run frequently on different computers/server, as usual don’t put anything with passwords or sensible information on the net and you’ll be safe enough.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://linuxaria.com/article/how-to-share-on-linux-the-output-of-your-shell-commands
-
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:http://linuxaria.com/recensioni/shelr-broadcast-your-linux-shell-on-the-net
-[2]:http://linuxaria.com/tag/shell
-[3]:https://commands.com/
-[4]:https://commands.com/Register/Index
-[5]:https://github.com/dtannen/monitor
-[6]:https://commands.com/JTNSHRLQJA

sources/tech/20140902 Mount Google drive in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md

@@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
-Mount Google drive in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS
-================================================================================
-Google has not released its **official linux client** for accessing its drive from the ubuntu. But open source community has developed unofficial package called '**grive-tools**'.
-
-Grive is a Google Drive (**online storage service**) client for GNU/Linux systems.It allows the **synchronization** of all your files on the cloud with a directory of your choice and the upload of new files to Google Drive. 
-
-### Installation Steps of grive-tools ###
-
-Step:1 Add grive-tools PPA using below Command :
-
-    # sudo add-apt-repository ppa:thefanclub/grive-tools
-
-Step:2 Update the list
-
-    #sudo apt-get update
-
-Step:3 Install grive-tools
-
-    # sudo apt-get install grive-tools 
-
-### Steps to Access Google Drive ###
-
-**Step:1** Once the installation is completed , search the application on the **Unity Dash** by typing **Grive**, and open it.
-
-![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/access-grive-setup.png)
-
-**Step:2** Sign in to google drive , you will be asked to give the permissions to access google drive
-
-![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/gdrive.png)
-
-When we click on **Next**, a new broswer will open with **Google login page**
-
-Log in to your Google Account and Click on **Accept** , as shown below : 
-
-![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/thrid-party-grive.png)
-
-**Step:3** You will be provided a **google code** , copy this code and paste it into the **Grive Setup box**. 
-
-![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/gdrive-code.png)
-
-![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/code-in-grive.png)
-
-When we Click on Next , it will start syncing your google drive with ' **Google Drive**' folder under your's **home directory**. Below window will appear when the installation is completed.
-
-![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/grive-installation-completed.png)
-
-Google Drive folder created under **user's home directory**
-
-![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/google-drive-folder.png)
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/mount-google-drive-in-ubuntu/
-
-作者：[Pradeep Kumar ][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/

sources/tech/20140904 Use LaTeX In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint 17 With Texmaker.md

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+johnhoow translating...
 Use LaTeX In Ubuntu 14.04 and Linux Mint 17 With Texmaker
 ================================================================================
 ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/texmaker_Ubuntu.jpeg)
@@ -42,4 +43,4 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/install-latex-ubuntu-1404/
 [1]:http://www.latex-project.org/
 [2]:http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/index.html
 [3]:http://www.xm1math.net/texmaker/download.html#linux
-[4]:http://itsfoss.com/remarkable-markdown-editor-linux/
+[4]:http://itsfoss.com/remarkable-markdown-editor-linux/

sources/tech/20140905 Linux TCP or IP networking--net-tools vs. iproute2.md

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 >>Linchenguang is translating
+
+》》延期申请
 Linux TCP/IP networking: net-tools vs. iproute2
 ================================================================================
 Many sysadmins still manage and troubleshoot various network configurations by using a combination of ifconfig, route, arp and netstat command-line tools, collectively known as net-tools. Originally rooted in the BSD TCP/IP toolkit, the net-tools was developed to configure network functionality of older Linux kernels. Its development in the Linux community so far has ceased since 2001. Some Linux distros such as Arch Linux and CentOS/RHEL 7 have already deprecated net-tools in favor of iproute2.

sources/tech/20140910 Colourful systemd vs sysVinit Linux Cheatsheet.md

@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-Colourful ! systemd vs sysVinit Linux Cheatsheet
-================================================================================
-**systemd** is the new init system, starting with Fedora and now adopted in many distributions like RedHat, Suse and Centos. Historically, most of us have been using traditional SysV init scripts normally residing in /etc/rc.d/init.d/. These scripts invoke a daemon binary which will then fork a background process. Even though shell scripts are very flexible, tasks like supervising processes and parallelized execution ordering are difficult to implement. With the introduction of systemd’s new-style daemons it is easier to supervise and control them at runtime and it simplifies their implementation.
-
-The **systemctl** command is a very good initiative by the systemd team. It shows more detailed error messages and also runtime errors of services including start-up errors. systemd have introduced a new term called **cgroups** (control groups) which is basically groups of process that can be arranged in a hierarchy. With the original init system, determining which process does what and who it belongs to becomes increasingly difficult. With systemd, when processes spawn other processes these children are automatically made members of the parents cgroup thus avoiding confusions about inheritance.
-
-![](http://images.linoxide.com/systemd-vs-sysVinit-cheatsheet.jpg)
-
-There are a lot of new [systemd commands available on rhel / centos 7.0][1]注：此文原文已做，文件名是:20140901 Awesome systemd Commands to Manage Linux System.md，如果翻译发布了，可修改此链接 version that would replace sysvinit commands. You can also download [pdf version of the systemd vs sysvinit cheatsheet][2].
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/systemd-vs-sysvinit-cheatsheet/
-
-作者：[Bobbin Zachariah][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/bobbin/
-[1]:http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-systemd-commands/
-[2]:http://images.linoxide.com/systemd-vs-sysVinit-cheatsheet.pdf

sources/tech/20140910 How To Recover Default Openbox Config Files On Crunchbang.md

@@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
-How To Recover Default Openbox Config Files On Crunchbang
-================================================================================
-[CrunchBang][1] is a Debian GNU/Linux based distribution offering a great blend of speed, style and substance. Using the nimble Openbox window manager, it is highly customizable and provides a modern, full-featured GNU/Linux system without sacrificing performance.
-
-As Crunchbang is highly customizable, users tweak it to their liking as much as they can. All this is done via text files (config). As a “Crunchbanger” myself, I recently messed up with my **menu.xml** config file, which is responsible for the menu shown below.
-
-![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/curnchbang_menu_xml.png)
-
-Which removed every code from the menu configuration file. Since I wasn’t having a backup (It’s good to backup config files too) I have to search for the default configuration that comes with Crunchbang out of the box. And here’s how I got it fixed thanks to Crunchbang forums.
-
-It is very interesting to know all default configs were pre-backed up for you and can be found at
-
-    /etc/skel/.config/
-
-So for any default config you just copy them over and restart the appropriate application.
-
-I will use Openbox **menu.xml** as an example here:
-
-![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/curnchbang_menu_xml_etc.png)
-
-    cp -r /etc/skel/.config/openbox/menu.xml ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml
-
-Then restart openbox.
-
-    openbox --restart
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.unixmen.com/recover-default-openbox-config-files-crunchbang/
-
-作者：[Enock Seth Nyamador][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/seth/
-[1]:http://crunchbang.org/

sources/tech/20140911 20 Useful Commands of 'Sysstat' Utilities (mpstat, pidstat, iostat and sar) for Linux Performance Monitoring.md

@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+20 Useful Commands of ‘Sysstat’ Utilities (mpstat, pidstat, iostat and sar) for Linux Performance Monitoring
+================================================================================
+In our last article, we have learned about installing and upgrading the **sysstat** package and understanding briefly about the utilities which comes with the package.
+
+注：此文一并附上，在同一个原文更新中
+- [Sysstat – Performance and Usage Activity Monitoring Tool For Linux][1]
+
+![20 Sysstat Commands for Linux Monitoring](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/sysstat-commands.png)
+
+20 Sysstat Commands for Linux Monitoring
+
+Today, we are going to work with some interesting practical examples of **mpstat, pidstat, iostat** and **sar** utilities, which can help us to identify the issues. We have different options to use these utilities, I mean you can fire the commands manually with different options for different kind of work or you can create your customized scripts according to your requirements. You know Sysadmins are always bit Lazy, and always tried to find out the easy way to do the things with minimum efforts.
+
+### mpstat – Processors Statistics ###
+
+1.Using mpstat command without any option, will display the Global Average Activities by All CPUs.
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ mpstat
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    12:23:57  IST  CPU    %usr   %nice    %sys %iowait    %irq   %soft  %steal  %guest  %gnice   %idle
+    12:23:57  IST  all   37.35    0.01    4.72    2.96    0.00    0.07    0.00    0.00    0.00   54.88
+
+2.Using mpstat with option ‘**-P**‘ (Indicate Processor Number) and ‘ALL’, will display statistics about all CPUs one by one starting from 0. 0 will the first one.
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ mpstat -P ALL
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    12:29:26  IST  CPU    %usr   %nice    %sys %iowait    %irq   %soft  %steal  %guest  %gnice   %idle
+    12:29:26  IST  all   37.33    0.01    4.57    2.58    0.00    0.07    0.00    0.00    0.00   55.44
+    12:29:26  IST    0   37.90    0.01    4.96    2.62    0.00    0.03    0.00    0.00    0.00   54.48
+    12:29:26  IST    1   36.75    0.01    4.19    2.54    0.00    0.11    0.00    0.00    0.00   56.40
+
+3.To display the statistics for **N** number of iterations after n seconds interval with average of each cpu use the following command.
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ mpstat -P ALL 2 5
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    12:36:21  IST  CPU    %usr   %nice    %sys %iowait    %irq   %soft  %steal  %guest  %gnice   %idle
+    12:36:23  IST  all   53.38    0.00    2.26    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   44.36
+    12:36:23  IST    0   46.23    0.00    1.51    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   52.26
+    12:36:23  IST    1   60.80    0.00    3.02    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   36.18
+    
+    12:36:23  IST  CPU    %usr   %nice    %sys %iowait    %irq   %soft  %steal  %guest  %gnice   %idle
+    12:36:25  IST  all   34.18    0.00    2.30    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   63.52
+    12:36:25  IST    0   31.63    0.00    1.53    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   66.84
+    12:36:25  IST    1   36.73    0.00    2.55    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   60.71
+    
+    12:36:25  IST  CPU    %usr   %nice    %sys %iowait    %irq   %soft  %steal  %guest  %gnice   %idle
+    12:36:27  IST  all   33.42    0.00    5.06    0.25    0.00    0.25    0.00    0.00    0.00   61.01
+    12:36:27  IST    0   34.34    0.00    4.04    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   61.62
+    12:36:27  IST    1   32.82    0.00    6.15    0.51    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00   60.51
+
+4.The option ‘**I**‘ will print total number of interrupt statistics about per processor.
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ mpstat -I
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    12:39:56  IST  CPU    intr/s
+    12:39:56  IST  all    651.04
+    
+    12:39:56  IST  CPU        0/s        1/s        6/s        8/s        9/s       12/s       16/s       17/s       20/s       21/s       22/s       23/s       45/s       46/s       47/s      NMI/s      LOC/s      SPU/s      PMI/s      IWI/s      RTR/s      RES/s      CAL/s      TLB/s      TRM/s      THR/s      MCE/s      MCP/s      ERR/s      MIS/s
+    12:39:56  IST    0      76.27       1.73       0.00       0.00       0.42       0.33       0.00       0.06      11.46       0.00       0.00       0.01       7.62       1.87       0.05       0.33     182.26       0.00       0.33       3.03       0.00      22.66       0.16       5.14       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00
+    12:39:56  IST    1      70.88       1.44       0.00       0.00       0.41       0.33       0.00      27.91      10.33       0.00       0.00       0.01       7.27       1.79       0.05       0.32     184.11       0.00       0.32       5.17       0.00      22.09       0.13       4.73       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00
+    
+    12:39:56  IST  CPU       HI/s    TIMER/s   NET_TX/s   NET_RX/s    BLOCK/s BLOCK_IOPOLL/s  TASKLET/s    SCHED/s  HRTIMER/s      RCU/s
+    12:39:56  IST    0       0.00     116.49       0.05       0.27       7.33       0.00       1.22      10.44       0.13      37.47
+    12:39:56  IST    1       0.00     111.65       0.05       0.41       7.07       0.00      56.36       9.97       0.13      41.38
+
+5.Get all the above information in one command i.e. equivalent to “**-u -I ALL -p ALL**“.
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ mpstat -A
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+
+    12:41:39  IST  CPU    %usr   %nice    %sys %iowait    %irq   %soft  %steal  %guest  %gnice   %idle
+    12:41:39  IST  all   38.70    0.01    4.47    2.01    0.00    0.06    0.00    0.00    0.00   54.76
+    12:41:39  IST    0   39.15    0.01    4.82    2.05    0.00    0.02    0.00    0.00    0.00   53.95
+    12:41:39  IST    1   38.24    0.01    4.12    1.98    0.00    0.09    0.00    0.00    0.00   55.57
+    
+    12:41:39  IST  CPU    intr/s
+    12:41:39  IST  all    651.73
+    12:41:39  IST    0    173.16
+    12:41:39  IST    1    225.89
+    
+    12:41:39  IST  CPU        0/s        1/s        6/s        8/s        9/s       12/s       16/s       17/s       20/s       21/s       22/s       23/s       45/s       46/s       47/s      NMI/s      LOC/s      SPU/s      PMI/s      IWI/s      RTR/s      RES/s      CAL/s      TLB/s      TRM/s      THR/s      MCE/s      MCP/s      ERR/s      MIS/s
+    12:41:39  IST    0      76.04       1.77       0.00       0.00       0.41       0.36       0.00       0.06      11.60       0.00       0.00       0.01       7.42       1.83       0.05       0.34     182.89       0.00       0.34       2.97       0.00      22.69       0.16       5.22       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00
+    12:41:39  IST    1      70.70       1.48       0.00       0.00       0.40       0.36       0.00      27.47      10.46       0.00       0.00       0.01       7.08       1.75       0.05       0.32     184.83       0.00       0.32       5.10       0.00      22.19       0.13       4.91       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00       0.00
+
+    12:41:39  IST  CPU       HI/s    TIMER/s   NET_TX/s   NET_RX/s    BLOCK/s BLOCK_IOPOLL/s  TASKLET/s    SCHED/s  HRTIMER/s      RCU/s
+    12:41:39  IST    0       0.00     116.96       0.05       0.26       7.12       0.00       1.24      10.42       0.12      36.99
+    12:41:39  IST    1       0.00     112.25       0.05       0.40       6.88       0.00      55.05       9.93       0.13      41.20
+
+### pidstat – Process and Kernel Threads Statistics ###
+
+This is used for process monitoring and current threads, which are being managed by kernel. pidstat can also check the status about child processes and threads.
+
+#### Syntax ####
+
+    # pidstat <OPTIONS> [INTERVAL] [COUNT]
+
+6.Using pidstat command without any argument, will display all active tasks.
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    12:47:24  IST   UID       PID    %usr %system  %guest    %CPU   CPU  Command
+    12:47:24  IST     0         1    0.01    0.12    0.00    0.13     1  init
+    12:47:24  IST     0         3    0.00    0.01    0.00    0.01     0  ksoftirqd/0
+    12:47:24  IST     0         9    0.00    0.04    0.00    0.04     0  rcu_sched
+    12:47:24  IST     0        10    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  watchdog/0
+    12:47:24  IST     0        11    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     1  watchdog/1
+    12:47:24  IST     0        12    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     1  migration/1
+    12:47:24  IST     0        13    0.00    0.01    0.00    0.01     1  ksoftirqd/1
+    12:47:24  IST     0        23    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  kworker/u9:0
+    12:47:24  IST     0        29    0.00    0.61    0.00    0.61     0  kworker/0:1
+    12:47:24  IST     0        30    0.00    0.06    0.00    0.06     1  kworker/1:1
+    12:47:24  IST     0       224    0.00    0.01    0.00    0.01     1  jbd2/sda1-8
+    12:47:24  IST     0       360    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     1  upstart-udev-br
+    12:47:24  IST     0       365    0.01    0.00    0.00    0.01     0  systemd-udevd
+    12:47:24  IST     0       476    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  kworker/u9:1
+
+7.To print all active and non-active tasks use the option ‘**-p**‘ (processes).
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat -p ALL
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    12:51:55  IST   UID       PID    %usr %system  %guest    %CPU   CPU  Command
+    12:51:55  IST     0         1    0.01    0.11    0.00    0.12     1  init
+    12:51:55  IST     0         2    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  kthreadd
+    12:51:55  IST     0         3    0.00    0.01    0.00    0.01     0  ksoftirqd/0
+    12:51:55  IST     0         5    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  kworker/0:0H
+    12:51:55  IST     0         7    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  migration/0
+    12:51:55  IST     0         8    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  rcu_bh
+    12:51:55  IST     0         9    0.00    0.04    0.00    0.04     1  rcu_sched
+    12:51:55  IST     0        10    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  watchdog/0
+    12:51:55  IST     0        11    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     1  watchdog/1
+    12:51:55  IST     0        12    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     1  migration/1
+    12:51:55  IST     0        13    0.00    0.01    0.00    0.01     1  ksoftirqd/1
+    12:51:55  IST     0        15    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     1  kworker/1:0H
+    12:51:55  IST     0        16    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     1  khelper
+    12:51:55  IST     0        17    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  kdevtmpfs
+    12:51:55  IST     0        18    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  netns
+    12:51:55  IST     0        19    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  writeback
+    12:51:55  IST     0        20    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     1  kintegrityd
+
+8.Using pidstat command with ‘**-d 2**‘ option, we can get I/O statistics and 2 is interval in seconds to get refreshed statistics. This option can be handy in situation, where your system is undergoing heavy I/O and you want to get clues about the processes consuming high resources.
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat -d 2
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    03:26:53  EDT       PID   kB_rd/s   kB_wr/s kB_ccwr/s  Command
+    
+    03:26:55  EDT       PID   kB_rd/s   kB_wr/s kB_ccwr/s  Command
+    03:26:57  EDT       574      0.00    148.00      2.00  miniserv.pl
+    
+    03:27:01  EDT       PID   kB_rd/s   kB_wr/s kB_ccwr/s  Command
+    03:27:03  EDT         1      0.00      8.00      2.00  init
+    03:27:03  EDT       450      0.00      2.00      0.00  rsyslogd
+    03:27:03  EDT       534    138.00     10.00      4.00  crond
+    03:27:03  EDT     25100      0.00      6.00      0.00  sendmail
+    03:27:03  EDT     30829      0.00      6.00      0.00  java
+
+9.To know the cpu statistics along with all threads about the process id **4164** at interval of **2** sec for **3** times use the following command with option ‘-t‘ (display statistics of selected process).
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat -t -p 4164 2 3
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    01:09:06  IST   UID      TGID       TID    %usr %system  %guest    %CPU   CPU  Command
+    01:09:08  IST  1000      4164         -   22.00    1.00    0.00   23.00     1  firefox
+    01:09:08  IST  1000         -      4164   20.00    0.50    0.00   20.50     1  |__firefox
+    01:09:08  IST  1000         -      4171    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  |__Gecko_IOThread
+    01:09:08  IST  1000         -      4172    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  |__Socket
+    01:09:08  IST  1000         -      4173    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  |__JS
+    01:09:08  IST  1000         -      4174    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  |__JS
+    01:09:08  IST  1000         -      4175    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  |__Hang
+    01:09:08  IST  1000         -      4176    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     1  |__gdbus
+    01:09:08  IST  1000         -      4177    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     1  |__gmain
+
+10.Use the ‘**-rh**‘ option, to know the about memory utilization of processes which are frequently varying their utilization in **2** second interval.
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat -rh 2 3
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    #      Time   UID       PID  minflt/s  majflt/s     VSZ    RSS   %MEM  Command
+     1409816695  1000      3958   3378.22      0.00  707420 215972   5.32  cinnamon
+     1409816695  1000      4164    406.93      0.00 1252024 461404  11.36  firefox
+     1409816695  1000      6676    168.81      0.00    4436    984   0.02  pidstat
+    
+    #      Time   UID       PID  minflt/s  majflt/s     VSZ    RSS   %MEM  Command
+     1409816697     0      1601    644.00      0.00  506728 316788   7.80  Xorg
+     1409816697  1000      3958   3412.00      0.00  707420 215972   5.32  cinnamon
+     1409816697  1000      4164   2667.00      0.00 1259576 471724  11.62  firefox
+     1409816697  1000      6676    172.50      0.00    4436   1020   0.03  pidstat
+    
+    #      Time   UID       PID  minflt/s  majflt/s     VSZ    RSS   %MEM  Command
+     1409816699     0      1601    644.00      0.00  506728 316788   7.80  Xorg
+     1409816699  1000      3958   4094.00      0.00  710148 218700   5.39  cinnamon
+     1409816699  1000      4164    599.00      0.00 1261944 476664  11.74  firefox
+     1409816699  1000      6676    168.00      0.00    4436   1020   0.03  pidstat
+
+11.To print all the process of containing string “**VB**“, use ‘**-t**‘ option to see threads as well.
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat -G VB
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    01:09:06  IST   UID      PID      %usr 	%system  %guest    %CPU   CPU  	Command
+    01:09:08  IST  1000    1492     22.00     1.00    	 0.00   	 23.00     1  		VBoxService
+    01:09:08  IST  1000    1902     4164      20.00    	 0.50    	 0.00   	20.50     	VBoxClient
+    01:09:08  IST  1000    1922     4171      0.00    	 0.00    	 0.00    	0.00     	VBoxClient
+
+----------
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat  -t -G VB
+    Linux 2.6.32-431.el6.i686 (tecmint) 09/04/2014 _i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    03:19:52 PM   UID      TGID       TID    %usr %system  %guest    %CPU   CPU  Command
+    03:19:52 PM     0      1479         -    0.01    0.12    0.00    0.13     1  VBoxService
+    03:19:52 PM     0         -      1482    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  |__timesync
+    03:19:52 PM     0         -      1483    0.01    0.06    0.00    0.06     0  |__vminfo
+    03:19:52 PM     0         -      1485    0.00    0.01    0.00    0.01     1  |__memballoon
+    03:19:52 PM     0         -      1486    0.00    0.01    0.00    0.01     1  |__vmstats
+    03:19:52 PM     0         -      1487    0.00    0.05    0.00    0.05     0  |__automount
+    03:19:52 PM     0      1913         -    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  VBoxClient
+    03:19:52 PM     0         -      1913    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  |__VBoxClient
+    03:19:52 PM     0         -      1942    0.00    0.00    0.00    0.00     0  |__SHCLIP
+    03:19:52 PM     0      1933         -    0.04    0.89    0.00    0.93     0  VBoxClient
+    03:19:52 PM     0         -      1936    0.04    0.89    0.00    0.93     1  |__X11-NOTIFY
+
+12.To get realtime priority and scheduling information use option ‘**-R**‘ .
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ pidstat -R
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    01:09:06  IST   UID      PID	 prio      policy 	Command
+    01:09:08  IST  1000    3     	 99	       FIFO		migration/0
+    01:09:08  IST  1000    5     	 99          FIFO	migration/0
+    01:09:08  IST  1000    6    	 99          FIFO	watchdog/0
+
+Here, I am not going to cover about Iostat utility, as we are already covered it. Please have a look on “[Linux Performance Monitoring with Vmstat and Iostat][2]注：此文也一并附上在同一个原文更新中” to get all details about iostat.
+
+### sar – System Activity Reporter ###
+
+Using “**sar**” command, we can get the reports about whole system’s performance. This can help us to locate the system bottleneck and provide the help to find out the solutions to these annoying performance issues.
+
+The Linux Kernel maintains some counter internally, which keeps track of all requests, their completion time and I/O block counts etc. From all these information, sar calculates rates and ratio of these request to find out about bottleneck areas.
+
+The main thing about the sar is that, it reports all activities over a period if time. So, make sure that sar collect data on appropriate time (not on Lunch time or on weekend.:)
+
+13.Following is a basic command to invoke sar. It will create one file named “**sarfile**” in your current directory. The options ‘**-u**‘ is for CPU details and will collect **5** reports at an interval of **2** seconds.
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sar -u -o sarfile 2 5
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    01:42:28  IST     CPU     %user     %nice   %system   %iowait    %steal     %idle
+    01:42:30  IST     all     36.52      0.00      3.02      0.00      0.00     60.45
+    01:42:32  IST     all     43.32      0.00      5.04      0.00      0.00     51.64
+    01:42:34  IST     all     56.46      0.00      4.05      0.00      0.00     39.49
+    01:42:36  IST     all     44.44      0.00      3.79      0.00      0.00     51.77
+    01:42:38  IST     all     50.75      0.00      3.75      0.00      0.00     45.50
+    Average:        all     46.30      0.00      3.93      0.00      0.00     49.77
+
+14.In the above example, we have invoked sar interactively. We also have an option to invoke it non-interactively via cron using scripts **/usr/local/lib/sa1** and **/usr/local/lib/sa2** (If you have used **/usr/local** as prefix during installation time).
+
+- **/usr/local/lib/sa1** is a shell script that we can use for scheduling cron which will create daily binary log file.
+- **/usr/local/lib/sa2** is a shell script will change binary log file to human-readable form.
+
+Use the following Cron entries for making this non-interactive:
+
+    # Run sa1 shell script every 10 minutes for collecting data
+    */2 * * * * /usr/local/lib/sa/sa1 2 10
+    
+    # Generate a daily report in human readable format at 23:53
+    53 23 * * * /usr/local/lib/sa/sa2 -A
+
+At the back-end sa1 script will call **sadc** (System Activity Data Collector) utility for fetching the data at a particular interval. **sa2** will call sar for changing binary log file to human readable form.
+
+15.Check run queue length, total number of processes and load average using ‘**-q**‘ option.
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sar -q 2 5
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    02:00:44  IST   runq-sz  plist-sz   ldavg-1   ldavg-5  ldavg-15   blocked
+    02:00:46  IST         1       431      1.67      1.22      0.97         0
+    02:00:48  IST         4       431      1.70      1.23      0.97         0
+    02:00:50  IST         2       431      1.70      1.23      0.97         0
+    02:00:52  IST         2       431      1.70      1.23      0.97         0
+    02:00:54  IST         0       431      1.64      1.23      0.97         0
+    Average:            2       431      1.68      1.23      0.97         0
+
+16.Check statistics about the mounted file systems using ‘**-F**‘.
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sar -F 2 4
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    02:02:31  IST  MBfsfree  MBfsused   %fsused  %ufsused     Ifree     Iused    %Iused FILESYSTEM
+    02:02:33  IST      1001       449     30.95    1213790475088.85  18919505    364463      1.89 /dev/sda1
+    
+    02:02:33  IST  MBfsfree  MBfsused   %fsused  %ufsused     Ifree     Iused    %Iused FILESYSTEM
+    02:02:35  IST      1001       449     30.95    1213790475088.85  18919505    364463      1.89 /dev/sda1
+    
+    02:02:35  IST  MBfsfree  MBfsused   %fsused  %ufsused     Ifree     Iused    %Iused FILESYSTEM
+    02:02:37  IST      1001       449     30.95    1213790475088.85  18919505    364463      1.89 /dev/sda1
+    
+    02:02:37  IST  MBfsfree  MBfsused   %fsused  %ufsused     Ifree     Iused    %Iused FILESYSTEM
+    02:02:39  IST      1001       449     30.95    1213790475088.86  18919505    364463      1.89 /dev/sda1
+    
+    Summary      MBfsfree  MBfsused   %fsused  %ufsused     Ifree     Iused    %Iused FILESYSTEM
+    Summary          1001       449     30.95    1213790475088.86  18919505    364463      1.89 /dev/sda1
+
+17.View network statistics using ‘**-n DEV**‘.
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sar -n DEV 1 3 | egrep -v lo
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    02:11:59  IST     IFACE   rxpck/s   txpck/s    rxkB/s    txkB/s   rxcmp/s   txcmp/s  rxmcst/s
+    02:12:00  IST     wlan0      8.00     10.00      1.23      0.92      0.00      0.00      0.00
+    02:12:00  IST    vmnet8      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
+    02:12:00  IST      eth0      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
+    02:12:00  IST    vmnet1      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
+
+18.View block device statistics like iostat using ‘**-d**‘.
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sar -d 1 3
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    02:13:17  IST       DEV       tps  rd_sec/s  wr_sec/s  avgrq-sz  avgqu-sz     await     svctm     %util
+    02:13:18  IST    dev8-0      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
+    
+    02:13:18  IST       DEV       tps  rd_sec/s  wr_sec/s  avgrq-sz  avgqu-sz     await     svctm     %util
+    02:13:19  IST    dev8-0      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00      0.00
+    
+    02:13:19  IST       DEV       tps  rd_sec/s  wr_sec/s  avgrq-sz  avgqu-sz     await     svctm     %util
+    02:13:20  IST    dev8-0      7.00     32.00     80.00     16.00      0.11     15.43     15.43     10.80
+
+19.To print memory statistics use ‘**-r**‘ option.
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ sar -r 1 3
+    
+    Linux 3.11.0-23-generic (tecmint.com) 	Thursday 04 September 2014 	_i686_	(2 CPU)
+    
+    02:14:29  IST kbmemfree kbmemused  %memused kbbuffers  kbcached  kbcommit   %commit  kbactive   kbinact   kbdirty
+    02:14:30  IST   1465660   2594840     63.90    133052   1549644   3710800     45.35   1133148   1359792       392
+    02:14:31  IST   1472724   2587776     63.73    133060   1549792   3715504     45.40   1125816   1360000       836
+    02:14:32  IST   1469112   2591388     63.82    133060   1550036   3705288     45.28   1130252   1360168       804
+    Average:      1469165   2591335     63.82    133057   1549824   3710531     45.34   1129739   1359987       677
+
+20.Using ‘**sadf -d**‘, we can extract data in format which can be processed using databases.
+
+    tecmint@tecmint ~ $ safd -d /var/log/sa/sa20140903 -- -n DEV | grep -v lo
+    
+     # hostname;interval;timestamp;IFACE;rxpck/s;txpck/s;rxkB/s;txkB/s;rxcmp/s;txcmp/s;rxmcst/s;%ifutil
+    tecmint;2;2014-09-03 07:53:29 UTC;eth0;1.50;0.00;0.13;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00
+    tecmint;2;2014-09-03 07:53:31 UTC;eth0;2.00;0.00;0.18;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00
+    tecmint;2;2014-09-03 07:53:33 UTC;eth0;1.00;0.00;0.09;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00
+    tecmint;2;2014-09-03 07:53:35 UTC;eth0;2.00;0.00;0.18;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00
+    tecmint;14778;2014-09-03 11:59:54 UTC;eth0;1.78;1.17;1.10;0.18;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00
+    tecmint;2;2014-09-03 11:59:56 UTC;eth0;3.50;3.00;0.60;0.77;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00
+    tecmint;2;2014-09-03 11:59:58 UTC;eth0;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00
+    tecmint;2;2014-09-03 12:00:00 UTC;eth0;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00
+    tecmint;2;2014-09-03 12:00:02 UTC;eth0;0.50;0.50;0.48;0.03;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00
+    tecmint;2;2014-09-03 12:00:04 UTC;eth0;2.50;3.50;0.21;2.05;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00
+    tecmint;2;2014-09-03 12:00:06 UTC;eth0;1.49;1.00;0.62;0.06;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00
+    tecmint;2;2014-09-03 12:00:08 UTC;eth0;0.50;0.00;0.03;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00
+    tecmint;2;2014-09-03 12:00:10 UTC;eth0;0.50;0.50;0.03;0.04;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00
+    tecmint;2;2014-09-03 12:00:12 UTC;eth0;1.00;0.50;0.12;0.04;0.00;0.00;0.00;0.00
+
+You can also save this to a csv and then can draw chart for presentation kind of stuff as below.
+
+![Network Graph](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/sar-graph.png)
+
+Network Graph
+
+That’s it for now, you can refer man pages for more information about each option and don’t forget to tell about article with your valuable comments.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.tecmint.com/sysstat-commands-to-monitor-linux/
+
+作者：[Kuldeep Sharma][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/kuldeepsharma47/
+[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-sysstat-in-linux/
+[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-performance-monitoring-with-vmstat-and-iostat-commands/

sources/tech/20140911 Sysstat--All-in-One System Performance and Usage Activity Monitoring Tool For Linux.md

@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+Sysstat – All-in-One System Performance and Usage Activity Monitoring Tool For Linux
+================================================================================
+**Sysstat** is really a handy tool which comes with number of utilities to monitor system resources, their performance and usage activities. Number of utilities that we all use in our daily bases comes with sysstat package. It also provide the tool which can be scheduled using cron to collect all performance and activity data.
+
+![Install Sysstat in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/sysstat.png)
+
+Install Sysstat in Linux
+
+Following are the list of tools included in sysstat packages.
+
+### Sysstat Features ###
+
+- [**iostat**][1]: Reports all statistics about your CPU and I/O statistics for I/O devices.
+- **mpstat**: Details about CPUs (individual or combined).
+- **pidstat**: Statistics about running processes/task, CPU, memory etc.
+- **sar**: Save and report details about different resources (CPU, Memory, IO, Network, kernel etc..).
+- **sadc**: System activity data collector, used for collecting data in backend for sar.
+- **sa1**: Fetch and store binary data in sadc data file. This is used with sadc.
+- **sa2**: Summaries daily report to be used with sar.
+- **Sadf**: Used for displaying data generated by sar in different formats (CSV or XML).
+- **Sysstat**: Man page for sysstat utility.
+- **nfsiostat**-sysstat: I/O statistics for NFS.
+- **cifsiostat**: Statistics for CIFS.
+
+Recenlty, on 17th of June 2014, **Sysstat 11.0.0** (stable version) has been released with some new interesting features as follows.
+
+pidstat command has been enhanced with some new options: first is “-R” which will provide information about the policy and task scheduling priority. And second one is “**-G**” which we can search processes with name and to get the list of all matching threads.
+
+Some new enhancement have been brought to sar, sadc and sadf with regards to the data files: Now data files can be renamed using “**saYYYYMMDD**” instead of “**saDD**” using option **–D** and can be located in directory different from “**/var/log/sa**”. We can define new directory by setting variable “SA_DIR”, which is being used by sa1 and sa2.
+
+### Installation of Sysstat in Linux ###
+
+The ‘**Sysstat**‘ package also available to install from default repository as a package in all major Linux distributions. However, the package which is available from the repo is little old and outdated version. So, that’s the reason, we here going to download and install the latest version of sysstat (i.e. version **11.0.0**) from source package.
+
+First download the latest version of sysstat package using the following link or you may also use **wget** command to download directly on the terminal.
+
+- [http://sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/download.html][2]
+
+    # wget http://pagesperso-orange.fr/sebastien.godard/sysstat-11.0.0.tar.gz
+
+![Download Sysstat Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Download-Sysstat.png)
+
+Download Sysstat Package
+
+Next, extract the downloaded package and go inside that directory to begin compile process.
+
+    # tar -xvf sysstat-11.0.0.tar.gz 
+    # cd sysstat-11.0.0/
+
+Here you will have two options for compilation:
+
+a). Firstly, you can use **iconfig** (which will give you flexibility for choosing/entering the customized values for each parameters).
+
+    # ./iconfig
+
+![Sysstat iconfig Command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Sysstat-iconfig-Command.png)
+
+Sysstat iconfig Command
+
+b). Secondly, you can use standard **configure** command to define options in single line. You can run **./configure –help command** to get list of different supported options.
+
+    # ./configure --help
+
+![Sysstat Configure Help](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Configure-Help.png)
+
+Sysstat Configure Help
+
+Here, we are moving ahead with standard option i.e. **./configure** command to compile sysstat package.
+
+    # ./configure
+    # make
+    # make install	
+
+![Configure Sysstat in Linux](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Configure-Sysstat.png)
+
+Configure Sysstat in Linux
+
+After compilation process completes, you will see the output similar to above. Now, verify the sysstat version by running following command.
+
+    # mpstat -V
+    
+    sysstat version 11.0.0
+    (C) Sebastien Godard (sysstat <at> orange.fr)
+
+### Updating Sysstat in Linux ###
+
+By default sysstat use “**/usr/local**” as its prefix directory. So, all binary/utilities will get installed in “**/usr/local/bin**” directory. If you have existing sysstat package installed, then those will be there in “**/usr/bin**”.
+
+Due to existing sysstat package, you will not get your updated version reflected, because your “**$PATH**” variable don’t have “**/usr/local/bin set**”. So, make sure that “**/usr/local/bin**” exist there in your “$PATH” or set **–prefix** option to “**/usr**” during compilation and remove existing version before starting updating.
+
+    # yum remove sysstat			[On RedHat based System]
+    # apt-get remove sysstat		[On Debian based System]
+
+----------
+
+    # ./configure --prefix=/usr
+    # make
+    # make install
+
+Now again, verify the updated version of systat using same ‘mpstat’ command with option ‘**-V**’.
+
+    # mpstat -V
+    
+    sysstat version 11.0.0
+    (C) Sebastien Godard (sysstat <at> orange.fr)
+
+**Reference**: For more information please go through [Sysstat Documentation][3]
+
+That’s it for now, in my upcoming article, I will show some practical examples and usages of sysstat command, till then stay tuned to updates and don’t forget to add your valuable thoughts about the article at below comment section.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-sysstat-in-linux/
+
+作者：[Kuldeep Sharma][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/kuldeepsharma47/
+[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/linux-performance-monitoring-with-vmstat-and-iostat-commands/
+[2]:http://sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/download.html
+[3]:http://sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/documentation.html

sources/tech/20140917 How to create a software RAID-1 array with mdadm on Linux.md

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+
+How to create a software RAID-1 array with mdadm on Linux
+================================================================================
+Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) is a storage technology that combines multiple hard disks into a single logical unit to provide fault-tolerance and/or improve disk I/O performance. Depending on how data is stored in an array of disks (e.g., with striping, mirroring, parity, or any combination thereof), different RAID levels are defined (e.g., RAID-0, RAID-1, RAID-5, etc). RAID can be implemented either in software or with a hardware RAID card. On modern Linux, basic software RAID functionality is available by default.
+
+In this post, we'll discuss the software setup of a RAID-1 array (also known as a "mirroring" array), where identical data is written to the two devices that form the array. While it is possible to implement RAID-1 with partitions on a single physical hard drive (as with other RAID levels), it won't be of much use if that single hard drive fails. In fact, that's why most RAID levels normally use multiple physical drives to provide redundancy. In the event of any single drive failure, the virtual RAID block device should continue functioning without issues, and allow us to replace the faulty drive without significant production downtime and, more importantly, with no data loss. However, it does not replace the need to save periodic system backups in external storage.
+
+Since the actual storage capacity (size) of a RAID-1 array is the size of the smallest drive, normally (if not always) you will find two identical physical drives in RAID-1 setup.
+
+### Installing mdadm on Linux ###
+
+The tool that we are going to use to create, assemble, manage, and monitor our software RAID-1 is called mdadm (short for **m**ultiple **d**isks **adm**in). On Linux distros such as Fedora, CentOS, RHEL or Arch Linux, mdadm is available by default. On Debian-based distros, mdadm can be installed with aptitude or apt-get.
+
+#### Fedora, CentOS or RHEL ####
+
+As mdadm comes pre-installed, all you have to do is to start RAID monitoring service, and configure it to auto-start upon boot:
+
+    # systemctl start mdmonitor
+    # systemctl enable mdmonitor 
+
+For CentOS/RHEL 6, use these commands instead:
+
+    # service mdmonitor start
+    # chkconfig mdmonitor on 
+
+#### Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint ####
+
+On Debian and its derivatives, mdadm can be installed with **aptitude or apt-get**:
+
+    # aptitude install mdadm 
+
+On Ubuntu, you will be asked to configure postfix MTA for sending out email notifications (as part of RAID monitoring). You can skip it for now.
+
+On Debian, the installation will start with the following explanatory message to help us decide whether or not we are going to install the root filesystem on a RAID array. What we need to enter on the next screen will depend on this decision. Read it carefully:
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3918/15220883382_c14eb95914_z.jpg)
+
+Since we will not use our RAID-1 for the root filesystem, we will leave the answer blank:
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5555/15198241896_29e08b977f.jpg)
+
+When asked whether we want to start (reassemble) our array automatically during each boot, choose "Yes". Note that we will need to add an entry to the /etc/fstab file later in order for the array to be properly mounted during the boot process as well.
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3875/15220883342_2b1d689a0a_z.jpg)
+
+### Partitioning Hard Drives ###
+
+Now it's time to prepare the physical devices that will be used in our array. For this setup, I have plugged in two 8 GB USB drives that have been identified as /dev/sdb and /dev/sdc from dmesg output:
+
+    # dmesg | less 
+
+----------
+
+[   60.014863] sd 3:0:0:0: [sdb] 15826944 512-byte logical blocks: (8.10 GB/7.54 GiB)
+[   75.066466] sd 4:0:0:0: [sdc] 15826944 512-byte logical blocks: (8.10 GB/7.54 GiB)
+
+We will use fdisk to create a primary partition on each disk that will occupy its entire size. The following steps show how to perform this task on /dev/sdb, and assume that this drive hasn't been partitioned yet (otherwise, we can delete the existing partition(s) to start off with a clean disk):
+
+    # fdisk /dev/sdb 
+
+Press 'p' to print the current partition table:
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3883/15198241836_24625edcf3_z.jpg)
+
+(if one or more partitions are found, they can be deleted with 'd' option. Then 'w' option is used to apply the changes).
+
+Since no partitions are found, we will create a new primary partition ['n'] as a primary partition ['p'], assign the partition number = ['1'] to it, and then indicate its size. You can press Enter key to accept the proposed default values, or enter a value of your choosing, as shown in the image below.
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3875/15034475369_7e72fb9f2e_z.jpg)
+
+Now repeat the same process for /dev/sdc.
+
+If we have two drives of different sizes, say 750 GB and 1 TB for example, we should create a primary partition of 750 GB on each of them, and use the remaining space on the bigger drive for another purpose, independent of the RAID array. 
+
+### Create a RAID-1 Array ###
+
+Once you are done with creating the primary partition on each drive, use the following command to create a RAID-1 array:
+
+    # mdadm -Cv /dev/md0 -l1 -n2 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 
+
+Where:
+
+- **-Cv**: creates an array and produce verbose output.
+- **/dev/md0**: is the name of the array.
+- **-l1** (l as in "level"): indicates that this will be a RAID-1 array.
+- **-n2**: indicates that we will add two partitions to the array, namely /dev/sdb1 and /dev/sdc1. 
+
+The above command is equivalent to:
+
+     # mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --level=1 --raid-devices=2 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 
+
+If alternatively you want to add a spare device in order to replace a faulty disk in the future, you can add '--spare-devices=1 /dev/sdd1' to the above command.
+
+Answer "y" when prompted if you want to continue creating an array, then press Enter:
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3894/15034569970_709bd51718.jpg)
+
+You can check the progress with the following command:
+
+     # cat /proc/mdstat 
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5565/15221267975_701b819e6d_z.jpg)
+
+Another way to obtain more information about a RAID array (both while it's being assembled and after the process is finished) is:
+
+    # mdadm --query /dev/md0
+    # mdadm --detail /dev/md0 (or mdadm -D /dev/md0) 
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5583/15034683868_6c28564e5a_z.jpg)
+
+Of the information provided by 'mdadm -D', perhaps the most useful is that which shows the state of the array. The active state means that there is currently I/O activity happening. Other possible states are clean (all I/O activity has been completed), degraded (one of the devices is faulty or missing), resyncing (the system is recovering from an unclean shutdown such as a power outage), or recovering (a new drive has been added to the array, and data is being copied from the other drive onto it), to name the most common states.
+
+### Formatting and Mounting a RAID Array ###
+
+The next step is formatting (with ext4 in this example) the array:
+
+     # mkfs.ext4 /dev/md0 
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3849/15034683838_01e34e7196_z.jpg)
+
+Now let's mount the array, and verify that it was mounted correctly:
+
+    # mount /dev/md0 /mnt
+    # mount 
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5554/15034696167_c4fc907c8e_z.jpg)
+
+### Monitor a RAID Array ###
+
+The mdadm tool comes with RAID monitoring capability built in. When mdadm is set to run as a daemon (which is the case with our RAID setup), it periodically polls existing RAID arrays, and reports on any detected events via email notification or syslog logging. Optionally, it can also be configured to invoke contingency commands (e.g., retrying or removing a disk) upon detecting any critical errors.
+
+By default, mdadm scans all existing partitions and MD arrays, and logs any detected event to /var/log/syslog. Alternatively, you can specify devices and RAID arrays to scan in mdadm.conf located in /etc/mdadm/mdadm.conf (Debian-based) or /etc/mdadm.conf (Red Hat-based), in the following format. If mdadm.conf does not exist, create one.
+
+    DEVICE /dev/sd[bcde]1 /dev/sd[ab]1
+     
+    ARRAY /dev/md0 devices=/dev/sdb1,/dev/sdc1
+    ARRAY /dev/md1 devices=/dev/sdd1,/dev/sde1
+    .....
+     
+    # optional email address to notify events
+    MAILADDR your@email.com
+
+After modifying mdadm configuration, restart mdadm daemon:
+
+On Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint:
+
+    # service mdadm restart
+
+On Fedora, CentOS/RHEL 7:
+
+    # systemctl restart mdmonitor
+
+On CentOS/RHEL 6:
+
+    # service mdmonitor restart 
+
+### Auto-mount a RAID Array ###
+
+Now we will add an entry in the /etc/fstab to mount the array in /mnt automatically during boot (you can specify any other mount point):
+
+    # echo "/dev/md0 /mnt ext4 defaults 0 2" << /etc/fstab 
+
+To verify that mount works okay, we now unmount the array, restart mdadm, and remount. We can see that /dev/md0 has been mounted as per the entry we just added to /etc/fstab:
+
+    # umount /mnt
+    # service mdadm restart (on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint)
+    or systemctl restart mdmonitor (on Fedora, CentOS/RHEL7)
+    or service mdmonitor restart (on CentOS/RHEL6)
+    # mount -a 
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5563/15218183681_63a10da704_z.jpg)
+
+Now we are ready to access the RAID array via /mnt mount point. To test the array, we'll copy the /etc/passwd file (any other file will do) into /mnt:
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5593/15034475219_a3476aec0a_o.png)
+
+On Debian, we need to tell the mdadm daemon to automatically start the RAID array during boot by setting the AUTOSTART variable to true in the /etc/default/mdadm file:
+
+    AUTOSTART=true
+
+### Simulating Drive Failures ###
+
+We will simulate a faulty drive and remove it with the following commands. Note that in a real life scenario, it is not necessary to mark a device as faulty first, as it will already be in that state in case of a failure.
+
+First, unmount the array:
+
+    # umount /mnt 
+
+Now, notice how the output of 'mdadm -D /dev/md0' indicates the changes after performing each command below.
+
+    # mdadm /dev/md0 --fail /dev/sdb1 #Marks /dev/sdb1 as faulty
+    # mdadm --remove /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1 #Removes /dev/sdb1 from the array
+
+Afterwards, when you have a new drive for replacement, re-add the drive again:
+
+     # mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdb1 
+
+The data is then immediately started to be rebuilt onto /dev/sdb1: 
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3855/15221267875_dfc6af8804_z.jpg)
+
+Note that the steps detailed above apply for systems with hot-swappable disks. If you do not have such technology, you will also have to stop a current array, and shutdown your system first in order to replace the part:
+
+    # mdadm --stop /dev/md0
+    # shutdown -h now 
+
+Then add the new drive and re-assemble the array:
+
+    # mdadm /dev/md0 --add /dev/sdb1
+    # mdadm --assemble /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 
+
+Hope this helps. 
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/09/create-software-raid1-array-mdadm-linux.html
+
+作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/gabriel

sources/tech/20140919 How to install Arch Linux the easy way with Evo or Lution.md

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+How to install Arch Linux the easy way with Evo/Lution
+================================================================================
+The one who ventures into an install of Arch Linux and has only experienced installing Linux with Ubuntu or Mint is in for a steep learning curve. The number of people giving up halfway is probably higher than the ones that pull it through. Arch Linux is somewhat cult in the way that you may call yourself a weathered Linux user if you succeed in setting it up and configuring it in a useful way.
+
+Even though there is a [helpful wiki][1] to guide newcomers, the requirements are still too high for some who set out to conquer Arch. You need to be at least familiar with commands like fdisk or mkfs in a terminal and have heard of mc, nano or chroot to make it through this endeavour. It reminds me of a Debian install 10 years ago.
+
+For those ambitious souls that still lack some knowledge, there is an installer in the form of an ISO image called [Evo/Lution Live ISO][2] to the rescue. Even though it is booted like a distribution of its own, it does nothing but assist with installing a barebone Arch Linux. Evo/Lution is a project that aims to diversify the user base of Arch by providing a simple way of installing Arch as well as a community that provides comprehensive help and documentation to that group of users. In this mix, Evo is the (non-installable) live CD and Lution is the installer itself. The project's founders see a widening gap between Arch developers and users of Arch and its derivative distributions, and want to build a community with equal roles between all participants. 
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5559/15067088008_ecb221408c_z.jpg)
+
+The software part of the project is the CLI installer Lution-AIS which explains every step of what happens during the installation of a pure vanilla Arch. The resulting installation will have all the latest software that Arch has to offer without adding anything from AUR or any other custom packages.
+
+After booting up the ISO image, which weighs in at 422 MB, we are presented with a workspace consisting of a Conky display on the right with shortcuts to the options and a LX-Terminal on the left waiting to run the installer.
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5560/15067056888_6345c259db_z.jpg)
+
+After setting off the actual installer by either right-clicking on the desktop or using ALT-i, you are presented with a list of 16 jobs to be run. It makes sense to run them all unless you know better. You can either run them one by one or make a selection like 1 3 6 or 1-4 or do them all at once by entering 1-16. Most steps need to be confirmed with a 'y' for yes, and the next task waits for you to hit Enter. This will allow time to read the installation guide which is hidden behind ALT-g or even walking away from it. 
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3868/15253227082_5e7219f72d_z.jpg)
+
+The 16 steps are divided in "Base Install" and "Desktop Install". The first group takes care of localization, partitioning, and installing a bootloader.
+
+The installer leads you through partitioning with gparted, gdisk, and cfdisk as options.
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3873/15230603226_56bba60d28_z.jpg)
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3860/15253610055_e6a2a7a1cb_z.jpg)
+
+After you have created partitions (e.g., /dev/sda1 for root and /dev/sda2 for swap using gparted as shown in the screenshot), you can choose 1 out of 10 file systems. In the next step, you can choose your kernel (latest or LTS) and base system.
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5560/15253610085_aa5a9557fb_z.jpg)
+
+After installing the bootloader of your choice, the first part of the install is done, which takes approximately 12 minutes. This is the point where in plain Arch Linux you reboot into your system for the first time.
+
+With Lution you just move on to the second part which installs Xorg, sound and graphics drivers, and then moves on to desktop environments.
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3918/15066917430_c21e0f0a9e_z.jpg)
+
+The installer detects if an install is done in VirtualBox, and will automatically install and load the right generic drivers for the VM and sets up **systemd** accordingly.
+
+In the next step,  you can choose between the desktop environments KDE, Gnome, Cinnamon, LXDE, Enlightenment, Mate or XFCE. Should you not be friends with the big ships, you can also go with a Window manager like Awesome, Fluxbox, i3, IceWM, Openbox or PekWM. 
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3874/15253610125_26f913be20_z.jpg)
+
+Part two of the installer will take under 10 minutes with Cinnamon as the desktop environment; however, KDE will take longer due to a much larger download.
+
+Lution-AIS worked like a charm on two tries with Cinnamon and Awesome. After the installer was done and prompted me to reboot, it took me to the desired environments.
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3885/15270946371_c2def59f37_z.jpg)
+
+I have only two points to criticize: when the installer offered me to choose a mirror list and when it created the fstab file. In both cases it opened a second terminal, prompting me with an informational text. It took me a while to figure out I had to close the terminals before the installer would move on. When it prompts you after creating fstab, you need to close the terminal, and answer 'yes' when asked if you want to save the file. 
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3874/15067056958_3bba63da60_z.jpg)
+
+The second of my issues probably has to do with VirtualBox. When starting up, you may see a message that no network has been detected. Clicking on the top icon on the left will open wicd, the network manager that is used here. Clicking on "Disconnect" and then "Connect" and restarting the installer will get it automatically detected. 
+
+Evo/Lution seems a worthwhile project, where Lution works fine. Not much can be said on the community part yet.  They started a brand new website, forum, and wiki that need to be filled with content first. So if you like the idea, join [their forum][3] and let them know. The ISO image can be downloaded from [the website][4].
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/09/install-arch-linux-easy-way-evolution.html
+
+作者：[Ferdinand Thommes][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/ferdinand
+[1]:https://wiki.archlinux.org/
+[2]:http://www.evolutionlinux.com/
+[3]:http://www.evolutionlinux.com/forums/
+[4]:http://www.evolutionlinux.com/downloads.html

sources/tech/20140919 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to create a MySQL database from the command line.md

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+Linux FAQs with Answers--How to create a MySQL database from the command line
+================================================================================
+> **Question**: I have a MySQL server up and running somewhere. How can I create and populate a MySQL database from the command line? 
+
+To create a MySQL database from the command line, you can use mysql CLI client. Here is a step-by-step procedure to create and populate a MySQL database using mysql client from the command line.
+
+### Step One: Install MySQL Client ###
+
+Of course you need to make sure that MySQL client program is installed. If not, you can install it as follows.
+
+On Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint:
+
+    $ sudo apt-get install mysql-client 
+
+On Fedora, CentOS or RHEL:
+
+    $ sudo yum install mysql 
+
+### Step Two: Log in to a MySQL Server ###
+
+To begin, first log in to your MySQL server as root with the following command:
+
+    $ mysql -u root -h <mysql-server-ip-address> -p 
+
+Note that to be able to log in to a remote MySQL server, you need to [enable remote access on the server][1]. If you are invoking mysql command on the same host where the MySQL server is running, you can omit "-h <mysql-server-ip-address>" as follows.
+
+    $ mysql -u root -p 
+
+You will be then asked for the password of the MySQL root user. If the authentication succeeds, the MySQL prompt will appear.
+
+![](https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/15272971112/)
+
+### Step Three: Create a MySQL Database ###
+
+Before you start typing commands at the MySQL prompt, remember that each command must end with a semicolon (otherwise it will not execute). In addition, consider using uppercase letters for commands and lowercase letter for database objects. Note that this is not required but helpful for reading.
+
+Now, let's create a database named xmodulo_DB:
+
+    mysql> CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS xmodulo_DB; 
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3864/15086792487_8e2eaedbcd.jpg)
+
+### Step Four: Create a MySQL Table ###
+
+For a demonstration purpose, we will create a tabled called posts_tbl where we want to store the following information about posts:
+
+- Text of article
+- Author's first name
+- Author's last name
+- Whether the post is enabled (visible) or not
+- Date when article was posted 
+
+This process is actually performed in two steps:
+
+First, select the database that we want to use:
+
+    mysql> USE xmodulo_DB; 
+
+Then create a new table in the database:
+
+    mysql> CREATE TABLE 'posts_tbl' (
+    'post_id' INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
+    'content' TEXT,
+    'author_FirstName' VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
+    'author_LastName' VARCHAR(50) DEFAULT NULL ,
+    'isEnabled' TINYINT(1) NOT NULL DEFAULT 1,
+    'date' TIMESTAMP NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ,
+    PRIMARY KEY ( 'post_id' )
+    ) TYPE = MYISAM; 
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3870/15086654980_39d2d54d72.jpg)
+
+### Step Five: Create a User Account and Grant Permissions ###
+
+When it comes to accessing our newly created database and tables, it's a good idea to create a new user account, so it can access that database (and that database only) without full permissions to the whole MySQL server.
+
+You can create a new user, grant permissions and apply changes in two easy steps as follows:
+
+    mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON xmodulo_DB.* TO 'new_user'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'new_password';
+    mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; 
+
+where 'new_user' and 'new_password' refer to the new user account name and its password, respectively. This information will be stored in the mysql.user table, and the password will be encrypted.
+
+### Step Six: Testing ###
+
+Let's insert one dummy record to the posts_tbl table:
+
+    mysql> USE xmodulo_DB;
+    mysql> INSERT INTO posts_tbl (content, author_FirstName, author_LastName)
+    VALUES ('Hi! This is some dummy text.', 'Gabriel', 'Canepa'); 
+
+Then view all the records in posts_tbl table:
+
+    mysql> SELECT * FROM posts_tbl; 
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3896/15086792527_39a987d8bd_z.jpg)
+
+Note that MySQL automatically inserted the proper default values in the fields where we defined them earlier (e.g., 'isEnabled' and 'date').
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/create-mysql-database-command-line.html
+
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://xmodulo.com/2012/06/how-to-allow-remote-access-to-mysql.html

sources/tech/20140919 Network Installation of Debian 7 (Whezzy) on Client Machines using DNSMASQ Network Boot Server.md

@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+Network Installation of “Debian 7 (Whezzy) on Client Machines using DNSMASQ Network Boot Server
+================================================================================
+This tutorial will guide you on how you can install **Debian 7 (Whezzy)** directly from a network location using **DNSMASQ** as a **PXE Server (Preboot eXecution Environment)**, in case your server doesn’t provide any method to boot from a CD/DVD/USB media drive or it just can operate with an attached monitor, keyboard and mouse.
+
+![Debian 7 Network Installation on Client Machines](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Network-Debian-Instalaltion.png)
+
+Debian 7 Network Installation on Client Machines
+
+**DNSMASQ** is a lightweight network infrastructure server which can provide crucial network services such as DNS, DHCP and Network Boot, using a build-in DNS, DHCP and TFTP server.
+
+Once the PXE server is up and running you can instruct all your clients machines to directly boot from network, with the specifications that your clients must own a network card that supports network booting, which can be enabled from BIOS under Network Boot or Boot Services option.
+
+### Requirements ###
+
+- [Debian 7 (Wheezy) Installation Guide][1]
+
+### Step 1: Install and Configure DNSMASQ Server ###
+
+**1.** On first hand, after you install Debian Server assure that your system uses a **Static IP Address**, because, besides network booting, will also provide DHCP service for your entire network segment. Once the Static IP Address has been configured run the following command from root account or using a user with root powers to install DNSMASQ server.
+
+    # apt-get install dnsmasq
+
+![Install Dnsmasq Package](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Install-Dnsmasq-in-Debian.png)
+
+Install Dnsmasq Package
+
+**2.** Once DNSMASQ package installed, you can start editing its configuration file. First create a backup of the main configuration and then start editing **dnsmasq.conf** file by issuing the following commands.
+
+    # mv /etc/dnsmasq.conf  /etc/dnsmasq.conf.backup
+    # nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf
+
+![Backup Dnsmasq Configuration](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Backup-dnsmasq-Configuration-file.png)
+
+Backup Dnsmasq Configuration
+
+**3.** The above backup process consisted on renaming the main configuration file, so the new file should be an empty one. Use the following excerpt for **DNSMASQ** configuration file as described below.
+
+    interface=eth0
+    domain=debian.lan
+    dhcp-range=192.168.1.3,192.168.1.253,255.255.255.0,1h
+    dhcp-boot=pxelinux.0,pxeserver,192.168.1.100
+    pxe-prompt="Press F8 for menu.", 60
+    #pxe-service types: x86PC, PC98, IA64_EFI, Alpha, Arc_x86, Intel_Lean_Client, IA32_EFI, BC_EFI, Xscale_EFI and X86-64_EFI
+    pxe-service=x86PC, "Install Debian 7 Linux from network server 192.168.1.100", pxelinux
+    enable-tftp
+    tftp-root=/srv/tftp
+
+![Configuration of Dnsmasq](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Configure-dnsmasq.png)
+
+Configuration of Dnsmasq
+
+- **interface** – The network interface that the server should listen.
+- **domain** – Replace it with your domain name.
+- **dhcp-range** – Replace it with your network IP range defined by your network mask.
+- **dhcp-boot** – Leave it as default but replace the IP statement with your server IP Address.
+- **pxe-prompt** – Leave it as default – requires **F8 key strike** to enter menu 60 with seconds wait time.
+- **pxe=service** – Use **x86PC** for 32-bit/64-bit architectures and enter a menu description prompt under string quotes. Other values types can be: PC98, IA64_EFI, Alpha, Arc_x86, Intel_Lean_Client, IA32_EFI, BC_EFI, Xscale_EFI and X86-64_EFI.
+- **enable-tftp** – Enables the build-in TFTP server.
+- **tftp-root** – Use /srv/tftp is the location for Debian netboot files.
+
+### Step 2: Download Debian Netboot Files and Open Firewall Connection ###
+
+**4.** Now it’s time to download Debian Network Boot files. First, change your current working directory path to **TFTP Root** location defined by the last configuration statement (**/srv/tftp** system path ).
+
+Go to a offical page mirror of [Debian Netinstall][2] – [Network boot section][3] and grab the following files depending on your system architecture that you want to install it on your clients.
+
+Once, you download **netboot.tar.gz** file, extract archive at the same time (this procedure describes only for 64-bit but the same procedure applies for other system architectures).
+
+    # cd /srv/tftp/
+    # wget http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/dists/wheezy/main/installer-amd64/current/images/netboot/netboot.tar.gz
+    # tar xfz netboot.tar.gz
+    # wget http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/dists/wheezy/main/installer-amd64/current/images/SHA256SUMS
+    # wget http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/dists/wheezy/Release
+    # wget http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/dists/wheezy/Release.gpg
+
+Also it may be necessary to make all files in **TFTP** directory readable for TFTP server.
+
+    # chmod -R 755 /srv/tftp/
+
+![Download Debian NetBoot Files](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Download-Debian-NetBoot-Files.png)
+
+Download Debian NetBoot Files
+
+Use the following variables for **Debian Netinstall** mirrors and architectures.
+
+    # wget http://"$YOURMIRROR"/debian/dists/wheezy/main/installer-"$ARCH"/current/images/netboot/netboot.tar.gz
+    # wget http://"$YOURMIRROR"/debian/dists/wheezy/main/installer-"$ARCH"/current/images/SHA256SUMS
+    # wget http://"$YOURMIRROR"/debian/dists/wheezy/Release
+    # wget http://"$YOURMIRROR"/debian/dists/wheezy/Release.gpg
+
+**5.** On the next step start or restart DNSMASQ daemon and run netstat command to get a list of ports that the server is listening.
+
+    # service dnsmasq restart
+    # netstat -tulpn | grep dnsmasq
+
+![Start Dnsmasq Service](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Start-Dnsmasq-Service.png)
+
+Start Dnsmasq Service
+
+**6.** Debian based distribution usually ships with **UFW Firewall** package. Use the following commands to open the required **DNSMASQ** port numbers: **67** (Bootps), **69** (TFTP) **53** (DNS), **4011** (proxyDHCP) udp and **53** tcp (DNS).
+
+    # ufw allow 69/udp
+    # ufw allow 4011/udp   ## Only if you have a ProxyDHCP on the network
+    # ufw allow 67/udp
+    # ufw allow 53/tcp
+    # ufw allow 53/udp
+
+![Open Dnsmasq Ports](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Open-Dnsmasq-Ports-620x303.png)
+
+Open Dnsmasq Ports
+
+Now, the PXE loader located on your client network interface will load **pxelinux** configuration files from **/srv/tftp/pxelinux.cfg** directory using this order.
+
+- GUID files
+- MAC files
+- Default file
+
+### Step 3: Configure Clients to Boot from Network ###
+
+**7.** To enable network boot for a client computer enter your system **BIOS configuration** (please consult the hardware motherboard vendor documentation for entering BIOS settings).
+
+Go to **Boot menu** and select **Network boot** as the **primary boot device** (on some systems you can select the boot device without entering BIOS configuration just by pressing a key during **BIOS POST**).
+
+![Select BIOS Settings](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Select-BIOS-Settings.png)
+
+Select BIOS Settings
+
+**8.** After editing the boot order sequence, usually, press **F10** to save BIOS settings. After reboot, your client computer should boot directly from network and the first **PXE** prompt should appear demanding you to press **F8** key to enter menu.
+
+Next, hit **F8** key to move forward and a new prompt should appear. Hit **Enter** key again and the main **Debian Installer** prompt should appear on your screen as in the screenshots below.
+
+![Boot Menu Selection](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Boot-Menu-Selection.png)
+
+Boot Menu Selection
+
+![Select Debian Installer Boot](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Select-Debian-Installer-Boot.png)
+
+Select Debian Installer Boot
+
+![Select Debian Install](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Select-Debian-Install.png)
+
+Select Debian Install
+
+From here on you can start install Debian on your machine using the Debian 7 Wheezy procedure (installation link given above), but you can also need to make sure that your machine has an active Internet connection in order to be able to finish installation process.
+
+### Step 4: Debug DNSMASQ Server and Enable it System-Wide ###
+
+**9.** To diagnosticate the server for eventual occurred problems or other information offered to clients run the following command to open log file.
+
+    # tailf /var/log/daemon.log
+
+![Debug DNSMASQ Server](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Debbug-DNSMASQ-Server.png)
+
+Debug DNSMASQ Server
+
+**10.** If everything is in place during server tests you can now enable **DNSMASQ** daemon to automatically start after system reboot with the help of **sysv-rc-conf** package.
+
+    # apt-get install sysv-rc-conf
+    # sysv-rc-conf dnsmaq on
+
+![Enable DNSMASQ Daemon](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Enable-DNSMASQ-Daemon.png)
+
+Enable DNSMASQ Daemon
+
+That’s all! Now your **PXE** server is ready to allocate IP addresses (**DHCP**) and to offer the required boot information for all your network segment clients which will be configured to boot and install Debian Wheezy from network.
+
+Using PXE network boot installation has some advantages on networks with an increased number of server hosts because you can set up the entire network infrastructure in a short period of time or the same time, facilitates the distribution upgrading process, and, can also automate the entire installation process using kickstart files.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.tecmint.com/network-installation-of-debian-7-on-client-machines/
+
+作者：[Matei Cezar][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/cezarmatei/
+[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/debian-gnulinux-7-0-code-name-wheezy-server-installation-guide/
+[2]:http://www.debian.org/distrib/netinst#netboot
+[3]:http://ftp.nl.debian.org/debian/dists/wheezy/main/

translated/news/20140919 Mir and Unity 8 Status Update Arrives from Ubuntu Devs.md

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+来自Ubuntu开发团队关于Mir和Unity 8的状态更新
+================================================================================
+> 目前Unity 8和Mir的开发进度很慢，但是仍在进行中
+
+![](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Mir-and-Unity-8-Update-Arrive-from-Ubuntu-Devs-459263-2.jpg)
+
+**和其他项目一样，Canonical也在开发Unity桌面环境与Mir显示服务。开发团队刚刚发布了一个小的更新来据此让我们知道发生了些什么**
+
+Ubuntu开发者可能刚刚集中精力在一些重要的发布上，就像接下来的Ubuntu 14.10(Utopic Unicorn) 或者是新的面向移动设备的Ubuntu Touch，但是他们同样也涉及想Mir以及Unity 8这样的项目。
+
+目前这代Ubuntu系统使用的是Unity 7桌面环境，但是新一代已经酝酿了很长一段时间。与新的显示服务一起，已经在Ubuntu的移动版中了，但最终也要将它带到桌面上。
+
+这两个项目的领导Kevin Gunn经常发布一些来自开发者的进度信息以及这周以来的一些改变，虽然这些都很粗略。
+
+根据 [开发团队][1]的消息, 一些关于触摸/高难度的问题已经修正了，几个翻译问题也已经修复了，一些Dash UI相关的问题已经修复了，目前 团队在开发Mir 0.8，Mir 0.7.2已经推广了，同时一些高优先级的bug也在进行中。
+
+你可以下载 Ubuntu Next
+
+- [Ubuntu 14.10 Daily Build (ISO) 64-bit][2]
+- [Ubuntu 14.10 Daily Build (ISO) 32-bit][3]
+- [Ubuntu 14.10 Daily Build (ISO) 64-bit Mac][4]
+- [Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Daily Build (ISO) 64-bit][5]
+- [Ubuntu Desktop Next 14.10 Daily Build (ISO) 32-bit][6]
+
+这个的特性是新的Unity 8以及Mir，但是还不完全。直到有一个明确的方向之前，它还会持续一会。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Mir-and-Unity-8-Update-Arrive-from-Ubuntu-Devs-459263.shtml
+
+作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
+[1]:https://lists.launchpad.net/ubuntu-phone/msg09875.html
+[2]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/daily-live/current/utopic-desktop-amd64.iso
+[3]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/daily-live/current/utopic-desktop-i386.iso
+[4]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/daily-live/current/utopic-desktop-amd64+mac.iso
+[5]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-desktop-next/daily-live/current/utopic-desktop-amd64.iso
+[6]:http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-desktop-next/daily-live/current/utopic-desktop-i386.iso

translated/news/20140919 Netflix Offers to Work with Ubuntu to Bring Native Playback to All.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+Netflix与Ubuntu合作带来在Ubuntu上回放Netflix节目的功能
+================================================================================
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/netflix-ubuntu.jpg)
+
+**我们[上个月见到Netflix刚关闭了在Linux上的支持][1]，现在我们只需几个简单的步骤就可以在Ubuntu桌面上启用HTML 5视频流了。
+
+现在Netflix想要更近一部。它希望给Ubuntu带来真正的开箱即用的Netflix回放。现在需要的就是更新**网络安全**服务库。
+
+### 原生Netflix? Neato. ###
+
+在一封寄给Ubuntu开发者邮件列表的[邮件中][2]，Netflix的Paul Adolph解释了现在的情况：
+
+> “如果NSS的版本是3.16.2或者更高的话，Netflix可以在14.02的稳定版Chrome中播放。如果版本超过了14.02,Netflix会作出一些改变来避免用户不得不对客户端进行一些修改才能播放。”
+
+很快要发布的Ubuntu 14.10提供了更新的[NSS v3.17][3], Ubuntu 14.04 LTS — 这个被大多数用户使用的版本 — 目前提供v3.15.x。
+
+
+NSS是一系列的库，支持多种安全功能的客户端和服务端应用，包括SSL，TLS，PKCS和其他安全标准。热终于让Ubuntu LTS用户可以用上原声HTML5 Netflix， Paul 问道：
+
+>”让一个新的NSS版本进入更新流的过程是什么？或者有人可以给我提供正确的联系么？“
+
+Netflix began offering HTML5 video playback on Windows 8.1 and OS X Yosemite earlier this year, negating the need for any extra downloads or plugins. The switch has been made possible through the [Encrypted Media Extension][4] spec.
+Netflix今年早期时在Windows 8.1和OSX Yosemite上提供HTML5视频回放，而否定了任何额外的下载或者插件。现在可以通过[加密媒体扩展][4]特性来使用
+
+虽然我们等待这讨论取得进展（并且希望可以完全解决），但是你仍可以在Ubuntu上[下面的指导来][5]修改HTML5 Netflix。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/09/netflix-linux-html5-nss-change-request
+
+作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
+[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/netflix-linux-html5-support-plugins
+[2]:https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel-discuss/2014-September/015048.html
+[3]:https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Projects/NSS/NSS_3.17_release_notes
+[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encrypted_Media_Extensions
+[5]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/netflix-linux-html5-support-plugins

translated/talk/20140818 Where And How To Code--Choosing The Best Free Code Editor.md

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+在哪儿以及怎么写代码：选择最好的免费代码编辑器
+================================================================================
+深入了解一下Cloud9，Koding和Nitrous.IO。
+
+![](http://a2.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fill,h_900,q_70,w_1600/MTIzMDQ5NjYzODM4NDU1MzA4.jpg)
+
+**已经准备好开始你的第一个编程项目了吗？很好！只要配置一下**终端或命令行，学习如何使用并安装所有要用到的编程语言，插件库和API函数库。当最终准备好一切以后，再安装好[Visual Studio][1]就可以开始了，然后才可以预览自己的工作。
+
+至少这是大家过去已经熟悉的方式。
+
+也难怪初学程序员们逐渐喜欢上在线集成开发环境(IDE)了。IDE是一个代码编辑器，不过已经准备好编程语言以及所有需要的依赖，可以让你避免把它们一一安装到电脑上的麻烦。
+
+我想搞清楚到底是哪些因素能组成一个典型的IDE，所以我试用了一下免费级别的时下最受欢迎的三款集成开发环境：[Cloud9][2]，[Koding][3]和[Nitrous.IO][4]。在这个过程中，我了解了许多程序员应该或不应该使用IDE的各种情形。
+
+### 为什么要用IDE？ ###
+
+假如有一个像Microsoft Word那样的文字编辑器，想想类似Google Drive那样的IDE吧。你可以拥有类似的功能，但是它还能支持从任意电脑上访问，还能随时共享。因为因特网在项目工作流中的影响已经越来越重要，IDE也让生活更轻松。
+
+在我最近的一篇ReadWrite教程中我使用了Nitrous.IO，这是在文章[创建一个你自己的像Yo那样的极端简单的聊天应用][5]里的一个Python应用。当使用IDE的时候，你只要选择你要用的编程语言，然后通过IDE特别设计用来运行这种语言程序的虚拟机（VM），你就可以测试和预览你的应用了。
+
+如果你读过那篇教程，就会知道我的那个应用只用到了两个API库－信息服务Twilio和Python微框架Flask。在我的电脑上就算是使用文字编辑器和终端来做也是很简单的，不过我选择使用IDE还有一个方便的地方：如果大家都使用同样的开发环境，跟着教程一步步走下去就更简单了。
+
+### IDE不能做的事情 ###
+
+到目前为止，IDE还不是一个长期托管方案。
+
+当你使用IDE工作的时候，你可以在云上构建，测试和预览你的应用。你甚至还可以直接通过链接共享你的最终作品。
+
+但是不能用IDE来永久存储你的整个项目。把帖子保存在Google Drive文件中不会让你的博客丢失。类似Google Drive，IDE可以让你创建链接用于共享内容，但是任何一个都还不足以替代真正的托管服务器。
+
+还有，IDE并不是设计成方便广泛共享。尽管各种IDE都在不断改善大多数文字编辑器的预览功能，还只能用来给你的朋友或同事展示一下应用预览，而不是，比如说，类似Hacker News的主页。那样的话，占用太多带宽的IDE也许会让你崩溃。
+
+这样说吧：IDE只是构建和测试你的应用的地方，托管服务器才是它们生存的地方。所以一旦完成了你的应用，你会希望把它布置到能长期托管的云服务器上，最好是能免费托管的那种，例如[Heroku][6]。
+
+### 选择一个IDE ###
+
+![](http://a2.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fit,w_630/MTIzNjEzMTg5MjA2NDc2MzAy.png)
+
+随着IDE变得越来越流行，选择也越来越多。在我眼里，没有一个是完美的。不过，还是有些IDE在完成某些工作方面相对来说有些优势。
+
+我尝试了一下免费级别的三个最受欢迎的集成开发环境：Cloud9，Koding和Nitrous.IO。每一个都有自己的优点，当然跟你用来做的事情有关系。下面就是我的发现。
+
+### Cloud9：乐于协作 ###
+
+当我完成了Cloud9的注册后，它提示的第一件事情就是添加我的GitHub和BitBucket账号。马上，所有我的GitHub项目，个人的和协作的，都可以直接克隆到本地并使用Cloud9的开发工具开始工作。其他的IDE在和GitHub集成的方面都没有达到这种水准。
+
+在我测试的这三款IDE中，Cloud9看起来更加侧重于一个可以让协同工作的人们无缝衔接工作的环境。在这里，它并不是角落里放个聊天窗口。实际上，按照CEO Ruben Daniels说的，试用Cloud9的协作者可以互相看到其他人实时的编码情况，就像Google Drive上的合作者那样。
+
+“大多数IDE服务的协同功能只能操作单一文件”，Daniels说，“而我们的产品可以支持整个项目中的不同文件。协同功能被完美集成到了我们的IDE中。”
+
+### Koding：在你需要的时候能提供帮助 ###
+
+IDE可以提供你所需的工具来构建和测试所有开源编程语言的应用。对于初学者来说，看起来有点吓人。举个例子，如果我要做一个项目同时用到Python和Ruby组件，那我要用哪个VM来测试？
+
+答案是两个都要，尽管使用免费账号的话，只能够同时打开一个VM用于测试。我就在Koding的控制面板里找到了答案，一个折叠起来的地方，用户可以提供或获得他们Koding项目的各种经验。在这三者中间，它是最容易使用的，拥有一个你可以寻求帮助并很快有人回答的地方。
+
+“我们在这款产品里加入了一个积极的社区功能”，Koding的首席商务官Nitin Gupta说，“我们希望搭建一个环境，真正吸引那些希望得到帮助和愿意提供帮助的人们。”
+
+### Nitrous.IO: An IDE Wherever You Want ###
+
+相对于自己的桌面环境，使用IDE的最大优势是它是自包含的。你不需要安装任何其他的就可以使用。而另一方面，使用自己的桌面环境的最大优势就是你可以在本地工作，甚至在没有互联网的情况下。
+
+Nitrous.IO结合了这两个优势。你可以在网站上在线使用这个IDE，你也可以把它下载到自己的饿电脑上，共同创始人AJ Solimine这样说。优点是你可以结合Nitrous的集成性和你最喜欢的文字编辑器的熟悉。
+
+他说：“你可以使用任意当代浏览器访问Nitrous.IO的在线IDE网站，但我们仍然提供了方便的Windows和Mac桌面应用，可以让你使用你最喜欢的编辑器来写代码。”
+
+### 底线 ###
+
+这一个星期的[使用][7]三个不同IDE的最让我意外的收获？它们是如此相似。[当用来做最基本的代码编辑的时候][8]，它们都一样的好用。
+
+Cloud9，Koding，[和Nitrous.IO都支持][9]所有主流的开源编程语言，从Ruby到Python到PHP到HTML5。你可以选择任何一种VM。
+
+Cloud9和Nitrous.IO都实现了GitHub的一键集成。Koding需要[多几个步骤][10]，不过也是可以实现的。
+
+每一个都轻松地集成了我需要的API。每一个也都可以让我自己安装喜欢的包（Koding需要超级用户权限）。它们都带有内置的终端，可以用来轻松地测试和布置项目。三个都支持轻松地预览项目。当然，它们也都把我的项目托管在云服务器中，所以我在任意地方都可以在上边工作。
+
+不好的一面，它们都有相同的缺陷，不过考虑到它们都是免费的也还合理。你每次只能同时运行一个VM来测试特定编程语言写出的程序。而当你一段时间没有使用VM之后，IDE会把VM切换成休眠模式以节省带宽，而下次要用的时候就得等它重新加载（Cloud9在这一点上更加费力）。它们中也没有任何一个为已完成的项目提供像样的永久托管服务。
+
+所以，对咨询我是否有一个完美的免费IDE的人，答案是可能没有。但是这也要看你侧重的地方，对你的某个项目来说也许有一个完美的IDE。
+
+图片由[Shutterstock][11]友情提供
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://readwrite.com/2014/08/14/cloud9-koding-nitrousio-integrated-development-environment-ide-coding
+
+作者：[Lauren Orsini][a]
+译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://readwrite.com/author/lauren-orsini
+[1]:http://www.visualstudio.com/
+[2]:http://c9.io/
+[3]:https://koding.com/
+[4]:http://nitrous.io/
+[5]:http://readwrite.com/2014/07/11/one-click-messaging-app
+[6]:http://heroku.com/
+[7]:http://help.nitrous.io/ide-general/
+[8]:https://www.nitrous.io/desktop
+[9]:https://www.nitrous.io/desktop
+[10]:https://koding.com/Activity/steps-clone-projects-github-koding-1-create-account-github-2-open-your-terminal-3
+[11]:http://www.shutterstock.com/

translated/talk/20140818 Why Your Company Needs To Write More Open Source Software.md

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+为什么你的公司需要参与更多开源软件的编写
+================================================================================
+>闭关锁国是产生不了创新的。
+
+![](http://a5.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fill,h_900,q_70,w_1600/MTE5NDg0MDYxMTkxMzQxNTgz.jpg)
+
+
+**华尔街日报 [称][1]，有消息表明，Zulily正在开发** 更多的内部软件，但实际上根本不是。多年前[Eric Raymond写道][2]，全世界95%的软件写来用的，而不是售卖。原因很多，但是其中有一个比较突出：正如Zulily的CIO Luke Friang所说，几乎没有一个[非定制]软件解决方案能跟上我们的步伐。 
+
+20年前是这样，现在也是这样。
+
+但是有一点是不同的，这也正是华尔街日报完全忽略的地方。而这也正是历史上开发的内部软件始终保持着专有的原因了，因为她是一个公司的 核心竞争力。然而今天，越来越多的公司意识到另一面：开源内部软件将会比保持专有获益更多。
+
+这也就是为什么你的公司需要为开源项目做出更多的贡献。记住是更多。
+
+我们刚刚经历了一个很不一样的20年，那时很多软件的开发都是为了内部的使用，大多数人的精力都放在由SAP和微软这样的厂商建立的应用广泛的企业级解决方案。
+
+不管怎么说，这都是一个理论。
+
+在实践中，买方花费很少的钱购买license，然后至少付出5倍以上的代价来使软件符合他们的需求。比如说，一个公司可能在一个ERP系统上花费  100,000美元，但是他们还得继续花费500,000来维持软件正常运行。
+
+开源软件甚至是应用程序正式发展起来的原因之一是很多公司可以免费获得一些功能性的产品（或者是以一个相对便宜的费用获得产品）， 然后定制为他们所需要的。不管怎样，定制是有必要的，而且开源的根本是使成本更低，或许，这样的定制或许能产生更好的结果。
+
+同时，开发者尽量的减少同类之间的相似之处。作为Redmonk分析师，[Stephen O'Grady认为][3]:
+
+> 从最近几年看，主流技术产业都有意避开专业化。运行在定制操作系统上的虚拟设备，已经彻底败给了RHEL和Windowns这些通用的操作系统。 最快20年，任何程序的数据保存都意味着一件事：一个关联的数据库，如果你要做的是企业级应用开发，那么你首先要接触的是Java，等等。
+
+然而，开源的道路上，一些公司也发现，有些销售商不能很好地描述他们所想要的，即便是很好理解的产品类别，如像内容管理系统，他们需要 知道的是产品亮点，而不希望是一个模子刻出来的。
+
+所以顾客没了，他们中有一部分上转变变成了供应商。
+
+这也是常有的事，[O'Grady指出了][4]这一点。2010年，O'Grady发现了一个有趣的现象：“软件提供商正面对着一个强有力的市场竞争者：他们 的顾客。” 
+
+回想一下今天的高科技，大多数都是开源的，几乎所有的项目一开始都是某些公司的内部项目，或者仅仅是有些开发者的爱好，Linux，Git，Hadoop，Cassandra，MongDB，Android，等等。没有一个项目起初是为了售卖而产生的。
+
+相反，这些项目通常是由一些公司维护，他们使用开源的资源来构建软件并[完善软件][5]，这主要是一些Web公司。不像以前银行，医院和一些组织开发的软件只供内部使用，他们开源源码。
+
+虽然，[有些公司避免定制软件][6]，因为他们不想自己维护它，开源(稍微)减轻了这些发展中公司来维护一个项目的压力。从而为项目发起人均摊项目的开发成本，Yahoo，开始于Hadoop，但是现在最大的贡献者是Cloudera和Hortonworks。Facebook开始于Cassandra，但是现在主要是靠DataStax在维护。等等。
+
+今天，真正的软件创新并不是闭门造车能造出来的，即便是可以，它也不会在那儿，开源项目颠覆了几十年的软件开发传统。
+
+这不仅仅是一个人的一点点力量。
+
+最好的开源项目都[发展得很快][7]，但是这并不意味着别人在乎你的开源代码。[开放你的源码有显著的优缺点][8]，其中一个很重要的优点是 很多伟大的开发者都希望为开源做出贡献：如果你也想找一个伟大的开发者跟你一起，你需要给他们一个开放的源代码来让他们工作。（[Netflix][9]说）
+
+但是，我们没有理由站在一边看，现在正是时候参与开源社区了，而不是一些不清楚的社区。是的，开源最大的参与者正是你们和你们的公司。 赶紧开始吧。
+
+主要图片来自于Shutterstock. (注：Shutterstock是美国的一家摄影图片网站。)
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://readwrite.com/2014/08/16/open-source-software-business-zulily-erp-wall-street-journal
+
+作者：[Matt Asay][a]
+译者：[barney-ro](https://github.com/barney-ro)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://readwrite.com/author/matt-asay
+[1]:http://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2014/08/08/zulily-calls-in-house-software-a-differentiator-for-competitive-advantage/
+[2]:http://oreilly.com/catalog/cathbazpaper/chapter/ch05.html
+[3]:http://redmonk.com/sogrady/2010/01/12/roll-your-own/#ixzz3ATBuZsef
+[4]:http://redmonk.com/sogrady/2010/01/12/roll-your-own/
+[5]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cathedral_and_the_Bazaar
+[6]:http://www.abajournal.com/magazine/article/roll_your_own_software_hidden_dangers_on_the_road_less_traveled/
+[7]:http://readwrite.com/2013/12/12/open-source-innovation
+[8]:http://readwrite.com/2014/07/07/open-source-software-pros-cons
+[9]:http://techblog.netflix.com/2012/07/open-source-at-netflix-by-ruslan.html

translated/talk/20140825 China Will Change The Way All Software Is Bought And Sold.md

@@ -1,67 +0,0 @@
-中国将要改变软件购买和销售的方式
-================================================================================
-![](http://a5.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fill,h_900,q_70,w_1600/MTE5NDg0MDYyMzQ4MzE0MTI3.jpg)
-
-> 这一切都是关于“开源”.
-
-**中国并不需要开源，也不需要你的软件。具体说来，中国市场并不需要你的工程师日以继夜的工作，也不需要你提供的任何东西。
-
-中国每年会产生超过100000名新软件工程师们，这些工程师会写出一大批令人惊叹的奇妙软件。如果有中国市场上尚未出现的软件，中国的工程师们就会从国外“借鉴”。在2012年，这样的软件掠夺达到了77%之多。对于那些已经面对着开源和云服务的挑战的软件卖家来说，中国无疑让他们的日子更苦难了。
-
-不止是更困难，简直是举步维艰。
-
-中国正在挑战西方公司在中国或者其他地方赚钱的模式。对于那些已经明白如何在中国运营的公司来说，他们的未来看起来一片光明。
-
-### 抵制中国模式 ###
-
-当然，并非每家公司都会坐以待毙。以微软为例，微软通用美国的国家司法权力来禁止中国公司做生意——除非他们像微软购买许可证。这是一种很聪明的做法，而且它可能会为微软创造数以十亿计的价值。但是最终这一做法看起来与中国市场格格不入。
-
-原因很简单，中国与微软对待知识产权的态度十分不同。
-
-正如 [我所提到的][2]，“中国的企业更倾向于购买复杂的，面向企业的软件。因为这种软件比服务大众的公司设计出来的软件更先进，就像同在亚洲的印度。”但这种形势不会持续太久，因为中国的软件产业正在以一种惊人的速度前进，并毫无颓势。中国一定会坚持向西方国家“借鉴”代码直到有一天有足够的能力可以创造出有创新能力的软件。
-
-但是即使这样，中国的软件公司与美国软件的运营模式还是有所不同，美国的软件大多都已经捆绑在设备、架构在云端或者公司只因为提供软件支持而要价。而这些运营模式中国是无法克隆的。
-
-不出所料的，每一个收费模式是公司门使用“开源”进行盈利。
-
-### 开源化中国 ###
-
-正如CCID的分析师在 [J. Aaron Farr 的关于中国开源化报告][3] 中指出的，中国的开源社区规模很小而且没什么影响力。开源社区们没有大项目、参与者稀少而且资金匮乏。
-
-这真是个坏消息。
-
-好消息是，像华为这样的公司就把开源作为一种战略前景。具体而言，当华为的开源项目过时或者不是很强势的时候，这种现象就证明了他们的科技步伐是错误的。在与参与了开源项目的华为公司内部顾问的谈话中，虽然华为对如何参与到开源社区还处于摸索阶段，但他们总是对华为的开源项目赞不绝口。
-
-这种无人关注开源的现象不会长久地持续下去。
-
-从一件事就可以看出端倪。中国最大的互联网公司们都纷纷以积极地姿态拥抱开源，这意味着中国开源时代的到来。你若是和任意一位在百度、阿里巴巴、微博的员工谈话，你会发现他们的软件项目都是彻底开源的。这些开源的软件都是运行在这些公司自己研发的硬件上而不是西方的硬件上。
-
-换句话说，这样的模式已经和西方的运营模式如出一辙了。
-
-抬头看看 [现金软件行业内最炙手可热的新公司][5]， 你就会知道中国的互联网公司未来的主流趋势，正如发生在西方世界的一样。不出意料的，许多都是关于“开源”。
-
-### 销售给中国 ###
-
-所有的一切都表明中国的软件行业不会像美国的软件行业发展历史一般发展。中国不会产生在柜台上卖卖软件就赚上亿美元的公司。因为西方对于知识产权的观念就是不适于中国的科技经济。
-
-所以，软件卖家们需要售卖币软件更丰富的产品。云服务是一大前景。硬件设施看起来也是前途璀璨。软件支持和咨询服务（虽然有一些非主流）也很被公司门看好。总而言之，中国的软件行业会充满了开源味道，而不能靠着简单的售卖专柜软件的形式赚钱。
-
-图片由 [hackNY.org][6] 提供。
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-原文: http://readwrite.com/2014/08/12/china-opensource-software-ip-programmers-united-states
-
-作者：[Matt Asay][a]
-译者：[chi1shi2](https://github.com/chi1shi2)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://readwrite.com/author/matt-asay
-[1]:http://readwrite.com/2014/03/17/microsoft-anti-piracy-strategy-china
-[2]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/11/india-starts-paying-for-software-china-it
-[3]:http://cdn.oreillystatic.com/en/assets/1/event/12/Open%20Source%20in%20China%20Presentation%201.pdf
-[4]:http://huawei.com/en/about-huawei/Partner/openathuawei/index.htm
-[5]:http://codingvc.com/which-technologies-do-startups-use-an-exploration-of-angellist-data
-[6]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/hackny/8675057448/

translated/talk/20140826 Linus Torvalds Promotes Linux for Desktops, Embedded Computing.md

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+Linus Torvalds推动Linux的桌面与嵌入式计算的发展
+================================================================================
+> Linux的内核开发者和开源领袖Linus Torvalds最近表达了关于Linux桌面和嵌入式设备中Linux的未来的看法。
+
+![](http://thevarguy.com/site-files/thevarguy.com/files/imagecache/medium_img/uploads/2014/08/linus-torvalds-1.jpg)
+
+什么是Linux桌面和嵌入式设备中Linux的未来？这是个值得讨论的问题，不过Linux的创始人和开源巨人Linus Torvalds在最近一届 [Linux 基金会][1] 的LinuxCon大会上，在一次对话中表达了一些有趣的观点。
+
+作为敲出第一版Linux内核代码并且在1991年将它们共享在互联网上的家伙，Torvalds毫无疑问是开源软件甚至是任何软件中最著名的开发者，如今他依然活跃在其中。在此期间，Torvalds是许多人和组织中唯一一个引领着Linux发展的个体，它的观点往往能影响着开源社区，而且，作为一个内核开发者的角色赋予了他能决定哪些特点和代码能被放进操作系统内部的强大权利。
+
+所以说，关注Torvalds所说的话是很值得的， "我还是挺想要桌面的。"  [上周他在LinuxCon大会上这样说道][2] 那标志着他仍然着眼于作为使个人机更加强大的操作系统Linux的未来，尽管十年来Linux桌面市场的分享一直很少，而且大部分围绕Linux的商业活动都去涉及服务器或者安卓手机硬件去了。
+
+但是，Torvalds还说，确保Linux桌面能有个宏伟的未来意味着解决了受阻的 “基础设施问题”，好像庞大的开源软件生态系统和硬件世界让他充满信心。这不是Linux核心代码本身的问题，而是要让Linux桌面渠道友好，这可能是伟大的Torvalds和他开发同伴们所需要花精力去达到的目标。这取决于app的开发者、硬件制造商和其它有志于实现人们能方便使用基于Linux的计算平台的各方力量。
+
+另一方面，Torvalds也提到了他的憧憬，就是内核开发者们能简化嵌入式装置中的Linux代码——一个在让内核更加桌面友好化上会导致很多分歧的任务。但这也不一定，因为无论如何，Linux都是以模块化设计的，单内核代码库不能同时满足桌面用户和嵌入式开发者的需求，这是没有道理的，因为这取决于他们使用的模块。
+
+作为一个长时间想看到更多搭载Linux的嵌入式设备出现的Linux桌面用户，我希望Torvalds的所有愿望都可以实现，到那时我就能只用Liunx来做所有我想做的事情，无论是在电脑桌面上、手机上、车上，或者是任何其它的地方。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/082514/linus-torvalds-promotes-linux-desktops-and-embedded-compu
+
+作者：[Christopher Tozzi][a]
+译者：[ZTinoZ](https://github.com/ZTinoZ)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://thevarguy.com/author/christopher-tozzi
+[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/
+[2]:http://www.eweek.com/enterprise-apps/linux-founder-linus-torvalds-still-wants-the-desktop.html

translated/talk/20140902 Happy Birthday Email.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Email生日快乐
+================================================================================
+**一个印度裔美国人用他天才的头脑发明了电子邮件，而从此以后我们没有哪一天可以离开电子邮件。**
+
+![](http://1-ps.googleusercontent.com/h/www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/150x150xDbOx104130AM8312014.jpg.pagespeed.ic.QJJxt_P8uE.jpg)
+
+8月30日，电子邮件满32岁了。现在让我们一起熟悉一下这个快捷迅速的信息传递方式是怎么诞生的。这要感谢以为印度裔美国人，Shiva Ayyadurai。Shiva开发了一个全功能的办公室间邮件系统软件并命名为email。
+
+在1982年8月30日，他被美国政府正式承认作为这个电脑程序的发明者。Shiva生于孟买的一个泰米尔家庭，发明email系统的时候只有14岁。当时他还在新泽西的利文斯顿高中学习，并开始为新泽西牙科和医科大学开发这个系统。email系统被授予版权，因为当时还没有其他方式被用来保护软件发明。
+
+Ayyadurai从日常办公室之间的内部邮件往来方式里找到email系统的点子。他尝试复制普遍用来传送办公室之间邮件的‘气动管道系统’。这个系统使用了一个物理的管道网络来传送打印好的邮件给秘书。每一位秘书都有收件箱，发件箱，草稿箱，复写纸，文件夹，地址本，别针，或是附件等等。所有这些都用作建立和处理接收和发送邮件。
+
+Shiva也记下了一些常用的模板，像“发给”，“来自”，“主题”，“日期”，“正文”，“抄送”，“密送”等等。所有这些模版也都被纳入电子邮件的版本中。电子邮件系统是用FORTRAN编程语言写的，Shiva发明了一个同样系统的电子版本。因为这件非凡的作品，Shiva获得了无数嘉奖，也赢得了1981年度高中毕业生的西屋科学天才奖。如今，由史密森学会美国历史国家博物馆持有“Email”的正式美国版权。但是，也有争论说不是Ayyadurai而是其他什么人发明了email。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=147170
+
+作者：Sanchari Banerjee
+译者：[zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

translated/talk/20140910 With Apple Watch Unveiled, Could an Ubuntu Smartwatch Be Next.md

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+伴随苹果手表的揭幕，Ubuntu智能手表会成为下一个吗？
+===
+
+**今天，苹果借助‘苹果手表’的发布，证实了其进军穿戴式计算设备市场的长期传言**
+
+![Ubuntu Smartwatch – good idea?](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ubuntu-galaxy-gear-smartwatch.png)
+
+Ubuntu智能手表 - 好的主意？
+
+拥有一系列稳定功能，硬件解决方案和应用合作伙伴关系的支持，手腕穿戴设备被许多公司预示为“人与技术关系的新篇章”。
+
+它的到来，以及用户兴趣的提升，有可能意味着Ubuntu需要遵循一个为智能手表定制的Ubuntu版本。
+
+### 大的方面还是成功的 ###
+
+苹果在正确时间加入了快速发展的智能手表部门。约束手腕穿戴电脑功能的界限并不是一成不变。失败的设计，不良的用户界面以及主流用户使用穿戴技术功能的弱参数化，这些都见证了硬件种类保持着高效的影响力 － 一个准许Cupertino把时间花费在苹果手表上的因素。
+
+> ‘分析师说：超过2200万的智能手表将在今年销售’
+
+去年全球范围内可穿戴设备的销售数量（包括健身追踪器）仅仅1000万。今年，分析师希望设备数量的改变可以超过2200万 － 不包括苹果手表，因为其直到2015年初才开始零售。
+
+很容易就可以看出增长的来源。今年九月初柏林举办的IFA 2014展览会，展示了一系列来自主要制造商们的可穿戴设备，包括索尼和华硕。大多数搭载着Google最新发布的安卓穿戴系统。
+
+一个更加成熟的表现：安卓穿戴设备打破了与形式因素保持一致的新奇争论，进而呈现出一致并令人折服的用户方案。和新的苹果手表一样，它紧密地连接在一个现存的智能手机生态系统上。
+
+可能它只是一个使用案例，Ubuntu手腕穿戴系统是否能匹配它还不清楚。
+
+#### 目前还没有Ubuntu智能手表的计划 ####
+
+Ubuntu操作系统的通用性，结合以为多装置设备和趋势性未来定制的严格版本，已经产生了典型目标智能电视，平板电脑和智能手机。Mir,公司的本土显示服务器，被用来运转所有尺寸屏幕上的接口（虽然不是公认1.5"的）
+
+今年年初，Canonical社区负责人Jono Bacon被询问是否有制作Ubuntu智能手表的打算。Bacon提供了他对这个问题的看法：“增加另一个形式因素到[Ubuntu触摸设备]路线只会减缓其余的东西”。
+
+在Ubuntu电话发布两周年之际，我们还是挺赞同他的想法的。
+
+滴答，滴答，对冲你的赌注点(实在不懂什么意思...)
+
+但是并不是没有希望的。在一个[几个月之后的电话采访][1]中，Ubuntu创始人Mark Shuttleworth提及到可穿戴技术和智能电视，平板电脑，智能手机一样，都在公司计划当中。
+
+> “Ubuntu因其在电话中的完美设计变得独一无二，但是它同时也被设计成满足其余生态系统的样子，比如从穿戴设备到PC机。”
+
+然而这还没得到具体的证实，它更像一个指针，在这个方向是给我们提供一个乐观的指引。
+
+### 不可能 — 这就是原因所在 ###
+
+Canonical并不反对利用牢固的专利进军市场。事实上，它的重要性犹如公司的DHA — 犹如服务器上的RHEL,桌面上的Windows,智能手机上的安卓...
+
+设备上的Ubuntu系统被制作成可以在更小的屏幕上扩展和适应性运行。甚至很有可能在和手表一样小的屏幕上运行。当普通的代码基础已经在手机，平板电脑，桌面和TV上准备就绪，我想如果我们没有看到来自社区这一方向上的努力，我会感到奇怪。
+
+但是我之所以不认为它会从规范社区发生，至少目前还没有，是今年早些时候Jono Bacon个人思想的共鸣：时间和努力。
+
+Tim Cook在他的主题演讲中说道：“*我们并没有追随iPhone，也没有缩水用户界面，将其强硬捆绑在你的手腕上。*”这是一个很明显的陈述。为如此小的屏幕设计UI和UX模型;通过交互原则工作;对硬件和输入模式的恭维，都不是一件容易的事。
+
+可穿戴技术仍然是一个新兴的市场。在这个阶段，Canonical将会浪费发展，设计以及进行中的业务。在一些更为紧迫的地区，任何利益的重要性将要超过损失。
+
+玩一局更久的游戏，等待直到看出那些努力在何地成功和失败，这是一条更难的路线。但是更适合Ubuntu的就是今天。在新产品出现之前，让Canonical把力量用在现存的产品上是更好的选择（这是一些已经来迟的理论）
+
+想更进一步了解什么是Ubuntu智能手表，点击下面的[视频][2]。它展示了一个互动的主体性皮肤Tizen(它已经支持Samsung Galaxy Gear智能手表)。
+
+---
+
+via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/09/ubuntu-smartwatch-apple-iwatch
+
+作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
+译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由[LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
+[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/03/ubuntu-tablets-coming-year
+[2]:https://www.youtube.com/embed/8Zf5dktXzEs?feature=oembed

translated/talk/The Open Source Witch Hunts Have Returned.md

@@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
-开源女巫狩猎归来！
-================================================================================
-![](http://readwrite.com/files/styles/1400_0/public/fields/shutterstock-open-gate.jpg)
-
-> 开源软件社区已经做出了改变，就像之前的美好时光。
-
-开源软件已经变的温和了，之前我们有的那些不纯洁的想法，可是随后我们却奇怪的和别人分享自己的代码与创作。
-
-幸运的是，这种务实主义要结束了。在过去的几周当中，我们团结在Mozilla身边支持DRM版权保护以及嘲笑Red Hat和OpenStack之间的竞争。社区那些年如数家珍的开源软件明星和[Open Core][1]产生了冲突而被反噬了.
-
-多么怀念啊。
-
-
-### 2003年的Red Hat ###
-
-Red Hat，开源软件理想主义的典范，在几周前拒绝支持它的竞争对手。Jodi Mardesich做了[非凡的工作][2]却受到了指控以及Red Hat的回击。但是真实情况是:
-
-Red Hat不想支持它的竞争对手OpenStack
-
-在另外一边这难道算是新闻吗？
-
-
-### Mozilla变成了麻瓜 ###
-
-Red Hat作为开源软件理想主义的典范代表很容易成为各种带颜色攻击的目标，Mozilla其实是更大的一个目标。
-
-Mozilla承诺为用户服务的罪过，它最近进行了一场自我牺牲似的行动违背CEO的策略同意加入DRM的技术，即纯Firefox浏览器源码可以使用户观看视频。
-
-人们想看视频，Mozilla倾向于在它的浏览器中观看。
-
-最新消息，这一次失败，开源软件组织[批评了][3] Mozilla，深切表达了自己对于Mozilla的失望，因为这种决定妥协的态度会导致浏览器份额的降低。
-
-但是，Mozilla为什么要做这样的傻事呢，为了用户，你懂的。
-
-说教部门不甘示弱，[电子前沿基金会感叹][4]到开放网络最后的抗争已经失败了。它对Mozilla失败的做法争论道：“接受DRM会改变这个行业”！DRM的倡导者一再妥协，一个公司又一个公司(PC行业)演变成一个行业，它通过锁定装置，监视器，接受每一个人的管理建立自己的利益关系。
-
-[Mitchell Bake解释道][5]，Mozilla可能并没有投降：“Firefox用户会需要使用另外的浏览器来观看他们自己想看的视频，这让人怀疑Firfox做一一个产品是否真的有用”。
-
-Um, yes. 
-
-### 回到我们的思想源头 ###
-
-However much we may want to force others to live by our absolutist ideals, the reality is that others may have different 我们或许很专制的意图其他的东西活着，事实上他们却有着不同的优先度。免费的软件让步给开源软件，更加严格，更加固定“正确的方式”去获得授权。
-
-这种意识在目前还是有用的，但它并不总是方便和愉悦。我崇尚开源软件的实用主义，Apache软件基金会，这样有很大的好处提醒GPL组织在意识形态上的危机感。软件自由真的很重要。
-
-这么多悲观的言论，我自己也感到了恐惧，希望回到一个不断会自我鞭策的免费的开软软件的组织。这使开源软件协作变少而且更难驾驭，但是会变得更有力而且关乎未来。
-
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://readwrite.com/2014/05/21/open-source-witch-hunt-mozilla-openstack-redhat#feed=/hack&awesm=~oEYDhxfP0Qv5hE
-
-译者：[jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_core
-[2]:http://readwrite.com/2014/05/16/red-hat-openstack-mirantis-rhel-support
-[3]:http://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-condemns-partnership-between-mozilla-and-adobe-to-support-digital-restrictions-management
-[4]:https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2014/05/mozilla-and-drm
-[5]:https://blog.mozilla.org/blog/2014/05/14/drm-and-the-challenge-of-serving-users/

translated/talk/The history of Android/06 - The history of Android.md

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+The history of Android
+================================================================================
+![T-Mobile G1](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/t-mobile_g1.jpg)
+T-Mobile G1
+T-Mobile供图
+
+### 安卓1.0——谷歌系app和实体硬件的引入 ###
+
+到了2008年10月，安卓1.0已经准备好发布，这个系统在[T-Mobile G1][1]（又以HTC Dream为人周知）上初次登台。G1进入了被iPhone 3G和[Nokia 1680 classic][2]所主宰的市场。（这些手机并列获得了2008年[销量最佳手机][3]称号，各自卖出了350万台。）G1的销量数字已难以获得，但T-Mobile宣称截至2009年4月该设备的销量突破了100万台。无论从哪方面来说这在竞争中都处于落后地位。
+
+G1拥有单核528Mhz的ARM 11处理器，一个Adreno 130的GPU，192MB内存，以及多达256MB的存储空间供给系统以及应用使用。它有一块3.2英寸，320x480分辨率的显示屏，被布置在一个含有实体全键盘的滑动结构之上。所以尽管安卓软件的确走过了很长的一段路，硬件也是的。时至今日，我们可以在厂商的一个手表中得到比这更好的参数：最新的[三星智能手表][4]拥有512MB内存以及1GHz的双核处理器。
+
+当iPhone有着最少数量的按键的时候，G1确实完全相反的，按键几乎支持每个硬件控制。它有拨通和挂断按钮，home键，后退，以及菜单键，一个相机快门键，音量控制键，一个轨迹球，当然，还有50个键盘按钮。未来安卓设备将会慢慢离开按键多多的界面设计，几乎每部新旗舰都在减少按键的数量。
+
+但是这是第一次，人们见到了运行在实机上的安卓，而不是跑在一个令人沮丧的慢吞吞的模拟器上。安卓1.0没有iPhone那样顺滑流畅，闪亮耀眼，或拥有那么多的新闻报道。它也不像Windows Mobile 6.5那样才华横溢。但这仍然是个好的开始。
+
+![安卓1.0和0.9的默认应用列表。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/apps.png)
+安卓1.0和0.9的默认应用列表。
+Ron Amadeo供图
+
+安卓1.0的核心与两个月前发布的beta版本相比看起来并没有什么引人注目的不同，但消费者产品带来了不少应用，包括一套完整的谷歌系应用。日历，电子邮件，Gmail，即时通讯，市场，设置，语音拨号，以及YouTube都是全新登场。那时候，音乐是智能手机上占据主宰地位的媒体类型，其王者是iTunes音乐商店。谷歌没有自家的音乐服务，所以它选择了亚马逊并绑定了亚马逊MP3商店。
+
+安卓最重要的新增是谷歌商店的首次登场，叫做“安卓市场Beta”。与此同时大部分公司满足于将它们的软件目录称作一些不同的“应用商店”——意思是一个出售应用的商店，并且只出售应用——谷歌明显有着更大的野心。它搭配了一个更为通用的名字，“安卓市场”。这个名字的想法是安卓市场不仅仅拥有应用，还拥有一切你的安卓设备所需要的东西。
+
+![第一个安卓市场客户端。截图展示了主页，“我的下载”，一个应用页面，以及一个应用权限页面。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/market.png)
+第一个安卓市场客户端。截图展示了主页，“我的下载”，一个应用页面，以及一个应用权限页面。
+[Google][5]供图
+
+那时候，安卓市场只提供应用和游戏，开发者们甚至还不能为它们收费。苹果的App Store相对与安卓市场有4个月的先发优势，但是谷歌的主要差异化在于安卓的商店几乎是完全开放的。在iPhone上，应用受制于苹果的审查，必须遵循设计和技术指南。潜在的新应用不允许在功能上复制已有应用。在安卓市场，开发者可以自由地做任何想做的，包括开发替代已有的应用。控制的缺失会转变成祝福同时也是诅咒。它允许开发者革新已有的功能，但同时意味着甚至是毫无价值的垃圾应用也被允许进入市场。
+
+现在，这个客户端是又一个不再能够和谷歌服务器通讯的应用。幸运的是，它也是在因特网上被[真正记录][6]的为数不多的早期安卓应用之一。主页提供了通向一般区域的连接，像应用，游戏，搜索，以及下载，顶部有横向滚动显示的特色应用图标。搜索结果和“我的下载”页面以滚动列表的方式显示应用，显示应用名，开发者，费用（在那时都是免费的），以及评分。单独的应用页面展示了一个简短的描述，安装数，用户评论和评分，以及最重要的安装按钮。早期的安卓市场不支持图片，开发者唯一能使用的区域是应用描述，还有着500字的限制。这使得类似维护一个更新日志变的十分困难，因为只有描述的位置可以供其使用。
+
+就在安装之前，安卓市场显示了应用所需要的权限。这是苹果直至2012年之前都避免做的，那年一个iOS应用被发现在用户不知情的情况下[将完整的通讯录上传][7]到云端。权限显示给出了一个完整的应用用到的权限列表，尽管这个版本强迫用户同意应用权限。界面有个“OK”按钮，但是除了后退按钮没有办法取消。
+
+![Gmail展示收件箱，打开菜单的收件箱。 ](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/gmail1.01.png)
+Gmail展示收件箱，打开菜单的收件箱。
+Ron Amadeo供图
+
+下一个重要的应用也许就是Gmail。大多数基本的功能此时已经准备好了。未读邮件以加粗显示，标签是个有颜色的标记。在收件箱中每封独立邮件显示着主题，发件人，以及一个会话中的回复数。Gmail加星标志也在这里——快速点击即可给邮件加星或取消。一如往常，对于早期版本的安卓，菜单里有收件箱视图应有的所有按钮。但是，一旦打开了一封邮件，界面看起来就更加的现代了，“回复”和“转发”按钮永久固定在了屏幕底部。各个独立回复可以点击它们来展开和收缩。
+
+圆角，阴影，以及气泡图标给了整个应用“卡通”的外表，但是这是个好的开始。安卓的功能第一哲学真正从此开始：Gmail支持标签，邮件会话，搜索，以及邮件推送。
+
+![Gmail在安卓1.0的标签视图，写邮件界面，以及设置。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/gmail3.png)
+Gmail在安卓1.0的标签视图，写邮件界面，以及设置。
+Ron Amadeo供图
+
+但是如果你认为Gmail很丑，电子邮件应用又拉低了下限。它没有分离的收件箱或文件夹视图——所有东西都糊在一个界面。应用呈现给你一个文件夹列表，点击一个文件夹会以内嵌的方式展开内容。未读邮件左侧有条绿色的线指示，这就是电子邮件应用的界面。这个应用支持IMAP和POP3，但是没有Exchange。
+
+----------
+
+![Ron Amadeo](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content//uploads/authors/ron-amadeo-sq.jpg)
+
+[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron是Ars Technica的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。
+
+[@RonAmadeo][t]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/6/
+
+译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2008/10/android-g1-review/
+[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia_1680_classic
+[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_best-selling_mobile_phones#2008
+[4]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/04/review-we-wear-samsungs-galaxy-gear-and-galaxy-fit-so-you-dont-have-to/
+[5]:http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2008/08/android-market-user-driven-content.html
+[6]:http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2008/08/android-market-user-driven-content.html
+[7]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2012/02/path-addresses-privacy-controversy-but-social-apps-remain-a-risk-to-users/
+[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
+[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo

translated/tech/20140718 Need Microsoft Office on Ubuntu--Install the Official Webapps.md

@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-需要在Ubuntu上安装微软办公软件？去安装官方的网络应用程序 
-================================================== ============================== 
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/office-web-app-.jpg)
-
-**这是微软办公软件及其一贯繁琐的文件指令，而不是每个人的一杯咖啡。同时这是许多工作和教育环境的主要依靠——无论是好还是坏** 
-
-通过使用[LibreOffice的应用程序套件][1]，阅读、编辑和保存这些专有指令出现在Ubuntu上是有着某种程度的可能。在作家中，Calc和Impress都不同程度的夸耀微软办公软件文件的协作性，但在我自己的实际操作经验中（谢天谢地，它很简洁！）它并不完美。 
-
-时不时的，你会不得不使用微软办公软件，（虽然我们大多数人都心里向着开放标准，但是我们不应该无视实际问题）但你已经没有意愿去购买一个完整的微软办公软件许可证来运行这个窗口模拟器，那么微软的在线网络应用程序是完美的解决方法。 
-
-###安装微软在线办公软件上的应用程序在Ubuntu＃＃＃ 
-
-为了使从Ubuntu的桌面访问这些在线版本更容易，“Linux的网络应用程序项目”创造了一个小的、非官方的安装程序。它可以添加网络应用程序的快捷方式（“荣耀书签”）到您的应用程序启动器。 
-
-![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/microsoft-office-web-apps.jpg)
-
-通过快捷方式，相应的Microsoft Web应用程序在你默认的系统浏览器中打开，不可能有比这更精美的了。听起来漂亮吗？下面是你的应用程序的快捷方式： 
-
-- 文档
-- 表格 
-- 幻灯片 
-- Outlook
-- OneDrive 
-- 日历 
-- OneNote 
-- 通讯录
-
-该软件包还创建了一个新的应用程序类别来容纳这些链接，不但可以让您把这些快捷方式从其他应用程序单独分开来，而且是直接位于常见的“办公软件”应用程序下。 
-
-这些都是必不可少的吗？不见得。他们有用吗？这取决于你的工作流程。但它是不错的选择吗？一定是的。 
-
-你可以从下面的链接保存含有.deb文件安装程序，其中有安装链接。适用于Ubuntu14.04 LTS和更高版本。 
-
-- [下载微软的在线办公应用(.deb)][2] 
-
-###其他可选项###
-
-![](http://d0od.wpengine.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Screen-Shot-2014-04-15-at-15.29.35-350x200.png)
-
-类似的替代方案是[安装Chrome官方网上应用商店的在线办公应用程序][3]，然后添加应用程序启动器到Linux。这次短跑中仍然会为它们创建可启动的快捷方式，但那些可以被设置为打开自己的窗框，而且不需要安装任何第三方软件包。 
-
-同时，谷歌最近在整合完整的Office功能（由于其购买了QuickOffice）[到自己的文档，幻灯片和床单应用][4]。Android应用程序Quickoffice退出了舞台，同时Chrome也实现了扩展。 
-
-如果你是一个深度的谷歌网络硬盘/文档的用户，那么这个解决方案可能对你是更加好了。 
-
--------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ 
-
-via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/run-microsoft-office-web-apps-ubuntu-desktop
-
-译者：[cereuz](https://github.com/cereuz) 
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/
-[2]:https://docs.google.com/file/d/0ByQnaVw7riBQMjNCUFh4ZlM4Y0E/edit?usp=sharing
-[3]:http://www.omgchrome.com/microsoft-brings-office-online-chrome-web-store/
-[4]:http://www.omgchrome.com/quickoffice-chrome-extension-gets-name-change/

translated/tech/20140729 10 Useful 'Squid Proxy Server' Interview Questions and Answers in Linux.md

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+10个实用的关于linux中Squid代理服务器的面试问答
+================================================================================
+不仅是系统管理员和网络管理员时不时会听到“代理服务器”这个词，我们也经常听到。代理服务器已经是一种企业的文化，而且那是需要时间来积累的。它现在也在一些小型的学校或者大型跨国公司的自助餐厅里得到了实现。Squid（也可做代理服务）就是这样一个应用程序，它既可以被作为代理服务器，同时也是在其同类工具中比较被广泛使用的一种。
+
+本文旨在提高你在遇到关于代理服务器面试点时的一些基本应对能力。
+
+![Squid Interview Questions](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Squid-Interview-Questions.png)
+
+以下为面试问答的内容
+
+### 1. 什么是代理服务器？代理服务器在计算机网络中有什么用途？ ###
+
+> **回答** : 代理服务器是指那些作为客户端和资源提供商或服务器之间的中间件的物理机或者应用程序。客户端从代理服务器中寻找文件、页面或者是数据而且代理服务器能处理客户端与服务器之间所有复杂事务从而满足客户端的生成的需求。
+代理服务器是WWW（万维网）的支柱，它们其中大部分都是Web代理。一台代理服务器能处理客户端与服务器之间的复杂通信事务。此外，它在网络上提供的是匿名信息那就意味着你的身份和浏览痕迹都是安全的。代理可以去配置允许哪些网站的客户能看到，哪些网站被屏蔽了。
+
+### 2. Squid是什么? ###
+
+> **回答** : Squid是一个在GNU/GPL协议下发布的即可作为代理服务器同时也可作为Web缓存守护进程的应用软件。Squid主要是支持像HTTP和FTP那样的协议但是对其它的协议比如HTTPS，SSL,TLS等同样也能支持。其特点是Web缓存守护进程通过从经常上访问的网站里缓存Web和DNS从而让上网速度更快。Squid支持所有的主流平台，包括Linux，UNIX，微软公司的Windows和苹果公司的Mac。
+
+### 3. Squid的默认端口是什么？怎么去修改它的操作端口？ ###
+
+> **回答** : Squid运行时的默认端口是3128。我们可以通过编辑它的配置文件来把它的默认端口修改成未被用户使用的端口，路径是 /etc/squid/squid.conf ，建议如下。
+
+用你的编辑器打开 ‘/etc/squid/squid.conf’ 文件。
+
+    # nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
+
+现在把它修改成未被使用的其它端口，并保存退出。
+
+    http_port 3128
+
+重新启动Squid代理服务，如下显示。
+
+    # service squid restart
+
+### 4. 你的公司管理层要求你通过Squid代理服务器屏蔽掉一些域名，你怎么做？ ###
+
+> **回答** : 屏蔽域名是一个在配置文件中实现的功能模块。我们只需要执行一个小的手动配置即可，建议如下。
+
+a. 在 ‘/etc/squid’ 目录下创建一个名为 ‘blacklist’ 的文件。
+
+    # touch /etc/squid/blacklist
+
+b. 用nano编辑器打开这个文件。
+
+     # nano /etc/squid/blacklist
+
+c. 以每行一个域名的方式将想要屏蔽的域名写进这个文件里。
+
+    .facebook.com
+    .twitter.com
+    .gmail.com
+    .yahoo.com
+    ...
+
+d. 保存退出，然后从 ‘/etc/squid/squid.conf’ 打开Squid配置文件。
+
+    # nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
+
+e. 在配置文件中添加如下行。
+
+    acl BLACKLIST dstdom_regex -i “/etc/squid/blacklist”
+    http_access deny blacklist
+
+f. 保存配置文件并退出，重启Squid服务让其生效。
+
+    # service squid restart
+
+### 5. 在Squid中什么是媒体范围限制和部分下载？ ###
+
+> **回答** : 媒体范围限制是Squid的一种特殊的功能，它只从服务器中获取所需要的数据而不是整个文件。这个功能很好的实现了用户在各种视频流媒体网站如YouTube和Metacafe看视频时，可以点击视频中的进度条来选择进度，因此整个视频不用全部都加载，除了一些需要的部分。
+
+Squid部分下载功能的特点是很好地实现了在Windows更新时下载的文件能以一个个小数据包的形式暂停。正因为它的这个特点，正在下载文件的Windows机器能不用担心数据会丢失，从而进行恢复下载。Squid让媒体范围限制和部分下载功能只在存储一个完整文件的复件之后实现。此外，当用户指向另一个页面时，Squid要以某种方式进行特殊地配置，部分下载下来的文件才会不被删除且留有缓存。
+
+### 6. 什么是Squid的反向代理？ ###
+
+> **回答** : 反向代理是Squid的一个特点，这个功能被用来加快最终用户的上网速度。缩写为 ‘RS’ 的原服务器包含了所有资源，而代理服务器则叫 ‘PS’ 。客户端寻找RS所提供的数据，第一次指定的数据和它的复件会经过多次配置从RS上存储在PS上。这样的话每次从PS上请求的数据就等于就是从原服务器上获取的。这样就会减轻网络拥堵，减少CPU使用率，降低网络资源的利用率从而缓解原来实际服务器的负载压力。但是RS统计不了总流量的数据因为PS分担了部分原服务器的任务。‘X-Forwarded-For HTTP’ 就能记录下通过HTTP代理或负载均衡方式连接到RS的客户端最原始的IP地址。
+
+严格意义上来说，用单个Squid服务器同时作为正向代理服务器和反向代理服务器是可行的。
+
+### 7. 由于Squid能作为一个Web缓存守护进程，那缓存可以删除吗？怎么删除？ ###
+
+> **回答** : 当然！作为一个Web缓存守护进程，Squid能加快网页的访问速度，清除缓存也是非常简单的。
+
+a. 首先停止Squid代理服务，然后从这个 ‘/var/lib/squid/cache’ 目录中删除缓存。
+
+    # service squid stop
+    # rm -rf /var/lib/squid/cache/*<
+
+b. 创建交换分区目录。
+
+    # squid -z
+
+### 8. 你身边有一台客户机，而你正在工作，如果想要限制儿童的访问时间段，你会怎么去设置那个场景？ ###
+
+把允许访问的时间设置成晚上4点到7点三个小时，跨度为星期一到星期五。
+
+a. 想要限制Web访问时间在星期一到星期五的晚上4点到7点，要先打开Squid的配置文件。
+
+    # nano /etc/squid/squid.conf
+
+b. 在配置文件中添加如下行，保存文件并退出。
+
+    acl ALLOW_TIME time M T W H F 16:00-19:00
+    shttp_access allow ALLOW_TIME
+
+c. 重启Squid服务。
+
+    # service squid restart
+
+### 9. Squid存储的数据是什么文件格式？ ###
+
+> **回答** : Squid存储的数据是UFS文件格式的。UFS是一种老的，使用比较广泛的Squid存储格式
+
+### 10. Squid的缓存会存储到哪里？ ###
+
+> **回答** : Squid存储的缓存是位于 ‘/var/spool/squid’ 的特殊目录下。
+
+以上就是全部内容了，很快我还会带着其它有趣的内容回到这里，届时还请继续关注Tecmint。别忘了告诉我们你的反馈和评论。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.tecmint.com/squid-interview-questions/
+
+作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
+译者：[ZTinoZ](https://github.com/ZTinoZ)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/avishek/

translated/tech/20140801 What are better alternatives to basic command line utilities.md

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+基本的命令行工具有哪些更好的替代品
+================================================================================
+命令行听起来有时候会很吓人, 特别是在刚刚接触的时候. 你甚至可能做过有关命令行的噩梦. 然而渐渐地, 我们都意识到命令行实际上并不是那么吓人, 反而是非常有用. 实际上, 没有命令行正是每次我使用 Windows 时让我感到崩溃的地方. 这种感觉上的变化是因为命令行工具实际上是很智能的. 你在任何一个 Linux 终端上所使用的基本工具功能都是很强大的, 但还远说不上是足够强大. 如果你想使你的命令行生涯更加愉悦, 这里有几个程序你可以下载下来替换原来的默认程序, 它还可以给你提供比原始程序更多的功能给你提供比原始程序更多的功能.
+
+### dfc ###
+
+作为一个 LVM 使用者, 我非常喜欢随时查看我的硬盘存储器的使用情况. 我也从来没法真正理解为什么在 Windows 上我们得打开资源管理器来查看电脑的基本信息. 在 Linux 上, 我们可以使用如下命令:
+
+    $ df -h
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3858/14768828496_c8a42620a3_z.jpg)
+
+该命令可显示电脑上每一分卷的大小, 已使用空间, 可用空间, 已使用空间百分比和挂载点. 注意, 我们必须使用 "-h" 选项使得所有数据以可读形式显示(使用 GiB 而不是 KiB). 但你可以使用 [dfc][1] 来完全替代 df, 它不需要任何额外的选项就可以得到 df 命令所显示的内容, 并且会为每个设备绘制彩色的使用情况图, 因此可读性会更强.
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5594/14791468572_a84d4b6145_z.jpg)
+
+另外, 你可以使用 "-q" 选项将各分卷排序, 使用 "-u" 选项规定你希望使用的单位, 甚至可以使用 "-e" 选项来获得 csv 或者 html 格式的输出.
+
+### dog ###
+
+Dog 比 cat 好, 至少这个程序自己是这么宣称的, 你应该相信它一次. 所有 cat 命令能做的事, [dog][2] 都做的更好. 除了仅仅能在控制台上显示一些文本流之外, dog 还可以对其进行过滤. 例如, 你可以使用如下语法来获得网页上的所有图片:
+
+    $ dog --images [URL] 
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5568/14811659823_ea8d22d045_z.jpg)
+
+或者是所有链接:
+
+    dog --links [URL] 
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3902/14788690051_7472680968_z.jpg)
+
+另外, dog 命令还可以处理一些其他的小任务, 比如全部转换为大写或小写, 使用不同的编码, 显示行号和处理十六进制文件. 总之, dog 是 cat 的必备替代品.
+
+### advcp ###
+
+一个 Linux 中最基本的命令就是复制命令: cp. 它几乎和 cd 命令地位相同. 然而, 它的输出非常少. 你可以使用 verbose 模式来实时查看正在被复制的文件, 但如果一个文件非常大的话, 你看着屏幕等待却完全不知道后台在干什么. 一个简单的解决方法是加上一个进度条: 这正是 advcp (advanced cp 的缩写) 所做的! advcp 是 [GNU coreutils][4] 的一个 [补丁版本][3], 它提供了 acp 和 amv 命令, 即"高级"的 cp 和 mv 命令. 使用语法如下:
+
+    $ acp -g [file] [copy] 
+
+它把文件复制到另一个位置, 并显示一个进度条.
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5588/14605117730_fe611fc234_z.jpg)
+
+我还建议在 .bashrc 或 .zshrc 中设置如下命令别名:
+
+    alias cp="acp -g"
+    alias mv="amv -g"
+
+(译者注: 原文给出的链接已貌似失效, 我写了一个可用的安装脚本放在了我的 [gist](https://gist.github.com/b978fc93b62e75bfad9c) 上, 用的是 AUR 里的 [patch](https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/advcp))
+
+### The Silver Searcher ###
+
+[the silver searcher][5] 这个名字听起来很不寻常(银搜索...), 它是一款设计用来替代 grep 和 [ack][6] 的工具. The silver searcher 在文件中搜索你想要的部分, 它比 ack 要快, 而且能够忽略一些文件而不像 grep 那样.(译者注: 原文的意思貌似是 grep 无法忽略一些文件, 但 grep 有类似选项) the silver searcher 还有一些其他的功能, 比如彩色输出, 跟随软连接, 使用正则式, 甚至是忽略某些模式.
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3876/14605308117_f966c77140_z.jpg)
+
+作者在开发者主页上提供了一些搜索速度的统计数字, 如果它们仍然是真的的话, 那是非常可观的. 另外, 你可以把它整合到 Vim 中, 用一个简洁的命令来调用它. 如果要用两个词来概括它, 那就是: 智能, 快速.
+
+### plowshare ###
+
+所有命令行的粉丝都喜欢使用 wget 或其他对应的替代品来从互联网上下载东西. 但如果你使用许多文件分享网站, 像 mediafire 或者 rapidshare, 你一定很乐意了解一款专门为这些网站设计的对应的程序, 叫做 [plowshare][7]. 安装成功之后, 你可以使用如下命令来下载文件:
+
+    $ plowdown [URL] 
+
+或者是上传文件:
+
+    $ plowup [website name] [file] 
+
+如果你有那个文件分享网招的账号的话.
+
+最后, 你可以获取分享文件夹中的一系列文件的链接:
+
+    $ plowlist [URL] 
+
+或者是文件名, 大小, 哈希值等等:
+
+    $ plowprobe [URL] 
+
+对于那些熟悉这些服务的人来说, plowshare 还是缓慢而令人难以忍受的 jDownloader 的一个很好的替代品.
+
+### htop ###
+
+如果你经常使用 top 命令, 很有可能你会喜欢 [htop][8] 命令. top 和 htop 命令都能对正在运行的进程提供了实时查看功能, 但 htop 还拥有一系列 top 命令所没有的人性化功能. 比如, 在 htop 中, 你可以水平或垂直滚动进程列表来查看每个进程的完整命令名, 还可以使用鼠标点击和方向键来进行一些基本的进程操作(比如 kill, (re)nice 等), 而不用输入进程标识符.
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5581/14819141403_6f2348590f_z.jpg)
+
+总的来说, 这些十分有效的基本命令行的替代工具就像那些有用的小珍珠一样, 它们并不是那么容易被发现, 但一旦你找到一个, 你就会惊讶你是如何忍受这么长没有它的时间. 如果你还知道其他的与上面描述相符的工具, 请在评论中分享给我们.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/better-alternatives-basic-command-line-utilities.html
+
+作者：[Adrien Brochard][a]
+译者：[wangjiezhe](https://github.com/wangjiezhe)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/adrien
+[1]:http://projects.gw-computing.net/projects/dfc
+[2]:http://archive.debian.org/debian/pool/main/d/dog/
+[3]:http://zwicke.org/web/advcopy/
+[4]:http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/
+[5]:https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher
+[6]:http://xmodulo.com/2014/01/search-text-files-patterns-efficiently.html
+[7]:https://code.google.com/p/plowshare/
+[8]:http://hisham.hm/htop/

translated/tech/20140811 Check how much do you type with WhatPulse on Linux.md

@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+Linux输入统计神器——WhatPulse
+================================================================================
+![](http://cdn.linuxaria.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/whatpulse.png)
+
+如果，你想我这样，是个对统计数据有着狂热癖好的人，那么你必须在你的计算机上安装这个小应用：[WhatPulse][1]
+
+此软件会追踪用户的击键、鼠标点击以及使用的[带宽][2]和系统开机时间。用户可以周期性地，或者手动上传击键的数量到服务器上，这称之为“脉动”。
+
+用户可以看到他们在所有加入该程序的人的领先选手排名板的所处位置，并且与他们自己国家的人作比较。用户也可以加入团队，在团队中他们可以和有着相同爱好的人作对比（去吧，Linux用户们！！）。
+
+软件分为免费的基础版和高级版，在基础版中你可以查看并检查所有的基本统计数据，而在高级版中你可以看到更多。
+
+该软件可用于Linux，Windows和Mac。
+
+### 在线注册 ###
+
+第一步，你必须在[WhatPulse网站][1]注册帐号，或者也可以在你第一次启动WhatPulse客户端时出现的实用向导中创建帐号，以用于上传自己的统计数据（你也可以使用Facebook的帐号登录）。
+
+你会被提示需要登录，登录之后，你必须搜索你的计算机名，这是因为你可以通过该帐号登录到多台计算机，而它们的数据都会上传到同一统计帐号。一旦你登入后，一个小小的W将出现在你的系统托盘中，那就对了，你已搞定！
+
+### 在Linux上安装WhatPulse ###
+
+官方网站在[下载页][3]提供了一个通用版本.tar.gz归档压缩包（用于32位和64位）和一个debian包。
+
+就我个人而言，我已经在我的Mint Qiana上安装了debian包，在我的Arch Linux[Aur包][4]一点问题都没有。
+
+如果你想要使用通用版本安装，请记住：WhatPulse需要几个库文件。最主要的是QT，因为WhatPulse构建于QT平台。下面列出了软件安装需求：
+
+- libQtCore
+- libQtWebKit
+- libqt4-sql
+- libqt4-sql-sqlite
+- openssl-devel (libssl-dev)
+- libQtScript
+
+#### 输入统计数据 ####
+
+客户端需要设置相应的权限，以读取键盘/鼠标输入。运行包含的交互脚本.sh来设置这些权限。
+
+#### [网络][5]统计数据 ####
+
+要启用网络测量，你也需要**libpcap**包来允许WhatPulse挂钩到网络通信。如果WhatPulse找不到libpcap，它会运行，但不会显示任何网络统计数据。
+
+![](http://cdn.linuxaria.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/heatmap.png)
+
+### 使用应用程序 ###
+
+默认情况下，WhatPulse会在登入图形会话后自动启动。点击系统托盘上的W图标，你将进入总览标签页，这里显示你机器上收集到的所有不同信息的鸟瞰图。例如，安装在你PC上的Linux版本、处理器型号、RAM、GPU、总点击次数、击键和带宽使用。点击这些信息下面的‘Pulse’，它将会上传这些收集到的数据到主服务器上。
+
+也可以选择自动‘Pulse’数据到服务器的时间，如每50.000点击，或者1GB下载量。
+
+要了解深度详情，你可以切换到每个类目的附属标签。例如，Input标签展示给你的是注册后一段时间内的击键的数量和点击次数。时间周期分为每日、每周、每月、每年以及全时。‘all’设置将显示程序安装以来的数据。
+
+在击键下面，你会找到键盘点击热图，它简单地使用冷暖色显示选定周期内各个键的使用状况，如上述截图所示。在图的下面，应用显示了选定周期内记录的点击总量。
+
+在Network标签下，可以查看到日常互联网使用情况。应用程序可以监控所有网络设备的带宽使用量，甚至也可以给你展示按国家分布的带宽使用情况。再次提醒，你可以使用顶部右边的箭头按钮浏览可用的数据。
+
+在网站上，你会看到与客户端上相同的所有统计数据。
+
+免责声明：上面的WhatPulse网站链接包含了我的参考链接，注册时请使用该链接，这会让我的帐号在某天升级到高级帐号。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://linuxaria.com/recensioni/check-how-much-do-you-type-with-whatpulse-on-linux
+
+作者：[linuxari][a]
+译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://plus.google.com/100563597940685405833?rel=author
+[1]:http://whatpulse.org/ref/833872/
+[2]:http://linuxaria.com/article/tool-command-line-bandwidth-linux
+[3]:http://www.whatpulse.org/downloads/
+[4]:https://aur.archlinux.org/packages/whatpulse/
+[5]:http://linuxaria.com/tag/network

translated/tech/20140815 How to manage a WiFi connection from the command line.md

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+在命令行中管理 Wifi 连接
+================================================================================
+无论何时要安装一款新的 Linux 发行系统，一般的建议都是让您通过有线连接来接到互联网的。这主要的原因有两条：第一，您的无线网卡也许安装的驱动不正确而不能用；第二，如果您是从命令行中来安装系统的，管理 WiFi 就非常可怕。我总是试图避免在命令行中处理 WiFi 。但 Linux 的世界，应具有无所畏惧的精神。如果您不知道怎样操作，您需要继续往下来学习之，这就是写这篇文章的唯一原因。所以我强迫自己学习如何在命令行中管理 WiFi 连接。
+
+通过命令行来设置连接到 WiFi 当然有很多种方法，但在这篇文章里，也是一个建议，我将会作用最基本的方法：那就是使用在任何发布版本中都有的包含在“默认包”里的程序和工具。或者我偏向于使用这一种方法。使用此方法显而易见的好处是这个操作过程能在任意有 Linux 系统的机器上复用。不好的一点是它相对来说比较复杂。
+
+首先，我假设您们都已经正确安装了无线网卡的驱动程序。没有这前提，后续的一切都如镜花水月。如果您你机器确实没有正确安装上，您应该看看关于您的发布版本的维基和文档。
+
+然后您就可以用如下命令来检查是哪一个接口来支持无线连接的
+
+    $ iwconfig
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5578/14725621337_b174a3029c_z.jpg)
+
+一般来说，无线接口都叫做 wlan0。当然也有例外的，但在这篇教程中我们将会一直用通用叫法。
+
+以防万一，你得确认下以使此接口服务是启动着的：
+
+    $ sudo ip link set wlan0 up
+
+一但确认了无线接口是工作着的，你就可以用如下命令来扫描附近的无线网络了：
+
+    $ sudo iw dev wlan0 scan | less 
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3847/14909117931_e2f3d0feb0_z.jpg)
+
+根据扫描出的结果，可以得到网络的名字（它的 SSID），它的信息强度，以及它使用的是哪个安全加密的（如：WEP、WPA/WPA2）。从此时起，将会分成两条路线：情况很好的和容易的以及情况稍微复杂的。
+
+如果您想连接的网络是没有加密的，您可以用下面的命令直接连接：
+
+    $ sudo iw dev wlan0 connect [network SSID]
+
+如果网络是用 WEP 加密的，也非常容易：
+
+    $ sudo iw dev wlan0 connect [network SSID] key 0:[WEP key]
+
+但网络使用的是 WPA 或 WPA2 协议的话，事情就不好办了。这种情况，您就得使用叫做 wpa_supplicant 的工具，它默认是没有启用的。需要修改 /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf 文件，增加如下行：
+
+    network={
+        ssid="[network ssid]"
+        psk="[the passphrase]"
+        priority=1
+    }
+
+我建议你​​在文件的末尾添加它，并确保其他配置都注释掉。要注意 SSID 和密码字串都是大小写敏感的。在技术上您也可以把接入点的名称当做是 SSID，使用 wpa_supplicant 工具的话会有合适的 SSID 来替代这个名字。 
+
+一旦配置文件修改完成后，在后台启动此命令：
+
+    $ sudo wpa_supplicant -i wlan0 -c /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
+
+最后，无论是连到开放的网络还是加密的安全网络，您都得获取 IP 地址。简单地使用如下命令：
+
+    $ sudo dhcpcd wlan0
+
+如果一切顺利的话，您应该已经通过 DHCP 获取到了一个全新的本地 IP，这个过程是在后台自动完成的。如果想确认下是否真正连接上的话，您可以再一次输入如下命令检查：
+
+    $ iwconfig
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3904/14725573368_7110407db8_z.jpg)
+
+最后，我认为多次重复第一步的检查操作是很有必要的。您永远不会知道什么时候您的图形用户界面挂了，或者是什么时候不能访问无线连接了，所以现在就准备着用命令来检测吧。还有，前面提到过的，有很多种方式（如 NetworkManager、[wicd][1]、[netcfg][2]、[wifi][3] 等等）来管理无线连接。我坚持使用最基本的方式，但在某些情况下，我使用的工具可能您还没有，所以您在之前就得先下载它们。另一方面，有很多高级的应用程序，他们确实是不包含在“默认包”里面的，使用它们会大大简化操作过程。但一般建议是开始的话最好从基本的来。
+
+关于从命令行来管理连接 WiFi 您还有其他方式方法吗？请在评论中让我们知道。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/08/manage-wifi-connection-command-line.html
+
+作者：[Adrien Brochard][a]
+译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/adrien
+[1]:http://wicd.sourceforge.net/
+[2]:https://www.archlinux.org/netcfg/
+[3]:https://github.com/rockymeza/wifi

translated/tech/20140818 Disable reboot using Ctrl-Alt-Del Keys in RHEL or CentOS.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+在RHEL / CentOS下停用按下Ctrl-Alt-Del 重启系统的功能
+================================================================================
+在Linux里，由于对安全的考虑，我们允许任何人按下**Ctrl-Alt-Del**来**重启**系统。但是在生产环境中，应该停用按下Ctrl-Alt-Del 重启系统的功能。
+
+在这篇文章里，我们将要介绍如何在RHEL和CentOS下停用该热键。
+
+### 在RHEL 5.X和CentOS 5.X下 ### 
+
+保护**init**进程免于**Ctrl-Alt-Del**,像下面一样编辑'**/etc/inittab**'里由'**ca::ctrlaltdel**:'开头的一行:
+
+    [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/inittab
+    # Trap CTRL-ALT-DELETE
+    #ca::ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t3 -r now
+
+我们还可以改变'ca::ctrlaltdel:'这行来输出日志 ,如果任何人想用该热键重启服务器,就会有日志,
+
+    [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/inittab
+    # Trap CTRL-ALT-DELETE
+    ca::ctrlaltdel:/bin/logger -p authpriv.warning -t init "Console-invoked Ctrl-Alt-Del was ignored"
+
+### 在RHEL6.X和CentOS 6.X下 ###
+
+在RHEL6.X和CentOS 6.X下, 该热键的行为由'**/etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf**'控制.
+
+**第一步** 在变化之前，先用下列命令备份配置
+
+    [root@localhost ~]# cp -v /etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf /etc/init/control-alt-delete.override
+
+**第二步**编辑文件，把'exec /sbin/shutdown'这一行用下方配置代替，这个配置会在每次按下Ctrl-Alt-Del 时输出日志:
+
+    [root@localhost ~]# cat /etc/init/control-alt-delete.conf
+    exec /usr/bin/logger -p authpriv.notice -t init "Ctrl-Alt-Del was pressed and ignored" 
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/disable-reboot-using-ctrl-alt-del-keys/
+
+作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a]
+译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/

translated/tech/20140819 8 Options to Trace or Debug Programs using Linux strace Command.md

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+8 Options to Trace/Debug Programs using Linux strace Command
+================================================================================
+在调试的时候，strace能帮助你追踪到一个程序所执行的系统调用。当你想知道程序和操作系统如何交互的时候，这是极其方便的，比如你想知道执行了哪些系统调用，并且以何种顺序执行。
+
+这个简单而又强大的工具几乎在所有的Linux操作系统上可用，并且可被用来调试大量的程序。
+
+### 1. 命令用法 ###
+
+让我们看看strace命令如何追踪一个程序的执行情况。
+
+最简单的形式，strace后面可以跟任何命令。它将列出许许多多的系统调用。一开始，我们并不能理解所有的输出，但是如果你正在寻找一些特殊的东西，那么你应该能从输出中发现它。
+让我们来看看简单命令ls的系统调用跟踪情况。
+
+    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace ls
+
+![Stracing ls command](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/01.strace_ls.png)
+
+这是strace命令输出的前几行。其他输出被截去了。
+
+![Strace write system call (ls)](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/02.strace_ls_write.png)
+
+上面的输出部分展示了write系统调用，它把当前目录的列表输出到标准输出。    
+下面的图片展示了使用ls命令列出的目录内容（没有使用strace）。
+
+    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ ls
+
+![ls command output](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/03.ls_.png)
+
+#### 1.1 寻找被程序读取的配置文件 ####
+
+一个有用的跟踪（除了调试某些问题以外）是你能找到被一个程序读取的配置文件。例如，
+
+    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace php 2>&1 | grep php.ini
+
+![Strace config file read by program](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/04.strace_php_configuration.png)
+
+#### 1.2 跟踪指定的系统调用 ####
+
+strace命令的-e选项仅仅被用来展示特定的系统调用（例如，open，write等等）
+
+让我们跟踪一下cat命令的‘open’系统调用。
+
+    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -e open cat dead.letter
+
+![Stracing specific system call (open here)](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/05.strace_open_systemcall.png)
+
+#### 1.3 用于进程 ####
+
+strace不但能用在命令上，而且通过使用-p选项能用在运行的进程上。
+
+    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ sudo strace -p 1846
+
+![Strace a process](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/06.strace_process.png)
+
+#### 1.4 strace的统计概要 ####
+
+包括系统调用的概要，执行时间，错误等等。使用-c选项能够以一种整洁的方式展示：
+
+    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -c ls
+
+![Strace summary display](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/07.strace_summary.png)
+
+#### 1.5 保存输出结果 ####
+
+通过使用-o选项可以把strace命令的输出结果保存到一个文件中。
+
+    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ sudo strace -o process_strace -p 3229
+
+![Strace a process](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/08.strace_output_file.png)
+
+之所以以sudo来运行上面的命令，是为了防止用户ID与所查看进程的所有者ID不匹配的情况。
+
+### 1.6 显示时间戳 ###
+
+使用-t选项，可以在每行的输出之前添加时间戳。
+
+    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -t ls
+
+![Timestamp before each output line](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/09.strace_timestamp.png)
+
+#### 1.7 更好的时间戳 ####
+
+-tt选项可以展示微秒级别的时间戳。
+
+    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -tt ls
+
+![Time - Microseconds](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/010.strace_finer_timestamp.png)
+
+-ttt也可以向上面那样展示微秒级的时间戳，但是它并不是打印当前时间，而是显示自从epoch（译注：1970年1月1日00:00:00 UTC）以来的所经过的秒数。
+
+    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -ttt ls
+
+![Seconds since epoch](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/011.strace_epoch_seconds.png)
+
+#### 1.8 Relative Time ####
+
+-r选项展示系统调用之间的相对时间戳。
+
+    raghu@raghu-Linoxide ~ $ strace -r ls
+
+![Relative Timestamp](http://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/012.strace_relative-time.png)
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-strace-command-examples/
+
+作者：[Raghu][a]
+译者：[guodongxiaren](https://github.com/guodongxiaren)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/raghu/

translated/tech/20140902 Mount Google drive in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.md

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+Google drive和Ubuntu 14.04 LTS的胶合
+================================================================================
+Google尚未发布其**官方Linux客户端**，以用于从Ubuntu访问其drive。然开源社区却业已开发完毕非官方之软件包‘**grive-tools**’。
+
+Grive乃是Google Drive（**在线存储服务**）的GNU/Linux系统客户端，允许你**同步**所选目录到云端，以及上传新文件到Google Drive。
+
+### grive-tools安装步骤 ###
+
+步骤：1 使用下列命令添加grive-tools PPA：
+
+    # sudo add-apt-repository ppa:thefanclub/grive-tools
+
+步骤：2 更新列表
+
+    #sudo apt-get update
+
+步骤：3 安装grive-tools
+
+    # sudo apt-get install grive-tools 
+
+### 访问Google Drive的步骤 ###
+
+**步骤：1** 安装完了，通过输入**Grive**在**Unity Dash**搜索应用，并打开之。
+
+![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/access-grive-setup.png)
+
+**步骤：2** 登入google drive，你将被问及访问google drive的权限。 
+
+![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/gdrive.png)
+
+点击**下一步**时，新的浏览器中讲打开**Google登录页**
+
+登入你的Google帐号，并点击**接受**，如下所示：
+
+![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/thrid-party-grive.png)
+
+**步骤：3** 下面将提供给你一个 **google代码**，复制并粘贴到**Grive设置框**内。
+
+![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/gdrive-code.png)
+
+![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/code-in-grive.png)
+
+点击下一步后，将会开始同步google drive到你**家目录**下的‘**Google Drive**’文件夹。完成后，将出现如下窗口。
+
+![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/grive-installation-completed.png)
+
+Google Drive folder created under **user's home directory**
+
+![](http://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/google-drive-folder.png)
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.linuxtechi.com/mount-google-drive-in-ubuntu/
+
+作者：[Pradeep Kumar ][a]
+译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/

translated/tech/20140910 How To Recover Default Openbox Config Files On Crunchbang.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+如何在Crunchbang下回复Openbox的默认配置
+================================================================================
+[CrunchBang][1]是一个很好地融合了速度、风格和内容的基于Debian GNU/Linux的发行版。使用了灵活的Openbox窗口管理器，高度定制化并且提供了一个现代、全功能的GNU/Linux系统而没有牺牲性能。
+
+Crunchbang是高度自定义的，用户可以尽情地地把它调整成他们想要的样子。这一切都通过文本文件（配置）。我作为一个Crunchbang用户，我最近搞乱了我的**menu.xml**配置文件，它负责下面的菜单显示。
+
+![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/curnchbang_menu_xml.png)
+
+其中从菜单配置文件中去除了所有代码。由于我没有备份（最好备份配置文件）。我不得不搜索Crunchbang开箱即用的默认配置。这里就是我如何修复的过程，要感谢Crunchbang论坛。
+
+了解所有为你预备份的默认配置是很有趣的，你可以在这里找到：
+
+    /etc/skel/.config/
+
+因此对于任何默认配置，你只需复制他们并重启适当的程序。
+
+我在这里使用Openbox的**menu.xml**作为示例：
+
+![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/curnchbang_menu_xml_etc.png)
+
+    cp -r /etc/skel/.config/openbox/menu.xml ~/.config/openbox/menu.xml
+
+接着重启openbox。
+
+    openbox --restart
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.unixmen.com/recover-default-openbox-config-files-crunchbang/
+
+作者：[Enock Seth Nyamador][a]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/seth/
+[1]:http://crunchbang.org/

translated/tech/20140911 Install UberWriter Markdown Editor In Ubuntu 14.04.md

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+在Ubuntu14.04上安装UberWriterMarkdown编辑器
+================================================================================
+下面将展示如何通过官方的PPA源在Ubuntu14.04上安装UberWriter编辑器
+[UberWriter][1]是一款Ubuntu下的Markdown编辑器，它简洁的界面能让我们更致力于编辑文字。UberWriter利用了[pandoc][3](一个格式转换器)。但由于UberWriter的UI是基于GTK3的，因此不能完全兼容Unity桌面系统。以下是对UberWriter功能的列举：
+
+- 简洁的界面
+- 使用pandoc转换markdown
+- 可预览
+- 免打扰模式
+- 拼写检查
+- 语法高亮，能在html和pdf中出现数学公式
+- 支持导出到PDF，HTML，ODT等
+
+### 在Ubuntu14.04上安装UberWriter ###
+
+UberWriter可以在[Ubuntu软件中心][4]中找到但是安装需要支付$5。如果你真的喜欢这款编辑器并想为开发者提供一些资金支持的话，我很建议你购买它。
+
+除此之外，UberWriter也能通过官方的PPA源来免费安装。通过如下命令：
+
+    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:w-vollprecht/ppa
+    sudo apt-get update
+    sudo apt-get install uberwriter
+
+安装完毕之后，你可以通过Unity的Dash运行使用。如你所见，它支持markdown的语法高亮:
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/UberWriter_Ubuntu.jpeg)
+
+你可以使用预览功能来查看你的文档：
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/UberWriter_Ubuntu_1.jpeg)
+
+当想要导出到PDF的时候会提示先安装texlive。
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/UberWriter_Ubuntu_PDF_Export.png)
+
+虽然导出到HTML和ODT格式是好的。
+
+在Linux下还有一些其他的markdown编辑器。[Remarkable][5]是一款能够实时预览的编辑器，但UberWriter不能。如果你在寻找文本编辑器的话，你以可以试试[Texmaker LaTeX editor][6]。
+
+系统这次展示能够帮你在Ubuntu14.04上成功安装UberWriter。我猜想UberWriter在Ubuntu12.04，Linux Mint 17，Elementary OS和其他在Ubuntu的基础上的Linux发行版上也能成功安装。
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://itsfoss.com/install-uberwriter-markdown-editor-ubuntu-1404/
+
+作者：[Abhishek][a]
+译者：[John](https://github.com/johnhoow)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
+[1]:http://uberwriter.wolfvollprecht.de/
+[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown
+[3]:http://johnmacfarlane.net/pandoc/
+[4]:apt://uberwriter
+[5]:http://itsfoss.com/remarkable-markdown-editor-linux/
+[6]:http://itsfoss.com/install-latex-ubuntu-1404/

translated/tech/20140912 QuiteRSS--RSS Reader For Desktop Linux.md

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+QuiteRSS: Linux桌面的RSS阅读器
+================================================================================
+[QuiteRSS][1]是一个自由[开源][2]的RSS/Atome阅读器。它可以在Windows、Linux和Mac上运行。它用C++/QT编写,所以它有许多的特点。
+
+QuiteRSS的界面让我想起Lotus Notes mail，会有很多RSS信息排列在大小合适的方块上，你可以通过标签分组。需要查找东西时，只需在下面板上打开RSS信息。
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/QuiteRSS_Ubuntu.jpeg)
+
+除了上述功能，它还有一个广告屏蔽器，一个报纸输出视图，通过URL特性导入RSS等众多功能。你可以在[这里][3]查找到完整的功能列表。
+
+### 在 Ubuntu 和 Linux Mint 上安装 QuiteRSS ###
+
+QuiteRSS在Ubuntu 14.04 和 Linux Mint 17中可用。你可以通过以下命令行轻松安装：
+
+    sudo apt-get install quiterss
+
+如果你想安装最新的稳定版本，你可以使用官方的[QuiteRSS PPA][4]:
+
+    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:quiterss/quiterss
+    sudo apt-get update
+    sudo apt-get install quiterss
+
+上面的命令在所有基于Ubuntu的发行版都支持，比如Linux Mint, Elementary OS, Linux Lite, Pinguy OS等等。对于其他Linux发行版和平台上,你可以从 [下载页][5]获得源码来安装。
+
+### 卸载 QuiteRSS ###
+
+用下方命令卸载 QuiteRSS：
+
+    sudo apt-get remove quiterss
+
+如果你使用了PPA,你还需要从源列表中把仓库删除：
+
+    sudo add-apt-repository --remove ppa:quiterss/quiterss
+
+QuiteRSS是一个不错的开源RSS阅读器，尽管我更喜欢[Feedly][6]。尽管现在 Feedly 还没有Linux桌面程序，但是你依然可以在网页浏览器中使用。希望你会觉得QuiteRSS值得在桌面Linux一试。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://itsfoss.com/quiterss-rss-reader-desktop-linux/
+ 
+作者：[Abhishek][a]
+译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007)
+校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
+[1]:http://quiterss.org/
+[2]:http://itsfoss.com/category/open-source-software/
+[3]:http://quiterss.org/en/about
+[4]:https://launchpad.net/~quiterss/+archive/ubuntu/quiterss/
+[5]:http://quiterss.org/en/download
+[6]:http://feedly.com/

translated/tech/20140915 How To Uninstall Ubuntu Linux From Windows 8 Dual Boot.md

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+从Windows双启动中卸载Ubuntu Linux
+================================================================================
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Guide_Uninstall_Ubuntu_Windows_dual_Boot.jpeg)
+
+我在过去已经多次涉及到[在UEFI模式下安装Ubuntu 14.04与Windows 8/8.1双启动][1]的话题。 但是要怎么从**Windows双启动中卸载Ubuntu呢**？下面我们将看到的教程适用于任意的Linux操作系统，如Ubuntu，Linux Mint，Elementary OS或其它任意Linux发行版。
+
+如果你认为[在双启动模式下安装Ubuntu与Windows 8共存][2]是件难事，而从Windows双启动中移除Ubuntu将是很简单的，你的想法并不是完全错误的。如果你有个Windows安装介质的话，从Windows双启动中卸载Linux将是轻而易举的。
+
+这个教程将教你如何在有**Windows 8/8.1安装介质**的情况下将Linux从Windows 8或Windows 8.1双启动中完全移除。
+
+### 将Ubuntu从Windows 8双启动中安全卸载 ###
+
+你有没有Windows 8安装介质以及是否已经安装了Windows 8.1在你系统上这都不重要。它同样工作得很好。但是我不能说在Windows 7上也一样。如果你身边有Windows安装盘，让我们开始从Windows双启动中移除Ubuntu的进程吧。
+
+从双启动中删除Linux分为两部分。第一部分是删除Linux安装的所在分区。第二部分是修复Windows启动引导，因为简单地将Linux分区删除会引起[“Grub rescue”错误][3]。
+
+### 第一部分：在Windows下删除Linux分区 ###
+
+**第一步：**
+
+登录Windows。按下 **Windows+R** 然后在其中运行 diskmgmt.msc 命令。它将会打开Windows磁盘管理工具。 
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Disk_Mgmt.jpg)
+
+**第二步：**
+
+在你安装了Linux之后，就能很容易地从大小上分辨出Linux分区。另一个分辨Linux分区的提示是找没有文件系统以及驱动器卷标的分区。Windows分区通常用卷标进行标记，比如C，D，E等等，而且通常是NTFS或FAT文件系统。
+
+就像你所能看到的，我在这里有三个Linux分区，因为我在安装Ubuntu时单独地创建了根分区(root)，交换分区(swap)和家目录(home)。
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Uninstall_Linux_From_WIndows_Dual_Boot.jpg)
+
+**Step 3:**
+**第三步：**
+
+选择Linux分区，右键点击并选择 **删除卷** 选项。
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Uninstall_Linux_From_WIndows_Dual_Boot_1.jpg)
+
+如果出现了警告，在这里选择是即可。
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Uninstall_Linux_From_WIndows_Dual_Boot_2.jpg)
+
+**Step 4:**
+**第四步：**
+
+被删除的分区会变成一块可用的空闲空间。你可以用它来扩展已有的卷或创建一个新的Windows分区。我会建议你创建一个新的驱动器（或是卷或者分区，随便你怎么叫），因为这样子万一你将来又想将Linux和Winodws双启动时会简单一点。
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Uninstall_Linux_From_WIndows_Dual_Boot_3.jpg)
+
+#### 第二部分：修复Windows启动引导 ####
+
+一旦你删除了Linux分区，就是时候修复Windows启动引导了。这里的图片看起来可能不是很清楚，因为相对于Windows来说[在Ubuntu下对登录画面进行截图][4]要简单的多。我用手机相机拍下了这些照片。
+
+**第一步：**
+
+**插入Windows 8安装介质并重启**你的电脑。在启动的时候按下F10或F12进入BIOS/UEFI，选择**从可移除介质启动(boot from removable disk)**。
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Uninstall_Linux_Windows_Dualboot_1.jpg)
+
+**第二步：**
+
+选择修复你的计算机(repair your computer)：
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Uninstall_Linux_Windows_Dualboot_3.jpg)
+
+**第三步：**
+
+在这里选择疑难解答(Troubleshoot)：
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Uninstall_Linux_Windows_Dualboot_2.jpg)
+
+**第四步：**
+
+在疑难解答页面，选择高级选项(Advanced options)：
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Uninstall_Linux_Windows_Dualboot_4.jpg)
+
+**第五步：**
+
+找到这里的命令提示符(command prompt)：
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Uninstall_Linux_Windows_Dualboot_6.jpg)
+
+**第六步：**
+
+在命令行中输入下列命令来修复Windows启动引导：
+
+    bootrec.exe /fixmbr
+
+正常情况下，它是立即生效的，你甚至都不用等。
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Uninstall_Linux_Windows_Dualboot_5.jpg)
+
+**第七步：**
+
+一旦完成了这一步，重启你的电脑，这次从硬盘正常启动。你应该能够启动进入Windows。如果你仍然看到Grub rescue错误，试试下面的步骤。
+
+**第八步：如果第六步中的方法不起作用**
+
+如果第六步中的命令不起作用，试试高级疑难解答中的自动修复选项。
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Uninstall_Linux_Windows_Dualboot_8.jpg)
+
+它会花点时间查找问题然后修复它。
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Uninstall_Linux_Windows_Dualboot_7.jpg)
+
+现在如果你重启的话，你应该能够正常进入Windows，不再看到任何的Grub rescue错误提示。
+
+我希望这个指南能够帮助你**将Ubuntu从Windows 8双启动中完全移除**。欢迎提出任何问题与建议。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://itsfoss.com/uninstall-ubuntu-linux-windows-dual-boot/
+
+作者：[Abhishek][a]
+译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x)
+校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
+[1]:http://linux.cn/article-3178-1.html
+[2]:http://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu-dual-boot-mode-windows/
+[3]:http://itsfoss.com/solve-error-partition-grub-rescue-ubuntu-linux/
+[4]:http://itsfoss.com/screenshot-login-screen-ubuntu-linux/

translated/tech/20140915 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to capture TCP SYN, ACK and FIN packets with tcpdump.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+Linux有问必答——如何使用tcpdump来捕获TCP SYN，ACK和FIN包
+================================================================================
+> **问题**：我想要监控TCP连接活动（如，建立连接的三次握手，以及断开连接的四次握手）。要完成此事，我只需要捕获TCP控制包，如SYN，ACK或FIN标记相关的包。我怎样使用tcpdump来仅仅捕获TCP SYN，ACK和/或FYN包？
+
+作为事实上的捕获工具，tcpdump提供了强大而又灵活的包过滤功能。作为tcpdump基础的libpcap包捕获引擎支持标准的包过滤规则，如基于5重包头的过滤（如基于源/目的IP地址/端口和IP协议类型）。
+
+tcpdump/libpcap的包过滤规则也支持更多通用分组表达式，在这些表达式中，包中的任意字节范围都可以使用关系或二进制操作符进行检查。对于字节范围表达，你可以使用以下格式：
+
+    proto [ expr : size ]
+
+“proto”可以是熟知的协议之一（如ip，arp，tcp，udp，icmp，ipv6），“expr”表示与指定的协议头开头相关的字节偏移量。有我们熟知的直接偏移量如tcpflags，也有取值常量如tcp-syn，tcp-ack或者tcp-fin。“size”是可选的，表示从字节偏移量开始检查的字节数量。
+
+使用这种格式，你可以像下面这样过滤TCP SYN，ACK或FIN包。
+
+只捕获TCP SYN包：
+
+     # tcpdump -i <interface> "tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-syn) != 0" 
+
+只捕获TCP ACK包：
+
+    # tcpdump -i <interface> "tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-ack) != 0"
+
+只捕获TCP FIN包：
+
+    # tcpdump -i <interface> "tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-fin) != 0"
+
+之捕获TCP SYN或ACK包：
+
+     # tcpdump -r <interface> "tcp[tcpflags] & (tcp-syn|tcp-ack) != 0" 
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3923/15050566798_db14aea9a9_z.jpg)
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/capture-tcp-syn-ack-fin-packets-tcpdump.html
+
+作者：[作者名][a]
+译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

translated/tech/20140915 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to change hostname on CentOS or RHEL 7.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+Linux有问必答——如何在CentOS或RHEL 7上修改主机名
+================================================================================
+> 问题：在CentOS/RHEL 7上修改主机名的正确方法是什么（永久或临时）？
+
+在CentOS或RHEL中，有三种定义的主机名：（1）静态的，（2）瞬态的，以及（3）优雅的。“静态”主机名也成为内核主机名，是系统在启动时从/etc/hostname自动初始化的主机名。“瞬态”主机名是在系统运行时临时分配的主机名，例如，通过DHCP或mDNS服务器分配。静态主机名和瞬态主机名都遵从作为互联网域名同样的字符限制规则。而另一方面，“优雅”主机名则被允许使用自由形式（包括特殊/空白字符）的主机名，以展示给终端用户（如Dan's Computer）。
+
+在CentOS/RHEL 7中，有个叫hostnamectl的命令行工具，它允许你查看或修改与主机名相关的配置。
+
+要查看主机名相关的设置：
+
+    $ hostnamectl status 
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3844/15113861225_e0e19783a7.jpg)
+
+只查看静态、瞬态或优雅主机名，分别使用“--static”，“--transient”或“--pretty”选项。
+
+     $ hostnamectl status [--static|--transient|--pretty] 
+
+要同时修改所有三个主机名：静态、瞬态和优雅主机名：
+
+    $ sudo hostnamectl set-hostname <host-name> 
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3855/15113489172_4e25ac87fa_z.jpg)
+
+就像上面展示的那样，在修改静态/瞬态主机名时，任何特殊字符或空白字符会被移除，而提供的参数中的任何大写字母会自动转化为小写。一旦修改了静态主机名，/etc/hostname将被自动更新。然而，/etc/hosts不会更新以对修改作出回应，所以你需要手动更新/etc/hosts。
+
+如果你只想修改特定的主机名（静态，瞬态或优雅），你可以使用“--static”，“--transient”或“--pretty”选项。
+
+例如，要永久修改主机名，你可以修改静态主机名：
+
+     $ sudo hostnamectl --static set-hostname <host-name> 
+
+注意，你不必重启机器以激活永久主机名修改。上面的命令会立即修改内核主机名。注销并重新登入后在命令行提示观察新的静态主机名。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/change-hostname-centos-rhel-7.html
+
+译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

translated/tech/20140915 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to create a new Amazon AWS access key.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+Linux有问必答——如何创建新的亚马逊AWS访问密钥
+================================================================================
+> **问题**：我在配置一个需要访问我的亚马逊AWS帐号的应用时被要求提供**AWS访问密钥ID**和**秘密访问密钥**，我怎样创建一个新的AWS访问密钥呢？
+
+亚马逊AWS安全凭证用于验证你以及授权任何第三方应用访问你的AWS帐号，有各种不同的AWS安全凭证可用，如密码、访问密钥、多因素身份验证、X.509证书等。
+
+如果你想要创建新的访问密钥（访问密钥ID和秘密访问密钥），请按一下步骤进行。
+
+首先，登录到[AWS控制台][1]。
+
+从顶部栏选择“安全凭证”菜单（图中红色方框所示）。
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3855/14987093969_b106406596_o.png)
+
+在下一页中，选择“访问密钥（访问密钥ID和秘密访问密钥）”选项（图中红色方框所示）。
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5584/15173842295_6110021f8f_z.jpg)
+
+在下一页中，你将看到一个现存访问密钥ID列表（如果有的话）。注意，你不能恢复现存访问密钥ID的“秘密访问密钥”。出于安全的原因，秘密访问密钥只能在你创建新访问密钥时才可见。
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3897/15150859306_cd25d519be_o.png)
+
+点击“创建新访问密钥”（见图示），将会立即创建一个新的访问密钥ID和密码访问密钥对。
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3919/14987346068_232e8c73cd_z.jpg)
+
+要么下载一个包含有新访问密钥的密钥文件，要么复制并粘贴新访问密钥信息。再次提请牢记，一旦你关闭该窗口，秘密访问密钥将不再可用，除非你下载一个密钥文件。
+
+### 多用户AWS帐号 ###
+如果你是作为公司身份创建的帐号，多个雇员共享这一公司帐号，你可能想要使用身份和访问管理（IAM）来创建并管理他们的访问密钥。
+
+IAM是一个web服务，它允许一个公司管理多个用户及其与一个AWS帐号关联的安全凭证。使用IAM，多个用户可以作为不同身份登入单一的AWS帐号，并管理他们的安全凭证而不会相互干预对方的密钥。
+
+要管理IAM用户，点击“安全凭证”页面上的“用户”菜单（见图示）。
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5589/14987486468_a9120b1f8e_z.jpg)
+
+然后，你就可以创建一个新的IAM用户并管理他们的安全凭证，比如访问密钥之类的东西。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/create-amazon-aws-access-key.html
+
+译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://aws.amazon.com/console/

translated/tech/20140915 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to expand an XFS file system.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+Linux有问必答——如何扩展XFS文件系统
+================================================================================
+> **问题**：我的磁盘上有额外的空间，所以我想要扩展其上创建的现存的XFS文件系统，以完全使用额外空间。怎样才是扩展XFS文件系统的正确途径？
+
+XFS是一个开源的（GPL）日子文件系统，最初由硅谷图形开发，现在被大多数的Linux发行版都支持。事实上，XFS已经被最新的CentOS/RHEL 7采用，成为其默认的文件系统。在其众多的特性中，包含了“在线调整大小”这一特性，使得现存的XFS文件系统在被挂载时可以进行扩展。然而，对于XFS文件系统的缩减确实不被支持的。
+
+要扩展一个现存的XFS文件系统，你可以使用命令行工具xfs_growfs，这在大多数Linux发行版上都默认可用。由于XFS支持在线调整大小，目标文件系统可以挂在，也可以不挂载。
+
+下面展示了**xfs_growfs**的基本用法：
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5551/14915082088_b4e29af3cf_z.jpg)
+
+作为目标XFS文件系统来扩展，你可以指定挂载点、磁盘分区或者逻辑卷（在使用LVM时），使用数据块数量来指定新的XFS文件系统的大小。你可以使用xfs_info命令行工具来检查数据块大小和数量：
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5584/14915075270_cd272d4468_z.jpg)
+
+要将XFS文件扩展到1986208：
+
+    $ sudo xfs_growfs /dev/centos/root -D 1986208
+
+如果你不使用“-D”选项来指定大小，xfs_growfs将会自动扩展XFS文件系统到最大的可用大小。
+
+    $ sudo xfs_growfs /dev/centos/root
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5569/14914950529_ddfb71c8dd_z.jpg)
+
+注意，当你扩展一个现存的XFS文件系统时，必须准备事先添加用于XFS文件系统扩展的空间。这虽然是十分明了的事，但是如果在潜在的分区或磁盘卷上没有空闲空间可用的话，xfs_growfs不会做任何事情。同时，如果你尝试扩展XFS文件系统大小到超过磁盘分区或卷的大小，xfs_growfs将会失败。
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3870/15101281542_98a49a7c3a_z.jpg)
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/expand-xfs-file-system.html
+
+译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

translated/tech/20140915 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to find and remove obsolete PPA repositories on Ubuntu.md

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+Linux有问必答——如何查找并移除Ubuntu上陈旧的PPA仓库
+================================================================================
+> **问题**：我试着通过运行apt-get update命令来再次同步包索引文件，但是却出现了“404 无法找到”的错误，看起来似乎是我不能从先前添加的第三方PPA仓库中获取最新的索引。我怎样才能清楚这些破损而且陈旧的PPA仓库呢？
+
+    Err http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty/main amd64 Packages
+      404  Not Found
+    Err http://ppa.launchpad.net trusty/main i386 Packages
+      404  Not Found
+    W: Failed to fetch http://ppa.launchpad.net/finalterm/daily/ubuntu/dists/trusty/main/binary-amd64/Packages  404  Not Found
+    
+    W: Failed to fetch http://ppa.launchpad.net/finalterm/daily/ubuntu/dists/trusty/main/binary-i386/Packages  404  Not Found
+    
+    E: Some index files failed to download. They have been ignored, or old ones used instead.
+
+但你试着更新APT包索引时，“404 无法找到”错误总是会在版本更新之后发生。就是说，在你升级你的Ubuntu发行版后，你在旧的版本上添加的一些第三方PPA仓库就不再受新版本的支持。在此种情况下，你可以像下面这样来**鉴别并清除那些破损的PPA仓库**。
+
+首先，找出那些引起“404 无法找到”错误的PPA。
+
+    $ sudo apt-get update | grep "Failed" 
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5580/14972354938_0e1e1f3db6_z.jpg)
+
+在本例中，Ubuntu Trusty不再支持的PPA仓库是“ppa:finalterm/daily”。
+
+去吧，去[移除PPA仓库][1]。
+
+     $ sudo add-apt-repository --remove ppa:finalterm/daily 
+
+你得去重复重复再重复，把上面找到的所有过时的PPA仓库一个一个地移除。
+
+![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3844/15158541642_1fc8f92c77_z.jpg)
+
+在移除所有过时PPA仓库后，重新运行“apt-get update”命令来检查它们是否都被移除。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/find-remove-obsolete-ppa-repositories-ubuntu.html
+
+译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/how-to-remove-ppa-repository-from-command-line-on-ubuntu.html

translated/tech/20140915 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to remove PPA repository from command line on Ubuntu.md

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+Linux FAQ - Ubuntu如何使用命令行移除PPA仓库
+================================================================================
+> **问题**: 前段时间，我的Ubuntu增加了一个第三方的PPA仓库，如何才能移除这个PPA仓库呢？
+
+个人软件包档案（PPA）是Ubuntu独有的解决方案，允许独立开发者和贡献者构建、贡献任何定制的软件包来作为通过启动面板的第三方APT仓库。如果你是Ubuntu用户，有可能你已经增加一些流行的第三方PPA仓库到你的Ubuntu系统。如果你需要删除掉已经预先配置好的PPA仓库，下面将教你怎么做。
+
+
+假如你有一个第三方PPA仓库叫“ppa:webapps/preview”增加到了你的系统中，如下。
+
+    $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webapps/preview
+
+如果你想要 **单独地删除一个PPA仓库**，运行下面的命令。
+
+     $ sudo add-apt-repository --remove ppa:someppa/ppa 
+
+注意，上述命令不会同时删除任何已经安装或更新的软件包。
+
+如果你想要 **完整的删除一个PPA仓库并包括来自这个PPA安装或更新过的软件包**，你需要ppa-purge命令。
+
+安装ppa-purge软件包：
+
+    $ sudo apt-get install ppa-purge 
+
+删除PPA仓库和与之相关的软件包，运行下列命令：
+
+    $ sudo ppa-purge ppa:webapps/preview 
+
+特别滴，在发行版更新后，你需要[分辨和清除已损坏的PPA仓库][1]，这个方法特别有用！
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/how-to-remove-ppa-repository-from-command-line-on-ubuntu.html
+
+译者：[Vic___](http://www.vicyu.net)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/find-remove-obsolete-ppa-repositories-ubuntu.html

translated/tech/Linux Performance Monitoring with Vmstat and Iostat Commands 翻译完成.md

@@ -0,0 +1,246 @@
+使用Vmstat和Iostat命令进行Linux性能监控
+================================================================
+这是我们正在进行的**Linux**命令和性能监控系列的一部分。**Vmstat**和**Iostat**两个命令都适用于所有主要的类**unix**系统（**Linux/unix/FreeBSD/Solaris**）。
+如果**vmstat**和**iostat**命令在你的系统中不可用，请安装**sysstat**软件包。**vmstat**，**sar**和**iostat**命令都包含在**sysstat**（系统监控工具）软件包中。iostat命令生成**CPU**和所有设备的统计信息。你可以从连接[sysstat][1]中下载源代码包编译安装sysstat，但是我们建议通过**YUM**命令进行安装。
+
+![使用Vmstat和Iostat命令进行Linux性能监控](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Linux-VmStat-Iostat-Commands.png)
+
+使用Vmstat和Iostat命令进行Linux性能监控
+
+###在Linux系统中安装sysstat###
+
+	#yum -y install sysstat
+
+- **vmstat** - 内存，进程和分页等的简要信息。
+- **iostat** - CPU统计信息，设备和分区的输入/输出统计信息。
+
+### Linux下vmstat命令的6个范例###
+
+####1. 列出活动和非活动的内存####
+
+如下范例中输出6列。**vmstat**的man页面中解析的每一列的意义。最重要的是内存中的**free**属性和交换分区中是**si**和**so**属性。
+
+	[root@tecmint ~]# vmstat -a
+
+ 	procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu-----
+     r  b   swpd   free  inact active   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
+     1  0      0 810420  97380  70628    0    0   115     4   89   79  1  6 90  3  0
+
+- **Free** – 空闲的内存空间
+- **si** – 每秒从磁盘中交换进内存的数据量（以KB为单位）。
+- **so** – 每秒从内存中交换出磁盘的数据量（以KB为单位）。
+
+**注意**：如果你不带参数的执行**vmstat**命令，它会输出自系统启动以来的总结报告。
+
+####2. 每X秒执行vmstat，共执行N次####
+下面命令将会每2秒中执行一次**vmstat**，执行6次后自动停止执行。
+
+    [root@tecmint ~]# vmstat 2 6
+    
+    procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu-----
+     r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
+     0  0      0 810420  22064 101368    0    0    56     3   50   57  0  3 95  2  0
+     0  0      0 810412  22064 101368    0    0     0     0   16   35  0  0 100  0  0
+     0  0      0 810412  22064 101368    0    0     0     0   14   35  0  0 100  0  0
+     0  0      0 810412  22064 101368    0    0     0     0   17   38  0  0 100  0  0
+     0  0      0 810412  22064 101368    0    0     0     0   17   35  0  0 100  0  0
+     0  0      0 810412  22064 101368    0    0     0     0   18   36  0  1 100  0  0
+
+####3. 带时间戳的vmstat命令####
+
+带**-t**参数执行**vmstat**命令，该命令将会在每一行输出后都带一个时间戳，如下所示。
+
+
+    [tecmint@tecmint ~]$ vmstat -t 1 5
+    
+    procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------ ---timestamp---
+     r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
+     0  0      0 632028  24992 192244    0    0    70     5   55   78  1  3 95  1  0        2012-09-02 14:57:18 IST
+     1  0      0 632028  24992 192244    0    0     0     0  171  514  1  5 94  0  0        2012-09-02 14:57:19 IST
+     1  0      0 631904  24992 192244    0    0     0     0  195  600  0  5 95  0  0        2012-09-02 14:57:20 IST
+     0  0      0 631780  24992 192244    0    0     0     0  156  524  0  5 95  0  0        2012-09-02 14:57:21 IST
+     1  0      0 631656  24992 192244    0    0     0     0  189  592  0  5 95  0  0        2012-09-02 14:57:22 IST
+
+####4. 统计各种计数器####
+
+**vmstat**命令的**-s**参数，将输出各种事件计数器和内存的统计信息。
+
+
+    [tecmint@tecmint ~]$ vmstat -s
+    
+          1030800  total memory
+           524656  used memory
+           277784  active memory
+           185920  inactive memory
+           506144  free memory
+            26864  buffer memory
+           310104  swap cache
+          2064376  total swap
+                0  used swap
+          2064376  free swap
+             4539 non-nice user cpu ticks
+                0 nice user cpu ticks
+            11569 system cpu ticks
+           329608 idle cpu ticks
+             5012 IO-wait cpu ticks
+               79 IRQ cpu ticks
+               74 softirq cpu ticks
+                0 stolen cpu ticks
+           336038 pages paged in
+            67945 pages paged out
+                0 pages swapped in
+                0 pages swapped out
+           258526 interrupts
+           392439 CPU context switches
+       1346574857 boot time
+         2309 forks
+
+####5. 磁盘统计信息####
+
+**vmstat**的**-d**参数将会输出所有磁盘的统计信息。
+
+    [tecmint@tecmint ~]$ vmstat -d
+    
+    disk- ------------reads------------ ------------writes----------- -----IO------
+           total merged sectors      ms  total merged sectors      ms    cur    sec
+    ram0       0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    ram1       0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    ram2       0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    ram3       0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    ram4       0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    ram5       0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    ram6       0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    ram7       0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    ram8       0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    ram9       0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    ram10      0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    ram11      0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    ram12      0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    ram13      0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    ram14      0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    ram15      0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    loop0      0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    loop1      0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    loop2      0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    loop3      0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    loop4      0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    loop5      0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    loop6      0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    loop7      0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    sr0        0      0       0       0      0      0       0       0      0      0
+    sda     7712   5145  668732  409619   3282  28884  257402  644566      0    126
+    dm-0   11578      0  659242 1113017  32163      0  257384 8460026      0    126
+    dm-1     324      0    2592    3845      0      0       0       0      0      2
+
+####6. 以MB为单位输出统计信息####
+
+**vmstat**的**-S**和**-M**参数（大写和MB）将会以MB为单位输出。**vmstat**默认以KB为单位输出统计信息。
+
+    [root@tecmint ~]# vmstat -S M 1 5
+    
+    procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu-----
+     r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in   cs us sy id wa st
+     0  0      0    346     53    476    0    0    95     8   42   55  0  2 96  2  0
+     0  0      0    346     53    476    0    0     0     0   12   15  0  0 100  0  0
+     0  0      0    346     53    476    0    0     0     0   32   62  0  0 100  0  0
+     0  0      0    346     53    476    0    0     0     0   15   13  0  0 100  0  0
+     0  0      0    346     53    476    0    0     0     0   34   61  0  1 99  0  0
+
+###linux下的Iostat命令的6个范例###
+
+####1. 输出CPU和输入/输出（I/O）的统计信息####
+
+不带参数的**iostat**命令将会输出**CPU**和每个分区的**输出/输出**的统计信息，如下所示。
+
+    [root@tecmint ~]# iostat
+    
+    Linux 2.6.32-279.el6.i686 (tecmint.com)         09/03/2012      _i686_  (1 CPU)
+    
+    avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle
+               0.12    0.01    1.54    2.08    0.00   96.24
+    
+    Device:            tps   Blk_read/s   Blk_wrtn/s   Blk_read   Blk_wrtn
+    sda               3.59       161.02        13.48    1086002      90882
+    dm-0              5.76       159.71        13.47    1077154      90864
+    dm-1              0.05         0.38         0.00       2576          0
+
+####2. 只输出CPU的统计信息####
+
+**iostat**命令的**-c**参数仅输出**CPU**的统计信息，如下所示。
+
+    [root@tecmint ~]# iostat -c
+    
+    Linux 2.6.32-279.el6.i686 (tecmint.com)         09/03/2012      _i686_  (1 CPU)
+    
+    avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle
+               0.12    0.01    1.47    1.98    0.00   96.42
+
+####3. 只输出磁盘的输入/输出统计信息####
+
+**iostat**命令的**-d**参数仅输出磁盘的所有分区的**输入/输出**的统计信息，如下所示。
+
+    [root@tecmint ~]# iostat -d
+    
+    Linux 2.6.32-279.el6.i686 (tecmint.com)         09/03/2012      _i686_  (1 CPU)
+    
+    Device:            tps   Blk_read/s   Blk_wrtn/s   Blk_read   Blk_wrtn
+    sda               3.35       149.81        12.66    1086002      91746
+    dm-0              5.37       148.59        12.65    1077154      91728
+    dm-1              0.04         0.36         0.00       2576          0
+
+####4. 只输出某个磁盘的输入/输出统计信息####
+
+在默认情况下iostat命令会输出所有分区的统计信息，但是若在iostat命令后加上**-p**参数和磁盘设备名，该命令将会仅输出列出的磁盘的输入/输出统计信息，如下所示。
+
+    [root@tecmint ~]# iostat -p sda
+    
+    Linux 2.6.32-279.el6.i686 (tecmint.com)         09/03/2012      _i686_  (1 CPU)
+    
+    avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle
+               0.11    0.01    1.44    1.92    0.00   96.52
+    
+    Device:            tps   Blk_read/s   Blk_wrtn/s   Blk_read   Blk_wrtn
+    sda               3.32       148.52        12.55    1086002      91770
+    sda1              0.07         0.56         0.00       4120         18
+    sda2              3.22       147.79        12.55    1080650      91752
+
+####5. 	输出逻辑卷管理（LVM）的统计信息####
+
+iostat命令的**-N**(大写)参数将会输出**LVM**（LCTT译注：[LVM][2]是linux环境下对磁盘分区进行管理的一种机制，是磁盘分区和文件系统间的一个逻辑层）的统计信息，如下所示。
+
+    [root@tecmint ~]# iostat -N
+    
+    Linux 2.6.32-279.el6.i686 (tecmint.com)         09/03/2012      _i686_  (1 CPU)
+    
+    avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle
+               0.11    0.01    1.39    1.85    0.00   96.64
+    
+    Device:            tps   Blk_read/s   Blk_wrtn/s   Blk_read   Blk_wrtn
+    sda               3.20       142.84        12.16    1086002      92466
+    vg_tecmint-lv_root     5.13       141.68        12.16    1077154      92448
+    vg_tecmint-lv_swap     0.04         0.34         0.00       2576          0
+
+####6. iostat版本信息####
+
+iostat的**-V**(大写)参数将会输出**iostat**的版本信息，如下所示。
+
+    [root@tecmint ~]# iostat -V
+    
+    sysstat version 9.0.4
+    (C) Sebastien Godard (sysstat  orange.fr)
+
+**注意**：**vmstat**和**iostat**的输出中包含多列的数据和标志，限于篇幅无法在本文中进行详细的解析。如果你想知道更多的信息，请查看**vmstat**和**iostat**的man帮助手册。如果你觉得本文对你有价值，请在下面的评论框中与你的朋友分享。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-performance-monitoring-with-vmstat-and-iostat-commands/
+
+作者：[Ravi Saive][a]
+译者：[cvsher](https://github.com/cvsher)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.tecmint.com/author/admin/
+[1]:http://sebastien.godard.pagesperso-orange.fr/download.html
+[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_Volume_Manager_(Linux)