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@ -3,25 +3,25 @@ Linux 终端下的多媒体应用
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Linux 终端是支持多媒体的，所以你可以在终端里听音乐，看电影，看图片，甚至是阅读 PDF。
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> Linux 终端是支持多媒体的，所以你可以在终端里听音乐，看电影，看图片，甚至是阅读 PDF。
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在我的上一篇文章里，我们了解到 Linux 终端是可以支持多媒体的。是的，这是真的！你可以使用 Mplayer、fbi 和 fbgs 来实现不打开 X 进程就听音乐、看电影、看照片，甚至阅读 PDF。此外，你还可以通过 CMatrix 来体验黑客帝国（Matrix）风格的屏幕保护。
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在我的上一篇文章里，我们了解到 Linux 终端是可以支持多媒体的。是的，这是真的！你可以使用 Mplayer、fbi 和 fbgs 来实现不打开 X 会话就听音乐、看电影、看照片，甚至阅读 PDF。此外，你还可以通过 CMatrix 来体验黑客帝国（Matrix）风格的屏幕保护。
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不过你可能需要对系统进行一些修改才能达到前面这些目的。下文的操作都是在 Ubuntu 16.04 上进行的。
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### MPlayer
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你可能会比较熟悉功能丰富的 MPlayer。它支持几乎所有格式的视频与音频，并且能在绝大部分现有的平台上运行，像 Linux，Android，Windows，Mac，Kindle，OS/2 甚至是 AmigaOS。不过，要在你的终端运行 MPlayer 可能需要多做一点工作，这些工作与你使用的 Linux 发行版有关。来，我们先试着播放一个视频：
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你可能会比较熟悉功能丰富的 MPlayer。它支持几乎所有格式的视频与音频，并且能在绝大部分现有的平台上运行，像 Linux、Android、Windows、Mac、Kindle、OS/2 甚至是 AmigaOS。不过，要在你的终端运行 MPlayer 可能需要多做一点工作，这些工作与你使用的 Linux 发行版有关。来，我们先试着播放一个视频：
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```
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$ mplayer [视频文件名]
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```
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如果上面的命令正常执行了，那么很好，接下来你可以把时间放在了解 MPlayer 的常用选项上了，譬如设定视频大小等。但是，有些 Linux 发行版在对帧缓冲（framebuffer）的处理方式上与早期的不同，那么你就需要进行一些额外的设置才能让其正常工作了。下面是在最近的 Ubuntu 发行版上需要做的一些操作。
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如果上面的命令正常执行了，那么很好，接下来你可以把时间放在了解 MPlayer 的常用选项上了，譬如设定视频大小等。但是，有些 Linux 发行版在对<ruby>帧缓冲<rt>framebuffer</rt></ruby>的处理方式上与早期的不同，那么你就需要进行一些额外的设置才能让其正常工作了。下面是在最近的 Ubuntu 发行版上需要做的一些操作。
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首先，将你自己添加到 video 用户组。
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首先，将你自己添加到 `video` 用户组。
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其次，确认 `/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-framebuffer.conf` 文件中包含这样一行：`#blacklist vesafb`。这一行应该默认被注释掉了，如果不是的话，那就手动把它注释掉。此外的其他模块行需要确认没有被注释，这样设置才能保证其他那些模块不会被载入。注：如果你想要对控制帧缓冲（framebuffer）有更深入的了解，可以从针对你的显卡的这些模块里获取更深入的认识。
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其次，确认 `/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-framebuffer.conf` 文件中包含这样一行：`#blacklist vesafb`。这一行应该默认被注释掉了，如果不是的话，那就手动把它注释掉。此外的其他模块行需要确认没有被注释，这样设置才能保证其他那些模块不会被载入。注：如果你想要更深入的利用<ruby>帧缓冲<rt>framebuffer</rt></ruby>，这些针对你的显卡的模块可以使你获得更好的性能。
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然后，在 `/etc/initramfs-tools/modules` 的结尾增加两个模块：`vesafb` 和 `fbcon`，并且更新 iniramfs 镜像：
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@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ $ sudo nano /etc/initramfs-tools/modules
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$ sudo update-initramfs -u
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```
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[fbcon][1] 是 Linux 帧缓冲（framebuffer）终端，它运行在帧缓冲（framebuffer）之上并为其增加图形功能。而它需要一个帧缓冲（framebuffer）设备，这则是由 `vesafb` 模块来提供的。
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[fbcon][1] 是 Linux <ruby>帧缓冲<rt>framebuffer</rt></ruby>终端，它运行在<ruby>帧缓冲<rt>framebuffer</rt></ruby>之上并为其增加图形功能。而它需要一个<ruby>帧缓冲<rt>framebuffer</rt></ruby>设备，这则是由 `vesafb` 模块来提供的。
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接下来，你需要修改你的 GRUB2 配置。在 `/etc/default/grub` 中你将会看到类似下面的一行：
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@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash"
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GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX_DEFAULT="quiet splash vga=789"
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```
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重启之后进入你的终端（Ctrl+Alt+F1）（LCTT 译注：在某些发行版中 Ctrl+Alt+F1 默认为图形界面，可以尝试 Ctrl+Alt+F2），然后就可以尝试播放一个视频了。下面的命令指定了 `fbdev2` 为视频输出设备，虽然我还没弄明白如何去选择用哪个输入设备，但是我用它成功过。默认的视频大小是 320x240，在此我给缩放到了 960：
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重启之后进入你的终端（`Ctrl+Alt+F1`）（LCTT 译注：在某些发行版中 `Ctrl+Alt+F1` 默认为图形界面，可以尝试 `Ctrl+Alt+F2`），然后就可以尝试播放一个视频了。下面的命令指定了 `fbdev2` 为视频输出设备，虽然我还没弄明白如何去选择用哪个输入设备，但是我用它成功过。默认的视频大小是 320x240，在此我给缩放到了 960：
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```
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$ mplayer -vo fbdev2 -vf scale -zoom -xy 960 AlienSong_mp4.mov
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@ -69,19 +69,19 @@ MPlayer 可以播放 CD、DVD 以及网络视频流，并且还有一系列的
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$ fbi 文件名
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```
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你可以使用方向键来在大图片中移动视野，使用 + 和 - 来缩放，或者使用 r 或 l 来向右或向左旋转 90 度。Escape 键则可以关闭查看的图片。此外，你还可以给 `fbi` 一个文件列表来实现幻灯播放：
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你可以使用方向键来在大图片中移动视野，使用 `+` 和 `-` 来缩放，或者使用 `r` 或 `l` 来向右或向左旋转 90 度。`Escape` 键则可以关闭查看的图片。此外，你还可以给 `fbi` 一个文件列表来实现幻灯播放：
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```
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$ fbi --list 文件列表.txt
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```
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`fbi` 还支持自动缩放。还可以使用 `-a` 选项来控制缩放比例。`--autoup` 和 `--autodown` 则是用于告知 `fbi` 只进行放大或者缩小。要调整图片切换时淡入淡出的时间则可以使用 `--blend [时间]` 来指定一个以毫秒为单位的时间长度。使用 k 和 j 键则可以切换文件列表中的上一张或下一张图片。
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`fbi` 还支持自动缩放。还可以使用 `-a` 选项来控制缩放比例。`--autoup` 和 `--autodown` 则是用于告知 `fbi` 只进行放大或者缩小。要调整图片切换时淡入淡出的时间则可以使用 `--blend [时间]` 来指定一个以毫秒为单位的时间长度。使用 `k` 和 `j` 键则可以切换文件列表中的上一张或下一张图片。
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`fbi` 还提供了命令来为你浏览过的文件创建文件列表，或者将你的命令导出到文件中，以及一系列其它很棒的选项。你可以通过 `man fbi` 来查阅完整的选项列表。
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### CMatrix 终端屏保
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黑客帝国（The Matrix）屏保仍然是我非常喜欢的屏保之一（如图 2），仅次于弹跳牛（bouncing cow）。[CMatrix][3] 可以在终端运行。要运行它只需输入 `cmatrix`，然后可以用 Ctrl+C 来停止运行。执行 `cmatrix -s` 则会启动屏保模式，这样的话，按任意键都会直接退出。`-C` 参数可以设定颜色，譬如绿色（green）、红色（red）、蓝色（blue）、黄色（yellow）、白色（white）、紫色（magenta）、青色（cyan）或者黑色（black）。
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<ruby>黑客帝国<rt>The Matrix</rt></ruby>屏保仍然是我非常喜欢的屏保之一（如图 2），仅次于<ruby>弹跳牛<rt>bouncing cow</rt></ruby>。[CMatrix][3] 可以在终端运行。要运行它只需输入 `cmatrix`，然后可以用 `Ctrl+C` 来停止运行。执行 `cmatrix -s` 则会启动屏保模式，这样的话，按任意键都会直接退出。`-C` 参数可以设定颜色，譬如绿色（`green`）、红色（`red`）、蓝色（`blue`）、黄色（`yellow`）、白色（`white`）、紫色（`magenta`）、青色（`cyan`）或者黑色（`black`）。
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@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ CMatrix 还支持异步按键，这意味着你可以在它运行的时候改变
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### fbgs PDF 阅读器
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看起来，PDF 文档的流行是普遍且无法阻止的，而且 PDF 比它之前好了很多，譬如超链接、复制粘贴以及更好的文本搜索功能等。`fbgs` 是 `fbida` 包中提供的一个 PDF 阅读器。它可以设置页面大小、分辨率、指定页码以及绝大部分 `fbi` 所提供的选项，当然除了一些在 `man fbgs` 中列举出来的不可用选项。我主要用到的选项是页面大小，你可以选择 `-l`、`xl` 或者 `xxl`：
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看起来，PDF 文档是普遍流行且无法避免的，而且 PDF 比它之前的功能好了很多，譬如超链接、复制粘贴以及更好的文本搜索功能等。`fbgs` 是 `fbida` 包中提供的一个 PDF 阅读器。它可以设置页面大小、分辨率、指定页码以及绝大部分 `fbi` 所提供的选项，当然除了一些在 `man fbgs` 中列举出来的不可用选项。我主要用到的选项是页面大小，你可以选择 `-l`、`xl` 或者 `xxl`：
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```
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$ fbgs -xl annoyingpdf.pdf
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@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ via: https://www.linux.com/learn/intro-to-linux/2018/1/multimedia-apps-linux-con
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作者：[Carla Schroder][a]
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译者：[Yinr](https://github.com/Yinr)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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@ -3,13 +3,13 @@
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如果您从未使用过 [Git][1]，甚至可能从未听说过它。莫慌张，只需要一步步地跟着入门教程，很快您就会在 [GitHub][2] 上拥有一个全新的 Git 仓库。
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如果您从未使用过 [Git][1]，甚至可能从未听说过它。莫慌张，只需要一步步地跟着这篇入门教程，很快您就会在 [GitHub][2] 上拥有一个全新的 Git 仓库。
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在开始之前，让我们先理清一个常见的误解：Git 并不是 GitHub。Git 是一套版本控制系统（或者说是一款软件），能够协助您跟踪计算机程序和文件在任何时间的更改。它同样允许您在程序、代码和文件操作上与同事协作。GitHub 以及类似服务（包括 GitLab 和 BitBucket）都属于部署了 Git 程序的网站，能够托管您的代码。
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### 步骤 1：申请一个 GitHub 账户
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在 [GitHub.com][3] （免费）网站上创建一个账户是最简单的方式。
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在 [GitHub.com][3] 网站上（免费）创建一个账户是最简单的方式。
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@ -17,13 +17,13 @@
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### 步骤 2：创建一个新的 repository
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### 步骤 2：创建一个新的仓库
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一个 repository（仓库），类似于能储存物品的场所或是容器；在这里，我们创建仓库存储代码。在 `+` 符号内（在插图的右上角，我已经选中它了） 的下拉菜单中选择 **New Pepositiry**。
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一个仓库（ repository），类似于能储存物品的场所或是容器；在这里，我们创建仓库存储代码。在 `+` 符号（在插图的右上角，我已经选中它了） 的下拉菜单中选择 **New Repository**。
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给您的仓库命名（比如说，123）然后点击 **Create Repository**。无需考虑本页面的其他选项。
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给您的仓库命名（比如说，Demo）然后点击 **Create Repository**。无需考虑本页面的其他选项。
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恭喜！您已经在 GitHub.com 中建立了您的第一个仓库。
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@ -33,73 +33,83 @@
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不必惊慌，它比看上去简单。跟紧步骤。忽略其他内容，注意截图上的“...or create a new repository on the command line,”。
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不必惊慌，它比看上去简单。跟紧步骤。忽略其他内容，注意截图上的 “...or create a new repository on the command line,”。
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在您的计算机中打开终端。
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键入 `git` 然后回车。如果命令行显示 `bash: git: command not found`，在您的操作系统或发行版使用 [安装 Git][4] 命令。键入 `git` 并回车检查是否成功安装；如果安装成功，您将看见大量关于使用说明的信息。
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键入 `git` 然后回车。如果命令行显示 `bash: git: command not found`，在您的操作系统或发行版 [安装 Git][4] 命令。键入 `git` 并回车检查是否成功安装；如果安装成功，您将看见大量关于使用该命令的说明信息。
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在终端内输入：
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```
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mkdir Demo
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```
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这个命令将会创建一个名为 Demo 的目录（文件夹）。
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如下命令将会切换终端目录，跳转到 Demo 目录：
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```
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cd Demo
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||||
```
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然后输入：
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```
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echo "#Demo" >> README.md
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||||
```
|
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||||
创建一个名为 `README.md` 的文件，并写入 `#Demo`。检查文件是否创建成功，请输入：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
cat README.md
|
||||
```
|
||||
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||||
这将会为您显示 `README.md` 文件的内容，如果文件创建成功，您的终端会有如下显示：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
使用 Git 程序告诉您的电脑，Demo 是一个被 Git 托管的目录，请输入：
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||||
使用 Git 程序告诉您的电脑，Demo 是一个被 Git 管理的目录，请输入：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
git init
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
然后，告诉 Git 程序您关心的文件并且想在此刻起跟踪它的任何改变，请输入：
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||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
git add README.md
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 步骤 4：创建一次提交
|
||||
|
||||
目前为止，您已经创建了一个文件，并且已经通知了 Git，现在，是时候创建一次提交了。提交被看作为一个里程碑。每当完成一些工作之时，您都可以创建一次提交，保存文件当前版本，这样一来，您可以返回之前的版本，并且查看那时候的文件内容。无论那一次，您对修改过后的文件创建的新的存档，都和上一次的不一样。
|
||||
目前为止，您已经创建了一个文件，并且已经通知了 Git，现在，是时候创建一次<ruby>提交<rt>commit</rt></ruby>了。提交可以看作是一个里程碑。每当完成一些工作之时，您都可以创建一次提交，保存文件当前版本，这样一来，您可以返回之前的版本，并且查看那时候的文件内容。无论何时您修改了文件，都可以对文件创建一个上一次的不一样的新版本。
|
||||
|
||||
创建一次提交，请输入：
|
||||
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||||
```
|
||||
git commit -m "first commit"
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||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
就是这样！刚才您创建了包含一条注释为“first commit”的 Git 提交。每次提交，您都必须编辑注释信息；它不仅能协助您识别提交，而且能让您理解此时您对文件做了什么修改。这样到了明天，如果您在文件中添加新的代码，您可以写一句提交信息：添加了新的代码，然后当您一个月后回来查看提交记录或者 Git 日志（提交列表），您还能知道当时的您在文件夹里做了什么。
|
||||
就是这样！刚才您创建了包含一条注释为 “first commit” 的 Git 提交。每次提交，您都必须编辑注释信息；它不仅能协助您识别提交，而且能让您理解此时您对文件做了什么修改。这样到了明天，如果您在文件中添加新的代码，您可以写一句提交信息：“添加了新的代码”，然后当您一个月后回来查看提交记录或者 Git 日志（即提交列表），您还能知道当时的您在文件夹里做了什么。
|
||||
|
||||
### 步骤 5: 将您的计算机连接到 GitHub 仓库
|
||||
### 步骤 5: 将您的计算机与 GitHub 仓库相连接
|
||||
|
||||
现在，是时候用如下命令将您的计算机连接到 GitHub 仓库了：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
git remote add origin https://github.com/<your_username>/Demo.git
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
让我们一步步的分析这行命令。我们通知 Git 去添加一个叫做 `origin` 的，拥有地址为 `https://github.com/<your_username>/Demo.git`（它也是您的 GitHub 地址仓库） 的 `remote`。当您递送代码时，允许您在 GitHub.com 和 Git 仓库交互时使用 `origin` 而不是完整的 Git 地址。为什么叫做 `origin`？当然，您可以叫点别的，只要您喜欢。
|
||||
让我们一步步的分析这行命令。我们通知 Git 去添加一个叫做 `origin` （起源）的，拥有地址为 `https://github.com/<your_username>/Demo.git`（它也是您的仓库的 GitHub 地址） 的 `remote` （远程仓库）。当您提交代码时，这允许您在 GitHub.com 和 Git 仓库交互时使用 `origin` 这个名称而不是完整的 Git 地址。为什么叫做 `origin`？当然，您可以叫点别的，只要您喜欢（惯例而已）。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，在 GitHub.com 我们已经连接并复制本地 Demo 仓库副本到远程仓库。您的设备会有如下显示：
|
||||
现在，我们已经将本地 Demo 仓库副本连接到了其在 GitHub.com 远程副本上。您的终端看起来如下：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
此刻我们已经连接到远程仓库，可以推送我们的代码（上传 `README.md` 文件） 到 GitHub.com。
|
||||
此刻我们已经连接到远程仓库，可以推送我们的代码 到 GitHub.com（例如上传 `README.md` 文件）。
|
||||
|
||||
执行完毕后，您的终端会显示如下信息：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -109,7 +119,7 @@ git remote add origin https://github.com/<your_username>/Demo.git
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
就是这么回事！您已经创建了您的第一个 GitHub 仓库，连接到了您的电脑，并且在 GitHub.com 推送（或者称：上传）名叫 Demo 的文件到您的远程仓库。下一次，我将编写关于 Git 复制、添加新文件、修改现存文件、推送（上传）文件到 GitHub。
|
||||
就是这么回事！您已经创建了您的第一个 GitHub 仓库，连接到了您的电脑，并且从你的计算机推送（或者称：上传）一个文件到 GitHub.com 名叫 Demo 的远程仓库上了。下一次，我将编写关于 Git 复制（从 GitHub 上下载文件到你的计算机上）、添加新文件、修改现存文件、推送（上传）文件到 GitHub。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -117,7 +127,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/1/step-step-guide-git
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Kedar Vijay Kulkarni][a]
|
||||
译者：[CYLeft](https://github.com/CYLeft)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
|
||||
translating---geekpi
|
||||
|
||||
How To Turn On/Off Colors For ls Command In Bash On a Linux/Unix
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
How do I turn on or off file name colors (ls command colors) in bash shell on a Linux or Unix like operating systems?
|
||||
|
||||
Most modern Linux distributions and Unix systems comes with alias that defines colors for your file. However, ls command is responsible for displaying color on screen for files, directories and other file system objects.
|
||||
|
||||
By default, color is not used to distinguish types of files. You need to pass --color option to the ls command on Linux. If you are using OS X or BSD based system pass -G option to the ls command. The syntax is as follows to turn on or off colors.
|
||||
|
||||
#### How to turn off colors for ls command
|
||||
|
||||
Type the following command
|
||||
`$ ls --color=none`
|
||||
Or just remove alias with the unalias command:
|
||||
`$ unalias ls`
|
||||
Please note that the following bash shell aliases are defined to display color with the ls command. Use combination of [alias command][1] and [grep command][2] as follows:
|
||||
`$ alias | grep ls`
|
||||
Sample outputs
|
||||
```
|
||||
alias l='ls -CF'
|
||||
alias la='ls -A'
|
||||
alias ll='ls -alF'
|
||||
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### How to turn on colors for ls command
|
||||
|
||||
Use any one of the following command:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls --color=auto
|
||||
$ ls --color=tty
|
||||
```
|
||||
[Define bash shell aliases ][3]if you want:
|
||||
`alias ls='ls --color=auto'`
|
||||
You can add or remove ls command alias to the ~/.bash_profile or [~/.bashrc file][4]. Edit file using a text editor such as vi command:
|
||||
`$ vi ~/.bashrc`
|
||||
Append the following code:
|
||||
```
|
||||
# my ls command aliases #
|
||||
alias ls = 'ls --color=auto'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[Save and close the file in Vi/Vim text editor][5].
|
||||
|
||||
#### A note about *BSD/macOS/Apple OS X ls command
|
||||
|
||||
Pass the -G option to ls command to enable colorized output on a {Free,Net,Open}BSD or macOS and Apple OS X Unix family of operating systems:
|
||||
`$ ls -G`
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
[![How to enable colorized output for the ls command in Mac OS X Terminal][6]][7]
|
||||
How to enable colorized output for the ls command in Mac OS X Terminal
|
||||
|
||||
#### How do I skip colorful ls command output temporarily?
|
||||
|
||||
You can always [disable bash shell aliases temporarily][8] using any one of the following syntax:
|
||||
`\ls
|
||||
/bin/ls
|
||||
command ls
|
||||
'ls'`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### About the author
|
||||
|
||||
The author is the creator of nixCraft and a seasoned sysadmin and a trainer for the Linux operating system/Unix shell scripting. He has worked with global clients and in various industries, including IT, education, defense and space research, and the nonprofit sector. Follow him on [Twitter][9], [Facebook][10], [Google+][11].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-to-turn-on-or-off-colors-in-bash/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Vivek Gite][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/bash-aliases-mac-centos-linux-unix.html (See Linux/Unix alias command examples for more info)
|
||||
[2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-use-grep-command-in-linux-unix/ (See Linux/Unix grep command examples for more info)
|
||||
[3]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/bash-aliases-mac-centos-linux-unix.html
|
||||
[4]:https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/~/.bashrc
|
||||
[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-vim-save-and-quit-command/
|
||||
[6]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2016/01/color-ls-for-Mac-OS-X.jpg
|
||||
[7]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/apple-mac-osx-terminal-color-ls-output-option/
|
||||
[8]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/bash-shell-temporarily-disable-an-alias/
|
||||
[9]:https://twitter.com/nixcraft
|
||||
[10]:https://facebook.com/nixcraft
|
||||
[11]:https://plus.google.com/+CybercitiBiz
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
6 Best Open Source Alternatives to Microsoft Office for Linux
|
||||
6 Best Open Source Alternatives to Microsoft Office for Linux
|
||||
======
|
||||
**Brief: Looking for Microsoft Office in Linux? Here are the best free and open source alternatives to Microsoft Office for Linux.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,131 +0,0 @@
|
||||
How to Use the ZFS Filesystem on Ubuntu Linux
|
||||
======
|
||||
There are a myriad of [filesystems available for Linux][1]. So why try a new one? They all work, right? They're not all the same, and some have some very distinct advantages, like ZFS.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why ZFS
|
||||
|
||||
ZFS is awesome. It's a truly modern filesystem with built-in capabilities that make sense for handling loads of data.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, if you're considering ZFS for your ultra-fast NVMe SSD, it might not be the best option. It's slower than others. That's okay, though. It was designed to store huge amounts of data and keep it safe.
|
||||
|
||||
ZFS eliminates the need to set up traditional RAID arrays. Instead, you can create ZFS pools, and even add drives to those pools at any time. ZFS pools behave almost exactly like RAID, but the functionality is built right into the filesystem.
|
||||
|
||||
ZFS also acts like a replacement for LVM, allowing you to partition and manage partitions on the fly without the need to handle things at a lower level and worry about the associated risks.
|
||||
|
||||
It's also a CoW filesystem. Without getting too technical, that means that ZFS protects your data from gradual corruption over time. ZFS creates checksums of files and lets you roll back those files to a previous working version.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing ZFS
|
||||
|
||||
![Install ZFS on Ubuntu][2]
|
||||
|
||||
Installing ZFS on Ubuntu is very easy, though the process is slightly different for Ubuntu LTS and the latest releases.
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu 16.04 LTS**
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt install zfs
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu 17.04 and Later**
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt install zfsutils
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
After you have the utilities installed, you can create ZFS drives and partitions using the tools provided by ZFS.
|
||||
|
||||
### Creating Pools
|
||||
|
||||
![Create ZFS Pool][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Pools are the rough equivalent of RAID in ZFS. They are flexible and can easily be manipulated.
|
||||
|
||||
#### RAID0
|
||||
|
||||
RAID0 just pools your drives into what behaves like one giant drive. It can increase your drive speeds, but if one of your drives fails, you're probably going to be out of luck.
|
||||
|
||||
To achieve RAID0 with ZFS, just create a plain pool.
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool create your-pool /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### RAID1/MIRROR
|
||||
|
||||
You can achieve RAID1 functionality with the `mirror` keyword in ZFS. Raid1 creates a 1-to-1 copy of your drive. This means that your data is constantly backed up. It also increases performance. Of course, you use half of your storage to the duplication.
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool create your-pool mirror /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### RAID5/RAIDZ1
|
||||
|
||||
ZFS implements RAID5 functionality as RAIDZ1. RAID5 requires drives in multiples of three and allows you to keep 2/3 of your storage space by writing backup parity data to 1/3 of the drive space. If one drive fails, the array will remain online, but the failed drive should be replaced ASAP.
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool create your-pool raidz1 /dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sde
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### RAID6/RAIDZ2
|
||||
|
||||
RAID6 is almost exactly like RAID5, but it works in multiples of four instead of multiples of three. It doubles the parity data to allow up to two drives to fail without bringing the array down.
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool create your-pool raidz2 /dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sde /dev/sdf
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### RAID10/Striped Mirror
|
||||
|
||||
RAID10 aims to be the best of both worlds by providing both a speed increase and data redundancy with striping. You need drives in multiples of four and will only have access to half of the space. You can create a pool in RAID10 by creating two mirrors in the same pool command.
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool create your-pool mirror /dev/sdc /dev/sdd mirror /dev/sde /dev/sdf
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Working With Pools
|
||||
|
||||
![ZFS pool Status][4]
|
||||
|
||||
There are also some management tools that you have to work with your pools once you've created them. First, check the status of your pools.
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool status
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Updates
|
||||
|
||||
When you update ZFS you'll need to update your pools, too. Your pools will notify you of any updates when you check their status. To update a pool, run the following command.
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool upgrade your-pool
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can also upgrade them all.
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool upgrade -a
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Adding Drives
|
||||
|
||||
You can also add drives to your pools at any time. Tell `zpool` the name of the pool and the location of the drive, and it'll take care of everything.
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool add your-pool /dev/sdx
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Other Thoughts
|
||||
|
||||
![ZFS in File Browser][5]
|
||||
|
||||
ZFS creates a directory in the root filesystem for your pools. You can browse to them by name using your GUI file manager or the CLI.
|
||||
|
||||
ZFS is awesomely powerful, and there are plenty of other things that you can do with it, too, but these are the basics. It is an excellent filesystem for working with loads of storage, even if it is just a RAID array of hard drives that you use for your files. ZFS works excellently with NAS systems, too.
|
||||
|
||||
Regardless of how stable and robust ZFS is, it's always best to back up your data when you implement something new on your hard drives.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/use-zfs-filesystem-ubuntu-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Nick Congleton][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/nickcongleton/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/best-linux-filesystem-for-ssd/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/zfs-install.jpg (Install ZFS on Ubuntu)
|
||||
[3]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/zfs-create-pool.jpg (Create ZFS Pool)
|
||||
[4]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/zfs-pool-status.jpg (ZFS pool Status)
|
||||
[5]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/zfs-pool-open.jpg (ZFS in File Browser)
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
translating---geekpi
|
||||
|
||||
What is the deal with GraphQL?
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,214 +0,0 @@
|
||||
leemeans translating
|
||||
Getting Started with ncurses
|
||||
======
|
||||
How to use curses to draw to the terminal screen.
|
||||
|
||||
While graphical user interfaces are very cool, not every program needs to run with a point-and-click interface. For example, the venerable vi editor ran in plain-text terminals long before the first GUI.
|
||||
|
||||
The vi editor is one example of a screen-oriented program that draws in "text" mode, using a library called curses, which provides a set of programming interfaces to manipulate the terminal screen. The curses library originated in BSD UNIX, but Linux systems provide this functionality through the ncurses library.
|
||||
|
||||
[For a "blast from the past" on ncurses, see ["ncurses: Portable Screen-Handling for Linux"][1], September 1, 1995, by Eric S. Raymond.]
|
||||
|
||||
Creating programs that use curses is actually quite simple. In this article, I show an example program that leverages curses to draw to the terminal screen.
|
||||
|
||||
### Sierpinski's Triangle
|
||||
|
||||
One simple way to demonstrate a few curses functions is by generating Sierpinski's Triangle. If you aren't familiar with this method to generate Sierpinski's Triangle, here are the rules:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Set three points that define a triangle.
|
||||
|
||||
2. Randomly select a point anywhere (x,y).
|
||||
|
||||
Then:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Randomly select one of the triangle's points.
|
||||
|
||||
2. Set the new x,y to be the midpoint between the previous x,y and the triangle point.
|
||||
|
||||
3. Repeat.
|
||||
|
||||
So with those instructions, I wrote this program to draw Sierpinski's Triangle to the terminal screen using the curses functions:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
1 /* triangle.c */
|
||||
2
|
||||
3 #include
|
||||
4 #include
|
||||
5
|
||||
6 #include "getrandom_int.h"
|
||||
7
|
||||
8 #define ITERMAX 10000
|
||||
9
|
||||
10 int main(void)
|
||||
11 {
|
||||
12 long iter;
|
||||
13 int yi, xi;
|
||||
14 int y[3], x[3];
|
||||
15 int index;
|
||||
16 int maxlines, maxcols;
|
||||
17
|
||||
18 /* initialize curses */
|
||||
19
|
||||
20 initscr();
|
||||
21 cbreak();
|
||||
22 noecho();
|
||||
23
|
||||
24 clear();
|
||||
25
|
||||
26 /* initialize triangle */
|
||||
27
|
||||
28 maxlines = LINES - 1;
|
||||
29 maxcols = COLS - 1;
|
||||
30
|
||||
31 y[0] = 0;
|
||||
32 x[0] = 0;
|
||||
33
|
||||
34 y[1] = maxlines;
|
||||
35 x[1] = maxcols / 2;
|
||||
36
|
||||
37 y[2] = 0;
|
||||
38 x[2] = maxcols;
|
||||
39
|
||||
40 mvaddch(y[0], x[0], '0');
|
||||
41 mvaddch(y[1], x[1], '1');
|
||||
42 mvaddch(y[2], x[2], '2');
|
||||
43
|
||||
44 /* initialize yi,xi with random values */
|
||||
45
|
||||
46 yi = getrandom_int() % maxlines;
|
||||
47 xi = getrandom_int() % maxcols;
|
||||
48
|
||||
49 mvaddch(yi, xi, '.');
|
||||
50
|
||||
51 /* iterate the triangle */
|
||||
52
|
||||
53 for (iter = 0; iter < ITERMAX; iter++) {
|
||||
54 index = getrandom_int() % 3;
|
||||
55
|
||||
56 yi = (yi + y[index]) / 2;
|
||||
57 xi = (xi + x[index]) / 2;
|
||||
58
|
||||
59 mvaddch(yi, xi, '*');
|
||||
60 refresh();
|
||||
61 }
|
||||
62
|
||||
63 /* done */
|
||||
64
|
||||
65 mvaddstr(maxlines, 0, "Press any key to quit");
|
||||
66
|
||||
67 refresh();
|
||||
68
|
||||
69 getch();
|
||||
70 endwin();
|
||||
71
|
||||
72 exit(0);
|
||||
73 }
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Let me walk through that program by way of explanation. First, the getrandom_int() is my own wrapper to the Linux getrandom() system call, but it's guaranteed to return a positive integer value. Otherwise, you should be able to identify the code lines that initialize and then iterate Sierpinski's Triangle, based on the above rules. Aside from that, let's look at the curses functions I used to draw the triangle on a terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
Most curses programs will start with these four instructions. 1) The initscr() function determines the terminal type, including its size and features, and sets up the curses environment based on what the terminal can support. The cbreak() function disables line buffering and sets curses to take one character at a time. The noecho() function tells curses not to echo the input back to the screen, and the clear() function clears the screen:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
20 initscr();
|
||||
21 cbreak();
|
||||
22 noecho();
|
||||
23
|
||||
24 clear();
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The program then sets a few variables to define the three points that define a triangle. Note the use of LINES and COLS here, which were set by initscr(). These values tell the program how many lines and columns exist on the terminal. Screen coordinates start at zero, so the top-left of the screen is row 0, column 0\. The bottom-right of the screen is row LINES - 1, column COLS - 1\. To make this easy to remember, my program sets these values in the variables maxlines and maxcols, respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
Two simple methods to draw text on the screen are the addch() and addstr() functions. To put text at a specific screen location, use the related mvaddch() and mvaddstr() functions. My program uses these functions in several places. First, the program draws the three points that define the triangle, labeled "0", "1" and "2":
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
40 mvaddch(y[0], x[0], '0');
|
||||
41 mvaddch(y[1], x[1], '1');
|
||||
42 mvaddch(y[2], x[2], '2');
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To draw the random starting point, the program makes a similar call:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
49 mvaddch(yi, xi, '.');
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
And to draw each successive point in Sierpinski's Triangle iteration:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
59 mvaddch(yi, xi, '*');
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
When the program is done, it displays a helpful message at the lower-left corner of the screen (at row maxlines, column 0):
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
65 mvaddstr(maxlines, 0, "Press any key to quit");
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
It's important to note that curses maintains a version of the screen in memory and updates the screen only when you ask it to. This provides greater performance, especially if you want to display a lot of text to the screen. This is because curses can update only those parts of the screen that changed since the last update. To cause curses to update the terminal screen, use the refresh() function.
|
||||
|
||||
In my example program, I've chosen to update the screen after "drawing" each successive point in Sierpinski's Triangle. By doing so, users should be able to observe each iteration in the triangle.
|
||||
|
||||
Before exiting, I use the getch() function to wait for the user to press a key. Then I call endwin() to exit the curses environment and return the terminal screen to normal control:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
69 getch();
|
||||
70 endwin();
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Compiling and Sample Output
|
||||
|
||||
Now that you have your first sample curses program, it's time to compile and run it. Remember that Linux systems implement the curses functionality via the ncurses library, so you need to link with -lncurses when you compile—for example:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
$ ls
|
||||
getrandom_int.c getrandom_int.h triangle.c
|
||||
|
||||
$ gcc -Wall -lncurses -o triangle triangle.c getrandom_int.c
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Running the triangle program on a standard 80x24 terminal is not very interesting. You just can't see much detail in Sierpinski's Triangle at that resolution. If you run a terminal window and set a very small font size, you can see the fractal nature of Sierpinski's Triangle more easily. On my system, the output looks like Figure 1.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Figure 1. Output of the triangle Program
|
||||
|
||||
Despite the random nature of the iteration, every run of Sierpinski's Triangle will look pretty much the same. The only difference will be where the first few points are drawn to the screen. In this example, you can see the single dot that starts the triangle, near point 1\. It looks like the program picked point 2 next, and you can see the asterisk halfway between the dot and the "2". And it looks like the program randomly picked point 2 for the next random number, because you can see the asterisk halfway between the first asterisk and the "2". From there, it's impossible to tell how the triangle was drawn, because all of the successive dots fall within the triangle area.
|
||||
|
||||
### Starting to Learn ncurses
|
||||
|
||||
This program is a simple example of how to use the curses functions to draw characters to the screen. You can do so much more with curses, depending on what you need your program to do. In a follow up article, I will show how to use curses to allow the user to interact with the screen. If you are interested in getting a head start with curses, I encourage you to read Pradeep Padala's ["NCURSES Programming HOWTO"][2], at the Linux Documentation Project.
|
||||
|
||||
### About the author
|
||||
|
||||
Jim Hall is an advocate for free and open-source software, best known for his work on the FreeDOS Project, and he also focuses on the usability of open-source software. Jim is the Chief Information Officer at Ramsey County, Minn.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/getting-started-ncurses
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jim Hall][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/users/jim-hall
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1124
|
||||
[2]:http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO
|
||||
@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Translating by yizhuoyan
|
||||
|
||||
Linux rm Command Explained for Beginners (8 Examples)
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
Deleting files is a fundamental operation, just like copying files or renaming/moving them. In Linux, there's a dedicated command - dubbed **rm** \- that lets you perform all deletion-related operations. In this tutorial, we will discuss the basics of this tool along with some easy to understand examples.
|
||||
|
||||
But before we do that, it's worth mentioning that all examples mentioned in the article have been tested on Ubuntu 16.04 LTS.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Linux rm command
|
||||
|
||||
So in layman's terms, we can simply say the rm command is used for removing/deleting files and directories. Following is the syntax of the command:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm [OPTION]... [FILE]...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
And here's how the tool's man page describes it:
|
||||
```
|
||||
This manual page documents the GNU version of rm. rm removes each specified file. By default, it
|
||||
does not remove directories.
|
||||
|
||||
If the -I or --interactive=once option is given, and there are more than three files or the -r,
|
||||
-R, or --recursive are given, then rm prompts the user for whether to proceed with the entire
|
||||
operation. If the response is not affirmative, the entire command is aborted.
|
||||
|
||||
Otherwise, if a file is unwritable, standard input is a terminal, and the -f or --force option is
|
||||
not given, or the -i or --interactive=always option is given, rm prompts the user for whether to
|
||||
remove the file. If the response is not affirmative, the file is skipped.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The following Q&A-styled examples will give you a better idea on how the tool works.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Q1. How to remove files using rm command?
|
||||
|
||||
That's pretty easy and straightforward. All you have to do is to pass the name of the files (along with paths if they are not in the current working directory) as input to the rm command.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm [filename]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
For example:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm testfile.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to remove files using rm command][1]][2]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Q2. How to remove directories using rm command?
|
||||
|
||||
If you are trying to remove a directory, then you need to use the **-r** command line option. Otherwise, rm will throw an error saying what you are trying to delete is a directory.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm -r [dir name]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
For example:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm -r testdir
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to remove directories using rm command][3]][4]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Q3. How to make rm prompt before every removal?
|
||||
|
||||
If you want rm to prompt before each delete action it performs, then use the **-i** command line option.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm -i [file or dir]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
For example, suppose you want to delete a directory 'testdir' and all its contents, but want rm to prompt before every deletion, then here's how you can do that:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm -r -i testdir
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to make rm prompt before every removal][5]][6]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Q4. How to force rm to ignore nonexistent files?
|
||||
|
||||
The rm command lets you know through an error message if you try deleting a non-existent file or directory.
|
||||
|
||||
[![Linux rm command example][7]][8]
|
||||
|
||||
However, if you want, you can make rm suppress such error/notifications - all you have to do is to use the **-f** command line option.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm -f [filename]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to force rm to ignore nonexistent files][9]][10]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Q5. How to make rm prompt only in some scenarios?
|
||||
|
||||
There exists a command line option **-I** , which when used, makes sure the command only prompts once before removing more than three files, or when removing recursively.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, the following screenshot shows this option in action - there was no prompt when two files were deleted, but the command prompted when more than three files were deleted.
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to make rm prompt only in some scenarios][11]][12]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Q6. How rm works when dealing with root directory?
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, deleting root directory is the last thing a Linux user would want. That's why, the rm command doesn't let you perform a recursive delete operation on this directory by default.
|
||||
|
||||
[![How rm works when dealing with root directory][13]][14]
|
||||
|
||||
However, if you want to go ahead with this operation for whatever reason, then you need to tell this to rm by using the **\--no-preserve-root** option. When this option is enabled, rm doesn't treat the root directory (/) specially.
|
||||
|
||||
In case you want to know the scenarios in which a user might want to delete the root directory of their system, head [here][15].
|
||||
|
||||
#### Q7. How to make rm only remove empty directories?
|
||||
|
||||
In case you want to restrict rm's directory deletion ability to only empty directories, then you can use the -d command line option.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm -d [dir]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The following screenshot shows the -d command line option in action - only empty directory got deleted.
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to make rm only remove empty directories][16]][17]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Q8. How to force rm to emit details of operation it is performing?
|
||||
|
||||
If you want rm to display detailed information of the operation being performed, then this can be done by using the **-v** command line option.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm -v [file or directory name]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
For example:
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to force rm to emit details of operation it is performing][18]][19]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
Given the kind of functionality it offers, rm is one of the most frequently used commands in Linux (like [cp][20] and mv). Here, in this tutorial, we have covered almost all major command line options this tool provides. rm has a bit of learning curve associated with, so you'll have to spent some time practicing its options before you start using the tool in your day to day work. For more information, head to the command's [man page][21].
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.howtoforge.com/linux-rm-command/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Himanshu Arora][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.howtoforge.com
|
||||
[1]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-basic-usage.png
|
||||
[2]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-basic-usage.png
|
||||
[3]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-r.png
|
||||
[4]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-r.png
|
||||
[5]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-i-option.png
|
||||
[6]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-i-option.png
|
||||
[7]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-non-ext-error.png
|
||||
[8]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-non-ext-error.png
|
||||
[9]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-f-option.png
|
||||
[10]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-f-option.png
|
||||
[11]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-I-option.png
|
||||
[12]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-I-option.png
|
||||
[13]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-root-default.png
|
||||
[14]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-root-default.png
|
||||
[15]:https://superuser.com/questions/742334/is-there-a-scenario-where-rm-rf-no-preserve-root-is-needed
|
||||
[16]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-d-option.png
|
||||
[17]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-d-option.png
|
||||
[18]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-v-option.png
|
||||
[19]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-v-option.png
|
||||
[20]:https://www.howtoforge.com/linux-cp-command/
|
||||
[21]:https://linux.die.net/man/1/rm
|
||||
@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Linux Kernel 4.15: 'An Unusual Release Cycle'
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linus Torvalds released version 4.15 of the Linux Kernel on Sunday, a week later than originally scheduled. Learn about key updates in this latest release.[Creative Commons Zero][1]Pixabay
|
||||
|
||||
Linus Torvalds [released version 4.15 of the Linux Kernel][7] on Sunday, again, and for a second version in a row, a week later than scheduled. The culprits for the late release were the Meltdown and Spectre bugs, as these two vulnerabilities forced developers to submit major patches well into what should have been the last cycle. Torvalds was not comfortable rushing the release, so he gave it another week.
|
||||
|
||||
Unsurprisingly, the first big bunch of patches worth mentioning were those designed to sidestep [Meltdown and Spectre][8]. To avoid Meltdown, a problem that affects Intel chips, [developers have implemented _Page Table Isolation_ (PTI)][9] for the x86 architecture. If for any reason you want to turn this off, you can use the `pti=off` kernel boot option.
|
||||
|
||||
Spectre v2 affects both Intel and AMD chips and, to avoid it, [the kernel now comes with the _retpoline_ mechanism][10]. Retpoline requires a version of GCC that supports the `-mindirect-branch=thunk-extern` functionality. As with PTI, the Spectre-inhibiting mechanism can be turned of. To do so, use the `spectre_v2=off` option at boot time. Although developers are working to address Spectre v1, at the moment of writing there is still not a solution, so there is no patch for this bug in 4.15.
|
||||
|
||||
The solution for Meltdown on ARM has also been pushed to the next development cycle, but there is [a remedy for the bug on PowerPC with the _RFI flush of L1-D cache_ feature][11] included in this release.
|
||||
|
||||
An interesting side affect of all of the above is that new kernels now come with a _/sys/devices/system/cpu/vulnerabilities/_ virtual directory. This directory shows the vulnerabilities affecting your CPU and the remedies being currently applied.
|
||||
|
||||
The issues with buggy chips (and the manufacturers that keep things like this secret) has revived the call for the development of viable open source alternatives. This brings us to the partial support for [RISC-V][12] chips that has now been merged into the mainline kernel. RISC-V is an open instruction set architecture that allows manufacturers to create their own implementation of RISC-V chips, and it has resulted in several open sourced chips. While RISC-V chips are currently used mainly in embedded devices, powering things like smart hard disks or Arduino-like development boards, RISC-V proponents argue that the architecture is also well-suited for use on personal computers and even in multi-node supercomputers.
|
||||
|
||||
[The support for RISC-V][13], as mentioned above, is still incomplete, and includes the architecture code but no device drivers. This means that, although a Linux kernel will run on RISC-V, there is no significant way to actually interact with the underlying hardware. That said, RISC-V is not vulnerable to any of the bugs that have dogged other closed architectures, and development for its support is progressing at a brisk pace, as [the RISC-V Foundation has the support of some of the industries biggest heavyweights][14].
|
||||
|
||||
### Other stuff that's new in kernel 4.15
|
||||
|
||||
Torvalds has often declared he likes things boring. Fortunately for him, he says, apart from the Spectre and Meltdown messes, most of the other things that happened in 4.15 were very much run of the mill, such as incremental improvements for drivers, support for new devices, and so on. However, there were a few more things worth pointing out:
|
||||
|
||||
* [AMD got support for Secure Encrypted Virtualization][3]. This allows the kernel to fence off the memory a virtual machine is using by encrypting it. The encrypted memory can only be decrypted by the virtual machine that is using it. Not even the hypervisor can see inside it. This means that data being worked on by VMs in the cloud, for example, is safe from being spied on by any other process outside the VM.
|
||||
|
||||
* AMD GPUs get a substantial boost thanks to [the inclusion of _display code_][4] . This gives mainline support to Radeon RX Vega and Raven Ridge cards and also implements HDMI/DP audio for AMD cards.
|
||||
|
||||
* Raspberry Pi aficionados will be glad to know that [the 7'' touchscreen is now natively supported][5], which is guaranteed to lead to hundreds of fun projects.
|
||||
|
||||
To find out more, you can check out the write-ups at [Kernel Newbies][15] and [Phoronix][16].
|
||||
|
||||
_Learn more about Linux through the free ["Introduction to Linux" ][6]course from The Linux Foundation and edX._
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linux.com/blog/intro-to-linux/2018/1/linux-kernel-415-unusual-release-cycle
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[PAUL BROWN ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/bro66
|
||||
[1]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/creative-commons-zero
|
||||
[2]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/background-penguinpng
|
||||
[3]:https://git.kernel.org/linus/33e63acc119d15c2fac3e3775f32d1ce7a01021b
|
||||
[4]:https://git.kernel.org/torvalds/c/f6705bf959efac87bca76d40050d342f1d212587
|
||||
[5]:https://git.kernel.org/linus/2f733d6194bd58b26b705698f96b0f0bd9225369
|
||||
[6]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux
|
||||
[7]:https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/28/173
|
||||
[8]:https://meltdownattack.com/
|
||||
[9]:https://git.kernel.org/linus/5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf
|
||||
[10]:https://git.kernel.org/linus/76b043848fd22dbf7f8bf3a1452f8c70d557b860
|
||||
[11]:https://git.kernel.org/linus/aa8a5e0062ac940f7659394f4817c948dc8c0667
|
||||
[12]:https://riscv.org/
|
||||
[13]:https://git.kernel.org/torvalds/c/b293fca43be544483b6488d33ad4b3ed55881064
|
||||
[14]:https://riscv.org/membership/
|
||||
[15]:https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_4.15
|
||||
[16]:https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=search&q=Linux+4.15
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
Linear Regression Classifier from scratch using Numpy and Stochastic gradient descent as an optimization technique
|
||||
Translating by Torival Linear Regression Classifier from scratch using Numpy and Stochastic gradient descent as an optimization technique
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
|
||||
如何在 Linux/Unix 的 Bash 中打开/关闭 ls 命令颜色
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
如何在 Linux或类 Unix 操作系统上的 bash shell 中打开或关闭文件名称颜色（ls 命令颜色）？
|
||||
|
||||
大多数现代 Linux 发行版和 Unix 系统都有定义文件名称颜色的别名。然而，ls 命令负责在屏幕上显示文件、目录和其他文件系统对象的颜色。
|
||||
|
||||
默认情况下，文件类型不会用颜色区分。你需要在 Linux 上将 -color 选项传递给 ls 命令。如果你正在使用基于 OS X 或 BSD 的系统，请将 -G 选项传递给 ls 命令。打开或关闭颜色的语法如下。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 如何关闭 ls 命令的颜色
|
||||
|
||||
输入以下命令
|
||||
`$ ls --color=none`
|
||||
或者用 unalias 命令删除别名：
|
||||
`$ unalias ls`
|
||||
请注意，下面的 bash shell 别名被定义为用 ls 命令显示颜色。租个组合使用[ alias 命令][1]和[ grep 命令][2]：
|
||||
`$ alias | grep ls`
|
||||
示例输出：
|
||||
```
|
||||
alias l='ls -CF'
|
||||
alias la='ls -A'
|
||||
alias ll='ls -alF'
|
||||
alias ls='ls --color=auto'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 如何打开 ls 命令的颜色
|
||||
|
||||
使用以下任何一个命令：
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ls --color=auto
|
||||
$ ls --color=tty
|
||||
```
|
||||
如果你想要的话，[定义 bash shell 别名][3]：
|
||||
`alias ls='ls --color=auto'`
|
||||
你可以在 ~/.bash_profile 或 [~/.bashrc file][4] 中添加或删除 ls 别名 。使用文本编辑器（如 vi）编辑文件：
|
||||
`$ vi ~/.bashrc`
|
||||
追加下面的代码：
|
||||
```
|
||||
# my ls command aliases #
|
||||
alias ls = 'ls --color=auto'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[在 Vi/Vim 文本编辑器中保存并关闭文件][5]。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 关于 \*BSD/macOS/Apple OS X 中 ls 命令的注意点
|
||||
|
||||
将 -G 选项传递给 ls 命令以在 {Free、Net、Open} BSD 或 macOS 和 Apple OS X Unix 操作系统家族上启用彩色输出：
|
||||
`$ ls -G`
|
||||
示例输出：
|
||||
[![How to enable colorized output for the ls command in Mac OS X Terminal][6]][7]
|
||||
如何在 Mac OS X 终端中为 ls 命令启用彩色输出
|
||||
|
||||
#### 如何临时跳过 ls 命令彩色输出？
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用以下任何一种语法[暂时禁用 bash shell 别名][8]：
|
||||
`\ls
|
||||
/bin/ls
|
||||
command ls
|
||||
'ls'`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 关于作者
|
||||
|
||||
作者是 nixCraft 的创建者，经验丰富的系统管理员，也是 Linux 操作系统/Unix shell 脚本的培训师。他曾与全球客户以及IT、教育、国防和太空研究以及非营利部门等多个行业合作。在 [Twitter][9]、[Facebook][10]、[Google +][11] 上关注他。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-to-turn-on-or-off-colors-in-bash/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Vivek Gite][a]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/bash-aliases-mac-centos-linux-unix.html (See Linux/Unix alias command examples for more info)
|
||||
[2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-use-grep-command-in-linux-unix/ (See Linux/Unix grep command examples for more info)
|
||||
[3]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/bash-aliases-mac-centos-linux-unix.html
|
||||
[4]:https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/~/.bashrc
|
||||
[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-vim-save-and-quit-command/
|
||||
[6]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2016/01/color-ls-for-Mac-OS-X.jpg
|
||||
[7]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/apple-mac-osx-terminal-color-ls-output-option/
|
||||
[8]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/bash-shell-temporarily-disable-an-alias/
|
||||
[9]:https://twitter.com/nixcraft
|
||||
[10]:https://facebook.com/nixcraft
|
||||
[11]:https://plus.google.com/+CybercitiBiz
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
|
||||
# 如何在 Ubuntu 上使用 ZFS 文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
在 Linux 系统上，有大量的[文件系统][1]可以使用，那么我们为什么还要尝试一个新的文件系统？他们都工作的很好，不是吗？但是他们并不完全相同，其中的一些文件系统具有非常突出的优点，例如 ZFS。
|
||||
|
||||
### 为什么选择 ZFS
|
||||
|
||||
ZFS 非常的优秀。 这是一个真正现代文件系统，内置的功能对于处理大量的数据很有意义。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，如果您正在考虑将 ZFS 用于您的超高速 NVMe SSD，这可能不是一个最佳选择。 它比别的文件系统要慢，不过，这完全没有问题， 它旨在存储大量的数据并保持安全。
|
||||
|
||||
ZFS 消除了建立传统 RAID 阵列(译者注：独立磁盘冗余阵列)的需要。 相反，您可以创建 ZFS 池，甚至可以随时将驱动器添加到这些池中。 ZFS 池的行为操作与 RAID 几乎完全相同，但功能内置于文件系统中。
|
||||
|
||||
ZFS 也可以替代 LVM (译者注：逻辑盘卷管理)，使您能够动态分区和管理分区，而无需处理较低级别的事务，也不必担心相关的风险。
|
||||
|
||||
这也是一个 CoW (译者注：Copy on Write)文件系统。 没有太多的技术性，这意味着 ZFS 可以保护您的数据免受逐渐损坏的影响。 ZFS 创建文件的校验和，并允许您将这些文件回滚到以前的工作版本。
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装 ZFS
|
||||
|
||||
![Install ZFS on Ubuntu][2]
|
||||
|
||||
在 Ubuntu 上安装 ZFS 非常简单，但对于 Ubuntu LTS (译者注：长时间支持版本)和最新版本来说，这个过程稍有不同。
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu 16.04 LTS**
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt install zfs
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu 17.04 and Later**
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt install zfsutils
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
当你安装好程序后，可以使用 ZFS 提供的工具创建 ZFS 驱动器和分区。
|
||||
|
||||
### 创建池
|
||||
|
||||
![Create ZFS Pool][3]
|
||||
|
||||
在 ZFS 中，池大致相当于 RAID 。 他们很灵活且易于操作。
|
||||
|
||||
#### RAID0
|
||||
|
||||
RAID0 只是把你的硬盘集中到一个巨大的驱动器上。 它可以提高你的驱动器速度，(译者注：数据条带化后，并行访问，提高文件读取速度)但是如果你的驱动器有损坏，你可能会失丢失数据。
|
||||
|
||||
要使用 ZFS 实现 RAID0，只需创建一个普通的池。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool create your-pool /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### RAID1/MIRROR
|
||||
|
||||
您可以在 ZFS 中使用 `mirror` 关键字来实现 RAID1 功能。 RAID1 创建一个 1 对 1 的驱动器副本。 这意味着您的数据不断备份。 它也提高了性能。 当然，你将一半的存储空间用于复制。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool create your-pool mirror /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### RAID5/RAIDZ1
|
||||
|
||||
ZFS 将 RAID5 功能实现为 RAIDZ1。 RAID5 要求驱动器至少是 3 个。并允许您通过将备份奇偶校验数据写入驱动器空间的 1/3 来保留 2/3 的存储空间。 如果一个驱动器发生故障，阵列将保持联机状态，但应尽快更换发生故障的驱动器(译者注：与原文翻译略有不同，原文是驱动器的数目是三的倍数，根据 wiki， RAID5 至少需要 3 块驱动器，也可以从下面的命令中猜测)。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool create your-pool raidz1 /dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sde
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### RAID6/RAIDZ2
|
||||
|
||||
RAID6 与 RAID5 几乎完全相同，但它至少需要四个驱动器。 它将奇偶校验数据加倍，最多允许两个驱动器损坏，而不会导致阵列关闭。(译者注：这里也与原文略有出入，原文是驱动器的数目是四的倍数，根据 wiki ，RAID6 至少需要四个驱动器)
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool create your-pool raidz2 /dev/sdc /dev/sdd /dev/sde /dev/sdf
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### RAID10/Striped Mirror
|
||||
|
||||
RAID10 旨在通过数据条带化提高存取速度和数据冗余来成为一个两全其美的解决方案。 你至少需要四个驱动器，但只能访问一半的空间。 您可以通过在同一池中创建两个镜像来创建 RAID10 中的池。(译者注：这里也与原文略有出入，原文是驱动器的数目是四的倍数，根据 wiki， RAID10 至少需要四个驱动器)
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool create your-pool mirror /dev/sdc /dev/sdd mirror /dev/sde /dev/sdf
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 池的操作
|
||||
|
||||
![ZFS pool Status][4]
|
||||
|
||||
还有一些管理工具，一旦你创建了你的池，你就必须使用它。 首先，检查你的池的状态。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool status
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 更新
|
||||
|
||||
当你更新 ZFS 时，你也需要更新你的池。 当您检查他们的状态时，您的池会通知您任何更新。 要更新池，请运行以下命令。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool upgrade your-pool
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以更新全部池。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool upgrade -a
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 添加驱动器
|
||||
|
||||
您也可以随时将驱动器添加到池中。 告诉 `zpool` 池的名称和驱动器的位置，它会处理好一切。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo zpool add your-pool /dev/sdx
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 其它的一些想法
|
||||
|
||||
![ZFS in File Browser][5]
|
||||
|
||||
ZFS 在您的池的根文件系统中创建一个目录。 您可以使用 GUI 文件管理器或 CLI (译者注：Command-line interface )按名称浏览它们。
|
||||
|
||||
ZFS 非常强大，还有很多其他的东西可以用它来做，但这些都是基础。 这是一个优秀的存储负载文件系统，即使它只是一个用于文件的硬盘驱动器的 RAID 阵列。 ZFS 在 NAS 系统上也非常出色。
|
||||
|
||||
无论 ZFS 的稳定性和可靠性如何，在您的硬盘上实施新的功能时，最好备份您的数据。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.maketecheasier.com/use-zfs-filesystem-ubuntu-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Nick Congleton][a]
|
||||
译者：[amwps290](https://github.com/amwps290)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/author/nickcongleton/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/best-linux-filesystem-for-ssd/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/zfs-install.jpg "Install ZFS on Ubuntu"
|
||||
[3]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/zfs-create-pool.jpg "Create ZFS Pool"
|
||||
[4]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/zfs-pool-status.jpg "ZFS pool Status"
|
||||
[5]:https://www.maketecheasier.com/assets/uploads/2017/09/zfs-pool-open.jpg "ZFS in File Browser"
|
||||
214
translated/tech/20180118 Getting Started with ncurses.md
Normal file
214
translated/tech/20180118 Getting Started with ncurses.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
|
||||
ncurses入门指南
|
||||
======
|
||||
怎样使用curses来绘制终端屏幕。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然图形界面非常酷，但是不是所有的程序都需要点击式的界面。例如，令人尊敬的vi编辑器在第一个GUI(出现)之前在纯文本终端运行了很久。
|
||||
|
||||
vi编辑器是一个在"文本"模式下绘制的面向屏幕程序的例子。它使用了一个叫curses的库。这个库提供了一系列的编程接口来操纵终端屏幕。curses库产生于BSD UNIX，但是Linux系统通过ncurses库提供这个功能。
|
||||
|
||||
[了解ncurses"过去曾引起的风暴"，参见 ["ncurses: Portable Screen-Handling for Linux"][1], September 1, 1995, by Eric S. Raymond.]
|
||||
|
||||
使用curses创建程序实际上非常简单。在这个文章中，我展示了一个利用curses来在终端屏幕上绘图的示例程序。
|
||||
|
||||
### 谢尔宾斯基三角形
|
||||
|
||||
简单展示一些curses函数的一个方法是生成谢尔宾斯基三角形。如果你对生成谢尔宾斯基三角形的这种方法不熟悉的话，这里是一些(产生谢尔宾斯基三角形的)规则：
|
||||
|
||||
1. 设置定义三角形的三个点。
|
||||
|
||||
2. 随机选择任意的一个点(x,y)。
|
||||
|
||||
然后：
|
||||
|
||||
1. 在三角形的顶点中随机选择一个点
|
||||
|
||||
2. 将新的x,y设置为先前的x,y和三角顶点的中间点。
|
||||
|
||||
3. 重复(上述步骤)。
|
||||
|
||||
所以我按照这些指令写了这个程序，程序使用curses函数来向终端屏幕绘制谢尔宾斯基三角形：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
1 /* triangle.c */
|
||||
2
|
||||
3 #include <curses.h>
|
||||
4 #include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
5
|
||||
6 #include "getrandom_int.h"
|
||||
7
|
||||
8 #define ITERMAX 10000
|
||||
9
|
||||
10 int main(void)
|
||||
11 {
|
||||
12 long iter;
|
||||
13 int yi, xi;
|
||||
14 int y[3], x[3];
|
||||
15 int index;
|
||||
16 int maxlines, maxcols;
|
||||
17
|
||||
18 /* 初始化 curses */
|
||||
19
|
||||
20 initscr();
|
||||
21 cbreak();
|
||||
22 noecho();
|
||||
23
|
||||
24 clear();
|
||||
25
|
||||
26 /* 初始化三角形 */
|
||||
27
|
||||
28 maxlines = LINES - 1;
|
||||
29 maxcols = COLS - 1;
|
||||
30
|
||||
31 y[0] = 0;
|
||||
32 x[0] = 0;
|
||||
33
|
||||
34 y[1] = maxlines;
|
||||
35 x[1] = maxcols / 2;
|
||||
36
|
||||
37 y[2] = 0;
|
||||
38 x[2] = maxcols;
|
||||
39
|
||||
40 mvaddch(y[0], x[0], '0');
|
||||
41 mvaddch(y[1], x[1], '1');
|
||||
42 mvaddch(y[2], x[2], '2');
|
||||
43
|
||||
44 /* 将 yi,xi 初始化为随机值 */
|
||||
45
|
||||
46 yi = getrandom_int() % maxlines;
|
||||
47 xi = getrandom_int() % maxcols;
|
||||
48
|
||||
49 mvaddch(yi, xi, '.');
|
||||
50
|
||||
51 /* 迭代(形成)三角形 */
|
||||
52
|
||||
53 for (iter = 0; iter < ITERMAX; iter++) {
|
||||
54 index = getrandom_int() % 3;
|
||||
55
|
||||
56 yi = (yi + y[index]) / 2;
|
||||
57 xi = (xi + x[index]) / 2;
|
||||
58
|
||||
59 mvaddch(yi, xi, '*');
|
||||
60 refresh();
|
||||
61 }
|
||||
62
|
||||
63 /* 完成 */
|
||||
64
|
||||
65 mvaddstr(maxlines, 0, "Press any key to quit");
|
||||
66
|
||||
67 refresh();
|
||||
68
|
||||
69 getch();
|
||||
70 endwin();
|
||||
71
|
||||
72 exit(0);
|
||||
73 }
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
让我一边解释一边浏览这个程序。首先，getrandom_int()函数是我对Linux系统调用getrandom()的包装器。它保证返回一个正整数(int)值。(译者注：getrandom()系统按照字节返回随机值到一个变量中，值是随机的，不保证正负，使用stdlib.h的random()函数可以达到同样的效果) 另外，按照上面的规则，你应该能够辨认出初始化和迭代谢尔宾斯基三角形的代码。除此之外，我们来看看我用来在终端上绘制三角形的curses函数。
|
||||
|
||||
大多数curses程序以这四条指令开头。1)initscr()函数获取包括大小和特征在内的终端类型，并设置终端支持的curses环境。cbreak()函数禁用行缓冲并设置curses每次只接受一个字符。noecho()函数告诉curses不要把输入回显到屏幕上。而clear()函数清空了屏幕():
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
20 initscr();
|
||||
21 cbreak();
|
||||
22 noecho();
|
||||
23
|
||||
24 clear();
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
之后程序设置了三个定义三角的顶点。注意这里使用的LINES和COLS，它们是由initscr()来设置的。这些值告诉程序在终端的行数和列数。屏幕坐标从0开始，所以屏幕左上角是0行0列。屏幕右下角是LINES - 1行，COLS - 1列。为了便于记忆，我的程序里把这些值分别设为了变量maxlines和maxcols。
|
||||
|
||||
在屏幕上绘制文字的两个简单方法是addch()和addstr()函数。也可以使用相关的mvaddch()和mvaddstr()函数可以将字符放到一个特定的屏幕位置。我的程序在很多地方都用到了这些函数。首先程序绘制三个定义三角的点并标记为"0"，"1"和"2"：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
40 mvaddch(y[0], x[0], '0');
|
||||
41 mvaddch(y[1], x[1], '1');
|
||||
42 mvaddch(y[2], x[2], '2');
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
为了绘制任意的一个初始点，程序做了类似的一个调用：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
49 mvaddch(yi, xi, '.');
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
还有为了在谢尔宾斯基三角形递归中绘制连续的点：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
59 mvaddch(yi, xi, '*');
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
当程序完成之后，将会在屏幕左下角(在maxlines行,0列)显示一个帮助信息：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
65 mvaddstr(maxlines, 0, "Press any key to quit");
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
注意curses在内存中维护了一个版本的屏幕并且只有在你要求的时候才会更新这个屏幕，这很重要。特别是当你想要向屏幕显示大量的文字的时候，这样(程序会有)更好的表现。这是因为curses只能更新在上次更新之后可以被改变的这部分屏幕。想要引得curses更新终端屏幕，请使用refresh()函数。
|
||||
|
||||
在我的示例程序中，我选择在"绘制"每个谢尔宾斯基三角形中的连续点时更新屏幕。通过这样做，用户可以观察三角形中的每次迭代。(译者注：迭代过程执行太快了，所以其实很难直接看到迭代过程)
|
||||
|
||||
在退出之前，我使用getch()函数等待用户按下一个键。然后我调用endwin()函数退出curses环境并返回终端程序到一般控制。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
69 getch();
|
||||
70 endwin();
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 编译和示例输出
|
||||
|
||||
现在你已经有了你的第一个curses示例程序，是时候编译运行它了。记住Linux操作系统通过ncurses库来实现curses功能，所以你需要在编译的时候通过-lncurses来链接--例如：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
$ ls
|
||||
getrandom_int.c getrandom_int.h triangle.c
|
||||
|
||||
$ gcc -Wall -lncurses -o triangle triangle.c getrandom_int.c
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
译注：此处命令行有问题，`-lncurses`选项在我的Ubuntu16.04系统+gcc 4.9.3 环境下，必须放在命令行最后，否则找不到库文件，链接时会出现未定义的引用。
|
||||
|
||||
在标准的80x24终端运行这个triangle程序并没什么意思。在那样的分辨率下你不能看见谢尔宾斯基三角形的很多细节。如果你运行终端窗口并设置非常小的字体大小，你可以更加容易地看到谢尔宾斯基三角形的不规则性质。在我的系统上，输出如图1。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
图 1. triangle程序的输出
|
||||
|
||||
虽然迭代具有随机性，但是每次谢尔宾斯基三角形的运行看起来都会很一致。唯一的不同是最初绘制到屏幕的一些点。在这个例子中，你可以看到开创三角形的一个小圆点，在点1附近。看起来程序接下来选择了点2，然后你可以看到在圆点和"2"之间的星号。并且看起来程序随机选择了点2作为下一个随机数，因为你可以看到在第一个星号和"2"之间的星号。从这里开始，就不能继续分辨三角形是怎样被画出来的了，因为所有的连续点都属于三角形区域。
|
||||
|
||||
### 开始学习ncurses
|
||||
|
||||
这个程序是一个怎样使用curses函数绘制字符到屏幕的简单例子。按照你的程序的需要，你可以通过curses做得更多。在下一篇文章中，我将会展示怎样使用curses让用户和屏幕交互。如果你对于在curses有一个良好开端有兴趣，我支持你去读位于Linux文档中Pradeep Padala的 ["NCURSES Programming HOWTO"][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### 关于作者
|
||||
|
||||
Jim Hall是一个免费和开源软件的倡议者，他最有名的工作是FreeDOS计划，也同样致力于开源软件的可用性。Jim是在明尼苏达州的拉姆齐县的首席资讯长。
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/getting-started-ncurses
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jim Hall][a]
|
||||
译者：[leemeans](https://github.com/leemeans)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/users/jim-hall
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/1124
|
||||
[2]:http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
|
||||
#给Linux初学者的rm命令说明（8个例子）
|
||||
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
删除文件和复制/移动文件一样，都是很基础操作。在Linux中，有一个专门的命令**`rm`**，可用于完成所有删除相关的操作。在本文中，我们将用些容易理解的例子来讨论这个命令的基本使用。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
但在我们开始前，值得指出的是本文所有示例都在**Ubuntu 16.04 LTS**
|
||||
中测试过。
|
||||
|
||||
## Linux rm 命令概述
|
||||
|
||||
通俗的讲，我们可以认为**`rm`**命令是用于删除文件和目录的。下面是此命令的语法：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm [选项]... [要删除的文件/目录]...
|
||||
```
|
||||
下面是命令使用说明：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
GUN版本rm命令的手册文档。
|
||||
rm删除每个指定的文件，默认是不删除目录。
|
||||
|
||||
当删除的文件超过三个或者提供了选项-r/-R/--recursive（译者注：表示递归删除目录中的文件）时，如果提供`-I`（译者注：大写的I）或者`--interactive=once`选项（译者注：表示开启交互一次），则rm命令会提示用户是否继续整个删除操作，如果用户回应是否，则整个命令立刻终止。
|
||||
|
||||
另外，如果被删除文件是不可写的，标准输入是终端，这时如果没有提供-f/--force选项,或者提供了-i（译者注：小写的i）/--interactive=always选项，rm会提示用户是否要删除此文件，如果用户回应否，则跳过此文件。
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
下面这些问答式例子会让你更好的理解这个命令的使用。
|
||||
|
||||
#### Q1. 如何用rm命令删除文件？
|
||||
|
||||
这是非常简单和直观的。你只需要把文件名（如果文件不是在当前目录中，则还需要添加文件路径）传入给rm命令即可。
|
||||
|
||||
*译者注：可以用空格隔开传入多个文件名称*
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm 文件1 文件2 ...
|
||||
```
|
||||
如：
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm testfile.txt
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to remove files using rm command][1]][2]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Q2. 如何用rm命令删除目录?
|
||||
|
||||
如果你试图删除一个目录，你需要提供-r选项。否则rm会抛出一个错误告诉你正试图删除一个目录。
|
||||
*译者注：-r表示递归的删除目录下的所有文件和目录*
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm -r [目录名称]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm -r testdir
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to remove directories using rm command][3]][4]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Q3. 如何让删除操作前有确认提示?
|
||||
|
||||
如果你希望在每个删除操作完成前都有确认提示，可以使用**-i**选项。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm -i [文件/目录]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
比如，你想要删除一个目录'testdir',但需要每个删除操作都有确认提示，你可以这么做：
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm -r -i testdir
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to make rm prompt before every removal][5]][6]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Q4. 如何让rm忽略不存在的文件或目录?
|
||||
|
||||
如果你删除一个不存在的文件或目录时，rm命令会抛出一个错误，如：
|
||||
|
||||
[![Linux rm command example][7]][8]
|
||||
|
||||
然而，如果你愿意，你可以使用**-f**选项（译者注：force）让此次操作强制执行，忽略错误提示。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm -f [文件...]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to force rm to ignore nonexistent files][9]][10]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Q5. 如何让rm在某些场景下仅提示一次删除确认？
|
||||
|
||||
选项**-I**，可保证在删除超过3个文件时或递归删除时（如删除目录，译者注）仅提示一次确认。
|
||||
比如，下面的截图展示了**-I**选择的作用-当两个文件被删除时没有提示，当超过3个文件时会仅有一次提示。
|
||||
[![How to make rm prompt only in some scenarios][11]][12]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Q6. 当删除根目录是rm是如何工作的?
|
||||
当然，删除根目录（/）是Linux用户最不想要的操作。这也就是为什么默认**rm**命令不支持在根目录上执行递归删除操作。
|
||||
|
||||
[![How rm works when dealing with root directory][13]][14]
|
||||
|
||||
然而，如果你非得完成这个操作，你需要使用**\--no-preserve-root**选项。当提供此选项，rm就不会特殊处理根目录（/）了。
|
||||
|
||||
假如你想知道在哪些场景下Linux用户会删除他们的根目录，点击[这里][15]。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Q7. 如何让rm仅删除空目录？
|
||||
|
||||
假如你需要rm在删除目录时仅删除空目录，你可以使用**-d**选项。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm -d [目录]
|
||||
```
|
||||
下面的截图展示**-d**选项的用途-仅空目录被删除了。
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to make rm only remove empty directories][16]][17]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Q8. 如何让rm显示当前删除操作的详情?
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想rm显示当前操作完成时的详细情况，使用**-v**选项可以做到。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
rm -v [文件/目录]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如：
|
||||
|
||||
[![How to force rm to emit details of operation it is performing][18]][19]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 结论
|
||||
|
||||
考虑到**rm**命令提供的功能，可以说其是Linux中使用频率最高的命令之一了（就像cp和mv一样）。在本文中，我们涉及到了其提供的几乎所有主要选项。rm命令有些学习曲线，因此在你日常工作中开始使用此命令之前
|
||||
你将需要花费些时间去练习它的选项。更多的信息，请点击此命令的[man page][21]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.howtoforge.com/linux-rm-command/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Himanshu Arora][a]
|
||||
译者：[yizhuoyan](https://github.com/yizhuoyan)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.howtoforge.com
|
||||
[1]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-basic-usage.png
|
||||
[2]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-basic-usage.png
|
||||
[3]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-r.png
|
||||
[4]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-r.png
|
||||
[5]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-i-option.png
|
||||
[6]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-i-option.png
|
||||
[7]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-non-ext-error.png
|
||||
[8]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-non-ext-error.png
|
||||
[9]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-f-option.png
|
||||
[10]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-f-option.png
|
||||
[11]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-I-option.png
|
||||
[12]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-I-option.png
|
||||
[13]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-root-default.png
|
||||
[14]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-root-default.png
|
||||
[15]:https://superuser.com/questions/742334/is-there-a-scenario-where-rm-rf-no-preserve-root-is-needed
|
||||
[16]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-d-option.png
|
||||
[17]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-d-option.png
|
||||
[18]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/rm-v-option.png
|
||||
[19]:https://www.howtoforge.com/images/command-tutorial/big/rm-v-option.png
|
||||
[20]:https://www.howtoforge.com/linux-cp-command/
|
||||
[21]:https://linux.die.net/man/1/rm
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
|
||||
Linux 内核 4.15：“一个不同寻常的发布周期”
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linus Torvalds 在周日发布了 Linux 的 4.15 版内核，这个版本比原计划发布时间晚了一周。了解这次发行版的关键更新。[Creative Commons Zero][1]Pixabay
|
||||
|
||||
Linus Torvalds 在周日 [发布了 Linux 内核的 4.15 版][7]，再一次比原计划晚了一周。延迟发布的罪魁祸首是 "Meltdown" 和 "Spectre" bug，由于这两个漏洞，使开发者不得不在这最后的周期中提交主要的补丁。Torvalds 不愿意“赶工”，因此，他又给了一周时间去制作这个发行版。
|
||||
|
||||
不出意外的话，这第一批补丁将是去修补前面提及的 [Meltdown 和 Spectre][8] 漏洞。为防范 Meltdown —— 这个影响 Intel 芯片的问题，在 x86 架构上[开发者实现了 _页表隔离_ (PTI)][9]。不论什么理由你如果想去关闭它，你可以使用内核引导选项 `pti=off` 去关闭这个特性。
|
||||
|
||||
Spectre v2 漏洞对 Intel 和 AMD 芯片都有影响，为防范它，[内核现在带来了 _retpoline_ 机制][10]。Retpoline 要求 GCC 的版本支持 `-mindirect-branch=thunk-extern` 功能。由于使用了 PTI，Spectre 抑制机制可以被关闭，如果需要去关闭它，在引导时使用 `spectre_v2=off` 选项。尽管开发者努力去解决 Spectre v1，但是，到目前为止还没有一个解决方案，因此，在 4.15 的内核版本中并没有这个 bug 的修补程序。
|
||||
|
||||
对于在 ARM 上的 Meltdown 也将在下一个开发周期中推送。但是，[对于 PowerPC 上的 bug，在这个发行版中包含了一个补救措施，那就是使用 _L1-D 缓存的 RFI 冲刷_ 特性][11]。
|
||||
|
||||
一个有趣的事情是，上面提及的所有受影响的新内核中，都带有一个 _/sys/devices/system/cpu/vulnerabilities/_ 虚拟目录。这个目录显示了影响你的 CPU 的漏洞以及当前应用的补救措施。
|
||||
|
||||
芯片带 bug （以及保守秘密的制造商）的问题重新唤起了开发可行的开源替代品的呼声。这使得已经合并到主线版本的内核提供了对 [RISC-V][12] 芯片的部分支持。RISC-V 是一个开源的指令集架构，它允许制造商去设计他们自己的基于 RISC-V 芯片的实现。并且因此也有了几个开源的芯片。虽然 RISC-V 芯片目前主要用于嵌入式设备，它能够去做像智能硬盘或者像 Arduino 这样的开发板，RISC-V 的支持者认为这个架构也可以用于个人电脑甚至是多节点的超级计算机上。
|
||||
|
||||
正如在上面提到的，[对 RISC-V 的支持][13]，仍然没有全部完成，它虽然包含了架构代码，但是没有设备驱动。这意味着，虽然Linux 内核可以在 RISC-V 芯片上运行，但是没有可行的方式与底层的硬件进行实质的交互。也就是说，RISC-V 不会受到其它闭源架构上的任何 bug 的影响，并且对它的支持的开发工作也在加速进行，因为，[RISC-V 基金会已经得到了一些行业巨头的支持][14]。
|
||||
|
||||
### 4.15 版新内核中的其它新特性
|
||||
|
||||
Torvalds 经常说他喜欢的事情是很无聊的。对他来说，幸运的是，除了 Spectre 和 Meltdown 引发的混乱之外，在 4.15 内核中的大部分其它东西都很普通，比如，对驱动的进一步改进、对新设备的支持等等。但是，还有几点需要重点指出，它们是：
|
||||
|
||||
* [AMD 对虚拟化安全加密的支持][3]。它允许内核通过加密来实现对虚拟机内存的保护。加密的内存仅能够被使用它的虚拟机所解密。就算是 hypervisor 也不能看到它内部的数据。这意味着在云中虚拟机正在处理的数据，在虚拟机外的任何进程都看不到。
|
||||
|
||||
* 由于 [包含了 _显示代码_][4]， AMD GPU 得到了极大的提升，这使得 Radeon RX Vega 和 Raven Ridge 显卡得到了内核主线版本的支持，并且也在 AMD 显卡中实现了 HDMI/DP 音频。
|
||||
|
||||
* 树莓派的爱好者应该很高兴，因为在新内核中， [7'' 触摸屏现在已经得到原生支持][5]，这将产生成百上千的有趣的项目。
|
||||
|
||||
去发现更多的特性，你可以去查看在 [Kernel Newbies][15] 和 [Phoronix][16] 上写的代码。
|
||||
|
||||
_想学习更多的 Linux 的知识，可以去学习来自 Linux 基金会和 edX 的免费课程 —— ["了解 Linux" ][6]。_
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linux.com/blog/intro-to-linux/2018/1/linux-kernel-415-unusual-release-cycle
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[PAUL BROWN ][a]
|
||||
译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/bro66
|
||||
[1]:https://www.linux.com/licenses/category/creative-commons-zero
|
||||
[2]:https://www.linux.com/files/images/background-penguinpng
|
||||
[3]:https://git.kernel.org/linus/33e63acc119d15c2fac3e3775f32d1ce7a01021b
|
||||
[4]:https://git.kernel.org/torvalds/c/f6705bf959efac87bca76d40050d342f1d212587
|
||||
[5]:https://git.kernel.org/linus/2f733d6194bd58b26b705698f96b0f0bd9225369
|
||||
[6]:https://training.linuxfoundation.org/linux-courses/system-administration-training/introduction-to-linux
|
||||
[7]:https://lkml.org/lkml/2018/1/28/173
|
||||
[8]:https://meltdownattack.com/
|
||||
[9]:https://git.kernel.org/linus/5aa90a84589282b87666f92b6c3c917c8080a9bf
|
||||
[10]:https://git.kernel.org/linus/76b043848fd22dbf7f8bf3a1452f8c70d557b860
|
||||
[11]:https://git.kernel.org/linus/aa8a5e0062ac940f7659394f4817c948dc8c0667
|
||||
[12]:https://riscv.org/
|
||||
[13]:https://git.kernel.org/torvalds/c/b293fca43be544483b6488d33ad4b3ed55881064
|
||||
[14]:https://riscv.org/membership/
|
||||
[15]:https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_4.15
|
||||
[16]:https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=search&q=Linux+4.15
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user