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@ -1,26 +1,28 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: (vizv)
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[#]: reviewer: ( )
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||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
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[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
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[#]: publisher: (wxy)
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[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-11113-1.html)
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[#]: subject: (Sysadmin vs SRE: What's the difference?)
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[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/7/sysadmins-vs-sres)
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[#]: author: (Vince Power https://opensource.com/users/vincepower/users/craig5/users/dawnparzych/users/penglish)
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系统管理员与网站可靠性工程师对比：区别在那儿？
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系统管理员与网站可靠性工程师（SRE）对比：区别在那儿？
|
||||
======
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||||
系统管理员和网站可靠性工程师（SRE，下同）对于任何组织来讲都很重要。本篇将介绍下两者的不同之处。
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![People work on a computer server with devices][1]
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|
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在 IT 行业，成为多面手或是专家的争议一直存在。99% 的传统系统管理员都被归到了多面手这类。[网站可靠性工程师][2]的角色则更加专精，并且其需求在如 Google 般有着一定规模的公司中不断增加。但总的来说这两者对于跑着应用的基础设施有着同样的目标：为应用的消费者提供良好的体验。然而两者的出发点却截然不同。
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> 系统管理员和网站可靠性工程师（SRE，下同）对于任何组织来讲都很重要。本篇将介绍下两者的不同之处。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
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在 IT 行业，成为多面手或是专家的争议一直存在。99% 的传统系统管理员都被归到了多面手这类。<ruby>[网站可靠性工程师][2]<rt>site reliability engineer</rt></ruby>（SRE）的角色则更加专精，并且在如 Google 般有着一定规模的头部公司中对其的需求不断增加。但总的来说这两者对于跑着应用的基础设施有着同样的目标：为应用的消费者提供良好的体验。然而两者的出发点却截然不同。
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### 系统管理员：中立善良的化身
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系统管理员一般都是从基础的桌面或网络支持成长过来的，并一路习得大多数系统管理员都会掌握的广泛的技能。此时这些系统管理员会对他们所负责的系统和应用了如指掌。他们会知道一号服务器上的应用每隔一个星期二就需要重启一次，或是九号服务器周三会静默的崩溃。他们会对服务器的监视作出微调以忽略无关紧要的信息，尽管那是个每月第三个周日都会显示的被标记为<ruby>致命<rt>fatal<rt></ruby>的错误信息。
|
||||
系统管理员一般都是从基础的桌面或网络支持成长过来的，并一路习得大多数系统管理员都会掌握的广泛的技能。此时这些系统管理员会对他们所负责的系统和应用了如指掌。他们会知道一号服务器上的应用每隔一个星期二就需要重启一次，或是九号服务器周三会静默的崩溃。他们会对服务器的监视作出微调以忽略无关紧要的信息，尽管那个被标记为<ruby>致命<rt>fatal<rt></ruby>的错误信息每个月第三个周日都会显示。
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|
||||
总的来讲，系统管理员了解如何照料那些跑着你核心业务的服务器。这些系统管理员已经成长到开始使用自动化工具去处理所有归他们管的服务器上的例行任务。他们虽然喜欢使用模板、<ruby>黄金镜像<rt>golden images</rt></ruby>、以及标准，但同时也有着足够的灵活度去修改一个服务器上的参数以解决错误，并注释为什么那个服务器的配置与众不同。
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|
||||
尽管系统管理员很伟大，但他们也有着一些怪癖。其中一项就是没有他们神圣的授权你永远也获取不了系统的 root 访问权限，另一项则是任何不是他们的主意都在文档被记录为应用的提供者的要求，并仍然需要再次核对。
|
||||
尽管系统管理员很伟大，但他们也有着一些怪癖。其中一项就是没有他们神圣的授权你永远也获取不了系统的 root 访问权限，另一项则是任何不是出于他们的主意的变更都要在文档中被记录为应用提供方的要求，并仍然需要再次核对。
|
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|
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他们所管理的服务器是他们的地盘，没有人可以随意干涉。
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@ -28,15 +30,15 @@
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|
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与成为系统管理员的道路相反，从开发背景和从系统管理员背景成长为 SRE 的可能性相近。SRE 的职位出现的时长与应用开发环境的生命周期相近。
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|
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随着一个组织的发展而引入的类似于[持续集成][4]和[持续发布][5] (CI/CD) 的 [DevOps][3] 概念，通常会带来如何让这些<ruby>不可变<rt>immutable</rt></ruby>的应用部署到多个环境并随着业务需求进行扩展的技能空缺。着将是 SRE 的舞台。的确，一个系统管理员可以学习额外的工具，但大体上成为一个全职的职位更容易跟的上进度。在这里成为一个专家更说的通。
|
||||
随着一个组织的发展而引入的类似于[持续集成][4]和[持续发布][5] (CI/CD) 的 [DevOps][3] 概念，通常会出现技能空缺，以让这些<ruby>不可变<rt>immutable</rt></ruby>的应用部署到多个环境并随着业务需求进行扩展。这将是 SRE 的舞台。的确，一个系统管理员可以学习额外的工具，但大体上成为一个全职的职位更容易跟的上发展。一个专精的专家更有意义。
|
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|
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SRE 使用如<ruby>[代码即基础设施][6]<rt>infrastructure-as-code</rt></ruby>的概念去制作模板，然后调用它们来部署用以运行应用的环境，并以使用一键将每个应用和它们的环境完整重现作为目标。因此测试环境中一号服务器里的一号应用的二进制文件与生产环境中十五号服务器的完全一致，仅环境相关的变量如密码和数据库链接字串有所不同。
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SRE 使用如<ruby>[代码即基础设施][6]<rt>infrastructure-as-code</rt></ruby>的概念去制作模板，然后调用它们来部署用以运行应用的环境，并以使用一键完整重现每个应用和它们的环境作为目标。因此会出现这样的情况：测试环境中一号服务器里的一号应用的二进制文件与生产环境中十五号服务器的完全一致，仅环境相关的变量如密码和数据库链接字串有所不同。
|
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|
||||
SRE 同时也在配置发生改变时完全摧毁一个环境并重新构建它。对于任何系统他们不带一点感情。每个系统只是个被打了标记和安排了生命周期的数字，甚至例行的服务器补丁也要重新部署整个<ruby>应用栈<rt>application stack</rt></ruby>
|
||||
SRE 也会在配置发生改变时完全销毁一个环境并重新构建它。对于任何系统他们都不带一点感情。每个系统只是个被打了标记和安排了生命周期的数字而已，甚至连例行的对服务器打补丁也要重新部署整个<ruby>应用栈<rt>application stack</rt></ruby>
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
对于一些情况，尤其是运维一些大型的基于 DevOps 的环境时，一个 SRE 所能提供的用于处理各种规模业务的专业技能当然更具优势。但每次他们在运气不好走入死胡同时都会去寻求友人系统管理员，或是 [(BOFH)][7] 那身经百战的故障排除技能和那些系统管理员用于给组织提供价值的丰富经验的帮助。
|
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对于一些情况，尤其是运维一些大型的基于 DevOps 的环境时，一个 SRE 所能提供的用于处理各种规模的业务的专业技能当然更具优势。但每次他们在运气不好走入死胡同时都会去寻求他的系统管理员友人或是 [来自地狱的混蛋运维（BOFH）][7] ，得到他那身经百战的故障排除技能，和那些用于给组织提供价值的丰富经验的帮助。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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|
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@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/sysadmins-vs-sres
|
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作者：[Vince Power][a]
|
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选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
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译者：[vizv](https://github.com/vizv)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
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|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
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[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
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[#]: translator: ( )
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||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
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||||
[#]: url: ( )
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[#]: subject: (Lessons in Vendor Lock-in: Google and Huawei)
|
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[#]: via: (https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/lessons-vendor-lock-google-and-huawei)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Kyle Rankin https://www.linuxjournal.com/users/kyle-rankin)
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[#]: collector: "lujun9972"
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[#]: translator: "acyanbird "
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[#]: reviewer: " "
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[#]: publisher: " "
|
||||
[#]: url: " "
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[#]: subject: "Lessons in Vendor Lock-in: Google and Huawei"
|
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[#]: via: "https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/lessons-vendor-lock-google-and-huawei"
|
||||
[#]: author: "Kyle Rankin https://www.linuxjournal.com/users/kyle-rankin"
|
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|
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Lessons in Vendor Lock-in: Google and Huawei
|
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======
|
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@ -43,7 +43,6 @@ What's more, the Google Apps suite isn't just a convenient way to load Gmail or
|
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|
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Without access to these OS updates, Huawei now will have to decide whether to create its own LineageOS-style Android fork or a whole new phone OS of its own. In either case, it will have to abandon the Google Play Store ecosystem and use F-Droid-style app repositories, or if it goes 100% alone, it will need to create a completely new app ecosystem. If its engineers planned for this situation, then they likely are working on this plan right now; otherwise, they are all presumably scrambling to address an event that "should never happen". Here's hoping that if you find yourself in a similar case of vendor lock-in with an overseas company that's too big to fail, you never get caught in the middle of a trade war.
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|
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: https://www.linuxjournal.com/content/lessons-vendor-lock-google-and-huawei
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@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
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leemeans translating
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7 deadly sins of documentation
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======
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@ -1,243 +0,0 @@
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ZhiW5217 is translating
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Top 10 Microsoft Visio Alternatives for Linux
|
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======
|
||||
**Brief: If you are looking for a good Visio viewer in Linux, here are some alternatives to Microsoft Visio that you can use in Linux.**
|
||||
|
||||
[Microsoft Visio][1] is a great tool for creating or generating mission-critical diagrams and vector representations. While it may be a good tool for making floor plans or other kinds of diagrams - it is neither free nor open source.
|
||||
|
||||
Moreover, Microsoft Visio is not a standalone product. It comes bundled with Microsoft Office. We have already seen [open source alternatives to MS Office][2] in the past. Today we'll see what tools you can use in place of Visio on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
## Best Microsoft Visio alternatives for Linux
|
||||
|
||||
![Microsoft Visio Alternatives for Linux][4]
|
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|
||||
Mandatory disclaimer here. The list is not a ranking. The product at number three is not better than the one at number six on the list.
|
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|
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I have also mentioned a couple of non open source Visio software that you can use from the web interface.
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|
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| Software | Type | License Type |
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| LibreOffice Draw | Desktop Software | Free and Open Source |
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| OpenOffice Draw | Desktop Software | Free and Open Source |
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| Dia | Desktop Software | Free and Open Source |
|
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| yED Graph Editor | Desktop and web-based | Freemium |
|
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| Inkscape | Desktop Software | Free and Open Source |
|
||||
| Pencil | Desktop and web-based | Free and Open Source |
|
||||
| Graphviz | Desktop Software | Free and Open Source |
|
||||
| darw.io | Desktop and web-based | Free and Open Source |
|
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| Lucidchart | Web-based | Freemium |
|
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| Calligra Flow | Desktop Software | Free and Open Source |
|
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|
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|
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### 1. LibreOffice Draw
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|
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![][5]
|
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|
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LibreOffice Draw module is one of the best open source alternatives to Microsoft Visio. With the help of it, you can either choose to make a quick sketch of an idea or a complex professional floor plan for presentation. Flowcharts, organization charts, network diagrams, brochures, posters, and what not! All that without even requiring to spend a penny.
|
||||
|
||||
Good thing is that it comes bundled with LibreOffice which is installed in most Linux distributions by default.
|
||||
|
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#### Overview of Key Features:
|
||||
|
||||
* Style & Formatting tools to make Brochures/Posters
|
||||
* Calc Data Visualization
|
||||
* PDF-File editing capability
|
||||
* Create Photo Albums by manipulating the pictures from Gallery
|
||||
* Flexible Diagramming tools similar to the ones with Microsoft Visio (Smart Connectors, Dimension lines, etc.,)
|
||||
* Supports .VSD files (to open)
|
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|
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|
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|
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[LibreOffice Draw][6]
|
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|
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### 2. Apache OpenOffice Draw
|
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|
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![][7]
|
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|
||||
A lot of people do know about OpenOffice (on which LibreOffice project was initially based on) but they don't really mention Apache OpenOffice Draw as an alternative to Microsoft Visio. But, for a fact - it is yet another amazing open-source diagramming software tool. Unlike LibreOffice Draw, it does not support editing PDF files but it does offer drawing tools for any type of diagram creation.
|
||||
|
||||
Just a caveat here. Use this tool only if you have OpenOffice already on your system. This is because [installing OpenOffice][8] is a pain and it is [not properly developed anymore][9].
|
||||
|
||||
#### Overview of Key Features:
|
||||
|
||||
* 3D Controller to create shapes quickly
|
||||
* Create (.swf) flash versions of your work
|
||||
* Style & Formatting tools
|
||||
* Flexible Diagramming tools similar to the ones with Microsoft Visio (Smart Connectors, Dimension lines, etc.,)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Apache OpenOffice Draw][10]
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Dia
|
||||
|
||||
![][11]
|
||||
|
||||
Dia is yet another interesting open source tool. It may not seem to be under active development like the other ones mentioned. But, if you were looking for a free and open source alternative to Microsoft Visio for simple and decent diagrams - Dia could be your choice. The only let down of this tool for you could be its user interface. Apart from that, it does let you utilize powerful tools for a complex diagram (but it may not look great - so we recommend it for simpler diagrams).
|
||||
|
||||
#### Overview of Key Features:
|
||||
|
||||
* It can be used via command-line
|
||||
* Styling & Formatting tools
|
||||
* Shape Repository for custom shapes
|
||||
* Diagramming tools similar to the ones with Microsoft Visio (Special Objects, Grid Lines, Layers, etc.,)
|
||||
* Cross-platform
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Dia][12]
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. yED Graph Editor
|
||||
|
||||
yED Graph editor is one of the most loved free Microsoft Visio alternative. If you worry about it being a freeware but not an open source project, you can still utilize [yED's live editor][13] via your web browser for free. It is one of the best recommendations if you want to make diagrams quickly with a very easy-to-use interface.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Overview of Key Features:
|
||||
|
||||
* Drag and drop feature for easy diagram making
|
||||
* Supports importing external data for linking
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[yED Graph Editor][14]
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Inkscape
|
||||
|
||||
![][15]
|
||||
|
||||
Inkscape is a free and open source vector graphics editor. You get the basic functionalities of creating a flowchart or a data flow diagram. It does not offer advanced diagramming tools but the basic ones to create simpler diagrams. So, Inkscape could be your Visio alternative only if you are looking to generate basic diagrams with the help of diagram connector tool by utilizing the available symbols from the library.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Overview of Key Features:
|
||||
|
||||
* Connector Tool
|
||||
* Flexible drawing tools
|
||||
* Broad file format compatibility
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Inkscape][16]
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Pencil Project
|
||||
|
||||
![][17]
|
||||
|
||||
Pencil Project is an impressive open source initiative that is available for both Windows and Mac along with Linux. It features an easy-to-use GUI which makes diagramming easier and convenient. A good collection of inbuilt shapes and symbols to make your diagrams look great. It also comes baked in with Android and iOS UI stencils to let you start prototyping apps when needed.
|
||||
|
||||
You can also have it installed as a Firefox extension - but the extension does not utilize the latest build of the project.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Overview of Key Features:
|
||||
|
||||
* Browse cliparts easily (utilizing openclipart.org)
|
||||
* Export as an ODT file / PDF file
|
||||
* Diagram connector tool
|
||||
* Cross-platform
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Pencil Project][18]
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Graphviz
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
![][19]
|
||||
|
||||
Graphviz is slightly different. It is not a drawing tool but a dedicated graph visualization tool. You should definitely utilize this tool if you are into network diagrams which require several designs to represent a node. Well, of course, you can't make a floor plan with this tool (it won't be easy at least). So, it is best-suited for network diagrams, bioinformatics, database connections, and similar stuff.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Overview of Key Features:
|
||||
|
||||
* Supports command-line usage
|
||||
* Supports custom shapes & tabular node layouts
|
||||
* Basic stying and formatting tools
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Graphviz][20]
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Draw.io
|
||||
|
||||
Draw.io is primarily a free web-based diagramming tool with powerful tools to make almost any type of diagrams. You just need to drag n drop and then connect them to create a flowchart, an E-R diagram, or anything relevant. Also, if you like the tool, you can try the [offline desktop version][21].
|
||||
|
||||
**Overview of Key Features:**
|
||||
|
||||
* Direct uploads to a cloud storage service
|
||||
* Custom Shapes
|
||||
* Styling & Formatting tools
|
||||
* Cross-platform
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Draw.io][22]
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Lucidchart
|
||||
|
||||
![][23]
|
||||
|
||||
Lucidchart is a premium web-based diagramming tool which offers a free subscription with limited features. You can utilize the free subscription to create several types of diagrams and export them as an image or a PDF. However, the free version does not support data linking and Visio import/export functionality. If you do not need data linking -Lucidchart could prove to be a very good tool while generating beautiful diagrams.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Overview of Key Features:
|
||||
|
||||
* Integrations to Slack, Jira Core, Confluence
|
||||
* Ability to make product mockups
|
||||
* Import Visio files
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Lucidchart][24]
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Calligra Flow
|
||||
|
||||
![calligra flow][25]
|
||||
|
||||
Calligra Flow is a part of [Calligra Project][26] which aims to provide free and open source software tools. With Calligra flow, you can easily create network diagrams, entity-relation diagrams, flowcharts, and more.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Overview of Key Features:
|
||||
|
||||
* Wide range of stencil boxes
|
||||
* Styling and formatting tools
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Calligra Flow][27]
|
||||
|
||||
### Wrapping Up
|
||||
|
||||
Now that you know about the best free and open source Visio alternatives, what do you think about them?
|
||||
|
||||
Are they better than Microsoft Visio in any aspect of your requirements? Also, let us know in the comments below if we missed any of your favorite diagramming tools as an Linux alternative to Microsoft Visio.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/visio-alternatives-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[1]:https://products.office.com/en/visio/flowchart-software
|
||||
[2]:https://itsfoss.com/best-free-open-source-alternatives-microsoft-office/
|
||||
[3]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAEACAkQBADs=
|
||||
[4]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/visio-alternatives-linux-featured.png
|
||||
[5]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/libreoffice-draw-microsoft-visio-alternatives.jpg
|
||||
[6]:https://www.libreoffice.org/discover/draw/
|
||||
[7]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/apache-open-office-draw.jpg
|
||||
[8]:https://itsfoss.com/install-openoffice-ubuntu-linux/
|
||||
[9]:https://itsfoss.com/openoffice-shutdown/
|
||||
[10]:https://www.openoffice.org/product/draw.html
|
||||
[11]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/dia-screenshot.jpg
|
||||
[12]:http://dia-installer.de/
|
||||
[13]:https://www.yworks.com/products/yed-live
|
||||
[14]:https://www.yworks.com/products/yed
|
||||
[15]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/inkscape-screenshot.jpg
|
||||
[16]:https://inkscape.org/en/
|
||||
[17]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/pencil-project.jpg
|
||||
[18]:http://pencil.evolus.vn/Downloads.html
|
||||
[19]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/graphviz.jpg
|
||||
[20]:http://graphviz.org/
|
||||
[21]:https://about.draw.io/integrations/#integrations_offline
|
||||
[22]:https://about.draw.io/
|
||||
[23]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/lucidchart-visio-alternative.jpg
|
||||
[24]:https://www.lucidchart.com/
|
||||
[25]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/calligra-flow.jpg
|
||||
[26]:https://www.calligra.org/
|
||||
[27]:https://www.calligra.org/flow/
|
||||
@ -1,134 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How To Delete A Repository And GPG Key In Ubuntu)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-delete-a-repository-and-gpg-key-in-ubuntu/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/)
|
||||
|
||||
How To Delete A Repository And GPG Key In Ubuntu
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![Delete A Repository And GPG Key In Ubuntu][1]
|
||||
|
||||
The other day we discussed how to [**list the installed repositories**][2] in RPM and DEB-based systems. Today, we are going to learn how to delete a repository along with its GPG key in Ubuntu. For those wondering, a repository (shortly **repo** ) is a central place where the developers keep the software packages. The packages in the repositories are thoroughly tested and built specifically for each version by Ubuntu developers. The users can download and install these packages on their Ubuntu system using **Apt** **package manager**. Ubuntu has four official repositories namely **Main** , **Universe** , **Restricted** and **Multiverse**.
|
||||
|
||||
Apart from the official repositories, there are many unofficial repositories maintained by developers (or package maintainers). The unofficial repositories usually have the packages which are not available in the official repositories. All packages are signed with pair of keys, a public and private key, by the package maintainer. As you already know, the public key is given out to the users and the private must be kept secret. Whenever you add a new repository in the sources list, you should also add the repository key if Apt package manager wants to trust the newly added repository. Using the repository keys, you can ensure that you’re getting the packages from the right person. Hope you got a basic idea about software repositories and repository keys. Now let us go ahead and see how to delete the repository and its key if it is no longer necessary in Ubuntu systems.
|
||||
|
||||
### Delete A Repository In Ubuntu
|
||||
|
||||
Whenever you add a repository using “add-apt-repository” command, it will be stored in **/etc/apt/sources.list** file.
|
||||
|
||||
To delete a software repository from Ubuntu and its derivatives, just open the /etc/apt/sources.list file and look for the repository entry and delete it.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see in the below screenshot, I have added [**Oracle Virtualbox**][3] repository in my Ubuntu system.
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
virtualbox repository
|
||||
|
||||
To delete this repository, simply remove the entry. Save and close the file.
|
||||
|
||||
If you have added PPA repositories, look into **/etc/apt/sources.list.d/** directory and delete the respective entry.
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively, you can delete the repository using “add-apt-repository” command. For example, I am deleting the [**Systemback**][5] repository like below.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:nemh/systemback
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, update the software sources list using command:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt update
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Delete Repository keys
|
||||
|
||||
We use “apt-key” command to add the repository keys. First, let us list the added keys using command:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt-key list
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This command will list all added repository keys.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg
|
||||
--------------------
|
||||
pub rsa1024 2010-10-31 [SC]
|
||||
3820 03C2 C8B7 B4AB 813E 915B 14E4 9429 73C6 2A1B
|
||||
uid [ unknown] Launchpad PPA for Kendek
|
||||
|
||||
pub rsa4096 2016-04-22 [SC]
|
||||
B9F8 D658 297A F3EF C18D 5CDF A2F6 83C5 2980 AECF
|
||||
uid [ unknown] Oracle Corporation (VirtualBox archive signing key) <[email protected]>
|
||||
sub rsa4096 2016-04-22 [E]
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ubuntu-keyring-2012-archive.gpg
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
pub rsa4096 2012-05-11 [SC]
|
||||
790B C727 7767 219C 42C8 6F93 3B4F E6AC C0B2 1F32
|
||||
uid [ unknown] Ubuntu Archive Automatic Signing Key (2012) <[email protected]>
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ubuntu-keyring-2012-cdimage.gpg
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
pub rsa4096 2012-05-11 [SC]
|
||||
8439 38DF 228D 22F7 B374 2BC0 D94A A3F0 EFE2 1092
|
||||
uid [ unknown] Ubuntu CD Image Automatic Signing Key (2012) <[email protected]>
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ubuntu-keyring-2018-archive.gpg
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
pub rsa4096 2018-09-17 [SC]
|
||||
F6EC B376 2474 EDA9 D21B 7022 8719 20D1 991B C93C
|
||||
uid [ unknown] Ubuntu Archive Automatic Signing Key (2018) <[email protected]>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see in the above output, the long (40 characters) hex value is the repository key. If you want APT package manager to stop trusting the key, simply delete it using command:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt-key del "3820 03C2 C8B7 B4AB 813E 915B 14E4 9429 73C6 2A1B"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Or, specify the last 8 characters only:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt-key del 73C62A1B
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Done! The repository key has been deleted. Run the following command to update the repository lists:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt update
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Resource:**
|
||||
|
||||
* [**Software repositories – Ubuntu Community Wiki**][6]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-delete-a-repository-and-gpg-key-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[sk][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Delete-a-repository-in-ubuntu-720x340.png
|
||||
[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/find-list-installed-repositories-commandline-linux/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-oracle-virtualbox-ubuntu-16-04-headless-server/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/virtualbox-repository.png
|
||||
[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/systemback-restore-ubuntu-desktop-and-server-to-previous-state/
|
||||
[6]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/Ubuntu
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Become a lifelong learner and succeed at work)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/7/informal-learning-adaptability)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Colin Willis https://opensource.com/users/colinwillishttps://opensource.com/users/marcobravo)
|
||||
|
||||
Become a lifelong learner and succeed at work
|
||||
======
|
||||
In open organizations with cultures of adaptability, learning should be
|
||||
continuous—and won't always happen in a formal setting. Do we really
|
||||
understand how it works?
|
||||
![Writing in a notebook][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Continuous learning refers to the ongoing, career-driven, intentional learning process people undertake to develop themselves. For people who consider themselves continuous learners, learning never stops—and these people see learning opportunities in everyday experiences. Engaging with one's colleagues in debate, reflecting on feedback, scouring the internet for a solution to a frustrating problem, trying something new, or taking a risk are all examples of the informal learning activities one can perform on the job.
|
||||
|
||||
Continuous learning is a core competency for anyone in an open organization. After all, open organizations are built upon peers thinking, arguing, and acting alongside one another. And thriving in the ambiguous, discourse-driven world of the open organization requires these sorts of skills from employees daily.
|
||||
|
||||
Unfortunately, the scientific literature has done a poor job disseminating our knowledge of learning at work in a way that helps individuals appreciate and develop their own learning abilities. So in this article series, I'll introduce you to informal learning and help you understand how viewing learning as a skill can help you thrive—in any organization, but _especially_ open organizations.
|
||||
|
||||
### Why so formal?
|
||||
|
||||
To date, the scientific study of learning in organizations has focused primarily on the design, delivery, and evaluation of _formal_ training as opposed to _informal_ learning.
|
||||
|
||||
Investing in the development of the knowledge, skills, and abilities of its workforce is an important way an organization maintains its edge over its competitors. Organizations _formalize_ learning opportunities by creating or purchasing classes, online courses, workshops, etc., which are meant to instruct an individual on job-related content—much like a class at a school. Providing a class is an easy (if expensive) way for an organization to ensure the skills or knowledge of its workforce remains current. Likewise, classroom settings are natural experiment rooms for researchers, making training-based research and work not only possible but also powerful.
|
||||
|
||||
Recent estimates suggest that between 70% to 80% of all job-related knowledge isn't learned in training but rather informally on-the-job.
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, people don't _need_ training to learn something; often, people learn by researching answers, talking to colleagues, reflecting, experimenting, or adapting to changes. In fact, [recent estimates suggest][2] that between 70% to 80% of all job-related knowledge isn't learned in training but rather _informally_ on-the-job. That isn't to say that formal training isn't effective; training can be _very_ effective, but it is a precise type of intervention. It simply isn't practical to formally train someone on most aspects of a job, especially as those jobs become more complex.
|
||||
|
||||
Informal learning, or any learning that occurs outside a structured learning environment, is therefore incredibly important to the workplace. In fact, [recent scientific evidence][3] suggests that informal learning is a better predictor of job performance than formal training.
|
||||
|
||||
So why do organizations and the scientific community focus so much on training?
|
||||
|
||||
### A cyclical process
|
||||
|
||||
Apart from the reasons I mentioned earlier, researching informal learning can be very difficult. Unlike formal training, informal learning occurs in unstructured environments, is highly dependent on the individual, and can be difficult or impossible to observe.
|
||||
|
||||
Until recently, most of the research on informal learning focused on defining the qualifies characteristic of informal learning and identifying how informal learning is theoretically connected to work experience. Researchers have described a [dynamic, cyclical process][4] by which individuals learn informally in organizations.
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike formal training, informal learning occurs in unstructured environments, is highly dependent on the individual, and can be difficult or impossible to observe.
|
||||
|
||||
In the process, both the individual and the organization have agency for creating learning opportunities. For example, an individual may be interested in learning something and performs learning behaviors to do so. The organization, in the form of feedback delivered to the individual, may signal that learning is needed. This could be a poor performance review, a comment made during a project, or a broader change in the organizational environment that isn't personally directed. These forces interact in the organizational environment (e.g., someone experiments with a new idea and his or her colleagues recognize and reward that behavior) or in the mind of the individual via reflection (e.g., someone reflects on feedback about his or her performance and decides to exert more effort into learning the job). Unlike training, informal learning does not follow a formal, linear process. An individual can experience any part of the process at any time and experience multiple parts of the process simultaneously.
|
||||
|
||||
### Informal learning in the open organization
|
||||
|
||||
In open organizations specifically, both a decreased emphasis on hierarchy and an increased focus on a participatory culture fuel this informal learning process. In short, open organizations simply present more opportunities for individuals and the organizational environment to interact and spark learning moments. Moreover, ideas and change require a broader level of buy-in among employees in an open organization—and buy-in requires an appreciation for the adaptability and insight of others.
|
||||
|
||||
That said, simply increasing the numbers of opportunities to learn does not guarantee that learning will occur or be successful. One might even argue that the ambiguity and open discourse common in an open organization could _prevent_ someone who is _not_ skilled at continuous learning—again, that habit of learning over time and a core competency of the open organization—from contributing to the organization as effectively as they could in more traditional organizations.
|
||||
|
||||
Addressing these kinds of concerns require a way of tracking informal learning in a consistent manner. Recently, there have been calls in the scientific community to create ways of measuring informal learning, so systematic research can be conducted to address questions around the antecedents and outcomes of informal learning. My own research has focused on this call, and I have spent several years developing and refining our understanding of informal learning behaviors so that they can be measured.
|
||||
|
||||
In the second part of this article series, I'll focus on findings from a recent study I conducted inside an open organization, where I tested my measure of informal learning behaviors and connected them to the broader workplace environment and individual work outcomes.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/7/informal-learning-adaptability
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Colin Willis][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/colinwillishttps://opensource.com/users/marcobravo
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/notebook-writing-pen.jpg?itok=uA3dCfu_ (Writing in a notebook)
|
||||
[2]: https://www.groupoe.com/images/Accelerating_On-the-Job-Learning_-_White_Paper.pdf
|
||||
[3]: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316490244_Antecedents_and_Outcomes_of_Informal_Learning_Behaviors_a_Meta-Analysis
|
||||
[4]: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-13469-009
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
|
||||
用于 Linux 中代替 Microsoft Visio 的十个最佳备选方案
|
||||
======
|
||||
**简介：如果您正在 Linux 中寻找一个好的 Visio 查看器，这里有一些可以在 Linux 中使用的 Microsoft Visio 的替代方案。**
|
||||
|
||||
Microsoft Visio 是创建或生成关键任务图和矢量表示的绝佳工具。虽然它可能是制作平面图或其他类型图表的好工具 - 但它既不是免费的，也不是开源的
|
||||
|
||||
此外，Microsoft Visio 不是一个独立的产品。它与 Microsoft Office 捆绑在一起。我们过去已经看过 MS Office 的开源替代品。今天我们将看到您可以使用哪些工具代替 Linux 上的 Visio。
|
||||
|
||||
## 适用于 Linux 的最佳 Microsoft Visio 备选方案
|
||||
|
||||
![用于 Linux 的 Microsoft Visio 备选方案][4]
|
||||
|
||||
此处为强制性免责声明。该列表不是排名。排名第三的产品并不比排名第六的好。
|
||||
|
||||
我还提到了一些可以从 Web 界面使用的非开源 Visio 软件。
|
||||
|
||||
| 软件| 输入| 许可证类型|
|
||||
| LibreOffice Draw | 桌面软件| 免费和开源|
|
||||
| OpenOffice Draw | 桌面软件| 免费和开源|
|
||||
| Dia | 桌面软件| 免费和开源|
|
||||
| yED图形编辑器| 桌面和基于网络| 免费增值|
|
||||
| Inkscape | 桌面软件| 免费和开源|
|
||||
| 铅笔| 桌面和基于网络| 免费和开源|
|
||||
| Graphviz | 桌面软件| 免费和开源|
|
||||
| darw.io | 桌面和基于网络| 免费和开源|
|
||||
| Lucidchart | 基于网络| 免费增值|
|
||||
| Calligra Flow | 桌面软件| 免费和开源|
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. LibreOffice Draw
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
LibreOffice Draw 模块是 Microsoft Visio 的最佳开源替代方案之一。在它的帮助下，你可以选择制作一个想法的速写或一个复杂的专业平面布置图来展示。流程图，组织结构图，网络图，小册子，海报等等！所有这些都不需要花一分钱。
|
||||
|
||||
好的是它与 LibreOffice 捆绑在一起，默认情况下安装在大多数 Linux 发行版中。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 主要功能概述：
|
||||
|
||||
* 用于制作宣传册/海报的样式和格式工具
|
||||
* Calc 数据可视化
|
||||
* PDF 文件编辑功能
|
||||
* 通过操作图库中的图片来创建相册
|
||||
* 灵活的绘图工具类似于 Microsoft Visio （智能连接器，尺寸线等）的工具
|
||||
* 支持 .VSD 文件（打开）
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[LibreOffice Draw][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Apache OpenOffice Draw
|
||||
|
||||
![][7]
|
||||
|
||||
很多人都知道 OpenOffice （ LibreOffice 项目最初基于它），但他们并没有真正提到 Apache OpenOffice Draw 作为 Microsoft Visio 的替代方案。但事实上，它是另一个令人惊奇的开源图表软件工具。与 LibreOffice Draw 不同，它不支持编辑 PDF 文件，但它为任何类型的图表创建提供了绘图工具。
|
||||
|
||||
这只是个警告。仅当您的系统中已经有 OpenOffice 时才使用此工具。这是因为[安装 OpenOffice ][8] 是一件痛苦的事情，而且[不再继续开发][9]。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 主要功能概述：
|
||||
|
||||
* 快速创建 3D 形状控制器
|
||||
* 创建(.swf)工作的 flash 版本
|
||||
* 样式和格式工具
|
||||
* 与M icrosoft Visio 类似的灵活绘图工具（智能连接器，尺寸线等）
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Apache OpenOffice Draw][10]
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Dia
|
||||
|
||||
![][11]
|
||||
|
||||
Dia 是另一个有趣的开源工具。它可能不像前面提到的那样处于积极发展之中。但是，如果您正在寻找一个免费的，开源的替代 Microsoft Visio 的简单而体面的图表，那么 Dia 可能是您的选择。这个工具唯一让你失望的地方就是它的用户界面。除此之外，它还允许您为复杂的图使用强大的工具（但它看起来可能不太好——所以我们建议您使用更简单的图）。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 主要功能概述：
|
||||
|
||||
* 它可以通过命令行使用
|
||||
* 样式和格式工具
|
||||
* 用于自定义形状的形状存储库
|
||||
* 与 Microsoft Visio 类似的绘图工具(特殊对象，网格线，图层等)
|
||||
* 跨平台
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Dia][12]
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. yED Graph Editor
|
||||
|
||||
是最受欢迎的免费 Microsoft Visio 替代方案之一。如果你担心它是一个免费软件而不是开源项目，您仍然可以通过 web 浏览器免费使用 yED 的实时编辑器。如果您想用一个非常易于使用的界面快速绘制图表，这是最好的建议之一。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 主要功能概述：
|
||||
|
||||
* 拖放功能，方便图表制作
|
||||
* 支持导入外部数据进行链接
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[yED Graph Editor][14]
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Inkscape
|
||||
|
||||
![][15]
|
||||
|
||||
Inkscape 是一个免费的开源矢量图形编辑器。您将了解创建流程图或数据流程图的基本功能。它不提供高级的图表绘制工具，而是提供创建更简单图表的基本工具。因此，Inkscape 可能是您的 Visio 替代品，只有当您希望通过使用图库中的可用符号，在图库连接器工具的帮助下生成基本图时，才可以使用它。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 主要功能概述：
|
||||
|
||||
* 连接器工具
|
||||
* 灵活的绘图工具
|
||||
* 广泛的文件格式兼容性
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Inkscape][16]
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Pencil Project
|
||||
|
||||
![][17]
|
||||
|
||||
Pencil Project 是一个令人印象深刻的开源项目，适用于 Windows 和 Mac 以及 Linux。它具有易于使用的 GUI，使绘图更容易和方便。一个很好的内建形状和符号的集合，使您的图表看起来很棒。它还内置了 Android 和 iOS UI 模板，可以让你在需要时创建应用程序原型。
|
||||
|
||||
您也可以将其安装为 Firefox 扩展，但该扩展不能使用项目的最新版本。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 主要功能概述：
|
||||
|
||||
* 轻松浏览剪贴画（使用 openclipart.org）
|
||||
* 导出为 ODT 文件/PDF 文件
|
||||
* 图表连接工具
|
||||
* 跨平台
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Pencil Project][18]
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Graphviz
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
![][19]
|
||||
|
||||
Graphviz 略有不同。它不是绘图工具，而是专用的图形可视化工具。如果您在网络图中需要多个设计来表示一个节点，那么一定要使用这个工具。当然，你不能用这个工具做平面布置图（至少这不容易）。因此，它最适合于网络图，生物信息学，数据库连接和类似的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 主要功能概述：
|
||||
|
||||
* 支持命令行使用
|
||||
* 支持自定义形状和表格节点布局
|
||||
* 基本样式和格式设置工具
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Graphviz][20]
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Draw.io
|
||||
|
||||
Draw.io 主要是一个免费的基于 Web 的图表工具，它有强大的工具几乎可以制作任何类型的图表。您只需要拖放然后连接它们以创建流程图，ER 图或任何相关的。此外，如果您喜欢该工具，则可以尝试脱机桌面版本[离线桌面版本][21]。
|
||||
|
||||
**主要功能概述：**
|
||||
|
||||
* 直接上传到云存储服务
|
||||
* 自定义形状
|
||||
* 样式和格式工具
|
||||
* 跨平台
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Draw.io][22]
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Lucidchart
|
||||
|
||||
![][23]
|
||||
|
||||
Lucidchart 是一个高级的基于 Web 的图表工具，它提供了一个具有有限功能的免费订阅。您可以使用免费订阅创建几种类型的图表，并将其导出为图像或 PDF。但是，免费版本不支持数据链接和 Visio 导入/导出功能。如果您不需要数据链接 Lucidchart 可以说是一个非常好的工具，同时可以生成漂亮的图表。
|
||||
|
||||
####主要功能概述：
|
||||
|
||||
* 集成到 Slack，Jira 核心，Confluence
|
||||
* 能够制作产品模型
|
||||
* 导入 Visio 文件
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Lucidchart][24]
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Calligra Flow
|
||||
|
||||
![calligra flow][25]
|
||||
|
||||
Calligra Flow 是[Calligra Project][26]的一部分，宗旨市提供免费和开源的软件工具。使用 Calligra flow 您可以轻松地创建网络图，实体关系图，流程图等
|
||||
|
||||
#### 主要功能概述：
|
||||
|
||||
* 各种模具盒
|
||||
* 样式和格式工具
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Calligra Flow][27]
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
既然你已经知道了最好的免费和开源的 Visio 替代方案，你对它们有什么看法？
|
||||
|
||||
在您任何方面的需求中，它们是否优于 Microsoft Visio？另外，如果我们错过了您最喜欢的基于 Linux 替代 Microsoft Visio 的绘图工具，请在下面的评论中告诉我们。
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/visio-alternatives-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ankush Das][a]
|
||||
译者：[ZhiW5217](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/
|
||||
[1]:https://products.office.com/en/visio/flowchart-software
|
||||
[2]:https://itsfoss.com/best-free-open-source-alternatives-microsoft-office/
|
||||
[3]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODdhAQABAPAAAP///wAAACwAAAAAAQABAEACAkQBADs=
|
||||
[4]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/visio-alternatives-linux-featured.png
|
||||
[5]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/libreoffice-draw-microsoft-visio-alternatives.jpg
|
||||
[6]:https://www.libreoffice.org/discover/draw/
|
||||
[7]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/apache-open-office-draw.jpg
|
||||
[8]:https://itsfoss.com/install-openoffice-ubuntu-linux/
|
||||
[9]:https://itsfoss.com/openoffice-shutdown/
|
||||
[10]:https://www.openoffice.org/product/draw.html
|
||||
[11]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/dia-screenshot.jpg
|
||||
[12]:http://dia-installer.de/
|
||||
[13]:https://www.yworks.com/products/yed-live
|
||||
[14]:https://www.yworks.com/products/yed
|
||||
[15]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/inkscape-screenshot.jpg
|
||||
[16]:https://inkscape.org/en/
|
||||
[17]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/pencil-project.jpg
|
||||
[18]:http://pencil.evolus.vn/Downloads.html
|
||||
[19]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/graphviz.jpg
|
||||
[20]:http://graphviz.org/
|
||||
[21]:https://about.draw.io/integrations/#integrations_offline
|
||||
[22]:https://about.draw.io/
|
||||
[23]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/lucidchart-visio-alternative.jpg
|
||||
[24]:https://www.lucidchart.com/
|
||||
[25]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/calligra-flow.jpg
|
||||
[26]:https://www.calligra.org/
|
||||
[27]:https://www.calligra.org/flow/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How To Delete A Repository And GPG Key In Ubuntu)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-delete-a-repository-and-gpg-key-in-ubuntu/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (sk https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如何在 Ubuntu 中删除仓库和 GPG 密钥
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![Delete A Repository And GPG Key In Ubuntu][1]
|
||||
|
||||
前几天我们讨论了如何在基于 RPM 和 DEB 的系统中[**列出已安装的仓库**][2]。今天，我们将学习如何在 Ubuntu 中删除仓库及其 GPG 密钥。对于想知道仓库的人，仓库（简称 **repo**）是开发人员存储软件包的地方。仓库的软件包经过全面测试，并由 Ubuntu 开发人员专门为每个版本构建。用户可以使用 **Apt** **包管理器**在他们的 Ubuntu 系统上下载和安装这些包。 Ubuntu 有四个官方仓库，即 **Main**、**Universe**、**Restricted** 和 **Multiverse**。
|
||||
|
||||
除了官方仓库外，还有许多由开发人员（或软件包维护人员）维护的非官方仓库。非官方仓库通常有官方仓库中不可用的包。所有包都由包维护者用一对密钥（公钥和私钥）签名。如你所知，公钥是发给用户的，私人必须保密。每当你在源列表中添加新的仓库时，如果 Apt 包管理器想要信任新添加的仓库，你还应该添加仓库密钥。使用仓库密钥，你可以确保从正确的人那里获得包。到这里希望你对软件仓库和仓库密钥有了一个基本的了解。现在让我们继续看看如果在 Ubuntu 系统中不再需要仓库及其密钥，那么该如何删除它。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在 Ubuntu 中删除仓库
|
||||
|
||||
每当使用 “add-apt-repository” 命令添加仓库时，它都将保存在 **/etc/apt/sources.list** 中。
|
||||
|
||||
要从 Ubuntu 及其衍生版中删除软件仓库，只需打开 /etc/apt/sources.list 文件并查找仓库名字并将其删除即可。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
正如你在下面的截图中看到的，我在我的 Ubuntu 系统中添加了 [**Oracle Virtualbox**][3] 仓库。
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
virtualbox 仓库
|
||||
|
||||
要删除此仓库，只需删除该条目即可。保存并关闭文件。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你已添加 PPA 仓库，请查看 **/etc/apt/sources.list.d/** 目录并删除相应的条目。
|
||||
|
||||
或者，你可以使用 “add-apt-repository” 命令删除仓库。例如，我要删除 [**Systemback**][5] 仓库，如下所示。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:nemh/systemback
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
最后，使用以下命令更新软件源列表：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt update
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 删除仓库密钥
|
||||
|
||||
我们使用 “apt-key” 命令添加仓库密钥。首先，让我们使用命令列出添加的密钥：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt-key list
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
此命令将列出所有添加的仓库密钥。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg
|
||||
--------------------
|
||||
pub rsa1024 2010-10-31 [SC]
|
||||
3820 03C2 C8B7 B4AB 813E 915B 14E4 9429 73C6 2A1B
|
||||
uid [ unknown] Launchpad PPA for Kendek
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
pub rsa4096 2016-04-22 [SC]
|
||||
B9F8 D658 297A F3EF C18D 5CDF A2F6 83C5 2980 AECF
|
||||
uid [ unknown] Oracle Corporation (VirtualBox archive signing key) <[email protected]>
|
||||
sub rsa4096 2016-04-22 [E]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ubuntu-keyring-2012-archive.gpg
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
pub rsa4096 2012-05-11 [SC]
|
||||
790B C727 7767 219C 42C8 6F93 3B4F E6AC C0B2 1F32
|
||||
uid [ unknown] Ubuntu Archive Automatic Signing Key (2012) <[email protected]>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ubuntu-keyring-2012-cdimage.gpg
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
pub rsa4096 2012-05-11 [SC]
|
||||
8439 38DF 228D 22F7 B374 2BC0 D94A A3F0 EFE2 1092
|
||||
uid [ unknown] Ubuntu CD Image Automatic Signing Key (2012) <[email protected]>
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/ubuntu-keyring-2018-archive.gpg
|
||||
------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
pub rsa4096 2018-09-17 [SC]
|
||||
F6EC B376 2474 EDA9 D21B 7022 8719 20D1 991B C93C
|
||||
uid [ unknown] Ubuntu Archive Automatic Signing Key (2018) <[email protected]>
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
正如你在上面的输出中所看到的，那串长的（40 个字符）十六进制值是仓库密钥。如果你希望 APT 包管理器停止信任该密钥，只需使用以下命令将其删除：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt-key del "3820 03C2 C8B7 B4AB 813E 915B 14E4 9429 73C6 2A1B"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
或者，仅指定最后 8 个字符：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt-key del 73C62A1B
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
完成！仓库密钥已被删除。运行以下命令更新仓库列表：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt update
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**资源：**
|
||||
|
||||
* [**软件仓库 – Ubuntu 社区 Wiki**][6]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.ostechnix.com/how-to-delete-a-repository-and-gpg-key-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[sk][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Delete-a-repository-in-ubuntu-720x340.png
|
||||
[2]: https://www.ostechnix.com/find-list-installed-repositories-commandline-linux/
|
||||
[3]: https://www.ostechnix.com/install-oracle-virtualbox-ubuntu-16-04-headless-server/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/virtualbox-repository.png
|
||||
[5]: https://www.ostechnix.com/systemback-restore-ubuntu-desktop-and-server-to-previous-state/
|
||||
[6]: https://help.ubuntu.com/community/Repositories/Ubuntu
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (heguangzhi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Become a lifelong learner and succeed at work)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/7/informal-learning-adaptability)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Colin Willis https://opensource.com/users/colinwillishttps://opensource.com/users/marcobravo)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
成为终身学习者，并在工作中取得成功
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
在具有适应性文化的开放组织中，学习应该一直持续——不会总是在正式场合发生。我们真的明白它是如何工作的吗？
|
||||
|
||||
![Writing in a notebook][1]
|
||||
|
||||
持续学习是指人们为发展自己而进行的持续的、职业驱动的、有意识的学习过程。对于那些认为自己是持续学习者的人来说，学习从未停止——这些人从日常经历中看到学习机会。与同事进行辩论、反思反馈、在互联网上寻找问题的解决方案、尝试新事物或冒险都是一个人在工作中可以进行的非正式学习活动的例子。
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|
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|
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持续学习是开放组织中任何人的核心能力。毕竟，开放的组织是建立在同行相互思考、争论和行动的基础上的。在开放组织的模棱两可、话语驱动的世界中茁壮成长，每天都需要员工具备这些技能。
|
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|
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不幸的是，科学文献在传播我们在工作中学习的知识方面，帮助个人欣赏和发展自己的学习能力方面，做得很差。因此，在本文系列中，我将向您介绍非正式学习，并帮助您理解将学习视为一种技能如何帮助您在任何组织中茁壮成长，尤其是在开源组织中。
|
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|
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### 为什么这么正式？
|
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|
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迄今为止，对组织中学习的科学研究主要集中在正式学习而不是非正式学习的设计、实施和评估上。
|
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|
||||
投资于员工知识、技能和能力的发展是一个组织保持其相对于竞争对手优势的重要方式。组织通过创建或购买课程、在线课程、研讨会等来提供正式确定学习机会。意在指导个人学习与工作相关的内容，就像学校里的一节课。对于一个组织来说，提供一门课程是一种简单(如果昂贵的话)的方法，可以确保其员工的技能或知识保持最新。同样，教室环境是研究人员的天然实验室，使得基于培训的研究和工作不仅可能，而且强大。
|
||||
|
||||
最近的评估表明，70%到80%的工作相关知识不是在培训中学到的，而是非正式的在职学习中得到的。
|
||||
|
||||
当然，人们不需要训练来学习一些东西；通常，人们通过研究答案、与同事交谈、思考、实验或适应变化来学习。事实上，[最近的评估表明][2]70%到80%的与工作相关的知识不是在培训中学到的，而是在工作中非正式学到的。这并不是说正式培训无效；培训可能非常有效，但它是一种精确的干预方式。在工作的大部分方面正式培训一个人是不现实的，尤其是当这些工作变得更加复杂的时候。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，非正式学习，或者任何发生在结构化学习环境之外的学习，对工作场所来说是极其重要的。事实上，[最近的科学证据][3]表明，非正式学习比正式培训更能预测工作表现。
|
||||
|
||||
那么，为什么组织和科学界如此关注培训呢？
|
||||
|
||||
### 循环过程
|
||||
|
||||
除了我前面提到的原因，研究非正式学习可能非常困难。与正式学习不同，非正式学习发生在非结构化环境中，高度依赖于个人，很难或不可能观察并研究。
|
||||
|
||||
直到最近，大多数关于非正式学习的研究都集中在定义非正式学习的合格特征和确定非正式学习在理论上是如何与工作经验联系在一起的。研究人员描述了一个[动态的周期性过程][4]，通过这个过程，个人可以在组织中非正式地学习。
|
||||
|
||||
与正式学习一样，非正式学习发生在非结构化环境中，高度依赖于个人，很难或不可能观察。
|
||||
|
||||
在这个过程中，个人和组织都有创造学习机会的机构。例如，一个人可能对学习某样东西感兴趣，并为此表现出学习行为。组织以反馈的形式传递给个人，可能表明需要学习。这可能是一个糟糕的绩效评估，一个在项目中发表的评论，或者一个不是个人指导的组织环境的更广泛的变化。这些力量在组织环境中(例如，有人尝试了一个新想法，他或她的同事认识到并奖励了这种行为)或者通过在个人的头脑中反思(例如，有人反思了关于他或她的表现的，并决定在学习工作中付出更多的努力)。与培训不同，非正式学习不遵循正式的线性过程。一个人可以在任何时候体验过程的任何部分，同时体验过程的多个部分。
|
||||
|
||||
### 开放组织中的非正式学习
|
||||
|
||||
具体而言，在开放组织中，对等级制度的重视程度降低，对参与式文化的重视程度提高，这两者都推动了这种非正式的学习。简而言之，开放的组织只是为个人和组织环境提供了更多互动和激发学习的机会。此外，想法和变革需要开放组织中员工更广泛的认同——而认同需要对他人的适应性和洞察力的欣赏。
|
||||
|
||||
也就是说，仅仅增加学习机会并不能保证学习会发生或成功。有人甚至可能会说，开放组织中常见的模糊性和开放性话语可能会阻止不擅长持续学习的人——再一次，随着时间的推移学习的习惯和开放组织的核心能力——尽可能有效地为组织做出贡献。
|
||||
|
||||
解决这些问题需要一种以一致的方式跟踪非正式学习。最近，科学界呼吁创造衡量非正式学习的方法，这样就可以进行系统的研究来解决非正式学习的前因后果的问题。我自己的研究集中在这一呼吁上，我花了几年时间发展和完善我们对非正式学习行为的理解，以便对它们进行测量。
|
||||
|
||||
在本文系列的第二部分，我将重点介绍我最近在一个开放组织中进行的一项研究的结果，在该研究中，我测试了我对非正式学习行为的研究，并将它们与更广泛的工作环境和个人工作成果联系起来。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/19/7/informal-learning-adaptability
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Colin Willis][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/heguangzhi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/colinwillishttps://opensource.com/users/marcobravo
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/notebook-writing-pen.jpg?itok=uA3dCfu_ (Writing in a notebook)
|
||||
[2]: https://www.groupoe.com/images/Accelerating_On-the-Job-Learning_-_White_Paper.pdf
|
||||
[3]: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316490244_Antecedents_and_Outcomes_of_Informal_Learning_Behaviors_a_Meta-Analysis
|
||||
[4]: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2008-13469-009
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user