From 0a4e1ecfac63a25463a97b3693274bf6a49dbaf1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 20 Aug 2020 05:02:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 001/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200820=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Rejoice=20KDE=20Lovers!=20MX=20Linux=20Joins=20the=20KDE=20Band?= =?UTF-8?q?wagon=20and=20Now=20You=20Can=20Download=20MX=20Linux=20KDE=20E?= =?UTF-8?q?dition?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200820 Rejoice KDE Lovers- MX Linux Joins the KDE Bandwagon and Now You Can Download MX Linux KDE Edition.md --- ...w You Can Download MX Linux KDE Edition.md | 91 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 91 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200820 Rejoice KDE Lovers- MX Linux Joins the KDE Bandwagon and Now You Can Download MX Linux KDE Edition.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200820 Rejoice KDE Lovers- MX Linux Joins the KDE Bandwagon and Now You Can Download MX Linux KDE Edition.md b/sources/tech/20200820 Rejoice KDE Lovers- MX Linux Joins the KDE Bandwagon and Now You Can Download MX Linux KDE Edition.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d5fcf0d379 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200820 Rejoice KDE Lovers- MX Linux Joins the KDE Bandwagon and Now You Can Download MX Linux KDE Edition.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Rejoice KDE Lovers! MX Linux Joins the KDE Bandwagon and Now You Can Download MX Linux KDE Edition) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/mx-linux-kde-edition/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +Rejoice KDE Lovers! MX Linux Joins the KDE Bandwagon and Now You Can Download MX Linux KDE Edition +====== + +Debian-based [MX Linux][1] is already an impressive Linux distribution with [Xfce desktop environment][2] as the default. Even though it works good and is suitable to run with minimal hardware configuration, it still isn’t the best Linux distribution in terms of eye candy. + +That’s where KDE comes to the rescue. Of late, KDE Plasma has reduced a lot of weight and it uses fewer system resources without compromising on the modern looks. No wonder KDE Plasma is one of [the best desktop environments][3] out there. + +![][4] + +With [MX Linux 19.2][5], they began testing a KDE edition and have finally released their first KDE version. + +Also, the KDE edition comes with Advanced Hardware Support (AHS) enabled. Here’s what they have mentioned in their release notes: + +> MX-19.2 KDE is an **Advanced Hardware Support (AHS) **enabled **64-bit only** version of MX featuring the KDE/plasma desktop. Applications utilizing Qt library frameworks are given a preference for inclusion on the iso. + +As I mentioned it earlier, this is MX Linux’s first KDE edition ever, and they’ve also shed some light on it with the announcement as well: + +> This will be first officially supported MX/antiX family iso utilizing the KDE/plasma desktop since the halting of the predecessor MEPIS project in 2013. + +Personally, I enjoyed the experience of using MX Linux until I started using [Pop OS 20.04][6]. So, I’ll give you some key highlights of MX Linux 19.2 KDE edition along with my impressions of testing it. + +### MX Linux 19.2 KDE: Overview + +![][7] + +Out of the box, MX Linux looks cleaner and more attractive with KDE desktop on board. Unlike KDE Neon, it doesn’t feature the latest and greatest KDE stuff, but it looks to be doing the job intended. + +Of course, you will get the same options that you expect from a KDE-powered distro to customize the look and feel of your desktop. In addition to the obvious KDE perks, you will also get the usual MX tools, antiX-live-usb-system, and snapshot feature that comes baked in the Xfce edition. + +It’s a great thing to have the best of both worlds here, as stated in their announcement: + +> MX-19.2 KDE includes the usual MX tools, antiX-live-usb-system, and snapshot technology that our users have come to expect from our standard flagship Xfce releases. Adding KDE/plasma to the existing Xfce/MX-fluxbox desktops will provide for a wider range user needs and wants. + +I haven’t performed a great deal of tests but I did have some issues with extracting archives (it didn’t work the first try) and copy-pasting a file to a new location. Not sure if those are some known bugs — but I thought I should let you know here. + +![][8] + +Other than that, it features every useful tool you’d want to have and works great. With KDE on board, it actually feels more polished and smooth in my case. + +Along with KDE Plasma 5.14.5 on top of Debian 10 “buster”, it also comes with GIMP 2.10.12, MESA, Debian (AHS) 5.6 Kernel, Firefox browser, and few other goodies like VLC, Thunderbird, LibreOffice, and Clementine music player. + +You can also look for more stuff in the MX repositories. + +![][9] + +There are some known issues with the release like the System clock settings not being able adjustable via KDE settings. You can check their [announcement post][10] for more information or their [bug list][11] to make sure everything’s fine before trying it out on your production system. + +### Wrapping Up + +MX Linux 19.2 KDE edition is definitely more impressive than its Xfce offering in my opinion. It would take a while to iron out the bugs for this first KDE release — but it’s not a bad start. + +Speaking of KDE, I recently tested out KDE Neon, the official KDE distribution. I shared my experience in this video. I’ll try to do a video on MX Linux KDE flavor as well. + +[Subscribe to our YouTube channel for more Linux videos][12] + +Have you tried it yet? Let me know your thoughts in the comments below! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/mx-linux-kde-edition/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://mxlinux.org/ +[2]: https://www.xfce.org/ +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-desktop-environments/ +[4]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/mx-linux-kde-edition.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[5]: https://mxlinux.org/blog/mx-19-2-now-available/ +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/pop-os-20-04-review/ +[7]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/mx-linux-19-2-kde.jpg?resize=800%2C452&ssl=1 +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/mx-linux-19-2-kde-filemanager.jpg?resize=800%2C452&ssl=1 +[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/mx-linux-19-2-kde-info.jpg?resize=800%2C452&ssl=1 +[10]: https://mxlinux.org/blog/mx-19-2-kde-now-available/ +[11]: https://bugs.mxlinux.org/ +[12]: https://www.youtube.com/c/itsfoss?sub_confirmation=1 From 7b74993bc2d2be985c605ba3475882964f362185 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 20 Aug 2020 08:34:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 002/167] Rename sources/tech/20200820 Rejoice KDE Lovers- MX Linux Joins the KDE Bandwagon and Now You Can Download MX Linux KDE Edition.md to sources/news/20200820 Rejoice KDE Lovers- MX Linux Joins the KDE Bandwagon and Now You Can Download MX Linux KDE Edition.md --- ...KDE Bandwagon and Now You Can Download MX Linux KDE Edition.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => news}/20200820 Rejoice KDE Lovers- MX Linux Joins the KDE Bandwagon and Now You Can Download MX Linux KDE Edition.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200820 Rejoice KDE Lovers- MX Linux Joins the KDE Bandwagon and Now You Can Download MX Linux KDE Edition.md b/sources/news/20200820 Rejoice KDE Lovers- MX Linux Joins the KDE Bandwagon and Now You Can Download MX Linux KDE Edition.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200820 Rejoice KDE Lovers- MX Linux Joins the KDE Bandwagon and Now You Can Download MX Linux KDE Edition.md rename to sources/news/20200820 Rejoice KDE Lovers- MX Linux Joins the KDE Bandwagon and Now You Can Download MX Linux KDE Edition.md From e1126e8053fda2b08a93cc836448b9fa506cfb5f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: FSSlc Date: Thu, 20 Aug 2020 08:56:07 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 003/167] Update 20200721 Manage network connections from the Linux command line with nmcli.md --- ...work connections from the Linux command line with nmcli.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200721 Manage network connections from the Linux command line with nmcli.md b/sources/tech/20200721 Manage network connections from the Linux command line with nmcli.md index 45c4169897..2796a2f3cc 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200721 Manage network connections from the Linux command line with nmcli.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200721 Manage network connections from the Linux command line with nmcli.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (FSSlc) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) @@ -299,7 +299,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/nmcli 作者：[Dave McKay][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From fcb2b2de0d89c8a82104aeebad80c6ba8b782750 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 20 Aug 2020 09:57:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 004/167] PRF @wxy --- .../20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md | 20 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md b/translated/tech/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md index a79491f25b..5f3235bd15 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md @@ -1,22 +1,22 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Debug Linux using ProcDump) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/7/procdump-linux) [#]: author: (Gaurav Kamathe https://opensource.com/users/gkamathe) -使用 ProcDump 调试 Linux +使用微软的 ProcDump 调试 Linux 进程 ====== > 用这个微软的开源工具，获取进程信息。 -![渣土车在路上转弯][1] 。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202008/20/095646k5wz7cd11vyc7lhr.jpg) -微软越来越心仪 Linux 和开放源码，这并不是什么秘密。在过去几年中，该公司稳步增加对开源的贡献，包括将其部分软件和工具移植到 Linux。2018 年底，微软[宣布][2]将其部分 [Sysinternals][3] 工具以开源的方式移植到 Linux，[Linux 版的 ProcDump][4]是第一个这样的版本。 +微软越来越心仪 Linux 和开源，这并不是什么秘密。在过去几年中，该公司稳步地增加了对开源的贡献，包括将其部分软件和工具移植到 Linux。2018 年底，微软[宣布][2]将其 [Sysinternals][3] 的部分工具以开源的方式移植到 Linux，[Linux 版的 ProcDump][4]是其中的第一个。 -如果你在 Windows 上从事过调试或故障排除工作，你可能听说过 Sysinternals。它是一个“瑞士军刀”工具集，可以帮助系统管理员、开发人员和 IT 安全专家监控和排除 Windows 环境的故障。 +如果你在 Windows 上从事过调试或故障排除工作，你可能听说过 Sysinternals，它是一个“瑞士军刀”工具集，可以帮助系统管理员、开发人员和 IT 安全专家监控和排除 Windows 环境的故障。 Sysinternals 最受欢迎的工具之一是 [ProcDump][5]。顾名思义，它用于将正在运行的进程的内存转储到磁盘上的一个核心文件中。然后可以用调试器对这个核心文件进行分析，了解转储时进程的状态。因为之前用过 Sysinternals，所以我很想试试 ProcDump 的 Linux 移植版。 @@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ bin/ProcDumpTestApplication: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV) $ ``` -在此情况下，每次运行 `procdump` 实用程序时，你都必须移动到 `bin/` 文件夹中。要使它在系统中的任何地方都可以使用，运行 `make install`。这将二进制文件复制到通常的 `bin/` 目录中，它是你的 shell `$PATH` 的一部分： +在此情况下，每次运行 `procdump` 实用程序时，你都必须移动到 `bin/` 文件夹中。要使它在系统中的任何地方都可以使用，运行 `make install`。这将这个二进制文件复制到通常的 `bin/` 目录中，它是你的 shell `$PATH` 的一部分： ``` $ which procdump @@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ root      350508  347350  0 03:29 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto pro $ ``` -当测试进程正在运行时，调用 `procdump` 并提供 PID。输出表明了该进程的名称和 PID，并报告它生成了一个核心转储文件，并显示其文件名： +当测试进程正在运行时，调用 `procdump` 并提供 PID。下面的输出表明了该进程的名称和 PID，并报告它生成了一个核心转储文件，并显示其文件名： ``` $ procdump -p 350498 @@ -262,7 +262,7 @@ $ ### 你应该使用 ProcDump 还是 gcore？ -有几种情况下，你可能更喜欢使用 ProcDump 而不是 gcore，ProcDump 有一些内置的功能，在一般情况下可能很有用。 +有几种情况下，你可能更喜欢使用 ProcDump 而不是 gcore，ProcDump 有一些内置的功能，在一些情况下可能很有用。 #### 等待测试二进制文件的执行 @@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ $ ./progxyz & $ ``` -ProcDump 立即检测到二进制正在运行，并转储这个二进制的核心文件： +ProcDump 立即检测到该二进制正在运行，并转储这个二进制的核心文件： ``` [03:39:23 - INFO]: Waiting for process 'progxyz' to launch... @@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/procdump-linux 作者：[Gaurav Kamathe][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From cd5e79cdbcf0614c06f6b04e1411cbe33388fd32 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 20 Aug 2020 09:58:31 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 005/167] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-12533-1.html --- .../tech => published}/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md b/published/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md rename to published/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md index 5f3235bd15..237932ece5 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md +++ b/published/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12533-1.html) [#]: subject: (Debug Linux using ProcDump) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/7/procdump-linux) [#]: author: (Gaurav Kamathe https://opensource.com/users/gkamathe) From f7ae1e544e4b4653808fa135247cc9b6acedb50b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2020 00:29:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 006/167] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-12536-1.html --- ...ac terminal customizations even a curmudgeon can love.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200713 4 Mac terminal customizations even a curmudgeon can love.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200713 4 Mac terminal customizations even a curmudgeon can love.md b/published/20200713 4 Mac terminal customizations even a curmudgeon can love.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/tech/20200713 4 Mac terminal customizations even a curmudgeon can love.md rename to published/20200713 4 Mac terminal customizations even a curmudgeon can love.md index c2e48ff50f..3ea183bba5 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200713 4 Mac terminal customizations even a curmudgeon can love.md +++ b/published/20200713 4 Mac terminal customizations even a curmudgeon can love.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12536-1.html) [#]: subject: (4 Mac terminal customizations even a curmudgeon can love) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/7/mac-terminal) [#]: author: (Katie McLaughlin https://opensource.com/users/glasnt) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ > 开源意味着我可以在任何终端上找到熟悉的 Linux。 -!["咖啡和笔记本"][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202008/21/002323xqslvqnnmdz487dq.jpg) 十年前，我开始了我的第一份工作，它要求我使用 Linux 作为我的笔记本电脑的操作系统。如果我愿意的话，我可以使用各种 Linux 发行版，包括 Gentoo，但由于我过去曾短暂地使用过Ubuntu，所以我选择了 Ubuntu Lucid Lynx 10.04。 From b764f04b6752237d9af44311d31a89e23936494c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2020 05:02:21 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 007/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200820=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Learn=20the=20basics=20of=20programming=20with=20C?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200820 Learn the basics of programming with C.md --- ... Learn the basics of programming with C.md | 284 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 284 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200820 Learn the basics of programming with C.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200820 Learn the basics of programming with C.md b/sources/tech/20200820 Learn the basics of programming with C.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ead1f35a6a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200820 Learn the basics of programming with C.md @@ -0,0 +1,284 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Learn the basics of programming with C) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/c-programming-cheat-sheet) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) + +Learn the basics of programming with C +====== +Our new cheat sheet puts all the essentials of C syntax on an +easy-to-read handout. +![Cheat Sheet cover image][1] + +In 1972, Dennis Ritchie was at Bell Labs, where a few years earlier, he and his fellow team members invented Unix. After creating an enduring OS (still in use today), he needed a good way to program those Unix computers so that they could perform new tasks. It seems strange now, but at the time, there were relatively few programming languages; Fortran, Lisp, [Algol][2], and B were popular but insufficient for what the Bell Labs researchers wanted to do. Demonstrating a trait that would become known as a primary characteristic of programmers, Dennis Ritchie created his own solution. He called it C, and nearly 50 years later, it's still in widespread use. + +### Why you should learn C + +Today, there are many languages that provide programmers more features than C. The most obvious one is C++, a rather blatantly named language that built upon C to create a nice object-oriented language. There are many others, though, and there's a good reason they exist. Computers are good at consistent repetition, so anything predictable enough to be built into a language means less work for programmers. Why spend two lines recasting an `int` to a `long` in C when one line of C++ (`long x = long(n);`) can do the same? + +And yet C is still useful today. + +First of all, C is a fairly minimal and straightforward language. There aren't very advanced concepts beyond the basics of programming, largely because C is literally one of the foundations of modern programming languages. For instance, C features arrays, but it doesn't offer a dictionary (unless you write it yourself). When you learn C, you learn the building blocks of programming that can help you recognize the improved and elaborate designs of recent languages. + +Because C is a minimal language, your applications are likely to get a boost in performance that they wouldn't see with many other languages. It's easy to get caught up in the race to the bottom when you're thinking about how fast your code executes, so it's important to ask whether you _need_ more speed for a specific task. And with C, you have less to obsess over in each line of code, compared to, say, Python or Java. C is fast. There's a good reason the Linux kernel is written in C. + +Finally, C is easy to get started with, especially if you're running Linux. You can already run C code because Linux systems include the GNU C library (`glibc`). To write and build it, all you need to do is install a compiler, open a text editor, and start coding. + +### Getting started with C + +If you're running Linux, you can install a C compiler using your package manager. On Fedora or RHEL: + + +``` +`$ sudo dnf install gcc` +``` + +On Debian and similar: + + +``` +`$ sudo apt install build-essential` +``` + +On macOS, you can [install Homebrew][3] and use it to install [GCC][4]: + + +``` +`$ brew install gcc` +``` + +On Windows, you can install a minimal set of GNU utilities, GCC included, with [MinGW][5]. + +Verify you've installed GCC on Linux or macOS: + + +``` +$ gcc --version +gcc (GCC) x.y.z +Copyright (C) 20XX Free Software Foundation, Inc. +``` + +On Windows, provide the full path to the EXE file: + + +``` +PS> C:\MinGW\bin\gcc.exe --version +gcc.exe (MinGW.org GCC Build-2) x.y.z +Copyright (C) 20XX Free Software Foundation, Inc. +``` + +### C syntax + +C isn't a scripting language. It's compiled, meaning that it gets processed by a C compiler to produce a binary executable file. This is different from a scripting language like [Bash][6] or a hybrid language like [Python][7]. + +In C, you create _functions_ to carry out your desired task. A function named `main` is executed by default. + +Here's a simple "hello world" program written in C: + + +``` +#include <stdio.h> + +int main() { +  [printf][8]("Hello world"); +  return 0; +} +``` + +The first line includes a _header file_, essentially free and very low-level C code that you can reuse in your own programs, called `stdio.h` (standard input and output). A function called `main` is created and populated with a rudimentary print statement. Save this text to a file called `hello.c`, then compile it with GCC: + + +``` +`$ gcc hello.c --output hello` +``` + +Try running your C program: + + +``` +$ ./hello +Hello world$ +``` + +#### Return values + +It's part of the Unix philosophy that a function "returns" something to you after it executes: nothing upon success and something else (an error message, for example) upon failure. These return codes are often represented with numbers (integers, to be precise): 0 represents nothing, and any number higher than 0 represents some non-successful state. + +There's a good reason Unix and Linux are designed to expect silence upon success. It's so that you can always plan for success by assuming no errors nor warnings will get in your way when executing a series of commands. Similarly, functions in C expect no errors by design. + +You can see this for yourself with one small modification to make your program appear to fail: + + +``` +include <stdio.h> + +int main() { +  [printf][8]("Hello world"); +  return 1; +} +``` + +Compile it: + + +``` +`$ gcc hello.c --output failer` +``` + +Now run it using a built-in Linux test for success. The `&&` operator executes the second half of a command only upon success. For example: + + +``` +$ echo "success" && echo "it worked" +success +it worked +``` + +The `||` test executes the second half of a command upon _failure_. + + +``` +$ ls blah || echo "it did not work" +ls: cannot access 'blah': No such file or directory +it did not work +``` + +Now try your program, which does _not_ return 0 upon success; it returns 1 instead: + + +``` +$ ./failer && echo "it worked" +String is: hello +``` + +The program executed successfully, yet did not trigger the second command. + +#### Variables and types + +In some languages, you can create variables without specifying what _type_ of data they contain. Those languages have been designed such that the interpreter runs some tests against a variable in an attempt to discover what kind of data it contains. For instance, Python knows that `var=1` defines an integer when you create an expression that adds `var` to something that is obviously an integer. It similarly knows that the word `world` is a string when you concatenate `hello` and `world`. + +C doesn't do any of these investigations for you; you must define your variable type. There are several types of variables, including integers (int), characters (char), float, and Boolean. + +You may also notice there's no string type. Unlike Python and Java and Lua and many others, C doesn't have a string type and instead sees strings as an array of characters. + +Here's some simple code that establishes a `char` array variable, and then prints it to your screen using [printf][9] along with a short message: + + +``` +#include <stdio.h> + +int main() { +   char var[6] = "hello"; +   [printf][8]("Your string is: %s\r\n",var); +``` + +You may notice that this code sample allows six characters for a five-letter word. This is because there's a hidden terminator at the end of the string, which takes up one byte in the array. You can run the code by compiling and executing it: + + +``` +$ gcc hello.c --output hello +$ ./hello +hello +``` + +### Functions + +As with other languages, C functions take optional parameters. You can pass parameters from one function to another by defining the type of data you want a function to accept: + + +``` +#include <stdio.h> + +int printmsg(char a[]) { +   [printf][8]("String is: %s\r\n",a); +} + +int main() { +   char a[6] = "hello"; +   printmsg(a); +   return 0; +} +``` + +The way this code sample breaks one function into two isn't very useful, but it demonstrates that `main` runs by default and how to pass data between functions. + +### Conditionals + +In real-world programming, you usually want your code to make decisions based on data. This is done with _conditional_ statements, and the `if` statement is one of the most basic of them. + +To make this example program more dynamic, you can include the `string.h` header file, which contains code to examine (as the name implies) strings. Try testing whether the string passed to the `printmsg` function is greater than 0 by using the `strlen` function from the `string.h` file: + + +``` +#include <stdio.h> +#include <string.h> + +int printmsg(char a[]) { +  size_t len = [strlen][10](a); +  if ( len > 0) { +    [printf][8]("String is: %s\r\n",a); +  } +} + +int main() { +   char a[6] = "hello"; +   printmsg(a); +   return 1; +} +``` + +As implemented in this example, the sample condition will never be untrue because the string provided is always "hello," the length of which is always greater than 0. The final touch to this humble re-implementation of the `echo` command is to accept input from the user. + +### Command arguments + +The `stdio.h` file contains code that provides two arguments each time a program is launched: a count of how many items are contained in the command (`argc`) and an array containing each item (`argv`). For example, suppose you issue this imaginary command: + + +``` +`$ foo -i bar` +``` + +The `argc` is three, and the contents of `argv` are: + + * `argv[0] = foo` + * `argv[1] = -i` + * `argv[2] = bar` + + + +Can you modify the example C program to accept `argv[2]` as the string instead of defaulting to `hello`? + +### Imperative programming + +C is an imperative programming language. It isn't object-oriented, and it has no class structure. Using C can teach you a lot about how data is processed and how to better manage the data you generate as your code runs. Use C enough, and you'll eventually be able to write libraries that other languages, such as Python and Lua, can use. + +To learn more about C, you need to use it. Look in `/usr/include/` for useful C header files, and see what small tasks you can do to make C useful to you. As you learn, use our [C cheat sheet][11] by [Jim Hall][12] of FreeDOS. It's got all the basics on one double-sided sheet, so you can immediately access all the essentials of C syntax while you practice. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/c-programming-cheat-sheet + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/coverimage_cheat_sheet.png?itok=lYkNKieP (Cheat Sheet cover image) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/algol68 +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/homebrew-mac +[4]: https://gcc.gnu.org/ +[5]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/gnu-windows-mingw +[6]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-bash +[7]: https://opensource.com/resources/python +[8]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/printf.html +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/printf +[10]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/strlen.html +[11]: https://opensource.com/downloads/c-programming-cheat-sheet +[12]: https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall From cd27fa367e393667f0026e2cb5c5fddc6e32a066 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2020 08:43:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 008/167] translated --- .../20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md | 154 ------------------ .../20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md | 153 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 153 insertions(+), 154 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md b/sources/tech/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md deleted file mode 100644 index eec13da61c..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,154 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Use GNU on Windows with MinGW) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/gnu-windows-mingw) -[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) - -Use GNU on Windows with MinGW -====== -Install the GNU Compiler Collection and other GNU components to enable -GNU Autotools on Windows. -![Windows][1] - -If you're a hacker running Windows, you don't need a proprietary application to compile code. With the [Minimalist GNU for Windows][2] (MinGW) project, you can download and install the [GNU Compiler Collection][3] (GCC) along with several other essential GNU components to enable [GNU Autotools][4] on your Windows computer. - -### Install MinGW - -The easiest way to install MinGW is through mingw-get, a graphical user interface (GUI) application that helps you select which components to install and keep them up to date. To run it, [download `mingw-get-setup.exe`][5] from the project's host. Install it as you would any other EXE file by clicking through the installation wizard to completion. - -![Installing mingw-get][6] - -(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - -### Install GCC on Windows - -So far, you've only installed an installer—or more accurately, a dedicated _package manager_ called mingw-get. Launch mingw-get to select which MinGW project applications you want to install on your computer. - -First, select **mingw-get** from your application menu to launch it. - -![Installing GCC with MinGW][8] - -(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - -To install GCC, click the GCC and G++ package to mark GNU C and C++ compiler for installation. To complete the process, select **Apply Changes** from the **Installation** menu in the top-left corner of the mingw-get window. - -Once GCC is installed, you can run it from [PowerShell][9] using its full path: - - -``` -PS> C:\MinGW\bin\gcc.exe --version -gcc.exe (MinGW.org GCC Build-x) x.y.z -Copyright (C) 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -``` - -### Run Bash on Windows - -While it calls itself "minimalist," MinGW also provides an optional [Bourne shell][10] command-line interpreter called MSYS (which stands for Minimal System). It's an alternative to Microsoft's `cmd.exe` and PowerShell, and it defaults to Bash. Aside from being one of the (justifiably) most popular shells, Bash is useful when porting open source applications to the Windows platform because many open source projects assume a [POSIX][11] environment. - -You can install MSYS from the mingw-get GUI or from within PowerShell: - - -``` -`PS> mingw-get install msys` -``` - -To try out Bash, launch it using its full path: - - -``` -PS> C:\MinGW\msys/1.0/bin/bash.exe -bash.exe-$ echo $0 -"C:\MinGW\msys/1.0/bin/bash.exe" -``` - -### Set the path on Windows - -You probably don't want to have to type the full path for every command you want to use. Add the directory containing your new GNU executables to your path in Windows. There are two root directories of executables to add: one for MinGW (including GCC and its related toolchain) and another for MSYS (including Bash and many common tools from the GNU and [BSD][12] projects). - -To modify your environment in Windows, click on the application menu and type `env`. - -![Edit your env][13] - -(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - -A Preferences window will open; click the **Environment variables** button located near the bottom of the window. - -In the **Environment variables** window, double-click the **Path** selection from the bottom panel. - -In the **Edit Environment variables** window that appears, click the **New** button on the right. Create a new entry reading **C:\MinCW\msys\1.0\bin** and click **OK**. Create a second new entry the same way, this one reading **C:\MinGW\bin**, and click **OK**. - -![Set your env][14] - -(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - -Accept these changes in each Preferences window. You can reboot your computer to ensure the new variables are detected by all applications, or just relaunch your PowerShell window. - -From now on, you can call any MinGW command without specifying the full path, because the full path is in the `%PATH%` environment variable of your Windows system, which PowerShell inherits. - -### Hello world - -You're all set up now, so put your new MinGW system to a small test. If you're a [Vim][15] user, launch it, and enter this obligatory "hello world" code: - - -``` -#include <stdio.h> -#include <iostream> - -using namespace std; - -int main() { -  cout << "Hello open source." << endl; -  return 0; -} -``` - -Save the file as `hello.cpp`, then compile it with the C++ component of GCC: - - -``` -`PS> gcc hello.cpp --output hello` -``` - -And, finally, run it: - - -``` -PS> .\a.exe -Hello open source. -PS> -``` - -There's much more to MinGW than what I can cover here. After all, MinGW opens a whole world of open source and potential for custom code, so take advantage of it. For a wider world of open source, you can also [give Linux a try][16]. You'll be amazed at what's possible when all limits are removed. But in the meantime, give MinGW a try and enjoy the freedom of the GNU. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/gnu-windows-mingw - -作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/more_windows.jpg?itok=hKk64RcZ (Windows) -[2]: http://mingw.org -[3]: https://gcc.gnu.org/ -[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/introduction-gnu-autotools -[5]: https://osdn.net/projects/mingw/releases/ -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mingw-install.jpg (Installing mingw-get) -[7]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ -[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mingw-packages.jpg (Installing GCC with MinGW) -[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/variables-powershell -[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell -[11]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/what-posix-richard-stallman-explains -[12]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/netbsd-raspberry-pi -[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mingw-env.jpg (Edit your env) -[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mingw-env-set.jpg (Set your env) -[15]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-vim -[16]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/ways-get-started-linux diff --git a/translated/tech/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md b/translated/tech/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7c5fdd3f43 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md @@ -0,0 +1,153 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Use GNU on Windows with MinGW) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/gnu-windows-mingw) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) + +使用 Mingw 在 Windows 上使用 GNU +====== +在 Windows 上安装 GNU 编译器集合和其他 GNU 组件来启用 GNU Autotools。 +![Windows][1] + +如果你是使用 Windows 的黑客，你不需要专有应用来编译代码。借助 [Minimalist GNU for Windows][2]（MinGW） 项目，你可以下载并安装 [GNU 编译器集合][3] （GCC） 以及其他几个基本 GNU 组件，以在 Windows 计算机上启用 [GNU Autotools][4]。 + +### 安装 MinGW + +安装 MinGW 的最简单方法是通过 mingw-get，它是一个图形用户界面 （GUI） 应用，可帮助你选择要安装哪些组件，并让它们保持最新。要运行它，请从项目主页[下载 `mingw-get-setup.exe`][5]。像你安装其他 exe 一样，在向导中单击完成安装。 + +![Installing mingw-get][6] + +(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) + +### 在 Windows 上安装 GCC + +目前为止，你只安装了一个程序，或者更准确地说，一个专用的_包管理器_称为 mingw-get。启动 mingw-get 选择要在计算机上安装的 MinGW 项目应用。 + +首先，从应用菜单中选择 **mingw-get** 启动它。 + +![Installing GCC with MinGW][8] + +(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) + +要安装 GCC，请单击 GCC 和 G++ 包来标记要安装 GNU C、C++ 编译器。要完成此过程，请从 mingw-get 窗口左上角的**安装**菜单中选择**应用更改**。 + +安装 GCC 后，你可以使用完整路径在 [PowerShell][9] 中运行它： + + +``` +PS> C:\MinGW\bin\gcc.exe --version +gcc.exe (MinGW.org GCC Build-x) x.y.z +Copyright (C) 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +``` + +### 在 Windows 上运行 Bash + +虽然它自称 “minimalist”（最小化），但 MinGW 还提供一个可选的 [Bourne shell][10]命令行解释器，称为 MSYS（它代表最小系统）。它是微软的 `cmd.exe` 和 PowerShell 的替代方案，它默认是 Bash。除了是（正当的）最流行的 shell 之一外，Bash 在将开源应用移植到 Windows 平台时很有用，因为许多开源项目都假定了 [POSIX][11] 环境。 + +你可以在 mingw-get GUI 或 PowerShell 内安装 MSYS： + + +``` +`PS> mingw-get install msys` +``` + +要尝试 Bash，请使用完整路径启动它： + + +``` +PS> C:\MinGW\msys/1.0/bin/bash.exe +bash.exe-$ echo $0 +"C:\MinGW\msys/1.0/bin/bash.exe" +``` + +### 在 Windows 上设置路径 + +你可能不希望为要使用的每个命令输入完整路径。将包含新 GNU 可执行文件的目录添加到 Windows 中的路径中。需要添加两个可执行文件的根目录：一个用于 MinGW（包括 GCC 及其相关工具链），另一个用于 MSYS（包括 Bash、GNU 和 [BSD][12] 项目中的许多常用工具）。 + +若要在 Windows 中修改环境，请单击应用菜单并输入 `env`。 + +![Edit your env][13] + +(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) + +这将打开“首选项”窗口。点击窗口底部附近的**环境变量**按钮。 + +在**环境变量**窗口中，双击底部面板中的**路径**选择。 + +在**编辑环境变量**窗口中，单击右侧的**新增**按钮。创建一个新条目 **C:\MinCW\msys\1.0\bin**，然后单击 **OK**。以相同的方式创建第二条 **C:\MinGW\bin**，然后单击 **OK**。 + +![Set your env][14] + +(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) + +在每个首选项窗口中接受这些更改。你可以重启计算机以确保所有应用都检测到新变量，或者只需重启 PowerShell 窗口。 + +从现在开始，你可以调用任何 MinGW 命令而不指定完整路径，因为完整路径位于 PowerShell 继承的 Windows 系统的 `%PATH%` 环境变量中。 + +### Hello world + +你已经完成设置，因此对新的 MinGW 系统进行小测试。如果你是 [Vim][15] 用户，请启动它，然后输入下面的 “hello world” 代码： + + +``` +#include <stdio.h> +#include <iostream> + +using namespace std; + +int main() { +  cout << "Hello open source." << endl; +  return 0; +} +``` + +将文件保存为 `hello.cpp`，然后使用 GCC 的 C++ 组件编译文件： + + +``` +`PS> gcc hello.cpp --output hello` +``` + +最后，运行它： + + +``` +PS> .\a.exe +Hello open source. +PS> +``` + +MinGW 的内容远不止我在这里所能介绍的。毕竟，MinGW 打开了一个完整的开源世界和定制代码的潜力，因此请充分利用它。对于更广阔的开源世界，你还可以[试试 Linux][16]。当所有的限制都被消除后，你会惊讶于可能的事情。但与此同时，请试试 MinGW，并享受 GNU 的自由。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/gnu-windows-mingw + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/more_windows.jpg?itok=hKk64RcZ (Windows) +[2]: http://mingw.org +[3]: https://gcc.gnu.org/ +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/introduction-gnu-autotools +[5]: https://osdn.net/projects/mingw/releases/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mingw-install.jpg (Installing mingw-get) +[7]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mingw-packages.jpg (Installing GCC with MinGW) +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/variables-powershell +[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourne_shell +[11]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/what-posix-richard-stallman-explains +[12]: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/netbsd-raspberry-pi +[13]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mingw-env.jpg (Edit your env) +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/mingw-env-set.jpg (Set your env) +[15]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-vim +[16]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/ways-get-started-linux From f7ba926b820ea6a85914b15496f22c808c02ad0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2020 08:49:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 009/167] translating --- ...oft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md b/sources/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md index 87277777ac..59b3498f1a 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md +++ b/sources/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From f07da0b879cf3aeb1a74ab1409f1663ce26fcb58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Yufei-Yan Date: Thu, 20 Aug 2020 23:46:16 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 010/167] Finished translating. --- ...ightweight RESTful web services in Java.md | 687 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 687 insertions(+) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md diff --git a/translated/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md b/translated/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..eb52974b3e --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md @@ -0,0 +1,687 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (Yufei-Yan) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/7/restful-services-java) +[#]: author: (Marty Kalin https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu) + +An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java + +一个用 Java 实现的超轻量级 RESTful web 服务示例 +====== +Explore lightweight RESTful services in Java through a full code example +to manage a book collection. + +通过完整的代码例子管理一套图书，来探索轻量级的 RESTful 服务。 + +![Coding on a computer][1] + +Web 服务，以这样或那样的形式，已经存在了近二十年。比如，[XML-RPC 服务][2]出现在 90 年代后期，紧接着是 SOAP 分支编写的服务。在 XML-RPC 和 SOAP 这两个开拓者之后出现后不久，REST 架构风格的服务在大约 20 年前也出现了。[REST][4]风格（后来的 Restful）服务现在主导了流行的网站，比如 eBay、Facebook 和 Twitter。尽管分布式计算的 web 服务有很多替代品（如 web sockets，微服务和远程过程调用的新框架），基于 Restful 的网页服务依然具有吸引力，原因如下： + + * Restful 服务是在现有的基础设施和协议的基础上构建的，特别是 web 服务器和 HTTP/HTTPS 协议。对于那些对数据和底层功能比用 HTML 如何展示内容更感兴趣的客户来说，拥有基于 HTML 网站的公司可以很容易的添加 web 服务。比如，亚马逊就率先通过网站和 web 服务（基于 SOAP 或 Restful）提供相同的信息和功能。 + * Restful 服务将 HTTP 当作 API，因此避免了复杂的软件分层，这种分层是基于 SOAP web 服务的明显特征。比如，Restful API 支持通过 HTTP 命令（POST-GET-PUT-DELETE）进行标准的 CRUD（增加-读取-更新-删除）操作；通过 HTTP 状态码可以知道请求是否成功或者为什么失败。 + * Restful web 服务可以根据需要变得简单或复杂。Restful 是一种风格，事实上是一种非常灵活的风格，而不是一套关于如何设计和构造服务的配方。（伴随而来的缺点是，可能很难确定哪些服务不能算作 Restful 服务。） + * 作为使用者或者客户端，Restful web 服务与语言和平台无关。客户端发送 HTTP(S) 请求并且接受当前流行的数据交换的对应文本（比如，JSON）。. + * 几乎每一种通用编程语言都至少有足够（而且通常都很强大）的对 HTTP/HTTPS 的支持，也就是说 web 服务的客户端可以用这些语言来编写。 + +这篇文章将通过一段完整的 Java 代码来展现轻量级的 Restful 服务。 + +### 基于 Restful 的”小说“ web 服务 + +基于 Restful 的”小说“ web 服务包含三个程序员定义的类： + + * `Novel` 类代表了只有三个属性的小说：机器生成的 ID，作者和标题。属性可以根据实际情况进行扩展，但我还是想让这个例子看上去更简单一些。 + * `Novels` 类包含了用于各种任务的使用工具：将一个 `Novel` 或者这样的一个列表的明文编码成 XML 或者 JSON；支持在小说的容器上进行 CRUD 操作；可以从存储在文件中的数据对容器进行初始化。`Novels` 类在 `Novel` 实例和 servlet 之间进行调解。 + * `NovelsServlet` 类是从 `HttpServlet` 中继承的，`HttpServlet` 是健壮且灵活的一段代码，自 90 年代末的早期企业级 Java 就已经存在了。对于客户端的 CRUD 请求，servlet 可以当作 HTTP 的端点。 servlet 代码主要用于处理客户端的请求和生成合适的响应，而将复杂的细节留给 `Novels` 类中的工具类进行处理。 + +一些 Java 框架，比如 Jersey（JAX-RS）和 Restlet，就是为 Restful 服务设计的。尽管如此，`HttpServlet` 本身为完成这些服务提供了轻量、灵活、强大且充分测试过的 API。我会通过下面的“小说”例子来说明。 + +### 部署“小说”web 服务 + +当然，部署“小说”web服务需要一个 web 服务器。我的选择是 [Tomcat][5]，但是如果服务托管在 Jetty 或者甚至是 Java 应用服务器上，那么这个服务应该至少可以工作（著名的最后一句话！）。[在我的网站上][6]有总结了如何安装 Tomcat 的 README 文件和代码。还有一个附带文档的 Apache Ant 脚本，可以用来构建“小说”服务（或者任何其他服务或网站）并且将它部署在 Tomcat 或相同的服务。 + +Tomcat 可以从它的[官网][7]上下载。当你在本地安装后，将 `TOMCAT_HOME` 设置为安装目录。有两个子目录值得关注： + + * `TOMCAT_HOME/bin` 目录包含类 Unix 系统（`startup.sh` 和 `shutdown.sh`）和 Windows（`startup.bat` 和 `shutdown.bat`） 的启动和停止脚本。Tomcat 作为 Java 应用程序运行。web 服务器的 servlet 容器叫做 Catalina。（在 Jetty 中，web 服务器和容器的名字一样。）当 Tomcat 启动后，在浏览器中输入 `http://localhost:8080/` 可以查看详细文档，包括示例。 + * `TOMCAT_HOME/webapps` 目录是已部署的 web 网站和服务的默认目录。部署网站或 web 服务的直接方法是复制以 `.war`结尾的 JAR 文件（也就是 WAR 文件）到 `TOMCAT_HOME/webapps` 或它的子目录下。然后 Tomcat 会将 WAR 文件解压到它自己的目录下。比如，Tomcat 会将 `novels.war` 文件解压到一个叫做 `novels` 的子目录下，并且保留 `novels.war` 文件。网站或 web 服务可以通过删除 WAR 文件进行移除，也可以用一个新版 WAR 文件来覆盖已有文件进行更新。顺便说一下，调试网站或服务的第一步就是检查 Tomcat 已经正确解压 WAR 文件；如果没有的话，网站或服务就无法发布，因为代码或配置中有致命错误。 + * 因为 Tomcat 默认会监听 8080 端口上的 HTTP 请求，所以本机上的 URL 请求以 `http://localhost:8080/` 开始 + +通过添加不带 `.war` 后缀的 WAR 文件名来访问由程序员部署的 WAR 文件： + +``` +http://locahost:8080/novels/ +``` + +如果服务部署在 `TOMCAT_HOME` 下的一个子目录中（比如，`myapps`），这会在 URL 中反映出来： + +``` +http://locahost:8080/myapps/novels/ +``` + +我会在靠近文章结尾处的测试部分提供这部分的更多细节。 + +如前所述，我的主页上有一个包含 Ant 脚本的 ZIP 文件，这个文件可以编译并且部署网站或者服务。（这个 ZIP 文件中也包含一个 `novels.war` 的副本。）对于“小说”这个例子，命令的示例（以 `%` 作为命令行提示符）如下： + +``` +% ant -Dwar.name=novels deploy +``` + +这个命令首先会编译 Java 源代码，并且创建一个可部署的 `novels.war` 文件，然后将这个文件保存在当前目录中，再复制到 `TOMCAT_HOME/webapps` 目录中。如果一切顺利，`GET`请求（使用浏览器或者命令行工具，比如 `curl`）可以用来做地一个测试： + +``` +% curl http://localhost:8080/novels/ +``` + +默认情况下，Tomcat 设置为 _热部署hot deploys_：web 服务器不需要关闭就可以进行部署，更新或者移除一个 web 应用。 + +### “小说”服务的代码 + +让我们回到“小说”这个例子，不过是在代码层面。考虑下面的 `Novel` 类： + +#### 例1：Novel 类 + +```java +package novels; + +import java.io.Serializable; + +public class Novel implements Serializable, Comparable { +    static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; +    private String author; +    private String title; +    private int id; + +    public Novel() { } + +    public void setAuthor(final String author) { this.author = author; } +    public String getAuthor() { return this.author; } +    public void setTitle(final String title) { this.title = title; } +    public String getTitle() { return this.title; } +    public void setId(final int id) { this.id = id; } +    public int getId() { return this.id; } + +    public int compareTo(final Novel other) { return this.id - other.id; } +} +``` + +这个类实现了 `Comparable` 接口中的 `compareTo` 方法，因为 `Novel` 实例是存储在一个线程安全的无序 `ConcurrentHashMap` 中。在响应查看集合的请求时，”小说“服务对来自 map 的集合进行排序（一个 `ArrayList`）；`compareTo`的实现通过 `Novel` 的 ID 将它按升序排序。 + +`Novels`类中包含多个实用工具： + +#### 例2：Novels 实用工具类： + +```java +package novels; + +import java.io.IOException; +import java.io.File; +import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream; +import java.io.InputStream; +import java.io.InputStreamReader; +import java.io.BufferedReader; +import java.nio.file.Files; +import java.util.stream.Stream; +import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap; +import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap; +import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger; +import java.util.Collections; +import java.beans.XMLEncoder; +import javax.servlet.ServletContext; // not in JavaSE +import org.json.JSONObject; +import org.json.XML; + +public class Novels { +    private final String fileName = "/WEB-INF/data/novels.db"; +    private ConcurrentMap novels; +    private ServletContext sctx; +    private AtomicInteger mapKey; + +    public Novels() { +        novels = new ConcurrentHashMap(); +        mapKey = new AtomicInteger(); +    } + +    public void setServletContext(ServletContext sctx) { this.sctx = sctx; } +    public ServletContext getServletContext() { return this.sctx; } + +    public ConcurrentMap getConcurrentMap() { +        if (getServletContext() == null) return null; // not initialized +        if (novels.size() < 1) populate(); +        return this.novels; +    } + +    public String toXml(Object obj) { // default encoding +        String xml = null; +        try { +            ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); +            XMLEncoder encoder = new XMLEncoder(out); +            encoder.writeObject(obj); +            encoder.close(); +            xml = out.toString(); +        } +        catch(Exception e) { } +        return xml; +    } + +    public String toJson(String xml) { // option for requester +        try { +            JSONObject jobt = XML.toJSONObject(xml); +            return jobt.toString(3); // 3 is indentation level +        } +        catch(Exception e) { } +        return null; +    } + +    public int addNovel(Novel novel) { +        int id = mapKey.incrementAndGet(); +        novel.setId(id); +        novels.put(id, novel); +        return id; +    } + +    private void populate() { +        InputStream in = sctx.getResourceAsStream(this.fileName); +        // Convert novel.db string data into novels. +        if (in != null) { +            try { +                InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader(in); +                BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(isr); + +                String record = null; +                while ((record = reader.readLine()) != null) { +                    String[] parts = record.split("!"); +                    if (parts.length == 2) { +                        Novel novel = new Novel(); +                        novel.setAuthor(parts[0]); +                        novel.setTitle(parts[1]); +                        addNovel(novel); // sets the Id, adds to map +                    } +                } +                in.close(); +            } +            catch (IOException e) { } +        } +    } +} +``` + +`populate` 是最复杂的方法，这个方法从一个包含在 WAR 文件中的文本文件读取。这个文本文件包括了”小说“的最初集合。要打开此文件，`populate` 方法需要 `ServletContext`，这是一个 Java 映射类型，包含了关于嵌入在 servlet 容器中的 servlet 的所有关键信息。这个文本文件有包含了像下面这样的记录： + +``` +Jane Austen!Persuasion +``` + +这一行被解析为两部分（作者和标题），由感叹号（`!`）分隔。然后这个方法创建一个 `Novel` 实例，设置作者和标题属性，并且将”小说“加到容器中，保存在内存中。 + +`Novels` 类也有一些实用工具，可以将”小说“容器编码为 XML 或 JSON，取决与发出请求的人所要求的格式。默认是 XML 格式，但是也可以请求 JSON 格式。一个轻量级的 XML 转 JSON 包提供了 JSON。下面是关于编码的更多细节。 + +#### 例3：NovelsServlet 类 + +```java +package novels; + +import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap; +import javax.servlet.ServletException; +import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; +import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; +import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; +import java.util.Arrays; +import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; +import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream; +import java.io.OutputStream; +import java.io.BufferedReader; +import java.io.InputStreamReader; +import java.beans.XMLEncoder; +import org.json.JSONObject; +import org.json.XML; + +public class NovelsServlet extends HttpServlet { +    static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; +    private Novels novels; // back-end bean + +    // Executed when servlet is first loaded into container. +    @Override +    public void init() { +        this.novels = new Novels(); +        novels.setServletContext(this.getServletContext()); +    } + +    // GET /novels +    // GET /novels?id=1 +    @Override +    public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { +        String param = request.getParameter("id"); +        Integer key = (param == null) ? null : Integer.valueOf((param.trim())); + +        // Check user preference for XML or JSON by inspecting +        // the HTTP headers for the Accept key. +        boolean json = false; +        String accept = request.getHeader("accept"); +        if (accept != null && accept.contains("json")) json = true; + +        // If no query string, assume client wants the full list. +        if (key == null) { +            ConcurrentMap map = novels.getConcurrentMap(); +            Object list = map.values().toArray(); +            Arrays.sort(list); + +            String payload = novels.toXml(list);        // defaults to Xml +            if (json) payload = novels.toJson(payload); // Json preferred? +            sendResponse(response, payload); +        } +        // Otherwise, return the specified Novel. +        else { +            Novel novel = novels.getConcurrentMap().get(key); +            if (novel == null) { // no such Novel +                String msg = key + " does not map to a novel.\n"; +                sendResponse(response, novels.toXml(msg)); +            } +            else { // requested Novel found +                if (json) sendResponse(response, novels.toJson(novels.toXml(novel))); +                else sendResponse(response, novels.toXml(novel)); +            } +        } +    } + +    // POST /novels +    @Override +    public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { +        String author = request.getParameter("author"); +        String title = request.getParameter("title"); + +        // Are the data to create a new novel present? +        if (author == null || title == null) +            throw new RuntimeException(Integer.toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST)); + +        // Create a novel. +        Novel n = new Novel(); +        n.setAuthor(author); +        n.setTitle(title); + +        // Save the ID of the newly created Novel. +        int id = novels.addNovel(n); + +        // Generate the confirmation message. +        String msg = "Novel " + id + " created.\n"; +        sendResponse(response, novels.toXml(msg)); +    } + +    // PUT /novels +    @Override +    public void doPut(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { +        /* A workaround is necessary for a PUT request because Tomcat does not +           generate a workable parameter map for the PUT verb. */ +        String key = null; +        String rest = null; +        boolean author = false; + +        /* Let the hack begin. */ +        try { +            BufferedReader br = +                new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(request.getInputStream())); +            String data = br.readLine(); +            /* To simplify the hack, assume that the PUT request has exactly +               two parameters: the id and either author or title. Assume, further, +               that the id comes first. From the client side, a hash character +               # separates the id and the author/title, e.g., + +                  id=33#title=War and Peace +            */ +            String[] args = data.split("#");      // id in args[0], rest in args[1] +            String[] parts1 = args[0].split("="); // id = parts1[1] +            key = parts1[1]; + +            String[] parts2 = args[1].split("="); // parts2[0] is key +            if (parts2[0].contains("author")) author = true; +            rest = parts2[1]; +        } +        catch(Exception e) { +            throw new RuntimeException(Integer.toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)); +        } + +        // If no key, then the request is ill formed. +        if (key == null) +            throw new RuntimeException(Integer.toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST)); + +        // Look up the specified novel. +        Novel p = novels.getConcurrentMap().get(Integer.valueOf((key.trim()))); +        if (p == null) { // not found +            String msg = key + " does not map to a novel.\n"; +            sendResponse(response, novels.toXml(msg)); +        } +        else { // found +            if (rest == null) { +                throw new RuntimeException(Integer.toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST)); +            } +            // Do the editing. +            else { +                if (author) p.setAuthor(rest); +                else p.setTitle(rest); + +                String msg = "Novel " + key + " has been edited.\n"; +                sendResponse(response, novels.toXml(msg)); +            } +        } +    } + +    // DELETE /novels?id=1 +    @Override +    public void doDelete(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { +        String param = request.getParameter("id"); +        Integer key = (param == null) ? null : Integer.valueOf((param.trim())); +        // Only one Novel can be deleted at a time. +        if (key == null) +            throw new RuntimeException(Integer.toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST)); +        try { +            novels.getConcurrentMap().remove(key); +            String msg = "Novel " + key + " removed.\n"; +            sendResponse(response, novels.toXml(msg)); +        } +        catch(Exception e) { +            throw new RuntimeException(Integer.toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)); +        } +    } + +    // Methods Not Allowed +    @Override +    public void doTrace(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { +        throw new RuntimeException(Integer.toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED)); +    } + +    @Override +    public void doHead(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { +        throw new RuntimeException(Integer.toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED)); +    } + +    @Override +    public void doOptions(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { +        throw new RuntimeException(Integer.toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED)); +    } + +    // Send the response payload (Xml or Json) to the client. +    private void sendResponse(HttpServletResponse response, String payload) { +        try { +            OutputStream out = response.getOutputStream(); +            out.write(payload.getBytes()); +            out.flush(); +        } +        catch(Exception e) { +            throw new RuntimeException(Integer.toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)); +        } +    } +} +``` + +上面的 `NovelsServlet` 类继承了 `HttpServlet` 类，`HttpServlet` 类继承了 `GenericServlet` 类，后者实现了 `Servlet` 接口： + +```java +NovelsServlet extends HttpServlet extends GenericServlet implements Servlet +``` + +从名字可以很清楚的看出来，`HttpServlet` 是为实现 HTTP(S) 上的 servlet 设计的。这个类提供了与标准 HTTP 请求动词同名的方法（官方说法，_方法_methods）： + + * `doPost` (Post = Create) + * `doGet` (Get = Read) + * `doPut` (Put = Update) + * `doDelete` (Delete = Delete) + +其他一些 HTTP 动词也会涉及到。`HttpServlet` 的子类，比如 `NovelsServlet`，会重载相关的 `do` 方法，并且保留其他方法为空no-ops。`NovelsServlet` 重载了七个 `do` 方法。 + +每个 `HttpServlet` 的 CRUD 方法都有两个相同的参数。下面以 `doPost` 为例： + +```java +public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { +``` + +`request` 参数是一个 HTTP 请求信息的映射，而 `response` 提供了一个返回给请求者的输出流。像 `doPost` 的方法，结构如下： + + * 读取 `request` 信息，采取任何适当的措施生成一个响应。如果该信息丢失或者损坏了，就会生成一个错误。 + * 使用提取的请求信息来执行适当的 CRUD 操作（在本例中，创建一个 `Novel`），然后使用 `response` 输出流为请求者编码一个适当的相应。在 `doPost` 例子中，响应就是确认已经成功生成一个新”小说“并且添加到容器中。当响应被发送后，输出流就关闭了，同时也将连接关闭了。 + +### 关于方法重载的更多内容 + +HTTP 请求的格式相对比较简单。下面是一个非常熟悉的 HTTP 1.1 的格式，注释由双井号分隔： + +``` +GET /novels              ## start line +Host: localhost:8080     ## header element +Accept-type: text/plain  ## ditto +... +[body]                   ## POST and PUT only +``` + +第一行由 HTTP 动词（在本例中是 `GET`）和以名词（在本例中是 `novels`）命名目标资源的 URI 开始。报头中包含键-值对，用冒号分隔左面的键和右面的值。报头中的键 `Host`（大小写敏感）是必须的；主机名 `localhost` 是当前机器上的本地符号地址，`8080` 端口是 Tomcat web 服务器上等待 HTTP 请求的默认端口。（默认情况下，Tomcat 在 8443 端口上监听 HTTP 请求。）报头元素可以以任意顺序出现。在这个例子中，`Accept-type` 报头的值是 MIME 类型 `text/plain`。 + +一些请求（特别是 `POST` 和 `PUT`）会有报文，而其他请求（特别是 `GET` 和 `DELETE`）没有。如果有报文（可能为空），两个换行符将报头和报文分隔开；HTTP 报文包含一系列键-值对。对于无报文的请求，比如说查询字符串，报头元素就可以用来发送信息。下面是一个用 ID 2 对 `/novels` 资源的 `GET` 请求： + +``` +GET /novels?id=2 +``` + +通常来说，查询字符串以问号开始，并且包含一个键-值对，尽管这个键-值可能值为空。 + +带有 `getParameter` 和 `getParameterMap` 等方法的 `HttpServlet` 很好地回避了有报文和没有报文的 HTTP 请求之前的差异。在”小说“例子中，`getParameter` 方法用来从 `GET`、`POST` 和 `DELETE` 方法中提取所需的信息。（处理 `PUT` 请求需要更底层的代码，因为 Tomcat 没有提供可以解析 `PUT` 请求的参数映射。）下面展示了一段在 `NovelsServlet` 中被重载的 `doPost` 方法： + +```java +@Override +public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { +   String author = request.getParameter("author"); +   String title = request.getParameter("title"); +   ... +``` + +对于没有报文的 `DELETE` 请求，过程基本是一样的： + +```java +@Override +public void doDelete(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { +   String param = request.getParameter("id"); // id of novel to be removed +   ... +``` + +`doGet` 方法需要区分 `GET` 请求的两种方式：一种是”获得所有“，而另一种是”获得某一个“。如果 `GET` 请求 URL 中包含一个键是一个 ID 的查询字符串，那么这个请求就被解析为”获得某一个“： + +``` +http://localhost:8080/novels?id=2  ## GET specified +``` + +如果没有查询字符串，`GET` 请求就会被解析为”获得所有“： + +``` +http://localhost:8080/novels       ## GET all +``` + +### 一些值得注意的细节 + +“小说”服务的设计反映了像 Tomcat 这样基于 Java 的 web 服务器是如何工作的。在启动时，Tomcat 构建一个线程池，从中提取请求处理程序，这种方法称为 _“每个请求一个线程”_one thread per request 模型。现在版本的 Tomcat 使用非阻塞 I/O 来提高个性能。 + +“小说”服务是作为 `NovelsServlet` 类的一个单独实例来执行的，该实例也就维护了一个“小说”集合。相应的，也就会出现竞态条件，比如出现两个请求同时被处理： + + * 一个请求向集合中添加一个新“小说”。 + * 另一个请求获得集合中的所有“小说”。 + +这样的结果是不确定的，取决与 _读_ 和 _写_ 的操作是以怎样的顺序进行操作的。为了避免这个问题，“小说”服务使用了线程安全的 `ConcurrentMap`。这个映射的关键是生成了一个线程安全的 `AtomicInteger`。下面是相关的代码片段： + +```java +public class Novels { +    private ConcurrentMap novels; +    private AtomicInteger mapKey; +    ... +``` + +默认情况下，对客户端请求的响应被编码为 XML。为了简单，“小说”程序使用了以前的 `XMLEncoder` 类；另一个包含更丰富功能的选项是使用 JAX-B 库。代码很简单： + + +```java +public String toXml(Object obj) { // default encoding +   String xml = null; +   try { +      ByteArrayOutputStream out = new ByteArrayOutputStream(); +      XMLEncoder encoder = new XMLEncoder(out); +      encoder.writeObject(obj); +      encoder.close(); +      xml = out.toString(); +   } +   catch(Exception e) { } +   return xml; +} +``` + +`Object` 参数要么是一个有序的”小说“ `ArraList`（用以响应”获得所有“get all请求），要么是一个 `Novel` 实例（用以响应“获得一个”get one请求），又或者是一个 `String`（确认消息）。 + +如果 HTTP 请求报头指定 JSON 作为所需要的类型，那么 XML 就被转化成 JSON。下面是对 `NovelsServlet` 中的 `doGet` 方法进行检查： + +```java +String accept = request.getHeader("accept"); // "accept" is case insensitive +if (accept != null && accept.contains("json")) json = true; +``` + +`Novels`类中包含了 `toJson` 方法，可以将 XML 转换成 JSON： + +```java +public String toJson(String xml) { // option for requester +   try { +      JSONObject jobt = XML.toJSONObject(xml); +      return jobt.toString(3); // 3 is indentation level +   } +   catch(Exception e) { } +   return null; +} +``` + +`NovelsServlet`会对各种类型进行错误检查。比如，`POST` 请求应该包含作者和新”小说“的标题。如果有一个丢了，`doPost`方法会抛出一个异常： + +```java +if (author == null || title == null) +   throw new RuntimeException(Integer.toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST)); +``` + +`SC_BAD_REQUEST` 中的 `SC` 代表的是 _状态码_status code，`BAD_REQUEST` 的标准 HTTP 数值是 400。如果请求中的 HTTP 动词是 `TRACE`，一个不同的状态码会返回： + +```java +public void doTrace(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { +   throw new RuntimeException(Integer.toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED)); +} +``` + +### 测试”小说“服务 + +用浏览器测试 web 服务会很不顺手。在 CRUD 动词中，现代浏览器只能生成 `POST`（Create）和 `GET`（Read）请求。甚至从浏览器发送一个 `POST` 请求都有点不好办，因为报文需要包含键-值对；这样的测试通常通过 HTML 表单完成。命令行工具，比如说 [curl][21]，是一个更好的选择，因为这个部分展示的一些 `curl` 命令，已经包含在我网站的 ZIP 文件中了。 + +下面是一些测试样例，没有展示相应的输出结果： + +``` +% curl localhost:8080/novels/ +% curl localhost:8080/novels?id=1 +% curl --header "Accept: application/json" localhost:8080/novels/ +``` + +第一条命令请求所有”小说“，默认是 XML 编码。第二条命令请求 ID 为 1 的”小说“，XML 编码。最后一条命令通过 `application/json` 添加了 `Accept` 报头元素，作为所需要的 MIME 类型。”获得一个“get one命令也可以用这个报头。这些请求用了 JSON 而不是 XML 编码作为响应。 + +下两条命令在集合中创建了一个新”小说“，并且确认添加了进去： + +``` +% curl --request POST --data "author=Tolstoy&title=War and Peace" localhost:8080/novels/ +% curl localhost:8080/novels?id=4 +``` + +`curl` 中的 `PUT` 命令与 `POST` 命令相似，不同的地方是 `PUT` 的报文没有使用标准的语法。在 `NovelsServlet` 中关于 `doPut` 方法的文档中有详细的介绍，但是简单来说，Tomcat 不会对 `PUT` 请求生成合适的映射。下面是一个 `PUT` 命令和确认命令的的例子： + +``` +% curl --request PUT --data "id=3#title=This is an UPDATE" localhost:8080/novels/ +% curl localhost:8080/novels?id=3 +``` + +第二个命令确认了集合已经更新。 + +最后，`DELETE` 命令会正常运行： + +``` +% curl --request DELETE localhost:8080/novels?id=2 +% curl localhost:8080/novels/ +``` + +这个请求是删除 ID 为 2 的”小说“。第二个命令会显示剩余的”小说“。 + +### web.xml 配置文件 + +尽管官方规定他是可选的，`web.xml` 配置文件是一个生产级别网站或服务的重要组成部分。这个配置文件可以配置独立于代码的路由、安全性，或者网站或服务的其他功能。”小说“服务的配置通过为该服务的请求分配一个 URL 模式来配置路由： + +```xml + + +  +    novels +    novels.NovelsServlet +  +  +    novels +    /* +  + +``` + +`servlet-name` 元素为 servlet 全名（`novels.NovelsServlet`）提供了一个缩写（`novels`），然后这个名字在下面的 `servlet-mapping` 元素中使用。 + +回想一下，一个已部署服务的 URL 会在端口号后面有 WAR 文件的文件名： + +``` +http://localhost:8080/novels/ +``` + +端口号后斜杠后的 URI，是所请求资源的 _路径_，在这个例子中，就是”小说“服务。因此，`novels` 出现在了第一个单斜杠后。 + +在 `web.xml` 文件中，`url-patter` 被指定为 `/*`，代表 _以 /novels 为起始的任意路径_。假设 Tomcat 遇到了一个不存在的 URL，像这样： + +``` +http://localhost:8080/novels/foobar/ +``` + +`web.xml` 配置也会指定这个请求被分配到”小说“ servlet 中，因为 `/*` 模式也包含 `/foobar`。因此，这个不存在的 URL 也会得到像上面合法路径的相同结果。 + +生产级别的配置文件可能会包含安全相关的信息，包括连接级wire-level和用户角色users-roles。即使在这种情况下，配置文件的大小也只会是这个例子中的两到三倍大。 + +### 总结 + +`HttpServlet` 是 Java web 技术的核心。像”小说“这样的网站或 web 服务继承了这个类，并且根据需求重载了相应的 `do` 动词方法。像 Jersay（JAX-RS）或 Restlet 这样的 Restful 框架通过提供定制的 servlet 完成了基本相同的功能，针对对框架中的 web 应用程序的请求，这个 servlet 扮演者着 HTTP（S）终端endpoint的角色。 + +当然，基于 servlet 的应用程序可以访问 web 应用程序中所需要的任何 Java 库。如果应用程序遵循关注点分离separation-of-concerns原则，那么 servlet 代码仍然相当简单：代码会检查请求，如果存在缺陷，就会发出适当的错误；否则，代码会调用所需要的功能（比如，查询数据库，以特定格式为响应编码），然后向请求这发送响应。`HttpServletRequest` 和 `HttpServletReponse` 类型使得读取请求和编写响应变得简单。 + +Java 的 API 可以从非常简单变得相当复杂。如果你需要用 Java 交付一些 Restful 服务的话，我的建议是在做其他事情之前先尝试一下简单的 `HttpServlet`。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/restful-services-java + +作者：[Marty Kalin][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[Yufei-Yan](https://github.com/Yufei-Yan) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/code_computer_laptop_hack_work.png?itok=aSpcWkcl (Coding on a computer) +[2]: http://xmlrpc.com/ +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer +[4]: https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/integration/whats-the-difference-between-soap-rest +[5]: http://tomcat.apache.org/ +[6]: https://condor.depaul.edu/mkalin +[7]: https://tomcat.apache.org/download-90.cgi +[8]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+serializable +[9]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+string +[10]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+integer +[11]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+object +[12]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+bytearrayoutputstream +[13]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+exception +[14]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+inputstream +[15]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+inputstreamreader +[16]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+bufferedreader +[17]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+ioexception +[18]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+arrays +[19]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+runtimeexception +[20]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+outputstream +[21]: https://curl.haxx.se/ From 4efe567b362686c35b42175e7d1ee7d7db5ccce7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2020 23:38:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 011/167] PRF @geekpi --- ...e Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md | 26 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200811 Photoflare- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md b/translated/tech/20200811 Photoflare- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md index 3831513d9c..0ec3a04ea2 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200811 Photoflare- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200811 Photoflare- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Photoflare: An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs) @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Photoflare：满足简单编辑需求的开源图像编辑器 ====== -_**简介：Photoflare 是 Linux 和 Windows 上的图像编辑器。它有一个免费且开源的社区版本。**_ +> Photoflare 是一款可用于 Linux 和 Windows 上的图像编辑器。它有一个免费而开源的社区版本。 在 Linux 上编辑图像时，GIMP 显然是首选。但是，如果你不需要高级编辑功能，GIMP 可能会让人不知所措。这是像 Photoflare 这样的应用立足的地方。 @@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ _**简介：Photoflare 是 Linux 和 Windows 上的图像编辑器。它有一 ![][1] -Photoflare 是一个在简单易用的界面提供基本的图像编辑功能的编辑器。 +Photoflare 是一个在简单易用的界面里提供了基本的图像编辑功能的编辑器。 -它受流行的 Windows 应用 [PhotoFiltre][2] 的启发。这个程序不是仅仅克隆，它是从头开始用 C++ 编写的，并使用 Qt 框架作为界面。 +它受流行的 Windows 应用 [PhotoFiltre][2] 的启发。这个程序不是一个克隆品，它是用 C++ 从头开始编写的，并使用 Qt 框架作为界面。 它的功能包括裁剪、翻转/旋转、调整图像大小。你还可以使用诸如油漆刷、油漆桶、喷雾罐、模糊工具和橡皮擦之类的工具。魔术棒工具可让你选择图像的特定区域。 @@ -43,18 +43,16 @@ Photoflare 是一个在简单易用的界面提供基本的图像编辑功能的 * 使用画笔、油漆桶、喷涂、模糊工具和图像等工具编辑图像 * 在图像上添加线条和文字 * 更改图像的色调 -* 添加老照滤镜 +* 添加老照片滤镜 * 批量调整大小、滤镜等 - - ### 在 Linux 上安装 Photflare ![][5] -在 Photoflare 的网站上，你可以找到定价以及每月订阅的选项。但是，应用是开源的，它的[源码可在 GitHub 上找到][6]。 +在 Photoflare 的网站上，你可以找到定价以及每月订阅的选项。但是，该应用是开源的，它的[源码可在 GitHub 上找到][6]。 -应用也是“免费”使用的。[定价/订购部分][7]用于项目的财务支持。你可以免费下载它，如果你喜欢该应用并且会继续使用，请考虑给它捐赠。 +应用也是“免费”使用的。[定价/订购部分][7]用于该项目的财务支持。你可以免费下载它，如果你喜欢该应用并且会继续使用，请考虑给它捐赠。 Photoflare 有[官方 PPA][8]，适用于 Ubuntu 和基于 Ubuntu 的发行版。此 PPA 可用于 Ubuntu 18.04 和 20.04 版本。 @@ -78,17 +76,17 @@ sudo apt remove photoflare sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:photoflare/photoflare-stable ``` -**Arch Linux** 和 Manjaro 用户可以[从 AUR 获取][9]。 +Arch Linux 和 Manjaro 用户可以[从 AUR 获取][9]。 Fedora 没有现成的软件包，因此你需要获取源码： -[Photoflare source code][6] +- [Photoflare 源代码][6] ### Photoflare 的经验 -我发现它与 [Pinta][10] 有点相似，但功能更多。它是用于基本图像编辑的简单工具。批处理功能是加分。 +我发现它与 [Pinta][10] 有点相似，但功能更多。它是用于基本图像编辑的简单工具。批处理功能是加分项。 -我注意到图像在打开编辑时看起来不清晰。我打开一张截图进行编辑，字体看起来很模糊。但是，保存图像并在[图像查看器][11]中打开后，没有显示此问题。 +我注意到图像在打开编辑时看起来不够清晰。我打开一张截图进行编辑，字体看起来很模糊。但是，保存图像并在[图像查看器][11]中打开后，没有显示此问题。 总之，如果你不需要专业级的图像编辑，它是一个不错的工具。 @@ -101,7 +99,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/photoflare/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From ed3ec5d147997622106af04dd380a7903627dbd8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2020 23:38:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 012/167] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-12538-1.html --- ...e- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200811 Photoflare- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200811 Photoflare- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md b/published/20200811 Photoflare- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20200811 Photoflare- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md rename to published/20200811 Photoflare- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md index 0ec3a04ea2..8d1712c3ce 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200811 Photoflare- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md +++ b/published/20200811 Photoflare- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12538-1.html) [#]: subject: (Photoflare: An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/photoflare/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) From 5816e2602554e00df07b71063b706a9a67be1d79 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Yufei-Yan Date: Fri, 21 Aug 2020 13:34:44 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 013/167] Update and remove source. --- ...ightweight RESTful web services in Java.md | 741 ------------------ ...ightweight RESTful web services in Java.md | 2 - 2 files changed, 743 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md b/sources/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md deleted file mode 100644 index 19f986ca19..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,741 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (Yufei-Yan) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/7/restful-services-java) -[#]: author: (Marty Kalin https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu) - -An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java -====== -Explore lightweight RESTful services in Java through a full code example -to manage a book collection. -![Coding on a computer][1] - -Web services, in one form or another, have been around for more than two decades. For example, [XML-RPC services][2] appeared in the late 1990s, followed shortly by ones written in the SOAP offshoot. Services in the [REST architectural style][3] also made the scene about two decades ago, soon after the XML-RPC and SOAP trailblazers. [REST][4]-style (hereafter, Restful) services now dominate in popular sites such as eBay, Facebook, and Twitter. Despite the alternatives to web services for distributed computing (e.g., web sockets, microservices, and new frameworks for remote-procedure calls), Restful web services remain attractive for several reasons: - - * Restful services build upon existing infrastructure and protocols, in particular, web servers and the HTTP/HTTPS protocols. An organization that has HTML-based websites can readily add web services for clients interested more in the data and underlying functionality than in the HTML presentation. Amazon, for example, has pioneered making the same information and functionality available through both websites and web services, either SOAP-based or Restful. - - * Restful services treat HTTP as an API, thereby avoiding the complicated software layering that has come to characterize the SOAP-based approach to web services. For example, the Restful API supports the standard CRUD (Create-Read-Update-Delete) operations through the HTTP verbs POST-GET-PUT-DELETE, respectively; HTTP status codes inform a requester whether a request succeeded or why it failed. - - * Restful web services can be as simple or complicated as needed. Restful is a style—indeed, a very flexible one—rather than a set of prescriptions about how services should be designed and structured. (The attendant downside is that it may be hard to determine what does _not_ count as a Restful service.) - - * For a consumer or client, Restful web services are language- and platform-neutral. The client makes requests in HTTP(S) and receives text responses in a format suitable for modern data interchange (e.g., JSON). - - * Almost every general-purpose programming language has at least adequate (and often strong) support for HTTP/HTTPS, which means that web-service clients can be written in those languages. - - - - -This article explores lightweight Restful services in Java through a full code example. - -### The Restful novels web service - -The Restful novels web service consists of three programmer-defined classes: - - * The `Novel` class represents a novel with just three properties: a machine-generated ID, an author, and a title. The properties could be expanded for more realism, but I want to keep this example simple. - - - * The `Novels` class consists of utilities for various tasks: converting a plain-text encoding of a `Novel` or a list of them into XML or JSON; supporting the CRUD operations on the novels collection; and initializing the collection from data stored in a file. The `Novels` class mediates between `Novel` instances and the servlet. - - - * The `NovelsServlet` class derives from `HttpServlet`, a sturdy and flexible piece of software that has been around since the very early enterprise Java of the late 1990s. The servlet acts as an HTTP endpoint for client CRUD requests. The servlet code focuses on processing client requests and generating the appropriate responses, leaving the devilish details to utilities in the `Novels` class. - - - -Some Java frameworks, such as Jersey (JAX-RS) and Restlet, are designed for Restful services. Nonetheless, the `HttpServlet` on its own provides a lightweight, flexible, powerful, and well-tested API for delivering such services. I'll demonstrate this with the novels example. - -### Deploy the novels web service - -Deploying the novels web service requires a web server, of course. My choice is [Tomcat][5], but the service should work (famous last words!) if it's hosted on, for example, Jetty or even a Java Application Server. The code and a README that summarizes how to install Tomcat are [available on my website][6]. There is also a documented Apache Ant script that builds the novels service (or any other service or website) and deploys it under Tomcat or the equivalent. - -Tomcat is available for download from its [website][7]. Once you install it locally, let `TOMCAT_HOME` be the install directory. There are two subdirectories of immediate interest: - - * The `TOMCAT_HOME/bin` directory contains startup and stop scripts for Unix-like systems (`startup.sh` and `shutdown.sh`) and Windows (`startup.bat` and `shutdown.bat`). Tomcat runs as a Java application. The web server's servlet container is named Catalina. (In Jetty, the web server and container have the same name.) Once Tomcat starts, enter `http://localhost:8080/` in a browser to see extensive documentation, including examples. - - * The `TOMCAT_HOME/webapps` directory is the default for deployed websites and web services. The straightforward way to deploy a website or web service is to copy a JAR file with a `.war` extension (hence, a WAR file) to `TOMCAT_HOME/webapps` or a subdirectory thereof. Tomcat then unpacks the WAR file into its own directory. For example, Tomcat would unpack `novels.war` into a subdirectory named `novels`, leaving `novels.war` as-is. A website or service can be removed by deleting the WAR file and updated by overwriting the WAR file with a new version. By the way, the first step in debugging a website or service is to check that Tomcat has unpacked the WAR file; if not, the site or service was not published because of a fatal error in the code or configuration. - - * Because Tomcat listens by default on port 8080 for HTTP requests, a request URL for Tomcat on the local machine begins: - - -``` -`http://localhost:8080/` -``` - -Access a programmer-deployed WAR file by adding the WAR file's name but without the `.war` extension: - - -``` -`http://locahost:8080/novels/` -``` - -If the service was deployed in a subdirectory (e.g., `myapps`) of `TOMCAT_HOME`, this would be reflected in the URL: - - -``` -`http://locahost:8080/myapps/novels/` -``` - -I'll offer more details about this in the testing section near the end of the article. - - - - -As noted, the ZIP file on my homepage contains an Ant script that compiles and deploys a website or service. (A copy of `novels.war` is also included in the ZIP file.) For the novels example, a sample command (with `%` as the command-line prompt) is: - - -``` -`% ant -Dwar.name=novels deploy` -``` - -This command compiles Java source files and then builds a deployable file named `novels.war`, leaves this file in the current directory, and copies it to `TOMCAT_HOME/webapps`. If all goes well, a `GET` request (using a browser or a command-line utility, such as `curl`) serves as a first test: - - -``` -`% curl http://localhost:8080/novels/` -``` - -Tomcat is configured, by default, for _hot deploys_: the web server does not need to be shut down to deploy, update, or remove a web application. - -### The novels service at the code level - -Let's get back to the novels example but at the code level. Consider the `Novel` class below: - -#### Example 1. The Novel class - - -``` -package novels; - -import java.io.Serializable; - -public class Novel implements [Serializable][8], Comparable<Novel> { -    static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; -    private [String][9] author; -    private [String][9] title; -    private int id; - -    public Novel() { } - -    public void setAuthor(final [String][9] author) { this.author = author; } -    public [String][9] getAuthor() { return this.author; } -    public void setTitle(final [String][9] title) { this.title = title; } -    public [String][9] getTitle() { return this.title; } -    public void setId(final int id) { this.id = id; } -    public int getId() { return this.id; } - -    public int compareTo(final Novel other) { return this.id - other.id; } -} -``` - -This class implements the `compareTo` method from the `Comparable` interface because `Novel` instances are stored in a thread-safe `ConcurrentHashMap`, which does not enforce a sorted order. In responding to requests to view the collection, the novels service sorts a collection (an `ArrayList`) extracted from the map; the implementation of `compareTo` enforces an ascending sorted order by `Novel` ID. - -The class `Novels` contains various utility functions: - -#### Example 2. The Novels utility class - - -``` -package novels; - -import java.io.IOException; -import java.io.File; -import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream; -import java.io.InputStream; -import java.io.InputStreamReader; -import java.io.BufferedReader; -import java.nio.file.Files; -import java.util.stream.Stream; -import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap; -import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap; -import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger; -import java.util.Collections; -import java.beans.XMLEncoder; -import javax.servlet.ServletContext; // not in JavaSE -import org.json.JSONObject; -import org.json.XML; - -public class Novels { -    private final [String][9] fileName = "/WEB-INF/data/novels.db"; -    private ConcurrentMap<[Integer][10], Novel> novels; -    private ServletContext sctx; -    private AtomicInteger mapKey; - -    public Novels() { -        novels = new ConcurrentHashMap<[Integer][10], Novel>(); -        mapKey = new AtomicInteger(); -    } - -    public void setServletContext(ServletContext sctx) { this.sctx = sctx; } -    public ServletContext getServletContext() { return this.sctx; } - -    public ConcurrentMap<[Integer][10], Novel> getConcurrentMap() { -        if (getServletContext() == null) return null; // not initialized -        if (novels.size() < 1) populate(); -        return this.novels; -    } - -    public [String][9] toXml([Object][11] obj) { // default encoding -        [String][9] xml = null; -        try { -            [ByteArrayOutputStream][12] out = new [ByteArrayOutputStream][12](); -            XMLEncoder encoder = new XMLEncoder(out); -            encoder.writeObject(obj); -            encoder.close(); -            xml = out.toString(); -        } -        catch([Exception][13] e) { } -        return xml; -    } - -    public [String][9] toJson([String][9] xml) { // option for requester -        try { -            JSONObject jobt = XML.toJSONObject(xml); -            return jobt.toString(3); // 3 is indentation level -        } -        catch([Exception][13] e) { } -        return null; -    } - -    public int addNovel(Novel novel) { -        int id = mapKey.incrementAndGet(); -        novel.setId(id); -        novels.put(id, novel); -        return id; -    } - -    private void populate() { -        [InputStream][14] in = sctx.getResourceAsStream(this.fileName); -        // Convert novel.db string data into novels. -        if (in != null) { -            try { -                [InputStreamReader][15] isr = new [InputStreamReader][15](in); -                [BufferedReader][16] reader = new [BufferedReader][16](isr); - -                [String][9] record = null; -                while ((record = reader.readLine()) != null) { -                    [String][9][] parts = record.split("!"); -                    if (parts.length == 2) { -                        Novel novel = new Novel(); -                        novel.setAuthor(parts[0]); -                        novel.setTitle(parts[1]); -                        addNovel(novel); // sets the Id, adds to map -                    } -                } -                in.close(); -            } -            catch ([IOException][17] e) { } -        } -    } -} -``` - -The most complicated method is `populate`, which reads from a text file contained in the deployed WAR file. The text file contains the initial collection of novels. To open the text file, the `populate` method needs the `ServletContext`, a Java map that contains all of the critical information about the servlet embedded in the servlet container. The text file, in turn, contains records such as this: - - -``` -`Jane Austen!Persuasion` -``` - -The line is parsed into two parts (author and title) separated by the bang symbol (`!`). The method then builds a `Novel` instance, sets the author and title properties, and adds the novel to the collection, which acts as an in-memory data store. - -The `Novels` class also has utilities to encode the novels collection into XML or JSON, depending upon the format that the requester prefers. XML is the default, but JSON is available upon request. A lightweight XML-to-JSON package provides the JSON. Further details on encoding are below. - -#### Example 3. The NovelsServlet class - - -``` -package novels; - -import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap; -import javax.servlet.ServletException; -import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; -import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; -import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; -import java.util.Arrays; -import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream; -import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream; -import java.io.OutputStream; -import java.io.BufferedReader; -import java.io.InputStreamReader; -import java.beans.XMLEncoder; -import org.json.JSONObject; -import org.json.XML; - -public class NovelsServlet extends HttpServlet { -    static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; -    private Novels novels; // back-end bean - -    // Executed when servlet is first loaded into container. -    @Override -    public void init() { -        this.novels = new Novels(); -        novels.setServletContext(this.getServletContext()); -    } - -    // GET /novels -    // GET /novels?id=1 -    @Override -    public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { -        [String][9] param = request.getParameter("id"); -        [Integer][10] key = (param == null) ? null : [Integer][10].valueOf((param.trim())); - -        // Check user preference for XML or JSON by inspecting -        // the HTTP headers for the Accept key. -        boolean json = false; -        [String][9] accept = request.getHeader("accept"); -        if (accept != null && accept.contains("json")) json = true; - -        // If no query string, assume client wants the full list. -        if (key == null) { -            ConcurrentMap<[Integer][10], Novel> map = novels.getConcurrentMap(); -            [Object][11][] list = map.values().toArray(); -            [Arrays][18].sort(list); - -            [String][9] payload = novels.toXml(list);        // defaults to Xml -            if (json) payload = novels.toJson(payload); // Json preferred? -            sendResponse(response, payload); -        } -        // Otherwise, return the specified Novel. -        else { -            Novel novel = novels.getConcurrentMap().get(key); -            if (novel == null) { // no such Novel -                [String][9] msg = key + " does not map to a novel.\n"; -                sendResponse(response, novels.toXml(msg)); -            } -            else { // requested Novel found -                if (json) sendResponse(response, novels.toJson(novels.toXml(novel))); -                else sendResponse(response, novels.toXml(novel)); -            } -        } -    } - -    // POST /novels -    @Override -    public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { -        [String][9] author = request.getParameter("author"); -        [String][9] title = request.getParameter("title"); - -        // Are the data to create a new novel present? -        if (author == null || title == null) -            throw new [RuntimeException][19]([Integer][10].toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST)); - -        // Create a novel. -        Novel n = new Novel(); -        n.setAuthor(author); -        n.setTitle(title); - -        // Save the ID of the newly created Novel. -        int id = novels.addNovel(n); - -        // Generate the confirmation message. -        [String][9] msg = "Novel " + id + " created.\n"; -        sendResponse(response, novels.toXml(msg)); -    } - -    // PUT /novels -    @Override -    public void doPut(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { -        /* A workaround is necessary for a PUT request because Tomcat does not -           generate a workable parameter map for the PUT verb. */ -        [String][9] key = null; -        [String][9] rest = null; -        boolean author = false; - -        /* Let the hack begin. */ -        try { -            [BufferedReader][16] br = -                new [BufferedReader][16](new [InputStreamReader][15](request.getInputStream())); -            [String][9] data = br.readLine(); -            /* To simplify the hack, assume that the PUT request has exactly -               two parameters: the id and either author or title. Assume, further, -               that the id comes first. From the client side, a hash character -               # separates the id and the author/title, e.g., - -                  id=33#title=War and Peace -            */ -            [String][9][] args = data.split("#");      // id in args[0], rest in args[1] -            [String][9][] parts1 = args[0].split("="); // id = parts1[1] -            key = parts1[1]; - -            [String][9][] parts2 = args[1].split("="); // parts2[0] is key -            if (parts2[0].contains("author")) author = true; -            rest = parts2[1]; -        } -        catch([Exception][13] e) { -            throw new [RuntimeException][19]([Integer][10].toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)); -        } - -        // If no key, then the request is ill formed. -        if (key == null) -            throw new [RuntimeException][19]([Integer][10].toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST)); - -        // Look up the specified novel. -        Novel p = novels.getConcurrentMap().get([Integer][10].valueOf((key.trim()))); -        if (p == null) { // not found -            [String][9] msg = key + " does not map to a novel.\n"; -            sendResponse(response, novels.toXml(msg)); -        } -        else { // found -            if (rest == null) { -                throw new [RuntimeException][19]([Integer][10].toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST)); -            } -            // Do the editing. -            else { -                if (author) p.setAuthor(rest); -                else p.setTitle(rest); - -                [String][9] msg = "Novel " + key + " has been edited.\n"; -                sendResponse(response, novels.toXml(msg)); -            } -        } -    } - -    // DELETE /novels?id=1 -    @Override -    public void doDelete(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { -        [String][9] param = request.getParameter("id"); -        [Integer][10] key = (param == null) ? null : [Integer][10].valueOf((param.trim())); -        // Only one Novel can be deleted at a time. -        if (key == null) -            throw new [RuntimeException][19]([Integer][10].toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST)); -        try { -            novels.getConcurrentMap().remove(key); -            [String][9] msg = "Novel " + key + " removed.\n"; -            sendResponse(response, novels.toXml(msg)); -        } -        catch([Exception][13] e) { -            throw new [RuntimeException][19]([Integer][10].toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)); -        } -    } - -    // Methods Not Allowed -    @Override -    public void doTrace(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { -        throw new [RuntimeException][19]([Integer][10].toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED)); -    } - -    @Override -    public void doHead(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { -        throw new [RuntimeException][19]([Integer][10].toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED)); -    } - -    @Override -    public void doOptions(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { -        throw new [RuntimeException][19]([Integer][10].toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED)); -    } - -    // Send the response payload (Xml or Json) to the client. -    private void sendResponse(HttpServletResponse response, [String][9] payload) { -        try { -            [OutputStream][20] out = response.getOutputStream(); -            out.write(payload.getBytes()); -            out.flush(); -        } -        catch([Exception][13] e) { -            throw new [RuntimeException][19]([Integer][10].toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)); -        } -    } -} -``` - -Recall that the `NovelsServlet` class above extends the `HttpServlet` class, which in turn extends the `GenericServlet` class, which implements the `Servlet` interface: - - -``` -`NovelsServlet extends HttpServlet extends GenericServlet implements Servlet` -``` - -As the name makes clear, the `HttpServlet` is designed for servlets delivered over HTTP(S). The class provides empty methods named after the standard HTTP request verbs (officially, _methods_): - - * `doPost` (Post = Create) - * `doGet` (Get = Read) - * `doPut` (Put = Update) - * `doDelete` (Delete = Delete) - - - -Some additional HTTP verbs are covered as well. An extension of the `HttpServlet`, such as the `NovelsServlet`, overrides any `do` method of interest, leaving the others as no-ops. The `NovelsServlet` overrides seven of the `do` methods. - -Each of the `HttpServlet` CRUD methods takes the same two arguments. Here is `doPost` as an example: - - -``` -`public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) {` -``` - -The `request` argument is a map of the HTTP request information, and the `response` provides an output stream back to the requester. A method such as `doPost` is structured as follows: - - * Read the `request` information, taking whatever action is appropriate to generate a response. If information is missing or otherwise deficient, generate an error. - - - * Use the extracted request information to perform the appropriate CRUD operation (in this case, create a `Novel`) and then encode an appropriate response to the requester using the `response` output stream to do so. In the case of `doPost`, the response is a confirmation that a new novel has been created and added to the collection. Once the response is sent, the output stream is closed, which closes the connection as well. - - - -### More on the do method overrides - -An HTTP request has a relatively simple structure. Here is a sketch in the familiar HTTP 1.1 format, with comments introduced by double sharp signs: - - -``` -GET /novels              ## start line -Host: localhost:8080     ## header element -Accept-type: text/plain  ## ditto -... -[body]                   ## POST and PUT only -``` - -The start line begins with the HTTP verb (in this case, `GET`) and the URI (Uniform Resource Identifier), which is the noun (in this case, `novels`) that names the targeted resource. The headers consist of key-value pairs, with a colon separating the key on the left from the value(s) on the right. The header with key `Host` (case insensitive) is required; the hostname `localhost` is the symbolic address of the local machine on the local machine, and the port number `8080` is the default for the Tomcat web server awaiting HTTP requests. (By default, Tomcat listens on port 8443 for HTTPS requests.) The header elements can occur in arbitrary order. In this example, the `Accept-type` header's value is the MIME type `text/plain`. - -Some requests (in particular, `POST` and `PUT`) have bodies, whereas others (in particular, `GET` and `DELETE`) do not. If there is a body (perhaps empty), two newlines separate the headers from the body; the HTTP body consists of key-value pairs. For bodyless requests, header elements, such as the query string, can be used to send information. Here is a request to `GET` the `/novels` resource with the ID of 2: - - -``` -`GET /novels?id=2` -``` - -The query string starts with the question mark and, in general, consists of key-value pairs, although a key without a value is possible. - -The `HttpServlet`, with methods such as `getParameter` and `getParameterMap`, nicely hides the distinction between HTTP requests with and without a body. In the novels example, the `getParameter` method is used to extract the required information from the `GET`, `POST`, and `DELETE` requests. (Handling a `PUT` request requires lower-level code because Tomcat does not provide a workable parameter map for `PUT` requests.) Here, for illustration, is a slice of the `doPost` method in the `NovelsServlet` override: - - -``` -@Override -public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { -   [String][9] author = request.getParameter("author"); -   [String][9] title = request.getParameter("title"); -   ... -``` - -For a bodyless `DELETE` request, the approach is essentially the same: - - -``` -@Override -public void doDelete(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { -   [String][9] param = request.getParameter("id"); // id of novel to be removed -   ... -``` - -The `doGet` method needs to distinguish between two flavors of a `GET` request: one flavor means "get all*"*, whereas the other means _get a specified one_. If the `GET` request URL contains a query string whose key is an ID, then the request is interpreted as "get a specified one": - - -``` -`http://localhost:8080/novels?id=2  ## GET specified` -``` - -If there is no query string, the `GET` request is interpreted as "get all": - - -``` -`http://localhost:8080/novels       ## GET all` -``` - -### Some devilish details - -The novels service design reflects how a Java-based web server such as Tomcat works. At startup, Tomcat builds a thread pool from which request handlers are drawn, an approach known as the _one thread per request model_. Modern versions of Tomcat also use non-blocking I/O to boost performance. - -The novels service executes as a _single_ instance of the `NovelsServlet` class, which in turn maintains a _single_ collection of novels. Accordingly, a race condition would arise, for example, if these two requests were processed concurrently: - - * One request changes the collection by adding a new novel. - * The other request gets all the novels in the collection. - - - -The outcome is indeterminate, depending on exactly how the _read_ and _write_ operations overlap. To avoid this problem, the novels service uses a thread-safe `ConcurrentMap`. Keys for this map are generated with a thread-safe `AtomicInteger`. Here is the relevant code segment: - - -``` -public class Novels { -    private ConcurrentMap<[Integer][10], Novel> novels; -    private AtomicInteger mapKey; -    ... -``` - -By default, a response to a client request is encoded as XML. The novels program uses the old-time `XMLEncoder` class for simplicity; a far richer option is the JAX-B library. The code is straightforward: - - -``` -public [String][9] toXml([Object][11] obj) { // default encoding -   [String][9] xml = null; -   try { -      [ByteArrayOutputStream][12] out = new [ByteArrayOutputStream][12](); -      XMLEncoder encoder = new XMLEncoder(out); -      encoder.writeObject(obj); -      encoder.close(); -      xml = out.toString(); -   } -   catch([Exception][13] e) { } -   return xml; -} -``` - -The `Object` parameter is either a sorted `ArrayList` of novels (in response to a "get all" request); or a single `Novel` instance (in response to a _get one_ request); or a `String` (a confirmation message). - -If an HTTP request header refers to JSON as a desired type, then the XML is converted to JSON. Here is the check in the `doGet` method of the `NovelsServlet`: - - -``` -[String][9] accept = request.getHeader("accept"); // "accept" is case insensitive -if (accept != null && accept.contains("json")) json = true; -``` - -The `Novels` class houses the `toJson` method, which converts XML to JSON: - - -``` -public [String][9] toJson([String][9] xml) { // option for requester -   try { -      JSONObject jobt = XML.toJSONObject(xml); -      return jobt.toString(3); // 3 is indentation level -   } -   catch([Exception][13] e) { } -   return null; -} -``` - -The `NovelsServlet` checks for errors of various types. For example, a `POST` request should include an author and a title for the new novel. If either is missing, the `doPost` method throws an exception: - - -``` -if (author == null || title == null) -   throw new [RuntimeException][19]([Integer][10].toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST)); -``` - -The `SC` in `SC_BAD_REQUEST` stands for _status code_, and the `BAD_REQUEST` has the standard HTTP numeric value of 400. If the HTTP verb in a request is `TRACE`, a different status code is returned: - - -``` -public void doTrace(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { -   throw new [RuntimeException][19]([Integer][10].toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED)); -} -``` - -### Testing the novels service - -Testing a web service with a browser is tricky. Among the CRUD verbs, modern browsers generate only `POST` (Create) and `GET` (Read) requests. Even a `POST` request is challenging from a browser, as the key-values for the body need to be included; this is typically done through an HTML form. A command-line utility such as [curl][21] is a better way to go, as this section illustrates with some `curl` commands, which are included in the ZIP on my website. - -Here are some sample tests without the corresponding output: - - -``` -% curl localhost:8080/novels/ -% curl localhost:8080/novels?id=1 -% curl --header "Accept: application/json" localhost:8080/novels/ -``` - -The first command requests all the novels, which are encoded by default in XML. The second command requests the novel with an ID of 1, which is encoded in XML. The last command adds an `Accept` header element with `application/json` as the MIME type desired. The `get one` command could also use this header element. Such requests have JSON rather than the XML responses. - -The next two commands create a new novel in the collection and confirm the addition: - - -``` -% curl --request POST --data "author=Tolstoy&title=War and Peace" localhost:8080/novels/ -% curl localhost:8080/novels?id=4 -``` - -A `PUT` command in `curl` resembles a `POST` command except that the `PUT` body does not use standard syntax. The documentation for the `doPut` method in the `NovelsServlet` goes into detail, but the short version is that Tomcat does not generate a proper map on `PUT` requests. Here is the sample `PUT` command and a confirmation command: - - -``` -% curl --request PUT --data "id=3#title=This is an UPDATE" localhost:8080/novels/ -% curl localhost:8080/novels?id=3 -``` - -The second command confirms the update. - -Finally, the `DELETE` command works as expected: - - -``` -% curl --request DELETE localhost:8080/novels?id=2 -% curl localhost:8080/novels/ -``` - -The request is for the novel with the ID of 2 to be deleted. The second command shows the remaining novels. - -### The web.xml configuration file - -Although it's officially optional, a `web.xml` configuration file is a mainstay in a production-grade website or service. The configuration file allows routing, security, and other features of a site or service to be specified independently of the implementation code. The configuration for the novels service handles routing by providing a URL pattern for requests dispatched to this service: - - -``` -<?xml version = "1.0" encoding = "UTF-8"?> -<web-app> -  <servlet> -    <servlet-name>novels</servlet-name> -    <servlet-class>novels.NovelsServlet</servlet-class> -  </servlet> -  <servlet-mapping> -    <servlet-name>novels</servlet-name> -    <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> -  </servlet-mapping> -</web-app> -``` - -The `servlet-name` element provides an abbreviation (`novels`) for the servlet's fully qualified class name (`novels.NovelsServlet`), and this name is used in the `servlet-mapping` element below. - -Recall that a URL for a deployed service has the WAR file name right after the port number: - - -``` -`http://localhost:8080/novels/` -``` - -The slash immediately after the port number begins the URI known as the _path_ to the requested resource, in this case, the novels service; hence, the term `novels` occurs after the first single slash. - -In the `web.xml` file, the `url-pattern` is specified as `/*`, which means _any path that starts with /novels_. Suppose Tomcat encounters a contrived request URL, such as this: - - -``` -`http://localhost:8080/novels/foobar/` -``` - -The `web.xml` configuration specifies that this request, too, should be dispatched to the novels servlet because the `/*` pattern covers `/foobar`. The contrived URL thus has the same result as the legitimate one shown above it. - -A production-grade configuration file might include information on security, both wire-level and users-roles. Even in this case, the configuration file would be only two or three times the size of the sample one. - -### Wrapping up - -The `HttpServlet` is at the center of Java's web technologies. A website or web service, such as the novels service, extends this class, overriding the `do` verbs of interest. A Restful framework such as Jersey (JAX-RS) or Restlet does essentially the same by providing a customized servlet, which then acts as the HTTP(S) endpoint for requests against a web application written in the framework. - -A servlet-based application has access, of course, to any Java library required in the web application. If the application follows the separation-of-concerns principle, then the servlet code remains attractively simple: the code checks a request, issuing the appropriate error if there are deficiencies; otherwise, the code calls out for whatever functionality may be required (e.g., querying a database, encoding a response in a specified format), and then sends the response to the requester. The `HttpServletRequest` and `HttpServletResponse` types make it easy to perform the servlet-specific work of reading the request and writing the response. - -Java has APIs that range from the very simple to the highly complicated. If you need to deliver some Restful services using Java, my advice is to give the low-fuss `HttpServlet` a try before anything else. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/restful-services-java - -作者：[Marty Kalin][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/code_computer_laptop_hack_work.png?itok=aSpcWkcl (Coding on a computer) -[2]: http://xmlrpc.com/ -[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representational_state_transfer -[4]: https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/integration/whats-the-difference-between-soap-rest -[5]: http://tomcat.apache.org/ -[6]: https://condor.depaul.edu/mkalin -[7]: https://tomcat.apache.org/download-90.cgi -[8]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+serializable -[9]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+string -[10]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+integer -[11]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+object -[12]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+bytearrayoutputstream -[13]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+exception -[14]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+inputstream -[15]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+inputstreamreader -[16]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+bufferedreader -[17]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+ioexception -[18]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+arrays -[19]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+runtimeexception -[20]: http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=allinurl%3Adocs.oracle.com+javase+docs+api+outputstream -[21]: https://curl.haxx.se/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md b/translated/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md index eb52974b3e..504b056f3a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md @@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java 一个用 Java 实现的超轻量级 RESTful web 服务示例 ====== -Explore lightweight RESTful services in Java through a full code example -to manage a book collection. 通过完整的代码例子管理一套图书，来探索轻量级的 RESTful 服务。 From 0c860a2b9544118e0bc98f600a1aca1a11f14aaa Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 05:02:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 014/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200821=20?= =?UTF-8?q?3=20ways=20a=20legal=20team=20can=20enable=20open=20source?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200821 3 ways a legal team can enable open source.md --- ...ays a legal team can enable open source.md | 86 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 86 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200821 3 ways a legal team can enable open source.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200821 3 ways a legal team can enable open source.md b/sources/tech/20200821 3 ways a legal team can enable open source.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..335902b9f4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200821 3 ways a legal team can enable open source.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (3 ways a legal team can enable open source) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/open-source-legal-organization) +[#]: author: (Jeffrey Robert Kaufman https://opensource.com/users/jkaufman) + +3 ways a legal team can enable open source +====== +Open source law is unique because of its unusual requirements for +success. Learn ways lawyers can get their organizations to "yes". +![Active listening in a meeting is a skill][1] + +I am an open source lawyer for Red Hat. One important part of my job is to provide information to other companies, including their in-house counsel, about how Red Hat builds enterprise-class products with a completely open source development model and answering their questions about open source licensing in general. After hearing about Red Hat's success, these conversations often turn to discussions about how their organization can evolve to be more open source-aware and -capable, and lawyers at these meetings regularly ask how they can modify their practices to be more skilled in providing open source counsel to their employees. + +In this article and the next, I'll convey what I normally tell in-house counsel about these topics. If you are not in-house counsel and instead work for a law firm supporting clients in the software space, you may also find this information useful. (If you are considering going to law school and becoming an open source lawyer, you should read Luis Villa's excellent article [_What to know before jumping into a career as an open source lawyer_][2].) + +My perspective is based on my personal and possibly unique experience working in various engineering, product management, and lawyer roles. My atypical background means I see the world through a different lens from most lawyers. So, the ideas presented below may not be traditional, but they have served me well in my practice, and I hope they will benefit you. + +### Connect with open source organizations + +There are a multitude of open source organizations that are especially useful to open source lawyers. Many of these organizations have measurable influence over the views and interpretations of open source licenses. Consider getting involved with some of the more prominent organizations, such as the [Open Source Initiative][3] (OSI), the [Software Freedom Conservancy][4], the [Software Freedom Law Center][5], the [Free Software Foundation][6], [Free Software Foundation Europe][7], and the [Linux Foundation][8]. There are also a number of useful mailing lists, such as OSI's [license-discuss][9] and [license-review][10], that are worth monitoring and even participating in. + +Participating in these groups and lists will help you understand the myriad and unique issues you may encounter when practicing open source law, including how various terms of the open source license texts are interpreted by the community. There is little case law to guide you, but there are plenty of people happy to help answer questions, and these resources are the best source of guidance. This is perhaps one of the very unique and amazing aspects of practicing open source law—the openness of the development community is equally matched by the openness of the legal community to provide perspective and advice. All you have to do is ask. + +### Adopt the mindset of a business manager and find a path to yes + +Product managers are ultimately held responsible for a product or service from cradle to grave, including enabling that product or service to get to market. Since the bulk of my career has been spent leading product-management organizations, my mind is programmed to find a path, no matter how, to get a viable product or service to market. I encourage any lawyer to adopt this mindset since products and services are the lifeblood of any business. + +As such, the approach I have always taken in my legal practice involves issue spotting and advising clients of risk _but always having the objective of finding a path to "YES_," especially when my analysis impacts product/service development and release. When evaluating legal issues for internal clients, my executive management or I may, at times, view the risk to be too high. In such cases, continue encouraging everyone to work on the problem because, in my experience, solutions do eventually present themselves, often in unexpected ways. + +Be sure to tap all your resources, including your software development clients (see below), as they can be an excellent source of creative approaches to solving problems, often using technology to resolve issues. I have found much joy in this method, and my clients seem pleased with this passion and sentiment. I encourage all lawyers to consider this approach. + +Sadly, it is always easy to say "no" for self-preservation and to eliminate what may appear to be _any_ risk to the company. I have always found this response untenable. All business transactions have risk. As a counselor, it is your job to understand these risks and present them to your clients so that they may make educated business decisions. Simply saying "no" when any risk is present, without providing any additional context or other paths forward to mitigate risks, does no good for the long-term success of the organization. Companies need to provide products and services to survive, and you should be helping find that path, whenever possible, to YES. You have an ethical responsibility to say "no" in certain situations, of course, but explore and exhaust all reasonable options first. + +### Build relationships with developers + +Building relationships with your software development clients is _absolutely critical_. Building rapport and trust with developers are two important ways to strengthen these relationships. + +#### Build rapport + +Your success as an open source lawyer is most often a direct result of your positive relationships with your software developers. In many cases, your software developers are the direct or indirect recipients of your legal advice, and they will be looking to you for guidance and counsel. Unfortunately, many software developers are suspicious of lawyers and often view lawyers as obstacles to their ability to develop and release software. The best way to overcome this ill will is to build rapport with your clients. How you do that is different for most people, but here are some ideas. + + 1. **Show an interest in your clients' work:** Be inquisitive about the details of their project, how it works, the underlying programming language, how it connects to other systems, and how it will benefit the company. Some of these answers will be useful in your legal analysis when ascertaining legal risk and ways to mitigate such risk, but more importantly, this builds a solid foundation for an ongoing positive relationship with your client. + 2. **Be clear to your client that you are working to find a path to YES:** It is perfectly acceptable to let your client know you are concerned about certain aspects of their project, but follow that up with ideas for mitigating those concerns. Reassure them that it is your job to work with them to find a solution and not to be a roadblock. The effect of this cannot be overstated. + 3. **Participate in an open source project:** This is especially true if you have software development experience. Even if you do not have such experience, there are many ways to participate, such as helping with documentation or community outreach. Or request to join their status meetings just to learn more about their work. This will also allow you to provide counsel on-demand and in real time so that the team may course-correct early in the process. + + + +#### Have trust + +Your software developers are very active in their open source communities and are some of the best resources for understanding current issues affecting open source software and development. Just as you connect with legal organizations, like your local bar or national legal organizations to keep current on the latest legal developments, you should also engage with your software development resources for periodic briefings and to gain their counsel on various matters (e.g., how would the community view the use of this license for a project?). + +### Relationships breed success + +Open source law is unique because of its unusual requirements for success, namely, connections to other open source attorneys, open source organizations, and a deep and respectful relationship with clients. Success is a direct function of these relationships. + +In part two of this series, I will explore how and why it is important to find a path to "open" and to develop scalable solutions for your organization. + +Find out what it takes to become an open source lawyer. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/open-source-legal-organization + +作者：[Jeffrey Robert Kaufman][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jkaufman +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/team-discussion-mac-laptop-stickers.png?itok=AThobsFH (Active listening in a meeting is a skill) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/16/12/open-source-lawyer +[3]: https://opensource.org/ +[4]: https://sfconservancy.org/ +[5]: https://www.softwarefreedom.org/ +[6]: https://www.fsf.org/ +[7]: https://fsfe.org/index.en.html +[8]: https://www.linuxfoundation.org/ +[9]: https://lists.opensource.org/mailman/listinfo/license-discuss_lists.opensource.org +[10]: https://lists.opensource.org/mailman/listinfo/license-review_lists.opensource.org From 0930fc16a7eb49b13e326bcf8cf99f3a0c42ad9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 05:02:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 015/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200821=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Being=20open=20to=20open=20values?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200821 Being open to open values.md --- .../20200821 Being open to open values.md | 61 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 61 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200821 Being open to open values.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200821 Being open to open values.md b/sources/tech/20200821 Being open to open values.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9dd7dcf1c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200821 Being open to open values.md @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Being open to open values) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/8/being-open-to-open-values) +[#]: author: (Heidi Hess von Ludewig https://opensource.com/users/heidi-hess-von-ludewig) + +Being open to open values +====== +Managing openly can feel intimidating. One manager explains why it's +worth the risks. +![Open Lego CAD][1] + +In this installment of our "[Managing with Open Values][2]" series, I chat with Braxton, Director of Pricing for a nationwide U.S. insurance company and people manager. + +In June 2018, Braxton reached out to Red Hatters in the Open Organization community. He wanted to learn more about how both he _and_ his team could work differently, using open values. We were happy to help. So I helped organize a workshop on [open organization principles][3] for Braxton and his team—and kept in touch afterward, so I could learn about his adventure in becoming more open. + +We recently caught up with Braxton and sat down with him to hear how things were going. Tracy Guiliani, [industrial/organizational psychologist and expert in associate engagement][4], joined me, as did [Bryan Behrenshausen][5]. Our conversation was wide-ranging, exploring what it was like to learn firsthand about open source values, how to use them to transform an organization, and how they helped Braxton and his team perform better and increase engagement. + +Working with Braxton has been an exceptionally meaningful experience. It has allowed us to witness—directly—how someone transformed Open Organization community-driven workshop material into dynamic change with benefits for him, his team, and his organization. Open Organization Ambassadors are _always_ seeking to help people gain insights and knowledge on open values that empower them to understand culture change and [transformation within their own organization][6]. + +He and his team were performing their unique version of the open values in ways that worked for them, and in ways that allowed the benefits the team realized to outweigh the time and energy commitment of proposed changes. + +Braxton's embrace—both of his _own interpretation_ of open organization principles and his strategies for making an organization more open—inspires us. + +Braxton acknowledges that his goals in being more open didn't include "making another Red Hat." Instead, he and his team were performing their unique version of the open values in ways that worked for them, and in ways that allowed the benefits the team realized to outweigh the time and energy commitment of proposed changes. + +In the first part of our interview, you'll also hear Braxton describe: + + 1. What "open management" means to him, after learning about the five open organization values of transparency, collaboration, adaptability, community and inclusivity + 2. Some of his open management practices + 3. How he champions open culture on his team and how he encourages open source values among late adopters, and the benefits he's experienced + 4. What people most misunderstand about open source values when they try to transform their own organizations + + + +  + +Listen to the interview with Braxton + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/8/being-open-to-open-values + +作者：[Heidi Hess von Ludewig][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/heidi-hess-von-ludewig +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/open-lego.tiff_.png?itok=mQglOhW_ (Open Lego CAD) +[2]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/managing-with-open-values +[3]: https://github.com/open-organization/open-org-definition +[4]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/5/commitment-engagement-org-psychology +[5]: https://opensource.com/users/bbehrens +[6]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/4/rethinking-ownership-across-organization From 166d6afbfd15034f3d721515131dd294271ec81b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 05:02:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 016/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[talk]:=2020200822=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Cisco=20open-source=20code=20boosts=20performance=20of=20Kubern?= =?UTF-8?q?etes=20apps=20over=20SD-WAN?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20200822 Cisco open-source code boosts performance of Kubernetes apps over SD-WAN.md --- ...formance of Kubernetes apps over SD-WAN.md | 66 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 66 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20200822 Cisco open-source code boosts performance of Kubernetes apps over SD-WAN.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20200822 Cisco open-source code boosts performance of Kubernetes apps over SD-WAN.md b/sources/talk/20200822 Cisco open-source code boosts performance of Kubernetes apps over SD-WAN.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..72ce014ff4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20200822 Cisco open-source code boosts performance of Kubernetes apps over SD-WAN.md @@ -0,0 +1,66 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Cisco open-source code boosts performance of Kubernetes apps over SD-WAN) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572310/cisco-open-source-code-boosts-performance-of-kubernetes-apps-over-sd-wan.html) +[#]: author: (Michael Cooney https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/) + +Cisco open-source code boosts performance of Kubernetes apps over SD-WAN +====== +Cisco's Cloud-Native SD-WAN project marries SD-WANs to Kubernetes applications to cut down on the manual work needed to optimize latency and packet loss. +Thinkstock + +Cisco has introduced an open-source project that it says could go a long way toward reducing the manual work involved in optimizing performance of Kubernetes-applications across [SD-WANs][1]. + +Cisco said it launched the Cloud-Native SD-WAN (CN-WAN) project to show how Kubernetes applications can be automatically mapped to SD-WAN with the result that the applications perform better over the WAN. + +**More about SD-WAN**: [How to buy SD-WAN technology: Key questions to consider when selecting a supplier][2] • [How to pick an off-site data-backup method][3] •  [SD-Branch: What it is and why you’ll need it][4] • [What are the options for security SD-WAN?][5] + +“In many cases, enterprises deploy an SD-WAN to connect a Kubernetes cluster with users or workloads that consume cloud-native applications. In a typical enterprise, NetOps teams leverage their network expertise to program SD-WAN policies to optimize general connectivity to the Kubernetes hosted applications, with the goal to reduce latency, reduce packet loss, etc.” wrote John Apostolopoulos, vice president and CTO of Cisco’s intent-based networking group in a group [blog][6]. + +“The enterprise usually also has DevOps teams that maintain and optimize the Kubernetes infrastructure. However, despite the efforts of NetOps and DevOps teams, today Kubernetes and SD-WAN operate mostly like ships in the night, often unaware of each other. Integration between SD-WAN and Kubernetes typically involves time-consuming manual coordination between the two teams.” + +Current SD-WAN offering often have APIs that let customers programmatically influence how their traffic is handled over the WAN. This enables interesting and valuable opportunities for automation and application optimization, Apostolopoulos stated.  “We believe there is an opportunity to pair the declarative nature of Kubernetes with the programmable nature of modern SD-WAN solutions,”  he stated. + +Enter CN-WAN, which defines a set of components that can be used to integrate an SD-WAN package, such as Cisco Viptela SD-WAN, with Kubernetes to enable DevOps teams to express the WAN needs of the microservices they deploy in a Kubernetes cluster, while simultaneously letting NetOps automatically render the microservices needs to optimize the application performance over the WAN, Apostolopoulos stated. + +Apostolopoulos wrote that CN-WAN is composed of a Kubernetes Operator, a Reader, and an Adaptor. It works like this: The CN-WAN Operator runs in the Kubernetes cluster, actively monitoring the deployed services. DevOps teams can use standard Kubernetes annotations on the services to define WAN-specific metadata, such as the traffic profile of the application. The CN-WAN Operator then automatically registers the service along with the metadata in a service registry. In a demo at KubeCon EU this week Cisco used Google Service Directory as the service registry. + +Earlier this year [Cisco and Google][7] deepened their relationship with a turnkey package that lets customers mesh SD-WAN connectivity with applications running in a private [data center][8], Google Cloud or another cloud or SaaS application. That jointly developed platform, called Cisco SD-WAN Cloud Hub with Google Cloud, combines Cisco’s SD-WAN policy-, telemetry- and security-setting capabilities with Google's software-defined backbone to ensure that application service-level agreement, security and compliance policies are extended across the network. + +Meanwhile, on the SD-WAN side, the CN-WAN Reader connects to the service registry to learn about how Kubernetes is exposing the services and the associated WAN metadata extracted by the CN-WAN operator, Cisco stated. When new or updated services or metadata are detected, the CN-WAN Reader sends a message towards the CN-WAN Adaptor so SD-WAN policies can be updated. + +Finally, the CN-WAN Adaptor, maps the service-associated metadata into the detailed SD-WAN policies programmed by NetOps in the SD-WAN controller. The SD-WAN controller automatically renders the SD-WAN policies, specified by the NetOps for each metadata type, into specific SD-WAN data-plane optimizations for the service, Cisco stated.   + +“The SD-WAN may support multiple types of access at both sender and receiver (e.g., wired Internet, MPLS, wireless 4G or 5G), as well as multiple service options and prioritizations per access network, and of course multiple paths between source and destination,” Apostolopoulos stated. + +The code for the CN-WAN project is available as open-source in [GitHub][9]. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][10] and [LinkedIn][11] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572310/cisco-open-source-code-boosts-performance-of-kubernetes-apps-over-sd-wan.html + +作者：[Michael Cooney][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Michael-Cooney/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3031279/sd-wan-what-it-is-and-why-you-ll-use-it-one-day.html +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3323407/sd-wan/how-to-buy-sd-wan-technology-key-questions-to-consider-when-selecting-a-supplier.html +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3328488/backup-systems-and-services/how-to-pick-an-off-site-data-backup-method.html +[4]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3250664/lan-wan/sd-branch-what-it-is-and-why-youll-need-it.html +[5]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3285728/sd-wan/what-are-the-options-for-securing-sd-wan.html +[6]: https://blogs.cisco.com/networking/introducing-the-cloud-native-sd-wan-project +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3539252/cisco-integrates-sd-wan-connectivity-with-google-cloud.html +[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3223692/what-is-a-data-centerhow-its-changed-and-what-you-need-to-know.html +[9]: https://github.com/CloudNativeSDWAN/cnwan-docs +[10]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[11]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 725bfe0430c1c556470e66d73f1a16a181035a62 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 08:57:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 017/167] Rename sources/tech/20200821 3 ways a legal team can enable open source.md to sources/talk/20200821 3 ways a legal team can enable open source.md --- .../20200821 3 ways a legal team can enable open source.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20200821 3 ways a legal team can enable open source.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200821 3 ways a legal team can enable open source.md b/sources/talk/20200821 3 ways a legal team can enable open source.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200821 3 ways a legal team can enable open source.md rename to sources/talk/20200821 3 ways a legal team can enable open source.md From 14527178773a98a4fb717fbc4a5088593e15ad43 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 08:59:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 018/167] Rename sources/tech/20200821 Being open to open values.md to sources/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md --- sources/{tech => talk}/20200821 Being open to open values.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20200821 Being open to open values.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200821 Being open to open values.md b/sources/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200821 Being open to open values.md rename to sources/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md From 5790a85fcf2659957062b21c725e6a5a26090b7a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 09:01:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 019/167] Rename sources/talk/20200822 Cisco open-source code boosts performance of Kubernetes apps over SD-WAN.md to sources/news/20200822 Cisco open-source code boosts performance of Kubernetes apps over SD-WAN.md --- ...urce code boosts performance of Kubernetes apps over SD-WAN.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{talk => news}/20200822 Cisco open-source code boosts performance of Kubernetes apps over SD-WAN.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/talk/20200822 Cisco open-source code boosts performance of Kubernetes apps over SD-WAN.md b/sources/news/20200822 Cisco open-source code boosts performance of Kubernetes apps over SD-WAN.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/talk/20200822 Cisco open-source code boosts performance of Kubernetes apps over SD-WAN.md rename to sources/news/20200822 Cisco open-source code boosts performance of Kubernetes apps over SD-WAN.md From f838d00af641eb9e91aa7a829c58bb9aea6c2f7d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 10:23:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 020/167] PRF @geekpi --- ...0810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md | 40 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md index 6d4357b29c..11a3dc1252 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Merging and sorting files on Linux) @@ -10,31 +10,33 @@ 合并和排序 Linux 上的文件 ====== -在 Linux 上合并和排序文本的方法有很多种，但如何去处理它取决于你试图做什么：你是只想将多个文件的内容放入一个文件中，还是以某种方式组织它，让他更易于使用。在本文中，我们将查看一些用于排序和合并文件内容的命令，并重点介绍结果有何不同。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202008/22/102250i3943is48r34w4nz.jpg) + +在 Linux 上合并和排序文本的方法有很多种，但如何去处理它取决于你试图做什么：你是只想将多个文件的内容放入一个文件中，还是以某种方式组织它，让它更易于使用。在本文中，我们将查看一些用于排序和合并文件内容的命令，并重点介绍结果有何不同。 ### 使用 cat -如果你只想将一组文件放到单个文件中，那么 **cat** 命令是一个容易的选择。你所要做的就是输入 “cat”，然后按你希望它们在合并文件中的顺序在命令行中列出这些文件。将命令的输出重定向到要创建的文件。如果指定名称的文件已经存在，那么文件将被覆盖。例如： +如果你只想将一组文件放到单个文件中，那么 `cat` 命令是一个容易的选择。你所要做的就是输入 `cat`，然后按你希望它们在合并文件中的顺序在命令行中列出这些文件。将命令的输出重定向到要创建的文件。如果指定名称的文件已经存在，那么文件将被覆盖。例如： ``` $ cat firstfile secondfile thirdfile > newfile ``` -如果要将一系列文件的内容添加到现有文件中，而不是覆盖它，只需将 **>** 变成 **>>**。 +如果要将一系列文件的内容添加到现有文件中，而不是覆盖它，只需将 `>` 变成 `>>`。 ``` $ cat firstfile secondfile thirdfile >> updated_file ``` -如果你要合并的文件遵循一些方便的命名约定，那么任务可能更简单。如果可以使用正则表达式指定所有文件名，那就不必列出所有文件。例如，如果文件全部以 “file” 结束，如上所示，你可以进行如下操作： +如果你要合并的文件遵循一些方便的命名约定，那么任务可能更简单。如果可以使用正则表达式指定所有文件名，那就不必列出所有文件。例如，如果文件全部以 `file` 结束，如上所示，你可以进行如下操作： ``` $ cat *file > allfiles ``` -请注意，上面的命令将按字母数字顺序添加文件内容。在 Linux 上，一个名为 “filea” 的文件将加在名为 “fileA” 的文件的前面，但会在 “file7” 的后面。毕竟，当我们处理字母数字序列时，我们不仅需要考虑 ”ABCDE“，还需要考虑 ”0123456789aAbBcCdDeE“。你可以使用 ”ls \*file“ 这样的命令来查看合并文件之前文件的顺序。 +请注意，上面的命令将按字母数字顺序添加文件内容。在 Linux 上，一个名为 `filea` 的文件将排在名为 `fileA` 的文件的前面，但会在 `file7` 的后面。毕竟，当我们处理字母数字序列时，我们不仅需要考虑 `ABCDE`，还需要考虑 `0123456789aAbBcCdDeE`。你可以使用 `ls *file` 这样的命令来查看合并文件之前文件的顺序。 -**注意：**首先确保你的命令包含合并文件中所需的所有文件，而不是其他文件，尤其是你使用 ”\*“ 等通配符时。不要忘记，用于合并的文件仍将单独存在，在确认合并后，你可能想要删除这些文件。 +注意：首先确保你的命令包含合并文件中所需的所有文件，而不是其他文件，尤其是你使用 `*` 等通配符时。不要忘记，用于合并的文件仍将单独存在，在确认合并后，你可能想要删除这些文件。 ### 按时间期限合并文件 @@ -44,9 +46,9 @@ $ cat *file > allfiles $ for file in `ls -tr myfile.*`; do cat $file >> BigFile.$$; done ``` -使用 **-tr** 选项（**t**=时间，**r**=反向）将产生按照最早在前排列的文件列表。例如，如果你要保留某些活动的日志，并且希望按活动执行的顺序添加内容，则这非常有用。 +使用 `-tr` 选项（`t` = 时间，`r` = 反向）将产生按照最早的在最前排列的文件列表。例如，如果你要保留某些活动的日志，并且希望按活动执行的顺序添加内容，则这非常有用。 -上面命令中的 **$$** 表示运行命令时的进程 ID。完全没必要使用此功能，但它几乎不可能会无意添加到现有文件，而不是创建新文件。如果使用 $$，那么生成的文件可能如下所示： +上面命令中的 `$$` 表示运行命令时的进程 ID。不是很必要使用此功能，但它几乎不可能会无意添加到现有的文件，而不是创建新文件。如果使用 `$$`，那么生成的文件可能如下所示： ``` $ ls -l BigFile.* @@ -73,17 +75,17 @@ $ for file in `ls myfile.?`; do sort $file >> newfile; done #### 对文件进行数字排序 -要对文件内容进行数字排序，请在 sort 中使用 **-n** 选项。仅当文件中的行以数字开头时，此选项才有用。请记住，按照默认顺序，“02” 将小于 “1”。当你要确保行以数字排序时，请使用 **-n** 选项。 +要对文件内容进行数字排序，请在 `sort` 中使用 `-n` 选项。仅当文件中的行以数字开头时，此选项才有用。请记住，按照默认顺序，`02` 将小于 `1`。当你要确保行以数字排序时，请使用 `-n` 选项。 ``` $ cat myfile.1 myfile.2 myfile.3 | sort -n > xyz ``` -如果文件中的行以 “2020-11-03” 或 “2020/11/03”（年、月、日格式）这样的日期格式开头，**-n** 选项还能让你按日期对内容进行排序。其他格式的日期排序将非常棘手，并且将需要更复杂的命令。 +如果文件中的行以 `2020-11-03` 或 `2020/11/03`（年月日格式）这样的日期格式开头，`-n` 选项还能让你按日期对内容进行排序。其他格式的日期排序将非常棘手，并且将需要更复杂的命令。 ### 使用 paste -**paste** 命令允许你逐行连接文件内容。使用此命令时，合并文件的第一行将包含要合并的每个文件的第一行。以下是示例，其中我使用了大写字母以便于查看行的来源： +`paste` 命令允许你逐行连接文件内容。使用此命令时，合并文件的第一行将包含要合并的每个文件的第一行。以下是示例，其中我使用了大写字母以便于查看行的来源： ``` $ cat file.a @@ -105,7 +107,7 @@ A three B three C thee $ paste file.a file.b file.c > merged_content ``` -或者，你可以将文件粘贴在一起，将每个文件的内容在同一行中合并。这需要使用 **-s** （sequential）选项。注意这次的输出如何显示每个文件的内容： +或者，你可以将每个文件的内容在同一行中合并，然后将文件粘贴在一起。这需要使用 `-s`（序列）选项。注意这次的输出如何显示每个文件的内容： ``` $ paste -s file.a file.b file.c @@ -116,9 +118,9 @@ C one C two C thee C four C five ### 使用 join -合并文件的另一个命令是 **join**。**join** 命令让你能基于一个公共字段合并多个文件的内容。例如，你可能有一个包含一组同事的电话的文件，其中，而另一个包含了同事的电子邮件地址，并且两者均按个人姓名列出。你可以使用 join 创建一个包含电话和电子邮件地址的文件。 +合并文件的另一个命令是 `join`。`join` 命令让你能基于一个共同字段合并多个文件的内容。例如，你可能有一个包含一组同事的电话的文件，其中，而另一个包含了同事的电子邮件地址，并且两者均按个人姓名列出。你可以使用 `join` 创建一个包含电话和电子邮件地址的文件。 -一个重要的限制是文件的行必须是相同的顺序，并在每个文件中包括连接字段。 +一个重要的限制是文件的行必须是相同的顺序，并在每个文件中包括用于连接的字段。 这是一个示例命令： @@ -130,13 +132,11 @@ John 555-333-1234 john_doe@gmail.com Nemo 555-123-4567 cutie@fish.com ``` -在本例中，即使缺少附加信息，第一个字段（名）也必须存在于每个文件中，否则命令会因错误而失败。对内容进行排序有帮助，而且可能更容易管理，但只要顺序一致，就不需要这么做。 +在本例中，即使缺少附加信息，第一个字段（名字）也必须存在于每个文件中，否则命令会因错误而失败。对内容进行排序有帮助，而且可能更容易管理，但只要顺序一致，就不需要这么做。 ### 总结 -在 Linux 上，你有很多选择可以合并和排序存储在单独文件中的数据。 这些选择可以使原本繁琐的任务变得异常简单。 - -加入 [Facebook][2] 和 [LinkedIn][3] 上的 Network World 社区，评论热门主题。 +在 Linux 上，你有很多可以合并和排序存储在单独文件中的数据的方式。这些方法可以使原本繁琐的任务变得异常简单。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570508/merging-and-sorting-files-on-l 作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 53e4897039eb4469b5c261e8eb3a00259fdc2207 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 10:24:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 021/167] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-12539-1.html --- .../20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md b/published/20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md rename to published/20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md index 11a3dc1252..4bee2f31c7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md +++ b/published/20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12539-1.html) [#]: subject: (Merging and sorting files on Linux) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570508/merging-and-sorting-files-on-linux.html) [#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) From 36faed7240c2c725f91b6972cdbc8571167a15e7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 10:46:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 022/167] PRF @geekpi --- ... of pipenv, the Python development tool.md | 27 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200814 Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md b/translated/tech/20200814 Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md index 565eb0a444..66f69b3c3e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200814 Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200814 Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool) @@ -12,14 +12,13 @@ ![][1] -**[Pipenv][2]** 是一个可帮助 Python 开发人员维护具有特定一组依赖关系的隔离虚拟环境，以实现可重复的开发和部署环境的工具。它类似于其他编程语言中的工具如 bundler、composer、npm、cargo、yarn 等。 +[pipenv][2] 是一个可帮助 Python 开发人员维护具有特定一组依赖关系的隔离虚拟环境，以实现可重新复制的开发和部署环境的工具。它类似于其他编程语言中的工具如 bundler、composer、npm、cargo、yarn 等。 - -最近发布了新版本的 pipenv 2020.6.2。现在可以在 Fedora 33 和 Rawhide 中使用它。对于较旧的 Fedora，维护人员决定在 [COPR][3] 中打包，然后进行测试。因此，在稳定版 Fedora 中安装之前请先尝试一下。新版本没有带来任何新颖的功能，但是经过两年的开发，它解决了许多问题，并且在底层做了很多不同的事情。之前可以正常工作的应该可以继续工作，但是可能会略有不同。 +最近发布了新版本的 pipenv 2020.6.2。现在可以在 Fedora 33 和 Rawhide 中使用它。对于较旧的 Fedora，维护人员决定打包到 [COPR][3] 中来先进行测试。所以在他们把它推送到稳定的Fedora版本之前，来试试吧。新版本没有带来任何新颖的功能，但是经过两年的开发，它解决了许多问题，并且在底层做了很多不同的事情。之前可以正常工作的应该可以继续工作，但是可能会略有不同。 ### 如何获取 -如果你已经在运行 Fedora 33 或 Rawhide，请运行 _$ sudo dnf upgrade pipenv_ 或者 _$ sudo dnf install pipenv_，你将获得新版本。 +如果你已经在运行 Fedora 33 或 Rawhide，请运行 `$ sudo dnf upgrade pipenv` 或者 `$ sudo dnf install pipenv`，你将获得新版本。 在 Fedora 31 或 Fedora 32 上，你需要使用 [copr 仓库][3]，直到经过测试的包出现在官方仓库中为止。要启用仓库，请运行： @@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ $ sudo dnf copr enable @python/pipenv ``` -然后将 pipenv 升级到新版本，运行： +然后将 `pipenv` 升级到新版本，运行： ``` $ sudo dnf upgrade pipenv @@ -46,13 +45,13 @@ $ sudo dnf copr disable @python/pipenv $ sudo dnf distro-sync pipenv ``` -_COPR 不受 Fedora 基础架构的官方支持。使用软件包需要你自担风险。_ +*COPR 不受 Fedora 基础架构的官方支持。使用软件包需要你自担风险。* ### 如何使用 -如果你有用旧版本 pipenv 管理的项目，你应该可以毫无问题地使用新版本。让我们知道是否有问题。 +如果你有用旧版本 `pipenv` 管理的项目，你应该可以毫无问题地使用新版本。如果有问题请让我们知道。 -如果你还不熟悉 pipenv 或想开始一个新项目，请参考以下快速指南： +如果你还不熟悉 `pipenv` 或想开始一个新项目，请参考以下快速指南： 创建一个工作目录： @@ -60,7 +59,7 @@ _COPR 不受 Fedora 基础架构的官方支持。使用软件包需要你自担 $ mkdir new-project && cd new-project ``` -使用 Python 3 初始化 pipenv： +使用 Python 3 初始化 `pipenv`： ``` $ pipenv --three @@ -72,13 +71,13 @@ $ pipenv --three $ pipenv install six ``` -生成 Pipfile.lock 文件： +生成 `Pipfile.lock` 文件： ``` $ pipenv lock ``` -现在，你可以将创建的 Pipfile 和 Pipfile.lock 文件提交到版本控制系统（例如 git）中，其他人可以在克隆的仓库中使用此命令来获得相同的环境： +现在，你可以将创建的 `Pipfile` 和 `Pipfile.lock` 文件提交到版本控制系统（例如 git）中，其他人可以在克隆的仓库中使用此命令来获得相同的环境： ``` $ pipenv install @@ -88,7 +87,7 @@ $ pipenv install ### 如何报告问题 -如果你使用新版本的 pipenv 遇到任何问题，请[在 Fedora 的 Bugzilla中 报告问题][5]。Fedora 官方仓库和 copr 仓库中 pipenv 软件包的维护者是相同的。请在报告中指出是新版本。 +如果你使用新版本的 `pipenv` 遇到任何问题，请[在 Fedora 的 Bugzilla中 报告问题][5]。Fedora 官方仓库和 copr 仓库中 `pipenv` 软件包的维护者是相同的人。请在报告中指出是新版本。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -97,7 +96,7 @@ via: https://fedoramagazine.org/come-test-a-new-release-of-pipenv-the-python-dev 作者：[torsava][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 72c627a18778f6200b48fc83bcfd08060931bafd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 10:46:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 023/167] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-12540-1.html --- ...st a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200814 Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200814 Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md b/published/20200814 Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20200814 Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md rename to published/20200814 Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md index 66f69b3c3e..f6f5410c59 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200814 Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md +++ b/published/20200814 Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12540-1.html) [#]: subject: (Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/come-test-a-new-release-of-pipenv-the-python-development-tool/) [#]: author: (torsava https://fedoramagazine.org/author/torsava/) From 17632782988f9dd4f9de63efac446302525f8688 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 17:17:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 024/167] APL --- .../tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md b/sources/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md index 7013436d88..8cd4e9ac16 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 09096c9d4e977ddd0dba6fec4a62e168420f9357 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 21:40:12 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 025/167] TSL @wxy --- ...Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md | 267 ------------------ ...Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md | 244 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 244 insertions(+), 267 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md b/sources/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8cd4e9ac16..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,267 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Creating and debugging Linux dump files) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/linux-dump) -[#]: author: (Stephan Avenwedde https://opensource.com/users/hansic99) - -Creating and debugging Linux dump files -====== -Knowing how to deal with dump files will help you find and fix -hard-to-reproduce bugs in an application. -![Magnifying glass on code][1] - -Crash dump, memory dump, core dump, system dump … all produce the same outcome: a file containing the state of an application's memory at a specific time—usually when the application crashes. - -Knowing how to deal with these files can help you find the root cause(s) of a failure. Even if you are not a developer, dump files created on your system can be very helpful (as well as approachable) in understanding software. - -This is a hands-on article, and can you follow along with the example by cloning the sample application repository with: - - -``` -`git clone https://github.com/hANSIc99/core_dump_example.git` -``` - -### How signals relate to dumps - -Signals are a kind of interprocess communication between the operating system and the user applications. Linux uses the signals defined in the [POSIX standard][2]. On your system, you can find the standard signals defined in `/usr/include/bits/signum-generic.h`. There is also an informative [man signal][3] page if you want more on using signals in your application. Put simply, Linux uses signals to trigger further activities based on whether they were expected or unexpected. - -When you quit a running application, the application will usually receive the `SIGTERM` signal. Because this type of exit signal is expected, this action will not create a memory dump. - -The following signals will cause a dump file to be created (source: [GNU C Library][4]): - - * SIGFPE: Erroneous arithmetic operation - * SIGILL: Illegal instruction - * SIGSEGV: Invalid access to storage - * SIGBUS: Bus error - * SIGABRT: An error detected by the program and reported by calling abort - * SIGIOT: Labeled archaic on Fedora, this signal used to trigger on `abort()` on a [PDP-11][5] and now maps to SIGABRT - - - -### Creating dump files - -Navigate to the `core_dump_example` directory, run `make`, and execute the sample with the `-c1` switch: - - -``` -`./coredump -c1` -``` - -The application should exit in state 4 with an error: - -![Dump written][6] - -(Stephan Avenwedde, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - -"Abgebrochen (Speicherabzug geschrieben)" roughly translates to "Segmentation fault (core dumped)." - -Whether it creates a core dump or not is determined by the resource limit of the user running the process. You can modify the resource limits with the `ulimit` command. - -Check the current setting for core dump creation: - - -``` -`ulimit -c` -``` - -If it outputs `unlimited`, then it is using the (recommended) default. Otherwise, correct the limit with: - - -``` -`ulimit -c unlimited` -``` - -To disable creating core dumps' type: - - -``` -`ulimit -c 0` -``` - -The number specifies the resource in kilobytes. - -### What are core dumps? - -The way the kernel handles core dumps is defined in: - - -``` -`/proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern` -``` - -I'm running Fedora 31, and on my system, the file contains: - - -``` -`/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-coredump %P %u %g %s %t %c %h` -``` - -This shows core dumps are forwarded to the `systemd-coredump` utility. The contents of `core_pattern` can vary widely between the different flavors of Linux distributions. When `systemd-coredump` is in use, the dump files are saved compressed under `/var/lib/systemd/coredump`. You don't need to touch the files directly; instead, you can use `coredumpctl`. For example: - - -``` -`coredumpctl list` -``` - -shows all available dump files saved on your system. - -With `coredumpctl dump`, you can retrieve information from the last dump file saved: - - -``` -[stephan@localhost core_dump_example]$ ./coredump  -Application started… - -(…….) - -Message: Process 4598 (coredump) of user 1000 dumped core. - -Stack trace of thread 4598: -#0 0x00007f4bbaf22625 __GI_raise (libc.so.6) -#1 0x00007f4bbaf0b8d9 __GI_abort (libc.so.6) -#2 0x00007f4bbaf664af __libc_message (libc.so.6) -#3 0x00007f4bbaf6da9c malloc_printerr (libc.so.6) -#4 0x00007f4bbaf6f49c _int_free (libc.so.6) -#5 0x000000000040120e n/a (/home/stephan/Dokumente/core_dump_example/coredump) -#6 0x00000000004013b1 n/a (/home/stephan/Dokumente/core_dump_example/coredump) -#7 0x00007f4bbaf0d1a3 __libc_start_main (libc.so.6) -#8 0x000000000040113e n/a (/home/stephan/Dokumente/core_dump_example/coredump) -Refusing to dump core to tty (use shell redirection or specify — output). -``` - -This shows that the process was stopped by `SIGABRT`. The stack trace in this view is not very detailed because it does not include function names. However, with `coredumpctl debug`, you can simply open the dump file with a debugger ([GDB][8] by default). Type `bt` (short for backtrace) to get a more detailed view: - - -``` -Core was generated by `./coredump -c1'. -Program terminated with signal SIGABRT, Aborted. -#0  __GI_raise (sig=sig@entry=6) at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/raise.c:50 -50  return ret; -(gdb) bt -#0  __GI_raise (sig=sig@entry=6) at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/raise.c:50 -#1  0x00007fc37a9aa8d9 in __GI_abort () at abort.c:79 -#2  0x00007fc37aa054af in __libc_message (action=action@entry=do_abort, fmt=fmt@entry=0x7fc37ab14f4b "%s\n") at ../sysdeps/posix/libc_fatal.c:181 -#3  0x00007fc37aa0ca9c in malloc_printerr (str=str@entry=0x7fc37ab130e0 "free(): invalid pointer") at malloc.c:5339 -#4  0x00007fc37aa0e49c in _int_free (av=<optimized out>, p=<optimized out>, have_lock=0) at malloc.c:4173 -#5  0x000000000040120e in freeSomething(void*) () -#6  0x0000000000401401 in main () -``` - -The memory addresses: `main()` and `freeSomething()` are quite low compared to subsequent frames. Due to the fact that shared objects are mapped to an area at the end of the virtual address space, you can assume that the `SIGABRT` was caused by a call in a shared library. Memory addresses of shared objects are not constant between invocations, so it is totally fine when you see varying addresses between calls. - -The stack trace shows that subsequent calls originate from `malloc.c`, which indicates that something with memory (de-)allocation could have gone wrong. - -In the source code, you can see (even without any knowledge of C++) that it tried to free a pointer, which was not returned by a memory management function. This results in undefined behavior and causes the `SIGABRT`: - - -``` -void freeSomething(void *ptr){ -    [free][9](ptr); -} -int nTmp = 5; -int *ptrNull = &nTmp; -freeSomething(ptrNull); -``` - -The systemd coredump utility can be configured under `/etc/systemd/coredump.conf`. Rotation of dump file cleaning can be configured in `/etc/systemd/system/systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer`. - -You can find more information about `coredumpctl` on its [man page][10]. - -### Compiling with debug symbols - -Open the `Makefile` and comment out the last part of line 9. It should now look like: - - -``` -`CFLAGS =-Wall -Werror -std=c++11 -g` -``` - -The `-g` switch enables the compiler to create debug information. Start the application, this time with the `-c2` switch: - - -``` -`./coredump -c2` -``` - -You will get a floating-point exception. Open the dump in GDB with: - - -``` -`coredumpctl debug` -``` - -This time, you are pointed directly to the line in the source code that caused the error: - - -``` -Reading symbols from /home/stephan/Dokumente/core_dump_example/coredump… -[New LWP 6218] -Core was generated by `./coredump -c2'. -Program terminated with signal SIGFPE, Arithmetic exception. -#0 0x0000000000401233 in zeroDivide () at main.cpp:29 -29 nRes = 5 / nDivider; -(gdb) -``` - -Type `list` to get a better overview of the source code: - - -``` -(gdb) list -24      int zeroDivide(){ -25          int nDivider = 5; -26          int nRes = 0; -27          while(nDivider > 0){ -28              nDivider--; -29              nRes = 5 / nDivider; -30          } -31          return nRes; -32      } -``` - -Use the command `info locals` to retrieve the values of the local variables from the point in time when the application failed: - - -``` -(gdb) info locals -nDivider = 0 -nRes = 5 -``` - -In combination with the source code, you can see that you ran into a division by zero: - - -``` -`nRes = 5 / 0` -``` - -### Conclusion - -Knowing how to deal with dump files will help you find and fix hard-to-reproduce random bugs in an application. And if it is not your application, forwarding a core dump to the developer will help her or him find and fix the problem. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/linux-dump - -作者：[Stephan Avenwedde][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/hansic99 -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/find-file-linux-code_magnifying_glass_zero.png?itok=E2HoPDg0 (Magnifying glass on code) -[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX -[3]: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/signal.7.html -[4]: https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Program-Error-Signals.html#Program-Error-Signals -[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11 -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/dump_written.png (Dump written) -[7]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ -[8]: https://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/ -[9]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/free.html -[10]: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/coredumpctl.1.html diff --git a/translated/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md b/translated/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5ded770677 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md @@ -0,0 +1,244 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Creating and debugging Linux dump files) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/linux-dump) +[#]: author: (Stephan Avenwedde https://opensource.com/users/hansic99) + +在 Linux 上创建并调试转储文件 +====== + +> 了解如何处理转储文件将帮你找到应用中难以重现的 bug。 + +![Magnifying glass on code][1] + +崩溃转储、内存转储、核心转储、系统转储……这些全都会产生同样的产物：一个包含了当应用崩溃时，在那个特定时刻的应用的内存状态的文件。 + +这是一篇指导文章，你可以通过克隆示例应用仓库来跟随学习： + +``` +git clone https://github.com/hANSIc99/core_dump_example.git +``` + +### 信号如何关联到转储 + +信号是操作系统和用户应用之间的进程间通讯。Linux 使用 [POSIX 标准][2]中定义的信号。在你的系统上，你可以在 `/usr/include/bits/signum-generic.h` 找到标准信号的定义。如果你想知道更多关于在你的应用程序中使用信号的信息，还有一个信息丰富的 [signal 手册页][3]。简单地说，Linux基于预期的或意外的信号来触发进一步的活动。 + +当你退出一个正在运行的应用程序时，应用程序通常会收到 `SIGTERM` 信号。因为这种类型的退出信号是预期的，所以这个操作不会创建一个内存转储。 + +以下信号将导致创建一个转储文件（来源：[GNU C库][4]）: + + * `SIGFPE`：错误的算术操作 + * `SIGILL`：非法指令 + * `SIGSEGV`：对存储的无效访问 + * `SIGBUS`：总线错误 + * `SIGABRT`：程序检测到的错误，并通过调用 `abort()` 来报告 + * `SIGIOT`：在 Fedora 上已经过时，这个信号过去在 [PDP-11][5] 上用 `abort()` 时触发，现在映射到 SIGABRT + +### 创建转储文件 + +导航到 `core_dump_example` 目录，运行 `make`，并使用 `-c1` 开关执行该示例二进制： + +``` +./coredump -c1 +``` + +该应用将以状态 4 退出，带有如下错误： + +![Dump written][6] + +“Abgebrochen (Speicherabzug geschrieben) ”（LCTT 译注：这是德语，应该是因为本文作者系统是德语环境）大致翻译为“分段故障（核心转储）”。 + +是否创建核心转储是由运行该进程的用户的资源限制决定的。你可以用 `ulimit` 命令修改资源限制。 + +检查当前创建核心转储的设置： + +``` +ulimit -c +``` + +如果它输出 `unlimited`，那么它使用的是（建议的）默认值。否则，用以下方法纠正限制： + +``` +ulimit -c unlimited +``` + +要禁用创建核心转储，可以设置其大小为 0： + +``` +ulimit -c 0 +``` + +这个数字指定了核心转储文件的大小，单位是块。 + +### 什么是核心转储？ + +内核处理核心转储的方式定义在： + +``` +/proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern +``` + +我运行的是 Fedora 31，在我的系统上，该文件包含： + +``` +/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-coredump %P %u %g %s %t %c %h +``` + +这表明核心转储被转发到 `systemd-coredump` 工具。在不同的 Linux 发行版中，`core_pattern` 的内容会有很大的不同。当使用 `systemd-coredump` 时，转储文件被压缩保存在 `/var/lib/systemd/coredump` 下。你不需要直接接触这些文件，你可以使用 `coredumpctl`。比如说： + +``` +coredumpctl list +``` + +会显示系统中保存的所有可用的转储文件。 + +使用 `coredumpctl dump`，你可以从最后保存的转储文件中检索信息： + +``` +[stephan@localhost core_dump_example]$ ./coredump  +Application started… + +(…….) + +Message: Process 4598 (coredump) of user 1000 dumped core. + +Stack trace of thread 4598: +#0 0x00007f4bbaf22625 __GI_raise (libc.so.6) +#1 0x00007f4bbaf0b8d9 __GI_abort (libc.so.6) +#2 0x00007f4bbaf664af __libc_message (libc.so.6) +#3 0x00007f4bbaf6da9c malloc_printerr (libc.so.6) +#4 0x00007f4bbaf6f49c _int_free (libc.so.6) +#5 0x000000000040120e n/a (/home/stephan/Dokumente/core_dump_example/coredump) +#6 0x00000000004013b1 n/a (/home/stephan/Dokumente/core_dump_example/coredump) +#7 0x00007f4bbaf0d1a3 __libc_start_main (libc.so.6) +#8 0x000000000040113e n/a (/home/stephan/Dokumente/core_dump_example/coredump) +Refusing to dump core to tty (use shell redirection or specify — output). +``` + +这表明该进程被 `SIGABRT` 停止。这个视图中的堆栈跟踪不是很详细，因为它不包括函数名。然而，使用 `coredumpctl debug`，你可以简单地用调试器（默认为 [GDB][8]）打开转储文件。输入 `bt`（回溯backtrace的缩写）可以得到更详细的视图： + +``` +Core was generated by `./coredump -c1'. +Program terminated with signal SIGABRT, Aborted. +#0  __GI_raise (sig=sig@entry=6) at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/raise.c:50 +50  return ret; +(gdb) bt +#0  __GI_raise (sig=sig@entry=6) at ../sysdeps/unix/sysv/linux/raise.c:50 +#1  0x00007fc37a9aa8d9 in __GI_abort () at abort.c:79 +#2  0x00007fc37aa054af in __libc_message (action=action@entry=do_abort, fmt=fmt@entry=0x7fc37ab14f4b "%s\n") at ../sysdeps/posix/libc_fatal.c:181 +#3  0x00007fc37aa0ca9c in malloc_printerr (str=str@entry=0x7fc37ab130e0 "free(): invalid pointer") at malloc.c:5339 +#4  0x00007fc37aa0e49c in _int_free (av=<optimized out>, p=<optimized out>, have_lock=0) at malloc.c:4173 +#5  0x000000000040120e in freeSomething(void*) () +#6  0x0000000000401401 in main () +``` + +内存地址：与后续帧相比，`main()` 和 `freeSomething()` 的内存地址相当低。由于共享对象被映射到虚拟地址空间末尾的区域，可以认为 `SIGABRT` 是由共享库中的调用引起的。共享对象的内存地址在多次调用之间并不是恒定不变的，所以当你看到多次调用之间的地址不同时，完全可以认为是共享对象。 + +堆栈跟踪显示，后续的调用源于 `malloc.c`，这说明内存的（取消）分配可能出了问题。 + +在源代码中，（即使没有任何 C++ 知识）你也可以看到，它试图释放一个指针，而这个指针并没有被内存管理函数返回。这导致了未定义的行为，并导致了 `SIGABRT`。 + +``` +void freeSomething(void *ptr){ + free(ptr); +} +int nTmp = 5; +int *ptrNull = &nTmp; +freeSomething(ptrNull); +``` + +systemd 的这个 `coredump` 工具可以在 `/etc/systemd/coredump.conf` 中配置。可以在 `/etc/systemd/systemd-tmpfiles-clean.timer` 中配置轮换清理转储文件。 + +你可以在其[手册页][10]中找到更多关于 `coredumpctl` 的信息。 + +### 用调试符号编译 + +打开 `Makefile` 并注释掉第 9 行的最后一部分。现在应该是这样的： + +``` +CFLAGS =-Wall -Werror -std=c++11 -g +``` + +`-g` 开关使编译器能够创建调试信息。启动应用程序，这次使用 `-c2` 开关。 + +``` +./coredump -c2 +``` + +你会得到一个浮点异常。在GDB中打开转储： + +``` +coredumpctl debug +``` + +这一次，你会直接被指向源代码中导致错误的那一行： + +``` +Reading symbols from /home/stephan/Dokumente/core_dump_example/coredump… +[New LWP 6218] +Core was generated by `./coredump -c2'. +Program terminated with signal SIGFPE, Arithmetic exception. +#0 0x0000000000401233 in zeroDivide () at main.cpp:29 +29 nRes = 5 / nDivider; +(gdb) +``` + +键入 `list` 以获得更好的源代码概览： + +``` +(gdb) list +24      int zeroDivide(){ +25          int nDivider = 5; +26          int nRes = 0; +27          while(nDivider > 0){ +28              nDivider--; +29              nRes = 5 / nDivider; +30          } +31          return nRes; +32      } +``` + +使用命令 `info locals` 从应用程序失败的时间点检索局部变量的值： + +``` +(gdb) info locals +nDivider = 0 +nRes = 5 +``` + +结合源码，可以看出，你遇到的是零除错误： + +``` +nRes = 5 / 0 +``` + +### 结论 + +了解如何处理转储文件将帮助你找到并修复应用程序中难以重现的随机错误。而如果不是你的应用程序，将核心转储转发给开发人员将帮助她或他找到并修复问题。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/linux-dump + +作者：[Stephan Avenwedde][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/hansic99 +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/find-file-linux-code_magnifying_glass_zero.png?itok=E2HoPDg0 (Magnifying glass on code) +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POSIX +[3]: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/signal.7.html +[4]: https://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_node/Program-Error-Signals.html#Program-Error-Signals +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11 +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/dump_written.png (Dump written) +[7]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[8]: https://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/ +[9]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/free.html +[10]: https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/coredumpctl.1.html From 48c1e5b0e89adef3fe2abd3ed8ae34d52446df35 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 21:52:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 026/167] APL --- sources/tech/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md b/sources/tech/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md index 2a99565d44..33c5efdf31 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 1cf60b08e5641848eed6ef93878d7ede85766755 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 23:33:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 027/167] TSL&PRF @wxy --- ...200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md | 105 ----------------- ...200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md | 106 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 106 insertions(+), 105 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md b/sources/tech/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md deleted file mode 100644 index 33c5efdf31..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,105 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (5 open source IDE tools for Java) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/7/ide-java) -[#]: author: (Daniel Oh https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh) - -5 open source IDE tools for Java -====== -Java IDE tools offer plenty of ways to create a programming environment -based on your unique needs and preferences. -![woman on laptop sitting at the window][1] - -[Java][2] frameworks make life easier for programmers by streamlining their work. These frameworks were designed and developed to run any application on any server environment; that includes dynamic behaviors in terms of parsing annotations, scanning descriptors, loading configurations, and launching the actual services on a Java virtual machine (JVM). Controlling this much scope requires more code, making it difficult to minimize memory footprint or speed up startup times for new applications. Regardless, Java consistently ranks in the top three of programming languages in use today with a community of seven to ten million developers in the [TIOBE Index][3]. - -With all that code written in Java, that means there are some great options for integrated development environments (IDE) to give developers all the tools needed to effectively write, lint, test, and run Java applications. - -Below, I introduce—in alphabetical order—my five favorite open source IDE tools to write Java and how to configure their basics. - -### BlueJ - -[BlueJ][4] provides an integrated educational Java development environment for Java beginners. It also aids in developing small-scale software using the Java Development Kit (JDK). The installation options for a variety of versions and operating systems are available [here][5]. - -Once you install the BlueJ IDE on your laptop, start a new project. Click on New Project in the Project menu then begin writing Java codes from New Class. Sample methods and skeleton codes will be generated as below: - -![BlueJ IDE screenshot][6] - -BlueJ not only provides an interactive graphical user interface (GUI) for teaching Java programming courses in schools but also allows developers to invoke functions (i.e., objects, methods, parameters) without source code compilation. - -### Eclipse - -[Eclipse][7] is one of the most famous Java IDEs based on the desktop, and it supports a variety of programming languages such as C/C++, JavaScript, and PHP. It also allows developers to add unlimited extensions from the Eclipse Marketplace for more development conveniences. [Eclipse Foundation][8] provides a Web IDE called [Eclipse Che][9] for DevOps teams to spin up an agile software development environment with hosted workspaces on multiple cloud platforms. - -[The download][10] is available here; then you can create a new project or import an existing project from the local directory. Find more Java development tips in [this article][11]. - -![Eclipse IDE screenshot][12] - -### IntelliJ IDEA - -[IntelliJ IDEA CE (Community Edition)][13] is the open source version of IntelliJ IDEA, providing an IDE for multiple programming languages (i.e., Java, Groovy, Kotlin, Rust, Scala). IntelliJ IDEA CE is also very popular for experienced developers to use for existing source refactoring, code inspections, building testing cases with JUnit or TestNG, and building codes using Maven or Ant. Downloadable binaries are available [here][14]. - -IntelliJ IDEA CE comes with some unique features; I particularly like the API tester. For example, if you implement a REST API with a Java framework, IntelliJ IDEA CE allows you to test the API's functionality via Swing GUI designer: - -![IntelliJ IDEA screenshot][15] - -IntelliJ IDEA CE is open source, but the company behind it has a commercial option. Find more differences between the Community Edition and the Ultimate [here][16]. - -### Netbeans IDE - -[NetBeans IDE][17] is an integrated Java development environment that allows developers to craft modular applications for standalone, mobile, and web architecture with supported web technologies (i.e., HTML5, JavaScript, and CSS). NetBeans IDE allows developers to set up multiple views on how to manage projects, tools, and data efficiently and helps them collaborate on software development—using Git integration—when a new developer joins the project. - -Download binaries are available [here][18] for multiple platforms (i.e., Windows, macOS, Linux). Once you install the IDE tool in your local environment, the New Project wizard helps you create a new project. For example, the wizard generates the skeleton codes (with sections to fill in like `// TODO code application logic here`) then you can add your own application codes. - -### VSCodium - -[VSCodium][19] is a lightweight, free source code editor that allows developers to install a variety of OS platforms (i.e., Windows, macOS, Linux) and is an open source alternative based on [Visual Studio Code][20]. It was also designed and developed to support a rich ecosystem for multiple programming languages (i.e., Java, C++, C#, PHP, Go, Python, .NET). For high code quality, Visual Studio Code provides debugging, intelligent code completion, syntax highlighting, and code refactoring by default. - -There are many download options available in the [repository][21]. When you run the Visual Studio Code, you can add new features and themes by clicking on the Extensions icon in the activity bar on the left side or by pressing Ctrl+Shift+X in the keyboard. For example, the Quarkus Tools for Visual Studio Code comes up when you type "quarkus" in the search box. The extension allows you to use helpful tools for [writing Java with Quarkus in VS Code][22]: - -![VSCodium IDE screenshot][23] - -### Wrapping up - -Java being one of the most widely used programming languages and environments, these five are just a fraction of the different open source IDE tools available for Java developers. It can be hard to know which is the right one to choose. As always, it depends on your specific needs and goals—what kinds of workloads (web, mobile, messaging, data transaction) you want to implement and what runtimes (local, cloud, Kubernetes, serverless) you will deploy using IDE extended features. While the wealth of options out there can be overwhelming, it does also mean that you can probably find one that suits your particular circumstances and preferences. - -Do you have a favorite open source Java IDE? Share it in the comments! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/ide-java - -作者：[Daniel Oh][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/lenovo-thinkpad-laptop-window-focus.png?itok=g0xPm2kD (young woman working on a laptop) -[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/java -[3]: https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/ -[4]: https://www.bluej.org/about.html -[5]: https://www.bluej.org/versions.html -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/5_open_source_ide_tools_to_write_java_and_how_you_begin_it.png (BlueJ IDE screenshot) -[7]: https://www.eclipse.org/ide/ -[8]: https://www.eclipse.org/ -[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/10/cloud-ide-che -[10]: https://www.eclipse.org/downloads/ -[11]: https://opensource.com/article/19/10/java-basics -[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/os_ide_2.png (Eclipse IDE screenshot) -[13]: https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/ -[14]: https://www.jetbrains.org/display/IJOS/Download -[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/os_ide_3.png (IntelliJ IDEA screenshot) -[16]: https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/features/editions_comparison_matrix.html -[17]: https://netbeans.org/ -[18]: https://netbeans.org/downloads/8.2/rc/ -[19]: https://vscodium.com/ -[20]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/open-source-alternatives-vs-code -[21]: https://github.com/VSCodium/vscodium#downloadinstall -[22]: https://opensource.com/article/20/4/java-quarkus-vs-code -[23]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/os_ide_5.png (VSCodium IDE screenshot) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md b/translated/tech/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2b6d32743f --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5 open source IDE tools for Java) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/7/ide-java) +[#]: author: (Daniel Oh https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh) + +5 个开源的 Java IDE 工具 +====== + +> Java IDE 工具提供了大量的方法来根据你的独特需求和偏好创建一个编程环境。 + +![woman on laptop sitting at the window][1] + +通过简化程序员的工作，[Java][2] 框架可以使他们的生活更加轻松。这些框架是为了在各种服务器环境上运行各种应用程序而设计开发的；这包括解析注解、扫描描述符、加载配置以及在 Java 虚拟机（JVM）上启动实际的服务等方面的动态行为。控制这么多的任务需要更多的代码，这就很难降低内存占用、加快新应用的启动时间。无论如何，据 [TIOBE 指数][3]，在当今使用的编程语言中 Java 一直排名前三，拥有着 700 万到 1000 万开发者的社区。 + +有这么多用 Java 编写的代码，这意味着有一些很好的集成开发环境（IDE）可供选择，可以为开发人员提供有效地编写、整理、测试和运行 Java 应用程序所需的所有工具。 + +下面，我将按字母顺序介绍五个我最喜欢的用于编写 Java 的开源 IDE 工具，以及如何配置它们的基本功能。 + +### BlueJ + +[BlueJ][4] 为 Java 初学者提供了一个集成的教育性 Java 开发环境。它也可以使用 Java 开发工具包（JDK）开发小型软件。各种版本和操作系统的安装方式都可以在[这里][5]找到。 + +在笔记本电脑上安装 BlueJ IDE 后，启动一个新项目，点击项目Project菜单中的新项目New Project，然后从创建一个新类New Class开始编写 Java 代码。生成的示例方法和骨架代码如下所示： + +![BlueJ IDE screenshot][6] + +BlueJ 不仅为学校的 Java 编程课的教学提供了一个交互式的图形用户界面（GUI），而且可以让开发人员在不编译源代码的情况下调用函数（即对象、方法、参数）。 + +### Eclipse + +[Eclipse][7] 是桌面计算机上最著名的 Java IDE 之一，它支持 C/C++、JavaScript 和 PHP 等多种编程语言。它还允许开发者从 Eclipse 市场中的添加无穷无尽的扩展，以获得更多的开发便利。[Eclipse 基金会][8]提供了一个名为 [Eclipse Che][9] 的 Web IDE，供 DevOps 团队在多个云平台上用托管的工作空间创建出一个敏捷软件开发环境。 + +[可以在这里下载][10]；然后你可以创建一个新的项目或从本地目录导入一个现有的项目。在[本文][11]中找到更多 Java 开发技巧。 + +![Eclipse IDE screenshot][12] + +### IntelliJ IDEA + +[IntelliJ IDEA CE（社区版）][13]是 IntelliJ IDEA 的开源版本，为 Java、Groovy、Kotlin、Rust、Scala 等多种编程语言提供了 IDE。IntelliJ IDEA CE 在有经验的开发人员中也非常受欢迎，可以用它来对现有源码进行重构、代码检查、使用 JUnit 或 TestNG 构建测试用例，以及使用 Maven 或 Ant 构建代码。可在[这里][14]下载它。 + +IntelliJ IDEA CE 带有一些独特的功能；我特别喜欢它的 API 测试器。例如，如果你用 Java 框架实现了一个 REST API，IntelliJ IDEA CE 允许你通过 Swing GUI 设计器来测试 API 的功能。 + +![IntelliJ IDEA screenshot][15] + +IntelliJ IDEA CE 是开源的，但其背后的公司也提供了一个商业的终极版。可以在[这里][16]找到社区版和终极版之间的更多差异。 + +### Netbeans IDE + +[NetBeans IDE][17] 是一个 Java 的集成开发环境，它允许开发人员利用 HTML5、JavaScript 和 CSS 等支持的 Web 技术为独立、移动和网络架构制作模块化应用程序。NetBeans IDE 允许开发人员就如何高效管理项目、工具和数据设置多个视图，并帮助他们在新开发人员加入项目时使用 Git 集成进行软件协作开发。 + +[这里][18]下载的二进制文件支持 Windows、macOS、Linux 等多个平台。在本地环境中安装了 IDE 工具后，新建项目向导可以帮助你创建一个新项目。例如，向导会生成骨架代码（有部分需要填写，如 `// TODO 代码应用逻辑在此`），然后你可以添加自己的应用代码。 + +### VSCodium + +[VSCodium][19] 是一个轻量级、自由的源代码编辑器，允许开发者在 Windows、macOS、Linux 等各种操作系统平台上安装，是基于 [Visual Studio Code][20] 的开源替代品。其也是为支持包括 Java、C++、C#、PHP、Go、Python、.NET 在内的多种编程语言的丰富生态系统而设计开发的。Visual Studio Code 默认提供了调试、智能代码完成、语法高亮和代码重构功能，以提高开发的代码质量。 + +在其[资源库][21]中有很多下载项。当你运行 Visual Studio Code 时，你可以通过点击左侧活动栏中的“扩展”图标或按下 `Ctrl+Shift+X` 键来添加新的功能和主题。例如，当你在搜索框中输入 “quarkus” 时，就会出现 Visual Studio Code 的 Quarkus 工具，该扩展允许你[在 VS Code 中使用 Quarkus 编写 Java][22]： + +![VSCodium IDE screenshot][23] + +### 总结 + +Java 作为最广泛使用的编程语言和环境之一，这五种只是 Java 开发者可以使用的各种开源 IDE 工具的一小部分。可能很难知道哪一个是正确的选择。和以往一样，这取决于你的具体需求和目标 —— 你想实现什么样的工作负载（Web、移动应用、消息传递、数据交易），以及你将使用 IDE 扩展功能部署什么样的运行时（本地、云、Kubernetes、无服务器）。虽然丰富的选择可能会让人不知所措，但这也意味着你可能可以找到一个适合你的特殊情况和偏好的选择。 + +你有喜欢的开源 Java IDE 吗？请在评论中分享吧。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/ide-java + +作者：[Daniel Oh][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/lenovo-thinkpad-laptop-window-focus.png?itok=g0xPm2kD (young woman working on a laptop) +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/java +[3]: https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/ +[4]: https://www.bluej.org/about.html +[5]: https://www.bluej.org/versions.html +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/5_open_source_ide_tools_to_write_java_and_how_you_begin_it.png (BlueJ IDE screenshot) +[7]: https://www.eclipse.org/ide/ +[8]: https://www.eclipse.org/ +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/10/cloud-ide-che +[10]: https://www.eclipse.org/downloads/ +[11]: https://opensource.com/article/19/10/java-basics +[12]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/os_ide_2.png (Eclipse IDE screenshot) +[13]: https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/ +[14]: https://www.jetbrains.org/display/IJOS/Download +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/os_ide_3.png (IntelliJ IDEA screenshot) +[16]: https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/features/editions_comparison_matrix.html +[17]: https://netbeans.org/ +[18]: https://netbeans.org/downloads/8.2/rc/ +[19]: https://vscodium.com/ +[20]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/open-source-alternatives-vs-code +[21]: https://github.com/VSCodium/vscodium#downloadinstall +[22]: https://opensource.com/article/20/4/java-quarkus-vs-code +[23]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/os_ide_5.png (VSCodium IDE screenshot) From 50914fe0aa16f93452aae35bcdd2fafcda6410ee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 22 Aug 2020 23:58:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 028/167] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-12542-1.html --- .../20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md (97%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md b/published/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md similarity index 97% rename from translated/tech/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md rename to published/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md index 2b6d32743f..39a7e37d65 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md +++ b/published/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12542-1.html) [#]: subject: (5 open source IDE tools for Java) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/7/ide-java) [#]: author: (Daniel Oh https://opensource.com/users/daniel-oh) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ > Java IDE 工具提供了大量的方法来根据你的独特需求和偏好创建一个编程环境。 -![woman on laptop sitting at the window][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202008/22/235441wnnorcvo4olasv8o.jpg) 通过简化程序员的工作，[Java][2] 框架可以使他们的生活更加轻松。这些框架是为了在各种服务器环境上运行各种应用程序而设计开发的；这包括解析注解、扫描描述符、加载配置以及在 Java 虚拟机（JVM）上启动实际的服务等方面的动态行为。控制这么多的任务需要更多的代码，这就很难降低内存占用、加快新应用的启动时间。无论如何，据 [TIOBE 指数][3]，在当今使用的编程语言中 Java 一直排名前三，拥有着 700 万到 1000 万开发者的社区。 From f2f030dfebb4e9c18c80176befa122485c432c69 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2020 03:50:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 029/167] Revert "translating by Sky0Master" This reverts commit b77b5570709eea7b980aacd42db745c1ef3d7380. --- sources/tech/20200528 4 Linux distributions for gaming.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200528 4 Linux distributions for gaming.md b/sources/tech/20200528 4 Linux distributions for gaming.md index 82271e6af5..2453d9c6a8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200528 4 Linux distributions for gaming.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200528 4 Linux distributions for gaming.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (Sky0Master) +[#]: translator: ( ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From defa792631bd87d5519e757d8c267a495a21578d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2020 05:01:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 030/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200823=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Linux=20Jargon=20Buster:=20What=20is=20Desktop=20Environment=20?= =?UTF-8?q?in=20Linux=3F?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md --- ...r- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md | 89 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 89 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..eac91181d5 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,89 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Linux Jargon Buster: What is Desktop Environment in Linux?) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/what-is-desktop-environment/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) + +Linux Jargon Buster: What is Desktop Environment in Linux? +====== + +One of the most commonly used term in desktop Linux world is Desktop Environment (DE). If you are new to Linux, you should understand this frequently used term. + +### What is Desktop Environment in Linux? + +A desktop environment is the bundle of components that provide you common graphical user interface (GUI) elements such as icons, toolbars, wallpapers, and desktop widgets. Thanks to the desktop environment, you can use Linux graphically using your mouse and keyboard like you do in Windows. + +There are several desktop environments and these desktop environments determines what your Linux system looks like and how you interact with it. + +Most of the desktop environments have their own set of integrated applications and utilities so that users get a uniform feel while using the OS. So, you get a file explorer, desktop search, menu of applications, wallpaper and screensaver utilities, text editors and more. + +Without a desktop environment, your Linux system will just have a terminal like utility and you’ll have to interact it using commands only. + +![Screenshot of GNOME Desktop Environment][1] + +### Different desktop environments in Linux + +Desktop environment is also referred as DE sometimes. + +As I mentioned earlier, there are [various desktop environments available for Linux][2]. Why so? + +Think of the desktop environments as clothes. The clothes determine what you look like. If you wear skinny jeans and flat shoes, you would look good but running or hiking in those clothes won’t be comfortable. + +Some desktop environments such as [GNOME][3] focus on a modern look and user experience while desktop like [Xfce][4] focus more on using fewer computing resources than on fancy graphics. + +![Screenshot of Xfce Desktop Environment][5] + +Your clothes depend on your need and determine your looks, the same is the case with the desktop environments. You have to decide whether you want something that looks good or something that lets your system run faster. + +Some of the [popular desktop environments][2] are: + + * GNOME – Uses plenty of system resources but gives you a modern, polished system + * Xfce – Vintage look but light on resources + * KDE – Highly customizable desktop with moderate usage of system resources + * LXDE – The entire focus is on using as few resources as possible + * Budgie – Modern looks and moderate on system resources + + + +### Linux distributions and their DE variants + +![][6] + +Same desktop environment can be available on several Linux distributions and a Linux distribution may offer several desktop environments. + +For example, Fedora and Ubuntu both use GNOME desktop by default. But both Fedora and Ubuntu offer other desktop environments. + +The beauty and flexibility of Linux is that you can install a desktop environment on any Linux distribution by yourself. But most Linux distributions save you this trouble and offer ready-to-install ISO image for different desktop environments. + +For example, [Manjaro Linux][7] uses Xfce by default but you can also download the ISO of GNOME version if you prefer using GNOME with Manjaro. + +### In the end… + +Desktop environments are crucial part of Linux desktop while Linux servers usually rely on command line interface. It’s not that you cannot install desktop environment on Linux servers but it’s an overkill and waste of important system resources which can be utilized by the applications running on the server. + +I hope you have a slightly better understanding of desktop environments in Linux now. I highly recommend reading my [explainer article on what is Linux and why there are so many Linux distributions][8]. I have a good feeling that you’ll love the analogy I have used it. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-desktop-environment/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/gnome-3-36-screenshot.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-desktop-environments/ +[3]: https://www.gnome.org/ +[4]: https://www.xfce.org/ +[5]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/Ubuntu-XFCE-Chromebook-e1451426418482-1.jpg?resize=701%2C394&ssl=1 +[6]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/what-is-desktop-environment-linux.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[7]: https://manjaro.org/ +[8]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-linux/ From 1784e467a1e33f680b6510aba0d7228bfff16309 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2020 05:01:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 031/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200822=20?= =?UTF-8?q?3=20reasons=20small=20businesses=20choose=20open=20source=20too?= =?UTF-8?q?ls=20for=20remote=20employees?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200822 3 reasons small businesses choose open source tools for remote employees.md --- ... open source tools for remote employees.md | 77 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 77 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200822 3 reasons small businesses choose open source tools for remote employees.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200822 3 reasons small businesses choose open source tools for remote employees.md b/sources/tech/20200822 3 reasons small businesses choose open source tools for remote employees.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..09d1126926 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200822 3 reasons small businesses choose open source tools for remote employees.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (3 reasons small businesses choose open source tools for remote employees) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/business-tools) +[#]: author: (Adrian Johansen https://opensource.com/users/ajohansen) + +3 reasons small businesses choose open source tools for remote employees +====== +There are plenty of open source operations tools available if you lack +the budget for premium software; here's how to evaluate your options. +![A chair in a field.][1] + +The last decade or so has seen some significant changes in how businesses operate. The expansion of accessible, affordable, connected technology has removed barriers to many resources, enabling collaboration and execution of work by nearly anyone, from nearly anywhere. Though COVID-19 has made remote operations a necessity for a lot of industries, many businesses had already begun to embrace it as a more cost-effective, agile way of working. + +That said, not every business has the budget to subscribe to premium software as a service (SaaS) to keep their remote employees productive. The good news is that open source software can be every bit as robust and intuitive as the premium options that are only available to those with plenty of capital. The key is clearly identifying what you need from those tools in order to focus your search. + +The open source community can offer some smart solutions to the challenges of remote working, and we’re going to look at a few key areas of need for businesses exploring how they can operate more effectively. + +### Flexible collaboration + +One of the primary challenges for businesses operating remotely is managing the productivity of disparate teams. Employee management can be difficult enough when everybody is in the same room, but keeping teams in close collaboration when they may be working in different cities or even different time zones requires water-tight organization. This is why open source tools that make flexible yet robust collaborations possible are on top of the list for remote teams today. + +Among the best [open source tools][2] on the market at the moment is [Taiga][3], a project management platform. It uses the card-style task organization approach, providing a board that is visible to all employees on the network and keeps leadership and team members informed about the status of individual tasks and overall project progress. Open source project management software that mimics the easy collaboration that premium services like Trello and Asana offer are increasingly popular. Many—[Odoo][4] and [OpenProject][5] among them—go further than their premium counterparts, offering integrated apps for forecasting and making it easier to share and transfer files or documents. + +When it comes to remote collaboration, effective communication tools are also a must. Team chat platforms can help to make certain that remote employees have access to leadership and other team members whenever they need assistance or clarification on tasks. The chat room nature of them also helps to build team camaraderie. [Mattermost][6] and [Rocket.Chat][7] are among the popular open source platforms that act as [effective alternatives to SaaS like Slack][8]; both have free options, public and private chat rooms, and the ability to upload and share media files. + +### User-friendliness + +There is a focus on effective user interfaces (UI) across the software industry at the moment, and this is arguably even more essential for remote teams. This is not just important for the day-to-day functionality of tools but also for ease of training. New employee onboarding can be improved by implementing a clear, fluid process that introduces new hires to the business’ core practices and tools. This means that any open source software deployed must be user-friendly enough to require minimal guidance and cause few disruptions during ramp-up. + +It certainly helps when the software itself is designed intuitively. [Drawpile][9] is an excellent example of this. [This collaborative drawing platform][10], used for team meetings and creative projects alike, uses clear icons and interfaces that are similar to popular drawing platforms like Photoshop or MSPaint. It also presents a minimalistic, functional approach to avoid overwhelming the uninitiated. When reviewing open source software, business leaders need to consider the perspective of a new user and evaluate its ease of use. + +It’s also important to take into account what instructional assets the developers have provided. Many have online manuals, though the nature of open source can mean that these frequently change and evolve over time. Some, like storage and sharing platform [Nextcloud][11], include separate training materials for users, developers, and administration. Review accessibility to concise documentation like this and ensure that it can be easily integrated, delivered, and understood during your remote employee onboarding process. + +### Security and support + +A concern for any business owner operating in digital spaces is ensuring that operations are not just efficient but secure. One of the aspects that can make premium software attractive is robust cybersecurity protocols and integrated support services. In searching for open source software, it’s important to understand the extent to which developers have put security protocols in place, and how this affects company, employee, and customer safety. + +This can be especially important when utilizing platforms that facilitate the sharing of documents and discussion of potentially sensitive company information. Many options on the market, including [Jitsi][12] and [BigBlueButton][13], are upfront about the security measures and encryptions on their software that often go beyond those on premium platforms. However, it’s equally important to make certain that employees themselves understand that their actions are as vital to security as the encryption. Be clear about what behavior can lead to phishing attacks that make the business vulnerable to two-factor authentication bypassing, and how to safely share information through activities such as dynamic linking. + +One of the most significant advantages that open source software holds over most premium products is access to a vibrant and supportive community. While there are core teams behind the software, there’s a spirit of collaboration and collective ownership to its development and continued growth. [LibreOffice][14] actively encourages its users to [help improve the product][15] through feedback and forums. This means users can often easily communicate with experts whenever issues arise and work together to solve problems, and ultimately make the product better in the future. + +### Conclusion + +Review how open source software can improve collaboration, and fit into your onboarding procedures, and examine the potential for security and community support. And by using open source, you retain control over your data, assets, and workflow. In a world that is swiftly embracing remote practices, discovering the right tools now can give you a competitive advantage. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/business-tools + +作者：[Adrian Johansen][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ajohansen +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/BIZ_WorkInPublic_4618517_1110_CS_A.png?itok=RwVrWArk (A chair in a field.) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/20/3/open-source-working-home +[3]: https://taiga.io/ +[4]: https://www.odoo.com/ +[5]: https://www.openproject.org/ +[6]: https://mattermost.com/ +[7]: https://rocket.chat/ +[8]: https://opensource.com/alternatives/slack +[9]: https://drawpile.net/ +[10]: https://opensource.com/article/20/3/drawpile +[11]: https://nextcloud.com/ +[12]: https://jitsi.org/ +[13]: https://bigbluebutton.org/ +[14]: https://www.libreoffice.org/ +[15]: https://www.libreoffice.org/community/get-involved/ From fdb7c6addfbb18334070995f1cb7d4b0288af05c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2020 05:47:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 032/167] Rename sources/tech/20200822 3 reasons small businesses choose open source tools for remote employees.md to sources/talk/20200822 3 reasons small businesses choose open source tools for remote employees.md --- ...ll businesses choose open source tools for remote employees.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20200822 3 reasons small businesses choose open source tools for remote employees.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200822 3 reasons small businesses choose open source tools for remote employees.md b/sources/talk/20200822 3 reasons small businesses choose open source tools for remote employees.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200822 3 reasons small businesses choose open source tools for remote employees.md rename to sources/talk/20200822 3 reasons small businesses choose open source tools for remote employees.md From 4957f185878c93fab7abb1e0d963fc77b1094783 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2020 06:05:54 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 033/167] PRF @geekpi --- ...- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md | 37 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 17 insertions(+), 20 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md b/translated/tech/20200526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md index 94649d97d3..9c85916414 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md @@ -1,38 +1,37 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (FreeFileSync: Open Source File Synchronization Tool) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/freefilesync/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) -FreeFileSync：开源文件同步工具 +FreeFileSync：开源的文件同步工具 ====== -_**简介：FreeFileSync 是一个开源文件夹比较和同步工具，你可以使用它将数据备份到外部磁盘、云服务（如 Google Drive）或任何其他存储路径。**_ +> FreeFileSync 是一个开源的文件夹比较和同步工具，你可以使用它将数据备份到外部磁盘、云服务（如 Google Drive）或任何其他存储路径。 -### FreeFileSync：一个免费和开源的同步工具 +### FreeFileSync：一个免费且开源的同步工具 -![][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202008/23/060523ubx28vyi8qf8sv9d.jpg) [FreeFileSync][2] 是一个令人印象深刻的开源工具，可以帮助你将数据备份到其他位置。 它们可以是外部 USB 磁盘、Google Drive 或使用 **SFTP 或 FTP** 连接到任何云存储。 -你可能之前读过我们的[如何在 Linux 上使用 Google Drive][3] 的教程。不幸的是， 没有合适的在 Linux 上原生使用 Google Drive 的 FOSS 方案。还有 [Insync][4]，但它是收费软件而非开源软件。 +你可能之前读过我们的[如何在 Linux 上使用 Google Drive][3] 的教程。不幸的是，没有合适的在 Linux 上原生使用 Google Drive 的 FOSS 方案。有个 [Insync][4]，但它是收费软件而非开源软件。 FreeFileSync 可使用 Google Drive 帐户同步文件。事实上，我用它把我的文件同步到 Google Drive 和一个单独的硬盘上。 ### FreeFileSync 的功能 -![][5] +![][1] 尽管 FreeFileSync 的 UI 看起来可能很老，但它为普通用户和高级用户提供了许多有用的功能。 -我将在此处重点介绍所有功能： +我将在此处把所有能重点介绍的功能都介绍出来： - * Parallel file copy (paid) * 跨平台支持（Windows、macOS 和 Linux） * 同步前比较文件夹 * 支持 Google Drive、[SFTP][6] 和 FTP 连接 @@ -46,8 +45,6 @@ FreeFileSync 可使用 Google Drive 帐户同步文件。事实上，我用它 * 便携式版（付费） * 并行文件复制（付费） - - 如果你看一下它提供的功能，它不仅是普通的同步工具，而且还免费提供了更多功能。 此外，为了让你了解，你还可以在同步文件之前先比较它们。例如，你可以比较文件内容/文件时间，或者简单地比较源文件夹和目标文件夹的文件大小。 @@ -58,7 +55,7 @@ FreeFileSync 可使用 Google Drive 帐户同步文件。事实上，我用它 ![][8] -但是，它也为你提供了捐赠密钥的选项，它可解锁一些特殊功能，如在同步完成时通过电子邮件通知你等。 +但是，它也为你提供了捐赠密钥的可选选项，它可解锁一些特殊功能，如在同步完成时通过电子邮件通知你等。 以下是免费版本和付费版本的不同： @@ -66,21 +63,21 @@ FreeFileSync 可使用 Google Drive 帐户同步文件。事实上，我用它 因此，大多数基本功能是免费的。高级功能主要是针对高级用户，当然，如果你想支持他们也可以。（如果你觉得它有用，请这么做）。 -此外，请注意，捐赠版单用户最多可在 3 台设备上使用。所以，这绝对不坏！ +此外，请注意，捐赠版单用户最多可在 3 台设备上使用。所以，这绝对不差！ ### 在 Linux 上安装 FreeFileSync -你可以前往它的[官方下载页面][10]，并下载 Linux 的 **tar.gz**文件。如果你喜欢，你还可以下载源码。 +你可以前往它的[官方下载页面][10]，并下载 Linux 的 tar.gz 文件。如果你喜欢，你还可以下载源码。 ![][11] 接下来，你只需解压并运行可执行文件就可以了（如上图所示） -[Download FreeFileSync][2] +- [下载 FreeFileSync][2] ### 如何开始使用 FreeFileSync？ -虽然我还没有尝试成功创建自动同步作业，但它很容易使用。 +虽然我还没有成功地尝试过创建自动同步作业，但它很容易使用。 [官方文档][12]应该足以让你获得想要的。 @@ -94,11 +91,11 @@ FreeFileSync 可使用 Google Drive 帐户同步文件。事实上，我用它 #### FreeFileSync 的同步类型 -当你选择**“更新”方式进行同步**时，它只需将新数据从源文件夹复制到目标文件夹。因此，即使你从源文件夹中删除了某些东西，它也不会在目标文件夹中被删除。 +当你选择 “更新” 的方式进行同步时，它只需将新数据从源文件夹复制到目标文件夹。因此，即使你从源文件夹中删除了某些东西，它也不会在目标文件夹中被删除。 -如果你希望目标文件夹有相同的文件副本，可以选择**“镜像”同步方式**。这样，如果你从源文件夹中删除内容，它就会从目标文件夹中删除。 +如果你希望目标文件夹有相同的文件副本，可以选择 “镜像”同步方式。这样，如果你从源文件夹中删除内容，它就会从目标文件夹中删除。 -还有一个**“双向”同步方式**，它检测源文件夹和目标文件夹的更改（而不是只监视源文件夹）。因此，如果对源/目标文件夹进行了任何更改，都将同步修改。 +还有一个 “双向” 同步方式，它检测源文件夹和目标文件夹的更改（而不是只监视源文件夹）。因此，如果对源/目标文件夹进行了任何更改，都将同步修改。 有关更高级的用法，我建议你参考[文档][12]。 @@ -119,7 +116,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/freefilesync/ 作者：[Ankush Das][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 3bf1db17d78d8746c7e0c57bde2f732ad2eb533d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2020 06:06:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 034/167] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-12543-1.html --- ...526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md b/published/20200526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20200526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md rename to published/20200526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md index 9c85916414..6c35a380e3 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md +++ b/published/20200526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12543-1.html) [#]: subject: (FreeFileSync: Open Source File Synchronization Tool) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/freefilesync/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) From 727ac7d905a32650fc42651ee15aeea90cabb838 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chenmu-kk <53132802+chenmu-kk@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2020 14:47:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 035/167] Update and rename sources/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md to translated/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md --- ...ls for building a fault-tolerant system.md | 145 ------------------ ...ls for building a fault-tolerant system.md | 140 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 140 insertions(+), 145 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md b/sources/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9db89d63ce..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,145 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( chenmu-kk ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/tools-fault-tolerant-system) -[#]: author: (Bryant Son (Red Hat, Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/brson) - -9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system -九个用来构建容错系统的开源工具 -====== - -Maximize uptime and minimize problems with these open source tools. -这些开源工具可以最大化延长运行时间并且在最大程度上减少问题。 - -![magnifying glass on computer screen, finding a bug in the code][1] - -I've always been interested in web development and software architecture because I like to see the broader picture of a working system. Whether you are building a mobile app or a web application, it has to be connected to the internet to exchange data among different modules, which means you need a web service. -我总是对web开发和软件体系结构很感兴趣，因为我喜欢看到一个工作系统的更广阔的前景。无论是构建一个移动应用程序还是一个web应用程序，都必须连接到internet才能在不同的模块中交换数据，这意味着你需要web服务。 - -If you use a cloud system as your application's backend, you can take advantage of greater computing power, as the backend service will scale horizontally and vertically and orchestrate different services. But whether or not you use a cloud backend, it's important to build a _fault-tolerant system_ —one that is resilient, stable, fast, and safe. -如果选择云系统作为应用程序的后端，则可以利用更优秀的计算能力，因为后端服务将会在水平和垂直方向上进行扩展并编排不同的服务。但无论你是否使用云后端，建造一个灵活、稳定、快速又安全的容错系统是必不可少的。 - -To understand fault-tolerant systems, let's use Facebook, Amazon, Google, and Netflix as examples. Millions and billions of users access these platforms simultaneously while transmitting enormous amounts of data via peer-to-peer and user-to-server networks, and you can be sure there are also malicious users with bad intentions, like hacking or denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. Even so, these platforms can operate 24 hours a day and 365 days a year without downtime. -要了解容错系统，让我们以脸书、亚马逊、谷歌和奈飞为例。数以亿计的用户会同时接入这些平台并通过对等网络和用户-服务器网络传输大量数据，你可以肯定这其中还存在许多的带有不法目的的恶意用户，例如黑客攻击和拒绝服务（DoS）攻击。即使如此，这些平台无需停机也可以全年无休地运转。 - -Although machine learning and smart algorithms are the backbones of these systems, the fact that they achieve consistent service without a single minute of downtime is praiseworthy. Their expensive hardware and gigantic datacenters certainly matter, but the elegant software designs supporting the services are equally important. And the fault-tolerant system is one of the principles to build such an elegant system. -尽管机器学习和智能算法是这些系统的基础，但它们实现一致服务而不需要一分钟停机的事实值得称赞。它们昂贵的硬件设备和巨大的数据中心当然十分重要，但是支持服务的精密软件设计也同样重要。而且容错系统是一个构建如此精密系统的法则之一。 - -### Two behaviors that cause problems in production - -Here's another way to think of a fault-tolerant system. When you run your application service locally, everything seems to be fine. Great! But when you promote your service to the production environment, all hell breaks loose. In a situation like this, a fault-tolerant system helps by addressing two problems: Fail-stop behavior and Byzantine behavior. - -#### Fail-stop behavior - -Fail-stop behavior is when a running system suddenly halts or a few parts of the system fail. Server downtime and database inaccessibility fall under this category. For example, in the diagram below, Service 1 can't communicate with Service 2 because Service 2 is inaccessible: - -![Fail-stop behavior due to Service 2 downtime][2] - -But the problem can also occur if there is a network problem between the services, like this: - -![Fail-stop behavior due to network failure][3] - -#### Byzantine behavior - -Byzantine behavior is when the system continuously runs but doesn't produce the expected behavior (e.g., wrong data or an invalid value). - -Byzantine failure can happen if Service 2 has corrupted data or values, even though the service looks to be operating just fine, like in this example: - -![Byzantine failure due to corrupted service][4] - -Or, there can be a malicious middleman intercepting between the services and injecting unwanted data: - -![Byzantine failure due to malicious middleman][5] - -Neither fail-stop nor Byzantine behavior is a desired situation, so we need ways to prevent or fix them. That's where fault-tolerant systems come into play. Following are eight open source tools that can help you address these problems. - -### Tools for building a fault-tolerant system - -Although building a truly practical fault-tolerant system touches upon in-depth _distributed computing theory_ and complex computer science principles, there are many software tools—many of them, like the following, open source—to alleviate undesirable results by building a fault-tolerant system. - -#### Circuit-breaker pattern: Hystrix and Resilience4j - -The [circuit-breaker pattern][6] is a technique that helps to return a prepared dummy response or a simple response when a service fails: - -![Circuit breaker pattern][7] - -Netflix's open source **[Hystrix][8]** is the most popular implementation of the circuit-breaker pattern. - -Many companies where I've worked previously are leveraging this wonderful tool. Surprisingly, Netflix announced that it will no longer update Hystrix. (Yeah, I know.) Instead, Netflix recommends using an alternative solution like [**Resilence4j**][9], which supports Java 8 and functional programming, or an alternative practice like [Adaptive Concurrency Limit][10]. - -#### Load balancing: Nginx and HaProxy - -Load balancing is one of the most fundamental concepts in a distributed system and must be present to have a production-quality environment. To understand load balancers, we first need to understand the concept of _redundancy_. Every production-quality web service has multiple servers that provide redundancy to take over and maintain services when servers go down. - -![Load balancer][11] - -Think about modern airplanes: their dual engines provide redundancy that allows them to land safely even if an engine catches fire. (It also helps that most commercial airplanes have state-of-art, automated systems.) But, having multiple engines (or servers) means that there must be some kind of scheduling mechanism to effectively route the system when something fails. - -A load balancer is a device or software that optimizes heavy traffic transactions by balancing multiple server nodes. For instance, when thousands of requests come in, the load balancer acts as the middle layer to route and evenly distribute traffic across different servers. If a server goes down, the load balancer forwards requests to the other servers that are running well. - -There are many load balancers available, but the two best-known ones are Nginx and HaProxy. - -[**Nginx**][12] is more than a load balancer. It is an HTTP and reverse proxy server, a mail proxy server, and a generic TCP/UDP proxy server. Companies like Groupon, Capital One, Adobe, and NASA use it. - -[**HaProxy**][13] is also popular, as it is a free, very fast and reliable solution offering high availability, load balancing, and proxying for TCP and HTTP-based applications. Many large internet companies, including GitHub, Reddit, Twitter, and Stack Overflow, use HaProxy. Oh and yes, Red Hat Enterprise Linux also supports HaProxy configuration. - -#### Actor model: Akka - -The [actor model][14] is a concurrency design pattern that delegates responsibility when an _actor_ , which is a primitive unit of computation, receives a message. An actor can create even more actors and delegate the message to them. - -[**Akka**][15] is one of the most well-known tools for the actor model implementation. The framework supports Java and Scala, which are both based on JVM. - -#### Asynchronous, non-blocking I/O using messaging queue: Kafka and RabbitMQ - -Multi-threaded development has been popular in the past, but this practice has been discouraged and replaced with asynchronous, non-blocking I/O patterns. For Java, this is explicitly stated in its [Enterprise Java Bean (EJB) specifications][16]: - -> "An enterprise bean must not use thread synchronization primitives to synchronize execution of multiple instances. -> -> "The enterprise bean must not attempt to manage threads. The enterprise bean must not attempt to start, stop, suspend, or resume a thread, or to change a thread's priority or name. The enterprise bean must not attempt to manage thread groups." - -Now, there are other practices like stream APIs and actor models. But messaging queues like [**Kafka**][17] and [**RabbitMQ**][18] offer the out-of-box support for asynchronous and non-blocking IO features, and they are powerful open source tools that can be replacements for threads by handling concurrent processes. - -#### Other options: Eureka and Chaos Monkey - -Other useful tools for fault-tolerant systems include monitoring tools, such as Netflix's **[Eureka][19]** , and stress-testing tools, like **[Chaos Monkey][20]**. They aim to discover potential issues earlier by testing in lower environments, like integration (INT), quality assurance (QA), and user acceptance testing (UAT), to prevent potential problems before moving to the production environment. - -* * * - -What open source tools are you using for building a fault-tolerant system? Please share your favorites in the comments. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/tools-fault-tolerant-system - -作者：[Bryant Son (Red Hat, Community Moderator)][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/brson -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/mistake_bug_fix_find_error.png?itok=PZaz3dga (magnifying glass on computer screen, finding a bug in the code) -[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/1_errordowntimeservice.jpg (Fail-stop behavior due to Service 2 downtime) -[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/2_errordowntimenetwork.jpg (Fail-stop behavior due to network failure) -[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/3_byzantinefailuremalicious.jpg (Byzantine failure due to corrupted service) -[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/4_byzantinefailuremiddleman.jpg (Byzantine failure due to malicious middleman) -[6]: https://martinfowler.com/bliki/CircuitBreaker.html -[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/5_circuitbreakerpattern.jpg (Circuit breaker pattern) -[8]: https://github.com/Netflix/Hystrix/wiki -[9]: https://github.com/resilience4j/resilience4j -[10]: https://medium.com/@NetflixTechBlog/performance-under-load-3e6fa9a60581 -[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/7_loadbalancer.jpg (Load balancer) -[12]: https://www.nginx.com -[13]: https://www.haproxy.org -[14]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor_model -[15]: https://akka.io -[16]: https://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr220/index.html -[17]: https://kafka.apache.org -[18]: https://www.rabbitmq.com -[19]: https://github.com/Netflix/eureka -[20]: https://github.com/Netflix/chaosmonkey diff --git a/translated/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md b/translated/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..46baf44c75 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( chenmu-kk ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/tools-fault-tolerant-system) +[#]: author: (Bryant Son (Red Hat, Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/brson) + +九个用来构建容错系统的开源工具 +====== + +这些开源工具可以最大化延长运行时间并且在最大程度上减少问题。 + +![magnifying glass on computer screen, finding a bug in the code][1] + +我总是对web开发和软件体系结构很感兴趣，因为我喜欢看到一个工作系统的更广阔的前景。无论是构建一个移动应用程序还是一个web应用程序，都必须连接到internet才能在不同的模块中交换数据，这意味着你需要web服务。 + + +如果选择云系统作为应用程序的后端，则可以利用更优秀的计算能力，因为后端服务将会在水平和垂直方向上进行扩展并编排不同的服务。但无论你是否使用云后端，建造一个灵活、稳定、快速又安全的容错系统是必不可少的。 + +要了解容错系统，让我们以脸书、亚马逊、谷歌和奈飞为例。数以亿计的用户会同时接入这些平台并通过对等网络和用户-服务器网络传输大量数据，你可以肯定这其中还存在许多的带有不法目的的恶意用户，例如黑客攻击和拒绝服务（DoS）攻击。即使如此，这些平台无需停机也可以全年无休地运转。 + +尽管机器学习和智能算法是这些系统的基础，但它们实现一致服务而不需要一分钟停机的事实值得称赞。它们昂贵的硬件设备和巨大的数据中心当然十分重要，但是支持服务的精密软件设计也同样重要。而且容错系统是一个构建如此精密系统的法则之一。 + +### 生产过程中导致错误的两种行为 + +这是考虑容错系统的另一种方法。当你在本地运行应用程序服务时，每件事似乎都很完美。棒极了！但当你提升服务到生产环境时，一切都会变得一团糟。在这种情况下，容错系统通过解决两个问题来提供帮助：故障停止行为和拜占庭行为。 + +#### 故障停止行为 + +故障停止行为是运行中系统突然停止运行或者系统中的某些部分发生了故障时。服务器停机时间和数据库不可访问都属于此种类型。举个例子，在下图中，由于服务2无法访问，因此服务1无法与服务2进行通信。 + +![Fail-stop behavior due to Service 2 downtime][2] + +但是，如果服务之间存在网络问题，也会出现此问题，如下图所示： + +![Fail-stop behavior due to network failure][3] + +#### 拜占庭行为 + +拜占庭行为是指系统连续运行，但并不产生预期行为(例如：错误的数据或者无效的数据)。 + +如果服务2的数据或者值已损坏则可能会发生拜占庭故障，即使服务看起来运行得很好，比如下面的例子: + +![Byzantine failure due to corrupted service][4] + +或者，可能存在恶意的中间人在服务之间拦截并注入不需要的数据： + +![Byzantine failure due to malicious middleman][5] + +故障停止和拜占庭行为都不是理想的情况，因此我们需要一些预防或修复它们的手段。这里容错系统就起作用了。以下是可以帮助你解决这些问题的8个开源工具。 + +### 构建容错系统的工具 + +尽管构建一个真正实用的容错系统涉及到深入的“分布式计算理论”和复杂的计算机科学原理，但有许多的软件工具（其中许多是开放源代码的软件）通过构建容错系统来减轻不良后果。 + +#### 断路模式：Hystrix 和Resilience4j + +[断路模式][6]是一种有助于在服务失败时返回准备好的虚拟回应或者简单回应的一种技术。 + +![Circuit breaker pattern][7] + +奈飞的开源**[Hystrix][8]** 是断路模式中最流行的应用。 + +我之前工作过的很多家公司都在用这款出色的工具。令人意外的是，奈飞宣布将不再更新Hystrix（是的，我知道）。相反，奈飞建议使用另一种支持Java8和函数式编程的[**Resilence4j**][9]之类的替代解决方案，或者类似于[Adaptive Concurrency Limit][10]的适应性解决方案。 + +#### 负载均衡：Nginx 和HaProxy + +负载均衡是分布式系统中最基本的概念之一，它必须具备生产质量的环境。要理解负载均衡器，首先我们需要明白冗余的概念。每个生产质量的web服务都有多个服务器在服务器宕机时提供冗余来接管和维持服务。 + +![Load balancer][11] + +想想现代飞机：它们的双引擎提供冗余，使它们即使在一个引擎着火的情况下也能安全的着陆。（这也有助于大多数商用飞机拥有最先进的自动化系统）。但是，拥有多引擎（或者多服务器）也意味着必须存在一些调度机制在故障时有效地对系统进行路由。 + +负载均衡器是一种通过平衡多个服务节点来优化重流量事务的设备或者软件。举个例子，当数以千计的请求涌入时，负载均衡器可以作为中间层在不同的服务期间路由和平均分配流量。如果服务器宕机，负载均衡器会将请求转发给其他运行良好的服务器。 + +有许多可用的负载均衡器，但其中最出名的两个就是Nginx 和HaProxy。 + +[**Nginx**][12]不仅仅是一个负载均衡器。它是HTTP和反向代理服务器、邮件代理服务器和通用TCP/UDP代理服务器。Groupon、Capital One、 Adobe和NASA等公司都在使用它。 + +[**HaProxy**][13] 也很受欢迎，因为它是一个免费，快且可靠的解决方案，它为基于TCP和HTTP的应用程序提供高可用性、负载平衡和代理。许多大型网络公司，包括Github、Reddit、Twitter和Stack Overflow都使用HaProxy。是的，Red Hat Enterprise Linux同样支持HaProxy设置。 + +#### 参与者模型：Akka + +[参与者模型][14] 是一种并发设计模式，当作为基本计算单位的_actor_接收到消息时，它会分派责任。一个actor可以创建更多的actor，并将消息委派给他们。 + +[**Akka**][15] 是用于actor模式实现的最著名工具之一。框架同时支持基于JVM的Java和Scala。 + +#### 使用消息队列的异步、非阻塞I/O:Kafka和RabbitMQ + +多线程开发在过去很流行，但是这种做法一直不被鼓励，取而代之的是异步的、非阻塞的I/O模式。对于Java，这一点在[EnterpriseJavaBean（EJB）规范][16]中明确说明: + +> “企业bean一定不能使用线程同步原语来同步多个实例的执行。” +> +> “企业bean不得试图去管理线程。企业bean不得试图启动、停止、挂起或恢复线程，或者去更改线程的优先级或者名称。企业bean不得试图管理线程组。” + +如今，有其他做法像流API和参与者模型。但像[**Kafka**][17] 和[**RabbitMQ**][18]之类的消息队列为异步和非阻塞IO功能提供了开箱即用的支持，同时它们也是功能强大的开源工具，通过处理并发进程可以替代线程。 + +#### 其他的选择：Eureka 和Chaos Monkey + +用于容错系统其他有用的工具包括奈飞的**[Eureka][19]** 之类的监控工具，以及像 **[Chaos Monkey][20]** 这样的压力测试工具。它们旨在通过在较低环境中的测试（像集成（INT），质量保障（QA）和用户接受测试（UAT））来早早发现潜在问题以防止在转移到生产环境之前出现潜在问题。 + +* * * + +你在使用什么开源工具来构建一个容错系统呢？请在评论中分享您的收藏夹。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/tools-fault-tolerant-system + +作者：[Bryant Son (Red Hat, Community Moderator)][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[chenmu-kk](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/brson +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/mistake_bug_fix_find_error.png?itok=PZaz3dga (magnifying glass on computer screen, finding a bug in the code) +[2]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/1_errordowntimeservice.jpg (Fail-stop behavior due to Service 2 downtime) +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/2_errordowntimenetwork.jpg (Fail-stop behavior due to network failure) +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/3_byzantinefailuremalicious.jpg (Byzantine failure due to corrupted service) +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/4_byzantinefailuremiddleman.jpg (Byzantine failure due to malicious middleman) +[6]: https://martinfowler.com/bliki/CircuitBreaker.html +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/5_circuitbreakerpattern.jpg (Circuit breaker pattern) +[8]: https://github.com/Netflix/Hystrix/wiki +[9]: https://github.com/resilience4j/resilience4j +[10]: https://medium.com/@NetflixTechBlog/performance-under-load-3e6fa9a60581 +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/7_loadbalancer.jpg (Load balancer) +[12]: https://www.nginx.com +[13]: https://www.haproxy.org +[14]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor_model +[15]: https://akka.io +[16]: https://jcp.org/aboutJava/communityprocess/final/jsr220/index.html +[17]: https://kafka.apache.org +[18]: https://www.rabbitmq.com +[19]: https://github.com/Netflix/eureka +[20]: https://github.com/Netflix/chaosmonkey From a902a2d62f436911283d7f256896471aa49ea1fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 23 Aug 2020 22:27:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 036/167] APL --- .../20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md b/sources/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md index 583c42e7e7..e9547934e8 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From bea14c381344895cb348094d90192bc8dc59cbb7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Mon, 24 Aug 2020 05:01:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 037/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200823=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Open=20organizations=20through=20the=20ages?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200823 Open organizations through the ages.md --- ...823 Open organizations through the ages.md | 69 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 69 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200823 Open organizations through the ages.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200823 Open organizations through the ages.md b/sources/tech/20200823 Open organizations through the ages.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..680cb789b5 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200823 Open organizations through the ages.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Open organizations through the ages) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/8/global-history-collaboration) +[#]: author: (Ron McFarland https://opensource.com/users/ron-mcfarland) + +Open organizations through the ages +====== +On a global timeline, extensive collaboration is still a relatively new +phenomenon. That could explain why we're still getting the hang of it. +![Alarm clocks with different time][1] + +Consider the evolution of humankind. When we do, we will recognize that _having global discussions_ and _acting on global decisions_ is a relatively new phenomenon—only 100 years old, give or take a few years. We're still learning _how_ to make global decisions and execute on them successfully. + +Yet our ability to improve those globally focused practices and skills is critical to our continued survival. And open principles will be the keys to helping us learn them—as they have been throughout history. + +In the [first part of this series][2], I reviewed four factors one might use to assess globalization, and I explained how those factors relate specifically to [open organization principles][3]. Here, I'd like to present a chronology of how those principles have influenced certain developments that have made the world feel more connected and have made _personal_ or _regional_ issues into _global_ issues. + +This work draws on research by [Jeffrey D. Sachs][4], author of the book [_The Ages of Globalization_][5]. Sachs examines globalization from the genesis of humankind and argues that globalization has improved life and prosperity through the ages. He organizes human history into seven "ages," and examines the governance structure predominant in each. That structure determines how populations interact with each other (another way of assessing how socially inclusive they are). For Sachs, that inclusiveness is directly related to per capita GDP, or productivity per person. That productivity is where prosperity (or survival) is determined. + +So let's look at the growth of globalization through the ages (I'll use Sachs' categorizations) and see where open organization principles began to take hold in early civilizations. In this piece, I'll discuss historical periods up to the beginning of the Industrial Revolution (the early 1800s). + +### The Paleolithic Age (70,000‒10,000 BCE): The hunter/gatherer setting + +According to Sachs, the history of globalization really begins at the dawn of humankind. And open organization principles are evident even then—though only in tight-knit groups of 25 to 30 members, called "bands," each very similar to "bottom-up" business teams today. Such bands resisted hierarchical organization, eventually connecting with other bands to form "clans" of around 150 people, then "mega-bands" of around 500 people, and finally to "tribes" of around 1,500 people. But these groups never let go of that "band" concept (we can observe this in ancient ruins around the globe). Bands cooperated, but interactions were relatively weak (sometimes even warlike, as bands fought to protect territory). As bands' means of survival was primarily hunting and gathering, they lived a largely nomadic lifestyle. + +### The Neolithic Age (10,000‒3,000 BCE): The ranching/farming setting + +The advent of farming and ranching, Sachs says, marked this period of globalization. During that period, major segments of the human population started establishing permanent settlements, leading to decline in the hunter and gatherer nomadic lifestyle, as agricultural developments allowed for more productivity per unit area. People could establish larger villages. With new agricultural techniques, ten individuals could survive on one square kilometer of land (compared to only one person per square kilometer of hunter/gatherers). Therefore, people were not forced to migrate to new areas to survive. Communities grew larger, and these larger communities set in motion new technical discoveries in metallurgy, the arts, numeric record keeping, ceramics, and even a writing system to record technical breakthroughs. In short, _sharing_ and _collaboration_ became keys to expanding know-how, evidence of open organization principles even tens of thousands of years ago. + +Having global discussions and acting on global decisions is a relatively new phenomenon—only 100 years old, give or take a few years. + +### The Equestrian Age (3,000‒1,000 BCE): The land travel by horse setting + +During the Neolithic Age, communities began connecting with each other using horses for transportation, giving rise to another era of globalization—what Sachs calls The Equestrian Age. Domestication of animals took place almost exclusively in Eurasia and North Africa, including the use of donkeys, cattle, camels and other animals (not just horses). That domestication was by far the most important factor in the economic development and globalization in this age. Animal husbandry was a major influence on farming, mining, manufacturing, transportation, communications, warfare tactics, and governance. As greater long-distance movement was now possible (routes were formed to and from the east and west), whole civilizations began to form. The Egyptians introduced a system of writing and documentation, as well as public administration, which unified dynasties within the region. This led to advances in scientific fields, including mathematics, astronomy, engineering, metallurgy, and medicine. + +### The Classical Age (1,000 BCE‒1500 CE): An information, documentation, learning setting + +According to Sachs, this era of globalization involves the globalization of politics—namely conquering wide regions and creating empires. This includes the empires of Assyria, Persia, Greece, Rome, India, China and later the Ottoman and Mongol empires. This age saw the spread of ideas, technology, institutional concepts, and infrastructural development on a continental scale. As a result, larger communities were developed, and there was a greater and broader level of collaboration, interaction, transparency, adaptability and inclusivity than in the past. Through interaction between empires, better methods of growing food, raising farm animals, transporting goods and fighting wars spread around the globe. Much of this knowledge spread through thousands of books published, distributed, and taught (formal, community schooling began in this era, as did several documentation practices). Global trade improved with the establishment of a navy to police and protect travel routes. Simply put, this was a setting of multinational governance with ever expanding collaboration, inclusivity, and larger community development. + +### The Ocean Age (1500‒1800 CE): The long-distance sea travel and exploration setting + +During this period of globalization, Sachs says, the Old World and the New World, isolated from each other since the Paleolithic Age, finally united through ever faster ocean-going vessels, leading to greater two-way exchange. Plants, animals—and, unfortunately, diseases and pathogens—trafficked between them. Travel from Europe to Asia (via the Cape of Good Hope) increased during this era. This age saw the rise of global capitalism, with the establishment of global-scale economic organizations, like the British East India Company (chartered in 1600) and the Dutch East India Company (chartered in 1602). Each supplied global markets with goods from remote areas. But while global trade produced great prosperity during this era, in many regions it also led to great cruelty (the exploitation of indigenous peoples, for example). + +By the 1800s, communities were interacting on a scale more global than it had ever been, and open organization principles were more influential than ever before. And yet this era still saw a significant deficit of overall inclusivity and collaboration. We should note that this era of globalization is relatively _recent_ in history when viewed on the timescale Sachs outlines in _The Ages of Globalization_. + +How did we get from there to the current age? In the next article, I'll explore those developments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/8/global-history-collaboration + +作者：[Ron McFarland][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ron-mcfarland +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/clocks_time.png?itok=_ID09GDk (Alarm clocks with different time) +[2]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/7/globalization-history-open +[3]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/resources/open-org-definition +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs +[5]: https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-ages-of-globalization/9780231193740 From 4c33499787b29bc07a8798278cb72e547da614cc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 24 Aug 2020 08:40:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 038/167] translating --- ... IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md | 53 ------------------- ... IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md | 52 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 52 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md b/sources/talk/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md deleted file mode 100644 index 5919492347..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,53 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3571415/ibm-details-next-gen-power10-processor.html) -[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) - -IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor -====== -New CPU is optimized for enterprise hybrid cloud and AI inferencing, and it features a new technology for creating petabyte-scale memory clusters. -IBM - -IBM on Monday took the wraps off its latest POWER RISC CPU family, optimized for enterprise hybrid-cloud computing and artificial intelligence (AI) inferencing, along with a number of other improvements. - -Power is the last of the Unix processors from the 1990s, when Sun Microsystems, HP, SGI, and IBM all had competing Unixes and RISC processors to go with them. Unix gave way to Linux and RISC gave way to x86, but IBM holds on. - -This is IBM's first 7-nanometer processor, and IBM claims it will deliver an up-to-three-times improvement in capacity and processor energy efficiency within the same power envelope as its POWER9 predecessor. The processor comes in a 15-core design (actually 16-cores but one is not used) and allows for single or dual chip models, so IBM can put two processors in the same form factor. Each core can have up to eight threads, and each socket supports up to 4TB of memory. - -More interesting is a new memory clustering technology called Memory Inception. This form of clustering allows the system to view memory in another physical server as though it were its own. So instead of putting a lot of memory in each box, servers can literally borrow from their neighbors when there is a spike in demand for memory. Or admins can set up one big server with lots of memory in the middle of a cluster and surround it with low-memory servers that can borrow memory as needed from the high capacity server. - -All of this is done with a latency of 50 to 100 nanoseconds. "This has been a holy grail of the industry for a while now," said William Starke, a distinguished engineer with IBM, on a video conference in advance of the announcement. "Instead of putting a lot of memory in each box, when we have a spike demand for memory I can borrow from my neighbors." - -POWER10 uses something called Open Memory Interfaces (OMI), so the server can use DDR4 now and be upgraded to DDR5 when it hits the market, and it can also use GDDR6 memory used in GPUs. In theory, POWER10 will come with 1TB/sec of memory bandwidth and 1TB/sec of SMP of bandwidth. - -The POWER10 processor has quadruple the number of AES encryption engines per core compared to the POWER9. This enables several security enhancements. First, it means full memory encryption without degradation of performance, so no intruder can scan the contents of memory. - -Second, it enables hardware and software security for containers to provide isolation. This is designed to address new security considerations associated with the higher density of containers. If a container were to be compromised, the POWER10 processor is designed to be able to prevent other containers in the same virtual machine from being affected by the same intrusion. - -Finally, the POWER10 offers in-core AI business inferencing. It achieves this through on-chip support for bfloat16 for training as well as INT8 and INT4, which are commonly used in AI inferencing. This will allow transactional workloads to add AI inferencing in their apps. IBM says the AI inferencing in POWER10 is 20 times that of POWER9. - -Not mentioned in the announcement is operating system support. POWER runs AIX, IBM's flavor of Unix, as well as Linux. That's not too surprising since the news is coming at Hot Chips, the annual semiconductor conference held every year at Stanford University. Hot Chips is focused on the latest chip advances, so software is usually left out. - -IBM generally announces new POWER processors about a year in advance of release, so there is plenty of time for an AIX update. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][1] and [LinkedIn][2] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3571415/ibm-details-next-gen-power10-processor.html - -作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[2]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/talk/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md b/translated/talk/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9e45d853c7 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md @@ -0,0 +1,52 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3571415/ibm-details-next-gen-power10-processor.html) +[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) + +IBM 详细介绍了下一代 POWER10 处理器 +====== +新的 CPU 针对企业混合云和 AI 推理进行了优化，它采用了为 PB 级内存集群开发的新技术。 + +IBM 周一公布了最新的 POWER RISC CPU 系列，该系列针对企业混合云计算和人工智能 （AI) 推理进行了优化，同时还进行了其他一些改进。 + +Power 是上世纪 90 年代最后一款 Unix 处理器，当时 Sun Microsystems、HP、SGI 和 IBM 都有用于竞争的 Unix 和 RISC 处理器与之配合。Unix 让位给了 Linux，RISC 让位给了 x86，但 IBM 坚持了下来。 + +这是 IBM 的第一款 7 纳米处理器，IBM 宣称它将在与前代 POWER9 相同的功率范围内，将容量和处理器能效提升最多三倍。该处理器采用 15 核设计(实际上是 16 核，但其中一个没有使用)，并允许采用单芯片或双芯片型号，因此 IBM 可以在同一外形尺寸中放入两个处理器。每个核心最多可以有 8个 线程，每块 CPU 最多支持 4TB 的内存。 + +更有趣的是一种名为 Memory Inception 的新内存集群技术。这种形式的集群允许系统将另一台物理服务器中的内存当作自己的内存来看待。因此，服务器不需要在每个机箱中放很多内存，而是可以在内存需求激增的时候，从邻居那里借到内存。或者，管理员可以在集群的中间设置一台拥有大量内存的服务器，并在其周围设置一些低内存服务器，这些服务器可以根据需要从大内存服务器上借用内存。 + +所有这些都是在 50 到 100 纳秒的延迟下完成的。IBM 的杰出工程师 William Starke 在宣布前的视频会议上说："这已经成为行业的圣杯了。与其在每个机箱里放很多内存，不如当我们对内存的需求激增时，我可以向邻居借。" + +POWER10 使用的是一种叫做开放内存接口 (OMI)的东西，因此服务器现在可以使用 DDR4，上市后可以升级到 DDR5，它还可以使用 GPU 中使用的 GDDR6 内存。理论上，POWER10 将具备 1TB/秒的内存带宽和 1TB/秒的 SMP 带宽。 + +与 POWER9 相比，POWER10 处理器每个核心的 AES 加密引擎数量增加了四倍。这实现了多项安全增强功能。首先，这意味着在不降低性能的情况下进行全内存加密，因此入侵者无法扫描内存内容。 + +其次，它可以为容器提供隔离的硬件和软件安全。这是为了解决高密度容器相关的安全考虑。如果一个容器被入侵，POWER10 处理器的设计能够防止同一虚拟机中的其他容器受到同样的入侵影响。 + +最后，POWER10 提供了核心内的 AI 业务推理。它通过片上支持用于训练的 bfloat16 以及 AI 推理中常用的 INT8 和 INT4 实现。这将允许事务性负载在应用中添加 AI 推理。IBM 表示，POWER10 中的 AI 推理是 POWER9 的 20 倍。 + +公告中没有提到的是操作系统支持。POWER 运行 IBM 的 Unix 分支 AIX，以及 Linux。这并不太令人惊讶，因为这个消息是在 Hot Chips 上发布的，Hot Chips 是每年在斯坦福大学举行的年度半导体会议。Hot Chips 关注的是最新的芯片进展，所以软件通常被排除在外。 + +IBM 一般会在发布前一年左右公布新的 POWER 处理器，所以有足够的时间进行 AIX 的更新。 + +加入 [Facebook][1] 和 [LinkedIn][2] 上的 Network World 社区，对热门话题进行评论。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3571415/ibm-details-next-gen-power10-processor.html + +作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[2]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From ae53927d27d2da18c11f9b5a8270a94785d69f9d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 24 Aug 2020 08:47:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 039/167] translating --- ...Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md b/sources/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md index 731fe7c436..086f64dce3 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From e2d40c4d734dedd5eabd50a7688c58d8fd106282 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 24 Aug 2020 11:06:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 040/167] TSL&PRF --- ...pt to make a font look more handwritten.md | 80 ++++++------ ...pt to make a font look more handwritten.md | 121 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 160 insertions(+), 41 deletions(-) create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md b/sources/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md index e9547934e8..c782ff2402 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md @@ -1,64 +1,62 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (An attempt to make a font look more handwritten) [#]: via: (https://jvns.ca/blog/2020/08/08/handwritten-font/) [#]: author: (Julia Evans https://jvns.ca/) -An attempt to make a font look more handwritten +一次让字体看起来更像手写体的尝试 ====== -I’m actually not super happy with the results of this experiment, but I wanted to share it anyway because it was very easy and fun to play with fonts. And somebody asked me how to do it and I told her I’d write a blog post about it :) +其实我对这个实验的结果并不是特别满意，但我还是想分享一下，因为摆弄字体是件非常简单和有趣的事情。而且有人问我怎么做，我告诉她我会写一篇博文来介绍一下 :) -### background: the original handwritten font +### 背景：原本的手写体 -Some background: I have a font of my handwriting that I’ve been use in my zines for a couple of years. I made it using a delightful app called [iFontMaker][1]. They pitch themselves on their website as “You can create your handmade typeface in less than 5 minutes just with your fingers”. In my experience the ‘5 minutes” part is pretty accurate – I might have spent more like 15 minutes. I’m skeptical of the “just your fingers” claim – I used an Apple Pencil, which has much better accuracy. But it is extremely easy to make a TTF font of your handwriting with the app and if you happen to already have an Apple Pencil and iPad I think it’s a fun way to spend $7.99. +先交代一些背景信息：我有一个我自己的手写字体，我已经在我的电子杂志中使用了好几年了。我用一个叫 [iFontMaker][1] 的令人愉快的应用程序制作了它。他们在网站上自诩为“你可以在 5 分钟内只用手指就能制作出你的手工字体”。根据我的经验，“5 分钟”的部分比较准确 —— 我可能花了更多的时间，比如 15 分钟。我对“只用手指”的说法持怀疑态度 —— 我用的是 Apple Pencil，它的精确度要好得多。但是，使用该应用程序制作你的笔迹的 TTF 字体是非常容易的，如果你碰巧已经有了 Apple Pencil 和 iPad，我认为这是一个有趣的方式，我只花了 7.99 美元。 -Here’s what my font looks like. The “CONNECT” text on the left is my actual handwriting, and the paragraph on the right is the font. There are actually 2 fonts – there’s a regular font and a handwritten “monospace” font. (which actually isn’t monospace in practice, I haven’t figured out how to make a actual monospace font in iFontMaker) +下面是我的字体的样子。左边的“CONNECT”文字是我的实际笔迹，右边的段落是字体。其实有 2 种字体 —— 有一种是普通字体，一种是手写的“等宽”字体。（其实实际并不是等宽，我还没有想好如何在 iFontMaker 中制作一个实际的等宽字体） ![][2] -### the goal: have more character variation in the font +### 目标：在字体上做更多的字符变化 -In the screenshot above, it’s pretty obvious that it’s a font and not actual handwriting. It’s easiest to see this when you have two of the same letter next to each other, like in “HTTP’. +在上面的截图中，很明显可以看出这是一种字体，而不是实际的笔迹。当你有两个相同的字母相邻时，就最容易看出来，比如“HTTP”。 -So I thought it might be fun to use some OpenType features to somehow introduce a little more variation into this font, like maybe the two Ts could be different. I didn’t know how to do this though! +所以我想，使用一些 OpenType 的功能，以某种方式为这个字体引入更多的变化，比如也许两个 “T” 可以是不同的。不过我不知道该怎么做！ -### idea from Tristan Hume: use OpenType! +### 来自 Tristan Hume 的主意：使用 OpenType！ -Then I was at !!Con 2020 in May (all the [talk recordings are here!][3]) and saw this talk by Tristan Hume about using OpenType to place commas in big numbers by using a special font. His talk and blog post are both great so here are a bunch of links – the live demo is maybe the fastest way to see his results. +然后我在 5 月份的 !!Con 2020 上（所有的[演讲录音都在这里！][3]）看到了 Tristan Hume 的这个演讲：关于使用 OpenType 通过特殊的字体将逗号插入到大的数字中。他的演讲和博文都很棒，所以这里有一堆链接 —— 下面现场演示也许是最快看到他的成果的方式。 - * a live demo: [Numderline Test][4] - * the blog post: [Commas in big numbers everywhere: An OpenType adventure][5] - * the talk: [!!Con 2020 - Using font shaping to put commas in big numbers EVERYWHERE!! by Tristan Hume][6] - * the github repo: + * 一个现场演示： [Numderline 测试][4] + * 博客文章：[将逗号插入到大的数字的各个位置：OpenType 冒险][5] + * 谈话：[!!Con 2020 - 使用字体塑型，把逗号插入到大的数字的各个位置！][6] + * GitHub 存储库： https://github.com/trishume/numderline/blob/master/patcher.py +### 基本思路：OpenType 允许你根据上下文替换字符 +我一开始对 OpenType 到底是什么非常困惑。目前我仍然不甚了然，但我知道到你可以编写极其简单的 OpenType 规则来改变字体的外观，而且你甚至不需要真正了解字体。 -### the main idea: OpenType lets you replace characters based on context - -I started out being extremely confused about what OpenType even is. I still don’t know much, but I learned that you can write extremely simple OpenType rules to change how a font looks, and you don’t even have to really understand anything about fonts. - -Here’s an example rule: +下面是一个规则示例： ``` sub a' b by other_a; ``` -What `sub a' b by other_a;` means is: If an `a` glyph is before a `b`, then replace the `a` with the glyph `other_a`. +这里 `sub a' b by other_a;` 的意思是：如果一个 `a` 字形是在一个 `b` 之前，那么替换 `a` 为字形 `other_a`。 -So this means I can make `ab` appear different from `ac` in the font. It’s not random the way handwriting is, but it does introduce a little bit of variation. +所以这意味着我可以让 `ab` 和 `ac` 在字体中出现不同的字形。这并不像手写体那样随机，但它确实引入了一点变化。 -### OpenType reference documentation: awesome +### OpenType 参考文档：真棒 -The best documentation I found for OpenType was this [OpenType™ Feature File Specification][7] reference. There are a lot of examples of cool things you can do in there, like replace “ffi” with a ligature. +我找到的最好的 OpenType 文档是这个 [OpenType™ 特性文件规范][7] 资料。里面有很多你可以做的很酷的事情的例子，比如用一个连字替换 “ffi”。 -### how to apply these rules: `fonttools` - -Adding new OpenType rules to a font is extremely easy. There’s a Python library called `fonttools`, and these 5 lines of code will apply a list of OpenType rules (in `rules.fea`) to the font file `input.ttf`. +### 如何应用这些规则：fonttools +为字体添加新的 OpenType 规则是超容易的。有一个 Python 库叫 `fonttools`，这 5 行代码会把放在 `rules.fea` 中的 OpenType 规则列表应用到字体文件 `input.ttf` 中。 + ``` from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont from fontTools.feaLib.builder import addOpenTypeFeatures @@ -68,33 +66,33 @@ addOpenTypeFeatures(ft_font, 'rules.fea', tables=['GSUB']) ft_font.save('output.ttf') ``` -`fontTools` also provides a couple of command line tools called `ttx` and `fonttools`. `ttx` converts a TTF font into an XML file, which was useful to me because I wanted to rename some glyphs in my font but did not understand anything about fonts. So I just converted my font into an XML file, used `sed` to rename the glyphs, and then used `ttx` again to convert the XML file back into a `ttf`. +`fontTools` 还提供了几个名为 `ttx` 和 `fonttools` 的命令行工具。`ttx` 可以将 TTF 字体转换为 XML 文件，这对我很有用，因为我想重新命名我的字体中的一些字形，但我对字体一无所知。所以我只是将我的字体转换为 XML 文件，使用 `sed` 重命名字形，然后再次使用 `ttx` 将 XML 文件转换回 `ttf`。 -`fonttools merge` let me merge my 3 handwriting fonts into 1 so that I had all the glyphs I needed in 1 file. +`fonttools merge` 可以让我把我的 3 个手写字体合并成 1 个，这样我就在 1 个文件中得到了我需要的所有字形。 -### the code +### 代码 -I put my extremely hacky code for doing this in a repository called [font-mixer][8]. It’s like 33 lines of code and I think it’s pretty straightforward. (it’s all in `run.sh` and `combine.py`) +我把我的极潦草的代码放在一个叫 [font-mixer][8] 的存储库里。它大概有 33 行代码，我认为它不言自明。（都在 `run.sh` 和 `combine.py` 中） -### the results +### 结果 -Here’s a small sample the old font and the new font. I don’t think the new font “feels” that much more like handwriting – there’s a little more variation, but it still doesn’t compare to actual handwritten text (at the bottom). +下面是旧字体和新字体的小样。我不认为新字体的“感觉”更像手写体 —— 有更多的变化，但还是比不上实际的手写体文字（在下面）。 -It feels a little uncanny valley to me, like it’s obviously still a font but it’s pretending to be something else. +我觉得稍微有点不可思议，它明明还是一种字体，但它却要假装成不是字体： ![][9] -And here’s a sample of the same text actually written by hand: +而这是实际手写的同样的文字的样本： ![][10] -It’s possible that the results would be better if I was more careful about how I made the 2 other handwriting fonts I mixed the original font with. +如果我在制作另外 2 种手写字体的时候，把原来的字体混合在一起，再仔细一点，可能效果会更好。 -### it’s cool that it’s so easy to add opentype rules! +### 添加 OpenType 规则这么容易，真酷！ -Mostly what was delightful to me here is that it’s so easy to add OpenType rules to change how fonts work, like you can pretty easily make a font where the word “the” is always replaced with “teh” (typos all the time!). +这里最让我欣喜的是，添加 OpenType 规则来改变字体的工作方式是如此的容易，比如你可以很容易地做出一个“the”单词总是被“teh”代替的字体（让错别字一直留着！）。 -I still don’t know how to make a more realistic handwriting font though :). I’m still using the old one (without the extra variations) and I’m pretty happy with it. +不过我还是不知道如何做出更逼真的手写字体：）。我现在还在用旧的那个字体（没有额外的变化），我对它很满意。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -102,8 +100,8 @@ via: https://jvns.ca/blog/2020/08/08/handwritten-font/ 作者：[Julia Evans][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 diff --git a/translated/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md b/translated/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e9547934e8 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md @@ -0,0 +1,121 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (An attempt to make a font look more handwritten) +[#]: via: (https://jvns.ca/blog/2020/08/08/handwritten-font/) +[#]: author: (Julia Evans https://jvns.ca/) + +An attempt to make a font look more handwritten +====== + +I’m actually not super happy with the results of this experiment, but I wanted to share it anyway because it was very easy and fun to play with fonts. And somebody asked me how to do it and I told her I’d write a blog post about it :) + +### background: the original handwritten font + +Some background: I have a font of my handwriting that I’ve been use in my zines for a couple of years. I made it using a delightful app called [iFontMaker][1]. They pitch themselves on their website as “You can create your handmade typeface in less than 5 minutes just with your fingers”. In my experience the ‘5 minutes” part is pretty accurate – I might have spent more like 15 minutes. I’m skeptical of the “just your fingers” claim – I used an Apple Pencil, which has much better accuracy. But it is extremely easy to make a TTF font of your handwriting with the app and if you happen to already have an Apple Pencil and iPad I think it’s a fun way to spend $7.99. + +Here’s what my font looks like. The “CONNECT” text on the left is my actual handwriting, and the paragraph on the right is the font. There are actually 2 fonts – there’s a regular font and a handwritten “monospace” font. (which actually isn’t monospace in practice, I haven’t figured out how to make a actual monospace font in iFontMaker) + +![][2] + +### the goal: have more character variation in the font + +In the screenshot above, it’s pretty obvious that it’s a font and not actual handwriting. It’s easiest to see this when you have two of the same letter next to each other, like in “HTTP’. + +So I thought it might be fun to use some OpenType features to somehow introduce a little more variation into this font, like maybe the two Ts could be different. I didn’t know how to do this though! + +### idea from Tristan Hume: use OpenType! + +Then I was at !!Con 2020 in May (all the [talk recordings are here!][3]) and saw this talk by Tristan Hume about using OpenType to place commas in big numbers by using a special font. His talk and blog post are both great so here are a bunch of links – the live demo is maybe the fastest way to see his results. + + * a live demo: [Numderline Test][4] + * the blog post: [Commas in big numbers everywhere: An OpenType adventure][5] + * the talk: [!!Con 2020 - Using font shaping to put commas in big numbers EVERYWHERE!! by Tristan Hume][6] + * the github repo: + + + +### the main idea: OpenType lets you replace characters based on context + +I started out being extremely confused about what OpenType even is. I still don’t know much, but I learned that you can write extremely simple OpenType rules to change how a font looks, and you don’t even have to really understand anything about fonts. + +Here’s an example rule: + +``` +sub a' b by other_a; +``` + +What `sub a' b by other_a;` means is: If an `a` glyph is before a `b`, then replace the `a` with the glyph `other_a`. + +So this means I can make `ab` appear different from `ac` in the font. It’s not random the way handwriting is, but it does introduce a little bit of variation. + +### OpenType reference documentation: awesome + +The best documentation I found for OpenType was this [OpenType™ Feature File Specification][7] reference. There are a lot of examples of cool things you can do in there, like replace “ffi” with a ligature. + +### how to apply these rules: `fonttools` + +Adding new OpenType rules to a font is extremely easy. There’s a Python library called `fonttools`, and these 5 lines of code will apply a list of OpenType rules (in `rules.fea`) to the font file `input.ttf`. + +``` +from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont +from fontTools.feaLib.builder import addOpenTypeFeatures + +ft_font = TTFont('input.ttf') +addOpenTypeFeatures(ft_font, 'rules.fea', tables=['GSUB']) +ft_font.save('output.ttf') +``` + +`fontTools` also provides a couple of command line tools called `ttx` and `fonttools`. `ttx` converts a TTF font into an XML file, which was useful to me because I wanted to rename some glyphs in my font but did not understand anything about fonts. So I just converted my font into an XML file, used `sed` to rename the glyphs, and then used `ttx` again to convert the XML file back into a `ttf`. + +`fonttools merge` let me merge my 3 handwriting fonts into 1 so that I had all the glyphs I needed in 1 file. + +### the code + +I put my extremely hacky code for doing this in a repository called [font-mixer][8]. It’s like 33 lines of code and I think it’s pretty straightforward. (it’s all in `run.sh` and `combine.py`) + +### the results + +Here’s a small sample the old font and the new font. I don’t think the new font “feels” that much more like handwriting – there’s a little more variation, but it still doesn’t compare to actual handwritten text (at the bottom). + +It feels a little uncanny valley to me, like it’s obviously still a font but it’s pretending to be something else. + +![][9] + +And here’s a sample of the same text actually written by hand: + +![][10] + +It’s possible that the results would be better if I was more careful about how I made the 2 other handwriting fonts I mixed the original font with. + +### it’s cool that it’s so easy to add opentype rules! + +Mostly what was delightful to me here is that it’s so easy to add OpenType rules to change how fonts work, like you can pretty easily make a font where the word “the” is always replaced with “teh” (typos all the time!). + +I still don’t know how to make a more realistic handwriting font though :). I’m still using the old one (without the extra variations) and I’m pretty happy with it. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://jvns.ca/blog/2020/08/08/handwritten-font/ + +作者：[Julia Evans][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://jvns.ca/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://2ttf.com/ +[2]: https://jvns.ca/images/font-sample-connect.png +[3]: http://bangbangcon.com/recordings.html +[4]: https://thume.ca/numderline/ +[5]: https://blog.janestreet.com/commas-in-big-numbers-everywhere/ +[6]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Biqm9ndNyC8 +[7]: https://adobe-type-tools.github.io/afdko/OpenTypeFeatureFileSpecification.html +[8]: https://github.com/jvns/font-mixer/ +[9]: https://jvns.ca/images/font-mixer-comparison.png +[10]: https://jvns.ca/images/handwriting-sample.jpeg From 5403d3b45ea5b73e9d4b676f81a175ee57243fa2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 24 Aug 2020 11:07:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 041/167] Rename sources/tech/20200823 Open organizations through the ages.md to sources/talk/20200823 Open organizations through the ages.md --- .../20200823 Open organizations through the ages.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20200823 Open organizations through the ages.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200823 Open organizations through the ages.md b/sources/talk/20200823 Open organizations through the ages.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200823 Open organizations through the ages.md rename to sources/talk/20200823 Open organizations through the ages.md From c71b8eab589a9bef70f3b37a26c665dddb036c2e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 24 Aug 2020 11:14:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 042/167] TSL&PRF --- ...pt to make a font look more handwritten.md | 119 ------------------ ...pt to make a font look more handwritten.md | 82 ++++++------ 2 files changed, 41 insertions(+), 160 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md b/sources/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md deleted file mode 100644 index c782ff2402..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,119 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (An attempt to make a font look more handwritten) -[#]: via: (https://jvns.ca/blog/2020/08/08/handwritten-font/) -[#]: author: (Julia Evans https://jvns.ca/) - -一次让字体看起来更像手写体的尝试 -====== - -其实我对这个实验的结果并不是特别满意，但我还是想分享一下，因为摆弄字体是件非常简单和有趣的事情。而且有人问我怎么做，我告诉她我会写一篇博文来介绍一下 :) - -### 背景：原本的手写体 - -先交代一些背景信息：我有一个我自己的手写字体，我已经在我的电子杂志中使用了好几年了。我用一个叫 [iFontMaker][1] 的令人愉快的应用程序制作了它。他们在网站上自诩为“你可以在 5 分钟内只用手指就能制作出你的手工字体”。根据我的经验，“5 分钟”的部分比较准确 —— 我可能花了更多的时间，比如 15 分钟。我对“只用手指”的说法持怀疑态度 —— 我用的是 Apple Pencil，它的精确度要好得多。但是，使用该应用程序制作你的笔迹的 TTF 字体是非常容易的，如果你碰巧已经有了 Apple Pencil 和 iPad，我认为这是一个有趣的方式，我只花了 7.99 美元。 - -下面是我的字体的样子。左边的“CONNECT”文字是我的实际笔迹，右边的段落是字体。其实有 2 种字体 —— 有一种是普通字体，一种是手写的“等宽”字体。（其实实际并不是等宽，我还没有想好如何在 iFontMaker 中制作一个实际的等宽字体） - -![][2] - -### 目标：在字体上做更多的字符变化 - -在上面的截图中，很明显可以看出这是一种字体，而不是实际的笔迹。当你有两个相同的字母相邻时，就最容易看出来，比如“HTTP”。 - -所以我想，使用一些 OpenType 的功能，以某种方式为这个字体引入更多的变化，比如也许两个 “T” 可以是不同的。不过我不知道该怎么做！ - -### 来自 Tristan Hume 的主意：使用 OpenType！ - -然后我在 5 月份的 !!Con 2020 上（所有的[演讲录音都在这里！][3]）看到了 Tristan Hume 的这个演讲：关于使用 OpenType 通过特殊的字体将逗号插入到大的数字中。他的演讲和博文都很棒，所以这里有一堆链接 —— 下面现场演示也许是最快看到他的成果的方式。 - - * 一个现场演示： [Numderline 测试][4] - * 博客文章：[将逗号插入到大的数字的各个位置：OpenType 冒险][5] - * 谈话：[!!Con 2020 - 使用字体塑型，把逗号插入到大的数字的各个位置！][6] - * GitHub 存储库： https://github.com/trishume/numderline/blob/master/patcher.py - -### 基本思路：OpenType 允许你根据上下文替换字符 - -我一开始对 OpenType 到底是什么非常困惑。目前我仍然不甚了然，但我知道到你可以编写极其简单的 OpenType 规则来改变字体的外观，而且你甚至不需要真正了解字体。 - -下面是一个规则示例： - -``` -sub a' b by other_a; -``` - -这里 `sub a' b by other_a;` 的意思是：如果一个 `a` 字形是在一个 `b` 之前，那么替换 `a` 为字形 `other_a`。 - -所以这意味着我可以让 `ab` 和 `ac` 在字体中出现不同的字形。这并不像手写体那样随机，但它确实引入了一点变化。 - -### OpenType 参考文档：真棒 - -我找到的最好的 OpenType 文档是这个 [OpenType™ 特性文件规范][7] 资料。里面有很多你可以做的很酷的事情的例子，比如用一个连字替换 “ffi”。 - -### 如何应用这些规则：fonttools - -为字体添加新的 OpenType 规则是超容易的。有一个 Python 库叫 `fonttools`，这 5 行代码会把放在 `rules.fea` 中的 OpenType 规则列表应用到字体文件 `input.ttf` 中。 - -``` -from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont -from fontTools.feaLib.builder import addOpenTypeFeatures - -ft_font = TTFont('input.ttf') -addOpenTypeFeatures(ft_font, 'rules.fea', tables=['GSUB']) -ft_font.save('output.ttf') -``` - -`fontTools` 还提供了几个名为 `ttx` 和 `fonttools` 的命令行工具。`ttx` 可以将 TTF 字体转换为 XML 文件，这对我很有用，因为我想重新命名我的字体中的一些字形，但我对字体一无所知。所以我只是将我的字体转换为 XML 文件，使用 `sed` 重命名字形，然后再次使用 `ttx` 将 XML 文件转换回 `ttf`。 - -`fonttools merge` 可以让我把我的 3 个手写字体合并成 1 个，这样我就在 1 个文件中得到了我需要的所有字形。 - -### 代码 - -我把我的极潦草的代码放在一个叫 [font-mixer][8] 的存储库里。它大概有 33 行代码，我认为它不言自明。（都在 `run.sh` 和 `combine.py` 中） - -### 结果 - -下面是旧字体和新字体的小样。我不认为新字体的“感觉”更像手写体 —— 有更多的变化，但还是比不上实际的手写体文字（在下面）。 - -我觉得稍微有点不可思议，它明明还是一种字体，但它却要假装成不是字体： - -![][9] - -而这是实际手写的同样的文字的样本： - -![][10] - -如果我在制作另外 2 种手写字体的时候，把原来的字体混合在一起，再仔细一点，可能效果会更好。 - -### 添加 OpenType 规则这么容易，真酷！ - -这里最让我欣喜的是，添加 OpenType 规则来改变字体的工作方式是如此的容易，比如你可以很容易地做出一个“the”单词总是被“teh”代替的字体（让错别字一直留着！）。 - -不过我还是不知道如何做出更逼真的手写字体：）。我现在还在用旧的那个字体（没有额外的变化），我对它很满意。 - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://jvns.ca/blog/2020/08/08/handwritten-font/ - -作者：[Julia Evans][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://jvns.ca/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://2ttf.com/ -[2]: https://jvns.ca/images/font-sample-connect.png -[3]: http://bangbangcon.com/recordings.html -[4]: https://thume.ca/numderline/ -[5]: https://blog.janestreet.com/commas-in-big-numbers-everywhere/ -[6]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Biqm9ndNyC8 -[7]: https://adobe-type-tools.github.io/afdko/OpenTypeFeatureFileSpecification.html -[8]: https://github.com/jvns/font-mixer/ -[9]: https://jvns.ca/images/font-mixer-comparison.png -[10]: https://jvns.ca/images/handwriting-sample.jpeg diff --git a/translated/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md b/translated/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md index e9547934e8..65806ecaff 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md @@ -1,64 +1,64 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (An attempt to make a font look more handwritten) [#]: via: (https://jvns.ca/blog/2020/08/08/handwritten-font/) [#]: author: (Julia Evans https://jvns.ca/) -An attempt to make a font look more handwritten +一次让字体看起来更像手写体的尝试 ====== -I’m actually not super happy with the results of this experiment, but I wanted to share it anyway because it was very easy and fun to play with fonts. And somebody asked me how to do it and I told her I’d write a blog post about it :) +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202008/24/111019lzpc280kkvlfpv1p.jpg) -### background: the original handwritten font +其实我对这个实验的结果并不是特别满意，但我还是想分享一下，因为摆弄字体是件非常简单和有趣的事情。而且有人问我怎么做，我告诉她我会写一篇博文来介绍一下 :) -Some background: I have a font of my handwriting that I’ve been use in my zines for a couple of years. I made it using a delightful app called [iFontMaker][1]. They pitch themselves on their website as “You can create your handmade typeface in less than 5 minutes just with your fingers”. In my experience the ‘5 minutes” part is pretty accurate – I might have spent more like 15 minutes. I’m skeptical of the “just your fingers” claim – I used an Apple Pencil, which has much better accuracy. But it is extremely easy to make a TTF font of your handwriting with the app and if you happen to already have an Apple Pencil and iPad I think it’s a fun way to spend $7.99. +### 背景：原本的手写体 -Here’s what my font looks like. The “CONNECT” text on the left is my actual handwriting, and the paragraph on the right is the font. There are actually 2 fonts – there’s a regular font and a handwritten “monospace” font. (which actually isn’t monospace in practice, I haven’t figured out how to make a actual monospace font in iFontMaker) +先交代一些背景信息：我有一个我自己的手写字体，我已经在我的电子杂志中使用了好几年了。我用一个叫 [iFontMaker][1] 的令人愉快的应用程序制作了它。他们在网站上自诩为“你可以在 5 分钟内只用手指就能制作出你的手工字体”。根据我的经验，“5 分钟”的部分比较准确 —— 我可能花了更多的时间，比如 15 分钟。我对“只用手指”的说法持怀疑态度 —— 我用的是 Apple Pencil，它的精确度要好得多。但是，使用该应用程序制作你的笔迹的 TTF 字体是非常容易的，如果你碰巧已经有了 Apple Pencil 和 iPad，我认为这是一个有趣的方式，我只花了 7.99 美元。 + +下面是我的字体的样子。左边的“CONNECT”文字是我的实际笔迹，右边的段落是字体。其实有 2 种字体 —— 有一种是普通字体，一种是手写的“等宽”字体。（其实实际并不是等宽，我还没有想好如何在 iFontMaker 中制作一个实际的等宽字体） ![][2] -### the goal: have more character variation in the font +### 目标：在字体上做更多的字符变化 -In the screenshot above, it’s pretty obvious that it’s a font and not actual handwriting. It’s easiest to see this when you have two of the same letter next to each other, like in “HTTP’. +在上面的截图中，很明显可以看出这是一种字体，而不是实际的笔迹。当你有两个相同的字母相邻时，就最容易看出来，比如“HTTP”。 -So I thought it might be fun to use some OpenType features to somehow introduce a little more variation into this font, like maybe the two Ts could be different. I didn’t know how to do this though! +所以我想，使用一些 OpenType 的功能，以某种方式为这个字体引入更多的变化，比如也许两个 “T” 可以是不同的。不过我不知道该怎么做！ -### idea from Tristan Hume: use OpenType! +### 来自 Tristan Hume 的主意：使用 OpenType！ -Then I was at !!Con 2020 in May (all the [talk recordings are here!][3]) and saw this talk by Tristan Hume about using OpenType to place commas in big numbers by using a special font. His talk and blog post are both great so here are a bunch of links – the live demo is maybe the fastest way to see his results. +然后我在 5 月份的 !!Con 2020 上（所有的[演讲录音都在这里！][3]）看到了 Tristan Hume 的这个演讲：关于使用 OpenType 通过特殊的字体将逗号插入到大的数字中。他的演讲和博文都很棒，所以这里有一堆链接 —— 下面现场演示也许是最快看到他的成果的方式。 - * a live demo: [Numderline Test][4] - * the blog post: [Commas in big numbers everywhere: An OpenType adventure][5] - * the talk: [!!Con 2020 - Using font shaping to put commas in big numbers EVERYWHERE!! by Tristan Hume][6] - * the github repo: + * 一个现场演示： [Numderline 测试][4] + * 博客文章：[将逗号插入到大的数字的各个位置：OpenType 冒险][5] + * 谈话：[!!Con 2020 - 使用字体塑型，把逗号插入到大的数字的各个位置！][6] + * GitHub 存储库： https://github.com/trishume/numderline/blob/master/patcher.py +### 基本思路：OpenType 允许你根据上下文替换字符 +我一开始对 OpenType 到底是什么非常困惑。目前我仍然不甚了然，但我知道到你可以编写极其简单的 OpenType 规则来改变字体的外观，而且你甚至不需要真正了解字体。 -### the main idea: OpenType lets you replace characters based on context - -I started out being extremely confused about what OpenType even is. I still don’t know much, but I learned that you can write extremely simple OpenType rules to change how a font looks, and you don’t even have to really understand anything about fonts. - -Here’s an example rule: +下面是一个规则示例： ``` sub a' b by other_a; ``` -What `sub a' b by other_a;` means is: If an `a` glyph is before a `b`, then replace the `a` with the glyph `other_a`. +这里 `sub a' b by other_a;` 的意思是：如果一个 `a` 字形是在一个 `b` 之前，那么替换 `a` 为字形 `other_a`。 -So this means I can make `ab` appear different from `ac` in the font. It’s not random the way handwriting is, but it does introduce a little bit of variation. +所以这意味着我可以让 `ab` 和 `ac` 在字体中出现不同的字形。这并不像手写体那样随机，但它确实引入了一点变化。 -### OpenType reference documentation: awesome +### OpenType 参考文档：真棒 -The best documentation I found for OpenType was this [OpenType™ Feature File Specification][7] reference. There are a lot of examples of cool things you can do in there, like replace “ffi” with a ligature. +我找到的最好的 OpenType 文档是这个 [OpenType™ 特性文件规范][7] 资料。里面有很多你可以做的很酷的事情的例子，比如用一个连字替换 “ffi”。 -### how to apply these rules: `fonttools` - -Adding new OpenType rules to a font is extremely easy. There’s a Python library called `fonttools`, and these 5 lines of code will apply a list of OpenType rules (in `rules.fea`) to the font file `input.ttf`. +### 如何应用这些规则：fonttools +为字体添加新的 OpenType 规则是超容易的。有一个 Python 库叫 `fonttools`，这 5 行代码会把放在 `rules.fea` 中的 OpenType 规则列表应用到字体文件 `input.ttf` 中。 + ``` from fontTools.ttLib import TTFont from fontTools.feaLib.builder import addOpenTypeFeatures @@ -68,33 +68,33 @@ addOpenTypeFeatures(ft_font, 'rules.fea', tables=['GSUB']) ft_font.save('output.ttf') ``` -`fontTools` also provides a couple of command line tools called `ttx` and `fonttools`. `ttx` converts a TTF font into an XML file, which was useful to me because I wanted to rename some glyphs in my font but did not understand anything about fonts. So I just converted my font into an XML file, used `sed` to rename the glyphs, and then used `ttx` again to convert the XML file back into a `ttf`. +`fontTools` 还提供了几个名为 `ttx` 和 `fonttools` 的命令行工具。`ttx` 可以将 TTF 字体转换为 XML 文件，这对我很有用，因为我想重新命名我的字体中的一些字形，但我对字体一无所知。所以我只是将我的字体转换为 XML 文件，使用 `sed` 重命名字形，然后再次使用 `ttx` 将 XML 文件转换回 `ttf`。 -`fonttools merge` let me merge my 3 handwriting fonts into 1 so that I had all the glyphs I needed in 1 file. +`fonttools merge` 可以让我把我的 3 个手写字体合并成 1 个，这样我就在 1 个文件中得到了我需要的所有字形。 -### the code +### 代码 -I put my extremely hacky code for doing this in a repository called [font-mixer][8]. It’s like 33 lines of code and I think it’s pretty straightforward. (it’s all in `run.sh` and `combine.py`) +我把我的极潦草的代码放在一个叫 [font-mixer][8] 的存储库里。它大概有 33 行代码，我认为它不言自明。（都在 `run.sh` 和 `combine.py` 中） -### the results +### 结果 -Here’s a small sample the old font and the new font. I don’t think the new font “feels” that much more like handwriting – there’s a little more variation, but it still doesn’t compare to actual handwritten text (at the bottom). +下面是旧字体和新字体的小样。我不认为新字体的“感觉”更像手写体 —— 有更多的变化，但还是比不上实际的手写体文字（在下面）。 -It feels a little uncanny valley to me, like it’s obviously still a font but it’s pretending to be something else. +我觉得稍微有点不可思议，它明明还是一种字体，但它却要假装成不是字体： ![][9] -And here’s a sample of the same text actually written by hand: +而这是实际手写的同样的文字的样本： ![][10] -It’s possible that the results would be better if I was more careful about how I made the 2 other handwriting fonts I mixed the original font with. +如果我在制作另外 2 种手写字体的时候，把原来的字体混合在一起，再仔细一点，可能效果会更好。 -### it’s cool that it’s so easy to add opentype rules! +### 添加 OpenType 规则这么容易，真酷！ -Mostly what was delightful to me here is that it’s so easy to add OpenType rules to change how fonts work, like you can pretty easily make a font where the word “the” is always replaced with “teh” (typos all the time!). +这里最让我欣喜的是，添加 OpenType 规则来改变字体的工作方式是如此的容易，比如你可以很容易地做出一个“the”单词总是被“teh”代替的字体（让错别字一直留着！）。 -I still don’t know how to make a more realistic handwriting font though :). I’m still using the old one (without the extra variations) and I’m pretty happy with it. +不过我还是不知道如何做出更逼真的手写字体：）。我现在还在用旧的那个字体（没有额外的变化），我对它很满意。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -102,8 +102,8 @@ via: https://jvns.ca/blog/2020/08/08/handwritten-font/ 作者：[Julia Evans][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e2615fbc2466d1dd02e9ae203a032ddb6c9fb149 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 24 Aug 2020 11:18:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 043/167] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-12545-1.html --- ...0200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md b/published/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md rename to published/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md index 65806ecaff..806f9caf59 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md +++ b/published/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12545-1.html) [#]: subject: (An attempt to make a font look more handwritten) [#]: via: (https://jvns.ca/blog/2020/08/08/handwritten-font/) [#]: author: (Julia Evans https://jvns.ca/) From df06217f833355ca4f8becb2c854e4d0b3faea0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 24 Aug 2020 11:49:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 044/167] PRF @geekpi --- ... IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md | 29 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md b/translated/talk/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md index 9e45d853c7..ee105a35cb 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md +++ b/translated/talk/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md @@ -1,40 +1,41 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3571415/ibm-details-next-gen-power10-processor.html) [#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) -IBM 详细介绍了下一代 POWER10 处理器 +IBM 披露了下一代 POWER10 处理器细节 ====== -新的 CPU 针对企业混合云和 AI 推理进行了优化，它采用了为 PB 级内存集群开发的新技术。 -IBM 周一公布了最新的 POWER RISC CPU 系列，该系列针对企业混合云计算和人工智能 （AI) 推理进行了优化，同时还进行了其他一些改进。 +![](https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2020/08/power-10_06-100854570-large.jpg) -Power 是上世纪 90 年代最后一款 Unix 处理器，当时 Sun Microsystems、HP、SGI 和 IBM 都有用于竞争的 Unix 和 RISC 处理器与之配合。Unix 让位给了 Linux，RISC 让位给了 x86，但 IBM 坚持了下来。 +> 新的 CPU 针对企业混合云和 AI 推断进行了优化，它采用了为 PB 级内存集群开发的新技术。 -这是 IBM 的第一款 7 纳米处理器，IBM 宣称它将在与前代 POWER9 相同的功率范围内，将容量和处理器能效提升最多三倍。该处理器采用 15 核设计(实际上是 16 核，但其中一个没有使用)，并允许采用单芯片或双芯片型号，因此 IBM 可以在同一外形尺寸中放入两个处理器。每个核心最多可以有 8个 线程，每块 CPU 最多支持 4TB 的内存。 +IBM 上周一公布了最新的 POWER RISC CPU 系列，该系列针对企业混合云计算和人工智能 （AI）推理进行了优化，同时还进行了其他一些改进。 + +Power 是上世纪 90 年代最后一款 Unix 处理器，当时 Sun Microsystems、HP、SGI 和 IBM 都有竞争性的 Unix 系统，以及与之配合的 RISC 处理器。后来，Unix 让位给了 Linux，RISC 让位给了 x86，但 IBM 坚持了下来。 + +这是 IBM 的第一款 7 纳米处理器，IBM 宣称它将在与前代 POWER9 相同的功率范围内，将容量和处理器能效提升多达三倍。该处理器采用 15 核设计（实际上是 16 核，但其中一个没有使用），并允许采用单芯片或双芯片型号，因此 IBM 可以在同一外形尺寸中放入两个处理器。每个核心最多可以有 8 个线程，每块 CPU 最多支持 4TB 的内存。 更有趣的是一种名为 Memory Inception 的新内存集群技术。这种形式的集群允许系统将另一台物理服务器中的内存当作自己的内存来看待。因此，服务器不需要在每个机箱中放很多内存，而是可以在内存需求激增的时候，从邻居那里借到内存。或者，管理员可以在集群的中间设置一台拥有大量内存的服务器，并在其周围设置一些低内存服务器，这些服务器可以根据需要从大内存服务器上借用内存。 -所有这些都是在 50 到 100 纳秒的延迟下完成的。IBM 的杰出工程师 William Starke 在宣布前的视频会议上说："这已经成为行业的圣杯了。与其在每个机箱里放很多内存，不如当我们对内存的需求激增时，我可以向邻居借。" +所有这些都是在 50 到 100 纳秒的延迟下完成的。IBM 的杰出工程师 William Starke 在宣布前的视频会议上说：“这已经成为行业的圣杯了。与其在每个机器里放很多内存，不如当我们对内存的需求激增时，我可以向邻居借。” -POWER10 使用的是一种叫做开放内存接口 (OMI)的东西，因此服务器现在可以使用 DDR4，上市后可以升级到 DDR5，它还可以使用 GPU 中使用的 GDDR6 内存。理论上，POWER10 将具备 1TB/秒的内存带宽和 1TB/秒的 SMP 带宽。 +POWER10 使用的是一种叫做开放内存接口（OMI）的东西，因此服务器现在可以使用 DDR4，上市后可以升级到 DDR5，它还可以使用 GPU 中使用的 GDDR6 内存。理论上，POWER10 将具备 1TB/秒的内存带宽和 1TB/秒的 SMP 带宽。 与 POWER9 相比，POWER10 处理器每个核心的 AES 加密引擎数量增加了四倍。这实现了多项安全增强功能。首先，这意味着在不降低性能的情况下进行全内存加密，因此入侵者无法扫描内存内容。 -其次，它可以为容器提供隔离的硬件和软件安全。这是为了解决高密度容器相关的安全考虑。如果一个容器被入侵，POWER10 处理器的设计能够防止同一虚拟机中的其他容器受到同样的入侵影响。 +其次，它可以为容器提供隔离的硬件和软件安全。这是为了解决更高密度的容器相关的行安全考虑。如果一个容器被入侵，POWER10 处理器的设计能够防止同一虚拟机中的其他容器受到同样的入侵影响。 -最后，POWER10 提供了核心内的 AI 业务推理。它通过片上支持用于训练的 bfloat16 以及 AI 推理中常用的 INT8 和 INT4 实现。这将允许事务性负载在应用中添加 AI 推理。IBM 表示，POWER10 中的 AI 推理是 POWER9 的 20 倍。 +最后，POWER10 提供了核心内的 AI 业务推断。它通过片上支持用于训练的 bfloat16 以及 AI 推断中常用的 INT8 和 INT4 实现。这将允许事务性负载在应用中添加 AI 推断。IBM 表示，POWER10 中的 AI 推断是 POWER9 的 20 倍。 -公告中没有提到的是操作系统支持。POWER 运行 IBM 的 Unix 分支 AIX，以及 Linux。这并不太令人惊讶，因为这个消息是在 Hot Chips 上发布的，Hot Chips 是每年在斯坦福大学举行的年度半导体会议。Hot Chips 关注的是最新的芯片进展，所以软件通常被排除在外。 +公告中没有提到的是对操作系统的支持。POWER 运行 IBM 的 Unix 分支 AIX，以及 Linux。这并不太令人惊讶，因为这个消息是在 Hot Chips 上发布的，Hot Chips 是每年在斯坦福大学举行的年度半导体会议。Hot Chips 关注的是最新的芯片进展，所以软件通常被排除在外。 IBM 一般会在发布前一年左右公布新的 POWER 处理器，所以有足够的时间进行 AIX 的更新。 -加入 [Facebook][1] 和 [LinkedIn][2] 上的 Network World 社区，对热门话题进行评论。 - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3571415/ibm-details-next-gen-power10-processor.html @@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3571415/ibm-details-next-gen-power10-p 作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From b32481197fa4b8c1080770e84ec99cda32b706cf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 24 Aug 2020 11:49:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 045/167] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-12546-1.html --- .../20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md b/published/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/talk/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md rename to published/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md index ee105a35cb..182beb3ff8 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md +++ b/published/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12546-1.html) [#]: subject: (IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3571415/ibm-details-next-gen-power10-processor.html) [#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) From 98b4ddc8a2ee7081e0476656ec5d3003d70c13b0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 24 Aug 2020 21:01:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 046/167] APL --- ...create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md b/sources/tech/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md index e11647620a..572b6150a6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 93ca2c586d48288e470d905955c496c58d5b6e58 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 24 Aug 2020 23:51:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 047/167] TSL&PRF --- ...tion site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md | 291 ------------------ ...tion site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md | 259 ++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 259 insertions(+), 291 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md b/sources/tech/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md deleted file mode 100644 index 572b6150a6..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,291 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/7/docsify-github-pages) -[#]: author: (Bryant Son https://opensource.com/users/brson) - -How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages -====== -Use Docsify to create documentation web pages to publish on GitHub -Pages. -![Digital creative of a browser on the internet][1] - -Documentation is an essential part of making any open source project useful to users. But it's not always developers' top priority, as they may be more focused on making their application better than on helping people use it. This is why making it easier to publish documentation is so valuable to developers. In this tutorial, I'll show you one option for doing so: combining the [Docsify][2] documentation generator with [GitHub Pages][3].  - -If you prefer to learn by video, you can access the YouTube version of this how-to: - -By default, GitHub Pages prompts users to use [Jekyll][4], a static site generator that supports HTML, CSS, and other web technologies. Jekyll generates a static website from documentation files encoded in Markdown format, which GitHub automatically recognizes due to their .md or .markdown extension. While this setup is nice, I wanted to try something else. - -Fortunately, GitHub Pages' HTML file support means you can use other site-generation tools, including Docsify, to create a website on the platform. Docsify is an MIT-Licensed open source project with [features][5] that make it easy to create an attractive advanced documentation site on GitHub Pages. - -![Docsify][6] - -(Bryant Son, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - -### Get started with Docsify - -There are two ways to install Docsify: - - 1. Docsify's command-line interface (CLI) through NPM - 2. Manually by writing your own `index.html` - - - -Docsify recommends the NPM approach, but I will use the second option. If you want to use NPM, follow the instructions in the [quick-start guide][8]. - -### Download the sample content from GitHub - -I've published this example's source code on the [project's GitHub page][9]. You can download the files individually or [clone the repo][10] with: - - -``` -`git clone https://github.com/bryantson/OpensourceDotComDemos` -``` - -Then `cd` into the DocsifyDemo directory. - -I will walk you through the cloned code from my sample repo below, so you can understand how to modify Docsify. If you prefer, you can start from scratch by creating a new `index.html` file, like in the [example][11] in Docsify's docs: - - -``` -<!-- index.html --> - -<!DOCTYPE html> -<[html][12]> -<[head][13]> -  <[meta][14] http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> -  <[meta][14] name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"> -  <[meta][14] charset="UTF-8"> -  <[link][15] rel="stylesheet" href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsify/themes/vue.css"> -</[head][13]> -<[body][16]> -  <[div][17] id="app"></[div][17]> -  <[script][18]> -    window.$docsify = { -      //... -    } -  </[script][18]> -  <[script][18] src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsify/lib/docsify.min.js"></[script][18]> -</[body][16]> -</[html][12]> -``` - -### Explore how Docsify works - -If you cloned my [GitHub repo][10] and changed into the DocsifyDemo directory, you should see a file structure like this: - -![File contents in the cloned GitHub][19] - -(Bryant Son, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - -File/Folder Name | What It Is ----|--- -index.html | The main Docsify initiation file (and the most important file) -_sidebar.md | Renders the navigation -README.md | The default Markdown file at the root of your documentation -images | Contains a sample .jpg image from the README.md -Other directories and files | Contain navigatable Markdown files - -`Index.html` is the only thing required for Docsify to work. Open the file, so you can explore the contents: - - -``` -<!-- index.html --> - -<!DOCTYPE html> -<[html][12]> -<[head][13]> -  <[meta][14] http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> -  <[meta][14] name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"> -  <[meta][14] charset="UTF-8"> -  <[link][15] rel="stylesheet" href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsify/themes/vue.css"> -  <[title][20]>Docsify Demo</[title][20]> -</[head][13]> -<[body][16]> -  <[div][17] id="app"></[div][17]> -  <[script][18]> -    window.$docsify = { -      el: "#app", -      repo: '', -      loadSidebar: true, -    } -  </[script][18]> -  <[script][18] src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsify/lib/docsify.min.js"></[script][18]> -</[body][16]> -</[html][12]> -``` - -This is essentially just a plain HTML file, but take a look at these two lines: - - -``` -<[link][15] rel="stylesheet" href="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsify/themes/vue.css"> -... SOME OTHER STUFFS ... -<[script][18] src="//cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/docsify/lib/docsify.min.js"></[script][18]> -``` - -These lines use content delivery network (CDN) URLs to serve the CSS and JavaScript scripts to transform the site into a Docsify site. As long as you include these lines, you can turn your regular GitHub page into a Docsify page. - -The first line after the `body` tag specifies what to render: - - -``` -`
` -``` - -Docsify is using the [single page application][21] (SPA) approach to render a requested page instead of refreshing an entirely new page. - -Last, look at the lines inside the `script` block: - - -``` -<[script][18]> -    window.$docsify = { -      el: "#app", -      repo: '', -      loadSidebar: true, -    } -</[script][18]> -``` - -In this block: - - * The `el` property basically says, "Hey, this is the `id` I am looking for, so locate the `id` and render it there." - - * Changing the `repo` value identifies which page users will be redirected to when they click the GitHub icon in the top-right corner. - -![GitHub icon][22] - -(Bryant Son, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - - * Setting `loadSideBar` to `true` will make Docsify look for the `_sidebar.md` file that contains your navigation links. - - - - -You can find all the options in the [Configuration][23] section of Docsify's docs. - -Next, look at the `_sidebar.md` file. Because you set the `loadSidebar` property value to `true` in `index.html`, Docsify will look for the `_sidebar.md` file and generate the navigation file from its contents. The `_sidebar.md` contents in the sample repo are: - - -``` -<!-- docs/_sidebar.md --> - -* [HOME](./) - -* [Tutorials](./tutorials/index) -  * [Tomcat](./tutorials/tomcat/index) -  * [Cloud](./tutorials/cloud/index) -  * [Java](./tutorials/java/index) - -* [About](./about/index) - -* [Contact](./contact/index) -``` - -This uses Markdown's link format to create the navigation. Note that the Tomcat, Cloud, and Java links are indented; this causes them to be rendered as sublinks under the parent link. - -Files like `README.md` and `images` pertain to the repository's structure, but all the other Markdown files are related to your Docsify webpage. - -Modify the files you downloaded however you want, based on your needs. In the next step, you will add these files to your GitHub repo, enable GitHub Pages, and finish the project. - -### Enable GitHub Pages - -Create a sample GitHub repo, then use the following GitHub commands to check, commit, and push your code: - - -``` -$ git clone LOCATION_TO_YOUR_GITHUB_REPO -$ cd LOCATION_TO_YOUR_GITHUB_REPO -$ git add . -$ git commit -m "My first Docsify!" -$ git push -``` - -Set up your GitHub Pages page. From inside your new GitHub repo, click **Settings**: - -![Settings link in GitHub][24] - -(Bryant Son, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - -Scroll down until you see **GitHub Pages**: - -![GitHub Pages settings][25] - -(Bryant Son, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - -Look for the **Source** section: - -![GitHub Pages settings][26] - -(Bryant Son, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - -Click the drop-down menu under **Source**. Usually, you will set this to the **master branch**, but you can use another branch, if you'd like: - -![Setting Source to master branch][27] - -(Bryant Son, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - -That's it! You should now have a link to your GitHub Pages page. Clicking the link will take you there, and it should render with Docsify: - -![Link to GitHub Pages docs site][28] - -(Bryant Son, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - -And it should look something like this: - -![Example Docsify site on GitHub Pages][29] - -(Bryant Son, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - -### Conclusion - -By editing a single HTML file and some Markdown text, you can create an awesome-looking documentation site with Docsify. What do you think? Please leave a comment and also share any other open source tools that can be used with GitHub Pages. - -See how Jekyll, an open source generator of static HTML files, makes running a blog as easy as... - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/docsify-github-pages - -作者：[Bryant Son][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/brson -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/browser_web_internet_website.png?itok=g5B_Bw62 (Digital creative of a browser on the internet) -[2]: https://docsify.js.org -[3]: https://pages.github.com/ -[4]: https://docs.github.com/en/github/working-with-github-pages/about-github-pages-and-jekyll -[5]: https://docsify.js.org/#/?id=features -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify1_ui.jpg (Docsify) -[7]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ -[8]: https://docsify.js.org/#/quickstart?id=quick-start -[9]: https://github.com/bryantson/OpensourceDotComDemos/tree/master/DocsifyDemo -[10]: https://github.com/bryantson/OpensourceDotComDemos -[11]: https://docsify.js.org/#/quickstart?id=manual-initialization -[12]: http://december.com/html/4/element/html.html -[13]: http://december.com/html/4/element/head.html -[14]: http://december.com/html/4/element/meta.html -[15]: http://december.com/html/4/element/link.html -[16]: http://december.com/html/4/element/body.html -[17]: http://december.com/html/4/element/div.html -[18]: http://december.com/html/4/element/script.html -[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify3_files.jpg (File contents in the cloned GitHub) -[20]: http://december.com/html/4/element/title.html -[21]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-page_application -[22]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify4_github-icon_rev_0.jpg (GitHub icon) -[23]: https://docsify.js.org/#/configuration?id=configuration -[24]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify5_githubsettings_0.jpg (Settings link in GitHub) -[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify6_githubpageconfig_rev.jpg (GitHub Pages settings) -[26]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify6_githubpageconfig_rev2.jpg (GitHub Pages settings) -[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify8_setsource_rev.jpg (Setting Source to master branch) -[28]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify9_link_rev.jpg (Link to GitHub Pages docs site) -[29]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify2_examplesite.jpg (Example Docsify site on GitHub Pages) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md b/translated/tech/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..af95cd5ecb --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md @@ -0,0 +1,259 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/7/docsify-github-pages) +[#]: author: (Bryant Son https://opensource.com/users/brson) + +如何使用 Docsify 和 GitHub Pages 创建一个文档网站 +====== + +> 使用 Docsify 创建文档网页并发布到 GitHub Pages 上。 + +![Digital creative of a browser on the internet][1] + +文档是帮助用户使用开源项目一个重要部分，但它并不总是开发人员的首要任务，因为他们可能更关注的是使他们的应用程序更好，而不是帮助人们使用它。对开发者来说，这就是为什么让发布文档变得更容易是如此有价值的原因。在本教程中，我将向你展示一个这样做的方式：将 [Docsify][2] 文档生成器与 [GitHub Pages][3] 结合起来。  + +如果你喜欢通过视频学习，可以访问 YouTube 版本的教程： + +- [video](https://youtu.be/ccA2ecqKyHo) + +默认情况下，GitHub Pages 会提示用户使用 [Jekyll][4]，这是一个支持 HTML、CSS 和其它网页技术的静态网站生成器。Jekyll 可以从以 Markdown 格式编码的文档文件中生成一个静态网站，GitHub 会自动识别它们的 `.md` 或 `.markdown` 扩展名。虽然这种设置很好，但我想尝试一下其他的东西。 + +幸运的是，GitHub Pages 支持 HTML 文件，这意味着你可以使用其他网站生成工具（比如 Docsify）在这个平台上创建一个网站。Docsify 是一个采用 MIT 许可证的开源项目，其具有可以让你在 GitHub Pages 上轻松创建一个有吸引力的先进的文档网站的[功能][5]。 + +![Docsify][6] + +### 开始使用 Docsify + +安装 Docsify 有两种方法： + + 1. 通过 NPM 安装 Docsify 的命令行界面（CLI）。 + 2. 手动编写自己的 `index.html`。 + +Docsify 推荐使用 NPM 方式，但我将使用第二种方案。如果你想使用 NPM，请按照[快速入门指南][8]中的说明进行操作。 + +### 从 GitHub 下载示例内容 + +我已经在[该项目的 GitHub 页面][9]上发布了这个例子的源代码。你可以单独下载这些文件，也可以通过以下方式[克隆这个存储库][10]。 + +``` +git clone https://github.com/bryantson/OpensourceDotComDemos +``` + +然后 `cd` 进入 `DocsifyDemo` 目录。 + +我将在下面为你介绍克隆自我的示例存储库中的代码，这样你就可以理解如何修改 Docsify。如果你愿意，你可以从头开始创建一个新的 `index.html` 文件，就像 Docsify 文档中的的[示例][11]一样： + +``` + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + + +``` + +### 探索 Docsify 如何工作 + +如果你克隆了我的 [GitHub 存储库][10]，并切换到 `DocsifyDemo` 目录下，你应该看到这样的文件结构： + +![File contents in the cloned GitHub][19] + +文件/文件夹名称 | 内容 +---|--- +`index.html` | 主要的 Docsify 初始化文件，也是最重要的文件 +`_sidebar.md` | 生成导航 +`README.md` | 你的文档根目录下的默认 Markdown 文件 +`images` | 包含 `README.md` 中的示例 .jpg 图片 +其它目录和文件 | 包含可导航的 Markdown 文件 + +`index.html` 是 Docsify 可以工作的唯一要求。打开该文件，你可以查看其内容： + +``` + + + + + + + + + + Docsify Demo + + +
+ + + + +``` + +这本质上只是一个普通的 HTML 文件，但看看这两行： + +``` + +... 一些其它内容 ... + +``` + +这些行使用内容交付网络（CDN）URL 来提供 CSS 和 JavaScript 脚本，以将网站转化为 Docsify 网站。只要你包含这些行，你就可以把你的普通 GitHub 页面变成 Docsify 页面。 + +`` 标签后的第一行指定了要渲染的内容： + +``` +
+``` + +Docsify 使用[单页应用][21]（SPA）的方式来渲染请求的页面，而不是刷新一个全新的页面。 + +最后，看看 ` +``` + +在这个块中： + + * `el` 属性基本上是说：“嘿，这就是我要找的 `id`，所以找到它并在那里呈现。” + * 改变 `repo` 值，以确定当用户点击右上角的 GitHub 图标时，会被重定向到哪个页面。 + ![GitHub icon][22] + * 将 `loadSideBar` 设置为 `true` 将使 Docsify 查找包含导航链接的 `_sidebar.md` 文件。 + +你可以在 Docsify 文档的[配置][23]部分找到所有选项。 + +接下来，看看 `_sidebar.md` 文件。因为你在 `index.html` 中设置了 `loadSidebar` 属性值为 `true`，所以 Docsify 会查找 `_sidebar.md` 文件，并根据其内容生成导航文件。示例存储库中的 `_sidebar.md` 内容是： + +``` + + + +* [HOME](./) + +* [Tutorials](./tutorials/index) + * [Tomcat](./tutorials/tomcat/index) + * [Cloud](./tutorials/cloud/index) + * [Java](./tutorials/java/index) + +* [About](./about/index) + +* [Contact](./contact/index) +``` + +这会使用 Markdown 的链接格式来创建导航。请注意 Tomcat、Cloud 和 Java 链接是缩进的；这导致它们被渲染为父链接下的子链接。 + +像 `README.md` 和 `images` 这样的文件与存储库的结构有关，但所有其它 Markdown 文件都与你的 Docsify 网页有关。 + +根据你的需求，随意修改你下载的文件。下一步，你将把这些文件添加到你的 GitHub 存储库中，启用 GitHub Pages，并完成项目。 + +### 启用 GitHub 页面 + +创建一个示例的 GitHub 存储库，然后使用以下 GitHub 命令检出、提交和推送你的代码： + +``` +$ git clone 你的 GitHub 存储库位置 +$ cd 你的 GitHub 存储库位置 +$ git add . +$ git commit -m "My first Docsify!" +$ git push +``` + +设置你的 GitHub Pages 页面。在你的新 GitHub 存储库中，点击 “Settings”： + +![Settings link in GitHub][24] + +向下滚动直到看到 “GitHub Pages”： + +![GitHub Pages settings][25] + +查找 “Source” 部分： + +![GitHub Pages settings][26] + +点击 “Source” 下的下拉菜单。通常，你会将其设置为 “master branch”，但如果你愿意，也可以使用其他分支： + +![Setting Source to master branch][27] + +就是这样！你现在应该有一个链接到你的 GitHub Pages 的页面了。点击该链接将带你到那里，然后用 Docsify 渲染： + +![Link to GitHub Pages docs site][28] + +它应该像这样： + +![Example Docsify site on GitHub Pages][29] + +### 结论 + +通过编辑一个 HTML 文件和一些 Markdown 文本，你可以用 Docsify 创建一个外观精美的文档网站。你觉得怎么样？请留言，也可以分享其他可以和 GitHub Pages 一起使用的开源工具。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/docsify-github-pages + +作者：[Bryant Son][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/brson +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/browser_web_internet_website.png?itok=g5B_Bw62 (Digital creative of a browser on the internet) +[2]: https://docsify.js.org +[3]: https://pages.github.com/ +[4]: https://docs.github.com/en/github/working-with-github-pages/about-github-pages-and-jekyll +[5]: https://docsify.js.org/#/?id=features +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify1_ui.jpg (Docsify) +[7]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[8]: https://docsify.js.org/#/quickstart?id=quick-start +[9]: https://github.com/bryantson/OpensourceDotComDemos/tree/master/DocsifyDemo +[10]: https://github.com/bryantson/OpensourceDotComDemos +[11]: https://docsify.js.org/#/quickstart?id=manual-initialization +[12]: http://december.com/html/4/element/html.html +[13]: http://december.com/html/4/element/head.html +[14]: http://december.com/html/4/element/meta.html +[15]: http://december.com/html/4/element/link.html +[16]: http://december.com/html/4/element/body.html +[17]: http://december.com/html/4/element/div.html +[18]: http://december.com/html/4/element/script.html +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify3_files.jpg (File contents in the cloned GitHub) +[20]: http://december.com/html/4/element/title.html +[21]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-page_application +[22]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify4_github-icon_rev_0.jpg (GitHub icon) +[23]: https://docsify.js.org/#/configuration?id=configuration +[24]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify5_githubsettings_0.jpg (Settings link in GitHub) +[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify6_githubpageconfig_rev.jpg (GitHub Pages settings) +[26]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify6_githubpageconfig_rev2.jpg (GitHub Pages settings) +[27]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify8_setsource_rev.jpg (Setting Source to master branch) +[28]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify9_link_rev.jpg (Link to GitHub Pages docs site) +[29]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/docsify2_examplesite.jpg (Example Docsify site on GitHub Pages) From 0349b61b3f41e9fe042433cff19b780b505d65ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 03:50:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 048/167] =?UTF-8?q?Revert=20"=E7=94=B3=E8=AF=B7=E7=BF=BB?= =?UTF-8?q?=E8=AF=91"?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit This reverts commit 6325395183e11d5bf6ad23c71bba1be000cc8dde. --- ...rise networking is changing with a work-at-home workforce.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20200401 How enterprise networking is changing with a work-at-home workforce.md b/sources/talk/20200401 How enterprise networking is changing with a work-at-home workforce.md index 90f16a742e..f87bc0a8f8 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20200401 How enterprise networking is changing with a work-at-home workforce.md +++ b/sources/talk/20200401 How enterprise networking is changing with a work-at-home workforce.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (JunJie957) +[#]: translator: ( ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 3fb98db9baefb5331b51b977561ed004b6d04eca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 05:01:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 049/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200825=20?= =?UTF-8?q?OnionShare:=20An=20Open-Source=20Tool=20to=20Share=20Files=20Se?= =?UTF-8?q?curely=20Over=20Tor=20Network?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md --- ...o Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md | 161 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 161 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md b/sources/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fda0551227 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md @@ -0,0 +1,161 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (OnionShare: An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/onionshare/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +OnionShare: An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network +====== + +_**Brief: OnionShare is a free and open-source tool that utilizes the Tor network to share files securely and anonymously.**_ + +You might have already come across a lot of online services to share files securely but it may not be completely anonymous. + +Also, you do have to rely on a centralized service to share your files and if the service decides to shut down like [Firefox Send][1] — you can’t really depend on it to safely share files all the time. + +All things considered, OnionShare is an amazing open-source tool that lets you share files using the [Tor Onion service][2]. It should be an amazing alternative to all the cloud file sharing services. + +Let’s take a look at what it offers and how it works. + +![][3] + +### OnionShare: Share files anonymously over Tor + +[OnionShare][4] is an interesting open-source tool that’s available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. + +It lets you securely share files directly from your computer to the receiver without revealing your identity in the process. You don’t have to sign up for any account — nor does it rely on any centralized storage service. + +It is basically peer-to-peer over the Tor network. The receiver only needs to have a [Tor browser][5] to download/upload files to your computer. I’d also recommend you to go through our [Tor guide][6] to explore more about it if you’re curious. + +Let’s take a look at the features. + +### Features of OnionShare + +For an average user who just wants security and anonymity, there’s no tweak required. However, you do have some advanced options if you need. + + * Cross-platform support (Windows, macOS, and Linux) + * Send files + * Receive files + * Command-line options + * Publish onion sites + * Ability to use bridges (if your tor connection isn’t working) + * Ability to use a persistent URL for sharing (advanced users) + * Stealth mode (more secure) + + + +You can go through the [official user guide][7] on GitHub to learn more about them. + +### Installing OnionShare on Linux + +You should find OnionShare listed in your software center to get it installed. If it’s not there, you can add the PPA using the commands below on Ubuntu-based distros: + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository ppa:micahflee/ppa +sudo apt update +sudo apt install -y onionshare +``` + +If you’re looking to install it on other Linux distributions, you can visit the [official website][4] for installation instructions on Fedora and build instructions as well. + +[Download OnionShare][4] + +### How does OnionShare Work? + +After you get it installed, everything is pretty self-explanatory and easy-to-use. But, if you want a heads up, let me show you how it works. + +Once, it loads up and connects to the Tor network + +#### Sharing a File + +![][8] + +You just have to add the file(s) that you want to share from your computer and then click on “**Start sharing**“. + +Once you’re done, the status at the bottom-right should say “**Sharing**” and an **OnionShare address** will be generated (copied to clipboard automatically) as shown in the image below: + +![][9] + +All the receiver needs now is the OnionShare address that should look like this: + +``` +http://onionshare:[email protected] +``` + +And, a Tor browser to start downloading the files. + +It’s worth noting that once the download completes (file transfer is done), the file sharing stops. You will also be notified of the same when that happens. + +So, if you have to share it again or with someone else, you will have to re-share it and send the new OnionShare address to the receiver. + +#### Allow Receiving Files + +If you want to generate a URL that lets someone upload files directly to your computer (be careful with whom you share it), you can just click on the **Receive Files** tab after you launch OnionShare. + +![][10] + +You just have to click on the “**Start Receive Mode**” button to get started. Next, you will get an OnionShare address (just like while sharing a file). + +The receiver has to access it using the Tor browser and start uploading files. Here’s how it should look like: + +![][11] + +Even though you will be notified of the file transfer when someone is uploading to your computer, you need to manually stop the receiving mode when you’re done. + +#### Downloading/Uploading Files + +Considering that you have a Tor browser installed, you just need to hit the OnionShare address in the URL address, confirm log in (press OK) and here’s how it should look like: + +![][12] + +Similarly, when you get an address to upload files, it should look like this: + +![][13] + +#### Publish Onion Sites + +You can simply add the files to host a static onion website if you want. Of course, just because it’s peer-to-peer connection, it’ll be very slow to load up while it transfers every file from your computer. + +![][14] + +I tried using a [free template][15] to test it out and it works great (but very slow). So, it may depend on your network connection. + +### **Wrapping Up** + +In addition to all the features mentioned above, you can also use the command line and opt for some advanced tweaks if needed. + +OnionShare is indeed an impressive open-source tool that makes it easy to share files anonymously without needing any special tweaks. + +Have you tried OnionShare yet? Is there something similar to this that you know of? Let me know in the comments below! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/onionshare/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/firefox-send/ +[2]: https://community.torproject.org/onion-services/ +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-screenshot.jpg?resize=800%2C629&ssl=1 +[4]: https://onionshare.org/ +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/install-tar-browser-linux/ +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/tor-guide/ +[7]: https://github.com/micahflee/onionshare/wiki +[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-share.png?resize=800%2C604&ssl=1 +[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-file-shared.jpg?resize=800%2C532&ssl=1 +[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-receive-files.jpg?resize=800%2C655&ssl=1 +[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-receive-mode.jpg?resize=800%2C529&ssl=1 +[12]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-download.jpg?resize=800%2C499&ssl=1 +[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-upload.jpg?resize=800%2C542&ssl=1 +[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-onion-site.jpg?resize=800%2C366&ssl=1 +[15]: https://www.styleshout.com/free-templates/kards/ From 89568dc7d3a0cc22baae01885547639c713571e8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 05:02:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 050/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200824=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Recognize=20more=20devices=20on=20Linux=20with=20this=20USB=20I?= =?UTF-8?q?D=20Repository?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200824 Recognize more devices on Linux with this USB ID Repository.md --- ...es on Linux with this USB ID Repository.md | 177 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 177 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200824 Recognize more devices on Linux with this USB ID Repository.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200824 Recognize more devices on Linux with this USB ID Repository.md b/sources/tech/20200824 Recognize more devices on Linux with this USB ID Repository.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1a5270f736 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200824 Recognize more devices on Linux with this USB ID Repository.md @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Recognize more devices on Linux with this USB ID Repository) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/usb-id-repository) +[#]: author: (Alan Formy-Duval https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss) + +Recognize more devices on Linux with this USB ID Repository +====== +An open source project contains a public repository of all known IDs +used in USB devices. +![Multiple USB plugs in different colors][1] + +There are thousands of USB devices on the market—keyboards, scanners, printers, mouses, and countless others that all work on Linux. Their vendor details are stored in the USB ID Repository. + +### lsusb + +The Linux `lsusb` command lists information about the USB devices connected to a system, but sometimes the information is incomplete. For example, I recently noticed that the brand of one of my USB devices was not recognized. the device was functional, but listing the details of my connected USB devices provided no identification information. Here is the output from my `lsusb` command: + + +``` +$ lsusb +Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub +Bus 001 Device 004: ID 046d:082c Logitech, Inc. +Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0951:16d2 Kingston Technology +Bus 001 Device 002: ID 18f8:1486   +Bus 001 Device 005: ID 051d:0002 American Power Conversion Uninterruptible Power Supply +Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub +``` + +As you can see in the last column, there is one device with no manufacturers description. To determine what the device is, I would have to do a deeper inspection of my USB device tree. Fortunately, the `lsusb` command has more options. One is `-D device`, to elicit per-device details, as the man page explains: + +> "Do not scan the /dev/bus/usb directory, instead display only information about the device whose device file is given. The device file should be something like /dev/bus/usb/001/001. This option displays detailed information like the **v** option; you must be root to do this." + +I didn't think it was easily apparent how to pass the device path to the lsusb command, but after carefully reading the man page and the initial output I was able to determine how to construct it. USB devices reside in the UDEV filesystem. Their device path begins in the USB device directory `/dev/bus/usb/`. The rest of the path is made up of the device's Bus ID and Device ID. My non-descript device is Bus 001, Device 002, which translates to 001/002, and completes the path `/dev/bus/usb/001/002`. Now I can pass this path to `lsusb`. I'll also pipe to `more` since there is often quite a lot of information there: + + +``` +$ lsusb -D /dev/bus/usb/001/002 |more +Device: ID 18f8:1486   +Device Descriptor: +  bLength                18 +  bDescriptorType         1 +  bcdUSB               1.10 +  bDeviceClass            0 (Defined at Interface level) +  bDeviceSubClass         0 +  bDeviceProtocol         0 +  bMaxPacketSize0         8 +  idVendor           0x18f8 +  idProduct          0x1486 +  bcdDevice            1.00 +  iManufacturer           0 +  iProduct                1 +  iSerial                 0 +  bNumConfigurations      1 +  Configuration Descriptor: +    bLength                 9 +    bDescriptorType         2 +    wTotalLength           59 +    bNumInterfaces          2 +    bConfigurationValue     1 +    iConfiguration          0 +    bmAttributes         0xa0 +      (Bus Powered) +      Remote Wakeup +    MaxPower              100mA +    Interface Descriptor: +      bLength                 9 +      bDescriptorType         4 +      bInterfaceNumber        0 +      bAlternateSetting       0 +      bNumEndpoints           1 +      bInterfaceClass         3 Human Interface Device +      bInterfaceSubClass      1 Boot Interface Subclass +      bInterfaceProtocol      2 Mouse +      iInterface              0 +        HID Device Descriptor: +``` + +Unfortunately, this didn't provide the detail I was hoping to find. The two fields that appear in the initial output, `idVendor` and `idProduct`, are both empty. There is some help, as scanning down a bit reveals the word **Mouse**. A-HA! So, this device is my mouse. + +## The USB ID Repository + +This made me wonder how I could populate these fields, not only for myself but also for other Linux users. It turns out there is already an open source project for this: the [USB ID Repository][2]. It is a public repository of all known IDs used in USB devices. It is also used in various programs, including the [USB Utilities][3], to display human-readable device names. + +![The USB ID Repository Site][4] + +(Alan Formy-Duval, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +You can browse the repository for particular devices either from the website or by downloading the database. Users are also welcome to submit new data. This is what I did for my mouse, which was absent. + +### Update your USB IDs + +The USB ID database is stored in a file called `usb.ids`. This location may vary depending on the Linux distribution. + +On Ubuntu 18.04, this file is located in `/var/lib/usbutils`. To update the database, use the command `update-usbids`, which you need to run with root privileges or with `sudo`: + + +``` +`$ sudo update-usbids` +``` + +If a new file is available, it will be downloaded. The current file will be backed up and replaced by the new one: + + +``` +$ ls -la +total 1148 +drwxr-xr-x  2 root root   4096 Jan 15 00:34 . +drwxr-xr-x 85 root root   4096 Nov  7 08:05 .. +-rw-r--r--  1 root root 614379 Jan  9 15:34 usb.ids +-rw-r--r--  1 root root 551472 Jan 15 00:34 usb.ids.old +``` + +Recent versions of Fedora Linux store the database file in `/usr/share/hwdata`. Also, there is no update script. Instead, the database is maintained in a package named `hwdata`. + + +``` +# dnf info hwdata + +Installed Packages +Name         : hwdata +Version      : 0.332 +Release      : 1.fc31 +Architecture : noarch +Size         : 7.5 M +Source       : hwdata-0.332-1.fc31.src.rpm +Repository   : @System +From repo    : updates +Summary      : Hardware identification and configuration data +URL          : +License      : GPLv2+ +Description  : hwdata contains various hardware identification and configuration data, +             : such as the pci.ids and usb.ids databases. +``` + +Now my USB device list shows a name next to this previously unnamed device. Compare this to the output above: + + +``` +$ lsusb +Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub +Bus 001 Device 004: ID 046d:082c Logitech, Inc. HD Webcam C615 +Bus 001 Device 003: ID 0951:16d2 Kingston Technology +Bus 001 Device 014: ID 18f8:1486 [Maxxter] +Bus 001 Device 005: ID 051d:0002 American Power Conversion Uninterruptible Power Supply +Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub +``` + +You may notice that other device descriptions change as the repository is regularly updated with new devices and details about existing ones. + +### Submit new data + +There are two ways to submit new data: by using the web interface or by emailing a specially formatted patch file. Before I began, I read through the submission guidelines. First, I had to register an account, and then I needed to use the project's submission system to provide my mouse's ID and name. The process is the same for adding any USB device. + +Have you used the USB ID Repository? If so, please share your reaction in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/usb-id-repository + +作者：[Alan Formy-Duval][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/usb-hardware.png?itok=ROPtNZ5V (Multiple USB plugs in different colors) +[2]: http://www.linux-usb.org/usb-ids.html +[3]: https://sourceforge.net/projects/linux-usb/files/ +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/theusbidrepositorysite.png (The USB ID Repository Site) +[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ From 183b37b169275bac1de7cf60ce67f6d31008537f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 05:02:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 051/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200824=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Origin=20stories=20about=20Unix?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md --- .../20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md | 75 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 75 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md b/sources/tech/20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fa40a70345 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Origin stories about Unix) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/unix-history) +[#]: author: (Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall) + +Origin stories about Unix +====== +Brian Kernighan, one of the original Unix gurus, shares his insights +into the origins of Unix and its associated technology. +![Old UNIX computer][1] + +Brian W. Kernighan opens his book _Unix: A History and a Memoir_ with the line, "To understand how Unix happened, we have to understand Bell Labs, especially how it worked and the creative environment that it provided." And so begins a wonderful trip back in time, following the creation and development of early Unix with someone who was there. + +You may recognize Brian Kernighan's name. He is the "K" in [AWK][2], the "K" in "K&R C" (he co-wrote the original "Kernighan and Ritchie" book about the C programming language), and he has authored and co-authored many books about Unix and technology. On my own bookshelf, I can find several of Kernighan's books, including _The Unix Programming Environment_ (with Rob Pike), _The AWK Programming Language_ (with Alfred Aho and Peter J. Weinberger), and _The C Programming Language_ (with Dennis M. Ritchie). And of course, his latest entry, _Unix: A History and a Memoir_. + +I interviewed Brian about this most recent book. I think we spent equal amounts of time discussing the book as we did reminiscing about Unix and groff. Below are a few highlights of our conversation: + +### JH: What prompted you to write this book? + +BWK: I thought it would be nice to have a history of what happened at Bell Labs. Jon Gertner wrote a book, _The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation_, that described the physical science work at Bell Labs. This was an authoritative work, very technical, and not something that I could do, but it was kind of the inspiration for this book. + +There's also a book by James Gleick, _The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood_, that isn't specific to Bell Labs, but it's very interesting. That was kind of an inspiration for this, too. + +I originally wanted to write an academic history of the Labs, but I realized it was better to write something based on my own memories and the memories of those who were there at the time. So that's where the book came from. + +### JH: What are a few stories from the book you'd like people to read about? + +BWK: I think there are really two stories I'd like people to know about, and both of them are origin myths. I heard them afresh when Ken Thompson and I were at the [Vintage Computer Festival about a year ago][3]. + +One is the origin of Unix itself—how Bonnie, Ken's wife, went off on vacation for three weeks, just at the time that Ken thought he was about three weeks away from having a complete operating system. This was, of course, due to Ken's very competent programming abilities, and it was incredible he was able to pull it off. It was written entirely in Assembly and was really amazing work. + +[Note: This story starts on page 33 in the book. I'll briefly relate it here. Thompson was working on "a disk scheduling algorithm that would try to maximize throughput on any disk," but particularly the PDP-7's very tall single-platter disk drive. In testing the algorithm, Thompson realized, "I was three weeks from an operating system." He broke down his work into three units—an editor, an assembler, and a kernel—and wrote one per week. And about that time, Bonnie took their son to visit Ken's parents in California, so Thompson had those three weeks to work undisturbed.] + +And then there's the origin story for `grep`. Over the years, I'd gotten the story slightly wrong—I thought Ken had written `grep` entirely on demand. It was classic Ken that he had a great idea, a neat idea, a clean idea, and he was able to write it very quickly. Regular expressions (regex) were already present in the text editor, so really, he just pulled regex from the editor and turned it into a program. + +[Note: This story starts on page 70 in the book. Doug McIlroy said, "Wouldn't it be great if we could look for things in files?" Thompson replied, "Let me think about it overnight," and the next morning presented McIlroy with the `grep` program he'd written.] + +### JH: What other stories did you not get to tell in the book? + +BWK: I immediately think of the "Peter Weinberger's face" story! There were a lot of pranks based on having a picture of Peter's face pop up in random places. Someone attached a picture of Peter with magnets to the metal wall of a stairway. And there was a meeting once where Peter was up in front, not in the audience. And while he was talking, everyone in the audience held up a mask that had Peter's face printed on it.  + +[Note: The "Peter Weinberger's face" story starts on page 47 in the book. Spinroot also has an [archive of the prank][4] with examples.] + +I talked to a lot of people from the Labs about the book. I would email people, and I would receive long replies with more stories than I could fit into the length or the narrative. Honestly, there's probably a whole other book that someone else could write just based on those stories. It's amazing how many people come forward with stories about Unix and running Unix on systems I haven't even heard of. + +## A fantastic read + +_Unix: A History and a Memoir_ is well-titled. Throughout the book, Kernighan shares details on the rich history of Unix, including background on Bell Labs, the spark of Unix with CTSS and Multics in 1969, and the first edition in 1971. Kernighan also provides his own reflection on how Unix came to be such a dominant platform, including notes on portability, Unix tools, the Unix Wars, and Unix descendants such as Minix, Linux, BSD, and Plan9. You will also find nuggets of information and great stories that fill in details around some of the everyday features of Unix. + +At just over 180 pages, _Unix: A History and a Memoir_ is a fantastic read. If you are a fan of Linux, or any open source Unix, including the BSD versions, you will want to read this book. + +_Unix: A History and a Memoir_ is available on [Amazon][5] in paperback and e-book formats. Published by Kindle Direct Publishing, October 2019. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/unix-history + +作者：[Jim Hall][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/retro_old_unix_computer.png?itok=SYAb2xoW (Old UNIX computer) +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-awk +[3]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EY6q5dv_B-o +[4]: https://spinroot.com/pico/pjw.html +[5]: https://www.amazon.com/dp/1695978552 From a977d2271718d71db8a35a6fd8fbe3e7fee7ef14 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 05:02:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 052/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200825=20?= =?UTF-8?q?11=20ways=20to=20list=20and=20sort=20files=20on=20Linux?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md --- ...11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md | 212 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 212 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6a30175b08 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,212 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (11 ways to list and sort files on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572590/11-ways-to-list-and-sort-files-on-linux.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +11 ways to list and sort files on Linux +====== +Linux commands can provide details on files and show options for customizing file listings, but can also reach as deeply into a file system as you care to look. +Thinkstock + +There are many ways to list files and display information about them on Linux systems. This post reviews a number of commands that provide details on files and provides options for customizing your file listings to meet your needs. + +Most of the commands list files within individual directories while others reach as deeply into a file system as you care to look. + +The primary command for listing files is, of course, **ls**. This command, however, has an extensive number of options for finding and listing just the files you want to see. Plus, there's always **find** for helping with very specific file searches. + +### Listing files by name + +The easiest way to list files by name is simply to list them using the **ls** command. Listing files by name (alphanumeric order) is, after all, the default. You can choose the **ls** (no details) or **ls -l** (lots of details) to determine your view. + +``` +$ ls | head -6 +8pgs.pdf +Aesthetics_Thank_You.pdf +alien.pdf +Annual_Meeting_Agenda-20190602.pdf +bigfile.bz2 +bin +$ ls -l | head -6 +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 10886 Mar 22 2019 8pgs.pdf +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 284003 May 11 2019 Aesthetics_Thank_You.pdf +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 38282 Jan 24 2019 alien.pdf +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 97358 May 19 2019 Annual_Meeting_20190602.pdf +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 18115234 Apr 16 17:36 bigfile.bz2 +drwxrwxr-x 4 shs shs 8052736 Jul 10 13:17 bin +``` + +Pipe the output of **ls** to the **more** command if you want to review your listing a screenful at a time. + +### Listing files in reverse name order + +To reverse the listing of files by name, add the **-r** (reverse) option. This will be like turning the normal listing upside down. + +``` +$ ls -r +$ ls -lr +``` + +### Listing files by file extension + +The **ls** command doesn’t analyze file types by content, but works with file names. There is, however, a command option that can list files by extension. If you add the **-X** option, **ls** will sort files by name within each extension category. For example, it will list files without extensions first (in alphanumeric order) followed by files with extensions like .1, .bz2, .c and so on. + +### Listing directories only + +By default, the **ls** command will show both files and directories. If you want to list _only_ directories, you can use the **-d** option. You will get a listing like this one: + +``` +$ ls -d */ +1/ backups/ modules/ projects/ templates/ +2/ html/ patches/ public/ videos/ +bin/ new/ private/ save/ +``` + +### Listing files by size + +If you want to list files in size order, add the **-S** option. Note, however, that this won't actually show you the sizes (along with other file details) unless you also add the **-l** (long listing) option. When listing files by size, it's generally helpful to see that the command is doing what you asked. Notice that the default is to show the largest files first. Add the **-r** option to reverse this (i.e., **ls -lSr**). + +``` +$ ls -lS +total 959492 +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 357679381 Sep 19 2019 sav-linux-free-9.tgz +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 103270400 Apr 16 17:38 bigfile +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 79117862 Oct 5 2019 Nessus-8.7.1-ubuntu1110_amd64.deb +``` + +### Listing files by owner + +If you want to list files by owner (e.g., in a shared directory), you can pass the output of the **ls** command to **sort** and pick out the owner column by adding **-k3** to sort on the third field. + +``` +$ ls -l | sort -k3 | more +total 56 +-rw-rw-r-- 1 dory shs 0 Aug 23 12:27 tasklist +drwx------ 2 gdm gdm 4096 Aug 21 17:12 tracker-extract-files.121 +srwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Aug 21 17:12 ntf_listenerc0c6b8b4567 +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 21 17:12 hsperfdata_root + ^ + | +``` + +In fact, you can sort on any field this way (e.g., year). Just be careful to add an “n” – **-k5n** – if you’re sorting on a field which is numeric or you'll be sorting in alphanumeric order. This sorting technique is useful for sorting file contents as well, not just listing files. + +### Listing files by age + +Use the **-t** option to list files in order of age – how new they are. Add the **-r** option to get the most recently updated files showing up last in the list. I use this alias to show me a list of the files that I’ve most recently updated: + +``` +$ alias recent='ls -ltr | tail -8' +``` + +Note that file change and modification times are different. The **-c** (change) and **-t** (modification) options will not always give the same results. If you change permissions on a file and nothing else, **-c** will put that files at the top of the **ls** output while **-t** will not. If you’re curious about the difference, look at the output of the **stat** command. + +``` +$ stat ckacct + File: ckacct + Size: 200 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file +Device: 801h/2049d Inode: 829041 Links: 1 +Access: (0750/-rwxr-x---) Uid: ( 1000/ shs) Gid: ( 1000/ shs) +Access: 2020-08-20 16:10:11.063015008 -0400 +Modify: 2020-08-17 07:26:34.579922297 -0400 <== content changes +Change: 2020-08-24 09:36:51.699775940 -0400 <== content or permissions changes + Birth: - +``` + +### Listing files by group + +To sort files by the associated groups, you can pass the output from a long listing to the **sort** command and tell it to sort on column 4. + +``` +$ ls -l | sort -k4 +``` + +### Listing files by access date + +To list files by access date (most recently accessed first), use the **-ltu** options. The "u" enforces the "by access date" listing order. + +``` +$ ls -ltu +total 959500 +-rwxr-x--- 1 shs shs 200 Aug 24 09:42 ckacct <== most recently used +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 1335 Aug 23 17:45 lte +``` + +### Listing multiple files on a single line + +Sometimes a condensed file listing is more appropriate for the task at hand. The **ls** command even has options for that. To list files on as few lines as possible, you can use **\--format=comma** to separate file names with commas as in this command: + +``` +$ ls --format=comma +1, 10, 11, 12, 124, 13, 14, 15, 16pgs-landscape.pdf, 16pgs.pdf, 17, 18, 19, +192.168.0.4, 2, 20, 2018-12-23_OoS_2.pdf, 2018-12-23_OoS.pdf, 20190512_OoS.pdf, +'2019_HOHO_application working.pdf' … +``` + +Prefer white space? Use **\--format=across** instead. + +``` +$ ls --format=across z* +z zip zipfiles zipfiles1.bat zipfiles2.bat +zipfiles3.bat zipfiles4.bat zipfiles.bat zoom_amd64.deb zoomap.pdf +zoom-mtg +``` + +### Adding depth to your searches + +While **ls** generally lists files in a single directory, you can choose instead to recursively list files by using the **-R** options, delving into the entire depth of directories: + +``` +$ ls -R zzzzz | grep -v "^$" +zzzzz: +zzzz +zzzzz/zzzz: +zzz +zzzzz/zzzz/zzz: +zz +zzzzz/zzzz/zzz/zz: +z +zzzzz/zzzz/zzz/zz/z: +sleeping +``` + +Alternately, you can use a **find** command with a limited or unlimited depth specification. In this command, we instruct the **find** command to look in only three levels of directories: + +``` +$ find zzzzz -maxdepth 3 +zzzzz +zzzzz/zzzz +zzzzz/zzzz/zzz +zzzzz/zzzz/zzz/zz +``` + +### Choosing ls vs find + +When you need to list files that meet a very selective list of requirements, the **find** command is probably a better tool to use than **ls**. + +Unlike **ls**, the **find** command looks as deeply as possible unless you constrain it. It also has many other options and an **-exec** command that allows you to take some specific action once you find the files you’re looking for. + +### Wrap-Up + +The **ls** command has a lot of options for listing files. Check them out. You might find some that you’ll love. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][1] and [LinkedIn][2] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572590/11-ways-to-list-and-sort-files-on-linux.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[2]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From d3640317350d6287e82bf675e14d8b8b72137add Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 08:51:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 053/167] translating --- ...st its reuse, recycling of server parts.md | 59 ------------------- ...st its reuse, recycling of server parts.md | 55 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md b/sources/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md deleted file mode 100644 index 59b3498f1a..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570451/microsoft-uses-ai-to-boost-its-reuse-recycling-of-server-parts.html) -[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) - -Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts -====== -Get ready to hear the term 'circular' a lot more in reference to data center gear. -Monsitj / Getty Images - -Microsoft is bringing artificial intelligence to the task of sorting through millions of servers to determine what can be recycled and where. - -The new initiative calls for the building of so-called Circular Centers at Microsoft data centers around the world, where AI algorithms will be used to sort through parts from decommissioned servers or other hardware and figure out which parts can be reused on the campus. - -**READ MORE:** [How to decommission a data center][1] - -Microsoft says it has more than three million servers and related hardware in its data centers, and that a server's average lifespan is about five years. Plus, Microsoft is expanding globally, so its server numbers should increase. - -Circular Centers are all about quickly sorting through the inventory rather than tying up overworked staff. Microsoft plans to increase its reuse of server parts by 90% by 2025. "Using machine learning, we will process servers and hardware that are being decommissioned onsite," wrote Brad Smith, president of Microsoft, in a [blog post][2] announcing the initiative. "We'll sort the pieces that can be reused and repurposed by us, our customers, or sold." - -Smith notes that today there is no consistent data about the quantity, quality and type of waste, where it is generated, and where it goes. Data about construction and demolition waste, for example, is inconsistent and needs a standardized methodology, better transparency and higher quality. - -"Without more accurate data, it's nearly impossible to understand the impact of operational decisions, what goals to set, and how to assess progress, as well as an industry standard for waste footprint methodology," he wrote. - -A Circular Center pilot in an Amsterdam data center reduced downtime and increased the availability of server and network parts for its own reuse and buy-back by suppliers, according to Microsoft. It also reduced the cost of transporting and shipping servers and hardware to processing facilities, which lowered carbon emissions. - -The term "circular economy" is catching on in tech. It's based on recycling of server hardware, putting equipment that is a few years old but still quite usable back in service somewhere else. ITRenew, a reseller of used hyperscaler servers [that I profiled][3] a few months back, is big on the term. - -The first Microsoft Circular Centers will be built at new, major data-center campuses or regions, the company says. It plans to eventually add these centers to campuses that already exist. - -Microsoft has an expressed goal of being "carbon negative" by 2030, and this is just one of several projects. Recently Microsoft announced it had conducted a test at its system developer's lab in Salt Lake City where a 250kW hydrogen fuel cell system powered a row of server racks for 48 hours straight, something the company says has never been done before. - -"It is the largest computer backup power system that we know that is running on hydrogen and it has run the longest continuous test," Mark Monroe, a principal infrastructure engineer, wrote in a Microsoft [blog post][4]. He says hydrogen fuel cells have plummeted so much in recent years that they are now a viable alternative to diesel-powered backup generators but much cleaner burning. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570451/microsoft-uses-ai-to-boost-its-reuse-recycling-of-server-parts.html - -作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3439917/how-to-decommission-a-data-center.html -[2]: https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2020/08/04/microsoft-direct-operations-products-and-packaging-to-be-zero-waste-by-2030/ -[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3543810/for-sale-used-low-mileage-hyperscaler-servers.html -[4]: https://news.microsoft.com/innovation-stories/hydrogen-datacenters/ -[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md b/translated/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2d8c40e45a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570451/microsoft-uses-ai-to-boost-its-reuse-recycling-of-server-parts.html) +[#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) + +微软利用 AI 提升服务器部件的重复使用和回收 +====== +准备好在提到数据中心设备时，听到更多的"循环"一词。 + +微软正在将人工智能引入到对数百万台服务器进行分类的任务中，以确定哪些部件可以回收，在哪里回收。 + +新计划要求在微软全球各地的数据中心建立所谓的循环中心，在那里，人工智能算法将用于从退役的服务器或其他硬件中分拣零件，并找出哪些零件可以在园区内重新使用。 + +微软表示，它的数据中心有超过 300 万台服务器和相关硬件，一台服务器的平均寿命约为 5 年。另外，微软正在全球范围内扩张，所以其服务器数量应该会增加。 + +循环中心就是要快速整理库存，而不是让过度劳累的员工疲于奔命。微软计划到 2025 年将服务器部件的重复使用率提高 90%。微软总裁 Brad Smith 在宣布这一举措的一篇[博客][2]中写道：“利用机器学习，我们将对退役的服务器和硬件进行现场处理。我们会将那些可以被我们以及客户重复使用和再利用的部件进行分类，或者出售。“ + +Smith 指出，如今，关于废物的数量、质量和类型，以及废物的产生地和去向，都没有一致的数据。例如，关于建造和拆除废物的数据并不一致，我们要一个标准化的方法，有更好的透明度和更高的质量。 + +他写道：”如果没有更准确的数据，几乎不可能了解运营决策的影响，设定什么目标，如何评估进展，以及废物去向方法的行业标准“。 + +根据微软的说法，阿姆斯特丹数据中心的一个试点循环中心减少了停机时间，并增加了服务器和网络部件的可用性，供其自身再利用和供应商回购。它还降低了将服务器和硬件运输到处理设施的成本，从而降低了碳排放。 + +”循环经济“一词正在科技界流行。它是基于服务器硬件的循环利用，将那些已经使用了几年但仍可用的设备重新投入到其他地方服务。ITRenew 是[我在几个月前介绍过][3]的一家二手超大规模服务器的转售商，它对这个词很感兴趣。 + +该公司表示，首批微软循环中心将建在新的主要数据中心园区或地区。它计划最终将这些中心添加到已经存在的园区中。 + +微软曾明确表示要在 2030 年之前实现”碳负排放“，而这只是几个项目之一。近日，微软宣布在其位于盐湖城的系统开发者实验室进行了一项测试，用一套 250kW 的氢燃料电池系统为一排服务器机架连续供电 48 小时，微软表示这是以前从未做过的事情。 + +微软首席基础设施工程师 Mark Monroe 在一篇[博客][4]中写道：”这是我们所知道的最大的以氢气运行的计算机备用电源系统，而且它的连续测试时间最长。“他说，近年来氢燃料电池的价格大幅下降，现在已经成为柴油发电机的可行替代品，但燃烧更清洁。 + +加入 [Facebook][5] 和 [LinkedIn][6] 上的 Network World 社区，就热门话题发表评论。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570451/microsoft-uses-ai-to-boost-its-reuse-recycling-of-server-parts.html + +作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[2]: https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2020/08/04/microsoft-direct-operations-products-and-packaging-to-be-zero-waste-by-2030/ +[3]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3543810/for-sale-used-low-mileage-hyperscaler-servers.html +[4]: https://news.microsoft.com/innovation-stories/hydrogen-datacenters/ +[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 9c945d0ad345f4911e3321175e4b1e91b099565c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 08:57:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 054/167] PRF @geekpi --- .../20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md | 60 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md b/translated/tech/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md index 7c5fdd3f43..6afb6ba00b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Use GNU on Windows with MinGW) @@ -9,34 +9,31 @@ 使用 Mingw 在 Windows 上使用 GNU ====== -在 Windows 上安装 GNU 编译器集合和其他 GNU 组件来启用 GNU Autotools。 -![Windows][1] -如果你是使用 Windows 的黑客，你不需要专有应用来编译代码。借助 [Minimalist GNU for Windows][2]（MinGW） 项目，你可以下载并安装 [GNU 编译器集合][3] （GCC） 以及其他几个基本 GNU 组件，以在 Windows 计算机上启用 [GNU Autotools][4]。 +> 在 Windows 上安装 GNU 编译器集合（gcc）和其他 GNU 组件来启用 GNU Autotools。 + +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202008/25/085619rr331p13shpt6htp.jpg) + +如果你是一名使用 Windows 的黑客，你不需要专有应用来编译代码。借助 [Minimalist GNU for Windows][2]（MinGW）项目，你可以下载并安装 [GNU 编译器集合（GCC）][3]以及其它几个基本的 GNU 组件，以在 Windows 计算机上启用 [GNU Autotools][4]。 ### 安装 MinGW -安装 MinGW 的最简单方法是通过 mingw-get，它是一个图形用户界面 （GUI） 应用，可帮助你选择要安装哪些组件，并让它们保持最新。要运行它，请从项目主页[下载 `mingw-get-setup.exe`][5]。像你安装其他 exe 一样，在向导中单击完成安装。 +安装 MinGW 的最简单方法是通过 mingw-get，它是一个图形用户界面 （GUI） 应用，可帮助你选择要安装哪些组件，并让它们保持最新。要运行它，请从项目主页[下载 mingw-get-setup.exe][5]。像你安装其他 EXE 一样，在向导中单击完成安装。 ![Installing mingw-get][6] -(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - ### 在 Windows 上安装 GCC -目前为止，你只安装了一个程序，或者更准确地说，一个专用的_包管理器_称为 mingw-get。启动 mingw-get 选择要在计算机上安装的 MinGW 项目应用。 +目前为止，你只安装了一个程序，或者更准确地说，一个称为 mingw-get 的专用的*包管理器*。启动 mingw-get 选择要在计算机上安装的 MinGW 项目应用。 -首先，从应用菜单中选择 **mingw-get** 启动它。 +首先，从应用菜单中选择 mingw-get 启动它。 ![Installing GCC with MinGW][8] -(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - 要安装 GCC，请单击 GCC 和 G++ 包来标记要安装 GNU C、C++ 编译器。要完成此过程，请从 mingw-get 窗口左上角的**安装**菜单中选择**应用更改**。 安装 GCC 后，你可以使用完整路径在 [PowerShell][9] 中运行它： - ``` PS> C:\MinGW\bin\gcc.exe --version gcc.exe (MinGW.org GCC Build-x) x.y.z @@ -45,20 +42,18 @@ Copyright (C) 2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc. ### 在 Windows 上运行 Bash -虽然它自称 “minimalist”（最小化），但 MinGW 还提供一个可选的 [Bourne shell][10]命令行解释器，称为 MSYS（它代表最小系统）。它是微软的 `cmd.exe` 和 PowerShell 的替代方案，它默认是 Bash。除了是（正当的）最流行的 shell 之一外，Bash 在将开源应用移植到 Windows 平台时很有用，因为许多开源项目都假定了 [POSIX][11] 环境。 +虽然它自称 “minimalist”（最小化），但 MinGW 还提供一个可选的 [Bourne shell][10] 命令行解释器，称为 MSYS（它代表最小系统Minimal System）。它是微软的 `cmd.exe` 和 PowerShell 的替代方案，它默认是 Bash。除了是（自然而然的）最流行的 shell 之一外，Bash 在将开源应用移植到 Windows 平台时很有用，因为许多开源项目都假定了 [POSIX][11] 环境。 你可以在 mingw-get GUI 或 PowerShell 内安装 MSYS： - ``` -`PS> mingw-get install msys` +PS> mingw-get install msys ``` 要尝试 Bash，请使用完整路径启动它： - ``` -PS> C:\MinGW\msys/1.0/bin/bash.exe +PS> C:\MinGW\msys/1.0/bin/bash.exe bash.exe-$ echo $0 "C:\MinGW\msys/1.0/bin/bash.exe" ``` @@ -71,53 +66,46 @@ bash.exe-$ echo $0 ![Edit your env][13] -(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) +这将打开“首选项”窗口。点击窗口底部附近的“环境变量”按钮。 -这将打开“首选项”窗口。点击窗口底部附近的**环境变量**按钮。 +在“环境变量”窗口中，双击底部面板中的“路径”选区。 -在**环境变量**窗口中，双击底部面板中的**路径**选择。 - -在**编辑环境变量**窗口中，单击右侧的**新增**按钮。创建一个新条目 **C:\MinCW\msys\1.0\bin**，然后单击 **OK**。以相同的方式创建第二条 **C:\MinGW\bin**，然后单击 **OK**。 +在“编辑环境变量”窗口中，单击右侧的“新增”按钮。创建一个新条目 `C:\MinCW\msys\1.0\bin`，然后单击 “确定”。以相同的方式创建第二条 `C:\MinGW\bin`，然后单击 “确定”。 ![Set your env][14] -(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) - 在每个首选项窗口中接受这些更改。你可以重启计算机以确保所有应用都检测到新变量，或者只需重启 PowerShell 窗口。 从现在开始，你可以调用任何 MinGW 命令而不指定完整路径，因为完整路径位于 PowerShell 继承的 Windows 系统的 `%PATH%` 环境变量中。 ### Hello world -你已经完成设置，因此对新的 MinGW 系统进行小测试。如果你是 [Vim][15] 用户，请启动它，然后输入下面的 “hello world” 代码： - +你已经完成设置，因此可以对新的 MinGW 系统进行小测试。如果你是 [Vim][15] 用户，请启动它，然后输入下面的 “hello world” 代码： ``` -#include <stdio.h> -#include <iostream> +#include +#include using namespace std; int main() { -  cout << "Hello open source." << endl; -  return 0; + cout << "Hello open source." << endl; + return 0; } ``` 将文件保存为 `hello.cpp`，然后使用 GCC 的 C++ 组件编译文件： - ``` -`PS> gcc hello.cpp --output hello` +PS> gcc hello.cpp --output hello ``` 最后，运行它： - ``` -PS> .\a.exe +PS> .\a.exe Hello open source. -PS> +PS> ``` MinGW 的内容远不止我在这里所能介绍的。毕竟，MinGW 打开了一个完整的开源世界和定制代码的潜力，因此请充分利用它。对于更广阔的开源世界，你还可以[试试 Linux][16]。当所有的限制都被消除后，你会惊讶于可能的事情。但与此同时，请试试 MinGW，并享受 GNU 的自由。 @@ -129,7 +117,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/gnu-windows-mingw 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From f534740af557ecb3fec9a208977bab49ae6ee8b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 08:58:39 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 055/167] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-12549-1.html --- .../20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md b/published/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md rename to published/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md index 6afb6ba00b..153eedab60 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md +++ b/published/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12549-1.html) [#]: subject: (Use GNU on Windows with MinGW) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/gnu-windows-mingw) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) From 4de10755cb4001396face24f0b9b7317489e623d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 09:02:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 056/167] translating --- sources/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md b/sources/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md index 9dd7dcf1c5..bb484fa7d2 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md +++ b/sources/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From d2a77655b3f229349af1da6ac714826e5c71ccc7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 20:30:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 057/167] translating --- ...Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md b/sources/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md index fda0551227..98afbb8c33 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 4752ec0f5fb5bae60d5478f1206b1ab693bca2c2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 23:35:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 058/167] PRF @geekpi --- ...st its reuse, recycling of server parts.md | 27 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md b/translated/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md index 2d8c40e45a..0ce0e13a33 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md +++ b/translated/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md @@ -1,39 +1,40 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570451/microsoft-uses-ai-to-boost-its-reuse-recycling-of-server-parts.html) [#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) -微软利用 AI 提升服务器部件的重复使用和回收 +微软利用 AI 提升服务器部件的重复使用和回收率 ====== -准备好在提到数据中心设备时，听到更多的"循环"一词。 + +> 准备好在提到数据中心设备时，听到更多的“循环”一词。 + +![](https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2020/05/server_racks_close-up_perspective_shot_by_monsitj_gettyimages-918951042_cw_cio_2400x1600-100841601-large.jpg) 微软正在将人工智能引入到对数百万台服务器进行分类的任务中，以确定哪些部件可以回收，在哪里回收。 -新计划要求在微软全球各地的数据中心建立所谓的循环中心，在那里，人工智能算法将用于从退役的服务器或其他硬件中分拣零件，并找出哪些零件可以在园区内重新使用。 +新计划要求在微软全球各地的数据中心建立所谓的“循环中心Circular Center”，在那里，人工智能算法将用于从退役的服务器或其他硬件中分拣零件，并找出哪些零件可以在园区内重新使用。 微软表示，它的数据中心有超过 300 万台服务器和相关硬件，一台服务器的平均寿命约为 5 年。另外，微软正在全球范围内扩张，所以其服务器数量应该会增加。 -循环中心就是要快速整理库存，而不是让过度劳累的员工疲于奔命。微软计划到 2025 年将服务器部件的重复使用率提高 90%。微软总裁 Brad Smith 在宣布这一举措的一篇[博客][2]中写道：“利用机器学习，我们将对退役的服务器和硬件进行现场处理。我们会将那些可以被我们以及客户重复使用和再利用的部件进行分类，或者出售。“ +循环中心就是要快速整理库存，而不是让过度劳累的员工疲于奔命。微软计划到 2025 年将服务器部件的重复使用率提高 90%。微软总裁 Brad Smith 在宣布这一举措的一篇[博客][2]中写道：“利用机器学习，我们将对退役的服务器和硬件进行现场处理。我们会将那些可以被我们以及客户重复使用和再利用的部件进行分类，或者出售。” Smith 指出，如今，关于废物的数量、质量和类型，以及废物的产生地和去向，都没有一致的数据。例如，关于建造和拆除废物的数据并不一致，我们要一个标准化的方法，有更好的透明度和更高的质量。 -他写道：”如果没有更准确的数据，几乎不可能了解运营决策的影响，设定什么目标，如何评估进展，以及废物去向方法的行业标准“。 +他写道：“如果没有更准确的数据，几乎不可能了解运营决策的影响，设定什么目标，如何评估进展，以及废物去向方法的行业标准。” -根据微软的说法，阿姆斯特丹数据中心的一个试点循环中心减少了停机时间，并增加了服务器和网络部件的可用性，供其自身再利用和供应商回购。它还降低了将服务器和硬件运输到处理设施的成本，从而降低了碳排放。 +根据微软的说法，阿姆斯特丹数据中心的一个循环中心试点减少了停机时间，并增加了服务器和网络部件的可用性，供其自身再利用和供应商回购。它还降低了将服务器和硬件运输到处理设施的成本，从而降低了碳排放。 -”循环经济“一词正在科技界流行。它是基于服务器硬件的循环利用，将那些已经使用了几年但仍可用的设备重新投入到其他地方服务。ITRenew 是[我在几个月前介绍过][3]的一家二手超大规模服务器的转售商，它对这个词很感兴趣。 +“循环经济circular economy”一词正在科技界流行。它是基于服务器硬件的循环利用，将那些已经使用了几年但仍可用的设备重新投入到其他地方服务。ITRenew 是[我在几个月前介绍过][3]的一家二手超大规模服务器的转售商，它对这个词很感兴趣。 该公司表示，首批微软循环中心将建在新的主要数据中心园区或地区。它计划最终将这些中心添加到已经存在的园区中。 -微软曾明确表示要在 2030 年之前实现”碳负排放“，而这只是几个项目之一。近日，微软宣布在其位于盐湖城的系统开发者实验室进行了一项测试，用一套 250kW 的氢燃料电池系统为一排服务器机架连续供电 48 小时，微软表示这是以前从未做过的事情。 +微软曾明确表示要在 2030 年之前实现“碳负排放”，而这只是其中几个项目之一。近日，微软宣布在其位于盐湖城的系统开发者实验室进行了一项测试，用一套 250kW 的氢燃料电池系统为一排服务器机架连续供电 48 小时，微软表示这是以前从未做过的事情。 -微软首席基础设施工程师 Mark Monroe 在一篇[博客][4]中写道：”这是我们所知道的最大的以氢气运行的计算机备用电源系统，而且它的连续测试时间最长。“他说，近年来氢燃料电池的价格大幅下降，现在已经成为柴油发电机的可行替代品，但燃烧更清洁。 - -加入 [Facebook][5] 和 [LinkedIn][6] 上的 Network World 社区，就热门话题发表评论。 +微软首席基础设施工程师 Mark Monroe 在一篇[博客][4]中写道：“这是我们所知道的最大的以氢气运行的计算机备用电源系统，而且它的连续测试时间最长。”他说，近年来氢燃料电池的价格大幅下降，现在已经成为柴油发电机的可行替代品，但燃烧更清洁。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570451/microsoft-uses-ai-to-boost-its 作者：[Andy Patrizio][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From e8844e2428d5618f0bf46466a492112f9473724e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 25 Aug 2020 23:41:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 059/167] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-12552-1.html --- ...uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md (95%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md b/published/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md similarity index 95% rename from translated/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md rename to published/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md index 0ce0e13a33..47a50cb5a0 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md +++ b/published/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12552-1.html) [#]: subject: (Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570451/microsoft-uses-ai-to-boost-its-reuse-recycling-of-server-parts.html) [#]: author: (Andy Patrizio https://www.networkworld.com/author/Andy-Patrizio/) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ > 准备好在提到数据中心设备时，听到更多的“循环”一词。 -![](https://images.idgesg.net/images/article/2020/05/server_racks_close-up_perspective_shot_by_monsitj_gettyimages-918951042_cw_cio_2400x1600-100841601-large.jpg) +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202008/25/234108f8yz3c3la8xw18mn.jpg) 微软正在将人工智能引入到对数百万台服务器进行分类的任务中，以确定哪些部件可以回收，在哪里回收。 From b3527c0aab9dca5331d704986e48455d9f47609e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 26 Aug 2020 05:01:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 060/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200826=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Glances=20=E2=80=93=20A=20Versatile=20System=20Monitoring=20Too?= =?UTF-8?q?l=20for=20Linux=20Systems?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md --- ...ystem Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md | 228 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 228 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md b/sources/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..87fceeecc1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md @@ -0,0 +1,228 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Glances – A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/glances/) +[#]: author: (Chinmay https://itsfoss.com/author/chinmay/) + +Glances – A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems +====== + +The most commonly used command line [tools for process monitoring on Linux][1] are top and its colorful, feature rich cousin [htop][2] . + +To [monitor temperature on Linux][3], you can use [lm-sensors][4]. Similarly, there are many utilities to monitor other real-time metrics such as Disk I/O, Network Stats and others. + +[Glances][5] is a system monitoring tool which ties them all together and offers a lot more features. What I like the most is that you can use run Glances on a remote Linux server and monitor the system resources on your local system or monitor it through your web browser. + +Here’s what it looks like. The terminal in the below screenshot has been [beautified with Pywal tool that automatically changes the color based on wallpaper][6]. + +![][7] + +You can also integrate it to a tool like [Grafana][8] to monitor the stats in an intuitive dashboard. + +It is written in Python which means that it can be used on most platforms with almost all features. + +### Features of Glances + +![Glances Data In Grafana Dashboard][9] + +Let’s have a quick glance over the main feature Glances provides (pun intended). + + * Can monitor 15+ metrics on a system (including docker containers). + * Flexible usage modes: standalone, client-server, over SSH and web mode. + * Versatile REST API and XML-RPC available for integrations. + * Readily supports exporting data to different services and databases. + * Highly configurable and adaptable to different needs. + * Very comprehensive Documentation. + + + +### Installing Glances on Ubuntu and other Linux distributions + +Glances is available in the official repositories of many Linux distributions. This means you can use your distribution’s package manager to install it easily. + +On Debian/Ubuntu based distributions, you can use the following command: + +``` +sudo apt install glances +``` + +You can also install the latest Glances using snap package: + +``` +sudo snap install glances +``` + +Since Glances is based on Python, you can also use PIP to install it on most Linux distributions. [Install PIP][10] first and then use it to install Glances: + +``` +sudo pip3 install glances +``` + +If nothing else, you can always use the auto install script provided by Glances developer. Though we at It’s FOSS don’t recommend running random scripts directly on your system. It’s entirely your decision. + +``` +curl -L https://bit.ly/glances | /bin/bash +``` + +You can check out other ways to install Glances from their [documentation][11], you can also install it as a docker container. + +### Using Glances to monitor Linux system resources on local system (standalone mode) + +You can easily launch Glances to monitor your local machine by running this command n the terminal. + +``` +glances +``` + +You can instantly observe that it integrates a lot of different information in one single screen. I like that it shows the public and private IP’s of the computer right at the top. + +![][12] + +Glances is also interactive, meaning you can use commands to interact with it while it is running. You can press **“s”** to bring up the sensors onto the screen; **“k”** to bring up the TCP connections list; **“1”** to expand the CPU stats to show individual threads. + +You can also use the arrow keys to move around the list of processes and sort the table by different metrics. + +You can launch Glances with various command line options. There are plenty more interactive commands as well. You can find the complete list in their [comprehensive documentation][13]. + +Press Ctrl+C to exit Glances. + +### Using Glances to monitor remote Linux systems (Client – Server mode) + +To monitor a remote computer you can use Glances in client-server mode. You need to have Glances installed on both systems. + +On the remote Linux system, you’ll have to launch glances in server mode using the -s option. + +``` +glances -s +``` + +On the client system, use this command to launch Glances in client mode and connect to the server. + +``` +glances -c server_ip_address +``` + +You can also SSH into any computer and launch Glances, which works flawlessly. More information about client-server mode [here][14]. + +### Monitor Linux system resources in web browser using Glances (Web Mode) + +Glances can also run in web mode. This means that you can use a web browser to access Glances. Unlike the previous client-server mode, you don’t need to install Glances on the client system. + +To start Glances in web mode, use the -w option. + +``` +glances -w +``` + +Keep in mind that it may display “Glances Web User Interface started on even on a Linux server when it is actually using the server’s IP address. + +The main part is that it uses 61208 port number and you can use it to access Glances via web browser. Just type the server’s IP address followed by the port number like . + +You can also use it on the local system using or . + +![][15] + +The web mode also emulates the terminal look. The web version is built with responsive design principles in mind and looks good even on phones. + +You may want to protect the web mode with a password so that only authorized people could use it. The default username is glances. + +``` +[email protected]:~# glances -w --password +Define the Glances webserver password (glances username): +Password (confirm): +Do you want to save the password? [Yes/No]: n +Glances Web User Interface started on http://0.0.0.0:61208/ +``` + +You can find more information on configuring password in the [quickstart guide][16]. + +### Export Glances data to different services + +One of the biggest advantage of using Glances is the out of the box support to export data to various databases, services and integration into various data pipelines seamlessly. + +You can export to CSV while monitoring with this command. + +``` +glances --export csv --export-csv-file /tmp/glances.csv +``` + +‘/tmp/glances.csv’ is the location of the file. The data is filled in neatly as time series. + +![][17] + +You can export to powerful applications like [Prometheus][18] to enable conditional triggers and notifications. + +It can directly plug into messaging services like RabbitMQ, MQTT, streaming platforms like Kafka and export time series data to databases like InfluxDB and visualize using Grafana. + +You can check out the whole list of services and export options [here][19]. + +### Use REST API to integrate Glances with other services + +This is my favorite feature in the whole stack. Glances not only brings together various metrics together, it also exposes them via APIs. + +This simple yet powerful feature makes it very easy to build custom applications, services and middleware applications for any specific use cases. + +REST API server stars automatically when you launch Glances in web mode. To launch it in API server only mode you can use the following command. + +``` +glances -w --disable-webui +``` + +The [REST API][20] documentation is comprehensive and the responses are easy to integrate with a web application. This makes it easy to build a unified dashboard to monitor multiple servers with a tool like [Node-RED][21]. + +![][22] + +Glances also provides an XML-RPC server, you can check out the documentation [here][23]. + +### Closing thoughts on Glances + +Glances uses the [psutil][24] python library to access different system stats. I had built a simple API server using the same library to retrieve CPU usage back in 2017. I was able to monitor all the Raspberry Pi’s in a cluster using a dashboard built with Node-RED. + +Glances could have saved me some time while offering way more features, unfortunately I didn’t know about it back then. + +I did try to install Glances on my Raspberry Pi’s while writing this article, unfortunately it failed with some errors with all the installation methods. I’ll update the article when I succeed or maybe write another article with steps to install on a Raspberry Pi. + +I wish Glances offered a way to kill processes like top or htop. Let’s hope that we get it in upcoming releases. + +I hope this gave you a good deal of information on Glances. What system monitoring tools do you guys use? let me know in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/glances/ + +作者：[Chinmay][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/chinmay/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-system-monitoring-tools/ +[2]: https://hisham.hm/htop/ +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/monitor-cpu-gpu-temp-linux/ +[4]: https://github.com/lm-sensors/lm-sensors +[5]: https://nicolargo.github.io/glances/ +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/pywal/ +[7]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/glances-linux.png?resize=800%2C510&ssl=1 +[8]: https://grafana.com/ +[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/glances-data-in-grafana-dashboard.jpg?resize=800%2C472&ssl=1 +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/install-pip-ubuntu/ +[11]: https://github.com/nicolargo/glances/blob/master/README.rst#installation +[12]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Screenshot-from-2020-08-13-11-54-18.png?resize=800%2C503&ssl=1 +[13]: https://glances.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cmds.html +[14]: https://glances.readthedocs.io/en/latest/quickstart.html#central-client +[15]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Screenshot-from-2020-08-13-16-49-11.png?resize=800%2C471&ssl=1 +[16]: https://glances.readthedocs.io/en/stable/quickstart.html +[17]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Screenshot-from-2020-08-13-12-25-40.png?resize=800%2C448&ssl=1 +[18]: https://prometheus.io/ +[19]: https://glances.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gw/index.html +[20]: https://github.com/nicolargo/glances/wiki/The-Glances-RESTFULL-JSON-API +[21]: https://nodered.org/ +[22]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Screenshot-from-2020-08-13-17-49-41.png?resize=800%2C468&ssl=1 +[23]: https://github.com/nicolargo/glances/wiki +[24]: https://pypi.org/project/psutil/ From faa06074e233ea0eae6c888b4e1e3c82dea3bf83 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 26 Aug 2020 05:01:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 061/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200825=20?= =?UTF-8?q?How=20to=20choose=20an=20affordable=20Linux=20laptop=20for=20vi?= =?UTF-8?q?deo=20conferencing?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200825 How to choose an affordable Linux laptop for video conferencing.md --- ...ble Linux laptop for video conferencing.md | 75 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 75 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200825 How to choose an affordable Linux laptop for video conferencing.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200825 How to choose an affordable Linux laptop for video conferencing.md b/sources/tech/20200825 How to choose an affordable Linux laptop for video conferencing.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1f58942551 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200825 How to choose an affordable Linux laptop for video conferencing.md @@ -0,0 +1,75 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to choose an affordable Linux laptop for video conferencing) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/linux-laptop-video-conferencing) +[#]: author: (Alan Formy-Duval https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss) + +How to choose an affordable Linux laptop for video conferencing +====== +Open source can give pre-owned computers the necessary boost to make +them useful with today's popular video conferencing tools. +![Two people chatting via a video conference app][1] + +As more and more activities move online during the global pandemic, an increasing number of folks are looking for affordable and stable solutions to connect to their doctor, therapist, bank, college, and more. Many of the folks I've been working with are on limited incomes, and they're eager for any technical help they can get. + +Whether they're on a proprietary video conferencing solution or using an [open source one like Jitsi Meet][2], everyone needs a platform that's robust enough to support their needs without breaking the budget. One of the leading cloud video conferencing providers [recommends][3] that platforms should have at least an i3 processor or equivalent with a minimum of 4GB RAM. My experience has taught me that an i5 or equivalent and at least 4-8GB RAM is even better. + +I also recommend Linux for running meeting solutions. You could go out and purchase a new Linux computer. However, if you're on a limited income, then plunking down $1000 or more for a new system might not be what you had in mind. + +A more budget-friendly solution I recently put together for a friend was a 2015 MacBook Air running Elementary OS. The computer had 4GB RAM, an i5 processor, and 240GB NVMe solid-state drive. Elementary OS was a great choice for this computer, as it came with a Broadcom 4360 wireless card, which didn't play nice with other Linux distributions but was detected by Elementary. The FaceTime camera didn't work with any Linux distribution I tried, Elementary included, and no one seems to have a good solution, so I purchased a USB camera and connected it to the laptop. This fellow needed to use Zoom to connect to his church, so I downloaded the [Zoom client][4] for Linux and installed it. The software download supports .rpm, .deb, and [Flatpak][5]. + +In another case, I purchased a refurbished PC laptop from a prominent vendor. It came with 8GB RAM, i5, webcam, and 256 SSD drive. I'm going to install either Fedora or Pop!_OS on it along with the Zoom client and the usual complement of free software, including LibreOffice, Calibre, ClamAV, Gnu Chess, and other games for my friend to explore. + +### Used laptops for Linux + +When looking for a used laptop, I usually consider the reputation of the brand. I check for the same or similar models and their compatibility with Linux. Both [Fedora][6] and [Ubuntu][7] maintain lists of acceptable hardware platforms. If possible, I try to get a list of the included hardware. For example, what is the CPU model and speed? Does the unit have Bluetooth built-in? How many USB ports does it have? Does it have audio ports? Does it support Thunderbolt? Does it have built-in WiFi, and what is the chipset of the WiFi adapter? I have had good luck with Intel, Broadcom, and Realtek, though the list varies depending on your particular needs. + +There are many sources of good used laptops and desktops, but my favorites are eBay, [Dell Refurbished][8], and [PC Liquidations][9]. I look for units that are three to five years old, that are in good condition, and that have at least an Intel i3 or AMD FX-6300, or better, processor. CPU speed and at least 4 GB RAM are important if you are going to be using your Linux laptop or desktop for video conferencing. Check to make sure the unit you purchase has a power supply. It's handy to have a webcam, but that's not a dealbreaker because you can use a USB camera. I have had good experiences with Logitech web cameras. + +### Refurbishing computers + +When refurbishing older laptops or desktop computers, you'll often find older system components such as a mechanical hard drive or WiFi card that doesn't support the latest wireless technology. These can usually be remedied with a small amount of effort and a minimal budget. For instance, replacing an old hard drive with a solid-state drive (SSD) will usually provide an immediate performance boost. You can also purchase newer WiFi + Bluetooth cards. Most likely, the form factor on a laptop will be Mini PCI but do your research to be sure. This allows you to choose a brand and chipset that might be better supported by Linux. RAM can also be increased. 4GB is definitely my minimum, but I'd much rather have 8GB. I also like to install the latest BIOS, if it is available from the respective vendor, in order to have the latest fixes and features. + +A lot of this advice also applies to desktop systems. You'll generally have more flexibility with these since there are more card slots and other connectors for peripherals. For instance, an older system may not support new technology such as Bluetooth, WiFi, or USB3. Add-in PCI or PCIe cards can be installed to provide this support. + +### Choosing a Linux distribution for an old computer + +The last piece of the puzzle is choosing a Linux distribution for your rescued computer. There are many distributions out there, and though they do like to highlight their own unique spin on providing a [Linux desktop][10], at the end of the day, they're all Linux. When it comes to installing Linux on an old computer, the best one is the one that works on the computer you have. + +The key is to step through the install process (it's not much more complex than installing an office application or a new web browser) and then see how your computer responds when you reboot it. If you get a desktop to come up and you can open and run basic applications, then you're on the right track. + +Once you're satisfied that you have a working computer with a desktop and access to the Internet, give your usual video conferencing application a try. If it fails, try a lightweight Linux distribution in hopes that using fewer resources for your OS can solve any video issues. + +Also, if your camera is HiDef (high definition or HD), then try setting it to broadcast at a lower resolution. Sometimes this can improve your system's performance because you're sending less data over what's probably an old network card with a limited capacity. + +I recommend trying [Elementary OS][11] or [Fedora Linux][12] for recent computers. For very old computers, try [Peppermint OS][13], which is specifically designed for computers without many resources. The great news is there are multiple ways to use open source solutions to turn your old machine into a modern communication platform. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/linux-laptop-video-conferencing + +作者：[Alan Formy-Duval][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/chat_video_conference_talk_team.png?itok=t2_7fEH0 (Two people chatting via a video conference app) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/20/5/open-source-video-conferencing +[3]: https://support.zoom.us/hc/en-us/articles/201362023-System-requirements-for-Windows-macOS-and-Linux +[4]: https://zoom.us/download +[5]: https://flathub.org/apps/details/us.zoom.Zoom +[6]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/fedora/rawhide/release-notes/welcome/Hardware_Overview/ +[7]: https://certification.ubuntu.com/ +[8]: https://www.dellrefurbished.com/laptops +[9]: https://www.pcliquidations.com/ +[10]: https://opensource.com/article/20/5/linux-desktops +[11]: https://elementary.io/ +[12]: http://getfedora.org/ +[13]: https://peppermintos.com/ From e08d579152c2dbf23ad79e3c953b13a7b06533ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 26 Aug 2020 05:02:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 062/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200825=20?= =?UTF-8?q?6=20open=20source=20virtualization=20technologies=20to=20know?= =?UTF-8?q?=20in=202020?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200825 6 open source virtualization technologies to know in 2020.md --- ...ualization technologies to know in 2020.md | 177 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 177 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200825 6 open source virtualization technologies to know in 2020.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200825 6 open source virtualization technologies to know in 2020.md b/sources/tech/20200825 6 open source virtualization technologies to know in 2020.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..445ac74641 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200825 6 open source virtualization technologies to know in 2020.md @@ -0,0 +1,177 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (6 open source virtualization technologies to know in 2020) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/virt-tools) +[#]: author: (Bryant Son https://opensource.com/users/brson) + +6 open source virtualization technologies to know in 2020 +====== +Run, customize, and manage your VMs with open source Virt Tools. Plus +get a glossary of key virtualization terms. +![What is virtualization][1] + +Virtualization Tools, better known as [Virt Tools][2], is a collection of six open source virtualization tools created by various contributors to make the virtualization world a better place. + +![Virt Tools website][3] + +(Bryant Son, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +Some of the tools, like KVM and QEMU, might be familiar to Linux enthusiasts, but tools like libvirt and libguestfs are probably less so. + +In case you prefer to learn through watching videos than reading, I created a [video version][5] of this article, which you can access on YouTube. + +Before walking through the tools, it's a good idea to know some essential [virtualization][6] terminology. I derived many of these definitions from Wikipedia, with pages linked in the table. + +Term | Definition +---|--- +[Virtualization][7] | In computing, virtualization refers to the act of creating a virtual (rather than physical) version of something, including virtual computer hardware platforms, storage devices, and computer network resources. +[Emulator][8] | An emulator is a hardware or software that enables one computer system (called the host) to behave like another computer system (called the guest). +[Virtual machine (VM)][9] | Also known as a "guest machine," these are emulations of real, physical hardware computers. +Hosts | In [hardware virtualization][10], a computer on which a hypervisor runs one or more VMs. +[Hypervisor][11] | This is computer software, firmware, or hardware that creates and runs a VMs. +[Kernel][12] | This is a computer program at the core of a computer's operating system with complete control over everything in the system. +[Daemon][13] | This is a computer program that runs as a background process, rather than under the direct control of an interactive user. + +This table summarizes each Virt Tool, including license information and links to each tool's website and source code. Much of this information comes from the Virt Tools website and each tool's site. + +Name | What It Is | License | Source Code +---|---|---|--- +[Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM)][14] | A virtualization module in the Linux kernel that allows the kernel to function as a hypervisor | GNU GPL or LGPL | [Source code][15] +[Quick Emulator (QEMU)][16] | A generic and open source machine emulator and virtualizer | GPLv2 | [Source code][17] +[Libvirt][18] | A library and daemon providing a stable, open source API for managing virtualization hosts | GNU | [Source code][19] +[Libguestfs][20] | A set of tools for accessing and modifying VM disk images | LGPL, GPL | [Source code][21] +[Virt-manager][22] | A desktop user interface for managing VMs through libvirt | GPLv2+ | [Source code][23] +[Libosinfo][24] | Provides a database of information about operating system releases to assist in optimally configuring hardware when deploying VMs | LGPLv2+ | [Source code][25] + +### Kernel-based Virtual Manager (KVM) + +![KVM website][26] + +(Bryant Son, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +KVM is a full virtualization solution for Linux on hardware containing virtualization extensions. KVM provides the hardware virtualization for a wide variety of guest operating systems, including Linux, Windows, macOS, ReactOS, and Haiku. Using KVM, you can run multiple VMs on unmodified Linux or Windows images. Each VM has private virtualized hardware: a network card, disk, graphics adapter, etc. + +Most of the time, you won't directly interact with KVM. Instead, you must use QEMU, virt-manager, or another virtualization management tool to leverage KVM. + +You can find full [documentation][27] on the KVM website, as well as access its [source code][15]. + +### Quick Emulator (QEMU) + +![QEMU website][28] + +(Bryant Son, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +QEMU is a generic, open source machine emulator and virtualizer. When used as an emulator, QEMU can run operating systems and programs made for one machine (e.g., an ARM board) on a different machine (e.g., your own x86_64 PC). When used as a virtualizer, QEMU achieves near-native performance by executing the guest code directly on the host CPU using KVM. + +QEMU is supported on multiple operating systems, and its installation process is as easy as running a few simple commands; here, you can see how to install QEMU on macOS with [Homebrew][29]. + +![QEMU macOS installation info][30] + +(Bryant Son, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +After installing, learn how to use it by reading through its [documentation][31], and you can also access its [source code][17]. + +### Libvirt + +![Libvirt website][32] + +(Bryant Son, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +Libvirt is a library and daemon that provides a stable open source API for managing virtualization hosts. It targets multiple hypervisors, including QEMU, KVM, LXC, Xen, OpenVZ, VMWare ESX, VirtualBox, and more. + +Another interesting thing about libvirt is that [KubeVirt][33], an open source project for creating and managing VMs inside the Kubernetes platform, largely utilizes Libvirt. (I'll cover KubeVirt in a future article.) Libvirt is an interesting project to explore, and you can find a plethora of information on its official [website][18] as well as download its [source code][21]. + +### Libguestfs + +![Libguestfs website][34] + +(Bryant Son, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +Libguestfs is a set of tools for accessing and modifying VM disk images. You can use it for viewing and editing files inside guests; scripting changes to VMs; monitoring disk used/free statistics; creating guests, physical to virtual (P2V), or virtual to virtual (V2V) machines; performing backups; cloning VMs; building VMs; formatting disks; resizing disks; and much more. I have been using it recently while working on a KubeVirt-based project called [OpenShift Virtualization][35], which you can learn more about in my [video tutorial][36]. + +Libguestfs' official [website][20] contains extensive documentation on how to use each command, and you can also download its [source code][21] on GitHub. + +### Virt-manager + +![Virt-manager website][37] + +(Bryant Son, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +Virt-manager is a desktop user interface for managing VMs through libvirt. It primarily targets KVM VMs but also manages Xen and LXC. It also includes the command line provisioning tool virt-install. Think of virt-manager as an easy-to-use management tool for your VMs. For example, you can use virt-manager to run a Microsoft Windows environment on a Linux workstation or vice versa. + +Virt-manager's [source code][23] is available on GitHub and [documentation][38] is on its website. At this time, virt-manager is only available for Linux platforms. + +### Libosinfo + +![Libosinfo website][39] + +(Bryant Son, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +Libosinfo provides a database of information about operating system releases to assist in configuring hardware when deploying VMs. It includes a C library for querying information in the database, which is also accessible from any language supported by GObject introspection. As you may guess, libosinfo is more of a building block to enable an operating system's functionality—but quite an important one. + +Libosinfo's [source code][25] is available on GitLab, and its [documentation][40] can be found on at its website. + +### Conclusion + +Virt-tools is a set of six powerful tools that make virtualization easier and enable important virtualization functions. All of them are open source projects, so I encourage you to explore further and maybe even contribute to them. + +What do you think? Feel free to leave a comment to share your thoughts or ask questions. + +Learn how Vagrant and Ansible can be used to provision virtual machines for web development. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/virt-tools + +作者：[Bryant Son][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/brson +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/what_is_virtualization.png?itok=e4WCa7N_ (What is virtualization) +[2]: https://www.virt-tools.org/ +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/1_virttools.jpg (Virt Tools website) +[4]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[5]: https://youtu.be/E6TBDh2RLY8 +[6]: https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/virtualization/what-is-virtualization +[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualization +[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_machine +[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_virtualization +[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervisor +[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28operating_system%29 +[13]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daemon_%28computing%29 +[14]: https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page +[15]: https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/virt/kvm/kvm.git +[16]: https://www.qemu.org +[17]: https://git.qemu.org/git/qemu.git +[18]: https://libvirt.org +[19]: https://libvirt.org/git/?p=libvirt.git +[20]: http://libguestfs.org/ +[21]: https://github.com/libguestfs/libguestfs +[22]: https://virt-manager.org +[23]: https://github.com/virt-manager/virt-manager +[24]: https://libosinfo.org/download/ +[25]: https://gitlab.com/libosinfo/libosinfo +[26]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/2_kvm.jpg (KVM website) +[27]: https://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Documents +[28]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/3_qemu.jpg (QEMU website) +[29]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/homebrew-mac +[30]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/3_1_qemuinstall.jpg (QEMU macOS installation info) +[31]: https://www.qemu.org/documentation/ +[32]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/4_libvirt.jpg (Libvirt website) +[33]: https://kubevirt.io/ +[34]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/5_libguestfs.jpg (Libguestfs website) +[35]: https://www.openshift.com/blog/blog-openshift-virtualization-whats-new-with-virtualization-from-red-hat +[36]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWPC-YER1I0 +[37]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/6_virtualmanager.jpg (Virt-manager website) +[38]: https://virt-manager.org/documentation/ +[39]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/7_libosinfo.jpg (Libosinfo website) +[40]: https://libosinfo.org/documentation/ From 3c72995ca954d2a6e2541d6794d90129e51a56df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 26 Aug 2020 05:02:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 063/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200825=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Why=20we=20open=20sourced=20our=20security=20project?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md --- ...hy we open sourced our security project.md | 102 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 102 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md b/sources/tech/20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c161728197 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md @@ -0,0 +1,102 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Why we open sourced our security project) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/why-open-source) +[#]: author: (Mike Bursell https://opensource.com/users/mikecamel) + +Why we open sourced our security project +====== +It’s not just coding that we do in the open. +![A lock on the side of a building][1] + +When Nathaniel McCallum and I embarked on the project that is now called [Enarx][2], we made one decision right at the beginning: the code for Enarx would be open source, a stance fully supported by our employer, Red Hat (see the [standard disclaimer][3] on my blog). All of it, and forever. + +That's a decision that we've not regretted at any point, and it's something we stand behind. As soon as we had enough code for a demo and were ready to show it, we created a [repository on GitHub][4] and made it public. There's a very small exception, which is that there are some details of upcoming chip features that are shared with us under an NDA[1][5] where publishing any code we might write for them would be a breach of the NDA. But where this applies (which is rarely), we are absolutely clear with the vendors that we intend to make the code open as soon as possible, and we lobby them to release details as early as they can (which may be earlier than they might prefer) so that more experts can look over both their designs and our code. + +### Auditability and trust + +This brings us to possibly the most important reasons for making Enarx open source: auditability and trust. Enarx is a security-related project, and I believe passionately not only that [security should be done in the open][6] but also that if anybody is actually going to trust their sensitive data, algorithms, and workloads to a piece of software, then they want to be in a position where as many experts as possible have looked at it, scrutinised it, criticised it, and improved it, whether that is the people running the software, their employees, contractors, or (even better) the wider security community. The more people who check the code, the happier you should be to [trust it][7]. This is important for any piece of security software, but it is _vital_ for software such as Enarx, which is designed to protect your most sensitive workloads. + +### Bug catching + +There are bugs in Enarx. I know: I'm writing some of the code,[2][8] and I found one yesterday (which I'd put in), just as I was about to give a demo.[3][9] It is very, very difficult to write perfect code, and we know that if we make our source open, then more people can help us fix issues. + +### Commonwealth + +For Nathaniel and me, open source is an ethical issue, and we make no apologies for that. I think it's the same for most, if not all, of the team working on Enarx. This includes a number of Red Hat employees (see standard disclaimer), so it shouldn't come as a surprise, but we also have non-Red Hat contributors from a number of backgrounds. We feel that Enarx should be a Common Good and [contribute to the commonwealth][10] of intellectual property out there. + +### More brainpower + +Making something open source doesn't just make it easier to fix bugs: it can improve the quality of what you produce in general. The more brainpower you have to apply to the problem, the better your chances of making something great––assuming that the brainpower is applied efficiently (not always an easy task!). In a recent design meeting, one of the participants said towards the end, "I'm sure I could implement some of this, but I don't know a huge amount about this topic, and I'm worried that I'm not contributing to this discussion." In fact, they had contributed by asking questions and clarifying some points, and we assured them that we wanted to include experienced, senior developers for their expertise and knowledge and to pull out assumptions and validate the design, and not because we expected everybody to be experts in all parts of the project. + +Having bright people involved in design and coding spreads expertise and knowledge and helps keep the work from becoming an insulated, isolated "ivory tower" construction, understood by few, and almost impossible to validate. + +### Not just code + +It's not just coding that we do in the open. We manage our architecture in the open, our design meetings, our protocol design, our design methodology,[4][11] our documentation, our bug tracking, our chat, our CI/CD processes: all of it is open. The one exception is our [vulnerability management][12] process, which needs the opportunity for confidential exposure for a limited time. Here is where you can find our resources: + + * [Code][4] + * [Wiki][13] + * Design is on the wiki and [request for comments][14] repo + * [Issues][15] and [pull requests][16] + * [Chat][17] (thanks to [Rocket.chat][18]!) + * CI/CD resources thanks to [Packet][19]! + * [Stand-ups][20] + + + +We also take diversity seriously, and the project contributors are subject to the [Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct][21]. + +In short, Enarx is an open project. I'm sure we could do better, and we'll strive for that, but our underlying principles are that open is good in general and vital for security. If you agree, please come and visit! + +* * * + + 1. Non-disclosure agreement + 2. To the surprise of many of the team, including myself. At least it's not in Perl. + 3. I fixed it. Admittedly, after the demo. + 4. We've just moved to a sprint pattern, the details of which we designed and agreed to in the open. + + + +* * * + +_This article was originally published on [Alice, Eve, and Bob][22] and is adapted and reprinted with the author's permission._ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/why-open-source + +作者：[Mike Bursell][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/mikecamel +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/BUSINESS_3reasons.png?itok=k6F3-BqA (A lock on the side of a building) +[2]: https://enarx.dev/ +[3]: https://aliceevebob.com/ +[4]: https://github.com/enarx +[5]: tmp.PM1nWCfATC#1 +[6]: https://opensource.com/article/17/10/many-eyes +[7]: https://aliceevebob.com/2019/06/18/trust-choosing-open-source/ +[8]: tmp.PM1nWCfATC#2 +[9]: tmp.PM1nWCfATC#3 +[10]: https://opensource.com/article/17/11/commonwealth-open-source +[11]: tmp.PM1nWCfATC#4 +[12]: https://aliceevebob.com/2020/05/26/security-disclosure-or-vulnerability-management/ +[13]: https://github.com/enarx/enarx/wiki +[14]: https://github.com/enarx/rfcs +[15]: https://github.com/enarx/enarx/issues +[16]: https://github.com/enarx/enarx/pulls +[17]: https://chat.enarx.dev/ +[18]: https://rocket.chat/ +[19]: https://packet.com/ +[20]: https://github.com/enarx/enarx/wiki/How-to-contribute +[21]: https://github.com/enarx/.github/blob/master/CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md +[22]: https://aliceevebob.com/2020/07/28/why-enarx-is-open/ From b8eea67bdfa1df7f813c6e66ccb28af8169f4966 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 26 Aug 2020 12:55:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 064/167] translated --- ... between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md | 76 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 38 insertions(+), 38 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md (57%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md b/translated/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md similarity index 57% rename from sources/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md rename to translated/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md index 086f64dce3..ce667411f2 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md @@ -7,28 +7,28 @@ [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-convert-text-files-between-unix-and-dos-windows-formats/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) -How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats +如何在 Unix 和 DOS（Windows）格式之间转换文本文件 ====== -As a Linux administrator, you may have noticed some requests from developers to convert files from DOS format to Unix format, and vice versa. +作为一名 Linux 管理员，你可能已经注意到了一些开发者请求将文件从 DOS 格式转换为 Unix 格式，反之亦然。 -This is because these files were created on a Windows system and copied to a Linux system for some reason. +这是因为这些文件是在 Windows 系统上创建的，并由于某种原因被复制到 Linux 系统上。 -It’s harmless, but some applications on the Linux system may not understand these new line of characters, so you need to convert them before using it. +这本身没什么问题，但 Linux 系统上的一些应用可能不理解这些新的换行符，所以在使用之前，你需要转换它们。 -DOS text files comes with carriage return (CR or \r) and line feed (LF or \n) pairs as their newline characters, whereas Unix text files only have line feed as their newline character. +DOS 文本文件带有回车 (CR 或 \r) 和换行 (LF 或 \n) 对作为它们的换行符，而 Unix 文本只有换行 （LF） 符。 -There are many ways you can convert a DOS text file to a Unix format. +有很多方法可以将 DOS 文本文件转换为 Unix 格式。 -But I recommend using a special utility called **dos2unix** / **unix2dos** to convert text files between DOS and Unix formats. +但我推荐使用一个名为 **dos2unix** / **unix2dos** 的特殊工具将文本在 DOS 和 Unix 格式之间转换。 - * **dos2unix:** To convert a text files from the DOS format to the Unix format. - * **unix2dos:** To convert a text files from the Unix format to the DOS format. - * **tr, awk and [sed Command][1]:** These can be used for the same purpose + * **dos2unix：** 将文本文件从 DOS 格式转换为 Unix 格式。 + * **unix2dos：** 将文本文件从 Unix 格式转换为 DOS 格式。 + * **tr、awk 和 [sed 命令][1]：** 这些可以用于相同的目的。 -You can easily identify whether the file is DOS format or Unix format using the od (octal dump) command as shown below. +使用 od(八进制转储) 命令可以很容易地识别文件是 DOS 格式还是 Unix 格式，如下图所示。 ``` # od -bc windows.txt @@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ n L i n u x \r \n 0000231 ``` -The above output clearly shows that this is a DOS format file because it contains the escape sequence **`\r\n`**. +上面的输出清楚地表明这是一个 DOS 格式的文件，因为它包含了转义序列 **`\r\n`**。 -At the same time, when you print the file output on your terminal you will get the output below. +同时，当你在终端上打印文件输出时，你会得到下面的输出。 ``` # cat windows.txt @@ -67,40 +67,40 @@ Super computers are running on UNIX Anything can be done on Linux ``` -### How to Install dos2unix on Linux +### 如何在 Linux 上安装 dos2unix？ -dos2unix can be easily installed from the distribution official repository. +dos2unix 可以很容易地从发行版的官方仓库中安装。 -For RHEL/CentOS 6/7 systems, use the **[yum command][2]** to install dos2unix. +对于 RHEL/CentOS 6/7 系统，使用 **[yum命令][2]** 安装 dos2unix。 ``` $ sudo yum install -y dos2unix ``` -For RHEL/CentOS 8 and Fedora systems, use the **[dnf command][3]** to install dos2unix. +对于 RHEL/CentOS 8 和 Fedora 系统，使用 **[dnf命令][3]** 安装 dos2unix。 ``` $ sudo yum install -y dos2unix ``` -For Debian based systems, use the **[apt command][4]** or **[apt-get command][5]** to install dos2unix. +对于基于 Debian 的系统，使用 **[apt 命令][4]** 或 **[apt-get 命令][5]** 来安装 dos2unix。 ``` $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install dos2unix ``` -For openSUSE systems, use the **[zypper command][6]** to install dos2unix. +对于 openSUSE 系统，使用 **[zypper命令][6]** 安装 dos2unix。 ``` $ sudo zypper install -y dos2unix ``` -### 1) How to Convert DOS file to UNIX format +### 1）如何将 DOS 文件转换为 UNIX 格式？ -The following command converts the “windows.txt” file from DOS to Unix format. +以下命令将 ”windows.txt“ 文件从 DOS 转换为 Unix 格式。 -The modification of this file is to remove the “\r” from each line of the file. +对该文件的修改是删除文件每行的 ”\r“。 ``` # dos2unix windows.txt @@ -132,70 +132,70 @@ i n u x \n 0000225 ``` -The above command will overwrite the original file. +上面的命令将覆盖原始文件。 -Use the following command if you want to keep the original file. This will save the converted output as a new file. +如果你想保留原始文件，请使用以下命令。这将把转换后的输出保存为一个新文件。 ``` # dos2unix -n windows.txt unix.txt dos2unix: converting file windows.txt to file unix.txt in Unix format … ``` -### 1a) How to Convert DOS file to UNIX format Using tr Command +### 1a）如何使用 tr 命令将 DOS 文件转换为 UNIX 格式。 -As discussed at the beginning of the article, you can use the tr command to convert the DOS file to Unix format as shown below. +正如文章开头所讨论的，你可以如下所示使用 tr 命令将 DOS 文件转换为 Unix 格式。 ``` Syntax: tr -d '\r' < source_file > output_file ``` -The below tr command converts the “windows.txt” DOS file to Unix format file “unix.txt”. +下面的 tr 命令将 DOS 格式文件 ”windows.txt“ 转换为 Unix 格式文件 ”unix.txt“。 ``` # tr -d '\r' < windows.txt >unix.txt ``` -**Make a note:** You can’t use the tr command to convert a file from Unix format to Windows (DOS). +**注意：**不能使用 tr 命令将文件从 Unix 格式转换为 Windows（DOS）。 -### 1b) How to Convert DOS file to UNIX format Using awk Command +### 1b）如何使用 awk 命令将 DOS 文件转换为 UNIX 格式。 -Use the following awk command format to convert a DOS file to a Unix format. +使用以下 awk 命令格式将 DOS 文件转换为 Unix 格式。 ``` Syntax: awk '{ sub("\r$", ""); print }' source_file.txt > output_file.txt ``` -The below awk command converts the “windows.txt” DOS file to Unix format file “unix.txt”. +以下 awk 命令将 DOS 文件 ”windows.txt“ 转换为 Unix 格式文件 ”unix.txt“。 ``` # awk '{ sub("\r$", ""); print }' windows.txt > unix.txt ``` -### 2) How to Convert UNIX file to DOS format +### 2）如何将 UNIX 文件转换为 DOS 格式？ -When you convert a file from UNIX to DOS format, it will add a carriage return (CR or \r) in each of the line. +当你把一个文件从 UNIX 转换为 DOS 格式时，它会在每一行中添加一个回车（CR 或 \r）。 ``` # unix2dos unix.txt unix2dos: converting file unix.txt to DOS format … ``` -This command will keep the original file. +该命令将保留原始文件。 ``` # unix2dos -n unix.txt windows.txt unix2dos: converting file unix.txt to file windows.txt in DOS format … ``` -### 2a) How to Convert UNIX file to DOS format Using awk Command +### 2a）如何使用 awk 命令将 UNIX 文件转换为 DOS 格式？ -Use the following awk command format to convert UNIX file to DOS format. +使用以下 awk 命令格式将 UNIX 文件转换为 DOS 格式。 ``` Syntax: awk 'sub("$", "\r")' source_file.txt > output_file.txt ``` -The below awk command converts the “unix.txt” file to the DOS format file “windows.txt”. +下面的 awk 命令将 “unix.txt” 文件转换为 DOS 格式文件 “windows.txt”。 ``` # awk 'sub("$", "\r")' unix.txt > windows.txt @@ -207,7 +207,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-convert-text-files-between-unix-and-dos-win 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 965bab7552622bfabb12f540bea2c158942e48d1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 26 Aug 2020 23:46:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 065/167] PRF @wxy --- ...Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md | 20 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 10 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md b/translated/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md index 5ded770677..03a2671a5d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Creating and debugging Linux dump files) @@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ > 了解如何处理转储文件将帮你找到应用中难以重现的 bug。 -![Magnifying glass on code][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202008/26/234535rhnwdc783swgsbqw.jpg) -崩溃转储、内存转储、核心转储、系统转储……这些全都会产生同样的产物：一个包含了当应用崩溃时，在那个特定时刻的应用的内存状态的文件。 +崩溃转储、内存转储、核心转储、系统转储……这些全都会产生同样的产物：一个包含了当应用崩溃时，在那个特定时刻应用的内存状态的文件。 -这是一篇指导文章，你可以通过克隆示例应用仓库来跟随学习： +这是一篇指导文章，你可以通过克隆示例的应用仓库来跟随学习： ``` git clone https://github.com/hANSIc99/core_dump_example.git @@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ git clone https://github.com/hANSIc99/core_dump_example.git ### 信号如何关联到转储 -信号是操作系统和用户应用之间的进程间通讯。Linux 使用 [POSIX 标准][2]中定义的信号。在你的系统上，你可以在 `/usr/include/bits/signum-generic.h` 找到标准信号的定义。如果你想知道更多关于在你的应用程序中使用信号的信息，还有一个信息丰富的 [signal 手册页][3]。简单地说，Linux基于预期的或意外的信号来触发进一步的活动。 +信号是操作系统和用户应用之间的进程间通讯。Linux 使用 [POSIX 标准][2]中定义的信号。在你的系统上，你可以在 `/usr/include/bits/signum-generic.h` 找到标准信号的定义。如果你想知道更多关于在你的应用程序中使用信号的信息，这有一个信息丰富的 [signal 手册页][3]。简单地说，Linux 基于预期的或意外的信号来触发进一步的活动。 当你退出一个正在运行的应用程序时，应用程序通常会收到 `SIGTERM` 信号。因为这种类型的退出信号是预期的，所以这个操作不会创建一个内存转储。 @@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ git clone https://github.com/hANSIc99/core_dump_example.git * `SIGSEGV`：对存储的无效访问 * `SIGBUS`：总线错误 * `SIGABRT`：程序检测到的错误，并通过调用 `abort()` 来报告 - * `SIGIOT`：在 Fedora 上已经过时，这个信号过去在 [PDP-11][5] 上用 `abort()` 时触发，现在映射到 SIGABRT + * `SIGIOT`：这个信号在 Fedora 上已经过时，过去在 [PDP-11][5] 上用 `abort()` 时触发，现在映射到 SIGABRT ### 创建转储文件 @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ ulimit -c 0 /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern ``` -我运行的是 Fedora 31，在我的系统上，该文件包含： +我运行的是 Fedora 31，在我的系统上，该文件包含的内容是： ``` /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-coredump %P %u %g %s %t %c %h @@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ Program terminated with signal SIGABRT, Aborted. #6  0x0000000000401401 in main () ``` -内存地址：与后续帧相比，`main()` 和 `freeSomething()` 的内存地址相当低。由于共享对象被映射到虚拟地址空间末尾的区域，可以认为 `SIGABRT` 是由共享库中的调用引起的。共享对象的内存地址在多次调用之间并不是恒定不变的，所以当你看到多次调用之间的地址不同时，完全可以认为是共享对象。 +与后续帧相比，`main()` 和 `freeSomething()` 的内存地址相当低。由于共享对象被映射到虚拟地址空间末尾的区域，可以认为 `SIGABRT` 是由共享库中的调用引起的。共享对象的内存地址在多次调用之间并不是恒定不变的，所以当你看到多次调用之间的地址不同时，完全可以认为是共享对象。 堆栈跟踪显示，后续的调用源于 `malloc.c`，这说明内存的（取消）分配可能出了问题。 @@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ CFLAGS =-Wall -Werror -std=c++11 -g ./coredump -c2 ``` -你会得到一个浮点异常。在GDB中打开转储： +你会得到一个浮点异常。在 GDB 中打开该转储文件： ``` coredumpctl debug @@ -226,7 +226,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/linux-dump 作者：[Stephan Avenwedde][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 72085296bc8041995af10de1406c1744124b0fa0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 26 Aug 2020 23:46:46 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 066/167] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-12554-1.html --- .../tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md b/translated/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md index 03a2671a5d..7bed062411 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12554-1.html) [#]: subject: (Creating and debugging Linux dump files) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/linux-dump) [#]: author: (Stephan Avenwedde https://opensource.com/users/hansic99) From 2aad2f4e71de9b559eeb67679b9ed567463160f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 27 Aug 2020 00:13:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 067/167] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-12554-1.html --- .../20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md (100%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md b/published/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md similarity index 100% rename from translated/tech/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md rename to published/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md From 1ddb01569630555bd1dfb81204b76c431d5dcbc3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 27 Aug 2020 05:01:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 068/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200827=20?= =?UTF-8?q?How=20to=20Check=20Dependencies=20of=20a=20Package=20in=20Ubunt?= =?UTF-8?q?u/Debian-based=20Linux=20Distributions?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200827 How to Check Dependencies of a Package in Ubuntu-Debian-based Linux Distributions.md --- ...Ubuntu-Debian-based Linux Distributions.md | 189 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 189 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200827 How to Check Dependencies of a Package in Ubuntu-Debian-based Linux Distributions.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200827 How to Check Dependencies of a Package in Ubuntu-Debian-based Linux Distributions.md b/sources/tech/20200827 How to Check Dependencies of a Package in Ubuntu-Debian-based Linux Distributions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..256e600cef --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200827 How to Check Dependencies of a Package in Ubuntu-Debian-based Linux Distributions.md @@ -0,0 +1,189 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to Check Dependencies of a Package in Ubuntu/Debian-based Linux Distributions) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/check-dependencies-package-ubuntu/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) + +How to Check Dependencies of a Package in Ubuntu/Debian-based Linux Distributions +====== + +Installing applications via command line is quite easy in Ubuntu/Debian. All you need to do is to use apt install package_name. + +But what if you want to know the dependencies of a package before or after installing it? + +In this tutorial, I’ll show you various ways to see the dependencies of a package in Ubuntu and other Debian-based Linux distributions that use [APT package management system][1]. + +### What is package dependency in Ubuntu? + +If you didn’t know already, when you install a software package in Linux, sometimes, it needs other packages to function properly. These additional packages are called dependencies. If these dependency packages are not installed on the system, it is usually installed automatically with the package. + +For example, the [GUI tool HandBrake for converting video formats][2] needs [FFmpeg][3], [GStreamer][4]. So for HandBrake, FFmpeg and GStreamer are the dependencies. + +If you don’t have these packages installed on your system, they will be automatically installed when you [install HandBrake on Ubuntu][5]. + +### Check dependencies of a package in Ubuntu and Debian based distributions + +As it often happens in Linux, there are more than one way to achieve the same result. Let’s see various ways to see the dependencies of a package. + +#### Checking dependencies with apt show + +You can use the [apt show command][6] to display details of a package. Part of this information is dependencies and you can see it in the line starting with Depends. + +For example, here’s what it shows for [ubuntu-restricted-extras][7] package. + +``` +[email protected]:~$ apt show ubuntu-restricted-extras +Package: ubuntu-restricted-extras +Version: 67 +Priority: optional +Section: multiverse/metapackages +Origin: Ubuntu +Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[email protected]> +Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug +Installed-Size: 14.3 kB +Depends: ubuntu-restricted-addons +Recommends: libavcodec-extra, ttf-mscorefonts-installer, unrar +Download-Size: 3,200 B +APT-Manual-Installed: yes +APT-Sources: http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu focal/multiverse amd64 Packages +Description: Commonly used media codecs and fonts for Ubuntu + This collection of packages includes: + - MP3 and other audio codec software to play various audio formats + (GStreamer plugins) + - software to install the Microsoft Web fonts + - the Adobe Flash plugin + - LAME, software to create compressed audio files. + . + This software does not include libdvdcss2, and will not let you play + encrypted DVDs. For more information, see + https://help.ubuntu.com/community/RestrictedFormats/PlayingDVDs + . + These software packages are from the Multiverse channel, restricted by + copyright or legal issues in some countries. For more information, see + http://www.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/licensing +``` + +As you can see, ubuntu-restricted-extras package depends on ubuntu-restricted-addons package. + +Here’s a catch! The dependency package may also depend on some other package and the chain could go on. Thankfully, the APT package manager handles this for you by automatically installing all the dependencies (most of the time). + +What is recommended package? + +Did you notice the line starting with Recommends in the above output? + +Recommended packages are not direct dependencies for the package but they enable additional features. + +As you can see, ubuntu-restricted-extras has ttf-mscorefonts-installer as recommended package for installing Microsoft Fonts on Ubuntu. + +The recommended packages are also installed by default and if you explicitly want to forbid the installation of recommended package, use the –no-install-recommends flag like this: + +sudo apt install –no-install-recommends package_name + +#### Use apt-cache for getting just the dependencies information + +The apt show has way too many information. If you want to get the dependencies in a script, the apt-cache command gives you a better and clean output. + +``` +apt-cache depends package_name +``` + +The output looks much clean, does it not? + +![][8] + +#### Check the dependencies of a DEB file using dpkg + +Both apt and apt-cache command works on the packages that are available from the repositories. But if you download a DEB file, these command won’t work. + +In this case, you can use the dpkg command with -I or –info option. + +``` +dpkg -I path_to_deb_file +``` + +The dependencies can be seen in the line starting with Depends. + +![][9] + +#### Checking dependencies and reverse dependencies with apt-rdepends + +If you want more details on the dependencies, you can use the apt-rdepends tool. This tool creates the complete dependency tree. So, you get the dependency of a package and the dependencies of the dependencies as well. + +It is not a regular apt command and you’ll have to install it from the universe repository: + +``` +sudo apt install apt-rdepends +``` + +The output is usually quite large depending on the dependency tree. + +``` +Reading package lists... Done +Building dependency tree +Reading state information... Done +shutter + Depends: procps + Depends: xdg-utils +imagemagick + Depends: imagemagick-6.q16 (>= 8:6.9.2.10+dfsg-2~) +imagemagick-6.q16 + Depends: hicolor-icon-theme + Depends: libc6 (>= 2.4) + Depends: libmagickcore-6.q16-6 (>= 8:6.9.10.2) + Depends: libmagickwand-6.q16-6 (>= 8:6.9.10.2) +hicolor-icon-theme +libc6 + Depends: libcrypt1 (>= 1:4.4.10-10ubuntu4) + Depends: libgcc-s1 +libcrypt1 + Depends: libc6 (>= 2.25) +``` + +The apt-rdepends tool is quite versatile. It can also calculate the reverse dependencies. Which means, you can see what other packages depend on a certain package. + +``` +apt-rdepends -r package_name +``` + +The output could be pretty big because it will print the reverse dependency tree. + +``` +[email protected]:~$ apt-rdepends -r ffmpeg +Reading package lists... Done +Building dependency tree +Reading state information... Done +ffmpeg + Reverse Depends: ardour-video-timeline (>= 1:5.12.0-3ubuntu4) + Reverse Depends: deepin-screen-recorder (5.0.0-1build2) + Reverse Depends: devede (4.15.0-2) + Reverse Depends: dvd-slideshow (0.8.6.1-1) + Reverse Depends: green-recorder (>= 3.2.3) +``` + +I hope this quick tutorial was helpful in improving your command line knowledge a bit. Stay tuned for more such tips. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/check-dependencies-package-ubuntu/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://wiki.debian.org/Apt +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/handbrake/ +[3]: https://ffmpeg.org/ +[4]: https://gstreamer.freedesktop.org/ +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/install-handbrake-ubuntu/ +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/apt-search-command/ +[7]: https://itsfoss.com/install-media-codecs-ubuntu/ +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/apt-check-dependencies-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C297&ssl=1 +[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/check-dpendencies-of-deb-package.png?resize=800%2C432&ssl=1 From 9aa24e2b83ad0e427dda8fa0ded82144e542a4f6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 27 Aug 2020 05:02:15 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 069/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200826=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Create=20and=20run=20Python=20apps=20on=20your=20Android=20phon?= =?UTF-8?q?e?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md --- ...d run Python apps on your Android phone.md | 179 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 179 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md b/sources/tech/20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1139e997d3 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Create and run Python apps on your Android phone) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/python-android-mobile) +[#]: author: (Phani Adabala https://opensource.com/users/adabala) + +Create and run Python apps on your Android phone +====== +Use Termux and Flask to create, develop, and run a web app on your +mobile device. +![Tux and Android stuffed animals on shelf][1] + +Learning and using Python is fun. Thanks to its growing popularity, there are a plethora of ways it can be used to make the world of computing better than what it is today. + +Imagine building and running python applications, whether it's a command-line tool developed to fetch your favorite curated articles from the Internet, or starting a web server that runs right in the palm of your hand, all with just an Android mobile device and open source tools. This would change how you view your mobile device entirely, changing it from a device that merely lets you consume content to a device that helps you be creative. + +In this article, I'll demonstrate all of the tools, software packages, steps, and all the bells and whistles required to build, run, and test a simple Python application on any Android mobile device. I use the [Flask framework][2] to create a simple “Hello, World!” app running on a simple but powerful web server. And best of all, it all happens on the phone. No laptop or desktop required. + +### Install Termux on Android + +First, [install the Termux application][3]. Termux is a powerful terminal emulator that offers all the most popular Linux commands, plus hundreds of additional packages for easy installation. It doesn't require any special permissions You can use either the default [Google Play][4] store or the open source app repository [F-Droid][5] to install. + +![Welcome to Termux][6] + +Once you have installed Termux, launch it and perform a few requisite software installations using Termux's **pkg** command: + +Subscribe to the additional repository “root-repo”: + + +``` +`$ pkg install root-repo` +``` + + Perform an update to bring all the installed software up to date: + + +``` +`$ pkg update` +``` + +Finally, install Python: + + +``` +`$ pkg install python` +``` + +![Install Python][7] + +Once the installation and auto set-up of configuration is complete, it’s time to build your application. + +### Build an app for Android on Android + +Now that you have a terminal installed, you can work on your Android phone largely as if it were just another Linux computer. This is a great demonstration of just how powerful a terminal really is. + +Start by creating a project directory: + + +``` +$ mkdir Source +$ cd Source +``` + +Next, create a Python virtual environment. This is a common practice among Python developers, and it helps keep your Python project independent of your development system (in this case, your phone). Within your virtual environment, you'll be able to install Python modules specific to your app. + + +``` +`$ python -m venv venv` +``` + +Activate your new virtual environment (note that the two dots at the start are separated by a space): + + +``` +$ . ./venv/bin/activate +(env)$ +``` + +Notice that your shell prompt is now preceded by **(env)** to indicate that you're in a virtual environment. + +Now install the Flask Python module using **pip**: + + +``` +`(env) $ pip install flask` +``` + +### Write Python code on Android + +You're all set up. All you need now is to write the code for your app. + +To do this, you should have experience with a classic text editor. I use **vi**. If you’re unfamiliar with **vi**, install and try the **vimtutor** application, which (as its name suggests) can teach you how to use this editor. If you have a different editor you prefer, such as **jove**, **jed**, **joe**, or **emacs**, you can install and use one of those instead. + +For now, because this demonstration app is so simple, you can also just use the shell's **heredoc** function, which allows you to enter text directly at your prompt: + + +``` +(env)$ cat << EOF >> hello_world.py +> from flask import Flask +> app = Flask(__name__) +> +> @app.route('/') +> def hello_world(): +>     return 'Hello, World!' +> EOF +(env)$ +``` + +That's just six lines of code, but with that you import Flask, create an app, and route incoming traffic to the function called **hello_world**. + +![Vim on Android][8] + +Now you have the web-server code ready. It's time to set up some [environment variables][9] and start a web server on your phone. + + +``` +(env) $ export FLASK_APP=hello_world.py +(env) $ export FLASK_ENV=development +(evn) $ python hello_world.py +``` + +![Running a Flask app on your phone][10] + +After starting your app, you see this message: + + +``` +`serving Flask app… running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/` +``` + +This indicates that you now have a tiny web server running on **localhost** (that is, your device). This server is listening for requests looking for port 5000. + +Open your mobile browser and navigate to **** to see your web app. + +![Your web app][11] + +You haven't compromised your phone's security. You're only running a local server, meaning that your phone isn't accepting requests from the outside world. Only you can access your Flask server. + +To make your server visible to others, you can disable Flask's debugging mode by adding **\--host=0.0.0.0** to the **run** command. This does open ports on your phone, so use this wisely. + + +``` +(env) $ export FLASK_ENV=”” +(env) $ flask run –host=0.0.0.0 +``` + +Stop the server by pressing **Ctrl+C** (use the special Termux key for Control). + +### Decide what comes next + +Your phone is probably not the ideal server platform for a serious web app, but this demonstrates that the possibilities are endless. You might program on your Android phone just because it’s a convenient way to stay in practice, or because you have an exciting new idea for localized web apps, or maybe you just happen to use a Flask app for your own daily tasks. As Einstein once said “Imagination is more important than knowledge”, and this is a fun little project for any new coder, or a seasoned Linux or Android enthusiast. It can be expanded to endless levels, so let your curiosity take over, and make something exciting! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/python-android-mobile + +作者：[Phani Adabala][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/adabala +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/tux_penguin_linux_android.jpg?itok=ctgANLI7 (Tux and Android stuffed animals on shelf) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/4/flask +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/termux +[4]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.termux +[5]: https://f-droid.org/repository/browse/?fdid=com.termux +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/termux-flask-1_0.webp (Welcome to Termux) +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/termux-install-python.webp (Install Python) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/termux-python-vim.webp (Vim on Android) +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/what-are-environment-variables +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/termux-flask-run.webp (Running a Flask app on your phone) +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/flask-app-android.webp (Your web app) From 873f8e4816a3c5ebcbaa0345c050b3c4f696db48 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 27 Aug 2020 05:02:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 070/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200826=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Customize=20your=20GNOME=20desktop=20theme?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md --- ...0826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md | 106 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 106 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md b/sources/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..efaa54381a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Customize your GNOME desktop theme) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/gnome-themes) +[#]: author: (Alan Formy-Duval https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss) + +Customize your GNOME desktop theme +====== +Use Tweaks and its user themes extension to change the look of your +Linux UI. +![Gnomes in a window.][1] + +GNOME is a fairly simple and streamlined Linux graphical user interface (GUI), and a lot of users appreciate its minimalist look. Although it's pretty basic out of the box, you can customize [GNOME][2] to match your preferences. Thanks to GNOME Tweaks and the user themes extension, you can change the look and feel of the top bar, window title bars, icons, cursors, and many other UI options. + +### Get started + +Before you can change your GNOME theme, you have to install [Tweaks][3] and enable the user themes extension. + +#### Install GNOME Tweaks + +You can find Tweaks in the GNOME Software Center, where you can install it quickly with just the click of a button. + +![Install Tweaks in Software Center][4] + +(Alan Formy-Duval, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +If you prefer the command line, use your package manager. For instance, on Fedora or CentOS: + + +``` +`$ sudo dnf install gnome-tweaks` +``` + +On Debian or similar: + + +``` +`$ sudo apt install gnome-tweaks` +``` + +#### Enable user themes + +To enable the user themes extension, launch Tweaks and select **Extensions**. Find **User themes** and click the slider to enable it. + +![Enable User Themes Extension][6] + +(Alan Formy-Duval, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +### Get a theme + +Now that you've completed those prerequisites, you're ready to find and download some themes. A great site to find new themes is [GNOME-Look.org][7]. + +There's a list of theme categories on the left-hand side of the page. Once you find a theme you want, you need to download it. I downloaded the `.tar` file directly to the `.themes` directory under my home directory (you may need to create the directory first): + + +``` +`$ mkdir ~/.themes` +``` + +If you want all the machine's users to be able to use the theme, place it in `/usr/share/themes`. + + +``` +`$ tar xvf theme_archive.tar.xz` +``` + +Once you have downloaded the file, extract the archive. You can delete the `.tar.xz` file to save some disk space. + +### Apply a theme + +To apply your new theme, go to the **Appearance** section in Tweaks. Here, you can select different options for each aspect of your desktop. + +![Apply a theme][8] + +(Alan Formy-Duval, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +### Variety is the spice of life + +Being able to personalize a computer desktop with different wallpaper, colors, fonts, and more has been a popular feature since the first graphical interfaces hit the market. GNOME Tweaks and the user themes extension enable this customization on the GNOME desktop environment on all the GNU/Linux operating systems where it is available. And the open source community continues to provide a wide range of themes, icons, fonts, and wallpapers that anyone can download, play with, and customize. + +What are your favorite GNOME themes, and why do you like them? Please share in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/gnome-themes + +作者：[Alan Formy-Duval][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/custom_gnomes.png?itok=iG98iL8d (Gnomes in a window.) +[2]: https://www.gnome.org/ +[3]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Tweaks +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnome-install_tweaks_gui.png (Install Tweaks in Software Center) +[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnome-enable_user_theme_extension.png (Enable User Themes Extension) +[7]: https://www.gnome-look.org +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnome-apply_theme.png (Apply a theme) From b74d8707512277fcf3d01132e4e21c3afc4757fe Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 27 Aug 2020 05:02:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 071/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200826=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Manage=20your=20software=20repositories=20with=20this=20open=20?= =?UTF-8?q?source=20tool?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200826 Manage your software repositories with this open source tool.md --- ...repositories with this open source tool.md | 84 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 84 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200826 Manage your software repositories with this open source tool.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200826 Manage your software repositories with this open source tool.md b/sources/tech/20200826 Manage your software repositories with this open source tool.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2d650fa96c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200826 Manage your software repositories with this open source tool.md @@ -0,0 +1,84 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Manage your software repositories with this open source tool) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/manage-repositories-pulp) +[#]: author: (Melanie Corr https://opensource.com/users/melanie-corr) + +Manage your software repositories with this open source tool +====== +An introduction to Pulp, the open source repository management solution +that is growing in scope and functionality. +![Cut pieces of citrus fruit and pomegranates][1] + +[Foreman][2] is a robust management and automation product that provides administrators of Linux environments with enterprise-level solutions for four key scenarios: provisioning management, configuration management, patch management, and content management. A major component of the content management functionality in Foreman is provided by the Pulp project. While Pulp is an integral part of this product, it is also a standalone, free, and open source project that is making huge progress on its own. + +Let's take a look at the Pulp project, especially the features of the latest release, Pulp 3. + +### What is Pulp? + +Pulp is a platform for managing repositories of software packages and making them available to a large number of consumers. You can use Pulp to mirror, synchronize, upload, and promote content like RPMs, Python packages, Ansible collections, container images, and more across different environments. If you have dozens, hundreds, or even thousands of software packages and need a better way to manage them, Pulp can help. + +The latest major version is [Pulp 3][3], which was released in December 2019. Pulp 3 is the culmination of years of gathering user requirements and a complete technical overhaul of the existing Pulp architecture to increase reliability and flexibility. Plus, it includes a vast range of new features. + +### Who uses Pulp? + +For the most part, Pulp users administer enterprise software environments where the stability and reliability of content are paramount. Pulp users want a platform to develop content without worrying that repositories might disappear. They want to promote content across the different stages of their lifecycle environment in a secure manner that optimizes disk space and scales their environment to meet new demands. They also need the flexibility to work with a wide variety of content types. Pulp 3 provides that and more. + +### Manage a wide variety of content in one place + +After you install Pulp, you can add [content plugins][4] for the content types that you plan to manage, mirror the content locally, add privately hosted content, and blend content to suit your requirements. If you’re an Ansible user, for example, and you don't want to host your private content on Ansible Galaxy, you can add the Pulp Ansible plugin, mirror the public Ansible content that you require, and use Pulp as an on-premise platform to manage and distribute a scalable blend of public and private Ansible roles and collections across your organization. You can do this with any content type. There is a wide variety of content plugins available, including RPM, Debian, Python, Container, and Ansible, to name but a few. There is also a File plugin, which you can use to manage files like ISO images. + +If you don't find a plugin for the content type that you require, Pulp 3 has introduced a new plugin API and plugin template to make it easy to create a Pulp plugin of your own. You can use the [plugin writing guide][5] to autogenerate a minimal viable plugin, and then start building from there. + +### High availability + +With Pulp 3, the change from MongoDB to PostgreSQL facilitated major improvements around performance and data integrity. Pulp users now have a fully open source tech stack that provides high availability (HA) and better scalability. + +### Repository versioning + +Using Pulp 3, you can experiment without risk. Every time you add or remove content, Pulp creates an immutable repository version so that you can roll back to earlier versions and thereby guarantee the safety and stability of your operation. Using publications and distributions, you can expose multiple versions of a repository, which you can use as another method of rolling back to an earlier version. To roll back, you can simply point your distribution to an older publication. + +### Disk optimization + +One of the major challenges for any software development environment is disk optimization. If you're downloading a constant stream of packages—for example, nightly builds of repositories that you require today but will no longer require tomorrow—disk space will quickly become an issue. Pulp 3 has been designed with disk optimization in mind. While the default option downloads and saves all software packages, you can also enable either the "on demand" or "streamed" option. The "on demand" option saves disk space by downloading and saving only the content that clients request. With the "streamed" option, you also download upon client request, but you don't save the content in Pulp. This is ideal for synchronizing content, for example, from a nightly repository, and saves you from having to perform a disk cleanup at a later stage. + +### Multiple storage options + +Even with the best disk optimization, as your project grows, you might need a way to scale your deployment to match your requirements. As well as local file storage, Pulp supports a range of cloud storage options, such as Amazon S3 and Azure, to ensure that you can scale to meet the demands of your deployment. + +### Protect your content + +Pulp 3 has the option of adding the [Certguard][6] plugin, which provides an X.509 capable ContentGuard that requires clients to submit a certificate proving their entitlement to content before receiving content from Pulp. + +Any client presenting an X.509 or Red Hat Subscription Management-based certificate at request time will be authorized, as long as the client certification is not expired, is signed by the Certificate Authority, and was stored on the Certguard when it was created. The client presents the certificate using transport layer security (TLS), which proves that the client has not only the certificate but also its key. You can develop, confident in the knowledge that your content is being protected. + +The Pulp team is also actively working on a role-based access control system for the entire Pulp deployment so that administrators can ensure that the right users have access to the right environments. + +### Try Pulp in a container + +If you're interested in evaluating Pulp 3 for yourself, you can easily install [Pulp 3 in a Container][7] using Docker or Podman. The Pulp team is constantly working on simplifying the installation process. You can also use an [Ansible playbook][8] to automate the full installation and configuration of Pulp 3. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/manage-repositories-pulp + +作者：[Melanie Corr][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/melanie-corr +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/fruit-orange-pomegranate-pulp-unsplash.jpg?itok=4cvODZDJ (Oranges and pomegranates) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/17/8/system-management-foreman +[3]: https://pulpproject.org/about-pulp-3/ +[4]: https://pulpproject.org/content-plugins/ +[5]: https://docs.pulpproject.org/plugins/plugin-writer/index.html +[6]: https://pulp-certguard.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ +[7]: https://pulpproject.org/pulp-in-one-container/ +[8]: https://pulp-installer.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ From 59051d38b98078bd3027b9a9f8533d515ffaf630 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 27 Aug 2020 05:03:05 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 072/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[talk]:=2020200826=20?= =?UTF-8?q?What=20is=20DNS=20and=20how=20does=20it=20work=3F?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20200826 What is DNS and how does it work.md --- ...200826 What is DNS and how does it work.md | 140 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 140 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20200826 What is DNS and how does it work.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20200826 What is DNS and how does it work.md b/sources/talk/20200826 What is DNS and how does it work.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3771b3da79 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20200826 What is DNS and how does it work.md @@ -0,0 +1,140 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (What is DNS and how does it work?) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3268449/what-is-dns-and-how-does-it-work.html) +[#]: author: (Keith Shaw and Josh Fruhlinger ) + +What is DNS and how does it work? +====== +The Domain Name System resolves the names of internet sites with their underlying IP addresses adding efficiency and even security in the process. +Thinkstock + +The Domain Name System (DNS) is one of the foundations of the internet, yet most people outside of networking probably don’t realize they use it every day to do their jobs, check their email or waste time on their smartphones. + +At its most basic, DNS is a directory of names that match with numbers. The numbers, in this case are IP addresses, which computers use to communicate with each other. Most descriptions of DNS use the analogy of a phone book, which is fine for people over the age of 30 who know what a phone book is. + +[[Get regularly scheduled insights by signing up for Network World newsletters.]][1] + +If you’re under 30, think of DNS like your smartphone’s contact list, which matches people’s names with their phone numbers and email addresses. Then multiply that contact list by everyone else on the planet. + +### A brief history of DNS + +When the internet was very, very small, it was easier for people to correspond specific IP addresses with specific computers, but that didn’t last for long as more devices and people joined the growing network. It's still possible to type a specific IP address into a browser to reach a website, but then, as now, people wanted an address made up of easy-to-remember words, of the sort that we would recognize as a domain name (like networkworld.com) today. In the 1970s and early '80s, those names and addresses were assigned by one person — [Elizabeth Feinler at Stanford][2] – who maintained a master list of every Internet-connected computer in a text file called [HOSTS.TXT][3]. + +This was obviously an untenable situation as the Internet grew, not least because Feinler only handled requests before 6 p.m. California time, and took time off for Christmas. In 1983, Paul Mockapetris, a researcher at USC, was tasked with coming up with a compromise among multiple suggestions for dealing with the problem. He basically ignored them all and developed his own system, which he dubbed DNS. While it's obviously changed quite a bit since then, at a fundamental level it still works the same way it did nearly 40 years ago. + +### How DNS servers work + +The DNS directory that matches name to numbers isn’t located all in one place in some dark corner of the internet. With [more than 332 million domain names listed at the end of 2017][4], a single directory would be very large indeed. Like the internet itself, the directory is distributed around the world, stored on domain name servers (generally referred to as DNS servers for short) that all communicate with each other on a very regular basis to provide updates and redundancies. + +### Authoritative DNS servers vs. recursive DNS servers + +When your computer wants to find the IP address associated with a domain name, it first makes its request to a recursive DNS server, also known as recursive resolver*.* A recursive resolver is a server that is usually operated by an ISP or other third-party provider, and it knows which other DNS servers it needs to ask to resolve the name of a site with its IP address. The servers that actually have the needed information are called authoritative DNS servers*.* + +### DNS servers and IP addresses + +Each domain can correspond to more than one IP address. In fact, some sites have hundreds or more IP addresses that correspond with a single domain name. For example, the server your computer reaches for [www.google.com][5] is likely completely different from the server that someone in another country would reach by typing the same site name into their browser. + +Another reason for the distributed nature of the directory is the amount of time it would take for you to get a response when you were looking for a site if there was only one location for the directory, shared among the millions, probably billions, of people also looking for information at the same time. That’s one long line to use the phone book. + +### What is DNS caching? + +To get around this problem, DNS information is shared among many servers. But information for sites visited recently is also cached locally on client computers. Chances are that you use google.com several times a day. Instead of your computer querying the DNS name server for the IP address of google.com every time, that information is saved on your computer so it doesn’t have to access a DNS server to resolve the name with its IP address. Additional caching can occur on the routers used to connect clients to the internet, as well as on the servers of the user’s Internet Service Provider (ISP). With so much caching going on, the number of queries that actually make it to DNS name servers is a lot lower than it would seem. + +### How do I find my DNS server? + +Generally speaking, the DNS server you use will be established automatically by your network provider when you connect to the internet. If you want to see which servers are your primary nameservers — generally the recursive resolver, as described above — there are web utilities that can provide a host of information about your current network connection. [Browserleaks.com][6] is a good one, and it provides a lot of information, including your current DNS servers. + +### Can I use 8.8.8.8 DNS? + +It's important to keep in mind, though, that while your ISP will set a default DNS server, you're under no obligation to use it. Some users may have reason to avoid their ISP's DNS — for instance, some ISPs use their DNS servers to redirect requests for nonexistent addresses to [pages with advertising][7]. + +If you want an alternative, you can instead point your computer to a public DNS server that will act as a recursive resolver. One of the most prominent public DNS servers is Google's; its IP address is 8.8.8.8. Google's DNS services tend to be [fast][8], and while there are certain questions about the [ulterior motives Google has for offering the free service][9], they can't really get any more information from you that they don't already get from Chrome. Google has a page with detailed instructions on how to [configure your computer or router][10] to connect to Google's DNS. + +### How DNS adds efficiency + +DNS is organized in a hierarchy that helps keep things running quickly and smoothly. To illustrate, let’s pretend that you wanted to visit networkworld.com. + +The initial request for the IP address is made to a recursive resolver, as discussed above. The recursive resolver knows which other DNS servers it needs to ask to resolve the name of a site (networkworld.com) with its IP address. This search leads to a root server, which knows all the information about top-level domains, such as .com, .net, .org and all of those country domains like .cn (China) and .uk (United Kingdom). Root servers are located all around the world, so the system usually directs you to the closest one geographically. + +Once the request reaches the correct root server, it goes to a top-level domain (TLD) name server, which stores the information for the second-level domain, the words used before you get to the .com, .org, .net (for example, that information for networkworld.com is “networkworld”). The request then goes to the Domain Name Server, which holds the information about the site and its IP address. Once the IP address is discovered, it is sent back to the client, which can now use it to visit the website. All of this takes mere milliseconds. + +Because DNS has been working for the past 30-plus years, most people take it for granted. Security also wasn’t considered when building the system, so [hackers have taken full advantage of this][11], creating a variety of attacks. + +### DNS reflection attacks + +DNS reflection attacks can swamp victims with high-volume messages from DNS resolver servers. Attackers request large DNS files from all the open DNS resolvers they can find and do so using the spoofed IP address of the victim. When the resolvers respond, the victim receives a flood of unrequested DNS data that overwhelms their machines. + +### DNS cache poisoning + +[DNS cache poisoning][12] can divert users to malicious Web sites. Attackers manage to insert false address records into the DNS so when a potential victim requests an address resolution for one of the poisoned sites, the DNS responds with the IP address for a different site, one controlled by the attacker. Once on these phony sites, victims may be tricked into giving up passwords or suffer malware downloads. + +### DNS resource exhaustion + +[DNS resource exhaustion][13] attacks can clog the DNS infrastructure of ISPs, blocking the ISP’s customers from reaching sites on the internet. This can be done by attackers registering a domain name and using the victim’s name server as the domain’s authoritative server. So if a recursive resolver can’t supply the IP address associated with the site name, it will ask the name server of the victim. Attackers generate large numbers of requests for their domain and toss in non-existent subdomains to boot, which leads to a torrent of resolution requests being fired at the victim’s name server, overwhelming it. + +### What is DNSSec? + +DNS Security Extensions is an effort to make communication among the various levels of servers involved in DNS lookups more secure. It was devised by the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), the organization in charge of the DNS system. + +ICANN became aware of weaknesses in the communication between the DNS top-level, second-level and third-level directory servers that could allow attackers to hijack lookups. That would allow the attackers to respond to requests for lookups to legitimate sites with the IP address for malicious sites. These sites could upload malware to users or carry out phishing and pharming attacks. + +DNSSEC would address this by having each level of DNS server digitally sign its requests, which insures that the requests sent in by end users aren’t commandeered by attackers. This creates a chain of trust so that at each step in the lookup, the integrity of the request is validated. + +In addition, DNSSec can determine if domain names exist, and if one doesn’t, it won’t let that fraudulent domain be delivered to innocent requesters seeking to have a domain name resolved. + +As more domain names are created, and more devices continue to join the network via internet of things devices and other “smart” systems, and as [more sites migrate to IPv6][14], maintaining a healthy DNS ecosystem will be required. The growth of big data and analytics also [brings a greater need for DNS management][15]. + +### SIGRed: A wormable DNS flaw rears its head + +The world got a good look recently at the sort of chaos weaknesses in DNS could cause with the discovery of a flaw in Windows DNS servers. The potential security hole, dubbed SIGRed, [requires a complex attack chain][16], but can exploit unpatched Windows DNS servers to potentially install and execute arbitrary malicious code on clients. And the exploit is "wormable," meaning that it can spread from computer to computer without human intervention. The vulnerability was considered alarming enough that U.S. federal agencies were [given only a few days to install patches][17]. + +### DNS over HTTPS: A new privacy landscape + +As of this writing, DNS is on the verge of one of its biggest shifts in its history. Google and Mozilla, who together control the lion's share of the browser market, are encouraging a move towards [DNS over HTTPS][18], or DoH, in which DNS requests are encrypted by the same HTTPS protocol that already protects most web traffic. In Chrome's implementation, the browser checks to see if the DNS servers support DoH, and if they don't, it reroutes DNS requests to Google's 8.8.8.8. + +It's a move not without controversy. Paul Vixie, who did much of the early work on the DNS protocol back in the 1980s, calls the move a "[disaster][19]" for security: corporate IT will have a much harder time monitoring or directing DoH traffic that traverses their network, for instance. Still, Chrome is omnipresent and DoH will soon be turned on by default, so we'll see what the future holds. + +_(Keith Shaw is_ _a former senior editor for Network World and_ _an award-winning writer, editor and product reviewer who has written for many publications and websites around the world.)_ + +_(Josh Fruhlinger is a writer and editor who lives in Los Angeles.)_ + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][20] and [LinkedIn][21] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3268449/what-is-dns-and-how-does-it-work.html + +作者：[Keith Shaw and Josh Fruhlinger][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/newsletters/signup.html +[2]: https://www.internethalloffame.org/blog/2012/07/23/why-does-net-still-work-christmas-paul-mockapetris +[3]: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc608 +[4]: http://www.verisign.com/en_US/domain-names/dnib/index.xhtml?section=cc-tlds +[5]: http://www.google.com +[6]: https://browserleaks.com/ip +[7]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2246426/comcast-redirects-bad-urls-to-pages-with-advertising.html +[8]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3194890/comparing-the-performance-of-popular-public-dns-providers.html +[9]: https://blog.dnsimple.com/2015/03/why-and-how-to-use-googles-public-dns/ +[10]: https://developers.google.com/speed/public-dns/docs/using +[11]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2838356/network-security/dns-is-ubiquitous-and-its-easily-abused-to-halt-service-or-steal-data.html +[12]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/2277316/tech-primers/tech-primers-how-dns-cache-poisoning-works.html +[13]: https://www.cloudmark.com/releases/docs/whitepapers/dns-resource-exhaustion-v01.pdf +[14]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3254575/lan-wan/what-is-ipv6-and-why-aren-t-we-there-yet.html +[15]: http://social.dnsmadeeasy.com/blog/opinion/future-big-data-dns-analytics/ +[16]: https://www.csoonline.com/article/3567188/wormable-dns-flaw-endangers-all-windows-servers.html +[17]: https://federalnewsnetwork.com/cybersecurity/2020/07/cisa-gives-agencies-a-day-to-remedy-windows-dns-server-vulnerability/ +[18]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3322023/dns-over-https-seeks-to-make-internet-use-more-private.html +[19]: https://www.theregister.com/2018/10/23/paul_vixie_slaps_doh_as_dns_privacy_feature_becomes_a_standard/ +[20]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[21]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From d4313a282e9857cf2f2485064a5056d1e8ae5450 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 27 Aug 2020 05:03:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 073/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[talk]:=2020200826=20?= =?UTF-8?q?What=20is=20IPv6,=20and=20why=20aren=E2=80=99t=20we=20there=20y?= =?UTF-8?q?et=3F?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20200826 What is IPv6, and why aren-t we there yet.md --- ...at is IPv6, and why aren-t we there yet.md | 98 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 98 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20200826 What is IPv6, and why aren-t we there yet.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20200826 What is IPv6, and why aren-t we there yet.md b/sources/talk/20200826 What is IPv6, and why aren-t we there yet.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..228970852b --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20200826 What is IPv6, and why aren-t we there yet.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (What is IPv6, and why aren’t we there yet?) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3254575/what-is-ipv6-and-why-aren-t-we-there-yet.html) +[#]: author: (Keith Shaw and Josh Fruhlinger ) + +What is IPv6, and why aren’t we there yet? +====== +IPv6 has been in the works since 1998 to address the shortfall of IP addresses available under Ipv4, yet despite its efficiency and security advantages, adoption is still slow. +Thinkstock + +For the most part the dire warnings about running out of internet addresses have ceased because, slowly but surely, migration from the world of Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) to IPv6 has begun, and software is in place to prevent the address apocalypse that many were predicting. + +But before we see where are and where we’re going with IPv6, let’s go back to the early days of internet addressing. + +**[ Related: [IPv6 deployment guide][1] + [How to plan your migration to IPv6][2] ]** + +### What is IPv6 and why is it important? + +IPv6 is the latest version of the Internet Protocol, which identifies devices across the internet so they can be located. Every device that uses the internet is identified through its own IP address in order for internet communication to work. In that respect, it’s just like the street addresses and zip codes you need to know in order to mail a letter. + +The previous version, IPv4, uses a 32-bit addressing scheme to support 4.3 billion devices, which was thought to be enough. However, the growth of the internet, personal computers, smartphones and now Internet of Things devices proves that the world needed more addresses. + +Fortunately, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) recognized this 20 years ago. In 1998 it created IPv6, which instead uses 128-bit addressing to support approximately 340 trillion trillion (or 2 to the 128th power, if you like). Instead of the IPv4 address method of four sets of one- to three-digit numbers, IPv6 uses eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, separated by colons. + +### What are the benefits of IPv6? + +In its work, the IETF included enhancements to IPv6 compared with IPv4. The IPv6 protocol can handle packets more efficiently, improve performance and increase security. It enables internet service providers to reduce the size of their routing tables by making them more hierarchical. + +### Network address translation (NAT) and IPv6 + +Adoption of IPv6 has been delayed in part due to network address translation (NAT), which takes private IP addresses and turns them into public IP addresses. That way a corporate machine with a private IP address can send to and receive packets from machines located outside the private network that have public IP addresses. + +Without NAT, large corporations with thousands or tens of thousands of computers would devour enormous quantities of public IPv4 addresses if they wanted to communicate with the outside world. But those IPv4 addresses are limited and nearing exhaustion to the point of having to be rationed. + +NAT helps alleviate the problem. With NAT, thousands of privately addressed computers can be presented to the public internet by a NAT machine such as a firewall or router. + +The way NAT works is when a corporate computer with a private IP address sends a packet to a public IP address outside the corporate network, it first goes to the NAT device. The NAT notes the packet’s source and destination addresses in a translation table. + +The NAT changes the source address of the packet to the public-facing address of the NAT device and sends it along to the external destination. When a packet replies, the NAT translates the destination address to the private IP address of the computer that initiated the communication. This can be done so that a single public IP address can represent multiple privately addressed computers. + +### Who is deploying IPv6? + +Carrier networks and ISPs have been the first group to start deploying IPv6 on their networks, with mobile networks leading the charge. For example, T-Mobile USA has more than 90% of its traffic going over IPv6, with Verizon Wireless close behind at 82.25%. Comcast and AT&T have its networks at 63% and 65%, respectively, according to the industry group [World Ipv6 Launch][3]. + +Major websites are following suit - just under 30% of the Alexa Top 1000 websites are currently reachable over IPv6, World IPv6 Launch says. + +Enterprises are trailing in deployment, with slightly under one-fourth of enterprises advertising IPv6 prefixes, according to the Internet Society’s [“State of IPv6 Deployment 2017” report][4]. Complexity, costs and time needed to complete are all reasons given. In addition, some projects have been delayed due to software compatibility. For example, a [January 2017 report][5] said a bug in Windows 10 was “undermining Microsoft’s efforts to roll out an IPv6-only network at its Seattle headquarters.” + +### When will more deployments occur? + +The Internet Society said the price of IPv4 addresses will peak in 2018, and then prices will drop after IPv6 deployment passes the 50% mark. Currently, [according to Google][6], the world has 20% to 22% IPv6 adoption, but in the U.S. it’s about 32%). + +As the price of IPv4 addresses begin to drop, the Internet Society suggests that enterprises sell off their existing IPv4 addresses to help fund IPv6 deployment. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology has done this, according to [a note posted on GitHub][7]. The university concluded that 8 million of its IPv4 addresses were “excess” and could be sold without impacting current or future needs since it also holds 20 nonillion IPv6 addresses. (A nonillion is the numeral one followed by 30 zeroes.) + +In addition, as more deployments occur, more companies will start charging for the use of IPv4 addresses, while providing IPv6 services for free. [UK-based ISP Mythic Beasts][8] says “IPv6 connectivity comes as standard,” while “IPv4 connectivity is an optional extra.” + +### When will IPv4 be “shut off”? + +Most of the world [“ran out” of new IPv4 addresses][9] between 2011 and 2018 – but we won’t completely be out of them as IPv4 addresses get sold and re-used (as mentioned earlier), and any leftover addresses will be used for IPv6 transitions. + +There’s no official switch-off date, so people shouldn’t be worried that their internet access will suddenly go away one day. As more networks transition, more content sites support IPv6 and more end users upgrade their equipment for IPv6 capabilities, the world will slowly move away from IPv4. + +### Why is there no IPv5? + +There was an IPv5 that was also known as Internet Stream Protocol, abbreviated simply as ST. It was designed for connection-oriented communications across IP networks with the intent of supporting voice and video. + +It was successful at that task, and was used experimentally. One shortcoming that undermined  its popular use was its 32-bit address scheme – the same scheme used by IPv4. As a result, it had the same problem that IPv4 had – a limited number of possible IP addresses. That led to the development and eventual adoption of IPv6. Even though IPv5 was never adopted publicly, it had used up the name IPv5. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][10] and [LinkedIn][11] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3254575/what-is-ipv6-and-why-aren-t-we-there-yet.html + +作者：[Keith Shaw and Josh Fruhlinger][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3235805/lan-wan/ipv6-deployment-guide.html#tk.nww-fsb +[2]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3214388/lan-wan/how-to-plan-your-migration-to-ipv6.html#tk.nww-fsb +[3]: http://www.worldipv6launch.org/measurements/ +[4]: https://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/2017/state-of-ipv6-deployment-2017/ +[5]: https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/01/19/windows_10_bug_undercuts_ipv6_rollout/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/01/19/windows_10_bug_undercuts_ipv6_rollout/ +[6]: https://www.google.com/intl/en/ipv6/statistics.html +[7]: https://gist.github.com/simonster/e22e50cd52b7dffcf5a4db2b8ea4cce0 +[8]: https://www.mythic-beasts.com/sales/ipv6 +[9]: https://ipv4.potaroo.net/ +[10]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[11]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 50b147364ab7983ff962c74fe84263ab47b89dd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 27 Aug 2020 07:19:09 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 074/167] PRF @Yufei-Yan --- ...ightweight RESTful web services in Java.md | 123 +++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+), 63 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md b/translated/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md index 504b056f3a..119cf1f092 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md @@ -1,50 +1,48 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (Yufei-Yan) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/7/restful-services-java) [#]: author: (Marty Kalin https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu) -An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java - 一个用 Java 实现的超轻量级 RESTful web 服务示例 ====== -通过完整的代码例子管理一套图书，来探索轻量级的 RESTful 服务。 +> 通过管理一套图书的完整代码示例，来探索轻量级的 RESTful 服务。 -![Coding on a computer][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202008/27/071808tt9zlno3b6lmbgl8.jpg) -Web 服务，以这样或那样的形式，已经存在了近二十年。比如，[XML-RPC 服务][2]出现在 90 年代后期，紧接着是 SOAP 分支编写的服务。在 XML-RPC 和 SOAP 这两个开拓者之后出现后不久，REST 架构风格的服务在大约 20 年前也出现了。[REST][4]风格（后来的 Restful）服务现在主导了流行的网站，比如 eBay、Facebook 和 Twitter。尽管分布式计算的 web 服务有很多替代品（如 web sockets，微服务和远程过程调用的新框架），基于 Restful 的网页服务依然具有吸引力，原因如下： +Web 服务，以这样或那样的形式，已经存在了近二十年。比如，[XML-RPC 服务][2]出现在 90 年代后期，紧接着是用 SOAP 分支编写的服务。在 XML-RPC 和 SOAP 这两个开拓者之后出现后不久，REST 架构风格的服务在大约 20 年前也出现了。[REST][4] 风格（以下简称 Restful）服务现在主导了流行的网站，比如 eBay、Facebook 和 Twitter。尽管分布式计算的 Web 服务有很多替代品（如 Web 套接字、微服务和远程过程调用的新框架），但基于 Restful 的 Web 服务依然具有吸引力，原因如下： - * Restful 服务是在现有的基础设施和协议的基础上构建的，特别是 web 服务器和 HTTP/HTTPS 协议。对于那些对数据和底层功能比用 HTML 如何展示内容更感兴趣的客户来说，拥有基于 HTML 网站的公司可以很容易的添加 web 服务。比如，亚马逊就率先通过网站和 web 服务（基于 SOAP 或 Restful）提供相同的信息和功能。 - * Restful 服务将 HTTP 当作 API，因此避免了复杂的软件分层，这种分层是基于 SOAP web 服务的明显特征。比如，Restful API 支持通过 HTTP 命令（POST-GET-PUT-DELETE）进行标准的 CRUD（增加-读取-更新-删除）操作；通过 HTTP 状态码可以知道请求是否成功或者为什么失败。 - * Restful web 服务可以根据需要变得简单或复杂。Restful 是一种风格，事实上是一种非常灵活的风格，而不是一套关于如何设计和构造服务的配方。（伴随而来的缺点是，可能很难确定哪些服务不能算作 Restful 服务。） - * 作为使用者或者客户端，Restful web 服务与语言和平台无关。客户端发送 HTTP(S) 请求并且接受当前流行的数据交换的对应文本（比如，JSON）。. - * 几乎每一种通用编程语言都至少有足够（而且通常都很强大）的对 HTTP/HTTPS 的支持，也就是说 web 服务的客户端可以用这些语言来编写。 + * Restful 服务建立在现有的基础设施和协议上，特别是 Web 服务器和 HTTP/HTTPS 协议。一个拥有基于 HTML 的网站的组织可以很容易地为客户添加 Web 服务，这些客户对数据和底层功能更感兴趣，而不是对 HTML 的表现形式感兴趣。比如，亚马逊就率先通过网站和 Web 服务（基于 SOAP 或 Restful）提供相同的信息和功能。 + * Restful 服务将 HTTP 当作 API，因此避免了复杂的软件分层，这种分层是基于 SOAP 的 Web 服务的明显特征。比如，Restful API 支持通过 HTTP 命令（POST-GET-PUT-DELETE）进行标准的 CRUD（增加-读取-更新-删除）操作；通过 HTTP 状态码可以知道请求是否成功或者为什么失败。 + * Restful Web 服务可以根据需要变得简单或复杂。Restful 是一种风格，实际上是一种非常灵活的风格，而不是一套关于如何设计和构造服务的规定。（伴随而来的缺点是，可能很难确定哪些服务不能算作 Restful 服务。） + * 作为使用者或者客户端，Restful Web 服务与语言和平台无关。客户端发送 HTTP(S) 请求，并以适合现代数据交换的格式（如 JSON）接收文本响应。 + * 几乎每一种通用编程语言都至少对 HTTP/HTTPS 有足够的（通常是强大的）支持，这意味着 Web 服务的客户端可以用这些语言来编写。 -这篇文章将通过一段完整的 Java 代码来展现轻量级的 Restful 服务。 +这篇文章将通过一段完整的 Java 代码示例来探讨轻量级的 Restful 服务。 -### 基于 Restful 的”小说“ web 服务 +### 基于 Restful 的“小说” Web 服务 -基于 Restful 的”小说“ web 服务包含三个程序员定义的类： +基于 Restful 的“小说” web 服务包含三个程序员定义的类： - * `Novel` 类代表了只有三个属性的小说：机器生成的 ID，作者和标题。属性可以根据实际情况进行扩展，但我还是想让这个例子看上去更简单一些。 - * `Novels` 类包含了用于各种任务的使用工具：将一个 `Novel` 或者这样的一个列表的明文编码成 XML 或者 JSON；支持在小说的容器上进行 CRUD 操作；可以从存储在文件中的数据对容器进行初始化。`Novels` 类在 `Novel` 实例和 servlet 之间进行调解。 - * `NovelsServlet` 类是从 `HttpServlet` 中继承的，`HttpServlet` 是健壮且灵活的一段代码，自 90 年代末的早期企业级 Java 就已经存在了。对于客户端的 CRUD 请求，servlet 可以当作 HTTP 的端点。 servlet 代码主要用于处理客户端的请求和生成合适的响应，而将复杂的细节留给 `Novels` 类中的工具类进行处理。 + * `Novel` 类代表一个小说，只有三个属性：机器生成的 ID、作者和标题。属性可以根据实际情况进行扩展，但我还是想让这个例子看上去更简单一些。 + * `Novels` 类包含了用于各种任务的工具类：将一个 `Novel` 或者它们的列表的纯文本编码转换成 XML 或者 JSON；支持在小说集合上进行 CRUD 操作；以及从存储在文件中的数据初始化集合。`Novels` 类在 `Novel` 实例和 servlet 之间起中介作用。 + * `NovelsServlet` 类是从 `HttpServlet` 中继承的，`HttpServlet` 是一段健壮且灵活的代码，自 90 年代末的早期企业级 Java 就已经存在了。对于客户端的 CRUD 请求，servlet 可以当作 HTTP 的端点。 servlet 代码主要用于处理客户端的请求和生成相应的响应，而将复杂的细节留给 `Novels` 类中的工具类进行处理。 一些 Java 框架，比如 Jersey（JAX-RS）和 Restlet，就是为 Restful 服务设计的。尽管如此，`HttpServlet` 本身为完成这些服务提供了轻量、灵活、强大且充分测试过的 API。我会通过下面的“小说”例子来说明。 -### 部署“小说”web 服务 +### 部署“小说” Web 服务 -当然，部署“小说”web服务需要一个 web 服务器。我的选择是 [Tomcat][5]，但是如果服务托管在 Jetty 或者甚至是 Java 应用服务器上，那么这个服务应该至少可以工作（著名的最后一句话！）。[在我的网站上][6]有总结了如何安装 Tomcat 的 README 文件和代码。还有一个附带文档的 Apache Ant 脚本，可以用来构建“小说”服务（或者任何其他服务或网站）并且将它部署在 Tomcat 或相同的服务。 +当然，部署“小说” Web 服务需要一个 Web 服务器。我的选择是 [Tomcat][5]，但是如果该服务托管在 Jetty 或者甚至是 Java 应用服务器上，那么这个服务应该至少可以工作（著名的最后一句话！）。[在我的网站上][6]有总结了如何安装 Tomcat 的 README 文件和代码。还有一个附带文档的 Apache Ant 脚本，可以用来构建“小说”服务（或者任何其他服务或网站），并且将它部署在 Tomcat 或相同的服务。 Tomcat 可以从它的[官网][7]上下载。当你在本地安装后，将 `TOMCAT_HOME` 设置为安装目录。有两个子目录值得关注： - * `TOMCAT_HOME/bin` 目录包含类 Unix 系统（`startup.sh` 和 `shutdown.sh`）和 Windows（`startup.bat` 和 `shutdown.bat`） 的启动和停止脚本。Tomcat 作为 Java 应用程序运行。web 服务器的 servlet 容器叫做 Catalina。（在 Jetty 中，web 服务器和容器的名字一样。）当 Tomcat 启动后，在浏览器中输入 `http://localhost:8080/` 可以查看详细文档，包括示例。 - * `TOMCAT_HOME/webapps` 目录是已部署的 web 网站和服务的默认目录。部署网站或 web 服务的直接方法是复制以 `.war`结尾的 JAR 文件（也就是 WAR 文件）到 `TOMCAT_HOME/webapps` 或它的子目录下。然后 Tomcat 会将 WAR 文件解压到它自己的目录下。比如，Tomcat 会将 `novels.war` 文件解压到一个叫做 `novels` 的子目录下，并且保留 `novels.war` 文件。网站或 web 服务可以通过删除 WAR 文件进行移除，也可以用一个新版 WAR 文件来覆盖已有文件进行更新。顺便说一下，调试网站或服务的第一步就是检查 Tomcat 已经正确解压 WAR 文件；如果没有的话，网站或服务就无法发布，因为代码或配置中有致命错误。 - * 因为 Tomcat 默认会监听 8080 端口上的 HTTP 请求，所以本机上的 URL 请求以 `http://localhost:8080/` 开始 + * `TOMCAT_HOME/bin` 目录包含了类 Unix 系统（`startup.sh` 和 `shutdown.sh`）和 Windows（`startup.bat` 和 `shutdown.bat`） 的启动和停止脚本。Tomcat 作为 Java 应用程序运行。Web 服务器的 servlet 容器叫做 Catalina。（在 Jetty 中，Web 服务器和容器的名字一样。）当 Tomcat 启动后，在浏览器中输入 `http://localhost:8080/` 可以查看详细文档，包括示例。 + * `TOMCAT_HOME/webapps` 目录是已部署的 Web 网站和服务的默认目录。部署网站或 Web 服务的直接方法是复制以 `.war` 结尾的 JAR 文件（也就是 WAR 文件）到 `TOMCAT_HOME/webapps` 或它的子目录下。然后 Tomcat 会将 WAR 文件解压到它自己的目录下。比如，Tomcat 会将 `novels.war` 文件解压到一个叫做 `novels` 的子目录下，并且保留 `novels.war` 文件。一个网站或 Web 服务可以通过删除 WAR 文件进行移除，也可以用一个新版 WAR 文件来覆盖已有文件进行更新。顺便说一下，调试网站或服务的第一步就是检查 Tomcat 已经正确解压 WAR 文件；如果没有的话，网站或服务就无法发布，因为代码或配置中有致命错误。 + * 因为 Tomcat 默认会监听 8080 端口上的 HTTP 请求，所以本机上的 URL 请求以 `http://localhost:8080/` 开始。 通过添加不带 `.war` 后缀的 WAR 文件名来访问由程序员部署的 WAR 文件： @@ -60,25 +58,25 @@ http://locahost:8080/myapps/novels/ 我会在靠近文章结尾处的测试部分提供这部分的更多细节。 -如前所述，我的主页上有一个包含 Ant 脚本的 ZIP 文件，这个文件可以编译并且部署网站或者服务。（这个 ZIP 文件中也包含一个 `novels.war` 的副本。）对于“小说”这个例子，命令的示例（以 `%` 作为命令行提示符）如下： +如前所述，我的主页上有一个包含 Ant 脚本的 ZIP 文件，这个文件可以编译并且部署网站或者服务。（这个 ZIP 文件中也包含一个 `novels.war` 的副本。）对于“小说”这个例子，命令的示例（`%` 是命令行提示符）如下： ``` % ant -Dwar.name=novels deploy ``` -这个命令首先会编译 Java 源代码，并且创建一个可部署的 `novels.war` 文件，然后将这个文件保存在当前目录中，再复制到 `TOMCAT_HOME/webapps` 目录中。如果一切顺利，`GET`请求（使用浏览器或者命令行工具，比如 `curl`）可以用来做地一个测试： +这个命令首先会编译 Java 源代码，并且创建一个可部署的 `novels.war` 文件，然后将这个文件保存在当前目录中，再复制到 `TOMCAT_HOME/webapps` 目录中。如果一切顺利，`GET` 请求（使用浏览器或者命令行工具，比如 `curl`）可以用来做一个测试： ``` % curl http://localhost:8080/novels/ ``` -默认情况下，Tomcat 设置为 _热部署hot deploys_：web 服务器不需要关闭就可以进行部署，更新或者移除一个 web 应用。 +默认情况下，Tomcat 设置为 热部署hot deploys：Web 服务器不需要关闭就可以进行部署、更新或者移除一个 web 应用。 ### “小说”服务的代码 让我们回到“小说”这个例子，不过是在代码层面。考虑下面的 `Novel` 类： -#### 例1：Novel 类 +#### 例 1：Novel 类 ```java package novels; @@ -104,11 +102,11 @@ public class Novel implements Serializable, Comparable { } ``` -这个类实现了 `Comparable` 接口中的 `compareTo` 方法，因为 `Novel` 实例是存储在一个线程安全的无序 `ConcurrentHashMap` 中。在响应查看集合的请求时，”小说“服务对来自 map 的集合进行排序（一个 `ArrayList`）；`compareTo`的实现通过 `Novel` 的 ID 将它按升序排序。 +这个类实现了 `Comparable` 接口中的 `compareTo` 方法，因为 `Novel` 实例是存储在一个线程安全的无序 `ConcurrentHashMap` 中。在响应查看集合的请求时，“小说”服务会对从映射中提取的集合（一个 `ArrayList`）进行排序；`compareTo` 的实现通过 `Novel` 的 ID 将它按升序排序。 -`Novels`类中包含多个实用工具： +`Novels` 类中包含多个实用工具函数： -#### 例2：Novels 实用工具类： +#### 例 2：Novels 实用工具类 ```java package novels; @@ -205,17 +203,17 @@ public class Novels { } ``` -`populate` 是最复杂的方法，这个方法从一个包含在 WAR 文件中的文本文件读取。这个文本文件包括了”小说“的最初集合。要打开此文件，`populate` 方法需要 `ServletContext`，这是一个 Java 映射类型，包含了关于嵌入在 servlet 容器中的 servlet 的所有关键信息。这个文本文件有包含了像下面这样的记录： +最复杂的方法是 `populate`，这个方法从一个包含在 WAR 文件中的文本文件读取。这个文本文件包括了“小说”的初始集合。要打开此文件，`populate` 方法需要 `ServletContext`，这是一个 Java 映射类型，包含了关于嵌入在 servlet 容器中的 servlet 的所有关键信息。这个文本文件有包含了像下面这样的记录： ``` Jane Austen!Persuasion ``` -这一行被解析为两部分（作者和标题），由感叹号（`!`）分隔。然后这个方法创建一个 `Novel` 实例，设置作者和标题属性，并且将”小说“加到容器中，保存在内存中。 +这一行被解析为两部分（作者和标题），由感叹号（`!`）分隔。然后这个方法创建一个 `Novel` 实例，设置作者和标题属性，并且将“小说”加到容器中，保存在内存中。 -`Novels` 类也有一些实用工具，可以将”小说“容器编码为 XML 或 JSON，取决与发出请求的人所要求的格式。默认是 XML 格式，但是也可以请求 JSON 格式。一个轻量级的 XML 转 JSON 包提供了 JSON。下面是关于编码的更多细节。 +`Novels` 类也有一些实用工具函数，可以将“小说”容器编码为 XML 或 JSON，取决于发出请求的人所要求的格式。默认是 XML 格式，但是也可以请求 JSON 格式。一个轻量级的 XML 转 JSON 包提供了 JSON。下面是关于编码的更多细节。 -#### 例3：NovelsServlet 类 +#### 例 3：NovelsServlet 类 ```java package novels; @@ -418,12 +416,12 @@ public class NovelsServlet extends HttpServlet { NovelsServlet extends HttpServlet extends GenericServlet implements Servlet ``` -从名字可以很清楚的看出来，`HttpServlet` 是为实现 HTTP(S) 上的 servlet 设计的。这个类提供了与标准 HTTP 请求动词同名的方法（官方说法，_方法_methods）： +从名字可以很清楚的看出来，`HttpServlet` 是为实现 HTTP(S) 上的 servlet 设计的。这个类提供了以标准 HTTP 请求动词（官方说法，方法methods）命名的空方法： - * `doPost` (Post = Create) - * `doGet` (Get = Read) - * `doPut` (Put = Update) - * `doDelete` (Delete = Delete) + * `doPost` （Post = 创建） + * `doGet` （Get = 读取） + * `doPut` （Put = 更新） + * `doDelete` （Delete = 删除） 其他一些 HTTP 动词也会涉及到。`HttpServlet` 的子类，比如 `NovelsServlet`，会重载相关的 `do` 方法，并且保留其他方法为空no-ops。`NovelsServlet` 重载了七个 `do` 方法。 @@ -436,7 +434,7 @@ public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { `request` 参数是一个 HTTP 请求信息的映射，而 `response` 提供了一个返回给请求者的输出流。像 `doPost` 的方法，结构如下： * 读取 `request` 信息，采取任何适当的措施生成一个响应。如果该信息丢失或者损坏了，就会生成一个错误。 - * 使用提取的请求信息来执行适当的 CRUD 操作（在本例中，创建一个 `Novel`），然后使用 `response` 输出流为请求者编码一个适当的相应。在 `doPost` 例子中，响应就是确认已经成功生成一个新”小说“并且添加到容器中。当响应被发送后，输出流就关闭了，同时也将连接关闭了。 + * 使用提取的请求信息来执行适当的 CRUD 操作（在本例中，创建一个 `Novel`），然后使用 `response` 输出流为请求者编码一个适当的响应。在 `doPost` 例子中，响应就是已经成功生成一个新“小说”并且添加到容器中的一个确认。当响应被发送后，输出流就关闭了，同时也将连接关闭了。 ### 关于方法重载的更多内容 @@ -452,7 +450,7 @@ Accept-type: text/plain  ## ditto 第一行由 HTTP 动词（在本例中是 `GET`）和以名词（在本例中是 `novels`）命名目标资源的 URI 开始。报头中包含键-值对，用冒号分隔左面的键和右面的值。报头中的键 `Host`（大小写敏感）是必须的；主机名 `localhost` 是当前机器上的本地符号地址，`8080` 端口是 Tomcat web 服务器上等待 HTTP 请求的默认端口。（默认情况下，Tomcat 在 8443 端口上监听 HTTP 请求。）报头元素可以以任意顺序出现。在这个例子中，`Accept-type` 报头的值是 MIME 类型 `text/plain`。 -一些请求（特别是 `POST` 和 `PUT`）会有报文，而其他请求（特别是 `GET` 和 `DELETE`）没有。如果有报文（可能为空），两个换行符将报头和报文分隔开；HTTP 报文包含一系列键-值对。对于无报文的请求，比如说查询字符串，报头元素就可以用来发送信息。下面是一个用 ID 2 对 `/novels` 资源的 `GET` 请求： +一些请求（特别是 `POST` 和 `PUT`）会有报文，而其他请求（特别是 `GET` 和 `DELETE`）没有。如果有报文（可能为空），以两个换行符将报头和报文分隔开；HTTP 报文包含一系列键-值对。对于无报文的请求，比如说查询字符串，报头元素就可以用来发送信息。下面是一个用 ID 2 对 `/novels` 资源的 `GET` 请求： ``` GET /novels?id=2 @@ -460,7 +458,7 @@ GET /novels?id=2 通常来说，查询字符串以问号开始，并且包含一个键-值对，尽管这个键-值可能值为空。 -带有 `getParameter` 和 `getParameterMap` 等方法的 `HttpServlet` 很好地回避了有报文和没有报文的 HTTP 请求之前的差异。在”小说“例子中，`getParameter` 方法用来从 `GET`、`POST` 和 `DELETE` 方法中提取所需的信息。（处理 `PUT` 请求需要更底层的代码，因为 Tomcat 没有提供可以解析 `PUT` 请求的参数映射。）下面展示了一段在 `NovelsServlet` 中被重载的 `doPost` 方法： +带有 `getParameter` 和 `getParameterMap` 等方法的 `HttpServlet` 很好地回避了有报文和没有报文的 HTTP 请求之前的差异。在“小说”例子中，`getParameter` 方法用来从 `GET`、`POST` 和 `DELETE` 方法中提取所需的信息。（处理 `PUT` 请求需要更底层的代码，因为 Tomcat 没有提供可以解析 `PUT` 请求的参数映射。）下面展示了一段在 `NovelsServlet` 中被重载的 `doPost` 方法： ```java @Override @@ -479,13 +477,13 @@ public void doDelete(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) {    ... ``` -`doGet` 方法需要区分 `GET` 请求的两种方式：一种是”获得所有“，而另一种是”获得某一个“。如果 `GET` 请求 URL 中包含一个键是一个 ID 的查询字符串，那么这个请求就被解析为”获得某一个“： +`doGet` 方法需要区分 `GET` 请求的两种方式：一种是“获得所有”，而另一种是“获得某一个”。如果 `GET` 请求 URL 中包含一个键是一个 ID 的查询字符串，那么这个请求就被解析为“获得某一个”： ``` http://localhost:8080/novels?id=2  ## GET specified ``` -如果没有查询字符串，`GET` 请求就会被解析为”获得所有“： +如果没有查询字符串，`GET` 请求就会被解析为“获得所有”： ``` http://localhost:8080/novels       ## GET all @@ -493,9 +491,9 @@ http://localhost:8080/novels       ## GET all ### 一些值得注意的细节 -“小说”服务的设计反映了像 Tomcat 这样基于 Java 的 web 服务器是如何工作的。在启动时，Tomcat 构建一个线程池，从中提取请求处理程序，这种方法称为 _“每个请求一个线程”_one thread per request 模型。现在版本的 Tomcat 使用非阻塞 I/O 来提高个性能。 +“小说”服务的设计反映了像 Tomcat 这样基于 Java 的 web 服务器是如何工作的。在启动时，Tomcat 构建一个线程池，从中提取请求处理程序，这种方法称为 “每个请求一个线程one thread per request” 模型。现在版本的 Tomcat 使用非阻塞 I/O 来提高个性能。 -“小说”服务是作为 `NovelsServlet` 类的一个单独实例来执行的，该实例也就维护了一个“小说”集合。相应的，也就会出现竞态条件，比如出现两个请求同时被处理： +“小说”服务是作为 `NovelsServlet` 类的单个实例来执行的，该实例也就维护了一个“小说”集合。相应的，也就会出现竞态条件，比如出现两个请求同时被处理： * 一个请求向集合中添加一个新“小说”。 * 另一个请求获得集合中的所有“小说”。 @@ -509,8 +507,7 @@ public class Novels {     ... ``` -默认情况下，对客户端请求的响应被编码为 XML。为了简单，“小说”程序使用了以前的 `XMLEncoder` 类；另一个包含更丰富功能的选项是使用 JAX-B 库。代码很简单： - +默认情况下，对客户端请求的响应被编码为 XML。为了简单，“小说”程序使用了以前的 `XMLEncoder` 类；另一个包含更丰富功能的方式是使用 JAX-B 库。代码很简单： ```java public String toXml(Object obj) { // default encoding @@ -527,9 +524,9 @@ public String toXml(Object obj) { // default encoding } ``` -`Object` 参数要么是一个有序的”小说“ `ArraList`（用以响应”获得所有“get all请求），要么是一个 `Novel` 实例（用以响应“获得一个”get one请求），又或者是一个 `String`（确认消息）。 +`Object` 参数要么是一个有序的“小说” `ArraList`（用以响应“获得所有get all”请求），要么是一个 `Novel` 实例（用以响应“获得一个get one”请求），又或者是一个 `String`（确认消息）。 -如果 HTTP 请求报头指定 JSON 作为所需要的类型，那么 XML 就被转化成 JSON。下面是对 `NovelsServlet` 中的 `doGet` 方法进行检查： +如果 HTTP 请求报头指定 JSON 作为所需要的类型，那么 XML 就被转化成 JSON。下面是 `NovelsServlet` 中的 `doGet` 方法中的检查： ```java String accept = request.getHeader("accept"); // "accept" is case insensitive @@ -549,14 +546,14 @@ public String toJson(String xml) { // option for requester } ``` -`NovelsServlet`会对各种类型进行错误检查。比如，`POST` 请求应该包含作者和新”小说“的标题。如果有一个丢了，`doPost`方法会抛出一个异常： +`NovelsServlet`会对各种类型进行错误检查。比如，`POST` 请求应该包含新“小说”的作者和标题。如果有一个丢了，`doPost` 方法会抛出一个异常： ```java if (author == null || title == null)    throw new RuntimeException(Integer.toString(HttpServletResponse.SC_BAD_REQUEST)); ``` -`SC_BAD_REQUEST` 中的 `SC` 代表的是 _状态码_status code，`BAD_REQUEST` 的标准 HTTP 数值是 400。如果请求中的 HTTP 动词是 `TRACE`，一个不同的状态码会返回： +`SC_BAD_REQUEST` 中的 `SC` 代表的是 状态码status code，`BAD_REQUEST` 的标准 HTTP 数值是 400。如果请求中的 HTTP 动词是 `TRACE`，会返回一个不同的状态码： ```java public void doTrace(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { @@ -564,9 +561,9 @@ public void doTrace(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { } ``` -### 测试”小说“服务 +### 测试“小说”服务 -用浏览器测试 web 服务会很不顺手。在 CRUD 动词中，现代浏览器只能生成 `POST`（Create）和 `GET`（Read）请求。甚至从浏览器发送一个 `POST` 请求都有点不好办，因为报文需要包含键-值对；这样的测试通常通过 HTML 表单完成。命令行工具，比如说 [curl][21]，是一个更好的选择，因为这个部分展示的一些 `curl` 命令，已经包含在我网站的 ZIP 文件中了。 +用浏览器测试 web 服务会很不顺手。在 CRUD 动词中，现代浏览器只能生成 `POST`（创建）和 `GET`（读取）请求。甚至从浏览器发送一个 `POST` 请求都有点不好办，因为报文需要包含键-值对；这样的测试通常通过 HTML 表单完成。命令行工具，比如说 [curl][21]，是一个更好的选择，这个部分展示的一些 `curl` 命令，已经包含在我网站的 ZIP 文件中了。 下面是一些测试样例，没有展示相应的输出结果： @@ -576,9 +573,9 @@ public void doTrace(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { % curl --header "Accept: application/json" localhost:8080/novels/ ``` -第一条命令请求所有”小说“，默认是 XML 编码。第二条命令请求 ID 为 1 的”小说“，XML 编码。最后一条命令通过 `application/json` 添加了 `Accept` 报头元素，作为所需要的 MIME 类型。”获得一个“get one命令也可以用这个报头。这些请求用了 JSON 而不是 XML 编码作为响应。 +第一条命令请求所有“小说”，默认是 XML 编码。第二条命令请求 ID 为 1 的“小说”，XML 编码。最后一条命令通过 `application/json` 添加了 `Accept` 报头元素，作为所需要的 MIME 类型。“获得一个get one”命令也可以用这个报头。这些请求用了 JSON 而不是 XML 编码作为响应。 -下两条命令在集合中创建了一个新”小说“，并且确认添加了进去： +下面两条命令在集合中创建了一个新“小说”，并且确认添加了进去： ``` % curl --request POST --data "author=Tolstoy&title=War and Peace" localhost:8080/novels/ @@ -601,11 +598,11 @@ public void doTrace(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { % curl localhost:8080/novels/ ``` -这个请求是删除 ID 为 2 的”小说“。第二个命令会显示剩余的”小说“。 +这个请求是删除 ID 为 2 的“小说”。第二个命令会显示剩余的“小说”。 ### web.xml 配置文件 -尽管官方规定他是可选的，`web.xml` 配置文件是一个生产级别网站或服务的重要组成部分。这个配置文件可以配置独立于代码的路由、安全性，或者网站或服务的其他功能。”小说“服务的配置通过为该服务的请求分配一个 URL 模式来配置路由： +尽管官方规定它是可选的，`web.xml` 配置文件是一个生产级别网站或服务的重要组成部分。这个配置文件可以配置独立于代码的路由、安全性，或者网站或服务的其他功能。“小说”服务的配置通过为该服务的请求分配一个 URL 模式来配置路由： ```xml @@ -629,21 +626,21 @@ public void doTrace(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) { http://localhost:8080/novels/ ``` -端口号后斜杠后的 URI，是所请求资源的 _路径_，在这个例子中，就是”小说“服务。因此，`novels` 出现在了第一个单斜杠后。 +端口号后斜杠后的 URI，是所请求资源的“路径”，在这个例子中，就是“小说”服务。因此，`novels` 出现在了第一个单斜杠后。 -在 `web.xml` 文件中，`url-patter` 被指定为 `/*`，代表 _以 /novels 为起始的任意路径_。假设 Tomcat 遇到了一个不存在的 URL，像这样： +在 `web.xml` 文件中，`url-patter` 被指定为 `/*`，代表 “以 `/novels` 为起始的任意路径”。假设 Tomcat 遇到了一个不存在的 URL，像这样： ``` http://localhost:8080/novels/foobar/ ``` -`web.xml` 配置也会指定这个请求被分配到”小说“ servlet 中，因为 `/*` 模式也包含 `/foobar`。因此，这个不存在的 URL 也会得到像上面合法路径的相同结果。 +`web.xml` 配置也会指定这个请求被分配到“小说” servlet 中，因为 `/*` 模式也包含 `/foobar`。因此，这个不存在的 URL 也会得到像上面合法路径的相同结果。 -生产级别的配置文件可能会包含安全相关的信息，包括连接级wire-level和用户角色users-roles。即使在这种情况下，配置文件的大小也只会是这个例子中的两到三倍大。 +生产级别的配置文件可能会包含安全相关的信息，包括连接级别wire-level和用户角色users-roles。即使在这种情况下，配置文件的大小也只会是这个例子中的两到三倍大。 ### 总结 -`HttpServlet` 是 Java web 技术的核心。像”小说“这样的网站或 web 服务继承了这个类，并且根据需求重载了相应的 `do` 动词方法。像 Jersay（JAX-RS）或 Restlet 这样的 Restful 框架通过提供定制的 servlet 完成了基本相同的功能，针对对框架中的 web 应用程序的请求，这个 servlet 扮演者着 HTTP（S）终端endpoint的角色。 +`HttpServlet` 是 Java web 技术的核心。像“小说”这样的网站或 web 服务继承了这个类，并且根据需求重载了相应的 `do` 动词方法。像 Jersay（JAX-RS）或 Restlet 这样的 Restful 框架通过提供定制的 servlet 完成了基本相同的功能，针对框架中的 web 应用程序的请求，这个 servlet 扮演着 HTTP(S) 终端endpoint的角色。 当然，基于 servlet 的应用程序可以访问 web 应用程序中所需要的任何 Java 库。如果应用程序遵循关注点分离separation-of-concerns原则，那么 servlet 代码仍然相当简单：代码会检查请求，如果存在缺陷，就会发出适当的错误；否则，代码会调用所需要的功能（比如，查询数据库，以特定格式为响应编码），然后向请求这发送响应。`HttpServletRequest` 和 `HttpServletReponse` 类型使得读取请求和编写响应变得简单。 @@ -656,7 +653,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/7/restful-services-java 作者：[Marty Kalin][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[Yufei-Yan](https://github.com/Yufei-Yan) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 1b4d409d4c73928e50a791182d99b5e37635e3ad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 27 Aug 2020 07:20:14 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 075/167] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-12555-1.html --- ...mple of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md | 6 +++--- 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md b/published/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md rename to published/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md index 119cf1f092..4c8d4f9857 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md +++ b/published/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md @@ -1,13 +1,13 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (Yufei-Yan) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12555-1.html) [#]: subject: (An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/7/restful-services-java) [#]: author: (Marty Kalin https://opensource.com/users/mkalindepauledu) -一个用 Java 实现的超轻量级 RESTful web 服务示例 +一个用 Java 实现的超轻量级 RESTful Web 服务示例 ====== > 通过管理一套图书的完整代码示例，来探索轻量级的 RESTful 服务。 From 4b6f2fcc20be81c752e9ee954e1feef70abb81df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 27 Aug 2020 08:42:47 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 076/167] translated --- .../20200821 Being open to open values.md | 61 ------------------- .../20200821 Being open to open values.md | 55 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md b/sources/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md deleted file mode 100644 index bb484fa7d2..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,61 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Being open to open values) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/8/being-open-to-open-values) -[#]: author: (Heidi Hess von Ludewig https://opensource.com/users/heidi-hess-von-ludewig) - -Being open to open values -====== -Managing openly can feel intimidating. One manager explains why it's -worth the risks. -![Open Lego CAD][1] - -In this installment of our "[Managing with Open Values][2]" series, I chat with Braxton, Director of Pricing for a nationwide U.S. insurance company and people manager. - -In June 2018, Braxton reached out to Red Hatters in the Open Organization community. He wanted to learn more about how both he _and_ his team could work differently, using open values. We were happy to help. So I helped organize a workshop on [open organization principles][3] for Braxton and his team—and kept in touch afterward, so I could learn about his adventure in becoming more open. - -We recently caught up with Braxton and sat down with him to hear how things were going. Tracy Guiliani, [industrial/organizational psychologist and expert in associate engagement][4], joined me, as did [Bryan Behrenshausen][5]. Our conversation was wide-ranging, exploring what it was like to learn firsthand about open source values, how to use them to transform an organization, and how they helped Braxton and his team perform better and increase engagement. - -Working with Braxton has been an exceptionally meaningful experience. It has allowed us to witness—directly—how someone transformed Open Organization community-driven workshop material into dynamic change with benefits for him, his team, and his organization. Open Organization Ambassadors are _always_ seeking to help people gain insights and knowledge on open values that empower them to understand culture change and [transformation within their own organization][6]. - -He and his team were performing their unique version of the open values in ways that worked for them, and in ways that allowed the benefits the team realized to outweigh the time and energy commitment of proposed changes. - -Braxton's embrace—both of his _own interpretation_ of open organization principles and his strategies for making an organization more open—inspires us. - -Braxton acknowledges that his goals in being more open didn't include "making another Red Hat." Instead, he and his team were performing their unique version of the open values in ways that worked for them, and in ways that allowed the benefits the team realized to outweigh the time and energy commitment of proposed changes. - -In the first part of our interview, you'll also hear Braxton describe: - - 1. What "open management" means to him, after learning about the five open organization values of transparency, collaboration, adaptability, community and inclusivity - 2. Some of his open management practices - 3. How he champions open culture on his team and how he encourages open source values among late adopters, and the benefits he's experienced - 4. What people most misunderstand about open source values when they try to transform their own organizations - - - -  - -Listen to the interview with Braxton - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/8/being-open-to-open-values - -作者：[Heidi Hess von Ludewig][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/heidi-hess-von-ludewig -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/open-lego.tiff_.png?itok=mQglOhW_ (Open Lego CAD) -[2]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/managing-with-open-values -[3]: https://github.com/open-organization/open-org-definition -[4]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/5/commitment-engagement-org-psychology -[5]: https://opensource.com/users/bbehrens -[6]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/4/rethinking-ownership-across-organization diff --git a/translated/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md b/translated/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e7cfd5153d --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Being open to open values) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/8/being-open-to-open-values) +[#]: author: (Heidi Hess von Ludewig https://opensource.com/users/heidi-hess-von-ludewig) + +对开放的价值观持开放态度 +====== +开放管理可能会让人感到恐惧。一位经理人解释了它为什么值得冒险。 +![Open Lego CAD][1] + +在本期的“[用开放的价值观管理][2]”系列中，我和美国一家全国性保险公司的定价总监、人事经理 Braxton 聊了聊。 + +2018 年 6 月，Braxton 联系到了开放组织社区的红帽人员。他想了解更多关于他_和_他的团队如何使用开放的价值观，以不同的方式工作。我们很乐意提供帮助。于是我帮助 Braxton 和他的团队组织了一个关于[开放组织原则][3]的研讨会，并在之后还保持着联系，这样我就可以了解他在变得更加开放的过程中的风险。 + +最近我们采访了 Braxton，并和他一起坐下来听了事情的进展。[产业/组织心理学家和员工参与度专家][4] Tracy Guiliani 和 [Bryan Behrenshausen][5] 一起加入了我。我们的谈话范围很广，探讨了了解开源价值观后的感受，如何利用它们来改变组织，以及它们如何帮助 Braxton 和他的团队更好地工作和提高参与度。 + +与 Braxton 合作是一次异常有意义的经历。它让我们直接见证了一个人如何将开放组织社区驱动的研讨会材料融入动态变化，并使他、他的团队和他的组织受益。开放组织大使_一直_在寻求帮助人们获得关于开放价值的见解和知识，使他们能够理解文化变革和[自己组织内的转型][6]。 + +他和他的团队正在以对他们有效的方式执行他们独特的开放价值观，并且让团队实现的利益超过了提议变革在时间和精力上的投入。 + +Braxton 对开放组织原则的_解释_和使组织更加开放的策略的接受，让我们深受启发。 + +Braxton 承认，他的更开放的目标并不包括“制造另一个红帽”。相反，他和他的团队是在以对他们有效的方式，以及让团队实现的利益超过提议的变革所带来的时间和精力投入，来执行他们独特的开放价值观。 + +In the first part of our interview, you'll also hear Braxton describe: +在我们采访的第一部分，你还会听到 Braxton 描述。 + + 1. 在了解了透明性、协作性、适应性、社区性和包容性这五种开放式组织价值观之后，“开放式管理”对他意味着什么？ + 2. 他的一些开放管理做法 + 3. 他如何在他的团队中倡导开放文化，如何在后来者中鼓励开源价值观，以及他所体验到的好处。 + 4. 当人们试图改造自己的组织时，对开源价值观最大的误解是什么？ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/8/being-open-to-open-values + +作者：[Heidi Hess von Ludewig][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/heidi-hess-von-ludewig +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/open-lego.tiff_.png?itok=mQglOhW_ (Open Lego CAD) +[2]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/managing-with-open-values +[3]: https://github.com/open-organization/open-org-definition +[4]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/5/commitment-engagement-org-psychology +[5]: https://opensource.com/users/bbehrens +[6]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/4/rethinking-ownership-across-organization From 2d9694f4d229d16adb7567508202f2e61984d6dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 27 Aug 2020 08:50:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 077/167] translating --- ...code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md b/sources/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md index 22ea97cfc4..7c808ddf0d 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md +++ b/sources/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From aa851f7f87a7ab923bf156676f5fca91c1cb6960 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 27 Aug 2020 23:57:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 078/167] PRF @geekpi --- ... between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md | 66 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 33 insertions(+), 33 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md b/translated/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md index ce667411f2..e83f521439 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md @@ -1,34 +1,34 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats) +[#]: subject: (How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS Windows Formats) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-convert-text-files-between-unix-and-dos-windows-formats/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) -如何在 Unix 和 DOS（Windows）格式之间转换文本文件 +如何将文本文件在 Unix 和 DOS（Windows）格式之间转换 ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202008/27/235550klfnz34lzpnchf7g.jpg) + 作为一名 Linux 管理员，你可能已经注意到了一些开发者请求将文件从 DOS 格式转换为 Unix 格式，反之亦然。 这是因为这些文件是在 Windows 系统上创建的，并由于某种原因被复制到 Linux 系统上。 -这本身没什么问题，但 Linux 系统上的一些应用可能不理解这些新的换行符，所以在使用之前，你需要转换它们。 +这本身没什么问题，但 Linux 系统上的一些应用可能不能理解这些新的换行符，所以在使用之前，你需要转换它们。 -DOS 文本文件带有回车 (CR 或 \r) 和换行 (LF 或 \n) 对作为它们的换行符，而 Unix 文本只有换行 （LF） 符。 +DOS 文本文件带有回车（`CR` 或 `\r`）和换行（`LF` 或 `\n`）一对字符作为它们的换行符，而 Unix 文本只有换行（`LF`）符。 有很多方法可以将 DOS 文本文件转换为 Unix 格式。 -但我推荐使用一个名为 **dos2unix** / **unix2dos** 的特殊工具将文本在 DOS 和 Unix 格式之间转换。 +但我推荐使用一个名为 `dos2unix` / `unix2dos` 的特殊工具将文本在 DOS 和 Unix 格式之间转换。 - * **dos2unix：** 将文本文件从 DOS 格式转换为 Unix 格式。 - * **unix2dos：** 将文本文件从 Unix 格式转换为 DOS 格式。 - * **tr、awk 和 [sed 命令][1]：** 这些可以用于相同的目的。 + * `dos2unix`：将文本文件从 DOS 格式转换为 Unix 格式。 + * `unix2dos`：将文本文件从 Unix 格式转换为 DOS 格式。 + * `tr`、`awk` 和 [sed 命令][1]：这些可以用于相同的目的。 - - -使用 od(八进制转储) 命令可以很容易地识别文件是 DOS 格式还是 Unix 格式，如下图所示。 +使用 `od`（八进制转储octal dump）命令可以很容易地识别文件是 DOS 格式还是 Unix 格式，如下图所示： ``` # od -bc windows.txt @@ -55,9 +55,9 @@ n L i n u x \r \n 0000231 ``` -上面的输出清楚地表明这是一个 DOS 格式的文件，因为它包含了转义序列 **`\r\n`**。 +上面的输出清楚地表明这是一个 DOS 格式的文件，因为它包含了转义序列 `\r\n`。 -同时，当你在终端上打印文件输出时，你会得到下面的输出。 +同时，当你在终端上打印文件输出时，你会得到下面的输出： ``` # cat windows.txt @@ -69,28 +69,28 @@ Anything can be done on Linux ### 如何在 Linux 上安装 dos2unix？ -dos2unix 可以很容易地从发行版的官方仓库中安装。 +`dos2unix` 可以很容易地从发行版的官方仓库中安装。 -对于 RHEL/CentOS 6/7 系统，使用 **[yum命令][2]** 安装 dos2unix。 +对于 RHEL/CentOS 6/7 系统，使用 [yum 命令][2] 安装 `dos2unix`。 ``` $ sudo yum install -y dos2unix ``` -对于 RHEL/CentOS 8 和 Fedora 系统，使用 **[dnf命令][3]** 安装 dos2unix。 +对于 RHEL/CentOS 8 和 Fedora 系统，使用 [dnf 命令][3] 安装 `dos2unix`。 ``` $ sudo yum install -y dos2unix ``` -对于基于 Debian 的系统，使用 **[apt 命令][4]** 或 **[apt-get 命令][5]** 来安装 dos2unix。 +对于基于 Debian 的系统，使用 [apt 命令][4] 或 [apt-get 命令][5] 来安装 `dos2unix`。 ``` $ sudo apt-get update $ sudo apt-get install dos2unix ``` -对于 openSUSE 系统，使用 **[zypper命令][6]** 安装 dos2unix。 +对于 openSUSE 系统，使用 [zypper命令][6] 安装 `dos2unix`。 ``` $ sudo zypper install -y dos2unix @@ -98,9 +98,9 @@ $ sudo zypper install -y dos2unix ### 1）如何将 DOS 文件转换为 UNIX 格式？ -以下命令将 ”windows.txt“ 文件从 DOS 转换为 Unix 格式。 +以下命令将 `windows.txt` 文件从 DOS 转换为 Unix 格式。 -对该文件的修改是删除文件每行的 ”\r“。 +对该文件的修改是删除文件每行的 `\r`。 ``` # dos2unix windows.txt @@ -141,31 +141,31 @@ i n u x \n dos2unix: converting file windows.txt to file unix.txt in Unix format … ``` -### 1a）如何使用 tr 命令将 DOS 文件转换为 UNIX 格式。 +#### 1a）如何使用 tr 命令将 DOS 文件转换为 UNIX 格式。 -正如文章开头所讨论的，你可以如下所示使用 tr 命令将 DOS 文件转换为 Unix 格式。 +正如文章开头所讨论的，你可以如下所示使用 `tr` 命令将 DOS 文件转换为 Unix 格式。 ``` Syntax: tr -d '\r' < source_file > output_file ``` -下面的 tr 命令将 DOS 格式文件 ”windows.txt“ 转换为 Unix 格式文件 ”unix.txt“。 +下面的 `tr` 命令将 DOS 格式的文件 `windows.txt` 转换为 Unix 格式文件 `unix.txt`。 ``` # tr -d '\r' < windows.txt >unix.txt ``` -**注意：**不能使用 tr 命令将文件从 Unix 格式转换为 Windows（DOS）。 +注意：不能使用 `tr` 命令将文件从 Unix 格式转换为 Windows（DOS）。 -### 1b）如何使用 awk 命令将 DOS 文件转换为 UNIX 格式。 +#### 1b）如何使用 awk 命令将 DOS 文件转换为 UNIX 格式。 -使用以下 awk 命令格式将 DOS 文件转换为 Unix 格式。 +使用以下 `awk` 命令格式将 DOS 文件转换为 Unix 格式。 ``` Syntax: awk '{ sub("\r$", ""); print }' source_file.txt > output_file.txt ``` -以下 awk 命令将 DOS 文件 ”windows.txt“ 转换为 Unix 格式文件 ”unix.txt“。 +以下 `awk` 命令将 DOS 文件 `windows.txt` 转换为 Unix 格式文件 `unix.txt`。 ``` # awk '{ sub("\r$", ""); print }' windows.txt > unix.txt @@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ Syntax: awk '{ sub("\r$", ""); print }' source_file.txt > output_file.txt ### 2）如何将 UNIX 文件转换为 DOS 格式？ -当你把一个文件从 UNIX 转换为 DOS 格式时，它会在每一行中添加一个回车（CR 或 \r）。 +当你把一个文件从 UNIX 转换为 DOS 格式时，它会在每一行中添加一个回车（`CR` 或 `\r`）。 ``` # unix2dos unix.txt @@ -187,15 +187,15 @@ unix2dos: converting file unix.txt to DOS format … unix2dos: converting file unix.txt to file windows.txt in DOS format … ``` -### 2a）如何使用 awk 命令将 UNIX 文件转换为 DOS 格式？ +#### 2a）如何使用 awk 命令将 UNIX 文件转换为 DOS 格式？ -使用以下 awk 命令格式将 UNIX 文件转换为 DOS 格式。 +使用以下 `awk` 命令格式将 UNIX 文件转换为 DOS 格式。 ``` Syntax: awk 'sub("$", "\r")' source_file.txt > output_file.txt ``` -下面的 awk 命令将 “unix.txt” 文件转换为 DOS 格式文件 “windows.txt”。 +下面的 `awk` 命令将 `unix.txt` 文件转换为 DOS 格式文件 `windows.txt`。 ``` # awk 'sub("$", "\r")' unix.txt > windows.txt @@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-convert-text-files-between-unix-and-dos-win 作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 677a6f4979ed86f519d33536fcf0d78740b90b4a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 27 Aug 2020 23:57:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 079/167] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-12558-1.html --- ...nvert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md b/published/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md rename to published/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md index e83f521439..a7cfa20b4e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md +++ b/published/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12558-1.html) [#]: subject: (How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS Windows Formats) [#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/how-to-convert-text-files-between-unix-and-dos-windows-formats/) [#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/) From bce11c397faa6d0e77f4b6067020641cf6d74839 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2020 05:02:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 080/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200827=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Use=20this=20command-line=20tool=20to=20find=20security=20flaws?= =?UTF-8?q?=20in=20your=20code?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md --- ...ool to find security flaws in your code.md | 134 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 134 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md b/sources/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e18238981c --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/static-code-security-analysis) +[#]: author: (Ari Noman https://opensource.com/users/arinoman) + +Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code +====== +Featuring broad language support, Graudit allows you to audit the +security of your code during the development process. +![Code on a screen][1] + +Testing is an important part of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), and there are several stages to it. Today, I want to talk about finding security issues in the code. + +You can't ignore security when developing a piece of software. That's why there is a term called DevSecOps, which is fundamentally responsible for identifying and resolving security vulnerabilities in an application. There are open source solutions for checking [OWASP vulnerabilities][2] and which will derive insights by creating a threat model of the source code. + +There are different approaches to handling security issues, e.g., static application security testing (SAST), dynamic application security testing (DAST), interactive application security testing (IAST), software composition analysis, etc. + +Static application security testing runs at the code level and analyzes applications by uncovering errors in the code that has already been written. This approach doesn't require the code to be running, which is why it's called static analysis. + +I'll focus on static code analysis and use an open source tool to have a hands-on experience. + +### Why use an open source tool to check code security + +There are many reasons to choose open source software, tools, and projects as a part of your development. It won't cost any money, as you're using a tool developed by a like-minded community of developers who want to help other developers. If you have a small team or a startup, it's good to find open source software to check your code security. This keeps you from having to hire a separate DevSecOps team, keeping your costs lower. + +Good open source tools are always made with flexibility in mind, and they should be able to be used in any environment, covering as many cases as possible. It makes life easier for developers to connect that piece of software with their existing system. + +But there can be times where you need a feature that is not available within the tool that you chose. Then you have the option to fork the code and develop your own feature on top of it and use it in your system. + +Since, most of the time, open source software is driven by a community, the pace of the development tends to be a plus for the users of that tool because they iterate the project based on user feedback, issues, or bug-posting. + +### Using Graudit to ensure that your code is secure + +There are various open source static code analysis tools available, but as you know, the tool analyzes the code itself, and that's why there is no generic tool for any and all programming languages. But some of them follow OWASP guidelines and try to cover as many languages as they can. + +Here, we'll use [Graudit][3], which is a simple command-line tool that allows us to find security flaws in our codebase. It has support for different languages but a fixed signature set. + +Graudit uses grep, which is a GNU-licensed utility tool, and there are similar types of static code analysis tools like Rough Auditing Tool for Security (RATS), Securitycompass Web Application Analysis Tool (SWAAT), flawfinder, etc. But the technical requirement it has is minimal and very flexible. Still, you might have requirements that are not served by Graudit. If so, you can look at this [list][4] for other options. + +We can install this tool under a specific project, or in the global namespace, or under a specific user—whatever we like, it's flexible. Let's clone the repo first: + + +``` +`$ git clone https://github.com/wireghoul/graudit` +``` + +Now, we need to create a symbolic link of Graudit so that we can use it as a command: + + +``` +$ cd ~/bin && mkdir graudit +$ ln --symbolic ~/graudit/graudit ~/bin/graudit +``` + +Add an alias to .bashrc (or the config file for whatever shell you're using): + + +``` +#------ .bashrc ------ + +alias graudit="~/bin/graudit" +``` + +and reload the shell: + + +``` +$ source ~/.bashrc # OR +$ exex $SHELL +``` + +Let's check whether or not we have successfully installed the tool by running this: + + +``` +`$ graudit -h` +``` + +If you get something similar to this, then you're good to go. + +![Graudit terminal screen showing help page][5] + +Fig. 1 Graudit help page + +I'm using one of my existing projects to test the tool. To run the tool, we need to pass the database of the respective language. You'll find the databases under the signatures folder: + + +``` +`$ graudit -d ~/gradit/signatures/js.db` +``` + +I ran this on two JavaScript files from my existing projects, and you can see that it throws the vulnerable code in the console: + +![JavaScript file showing Graudit display of vulnerable code][6] + +![JavaScript file showing Graudit display of vulnerable code][7] + +You can try running this on one of your projects, and they have a long list of [databases][8] included in the project itself for supporting different languages. + +### Graudit pros and cons + +Graudit supports a lot of languages, which makes it a good bet for users on many different systems. It's comparable to other free or paid tools because of its simplicity of use and broad language support. Most importantly, they are under development, and the community supports other users too. + +Though this is a handy tool, you may find it difficult to identify a specific code as "vulnerable." Maybe the developers will include this function in future versions of the tool. But, it is always good to keep an eye on security issues in the code by using tools like this. + +### Conclusion + +In this article, I've only covered one of the many types of security testing—static application security testing. It's easy to start with static code analysis, but that's just the beginning. You can add other types of application security testing in your application development pipeline to enrich your overall security awareness. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/static-code-security-analysis + +作者：[Ari Noman][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/arinoman +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/programming_code_screen_display.jpg?itok=2HMTzqz0 (Code on a screen) +[2]: https://owasp.org/www-community/vulnerabilities/ +[3]: https://github.com/wireghoul/graudit +[4]: https://project-awesome.org/mre/awesome-static-analysis +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/graudit_1.png (Graudit terminal screen showing help page) +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/graudit_2.png (JavaScript file showing Graudit display of vulnerable code) +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/graudit_3.png (JavaScript file showing Graudit display of vulnerable code) +[8]: https://github.com/wireghoul/graudit#databases From ca01f5213a1c7be9ce6b77a6b1c97ccca86bc61f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2020 05:03:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 081/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[talk]:=2020200827=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Information=20could=20be=20half=20the=20world's=20mass=20by=202?= =?UTF-8?q?245,=20says=20researcher?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20200827 Information could be half the world-s mass by 2245, says researcher.md --- ...e world-s mass by 2245, says researcher.md | 60 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 60 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20200827 Information could be half the world-s mass by 2245, says researcher.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20200827 Information could be half the world-s mass by 2245, says researcher.md b/sources/talk/20200827 Information could be half the world-s mass by 2245, says researcher.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2144d45c9a --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20200827 Information could be half the world-s mass by 2245, says researcher.md @@ -0,0 +1,60 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Information could be half the world's mass by 2245, says researcher) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570438/information-could-be-half-the-worlds-mass-by-2245-says-researcher.html) +[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/) + +Information could be half the world's mass by 2245, says researcher +====== +Because of the amount of energy and resources used to create and store digital information, the data should be considered physical, and not just invisible ones and zeroes, according to one theoretical physicist. +Luza Studios / Getty Images + +Digital content should be considered a fifth state of matter, along with gas, liquid, plasma and solid, suggests one university scholar. + +Because of the energy and resources used to create, store and distribute data physically and digitally, data has evolved and should now be considered as mass, according to Melvin Vopson, a senior lecturer at the U.K.'s University of Portsmouth and author of an article, "[The information catastrophe][1]," published in the journal AIP Advances. + +Vopson also claims digital bits are on a course to overwhelm the planet and will eventually outnumber atoms. + +The idea of assigning mass to digital information builds off some existing data points. Vopson cites an IBM estimate that finds data is created at a rate of 2.5 quintillion bytes every day. He also factors in data storage densities of more than 1 terabit per inch to compare the size of a bit to the size of an atom. + +Presuming 50% annual growth in data generation, "the number of bits would equal the number of atoms on Earth in approximately 150 years," according to a [media release][2] announcing Vopson's research. + +"It would be approximately 130 years until the power needed to sustain digital information creation would equal all the power currently produced on planet Earth, and by 2245, half of Earth's mass would be converted to digital information mass," the release reads. + +The COVID-19 pandemic is increasing the rate of digital data creation and accelerating this process, Vopson adds. + +He warns of an impending saturation point: "Even assuming that future technological progress brings the bit size down to sizes closer to the atom itself, this volume of digital information will take up more than the size of the planet, leading to what we define as the information catastrophe," Vopson writes in the [paper][3]. + +"We are literally changing the planet bit by bit, and it is an invisible crisis," says Vopson, a former R&D scientist at Seagate Technology. + +Vopson isn't alone in exploring the idea that information isn't simply imperceptible ones and zeroes. According to the release, Vopson draws on the mass-energy comparisons in Einstein's theory of general relativity; the work of Rolf Landauer, who applied the laws of thermodynamics to information; and the work of Claude Shannon, the inventor of the digital bit. + +"When one brings information content into existing physical theories, it is almost like an extra dimension to everything in physics," Vopson says. + +With a growth rate that seems unstoppable, digital information production "will consume most of the planetary power capacity, leading to ethical and environmental concerns," his paper concludes. + +Interestingly – and a bit more out there – Vopson also suggests that if, as he projects, the future mass of the planet is made up predominantly of bits of information, and there exists enough power created to do it (not certain), then "one could envisage a future world mostly computer simulated and dominated by digital bits and computer code," he writes. + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][4] and [LinkedIn][5] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570438/information-could-be-half-the-worlds-mass-by-2245-says-researcher.html + +作者：[Patrick Nelson][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0019941 +[2]: https://publishing.aip.org/publications/latest-content/digital-content-on-track-to-equal-half-earths-mass-by-2245/ +[3]: https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/5.0019941 +[4]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[5]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From bf5637a5533badd751e4ef902f069e175357f018 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2020 08:44:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 082/167] translated --- ...o Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md | 161 ----------------- ...o Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md | 162 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 162 insertions(+), 161 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md b/sources/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md deleted file mode 100644 index 98afbb8c33..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,161 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (OnionShare: An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/onionshare/) -[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) - -OnionShare: An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network -====== - -_**Brief: OnionShare is a free and open-source tool that utilizes the Tor network to share files securely and anonymously.**_ - -You might have already come across a lot of online services to share files securely but it may not be completely anonymous. - -Also, you do have to rely on a centralized service to share your files and if the service decides to shut down like [Firefox Send][1] — you can’t really depend on it to safely share files all the time. - -All things considered, OnionShare is an amazing open-source tool that lets you share files using the [Tor Onion service][2]. It should be an amazing alternative to all the cloud file sharing services. - -Let’s take a look at what it offers and how it works. - -![][3] - -### OnionShare: Share files anonymously over Tor - -[OnionShare][4] is an interesting open-source tool that’s available for Linux, Windows, and macOS. - -It lets you securely share files directly from your computer to the receiver without revealing your identity in the process. You don’t have to sign up for any account — nor does it rely on any centralized storage service. - -It is basically peer-to-peer over the Tor network. The receiver only needs to have a [Tor browser][5] to download/upload files to your computer. I’d also recommend you to go through our [Tor guide][6] to explore more about it if you’re curious. - -Let’s take a look at the features. - -### Features of OnionShare - -For an average user who just wants security and anonymity, there’s no tweak required. However, you do have some advanced options if you need. - - * Cross-platform support (Windows, macOS, and Linux) - * Send files - * Receive files - * Command-line options - * Publish onion sites - * Ability to use bridges (if your tor connection isn’t working) - * Ability to use a persistent URL for sharing (advanced users) - * Stealth mode (more secure) - - - -You can go through the [official user guide][7] on GitHub to learn more about them. - -### Installing OnionShare on Linux - -You should find OnionShare listed in your software center to get it installed. If it’s not there, you can add the PPA using the commands below on Ubuntu-based distros: - -``` -sudo add-apt-repository ppa:micahflee/ppa -sudo apt update -sudo apt install -y onionshare -``` - -If you’re looking to install it on other Linux distributions, you can visit the [official website][4] for installation instructions on Fedora and build instructions as well. - -[Download OnionShare][4] - -### How does OnionShare Work? - -After you get it installed, everything is pretty self-explanatory and easy-to-use. But, if you want a heads up, let me show you how it works. - -Once, it loads up and connects to the Tor network - -#### Sharing a File - -![][8] - -You just have to add the file(s) that you want to share from your computer and then click on “**Start sharing**“. - -Once you’re done, the status at the bottom-right should say “**Sharing**” and an **OnionShare address** will be generated (copied to clipboard automatically) as shown in the image below: - -![][9] - -All the receiver needs now is the OnionShare address that should look like this: - -``` -http://onionshare:[email protected] -``` - -And, a Tor browser to start downloading the files. - -It’s worth noting that once the download completes (file transfer is done), the file sharing stops. You will also be notified of the same when that happens. - -So, if you have to share it again or with someone else, you will have to re-share it and send the new OnionShare address to the receiver. - -#### Allow Receiving Files - -If you want to generate a URL that lets someone upload files directly to your computer (be careful with whom you share it), you can just click on the **Receive Files** tab after you launch OnionShare. - -![][10] - -You just have to click on the “**Start Receive Mode**” button to get started. Next, you will get an OnionShare address (just like while sharing a file). - -The receiver has to access it using the Tor browser and start uploading files. Here’s how it should look like: - -![][11] - -Even though you will be notified of the file transfer when someone is uploading to your computer, you need to manually stop the receiving mode when you’re done. - -#### Downloading/Uploading Files - -Considering that you have a Tor browser installed, you just need to hit the OnionShare address in the URL address, confirm log in (press OK) and here’s how it should look like: - -![][12] - -Similarly, when you get an address to upload files, it should look like this: - -![][13] - -#### Publish Onion Sites - -You can simply add the files to host a static onion website if you want. Of course, just because it’s peer-to-peer connection, it’ll be very slow to load up while it transfers every file from your computer. - -![][14] - -I tried using a [free template][15] to test it out and it works great (but very slow). So, it may depend on your network connection. - -### **Wrapping Up** - -In addition to all the features mentioned above, you can also use the command line and opt for some advanced tweaks if needed. - -OnionShare is indeed an impressive open-source tool that makes it easy to share files anonymously without needing any special tweaks. - -Have you tried OnionShare yet? Is there something similar to this that you know of? Let me know in the comments below! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/onionshare/ - -作者：[Ankush Das][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/firefox-send/ -[2]: https://community.torproject.org/onion-services/ -[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-screenshot.jpg?resize=800%2C629&ssl=1 -[4]: https://onionshare.org/ -[5]: https://itsfoss.com/install-tar-browser-linux/ -[6]: https://itsfoss.com/tor-guide/ -[7]: https://github.com/micahflee/onionshare/wiki -[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-share.png?resize=800%2C604&ssl=1 -[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-file-shared.jpg?resize=800%2C532&ssl=1 -[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-receive-files.jpg?resize=800%2C655&ssl=1 -[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-receive-mode.jpg?resize=800%2C529&ssl=1 -[12]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-download.jpg?resize=800%2C499&ssl=1 -[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-upload.jpg?resize=800%2C542&ssl=1 -[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-onion-site.jpg?resize=800%2C366&ssl=1 -[15]: https://www.styleshout.com/free-templates/kards/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md b/translated/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..1a8ecdb665 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md @@ -0,0 +1,162 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (OnionShare: An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/onionshare/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +OnionShare: 一个通过 Tor 网络安全共享文件的开源工具 +====== + +_**简介：OnionShare 是一个免费开源工具，它利用 Tor 网络安全和匿名地共享文件。**_ + +你可能已经有很多在线服务来安全地共享文件，但它可能不是完全匿名的。 + +此外，你必须依靠一个集中式服务来共享文件，如果服务决定像 [Firefox Send][1] 那样关闭，那你不能真正依靠它来一直安全地共享文件。 + +考虑到这些，OnionShare 是一个让人惊叹的开源工具，它让你使用 [Tor Onion 服务][2]来共享文件。它应该是所有云端文件共享服务的一个很好的替代品。 + +让我们来看看它提供了什么以及它是如何工作的。 + +![][3] + +### OnionShare: 通过 Tor 匿名分享文件 + +[OnionShare][4] 是一款有趣的开源工具，可用于 Linux、Windows 和 macOS。 + +它可以让你安全地将文件直接从你的电脑分享给接收者，而不会在这个过程中暴露你的身份。你不必注册任何帐户，它也不依赖于任何集中式存储服务。 + +它基本上是在 Tor 网络上的点对点服务。接收者只需要有一个 [Tor 浏览器][5]就可以下载/上传文件到你的电脑上。如果你好奇的话，我也建议你去看看我们的 [Tor 指南][6]来探索更多关于它的内容。 + +让我们来看看它的功能。 + +### OnionShare 的功能 + +对于一个只想要安全和匿名的普通用户来说，它不需要调整。不过，如果你有需要，它也有一些高级选项。 + +* 跨平台支持（Windows、macOS和 Linux）。 +* 发送文件 +* 接收文件 +* 命令行选项 +* 发布洋葱站点 +* 能够使用桥接(如果你的 Tor 连接不起作用) +* 能够使用持久 URL 进行共享（高级用户）。 +* 隐身模式（更安全） + + + +你可以通过 GitHub 上的[官方用户指南][7]来了解更多关于它们的信息。 + +### 在 Linux 上安装 OnionShare + + +你应该可以在你的软件中心找到 OnionShare 并安装它。如果没有，你可以在 Ubuntu 发行版上使用下面的命令添加 PPA： + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository ppa:micahflee/ppa +sudo apt update +sudo apt install -y onionshare +``` + +如果你想把它安装在其他 Linux 发行版上，你可以访问[官方网站][4]获取 Fedora 上的安装说明以及构建说明。 + +[下载 OnionShare][4] + +### OnionShare 如何工作？ + +当你安装好后，一切都很明了且易于使用。但是，如果你想开始，让我告诉你它是如何工作的。 + +完成后，它加载并连接到 Tor 网络。 + +#### 共享文件 + +![][8] + +你只需要在电脑上添加你要分享的文件，然后点击 “**Start sharing**”。 + +完成后，右下角的状态应该是 “**Sharing**”，然后会生成一个 **OnionShare 地址**（自动复制到剪贴板），如下图所示。 + +![][9] + +现在接收方需要的是 OnionShare 的地址，它看上去是这样的。 + +``` +http://onionshare:[email protected] +``` + +接着 Tor 浏览器开始下载文件。 + +值得注意的是，下载完成后（文件传输完成），文件共享就会停止。到时候也会通知你。 + +所以，如果你要再次分享或与他人分享，你必须重新分享，并将新的 OnionShare 地址发送给接收者。 + +#### 允许接收文件 + +如果你想生成一个 URL，让别人直接上传文件到你的电脑上（要注意谁与你分享），你可以在启动 OnionShare 后点击 **Receive Files** 标签即可。 + +![][10] + +你只需要点击 “**Start Receive Mode**” 按钮就可以开始了。接下来，你会得到一个 OnionShare 地址（就像共享文件时一样）。 + +接收者必须使用 Tor 浏览器访问它并开始上传文件。它应该像下面这样： + +![][11] + +虽然当有人上传文件到你的电脑上时，你会收到文件传输的通知，但完成后，你需要手动停止接收模式。 + +#### 下载/上传文件 + +考虑到你已经安装了 Tor 浏览器，你只需要在 URL 地址中输入 OnionShare 的地址，确认登录（按 OK 键），它看上去像这样。 + +![][12] + +同样，当你得到一个上传文件的地址时，它看上去是这样的。 + +![][13] + +#### 发布洋葱站点 + +如果你想的话，你可以直接添加文件来托管一个静态的洋葱网站。当然，正因为是点对点的连接，所以在它从你的电脑上传输每个文件时，加载速度会非常慢。 + +![][14] + +我试着用[免费模板][15]测试了一下，效果很好（但很慢）。所以，这可能取决于你的网络连接。 + +### **总结** + +除了上面提到的功能，如果需要的话，你还可以使用命令行进行一些高级的调整。 + +OnionShare 的确是一款令人印象深刻的开源工具，它可以让你轻松地匿名分享文件，而不需要任何特殊的调整。 + +你尝试过 OnionShare 吗？你知道有类似的软件么？请在下面的评论中告诉我！ + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/onionshare/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/firefox-send/ +[2]: https://community.torproject.org/onion-services/ +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-screenshot.jpg?resize=800%2C629&ssl=1 +[4]: https://onionshare.org/ +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/install-tar-browser-linux/ +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/tor-guide/ +[7]: https://github.com/micahflee/onionshare/wiki +[8]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-share.png?resize=800%2C604&ssl=1 +[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-file-shared.jpg?resize=800%2C532&ssl=1 +[10]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-receive-files.jpg?resize=800%2C655&ssl=1 +[11]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-receive-mode.jpg?resize=800%2C529&ssl=1 +[12]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-download.jpg?resize=800%2C499&ssl=1 +[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-upload.jpg?resize=800%2C542&ssl=1 +[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/onionshare-onion-site.jpg?resize=800%2C366&ssl=1 +[15]: https://www.styleshout.com/free-templates/kards/ From 18ce01c50b9be69c70cfe409f1c2b1d6d6b136cd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2020 08:49:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 083/167] translating --- ...his command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md b/sources/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md index e18238981c..4799ed9a54 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From d8d0d54df2a2de6bdf22f350e3b07ec3c31e0862 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2020 12:50:29 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 084/167] =?UTF-8?q?Rename=20sources/tech/20200824=20Origin?= =?UTF-8?q?=20stories=20about=20Unix.md=20to=20sources/talk/20200824=20Ori?= =?UTF-8?q?gin=20stories=20about=20Unix.md=E3=80=81?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md、} | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech/20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md => talk/20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md、} (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md b/sources/talk/20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md、 similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md rename to sources/talk/20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md、 From 0a846edb9f481b89670c35dbb4f96dce661aacb4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2020 15:09:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 085/167] Rename sources/tech/20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md to sources/talk/20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md --- .../20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md b/sources/talk/20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md rename to sources/talk/20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md From 7779e12d62e3f3c598d4891294b218b77ed3e07a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2020 17:43:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 086/167] APL --- ...es - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md b/sources/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md index 87fceeecc1..28c001acf1 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 427f67928767dac0a08a458e952e652300a50cbf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2020 20:04:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 087/167] TSL&PRF --- ...ystem Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md | 228 ------------------ ...ystem Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md | 226 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 226 insertions(+), 228 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md b/sources/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md deleted file mode 100644 index 28c001acf1..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,228 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Glances – A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/glances/) -[#]: author: (Chinmay https://itsfoss.com/author/chinmay/) - -Glances – A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems -====== - -The most commonly used command line [tools for process monitoring on Linux][1] are top and its colorful, feature rich cousin [htop][2] . - -To [monitor temperature on Linux][3], you can use [lm-sensors][4]. Similarly, there are many utilities to monitor other real-time metrics such as Disk I/O, Network Stats and others. - -[Glances][5] is a system monitoring tool which ties them all together and offers a lot more features. What I like the most is that you can use run Glances on a remote Linux server and monitor the system resources on your local system or monitor it through your web browser. - -Here’s what it looks like. The terminal in the below screenshot has been [beautified with Pywal tool that automatically changes the color based on wallpaper][6]. - -![][7] - -You can also integrate it to a tool like [Grafana][8] to monitor the stats in an intuitive dashboard. - -It is written in Python which means that it can be used on most platforms with almost all features. - -### Features of Glances - -![Glances Data In Grafana Dashboard][9] - -Let’s have a quick glance over the main feature Glances provides (pun intended). - - * Can monitor 15+ metrics on a system (including docker containers). - * Flexible usage modes: standalone, client-server, over SSH and web mode. - * Versatile REST API and XML-RPC available for integrations. - * Readily supports exporting data to different services and databases. - * Highly configurable and adaptable to different needs. - * Very comprehensive Documentation. - - - -### Installing Glances on Ubuntu and other Linux distributions - -Glances is available in the official repositories of many Linux distributions. This means you can use your distribution’s package manager to install it easily. - -On Debian/Ubuntu based distributions, you can use the following command: - -``` -sudo apt install glances -``` - -You can also install the latest Glances using snap package: - -``` -sudo snap install glances -``` - -Since Glances is based on Python, you can also use PIP to install it on most Linux distributions. [Install PIP][10] first and then use it to install Glances: - -``` -sudo pip3 install glances -``` - -If nothing else, you can always use the auto install script provided by Glances developer. Though we at It’s FOSS don’t recommend running random scripts directly on your system. It’s entirely your decision. - -``` -curl -L https://bit.ly/glances | /bin/bash -``` - -You can check out other ways to install Glances from their [documentation][11], you can also install it as a docker container. - -### Using Glances to monitor Linux system resources on local system (standalone mode) - -You can easily launch Glances to monitor your local machine by running this command n the terminal. - -``` -glances -``` - -You can instantly observe that it integrates a lot of different information in one single screen. I like that it shows the public and private IP’s of the computer right at the top. - -![][12] - -Glances is also interactive, meaning you can use commands to interact with it while it is running. You can press **“s”** to bring up the sensors onto the screen; **“k”** to bring up the TCP connections list; **“1”** to expand the CPU stats to show individual threads. - -You can also use the arrow keys to move around the list of processes and sort the table by different metrics. - -You can launch Glances with various command line options. There are plenty more interactive commands as well. You can find the complete list in their [comprehensive documentation][13]. - -Press Ctrl+C to exit Glances. - -### Using Glances to monitor remote Linux systems (Client – Server mode) - -To monitor a remote computer you can use Glances in client-server mode. You need to have Glances installed on both systems. - -On the remote Linux system, you’ll have to launch glances in server mode using the -s option. - -``` -glances -s -``` - -On the client system, use this command to launch Glances in client mode and connect to the server. - -``` -glances -c server_ip_address -``` - -You can also SSH into any computer and launch Glances, which works flawlessly. More information about client-server mode [here][14]. - -### Monitor Linux system resources in web browser using Glances (Web Mode) - -Glances can also run in web mode. This means that you can use a web browser to access Glances. Unlike the previous client-server mode, you don’t need to install Glances on the client system. - -To start Glances in web mode, use the -w option. - -``` -glances -w -``` - -Keep in mind that it may display “Glances Web User Interface started on even on a Linux server when it is actually using the server’s IP address. - -The main part is that it uses 61208 port number and you can use it to access Glances via web browser. Just type the server’s IP address followed by the port number like . - -You can also use it on the local system using or . - -![][15] - -The web mode also emulates the terminal look. The web version is built with responsive design principles in mind and looks good even on phones. - -You may want to protect the web mode with a password so that only authorized people could use it. The default username is glances. - -``` -[email protected]:~# glances -w --password -Define the Glances webserver password (glances username): -Password (confirm): -Do you want to save the password? [Yes/No]: n -Glances Web User Interface started on http://0.0.0.0:61208/ -``` - -You can find more information on configuring password in the [quickstart guide][16]. - -### Export Glances data to different services - -One of the biggest advantage of using Glances is the out of the box support to export data to various databases, services and integration into various data pipelines seamlessly. - -You can export to CSV while monitoring with this command. - -``` -glances --export csv --export-csv-file /tmp/glances.csv -``` - -‘/tmp/glances.csv’ is the location of the file. The data is filled in neatly as time series. - -![][17] - -You can export to powerful applications like [Prometheus][18] to enable conditional triggers and notifications. - -It can directly plug into messaging services like RabbitMQ, MQTT, streaming platforms like Kafka and export time series data to databases like InfluxDB and visualize using Grafana. - -You can check out the whole list of services and export options [here][19]. - -### Use REST API to integrate Glances with other services - -This is my favorite feature in the whole stack. Glances not only brings together various metrics together, it also exposes them via APIs. - -This simple yet powerful feature makes it very easy to build custom applications, services and middleware applications for any specific use cases. - -REST API server stars automatically when you launch Glances in web mode. To launch it in API server only mode you can use the following command. - -``` -glances -w --disable-webui -``` - -The [REST API][20] documentation is comprehensive and the responses are easy to integrate with a web application. This makes it easy to build a unified dashboard to monitor multiple servers with a tool like [Node-RED][21]. - -![][22] - -Glances also provides an XML-RPC server, you can check out the documentation [here][23]. - -### Closing thoughts on Glances - -Glances uses the [psutil][24] python library to access different system stats. I had built a simple API server using the same library to retrieve CPU usage back in 2017. I was able to monitor all the Raspberry Pi’s in a cluster using a dashboard built with Node-RED. - -Glances could have saved me some time while offering way more features, unfortunately I didn’t know about it back then. - -I did try to install Glances on my Raspberry Pi’s while writing this article, unfortunately it failed with some errors with all the installation methods. I’ll update the article when I succeed or maybe write another article with steps to install on a Raspberry Pi. - -I wish Glances offered a way to kill processes like top or htop. Let’s hope that we get it in upcoming releases. - -I hope this gave you a good deal of information on Glances. What system monitoring tools do you guys use? let me know in the comments. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/glances/ - -作者：[Chinmay][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/chinmay/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-system-monitoring-tools/ -[2]: https://hisham.hm/htop/ -[3]: https://itsfoss.com/monitor-cpu-gpu-temp-linux/ -[4]: https://github.com/lm-sensors/lm-sensors -[5]: https://nicolargo.github.io/glances/ -[6]: https://itsfoss.com/pywal/ -[7]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/glances-linux.png?resize=800%2C510&ssl=1 -[8]: https://grafana.com/ -[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/glances-data-in-grafana-dashboard.jpg?resize=800%2C472&ssl=1 -[10]: https://itsfoss.com/install-pip-ubuntu/ -[11]: https://github.com/nicolargo/glances/blob/master/README.rst#installation -[12]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Screenshot-from-2020-08-13-11-54-18.png?resize=800%2C503&ssl=1 -[13]: https://glances.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cmds.html -[14]: https://glances.readthedocs.io/en/latest/quickstart.html#central-client -[15]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Screenshot-from-2020-08-13-16-49-11.png?resize=800%2C471&ssl=1 -[16]: https://glances.readthedocs.io/en/stable/quickstart.html -[17]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Screenshot-from-2020-08-13-12-25-40.png?resize=800%2C448&ssl=1 -[18]: https://prometheus.io/ -[19]: https://glances.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gw/index.html -[20]: https://github.com/nicolargo/glances/wiki/The-Glances-RESTFULL-JSON-API -[21]: https://nodered.org/ -[22]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Screenshot-from-2020-08-13-17-49-41.png?resize=800%2C468&ssl=1 -[23]: https://github.com/nicolargo/glances/wiki -[24]: https://pypi.org/project/psutil/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md b/translated/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a2d908db71 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md @@ -0,0 +1,226 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Glances – A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/glances/) +[#]: author: (Chinmay https://itsfoss.com/author/chinmay/) + +Glances：多功能 Linux 系统监控工具 +====== + +Linux 上最常用的[命令行进程监控工具][1]是 `top` 和它那色彩斑斓、功能丰富的表弟 [htop][2]。 + +要[监控 Linux 上的温度][3]，可以使用 [lm-sensors][4]。同样，还有很多实用工具可以监控其他实时指标，如磁盘 I/O、网络统计等。 + +[Glances][5] 是一个系统监控工具，它把这些都联系在一起，并提供了更多的功能。我最喜欢的是，你可以在远程 Linux 服务器上运行 Glances 来监控本地系统的系统资源，也可以通过 Web 浏览器监控。 + +下面是它的外观。下面截图中的终端已经[用 Pywal 工具美化过，可以根据壁纸自动改变颜色][6]。 + +![][7] + +你也可以将它集成到像 [Grafana][8] 这样的工具中，在一个直观的仪表盘中监控统计数据。 + +它是用 Python 编写的，这意味着它的绝大多数功能都可以在大多数平台上使用。 + +### Glances 的功能 + +![Glances Data In Grafana Dashboard][9] + +让我们快速浏览一下 Glances 提供的主要功能： + + * 可以监控系统上的 15 个之多的指标（包括 Docker 容器）。 + * 灵活的使用模式：单机模式、客户端-服务器模式、通过 SSH 和 Web 模式。 + * 可用于集成的各种 REST API 和 XML-RPC API。 + * 支持将数据轻松导出到不同的服务和数据库。 + * 高度的可配置性和适应不同的需求。 + * 非常全面的文档。 + +### 在 Ubuntu 和其他 Linux 发行版上安装 Glances + +Glances 在许多 Linux 发行版的官方软件库中都有。这意味着你可以使用你的发行版的软件包管理器来轻松安装它。 + +在基于 Debian/Ubuntu 的发行版上，你可以使用以下命令： + +``` +sudo apt install glances +``` + +你也可以使用 snap 包安装最新的 Glances： + +``` +sudo snap install glances +``` + +由于 Glances 是基于 Python 的，你也可以使用 PIP 在大多数 Linux 发行版上安装它。先[安装 PIP][10]，然后用它来安装 Glances： + +``` +sudo pip3 install glances +``` + +如果没有别的办法，你还可以使用 Glances 开发者提供的自动安装脚本。虽然我们不建议直接在你的系统上随便运行脚本，但这完全取决于你自己： + +``` +curl -L https://bit.ly/glances | /bin/bash +``` + +你可以从他们的[文档][11]中查看其他安装 Glances 的方法，甚至你还可以把它作为一个 Docker 容器来安装。 + +### 使用 Glances 监控本地系统上的 Linux 系统资源（独立模式） + +你可以通过在终端上运行这个命令，轻松启动 Glances 来监控你的本地机器： + +``` +glances +``` + +你可以立即观察到，它将很多不同的信息整合在一个屏幕上。我喜欢它在顶部显示电脑的公共和私人 IP： + +![][12] + +Glances 也是交互式的，这意味着你可以在它运行时使用命令与它互动。你可以按 `s` 将传感器显示在屏幕上；按 `k` 将 TCP 连接列表显示在屏幕上；按 `1` 将 CPU 统计扩展到显示单个线程。 + +你也可以使用方向键在进程列表中移动，并按不同的指标对表格进行排序。 + +你可以通过各种命令行选项来启动 Glances。此外，它还有很多交互式命令。你可以在他们的[丰富的文档][13]中找到完整的列表。 + +按 `Ctrl+C` 键退出 Glances。 + +### 使用 Glances 监控远程 Linux 系统（客户端-服务器模式） + +要监控远程计算机，你可以在客户端-服务器模式下使用 Glances。你需要在两个系统上都安装 Glances。 + +在远程 Linux 系统上，使用 `-s` 选项在服务器模式下启动 Glances： + +``` +glances -s +``` + +在客户端系统中，使用下面的命令在客户端模式下启动 Glances 并连接到服务器： + +``` +glances -c server_ip_address +``` + +你也可以通过 SSH 进入任何一台电脑，然后启动 Glances，它可以完美地工作。更多关于客户端-服务器模式的信息请看[这里][14]。 + +### 使用 Glances 在 Web 浏览器中监控 Linux 系统资源（Web 模式） + +Glances 也可以在 Web 模式下运行。这意味着你可以使用 Web 浏览器来访问 Glances。与之前的客户端-服务器模式不同，你不需要在客户端系统上安装 Glances。 + +要在 Web 模式下启动 Glances，请使用 `-w` 选项： + +``` +glances -w +``` + +请注意，即使在 Linux 服务器上，它也可能显示 “Glances Web User Interface started on http://0.0.0.0:61208”，而实际上它使用的是服务器的 IP 地址。 + +最主要的是它使用的是 61208 端口号，你可以用它来通过网络浏览器访问 Glances。只要在服务器的 IP 地址后面输入端口号，比如 。 + +你也可以在本地系统中使用 或 访问。 + +![][15] + +Web 模式也模仿终端的样子。网页版是根据响应式设计原则打造的，即使在手机上也很好看。 + +你可能想用密码来保护 Web 模式，这样只有授权的人才能使用它。默认的用户名是 `glances`。 + +``` +root@localhost:~# glances -w --password +Define the Glances webserver password (glances username): +Password (confirm): +Do you want to save the password? [Yes/No]: n +Glances Web User Interface started on http://0.0.0.0:61208/ +``` + +你可以在[快速入门指南][16]中找到关于配置密码的更多信息。 + +### 导出 Glances 数据到不同的服务 + +使用 Glances 最大的优势之一就是开箱即用，它支持将数据导出到各种数据库、服务，并无缝集成到各种数据管道中。 + +你可以在监控的同时用这个命令导出到 CSV： + +``` +glances --export csv --export-csv-file /tmp/glances.csv +``` + +`/tmp/glances.csv` 是文件的位置。数据以时间序列的形式整齐地填入。 + +![][17] + +你也可以导出到其它大型应用程序，如 [Prometheus][18]，以启用条件触发器和通知。 + +它可以直接插入到消息服务（如 RabbitMQ、MQTT）、流媒体平台（如 Kafka），并将时间序列数据导出到数据库（如 InfluxDB），并使用 Grafana 进行可视化。 + +你可以在[这里][19]查看服务和导出选项的整个列表。 + +### 使用 REST API 将 Glances 与其他服务进行整合 + +这是整个栈中我最喜欢的功能。Glances 不仅可以将各种指标汇集在一起，还可以通过 API 将它们暴露出来。 + +这个简单而强大的功能使得为任何特定的用例构建自定义应用程序、服务和中间件应用程序变得非常容易。 + +当你在 Web 模式下启动 Glances 时，REST API 服务器会自动启动。要在 API 服务器模式下启动它，你可以使用以下命令： + +``` +glances -w --disable-webui +``` + +[REST API][20] 的文档很全面，其响应也很容易与 Web 应用集成。这使得使用类似 [Node-RED][21] 这样的工具可以很容易地构建一个统一的仪表盘来监控多个服务器。 + +![][22] + +Glances 也提供了一个 XML-RPC 服务器，你可以在[这里][23]查看文档。 + +### 关于 Glances 的结束语 + +Glances 使用 [psutil][24] Python 库来访问不同的系统统计数据。早在 2017 年，我就曾使用相同的库构建了一个简单的 API 服务器来检索 CPU 的使用情况。我能够使用 Node-RED 构建的仪表盘监控一个集群中的所有树莓派。 + +Glances 可以为我节省一些时间，同时提供更多的功能，可惜我当时并不知道它。 + +在写这篇文章的时候，我确实尝试着在我的树莓派上安装 Glances，可惜所有的安装方法都出现了一些错误，失败了。当我成功后，我会更新文章，或者可能再写一篇文章，介绍在树莓派上安装的步骤。 + +我希望 Glances 能提供一种顶替 `top` 或 `htop` 等的方法。让我们希望在即将到来的版本中得到它。 + +我希望这能给你提供大量关于 Glances 的信息。你们使用什么系统监控工具呢，请在评论中告诉我。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/glances/ + +作者：[Chinmay][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/chinmay/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/linux-system-monitoring-tools/ +[2]: https://hisham.hm/htop/ +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/monitor-cpu-gpu-temp-linux/ +[4]: https://github.com/lm-sensors/lm-sensors +[5]: https://nicolargo.github.io/glances/ +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/pywal/ +[7]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/glances-linux.png?resize=800%2C510&ssl=1 +[8]: https://grafana.com/ +[9]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/glances-data-in-grafana-dashboard.jpg?resize=800%2C472&ssl=1 +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/install-pip-ubuntu/ +[11]: https://github.com/nicolargo/glances/blob/master/README.rst#installation +[12]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Screenshot-from-2020-08-13-11-54-18.png?resize=800%2C503&ssl=1 +[13]: https://glances.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cmds.html +[14]: https://glances.readthedocs.io/en/latest/quickstart.html#central-client +[15]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Screenshot-from-2020-08-13-16-49-11.png?resize=800%2C471&ssl=1 +[16]: https://glances.readthedocs.io/en/stable/quickstart.html +[17]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Screenshot-from-2020-08-13-12-25-40.png?resize=800%2C448&ssl=1 +[18]: https://prometheus.io/ +[19]: https://glances.readthedocs.io/en/latest/gw/index.html +[20]: https://github.com/nicolargo/glances/wiki/The-Glances-RESTFULL-JSON-API +[21]: https://nodered.org/ +[22]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Screenshot-from-2020-08-13-17-49-41.png?resize=800%2C468&ssl=1 +[23]: https://github.com/nicolargo/glances/wiki +[24]: https://pypi.org/project/psutil/ From 6ed5b7d1ab71b8bd758534f0058e13d8cca20c64 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2020 20:19:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 088/167] APL --- .../tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md index 6a30175b08..a63e72fb84 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From ffeeb969bac8708b9f957a6dc5ddce46243a83c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2020 21:22:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 089/167] TSL&PRF --- ...11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md | 212 ------------------ ...11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md | 210 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 210 insertions(+), 212 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md b/sources/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md deleted file mode 100644 index a63e72fb84..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,212 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (11 ways to list and sort files on Linux) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572590/11-ways-to-list-and-sort-files-on-linux.html) -[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) - -11 ways to list and sort files on Linux -====== -Linux commands can provide details on files and show options for customizing file listings, but can also reach as deeply into a file system as you care to look. -Thinkstock - -There are many ways to list files and display information about them on Linux systems. This post reviews a number of commands that provide details on files and provides options for customizing your file listings to meet your needs. - -Most of the commands list files within individual directories while others reach as deeply into a file system as you care to look. - -The primary command for listing files is, of course, **ls**. This command, however, has an extensive number of options for finding and listing just the files you want to see. Plus, there's always **find** for helping with very specific file searches. - -### Listing files by name - -The easiest way to list files by name is simply to list them using the **ls** command. Listing files by name (alphanumeric order) is, after all, the default. You can choose the **ls** (no details) or **ls -l** (lots of details) to determine your view. - -``` -$ ls | head -6 -8pgs.pdf -Aesthetics_Thank_You.pdf -alien.pdf -Annual_Meeting_Agenda-20190602.pdf -bigfile.bz2 -bin -$ ls -l | head -6 --rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 10886 Mar 22 2019 8pgs.pdf --rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 284003 May 11 2019 Aesthetics_Thank_You.pdf --rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 38282 Jan 24 2019 alien.pdf --rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 97358 May 19 2019 Annual_Meeting_20190602.pdf --rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 18115234 Apr 16 17:36 bigfile.bz2 -drwxrwxr-x 4 shs shs 8052736 Jul 10 13:17 bin -``` - -Pipe the output of **ls** to the **more** command if you want to review your listing a screenful at a time. - -### Listing files in reverse name order - -To reverse the listing of files by name, add the **-r** (reverse) option. This will be like turning the normal listing upside down. - -``` -$ ls -r -$ ls -lr -``` - -### Listing files by file extension - -The **ls** command doesn’t analyze file types by content, but works with file names. There is, however, a command option that can list files by extension. If you add the **-X** option, **ls** will sort files by name within each extension category. For example, it will list files without extensions first (in alphanumeric order) followed by files with extensions like .1, .bz2, .c and so on. - -### Listing directories only - -By default, the **ls** command will show both files and directories. If you want to list _only_ directories, you can use the **-d** option. You will get a listing like this one: - -``` -$ ls -d */ -1/ backups/ modules/ projects/ templates/ -2/ html/ patches/ public/ videos/ -bin/ new/ private/ save/ -``` - -### Listing files by size - -If you want to list files in size order, add the **-S** option. Note, however, that this won't actually show you the sizes (along with other file details) unless you also add the **-l** (long listing) option. When listing files by size, it's generally helpful to see that the command is doing what you asked. Notice that the default is to show the largest files first. Add the **-r** option to reverse this (i.e., **ls -lSr**). - -``` -$ ls -lS -total 959492 --rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 357679381 Sep 19 2019 sav-linux-free-9.tgz --rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 103270400 Apr 16 17:38 bigfile --rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 79117862 Oct 5 2019 Nessus-8.7.1-ubuntu1110_amd64.deb -``` - -### Listing files by owner - -If you want to list files by owner (e.g., in a shared directory), you can pass the output of the **ls** command to **sort** and pick out the owner column by adding **-k3** to sort on the third field. - -``` -$ ls -l | sort -k3 | more -total 56 --rw-rw-r-- 1 dory shs 0 Aug 23 12:27 tasklist -drwx------ 2 gdm gdm 4096 Aug 21 17:12 tracker-extract-files.121 -srwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Aug 21 17:12 ntf_listenerc0c6b8b4567 -drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 21 17:12 hsperfdata_root - ^ - | -``` - -In fact, you can sort on any field this way (e.g., year). Just be careful to add an “n” – **-k5n** – if you’re sorting on a field which is numeric or you'll be sorting in alphanumeric order. This sorting technique is useful for sorting file contents as well, not just listing files. - -### Listing files by age - -Use the **-t** option to list files in order of age – how new they are. Add the **-r** option to get the most recently updated files showing up last in the list. I use this alias to show me a list of the files that I’ve most recently updated: - -``` -$ alias recent='ls -ltr | tail -8' -``` - -Note that file change and modification times are different. The **-c** (change) and **-t** (modification) options will not always give the same results. If you change permissions on a file and nothing else, **-c** will put that files at the top of the **ls** output while **-t** will not. If you’re curious about the difference, look at the output of the **stat** command. - -``` -$ stat ckacct - File: ckacct - Size: 200 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file -Device: 801h/2049d Inode: 829041 Links: 1 -Access: (0750/-rwxr-x---) Uid: ( 1000/ shs) Gid: ( 1000/ shs) -Access: 2020-08-20 16:10:11.063015008 -0400 -Modify: 2020-08-17 07:26:34.579922297 -0400 <== content changes -Change: 2020-08-24 09:36:51.699775940 -0400 <== content or permissions changes - Birth: - -``` - -### Listing files by group - -To sort files by the associated groups, you can pass the output from a long listing to the **sort** command and tell it to sort on column 4. - -``` -$ ls -l | sort -k4 -``` - -### Listing files by access date - -To list files by access date (most recently accessed first), use the **-ltu** options. The "u" enforces the "by access date" listing order. - -``` -$ ls -ltu -total 959500 --rwxr-x--- 1 shs shs 200 Aug 24 09:42 ckacct <== most recently used --rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 1335 Aug 23 17:45 lte -``` - -### Listing multiple files on a single line - -Sometimes a condensed file listing is more appropriate for the task at hand. The **ls** command even has options for that. To list files on as few lines as possible, you can use **\--format=comma** to separate file names with commas as in this command: - -``` -$ ls --format=comma -1, 10, 11, 12, 124, 13, 14, 15, 16pgs-landscape.pdf, 16pgs.pdf, 17, 18, 19, -192.168.0.4, 2, 20, 2018-12-23_OoS_2.pdf, 2018-12-23_OoS.pdf, 20190512_OoS.pdf, -'2019_HOHO_application working.pdf' … -``` - -Prefer white space? Use **\--format=across** instead. - -``` -$ ls --format=across z* -z zip zipfiles zipfiles1.bat zipfiles2.bat -zipfiles3.bat zipfiles4.bat zipfiles.bat zoom_amd64.deb zoomap.pdf -zoom-mtg -``` - -### Adding depth to your searches - -While **ls** generally lists files in a single directory, you can choose instead to recursively list files by using the **-R** options, delving into the entire depth of directories: - -``` -$ ls -R zzzzz | grep -v "^$" -zzzzz: -zzzz -zzzzz/zzzz: -zzz -zzzzz/zzzz/zzz: -zz -zzzzz/zzzz/zzz/zz: -z -zzzzz/zzzz/zzz/zz/z: -sleeping -``` - -Alternately, you can use a **find** command with a limited or unlimited depth specification. In this command, we instruct the **find** command to look in only three levels of directories: - -``` -$ find zzzzz -maxdepth 3 -zzzzz -zzzzz/zzzz -zzzzz/zzzz/zzz -zzzzz/zzzz/zzz/zz -``` - -### Choosing ls vs find - -When you need to list files that meet a very selective list of requirements, the **find** command is probably a better tool to use than **ls**. - -Unlike **ls**, the **find** command looks as deeply as possible unless you constrain it. It also has many other options and an **-exec** command that allows you to take some specific action once you find the files you’re looking for. - -### Wrap-Up - -The **ls** command has a lot of options for listing files. Check them out. You might find some that you’ll love. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][1] and [LinkedIn][2] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572590/11-ways-to-list-and-sort-files-on-linux.html - -作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[2]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md b/translated/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..99d59154de --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md @@ -0,0 +1,210 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (11 ways to list and sort files on Linux) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572590/11-ways-to-list-and-sort-files-on-linux.html) +[#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) + +把 Linux 上的文件列表和排序玩出花来 +====== + +> Linux 命令可以提供文件的详细信息，也可以自定义显示的文件列表，甚至可以深入到文件系统的目录中，只要你愿意看。 + +在 Linux 系统上，有许多方法可以列出文件并显示它们的信息。这篇文章回顾了一些提供文件细节的命令，并提供了自定义文件列表的选项，以满足你的需求。 + +大多数命令都会列出单个目录中的文件，而其他命令则可以深入到文件系统的目录中，只要你愿意看。 + +当然，最主要的文件列表命令是 `ls`。然而，这个命令有大量的选项，可以只查找和列出你想看的文件。另外，还有 `find` 可以帮助你进行非常具体的文件搜索。 + +### 按名称列出文件 + +最简单的方法是使用 `ls` 命令按名称列出文件。毕竟，按名称（字母数字顺序）列出文件是默认的。你可以选择 `ls`（无细节）或 `ls -l`（大量细节）来决定你看到什么。 + +``` +$ ls | head -6 +8pgs.pdf +Aesthetics_Thank_You.pdf +alien.pdf +Annual_Meeting_Agenda-20190602.pdf +bigfile.bz2 +bin +$ ls -l | head -6 +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 10886 Mar 22 2019 8pgs.pdf +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 284003 May 11 2019 Aesthetics_Thank_You.pdf +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 38282 Jan 24 2019 alien.pdf +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 97358 May 19 2019 Annual_Meeting_20190602.pdf +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 18115234 Apr 16 17:36 bigfile.bz2 +drwxrwxr-x 4 shs shs 8052736 Jul 10 13:17 bin +``` + +如果你想一次查看一屏的列表，可以将 `ls` 的输出用管道送到 `more` 命令中。 + +### 按相反的名字顺序排列文件 + +要按名称反转文件列表，请添加 `-r`（反转Reverse）选项。这就像把正常的列表倒过来一样。 + +``` +$ ls -r +$ ls -lr +``` + +### 按文件扩展名列出文件 + +`ls` 命令不会按内容分析文件类型，它只会处理文件名。不过，有一个命令选项可以按扩展名列出文件。如果你添加了 `-X` （扩展名eXtension）选项，`ls` 将在每个扩展名类别中按名称对文件进行排序。例如，它将首先列出没有扩展名的文件（按字母数字顺序），然后是扩展名为 `.1`、`.bz2`、`.c` 等的文件。 + +### 只列出目录 + +默认情况下，`ls` 命令将同时显示文件和目录。如果你想只列出目录，你可以使用 `-d`（目录Directory）选项。你会得到一个像这样的列表： + +``` +$ ls -d */ +1/ backups/ modules/ projects/ templates/ +2/ html/ patches/ public/ videos/ +bin/ new/ private/ save/ +``` + +### 按大小排列文件 + +如果你想按大小顺序列出文件，请添加 `-S`（大小Size）选项。但请注意，这实际上不会显示文件的大小（以及其他文件的细节），除非你还添加 `-l`（长列表Long listing）选项。当按大小列出文件时，一般来说，看到命令在按你的要求做事情是很有帮助的。注意，默认情况下是先显示最大的文件。添加 `-r` 选项可以反过来（即 `ls -lSr`）。 + +``` +$ ls -lS +total 959492 +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 357679381 Sep 19 2019 sav-linux-free-9.tgz +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 103270400 Apr 16 17:38 bigfile +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 79117862 Oct 5 2019 Nessus-8.7.1-ubuntu1110_amd64.deb +``` + +### 按属主列出文件 + +如果你想按属主列出文件（例如，在一个共享目录中），你可以把 `ls` 命令的输出传给 `sort`，并通过添加 `-k3` 来按第三个字段排序，从而挑出属主一栏。 + +``` +$ ls -l | sort -k3 | more +total 56 +-rw-rw-r-- 1 dory shs 0 Aug 23 12:27 tasklist +drwx------ 2 gdm gdm 4096 Aug 21 17:12 tracker-extract-files.121 +srwxr-xr-x 1 root root 0 Aug 21 17:12 ntf_listenerc0c6b8b4567 +drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Aug 21 17:12 hsperfdata_root + ^ + | +``` + +事实上，你可以用这种方式对任何字段进行排序（例如，年份）。只是要注意，如果你要对一个数字字段进行排序，则要加上一个 `n`，如 `-k5n`，否则你将按字母数字顺序进行排序。这种排序技术对于文件内容的排序也很有用，而不仅仅是用于列出文件。 + +### 按年份排列文件 + +使用 `-t`（修改时间Time modified）选项按年份顺序列出文件 —— 它们的新旧程度。添加 `-r` 选项，让最近更新的文件在列表中最后显示。我使用这个别名来显示我最近更新的文件列表。 + +``` +$ alias recent='ls -ltr | tail -8' +``` + +请注意，文件的更改时间和修改时间是不同的。`-c`（更改时间time Changed）和 `-t`（修改时间）选项的结果并不总是相同。如果你改变了一个文件的权限，而没有改变其他内容，`-c` 会把这个文件放在 `ls` 输出的顶部，而 `-t` 则不会。如果你想知道其中的区别，可以看看 `stat` 命令的输出。 + +``` +$ stat ckacct + File: ckacct + Size: 200 Blocks: 8 IO Block: 4096 regular file +Device: 801h/2049d Inode: 829041 Links: 1 +Access: (0750/-rwxr-x---) Uid: ( 1000/ shs) Gid: ( 1000/ shs) +Access: 2020-08-20 16:10:11.063015008 -0400 +Modify: 2020-08-17 07:26:34.579922297 -0400 <== content changes +Change: 2020-08-24 09:36:51.699775940 -0400 <== content or permissions changes + Birth: - +``` + +### 按组别列出文件 + +要按关联的组别对文件进行排序，你可以将一个长列表的输出传给 `sort` 命令，并告诉它在第 4 列进行排序。 + +``` +$ ls -l | sort -k4 +``` + +### 按访问日期列出文件 + +要按访问日期（最近访问的日期在前）列出文件，使用 `-ltu` 选项。`u` 强制“按访问日期”排列顺序。 + +``` +$ ls -ltu +total 959500 +-rwxr-x--- 1 shs shs 200 Aug 24 09:42 ckacct <== most recently used +-rw-rw-r-- 1 shs shs 1335 Aug 23 17:45 lte +``` + +### 单行列出多个文件 + +有时，精简的文件列表更适合手头的任务。`ls` 命令甚至有这方面的选项。为了在尽可能少的行上列出文件，你可以使用 `--format=comma` 来用逗号分隔文件名，就像这个命令一样： + +``` +$ ls --format=comma +1, 10, 11, 12, 124, 13, 14, 15, 16pgs-landscape.pdf, 16pgs.pdf, 17, 18, 19, +192.168.0.4, 2, 20, 2018-12-23_OoS_2.pdf, 2018-12-23_OoS.pdf, 20190512_OoS.pdf, +'2019_HOHO_application working.pdf' … +``` + +喜欢用空格？使用 `--format=across` 代替。 + +``` +$ ls --format=across z* +z zip zipfiles zipfiles1.bat zipfiles2.bat +zipfiles3.bat zipfiles4.bat zipfiles.bat zoom_amd64.deb zoomap.pdf +zoom-mtg +``` + +### 增加搜索的深度 + +虽然 `ls` 一般只列出单个目录中的文件，但你可以选择使用 `-R` 选项（递归Recursively）地列出文件，深入到整个目录的深处。 + +``` +$ ls -R zzzzz | grep -v "^$" +zzzzz: +zzzz +zzzzz/zzzz: +zzz +zzzzz/zzzz/zzz: +zz +zzzzz/zzzz/zzz/zz: +z +zzzzz/zzzz/zzz/zz/z: +sleeping +``` + +另外，你也可以使用 `find` 命令，对深度进行限制或不限制。在这个命令中，我们指示 `find` 命令只在三个层次的目录中查找： + +``` +$ find zzzzz -maxdepth 3 +zzzzz +zzzzz/zzzz +zzzzz/zzzz/zzz +zzzzz/zzzz/zzz/zz +``` + +### 选择 ls 还是 find + +当你需要列出符合具体要求的文件时，`find` 命令可能是比 `ls` 更好的工具。 + +与 `ls` 不同的是，`find` 命令会尽可能地深入查找，除非你限制它。它还有许多其他选项和一个 `-exec` 子命令，允许在找到你要找的文件后采取一些特定的行动。 + +### 总结 + +`ls` 命令有很多用于列出文件的选项。了解一下它们。你可能会发现一些你会喜欢的选项。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572590/11-ways-to-list-and-sort-files-on-linux.html + +作者：[Sandra Henry-Stocker][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[2]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 330bf0f7021342b2df9219850cf98f59b8e5a276 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2020 21:40:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 090/167] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-12560-1.html --- .../20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md b/published/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md rename to published/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md index 99d59154de..135df819e9 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md +++ b/published/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12560-1.html) [#]: subject: (11 ways to list and sort files on Linux) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572590/11-ways-to-list-and-sort-files-on-linux.html) [#]: author: (Sandra Henry-Stocker https://www.networkworld.com/author/Sandra-Henry_Stocker/) @@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ 把 Linux 上的文件列表和排序玩出花来 ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202008/28/213742y8cxnbnjpopzd5j0.jpg) + > Linux 命令可以提供文件的详细信息，也可以自定义显示的文件列表，甚至可以深入到文件系统的目录中，只要你愿意看。 在 Linux 系统上，有许多方法可以列出文件并显示它们的信息。这篇文章回顾了一些提供文件细节的命令，并提供了自定义文件列表的选项，以满足你的需求。 From dcb587ca30dff36318d6b9302a7365289aa9259b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2020 23:46:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 091/167] PRF&PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-12561-1.html --- .../20200821 Being open to open values.md | 27 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 12 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20200821 Being open to open values.md (78%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md b/published/20200821 Being open to open values.md similarity index 78% rename from translated/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md rename to published/20200821 Being open to open values.md index e7cfd5153d..9de553292a 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20200821 Being open to open values.md +++ b/published/20200821 Being open to open values.md @@ -1,39 +1,42 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12561-1.html) [#]: subject: (Being open to open values) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/8/being-open-to-open-values) [#]: author: (Heidi Hess von Ludewig https://opensource.com/users/heidi-hess-von-ludewig) 对开放的价值观持开放态度 ====== -开放管理可能会让人感到恐惧。一位经理人解释了它为什么值得冒险。 + +> 开放管理可能会让人感到恐惧。一位经理人解释了为什么值得冒这个风险。 + ![Open Lego CAD][1] 在本期的“[用开放的价值观管理][2]”系列中，我和美国一家全国性保险公司的定价总监、人事经理 Braxton 聊了聊。 -2018 年 6 月，Braxton 联系到了开放组织社区的红帽人员。他想了解更多关于他_和_他的团队如何使用开放的价值观，以不同的方式工作。我们很乐意提供帮助。于是我帮助 Braxton 和他的团队组织了一个关于[开放组织原则][3]的研讨会，并在之后还保持着联系，这样我就可以了解他在变得更加开放的过程中的风险。 +2018 年 6 月，Braxton 联系到了开放组织社区的红帽人员。他想了解更多关于他*和*他的团队如何使用开放的价值观，以不同的方式工作。我们很乐意提供帮助。于是我帮助 Braxton 和他的团队组织了一个关于[开放组织原则][3]的研讨会，并在之后还保持着联系，这样我就可以了解他在变得更加开放的过程中的风险。 -最近我们采访了 Braxton，并和他一起坐下来听了事情的进展。[产业/组织心理学家和员工参与度专家][4] Tracy Guiliani 和 [Bryan Behrenshausen][5] 一起加入了我。我们的谈话范围很广，探讨了了解开源价值观后的感受，如何利用它们来改变组织，以及它们如何帮助 Braxton 和他的团队更好地工作和提高参与度。 +最近我们采访了 Braxton，并和他一起坐下来听了事情的进展。[产业/组织心理学家和员工参与度专家][4] Tracy Guiliani 和 [Bryan Behrenshausen][5] 一起加入了采访。我们的谈话范围很广，探讨了了解开源价值观后的感受，如何利用它们来改变组织，以及它们如何帮助 Braxton 和他的团队更好地工作和提高参与度。 -与 Braxton 合作是一次异常有意义的经历。它让我们直接见证了一个人如何将开放组织社区驱动的研讨会材料融入动态变化，并使他、他的团队和他的组织受益。开放组织大使_一直_在寻求帮助人们获得关于开放价值的见解和知识，使他们能够理解文化变革和[自己组织内的转型][6]。 +与 Braxton 合作是一次异常有意义的经历。它让我们直接见证了一个人如何将开放组织社区驱动的研讨会材料融入动态变化，并使他、他的团队和他的组织受益。开放组织大使*一直*在寻求帮助人们获得关于开放价值的见解和知识，使他们能够理解文化变革和[自己组织内的转型][6]。 他和他的团队正在以对他们有效的方式执行他们独特的开放价值观，并且让团队实现的利益超过了提议变革在时间和精力上的投入。 -Braxton 对开放组织原则的_解释_和使组织更加开放的策略的接受，让我们深受启发。 +Braxton 对开放组织原则的*解释*和使组织更加开放的策略，让我们深受启发。 Braxton 承认，他的更开放的目标并不包括“制造另一个红帽”。相反，他和他的团队是在以对他们有效的方式，以及让团队实现的利益超过提议的变革所带来的时间和精力投入，来执行他们独特的开放价值观。 -In the first part of our interview, you'll also hear Braxton describe: -在我们采访的第一部分，你还会听到 Braxton 描述。 +在我们采访的第一部分，你还会听到 Braxton 描述： 1. 在了解了透明性、协作性、适应性、社区性和包容性这五种开放式组织价值观之后，“开放式管理”对他意味着什么？ - 2. 他的一些开放管理做法 + 2. 他的一些开放式管理做法。 3. 他如何在他的团队中倡导开放文化，如何在后来者中鼓励开源价值观，以及他所体验到的好处。 4. 当人们试图改造自己的组织时，对开源价值观最大的误解是什么？ +- [收听对 Braxton 的采访](https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/images/open-org/braxton_1.ogg) + -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/8/being-open-to-open-values @@ -41,7 +44,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/8/being-open-to-open-values 作者：[Heidi Hess von Ludewig][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 865a4f37751d2795c7605b0454dff3cab1d9a3c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2020 05:01:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 092/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200829=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Best=20Free=20Online=20Markdown=20Editors=20That=20Are=20Also?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Open=20Source?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200829 Best Free Online Markdown Editors That Are Also Open Source.md --- ...kdown Editors That Are Also Open Source.md | 188 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 188 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200829 Best Free Online Markdown Editors That Are Also Open Source.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200829 Best Free Online Markdown Editors That Are Also Open Source.md b/sources/tech/20200829 Best Free Online Markdown Editors That Are Also Open Source.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..610ef22d20 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200829 Best Free Online Markdown Editors That Are Also Open Source.md @@ -0,0 +1,188 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Best Free Online Markdown Editors That Are Also Open Source) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/online-markdown-editors/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +Best Free Online Markdown Editors That Are Also Open Source +====== + +[Markdown][1] is a useful lightweight [markup language][2] and a lot of people prefer for writing documentation or web publishing. Many of us at It’s FOSS use markdown for writing our articles. + +There are [several Markdown editors available for Linux][3] that you can install and use. + +But, what if you don’t want to install another program on your system? Perhaps you are using a system temporarily and cannot install an application? Maybe you just want a markdown editor that lets you collaborate in real-time? + +No matter what you require, online markdown editors makes a lot of things easy by providing collaboration features, publishing integration, notes synchronization, and some online-only features. + +Hence, I’ve compiled a list of the best online markdown editors. + +### Free Online Markdown Editors + +I have tried to keep the focus on online markdown editor with open source code. You may use the official website or deploy them on your server. + +**Note:** _The list is in no particular order of ranking._ + +#### 1\. StackEdit + +![][4] + +[StackEdit][5] is one of the most popular open-source online Markdown editors available. + +It provides a great user interface and offers a bunch of useful features. The ability to collaborate, synchronizing capability, and being able to publish/save your files to Blogger, WordPress, GitHub, and a couple other services are some key features that you get with StackEdit. + +Not to forget, you also get an extended markdown support some extensions available to support LaTeX mathematical expressions, UML diagrams, and more. It presents a WYSIWYG editor that makes it easy for you to work with Markdown. It also works offline and offers a chrome app and extension — if that’s your requirement. + +It’s easy to import/export files on StackEdit as well. You can take a look at its source code on [GitHub][6] for more details if you need to host it on your server. + +[StackEdit][7] + +#### 2\. Dillinger + +![][8] + +Dillinger is yet another interesting open-source online Markdown editor. Similar to StackEdit, you also get the ability to link and save the documents with Dropbox, GitHub, Medium, Google Drive, Bitbucket, and OneDrive. + +You can also choose to simply import/export files when needed. The user interface for Dillinger is simpler than what you get on StackEdit — but it gets the job intended. Unlike StackEdit, you may not get extended Markdown support with LaTeX expressions or diagrams but if you just need simple online Markdown editor, this is a good pick. + +If you need, you can choose to deploy it in a Docker container on your server. For more technical details on it, you might want to check out its [GitHub page][9]. + +[Dillinger][10] + +#### 3\. Write.as + +![][11] + +Write.as is based on the free and open source software [WriteFreely][12], developed by the same team. So you can simply host it on your own server and start using it for free if you want. + +You can also use Write.as service as a free online Markdown editor with basic features. To make the most out of it, you may want to choose a subscription. Some paid features include custom themes, newsletters, photo hosting, and multiple blogs. + +It supports Markdown and also lets anyone on [Mastodon][13], [ActivityPub][14], and [Pleroma][15] to follow and share your blog posts easily. + +You can explore more about WriteFreely on its [GitHub page][16] or get started using Write.as. + +[Write.as][17] + +#### 4\. Editor.md + +![][18] + +An interesting open-source Markdown editor that you can also embed on your own web pages if you require. + +It supports real-time preview, GitHub flavored markdown, and also presents a WYSIWYG editor along with a bunch of useful features. In addition to the basic Markdown support, it also supports emojis, LaTeX expressions, Flowchart, and more. + +You can choose to configure your own by hosting it yourself as well. Take a look at its [GitHub page][19] for more information. + +[Editor.md][20] + +#### 5\. CodiMD + +![][21] + +CodiMD isn’t available as a full-fledged online service from the get-go. But, it is an open-source project that lets you collaborate on documentations or notes in real-time by giving you the ability to host it on your server. + +It’s based on [HackMD][22]‘s source code and offers a [demo instance][23] to test it out. Personally, I like the fact that it also offers a dark mode and it’s easy to use. + +For its future release (at the time of writing this), it will be renamed as “**HedgeDoc**“. + +You can find all the relevant information on deploying it on your server through Docker/Kubernetes and other manual configuration options on its [GitHub page][24]. + +[CodiMD][25] + +#### 6\. Wri.pe + +![][26] + +Wri.pe is a simple open-source online Markdown editor that’s no longer maintained but it is still active and usable. + +It features real-time preview and the options to export or save your notes to Dropbox/Evernote. Considering that it’s not actively maintained — you may not rely on it but it works as expected when I tested it. + +You can take a look at its [GitHub page][27] or the official site to learn more about it. + +[Wri.pe][28] + +### Honorable Mentions + +Here are a few tools that provide markdown access. + +#### Markdown Web Dingus + +![][29] + +A simple and free online Markdown editor by the creator of Markdown language. It’s not a full-fledged online editor with integrations or that supports import/export. + +But, if you just want an online editor to get a preview for your Markdown source, this could be a great option to use. Not just limited to the editor, but you also get a syntax cheatsheet in the sidebar of the website. So, you can try and learn here as well. + +[Markdown Web Dingus][30] + +#### Markdown Journal + +![][31] + +[Markdown Journal][32] was an interesting open-source project on [GitHub][33] which has been discontinued. It gave you the ability to use its online editor to create journals using Markdown language and save them directly on your Dropbox account. I noticed Internal Server error when I tried to create a journal — but you can take a look at it. + +#### Etherpad + +![][34] + +[Etherpad][35] is yet another impressive open-source online editor but it doesn’t come with Markdown support out of the box. You might notice some plugins available to enable Markdown editing on your server — but that’s not something that works flawlessly yet. So, you might want to keep an eye out for it. There’s a list of [public instances][36] to try it out as well. + +### Wrapping Up + +Considering that a lot of online editors, CMSs, and note-taking services support Markdown, services/applications like [WordPress][37] can also be a good option if you want to publish it to the web. + +Which one do you prefer to use as a Markdown editor? Did I miss any of your favorites? Let me know in the comments below! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/online-markdown-editors/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markdown +[2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markup_language +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/best-markdown-editors-linux/ +[4]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/stackedit-screenshot.png?resize=800%2C396&ssl=1 +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/stackedit-markdown-editor/ +[6]: https://github.com/benweet/stackedit +[7]: https://stackedit.io/ +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/dillinger-screenshot.jpg?resize=800%2C390&ssl=1 +[9]: https://github.com/joemccann/dillinger +[10]: https://dillinger.io/ +[11]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/write-as-screenshot.jpg?resize=800%2C505&ssl=1 +[12]: https://writefreely.org/ +[13]: https://itsfoss.com/mastodon-open-source-alternative-twitter/ +[14]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActivityPub +[15]: https://pleroma.social/ +[16]: https://github.com/writeas/writefreely +[17]: https://write.as/ +[18]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/editor-md-screenshot.jpg?resize=800%2C436&ssl=1 +[19]: https://github.com/pandao/editor.md +[20]: http://editor.md.ipandao.com/en.html +[21]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/codiMD.png?resize=800%2C525&ssl=1 +[22]: https://hackmd.io/ +[23]: https://demo.codimd.org/ +[24]: https://github.com/codimd/server +[25]: https://demo.codimd.org +[26]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/wri-pe-screenshot.jpg?resize=800%2C558&ssl=1 +[27]: https://github.com/masuidrive/open-wripe +[28]: https://wri.pe/ +[29]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/markdown-web-dingus.jpg?resize=800%2C616&ssl=1 +[30]: https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/dingus +[31]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/markdown-journal.jpg?resize=800%2C656&ssl=1 +[32]: https://markdownjournal.com/ +[33]: https://github.com/maciakl/MarkdownJournal +[34]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/etherpad-public-instance.png?resize=800%2C556&ssl=1 +[35]: https://etherpad.org/ +[36]: https://github.com/ether/etherpad-lite/wiki/Sites-that-run-Etherpad-Lite +[37]: https://wordpress.com/ From 32e4aabc36d528a3deb4731717878b6dfc0bb7f4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2020 05:01:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 093/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200828=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Use=20GraphQL=20as=20an=20API=20gateway=20to=20monitor=20micros?= =?UTF-8?q?ervices?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200828 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md --- ...an API gateway to monitor microservices.md | 114 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 114 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200828 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200828 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md b/sources/tech/20200828 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..53f7884acc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200828 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md @@ -0,0 +1,114 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/microservices-graphql) +[#]: author: (Rigin Oommen https://opensource.com/users/riginoommen) + +Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices +====== +Use the monitoring feature of GraphQL to help you detect issues early, +before a problem takes a critical microservice down. +![Net catching 1s and 0s or data in the clouds][1] + +[Microservices][2] and [GraphQL][3] are a great combination, like bread and butter. They're both great on their own and even better together. Knowing the health of your microservices is important because they run important services—it would be foolish to wait until something critical breaks before diagnosing a problem. It doesn't take much effort to let GraphQL help you detect issues early. + +![GraphQL in Microservices][4] + +Routine health checks allow you to watch and test your services to get early notifications about problems before they affect your business, clients, or project. That's easy enough to say, but what does it really mean to do a health check? + +Here are the factors I think about when designing a service checkup: + +**Requirements for a server health check:** + + 1. I need to understand the availability status of my microservice. + 2. I want to be able to manage the server load. + 3. I want end-to-end (e2e) testing of my microservices. + 4. I should be able to predict outages. + + + +![Service health in microservices][5] + +### Ways to do server health checks + +Coming up with health checks can be tricky because, in theory, there's nearly an infinite number of things you could check for. I like to start small and run the most basic test: a ping test. This simply tests whether the server running the application is available. Then I ramp up my tests to evaluate specific concerns, thinking about the elements of my server that are most important. I think about the things that would be disastrous should they disappear suddenly. + + 1. **Ping check:** Ping is the simplest monitor type. It just checks that your application is online. + 2. **Scripted browser:** Scripted browsers are more advanced; browser automation tools like [Selenium][6] enable you to implement custom monitoring rule sets. + 3. **API tests:** API tests are used to monitor API endpoints. This is an advanced version of the ping check model, where you can define the monitoring plan based on the API responses. + + + +### Health check with GraphQL + +In a typical REST-based microservice, you need to build health check features from scratch. It's a time-intensive process, but it's not something you have to worry about with GraphQL. + +According to its [website][7]: + +> "GraphQL is a query language for APIs and a runtime for fulfilling those queries with your existing data. GraphQL provides a complete and understandable description of the data in your API, gives clients the power to ask for exactly what they need and nothing more, makes it easier to evolve APIs over time, and enables powerful developer tools." + +When you bootstrap a GraphQL microservice, you also get a provision to monitor the health of the microservice. This is something of a hidden gem. + +As I mentioned above, you can perform API tests as well as ping checks with the GraphQL endpoint. + +Apollo GraphQL Server provides a default endpoint that returns information about your microservices and server health. It's not very complex: it returns status code 200 if the server is running. + +The default endpoint is `/.well-known/apollo/server-health`. + +![Health Check with GraphQL][8] + +### Advanced health checks + +In some cases, basic health checks may not be enough to ensure the integrity of a system. For example, tightly coupled systems require more business logic to ensure the health of the system. + +Apollo GraphQL is efficient enough to manage this use case by declaring an `onHealthCheck` function while defining the server: + + +``` +* Defining the Apollo Server */ +const apollo = new ApolloServer({ +  playground: process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production', +  typeDefs: gqlSchema, +  resolvers: resolver, +  onHealthCheck: () => { +    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { +      // Replace the `true` in this conditional with more specific checks! +      if (true) { +        resolve(); +      } else { +        reject(); +      } +    }); +  } +}); +``` + +When you define an `onHealthCheck` method, it returns a promise that _resolves_ if the server is ready and _rejects_ if there is an error. + +GraphQL makes monitoring APIs easier. In addition, using it for your server infrastructure makes things scalable. If you want to try adopting GraphQL as your new infrastructure definition, see my GitHub repo for [example code and configuration][9]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/microservices-graphql + +作者：[Rigin Oommen][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/riginoommen +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/data_analytics_cloud.png?itok=eE4uIoaB (Net catching 1s and 0s or data in the clouds) +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-are-microservices +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-is-graphql +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/graphql-microservices.png (GraphQL in Microservices) +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/servicehealth.png (Service health in microservices) +[6]: https://www.selenium.dev/ +[7]: https://graphql.org/ +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/healthcheck.png (Health Check with GraphQL) +[9]: https://github.com/riginoommen/example-graphql From 197cd49d8d2cbe0ef1f6c20f9bc3331d8a00c0c5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2020 05:02:03 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 094/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200828=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Why=20Comcast=20open=20sourced=20its=20DNS=20management=20tool?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200828 Why Comcast open sourced its DNS management tool.md --- ...st open sourced its DNS management tool.md | 95 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 95 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200828 Why Comcast open sourced its DNS management tool.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200828 Why Comcast open sourced its DNS management tool.md b/sources/tech/20200828 Why Comcast open sourced its DNS management tool.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..74601f556d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200828 Why Comcast open sourced its DNS management tool.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Why Comcast open sourced its DNS management tool) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/9/open-source-dns) +[#]: author: (Paul Cleary https://opensource.com/users/pauljamescleary) + +Why Comcast open sourced its DNS management tool +====== +This open source DNS management tool was built by and for the telcom +giant, but is establishing itself in its own right and welcoming more +contributors. +![An intersection of pipes.][1] + +Adoption of [DevOps][2] practices at Comcast led to increased automation and configuration of infrastructure that supports applications, back-office, data centers, and our network. These practices require teams to move fast and be self-reliant. Infrastructure is constantly turned upside down, with network traffic moved around it constantly. Good DNS record management is critical to support this level of autonomy and automation, but how can a large, diverse enterprise move quickly while safely governing its DNS assets? + +### Challenge + +Prior to 2016, DNS record management was mostly done through an online ticketing system—users would submit tickets for DNS changes that were manually reviewed and implemented by a separate team of DNS technicians. This system frequently required manual intervention for many of the DNS requests, which was time-consuming. + +Turnaround times for DNS changes were in hours, which is not suitable for infrastructure automation. Large Internet companies can manage millions of DNS records, making it practically impossible for DNS technicians to certify the correctness of the thousands of DNS updates being requested daily. This increased the possibility of an inadvertent errant update to a critical DNS record that ultimately would lead to a downtime event. + +In addition, engineering teams are intimately familiar with their DNS needs—much more so than a single group of DNS technicians serving an entire enterprise. So, we needed to enable engineering teams to self-service their own DNS records, implement changes quickly (in seconds), and at the same time, make sure all changes are done safely. + +### Solution + +VinylDNS was built at Comcast and subsequently opened to empower engineering teams to automate as they please while providing the safety and administrative controls demanded by DNS operators and the Comcast Security team. + +### Security as a way of life + +VinylDNS is all about automation and enhanced security. At Comcast, the VinylDNS team worked in close coordination with both the DNS and engineering teams at Comcast, as well as the security team, to meet stringent engineering and security requirements. An incredible array of access controls was implemented that give extreme flexibility to both DNS operators and engineering teams to control their DNS assets. + +Access controls implemented at the DNS zone level allow any team to control who can make updates to their DNS zones. When a DNS zone is registered and authorized to a VinylDNS group, only members of that group can make changes to DNS records in that DNS zone. In addition, access-list (ACL) rules provide extreme flexibility to allow other VinylDNS users to manage records in that zone. These ACL rules can be defined using regular expression masks or classless inter-domain routing (CIDR) rules and DNS record types that lock down access to specific users and groups to certain records in specific DNS zones. + +### Meeting the demands of automation + +A [representational state transfer (REST) API][3] was built along with the system. This uses request signing to help eliminate man-in-the-middle attacks. Once the engineering teams at Comcast caught wind of the kind of automation afforded by VinylDNS, many began building out tooling to integrate directly with VinylDNS via its API. It wasn't long before most of them were using organically developed tooling integrated with the VinylDNS API to support their DNS needs. + +### Performing at large enterprise scale + +Very quickly, VinylDNS was managing a million DNS records and thousands of DNS zones, and supporting hundreds of engineers. As we sought to expand VinylDNS to support the rest of Comcast, we recognized some challenges. + + 1. Certain DNS records were off-limits, deemed too critical to manage in any way other than by hand. + 2. The ACL rule model, while flexible, would be impossible to set up and maintain across the entirety of Comcast's DNS footprint (which has millions of DNS zones, and hundreds of millions of DNS records). + 3. Many DNS domains are considered "universal" and not locked down to a single group. This holds true for reverse zones, as IP space can often be freely assigned to anyone. + 4. Certain DNS change requests still require a manual review and approval, i.e., you cannot truly automate everything. + 5. Some teams that provision a DNS record are not the same engineers responsible for its lifecycle. The engineers that ultimately decommission a DNS record might be unknown at the time of creation. + 6. Certain teams require DNS changes to be scheduled at some point in the future. For example, maintenance may be done off-hours, and the employee doing the maintenance may not have access to VinylDNS. + + + +To address these issues, VinylDNS added more access controls and features. Shared zones allow universal access while maintaining security via record ownership. Record ownership ensures that the party who creates a DNS record is the only one that can manage that record. This feature alone allowed us to move much of the DNS reverse space into VinylDNS. + +Manual review was added to support tighter governance on certain DNS zones and records. For example, a sensitive DNS zone might demand review before implementing changes, as opposed to having all changes immediately applied. + +High-value domains support was added to block VinylDNS from ever being able to update certain DNS records. High-value DNS records like [www.comcast.com][4], for example, are impossible to manage via VinylDNS and require extreme governance that can't be accomplished via an automation platform. + +Global ACLs were added to support situations where teams that created DNS records were not responsible for the maintenance and decommissioning of those DNS records. This allowed overrides for certain groups by fully qualified domain name (FQDN) and IP address for certain DNS domains. + +Finally, scheduled changes allow users to schedule a DNS change for a future time. + +### Results + +VinylDNS now governs most of Comcast's internal DNS space, managing millions of DNS records across thousands of DNS zones, and supporting thousands of engineers. In addition, we leverage integration with a wide array of tools and programming languages, including Java, Python, Go, and Ruby (most of which are open source). + +### Toward the future + +There are several opportunities for additional feature development, which Comcast has planned as part of its ongoing evolution of the platform. The same level of access controls and governance is needed for DNS assets managed in public cloud settings. In addition, we are looking into the ability to manage DNS zones (create and delete), which is required for IPv6 reverse zones. Finally, we are looking to create a powerful admin experience for our DNS operators who are looking to take advantage of the data that lives in the VinylDNS database. + +### Opening up + +[VinylDNS][5] is an open source project released and managed by [Comcast Open Source][6]. VinylDNS and its accompanying ecosystem were built by engineers in several organizations across Comcast, leveraging our inner source program. It is free for use, licensed under Apache License 2.0. We welcome all contributors, from code to bugs to feature requests, from new projects to project ideas. You can [contact our team on Gitter][7]. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/9/open-source-dns + +作者：[Paul Cleary][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/pauljamescleary +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/LAW-Internet_construction_9401467_520x292_0512_dc.png?itok=RPkPPtDe (An intersection of pipes.) +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/devops +[3]: https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/api/what-is-a-rest-api +[4]: http://www.comcast.com +[5]: https://www.vinyldns.io +[6]: https://comcast.github.io/ +[7]: https://gitter.im/vinyldns/vinyldns From 1a24856d3a2b3d7d10f9f6d23fb38ae19d9e7e16 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2020 07:30:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 095/167] Rename sources/tech/20200828 Why Comcast open sourced its DNS management tool.md to sources/talk/20200828 Why Comcast open sourced its DNS management tool.md --- .../20200828 Why Comcast open sourced its DNS management tool.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20200828 Why Comcast open sourced its DNS management tool.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200828 Why Comcast open sourced its DNS management tool.md b/sources/talk/20200828 Why Comcast open sourced its DNS management tool.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200828 Why Comcast open sourced its DNS management tool.md rename to sources/talk/20200828 Why Comcast open sourced its DNS management tool.md From 80300e64aa538323b558c74b7ec55e039e90b674 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2020 21:05:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 096/167] APL --- sources/tech/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md b/sources/tech/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md index 04dda5a719..8e30156e0d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From fe6effa37ef2c7316fe39bae7dec0d1b856b7318 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2020 21:48:59 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 097/167] TSL&PRF --- ...722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md | 182 ------------------ ...722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md | 182 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 182 insertions(+), 182 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md b/sources/tech/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md deleted file mode 100644 index 8e30156e0d..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,182 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (SCP user’s migration guide to rsync) -[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/scp-users-migration-guide-to-rsync/) -[#]: author: (chasinglogic https://fedoramagazine.org/author/chasinglogic/) - -SCP user’s migration guide to rsync -====== - -![][1] - -As part of the [8.0 pre-release announcement,][2] the OpenSSH project stated that they consider the scp protocol outdated, inflexible, and not readily fixed. They then go on to recommend the use of sftp or rsync for file transfer instead. - -Many users grew up on the _scp_ command, however, and so are not familiar with rsync. Additionally, rsync can do much more than just copy files, which can give a beginner the impression that it’s complicated and opaque. Especially when broadly the scp flags map directly to the cp flags while the rsync flags do not. - -This article will provide an introduction and transition guide for anyone familiar with scp. Let’s jump into the most common scenarios: Copying Files and Copying Directories. - -### Copying files - -For copying a single file, the scp and rsync commands are effectively equivalent. Let’s say you need to ship _foo.txt_ to your home directory on a server named _server._ - -``` -$ scp foo.txt me@server:/home/me/ -``` - -The equivalent rsync command requires only that you type rsync instead of scp: - -``` -$ rsync foo.txt me@server:/home/me/ -``` - -### Copying directories - -For copying directories, things do diverge quite a bit and probably explains why rsync is seen as more complex than scp. If you want to copy the directory _bar_ to _server_ the corresponding scp command looks exactly like the cp command except for specifying ssh information: - -``` -$ scp -r bar/ me@server:/home/me/ -``` - -With rsync, there are more considerations, as it’s a more powerful tool. First, let’s look at the simplest form: - -``` -$ rsync -r bar/ me@server:/home/me/ -``` - -Looks simple right? For the simple case of a directory that contains only directories and regular files, this will work. However, rsync cares a lot about sending files exactly as they are on the host system. Let’s create a slightly more complex, but not uncommon, example. - -``` -# Create a multi-level directory structure -$ mkdir -p bar/baz -# Create a file at the root directory -$ touch bar/foo.txt -# Now create a symlink which points back up to this file -$ cd bar/baz -$ ln -s ../foo.txt link.txt -# Return to our original location -$ cd - -``` - -We now have a directory tree that looks like the following: - -``` -bar -├── baz -│ └── link.txt -> ../foo.txt -└── foo.txt - -1 directory, 2 files -``` - -If we try the commands from above to copy bar, we’ll notice very different (and surprising) results. First, let’s give scp a go: - -``` -$ scp -r bar/ me@server:/home/me/ -``` - -If you ssh into your server and look at the directory tree of bar you’ll notice an important and subtle difference from your host system: - -``` -bar -├── baz -│ └── link.txt -└── foo.txt - -1 directory, 2 files -``` - -Note that _link.txt_ is no longer a symlink. It is now a full-blown copy of _foo.txt_. This might be surprising behavior if you’re used to _cp_. If you did try to copy the _bar_ directory using _cp -r_, you would get a new directory with the exact symlinks that _bar_ had. Now if we try the same rsync command from before we’ll get a warning: - -``` -$ rsync -r bar/ me@server:/home/me/ -skipping non-regular file "bar/baz/link.txt" -``` - -Rsync has warned us that it found a non-regular file and is skipping it. Because you didn’t tell it to copy symlinks, it’s ignoring them. Rsync has an extensive manual section titled “SYMBOLIC LINKS” that explains all of the possible behavior options available to you. For our example, we need to add the –links flag. - -``` -$ rsync -r --links bar/ me@server:/home/me/ -``` - -On the remote server we see that the symlink was copied over as a symlink. Note that this is different from how scp copied the symlink. - -``` -bar/ -├── baz -│ └── link.txt -> ../foo.txt -└── foo.txt - -1 directory, 2 files -``` - -To save some typing and take advantage of more file-preserving options, use the –archive (-a for short) flag whenever copying a directory. The archive flag will do what most people expect as it enables recursive copy, symlink copy, and many other options. - -``` -$ rsync -a bar/ me@server:/home/me/ -``` - -The rsync man page has in-depth explanations of what the archive flag enables if you’re curious. - -### Caveats - -There is one caveat, however, to using rsync. It’s much easier to specify a non-standard ssh port with scp than with rsync. If _server_ was using port 8022 SSH connections, for instance, then those commands would look like this: - -``` -$ scp -P 8022 foo.txt me@server:/home/me/ -``` - -With rsync, you have to specify the “remote shell” command to use. This defaults to _ssh_. You do so using the **-e flag. - -``` -$ rsync -e 'ssh -p 8022' foo.txt me@server:/home/me/ -``` - -Rsync does use your ssh config; however, so if you are connecting to this server frequently, you can add the following snippet to your _~/.ssh/config_ file. Then you no longer need to specify the port for the rsync or ssh commands! - -``` -Host server - Port 8022 -``` - -Alternatively, if every server you connect to runs on the same non-standard port, you can configure the _RSYNC_RSH_ environment variable. - -### Why else should you switch to rsync? - -Now that we’ve covered the everyday use cases and caveats for switching from scp to rsync, let’s take some time to explore why you probably want to use rsync on its own merits. Many people have made the switch to rsync long before now on these merits alone. - -#### In-flight compression - -If you have a slow or otherwise limited network connection between you and your server, rsync can spend more CPU cycles to save network bandwidth. It does this by compressing data before sending it. Compression can be enabled with the -z flag. - -#### Delta transfers - -Rsync also only copies a file if the target file is different than the source file. This works recursively through directories. For instance, if you took our final bar example above and re-ran that rsync command multiple times, it would do no work after the initial transfer. Using rsync even for local copies is worth it if you know you will repeat them, such as backing up to a USB drive, for this feature alone as it can save a lot of time with large data sets. - -#### Syncing - -As the name implies, rsync can do more than just copy data. So far, we’ve only demonstrated how to copy files with rsync. If you instead want rsync to make the target directory look like your source directory, you can add the –delete flag to rsync. The delete flag makes it so rsync will copy files from the source directory which don’t exist on the target directory. Then it will remove files on the target directory which do not exist in the source directory. The result is the target directory is identical to the source directory. By contrast, scp will only ever add files to the target directory. - -### Conclusion - -For simple use cases, rsync is not significantly more complicated than the venerable scp tool. The only significant difference being the use of -a instead of -r for recursive copying of directories. However, as we saw rsync’s -a flag behaves more like cp’s -r flag than scp’s -r flag does. - -Hopefully, with these new commands, you can speed up your file transfer workflow! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://fedoramagazine.org/scp-users-migration-guide-to-rsync/ - -作者：[chasinglogic][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/chasinglogic/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/scp-rsync-816x345.png -[2]: https://lists.mindrot.org/pipermail/openssh-unix-dev/2019-March/037672.html diff --git a/translated/tech/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md b/translated/tech/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d4c454b316 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md @@ -0,0 +1,182 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (SCP user’s migration guide to rsync) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/scp-users-migration-guide-to-rsync/) +[#]: author: (chasinglogic https://fedoramagazine.org/author/chasinglogic/) + +scp 用户的 rsync 迁移指南 +====== + +![][1] + +在 [SSH 8.0 预发布公告][2]中，OpenSSH 项目表示，他们认为 scp 协议已经过时，不灵活，而且不容易修复，然后他们继续推荐使用 `sftp` 或 `rsync` 来进行文件传输。 + +然而，很多用户都是从小用着 `scp` 命令长大的，所以对 `rsync` 并不熟悉。此外，`rsync` 可以做的事情也远不止复制文件，这可能会给菜鸟们留下复杂和不透明的印象。尤其是，`scp` 命令的标志大体上可以直接对应到 `cp` 命令的标志，而 `rsync` 命令的标志却和它大相径庭。 + +本文将为熟悉 `scp` 的人提供一个介绍和过渡的指南。让我们跳进最常见的场景：复制文件和复制目录。 + +### 复制文件 + +对于复制单个文件而言，`scp` 和 `rsync` 命令实际上是等价的。比方说，你需要把 `foo.txt` 传到一个名为 `server` 的服务器上你的主目录下： + +``` +$ scp foo.txt me@server:/home/me/ +``` + +相应的 `rsync` 命令只需要输入 `rsync` 取代 `scp`： + +``` +$ rsync foo.txt me@server:/home/me/ +``` + +### 复制目录 + +对于复制目录，就确实有了很大的分歧，这也解释了为什么 `rsync` 会被认为比 `scp` 更复杂。如果你想把 `bar` 目录复制到 `server` 服务器上，除了指定 `ssh` 信息外，相应的 `scp` 命令和 `cp` 命令一模一样。 + +``` +$ scp -r bar/ me@server:/home/me/ +``` + +对于 `rsync`，考虑的因素比较多，因为它是一个比较强大的工具。首先，我们来看一下最简单的形式： + +``` +$ rsync -r bar/ me@server:/home/me/ +``` + +看起来很简单吧？对于只包含目录和普通文件的简单情况，这就可以了。然而，`rsync` 更在意发送与主机系统中一模一样的文件。让我们来创建一个稍微复杂一些，但并不罕见的例子： + +``` +# 创建多级目录结构 +$ mkdir -p bar/baz +# 在其根目录下创建文件 +$ touch bar/foo.txt +# 现在创建一个符号链接指回到该文件 +$ cd bar/baz +$ ln -s ../foo.txt link.txt +# 返回原位置 +$ cd - +``` + +现在我们有了一个如下的目录树： + +``` +bar +├── baz +│ └── link.txt -> ../foo.txt +└── foo.txt + +1 directory, 2 files +``` + +如果我们尝试上面的命令来复制 `bar`，我们会注意到非常不同的（并令人惊讶的）结果。首先，我们来试试 `scp`： + +``` +$ scp -r bar/ me@server:/home/me/ +``` + +如果你 `ssh` 进入你的服务器，看看 `bar` 的目录树，你会发现它和你的主机系统有一个重要而微妙的区别： + +``` +bar +├── baz +│ └── link.txt +└── foo.txt + +1 directory, 2 files +``` + +请注意，`link.txt` 不再是一个符号链接，它现在是一个完整的 `foo.txt` 副本。如果你习惯于使用 `cp`，这可能会是令人惊讶的行为。如果你尝试使用 `cp -r` 复制 `bar` 目录，你会得到一个新的目录，里面的符号链接和 `bar` 的一样。现在如果我们尝试使用之前的 `rsync` 命令，我们会得到一个警告： + +``` +$ rsync -r bar/ me@server:/home/me/ +skipping non-regular file "bar/baz/link.txt" +``` + +`rsync` 警告我们它发现了一个非常规的文件，并正在跳过它。因为你没有告诉它可以复制符号链接，所以它忽略了它们。`rsync` 在手册中有一节“符号链接”，解释了所有可能的行为选项。在我们的例子中，我们需要添加 `-links` 标志： + +``` +$ rsync -r --links bar/ me@server:/home/me/ +``` + +在远程服务器上，我们看到这个符号链接是作为一个符号链接复制过来的。请注意，这与 `scp` 复制符号链接的方式不同。 + +``` +bar/ +├── baz +│ └── link.txt -> ../foo.txt +└── foo.txt + +1 directory, 2 files +``` + +为了省去一些打字工作，并利用更多的文件保护选项，在复制目录时可以使用 `-archive`（简称 `-a`）标志。该归档标志将做大多数人所期望的事情，因为它可以实现递归复制、符号链接复制和许多其他选项。 + +``` +$ rsync -a bar/ me@server:/home/me/ +``` + +如果你感兴趣的话，`rsync` 手册页有关于存档标志的深入解释。 + +### 注意事项 + +不过，使用 `rsync` 有一个注意事项。使用 `scp` 比使用 `rsync` 更容易指定一个非标准的 ssh 端口。例如，如果 `server` 使用 8022 端口的 SSH 连接，那么这些命令就会像这样： + +``` +$ scp -P 8022 foo.txt me@server:/home/me/ +``` + +而在使用 `rsync` 时，你必须指定要使用的“远程 shell”命令，默认是 `ssh`。你可以使用 `-e` 标志来指定。 + +``` +$ rsync -e 'ssh -p 8022' foo.txt me@server:/home/me/ +``` + +`rsync` 会使用你的 `ssh` 配置；但是，如果你经常连接到这个服务器，你可以在你的 `~/.ssh/config` 文件中添加以下代码。这样你就不需要再为 `rsync` 或 `ssh` 命令指定端口了！ + +``` +Host server + Port 8022 +``` + +另外，如果你连接的每一台服务器都在同一个非标准端口上运行，你还可以配置 `RSYNC_RSH` 环境变量。 + +### 为什么你还是应该切换到 rsync？ + +现在我们已经介绍了从 `scp` 切换到 `rsync` 的日常使用案例和注意事项，让我们花一些时间来探讨一下为什么你可能想要使用 `rsync` 的优点。很多人在很久以前就已经开始使用 `rsync` 了，就是因为这些优点。 + +#### 即时压缩 + +如果你和服务器之间的网络连接速度较慢或有限，`rsync` 可以花费更多的 CPU 处理能力来节省网络带宽。它通过在发送数据之前对数据进行即时压缩来实现。压缩可以用 `-z` 标志来启用。 + +#### 差量传输 + +`rsync` 也只在目标文件与源文件不同的情况下复制文件。这可以在目录中递归地工作。例如，如果你拿我们上面的最后一个 `bar` 的例子，并多次重新运行那个 `rsync` 命令，那么在最初的传输之后就不会有任何传输。如果你知道你会重复使用这些命令，例如备份到 U 盘，那么使用 `rsync` 即使是进行本地复制也是值得的，因为这个功能可以节省处理大型数据集的大量的时间。 + +#### 同步 + +顾名思义，`rsync` 可以做的不仅仅是复制数据。到目前为止，我们只演示了如何使用 `rsync` 复制文件。如果你想让 `rsync` 把目标目录变成源目录的样子，你可以在 `rsync` 中添加 `-delete` 标志。这个删除标志使得 `rsync` 将从源目录中复制不存在于目标目录中的文件，然后它将删除目标目录中不存在于源目录中的文件。结果就是目标目录和源目录完全一样。相比之下，`scp` 只会在目标目录下添加文件。 + +### 结论 + +对于简单的使用情况，`rsync` 并不比老牌的 `scp` 工具复杂多少。唯一显著的区别是在递归复制目录时使用 `-a` 而不是 `-r`。然而，正如我们看到的，`rsync` 的 `-a` 标志比 `scp` 的 `-r` 标志更像 `cp` 的 `-r` 标志。 + +希望通过这些新命令，你可以加快你的文件传输工作流程。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/scp-users-migration-guide-to-rsync/ + +作者：[chasinglogic][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/chasinglogic/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/scp-rsync-816x345.png +[2]: https://lists.mindrot.org/pipermail/openssh-unix-dev/2019-March/037672.html From 977c29adbca777cd7362e6dbf38b41086abe8cdf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2020 21:59:55 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 098/167] APL --- ...0717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md b/sources/tech/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md index b8fdf7ef55..73abbd5788 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From faee20820bbad0a1a2d507d9a1864619230e1f45 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2020 22:17:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 099/167] TSL&PRF --- ... Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md | 76 ------------------- ... Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md | 74 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 74 insertions(+), 76 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md b/sources/tech/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md deleted file mode 100644 index 73abbd5788..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,76 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/riot-to-element/) -[#]: author: (John Paul https://itsfoss.com/author/john/) - -Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element -====== - -Riot is/was a decentralized instant messaging app based on the open source Matrix protocol. - -In late June, Riot (the instant messaging client) announced that they would be changing their name. Yesterday, they revealed that their new name is [Element][1]. Let’s see more details on why Riot changed its name and what else is being changed. - -### Why change the name from Riot to Element? - -![][2] - -Before we get to the most recent announcement, let us take a look at why they changed their name in the first place. - -According to a [blog post][3] dated June 23rd, the group had three reasons for the name change. - -First, they stated that “a certain large games company” had repeatedly blocked them from trademarking the Riot and Riot.im product names. (If I had to guess, they are probably referring to this [“games company”][4].) - -Second, they originally chose the name Riot to “evoke something disruptive and vibrant”. They are worried that people are instead thinking that the app is “focused on violence”. I imagine that current world events have not helped that situation. - -Thirdly, they want to clear up any confusion created by the many brand names involved with Riot. For example, Riot is created by a company named New Vector, while the Riot is hosted on Modular which is also a product of New Vector. They want to simplify their naming system to avoid confusing potential customers. When people look for a messaging solution, they want them to only have to look for one name: Element. - -### Element is everywhere - -![][5] - -As of July 15th, the name of the app and the name of the company has been changed to Element. Their Matrix hosting service will now be called Element Matrix Services. Their announcement sums it up nicely: - -> “For those discovering us for the first time: Element is the flagship secure collaboration app for the decentralised Matrix communication network. Element lets you own your own end-to-end encrypted chat server, while still connecting to everyone else in the wider Matrix network. - -They chose the name Element because it “reflects the emphasis on simplicity and clarity that we aimed for when designing RiotX; a name that highlights our single-minded mission to make Element the most elegant and usable mainstream comms app imaginable”. They also said they wanted a name “evokes the idea of data ownership and self-sovereignty”. They also thought it was a cool name. - -### More than just a name change - -![][6] - -The recent announcement also makes it clear that this move is more than just a simple name change. Element has also released its “next generation Matrix client for Android”. The client was formerly known as RiotX and is now renamed Element. (What else?) It is a complete rewrite of the former client and now supports VoIP calls and widgets. Element will also be available on iOS with support for iOS 13 with “entirely new push notification support”. - -The Element Web client has also received some love with a UI update and a new easier to read font. They have also “rewritten the Room List control – adding in room previews(!!), alphabetic ordering, resizable lists, improved notification UI and more”. They have also started working to improve end-to-end encryption. - -### Final thought - -The people over at Element are taking a big step by making a major name change like this. They may lose some customers in the short term. (This could mainly be due to not being aware of the name change for whatever reason or not liking change.) However in the long run the brand simplification will help them stand out from the crowd. - -The only negative note I’ll mention is that this is the third name change they have made in the app’s history. It was originally named Vector when it was released in 2016. The name was changed to Riot later that year. Hopefully, Element is here to stay. - -If you found this article interesting, please take a minute to share it on social media, Hacker News, or [Reddit][7]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/riot-to-element/ - -作者：[John Paul][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://element.io/ -[2]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/riot-to-element.png?ssl=1 -[3]: https://element.io/blog/the-world-is-changing/ -[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Games -[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/element-desktop.jpg?ssl=1 -[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/element-apps.jpg?ssl=1 -[7]: http://reddit.com/r/linuxusersgroup diff --git a/translated/tech/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md b/translated/tech/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9089467c5b --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/riot-to-element/) +[#]: author: (John Paul https://itsfoss.com/author/john/) + +去中心化的消息应用 Riot 改名为 Element +====== + +Riot 曾经是，现在也是一款基于开源 Matrix 协议的去中心化即时通讯应用。 + +6 月底，Riot 即时通讯客户端宣布将改名。他们透露，他们的新名字是 [Element][1]。让我们来看看 Riot 为什么要改名，还有哪些要改。 + +### 为什么从 Riot 改名为 Element？ + +![][2] + +在说到最新的公告之前，我们先来看看他们当初为什么要改名。 + +根据 6 月 23 日的一篇[博客文章][3]，该组织改名有三个原因。 + +首先，他们表示“某大型游戏公司”曾多次阻止他们注册 Riot 和 Riot.im 产品名称的商标。如果要我猜的话，他们可能指的就是这家[“游戏公司”][4]）。 + +其次，他们选择 Riot 这个名字的初衷是为了“唤起一些破坏性和活力的东西”。他们担心人们反而认为这个应用是“专注于暴力”。我想，当前的情形下，这个名字并不算好。 + +第三，他们希望澄清 Riot 涉及的众多品牌名称所造成的混乱。例如，Riot 是由一家名为 New Vector 的公司创建的，而 Riot 是托管在 Modular 上，Modular 也是 New Vector 的产品。他们希望简化他们的命名系统，以避免混淆潜在客户。当人们寻找消息解决方案时，他们希望他们只需要寻找一个名字：Element。 + +### 元素即一切 + +![][5] + +从 7 月 15 日开始，该应用的名称和公司的名称已经改为 Element（元素）。他们的 Matrix 托管服务现在将被称为 Element Matrix Services。他们的公告很好地总结了这一点。 + +> “对于那些第一次发现我们的人来说，Element 是 Matrix 通信网络中的旗舰级安全协作应用。Element 让你拥有自己的端到端加密聊天服务器，同时还能与更广泛的 Matrix 网络中的其他人连接。” + +他们之所以选择 Element 这个名字，是因为它“反映了我们在设计 RiotX 时对简单和清晰的强调；这个名字突出了我们一心一意将 Element 打造成可以想象的最优雅和最实用的主流通讯应用的使命”。他们还说，他们想要一个“能唤起数据所有权和自我主权的概念”的名字。他们还认为这是一个很酷的名字。 + +### 除了改个名之外 + +![][6] + +最近的公告也表明，此举不仅仅是简单的改名。Element 还发布了“新一代安卓版 Matrix 客户端”。该客户端的前身是 RiotX，现在改名为 Element。（还有呢？）它对以前的客户端进行了彻底的重写，现在支持 VoIP 通话和小部件。Element 还将在 iOS 上推出，支持 iOS 13，并提供“全新的推送通知支持”。 + +Element Web 客户端也得到了一些关爱，更新了 UI 和新的更容易阅读的字体。他们还“重写了房间列表控件 —— 增加了房间预览（!!）、按字母顺序排列、可调整列表大小、改进的通知用户界面等”。他们还开始努力改进端到端加密。 + +### 最后思考 + +Element 公司的人迈出了一大步，做出了这样的重大改名。他们可能会在短期内失去一些客户。（这可能主要是由于出于某种原因没有意识到名称的改变，或者不喜欢改变）。然而从长远来看，品牌简化将帮助他们脱颖而出。 + +我唯一要提到的负面说明是，这是他们在该应用历史上的第三次改名。在 2016 年发布时，它最初被命名为 Vector。当年晚些时候改名为 Riot。希望 Element 能一直用下去。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/riot-to-element/ + +作者：[John Paul][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/john/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://element.io/ +[2]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/riot-to-element.png?ssl=1 +[3]: https://element.io/blog/the-world-is-changing/ +[4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riot_Games +[5]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/element-desktop.jpg?ssl=1 +[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/element-apps.jpg?ssl=1 +[7]: http://reddit.com/r/linuxusersgroup From e1b7c5ad9a9c5841cf04e22d94cd8cfa562b6365 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2020 22:57:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 100/167] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-12563-1.html --- ...17 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md b/published/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md rename to published/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md index 9089467c5b..ffa0796b6d 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md +++ b/published/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12563-1.html) [#]: subject: (Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/riot-to-element/) [#]: author: (John Paul https://itsfoss.com/author/john/) From 0e84acd19a678ebcbf9b2b2b853be365046649c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: chenmu-kk <53132802+chenmu-kk@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2020 23:20:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 101/167] Update 20200625 Wi-Fi 6E- When it-s coming and what it-s good for.md --- ...0200625 Wi-Fi 6E- When it-s coming and what it-s good for.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20200625 Wi-Fi 6E- When it-s coming and what it-s good for.md b/sources/talk/20200625 Wi-Fi 6E- When it-s coming and what it-s good for.md index 73fd16ff41..0a76dab8db 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20200625 Wi-Fi 6E- When it-s coming and what it-s good for.md +++ b/sources/talk/20200625 Wi-Fi 6E- When it-s coming and what it-s good for.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: ( chenmu-kk ) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From d69fbde5fe2b6d4922688ce59565cacf263c75fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 30 Aug 2020 05:01:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 102/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200830=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Linux=20Jargon=20Buster:=20What=20is=20a=20Display=20Server=20i?= =?UTF-8?q?n=20Linux=3F=20What=20is=20it=20Used=20for=3F?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200830 Linux Jargon Buster- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md --- ...ay Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md | 119 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 119 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200830 Linux Jargon Buster- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200830 Linux Jargon Buster- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md b/sources/tech/20200830 Linux Jargon Buster- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9f0420d844 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200830 Linux Jargon Buster- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Linux Jargon Buster: What is a Display Server in Linux? What is it Used for?) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/display-server/) +[#]: author: (Dimitrios Savvopoulos https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/) + +Linux Jargon Buster: What is a Display Server in Linux? What is it Used for? +====== + +In Linux related articles, news and discussions, you’ll often come across the term display server, Xorg, Wayland etc. + +In this explainer article, I’ll discuss display servers in Linux. + +### What is display server in Linux? + +A display server is a program which is responsible for the input and output coordination of its clients, to and from the rest of the operating system, and among the hardware and the operating system. Basically, thanks to a display server, you can use your computer graphically (GUI). Without the display server, you would only be restricted to a command line interface (TTY). + +The display server provides the framework for a graphical environment so that you can use mouse and keyboard to interact with applications. + +The display server communicates with its clients over the [display server protocol][1], like X11. The display server is a key component in any graphical user interface, specifically the windowing system. + +Don’t confuse display server with [desktop environment][2]. The desktop environment uses display server underneath it. + +Sounds familiar but it is not fully clear? Let me explain. + +### Display server communications protocols in Linux + +![][3] + +There are three display protocols available in Linux, the X11, Wayland and Mir. I’ll give you a brief introduction for these display servers. + +#### X11 + +The X11 (also refer as X) is the legacy display server that has been existed for years. It is the most common display server used in Linux distributions. + +![X Architecture][4] + +The X11 communication protocol, uses the [X.org Server][5] display server. It receives input events from [device drivers][6] and makes them available to one of its clients. + +The display server also receives data from its clients, it processes the data and does the compositing and on Linux it passes the data to one of three kernel components – the [DRM][7], [gem][8] or [KMS driver][9]. + +The X.Org Server is a display server that relies on a second program, the [compositing window manager][10], to do the compositing. Examples are [Mutter][11] or [KWin][12]. GNOME uses Mutter. + +#### Wayland + +As per its website, Wayland is “intended as a simpler replacement for X, easier to develop and maintain”. + +And indeed [Wayland][13] is the modern display server that is supposed to replace the legacy X display server. + +Its adoption is still a work in progress. Ubuntu tried to switch to Wayland as the default display server with version 17.10 but the experiment met with negative feedback. + +A lot of GUI applications and their frameworks depend on the X server. These applications didn’t work as intended on Wayland. + +This forced Ubuntu to stay on X as default display server. It still provides the option to use Wayland but it is not default anymore. + +An overwhelming majority of distributions use X display server by default even today. + +![Wayland Architecture][14] + +Display servers that put into effect the Wayland display server protocol, are called [Wayland compositors][15]. Like any X11, a Wayland compositor is responsible for handling input and output for its clients but also does the [compositing][16] – in contrast to X11. + +A few Wayland compositors are [Weston][17], [Mutter][18], [KWin][12] or [Enlightenment][19]. + +#### Mir + +The [Mir display server][20] comes with its own Mir display server protocol which differs to those used by X11 and Wayland. It was developed by [Canonical][21], as part of the development of Unity, and was intended to be the display server of choice for [Ubuntu][22]. + +As of 2017, it has been replaced with the Wayland display server for desktop editions of Ubuntu, although Mir’s development continued for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. + +#### Why are we still using Xorg? + +Wayland as it is relatively new, is not very stable yet, compared to Xorg. The programs, which act as clients, in order to communicate with a display server, must know how to do it. + +For this reason, many programs might not run when using Wayland. Ubuntu’s experiment to switch to Wayland by default confirmed this. + +#### Conclusion + +I hope you have a bit better understanding of display server concept in Linux. I have tried to not go into too much technical details but I could not avoid them altogether. + +Your feedback and suggestion is welcome. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/display-server/ + +作者：[Dimitrios Savvopoulos][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System_core_protocol +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-desktop-environment/ +[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/display-server-linux.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[4]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/x-architecture-1.png?resize=800%2C507&ssl=1 +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.Org_Server +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver +[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager +[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Execution_Manager +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMS_driver +[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositing_window_manager +[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutter_(window_manager) +[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWin +[13]: https://wayland.freedesktop.org/ +[14]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/wayland-architecture-1.png?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[15]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_compositor +[16]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositing +[17]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_(software) +[18]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutter_(software) +[19]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_(software) +[20]: https://mir-server.io/ +[21]: https://canonical.com/ +[22]: https://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu/ From e1a8b199eab18b2a6e8fb93cf55d94c024aaa4a3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Sun, 30 Aug 2020 05:01:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 103/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200829=20?= =?UTF-8?q?5=20open=20source=20activities=20for=20kids=20to=20try=20this?= =?UTF-8?q?=20weekend?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200829 5 open source activities for kids to try this weekend.md --- ...activities for kids to try this weekend.md | 65 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 65 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200829 5 open source activities for kids to try this weekend.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200829 5 open source activities for kids to try this weekend.md b/sources/tech/20200829 5 open source activities for kids to try this weekend.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a6cb0f4cb5 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200829 5 open source activities for kids to try this weekend.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (5 open source activities for kids to try this weekend) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/open-source-kids) +[#]: author: (Lauren Pritchett https://opensource.com/users/lauren-pritchett) + +5 open source activities for kids to try this weekend +====== +These open source boredom busters will keep kids of all ages busy having +fun. +![Family learning and reading together at night in a room][1] + +During the last six months or so, my family and I have enjoyed a slower pace of life. With few museums and parks open, we’ve stayed safer at home together or going on outdoor excursions. My young children are pretty good at creating their imaginary worlds where they could play for hours. I think they are adapting to this new normal better than I am to tell you the truth. However, there will be weekends when we have all run out of ideas. Luckily, Opensource.com is chock full of boredom-busters for kids of all ages. In this article, I rounded up a few of our more recent open source activities for kids.  + +## [Create coloring book pages with Jupyter][2] + +My toddler uses crayons, markers, pencils, or any other writing utensil available on every sheet of paper in the house. Being surrounded by original artwork is fabulous, but he is running out of coloring page designs! With Jupyter, you can have an endless supply of coloring sheets at the ready for kids. Browse Creative Commons for images and use the magic of Python and Jupyter to turn them into one-of-a-kind coloring pages. + +## [Go to an open source scavenger hunt][3] + +When I was a kid, my brother and I each had a massive map of the United States on our bedroom wall. Each time we visited a new state, we highlighted it on our map. Since he is a few years older than me, I was continually playing catch-up, but eventually we evened the tally. This early exposure cultivated a lifelong interest in maps for both of us. These days, we can access and contribute to maps right from the palm of our hands with OpenStreetMap. The StreetComplete mobile app makes it possible to find and complete quests the whole family can enjoy together. Go on a scavenger hunt while helping out your community! + +## [Build a video game to learn Python][4] + +Seasoned educators know that the best way to teach a new subject is to turn it into a game. Author [Moshe Zadka][5] is one of those educators. He designed a Jupyter Notebook to teach people Python by making an interactive game. With Python and Git installed on your computer, you and your child can follow the steps in his tutorial. By the end, you will be having so much fun playing a penguin video game!  + +**[Read next: [Programmable tanks and Raspberry Pi: Try these kid tech projects][6]]** + +## [Experiment with open source robotics][7] + +Last fall, author [Jess Weichler][8] shared a list of her favorite maker gifts for kids and teens. It featured [Hummingbird][9], an open source robotics kit ideal for kids ages eight and up. Since it supports several popular programming languages, kids can have fun practicing their coding skills. Hummingbird is compatible with Linux, Windows, Mac, Chromebook, Android, and iOS. + +## [Play with virtual LEGOs][10] + +Have you ever stepped on a rogue LEGO brick? It’s a pain one never forgets. I love watching my daughter build cars, ice cream stands, and castles with her LEGO bricks. Our household’s cardinal rule is to keep LEGO bricks off the floor. This is easier said than done! Playing with virtual LEGOs is a much safer route to take. [Seth Kenlon’s][11] tutorial walks LEGO lovers through using open source tools to build and play with virtual bricks. + +How have you been keeping yourself and the young people around you entertained? Share your ideas in the comments. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/open-source-kids + +作者：[Lauren Pritchett][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/lauren-pritchett +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/family_learning_kids_night_reading.png?itok=6K7sJVb1 (Family learning and reading together at night in a room) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/edit-images-python +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/1/streetcomplete-crowdsource-maps +[4]: https://opensource.com/article/20/5/python-games +[5]: https://opensource.com/users/moshez +[6]: https://enterprisersproject.com/article/2020/7/raspberry-pi-tech-projects-kids +[7]: https://opensource.com/article/19/11/maker-gifts-kids +[8]: https://opensource.com/users/cyanide-cupcake +[9]: https://www.birdbraintechnologies.com/hummingbirdbit/ +[10]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/open-source-virtual-lego +[11]: https://opensource.com/users/seth From 67531f2958757e8c293ab42cfb70cefc2ead586f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 30 Aug 2020 10:36:52 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 104/167] PRF @geekpi --- ...o Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md | 27 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md b/translated/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md index 1a8ecdb665..07d1a6a588 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md @@ -1,18 +1,20 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (OnionShare: An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/onionshare/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) -OnionShare: 一个通过 Tor 网络安全共享文件的开源工具 +OnionShare：一个安全共享文件的开源工具 ====== -_**简介：OnionShare 是一个免费开源工具，它利用 Tor 网络安全和匿名地共享文件。**_ +> OnionShare 是一个自由开源工具，它利用 Tor 网络安全和匿名地共享文件。 -你可能已经有很多在线服务来安全地共享文件，但它可能不是完全匿名的。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202008/30/103623ty2r6sz03y32o99o.jpg) + +已经有很多在线服务可以安全地共享文件，但它可能不是完全匿名的。 此外，你必须依靠一个集中式服务来共享文件，如果服务决定像 [Firefox Send][1] 那样关闭，那你不能真正依靠它来一直安全地共享文件。 @@ -41,17 +43,14 @@ _**简介：OnionShare 是一个免费开源工具，它利用 Tor 网络安全 * 接收文件 * 命令行选项 * 发布洋葱站点 -* 能够使用桥接(如果你的 Tor 连接不起作用) +* 能够使用桥接（如果你的 Tor 连接不起作用） * 能够使用持久 URL 进行共享（高级用户）。 * 隐身模式（更安全） - - 你可以通过 GitHub 上的[官方用户指南][7]来了解更多关于它们的信息。 ### 在 Linux 上安装 OnionShare - 你应该可以在你的软件中心找到 OnionShare 并安装它。如果没有，你可以在 Ubuntu 发行版上使用下面的命令添加 PPA： ``` @@ -62,7 +61,7 @@ sudo apt install -y onionshare 如果你想把它安装在其他 Linux 发行版上，你可以访问[官方网站][4]获取 Fedora 上的安装说明以及构建说明。 -[下载 OnionShare][4] +- [下载 OnionShare][4] ### OnionShare 如何工作？ @@ -83,7 +82,7 @@ sudo apt install -y onionshare 现在接收方需要的是 OnionShare 的地址，它看上去是这样的。 ``` -http://onionshare:[email protected] +http://onionshare:xyz@jumbo2127k6nekzqpff2p2zcxcsrygbnxbitsgnjcfa6v47wvyd.onion ``` 接着 Tor 浏览器开始下载文件。 @@ -94,7 +93,7 @@ http://onionshare:[email protected] #### 允许接收文件 -如果你想生成一个 URL，让别人直接上传文件到你的电脑上（要注意谁与你分享），你可以在启动 OnionShare 后点击 **Receive Files** 标签即可。 +如果你想生成一个 URL，让别人直接上传文件到你的电脑上（要注意你与谁分享），你可以在启动 OnionShare 后点击 **Receive Files** 标签即可。 ![][10] @@ -124,7 +123,7 @@ http://onionshare:[email protected] 我试着用[免费模板][15]测试了一下，效果很好（但很慢）。所以，这可能取决于你的网络连接。 -### **总结** +### 总结 除了上面提到的功能，如果需要的话，你还可以使用命令行进行一些高级的调整。 @@ -138,8 +137,8 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/onionshare/ 作者：[Ankush Das][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 6b5d4e8d29dffb9facc5117eaf2ab237d8c40d7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 30 Aug 2020 10:37:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 105/167] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-12564-1.html --- ...en-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md b/published/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md rename to published/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md index 07d1a6a588..523072c7ee 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md +++ b/published/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12564-1.html) [#]: subject: (OnionShare: An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/onionshare/) [#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) From bc01abaf72d104f56b7f1b64742ebebee60091f0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 30 Aug 2020 20:51:37 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 106/167] PRF @chenmu-kk --- ...ls for building a fault-tolerant system.md | 87 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 42 insertions(+), 45 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md b/translated/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md index 46baf44c75..abdd242ba1 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md +++ b/translated/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md @@ -1,27 +1,26 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( chenmu-kk ) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: translator: (chenmu-kk) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/tools-fault-tolerant-system) -[#]: author: (Bryant Son (Red Hat, Community Moderator) https://opensource.com/users/brson) +[#]: author: (Bryant Son https://opensource.com/users/brson) 九个用来构建容错系统的开源工具 ====== -这些开源工具可以最大化延长运行时间并且在最大程度上减少问题。 +> 这些开源工具可以最大化延长运行时间并且在最大程度上减少问题。 -![magnifying glass on computer screen, finding a bug in the code][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202008/30/205036eqh1j8hhss9skf57.jpg) -我总是对web开发和软件体系结构很感兴趣，因为我喜欢看到一个工作系统的更广阔的前景。无论是构建一个移动应用程序还是一个web应用程序，都必须连接到internet才能在不同的模块中交换数据，这意味着你需要web服务。 +我一直对 Web 开发和软件体系结构很感兴趣，因为我喜欢看到一个工作系统的宏观视图。无论是构建一个移动应用程序还是一个 Web 应用程序，都必须连接到互联网，在不同的模块中交换数据，这意味着你需要 Web 服务。 - -如果选择云系统作为应用程序的后端，则可以利用更优秀的计算能力，因为后端服务将会在水平和垂直方向上进行扩展并编排不同的服务。但无论你是否使用云后端，建造一个灵活、稳定、快速又安全的容错系统是必不可少的。 +如果选择云系统作为应用程序的后端，则可以利用更强大的计算能力，因为后端服务将会在水平和垂直方向上进行扩展并编排不同的服务。但无论你是否使用云后端，建造一个灵活、稳定、快速又安全的容错系统是必不可少的。 要了解容错系统，让我们以脸书、亚马逊、谷歌和奈飞为例。数以亿计的用户会同时接入这些平台并通过对等网络和用户-服务器网络传输大量数据，你可以肯定这其中还存在许多的带有不法目的的恶意用户，例如黑客攻击和拒绝服务（DoS）攻击。即使如此，这些平台无需停机也可以全年无休地运转。 -尽管机器学习和智能算法是这些系统的基础，但它们实现一致服务而不需要一分钟停机的事实值得称赞。它们昂贵的硬件设备和巨大的数据中心当然十分重要，但是支持服务的精密软件设计也同样重要。而且容错系统是一个构建如此精密系统的法则之一。 +虽然机器学习和智能算法是这些系统的基础，但它们实现持续的服务而不停机一分钟的事实值得称赞。它们昂贵的硬件设备和巨大的数据中心当然十分重要，但是支持服务的精密软件设计也同样重要。而且容错系统是一个构建如此精密系统的法则之一。 ### 生产过程中导致错误的两种行为 @@ -29,90 +28,88 @@ #### 故障停止行为 -故障停止行为是运行中系统突然停止运行或者系统中的某些部分发生了故障时。服务器停机时间和数据库不可访问都属于此种类型。举个例子，在下图中，由于服务2无法访问，因此服务1无法与服务2进行通信。 +故障停止行为是运行中系统突然停止运行或者系统中的某些部分发生了故障。服务器停机时间和数据库不可访问都属于此种类型。举个例子，在下图中，由于服务 2 无法访问，因此服务 1 无法与服务 2 进行通信。 -![Fail-stop behavior due to Service 2 downtime][2] +![服务 2 停机导致的故障停止行为][2] 但是，如果服务之间存在网络问题，也会出现此问题，如下图所示： -![Fail-stop behavior due to network failure][3] +![网络故障导致的故障停止行为][3] #### 拜占庭行为 -拜占庭行为是指系统连续运行，但并不产生预期行为(例如：错误的数据或者无效的数据)。 +拜占庭行为是指系统在持续运行，但并没有产生预期行为（例如：错误的数据或者无效的数据）。 -如果服务2的数据或者值已损坏则可能会发生拜占庭故障，即使服务看起来运行得很好，比如下面的例子: +如果服务 2 的数据（值）已损坏则可能会发生拜占庭故障，即使服务看起来运行得很好，比如下面的例子: -![Byzantine failure due to corrupted service][4] +![因服务损坏而导致的拜占庭故障][4] -或者，可能存在恶意的中间人在服务之间拦截并注入不需要的数据： +或者，可能存在恶意的中间人在服务之间进行拦截，并注入了不需要的数据： -![Byzantine failure due to malicious middleman][5] +![恶意中间人导致的拜占庭故障][5] -故障停止和拜占庭行为都不是理想的情况，因此我们需要一些预防或修复它们的手段。这里容错系统就起作用了。以下是可以帮助你解决这些问题的8个开源工具。 +无论是故障停止和拜占庭行为，都不是理想的情况，因此我们需要一些预防或修复它们的手段。这里容错系统就起作用了。以下是可以帮助你解决这些问题的 8 个开源工具。 ### 构建容错系统的工具 -尽管构建一个真正实用的容错系统涉及到深入的“分布式计算理论”和复杂的计算机科学原理，但有许多的软件工具（其中许多是开放源代码的软件）通过构建容错系统来减轻不良后果。 +尽管构建一个真正实用的容错系统涉及到深入的“分布式计算理论”和复杂的计算机科学原理，但有许多的软件工具（其中许多是开源软件）通过构建容错系统来减轻不良后果的影响。 -#### 断路模式：Hystrix 和Resilience4j +#### 断路模式：Hystrix 和 Resilience4j -[断路模式][6]是一种有助于在服务失败时返回准备好的虚拟回应或者简单回应的一种技术。 +[断路模式][6]是一种技术，它有助于在服务失败时返回准备好的虚拟回应或者简单回应。 ![Circuit breaker pattern][7] -奈飞的开源**[Hystrix][8]** 是断路模式中最流行的应用。 +奈飞开源的 [Hystrix][8] 是断路模式中最流行的应用。 -我之前工作过的很多家公司都在用这款出色的工具。令人意外的是，奈飞宣布将不再更新Hystrix（是的，我知道）。相反，奈飞建议使用另一种支持Java8和函数式编程的[**Resilence4j**][9]之类的替代解决方案，或者类似于[Adaptive Concurrency Limit][10]的适应性解决方案。 +我之前工作过的很多家公司都在用这款出色的工具。令人意外的是，奈飞宣布将不再更新 Hystrix（是的，我知道了）。相反，奈飞建议使用另一种支持 Java 8 和函数式编程的 [Resilence4j][9] 之类的替代解决方案，或者类似于 [Adaptive Concurrency Limit][10] 的替代解决方案。 -#### 负载均衡：Nginx 和HaProxy +#### 负载均衡：Nginx 和 HaProxy -负载均衡是分布式系统中最基本的概念之一，它必须具备生产质量的环境。要理解负载均衡器，首先我们需要明白冗余的概念。每个生产质量的web服务都有多个服务器在服务器宕机时提供冗余来接管和维持服务。 +负载均衡是分布式系统中最基本的概念之一，要想拥有一个生产质量的环境，必须有负载均衡的存在。要理解负载均衡器，首先我们需要明白冗余的概念。每个生产级的 Web 服务都有多个服务器在某个服务器宕机时提供冗余来接管和维持服务。 ![Load balancer][11] -想想现代飞机：它们的双引擎提供冗余，使它们即使在一个引擎着火的情况下也能安全的着陆。（这也有助于大多数商用飞机拥有最先进的自动化系统）。但是，拥有多引擎（或者多服务器）也意味着必须存在一些调度机制在故障时有效地对系统进行路由。 +想想现代飞机：它们的双引擎提供冗余，使它们即使在一个引擎着火的情况下也能安全的着陆。（这也有助于大多数商用飞机拥有最先进的自动化系统）。但是，拥有多引擎（或者多服务器）也意味着必须存在一些调度机制在故障发生时有效地对系统进行路由。 -负载均衡器是一种通过平衡多个服务节点来优化重流量事务的设备或者软件。举个例子，当数以千计的请求涌入时，负载均衡器可以作为中间层在不同的服务期间路由和平均分配流量。如果服务器宕机，负载均衡器会将请求转发给其他运行良好的服务器。 +负载均衡器是一种通过平衡多个服务节点来优化大流量事务的设备或者软件。举个例子，当数以千计的请求涌入时，负载均衡器可以作为中间层在不同的服务器间进行路由和平均分配流量。如果一台服务器宕机，负载均衡器会将请求转发给其它运行良好的服务器。 -有许多可用的负载均衡器，但其中最出名的两个就是Nginx 和HaProxy。 +有许多可用的负载均衡器，但其中最出名的两个就是 Nginx 和 HaProxy。 -[**Nginx**][12]不仅仅是一个负载均衡器。它是HTTP和反向代理服务器、邮件代理服务器和通用TCP/UDP代理服务器。Groupon、Capital One、 Adobe和NASA等公司都在使用它。 +[Nginx][12] 不仅仅是一个负载均衡器，它还是 HTTP 和反向代理服务器、邮件代理服务器和通用 TCP/UDP 代理服务器。Groupon、Capital One、Adobe 和 NASA 等公司都在使用它。 -[**HaProxy**][13] 也很受欢迎，因为它是一个免费，快且可靠的解决方案，它为基于TCP和HTTP的应用程序提供高可用性、负载平衡和代理。许多大型网络公司，包括Github、Reddit、Twitter和Stack Overflow都使用HaProxy。是的，Red Hat Enterprise Linux同样支持HaProxy设置。 +[HaProxy][13] 也很受欢迎，因为它是一个免费的、非常快且可靠的解决方案，它为基于 TCP 和 HTTP 的应用程序提供高可用性、负载平衡和代理。许多大型网络公司，包括 Github、Reddit、Twitter 和 Stack Overflow 都使用 HaProxy。是的，Red Hat Enterprise Linux 同样支持 HaProxy 设置。 #### 参与者模型：Akka -[参与者模型][14] 是一种并发设计模式，当作为基本计算单位的_actor_接收到消息时，它会分派责任。一个actor可以创建更多的actor，并将消息委派给他们。 +[参与者模型][14]是一种并发设计模式，当作为基本计算单位的“参与者”接收到消息时，它会分派责任。一个参与者可以创建更多的参与者，并将消息委派给他们。 -[**Akka**][15] 是用于actor模式实现的最著名工具之一。框架同时支持基于JVM的Java和Scala。 +[Akka][15] 是最著名的参与者模型实现之一。该框架同时支持基于 JVM 的 Java 和 Scala。 -#### 使用消息队列的异步、非阻塞I/O:Kafka和RabbitMQ +#### 使用消息队列的异步、非阻塞 I/O：Kafka 和 RabbitMQ -多线程开发在过去很流行，但是这种做法一直不被鼓励，取而代之的是异步的、非阻塞的I/O模式。对于Java，这一点在[EnterpriseJavaBean（EJB）规范][16]中明确说明: +多线程开发在过去很流行，但是现在已经不鼓励这种做法了，取而代之的是异步的、非阻塞的 I/O 模式。对于 Java，这一点在 [EnterpriseJavaBean（EJB）规范][16]中得到了明确的规定： -> “企业bean一定不能使用线程同步原语来同步多个实例的执行。” +> “企业 bean 一定不能使用线程同步原语来同步多个实例的执行。” > -> “企业bean不得试图去管理线程。企业bean不得试图启动、停止、挂起或恢复线程，或者去更改线程的优先级或者名称。企业bean不得试图管理线程组。” +> “企业 bean 不得试图去管理线程。企业 bean 不得试图启动、停止、挂起或恢复线程，或者去更改线程的优先级或者名称。企业 bean 不得试图管理线程组。” -如今，有其他做法像流API和参与者模型。但像[**Kafka**][17] 和[**RabbitMQ**][18]之类的消息队列为异步和非阻塞IO功能提供了开箱即用的支持，同时它们也是功能强大的开源工具，通过处理并发进程可以替代线程。 +如今，虽然还有其他做法，如流 API 和参与者模型，但像 [Kafka][17] 和[RabbitMQ][18] 之类的消息队列为异步和非阻塞 I/O 功能提供了开箱即用的支持，同时它们也是功能强大的开源工具，通过处理并发进程可以替代线程。 -#### 其他的选择：Eureka 和Chaos Monkey +#### 其他的选择：Eureka 和 Chaos Monkey -用于容错系统其他有用的工具包括奈飞的**[Eureka][19]** 之类的监控工具，以及像 **[Chaos Monkey][20]** 这样的压力测试工具。它们旨在通过在较低环境中的测试（像集成（INT），质量保障（QA）和用户接受测试（UAT））来早早发现潜在问题以防止在转移到生产环境之前出现潜在问题。 +用于容错系统其它有用的工具包括奈飞的 [Eureka][19] 之类的监控工具，以及像 [Chaos Monkey][20] 这样的压力测试工具。它们旨在通过在较低环境中的测试，如集成（INT）、质量保障（QA）和用户接受测试（UAT）来早早发现潜在问题以防止在转移到生产环境之前出现潜在问题。 -* * * - -你在使用什么开源工具来构建一个容错系统呢？请在评论中分享您的收藏夹。 +你在使用什么开源工具来构建一个容错系统呢？请在评论中分享你的最爱。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://opensource.com/article/19/3/tools-fault-tolerant-system -作者：[Bryant Son (Red Hat, Community Moderator)][a] +作者：[Bryant Son][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[chenmu-kk](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[chenmu-kk](https://github.com/chenmu-kk) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 8525c2d955ff68b2a3c04c01184aaea5611bcc65 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 30 Aug 2020 20:52:19 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 107/167] PUB @chenmu-kk https://linux.cn/article-12566-1.html --- ... open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md b/published/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md rename to published/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md index abdd242ba1..77197e1e14 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md +++ b/published/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (chenmu-kk) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12566-1.html) [#]: subject: (9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/19/3/tools-fault-tolerant-system) [#]: author: (Bryant Son https://opensource.com/users/brson) From 5d2a0640f43376f71fc4ecf985bc34e2817a8414 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 30 Aug 2020 21:01:36 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 108/167] PRF --- ... open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/published/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md b/published/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md index 77197e1e14..6c541e30f7 100644 --- a/published/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md +++ b/published/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md @@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ [断路模式][6]是一种技术，它有助于在服务失败时返回准备好的虚拟回应或者简单回应。 -![Circuit breaker pattern][7] +![断路模式][7] 奈飞开源的 [Hystrix][8] 是断路模式中最流行的应用。 @@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ 负载均衡是分布式系统中最基本的概念之一，要想拥有一个生产质量的环境，必须有负载均衡的存在。要理解负载均衡器，首先我们需要明白冗余的概念。每个生产级的 Web 服务都有多个服务器在某个服务器宕机时提供冗余来接管和维持服务。 -![Load balancer][11] +![负载均衡][11] 想想现代飞机：它们的双引擎提供冗余，使它们即使在一个引擎着火的情况下也能安全的着陆。（这也有助于大多数商用飞机拥有最先进的自动化系统）。但是，拥有多引擎（或者多服务器）也意味着必须存在一些调度机制在故障发生时有效地对系统进行路由。 From fe747575aa079b536147d3dccb78a4d29c278e9e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Sun, 30 Aug 2020 21:30:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 109/167] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-12567-1.html --- ... A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md b/published/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md rename to published/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md index a2d908db71..e223385591 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md +++ b/published/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12567-1.html) [#]: subject: (Glances – A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/glances/) [#]: author: (Chinmay https://itsfoss.com/author/chinmay/) @@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ Glances：多功能 Linux 系统监控工具 ====== +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202008/30/212820tgdi7iou6dg6qqq2.jpg) + Linux 上最常用的[命令行进程监控工具][1]是 `top` 和它那色彩斑斓、功能丰富的表弟 [htop][2]。 要[监控 Linux 上的温度][3]，可以使用 [lm-sensors][4]。同样，还有很多实用工具可以监控其他实时指标，如磁盘 I/O、网络统计等。 From a18dbdacb9e3c62eaa609bd4e50e2b5984b21507 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Mon, 31 Aug 2020 05:01:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 110/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200830=20?= =?UTF-8?q?The=20power=20of=20open=20source=20during=20a=20pandemic?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200830 The power of open source during a pandemic.md --- ... power of open source during a pandemic.md | 71 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 71 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200830 The power of open source during a pandemic.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200830 The power of open source during a pandemic.md b/sources/tech/20200830 The power of open source during a pandemic.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e2ab4fd400 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200830 The power of open source during a pandemic.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (The power of open source during a pandemic) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/8/power-open-source-during-pandemic) +[#]: author: (Laura Hilliger https://opensource.com/users/laurahilliger) + +The power of open source during a pandemic +====== +Successfully addressing shared global problems requires open source—both +principles and code—to foster innovation quickly and bridge gaps in +effective remote collaboration. +![Open source prescription.][1] + +When a novel coronavirus made headlines earlier this year, the world wasn't ready. In a short period of time, we all witnessed the consequences of having a global, interconnected economy unprepared for effective global collaboration. Indeed, this pandemic shed light on the under-preparedness of a truly global economy in a hyper-connected world. We didn't pay attention to the fact that a health issue in China could have an impact on both the real estate market in North Carolina and a shoe factory in Italy. Facing a pandemic, especially one that forced such extreme social distancing, required drastic shifts—both technological and social. + +Many organizations, governments, and companies realized that facing a global pandemic like COVID-19 required new tools for tracking the spread of the virus. In order to keep up with this growing threat, decision makers around the world needed effective technological solutions for both tracking and contact tracing; we needed correct, up-to-the-minute data for making the best decisions. Facing this pandemic also required non-technical organizations to become technically capable quite quickly. Organizations were forced to rapidly build new solutions and uncover new ways of working. Facing this new global problem, the world realized that the digital transformation everyone has been talking about—but delaying until they had a budget—was now more important than ever. + +Moreover, as we started to advise and work with different organizations around the world, we discovered that many of them were facing similar issues. As a last minute solution, many started building not only their own custom technologies but also their own custom _organizational strategies_ for tackling this crisis. Quick but reactive approaches left many governments and organizations across the world building exactly the same solutions, often in isolation. Had they collaborated and shared what they were learning, they could have been building solutions _with_ one another. + +In other words: Had they been operating more like open source communities and truly open organizations, they could have found better answers sooner. + +### Building global solutions the open source way + +For years, members of the open source community have been collaborating with one another on projects like these. We've been working together in remote environments since long before the pandemic hit. Our processes and policies, documented or not, have allowed us to push the technology industry forward at warp speed. In a mere 30 years, we've managed to make open source the standard for new software, and we've proven that global, remote, community-based collaboration can solve big problems. + +Now the rest of the world seems to be following suit, adapting open principles and practices to create global change. By relying on the open source principles and code, we could truly build more effectively shared solutions and strategies that could help us all stop a global pandemic. + +We see many examples of openness bridging collaboration gaps. The [UK Government Digital Service][2] is uniting citizens and government, helping the government to operate more effectively and efficiently. The [UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities][3] is pushing city education policy forward, facilitating partnerships between member cities. [Greenpeace is championing open source][4], and using it to help change mindsets and behaviors surrounding the climate emergency. Other coalitions have pledged to accelerate [cooperation on a coronavirus vaccine and to share research][5], treatment, and medicines across the globe. + +The world needs to shift the way it's approaching problems and continue locating solutions the open source way. Individually, this might mean becoming connection-oriented problem-solvers. We need people able to think communally, communicate asynchronously, and consider innovation iteratively. We're seeing that organizations would need to consider technologists less as tradespeople who build systems and more as experts in global collaboration, people who can make future-proof decisions on everything from data structures to personnel processes. + +### A new strategy: Cross-sector social innovation + +Now is the time to start building new paradigms for global collaboration and find unifying solutions to our shared problems, and one key element to doing this successfully is our ability to work together across sectors. A global pandemic needs the public sector, the private sector, and the nonprofit world to collaborate, each bringing its own expertise to a common, shared platform. + +By relying on the open source principles and code, we could truly build more effectively shared solutions and strategies that could help us all stop a global pandemic. + +The private sector plays a key role in building this method of collaboration by building a robust social innovation strategy that aligns with the collective problems affecting us all. This pandemic is a great example of collective global issues affecting every business around the world, and this is the reason why shared platforms and effective collaboration will be key moving forward. + +Social innovation is an approach to social responsibility that requires a unique strategy for every organization, one directly linking their business goals and company values to the common good. The most effective way of implementing this strategy that requires fast-paced, social innovation is by embracing open source principles to enable collaboration across regions and sectors. + +For example, [PathCheck][6] Foundation is doing this to quickly and effectively build a platform for shared needs. The PathCheck suite of open source software gives public and private sector organizations solutions for digital contact tracing and exposure notification, with the goal of containing COVID-19 and restarting the economy without sacrificing privacy. Started by Prof. Ramesh Raskar and passionate students at MIT—and now consisting of 1800 volunteers in partnership with many companies, and supported by a newly created nonprofit—PathCheck is a great example of how collaboration on an open source platform is a multiplier (being developed by a growing global, passionate, community of engineers, scientist, health authorities, designers, and contributors, and being used by many governments and organizations than any other service provider). + +There is a way to tackle the pandemic and other global issues more effectively through shared platforms and open collaboration. Open source advocates have been doing it for a while, bringing open source to non-profits, governments and corporations, opening up education, connecting open design to global knowledge networks, building open hardware initiatives and structuring open government work. Members of the global open source community have already shown how the post-pandemic world could look—humane, transparent, collaborative, diverse. + +Last but not least, the power of the individual aligned with a community—and the power of collaboration for solving issues that are important to all of us—are more powerful than we think. When companies, the public sector, and nonprofits work together, everyone can be part of a _shared_ solution. An open source approach allows every individual to make an impact and contribute to projects using different, complementary skill sets. + +Everyone can make a difference every day. And we can use the power of open source to ensure that difference changes the world for good. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/8/power-open-source-during-pandemic + +作者：[Laura Hilliger][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/laurahilliger +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/osdc_520x292_opensourceprescription.png?itok=gFrc_GTH (Open source prescription.) +[2]: https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/government-digital-service/about +[3]: https://uil.unesco.org/lifelong-learning/learning-cities +[4]: https://opensource.com/tags/open-organization-greenpeace +[5]: https://opensource.com/open-organization/20/6/covid-alliance +[6]: https://pathcheck.org/ From 4ca9b45d731b9518633d65582c9f61cbedb00af6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 31 Aug 2020 08:39:42 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 111/167] translated --- ... makes progress toward automated coding.md | 59 ------------------- ... makes progress toward automated coding.md | 55 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 55 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md create mode 100644 translated/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md b/sources/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md deleted file mode 100644 index 7c808ddf0d..0000000000 --- a/sources/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,59 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding) -[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570389/ai-system-analyzes-code-similarities-makes-progress-toward-automated-coding.html) -[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/) - -AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding -====== -Researchers from Intel, MIT and Georgia Tech are working on an AI engine that can analyze code similarities to determine what code actually does, setting the stage for automated software writing. -Monsitj / Getty Images - -With the rapid advances in artificial intelligence (AI), are we getting to the point when computers will be smart enough to write their own code and be done with human coders? New research suggests we might be getting closer to that milestone. - -Researchers from MIT and Georgia Tech teamed with Intel to develop an AI engine, dubbed Machine Inferred Code Similarity (MISIM), that's designed to analyze software code and determine how it's similar to other code. What's most interesting is the potential for the system to learn what bits of code do, and then use that intelligence to change how software is written. Ultimately, a human could explain what it wants a software program to do, and then a machine programming (MP) system could come up with a coded app to accomplish it. - -**READ MORE:** [How AI can create self-driving data centers][1] - -"When fully realized, MP will enable everyone to create software by expressing their intention in whatever fashion that's best for them, whether that's code, natural language or something else," said Justin Gottschlich, principal scientist and director/founder of machine programming research at Intel, in the company's [press release][2]. "That's an audacious goal, and while there's much more work to be done, MISIM is a solid step toward it." - -### How it works - -Neural networks give similarity scores to snippets of code "based on the jobs they are designed to carry out," Intel explains. Two code samples may look completely different but be rated the same because they perform the same function, for example. The algorithm can then determine which code snippet is more efficient. - -Primitive versions of code-similarity systems are used in plagiarism detection, for example. With MISIM, however, the algorithm looks at chunks of code and attempts to ascertain contextually whether the snippets have similar characteristics or are aiming for similar objectives. It can then offer improvements in performance, for example, or general efficiency. - -What's critical with MISIM is the intent of the creator, and it marks an advancement towards intent-based programming, which could enable software to be designed based on what a non-programmer creator wants to achieve. With intent-based programming, an algorithm draws on a pool of open source code rather than relying on the traditional, manual method of compiling a series of step-like programming instructions, line-by-line, telling a computer how to do something. - -"A core differentiation between MISIM and existing code-similarity systems lies in its novel context-aware semantic structure (CASS), which aims to lift out what the code actually does. Unlike other existing approaches, CASS can be configured to a specific context, allowing it to capture information that describes the code at a higher level. CASS can provide more specific insight into what the code does rather than how it does it," Intel explains. - -This is accomplished without a compiler (a stage used in programming that converts human-readable code into the computer program). Conveniently, partial snippets can be executed just to see what happens in that piece of code. Plus, the system gets rid of some of the more tedious parts of software development, like line-by-line bug finding. More details are available in the group's paper ([PDF][3]) - -Intel says the team's MISIM system is 40-times more accurate identifying similar code than previous code similarity systems. - -Heres_your_sign, a Redditor [commenting on blog coverage of MISIM][4], amusingly points out that thankfully the computers aren't writing the requirements too. That would be asking for trouble, the Redditor believes. - -Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][5] and [LinkedIn][6] to comment on topics that are top of mind. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570389/ai-system-analyzes-code-similarities-makes-progress-toward-automated-coding.html - -作者：[Patrick Nelson][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3568354/how-ai-can-create-self-driving-data-centers.html -[2]: https://newsroom.intel.com/news/intel-mit-georgia-tech-machine-programming-code-similarity-system/#gs.d8qd40 -[3]: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.05265.pdf -[4]: https://www.reddit.com/r/technology/comments/i2dxed/this_ai_could_bring_us_computers_that_can_write/ -[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ -[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world diff --git a/translated/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md b/translated/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9a058fd9e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570389/ai-system-analyzes-code-similarities-makes-progress-toward-automated-coding.html) +[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/) + +AI 系统分析代码相似性，向自动化编码迈进 +====== +来自 Intel、MIT 和佐治亚理工学院的研究人员正在研究一个 AI 引擎，它可以分析代码的相似性，以确定代码的实际作用，为自动化软件编写奠定基础。 + +随着人工智能 （AI） 的快速发展，我们是否会进入计算机智能到足以编写自己的代码并和人类一起完成工作？新的研究表明，我们可能正在接近这个里程碑。 + +来自 MIT 和佐治亚理工学院的研究人员与 Intel 合作开发了一个人工智能引擎，被称为机器推断代码相似性（MISIM），它旨在分析软件代码并确定它与其他代码的相似性。最有趣的是，该系统有学习代码的潜力，然后利用这种智能来改变软件的编写方式。最终，人们可以解释希望程序做什么，然后机器编程 （MP） 系统可以拿出一个已经编写完的应用。 + +Intel 首席科学家兼机器编程研究总监/创始人 Justin Gottschlich 在该公司的[新闻稿][2]中说：“当完全实现时，MP 能让每个人都能以任何最适合自己的方式，无论是代码、自然语言还是其他东西，来表达自己的意图来创建软件。这是一个大胆的目标，虽然还有很多工作要做，但 MISIM 是朝着这个目标迈出的坚实一步。" + +### 它是如何工作的 + +Intel 解释说，神经网络”根据它们被设计执行的作业“给代码片段打出相似度分数。例如，两个代码样本可能看起来完全不同，但由于它们执行相同的功能，因此被评为相同。然后，该算法可以确定哪个代码片段更有效率。 + +例如，代码相似性系统的原始版本被用于抄袭检测。然而，有了 MISIM，该算法会查看代码块，并试图根据上下文确定这些代码段是否具有相似的特征，或者是否有相似的目标。然后，它可以提供例如性能方面的改进，或者常规效率。 + +MISIM 的关键是创造者的意图，它标志着向基于意图的编程的进步，它可以使软件的设计基于非程序员创造者想要实现的目标。通过基于意图的编程，算法会借助于一个开源代码池，而不是依靠传统的、手工的方法，编译一系列类似于步骤的编程指令，逐行告诉计算机如何做某件事。 + +Intel 解释说：”MISIM 与现有代码相似性系统的核心区别在于其新颖的上下文感知语义结构 （CASS），其目的是将代码的实际作用提炼出来。与其他现有的方法不同，CASS 可以根据特定的上下文进行配置，使其能够捕捉到更高层次的代码描述信息。CASS 可以更具体地洞察代码的作用，而不是它是如何做的。“ + +这是在没有编译器（编程中的一个阶段，将人类可读代码转换为计算机程序）的情况下完成的。方便的是，部分片段可以被执行，只是为了看看那段代码中会发生什么。另外，该系统摆脱了软件开发中一些比较繁琐的部分，比如逐行查找错误。更多细节可以在该小组的论文（[PDF][3]） 中找到。 + +Intel 表示，该团队的 MISIM 系统比之前的代码相似性系统识别相似代码的准确率高 40 倍。 + +一个 Redditor，Heres_your_sign [对 MISIM 报道][4]的评论中有趣地指出，幸好计算机不写需求。这位 Redditor 认为，那是自找麻烦。 + +加入 [Facebook][5] 和 [LinkedIn][6] 上的 Network World 社区，对热门的话题进行评论。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570389/ai-system-analyzes-code-similarities-makes-progress-toward-automated-coding.html + +作者：[Patrick Nelson][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[2]: https://newsroom.intel.com/news/intel-mit-georgia-tech-machine-programming-code-similarity-system/#gs.d8qd40 +[3]: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2006.05265.pdf +[4]: https://www.reddit.com/r/technology/comments/i2dxed/this_ai_could_bring_us_computers_that_can_write/ +[5]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[6]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From e291775437e18ce16b5cce60555dd1bfd62c4ed3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Mon, 31 Aug 2020 08:44:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 112/167] translating --- sources/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md b/sources/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md index efaa54381a..9e6cdf2984 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 22eb4ee40e40ef02b30151817430128a55be1658 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Mon, 31 Aug 2020 11:01:11 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 113/167] Rename sources/tech/20200830 The power of open source during a pandemic.md to sources/talk/20200830 The power of open source during a pandemic.md --- .../20200830 The power of open source during a pandemic.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20200830 The power of open source during a pandemic.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200830 The power of open source during a pandemic.md b/sources/talk/20200830 The power of open source during a pandemic.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200830 The power of open source during a pandemic.md rename to sources/talk/20200830 The power of open source during a pandemic.md From 224e5421ac93c0fbb4c9bfa1a0ff851b919e6cc2 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 31 Aug 2020 17:36:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 114/167] APL --- ...Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md index eac91181d5..02585829ac 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 20a6f671e2efd21bad026e99c041f390d8edda94 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 31 Aug 2020 22:50:58 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 115/167] TSL&PRF --- ...r- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md | 62 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 30 insertions(+), 32 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md b/sources/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md index 02585829ac..943772a587 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md @@ -1,70 +1,68 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Linux Jargon Buster: What is Desktop Environment in Linux?) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/what-is-desktop-environment/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) -Linux Jargon Buster: What is Desktop Environment in Linux? +Linux 黑话解释：什么是桌面环境？ ====== -One of the most commonly used term in desktop Linux world is Desktop Environment (DE). If you are new to Linux, you should understand this frequently used term. +在桌面 Linux 世界中，最常用的术语之一就是桌面环境Desktop Environment（DE）。如果你是 Linux 的新手，你应该了解一下这个经常使用的术语。 -### What is Desktop Environment in Linux? +### 什么是 Linux 中的桌面环境？ -A desktop environment is the bundle of components that provide you common graphical user interface (GUI) elements such as icons, toolbars, wallpapers, and desktop widgets. Thanks to the desktop environment, you can use Linux graphically using your mouse and keyboard like you do in Windows. +桌面环境是一个组件的组合体，为你提供常见的图形用户界面graphical user interface（GUI）元素组件，如图标、工具栏、壁纸和桌面小部件。借助桌面环境，你可以像在 Windows 中一样使用鼠标和键盘使用 Linux。 -There are several desktop environments and these desktop environments determines what your Linux system looks like and how you interact with it. +有几种不同的桌面环境，这些桌面环境决定了你的 Linux 系统的样子以及你与它的交互方式。 -Most of the desktop environments have their own set of integrated applications and utilities so that users get a uniform feel while using the OS. So, you get a file explorer, desktop search, menu of applications, wallpaper and screensaver utilities, text editors and more. +大多数桌面环境都有自己的一套集成的应用程序和实用程序，这样用户在使用操作系统时就能得到统一的感受。所以，你会得到一个文件资源管理器、桌面搜索、应用程序菜单、壁纸和屏保实用程序、文本编辑器等。 -Without a desktop environment, your Linux system will just have a terminal like utility and you’ll have to interact it using commands only. +如果没有桌面环境，你的 Linux 系统就只有一个类似于终端的实用程序，你只能用命令与之交互。 ![Screenshot of GNOME Desktop Environment][1] -### Different desktop environments in Linux +### Linux 中各种桌面环境 -Desktop environment is also referred as DE sometimes. +桌面环境有时也被简称为 DE。 -As I mentioned earlier, there are [various desktop environments available for Linux][2]. Why so? +如前所述，Linux 有[各种桌面环境可供选择][2]。为什么这么说呢？ -Think of the desktop environments as clothes. The clothes determine what you look like. If you wear skinny jeans and flat shoes, you would look good but running or hiking in those clothes won’t be comfortable. +可以把桌面环境看成是衣服。衣服决定了你的样子。如果你穿紧身牛仔裤和平底鞋，你会很好看，但穿着这些衣服跑步或登山就不舒服了。 -Some desktop environments such as [GNOME][3] focus on a modern look and user experience while desktop like [Xfce][4] focus more on using fewer computing resources than on fancy graphics. +[GNOME][3] 这样桌面环境注重现代的外观和用户体验，而像 [Xfce][4] 这样的桌面环境更注重使用更少的计算资源，而不是花哨的图形。 ![Screenshot of Xfce Desktop Environment][5] -Your clothes depend on your need and determine your looks, the same is the case with the desktop environments. You have to decide whether you want something that looks good or something that lets your system run faster. +你的衣服取决于你的需要，决定了你的外观，桌面环境也是如此。你必须决定你是想要一些好看的东西，还是让你的系统运行得更快。 -Some of the [popular desktop environments][2] are: +一些[流行的桌面环境][2]有： - * GNOME – Uses plenty of system resources but gives you a modern, polished system - * Xfce – Vintage look but light on resources - * KDE – Highly customizable desktop with moderate usage of system resources - * LXDE – The entire focus is on using as few resources as possible - * Budgie – Modern looks and moderate on system resources + * GNOME - 使用大量的系统资源，但给你一个现代的、精致的系统 + * Xfce - 外观复古但占用资源很少 + * KDE - 可高度定制的桌面，适度占用系统资源 + * LXDE - 唯一的重点是尽可能少地使用资源 + * Budgie - 现代的外观和适度占用系统资源 - - -### Linux distributions and their DE variants +### Linux 发行版及其桌面环境变体 ![][6] -Same desktop environment can be available on several Linux distributions and a Linux distribution may offer several desktop environments. +同样的桌面环境可以在多个 Linux 发行版上使用，一个 Linux 发行版也可能提供多个桌面环境。 -For example, Fedora and Ubuntu both use GNOME desktop by default. But both Fedora and Ubuntu offer other desktop environments. +例如，Fedora 和 Ubuntu 都默认使用 GNOME 桌面，但 Fedora 和 Ubuntu 都提供了其他桌面环境。 -The beauty and flexibility of Linux is that you can install a desktop environment on any Linux distribution by yourself. But most Linux distributions save you this trouble and offer ready-to-install ISO image for different desktop environments. +Linux 的优点和灵活性在于，你可以自己在任何 Linux 发行版上安装桌面环境。但大多数 Linux 发行版都为你省去了这个麻烦，并为不同的桌面环境提供了随时安装的 ISO 镜像。 -For example, [Manjaro Linux][7] uses Xfce by default but you can also download the ISO of GNOME version if you prefer using GNOME with Manjaro. +例如 [Manjaro Linux][7] 默认使用 Xfce，但如果你喜欢在 Manjaro 上使用 GNOME，也可以下载 GNOME 版本的 ISO。 -### In the end… +### 最后... -Desktop environments are crucial part of Linux desktop while Linux servers usually rely on command line interface. It’s not that you cannot install desktop environment on Linux servers but it’s an overkill and waste of important system resources which can be utilized by the applications running on the server. +桌面环境是 Linux 桌面计算机的重要组成部分，而 Linux 服务器通常依靠命令行界面。并不是说不能在 Linux 服务器上安装桌面环境，但这是画蛇添足，浪费了重要的系统资源，而这些资源可以被服务器上运行的应用程序所利用。 -I hope you have a slightly better understanding of desktop environments in Linux now. I highly recommend reading my [explainer article on what is Linux and why there are so many Linux distributions][8]. I have a good feeling that you’ll love the analogy I have used it. +我希望你现在对 Linux 中的桌面环境有了一些了解。我强烈推荐你阅读我的[关于什么是 Linux 以及为什么有这么多 Linux 发行版][8]的解释文章。我很有预感，你会喜欢我用它做的比喻。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -72,8 +70,8 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-desktop-environment/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From d7a3722404431f17013852fd25ca7056b387711c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 31 Aug 2020 23:14:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 116/167] PRF @geekpi --- ... makes progress toward automated coding.md | 27 ++++++++++--------- 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 13 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md b/translated/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md index 9a058fd9e7..a78166cda1 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md +++ b/translated/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md @@ -1,40 +1,41 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570389/ai-system-analyzes-code-similarities-makes-progress-toward-automated-coding.html) [#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/) -AI 系统分析代码相似性，向自动化编码迈进 +AI 系统向自动化编码迈进 ====== -来自 Intel、MIT 和佐治亚理工学院的研究人员正在研究一个 AI 引擎，它可以分析代码的相似性，以确定代码的实际作用，为自动化软件编写奠定基础。 -随着人工智能 （AI） 的快速发展，我们是否会进入计算机智能到足以编写自己的代码并和人类一起完成工作？新的研究表明，我们可能正在接近这个里程碑。 +> 来自 Intel、MIT 和佐治亚理工学院的研究人员正在研究一个 AI 引擎，它可以分析代码的相似性，以确定代码的实际作用，为自动化软件编写奠定了基础。 -来自 MIT 和佐治亚理工学院的研究人员与 Intel 合作开发了一个人工智能引擎，被称为机器推断代码相似性（MISIM），它旨在分析软件代码并确定它与其他代码的相似性。最有趣的是，该系统有学习代码的潜力，然后利用这种智能来改变软件的编写方式。最终，人们可以解释希望程序做什么，然后机器编程 （MP） 系统可以拿出一个已经编写完的应用。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202008/31/231333fklk447gw4w4b4vk.jpg) -Intel 首席科学家兼机器编程研究总监/创始人 Justin Gottschlich 在该公司的[新闻稿][2]中说：“当完全实现时，MP 能让每个人都能以任何最适合自己的方式，无论是代码、自然语言还是其他东西，来表达自己的意图来创建软件。这是一个大胆的目标，虽然还有很多工作要做，但 MISIM 是朝着这个目标迈出的坚实一步。" +随着人工智能（AI）的快速发展，我们是否会进入计算机智能到足以编写自己的代码并和人类一起完成工作？新的研究表明，我们可能正在接近这个里程碑。 + +来自 MIT 和佐治亚理工学院的研究人员与 Intel 合作开发了一个人工智能引擎，被称为机器推断代码相似性（MISIM），它旨在分析软件代码并确定它与其他代码的相似性。最有趣的是，该系统有学习代码的潜力，然后利用这种智能来改变软件的编写方式。最终，人们可以解释希望程序做什么，然后机器编程（MP）系统可以拿出一个已经编写完的应用。 + +Intel 首席科学家兼机器编程研究总监/创始人 Justin Gottschlich 在该公司的[新闻稿][2]中说：“当完全实现时，MP 能让每个人都能以任何最适合自己的方式 —— 无论是代码、自然语言还是其他东西 —— 来表达自己的意图以创建软件。这是一个大胆的目标，虽然还有很多工作要做，但 MISIM 是朝着这个目标迈出的坚实一步。” ### 它是如何工作的 -Intel 解释说，神经网络”根据它们被设计执行的作业“给代码片段打出相似度分数。例如，两个代码样本可能看起来完全不同，但由于它们执行相同的功能，因此被评为相同。然后，该算法可以确定哪个代码片段更有效率。 +Intel 解释说，神经网络“根据它们被设计执行的作业”给代码片段打出相似度分数。例如，两个代码样本可能看起来完全不同，但由于它们执行相同的功能，因此被评为相同。然后，该算法可以确定哪个代码片段更有效率。 -例如，代码相似性系统的原始版本被用于抄袭检测。然而，有了 MISIM，该算法会查看代码块，并试图根据上下文确定这些代码段是否具有相似的特征，或者是否有相似的目标。然后，它可以提供例如性能方面的改进，或者常规效率。 +例如，代码相似性系统的原始版本被用于抄袭检测。然而，有了 MISIM，该算法会查看代码块，并试图根据上下文确定这些代码段是否具有相似的特征，或者是否有相似的目标。然后，它可以提供性能方面的改进，例如说，总体效率的改进。 MISIM 的关键是创造者的意图，它标志着向基于意图的编程的进步，它可以使软件的设计基于非程序员创造者想要实现的目标。通过基于意图的编程，算法会借助于一个开源代码池，而不是依靠传统的、手工的方法，编译一系列类似于步骤的编程指令，逐行告诉计算机如何做某件事。 -Intel 解释说：”MISIM 与现有代码相似性系统的核心区别在于其新颖的上下文感知语义结构 （CASS），其目的是将代码的实际作用提炼出来。与其他现有的方法不同，CASS 可以根据特定的上下文进行配置，使其能够捕捉到更高层次的代码描述信息。CASS 可以更具体地洞察代码的作用，而不是它是如何做的。“ +Intel 解释说：“MISIM 与现有代码相似性系统的核心区别在于其新颖的上下文感知语义结构 （CASS），其目的是将代码的实际作用提炼出来。与其他现有的方法不同，CASS 可以根据特定的上下文进行配置，使其能够捕捉到更高层次的代码描述信息。CASS 可以更具体地洞察代码的作用，而不是它是如何做的。” -这是在没有编译器（编程中的一个阶段，将人类可读代码转换为计算机程序）的情况下完成的。方便的是，部分片段可以被执行，只是为了看看那段代码中会发生什么。另外，该系统摆脱了软件开发中一些比较繁琐的部分，比如逐行查找错误。更多细节可以在该小组的论文（[PDF][3]） 中找到。 +这是在没有编译器（编程中的一个阶段，将人类可读代码转换为计算机程序）的情况下完成的。方便的是，可以执行部分片段，只是为了看看那段代码中会发生什么。另外，该系统摆脱了软件开发中一些比较繁琐的部分，比如逐行查找错误。更多细节可以在该小组的论文（[PDF][3]）中找到。 Intel 表示，该团队的 MISIM 系统比之前的代码相似性系统识别相似代码的准确率高 40 倍。 一个 Redditor，Heres_your_sign [对 MISIM 报道][4]的评论中有趣地指出，幸好计算机不写需求。这位 Redditor 认为，那是自找麻烦。 -加入 [Facebook][5] 和 [LinkedIn][6] 上的 Network World 社区，对热门的话题进行评论。 - -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570389/ai-system-analyzes-code-similarities-makes-progress-toward-automated-coding.html @@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570389/ai-system-analyzes-code-simila 作者：[Patrick Nelson][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 318f5aa57dd6dcb6f7e40bfb17c5faee1d334303 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Mon, 31 Aug 2020 23:14:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 117/167] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-12569-1.html --- ...de similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/talk => published}/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md b/published/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md rename to published/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md index a78166cda1..ddfb8102e8 100644 --- a/translated/talk/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md +++ b/published/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12569-1.html) [#]: subject: (AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding) [#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3570389/ai-system-analyzes-code-similarities-makes-progress-toward-automated-coding.html) [#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/) From 767f25325c839c1e77b4ae479541ff4ec83fd247 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 1 Sep 2020 05:01:35 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 118/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200831=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Tune=20up=20your=20sound=20with=20PulseEffects:=20Microphones?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200831 Tune up your sound with PulseEffects- Microphones.md --- ...ur sound with PulseEffects- Microphones.md | 90 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 90 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200831 Tune up your sound with PulseEffects- Microphones.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200831 Tune up your sound with PulseEffects- Microphones.md b/sources/tech/20200831 Tune up your sound with PulseEffects- Microphones.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a700b13747 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200831 Tune up your sound with PulseEffects- Microphones.md @@ -0,0 +1,90 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Tune up your sound with PulseEffects: Microphones) +[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/tune-up-your-sound-with-pulseeffects-microphones/) +[#]: author: (Paul W. Frields https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/) + +Tune up your sound with PulseEffects: Microphones +====== + +![][1] + +The PulseEffects [app][2] is a full-featured set of modular effects you can use to adjust sound devices. In a [previous article][3], you learned how you can use PulseEffects to correct or enhance output devices like speakers. However, that’s not where its features stop. You can also enhance sound input devices such as microphones. This can help when recording sound for podcasts, videos, or the like. + +This article assumes you’ve already installed PulseEffects as shown in the [previous article][3]. It will not cover advanced topics like recording musical instruments, but it will show you how to do better voice or spoken-word recordings. + +### A word on microphones + +Microphones come in a variety of forms. The one almost every laptop user has at hand is the condenser microphone built into the hardware. These microphones are limited in terms of producing quality sound. They’re built to provide basic sound, and they will pick up a lot of environmental noise due to how they work. If you want better results for a voice recording, there are many choices available based on budget. + + * USB headset with built-in condenser microphone: Generally [budget-friendly][4] and almost always gives better results than a laptop’s built-in mic. The resulting sound can be somewhat harsh and tinny, but this can be corrected. Manufacturers such as Logitech make units that are plug-and-play ready for Linux. They show up as USB sound devices (both input and output). + * Handheld dynamic microphone: You’ll see the singer in a live band using one of these. You have to be close to them (and maintain that distance steadily) for best results, but they sound full and well-defined. These are typically [a little more expensive][5] than a USB headset. + * Large diaphragm condenser microphone: You’ll see this type used by a singer or speaker in a broadcast or recording studio. Like other condensers they pick up a lot of the surrounding environment. By being fairly close to the mic you can essentially “turn down” the rest of the room. You can find budget friendly, good quality large condensers [starting at the same price][6] as a good dynamic mic. Prices go up from there to astronomical levels! + + + +Most dynamic and large diaphragm condenser mics need to be plugged into a _digital audio interface_, using a microphone cable. This converts the signal from the mic into digital audio for the computer to use. However, you can find specialty mics made for direct connection via USB. These may be advertised as “podcaster mics,” and you can [save some money][7] using one of these, versus buying both a mic and an interface. + +### Making the mic sound better + +Effects help you improve the recorded sound of your microphone. Whether you know it or not, you hear these effects all the time in recorded sound — in music, in TV shows and movies, on professional podcasts, and via commercial and satellite radio. Engineers apply these effects using either hardware units, or via software. + +PulseEffects provides these effects in a software form, before your recording is saved on disk. Here is a list, in the order they are usually applied: + + * A _gate_ reduces or entirely mutes the microphone when sound falls below a certain level. With proper settings, when you start speaking, the gate quickly opens, unmuting the mic. When you finish, the gate closes and other environmental sound will be either silenced or much quieter. + * A _compressor_ reduces the dynamic range of the input. Louder sounds are caught by the compressor and squashed down. You then turn the entire signal up slightly to compensate. This way, quieter and louder sounds become closer in volume, making the sound more even and less “peaky.” This results in a more professional, polished sound that’s much more enjoyable for listeners. + * An _equalizer_ (EQ) tunes up the sound of the voice. Use it to mitigate tones in your voice that you find unflattering. In addition, when you speak close to a mic, the bass frequencies in the voice are unnaturally emphasized. Sound engineers call this the _proximity effect_. By using an EQ to roll off the low end frequencies, you can reduce this effect and create a more pleasant sound. + * A _limiter_ is often the last step in a signal chain. This effect puts an absolute limit on the volume of a sound, so that unexpectedly hard sounds (such as _p_ or _b_ sounds, called _plosives_) that aren’t caught by compression don’t distort and ruin your recording. + + + +### Dive into PulseEffects + +Open up the _PulseEffects_ app. In the top left corner, choose the microphone selector icon. This lets you set up the effects chain you want for the mic as an input device. As with output devices (speakers), you can save your effects chain as well. + +Use recording software that registers as a PulseAudio client to see your effects at work. The _PulseCaster_ app is one such app, but there are many others you can choose. + +### Tips from a mix engineer + +These guidelines may help you find the optimal sound. Remember that no two sound situations are ever the same. Use your ears, and do some test recordings, to figure out what’s best for your situation. + + * When you apply the gate, use a fast response of 5-10ms. The human voice has a significant “startup time,” so this speed makes the gate unnoticeable. Give the gate some time to close, though, so you don’t cut off the end of speech. Typically 100-200ms sounds fairly natural. A gain reduction of -12 or -18dB suffices to reduce environmental noise, and sounds more natural than more extreme values. + * If you find a module is overloading when you speak, either reduce the output of the effects module before it, or the input of the module itself. + * If you like the sound of your recorded voice without an EQ, use the _Filter_ module instead to simply apply a high pass filter. For male voices, use a roll-off frequency of 80-100 Hz. For female voices, use a higher value. If you set the filter too high, the recording may sound weak or nasal. + * Use a compressor ratio between 3 and 4 (this is actually 3:1 – 4:1) which works well with a human voice. An attack of 20ms and a release of 100-200ms is typical. + * You may want to try the _Deesser_ module as well, to reduce the “sizzling” of _s_, _z_, _t_, and _f_ sounds. Because voices vary so widely, you’ll need to tune this to taste. A split of 6kHz and a threshold of -18dB is a good place to start. + * A limiter setting of -1 to -3dB usually works well. Much lower settings result in a very “squashed” sounding track. In some cases that may be useful; in others it will sound unnatural. + + + +Refer to the previous article to save your effects chain. Remember, you can store multiple chains, and then select the one you want for your particular needs. + +* * * + +_Photo by [Jacek Dylag][8] on [Unsplash][9]_. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://fedoramagazine.org/tune-up-your-sound-with-pulseeffects-microphones/ + +作者：[Paul W. Frields][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/pfrields/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/pulseeffects-2-816x345.jpg +[2]: https://flathub.org/apps/details/com.github.wwmm.pulseeffects +[3]: https://fedoramagazine.org/tune-up-your-sound-with-pulseeffects-speakers/ +[4]: https://www.google.com/search?q=usb+headset+with+mic&tbm=shop +[5]: https://www.google.com/search?tbm=shop&q=handheld+dynamic+microphone +[6]: https://www.google.com/search?tbm=shop&q=large+condenser+microphone +[7]: https://www.google.com/search?tbm=shop&q=usb+microphone +[8]: https://unsplash.com/@dylu?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText +[9]: https://unsplash.com/s/photos/microphone?utm_source=unsplash&utm_medium=referral&utm_content=creditCopyText From 41d55165c8159ce06c1b2a00b64a922256be7e00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 1 Sep 2020 05:01:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 119/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200901=20?= =?UTF-8?q?How=20to=20Set=20Up=20Facial=20Recognition=20to=20Sign=20into?= =?UTF-8?q?=20Ubuntu=20and=20Other=20Linux=20Distributions?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200901 How to Set Up Facial Recognition to Sign into Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md --- ...to Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md | 249 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 249 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200901 How to Set Up Facial Recognition to Sign into Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200901 How to Set Up Facial Recognition to Sign into Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md b/sources/tech/20200901 How to Set Up Facial Recognition to Sign into Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..2d953732e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200901 How to Set Up Facial Recognition to Sign into Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md @@ -0,0 +1,249 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to Set Up Facial Recognition to Sign into Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/face-unlock-ubuntu/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) + +How to Set Up Facial Recognition to Sign into Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions +====== + +Despite all the concern, facial recognition is getting popular among consumers. Most recent Android and iOS devices have the feature to unlock the device with facial authentication. + +Once you get used to the face unlock or fingerprint unlock, typing password feels like a tedious, boring task. + +On Windows operating system, Microsoft provides the [Windows Hello][1] that allows instant authentication based on your face. + +On Linux, face unlock is not a built-in feature. No Linux distribution, as far as I know, provides face unlock feature out of the box. + +But as the saying goes, there is a shell, there is a way. In Linux, you’ll often find alternative things and tools that you can configure for a certain task. Remember the tutorial I wrote for [sharing mouse and keyboard between Linux and Raspberry Pi devices][2]? + +In this tutorial, I’ll show you how to set up face unlock in Ubuntu. You can use the tutorial for other Linux distributions as well. + +You need to be comfortable with the terminal and Linux commands because you’ll be using Linux command line tool. + +### Howdy: A Windows Hello Styled Facial Recognition Authentication System for Linux + +![][3] + +[Howdy][4] is an open source software that gives you the ability to login to your Linux system with face recognition. Consider it an open source Windows Hello alternative for Linux. Here, your data is stored locally on your computer. + +Howdy uses the built-in IR emitters and webcam combination to recognize your face. It is built using [OpenCV][5] and Python. + +Howdy uses the PAM authentication system which means not only you can login to your system with your face, you can also use it for sudo, su and in most other situations where you need to use your account password. However, in my testing, it could not unlock the [keyring in Ubuntu][6]. + +In this tutorial, I’ll show you how to install Howdy and how to set it up for facial recognition. The process is not too complicated but you should not be too uncomfortable using the terminal here. + +### Installing Howdy on Ubuntu and other Linux distributions + +The developer of [Howdy provides a handy PPA][7] that makes installing Howdy easier to install on Ubuntu-based distributions. + +Open a terminal and use the following commands on Ubuntu: + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository ppa:boltgolt/howdy +sudo apt update +sudo apt install howdy +``` + +Howdy is a big software and it installs a huge number of software libraries. For me, it showed around 140 MB of download size and 600 MB of disk size requirement after installation. + +During the installation, it asks you to choose from Fast, Balanced and Secure authentication type. I chose Balanced at this step because I don’t want to wait too long but don’t want it to be less secure as well. + +![][8] + +During the installation, it complains about adding **/usr/local/bin** in the PATH but for me it was already there. You may verify it for your system. + +#### Installing Howdy on other Linux distributions + +For Debian, you can [download the DEB file][9]. Arch/Manjaro users can install it from [AUR][10]. + +Fedora users have the option to [use COPR repository][11]: + +``` +sudo dnf copr enable luya/howdy +sudo dnf install howdy +``` + +openSUSE users can find the installation instructions [here][12]. + +As the last resort, you can get the source code on [its GitHub repository][4]. + +Since I am using Ubuntu 20.04 in this tutorial, some steps may use apt command but I believe you can use your distribution’s package manager in those steps. + +### Setting up face unlock on Ubuntu and other Linux with Howdy + +Let’s see how to set it up for facial recognition. + +#### Change config file + +Before you use Howdy, you should change the configuration file to specify your webcam device. + +On most Linux systems, /dev/video0 should be the device for webcam but you should make sure of it using v4l2-ctl command. + +Install v4l-utils first: + +``` +sudo apt install v4l-utils +``` + +Now use the v4l2-ctl command to list your devices + +``` +[email protected]:~$ v4l2-ctl --list-devices +Integrated_Webcam_HD: Integrate (usb-0000:00:14.0-5): + /dev/video0 + /dev/video1 +``` + +Why two (or more) video devices? You’ll have to check the capabilities of the device. The device should have Video Capture capability, not just Metadata Capture. + +You can check it with a command like v4l2-ctl –device=/dev/video0 –all and then look under the capability section. Most of the time, it should be the first device i.e. /dev/video0. + +Now, you need to set the device path in the Howdy config. You can do that by manually opening the **/lib/security/howdy/config.ini** file for editing or use the command below to open the config file for edit in your default terminal-based text editor: + +``` +sudo howdy config +``` + +Look for the line starting with device_path. Change its value to /dev/video0 or whatever is the path for your webcam device. + +![][13] + +Save and exit the file. You are ready to go now. + +#### Add your face for facial recognition + +Howdy is a command line tool. You have to do everything in the terminal. + +Now that you have the correct device path set, it is time to add some face in its database for the recognition. + +Use the following command to associate a face to the currently logged in user i.e. you. + +``` +sudo howdy add +``` + +It doesn’t show how your face looks like by opening a camera so you should look into the webcam to get your face captured properly. + +It will ask you to add an identifier to the face. You can name it anything you want. I used terms like glasses, with-headphones etc. + +![][14] + +I suggest adding a few more variants of your face specially if you wear glasses. Just run the sudo howdy add command each time you want to add a face. + +Howdy is ready to use as soon as you add a face. To test it, open a new terminal and run a command with sudo. You’ll notice that your webcam blinks and it tries to detect a face. If the face is not recognized, it will show an error message and ask you to use your password. + +![][15] + +To add a face for some other user, you should provide the username as well: + +``` +sudo howdy -U username add +``` + +You don’t need to worry about starting Howdy after reboot. Howdy starts automatically at each boot. + +#### List all the known face models for a user + +You can see what face models are associated to a user with the `list` option. If you don’t specify the username, it shows the output for the current user. + +``` +sudo howdy list +``` + +![][16] + +#### Clear some or all face models + +When you list all the face models for a user, you can use the remove option to delete a certain face model. You’ll have to provide the ID of the face model, not the label. + +``` +sudo howdy remove face_ID +``` + +![][17] + +You can remove all the face models with the following command: + +``` +sudo howdy clear +``` + +#### Disable and re-enable Howdy + +You can temporarily disable Howdy using this command: + +``` +sudo howdy disable 1 +``` + +You can re-enable it using the same disable option but with 0 as argument: + +``` +sudo howdy disable 0 +``` + +### Removing Howdy from your system + +You can use your distribution’s package manager to remove Howdy. + +On Ubuntu, use the following command: + +``` +sudo apt remove howdy +``` + +You should also [delete the PPA][18]: + +``` +sudo add-apt-repository -r ppa:boltgolt/howdy +``` + +For other distributions, use the uninstallation method that corresponds to the installation method you used. + +### Conclusion + +It’s fun to setup face unlock on Linux. I think this could provide base for [some good Raspberry Pi projects][19]. It’s a fun weekend exercise to do a thing like this. + +However, I won’t recommend setting up it on critical infrastructure or servers. [Facial recognition is not very secure][20]. + +Using face unlock on your personal Linux system is one thing but please don’t use it on servers or work machines. + +I hope you liked this DIY (if I may call it) tutorial. Let me know if you would like to see more such tutorials on It’s FOSS in the future. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/face-unlock-ubuntu/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://support.microsoft.com/en-in/help/4028017/windows-learn-about-windows-hello-and-set-it-up +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/keyboard-mouse-sharing-between-computers/ +[3]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Face-Unlock-in-Linux.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[4]: https://github.com/boltgolt/howdy +[5]: https://opencv.org/ +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/ubuntu-keyring/ +[7]: https://launchpad.net/~boltgolt/+archive/ubuntu/howdy +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/select-face-unlock-level-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C520&ssl=1 +[9]: https://github.com/boltgolt/howdy/releases +[10]: https://itsfoss.com/aur-arch-linux/ +[11]: https://copr.fedorainfracloud.org/coprs/luya/howdy/ +[12]: https://en.opensuse.org/SDB:Facial_authentication +[13]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/setup-howdy-for-face-unlock-in-ubuntu.png?resize=794%2C511&ssl=1 +[14]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/add-new-face-for-facial-recognition-linux.png?resize=799%2C225&ssl=1 +[15]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/use-sudo-with-face-unlock.png?resize=800%2C252&ssl=1 +[16]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/howdy-list-face-models.png?resize=729%2C381&ssl=1 +[17]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/remove-face-model-linux.png?resize=729%2C381&ssl=1 +[18]: https://itsfoss.com/how-to-remove-or-delete-ppas-quick-tip/ +[19]: https://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-projects/ +[20]: https://securitytoday.com/articles/2019/03/01/the-flaws-and-dangers-of-facial-recognition.aspx From 0986c0d7bcee79e29ff17e968205637a05a4db1c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Tue, 1 Sep 2020 05:03:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 120/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[talk]:=2020200831=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Military=20looks=20to=20ultraviolet=20networks=20for=20secure?= =?UTF-8?q?=20battlefield=20communication?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/talk/20200831 Military looks to ultraviolet networks for secure battlefield communication.md --- ...ks for secure battlefield communication.md | 63 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 63 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/talk/20200831 Military looks to ultraviolet networks for secure battlefield communication.md diff --git a/sources/talk/20200831 Military looks to ultraviolet networks for secure battlefield communication.md b/sources/talk/20200831 Military looks to ultraviolet networks for secure battlefield communication.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..64a8645654 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/talk/20200831 Military looks to ultraviolet networks for secure battlefield communication.md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Military looks to ultraviolet networks for secure battlefield communication) +[#]: via: (https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572372/military-looks-to-ultraviolet-networks-for-secure-battlefield-communication.html) +[#]: author: (Patrick Nelson https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/) + +Military looks to ultraviolet networks for secure battlefield communication +====== +The U.S. Army wants to develop new, more secure communications networks for soldiers in the field using free-space ultra-violet optical transmissions. +Thinkstock + +U.S. Army researchers are exploring the use of ultraviolet optical communications in battlefield situations because, under the right circumstances, the technology might support links that are undetectable to the enemy. + +One thing the researchers looked at was the effects of attenuation, the natural phenomenon of the signals getting weaker over distance. They wanted to know whether there was a distance range in which the signals were weak enough that adversaries likely couldn’t detect them, but still be strong enough that friendly receivers could. They say they observed that to be the case, but the [research paper about their work][1] doesn’t say what those distances are. + +According to an army press release, “ultraviolet communication has unique propagation characteristics that not only allow for a novel non-line-of-sight optical link, but also imply that the transmissions may be harder for an adversary to detect.” + +The main thrust of the study by the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command’s [Army Research Laboratory][2] was to develop a framework for future research that could quantify the circumstances under which ultraviolet communications could be both useful to friendly forces and undetectable to hostiles. In the course of that research they gleaned two other important insights: + + * The worst case scenario – when the enemy detector is in direct line-of-sight with the transmitter and the friendly receiver is not – isn’t as big a concern as might be feared. + * Steering the signal of the UV transmitter doesn’t seem to be an effective way to mitigate detection of the signal by an adversary. + + + +The researchers plan to analyze four scenarios involving the placement of the UV transmitter, the intended receiver and the enemy detector: + + * The friendly receiver and the adversary detector are both in line-of-sight with the transmitter. + * The friendly receiver is in line-of-sight but the adversary detector is not. (Best case) + * The adversary’s detector is in line-of-sight but the friendly receiver is not. (Worst case) + * Neither the friendly receiver nor adversary detector is in line-of-sight. + + + +The assumption is that an opponent would try to count photons over time to detect a coherent transmission signal that would indicate that communication was underway. + +The scientists accept the fact that close-in to the transmitter, the signal is easy to detect, so effective use of the UV transmissions would rely on having a good sense of where the opposing detectors are located. + +“Our work provides a framework enabling the study of the fundamental limits of detectability for an ultraviolet communication system meeting desired communication performance requirements,” said Dr. Robert Drost, one of the researchers. + +“Our research is ensuring that the community has the fundamental understanding of the potential for and limitations of using ultraviolet wavelengths for communications, and I am confident that this understanding will inform the development of future Army networking capabilities.” + +Join the Network World communities on [Facebook][3] and [LinkedIn][4] to comment on topics that are top of mind. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.networkworld.com/article/3572372/military-looks-to-ultraviolet-networks-for-secure-battlefield-communication.html + +作者：[Patrick Nelson][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.networkworld.com/author/Patrick-Nelson/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.osapublishing.org/DirectPDFAccess/4516B0FD-2152-4663-9A9899BF00560B7C_433781/oe-28-16-23640.pdf?da=1&id=433781&seq=0&mobile=no +[2]: https://www.arl.army.mil +[3]: https://www.facebook.com/NetworkWorld/ +[4]: https://www.linkedin.com/company/network-world From 51d92d8d15cd6f73714d43369fdd706809e6e7a6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 1 Sep 2020 08:41:41 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 121/167] translated --- ...ool to find security flaws in your code.md | 134 ------------------ ...ool to find security flaws in your code.md | 134 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 134 insertions(+), 134 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md b/sources/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md deleted file mode 100644 index 4799ed9a54..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,134 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/static-code-security-analysis) -[#]: author: (Ari Noman https://opensource.com/users/arinoman) - -Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code -====== -Featuring broad language support, Graudit allows you to audit the -security of your code during the development process. -![Code on a screen][1] - -Testing is an important part of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), and there are several stages to it. Today, I want to talk about finding security issues in the code. - -You can't ignore security when developing a piece of software. That's why there is a term called DevSecOps, which is fundamentally responsible for identifying and resolving security vulnerabilities in an application. There are open source solutions for checking [OWASP vulnerabilities][2] and which will derive insights by creating a threat model of the source code. - -There are different approaches to handling security issues, e.g., static application security testing (SAST), dynamic application security testing (DAST), interactive application security testing (IAST), software composition analysis, etc. - -Static application security testing runs at the code level and analyzes applications by uncovering errors in the code that has already been written. This approach doesn't require the code to be running, which is why it's called static analysis. - -I'll focus on static code analysis and use an open source tool to have a hands-on experience. - -### Why use an open source tool to check code security - -There are many reasons to choose open source software, tools, and projects as a part of your development. It won't cost any money, as you're using a tool developed by a like-minded community of developers who want to help other developers. If you have a small team or a startup, it's good to find open source software to check your code security. This keeps you from having to hire a separate DevSecOps team, keeping your costs lower. - -Good open source tools are always made with flexibility in mind, and they should be able to be used in any environment, covering as many cases as possible. It makes life easier for developers to connect that piece of software with their existing system. - -But there can be times where you need a feature that is not available within the tool that you chose. Then you have the option to fork the code and develop your own feature on top of it and use it in your system. - -Since, most of the time, open source software is driven by a community, the pace of the development tends to be a plus for the users of that tool because they iterate the project based on user feedback, issues, or bug-posting. - -### Using Graudit to ensure that your code is secure - -There are various open source static code analysis tools available, but as you know, the tool analyzes the code itself, and that's why there is no generic tool for any and all programming languages. But some of them follow OWASP guidelines and try to cover as many languages as they can. - -Here, we'll use [Graudit][3], which is a simple command-line tool that allows us to find security flaws in our codebase. It has support for different languages but a fixed signature set. - -Graudit uses grep, which is a GNU-licensed utility tool, and there are similar types of static code analysis tools like Rough Auditing Tool for Security (RATS), Securitycompass Web Application Analysis Tool (SWAAT), flawfinder, etc. But the technical requirement it has is minimal and very flexible. Still, you might have requirements that are not served by Graudit. If so, you can look at this [list][4] for other options. - -We can install this tool under a specific project, or in the global namespace, or under a specific user—whatever we like, it's flexible. Let's clone the repo first: - - -``` -`$ git clone https://github.com/wireghoul/graudit` -``` - -Now, we need to create a symbolic link of Graudit so that we can use it as a command: - - -``` -$ cd ~/bin && mkdir graudit -$ ln --symbolic ~/graudit/graudit ~/bin/graudit -``` - -Add an alias to .bashrc (or the config file for whatever shell you're using): - - -``` -#------ .bashrc ------ - -alias graudit="~/bin/graudit" -``` - -and reload the shell: - - -``` -$ source ~/.bashrc # OR -$ exex $SHELL -``` - -Let's check whether or not we have successfully installed the tool by running this: - - -``` -`$ graudit -h` -``` - -If you get something similar to this, then you're good to go. - -![Graudit terminal screen showing help page][5] - -Fig. 1 Graudit help page - -I'm using one of my existing projects to test the tool. To run the tool, we need to pass the database of the respective language. You'll find the databases under the signatures folder: - - -``` -`$ graudit -d ~/gradit/signatures/js.db` -``` - -I ran this on two JavaScript files from my existing projects, and you can see that it throws the vulnerable code in the console: - -![JavaScript file showing Graudit display of vulnerable code][6] - -![JavaScript file showing Graudit display of vulnerable code][7] - -You can try running this on one of your projects, and they have a long list of [databases][8] included in the project itself for supporting different languages. - -### Graudit pros and cons - -Graudit supports a lot of languages, which makes it a good bet for users on many different systems. It's comparable to other free or paid tools because of its simplicity of use and broad language support. Most importantly, they are under development, and the community supports other users too. - -Though this is a handy tool, you may find it difficult to identify a specific code as "vulnerable." Maybe the developers will include this function in future versions of the tool. But, it is always good to keep an eye on security issues in the code by using tools like this. - -### Conclusion - -In this article, I've only covered one of the many types of security testing—static application security testing. It's easy to start with static code analysis, but that's just the beginning. You can add other types of application security testing in your application development pipeline to enrich your overall security awareness. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/static-code-security-analysis - -作者：[Ari Noman][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/arinoman -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/programming_code_screen_display.jpg?itok=2HMTzqz0 (Code on a screen) -[2]: https://owasp.org/www-community/vulnerabilities/ -[3]: https://github.com/wireghoul/graudit -[4]: https://project-awesome.org/mre/awesome-static-analysis -[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/graudit_1.png (Graudit terminal screen showing help page) -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/graudit_2.png (JavaScript file showing Graudit display of vulnerable code) -[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/graudit_3.png (JavaScript file showing Graudit display of vulnerable code) -[8]: https://github.com/wireghoul/graudit#databases diff --git a/translated/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md b/translated/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..5a93720522 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md @@ -0,0 +1,134 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/static-code-security-analysis) +[#]: author: (Ari Noman https://opensource.com/users/arinoman) + +使用这个命令行工具来查找你代码中的安全漏洞。 +====== +凭借广泛的语言支持，Graudit 可以让你在开发过程中的审计你的代码安全。 +![Code on a screen][1] + +测试是软件开发生命周期 （SDLC） 的重要组成部分，它有几个阶段。今天，我想谈谈如何在代码中发现安全问题。 + +在开发软件的时候，你不能忽视安全问题。这就是为什么有一个术语叫 DevSecOps，他的基本职责是识别和解决应用中的安全漏洞。有一些用于检查 [OWASP漏洞][2] 的开源解决方案，它将通过创建源代码的威胁模型来得出结果。 + + +处理安全问题有不同的方法，如静态应用安全测试 （SAST）、动态应用安全测试 （DAST）、交互式应用安全测试 （IAST）、软件组成分析等。 + +静态应用安全测试在代码层面运行，通过发现已经编写的代码中的错误来分析应用。这种方法不需要运行代码，所以叫静态分析。 + +我将重点介绍静态代码分析，并使用一个开源工具进行实际体验。 + +### 为什么要使用开源工具检查代码安全？ + +选择开源软件、工具和项目作为开发的一部分有很多理由。它不会花费任何金钱，因为你使用的是一个由志趣相投的开发者社区开发的工具，而他们希望帮助其他开发者。如果你有一个小团队或一个初创公司，找到开源软件来检查你的代码安全是很好的。这样可以让你不必单独雇佣一个 DevSecOps 团队，让你的成本降低。 + +好的开源工具总是考虑到灵活性，它们应该能够在任何环境中使用，覆盖尽可能多的情况。这让开发人员更容易将该软件与他们现有的系统连接起来。 + +但是有的时候，你可能需要一个功能，而这个功能在你选择的工具中是不可用的。那么你就可以选择将代码分叉，在其上开发自己的功能，并在系统中使用。 + +因为，大多数时候，开源软件是由一个社区驱动的，开发的速度往往对该工具的用户来说是一个加分项，因为他们会根据用户的反馈、问题或 bug 报告来迭代项目。 + +### 使用 Graudit 来确保你的代码安全 + +有各种开源的静态代码分析工具可供选择，但正如你所知道的，工具分析的是代码本身，这就是为什么没有通用的工具适用于所有的编程语言。但其中一些遵循 OWASP 指南，尽量覆盖更多的语言。 + +在这里，我们将使用 [Graudit][3]，它是一个简单的命令行工具，可以让我们找到代码库中的安全缺陷。它支持不同的语言，但有一个固定的签名集。 + +Graudit 使用的 grep 是 GNU 许可证下的工具，类似的静态代码分析工具还有 Rough Auditing Tool for Security（RATS）、Securitycompass Web Application Analysis Tool（SWAAT）、flawfinder 等。但它的技术要求是最低的，并且非常灵活。不过，你可能还是有 Graudit 无法满足的要求。如果是这样，你可以看看这个[列表][4]的其他的选择。 + +我们可以将这个工具安装在特定的项目下，或者全局命名空间中，或者在特定的用户下，或者任何我们喜欢地方，它很灵活。我们先来克隆一下仓库。 + + +``` +`$ git clone https://github.com/wireghoul/graudit` +``` + +现在，我们需要创建一个 Graudit 的符号链接，以便我们可以将其作为一个命令使用。 + + +``` +$ cd ~/bin && mkdir graudit +$ ln --symbolic ~/graudit/graudit ~/bin/graudit +``` + +在 .bashrc 中添加一个别名(或者你使用的任何 shell 的配置文件)。 + + +``` +#------ .bashrc ------ + +alias graudit="~/bin/graudit" +``` + +重新加载 shell： + + +``` +$ source ~/.bashrc # OR +$ exex $SHELL +``` + +让我们通过运行这个来检查是否成功安装了这个工具。 + + +``` +`$ graudit -h` +``` + +如果你得到类似于这样的结果，那么就可以了。 + +![Graudit terminal screen showing help page][5] + +图 1 Graudit 帮助页面 + +我正在使用我现有的一个项目来测试这个工具。要运行该工具，我们需要传递相应语言的数据库。你会在 signatures 文件夹下找到这些数据库。 + + +``` +`$ graudit -d ~/gradit/signatures/js.db` +``` + +我在现有项目中的两个 JavaScript 文件上运行了它，你可以看到它在控制台中抛出了易受攻击的代码。 + +![JavaScript file showing Graudit display of vulnerable code][6] + +![JavaScript file showing Graudit display of vulnerable code][7] + +你可以尝试在你的一个项目上运行这个，项目本身有一个长长的[数据库][8]列表，用于支持不同的语言。 + +### Graudit 的优点和缺点 + +Graudit 支持很多语言，这使其成为许多不同系统上的用户的理想选择。由于它的使用简单和广泛的语言支持，它可以与其他免费或付费工具相媲美。最重要的是，它们正在开发中，社区也支持其他用户。 + +虽然这是一个方便的工具，但你可能会发现很难将某个特定的代码识别为”易受攻击“。也许开发者会在未来版本的工具中加入这个功能。但是，通过使用这样的工具来关注代码中的安全问题总是好的。 + +### 总结 + +在本文中，我只介绍了众多安全测试类型中的一种：静态应用安全测试。从静态代码分析开始很容易，但这只是一个开始。你可以在你的应用开发流水线中添加其他类型的应用安全测试，以丰富你的整体安全意识。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/static-code-security-analysis + +作者：[Ari Noman][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/arinoman +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/programming_code_screen_display.jpg?itok=2HMTzqz0 (Code on a screen) +[2]: https://owasp.org/www-community/vulnerabilities/ +[3]: https://github.com/wireghoul/graudit +[4]: https://project-awesome.org/mre/awesome-static-analysis +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/graudit_1.png (Graudit terminal screen showing help page) +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/graudit_2.png (JavaScript file showing Graudit display of vulnerable code) +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/graudit_3.png (JavaScript file showing Graudit display of vulnerable code) +[8]: https://github.com/wireghoul/graudit#databases From a33693cc6b6bd97dcd54f1d5f13c3fb788ba9dad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Tue, 1 Sep 2020 08:53:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 122/167] translating --- ...28 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200828 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md b/sources/tech/20200828 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md index 53f7884acc..a549f0b035 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200828 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200828 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 71ce013388fa35728f2cc14287c275956991ac52 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: =?UTF-8?q?=E9=83=91?= Date: Tue, 1 Sep 2020 16:36:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 123/167] Translated MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit 专业术语太多了，可能翻译的不准确 --- ...0813 How to use printf to format output.md | 222 ------------------ ...0813 How to use printf to format output.md | 222 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 222 insertions(+), 222 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md b/sources/tech/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md deleted file mode 100644 index ab8d0f4e60..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,222 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (robsean) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (How to use printf to format output) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/printf) -[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) - -How to use printf to format output -====== -Get to know printf, a mysterious, flexible, and feature-rich alternative -to echo, print, and cout. -![Person drinking a hot drink at the computer][1] - -When I started learning Unix, I was introduced to the `echo` command pretty early in the process. Likewise, my initial [Python][2] lesson involved the `print` function. Picking up C++ and [Java][2] introduced me to `cout` and `systemout`. It seemed every language proudly had a convenient one-line method of producing output and advertised it like it was going out of style. - -But once I turned the first page of intermediate lessons, I met `printf`, a cryptic, mysterious, and surprisingly flexible function. In going against the puzzling tradition of hiding `printf` from beginners, this article aims to introduce to the world the humble `printf` function and explain how it can be used in nearly any language. - -### A brief history of printf - -The term `printf` stands for "print formatted" and may have first appeared in the [Algol 68][3] programming language. Since its inclusion in C, `printf` has been reimplemented in C++, Java, Bash, PHP, and quite probably in whatever your favorite (post-C) language happens to be. - -It's clearly popular, and yet many people seem to regard its syntax to be complex, especially compared to alternatives such as `echo` or `print` or `cout`. For example, here's a simple echo statement in Bash: - - -``` -$ echo hello -hello -$ -``` - -Here's the same result using `printf` in Bash: - - -``` -$ printf "%s\n" hello -hello -$ -``` - -But you get a lot of features for that added complexity, and that's exactly why `printf` is well worth learning. - -### printf output - -The main concept behind `printf` is its ability to format its output based on style information _separate_ from the content. For instance, there is a collection of special sequences that `printf` recognizes as special characters. Your favorite language may have greater or fewer sequences, but common ones include: - - * `\n`: New line - * `\r`: Carriage return - * `\t`: Horizontal tab - * `\NNN`: A specific byte with an octal value containing one to three digits - - - -For example: - - -``` -$ printf "\t\123\105\124\110\n" -     SETH -$ -``` - -In this Bash example, `printf` renders a tab character followed by the ASCII characters assigned to a string of four octal values. This is terminated with the control sequence to produce a new line (`\n`). - -Attempting the same thing with `echo` produces something a little more literal: - - -``` -$ printf "\t\123\105\124\110\n" -\t\123\105\124\110\n -$ -``` - -Using Python's `print` function for the same task reveals there's more to Python's `print` command than you might expect: - - -``` ->>> print("\t\123\n") -        S - ->>> -``` - -Obviously, Python's `print` incorporates traditional `printf` features as well as the features of a simple `echo` or `cout`. - -These examples contain nothing more than literal characters, though, and while they're useful in some situations, they're probably the least significant thing about `printf`. The true power of `printf` lies in format specification. - -### Format output with printf - -Format specifiers are characters preceded by a percent sign (`%`). -Common ones include: - - * `%s`: String - * `%d`: Digit - * `%f`: Floating-point number - * `%o`: A number in octal - - - -These are placeholders in a `printf` statement, which you can replace with a value you provide somewhere else in your `printf` statement. Where these values are provided depends on the language you're using and its syntax, but here's a simple example in Java: - - -``` -string var="hello\n"; -system.out.printf("%s", var); -``` - -This, wrapped in appropriate boilerplate code and executed, renders: - - -``` -$ ./example -hello -$ -``` - -It gets even more interesting, though, when the content of a variable changes. Suppose you want to update your output based on an ever-increasing number: - - -``` -#include <stdio.h> - -int main() { -  int var=0; -  while ( var < 100) { -    var++; -  printf("Processing is %d% finished.\n", var); -  } -  return 0; -} -``` - -Compiled and run: - - -``` -Processing is 1% finished. -[...] -Processing is 100% finished. -``` - -Notice that the double `%` in the code resolves to a single printed `%` symbol. - -### Limiting decimal places with printf - -Numbers can get complex, and `printf` offers many formatting options. You can limit how many decimal places are printed using the `%f` for floating-point numbers. By placing a dot (`.`) along with a limiter number between the percent sign and the `f`, you tell `printf` how many decimals to render. Here's a simple example written in Bash for brevity: - - -``` -$ printf "%.2f\n" 3.141519 -3.14 -$ -``` - -Similar syntax applies to other languages. Here's an example in C: - - -``` -#include <math.h> -#include <stdio.h> - -int main() { -  [fprintf][4](stdout, "%.2f\n", 4 * [atan][5](1.0)); -  return 0; -} -``` - -For three decimal places, use `.3f`, and so on. - -### Adding commas to a number with printf - -Since big numbers can be difficult to parse, it's common to break them up with a comma. You can have `printf` add commas as needed by placing an apostrophe (`'`) between the percent sign and the `d`: - - -``` -$ printf "%'d\n" 1024 -1,024 -$ printf "%'d\n" 1024601 -1,024,601 -$ -``` - -### Add leading zeros with printf - -Another common use for `printf` is to impose a specific format upon numbers in file names. For instance, if you have 10 sequential files on a computer, the computer may sort `10.jpg` before `1.jpg`, which is probably not your intent. When writing to a file programmatically, you can use `printf` to form the file name with leading zero characters. Here's an example in Bash for brevity: - - -``` -$ printf "%03d.jpg\n" {1..10} -001.jpg -002.jpg -[...] -010.jpg -``` - -Notice that a maximum of 3 places are used in each number. - -### Using printf - -As you can tell from these `printf` examples, including control characters, especially `\n`, can be tedious, and the syntax is relatively complex. This is the reason shortcuts like `echo` and `cout` were developed. However, if you use `printf` every now and again, you'll get used to the syntax, and it will become second nature. I don't see any reason `printf` should be your _first_ choice for printing statements during everyday activities, but it's a great tool to be comfortable enough with that it won't slow you down when you need it. - -Take some time to learn `printf` in your language of choice, and use it when you need it. It's a powerful tool you won't regret having at your fingertips. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/printf - -作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/coffee_tea_laptop_computer_work_desk.png?itok=D5yMx_Dr (Person drinking a hot drink at the computer) -[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/python -[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/algol68 -[4]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fprintf.html -[5]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/atan.html diff --git a/translated/tech/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md b/translated/tech/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7d9344db8a --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md @@ -0,0 +1,222 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (robsean) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (How to use printf to format output) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/printf) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) + +如何使用 printf 来格式化输出 +====== +开始了解 printf ，一个神秘的，灵活的，和功能丰满的可替换 echo， print，和 cout 的函数。 + +![在计算机前喝热饮料][1] + +当我开始学习 Unix 时，在很早的过程中，我就被介绍尝试 `echo` 命令。同样在很早的过程中，我最初的 [Python][2] 课程介绍 `print` 函数。拾起 C++ 和 [Java][2] 介绍给我的 `cout` 和 `systemout`。似乎每种语言都很自豪地有一个简单的一行产生输出的方法，并且被宣告这种方法的样式过时了。 + +但是在我翻开中级教程的第一页后，我遇到了 `printf`，一个晦涩难懂的，诡秘的，和出奇灵活的函数。违背了向初学者隐藏 `printf` 这个令人迷惑的传统，这篇文章旨在介绍不起眼的 `printf` 函数，并解释如何在近乎任意语言中使用它。 + +### printf 简史 + +术语 `printf` 代表 "格式化输出"，可能在 [Algol 68][3] 编程语言中首次出现。自从它包含在 C 中，`printf` 已经在 C++，Java，Bash，PHP 中被重新实施，并且很可能在发生在你最喜欢的 ( C 衍生) 语言中。 + +它显然是很受欢迎，并且还有很多人认为它的语法很复杂，尤其是与 `echo` 或 `print` 或 `cout` 等可替代函数相比尤为明显。例如，在 Bash 中有一个简单的 echo 语句： + + +``` +$ echo hello +hello +$ +``` + +在 Bash 中使用 `printf` 有相同的结果: + + +``` +$ printf "%s\n" hello +hello +$ +``` + +但是所增加的复杂性反而让你拥有很多功能，这是为什么 `printf` 值得学习的确切原因。 + +### printf 输出 + +在 `printf` 背后的主要概念是：它能够基于来自内容的 _单独的_ 样式信息来格式化输出。例如，这里是 `printf` 认可的作为特殊字符的排列顺序的收藏品。你最喜欢的语言可能有更多一些或更少一些排列顺序，但是通常包含： + + * `\n`: 新行 + * `\r`: 换行 + * `\t`: 水平制表符 + * `\NNN`: 一个使用八进制值的包含一个到三个数字的特殊字节 + + + +例如： + + +``` +$ printf "\t\123\105\124\110\n" +     SETH +$ +``` + +在这个 Bash 示例中， `printf` 在 ASCII 分配到四个八进制值的字符串的字符后渲染一个制表符。使用控制排列顺序来中止行，并生成一个新行 (`\n`) 。 + +使用 `echo` 来尝试相同的东西来生成一点儿完完全全的东西: + + +``` +$ printf "\t\123\105\124\110\n" +\t\123\105\124\110\n +$ +``` + +对于相同是任务，使用 Python 的 `print` 函数，你会发现 Python 的 `print` 命令有你可以期待的更多的东西: + + +``` +>>> print("\t\123\n") +        S + +>>> +``` + +显然，Python 的 `print` 包含传统的 `printf` 功能以及简单的 `echo` 或 `cout` 的功能。 + +不过，这些示例只包括字面意义上的字符，虽然在一些情况下它们也很有用，它们可能是 `printf` 最不重要的部分。`printf` 的真正的威力在于格式化规范。 + +### 使用 printf 格式化输出 + +格式化说明符是以一个百分号(`%`)开头的字符。 +常见的格式化说明符包括: + + * `%s`: 字符串 + * `%d`: 数字 + * `%f`: 浮点数字 + * `%o`: 一个八进制的数字 + + + +这些格式化说明符在一个 `printf` 语句中是占位符，在你的`printf`语句中，你可以使用一个你在其它地方中提供的值来替换。但是这些提供的值取决于你正在使用的语言及其语法，这里是一个简单的 Java 示例: + + +``` +string var="hello\n"; +system.out.printf("%s", var); +``` + +这个包裹在适当的样板文件中的代码，在执行后，将呈现: + + +``` +$ ./example +hello +$ +``` + +但是，当一个变量的内容更改时，它将会更加有趣。假设你想更新基于不断增加数字的输出: + + +``` +#include + +int main() { +  int var=0; +  while ( var < 100) { +    var++; +  printf("Processing is %d% finished.\n", var); +  } +  return 0; +} +``` + +编译和运行: + + +``` +Processing is 1% finished. +[...] +Processing is 100% finished. +``` + +注意，在代码中的两个 `%` 分解为一个打印的 `%` 符号。 + +### 使用 printf 限制小数位数 + +数字可能会变得复杂，`printf` 提供很多格式化选项。你可以对浮点数使用 `%f` 限制打印出多少个小数位。通过把一个点 (`.`)和一个限制的数放置在百分符号和 `f` 之间, 你将告诉 `printf` 渲染多少位小数。这是一个简单的用 Bash 写的简练示例 : + + +``` +$ printf "%.2f\n" 3.141519 +3.14 +$ +``` + +类似的语法也适用于其它的语言。这里是一个 C 语言的示例: + + +``` +#include +#include + +int main() { +  fprintf(stdout, "%.2f\n", 4 * atan(1.0)); +  return 0; +} +``` + +对于三位小数，使用 `.3f` ，依次类推。 + +### 使用 printf 来在数字上添加逗号 + +因为位数大的数字很难分解，所以通常使用一个逗号来断开大的数字。你可以根据需要在由 `printf` 组成的百分号和`d` 之间放置一个撇号(`'`) : + + +``` +$ printf "%'d\n" 1024 +1,024 +$ printf "%'d\n" 1024601 +1,024,601 +$ +``` + +### 使用 printf 来添加前缀零 + +Another common use for `printf` 的另一个常用的用法是对文件名称中的数字强制实行一种特定的格式。例如，如果你在一台计算机上有 10 个按顺序排列的文件，该计算机可能会把 `10.jpg` 排在before `1.jpg` 之前，这可能不是你的本意。当你以编程的方式写一个到文件时，你可以使用 `printf` 来用前缀为0的字符来构成文件名称。这是一个简单的用 Bash 写的简练示例： + + +``` +$ printf "%03d.jpg\n" {1..10} +001.jpg +002.jpg +[...] +010.jpg +``` + +注意：每个数字最多使用 3 位数字。 + +### 使用 printf + +正如这些 `printf` 示例所显示，包括控制字符，尤其是 `\n` ，可能会冗长，并且语法是相当地复杂。这就是为什么开发像 `echo` 和 `cout` 之类的快捷方式的原因。不过，如果你是不是地使用 `printf` ，你将会习惯于语法，并且它也将变成你的后天本性。，我看不出任何理由让 `printf` 成为你在日常活动中打印时的 _第一_ 选择，但是它是一个极好的工具来让你足够舒适，当你需要它时，将不会让你降低速度。 + +花一些时间学习你所选择语言中的 `printf` ，并且当你需要它时就使用它。它是一个强有力的你不会忘记的随时可用的工具。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/printf + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/coffee_tea_laptop_computer_work_desk.png?itok=D5yMx_Dr (Person drinking a hot drink at the computer) +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/python +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/algol68 +[4]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/fprintf.html +[5]: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/atan.html From 96a1ca78ae1544827e0d9e98839160e56ca5b3f7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 1 Sep 2020 17:23:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 124/167] TSL&PRF --- ...3 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md b/translated/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md rename to translated/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md From f3cbd01777f041509398a3eafaac28e3ce78f89b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 1 Sep 2020 21:24:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 125/167] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-12572-1.html --- ...ntation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md | 16 ++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md (91%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md b/published/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md similarity index 91% rename from translated/tech/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md rename to published/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md index af95cd5ecb..5c67a47e64 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md +++ b/published/20200728 How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12572-1.html) [#]: subject: (How to create a documentation site with Docsify and GitHub Pages) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/7/docsify-github-pages) [#]: author: (Bryant Son https://opensource.com/users/brson) @@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ > 使用 Docsify 创建文档网页并发布到 GitHub Pages 上。 -![Digital creative of a browser on the internet][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202009/01/211718hws6rvvziks2zrkc.jpg) 文档是帮助用户使用开源项目一个重要部分，但它并不总是开发人员的首要任务，因为他们可能更关注的是使他们的应用程序更好，而不是帮助人们使用它。对开发者来说，这就是为什么让发布文档变得更容易是如此有价值的原因。在本教程中，我将向你展示一个这样做的方式：将 [Docsify][2] 文档生成器与 [GitHub Pages][3] 结合起来。  @@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ 默认情况下，GitHub Pages 会提示用户使用 [Jekyll][4]，这是一个支持 HTML、CSS 和其它网页技术的静态网站生成器。Jekyll 可以从以 Markdown 格式编码的文档文件中生成一个静态网站，GitHub 会自动识别它们的 `.md` 或 `.markdown` 扩展名。虽然这种设置很好，但我想尝试一下其他的东西。 -幸运的是，GitHub Pages 支持 HTML 文件，这意味着你可以使用其他网站生成工具（比如 Docsify）在这个平台上创建一个网站。Docsify 是一个采用 MIT 许可证的开源项目，其具有可以让你在 GitHub Pages 上轻松创建一个有吸引力的先进的文档网站的[功能][5]。 +幸运的是，GitHub Pages 支持 HTML 文件，这意味着你可以使用其他网站生成工具（比如 Docsify）在这个平台上创建一个网站。Docsify 是一个采用 MIT 许可证的开源项目，其具有可以让你在 GitHub Pages 上轻松创建一个有吸引力的、先进的文档网站的[功能][5]。 ![Docsify][6] @@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ git clone https://github.com/bryantson/OpensourceDotComDemos 然后 `cd` 进入 `DocsifyDemo` 目录。 -我将在下面为你介绍克隆自我的示例存储库中的代码，这样你就可以理解如何修改 Docsify。如果你愿意，你可以从头开始创建一个新的 `index.html` 文件，就像 Docsify 文档中的的[示例][11]一样： +我将在下面为你介绍这些代码，它们克隆自我的示例存储库中，这样你就可以理解如何修改 Docsify。如果你愿意，你也可以从头开始创建一个新的 `index.html` 文件，就像 Docsify 文档中的的[示例][11]一样： ``` @@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ git clone https://github.com/bryantson/OpensourceDotComDemos `index.html` | 主要的 Docsify 初始化文件，也是最重要的文件 `_sidebar.md` | 生成导航 `README.md` | 你的文档根目录下的默认 Markdown 文件 -`images` | 包含 `README.md` 中的示例 .jpg 图片 +`images` | 包含了 `README.md` 中的示例 .jpg 图片 其它目录和文件 | 包含可导航的 Markdown 文件 `index.html` 是 Docsify 可以工作的唯一要求。打开该文件，你可以查看其内容： @@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ git clone https://github.com/bryantson/OpensourceDotComDemos ``` -这些行使用内容交付网络（CDN）URL 来提供 CSS 和 JavaScript 脚本，以将网站转化为 Docsify 网站。只要你包含这些行，你就可以把你的普通 GitHub 页面变成 Docsify 页面。 +这些行使用内容交付网络（CDN）的 URL 来提供 CSS 和 JavaScript 脚本，以将网站转化为 Docsify 网站。只要你包含这些行，你就可以把你的普通 GitHub 页面变成 Docsify 页面。 `` 标签后的第一行指定了要渲染的内容： @@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ Docsify 使用[单页应用][21]（SPA）的方式来渲染请求的页面，而 * [Contact](./contact/index) ``` -这会使用 Markdown 的链接格式来创建导航。请注意 Tomcat、Cloud 和 Java 链接是缩进的；这导致它们被渲染为父链接下的子链接。 +这会使用 Markdown 的链接格式来创建导航。请注意 “Tomcat”、“Cloud” 和 “Java” 等链接是缩进的；这意味着它们被渲染为父链接下的子链接。 像 `README.md` 和 `images` 这样的文件与存储库的结构有关，但所有其它 Markdown 文件都与你的 Docsify 网页有关。 From 6dfd5736f0b01af61cfd84f79ff7819d3f79c387 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Tue, 1 Sep 2020 21:27:34 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 126/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E5=BD=92=E6=A1=A3=20202008?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- .../20190222 Developer happiness- What you need to know.md | 0 ...29 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md | 0 ...20 How to use OpenSSL- Hashes, digital signatures, and more.md | 0 ...ong the High CPU-Memory Consumption Processes Runs on Linux.md | 0 ...Share data between C and Python with this messaging library.md | 0 ...0200331 How failure-driven development makes you successful.md | 0 .../{ => 202008}/20200519 24 Linux desktops you need to try.md | 0 ...200521 Easy DNS configuration with PowerDNS for nameservers.md | 0 ...0200526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md | 0 .../20200603 Code your hardware using this open source RTOS.md | 0 .../20200610 Concise data plotting in Python with Altair.md | 0 ... forget your password with this Python encryption algorithm.md | 0 .../20200612 3 reasons to contribute to open source now.md | 0 ...Merge, Split, Rotate With Free and Open Source PDF Mix Tool.md | 0 ...encing Solution That is Also Free to Use Without Any Set Up.md | 0 published/{ => 202008}/20200706 Set up Vim as your Rust IDE.md | 0 published/{ => 202008}/20200710 Use DNS over TLS.md | 0 ...13 4 Mac terminal customizations even a curmudgeon can love.md | 0 ...An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md | 0 .../20200716 Summarizing your command usage on Linux.md | 0 published/{ => 202008}/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md | 0 ...200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md | 0 .../20200717 How to configure an SSH proxy server with Squid.md | 0 ...0200720 Balloon-powered internet service goes live in Kenya.md | 0 ...nsense, Simple Video Trimming Application for Linux Desktop.md | 0 ...2 The feature that makes D my favorite programming language.md | 0 ...- 13 Raspberry Pi Zero Alternatives That Cost Less Than -20.md | 0 .../{ => 202008}/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md | 0 ...727 Analyze your web server log files with this Python tool.md | 0 ...728 BigBlueButton- Open Source Software for Online Teaching.md | 0 .../{ => 202008}/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md | 0 .../20200729 Bypass your Linux firewall with SSH over HTTP.md | 0 .../{ => 202008}/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md | 0 ...of Handbrake on Ubuntu-based Linux Distributions -Quick Tip.md | 0 ...o vs Arch Linux- What-s the Difference- Which one is Better.md | 0 .../20200802 Why making mistakes makes me a better sysadmin.md | 0 .../20200803 Do math in the Linux shell with GNU bc.md | 0 .../20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md | 0 ...How to Install Itch on Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md | 0 ...osoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md | 0 .../{ => 202008}/20200807 install Fedora on a Raspberry Pi 3.md | 0 .../20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md | 0 ... Pinta Sees New Release After 5 Years. Here-s How to Get it.md | 0 .../{ => 202008}/20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md | 0 published/{ => 202008}/20200811 Don-t ignore .gitignore.md | 0 ...flare- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md | 0 ...s code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md | 0 ...e test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md | 0 published/{ => 202008}/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md | 0 .../20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md | 0 ...o Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md | 0 published/{ => 202008}/20200821 Being open to open values.md | 0 .../20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md | 0 ...n Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md | 0 ...nces - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md | 0 55 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename published/{ => 202008}/20190222 Developer happiness- What you need to know.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20190620 How to use OpenSSL- Hashes, digital signatures, and more.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200107 Bash Script to Check How Long the High CPU-Memory Consumption Processes Runs on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200318 Share data between C and Python with this messaging library.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200331 How failure-driven development makes you successful.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200519 24 Linux desktops you need to try.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200521 Easy DNS configuration with PowerDNS for nameservers.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200603 Code your hardware using this open source RTOS.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200610 Concise data plotting in Python with Altair.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200611 Never forget your password with this Python encryption algorithm.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200612 3 reasons to contribute to open source now.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200616 Perform Common PDF Editing Tasks Like Merge, Split, Rotate With Free and Open Source PDF Mix Tool.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200623 Jitsi Meet- A Free - Open Source Video Conferencing Solution That is Also Free to Use Without Any Set Up.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200706 Set up Vim as your Rust IDE.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200710 Use DNS over TLS.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200713 4 Mac terminal customizations even a curmudgeon can love.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200716 Summarizing your command usage on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200717 How to configure an SSH proxy server with Squid.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200720 Balloon-powered internet service goes live in Kenya.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200721 Video Trimmer- A No-nonsense, Simple Video Trimming Application for Linux Desktop.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200722 The feature that makes D my favorite programming language.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200722 Tiny Yet Useful- 13 Raspberry Pi Zero Alternatives That Cost Less Than -20.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200727 Analyze your web server log files with this Python tool.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200728 BigBlueButton- Open Source Software for Online Teaching.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200729 Bypass your Linux firewall with SSH over HTTP.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200801 How to Install the Latest Version of Handbrake on Ubuntu-based Linux Distributions -Quick Tip.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200802 Manjaro vs Arch Linux- What-s the Difference- Which one is Better.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200802 Why making mistakes makes me a better sysadmin.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200803 Do math in the Linux shell with GNU bc.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200805 How to Install Itch on Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200807 install Fedora on a Raspberry Pi 3.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200809 Open Source Drawing App Pinta Sees New Release After 5 Years. Here-s How to Get it.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200811 Don-t ignore .gitignore.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200811 Photoflare- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200814 Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200821 Being open to open values.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md (100%) rename published/{ => 202008}/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md (100%) diff --git a/published/20190222 Developer happiness- What you need to know.md b/published/202008/20190222 Developer happiness- What you need to know.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190222 Developer happiness- What you need to know.md rename to published/202008/20190222 Developer happiness- What you need to know.md diff --git a/published/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md b/published/202008/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md rename to published/202008/20190329 9 open source tools for building a fault-tolerant system.md diff --git a/published/20190620 How to use OpenSSL- Hashes, digital signatures, and more.md b/published/202008/20190620 How to use OpenSSL- Hashes, digital signatures, and more.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20190620 How to use OpenSSL- Hashes, digital signatures, and more.md rename to published/202008/20190620 How to use OpenSSL- Hashes, digital signatures, and more.md diff --git a/published/20200107 Bash Script to Check How Long the High CPU-Memory Consumption Processes Runs on Linux.md b/published/202008/20200107 Bash Script to Check How Long the High CPU-Memory Consumption Processes Runs on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200107 Bash Script to Check How Long the High CPU-Memory Consumption Processes Runs on Linux.md rename to published/202008/20200107 Bash Script to Check How Long the High CPU-Memory Consumption Processes Runs on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20200318 Share data between C and Python with this messaging library.md b/published/202008/20200318 Share data between C and Python with this messaging library.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200318 Share data between C and Python with this messaging library.md rename to published/202008/20200318 Share data between C and Python with this messaging library.md diff --git a/published/20200331 How failure-driven development makes you successful.md b/published/202008/20200331 How failure-driven development makes you successful.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200331 How failure-driven development makes you successful.md rename to published/202008/20200331 How failure-driven development makes you successful.md diff --git a/published/20200519 24 Linux desktops you need to try.md b/published/202008/20200519 24 Linux desktops you need to try.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200519 24 Linux desktops you need to try.md rename to published/202008/20200519 24 Linux desktops you need to try.md diff --git a/published/20200521 Easy DNS configuration with PowerDNS for nameservers.md b/published/202008/20200521 Easy DNS configuration with PowerDNS for nameservers.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200521 Easy DNS configuration with PowerDNS for nameservers.md rename to published/202008/20200521 Easy DNS configuration with PowerDNS for nameservers.md diff --git a/published/20200526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md b/published/202008/20200526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md rename to published/202008/20200526 FreeFileSync- Open Source File Synchronization Tool.md diff --git a/published/20200603 Code your hardware using this open source RTOS.md b/published/202008/20200603 Code your hardware using this open source RTOS.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200603 Code your hardware using this open source RTOS.md rename to published/202008/20200603 Code your hardware using this open source RTOS.md diff --git a/published/20200610 Concise data plotting in Python with Altair.md b/published/202008/20200610 Concise data plotting in Python with Altair.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200610 Concise data plotting in Python with Altair.md rename to published/202008/20200610 Concise data plotting in Python with Altair.md diff --git a/published/20200611 Never forget your password with this Python encryption algorithm.md b/published/202008/20200611 Never forget your password with this Python encryption algorithm.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200611 Never forget your password with this Python encryption algorithm.md rename to published/202008/20200611 Never forget your password with this Python encryption algorithm.md diff --git a/published/20200612 3 reasons to contribute to open source now.md b/published/202008/20200612 3 reasons to contribute to open source now.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200612 3 reasons to contribute to open source now.md rename to published/202008/20200612 3 reasons to contribute to open source now.md diff --git a/published/20200616 Perform Common PDF Editing Tasks Like Merge, Split, Rotate With Free and Open Source PDF Mix Tool.md b/published/202008/20200616 Perform Common PDF Editing Tasks Like Merge, Split, Rotate With Free and Open Source PDF Mix Tool.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200616 Perform Common PDF Editing Tasks Like Merge, Split, Rotate With Free and Open Source PDF Mix Tool.md rename to published/202008/20200616 Perform Common PDF Editing Tasks Like Merge, Split, Rotate With Free and Open Source PDF Mix Tool.md diff --git a/published/20200623 Jitsi Meet- A Free - Open Source Video Conferencing Solution That is Also Free to Use Without Any Set Up.md b/published/202008/20200623 Jitsi Meet- A Free - Open Source Video Conferencing Solution That is Also Free to Use Without Any Set Up.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200623 Jitsi Meet- A Free - Open Source Video Conferencing Solution That is Also Free to Use Without Any Set Up.md rename to published/202008/20200623 Jitsi Meet- A Free - Open Source Video Conferencing Solution That is Also Free to Use Without Any Set Up.md diff --git a/published/20200706 Set up Vim as your Rust IDE.md b/published/202008/20200706 Set up Vim as your Rust IDE.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200706 Set up Vim as your Rust IDE.md rename to published/202008/20200706 Set up Vim as your Rust IDE.md diff --git a/published/20200710 Use DNS over TLS.md b/published/202008/20200710 Use DNS over TLS.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200710 Use DNS over TLS.md rename to published/202008/20200710 Use DNS over TLS.md diff --git a/published/20200713 4 Mac terminal customizations even a curmudgeon can love.md b/published/202008/20200713 4 Mac terminal customizations even a curmudgeon can love.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200713 4 Mac terminal customizations even a curmudgeon can love.md rename to published/202008/20200713 4 Mac terminal customizations even a curmudgeon can love.md diff --git a/published/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md b/published/202008/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md rename to published/202008/20200715 An example of very lightweight RESTful web services in Java.md diff --git a/published/20200716 Summarizing your command usage on Linux.md b/published/202008/20200716 Summarizing your command usage on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200716 Summarizing your command usage on Linux.md rename to published/202008/20200716 Summarizing your command usage on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md b/published/202008/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md rename to published/202008/20200717 Debug Linux using ProcDump.md diff --git a/published/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md b/published/202008/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md rename to published/202008/20200717 Decentralized Messaging App Riot Rebrands to Element.md diff --git a/published/20200717 How to configure an SSH proxy server with Squid.md b/published/202008/20200717 How to configure an SSH proxy server with Squid.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200717 How to configure an SSH proxy server with Squid.md rename to published/202008/20200717 How to configure an SSH proxy server with Squid.md diff --git a/published/20200720 Balloon-powered internet service goes live in Kenya.md b/published/202008/20200720 Balloon-powered internet service goes live in Kenya.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200720 Balloon-powered internet service goes live in Kenya.md rename to published/202008/20200720 Balloon-powered internet service goes live in Kenya.md diff --git a/published/20200721 Video Trimmer- A No-nonsense, Simple Video Trimming Application for Linux Desktop.md b/published/202008/20200721 Video Trimmer- A No-nonsense, Simple Video Trimming Application for Linux Desktop.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200721 Video Trimmer- A No-nonsense, Simple Video Trimming Application for Linux Desktop.md rename to published/202008/20200721 Video Trimmer- A No-nonsense, Simple Video Trimming Application for Linux Desktop.md diff --git a/published/20200722 The feature that makes D my favorite programming language.md b/published/202008/20200722 The feature that makes D my favorite programming language.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200722 The feature that makes D my favorite programming language.md rename to published/202008/20200722 The feature that makes D my favorite programming language.md diff --git a/published/20200722 Tiny Yet Useful- 13 Raspberry Pi Zero Alternatives That Cost Less Than -20.md b/published/202008/20200722 Tiny Yet Useful- 13 Raspberry Pi Zero Alternatives That Cost Less Than -20.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200722 Tiny Yet Useful- 13 Raspberry Pi Zero Alternatives That Cost Less Than -20.md rename to published/202008/20200722 Tiny Yet Useful- 13 Raspberry Pi Zero Alternatives That Cost Less Than -20.md diff --git a/published/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md b/published/202008/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md rename to published/202008/20200727 5 open source IDE tools for Java.md diff --git a/published/20200727 Analyze your web server log files with this Python tool.md b/published/202008/20200727 Analyze your web server log files with this Python tool.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200727 Analyze your web server log files with this Python tool.md rename to published/202008/20200727 Analyze your web server log files with this Python tool.md diff --git a/published/20200728 BigBlueButton- Open Source Software for Online Teaching.md b/published/202008/20200728 BigBlueButton- Open Source Software for Online Teaching.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200728 BigBlueButton- Open Source Software for Online Teaching.md rename to published/202008/20200728 BigBlueButton- Open Source Software for Online Teaching.md diff --git a/published/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md b/published/202008/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md rename to published/202008/20200728 Digging for DNS answers on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20200729 Bypass your Linux firewall with SSH over HTTP.md b/published/202008/20200729 Bypass your Linux firewall with SSH over HTTP.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200729 Bypass your Linux firewall with SSH over HTTP.md rename to published/202008/20200729 Bypass your Linux firewall with SSH over HTTP.md diff --git a/published/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md b/published/202008/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md rename to published/202008/20200730 10 cheat sheets for Linux sysadmins.md diff --git a/published/20200801 How to Install the Latest Version of Handbrake on Ubuntu-based Linux Distributions -Quick Tip.md b/published/202008/20200801 How to Install the Latest Version of Handbrake on Ubuntu-based Linux Distributions -Quick Tip.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200801 How to Install the Latest Version of Handbrake on Ubuntu-based Linux Distributions -Quick Tip.md rename to published/202008/20200801 How to Install the Latest Version of Handbrake on Ubuntu-based Linux Distributions -Quick Tip.md diff --git a/published/20200802 Manjaro vs Arch Linux- What-s the Difference- Which one is Better.md b/published/202008/20200802 Manjaro vs Arch Linux- What-s the Difference- Which one is Better.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200802 Manjaro vs Arch Linux- What-s the Difference- Which one is Better.md rename to published/202008/20200802 Manjaro vs Arch Linux- What-s the Difference- Which one is Better.md diff --git a/published/20200802 Why making mistakes makes me a better sysadmin.md b/published/202008/20200802 Why making mistakes makes me a better sysadmin.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200802 Why making mistakes makes me a better sysadmin.md rename to published/202008/20200802 Why making mistakes makes me a better sysadmin.md diff --git a/published/20200803 Do math in the Linux shell with GNU bc.md b/published/202008/20200803 Do math in the Linux shell with GNU bc.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200803 Do math in the Linux shell with GNU bc.md rename to published/202008/20200803 Do math in the Linux shell with GNU bc.md diff --git a/published/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md b/published/202008/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md rename to published/202008/20200804 Creating and debugging Linux dump files.md diff --git a/published/20200805 How to Install Itch on Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md b/published/202008/20200805 How to Install Itch on Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200805 How to Install Itch on Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md rename to published/202008/20200805 How to Install Itch on Ubuntu and Other Linux Distributions.md diff --git a/published/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md b/published/202008/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md rename to published/202008/20200807 Microsoft uses AI to boost its reuse, recycling of server parts.md diff --git a/published/20200807 install Fedora on a Raspberry Pi 3.md b/published/202008/20200807 install Fedora on a Raspberry Pi 3.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200807 install Fedora on a Raspberry Pi 3.md rename to published/202008/20200807 install Fedora on a Raspberry Pi 3.md diff --git a/published/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md b/published/202008/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md rename to published/202008/20200808 An attempt to make a font look more handwritten.md diff --git a/published/20200809 Open Source Drawing App Pinta Sees New Release After 5 Years. Here-s How to Get it.md b/published/202008/20200809 Open Source Drawing App Pinta Sees New Release After 5 Years. Here-s How to Get it.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200809 Open Source Drawing App Pinta Sees New Release After 5 Years. Here-s How to Get it.md rename to published/202008/20200809 Open Source Drawing App Pinta Sees New Release After 5 Years. Here-s How to Get it.md diff --git a/published/20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md b/published/202008/20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md rename to published/202008/20200810 Merging and sorting files on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20200811 Don-t ignore .gitignore.md b/published/202008/20200811 Don-t ignore .gitignore.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200811 Don-t ignore .gitignore.md rename to published/202008/20200811 Don-t ignore .gitignore.md diff --git a/published/20200811 Photoflare- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md b/published/202008/20200811 Photoflare- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200811 Photoflare- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md rename to published/202008/20200811 Photoflare- An Open Source Image Editor for Simple Editing Needs.md diff --git a/published/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md b/published/202008/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md rename to published/202008/20200813 AI system analyzes code similarities, makes progress toward automated coding.md diff --git a/published/20200814 Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md b/published/202008/20200814 Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200814 Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md rename to published/202008/20200814 Come test a new release of pipenv, the Python development tool.md diff --git a/published/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md b/published/202008/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md rename to published/202008/20200817 Use GNU on Windows with MinGW.md diff --git a/published/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md b/published/202008/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md rename to published/202008/20200818 IBM details next-gen POWER10 processor.md diff --git a/published/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md b/published/202008/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md rename to published/202008/20200819 How to Convert Text Files between Unix and DOS (Windows) Formats.md diff --git a/published/20200821 Being open to open values.md b/published/202008/20200821 Being open to open values.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200821 Being open to open values.md rename to published/202008/20200821 Being open to open values.md diff --git a/published/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md b/published/202008/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md rename to published/202008/20200825 11 ways to list and sort files on Linux.md diff --git a/published/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md b/published/202008/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md rename to published/202008/20200825 OnionShare- An Open-Source Tool to Share Files Securely Over Tor Network.md diff --git a/published/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md b/published/202008/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md similarity index 100% rename from published/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md rename to published/202008/20200826 Glances - A Versatile System Monitoring Tool for Linux Systems.md From c87f363e9276be12b5aec7bd26d9d344366c8a3e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 2 Sep 2020 00:11:43 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 127/167] PRF MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @robsean 这篇不够用心，希望下次翻译后，自己通读几遍，会有改善。 --- ...0813 How to use printf to format output.md | 79 ++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+), 47 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md b/translated/tech/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md index 7d9344db8a..73b3e2b2c7 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (robsean) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (How to use printf to format output) @@ -9,20 +9,20 @@ 如何使用 printf 来格式化输出 ====== -开始了解 printf ，一个神秘的，灵活的，和功能丰满的可替换 echo， print，和 cout 的函数。 -![在计算机前喝热饮料][1] +> 来了解一下 printf ，一个神秘的、灵活的和功能丰富的函数，可以替换 echo、print 和 cout。 -当我开始学习 Unix 时，在很早的过程中，我就被介绍尝试 `echo` 命令。同样在很早的过程中，我最初的 [Python][2] 课程介绍 `print` 函数。拾起 C++ 和 [Java][2] 介绍给我的 `cout` 和 `systemout`。似乎每种语言都很自豪地有一个简单的一行产生输出的方法，并且被宣告这种方法的样式过时了。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202009/02/001109wp3xdtr27xop25e7.jpg) -但是在我翻开中级教程的第一页后，我遇到了 `printf`，一个晦涩难懂的，诡秘的，和出奇灵活的函数。违背了向初学者隐藏 `printf` 这个令人迷惑的传统，这篇文章旨在介绍不起眼的 `printf` 函数，并解释如何在近乎任意语言中使用它。 +当我开始学习 Unix 时，我很早就接触到了 `echo` 命令。同样，我最初的 [Python][2] 课程也涉及到了 `print` 函数。再想起学习 C++ 和 [Java][2] 时学到 `cout` 和 `systemout`。似乎每种语言都骄傲地宣称拥有一种方便的单行输出方法，并生怕这种方式要过时一样宣传它。 + +但是当我翻开中级教程的第一页后，我遇到了 `printf`，一个晦涩难懂的、神秘莫测的，又出奇灵活的函数。本文一反向初学者隐藏 `printf` 这个令人费解的传统，旨在介绍这个不起眼的 `printf` 函数，并解释如何在几乎所有语言中使用它。 ### printf 简史 -术语 `printf` 代表 "格式化输出"，可能在 [Algol 68][3] 编程语言中首次出现。自从它包含在 C 中，`printf` 已经在 C++，Java，Bash，PHP 中被重新实施，并且很可能在发生在你最喜欢的 ( C 衍生) 语言中。 - -它显然是很受欢迎，并且还有很多人认为它的语法很复杂，尤其是与 `echo` 或 `print` 或 `cout` 等可替代函数相比尤为明显。例如，在 Bash 中有一个简单的 echo 语句： +术语 `printf` 代表“格式化打印print formatted”，它可能最早出现 [Algol 68][3] 编程语言中。自从它被纳入到 C 语言后，`printf` 已经在 C++、Java、Bash、PHP 中一次次重新实现，并且很可能在你最喜欢的 “后 C” 语言中再次出现。 +显然，它很受欢迎，但很多人认为它的语法很复杂，尤其是与 `echo` 或 `print` 或 `cout` 等替代的函数相比尤为明显。例如，这是在 Bash 中的一个简单的 `echo` 语句： ``` $ echo hello @@ -30,8 +30,7 @@ hello $ ``` -在 Bash 中使用 `printf` 有相同的结果: - +这是在 Bash 中使用 `printf` 得到同样结果: ``` $ printf "%s\n" hello @@ -43,28 +42,24 @@ $ ### printf 输出 -在 `printf` 背后的主要概念是：它能够基于来自内容的 _单独的_ 样式信息来格式化输出。例如，这里是 `printf` 认可的作为特殊字符的排列顺序的收藏品。你最喜欢的语言可能有更多一些或更少一些排列顺序，但是通常包含： +在 `printf` 背后的基本思想是：它能够基于与内容*分离的*样式信息来格式化输出。例如，这里是 `printf` 认可的视作特殊字符的特定序列集合。你喜欢的语言可能会有或多或少的序列，但是通常包含： * `\n`: 新行 - * `\r`: 换行 + * `\r`: 回车换行 * `\t`: 水平制表符 - * `\NNN`: 一个使用八进制值的包含一个到三个数字的特殊字节 - - + * `\NNN`: 一个包含一个到三个数字，使用八进制值表示的特殊字节 例如： - ``` $ printf "\t\123\105\124\110\n"      SETH $ ``` -在这个 Bash 示例中， `printf` 在 ASCII 分配到四个八进制值的字符串的字符后渲染一个制表符。使用控制排列顺序来中止行，并生成一个新行 (`\n`) 。 - -使用 `echo` 来尝试相同的东西来生成一点儿完完全全的东西: +在这个 Bash 示例中， `printf` 渲染一个制表符后，然后是分配给四个八进制值字符串的 ASCII 字符，并以一个生成一个新行（`\n`）的控制序列结束。 +如果同样使用 `echo` 来输出会产生更多的字符： ``` $ printf "\t\123\105\124\110\n" @@ -72,8 +67,7 @@ $ printf "\t\123\105\124\110\n" $ ``` -对于相同是任务，使用 Python 的 `print` 函数，你会发现 Python 的 `print` 命令有你可以期待的更多的东西: - +使用 Python 的 `print` 函数来完成同样的任务，你会发现 Python 的 `print` 命令比你想象的要强大： ``` >>> print("\t\123\n") @@ -82,32 +76,29 @@ $ >>> ``` -显然，Python 的 `print` 包含传统的 `printf` 功能以及简单的 `echo` 或 `cout` 的功能。 +显然，Python 的 `print` 包含传统的 `printf` 特性以及简单的 `echo` 或 `cout` 的特性。 -不过，这些示例只包括字面意义上的字符，虽然在一些情况下它们也很有用，它们可能是 `printf` 最不重要的部分。`printf` 的真正的威力在于格式化规范。 +不过，这些示例包括的只是文字字符，尽管在某些情况下它们也很有用，但它们可能是 `printf` 最不重要的部分。`printf` 的真正的威力在于格式化说明。 ### 使用 printf 格式化输出 -格式化说明符是以一个百分号(`%`)开头的字符。 -常见的格式化说明符包括: +格式化说明符是以一个百分号（`%`）开头的字符。 + +常见的格式化说明符包括： * `%s`: 字符串 * `%d`: 数字 * `%f`: 浮点数字 * `%o`: 一个八进制的数字 - - -这些格式化说明符在一个 `printf` 语句中是占位符，在你的`printf`语句中，你可以使用一个你在其它地方中提供的值来替换。但是这些提供的值取决于你正在使用的语言及其语法，这里是一个简单的 Java 示例: - +这些格式化说明符是 `printf` 语句的占位符，你可以使用一个在其它地方提供的值来替换你的 `printf` 语句中的占位符。这些值在哪里提供取决于你使用的语言和它的语法，这里有一个简单的 Java 例子： ``` string var="hello\n"; system.out.printf("%s", var); ``` -这个包裹在适当的样板文件中的代码，在执行后，将呈现: - +把这个代码包裹在适当的样板文件中，在执行后，将呈现: ``` $ ./example @@ -115,8 +106,7 @@ hello $ ``` -但是，当一个变量的内容更改时，它将会更加有趣。假设你想更新基于不断增加数字的输出: - +但是，当一个变量的内容更改时，有意思的地方就来了。假设你想基于不断增加的数字来更新输出: ``` #include @@ -131,8 +121,7 @@ int main() { } ``` -编译和运行: - +编译并运行: ``` Processing is 1% finished. @@ -140,12 +129,11 @@ Processing is 1% finished. Processing is 100% finished. ``` -注意，在代码中的两个 `%` 分解为一个打印的 `%` 符号。 +注意，在代码中的两个 `%` 将被解析为一个打印出来的 `%` 符号。 ### 使用 printf 限制小数位数 -数字可能会变得复杂，`printf` 提供很多格式化选项。你可以对浮点数使用 `%f` 限制打印出多少个小数位。通过把一个点 (`.`)和一个限制的数放置在百分符号和 `f` 之间, 你将告诉 `printf` 渲染多少位小数。这是一个简单的用 Bash 写的简练示例 : - +数字也可以是很复杂，`printf` 提供很多格式化选项。你可以对浮点数使用 `%f` 限制打印出多少个小数位。通过把一个点（`.`）和一个限制的数放置在百分符号和 `f` 之间, 你可以告诉 `printf` 打印多少位小数。这是一个简单的用 Bash 写的简练示例： ``` $ printf "%.2f\n" 3.141519 @@ -153,8 +141,7 @@ $ printf "%.2f\n" 3.141519 $ ``` -类似的语法也适用于其它的语言。这里是一个 C 语言的示例: - +类似的语法也适用于其它的语言。这里是一个 C 语言的示例： ``` #include @@ -170,8 +157,7 @@ int main() { ### 使用 printf 来在数字上添加逗号 -因为位数大的数字很难分解，所以通常使用一个逗号来断开大的数字。你可以根据需要在由 `printf` 组成的百分号和`d` 之间放置一个撇号(`'`) : - +因为位数大的数字很难解读，所以通常使用一个逗号来断开大的数字。你可以在百分号和 `d` 之间放置一个撇号（`'`），让 `printf` 根据需要添加逗号： ``` $ printf "%'d\n" 1024 @@ -183,8 +169,7 @@ $ ### 使用 printf 来添加前缀零 -Another common use for `printf` 的另一个常用的用法是对文件名称中的数字强制实行一种特定的格式。例如，如果你在一台计算机上有 10 个按顺序排列的文件，该计算机可能会把 `10.jpg` 排在before `1.jpg` 之前，这可能不是你的本意。当你以编程的方式写一个到文件时，你可以使用 `printf` 来用前缀为0的字符来构成文件名称。这是一个简单的用 Bash 写的简练示例： - +`printf` 的另一个常用的用法是对文件名称中的数字强制实行一种特定的格式。例如，如果你在一台计算机上有 10 个按顺序排列的文件，计算机可能会把 `10.jpg` 排在 `1.jpg` 之前，这可能不是你的本意。当你以编程的方式写一个到文件时，你可以使用 `printf` 来用前缀为 0 的字符形成文件名称。这是一个简单的用 Bash 写的简练示例： ``` $ printf "%03d.jpg\n" {1..10} @@ -198,9 +183,9 @@ $ printf "%03d.jpg\n" {1..10} ### 使用 printf -正如这些 `printf` 示例所显示，包括控制字符，尤其是 `\n` ，可能会冗长，并且语法是相当地复杂。这就是为什么开发像 `echo` 和 `cout` 之类的快捷方式的原因。不过，如果你是不是地使用 `printf` ，你将会习惯于语法，并且它也将变成你的后天本性。，我看不出任何理由让 `printf` 成为你在日常活动中打印时的 _第一_ 选择，但是它是一个极好的工具来让你足够舒适，当你需要它时，将不会让你降低速度。 +正如这些 `printf` 示例所显示，包括控制字符，尤其是 `\n` ，可能会冗长，并且语法相对复杂。这就是为什么开发像 `echo` 和 `cout` 之类的快捷方式的原因。不过，如果你时不时地使用 `printf` ，你就会习惯于这种语法，并且它也会变成你的习惯。我不认为 `printf` 有任何理由成为你在日常活动中打印时的*首选*，但是它是一个很好的工具，当你需要它时，它不会拖累你。 -花一些时间学习你所选择语言中的 `printf` ，并且当你需要它时就使用它。它是一个强有力的你不会忘记的随时可用的工具。 +花一些时间学习你所选择语言中的 `printf`，并且当你需要时就使用它。它是一个强有力的工具，你不会后悔随时可用的工具。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- @@ -209,7 +194,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/printf 作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[robsean](https://github.com/robsean) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 1206c41cd5ae3df574ae73db830675863249113a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Wed, 2 Sep 2020 00:12:17 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 128/167] PUB @robsean https://linux.cn/article-12573-1.html --- .../20200813 How to use printf to format output.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md (99%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md b/published/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md similarity index 99% rename from translated/tech/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md rename to published/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md index 73b3e2b2c7..1afc039622 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md +++ b/published/20200813 How to use printf to format output.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (robsean) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12573-1.html) [#]: subject: (How to use printf to format output) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/printf) [#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) From eb0fafd36bf178deb5cad5db45d4598c7a372a07 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Leopold Date: Wed, 2 Sep 2020 01:20:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 129/167] translating --- ...20190226 Reducing security risks with centralized logging.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20190226 Reducing security risks with centralized logging.md b/sources/talk/20190226 Reducing security risks with centralized logging.md index 60bbd7a80b..5e3089eac5 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20190226 Reducing security risks with centralized logging.md +++ b/sources/talk/20190226 Reducing security risks with centralized logging.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (leommxj) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 9f1ffd2b6e142d32383cae258570e1bc6876d5c0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 2 Sep 2020 05:01:32 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 130/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200901=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Developing=20an=20email=20alert=20system=20using=20a=20surveill?= =?UTF-8?q?ance=20camera=20with=20Node-RED=20and=20TensorFlow.js?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200901 Developing an email alert system using a surveillance camera with Node-RED and TensorFlow.js.md --- ... camera with Node-RED and TensorFlow.js.md | 179 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 179 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200901 Developing an email alert system using a surveillance camera with Node-RED and TensorFlow.js.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200901 Developing an email alert system using a surveillance camera with Node-RED and TensorFlow.js.md b/sources/tech/20200901 Developing an email alert system using a surveillance camera with Node-RED and TensorFlow.js.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3733bab543 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200901 Developing an email alert system using a surveillance camera with Node-RED and TensorFlow.js.md @@ -0,0 +1,179 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Developing an email alert system using a surveillance camera with Node-RED and TensorFlow.js) +[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/news/developing-an-email-alert-system-using-a-surveillance-camera-with-node-red-and-tensorflow-js/) +[#]: author: (Linux.com Editorial Staff https://www.linux.com/author/linuxdotcom/) + +Developing an email alert system using a surveillance camera with Node-RED and TensorFlow.js +====== + +## **Overview** + +In a previous article, we introduced [a procedure for developing an image recognition flow using Node-RED and TensorFlow.js.][1] Now, let’s apply those learnings from what we have done and develop an e-mail alert system that uses a surveillance camera together with image recognition. As shown in the following image, we will create a flow that automatically sends an email alert when a suspicious person is captured within a surveillance camera frame. + +![][2] + +## **Objective: Develop flow** + +In this flow, the image of the surveillance camera is periodically acquired from the webserver, and the image is displayed under the **“Original image”** node in the lower left. After that, the image is recognized using the **TensorFlow.js** node. The recognition result and the image with recognition results are displayed under the **debug** tab and the **“image with annotation”** node, respectively. + +![][3] + +If a person is detected by image recognition, an alert mail with the image file attached will be sent using the **SendGrid** node.  Since it is difficult to set up a real surveillance camera, we will use a sample [image sent by a surveillance camera in Kanagawa Prefecture of Japan][4]  to check the amount of water in the river. + +We will explain the procedure for creating this flow in the following sections. For the Node-RED environment, use your local PC, a Raspberry Pi, or a cloud-based deployment. + +## **Install the required nodes** + +Click the hamburger menu on the top right of the Node-RED flow editor, go to **“Manage palette” -> “Palette” tab -> “Install”** tab, and install the following nodes. + + * –[node-red-contrib-tensorflow][5]: Image recognition node using TensorFlow.js + * –[node-red-contrib-image-output][6]: Nodes that display images on the Flow Editor + * –[node-red-contrib-sendgrid][7]: Nodes that send mail using SendGrid + + + +## **Create a flow of acquiring image data** + +First, create a flow that acquires the image binary data from the webserver. As in the flow below, place an inject node (the name will be changed to **“timestamp”** when placed in the workspace), **http request** node, and **image preview** node, and connect them with wires in the user interface. + +![][8] + +Then double-click the **http request** node to change the node property settings. + +## **Adjust** _**http request**_ **node property settings** + +  + +Paste the URL of the surveillance camera image to the URL on the property setting screen of the **http request** node. (In Google Chrome, when you right-click on the image and select **“Copy image address”** from the menu, the URL of the image is copied to the clipboard.) Also, select **“a binary buffer”** as the output format. + +![][9] + +## **Execute the flow to acquire image data** + +Click the **Deploy** button at the top right of the flow editor, then click the button to the **inject** node’s left. Then, the message is sent from the **inject** node to the **http request** node through the wire, and the image is acquired from the web server that provides the image of the surveillance camera. After receiving the image data, a message containing the data in binary format is sent to the **image preview** node, and the image is displayed under the **image preview** node. + +![][10] + + An image of the river taken by the surveillance camera is displayed in the lower right. + +## **Create a flow for image recognition of the acquired image data** + +Next, create a flow that analyzes what is in the acquired image. Place a **cocossd** node, a **debug** node (the name will be changed to **msg.payload** when you place it), and a second **image preview** node. + +Then, connect the **output termina**l on the right side of the **http request** node, and the **input terminal** on the left side of the **cocossd** node. + +Next, connect the **output terminal** on the right side of the **cocossd** node and the debug node, the **output terminal** on the right side of the **cocossd** node, and the **input terminal** on the left side of the **image preview** node with the respective wires. + +Through the wire, the binary data of the surveillance camera image is sent to the **cocossd** node, and after the image recognition is performed using **TensorFlow.js,** the object name is displayed in the **debug** node, and the image with the image recognition result is displayed in the **image preview** node.  + +![][11] + +The **cocossd** node is designed to store the object name in the variable **msg.payload**, and the binary data of the image with the annotation in the variable **msg.annotatedInput**.  + +To make this flow work as intended, you need to double-click the **image preview** node used to display the image and change the node property settings. + +## **Adjust** _**image preview**_ **node property settings** + +By default, the **image preview** node displays the image data stored in the variable **msg.payload**. Here, change this default variable to **msg.annotatedInput**. + +![][12] + +## **Adjust** _**inject**_ **node property settings** + +Since the flow is run regularly every minute, the **inject** node’s property needs to be changed. In the **Repeat** pull-down menu, select **“interval”** and set **“1 minute”** as the time interval. Also, since we want to start the periodic run process immediately after pressing the **Deploy** button, select the checkbox on the left side of **“inject once after 0.1 seconds”.** + +![][13] + +## **Run the flow for image recognition** + +The flow process will be run immediately after pressing the **Deploy** button. When the person (author) is shown on the surveillance camera, the image recognition result **“person”** is displayed in the debug tab on the right. Also, below the **image preview** node, you will see the image annotated with an orange square. + +![][14] + +## **Create a flow of sending an email when a person caught in the surveillance camera** + +Finally, create a flow to send the annotated image by email when the object name in the image recognition result is **“person”**. As a subsequent node of the **cocossd** node, place a **switch** node that performs condition determination, a **change** node that assigns values, and a **sendgrid** node that sends an email, and connect each node with a wire. + +![][15] + +Then, change the property settings for each node, as detailed in the sections below. + +## **Adjust the** _**switch**_ **node property settings** + +Set the rule to execute the subsequent flow only if **msg.payload** contains the string **“person” ** + +To set that rule, enter **“person”** in the comparison string for the condition **“==”** (on the right side of the **“az”** UX element in the property settings dialog for the switch node). + +![][16] + +## **Adjust the** _**change**_ **node property settings** + +To attach the image with annotation to the email, substitute the image data stored in the variable **msg.annotatedInput** to the variable **msg.payload**. First, open the pull-down menu of **“az”** on the right side of the UX element of **“Target value”** and select **“msg.”**. Then enter **“annotatedInput”** in the text area on the right. + +![][17] + +If you forget to change to **“msg.”** in the pull-down menu that appears when you click **“az”,** the flow often does not work well, so check again to be sure that it is set to **“msg.”**. + +## **Adjust the** _**sendgrid**_ **node property settings** + +Set the API key from the [SendGrid management screen][18]. And then input the sender email address and recipient email address. + +![][19] + +Finally, to make it easier to see what each node is doing, open each node’s node properties, and set the appropriate name. + +## **Validate the operation of the flow to send an email when the surveillance camera captures a person in frame** + +When a person is captured in the image of the surveillance camera, the image recognition result is displayed in the debug tab the same as in the previous flow of confirmation and the orange frame is displayed in the image under the **image preview** node of **“Image with annotation”**. You can see that the person is recognized correctly. + +![][20] + +After that, if the judgment process, the substitution process, and the email transmission process works as designed, you will receive an email with the image file with the annotation attached to your smartphone as follows: + +![][21] + +## **Conclusion** + +By using the flow created in this article, you can also build a simple security system for your own garden using a camera connected to a Raspberry Pi. At a larger scale, image recognition can also be run on image data acquired using network cameras that support protocols such as [ONVIF][22]. + +*About the author: Kazuhito Yokoi is an Engineer at Hitachi’s OSS Solution Center, located in Yokohama, Japan. * + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linux.com/news/developing-an-email-alert-system-using-a-surveillance-camera-with-node-red-and-tensorflow-js/ + +作者：[Linux.com Editorial Staff][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linux.com/author/linuxdotcom/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://www.linux.com/news/using-tensorflow-js-and-node-red-with-image-recognition-applications/ +[2]: https://www.linux.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tensor1.png +[3]: https://www.linux.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tensor2.png +[4]: http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/sys/suibou/web_general/suibou_joho/html/camera/past0/p20102_0_6.html +[5]: https://flows.nodered.org/node/node-red-contrib-tensorflow +[6]: https://flows.nodered.org/node/node-red-contrib-image-output +[7]: https://flows.nodered.org/node/node-red-contrib-sendgrid +[8]: https://www.linux.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tensor3.png +[9]: https://www.linux.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tensor4.png +[10]: https://www.linux.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tensor5.png +[11]: https://www.linux.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tensor6.png +[12]: https://www.linux.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tensor7.png +[13]: https://www.linux.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tensor8.png +[14]: https://www.linux.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tensor9.png +[15]: https://www.linux.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tensor10.png +[16]: https://www.linux.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tensor11.png +[17]: https://www.linux.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tensor12.png +[18]: https://sendgrid.com/ +[19]: https://www.linux.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tensor13.png +[20]: https://www.linux.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tensor14.png +[21]: https://www.linux.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/tensor15.png +[22]: https://www.onvif.org/ From b29e571db105bcd5515e73ab7905e3ba6359178c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 2 Sep 2020 05:01:45 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 131/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200831=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Open=20Source=20Project=20For=20Earthquake=20Warning=20Systems?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200831 Open Source Project For Earthquake Warning Systems.md --- ... Project For Earthquake Warning Systems.md | 94 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 94 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200831 Open Source Project For Earthquake Warning Systems.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200831 Open Source Project For Earthquake Warning Systems.md b/sources/tech/20200831 Open Source Project For Earthquake Warning Systems.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7cefc1bf90 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200831 Open Source Project For Earthquake Warning Systems.md @@ -0,0 +1,94 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Open Source Project For Earthquake Warning Systems) +[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/featured/open-source-project-for-earthquake-warning-systems/) +[#]: author: (Swapnil Bhartiya https://www.linux.com/author/swapnil/) + +Open Source Project For Earthquake Warning Systems +====== + +Earthquakes or the shaking doesn’t kill people, buildings do. If we can get people out of buildings in time, we can save lives. Grillo has founded OpenEEW in partnership with IBM and the Linux Foundation to allow anyone to build their own earthquake early-warning system. Swapnil Bhartiya, the founder of TFiR, talked to the founder of Grillo on behalf of The Linux Foundation to learn more about the project. + +Here is the transcript of the interview: + +**Swapnil Bhartiya: If you look at these natural phenomena like earthquakes, there’s no way to fight with nature. We have to learn to coexist with them. Early warnings are the best thing to do. And we have all these technologies – IoTs and AI/ML. All those things are there, but we still don’t know much about these phenomena. So, what I do want to understand is if you look at an earthquake, we’ll see that in some countries the damage is much more than some other places. What is the reason for that?** + +Andres Meira: earthquakes disproportionately affect countries that don’t have great construction. And so, if you look at places like Mexico, the Caribbean, much of Latin America, Nepal, even some parts of India in the North and the Himalayas, you find that earthquakes can cause more damage than say in California or in Tokyo. The reason is it is buildings that ultimately kill people, not the shaking itself. So, if you can find a way to get people out of buildings before the shaking that’s really the solution here. There are many things that we don’t know about earthquakes. It’s obviously a whole field of study, but we can’t tell you for example, that an earthquake can happen in 10 years or five years. We can give you some probabilities, but not enough for you to act on. + +What we can say is that an earthquake is happening right now. These technologies are all about reducing the latency so that when we know an earthquake is happening in milliseconds we can be telling people who will be affected by that event. + +**Swapnil Bhartiya: What kind of work is going on to better understand earthquakes themselves?** + +Andres Meira: I have a very narrow focus. I’m not a seismologist and I have a very narrow focus related to detecting earthquakes and alerting people. I think in the world of seismology, there are a lot of efforts to understand the tectonic movement, but I would say there are a few interesting things happening that I know of. For example, undersea cables. People in Chile and other places are looking at undersea telecommunications cables and the effects that any sort of seismic movement have on the signals. They can actually use that as a detection system. But when you talk about some of the really deep earthquakes, 60-100 miles beneath the surface, man has not yet created holes deep enough for us to place sensors. So we’re very limited as to actually detecting earthquakes at a great depth. We have to wait for them to affect us near the surface. + +**Swapnil Bhartiya: So then how do these earthquake early warning systems work? I want to understand from a couple of points: What does the device itself look like? What do those sensors look like? What does the software look like? And how do you kind of share data and interact with each other?** + +Andres Meira: The sensors that we use, we’ve developed several iterations over the last couple of years and effectively, they are a small microcontroller, an accelerometer, this is the core component and some other components. What the device does is it records accelerations. So, it looks on the X, Y, and Z axes and just records accelerations from the ground so we are very fussy about how we install our sensors. Anybody can install it in their home through this OpenEEW initiative that we’re doing. + +The sensors themselves record shaking accelerations and we send all of those accelerations in quite large messages using MQTT. We send them every second from every sensor and all of this data is collected in the cloud, and in real-time we run algorithms. We want to know that the shaking, which the accelerometer is getting is not a passing truck. It’s actually an earthquake. + +So we’ve developed the algorithms that can tell those things apart. And of course, we wait for one or two sensors to confirm the same event so that we don’t get any false positives because you can still get some errors. Once we have that confirmation in the cloud we can send a message to all of the client devices. If you have an app, you will be receiving a message saying, there’s an earthquake at this location, and your device will then be calculating how long it will take to reach it. Therefore, how much energy will be lost and therefore, what shaking you’re going to be expecting very soon. + +**Swapnil Bhartiya: Where are these devices installed?** + +Andres Meira: They are installed at the moment in several countries – Mexico, Chile, Costa Rica, and Puerto Rico. We are very fussy about how people install them, and in fact, on the OpenEEW website, we have a guide for this. We really require that they’re installed on the ground floor because the higher up you go, the different the frequencies of the building movement, which affects the recordings. We need it to be fixed to a solid structural element. So this could be a column or a reinforced wall, something which is rigid and it needs to be away from the noise. So it wouldn’t be great if it’s near a door that was constantly opening and closing. Although we can handle that to some extent. As long as you are within the parameters, and ideally we look for good internet connections, although we have cellular versions as well, then that’s all we need. + +The real name of the game here is a quantity more than quality. If you can have a lot of sensors, it doesn’t matter if one is out. It doesn’t matter if the quality is down because we’re waiting for confirmation from other ones and redundancy is how you achieve a stable network. + +**Swapnil Bhartiya: What is the latency between the time when sensors detect an earthquake and the warning is sent out? Does it also mean that the further you are from the epicenter, the more time you will get to leave a building?** + +Andres Meira: So the time that a user gaps in terms of what we call the window of opportunity for them to actually act on the information is a variable and it depends on where the earthquake is relative to the user. So, I’ll give you an example. Right now, I’m in Mexico City. If we are detecting an earthquake in Acapulco, then you might get 60 seconds of advanced warning because an earthquake travels at more or less a fixed velocity, which is unknown and so the distance and the velocity gives you the time that you’re going to be getting. + +If that earthquake was in the South of Mexico in Oaxaca, we might get two minutes. Now, this is a variable. So of course, if you are in Istanbul, you might be very near the fault line or Kathmandu. You might be near the fault line. If the distance is less than what I just described, the time goes down. But even if you only have five seconds or 10 seconds, which might happen in the Bay area, for example, that’s still okay. You can still ask children in a school to get underneath the furniture. You can still ask surgeons in a hospital to stop doing the surgery. There’s many things you can do and there are also automated things. You can shut off elevators or turn off gas pipes. So anytime is good, but the actual time itself is a variable. +** +Swapnil Bhartiya: The most interesting thing that you are doing is that you are also open sourcing some of these technologies. Talk about what components you have open source and why.** + +Andres Meira: Open sourcing was a tough decision for us. It wasn’t something we felt comfortable with initially because we spent several years developing these tools, and we’re obviously very proud. I think that there came a point where we realized why are we doing this? Are we doing this to develop cool technologies to make some money or to save lives? All of us live in Mexico, all of us have seen the devastation of these things. We realized that open source was the only way to really accelerate what we’re doing. + +If we want to reach people in these countries that I’ve mentioned; if we really want people to work on our technology as well and make it better, which means better alert times, less false positives. If we want to really take this to the next level, then we can’t do it on our own. It will take a long time and we may never get there. + +So that was the idea for the open source. And then we thought about what we could do with open source. We identified three of our core technologies and by that I mean the sensors, the detection system, which lives in the cloud, but could also live on a Raspberry Pi, and then the way we alert people. The last part is really quite open. It depends on the context. It could be a radio station. It could be a mobile app, which we’ve got on the website, on the GitHub. It could be many things. Loudspeakers. So those three core components, we now have published in our repo, which is OpenEEW on GitHub. And from there, people can pick and choose. + +It might be that some people are data scientists so they might go just for the data because we also publish over a terabyte of accelerometer data from our networks. So people might be developing new detection systems using machine learning, and we’ve got instructions for that and we would very much welcome it. Then we have something for the people who do front end development. So they might be helping us with the applications and then we also have people something for the makers and the hardware guys. So they might be interested in working on the census and the firmware. There’s really a whole suite of technologies that we published. + +**Swapnil Bhartiya: There are other earthquake warning systems. How is OpenEEW different?** + +Andres Meira: I would divide the other systems into two categories. I would look at the national systems. I would look at say the Japanese or the California and the West coast system called Shake Alert. Those are systems with significant public funding and have taken decades to develop. I would put those into one category and another category I would look at some applications that people have developed. My Shake or Skylert, or there’s many of them. + +If you look at the first category, I would say that the main difference is that we understand the limitations of those systems because an earthquake in Northern Mexico is going to affect California and vice versa. An earthquake in Guatemala is going to affect Mexico and vice versa. An earthquake in Dominican Republic is going to affect Puerto Rico. The point is that earthquakes don’t respect geography or political boundaries. And so we think national systems are limited, and so far they are limited by their borders. So, that was the first thing. + +In terms of the technology, actually in many ways, the MEMS accelerometers that we use now are streets ahead of where we were a couple of years ago. And it really allows us to detect earthquakes hundreds of kilometers away. And actually, we can perform as well as these national systems. We’ve studied our system versus the Mexican national system called SASMEX, and more often than not, we are faster and more accurate. It’s on our website. So there’s no reason to say that our technology is worse. In fact, having cheaper sensors means you can have huge networks and these arrays are what make all the difference. + +In terms of the private ones, the problems with those are that sometimes they don’t have the investment to really do wide coverage. So the open sources are our strength there because we can rely on many people to add to the project. + +**Swapnil Bhartiya: What kind of roadmap do you have for the project? How do you see the evolution of the project itself?** + +Andres Meira: So this has been a new area for me; I’ve had to learn. The governance of OpenEEW as of today, like you mentioned, is now under the umbrella of the Linux Foundation. So this is now a Linux Foundation project and they have certain prerequisites. So we had to form a technical committee. This committee makes the steering decisions and creates the roadmap you mentioned. So, the roadmap is now published on the GitHub, and it’s a work in progress, but effectively we’re looking 12 months ahead and we’ve identified some areas that really need priority. Machine learning, as you mentioned, is definitely something that will be a huge change in this world because if we can detect earthquakes, potentially with just a single station with a much higher degree of certainty, then we can create networks that are less dense. So you can have something in Northern India and in Nepal, in Ecuador, with just a handful of sensors. So that’s a real Holy grail for us. + +We also are asking on the roadmap for people to work with us in lots of other areas. In terms of the sensors themselves, we want to do more detection on the edge. We feel that edge computing with the sensors is obviously a much better solution than what we do now, which has a lot of cloud detection. But if we can move a lot of that work to the actual devices, then I think we’re going to have much smarter networks and less telemetry, which opens up new connectivity options. So, the sensors as well are another area of priority on the road map. + +**Swapnil Bhartiya: What kind of people would you like to get involved with and how can they get involved?** + +Andres Meira: So as of today, we’re formally announcing the initiative and I would really invite people to go to OpenEEW.com, where we’ve got a site that outlines some areas that people can get involved with. We’ve tried to consider what type of people would join the project. So you’re going to get seismologists. We have seismologists from Harvard University and from other areas. They’re most interested in the data from what we’ve seen so far. They’re going to be looking at the data sets that we’ve offered and some of them are already looking at machine learning. So there’s many things that they might be looking at. Of course, anyone involved with Python and machine learning, data scientists in general, might also do similar things. Ultimately, you can be agnostic about seismology. It shouldn’t put you off because we’ve tried to abstract it away. We’ve got down to the point where this is really just data. + +Then we’ve also identified the engineers and the makers, and we’ve tried to guide them towards the repos, like the sensory posts. We are asking them to help us with the firmware and the hardware. And then we’ve got for your more typical full stack or front end developer, we’ve got some other repos that deal with the actual applications. How does the user get the data? How does the user get the alerts? There’s a lot of work we can be doing there as well. + +So, different people might have different interests. Someone might just want to take it all. Maybe someone might want to start a network in the community, but isn’t technical and that’s fine. We have a Slack channel where people can join and people can say, “Hey, I’m in this part of the world and I’m looking for people to help me with the sensors. I can do this part.” Maybe an entrepreneur might want to join and look for the technical people. + +So, we’re just open to anybody who is keen on the mission, and they’re welcome to join. +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linux.com/featured/open-source-project-for-earthquake-warning-systems/ + +作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linux.com/author/swapnil/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 From ccf0586df2fcba1967371dc8811c6243129c1821 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 2 Sep 2020 05:01:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 132/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200831=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Making=20Zephyr=20More=20Secure?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200831 Making Zephyr More Secure.md --- .../20200831 Making Zephyr More Secure.md | 59 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 59 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200831 Making Zephyr More Secure.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200831 Making Zephyr More Secure.md b/sources/tech/20200831 Making Zephyr More Secure.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9b63cbe66d --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200831 Making Zephyr More Secure.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Making Zephyr More Secure) +[#]: via: (https://www.linux.com/audience/developers/making-zephyr-more-secure/) +[#]: author: (Swapnil Bhartiya https://www.linux.com/author/swapnil/) + +Making Zephyr More Secure +====== + +Zephyr is gaining momentum where more and more companies are embracing this open source project for their embedded devices. However, security is becoming a huge concern for these connected devices. The NCC Group recently conducted an evaluation and security assessment of the project to help harden it against attacks. In the interview, Kate Stewart, Senior Director of Strategic Programs at Linux Foundation talk about the assessment and the evolution of the project. + +Here is a quick transcript of the interview: + +**Swapnil Bhartiya: The NCC group recently evaluated Linux for security. Can you talk about what was the outcome of that evaluation?** +Kate Stewart: We’re very thankful for the NCC group for the work that they did and helping us to get Zephyr hardened further. In some senses when it had first hit us, it was like, “Okay, they’re taking us seriously now. Awesome.” And the reason they’re doing this is that their customers are asking for it. They’ve got people who are very interested in Zephyr so they decided to invest the time doing the research to see what they could find. And the fact that we’re good enough to critique now is a nice positive for the project, no question. + +Up till this point, we’d had been getting some vulnerabilities that researchers had noticed in certain areas and had to tell us about. We’d issued CVEs so we had a process down, but suddenly being hit with the whole bulk of those like that was like, “Okay, time to up our game guys.” And so, what we’ve done is we found out we didn’t have a good way of letting people who have products with Zephyr based on them know about our vulnerabilities. And what we wanted to be able to do is make it clear that if people have products and they have them out in the market and that they want to know if there’s a vulnerability. We just added a new webpage so they know how to register, and they can let us know to contact them. + +The challenge of embedded is you don’t quite know where the software is. We’ve got a lot of people downloading Zephyr, we got a lot of people using Zephyr. We’re seeing people upstreaming things all the time, but we don’t know where the products are, it’s all word of mouth to a large extent. There’re no tracers or anything else, you don’t want to do that in an embedded space on IoT; battery life is important. And so, it’s pretty key for figuring out how do we let people who want to be notified know. + +We’d registered as a CNA with Mitre several years ago now and we can assign CVE numbers in the project. But what we didn’t have was a good way of reaching out to people beyond our membership under embargo so that we can give them time to remediate any issues that we’re fixing. By changing our policies, it’s gone from a 60-day embargo window to a 90-day embargo window. In the first 30 days, we’re working internally to get the team to fix the issues and then we’ve got a 60-day window for our people who do products to basically remediate in the field if necessary. So, getting ourselves useful for product makers was one of the big focuses this year. + +**Swapnil Bhartiya: Since Zephyr’s LTS release was made last year, can you talk about the new releases, especially from the security perspective because I think the latest version is 2.3.0?** +Kate Stewart: Yeah, 2.3.0 and then we also have 1.14.2. and 1.14 is our LTS-1 as we say. And we’ve put an update out to it with the security fixes and a long-term stable like the Linux kernel has security fixes and bug fixes backported into it so that people can build products on it and keep it active over time without as much change in the interfaces and everything else that we’re doing in the mainline development tree and what we’ve just done with the 2.3. + +2.3 has a lot of new features in it and we’ve got all these vulnerabilities remediated. There’s a lot more coming up down the road, so the community right now is working. We’ve adopted new set of coding guidelines for the project and we will be working on that so we can get ourselves ready for going after safety certifications next year. So there’s a lot of code in motion right now, but there’s a lot of new features being added every day. It’s great. + +**Swapnil Bhartiya: I also want to talk a bit about the community side of it. Can you talk about how the community is growing new use cases?** +Kate Stewart: We’ve just added two new members into Zephyr. We’ve got Teenage Engineering has just joined us and Laird Connectivity has just joined us and it’s really cool to start seeing these products coming out. There are some rather interesting technologies and products that are showing up and so I’m really looking forward to being able to have blog posts about them. + +Laird Connectivity is basically a small device running Zephyr that you can use for monitoring distance without recording other information. So, in days of COVID, we need to start figuring out technology assists to help us keep the risk down. Laird Connectivity has devices for that. + +So we’re seeing a lot of innovation happening very quickly in Zephyr and that’s really Zephyr’s strength is it’s got a very solid code base and lets people add their innovation on top. + +**Swapnil Bhartiya: What role do you think Zephyr going to play in the post-COVID-19 world?** +Kate Stewart: Well, I think they offer us interesting opportunities. Some of the technologies that are being looked at for monitoring for instance – we have distance monitoring, contact tracing and things like that. We can either do it very manually or we can start to take advantage of the technology infrastructures to do so. But people may not want to have a device effectively monitoring them all the time. They may just want to know exactly, position-wise, where they are. So that’s potentially some degree of control over what’s being sent into the tracing and tracking. + +These sorts of technologies I think will be helping us improve things over time. I think there’s a lot of knowledge that we’re getting out of these and ways we can optimize the information and the RTOS and the sensors are discrete functionality and are improving how do we look at things. + +**Swapnil Bhartiya: There are so many people who are using Zephyr but since it is open source we not even aware of them. How do you ensure that whether someone is an official member of the project or not if they are running Zephyr their devices are secure?** +Kate Stewart: We do a lot of testing with Zephyr, there’s a tremendous amount of test infrastructure. There’s the whole regression infrastructure. We work to various thresholds of quality levels and we’ve got a lot of expertise and have publicly documented all of our best practices. A security team is a top-notch group of people. I’m really so proud to be able to work with them. They do a really good job of caring about the issues as well as finding them, debugging them and making sure anything that comes up gets solved. So in that sense, there’s a lot of really great people working on Zephyr and it makes it a really fun community to work with, no question. In fact, it’s growing fast actually. + +**Swapnil Bhartiya: Kate, thank you so much for taking your time out and talking to me today about these projects.** +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://www.linux.com/audience/developers/making-zephyr-more-secure/ + +作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://www.linux.com/author/swapnil/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 From d53b72c0648c0b0c6470044d886c83f90abb6445 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 2 Sep 2020 05:02:40 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 133/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200901=20?= =?UTF-8?q?4=20reasons=20Jamstack=20is=20changing=20web=20development?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200901 4 reasons Jamstack is changing web development.md --- ...ns Jamstack is changing web development.md | 115 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 115 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200901 4 reasons Jamstack is changing web development.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200901 4 reasons Jamstack is changing web development.md b/sources/tech/20200901 4 reasons Jamstack is changing web development.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..54741b402f --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200901 4 reasons Jamstack is changing web development.md @@ -0,0 +1,115 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (4 reasons Jamstack is changing web development) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/9/jamstack) +[#]: author: (Phil Hawksworth https://opensource.com/users/phil-hawksworth) + +4 reasons Jamstack is changing web development +====== +Jamstack allows web developers to move far beyond static sites without +the need for complex, expensive active-hosting infrastructure. +![spiderweb diagram][1] + +The way we use and the way we build the web have evolved dramatically since its inception. Developers have seen the rise and fall of many architectural and development paradigms intended to satisfy more complex user experiences, support evolving device capabilities, and enable more effective development workflows. + +In 2015, [Netlify][2] founders Matt Biilmann and Chris Bach coined the term "[Jamstack][3]" to describe the architectural model they were championing and that was gaining popularity. In reality, the foundations of this model have existed from the beginning of the web. But multiple factors led them to coin this new term to encapsulate the approach and to give developers and technical architects a better means to discuss it. + +In this article, I'll look at those factors, Jamstack's attributes, why the term came into existence, and how it is changing how we approach web development. + +### What is Jamstack? + +All Jamstack sites share a core principle: They are a collection of static assets generated during a build or compilation process so that they can be served from a simplified web server or directly from a content delivery network (CDN). + +Before the term "Jamstack" emerged, many people described these sites as "static." This describes how the first sites on the web were created (although CDNs would come later). But the term "static sites" does a poor job of capturing what is possible with the Jamstack due to the way tools, services, and browsers have evolved. + +The simplest Jamstack site is a single HTML file served as a static file. For a long time, open source web servers efficiently hosted static assets this way. This has become a commodity, with companies including Amazon, Microsoft, and Google offering hosting services based on file serving rather than spending compute cycles generating a response for each request on-demand. + +But that's just a static site? Right? + +Well, yes. But it's the thin end of the wedge. Jamstack builds upon this to deliver sites that confound the term "static" as a useful descriptor. + +If you take things a stage further and introduce JavaScript into the equation, you can begin enhancing the user's experience. Modern browsers have increasingly capable JavaScript engines (like the open source [V8][4] from Google) and powerful browser [APIs][5] to enable services such as local-caching, location services, identity services, media access, and much more. + +In many ways, the browser's JavaScript engine has replaced the runtime environment needed to perform dynamic operations in web experiences. Whereas a traditional technology stack such as [LAMP][6] requires configuration and maintenance of an operating system (Linux) and an active web server (Apache), these are not considerations with Jamstack. Files are served statically to clients (browsers), and if any computation is required, it can happen there rather than on the hosting infrastructure. + +As Matt Biilmann describes it, "the runtime has moved up a level, to the browser." + +Web experiences don't always require content to be dynamic or personalized, but they often do. Jamstack sites can provide this, thanks to the efficient use of JavaScript as well as a booming API economy. Many companies now provide content, tools, and services via APIs. These APIs enable even small project teams to inject previously unattainable, prohibitively expensive, and complex abilities into their Jamstack projects. For example, rather than needing to build identity, payment, and fulfillment services or to host, maintain, secure, and scale database capabilities, teams can source these functionalities from experts in those areas through APIs. + +Businesses have emerged to provide these and many other services with all of the economies of scale and domain specializations needed to make them robust, efficient, and sustainable. The ability to consume these services via APIs decouples them from web applications' code, which is a very desirable thing. + +Because these services took us beyond the old concept of static sites, a more descriptive term was needed. + +### What's in a name? + +The _JavaScript_ available in modern browsers, calling on _APIs_, and enriching the underlying site content delivered with _markup_ (HTML) are the J, A, and M in the Jamstack name. They identify properties that allow sites to move far beyond static sites without the need for complex and expensive active-hosting infrastructure. + +But whether you decide to use all or just some of these attributes, the Jamstack's key principle is that the assets are created in advance to vastly improve hosting and development workflows. It's a shift from the higher-risk, just-in-time request-servicing method to a simplified, more predictable, prepared-in-advance approach. + +As [Aaron Swartz][7] succinctly put it way back in 2002, "Bake, don't fry" your pages. + +### 4 benefits of using Jamstack + +Embracing this model of decoupling the generation (or rendering) of assets from the work of serving assets creates significant opportunities. + +#### Lowering the cost of scaling + +In a traditional stack, where views are generated for each incoming request, there is a correlation between the volume of traffic and the computation work done on the servers. This might reach all levels of the hosting stack, from load balancers and web servers to application servers and database servers. When these additional layers of infrastructure are provisioned to help manage the load, it adds cost and complexity to the environment and the work of operating the infrastructure and the site itself. + +Jamstack sites flatten that stack. The work of generating the views happens only when the code or content changes, rather than for every request. Therefore, the site can be prepared in advance and hosted directly from a CDN without needing to perform expensive computations on the fly. Large pieces of infrastructure (and the work associated with them) disappear. + +In short: Jamstack sites are optimized for scale by default. + +#### Improving speed + +Traditionally, to improve the hosting infrastructure's response time, those with the budget and the skills would add a CDN. Identifying assets that might be considered "static" and offloading serving those resources to a CDN could reduce the load on the web-serving infrastructure. Therefore, some requests could be served more rapidly from a CDN that is optimized for that task. + +With a Jamstack site, the site is served entirely from the CDN. This avoids the complex logic of determining what must be served dynamically and what can be served from a CDN. + +Every deployment becomes an operation to update the entire site on the CDN rather than across many pieces of infrastructure. This allows you to automate the process, which can increase your confidence in and decrease the cost and friction of deploying site updates. + +#### Reducing security risks + +Removing hosting infrastructure, especially servers that do computation based on the requests they receive, has a profound impact on a site's security profile. A Jamstack site has far fewer attack vectors than a traditional site since many servers are no longer needed. There is no server more secure than the one that does not exist. + +The CDN infrastructure remains but is optimized to serve pre-generated assets. Because these are read-only operations, they have fewer opportunities for attack. + +#### Supercharging the workflow + +By removing so many moving parts from site hosting, you can vastly improve the workflows involved in developing and deploying them. + +Jamstack sites support [version control from end to end][8] and commonly use Git and Git conventions to do everything from defining and provisioning new environments to executing a deployment. Deployments no longer need to change the state, resources, or configuration of multiple pieces of hosting infrastructure. And they can be tested locally, on staging environments, and in production environments with ease. + +The approach also allows more comprehensive project encapsulation. A site's code repository can include everything needed to bootstrap a project, including defining the dependencies and operations involved in building the site. This simplifies onboarding developers and walking the path to production. (Here's [an example][9].) + +### Jamstack for all + +Web developers familiar with a wide variety of tools and frameworks are embracing the Jamstack. They are achieving new levels of productivity, ignited by the recognition that they can use many tools and languages that put more power and ability in their hands. + +Open source libraries and frameworks with high levels of adoption and love from the development community are being used in combination and with third- and first-party APIs to produce incredibly capable solutions. And the low barriers of entry mean they are easier to explore, leading to higher levels of developer empowerment, effectiveness, and enthusiasm. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/9/jamstack + +作者：[Phil Hawksworth][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/phil-hawksworth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/web-cms-build-howto-tutorial.png?itok=bRbCJt1U (spiderweb diagram) +[2]: https://www.netlify.com/jamstack?utm_source=opensource.com&utm_medium=jamstack-benefits-pnh&utm_campaign=devex +[3]: https://jamstack.org/?utm_source=opensource.com&utm_medium=jamstack-benefits-pnh&utm_campaign=devex +[4]: https://v8.dev/ +[5]: https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/api/what-are-application-programming-interfaces +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAMP_(software_bundle) +[7]: http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/000404 +[8]: https://www.netlify.com/products/build/?utm_source=opensource.com&utm_medium=jamstack-benefits-pnh&utm_campaign=devex +[9]: https://github.com/philhawksworth/hello-trello From 4b7648bed4ff0cc3b1f2994d785b890fd2739d29 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Wed, 2 Sep 2020 05:02:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 134/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200901=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Create=20a=20mobile=20app=20with=20Flutter?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200901 Create a mobile app with Flutter.md --- ...200901 Create a mobile app with Flutter.md | 288 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 288 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200901 Create a mobile app with Flutter.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200901 Create a mobile app with Flutter.md b/sources/tech/20200901 Create a mobile app with Flutter.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6fa0f367bb --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200901 Create a mobile app with Flutter.md @@ -0,0 +1,288 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Create a mobile app with Flutter) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/9/mobile-app-flutter) +[#]: author: (Vitaly Kuprenko https://opensource.com/users/kooper) + +Create a mobile app with Flutter +====== +Start your journey toward cross-platform development with the popular +Flutter framework. +![A person looking at a phone][1] + +[Flutter][2] is a popular project among mobile developers around the world. The framework has a massive, friendly community of enthusiasts, which continues to grow as Flutter helps programmers take their projects into the mobile space. + +This tutorial is meant to help you start doing mobile development with Flutter. After reading it, you'll know how to quickly install and set up the framework to start coding for smartphones, tablets, and other platforms. + +This how-to assumes you have [Android Studio][3] installed on your computer and some experience working with it. + +### What is Flutter? + +Flutter enables developers to build apps for several platforms, including: + + * Android + * iOS + * Web (in beta) + * macOS (in development) + * Linux (in development) + + + +Support for macOS and Linux is in early development, while web support is expected to be released soon. This means that you can try out its capabilities now (as I'll describe below). + +### Install Flutter + +I'm using Ubuntu 18.04, but the installation process is similar with other Linux distributions, such as Arch or Mint. + +#### Install with snapd + +To install Flutter on Ubuntu or similar distributions using [snapd][4], enter this in a terminal: + + +``` +$ sudo snap install flutter --classic + +$ sudo snap install flutter –classic +flutter 0+git.142868f from flutter Team/ installed +``` + +Then launch it using the `flutter` command. Upon the first launch, the framework downloads to your computer: + + +``` +$ flutter +Initializing Flutter +Downloading +``` + +Once the download is finished, you'll see a message telling you that Flutter is initialized: + +![Flutter initialized][5] + +(Vitaly Kuprenko, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +#### Install manually + +If you don't have snapd or your distribution isn't Ubuntu, the installation process will be a little bit different. In that case, [download][7] the version of Flutter recommended for your operating system. + +![Install Flutter manually][8] + +(Vitaly Kuprenko, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +Then extract it to your home directory. + +Open the `.bashrc` file in your home directory (or `.zshrc` if you use the [Z shell][9]) in your favorite text editor. Because it's a hidden file, you must first enable showing hidden files in your file manager or open it from a terminal with: + + +``` +`$ gedit ~/.bashrc &` +``` + +Add the following line to the end of the file: + + +``` +`export PATH="$PATH:~/flutter/bin"` +``` + +Save and close the file. Keep in mind that if you extracted Flutter somewhere other than your home directory, the [path to Flutter SDK][10] will be different. + +Close your terminal and then open it again so that your new configuration loads. Alternatively, you can source the configuration with: + + +``` +`$ . ~/.bashrc` +``` + +If you don't see an error, then everything is fine. + +This installation method is a little bit harder than using the `snap` command, but it's pretty versatile and lets you install the framework on almost any distribution. + +#### Check the installation + +To check the result, enter the following in the terminal: + + +``` +`flutter doctor -v` +``` + +You'll see information about installed components. Don't worry if you see errors. You haven't installed any IDE plugins for working with Flutter SDK yet. + +![Checking Flutter installation with the doctor command][11] + +(Vitaly Kuprenko, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +### Install IDE plugins + +You should install plugins in your [integrated development environment (IDE)][12] to help it interface with the Flutter SDK, interact with devices, and build code. + +The three main IDE tools that are commonly used for Flutter development are IntelliJ IDEA (Community Edition), Android Studio, and VS Code (or [VSCodium][13]). I'm using Android Studio in this tutorial, but the steps are similar to how they work on IntelliJ IDEA (Community Edition) since they're built on the same platform. + +First, launch **Android Studio**. Open **Settings** and go to the **Plugins** pane, and select the **Marketplace** tab. Enter **Flutter** in the search line and click **Install**. + +![Flutter plugins][14] + +(Vitaly Kuprenko, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +You'll probably see an option to install the **Dart** plugin; agree to it. If you don't see the Dart option, then install it manually by repeating the steps above. I also recommend using the **Rainbow Brackets** plugin, which makes code navigation easier. + +That's it! You've installed all the plugins you need. You can check by entering a familiar command in the terminal: + + +``` +`flutter doctor -v` +``` + +![Checking Flutter plugins with the doctor command][15] + +(Vitaly Kuprenko, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +### Build your "Hello World" application + +To start a new project, create a Flutter project: + + 1. Select **New -> New Flutter project**. + +![Creating a new Flutter plugin][16] + +(Vitaly Kuprenko, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + + 2. In the window, choose the type of project you want. In this case, you need **Flutter Application**. + + 3. Name your project **hello_world**. Note that you should use a merged name, so use an underscore instead of a space. You may also need to specify the path to the SDK. + +![Naming a new Flutter plugin][17] + +(Vitaly Kuprenko, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + + 4. Enter the package name. + + + + +You've created a project! Now you can launch it on a device or by using an emulator. + +![Device options in Flutter][18] + +(Vitaly Kuprenko, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +Select the device you want and press **Run**. In a moment, you will see the result. + +![Flutter demo on mobile device][19] + +(Vitaly Kuprenko, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +Now you can start working on an [intermediate project][20]. + +### Try Flutter for web + +Before you install Flutter components for the web, you should know that Flutter's support for web apps is pretty raw at the moment. So it's not a good idea to use it for complicated projects yet. + +Flutter for web is not active in the basic SDK by default. To switch it on, go to the beta channel. To do this, enter the following command in the terminal: + + +``` +`flutter channel beta` +``` + +![flutter channel beta output][21] + +(Vitaly Kuprenko, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +Next, upgrade Flutter according to the beta branch by using the command: + + +``` +`flutter upgrade` +``` + +![flutter upgrade output][22] + +(Vitaly Kuprenko, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +To make Flutter for web work, enter: + + +``` +`flutter config --enable-web` +``` + +Restart your IDE; this helps Android Studio index the new IDE and reload the list of devices. You should see several new devices: + +![Flutter for web device options][23] + +(Vitaly Kuprenko, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +Selecting **Chrome** launches an app in the browser, while **Web Server** gives you the link to your web app, which you can open in any browser. + +Still, it's not time to rush into development because your current project doesn't support the web. To improve it, open the terminal in the project's root and enter: + + +``` +`flutter create` +``` + +This command recreates the project, adding web support. The existing code won't be deleted. + +Note that the tree has changed and now has a "web" directory: + +![File tree with web directory][24] + +(Vitaly Kuprenko, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +Now you can get to work. Select **Chrome** and press **Run**. In a moment, you'll see the browser window with your app. + +![Flutter web app demo][25] + +(Vitaly Kuprenko, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +Congratulations! You've just launched a project for the browser and can continue working with it as with any other website. + +All of this comes from the same codebase because Flutter makes it possible to write code for both mobile platforms and the web with little to no changes. + +### Do more with Flutter + +Flutter is a powerful tool for mobile development, and moreover, it's an important evolutionary step toward cross-platform development. Learn it, use it, and deliver your apps to all the platforms! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/9/mobile-app-flutter + +作者：[Vitaly Kuprenko][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/kooper +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/idea_innovation_mobile_phone.png?itok=RqVtvxkd (A person looking at a phone) +[2]: https://flutter.dev/ +[3]: https://developer.android.com/studio +[4]: https://snapcraft.io/docs/getting-started +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter1_initialized.png (Flutter initialized) +[6]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[7]: https://flutter.dev/docs/get-started/install/linux +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter2_manual-install.png (Install Flutter manually) +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/9/getting-started-zsh +[10]: https://opensource.com/article/17/6/set-path-linux +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter3_doctor.png (Checking Flutter installation with the doctor command) +[12]: https://www.redhat.com/en/topics/middleware/what-is-ide +[13]: https://opensource.com/article/20/6/open-source-alternatives-vs-code +[14]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter4_plugins.png (Flutter plugins) +[15]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter5_plugincheck.png (Checking Flutter plugins with the doctor command) +[16]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter6_newproject.png (Creating a new Flutter plugin) +[17]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter7_projectname.png (Naming a new Flutter plugin) +[18]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter8_launchflutter.png (Device options in Flutter) +[19]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter9_demo.png (Flutter demo on mobile device) +[20]: https://opensource.com/article/18/6/flutter +[21]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter10_beta.png (flutter channel beta output) +[22]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter11_upgrade.png (flutter upgrade output) +[23]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter12_new-devices.png (Flutter for web device options) +[24]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter13_tree.png (File tree with web directory) +[25]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/flutter14_webapp.png (Flutter web app demo) From 8d437587da8e55f9c7c693672e420deee12a3b56 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 2 Sep 2020 08:42:06 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 135/167] translated --- ...0826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md | 106 ------------------ ...0826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md | 105 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 105 insertions(+), 106 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md b/sources/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md deleted file mode 100644 index 9e6cdf2984..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,106 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Customize your GNOME desktop theme) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/gnome-themes) -[#]: author: (Alan Formy-Duval https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss) - -Customize your GNOME desktop theme -====== -Use Tweaks and its user themes extension to change the look of your -Linux UI. -![Gnomes in a window.][1] - -GNOME is a fairly simple and streamlined Linux graphical user interface (GUI), and a lot of users appreciate its minimalist look. Although it's pretty basic out of the box, you can customize [GNOME][2] to match your preferences. Thanks to GNOME Tweaks and the user themes extension, you can change the look and feel of the top bar, window title bars, icons, cursors, and many other UI options. - -### Get started - -Before you can change your GNOME theme, you have to install [Tweaks][3] and enable the user themes extension. - -#### Install GNOME Tweaks - -You can find Tweaks in the GNOME Software Center, where you can install it quickly with just the click of a button. - -![Install Tweaks in Software Center][4] - -(Alan Formy-Duval, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) - -If you prefer the command line, use your package manager. For instance, on Fedora or CentOS: - - -``` -`$ sudo dnf install gnome-tweaks` -``` - -On Debian or similar: - - -``` -`$ sudo apt install gnome-tweaks` -``` - -#### Enable user themes - -To enable the user themes extension, launch Tweaks and select **Extensions**. Find **User themes** and click the slider to enable it. - -![Enable User Themes Extension][6] - -(Alan Formy-Duval, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) - -### Get a theme - -Now that you've completed those prerequisites, you're ready to find and download some themes. A great site to find new themes is [GNOME-Look.org][7]. - -There's a list of theme categories on the left-hand side of the page. Once you find a theme you want, you need to download it. I downloaded the `.tar` file directly to the `.themes` directory under my home directory (you may need to create the directory first): - - -``` -`$ mkdir ~/.themes` -``` - -If you want all the machine's users to be able to use the theme, place it in `/usr/share/themes`. - - -``` -`$ tar xvf theme_archive.tar.xz` -``` - -Once you have downloaded the file, extract the archive. You can delete the `.tar.xz` file to save some disk space. - -### Apply a theme - -To apply your new theme, go to the **Appearance** section in Tweaks. Here, you can select different options for each aspect of your desktop. - -![Apply a theme][8] - -(Alan Formy-Duval, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) - -### Variety is the spice of life - -Being able to personalize a computer desktop with different wallpaper, colors, fonts, and more has been a popular feature since the first graphical interfaces hit the market. GNOME Tweaks and the user themes extension enable this customization on the GNOME desktop environment on all the GNU/Linux operating systems where it is available. And the open source community continues to provide a wide range of themes, icons, fonts, and wallpapers that anyone can download, play with, and customize. - -What are your favorite GNOME themes, and why do you like them? Please share in the comments. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/gnome-themes - -作者：[Alan Formy-Duval][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/custom_gnomes.png?itok=iG98iL8d (Gnomes in a window.) -[2]: https://www.gnome.org/ -[3]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Tweaks -[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnome-install_tweaks_gui.png (Install Tweaks in Software Center) -[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnome-enable_user_theme_extension.png (Enable User Themes Extension) -[7]: https://www.gnome-look.org -[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnome-apply_theme.png (Apply a theme) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md b/translated/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3226315bd1 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200826 Customize your GNOME desktop theme.md @@ -0,0 +1,105 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Customize your GNOME desktop theme) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/gnome-themes) +[#]: author: (Alan Formy-Duval https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss) + +自定义你的 GNOME 桌面主题 +====== +使用 Tweaks 和它的用户主题扩展来改变你的 Linux UI。 +![Gnomes in a window.][1] + +GNOME 是一个相当简单和精简的 Linux 图形用户界面 (GUI)，很多用户喜欢它的简约外观。虽然它初始非常基本，但你可以根据自己的喜好来定制 [GNOME][2] 。多亏了 GNOME Tweaks 和用户主题扩展，你可以改变顶部栏、窗口标题栏、图标、光标和许多其他 UI 选项的外观。 + +### 开始使用 + +在你改变你的 GNOME 主题之前，你必须安装 [Tweaks][3] 并启用用户主题扩展。 + +#### 安装 GNOME Tweaks + +你可以在 GNOME 软件中心找到 Tweaks，只需点击一个按钮就可以快速安装。 + +![Install Tweaks in Software Center][4] + +(Alan Formy-Duval, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +如果你喜欢命令行，请使用你的软件包管理器。例如，在 Fedora 或 CentOS 上： + + +``` +`$ sudo dnf install gnome-tweaks` +``` + +在 Debian 或类似的发行版： + + +``` +`$ sudo apt install gnome-tweaks` +``` + +#### 启用用户主题 + +要启用用户主题扩展，启动 Tweaks 并选择 **Extensions**。找到 **User themes**，点击滑块启用。 + +![Enable User Themes Extension][6] + +(Alan Formy-Duval, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +### 获取主题 + +现在你已经完成了这些预先条件，你已经准备好寻找和下载一些主题了。一个寻找新主题的好网站是 [GNOME-Look.org][7]。 + +在页面的左侧有一个主题类别的列表。当你找到一个你想要的主题，你需要下载它。我直接把 `.tar` 文件下载到我的家目录下的 `.themes` 目录（你可能需要先创建这个目录）。 + + +``` +`$ mkdir ~/.themes` +``` + +如果你想让所有用户都能使用这个主题，请把它放在 `/usr/share/themes` 中。 + + +``` +`$ tar xvf theme_archive.tar.xz` +``` + +下载后，解压压缩包。你可以删除 `.tar.xz` 文件以节省一些磁盘空间。 + +### 应用主题 + +要应用你的新主题，在 Tweaks 中进入 **Appearance**。在这里，你可以为你的桌面的每个方面选择不同的选项。 + +![Apply a theme][8] + +(Alan Formy-Duval, [CC BY-SA 4.0][5]) + +### 多样性是生活的调剂品。 + +自从第一个图形界面面市以来，能够用不同的墙纸、颜色、字体等个性化电脑桌面一直是一个受欢迎的功能。GNOME Tweaks 和用户主题扩展使这种自定义功能能够在所有 GNU/Linux 操作系统上的 GNOME 桌面环境中实现。而且开源社区还在继续提供广泛的主题、图标、字体和壁纸，任何人都可以下载、尝试和定制。 + +你最喜欢的 GNOME 主题是什么，你为什么喜欢它们？请在评论中分享。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/gnome-themes + +作者：[Alan Formy-Duval][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/alanfdoss +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/custom_gnomes.png?itok=iG98iL8d (Gnomes in a window.) +[2]: https://www.gnome.org/ +[3]: https://wiki.gnome.org/Apps/Tweaks +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnome-install_tweaks_gui.png (Install Tweaks in Software Center) +[5]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnome-enable_user_theme_extension.png (Enable User Themes Extension) +[7]: https://www.gnome-look.org +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/gnome-apply_theme.png (Apply a theme) From f1b0049607a0818296a49e9cf30fb428fca1e116 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 2 Sep 2020 08:47:24 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 136/167] translating --- ...20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md b/sources/tech/20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md index 1139e997d3..0b8369ca2d 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 0801ca7bc207b2e9effeb74a0484a1409dd55e68 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Wed, 2 Sep 2020 20:55:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 137/167] translating --- ...age your software repositories with this open source tool.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200826 Manage your software repositories with this open source tool.md b/sources/tech/20200826 Manage your software repositories with this open source tool.md index 2d650fa96c..a457219fe6 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200826 Manage your software repositories with this open source tool.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200826 Manage your software repositories with this open source tool.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From be07054cea85fb2e0b5495ab418ef61aaeb604db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: XianLei Gao <279483350@qq.com> Date: Wed, 2 Sep 2020 22:27:02 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 138/167] Update 20200118 3 Methods to Install the Latest PHP 7 Package on CentOS-RHEL 7 and CentOS-RHEL 6.md --- ...e Latest PHP 7 Package on CentOS-RHEL 7 and CentOS-RHEL 6.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200118 3 Methods to Install the Latest PHP 7 Package on CentOS-RHEL 7 and CentOS-RHEL 6.md b/sources/tech/20200118 3 Methods to Install the Latest PHP 7 Package on CentOS-RHEL 7 and CentOS-RHEL 6.md index 09b2f4ca73..031984ff5c 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200118 3 Methods to Install the Latest PHP 7 Package on CentOS-RHEL 7 and CentOS-RHEL 6.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200118 3 Methods to Install the Latest PHP 7 Package on CentOS-RHEL 7 and CentOS-RHEL 6.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (gxlct008) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 18e72699d5811a8d20543e24ad3a44096026a392 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 05:01:48 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 139/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200903=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Soon=20You=E2=80=99ll=20be=20Able=20to=20Convert=20Any=20Websit?= =?UTF-8?q?e=20into=20Desktop=20Application=20in=20Linux=20Mint?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md --- ... into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md | 92 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 92 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md b/sources/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9e6223c286 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Soon You’ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/web-app-manager-linux-mint/) +[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) + +Soon You’ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint +====== + +Imagine this situation. You are working on a certain topic and you have more than twenty tabs open in your web browser, mostly related to the work. + +Some of these tabs are for YouTube or some other music streaming website you are listening to. + +You finished the work on the topic and close the browser. Your intent was to close all the work related tabs but it also closed the tabs that you were using for listening to music or some other activities. + +Now you’ll have to log in to those websites again and find the track you were listening to or whatever you were doing. + +Frustrating, isn’t it? Linux Mint understands your pain and they have an upcoming project to help you out in such scenario. + +### Linux Mint’s Web App Manager + +![][1] + +In a [recent post][2], Linux Mint team revealed that it is working on a new tool called Web App Manager. + +The Web App Manager tool will allow you to launch your favorite websites and have them run in their own window as if they were desktop applications. + +While adding a website as a Web App, you can give it a custom name and icon. You can also give it a different category. This will help you search this app in the menu. + +You may also specify which web browser you want the Web App to be opened in. Option for enabling/disabling navigation bar is also there. + +![Adding a Web App In Linux Mint][3] + +Say, you add YouTube as a Web App: + +![Web Apps In Linux Mint][4] + +If you run this YouTube Web App, YouTube will now run in its own window and in a browser of your choice. + +![YouTube Web App][5] + +The Web App has most of the features you see in a regular desktop application. You can use it in Alt+Tab switcher: + +![Web App in Alt Tab Switcher][6] + +You can even pin the Web App to the panel/taskbar for quick access. + +![YouTube Web App added to the panel][7] + +The Web App Manager is in beta right now but it is fairly stable to use. It is not translation ready right now and this is why it is not released to the public. + +If you are using Linux Mint and want to try the Web App Manager, you can download the DEB file for the beta version of this app from the link below: + +[Download Web App Manager (beta) for Linux Mint][8] + +### Web apps are not new to desktop Linux + +This is not something ground breaking from Linux Mint. Web apps have been on the scene for almost a decade now. + +If you remember, Ubuntu had added the web app feature to its Unity desktop in 2013-14. + +The lightweight Linux distribution PeppermintOS lists ICE (tool for web apps) as its main feature since 2010. In fact, Linux Mint’s Web App manager is based on Peppermint OS’s [ICE][9]. + +Personally, I like web apps feature. It has its usefulness. + +What do you think of Web Apps in Linux Mint? Is it something you look forward to use? Do share your views in the comment section. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/web-app-manager-linux-mint/ + +作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Web-App-Manager-linux-mint.jpg?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[2]: https://blog.linuxmint.com/?p=3960 +[3]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Add-web-app-in-Linux-Mint.png?resize=600%2C489&ssl=1 +[4]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Web-Apps-in-Linux-Mint.png?resize=600%2C489&ssl=1 +[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/youtube-web-app-linux-mint.jpg?resize=800%2C611&ssl=1 +[6]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/web-app-alt-tab-switcher.jpg?resize=721%2C576&ssl=1 +[7]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/panel.jpg?resize=470%2C246&ssl=1 +[8]: http://www.linuxmint.com/tmp/blog/3960/webapp-manager_1.0.3_all.deb +[9]: https://github.com/peppermintos/ice From 658a20bcbe923ab5a6d38213ad3e78c3da18dfaf Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 05:02:01 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 140/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200903=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Rclone=20Browser=20Enables=20You=20to=20Sync=20Data=20With=20Cl?= =?UTF-8?q?oud=20Services=20in=20Linux=20Graphically?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200903 Rclone Browser Enables You to Sync Data With Cloud Services in Linux Graphically.md --- ...ith Cloud Services in Linux Graphically.md | 136 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 136 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200903 Rclone Browser Enables You to Sync Data With Cloud Services in Linux Graphically.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200903 Rclone Browser Enables You to Sync Data With Cloud Services in Linux Graphically.md b/sources/tech/20200903 Rclone Browser Enables You to Sync Data With Cloud Services in Linux Graphically.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..3bdf2a71b4 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200903 Rclone Browser Enables You to Sync Data With Cloud Services in Linux Graphically.md @@ -0,0 +1,136 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Rclone Browser Enables You to Sync Data With Cloud Services in Linux Graphically) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/rclone-browser/) +[#]: author: (Ankush Das https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/) + +Rclone Browser Enables You to Sync Data With Cloud Services in Linux Graphically +====== + +_**Brief: Rclone Browser is an effective GUI program that makes it easy to manage and sync data on cloud storage using Rclone. Here, we take a look at what it offers and how it works.**_ + +If you want to use One Drive or [Google Drive on Linux][1] natively and effortlessly, you can opt for a premium GUI tool like [Insync][2] ([affiliate][3] link). + +If you can put some effort in the terminal, you can use [Rclone][4] to sync with many [cloud storage services on Linux][5]. We have a detailed [guide on using Rclone for syncing with OneDrive in Linux][6]. + +[Rclone][4] is a pretty popular and useful command-line tool. A lot of power users will need to use Rclone for its features. + +However, not everyone is comfortable using it from the terminal even if it’s useful enough. + +So, in this article, I’ll talk about an impressive GUI “Rclone Browser” that makes it easy to manage and sync your data on cloud storage using Rclone. + +It is also worth noting that Rclone does offer an experimental web-based GUI — but we are going to focus on [Rclone Browser][7] here. + +![][8] + +### Rclone Browser: An Open-Source GUI for Rclone + +Rclone Browser is a GUI that lets you browse, modify, upload/download, list files, and do a lot more stuff that you’d want to do when you want to make the most out of managing a remote storage location. + +It offers a simple user interface and works just fine (as per my quick test). Let’s take a detailed look at the features it offers and how to get started using it. + +### Features of Rclone Browser + +![][9] + +It offers a lot of options and control to manage remote storage locations. You may find it feature-rich or overwhelming depending on your use-case. Here they are: + + * Browse and modify rclone remote storage locations + * Encrypted cloud storage supported + * Custom location and encryption for configuration supported + * No extra configuration required. It will use the same rclone configuration files (if you have any). + * Simultaneous navigation of multiple locations in separate tabs + * List files hierarchically (by file name, size, and modified date) + * Rclone commands are executed asynchronously without the GUI freezing + * You get the ability to upload, download, create new folders, rename, delete files and folders + * Drag and drop support for dragging files while uploading + * Streaming media files in player like VLC + * Mount and unmount folders/cloud drives + * Ability to calculate size of folder, export list of files, and copy rclone commands to clipboard + * Supports portable mode + * Supports shared drivers (if you’re using Google Drive) + * Gives you the ability to have public link sharing option for remote storage services that offers it + * Ability to create tasks that you can easily save to run it again or edit it later + * Dark mode + * Cross-platform support (Windows, macOS, and Linux) + + + +### Installing Rclone Browser on Linux + +_You need to have rclone installed on your Linux distribution before you use Rclone Browser. Follow the [official installation instructions][10] to do that._ + +You will find an AppImage file available for Rclone Browser from the [releases section][11] of its [GitHub page][7]. So, you shouldn’t have an issue running it on any Linux distribution. + +In case you didn’t know about AppImage, I’ll recommend going through our guide to [use AppImage on Linux][12]. + +You can also choose to build it as well. The instructions to do that is in the GitHub page. + +[Rclone Browser][7] + +### Getting Started With Rclone Browser + +Here, I’ll just share a few things that you should know to get started using Rclone Browser. + +![][13] + +If you had any existing remote locations using rclone in the terminal, it will automatically show up in the GUI. You can also hit the “**Refresh**” button to get the latest additions. + +As shown in the screenshot above, when you click the “**Config**” button it launches the terminal that lets you easily add a new remote or configure it as you want. Don’t worry when the terminal pops up, Rclone browser executes the commands to do all the necessary tasks, you just have to set up or edit a few things when needed. You don’t need to execute any Rclone commands. + +If you have some existing remotes, you can simply open them using the “**Open**” button and have the cloud storage accessible in a different tab as shown below. + +![][14] + +You can easily mount the cloud drive, upload/download files, get the details, share a public link for a folder (if supported), and directly stream media files as well. + +If you want to copy, move, or sync data with a remote storage location, you can simply create a task to do it. Just to make sure that you have the right settings, you can perform a dry run or go ahead with running the task. + +You can find all the running tasks under the “**Jobs**” section and you can cancel/stop them if needed. + +![][15] + +In addition to all the basic functionalities mentioned above, you can just head to **File->Preferences** to change the rclone location, mount option, download folder, bandwidth settings, and proxy as well. + +![][16] + +To learn more about its usage and features, you might want to check out the [GitHub page][7] for all the technical information. + +### Wrapping Up + +Rclone Browser should definitely come in handy for every Linux user looking to use Rclone for its powerful features. + +Have you tried it yet? Do you prefer using the GUI or the terminal for using rclone? Let me know your thoughts in the comments below! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/rclone-browser/ + +作者：[Ankush Das][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/ankush/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://itsfoss.com/use-google-drive-linux/ +[2]: https://itsfoss.com/recommends/insync/ +[3]: https://itsfoss.com/affiliate-policy/ +[4]: https://rclone.org/ +[5]: https://itsfoss.com/cloud-services-linux/ +[6]: https://itsfoss.com/use-onedrive-linux-rclone/ +[7]: https://github.com/kapitainsky/RcloneBrowser +[8]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Cloud-sync.gif?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[9]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/rclone-browser-screenshot.jpg?resize=800%2C618&ssl=1 +[10]: https://rclone.org/install/ +[11]: https://github.com/kapitainsky/RcloneBrowser/releases/tag/1.8.0 +[12]: https://itsfoss.com/use-appimage-linux/ +[13]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rclone-browser-howto.png?resize=800%2C412&ssl=1 +[14]: https://i0.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rclone-browser-drive.png?resize=800%2C505&ssl=1 +[15]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rclone-browser-task.jpg?resize=800%2C493&ssl=1 +[16]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/rclone-browser-preferences.jpg?resize=800%2C590&ssl=1 From 753d36357290b657d041f97c70ebe92c99d71162 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 05:02:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 141/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200902=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Open=20ports=20and=20route=20traffic=20through=20your=20firewal?= =?UTF-8?q?l?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200902 Open ports and route traffic through your firewall.md --- ...and route traffic through your firewall.md | 176 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 176 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200902 Open ports and route traffic through your firewall.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200902 Open ports and route traffic through your firewall.md b/sources/tech/20200902 Open ports and route traffic through your firewall.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..643aa8c0dc --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200902 Open ports and route traffic through your firewall.md @@ -0,0 +1,176 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Open ports and route traffic through your firewall) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/9/firewall) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) + +Open ports and route traffic through your firewall +====== +Safely and securely give outside parties access to your network. +![Traffic lights at night][1] + +Ideally, most local networks are protected from the outside world. If you've ever tried installing a service, such as a web server or a [Nextcloud][2] instance at home, then you probably know from first-hand experience that, while the service is easy to reach from inside the network, it's unreachable over the worldwide web. + +There are both technical and security reasons for this, but sometimes you want to open access to something within a local network to the outside world. This means you need to be able to route traffic from the internet into your local network—correctly and safely. In this article, I'll explain how. + +### Local and public IP addresses + +The first thing you need to understand is the difference between a local internet protocol (IP) address and a public IP address. Currently, most of the world (still) uses an addressing system called IPv4, which famously has a limited pool of numbers available to assign to networked electronic devices. In fact, there are more networked devices in the world than there are IPv4 addresses, and yet IPv4 continues to function. This is possible because of local addresses. + +All local networks in the world use the _same_ address pools. For instance, my home router's local IP address is 192.168.1.1. One of those is probably the same number as your home router, yet when I navigate to 192.168.1.1, I reach _my_ router's login screen and not _your_ router's login screen. That's because your home router actually has two addresses: one public and one local, and the public one shields the local one from being detected by the internet, much less from being confused for someone else's 192.168.1.1. + +![network of networks][3] + +(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +This, in fact, is why the internet is called the internet: it's a "web" of interconnected and otherwise self-contained networks. Each network, whether it's your workplace or your home or your school or a big data center or the "cloud" itself, is a collection of connected hosts that, in turn, communicate with a gateway (usually a router) that manages traffic from the internet and to the local network, as well as out of the local network to the internet. + +This means that if you're trying to access a computer on a network that's not the network you're currently attached to, then knowing the local address of that computer does you no good. You need to know the _public_ address of the remote network's gateway. And that's not all. You also need permission to pass through that gateway into the remote network. + +### Firewalls + +Ideally, there are firewalls all around you, even now. You don't see them (hopefully), but they're there. As technology goes, firewalls have a fun name, but they're actually a little boring. A firewall is just a computer service (also called a "daemon"), a subsystem that runs in the background of most electronic devices. There are many daemons running on your computer, including the one listening for mouse or trackpad movements, for instance. A firewall is a daemon programmed to either accept or deny certain kinds of network traffic. + +Firewalls are relatively small programs, so they are embedded in most modern devices. They're running on your mobile phone, on your router, and your computer. Firewalls are designed based on network protocols, and it's part of the specification of talking to other computers that a data packet sent over a network must announce specific pieces of information about itself (or be ignored). One thing that network data contains is a _port_ number, which is one of the primary things a firewall uses when accepting or denying traffic. + +Websites, for instance, are hosted on web servers. When you want to view a website, your computer sends network data identifying itself as traffic destined for port 80 of the web host. The web server's firewall is programmed to accept incoming traffic destined for port 80, so it accepts your request (and the web server, in turn, sends you the web page in response). However, were you to send (whether by accident or by design) network data destined for port 22 of that web server, you'd likely be denied by the firewall (and possibly banned for some time). + +This can be a strange concept to understand because, like IP addresses, ports and firewalls don't really "exist" in the physical world. These are concepts defined in software. You can't open your computer or your router to physically inspect network ports, and you can't look at a number printed on a chip to find your IP address, and you can't douse your firewall in water to put it out. But now that you know these concepts exist, you know the hurdles involved in getting from one computer in one network to another on a different network. + +Now it's time to get around those blockades. + +### Your IP address + +I assume you have control over your own network, and you're trying to open your own firewalls and route your own traffic to permit outside traffic into your network. First, you need your local and public IP addresses. + +To find your local IP address, you can use the `ip` address command on Linux: + + +``` +$ ip addr show | grep "inet " + inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo + inet 192.168.1.6/27 brd 10.1.1.31 scope [...] +``` + +In this example, my local IP address is 192.168.1.6. The other address (127.0.0.1) is a special "loopback" address that your computer uses to refer to itself from within itself. + +To find your local IP address on macOS, you can use `ifconfig`: + + +``` +$ ifconfig | grep "inet " + inet 127.0.0.1 netmask 0xff000000 + inet 192.168.1.6 netmask 0xffffffe0 [...] +``` + +And on Windows, use `ipconfig`: + + +``` +`$ ipconfig` +``` + +Get the public IP address of your router at [icanhazip.com][5]. On Linux, you can get this from a terminal with the [curl command][6]: + + +``` +$ curl +93.184.216.34 +``` + +Keep these numbers handy for later. + +### Directing traffic through a router + +The first device that needs to be adjusted is the gateway device. This could be a big, physical server, or it could be a tiny router. Either way, the gateway is almost certainly performing network address translation (NAT), which is the process of accepting traffic and altering the destination IP address. + +When you generate network traffic to view an external website, your computer must send that traffic to your local network's gateway because your computer has, essentially, no knowledge of the outside world. As far as your computer knows, the entire internet is just your network router, 192.168.1.1 (or whatever your router's address). So, your computer sends everything to your gateway. It's the gateway's job to look at the traffic and determine where it's _actually_ headed, and then forward that data on to the real internet. When the gateway receives a response, it forwards the incoming data back to your computer. + +If your gateway is a router, then to expose your computer to the outside world, you must designate a port in your router to represent your computer. This configures your router to accept traffic to a specific port and direct all of that traffic straight to your computer. Depending on the brand of router you use, this process goes by a few different names, including port forwarding or virtual server or sometimes even firewall settings. + +Every device is different, so there's no way for me to tell you exactly what you need to click on to adjust your settings. Generally, you access your home router through a web browser. Your router's address is sometimes printed on the bottom of the router, and it begins with either 192.168 or 10. + +Navigate to your router's address and log in with the credentials you were provided when you got your internet service. It's often as simple as `admin` with a numeric password (sometimes, this password is printed on the router, too). If you don't know the login, call your internet provider and ask for details. + +In the graphical interface, redirect incoming traffic for one port to a port (the same one is usually easiest) of your computer's local IP address. In this example, I redirect incoming traffic destined for port 22 (used for SSH connections) of my home router to my desktop PC. + +![Example of a router configuration][7] + +(Seth Kenlon, [CC BY-SA 4.0][4]) + +You can redirect any port you want. For instance, if you're hosting a website on a spare computer, you can redirect traffic destined for port 80 of your router to port 80 of your website host. + +### Directing traffic through a server + +If your gateway is a physical server, you can direct traffic using [firewall-cmd][8]. Using the _rich rule_ option, you can have your server listen for an incoming request at a specific address (your public IP) and specific port (in this example, I use 22, which is the port used for SSH), and then direct that traffic to an IP address and port in the local network (your computer's local address). + + +``` +$ firewall-cmd --permanent --zone=public \ +\--add-rich-rule 'rule family="ipv4" destination address="93.184.216.34" forward-port port=22 protocol=tcp to-port=22 to-addr=192.168.1.6' +``` + +### Set your firewall + +Most devices have firewalls, so you might find that traffic can't get through to your local computer even after you've forwarded ports and traffic. It's possible that there's a firewall blocking traffic even within your local network. Firewalls are designed to make your computer secure, so resist the urge to deactivate your firewall entirely (except for troubleshooting). Instead, you can selectively allow traffic. + +The process of modifying your personal firewall differs according to your operating system. + +On Linux, there are many services already defined. View the ones available: + + +``` +$ sudo firewall-cmd --get-services +amanda-client amanda-k5-client bacula bacula-client +bgp bitcoin bitcoin-rpc ceph cfengine condor-collector +ctdb dhcp dhcpv6 dhcpv6-client dns elasticsearch +freeipa-ldaps ftp [...] ssh steam-streaming svdrp [...] +``` + +If the service you're trying to allow is listed, you can add it to your firewall: + + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-service ssh --permanent` +``` + +If your service isn't listed, you can add the port you want to open manually: + + +``` +`$ sudo firewall-cmd --add-port 22/tcp --permanent` +``` + +Opening a port in your firewall is specific to your current _zone_. For more information about firewalls, firewall-cmd, and ports, refer to my article [_Make Linux stronger with firewalls_][8], and download our [Firewall cheatsheet][9] for quick reference. + +This step is only about opening a port in your computer so that traffic destined for it on a specific port is accepted. You don't need to redirect traffic because you've already done that at your gateway. + +### Make the connection + +You've set up your gateway and your local network to route traffic for you. Now, when someone outside your network navigates to your public IP address, destined for a specific port, they'll be redirected to your computer on the same port. It's up to you to monitor and safeguard your network, so use your new knowledge with care. Too many open ports can look like invitations to bad actors and bots, so only open what you intend to use. And most of all, have fun! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/9/firewall + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/traffic-light-go.png?itok=nC_851ys (Traffic lights at night) +[2]: http://nextcloud.org +[3]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/network-of-networks.png (network of networks) +[4]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[5]: http://icanhazip.com +[6]: https://opensource.com/article/20/5/curl-cheat-sheet +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/port-mapping.png (Example of a router configuration) +[8]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/make-linux-stronger-firewalls +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/20/2/firewall-cheat-sheet From 41fb7a1f31c48cf6784460fa416b6d9bdf154b2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 05:02:30 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 142/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200902=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Design=20a=20book=20cover=20with=20an=20open=20source=20alterna?= =?UTF-8?q?tive=20to=20InDesign?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200902 Design a book cover with an open source alternative to InDesign.md --- ... an open source alternative to InDesign.md | 127 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 127 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200902 Design a book cover with an open source alternative to InDesign.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200902 Design a book cover with an open source alternative to InDesign.md b/sources/tech/20200902 Design a book cover with an open source alternative to InDesign.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7e80d21c38 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200902 Design a book cover with an open source alternative to InDesign.md @@ -0,0 +1,127 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Design a book cover with an open source alternative to InDesign) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/9/open-source-publishing-scribus) +[#]: author: (Jim Hall https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall) + +Design a book cover with an open source alternative to InDesign +====== +Use the open source publishing software, Scribus to create a cover for +your next self-published book. +![Stack of books for reading][1] + +I recently finished writing a book about [C programming][2], which I self-published through [Lulu.com][3]. I've used Lulu for several book projects, and it's a great platform. Earlier this year, Lulu made changes that give authors greater control over creating their book covers. Previously, you just uploaded a pair of large-format images for the front and back book covers. Now, Lulu allows authors to upload a custom PDF exactly sized to your book's dimensions. + +You can create the cover using [Scribus][4], the open source page layout program. Here's how I do it. + +### Download a template + +When you're entering your book project information on Lulu's website, eventually, you'll navigate to the **Design** tab. Under the **Design Your Cover** section on this page, you will find a handy **Download Template** button that provides a PDF template for your book cover. + +![Lulu Design your Cover page][5] + +(Jim Hall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +Download this template, which gives you the information you need to create your own book cover in Scribus. + +![Lulu's cover template][7] + +(Jim Hall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +The most important details are: + + * Total document size (with bleed) + * Bleed area (from trim edge) + * Spine area + + + +**Bleed** is a printing term that is important when preparing a **print-ready** file for a printer. It is different from a margin in a regular document. When you print a document, you set a page margin for the top, bottom, and sides. In most documents, the margin is usually around an inch. + +But in print-ready files, the document size needs to be a little bigger than the finished book because book covers usually include colors or pictures that go all the way to the cover's edge. To create this design, you make the colors or images go beyond your margin, and the print shop trims off the excess to get the cover down to the exact size. Therefore, the **trim** is where the print shop cuts the cover exactly to size. The **bleed area** is the extra part the printer cuts off. + +If you didn't have a bleed, the print shop would have a hard time printing the cover exactly to size. If the printer was off by only a little bit, your cover would end up with a tiny, white, unprinted border on one edge. Using a bleed and trim means your cover looks right every time. + +### Set up your book cover document in Scribus + +To create a new document in Scribus, start with the **New Document** dialog box where you define the document's dimensions. Click on the **Bleeds** tab and enter the bleed size the PDF template says to use. Lulu books usually use 0.125" bleeds on all edges. + +For the total document dimension in Scribus, you can't just use the total document size on the PDF template. If you do, your Scribus document will have the wrong dimensions. Instead, you need to do a little math to get the right size. + +Look at **Total Document Size (with bleed)** on the PDF template. This is the total size of the PDF that will be sent to the printer, and it includes the back cover, the book spine, and the front cover—including the bleeds. To enter the right dimensions in Scribus, you have to subtract the bleeds from all edges. For example, my latest book is Crown quarto size, which is 7.44" x 9.68" with a spine width of 0.411" after it's bound. With 0.125" bleeds, the **Total Document Size (with bleed)** is 15.541" x 9.93". So, my document size in Scribus is: + + * Width: 15.541-(2 x 0.125)=15.291" + * Height: 9.93-(2 x 0.125)=9.68" + + + +![Scribus document setup][8] + +(Jim Hall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +This sets up a new Scribus document that's the right size for my book cover. The new Scribus document dimensions should match exactly what is listed as the **Total Document Size (with bleed)** on the PDF template. + +### Start with the spine + +When I create a new book cover in Scribus, I like to start with the spine area. This helps me verify that I defined the document correctly in Scribus. + +Use the **Rectangle** tool to draw a colored box on the document where the book's spine needs to go. You don't have to draw it exactly the right size and location; just get close and use the **Properties** to set the correct values. In the shape's **Properties**, select the upper-left base point, and enter the x,y position and dimensions where the spine needs to go. Again, you'll need to do a little math and use the dimensions on the PDF template as a reference. + +![Empty Scribus document][9] + +(Jim Hall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +For example, my book's trim size is 7.44" x 9.68"; that's the size of the front and back covers after the printer trims it. My book's spine area is 0.411", and its bleed is 0.125". That means the correct upper-left x,y position for the book's spine is: + + * X-Pos (bleed + trim width): 0.411+7.44=7.8510" + * Y-Pos (minus bleed): -0.125" + + + +The rectangle's dimensions are the full height (including bleed) of my book cover and the spine width indicated in the PDF template: + + * Width: 0.411" + * Height: 9.93" + + + +Set the rectangle's **Fill** to your favorite color and the **Stroke** to **None** to hide the border. If you defined your Scribus document correctly, you should end up with a rectangle that stretches to the top and bottom edges of your book cover positioned in the center of the document. + +![Book spine in Scribus][10] + +(Jim Hall, [CC BY-SA 4.0][6]) + +If the rectangle doesn't fit the document exactly, you probably set the wrong dimensions when you created the Scribus document. Since you haven't put a lot of effort into the book cover yet, it's probably easiest to start over rather than trying to fix your mistakes. + +### The rest is up to you + +From there, you can create the rest of your book's cover. Always use the PDF template as a guide. The back cover is on the left, and the front cover is on the right. + +I can manage a simple book cover, but I lack the artistic abilities to create a truly eye-catching design. After designing several of my own book covers, I've gained respect for those who can design a good cover. But if you just need to create a simple book cover, you can do it yourself with open source software. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/9/open-source-publishing-scribus + +作者：[Jim Hall][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/jim-hall +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/books_read_list_stack_study.png?itok=GZxb9OAv (Stack of books for reading) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/c-programming-cheat-sheet +[3]: https://www.lulu.com/ +[4]: https://www.scribus.net/ +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lulu-download-template.jpg (Lulu Design your Cover page) +[6]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/lulu-pdf-template.jpg (Lulu's cover template) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/scribus-new-document.jpg (Scribus document setup) +[9]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/scribus-empty-document.jpg (Empty Scribus document) +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/scribus-spine-rectangle.jpg (Book spine in Scribus) From f977a22c1ad74abac471313e0e0de2a120279a55 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 05:02:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 143/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200902=20?= =?UTF-8?q?My=20dramatic=20journey=20to=20becoming=20an=20open=20source=20?= =?UTF-8?q?engineer?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200902 My dramatic journey to becoming an open source engineer.md --- ...ney to becoming an open source engineer.md | 137 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 137 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200902 My dramatic journey to becoming an open source engineer.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200902 My dramatic journey to becoming an open source engineer.md b/sources/tech/20200902 My dramatic journey to becoming an open source engineer.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..34ab585578 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200902 My dramatic journey to becoming an open source engineer.md @@ -0,0 +1,137 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (My dramatic journey to becoming an open source engineer) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/9/open-source-story) +[#]: author: (Anisha Swain https://opensource.com/users/anishaswain) + +My dramatic journey to becoming an open source engineer +====== +This is the story of how I grew from hating to loving open source +technology. +![Love and hate][1] + +It's been five years and a heck of a journey from being a non-programmer to becoming an associate software engineer at Red Hat. It's a story worth telling—not because I have achieved a lot, but because of so much drama and so many pitfalls. So grab a cup of coffee, and I will share the unturned pages of my love story with technology. + +People say love is as powerful as hate. And love stories that start with hate are often the most passionate ones. My love story with technology was just like that. I got into the world of programming in my freshman year of college. It was my most painful subject. Even though I have always been passionate about futuristic technologies, I didn't know how to move forward towards my passion. + +Coming from an interest in instrumentation and electronics engineering, my distaste for programming increased even more with my first failed attempt at passing an interview for my college's technical society, as 80% of the questions were about programming. In my second attempt, I went in prepared, all set for my war with programming. And, luckily, I cleared it. + +### Getting started + +As the phrase goes, sometimes it takes a wrong turn to get you to the right place. At first, it did feel like a wrong turn. Then bit by bit, I learned something precious, not through learning, but by _listening_. I started my journey by Googling the technical terms I'd heard people utter, which is how I started growing. I came to learn about web design, and the first website I designed was the front page for my college hostel. I had never been so excited about a project before. That simple HTML/CSS website was nothing less than magic to me. + +Have you heard of love at first sight? It was like that. At that moment, I fell in love with the work I was doing. I continued learning different web design frameworks (like [Bootstrap][2] and [Material Design][3]), libraries like [jQuery][4], and web development techniques like [Ajax][5]. + +### Gaining experience + +In 2016, I received my first internship, working as a frontend developer. Even though it lasted only a short time, it made me realize that I can contribute code, and it filled me with even more confidence. + +![Anisha Swain sitting by water][6] + +(Anisha Swain, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) + +Gradually, I started learning server-side code, like [Node.js][8], the [Express][9] framework, [MongoDB][10], [MySQL][11], and more. My seniors helped make my road to understanding the client-server interaction fairly easy. + +We heard about a hackathon organized by Tata Consultancy Services. We applied for it with an idea to add [gamification to cleaning][12] public places. (This is probably still the most engrossing project I have worked on to date.) And we were selected! After about a month of preparation, I was going to Mumbai, which was my first trip outside my state, Odisha. Today, when people ask me about young girls being banned from such opportunities, I answer, "tell me about it." I was the only girl on this trip and, yes, it was a little scary. But when I look back, I realize if I hadn't taken that calculated risk at that time, I probably wouldn't have received opportunities to travel in the future. + +In time, I started learning Python, and the area that interested me the most was image processing. I started doing small projects on the [OpenCV][13] computer vision and machine learning library and later collaborated on making a prototype of a self-driving car—just a small one with basic features. + +### My open source debut + +Another turning point came when I learned about open source programs while participating in the Rails Girls Summer of Code (RGSoC) in 2017 with [Manaswini Das][14]. RGSoC is a global fellowship program for women and non-binary coders. Students receive three-month scholarships to work on existing open source projects and expand their skill sets. + +I participated in a project named [HospitalRun][15]. It was an exciting—and honestly scary—experience for me. It was exciting because, for the first time, it felt like I was part of something meaningful, broader, and significant. A simple change I made would be visible to people all over the world. My name would be on the contributor list for a large community. It might sound like nothing, but at that time, it was like a wave of motivation. It was scary because the application was in [Ember.js][16], and learning Ember.js so quickly is an experience that can't be described. I will be ever grateful to my mentors, [Joel Worrall][17] and [Joel Glovier][18], for all the support they provided our group. Even though we didn't get selected for the program, this experience will always be a shining part of my story. + +The best thing about working with technology is, it never felt like work. Neither then nor now. It was always like I was self-reflecting on a computer screen. + +### Disappointment, then winning + +The Summer Research Fellowships Program (SRFP), offered by the Indian Academy of Sciences (IAS), is a summer immersion experience that supplements research activities during the academic year. I wanted to work under this renowned research fellowship, and in 2017, I anxiously looked for my name among the awardees. Alas! My name wasn't there. And I was upset. Despite having the slimmest of chances to receive a fellowship, I had reviewed the profiles of all the professors who were working in the field of signal and image processing, shortlisted around 30 of them, and gone through their research papers. As I had some experience with OpenCV and image processing, I was somehow expecting to be selected. + +However, I moved on and applied for RGSoC. I devoted two months to the application, but, again, my team wasn't selected. The semester was edging to an end, and I had no internships in hand. I was disheartened and clueless about what would happen next. I started applying for local internships, and I was completely upset. + +But I was not aware that the IAS fellowship's second selection list had not yet been announced. On May 2, I got a message from one of my seniors with a link to the IAS second selection result list. And voila! I found my name. Anisha Swain. I couldn't believe my eyes. The credentials matched mine! I was selected to work on image processing. + +The confirmation email said I was going to work in Delhi. But there was a problem with where I could live. The accommodation list was only for the people who were selected for the fellowship on the first list. I had a dilemma. My parents strictly banned me from going without proper accommodation. But when there is a will, there is a way, and I found I could stay on the Delhi University campus. In two months at Delhi, while doing research, having fun, and traveling, I experienced everything I could. I traveled to all the metro cities, and Delhi is the most beautiful city I have ever been to. + +### When one door closes, another opens + +In 2018, Google Summer of Code (GSoC) was just around the corner. GSoC is an annual international program where students are awarded stipends for completing a free and open source software coding project during the summer. Nothing was more prestigious to me at the time than getting into this program. Now I wonder why. I still see students going crazy over it, as if nothing else is left in life if they don't crack it. I was also upset at not being selected. Not once but twice. But as they say, "The journey is as important as the destination." + +What matters more than getting selected is the learning you do during the process, as it will always stay with you. While applying to GSoC, I learned concept visualization with [D3.js][19] and [Three.js][20]. + +Even though I couldn't crack GSoC, my learning helped me land another internship, in 2019, at Mytrah Energy in Hyderabad. It was my first industrial experience, and I learned to do data visualization on a large scale. I dealt with data in JSON and CSV formats and created interactive charts with SVG and Canvas. The experience also helped me deal with my fear of getting into corporate life. It was a brief look into the life I was aspiring for. + +### Walking into open source + +Some of my friends selected for GSoC shared with me LinkedIn contact information for members of Red Hat's talent acquisition team. In 2018, I messaged them and sent my resume and personal description, but didn't receive a reply for more than a year. + +But then I met them at the 2019 Grace Hopper Celebration India (GHCI) conference, Asia's largest gathering of women technologists. During the career fair, they asked for my resume, and, to my utter surprise, they remembered me from my LinkedIn messages a year before. Soon, I got an interview call. During my first interview, I lost my connection and the interview couldn't be completed, but they were kind enough to understand the situation and reschedule it. The next interview round took around three hours, and just a few hours later, I got a job offer by email. It is the best thing that has ever happened to me! + +![An office desk][21] + +(Anisha Swain, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) + +Today, I am an associate software engineer for Red Hat's Performance and Scale Engineering team. I work with [React][22] and design frameworks with [Ant Design][23] and [PatternFly][24]. I also deal with web technologies like [Elasticsearch][25], [GraphQL][26], and [Postgres][27]. I try to share my knowledge with others through conferences, meetups, and articles. None of this could have been possible without my "second family" from the [Zairza Cetb][28] club. This makes me realize the power of a community and the important role our surroundings play in our development. + +### Rules for success + +![Anisha Swain in snow][29] + +(Anisha Swain, [CC BY-SA 4.0][7]) + +Through my journey, I have learned many things about getting where you want to be in life, including: + + 1. Hard work is as important as smart work. + 2. Things will eventually be connected and fall into place if you have the desire to grow. + 3. Work for 100% if you want to achieve 80%. + 4. Stay hungry, stay foolish, and stay humble. + 5. Always give back knowledge to the community. + + + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/9/open-source-story + +作者：[Anisha Swain][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/anishaswain +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/business_lovehate_0310.png?itok=2IBhQqIn (Love and hate) +[2]: https://getbootstrap.com/ +[3]: https://material.io/design +[4]: https://jquery.com/ +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajax_%28programming%29 +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/anishaswain_seaside.jpg (Anisha Swain sitting by water) +[7]: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ +[8]: https://nodejs.org +[9]: https://expressjs.com/ +[10]: https://www.mongodb.com/ +[11]: https://www.mysql.com/ +[12]: https://github.com/Anisha1234/Clean_Clan +[13]: https://opencv.org/ +[14]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/manaswini-das/ +[15]: https://hospitalrun.io/ +[16]: https://emberjs.com/ +[17]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jworrall/ +[18]: https://www.linkedin.com/in/jglovier/ +[19]: https://d3js.org/ +[20]: https://threejs.org/ +[21]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/anishaswain_desk.jpg (An office desk) +[22]: https://reactjs.org/ +[23]: https://ant.design/ +[24]: https://www.patternfly.org/ +[25]: https://www.elastic.co/elasticsearch/ +[26]: https://graphql.org/ +[27]: https://www.postgresql.org/ +[28]: https://medium.com/u/a9c306e657d0?source=post_page-----aa2c4cb5d924---------------------- +[29]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/anishaswain_snow.jpg (Anisha Swain in snow) From d9285f6e9a55c07168c6eb18026dbecc2d614181 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 09:37:33 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 144/167] Rename sources/tech/20200902 My dramatic journey to becoming an open source engineer.md to sources/talk/20200902 My dramatic journey to becoming an open source engineer.md --- ...902 My dramatic journey to becoming an open source engineer.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20200902 My dramatic journey to becoming an open source engineer.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200902 My dramatic journey to becoming an open source engineer.md b/sources/talk/20200902 My dramatic journey to becoming an open source engineer.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200902 My dramatic journey to becoming an open source engineer.md rename to sources/talk/20200902 My dramatic journey to becoming an open source engineer.md From 49e3321fbb6fdc4f825109565b5ae36481bbdff8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 10:30:38 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 145/167] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-12575-1.html --- ...722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md | 22 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md (79%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md b/published/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md similarity index 79% rename from translated/tech/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md rename to published/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md index d4c454b316..1a4120215e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md +++ b/published/20200722 SCP user-s migration guide to rsync.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12575-1.html) [#]: subject: (SCP user’s migration guide to rsync) [#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/scp-users-migration-guide-to-rsync/) [#]: author: (chasinglogic https://fedoramagazine.org/author/chasinglogic/) @@ -10,17 +10,17 @@ scp 用户的 rsync 迁移指南 ====== -![][1] +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202009/03/102942u7rxf79a7rsr9txz.jpg) -在 [SSH 8.0 预发布公告][2]中，OpenSSH 项目表示，他们认为 scp 协议已经过时，不灵活，而且不容易修复，然后他们继续推荐使用 `sftp` 或 `rsync` 来进行文件传输。 +在 [SSH 8.0 预发布公告][2]中，OpenSSH 项目表示，他们认为 scp 协议已经过时，不灵活，而且不容易修复，然后他们继而推荐使用 `sftp` 或 `rsync` 来进行文件传输。 -然而，很多用户都是从小用着 `scp` 命令长大的，所以对 `rsync` 并不熟悉。此外，`rsync` 可以做的事情也远不止复制文件，这可能会给菜鸟们留下复杂和不透明的印象。尤其是，`scp` 命令的标志大体上可以直接对应到 `cp` 命令的标志，而 `rsync` 命令的标志却和它大相径庭。 +然而，很多用户都是从小用着 `scp` 命令长大的，所以对 `rsync` 并不熟悉。此外，`rsync` 可以做的事情也远不止复制文件，这可能会给菜鸟们留下复杂和难以掌握的印象。尤其是，`scp` 命令的标志大体上可以直接对应到 `cp` 命令的标志，而 `rsync` 命令的标志却和它大相径庭。 本文将为熟悉 `scp` 的人提供一个介绍和过渡的指南。让我们跳进最常见的场景：复制文件和复制目录。 ### 复制文件 -对于复制单个文件而言，`scp` 和 `rsync` 命令实际上是等价的。比方说，你需要把 `foo.txt` 传到一个名为 `server` 的服务器上你的主目录下： +对于复制单个文件而言，`scp` 和 `rsync` 命令实际上是等价的。比方说，你需要把 `foo.txt` 传到你在名为 `server` 的服务器上的主目录下： ``` $ scp foo.txt me@server:/home/me/ @@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ $ rsync foo.txt me@server:/home/me/ ### 复制目录 -对于复制目录，就确实有了很大的分歧，这也解释了为什么 `rsync` 会被认为比 `scp` 更复杂。如果你想把 `bar` 目录复制到 `server` 服务器上，除了指定 `ssh` 信息外，相应的 `scp` 命令和 `cp` 命令一模一样。 +对于复制目录，就有了很大的分歧，这也解释了为什么 `rsync` 会被认为比 `scp` 更复杂。如果你想把 `bar` 目录复制到 `server` 服务器上，除了指定 `ssh` 信息外，相应的 `scp` 命令和 `cp` 命令一模一样。 ``` $ scp -r bar/ me@server:/home/me/ @@ -88,14 +88,14 @@ bar 1 directory, 2 files ``` -请注意，`link.txt` 不再是一个符号链接，它现在是一个完整的 `foo.txt` 副本。如果你习惯于使用 `cp`，这可能会是令人惊讶的行为。如果你尝试使用 `cp -r` 复制 `bar` 目录，你会得到一个新的目录，里面的符号链接和 `bar` 的一样。现在如果我们尝试使用之前的 `rsync` 命令，我们会得到一个警告： +请注意，`link.txt` 不再是一个符号链接，它现在是一个 `foo.txt` 的完整副本。如果你习惯于使用 `cp`，这可能会是令人惊讶的行为。如果你尝试使用 `cp -r` 复制 `bar` 目录，你会得到一个新的目录，里面的符号链接和 `bar` 的一样。现在如果我们尝试使用之前的 `rsync` 命令，我们会得到一个警告： ``` $ rsync -r bar/ me@server:/home/me/ skipping non-regular file "bar/baz/link.txt" ``` -`rsync` 警告我们它发现了一个非常规的文件，并正在跳过它。因为你没有告诉它可以复制符号链接，所以它忽略了它们。`rsync` 在手册中有一节“符号链接”，解释了所有可能的行为选项。在我们的例子中，我们需要添加 `-links` 标志： +`rsync` 警告我们它发现了一个非常规文件，并正在跳过它。因为你没有告诉它可以复制符号链接，所以它忽略了它们。`rsync` 在手册中有一节“符号链接”，解释了所有可能的行为选项。在我们的例子中，我们需要添加 `-links` 标志： ``` $ rsync -r --links bar/ me@server:/home/me/ @@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ bar/ 1 directory, 2 files ``` -为了省去一些打字工作，并利用更多的文件保护选项，在复制目录时可以使用 `-archive`（简称 `-a`）标志。该归档标志将做大多数人所期望的事情，因为它可以实现递归复制、符号链接复制和许多其他选项。 +为了省去一些打字工作，并利用更多的文件保护选项，在复制目录时可以使用归档标志 `-archive`（简称 `-a`）。该归档标志将做大多数人所期望的事情，因为它可以实现递归复制、符号链接复制和许多其他选项。 ``` $ rsync -a bar/ me@server:/home/me/ @@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ Host server #### 同步 -顾名思义，`rsync` 可以做的不仅仅是复制数据。到目前为止，我们只演示了如何使用 `rsync` 复制文件。如果你想让 `rsync` 把目标目录变成源目录的样子，你可以在 `rsync` 中添加 `-delete` 标志。这个删除标志使得 `rsync` 将从源目录中复制不存在于目标目录中的文件，然后它将删除目标目录中不存在于源目录中的文件。结果就是目标目录和源目录完全一样。相比之下，`scp` 只会在目标目录下添加文件。 +顾名思义，`rsync` 可以做的不仅仅是复制数据。到目前为止，我们只演示了如何使用 `rsync` 复制文件。如果你想让 `rsync` 把目标目录变成源目录的样子，你可以在 `rsync` 中添加删除标志 `-delete`。这个删除标志使得 `rsync` 将从源目录中复制不存在于目标目录中的文件，然后它将删除目标目录中不存在于源目录中的文件。结果就是目标目录和源目录完全一样。相比之下，`scp` 只会在目标目录下添加文件。 ### 结论 From 70a23468043429f7a6aca44314d8bb4261849f8a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 11:40:56 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 146/167] PRF @geekpi --- ...ool to find security flaws in your code.md | 47 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md b/translated/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md index 5a93720522..b2d215ad1a 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md @@ -1,25 +1,26 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/static-code-security-analysis) [#]: author: (Ari Noman https://opensource.com/users/arinoman) -使用这个命令行工具来查找你代码中的安全漏洞。 +使用命令行工具 Graudit 来查找你代码中的安全漏洞 ====== -凭借广泛的语言支持，Graudit 可以让你在开发过程中的审计你的代码安全。 -![Code on a screen][1] -测试是软件开发生命周期 （SDLC） 的重要组成部分，它有几个阶段。今天，我想谈谈如何在代码中发现安全问题。 +> 凭借广泛的语言支持，Graudit 可以让你在开发过程中的审计你的代码安全。 -在开发软件的时候，你不能忽视安全问题。这就是为什么有一个术语叫 DevSecOps，他的基本职责是识别和解决应用中的安全漏洞。有一些用于检查 [OWASP漏洞][2] 的开源解决方案，它将通过创建源代码的威胁模型来得出结果。 +![](https://img.linux.net.cn/data/attachment/album/202009/03/114037qhi2h282wghbp74n.jpg) +测试是软件开发生命周期（SDLC）的重要组成部分，它有几个阶段。今天，我想谈谈如何在代码中发现安全问题。 -处理安全问题有不同的方法，如静态应用安全测试 （SAST）、动态应用安全测试 （DAST）、交互式应用安全测试 （IAST）、软件组成分析等。 +在开发软件的时候，你不能忽视安全问题。这就是为什么有一个术语叫 DevSecOps，它的基本职责是识别和解决应用中的安全漏洞。有一些用于检查 [OWASP 漏洞][2]的开源解决方案，它将通过创建源代码的威胁模型来得出结果。 -静态应用安全测试在代码层面运行，通过发现已经编写的代码中的错误来分析应用。这种方法不需要运行代码，所以叫静态分析。 +处理安全问题有不同的方法，如静态应用安全测试（SAST）、动态应用安全测试（DAST）、交互式应用安全测试（IAST）、软件组成分析等。 + +静态应用安全测试在代码层面运行，通过发现编写好的代码中的错误来分析应用。这种方法不需要运行代码，所以叫静态分析。 我将重点介绍静态代码分析，并使用一个开源工具进行实际体验。 @@ -29,9 +30,9 @@ 好的开源工具总是考虑到灵活性，它们应该能够在任何环境中使用，覆盖尽可能多的情况。这让开发人员更容易将该软件与他们现有的系统连接起来。 -但是有的时候，你可能需要一个功能，而这个功能在你选择的工具中是不可用的。那么你就可以选择将代码分叉，在其上开发自己的功能，并在系统中使用。 +但是有的时候，你可能需要一个功能，而这个功能在你选择的工具中是不可用的。那么你就可以选择复刻其代码，在其上开发自己的功能，并在你的系统中使用。 -因为，大多数时候，开源软件是由一个社区驱动的，开发的速度往往对该工具的用户来说是一个加分项，因为他们会根据用户的反馈、问题或 bug 报告来迭代项目。 +因为，大多数时候，开源软件是由社区驱动的，开发的速度往往是该工具的用户的加分项，因为他们会根据用户的反馈、问题或 bug 报告来迭代项目。 ### 使用 Graudit 来确保你的代码安全 @@ -39,25 +40,22 @@ 在这里，我们将使用 [Graudit][3]，它是一个简单的命令行工具，可以让我们找到代码库中的安全缺陷。它支持不同的语言，但有一个固定的签名集。 -Graudit 使用的 grep 是 GNU 许可证下的工具，类似的静态代码分析工具还有 Rough Auditing Tool for Security（RATS）、Securitycompass Web Application Analysis Tool（SWAAT）、flawfinder 等。但它的技术要求是最低的，并且非常灵活。不过，你可能还是有 Graudit 无法满足的要求。如果是这样，你可以看看这个[列表][4]的其他的选择。 +Graudit 使用的 `grep` 是 GNU 许可证下的工具，类似的静态代码分析工具还有 Rough Auditing Tool for Security（RATS）、Securitycompass Web Application Analysis Tool（SWAAT）、flawfinder 等。但 Graudit 的技术要求是最低的，并且非常灵活。不过，你可能还是有 Graudit 无法满足的要求。如果是这样，你可以看看这个[列表][4]的其他的选择。 我们可以将这个工具安装在特定的项目下，或者全局命名空间中，或者在特定的用户下，或者任何我们喜欢地方，它很灵活。我们先来克隆一下仓库。 - ``` -`$ git clone https://github.com/wireghoul/graudit` +$ git clone https://github.com/wireghoul/graudit ``` 现在，我们需要创建一个 Graudit 的符号链接，以便我们可以将其作为一个命令使用。 - ``` $ cd ~/bin && mkdir graudit $ ln --symbolic ~/graudit/graudit ~/bin/graudit ``` -在 .bashrc 中添加一个别名(或者你使用的任何 shell 的配置文件)。 - +在 `.bashrc` （或者你使用的任何 shell 的配置文件）中添加一个别名。 ``` #------ .bashrc ------ @@ -67,30 +65,27 @@ alias graudit="~/bin/graudit" 重新加载 shell： - ``` -$ source ~/.bashrc # OR +$ source ~/.bashrc # 或 $ exex $SHELL ``` 让我们通过运行这个来检查是否成功安装了这个工具。 - ``` -`$ graudit -h` +$ graudit -h ``` 如果你得到类似于这样的结果，那么就可以了。 ![Graudit terminal screen showing help page][5] -图 1 Graudit 帮助页面 +*图 1 Graudit 帮助页面* 我正在使用我现有的一个项目来测试这个工具。要运行该工具，我们需要传递相应语言的数据库。你会在 signatures 文件夹下找到这些数据库。 - ``` -`$ graudit -d ~/gradit/signatures/js.db` +$ graudit -d ~/gradit/signatures/js.db ``` 我在现有项目中的两个 JavaScript 文件上运行了它，你可以看到它在控制台中抛出了易受攻击的代码。 @@ -103,9 +98,9 @@ $ exex $SHELL ### Graudit 的优点和缺点 -Graudit 支持很多语言，这使其成为许多不同系统上的用户的理想选择。由于它的使用简单和广泛的语言支持，它可以与其他免费或付费工具相媲美。最重要的是，它们正在开发中，社区也支持其他用户。 +Graudit 支持很多语言，这使其成为许多不同系统上的用户的理想选择。由于它的使用简单和语言支持广泛，它可以与其他免费或付费工具相媲美。最重要的是，它们正在开发中，社区也支持其他用户。 -虽然这是一个方便的工具，但你可能会发现很难将某个特定的代码识别为”易受攻击“。也许开发者会在未来版本的工具中加入这个功能。但是，通过使用这样的工具来关注代码中的安全问题总是好的。 +虽然这是一个方便的工具，但你可能会发现很难将某个特定的代码识别为“易受攻击”。也许开发者会在未来版本的工具中加入这个功能。但是，通过使用这样的工具来关注代码中的安全问题总是好的。 ### 总结 @@ -118,7 +113,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/static-code-security-analysis 作者：[Ari Noman][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From fa8d0e1985e78eab7cf5693f77282a852cd6d26a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 11:41:25 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 147/167] PUB @geekpi https://linux.cn/article-12576-1.html --- ...s command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md b/published/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md rename to published/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md index b2d215ad1a..f31367bfbe 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md +++ b/published/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12576-1.html) [#]: subject: (Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code) [#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/static-code-security-analysis) [#]: author: (Ari Noman https://opensource.com/users/arinoman) From 818cb3ac03c00e592817f54c75bdfbe3fb9e6c33 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 12:08:53 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 148/167] Rename sources/tech/20200901 4 reasons Jamstack is changing web development.md to sources/talk/20200901 4 reasons Jamstack is changing web development.md --- .../20200901 4 reasons Jamstack is changing web development.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20200901 4 reasons Jamstack is changing web development.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200901 4 reasons Jamstack is changing web development.md b/sources/talk/20200901 4 reasons Jamstack is changing web development.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200901 4 reasons Jamstack is changing web development.md rename to sources/talk/20200901 4 reasons Jamstack is changing web development.md From 083be73d66d05d6cc977dd9e66345995b4bdc61d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 13:07:10 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 149/167] Rename sources/tech/20200831 Making Zephyr More Secure.md to sources/talk/20200831 Making Zephyr More Secure.md --- sources/{tech => talk}/20200831 Making Zephyr More Secure.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20200831 Making Zephyr More Secure.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200831 Making Zephyr More Secure.md b/sources/talk/20200831 Making Zephyr More Secure.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200831 Making Zephyr More Secure.md rename to sources/talk/20200831 Making Zephyr More Secure.md From 38281c1bd623cfcd6f753fe391d9e11fe3f905c8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 13:12:08 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 150/167] PRF --- ...his command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/published/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md b/published/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md index f31367bfbe..3edc6fcfaa 100644 --- a/published/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md +++ b/published/20200827 Use this command-line tool to find security flaws in your code.md @@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ $ git clone https://github.com/wireghoul/graudit 现在，我们需要创建一个 Graudit 的符号链接，以便我们可以将其作为一个命令使用。 ``` -$ cd ~/bin && mkdir graudit +$ cd ~/bin && mkdir graudit $ ln --symbolic ~/graudit/graudit ~/bin/graudit ``` From d5e75826b814182fe6c3064ca77dc4d7de3ebc6d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 13:21:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 151/167] Rename sources/tech/20200831 Open Source Project For Earthquake Warning Systems.md to sources/talk/20200831 Open Source Project For Earthquake Warning Systems.md --- ...20200831 Open Source Project For Earthquake Warning Systems.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20200831 Open Source Project For Earthquake Warning Systems.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200831 Open Source Project For Earthquake Warning Systems.md b/sources/talk/20200831 Open Source Project For Earthquake Warning Systems.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200831 Open Source Project For Earthquake Warning Systems.md rename to sources/talk/20200831 Open Source Project For Earthquake Warning Systems.md From f6ea6e9d9de91a2d934fc330c035ab4873f1aded Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: koolape <59325527+koolape@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 16:09:22 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 152/167] Update 20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md --- ...onvert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md b/sources/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md index 9e6223c286..d3dc2d3ddd 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (koolape) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From da688c9e4e0a5071723c970aa8a6b5e2fd6ab132 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 16:10:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 153/167] translated --- ...an API gateway to monitor microservices.md | 114 ------------------ ...an API gateway to monitor microservices.md | 114 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 114 insertions(+), 114 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200828 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200828 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200828 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md b/sources/tech/20200828 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md deleted file mode 100644 index a549f0b035..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200828 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,114 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/microservices-graphql) -[#]: author: (Rigin Oommen https://opensource.com/users/riginoommen) - -Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices -====== -Use the monitoring feature of GraphQL to help you detect issues early, -before a problem takes a critical microservice down. -![Net catching 1s and 0s or data in the clouds][1] - -[Microservices][2] and [GraphQL][3] are a great combination, like bread and butter. They're both great on their own and even better together. Knowing the health of your microservices is important because they run important services—it would be foolish to wait until something critical breaks before diagnosing a problem. It doesn't take much effort to let GraphQL help you detect issues early. - -![GraphQL in Microservices][4] - -Routine health checks allow you to watch and test your services to get early notifications about problems before they affect your business, clients, or project. That's easy enough to say, but what does it really mean to do a health check? - -Here are the factors I think about when designing a service checkup: - -**Requirements for a server health check:** - - 1. I need to understand the availability status of my microservice. - 2. I want to be able to manage the server load. - 3. I want end-to-end (e2e) testing of my microservices. - 4. I should be able to predict outages. - - - -![Service health in microservices][5] - -### Ways to do server health checks - -Coming up with health checks can be tricky because, in theory, there's nearly an infinite number of things you could check for. I like to start small and run the most basic test: a ping test. This simply tests whether the server running the application is available. Then I ramp up my tests to evaluate specific concerns, thinking about the elements of my server that are most important. I think about the things that would be disastrous should they disappear suddenly. - - 1. **Ping check:** Ping is the simplest monitor type. It just checks that your application is online. - 2. **Scripted browser:** Scripted browsers are more advanced; browser automation tools like [Selenium][6] enable you to implement custom monitoring rule sets. - 3. **API tests:** API tests are used to monitor API endpoints. This is an advanced version of the ping check model, where you can define the monitoring plan based on the API responses. - - - -### Health check with GraphQL - -In a typical REST-based microservice, you need to build health check features from scratch. It's a time-intensive process, but it's not something you have to worry about with GraphQL. - -According to its [website][7]: - -> "GraphQL is a query language for APIs and a runtime for fulfilling those queries with your existing data. GraphQL provides a complete and understandable description of the data in your API, gives clients the power to ask for exactly what they need and nothing more, makes it easier to evolve APIs over time, and enables powerful developer tools." - -When you bootstrap a GraphQL microservice, you also get a provision to monitor the health of the microservice. This is something of a hidden gem. - -As I mentioned above, you can perform API tests as well as ping checks with the GraphQL endpoint. - -Apollo GraphQL Server provides a default endpoint that returns information about your microservices and server health. It's not very complex: it returns status code 200 if the server is running. - -The default endpoint is `/.well-known/apollo/server-health`. - -![Health Check with GraphQL][8] - -### Advanced health checks - -In some cases, basic health checks may not be enough to ensure the integrity of a system. For example, tightly coupled systems require more business logic to ensure the health of the system. - -Apollo GraphQL is efficient enough to manage this use case by declaring an `onHealthCheck` function while defining the server: - - -``` -* Defining the Apollo Server */ -const apollo = new ApolloServer({ -  playground: process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production', -  typeDefs: gqlSchema, -  resolvers: resolver, -  onHealthCheck: () => { -    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { -      // Replace the `true` in this conditional with more specific checks! -      if (true) { -        resolve(); -      } else { -        reject(); -      } -    }); -  } -}); -``` - -When you define an `onHealthCheck` method, it returns a promise that _resolves_ if the server is ready and _rejects_ if there is an error. - -GraphQL makes monitoring APIs easier. In addition, using it for your server infrastructure makes things scalable. If you want to try adopting GraphQL as your new infrastructure definition, see my GitHub repo for [example code and configuration][9]. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/microservices-graphql - -作者：[Rigin Oommen][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/riginoommen -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/data_analytics_cloud.png?itok=eE4uIoaB (Net catching 1s and 0s or data in the clouds) -[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-are-microservices -[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-is-graphql -[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/graphql-microservices.png (GraphQL in Microservices) -[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/servicehealth.png (Service health in microservices) -[6]: https://www.selenium.dev/ -[7]: https://graphql.org/ -[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/healthcheck.png (Health Check with GraphQL) -[9]: https://github.com/riginoommen/example-graphql diff --git a/translated/tech/20200828 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md b/translated/tech/20200828 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..a6531140ef --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200828 Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices.md @@ -0,0 +1,114 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Use GraphQL as an API gateway to monitor microservices) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/microservices-graphql) +[#]: author: (Rigin Oommen https://opensource.com/users/riginoommen) + +使用 GraphQL 作为 API 网关来监控微服务 +====== +在一个问题使一个关键的微服务瘫痪之前，使用 GraphQL 的监控功能，帮助你及早发现问题。 +![Net catching 1s and 0s or data in the clouds][1] + +[微服务][2]和 [GraphQL][3] 就像面包和黄油一样，是一个很好的组合。它们本身都很好，结合起来就更好了。了解你的微服务的健康状况是很重要的，因为它们运行着重要的服务。如果等到某个关键的服务崩溃了才诊断问题，那是很愚蠢的。让 GraphQL 帮助你及早发现问题并不需要花费太多精力。 + +![GraphQL in Microservices][4] + +常规的健康检查可以让你观察和测试你的服务，在问题影响到你的业务、客户或项目之前，尽早得到通知。说起来很简单，但健康检查到底要做什么呢？ + +以下是我在设计服务检查时考虑的因素： + +**服务器健康检查的要求：** + + 1. 我需要了解我的微服务的可用性状态。 + 2. 我希望能够管理服务器的负载。 + 3. 我希望对我的微服务进行端到端（e2e）测试。 + 4. 我应该能够预测中断。 + + + +![Service health in microservices][5] + +### 做服务器健康检查的方法 + +进行健康检查可能比较棘手，因为理论上，你可以检查的东西几乎是无穷无尽的。我喜欢从小处着手，运行最基本的测试：ping 测试。这只是测试运行应用的服务器是否可用。然后，我加强测试以评估特定问题，思考服务器中最重要的元素。我想到那些如果突然消失的话将是灾难性的事情。 + + 1. **Ping 检查：**Ping 是最简单的监控类型。它只是检查你的应用是否在线。 + 2. **脚本化浏览器：**脚本化浏览器比较高级。像 [Selenium][6] 这样的浏览器自动化工具可以让你实现自定义的监控规则集。 + 3. **API 测试：**API 测试用于监控 API 端点。这是 ping 检查模型的高级版本，你可以根据 API 响应来定义监控计划。 + + + +### 使用 GraphQL 进行健康检查 + +在一个典型的基于 REST 的微服务中，你需要从头开始构建健康检查功能。这是一个时间密集型的过程，但使用 GraphQL 就不用担心了。 + +根据它的[网站][7]： + +> “GraphQL 是一种用于 API 的查询语言，也是一种用现有数据完成这些查询的运行时。GraphQL 为你的 API 中的数据提供了一个完整的、可理解的描述，让客户有能力精确地仅查询他们所需要的东西，让 API 更容易随着时间的推移而进化，并实现强大的开发者工具。” + + +当你启动一个 GraphQL 微服务时，你还可以获得监控微服务的运行状况的预置。这是一个隐藏的宝贝。 + +正如我上面提到的，你可以用 GraphQL 端点执行 API 测试以及 ping 检查。 + +Apollo GraphQL Server 提供了一个默认的端点，它可以返回有关你的微服务和服务器健康的信息。它不是很复杂：如果服务器正在运行，它就会返回状态码 200。 + +默认端点是 `/.well-known/apollo/server-health`。 + +![Health Check with GraphQL][8] + +### 高级健康检查 + +在某些情况下，基本的健康检查可能不足以确保系统的完整性。例如，紧密耦合的系统需要更多的业务逻辑来确保系统的健康。 + +Apollo GraphQL 在定义服务器的同时，通过声明一个 `onHealthCheck` 函数来有效地管理这种情况。 + + +``` +* Defining the Apollo Server */ +const apollo = new ApolloServer({ +  playground: process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production', +  typeDefs: gqlSchema, +  resolvers: resolver, +  onHealthCheck: () => { +    return new Promise((resolve, reject) => { +      // Replace the `true` in this conditional with more specific checks! +      if (true) { +        resolve(); +      } else { +        reject(); +      } +    }); +  } +}); +``` + +当你定义一个 `onHealthCheck` 方法时，它返回一个 promise，如果服务器准备好了，它就会返回 _resolve_，如果有错误，它就会返回 _reject_。 + +GraphQL 让监控 API 变得更容易。此外，在你的服务器基础架构中使用它可以使代码变得可扩展。如果你想尝试采用 GraphQL 作为你的新基础设施定义，请参见我的 GitHub 仓库中的[示例代码和配置][9]。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/microservices-graphql + +作者：[Rigin Oommen][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/riginoommen +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/data_analytics_cloud.png?itok=eE4uIoaB (Net catching 1s and 0s or data in the clouds) +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/what-are-microservices +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/19/6/what-is-graphql +[4]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/graphql-microservices.png (GraphQL in Microservices) +[5]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/servicehealth.png (Service health in microservices) +[6]: https://www.selenium.dev/ +[7]: https://graphql.org/ +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/healthcheck.png (Health Check with GraphQL) +[9]: https://github.com/riginoommen/example-graphql From 7478bbf240aceb4cbf60c8151d19a73da39cf238 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: koolape <59325527+koolape@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 17:31:00 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 154/167] Update 20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md --- ... into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md | 55 +++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 27 insertions(+), 28 deletions(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md b/sources/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md index d3dc2d3ddd..5acfa1e5f7 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md @@ -7,66 +7,65 @@ [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/web-app-manager-linux-mint/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) -Soon You’ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint +很快你就能在 Linux Mint 上将任何网站转化为桌面应用程序了 ====== -Imagine this situation. You are working on a certain topic and you have more than twenty tabs open in your web browser, mostly related to the work. +设想一下，你正忙于一项任务且需要在浏览器中打开超过 20 个页面，大多数页面都和工作有关。 -Some of these tabs are for YouTube or some other music streaming website you are listening to. +还有一些是 YouTube 或其他音乐流媒体网站。 -You finished the work on the topic and close the browser. Your intent was to close all the work related tabs but it also closed the tabs that you were using for listening to music or some other activities. +完成任务后需要关闭浏览器，但这会将包括工作相关和听音乐的网页等所有网页一起关掉。 -Now you’ll have to log in to those websites again and find the track you were listening to or whatever you were doing. +然后你需要再次打开这些网页并登录账号以回到原来的进度。 -Frustrating, isn’t it? Linux Mint understands your pain and they have an upcoming project to help you out in such scenario. - -### Linux Mint’s Web App Manager +这看起来令人沮丧，对吧？Linux Mint 理解你的烦恼，因此有了下面这个新项目帮助你应对这些问题。 ![][1] -In a [recent post][2], Linux Mint team revealed that it is working on a new tool called Web App Manager. +在[最近的文章][2]中，Linux Mint 团队揭示了正在开发一个名叫 「网页应用程序」（Web App Manager）的新工具。 -The Web App Manager tool will allow you to launch your favorite websites and have them run in their own window as if they were desktop applications. +该工具让你能够像使用桌面程序那样以独立窗口运行你最喜爱的网页。 -While adding a website as a Web App, you can give it a custom name and icon. You can also give it a different category. This will help you search this app in the menu. +在将网页添加为网页应用程序的时候，你可以给这个程序取名字并添加图标。也可以将它添加到不同的分类，以便在菜单中搜索这个应用。 -You may also specify which web browser you want the Web App to be opened in. Option for enabling/disabling navigation bar is also there. +还可以指定用什么浏览器打开应用。启用/禁用导航栏的选项也有。 -![Adding a Web App In Linux Mint][3] +![在 Linux Mint 中添加网页应用程序][3] -Say, you add YouTube as a Web App: +例如，将 YouTube 添加为网页应用程序： -![Web Apps In Linux Mint][4] +![Linux Mint 中的网页应用程序][4] -If you run this YouTube Web App, YouTube will now run in its own window and in a browser of your choice. +运行 YouTube 程序将通过你所使用的浏览器打开一个独立的页面。 -![YouTube Web App][5] +![YouTube 网页应用程序][5] -The Web App has most of the features you see in a regular desktop application. You can use it in Alt+Tab switcher: +网页应用程序拥有常规桌面应用程序有的大多数功能特点，如使用 Alt+Tab 切换。 ![Web App in Alt Tab Switcher][6] -You can even pin the Web App to the panel/taskbar for quick access. +甚至还能将应用固定到面板/任务栏方便打开。 ![YouTube Web App added to the panel][7] -The Web App Manager is in beta right now but it is fairly stable to use. It is not translation ready right now and this is why it is not released to the public. +该管理器目前处于 beta 开发阶段，但已经使用起来已经相对比较稳定了。不过目前还没有面向大众发放，因为翻译工作还未完成。 -If you are using Linux Mint and want to try the Web App Manager, you can download the DEB file for the beta version of this app from the link below: +如果你在使用 Linux Mint 并想尝试这个工具，可在下方下载 beta 版本的 deb 文件： -[Download Web App Manager (beta) for Linux Mint][8] +[下载 beta 版][8] -### Web apps are not new to desktop Linux -This is not something ground breaking from Linux Mint. Web apps have been on the scene for almost a decade now. +### 网页应用程序在桌面环境的 Linux 中不是什么新事物 -If you remember, Ubuntu had added the web app feature to its Unity desktop in 2013-14. +网页应用程序不是由 Linux Mint 独创的，而是早在大约 10 年前就有了。 -The lightweight Linux distribution PeppermintOS lists ICE (tool for web apps) as its main feature since 2010. In fact, Linux Mint’s Web App manager is based on Peppermint OS’s [ICE][9]. +你可能还记得 Ubuntu 在 2013-2014 年向 Unity 桌面中加入了网页应用程序这项特性。 -Personally, I like web apps feature. It has its usefulness. +轻量级 Linux 发行版 PeppermintOS 自 2010 年起就将 ICE（网页应用程序工具）列为其主要特色之一。实际上，Linux Mint 的网页应用程序管理器也是基于 [ICE][9] 的。 -What do you think of Web Apps in Linux Mint? Is it something you look forward to use? Do share your views in the comment section. +我个人喜欢网页应用程序，因为有用。 + +你怎么看 Linux Mint 中的网页应用程序呢，这是你期待使用的吗？欢迎在下方评论。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- From 3397f68fde9d8d306ff248b1e7a4ebabe963fee0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: koolape <59325527+koolape@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 17:34:04 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 155/167] Update and rename sources/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md to translated/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md --- ...onvert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) rename {sources => translated}/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md (98%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md b/translated/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md similarity index 98% rename from sources/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md rename to translated/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md index 5acfa1e5f7..30b450b7c7 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md @@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/web-app-manager-linux-mint/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +译者：[koolape](https://github.com/koolape) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 7f633fec6f990cb5fe34afa85b27ffe784d00248 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 23:02:50 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 156/167] PUB @wxy https://linux.cn/article-12579-1.html --- ...Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md b/published/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md rename to published/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md index 943772a587..63d9286ccb 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md +++ b/published/20200823 Linux Jargon Buster- What is Desktop Environment in Linux.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12579-1.html) [#]: subject: (Linux Jargon Buster: What is Desktop Environment in Linux?) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/what-is-desktop-environment/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/) @@ -10,6 +10,8 @@ Linux 黑话解释：什么是桌面环境？ ====== +![][6] + 在桌面 Linux 世界中，最常用的术语之一就是桌面环境Desktop Environment（DE）。如果你是 Linux 的新手，你应该了解一下这个经常使用的术语。 ### 什么是 Linux 中的桌面环境？ @@ -48,8 +50,6 @@ Linux 黑话解释：什么是桌面环境？ ### Linux 发行版及其桌面环境变体 -![][6] - 同样的桌面环境可以在多个 Linux 发行版上使用，一个 Linux 发行版也可能提供多个桌面环境。 例如，Fedora 和 Ubuntu 都默认使用 GNOME 桌面，但 Fedora 和 Ubuntu 都提供了其他桌面环境。 From 48efb2f89034436c6ff79de6684fba6e616a04e3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 23:14:49 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 157/167] APL --- ...r- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200830 Linux Jargon Buster- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md b/sources/tech/20200830 Linux Jargon Buster- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md index 9f0420d844..ca4e8b1557 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200830 Linux Jargon Buster- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200830 Linux Jargon Buster- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (wxy) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 7e6a01dc1592dfd0f5604e4fdde33e59a271e825 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2020 23:49:57 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 158/167] TSL --- ...ay Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md | 119 ------------------ ...ay Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md | 119 ++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 119 insertions(+), 119 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200830 Linux Jargon Buster- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200830 Linux Jargon Buster- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200830 Linux Jargon Buster- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md b/sources/tech/20200830 Linux Jargon Buster- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md deleted file mode 100644 index ca4e8b1557..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200830 Linux Jargon Buster- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,119 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (wxy) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Linux Jargon Buster: What is a Display Server in Linux? What is it Used for?) -[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/display-server/) -[#]: author: (Dimitrios Savvopoulos https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/) - -Linux Jargon Buster: What is a Display Server in Linux? What is it Used for? -====== - -In Linux related articles, news and discussions, you’ll often come across the term display server, Xorg, Wayland etc. - -In this explainer article, I’ll discuss display servers in Linux. - -### What is display server in Linux? - -A display server is a program which is responsible for the input and output coordination of its clients, to and from the rest of the operating system, and among the hardware and the operating system. Basically, thanks to a display server, you can use your computer graphically (GUI). Without the display server, you would only be restricted to a command line interface (TTY). - -The display server provides the framework for a graphical environment so that you can use mouse and keyboard to interact with applications. - -The display server communicates with its clients over the [display server protocol][1], like X11. The display server is a key component in any graphical user interface, specifically the windowing system. - -Don’t confuse display server with [desktop environment][2]. The desktop environment uses display server underneath it. - -Sounds familiar but it is not fully clear? Let me explain. - -### Display server communications protocols in Linux - -![][3] - -There are three display protocols available in Linux, the X11, Wayland and Mir. I’ll give you a brief introduction for these display servers. - -#### X11 - -The X11 (also refer as X) is the legacy display server that has been existed for years. It is the most common display server used in Linux distributions. - -![X Architecture][4] - -The X11 communication protocol, uses the [X.org Server][5] display server. It receives input events from [device drivers][6] and makes them available to one of its clients. - -The display server also receives data from its clients, it processes the data and does the compositing and on Linux it passes the data to one of three kernel components – the [DRM][7], [gem][8] or [KMS driver][9]. - -The X.Org Server is a display server that relies on a second program, the [compositing window manager][10], to do the compositing. Examples are [Mutter][11] or [KWin][12]. GNOME uses Mutter. - -#### Wayland - -As per its website, Wayland is “intended as a simpler replacement for X, easier to develop and maintain”. - -And indeed [Wayland][13] is the modern display server that is supposed to replace the legacy X display server. - -Its adoption is still a work in progress. Ubuntu tried to switch to Wayland as the default display server with version 17.10 but the experiment met with negative feedback. - -A lot of GUI applications and their frameworks depend on the X server. These applications didn’t work as intended on Wayland. - -This forced Ubuntu to stay on X as default display server. It still provides the option to use Wayland but it is not default anymore. - -An overwhelming majority of distributions use X display server by default even today. - -![Wayland Architecture][14] - -Display servers that put into effect the Wayland display server protocol, are called [Wayland compositors][15]. Like any X11, a Wayland compositor is responsible for handling input and output for its clients but also does the [compositing][16] – in contrast to X11. - -A few Wayland compositors are [Weston][17], [Mutter][18], [KWin][12] or [Enlightenment][19]. - -#### Mir - -The [Mir display server][20] comes with its own Mir display server protocol which differs to those used by X11 and Wayland. It was developed by [Canonical][21], as part of the development of Unity, and was intended to be the display server of choice for [Ubuntu][22]. - -As of 2017, it has been replaced with the Wayland display server for desktop editions of Ubuntu, although Mir’s development continued for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. - -#### Why are we still using Xorg? - -Wayland as it is relatively new, is not very stable yet, compared to Xorg. The programs, which act as clients, in order to communicate with a display server, must know how to do it. - -For this reason, many programs might not run when using Wayland. Ubuntu’s experiment to switch to Wayland by default confirmed this. - -#### Conclusion - -I hope you have a bit better understanding of display server concept in Linux. I have tried to not go into too much technical details but I could not avoid them altogether. - -Your feedback and suggestion is welcome. - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://itsfoss.com/display-server/ - -作者：[Dimitrios Savvopoulos][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/ -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System_core_protocol -[2]: https://itsfoss.com/what-is-desktop-environment/ -[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/display-server-linux.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 -[4]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/x-architecture-1.png?resize=800%2C507&ssl=1 -[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.Org_Server -[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver -[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager -[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Execution_Manager -[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMS_driver -[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositing_window_manager -[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutter_(window_manager) -[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWin -[13]: https://wayland.freedesktop.org/ -[14]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/wayland-architecture-1.png?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 -[15]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_compositor -[16]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositing -[17]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_(software) -[18]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutter_(software) -[19]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_(software) -[20]: https://mir-server.io/ -[21]: https://canonical.com/ -[22]: https://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu/ diff --git a/translated/tech/20200830 Linux Jargon Buster- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md b/translated/tech/20200830 Linux Jargon Buster- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..46f2bbd591 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200830 Linux Jargon Buster- What is a Display Server in Linux- What is it Used for.md @@ -0,0 +1,119 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (wxy) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Linux Jargon Buster: What is a Display Server in Linux? What is it Used for?) +[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/display-server/) +[#]: author: (Dimitrios Savvopoulos https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/) + +Linux 黑话解释：什么是显示服务器，用来做什么？ +====== + +![][3] + +在 Linux 相关的文章、新闻和讨论中，你会经常遇到显示服务器display server、Xorg、Wayland 等名词。 + +在这篇解释文章中，我将讨论 Linux 中的显示服务器。 + +### 什么是显示服务器？ + +显示服务器是一个程序，它负责协调其客户端，与操作系统的其他部分之间，以及硬件和操作系统之间的输入和输出。基本上，多亏了显示服务器，你才能以图形化的方式使用你的计算机（GUI）。如果没有显示服务器，你只能局限于命令行界面（TTY）。 + +显示服务器提供了一个图形环境的框架，使你可以使用鼠标和键盘与应用程序进行交互。 + +显示服务器通过[显示服务器协议][1]（如 X11）与客户端进行通信。显示服务器是图形用户界面 —— 特别是窗口系统 —— 中的一个关键组件。 + +不要把显示服务器和[桌面环境][2]混淆。桌面环境下面使用的是显示服务器。 + +听起来很熟悉，但又不完全清楚？让我来解释一下。 + +### Linux 上的显示服务器协议 + +Linux 中有三种显示服务器协议，分别是 X11、Wayland 和 Mir。下面我就给大家简单介绍一下这些显示服务器。 + +#### X11 + +X11（也称 X）是已经存在多年的传统显示服务器。它是 Linux 发行版中最常用的显示服务器。 + +![X 架构][4] + +X11 通信协议，使用 [X.org 服务器][5]显示服务器。它接收来自[设备驱动程序][6]的输入事件，并将它们提供给它的一个客户端。 + +显示服务器也从客户端接收数据，它处理数据并进行合成，在 Linux 上，它将数据传递给三个内核组件之一：[DRM][7]、[gem][8] 或 [KMS 驱动][9]。 + +X.Org 服务器是一个显示服务器，它依靠第二个程序：[合成窗口管理器][10]，来进行合成。例如 [Mutter][11] 或 [KWin][12]。GNOME 使用的是 Mutter。 + +#### Wayland + +按照其网站的说法，Wayland “旨在作为 X 的更简单的替代品，更容易开发和维护”。 + +而事实上 [Wayland][13] 就是现代显示服务器，它应该取代传统的 X 显示服务器。 + +它的采用还在进行中。Ubuntu 曾试图在 17.10 版本中改用 Wayland 作为默认的显示服务器，但这个实验遭到了负面反馈。 + +很多 GUI 应用程序及其框架都依赖于 X 服务器。这些应用程序在 Wayland 上无法正常工作。 + +这迫使 Ubuntu 继续使用 X 作为默认显示服务器。它仍然提供了使用 Wayland 的选项，但它不再是默认的了。 + +即使在今天，绝大多数的发行版都默认使用 X 显示服务器。 + +![Wayland 架构][14] + +实施 Wayland 显示服务器协议的显示服务器，被称为 [Wayland 合成器][15]。和 X11 上的一样，Wayland 合成器负责处理其客户端的输入和输出，但同时也进行[合成][16]，这与 X11 相反。 + +几个 Wayland 合成器是 [Weston][17]、[Mutter][18]、[KWin][12] 或 [Enlightenment][19]。 + +#### Mir + +[Mir 显示服务器][20]自带的 Mir 显示服务器协议，与 X11 和 Wayland 使用的协议不同。它是由 [Canonical][21] 开发的，作为 Unity 开发的一部分，打算成为 [Ubuntu][22] 的首选显示服务器。 + +但在 2017 年，它已经被 [Ubuntu] 桌面版的 Wayland 显示服务器所取代，不过 Mir 的开发还在继续，用于物联网（IoT）应用。 + +#### 为什么我们还在使用 Xorg？ + +Wayland 作为比较新的产品，相比 Xorg 来说，还不是很稳定。作为客户端的程序，必须知道如何与显示服务器进行通信。 + +因此，很多程序在使用 Wayland 时可能无法运行。Ubuntu 默认切换到 Wayland 的实验证实了这一点。 + +#### 结束语 + +我希望你对 Linux 中的显示服务器概念有了更好的理解。我已经尽量不谈太多的技术细节，但我无法完全避免。 + +欢迎你的反馈和建议。 + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://itsfoss.com/display-server/ + +作者：[Dimitrios Savvopoulos][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/dimitrios/ +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Window_System_core_protocol +[2]: https://linux.cn/article-12579-1.html +[3]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/display-server-linux.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1 +[4]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/x-architecture-1.png?resize=800%2C507&ssl=1 +[5]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.Org_Server +[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Device_driver +[7]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Rendering_Manager +[8]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_Execution_Manager +[9]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KMS_driver +[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositing_window_manager +[11]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutter_(window_manager) +[12]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KWin +[13]: https://wayland.freedesktop.org/ +[14]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/wayland-architecture-1.png?resize=800%2C500&ssl=1 +[15]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayland_compositor +[16]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositing +[17]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weston_(software) +[18]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutter_(software) +[19]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_(software) +[20]: https://mir-server.io/ +[21]: https://canonical.com/ +[22]: https://itsfoss.com/install-ubuntu/ From be6ec1254e75dd29396f30940f59d27997430827 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 05:02:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 159/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200903=20?= =?UTF-8?q?A=20practical=20guide=20to=20learning=20awk?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200903 A practical guide to learning awk.md --- ...00903 A practical guide to learning awk.md | 149 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 149 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200903 A practical guide to learning awk.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200903 A practical guide to learning awk.md b/sources/tech/20200903 A practical guide to learning awk.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b2fa7116c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200903 A practical guide to learning awk.md @@ -0,0 +1,149 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (A practical guide to learning awk) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/9/awk-ebook) +[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth) + +A practical guide to learning awk +====== +Get a better handle on the awk command by downloading our free eBook. +![Person programming on a laptop on a building][1] + +Of all the [Linux][2] commands out there (and there are many), the three most quintessential seem to be `sed`, `awk`, and `grep`. Maybe it's the arcane sound of their names, or the breadth of their potential use, or just their age, but when someone's giving an example of a "Linuxy" command, it's usually one of those three. And while `sed` and `grep` have several simple one-line standards, the less prestigious `awk` remains persistently prominent for being particularly puzzling. + +You're likely to use `sed` for a quick string replacement or `grep` to filter for a pattern on a daily basis. You're far less likely to compose an `awk` command. I often wonder why this is, and I attribute it to a few things. First of all, many of us barely use `sed` and `grep` for anything but some variation upon these two commands: + + +``` +$ sed -e 's/foo/bar/g' file.txt +$ grep foo file.txt +``` + +So, even though you might feel more comfortable with `sed` and `grep`, you may not use their full potential. Of course, there's no obligation to learn more about `sed` or `grep`, but I sometimes wonder about the way I "learn" commands. Instead of learning _how_ a command works, I often learn a specific incantation that includes a command. As a result, I often feel a false familiarity with the command. I think I know a command because I can name three or four options off the top of my head, even though I don't know what the options do and can't quite put my finger on the syntax. + +And that's the problem, I believe, that many people face when confronted with the power and flexibility of `awk`. + +### Learning awk to use awk + +The basics of `awk` are surprisingly simple. It's often noted that `awk` is a programming language, and although it's a relatively basic one, it's true. This means you can learn `awk` the same way you learn a new coding language: learn its syntax using some basic commands, learn its vocabulary so you can build up to complex actions, and then practice, practice, practice. + +### How awk parses input + +`Awk` sees input, essentially, as an array. When `awk` scans over a text file, it treats each line, individually and in succession, as a _record_. Each record is broken into _fields_. Of course, `awk` must keep track of this information, and you can see that data using the `NR` (number of records) and `NF` (number of fields) built-in variables. For example, this gives you the line count of a file: + + +``` +$ awk 'END { print NR;}' example.txt +36 +``` + +This also reveals something about `awk` syntax. Whether you're writing `awk` as a one-liner or as a self-contained script, the structure of an `awk` instruction is: + + +``` +`pattern or keyword { actions }` +``` + +In this example, the word `END` is a special, reserved keyword rather than a pattern. A similar keyword is `BEGIN`. With both of these keywords, `awk` just executes the action in braces at the start or end of parsing data. + +You can use a _pattern_ as a filter or qualifier so that `awk` only executes a given action when it is able to match your pattern to the current record. For instance, suppose you want to use `awk`, much as you would `grep`, to find the word _Linux_ in a file of text: + + +``` +$ awk '/Linux/ { print $0; }' os.txt +OS: CentOS Linux (10.1.1.8) +OS: CentOS Linux (10.1.1.9) +OS: Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) (10.1.1.11) +OS: Elementary Linux (10.1.2.4) +OS: Elementary Linux (10.1.2.5) +OS: Elementary Linux (10.1.2.6) +``` + +For `awk`, each line in the file is a record, and each word in a record is a field. By default, fields are separated by a space. You can change that with the `--field-separator` option, which sets the `FS` (field separator) variable to whatever you want it to be: + + +``` +$ awk --field-separator ':' '/Linux/ { print $2; }' os.txt + CentOS Linux (10.1.1.8) + CentOS Linux (10.1.1.9) + Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) (10.1.1.11) + Elementary Linux (10.1.2.4) + Elementary Linux (10.1.2.5) + Elementary Linux (10.1.2.6) +``` + +In this sample, there's an empty space before each listing because there's a blank space after each colon (`:`) in the source text. This isn't `cut`, though, so the field separator needn't be limited to one character: + + +``` +$ awk --field-separator ': ' '/Linux/ { print $2; }' os.txt +CentOS Linux (10.1.1.8) +CentOS Linux (10.1.1.9) +Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) (10.1.1.11) +Elementary Linux (10.1.2.4) +Elementary Linux (10.1.2.5) +Elementary Linux (10.1.2.6) +``` + +### Functions in awk + +You can build your own functions in `awk` using this syntax: + + +``` +`name(parameters) { actions }` +``` + +Functions are important because they allow you to write code once and reuse it throughout your work. When constructing one-liners, custom functions are a little less useful than they are in scripts, but `awk` defines many functions for you already. They work basically the same as any function in any other language or spreadsheet: You learn the order that the function needs information from you, and you can feed it whatever you want to get the results. + +There are functions to perform mathematical operations and string processing. The math ones are often fairly straightforward. You provide a number, and it crunches it: + + +``` +$ awk 'BEGIN { print sqrt(1764); }' +42 +``` + +String functions can be more complex but are well documented in the [GNU awk manual][3]. For example, the `split` function takes an entity that `awk` views as a single field and splits it into different parts. It requires a field, a variable to use as an array containing each part of the split, and the character you want to use as the delimiter. + +Using the output of the previous examples, I know that there's an IP address at the very end of each record. In this case, I can send just the last field of a record to the `split` function by referencing the variable `NF` because it contains the number of fields (and the final field must be the highest number): + + +``` +$ awk --field-separator ': ' '/Linux/ { split($NF, IP, "."); print "subnet: " IP[3]; }' os.txt +subnet: 1 +subnet: 1 +subnet: 1 +subnet: 2 +subnet: 2 +subnet: 2 +``` + +There are many more functions, and there's no reason to limit yourself to one per block of `awk` code. You can construct complex pipelines with `awk` in your terminal, or you can write `awk` scripts to define and utilize your own functions. + +### Download the eBook + +Learning `awk` is mostly a matter of using `awk`. Use it even if it means duplicating functionality you already have with `sed` or `grep` or `cut` or `tr` or any other perfectly valid commands. Once you get comfortable with it, you can write Bash functions that invoke your custom `awk` commands for easier use. And eventually, you'll be able to write scripts to parse complex datasets. + +**[Download our][4]** **[eBook][4] **to learn everything you need to know about `awk`, and start using it today. + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/9/awk-ebook + +作者：[Seth Kenlon][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/seth +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/computer_code_programming_laptop.jpg?itok=ormv35tV (Person programming on a laptop on a building) +[2]: https://opensource.com/resources/linux +[3]: https://www.gnu.org/software/gawk/manual/gawk.html +[4]: https://opensource.com/downloads/awk-ebook From d0e50288baf37d8e704b27646a597b048389f450 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: DarkSun Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 05:02:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 160/167] =?UTF-8?q?=E9=80=89=E9=A2=98[tech]:=2020200903=20?= =?UTF-8?q?Why=20your=20open=20source=20project=20needs=20more=20than=20ju?= =?UTF-8?q?st=20coders?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit sources/tech/20200903 Why your open source project needs more than just coders.md --- ...rce project needs more than just coders.md | 68 +++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+) create mode 100644 sources/tech/20200903 Why your open source project needs more than just coders.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200903 Why your open source project needs more than just coders.md b/sources/tech/20200903 Why your open source project needs more than just coders.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7ca53d1f63 --- /dev/null +++ b/sources/tech/20200903 Why your open source project needs more than just coders.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Why your open source project needs more than just coders) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/9/open-source-role-diversity) +[#]: author: (Silona https://opensource.com/users/silona) + +Why your open source project needs more than just coders +====== +Developers alone don't create open source projects that meet a variety +of needs for a long shelf life; it's time to welcome more roles and +talent. +![Teamwork starts with communication across silos][1] + +Why do open source projects fail? + +Lack of funding is a major factor, of course, but it's far from the only reason that open source projects fail to achieve sustainability. Sometimes there's a lack of understanding of how to create a product for a broad market, or some fundamental misstep with intellectual property rights (IPR)—such as failing to properly license your code. + +It's hard for any open source project to sustain if it doesn't get these types of basics right. Collaboration across boundaries and the ability to iterate and expand are hindered, and innovation is stifled. I see these fatal flaws especially in a lot of humanitarian projects—_passion projects_—and it is heartbreaking. + +### Building role diversity + +Open source has tended to thrive in instances where it has been developers writing code for developers. That’s why so many underlying technologies developed via open source (Apache and Linux, for example) have succeeded. + +However, when it comes to creating quality user experiences and products for people other than developers, open source's record is spottier. Why is that? + +One of the big reasons is because the majority of open source communities don’t encourage or even welcome people of diverse expertise. Sometimes, there’s no acknowledgement of them. The coders get all of the love, and roles and contributions beyond coding are not even thought of. + +Sustainable open source demands that communities embrace and reward a lot of different talents. There are the developers, most definitely, and they must be core for any open source project to be successful. But without contributions from marketing expertise, for example, you might not thoroughly understand what the users want. Without the input of product management, you run the risk of failing to develop a product for users other than other developers. Businesses normally invest in these and other roles because their varied contributions are critical to delivering successful results and creating products that are production ready with community support for long term sustainability. + +One of the conflicts that I often find amongst open source development communities is an animosity towards product or project management. It’s true that product management especially in corporate places has control issues—they may try to do things like dominate a market, or come in from a perspective of scarcity rather than abundance. It shows in behavior, and it’s antithetical to the spirit of open source. + +But, to be fair, I think it is also true that we developers have never been taught how to work well with product management. We are told, "More people would use your product if you just did X," and we respond, "No, you can't tell me anything about my baby." We don't want to hear, "Yeah, but if you change the diaper, more people would like your baby," even if it's true. + +Open source hasn't always embraced talent other than developers, and this is what must change in order to foster long term stability. + +### Birthing IEEE SA Open + +Putting in place the tools and processes needed to encourage project sustainability is our current focus in architecting and designing [IEEE SA Open][2]. To that end, bringing in role diversity and building a platform and a tool that invites and rewards those diverse contributions is crucial in creating IEEE SA Open. + +We are creating our community, marketing, and technology onboarding guides to ensure that incoming projects automatically get a level of support that they wouldn't normally get from a technology platform. We're looking at raising the maturity model into advanced processes and practices. For example, progressing to levels 4 (quantitatively managed) and 5 (optimizing) of [Capability Maturity Model Integration][3] (CMMI) requires measurement. Getting our processes right from the outset and assigning the right metrics to inform better, more consistent evaluations will support our sustainability. + +This is one of the places where our linkage with IEEE is so important. One of the things that the standards world does especially well is process, and IEEE in particular has a history of making sure that its processes are fair and predicated on advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. With more than 419,000 members in over 160 countries, IEEE is the world’s largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for humanity. Its roots go back to 1884 when electricity and telecommunications began to become a major influence in society, and today IEEE has over 1,200 active standards and more than 650 standards under development. + +IEEE SA Open can borrow on those best practices and lessons learned in sustainability that IEEE has acquired by experience. We aim to bridge the gap between global standards development and open source developer communities. It is definitely a balancing act, and we respect that! + +We’re reaching out to people all over the global open source and standards communities in a diverse set of roles to be engaged in creating IEEE SA Open. You can participate in that birthing project, and now is the time. If there are things that are super important to you and that you’ve seen neglected in open source, this is the time to engage, share your experiences and influence the creation of IEEE SA Open. You can help make sure we don’t make those mistakes. [We need your unique insights and input.][2] + +You don't need to be a master coder to contribute to open source. Jade Wang shares 8 ways you can... + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/9/open-source-role-diversity + +作者：[Silona][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/silona +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/happy-team-sticker-laptop.png?itok=91K77IgE (Teamwork starts with communication across silos) +[2]: https://standards.ieee.org/initiatives/opensource?utm_source=External&utm_medium=PR&utm_campaign=IEEE-SA-Open +[3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration From 0944d6f7514e4b5ef39212ab7c4182d8c6c07d31 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 08:38:16 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 161/167] translated --- ...d run Python apps on your Android phone.md | 179 ------------------ ...d run Python apps on your Android phone.md | 178 +++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 178 insertions(+), 179 deletions(-) delete mode 100644 sources/tech/20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md create mode 100644 translated/tech/20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md diff --git a/sources/tech/20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md b/sources/tech/20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md deleted file mode 100644 index 0b8369ca2d..0000000000 --- a/sources/tech/20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,179 +0,0 @@ -[#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: (geekpi) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) -[#]: subject: (Create and run Python apps on your Android phone) -[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/python-android-mobile) -[#]: author: (Phani Adabala https://opensource.com/users/adabala) - -Create and run Python apps on your Android phone -====== -Use Termux and Flask to create, develop, and run a web app on your -mobile device. -![Tux and Android stuffed animals on shelf][1] - -Learning and using Python is fun. Thanks to its growing popularity, there are a plethora of ways it can be used to make the world of computing better than what it is today. - -Imagine building and running python applications, whether it's a command-line tool developed to fetch your favorite curated articles from the Internet, or starting a web server that runs right in the palm of your hand, all with just an Android mobile device and open source tools. This would change how you view your mobile device entirely, changing it from a device that merely lets you consume content to a device that helps you be creative. - -In this article, I'll demonstrate all of the tools, software packages, steps, and all the bells and whistles required to build, run, and test a simple Python application on any Android mobile device. I use the [Flask framework][2] to create a simple “Hello, World!” app running on a simple but powerful web server. And best of all, it all happens on the phone. No laptop or desktop required. - -### Install Termux on Android - -First, [install the Termux application][3]. Termux is a powerful terminal emulator that offers all the most popular Linux commands, plus hundreds of additional packages for easy installation. It doesn't require any special permissions You can use either the default [Google Play][4] store or the open source app repository [F-Droid][5] to install. - -![Welcome to Termux][6] - -Once you have installed Termux, launch it and perform a few requisite software installations using Termux's **pkg** command: - -Subscribe to the additional repository “root-repo”: - - -``` -`$ pkg install root-repo` -``` - - Perform an update to bring all the installed software up to date: - - -``` -`$ pkg update` -``` - -Finally, install Python: - - -``` -`$ pkg install python` -``` - -![Install Python][7] - -Once the installation and auto set-up of configuration is complete, it’s time to build your application. - -### Build an app for Android on Android - -Now that you have a terminal installed, you can work on your Android phone largely as if it were just another Linux computer. This is a great demonstration of just how powerful a terminal really is. - -Start by creating a project directory: - - -``` -$ mkdir Source -$ cd Source -``` - -Next, create a Python virtual environment. This is a common practice among Python developers, and it helps keep your Python project independent of your development system (in this case, your phone). Within your virtual environment, you'll be able to install Python modules specific to your app. - - -``` -`$ python -m venv venv` -``` - -Activate your new virtual environment (note that the two dots at the start are separated by a space): - - -``` -$ . ./venv/bin/activate -(env)$ -``` - -Notice that your shell prompt is now preceded by **(env)** to indicate that you're in a virtual environment. - -Now install the Flask Python module using **pip**: - - -``` -`(env) $ pip install flask` -``` - -### Write Python code on Android - -You're all set up. All you need now is to write the code for your app. - -To do this, you should have experience with a classic text editor. I use **vi**. If you’re unfamiliar with **vi**, install and try the **vimtutor** application, which (as its name suggests) can teach you how to use this editor. If you have a different editor you prefer, such as **jove**, **jed**, **joe**, or **emacs**, you can install and use one of those instead. - -For now, because this demonstration app is so simple, you can also just use the shell's **heredoc** function, which allows you to enter text directly at your prompt: - - -``` -(env)$ cat << EOF >> hello_world.py -> from flask import Flask -> app = Flask(__name__) -> -> @app.route('/') -> def hello_world(): ->     return 'Hello, World!' -> EOF -(env)$ -``` - -That's just six lines of code, but with that you import Flask, create an app, and route incoming traffic to the function called **hello_world**. - -![Vim on Android][8] - -Now you have the web-server code ready. It's time to set up some [environment variables][9] and start a web server on your phone. - - -``` -(env) $ export FLASK_APP=hello_world.py -(env) $ export FLASK_ENV=development -(evn) $ python hello_world.py -``` - -![Running a Flask app on your phone][10] - -After starting your app, you see this message: - - -``` -`serving Flask app… running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/` -``` - -This indicates that you now have a tiny web server running on **localhost** (that is, your device). This server is listening for requests looking for port 5000. - -Open your mobile browser and navigate to **** to see your web app. - -![Your web app][11] - -You haven't compromised your phone's security. You're only running a local server, meaning that your phone isn't accepting requests from the outside world. Only you can access your Flask server. - -To make your server visible to others, you can disable Flask's debugging mode by adding **\--host=0.0.0.0** to the **run** command. This does open ports on your phone, so use this wisely. - - -``` -(env) $ export FLASK_ENV=”” -(env) $ flask run –host=0.0.0.0 -``` - -Stop the server by pressing **Ctrl+C** (use the special Termux key for Control). - -### Decide what comes next - -Your phone is probably not the ideal server platform for a serious web app, but this demonstrates that the possibilities are endless. You might program on your Android phone just because it’s a convenient way to stay in practice, or because you have an exciting new idea for localized web apps, or maybe you just happen to use a Flask app for your own daily tasks. As Einstein once said “Imagination is more important than knowledge”, and this is a fun little project for any new coder, or a seasoned Linux or Android enthusiast. It can be expanded to endless levels, so let your curiosity take over, and make something exciting! - --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - -via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/python-android-mobile - -作者：[Phani Adabala][a] -选题：[lujun9972][b] -译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) - -本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 - -[a]: https://opensource.com/users/adabala -[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 -[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/tux_penguin_linux_android.jpg?itok=ctgANLI7 (Tux and Android stuffed animals on shelf) -[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/4/flask -[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/termux -[4]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.termux -[5]: https://f-droid.org/repository/browse/?fdid=com.termux -[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/termux-flask-1_0.webp (Welcome to Termux) -[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/termux-install-python.webp (Install Python) -[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/termux-python-vim.webp (Vim on Android) -[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/what-are-environment-variables -[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/termux-flask-run.webp (Running a Flask app on your phone) -[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/flask-app-android.webp (Your web app) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md b/translated/tech/20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e383f09ca9 --- /dev/null +++ b/translated/tech/20200826 Create and run Python apps on your Android phone.md @@ -0,0 +1,178 @@ +[#]: collector: (lujun9972) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) +[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: publisher: ( ) +[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: subject: (Create and run Python apps on your Android phone) +[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/8/python-android-mobile) +[#]: author: (Phani Adabala https://opensource.com/users/adabala) + +在你的 Android 手机上创建和运行 Python 应用 +====== +使用 Termux 和 Flask 在你的移动设备上创建、开发和运行一个网络应用。 +![Tux and Android stuffed animals on shelf][1] + +学习和使用 Python 是很有趣的。由于它越来越受欢迎，有大量的方式可以让计算世界比现在更好。 + +想象一下，构建和运行 python 应用，无论是开发一个命令行工具，从互联网上获取你最喜欢的文章，还是启动一个直接在掌上运行的网络服务器，所有这些都只需要一个 Android 移动设备和开源工具。这将完全改变你对移动设备的看法，将它从一个仅仅让你消费内容的设备变成一个帮助你发挥创造力的设备。 + +在本文中，我将演示运行和测试一个简单的 Python 应用所需的所有的工具、软件包、步骤等等。我使用 [Flask 框架][2]来创建一个简单的 “Hello, World!” 应用，并在一个简单而强大的 Web 服务器上运行。最棒的是，这一切都发生在手机上。不需要笔记本或台式机。 + +### 在 Android 上安装 Termux + +首先，[安装 Termux 应用程序][3]。Termux 是一个强大的终端仿真器，它提供了所有最流行的 Linux 命令，加上数百个额外的包，以便于安装。它不需要任何特殊的权限，你可以使用默认的 [Google Play][4] 商店或开源应用仓库 [F-Droid][5] 来安装。 + +![Welcome to Termux][6] + +安装 Termux 后，启动它并使用 Termux 的 **pkg** 命令执行一些必要的软件安装。 + +订阅额外的仓库 “root-repo”： + + +``` +`$ pkg install root-repo` +``` + +执行更新，使所有安装的软件达到最新状态。 + + +``` +`$ pkg update` +``` + +最后，安装 Python： + + +``` +`$ pkg install python` +``` + +![Install Python][7] + +安装和自动配置完成后，就可以构建你的应用了。 + +### 在 Android 上构建一个 Android 应用 + +现在你已经安装了一个终端，你可以在很大程度上像使用另一台 Linux 电脑一样使用你的 Android 手机。这很好地展示了终端到底有多强大。 + +首先创建一个项目目录： + + +``` +$ mkdir Source +$ cd Source +``` + +接下来，创建一个 Python 虚拟环境。这是 Python 开发者的常见做法，它有助于让你的 Python 项目独立于你的开发系统（在本例中是你的手机）。在你的虚拟环境中，你将能够安装特定于你应用的 Python 模块。 + + +``` +`$ python -m venv venv` +``` + +激活你的新虚拟环境（注意，开头的两个点用空格隔开） + + +``` +$ . ./venv/bin/activate +(env)$ +``` + +请注意你的 shell 提示符现在以 **(env)** 开头，表示你在虚拟环境中。 + +现在使用 **pip** 安装 Flask Python 模块。 + + +``` +`(env) $ pip install flask` +``` + +### 在 Android 上写 Python 代码 + +你已经准备好了。现在你需要为你的应用编写代码。 + +要做到这一点，你需要有经典文本编辑器的经验。我使用的是 **vi**。如果你不熟悉 **vi**，请安装并试用 **vimtutor**，它（如其名称所暗示的）可以教你如何使用这个编辑器。如果你有其他你喜欢的编辑器，如 **jove**、**jed**、**joe** 或 **emacs**，你可以安装并使用其中一个。 + +现在，由于这个演示程序非常简单，你也可以直接使用 shell 的 **heredoc** 功能，它允许你直接在提示符中输入文本。 + + +``` +(env)$ cat << EOF >> hello_world.py +> from flask import Flask +> app = Flask(__name__) +> +> @app.route('/') +> def hello_world(): +>     return 'Hello, World!' +> EOF +(env)$ +``` + +这是仅六行的代码，但有了它，你可以导入 Flask，创建一个应用，并将传入流量路由到名为 **hello_world** 的函数。 + +![Vim on Android][8] + +现在你已经准备好了 Web 服务器的代码。现在是时候设置一些[环境变量][9]，并在你的手机上启动一个 Web 服务器了。 + + +``` +(env) $ export FLASK_APP=hello_world.py +(env) $ export FLASK_ENV=development +(evn) $ python hello_world.py +``` + +![Running a Flask app on your phone][10] + +启动应用后，你会看到这条消息: + + +``` +`serving Flask app… running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/` +``` + +这表明你现在在 **localhost**（也就是你的设备）上运行着一个微型 Web 服务器。该服务器正在监听来自 5000 端口的请求。 + +打开你的手机浏览器并进入到 ****，查看你的网络应用。 + +![Your web app][11] + +你并没有损害手机的安全性。你只运行了一个本地服务器，这意味着你的手机不接受来自外部世界的请求。只有你可以访问你的 Flask 服务器。 + +为了让别人看到你的服务器，你可以在**运行**命令中加入 **/\--host=0.0.0.0** 来禁用 Flask 的调试模式。这确实会打开手机上的端口，所以要谨慎使用。 + + +``` +(env) $ export FLASK_ENV=”” +(env) $ flask run –host=0.0.0.0 +``` + +按 **Ctrl+C** 停止服务器(使用特殊的 Termux 控制键)。 + +### 决定下一步怎么做 + +你的手机可能不是一个严肃的网络应用的理想服务器平台，但这个例子证明了可能性是无限的。你可能会在 Android 手机上编程，只是因为这是一种方便的实践方式，或者因为你有一个令人兴奋的本地化网络应用的新想法，或者你只是碰巧使用 Flask 应用来完成自己的日常任务。正如爱因斯坦曾经说过的”想象力比知识更重要“，对于任何一个新手编码者，或者一个经验丰富的 Linux 或 Android 爱好者来说，这是一个有趣的小项目。它可以扩展到无穷的层次，所以让你的好奇心接手，并做出一些令人兴奋的东西! + +-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +via: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/python-android-mobile + +作者：[Phani Adabala][a] +选题：[lujun9972][b] +译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) +校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) + +本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 + +[a]: https://opensource.com/users/adabala +[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972 +[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/tux_penguin_linux_android.jpg?itok=ctgANLI7 (Tux and Android stuffed animals on shelf) +[2]: https://opensource.com/article/18/4/flask +[3]: https://opensource.com/article/20/8/termux +[4]: https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.termux +[5]: https://f-droid.org/repository/browse/?fdid=com.termux +[6]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/termux-flask-1_0.webp (Welcome to Termux) +[7]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/termux-install-python.webp (Install Python) +[8]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/termux-python-vim.webp (Vim on Android) +[9]: https://opensource.com/article/19/8/what-are-environment-variables +[10]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/termux-flask-run.webp (Running a Flask app on your phone) +[11]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/flask-app-android.webp (Your web app) From 1284cb4ed74e0a5c85a3713f3aa2b349e5329543 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: geekpi Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 08:43:26 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 162/167] translating --- ...You to Sync Data With Cloud Services in Linux Graphically.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200903 Rclone Browser Enables You to Sync Data With Cloud Services in Linux Graphically.md b/sources/tech/20200903 Rclone Browser Enables You to Sync Data With Cloud Services in Linux Graphically.md index 3bdf2a71b4..0de782e949 100644 --- a/sources/tech/20200903 Rclone Browser Enables You to Sync Data With Cloud Services in Linux Graphically.md +++ b/sources/tech/20200903 Rclone Browser Enables You to Sync Data With Cloud Services in Linux Graphically.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (geekpi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 302408c58c48e2f24ed16674b4ea478ac72a1962 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Starryi Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 18:24:28 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 163/167] claimed --- .../talk/20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/sources/talk/20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md b/sources/talk/20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md index c161728197..bc11945595 100644 --- a/sources/talk/20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md +++ b/sources/talk/20200825 Why we open sourced our security project.md @@ -1,5 +1,5 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) -[#]: translator: ( ) +[#]: translator: (Starryi) [#]: reviewer: ( ) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) From 369f3b07e8a7c2f49d6492ff7ea80eedca5f7112 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Starryi Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 18:27:13 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 164/167] =?UTF-8?q?fix=E5=90=8E=E7=BC=80=E5=90=8D?= MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit --- ...ries about Unix.md、 => 20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md} | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/talk/{20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md、 => 20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md} (100%) diff --git a/sources/talk/20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md、 b/sources/talk/20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/talk/20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md、 rename to sources/talk/20200824 Origin stories about Unix.md From aada76ef18478c3bb89aaac8cb9d47e3295f9cbd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: "Xingyu.Wang" Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 20:09:18 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 165/167] Rename sources/tech/20200903 Why your open source project needs more than just coders.md to sources/talk/20200903 Why your open source project needs more than just coders.md --- ...03 Why your open source project needs more than just coders.md | 0 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) rename sources/{tech => talk}/20200903 Why your open source project needs more than just coders.md (100%) diff --git a/sources/tech/20200903 Why your open source project needs more than just coders.md b/sources/talk/20200903 Why your open source project needs more than just coders.md similarity index 100% rename from sources/tech/20200903 Why your open source project needs more than just coders.md rename to sources/talk/20200903 Why your open source project needs more than just coders.md From 2f3f85ec4249f3e4f74842c1ccbb928abdca2e61 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 20:38:51 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 166/167] PRF MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @koolape 恭喜你完成了第一篇贡献！ --- ... into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md | 26 ++++++++++++------- 1 file changed, 16 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md b/translated/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md index 30b450b7c7..3560f9c85b 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md +++ b/translated/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md @@ -1,6 +1,6 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (koolape) -[#]: reviewer: ( ) +[#]: reviewer: (wxy) [#]: publisher: ( ) [#]: url: ( ) [#]: subject: (Soon You’ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint) @@ -22,13 +22,11 @@ ![][1] -在[最近的文章][2]中，Linux Mint 团队揭示了正在开发一个名叫 「网页应用程序」（Web App Manager）的新工具。 +在[最近的一篇文章][2]中，Linux Mint 团队披露了正在开发一个名叫“网页应用管理器Web App Manager”的新工具。 该工具让你能够像使用桌面程序那样以独立窗口运行你最喜爱的网页。 -在将网页添加为网页应用程序的时候，你可以给这个程序取名字并添加图标。也可以将它添加到不同的分类，以便在菜单中搜索这个应用。 - -还可以指定用什么浏览器打开应用。启用/禁用导航栏的选项也有。 +在将网页添加为网页应用程序的时候，你可以给这个程序取名字并添加图标。也可以将它添加到不同的分类，以便在菜单中搜索这个应用。还可以指定用什么浏览器打开应用。启用/禁用导航栏的选项也有。 ![在 Linux Mint 中添加网页应用程序][3] @@ -40,20 +38,28 @@ ![YouTube 网页应用程序][5] -网页应用程序拥有常规桌面应用程序有的大多数功能特点，如使用 Alt+Tab 切换。 +网页应用程序拥有常规桌面应用程序有的大多数功能特点，如使用 `Alt+Tab` 切换。 -![Web App in Alt Tab Switcher][6] +![使用 Alt+Tab 切换网页应用][6] 甚至还能将应用固定到面板/任务栏方便打开。 -![YouTube Web App added to the panel][7] +![添加到面板的 YouTube 网页应用][7] 该管理器目前处于 beta 开发阶段，但已经使用起来已经相对比较稳定了。不过目前还没有面向大众发放，因为翻译工作还未完成。 如果你在使用 Linux Mint 并想尝试这个工具，可在下方下载 beta 版本的 deb 文件： -[下载 beta 版][8] +- [下载 beta 版][8] +### 网页应用的好处 + +有读者问到这个网页应用管理器与 Chrome 和其他一些网页浏览器中已有的其他类似功能相比的好处。让我来展开一下这个话题。 + +- 你可以使用 URL 的特定部分（example.com/tool 而不是 example.com）作为应用程序。 +- 添加自定义图标的可能性对于没有清晰的 favicon 的网站来说非常方便。 +- 你可以使用一个没有任何扩展的轻量级浏览器来打开网页应用，而不是像 Chrome/Chromium 这样的常规网页浏览器。它的速度应该更快。 +- 你的网页应用可以被整合到应用菜单中。你可以像其他应用程序一样搜索它。 ### 网页应用程序在桌面环境的 Linux 中不是什么新事物 @@ -74,7 +80,7 @@ via: https://itsfoss.com/web-app-manager-linux-mint/ 作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a] 选题：[lujun9972][b] 译者：[koolape](https://github.com/koolape) -校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID) +校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy) 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出 From 0083d7a1ac6289c3a495816eeb63710d9ed679c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Xingyu Wang Date: Fri, 4 Sep 2020 20:39:44 +0800 Subject: [PATCH 167/167] PUB MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit @koolape 本文首发地址：https://linux.cn/article-12581-1.html 你的 LCTT 专页地址： https://linux.cn/lctt/koolape --- ...vert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) rename {translated/tech => published}/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md (98%) diff --git a/translated/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md b/published/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md similarity index 98% rename from translated/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md rename to published/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md index 3560f9c85b..3582dedd8e 100644 --- a/translated/tech/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md +++ b/published/20200903 Soon You-ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint.md @@ -1,8 +1,8 @@ [#]: collector: (lujun9972) [#]: translator: (koolape) [#]: reviewer: (wxy) -[#]: publisher: ( ) -[#]: url: ( ) +[#]: publisher: (wxy) +[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12581-1.html) [#]: subject: (Soon You’ll be Able to Convert Any Website into Desktop Application in Linux Mint) [#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/web-app-manager-linux-mint/) [#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)