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c0232f06a2
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
translating by lujun9972
|
||||
如何让 curl 命令通过代理访问
|
||||
======
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||||
|
||||
我的系统管理员给我提供了如下代理信息：
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|
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```
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IP: 202.54.1.1
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Port: 3128
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@ -10,14 +10,16 @@ Username: foo
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Password: bar
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```
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该设置在 Google Chrome 和 Firefox 浏览器上很容易设置。但是我要怎么把它应用到 curl 命令上呢？我要如何让 curl 命令使用我在 Google Chrome 浏览器上的代理设置呢？
|
||||
该设置在 Google Chrome 和 Firefox 浏览器上很容易设置。但是我要怎么把它应用到 `curl` 命令上呢？我要如何让 curl 命令使用我在 Google Chrome 浏览器上的代理设置呢？
|
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|
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很多 Linux 和 Unix 命令行工具(比如 curl 命令，wget 命令，lynx 命令等)使用名为 `http_proxy`，`https_proxy`，`ftp_proxy` 的环境变量来获取代理信息。它允许你通过代理服务器(使用或不使用用户名/密码都行)来连接那些基于文本的会话和应用。**本文就会演示一下如何让 curl 通过代理服务器发送 HTTP/HTTPS 请求。**
|
||||
很多 Linux 和 Unix 命令行工具（比如 `curl` 命令，`wget` 命令，`lynx` 命令等)使用名为 `http_proxy`，`https_proxy`，`ftp_proxy` 的环境变量来获取代理信息。它允许你通过代理服务器（使用或不使用用户名/密码都行）来连接那些基于文本的会话和应用。
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## 让 curl 命令使用代理的语法
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本文就会演示一下如何让 `curl` 通过代理服务器发送 HTTP/HTTPS 请求。
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### 让 curl 命令使用代理的语法
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语法为：
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```
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## Set the proxy address of your uni/company/vpn network ##
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export http_proxy=http://your-ip-address:port/
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@ -30,8 +32,8 @@ export https_proxy=https://your-ip-address:port/
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export https_proxy=https://user:password@your-proxy-ip-address:port/
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```
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另一种方法是使用 `curl` 命令的 `-x` 选项：
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另一种方法是使用 curl 命令的 -x 选项：
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```
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curl -x <[protocol://][user:password@]proxyhost[:port]> url
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--proxy <[protocol://][user:password@]proxyhost[:port]> url
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@ -39,9 +41,10 @@ curl -x <[protocol://][user:password@]proxyhost[:port]> url
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-x http://user:password@Your-Ip-Here:Port url
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```
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## 在 Linux 上的一个例子
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### 在 Linux 上的一个例子
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首先设置 `http_proxy`：
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```
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## proxy server, 202.54.1.1, port: 3128, user: foo, password: bar ##
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export http_proxy=http://foo:bar@202.54.1.1:3128/
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@ -50,6 +53,7 @@ export https_proxy=$http_proxy
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curl -I https://www.cyberciti.biz
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curl -v -I https://www.cyberciti.biz
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```
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输出为：
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||||
|
||||
```
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@ -98,42 +102,54 @@ Connection: keep-alive
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```
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本例中，我来下载一个 pdf 文件：
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```
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$ export http_proxy="vivek:myPasswordHere@10.12.249.194:3128/"
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$ curl -v -O http://dl.cyberciti.biz/pdfdownloads/b8bf71be9da19d3feeee27a0a6960cb3/569b7f08/cms/631.pdf
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```
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也可以使用 -x 选项：
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也可以使用 `-x` 选项：
|
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|
||||
```
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curl -x 'http://vivek:myPasswordHere@10.12.249.194:3128' -v -O https://dl.cyberciti.biz/pdfdownloads/b8bf71be9da19d3feeee27a0a6960cb3/569b7f08/cms/631.pdf
|
||||
```
|
||||
输出为：
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||||
![Fig.01：curl in action \(click to enlarge\)][1]
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|
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## Unix 上的一个例子
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输出为：
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![Fig.01：curl in action \(click to enlarge\)][2]
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|
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### Unix 上的一个例子
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ curl -x http://prox_server_vpn:3128/ -I https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-nginx-customizing-404-403-error-page/
|
||||
```
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||||
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||||
## socks 协议怎么办呢？
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### socks 协议怎么办呢？
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语法也是一样的：
|
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|
||||
```
|
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curl -x socks5://[user:password@]proxyhost[:port]/ url
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curl --socks5 192.168.1.254:3099 https://www.cyberciti.biz/
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||||
```
|
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|
||||
## 如何让代理设置永久生效？
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### 如何让代理设置永久生效？
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|
||||
编辑 `~/.curlrc` 文件：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ vi ~/.curlrc
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
编辑 ~/.curlrc 文件：
|
||||
`$ vi ~/.curlrc`
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||||
添加下面内容：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
proxy = server1.cyberciti.biz:3128
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proxy-user = "foo:bar"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
保存并关闭该文件。另一种方法是在你的 `~/.bashrc` 文件中创建一个别名：
|
||||
|
||||
```
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||||
## alias for curl command
|
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## set proxy-server and port, the syntax is
|
||||
@ -141,7 +157,7 @@ proxy-user = "foo:bar"
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||||
alias curl = "curl -x server1.cyberciti.biz:3128"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
记住，代理字符串中可以使用 `protocol：//` 前缀来指定不同的代理协议。使用 `socks4：//`，`socks4a：//`，`socks5：// `或者 `socks5h：//` 来指定使用的 SOCKS 版本。若没有指定协议或者 `http：//` 表示 HTTP 协议。若没有指定端口号则默认为 1080。-x 选项的值要优先于环境变量设置的值。若不想走代理，而环境变量总设置了代理，那么可以通过设置代理为 "" 来覆盖环境变量的值。[详细信息请参阅 curl 的 man 页 ][3]。
|
||||
记住，代理字符串中可以使用 `protocol://` 前缀来指定不同的代理协议。使用 `socks4://`，`socks4a://`，`socks5:// `或者 `socks5h://` 来指定使用的 SOCKS 版本。若没有指定协议或者使用 `http://` 表示 HTTP 协议。若没有指定端口号则默认为 `1080`。`-x` 选项的值要优先于环境变量设置的值。若不想走代理，而环境变量总设置了代理，那么可以通过设置代理为空值（`""`）来覆盖环境变量的值。[详细信息请参阅 `curl` 的 man 页 ][3]。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
@ -150,11 +166,11 @@ via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-unix-curl-command-with-proxy-username-p
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Vivek Gite][a]
|
||||
译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz
|
||||
[1]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2016/01/curl-download-output-300x141.jpg
|
||||
[2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz//www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2016/01/curl-download-output.jpg
|
||||
[2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2016/01/curl-download-output.jpg
|
||||
[3]:https://curl.haxx.se/docs/manpage.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
|
||||
直接保存文件至 Google Drive 并用十倍的速度下载回来
|
||||
=============
|
||||
|
||||
![][image-1]
|
||||
|
||||
最近我不得不给我的手机下载更新包，但是当我开始下载的时候，我发现安装包过于庞大。大约有 1.5 GB。
|
||||
|
||||
![使用 Chrome 下载 MIUI 更新][image-2]
|
||||
|
||||
考虑到这个下载速度至少需要花费 1 至 1.5 小时来下载，并且说实话我并没有这么多时间。现在我下载速度可能会很慢，但是我的 ISP 有 Google Peering （Google 对等操作）。这意味着我可以在所有的 Google 产品中获得一个惊人的速度，例如Google Drive, YouTube 和 PlayStore。
|
||||
|
||||
所以我找到一个网络服务叫做 [savetodrive][2]。这个网站可以从网页上直接保存文件到你的 Google Drive 文件夹之中。之后你就可以从你的 Google Drive 上面下载它，这样的下载速度会快很多。
|
||||
|
||||
现在让我们来看看如何操作。
|
||||
|
||||
### 第一步
|
||||
|
||||
获得文件的下载链接，将它复制到你的剪贴板。
|
||||
|
||||
### 第二步
|
||||
|
||||
前往链接 [savetodrive][2] 并且点击相应位置以验证身份。
|
||||
|
||||
![savetodrive 将文件保存到 Google Drive ][image-3]
|
||||
|
||||
这将会请求获得使用你 Google Drive 的权限，点击 “Allow”。
|
||||
|
||||
![请求获得 Google Drive 的使用权限][image-4]
|
||||
|
||||
### 第三步
|
||||
|
||||
你将会再一次看到下面的页面，此时仅仅需要输入下载链接在链接框中，并且点击 “Upload”。
|
||||
|
||||
![savetodrive 直接给 Google Drive 上传文件][image-5]
|
||||
|
||||
你将会开始看到上传进度条，可以看到上传速度达到了 48 Mbps，所以上传我这个 1.5 GB 的文件需要 30 至 35 秒。一旦这里完成了，进入你的 Google Drive 你就可以看到刚才上传的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
![Google Drive savetodrive][image-6]
|
||||
|
||||
这里的文件中，文件名开头是 *miui* 的就是我刚才上传的，现在我可以用一个很快的速度下载下来。
|
||||
|
||||
![如何从浏览器上下载 MIUI 更新][image-7]
|
||||
|
||||
可以看到我的下载速度大概是 5 Mbps ，所以我下载这个文件只需要 5 到 6 分钟。
|
||||
|
||||
所以就是这样的，我经常用这样的方法下载文件，最令人惊讶的是，这个服务是完全免费的。
|
||||
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.theitstuff.com/save-files-directly-google-drive-download-10-times-faster
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Rishabh Kandari](http://www.theitstuff.com/author/reevkandari)
|
||||
译者：[Drshu][10]
|
||||
校对：[wxy][11]
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[1]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Save-Files-Directly-To-Google-Drive-And-Download-10-Times-Faster.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://savetodrive.net/
|
||||
[3]: http://www.savetodrive.net
|
||||
[4]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/3-1.png
|
||||
[5]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/authenticate-google-account.jpg
|
||||
[6]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/6-2.png
|
||||
[7]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/7-2-e1508772046583.png
|
||||
[8]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/8-e1508772110385.png
|
||||
[9]: http://www.theitstuff.com/author/reevkandari
|
||||
[10]: https://github.com/Drshu
|
||||
[11]: https://github.com/wxy
|
||||
[12]: https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
|
||||
[13]: https://linux.cn/
|
||||
|
||||
[image-1]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Save-Files-Directly-To-Google-Drive-And-Download-10-Times-Faster.jpg
|
||||
[image-2]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/1-2-e1508771706462.png
|
||||
[image-3]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/3-1.png
|
||||
[image-4]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/authenticate-google-account.jpg
|
||||
[image-5]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/6-2.png
|
||||
[image-6]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/7-2-e1508772046583.png
|
||||
[image-7]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/8-e1508772110385.png
|
||||
@ -3,17 +3,16 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
编程现在已经变成最受欢迎的职业之一，不像以前，编制软件只局限于少数几种**编程语言**。现在，我们有很多种编程语言可以选择。随着跨平台支持需求的增多，大多数编程语言都可以被用于多种任务。如果，你还没有准备好，让我们看一下在 2018 年你可能会学习的编程语言有哪些。
|
||||
编程现在已经变成最受欢迎的职业之一，不像以前，编制软件只局限于少数几种**编程语言**。现在，我们有很多种编程语言可以选择。随着跨平台支持的增多，大多数编程语言都可以被用于多种任务。如果，你还没有学会编程，让我们看一下在 2018 年你可能会学习的编程语言有哪些。
|
||||
|
||||
## 在 2018 年最值得去学习的编程语言
|
||||
|
||||
### Python
|
||||
|
||||
[][1]
|
||||
|
||||
毫无疑问， [Python][2] 现在已经统治着（ruling）编程的市场份额。它发起于 1991 年，自从 [YouTube][3] 开始使用它之后，python 已经真正的成为最著名的编程语言。Python 可以被用于各类领域，比如，Web 开发、游戏开发、脚本、科学研究、以及大多数你能想到的领域。它是跨平台的，并且运行在一个解释程序中。Python 的语法非常简单，因为它使用缩进代替花括号来对代码块进行分组，因此，代码非常清晰。
|
||||
毫无疑问， [Python][2] 现在已经统治着编程市场。它发起于 1991 年，自从 [YouTube][3] 开始使用它之后，Python 已经真正的成为著名编程语言。Python 可以被用于各类领域，比如，Web 开发、游戏开发、脚本、科学研究、以及大多数你能想到的领域。它是跨平台的，并且运行在一个解释程序中。Python 的语法非常简单，因为它使用缩进代替花括号来对代码块进行分组，因此，代码非常清晰。
|
||||
|
||||
**示例 -**
|
||||
**示例：**
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
printf("Hello world!")
|
||||
@ -23,27 +22,21 @@ printf("Hello world!")
|
||||
|
||||
[][4]
|
||||
|
||||
虽然 Java 自它诞生以来从没有被超越过，但是，至少在 Android 编程方面，Kotlin 在正打破这种局面。Kotlin 是较新的一个编程语言，它被 Google 官方支持用于Android 应用编程。它是 Java 的替代者，并且可以与 [java][5] 代码无缝衔接。代码大幅减少并且更加清晰。因此，在 2018 年，Kotlin 将是最值的去学习的编程语言。
|
||||
虽然 Java 自它诞生以来从没有被超越过，但是，至少在 Android 编程方面，Kotlin 在正打破这种局面。Kotlin 是较新的一个编程语言，它被 Google 官方支持用于 Android 应用编程。它是 Java 的替代者，并且可以与 [java][5] 代码无缝衔接。代码大幅减少并且更加清晰。因此，在 2018 年，Kotlin 将是最值的去学习的编程语言。
|
||||
|
||||
**示例 -**
|
||||
**示例**
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
class Greeter(val name: String) {
|
||||
|
||||
fun greet() {
|
||||
|
||||
println("Hello, $name")
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
String Interpolation to cut down ceremony.
|
||||
// String Interpolation to cut down ceremony.
|
||||
|
||||
fun main(args: Array) {
|
||||
|
||||
Greeter(args[0]).greet()
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
@ -51,19 +44,15 @@ fun main(args: Array) {
|
||||
|
||||
这可能是他们在中学和大学里教的第一个编程语言。C 是比较老的编程语言之一，由于它的代码运行速度快而且简单，它到现在仍然一直被使用。虽然它的学习难度比较大，但是，一旦你掌握了它，你就可以做任何语言能做的事情。你可能不会用它去做高级的网站或者软件，但是，C 是嵌入式设备的首选编程语言。随着物联网的普及，C 将被再次广泛的使用，对于 C++，它被广泛用于一些大型软件。
|
||||
|
||||
**示例 -**
|
||||
**示例**
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
#include
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
|
||||
Int main()
|
||||
|
||||
{
|
||||
|
||||
printf("Hello world");
|
||||
|
||||
return 0;
|
||||
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
@ -73,7 +62,7 @@ Int main()
|
||||
|
||||
关于 PHP 即将消亡的话题，因特网上正在疯传，但是，我没有看到一个为什么不去学习 PHP 的理由，它是服务器端脚本语言中比较优秀的一个，它的语法结构非常简单。一半以上的因特网都运行在 PHP 上。[Wordpress][7]，这个最流行的内容管理系统是用 PHP 写的。因为，这个语言流行的时间已经超过 20 年了，它已经有了足够多的库。在这些库中，你总能找到一个是适合你的工作的。
|
||||
|
||||
**示例 -**
|
||||
**示例**
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
echo "Hello world!";
|
||||
@ -83,9 +72,9 @@ echo "Hello world!";
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
关于 Javascript，我说些什么呢？这是目前最为需要的语言。Javascript 主要用于网站动态生成页面。但是，现在 JavaScript 已经演进到可以做更多的事情。全部的后端框架都是用 JavaScript 构建的。Hybrid 应用是用 HTML+JS 写的，它被用于构建任何移动端的平台。使用 Javascript 的 nodejs 甚至被用于服务器端的脚本。
|
||||
关于 Javascript，我说些什么呢？这是目前最为需要的语言。Javascript 主要用于网站动态生成页面。但是，现在 JavaScript 已经演进到可以做更多的事情。整个前后端框架都可以用 JavaScript 构建。Hybrid 应用是用 HTML+JS 写的，它被用于构建任何移动端的平台。使用 Javascript 的 nodejs 甚至被用于服务器端的脚本。
|
||||
|
||||
**示例 -**
|
||||
**示例**
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
document.write("Hello world!");
|
||||
@ -95,9 +84,9 @@ document.write("Hello world!");
|
||||
|
||||
[][8]
|
||||
|
||||
SQL 是一个关系型数据库管理系统（RDBMS）的查询语言，它用于从数据库中获取数据。SQL 的主要实现或多或少都是非常相似的。数据库用途非常广泛。你读的这篇文章它就保存在我们网站的数据库中。因此，学会它是非常有用的。
|
||||
SQL 是关系型数据库管理系统（RDBMS）的查询语言，它用于从数据库中获取数据。SQL 的主要实现或多或少都是非常相似的。数据库用途非常广泛。你读的这篇文章它就保存在我们网站的数据库中。因此，学会它是非常有用的。
|
||||
|
||||
**示例 -**
|
||||
**示例**
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
SELECT * FROM TABLENAME
|
||||
@ -113,7 +102,7 @@ via: http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/best-programming-languages-to-learn-in-2
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[LinuxAndUbuntu][a]
|
||||
译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
103
sources/tech/20090203 How the Kernel Manages Your Memory.md
Normal file
103
sources/tech/20090203 How the Kernel Manages Your Memory.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
|
||||
How the Kernel Manages Your Memory
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After examining the [virtual address layout][1] of a process, we turn to the kernel and its mechanisms for managing user memory. Here is gonzo again:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux processes are implemented in the kernel as instances of [task_struct][2], the process descriptor. The [mm][3] field in task_struct points to the memory descriptor, [mm_struct][4], which is an executive summary of a program’s memory. It stores the start and end of memory segments as shown above, the [number][5] of physical memory pages used by the process (rss stands for Resident Set Size), the [amount][6] of virtual address space used, and other tidbits. Within the memory descriptor we also find the two work horses for managing program memory: the set of virtual memory areas and the page tables. Gonzo’s memory areas are shown below:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Each virtual memory area (VMA) is a contiguous range of virtual addresses; these areas never overlap. An instance of [vm_area_struct][7] fully describes a memory area, including its start and end addresses, [flags][8] to determine access rights and behaviors, and the [vm_file][9] field to specify which file is being mapped by the area, if any. A VMA that does not map a file is anonymous. Each memory segment above ( _e.g._ , heap, stack) corresponds to a single VMA, with the exception of the memory mapping segment. This is not a requirement, though it is usual in x86 machines. VMAs do not care which segment they are in.
|
||||
|
||||
A program’s VMAs are stored in its memory descriptor both as a linked list in the [mmap][10] field, ordered by starting virtual address, and as a [red-black tree][11] rooted at the [mm_rb][12] field. The red-black tree allows the kernel to search quickly for the memory area covering a given virtual address. When you read file `/proc/pid_of_process/maps`, the kernel is simply going through the linked list of VMAs for the process and [printing each one][13].
|
||||
|
||||
In Windows, the [EPROCESS][14] block is roughly a mix of task_struct and mm_struct. The Windows analog to a VMA is the Virtual Address Descriptor, or [VAD][15]; they are stored in an [AVL tree][16]. You know what the funniest thing about Windows and Linux is? It’s the little differences.
|
||||
|
||||
The 4GB virtual address space is divided into pages. x86 processors in 32-bit mode support page sizes of 4KB, 2MB, and 4MB. Both Linux and Windows map the user portion of the virtual address space using 4KB pages. Bytes 0-4095 fall in page 0, bytes 4096-8191 fall in page 1, and so on. The size of a VMA _must be a multiple of page size_ . Here’s 3GB of user space in 4KB pages:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The processor consults page tables to translate a virtual address into a physical memory address. Each process has its own set of page tables; whenever a process switch occurs, page tables for user space are switched as well. Linux stores a pointer to a process’ page tables in the [pgd][17] field of the memory descriptor. To each virtual page there corresponds one page table entry (PTE) in the page tables, which in regular x86 paging is a simple 4-byte record shown below:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux has functions to [read][18] and [set][19] each flag in a PTE. Bit P tells the processor whether the virtual page is present in physical memory. If clear (equal to 0), accessing the page triggers a page fault. Keep in mind that when this bit is zero, the kernel can do whatever it pleases with the remaining fields. The R/W flag stands for read/write; if clear, the page is read-only. Flag U/S stands for user/supervisor; if clear, then the page can only be accessed by the kernel. These flags are used to implement the read-only memory and protected kernel space we saw before.
|
||||
|
||||
Bits D and A are for dirty and accessed. A dirty page has had a write, while an accessed page has had a write or read. Both flags are sticky: the processor only sets them, they must be cleared by the kernel. Finally, the PTE stores the starting physical address that corresponds to this page, aligned to 4KB. This naive-looking field is the source of some pain, for it limits addressable physical memory to [4 GB][20]. The other PTE fields are for another day, as is Physical Address Extension.
|
||||
|
||||
A virtual page is the unit of memory protection because all of its bytes share the U/S and R/W flags. However, the same physical memory could be mapped by different pages, possibly with different protection flags. Notice that execute permissions are nowhere to be seen in the PTE. This is why classic x86 paging allows code on the stack to be executed, making it easier to exploit stack buffer overflows (it’s still possible to exploit non-executable stacks using [return-to-libc][21] and other techniques). This lack of a PTE no-execute flag illustrates a broader fact: permission flags in a VMA may or may not translate cleanly into hardware protection. The kernel does what it can, but ultimately the architecture limits what is possible.
|
||||
|
||||
Virtual memory doesn’t store anything, it simply _maps_ a program’s address space onto the underlying physical memory, which is accessed by the processor as a large block called the physical address space. While memory operations on the bus are [somewhat involved][22], we can ignore that here and assume that physical addresses range from zero to the top of available memory in one-byte increments. This physical address space is broken down by the kernel into page frames. The processor doesn’t know or care about frames, yet they are crucial to the kernel because the page frame is the unit of physical memory management. Both Linux and Windows use 4KB page frames in 32-bit mode; here is an example of a machine with 2GB of RAM:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In Linux each page frame is tracked by a [descriptor][23] and [several flags][24]. Together these descriptors track the entire physical memory in the computer; the precise state of each page frame is always known. Physical memory is managed with the [buddy memory allocation][25]technique, hence a page frame is free if it’s available for allocation via the buddy system. An allocated page frame might be anonymous, holding program data, or it might be in the page cache, holding data stored in a file or block device. There are other exotic page frame uses, but leave them alone for now. Windows has an analogous Page Frame Number (PFN) database to track physical memory.
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s put together virtual memory areas, page table entries and page frames to understand how this all works. Below is an example of a user heap:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Blue rectangles represent pages in the VMA range, while arrows represent page table entries mapping pages onto page frames. Some virtual pages lack arrows; this means their corresponding PTEs have the Present flag clear. This could be because the pages have never been touched or because their contents have been swapped out. In either case access to these pages will lead to page faults, even though they are within the VMA. It may seem strange for the VMA and the page tables to disagree, yet this often happens.
|
||||
|
||||
A VMA is like a contract between your program and the kernel. You ask for something to be done (memory allocated, a file mapped, etc.), the kernel says “sure”, and it creates or updates the appropriate VMA. But _it does not_ actually honor the request right away, it waits until a page fault happens to do real work. The kernel is a lazy, deceitful sack of scum; this is the fundamental principle of virtual memory. It applies in most situations, some familiar and some surprising, but the rule is that VMAs record what has been _agreed upon_ , while PTEs reflect what has _actually been done_ by the lazy kernel. These two data structures together manage a program’s memory; both play a role in resolving page faults, freeing memory, swapping memory out, and so on. Let’s take the simple case of memory allocation:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When the program asks for more memory via the [brk()][26] system call, the kernel simply [updates][27]the heap VMA and calls it good. No page frames are actually allocated at this point and the new pages are not present in physical memory. Once the program tries to access the pages, the processor page faults and [do_page_fault()][28] is called. It [searches][29] for the VMA covering the faulted virtual address using [find_vma()][30]. If found, the permissions on the VMA are also checked against the attempted access (read or write). If there’s no suitable VMA, no contract covers the attempted memory access and the process is punished by Segmentation Fault.
|
||||
|
||||
When a VMA is [found][31] the kernel must [handle][32] the fault by looking at the PTE contents and the type of VMA. In our case, the PTE shows the page is [not present][33]. In fact, our PTE is completely blank (all zeros), which in Linux means the virtual page has never been mapped. Since this is an anonymous VMA, we have a purely RAM affair that must be handled by [do_anonymous_page()][34], which allocates a page frame and makes a PTE to map the faulted virtual page onto the freshly allocated frame.
|
||||
|
||||
Things could have been different. The PTE for a swapped out page, for example, has 0 in the Present flag but is not blank. Instead, it stores the swap location holding the page contents, which must be read from disk and loaded into a page frame by [do_swap_page()][35] in what is called a [major fault][36].
|
||||
|
||||
This concludes the first half of our tour through the kernel’s user memory management. In the next post, we’ll throw files into the mix to build a complete picture of memory fundamentals, including consequences for performance.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/post/how-the-kernel-manages-your-memory/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gustavo Duarte][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/about/
|
||||
[1]:http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/post/anatomy-of-a-program-in-memory
|
||||
[2]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28.1/include/linux/sched.h#L1075
|
||||
[3]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28.1/include/linux/sched.h#L1129
|
||||
[4]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28.1/include/linux/mm_types.h#L173
|
||||
[5]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28.1/include/linux/mm_types.h#L197
|
||||
[6]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28.1/include/linux/mm_types.h#L206
|
||||
[7]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28.1/include/linux/mm_types.h#L99
|
||||
[8]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28/include/linux/mm.h#L76
|
||||
[9]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28.1/include/linux/mm_types.h#L150
|
||||
[10]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28.1/include/linux/mm_types.h#L174
|
||||
[11]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_black_tree
|
||||
[12]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28.1/include/linux/mm_types.h#L175
|
||||
[13]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28.1/fs/proc/task_mmu.c#L201
|
||||
[14]:http://www.nirsoft.net/kernel_struct/vista/EPROCESS.html
|
||||
[15]:http://www.nirsoft.net/kernel_struct/vista/MMVAD.html
|
||||
[16]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AVL_tree
|
||||
[17]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28.1/include/linux/mm_types.h#L185
|
||||
[18]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28.1/arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable.h#L173
|
||||
[19]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28.1/arch/x86/include/asm/pgtable.h#L230
|
||||
[20]:http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=2^20+*+2^12+bytes+in+GB
|
||||
[21]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return-to-libc_attack
|
||||
[22]:http://duartes.org/gustavo/blog/post/getting-physical-with-memory
|
||||
[23]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28/include/linux/mm_types.h#L32
|
||||
[24]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28/include/linux/page-flags.h#L14
|
||||
[25]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_memory_allocation
|
||||
[26]:http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/online/pages/man2/brk.2.html
|
||||
[27]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28.1/mm/mmap.c#L2050
|
||||
[28]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28/arch/x86/mm/fault.c#L583
|
||||
[29]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28/arch/x86/mm/fault.c#L692
|
||||
[30]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28/mm/mmap.c#L1466
|
||||
[31]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28/arch/x86/mm/fault.c#L711
|
||||
[32]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28/mm/memory.c#L2653
|
||||
[33]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28/mm/memory.c#L2674
|
||||
[34]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28/mm/memory.c#L2681
|
||||
[35]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28/mm/memory.c#L2280
|
||||
[36]:http://lxr.linux.no/linux+v2.6.28/mm/memory.c#L2316
|
||||
@ -1,178 +0,0 @@
|
||||
translating by lujun9972
|
||||
Important Docker commands for Beginners
|
||||
======
|
||||
In our earlier tutorial, we learned to[ **install Docker on RHEL\ CentOS 7 & also created a docker container.**][1] In this tutorial, we will learn more commands to manipulate a docker container.
|
||||
|
||||
### **Syntax for using Docker command**
|
||||
|
||||
**$ docker [option] [command] [arguments]
|
||||
**
|
||||
|
||||
To view the list of all available commands that can be used with docker, run
|
||||
|
||||
**$ docker
|
||||
**
|
||||
|
||||
& we will get the following list of commands as the output,
|
||||
|
||||
**attach Attach to a running container
|
||||
build Build an image from a Dockerfile
|
||||
commit Create a new image from a container's changes
|
||||
cp Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem
|
||||
create Create a new container
|
||||
diff Inspect changes on a container's filesystem
|
||||
events Get real time events from the server
|
||||
exec Run a command in a running container
|
||||
export Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive
|
||||
history Show the history of an image
|
||||
images List images
|
||||
import Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image
|
||||
info Display system-wide information
|
||||
inspect Return low-level information on a container or image
|
||||
kill Kill a running container
|
||||
load Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN
|
||||
login Log in to a Docker registry
|
||||
logout Log out from a Docker registry
|
||||
logs Fetch the logs of a container
|
||||
network Manage Docker networks
|
||||
pause Pause all processes within a container
|
||||
port List port mappings or a specific mapping for the CONTAINER
|
||||
ps List containers
|
||||
pull Pull an image or a repository from a registry
|
||||
push Push an image or a repository to a registry
|
||||
rename Rename a container
|
||||
restart Restart a container
|
||||
rm Remove one or more containers
|
||||
rmi Remove one or more images
|
||||
run Run a command in a new container
|
||||
save Save one or more images to a tar archive
|
||||
search Search the Docker Hub for images
|
||||
start Start one or more stopped containers
|
||||
stats Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics
|
||||
stop Stop a running container
|
||||
tag Tag an image into a repository
|
||||
top Display the running processes of a container
|
||||
unpause Unpause all processes within a container
|
||||
update Update configuration of one or more containers
|
||||
version Show the Docker version information
|
||||
volume Manage Docker volumes
|
||||
wait Block until a container stops, then print its exit code
|
||||
**
|
||||
|
||||
To further view the options available with a command, run
|
||||
|
||||
**$ docker docker-subcommand info
|
||||
**
|
||||
|
||||
& we will get a list of options that we can use with the docker-sub command.
|
||||
|
||||
### **Testing connection with Docker Hub**
|
||||
|
||||
By default, all the images that are used are pulled from Docker Hub. We can upload or download an image for OS from Docker Hub. To make sure that we can do so, run
|
||||
|
||||
**$ docker run hello-world
|
||||
**
|
||||
|
||||
& the output should be,
|
||||
|
||||
**Hello from Docker.
|
||||
This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.
|
||||
…
|
||||
**
|
||||
|
||||
This output message shows that we can access Docker Hub & can now download docker images from Docker Hub.
|
||||
|
||||
### **Searching an Image**
|
||||
|
||||
To search for an image for the container, run
|
||||
|
||||
**$ docker search Ubuntu
|
||||
**
|
||||
|
||||
& we should get list of available Ubuntu images. Remember if you are looking for an official image, look for [OK] under the official column.
|
||||
|
||||
### **Downloading an image**
|
||||
|
||||
Once we have searched and found the image we are looking for, we can download it by running,
|
||||
|
||||
**$ docker pull Ubuntu
|
||||
**
|
||||
|
||||
### **Viewing downloaded images**
|
||||
|
||||
To view all the downloaded images, run
|
||||
|
||||
**$ docker images
|
||||
**
|
||||
|
||||
### **Running an container**
|
||||
|
||||
To run a container using the downloaded image , we will use
|
||||
|
||||
**$ docker run -it Ubuntu
|
||||
**
|
||||
|
||||
Here, using '-it' will open a shell that can be used to interact with the container. Once the container is up & running, we can then use it as a normal machine & execute any commands that we require for our container.
|
||||
|
||||
### **Displaying all docker containers**
|
||||
|
||||
To view the list of all docker containers, run
|
||||
|
||||
**$ docker ps
|
||||
**
|
||||
|
||||
The output will contain list ofcontainers with container id.
|
||||
|
||||
### **Stopping a docker container**
|
||||
|
||||
To stop a docker container, run
|
||||
|
||||
**$ docker stop container-id
|
||||
**
|
||||
|
||||
### **Exit from the container**
|
||||
|
||||
To exit from the container, type
|
||||
|
||||
**$ exit
|
||||
**
|
||||
|
||||
### **Saving the state of the container**
|
||||
|
||||
Once the container is running & we have changed some settings in the container, like for example installed apache server, we need to save the state of the container. Image created is saved on the local system.
|
||||
|
||||
To commit & save the state of the container, run
|
||||
|
||||
**$ docker commit 85475ef774 repository/image_name
|
||||
**
|
||||
|
||||
Here, **commit** will save the container state,
|
||||
|
||||
**85475ef774** , is the container id of the container,
|
||||
|
||||
**repository** , usually the docker hub username (or name of the repository added)
|
||||
|
||||
**image_name** , will be the new name of the image.
|
||||
|
||||
We can further add more information to the above command using '-m' & '-a'. With '-m', we can mention a message saying that apache server is installed & with '-a' we can add author name.
|
||||
|
||||
**For example**
|
||||
|
||||
**docker commit -m "apache server installed"-a "Dan Daniels" 85475ef774 daniels_dan/Cent_container
|
||||
**
|
||||
|
||||
This completes our tutorial on important commands used in Dockers, please share your comments/queries in the comment box below.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linuxtechlab.com/important-docker-commands-beginners/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Shusain][a]
|
||||
译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linuxtechlab.com/author/shsuain/
|
||||
[1]:http://linuxtechlab.com/create-first-docker-container-beginners-guide/
|
||||
@ -1,196 +0,0 @@
|
||||
translating by lujun9972
|
||||
12 ip Command Examples for Linux Users
|
||||
======
|
||||
For years & years we have been using ' **ifconfig** ' command to perform network related tasks like checking network interfaces or configuring them. But 'ifconfig' is no longer being maintained & has been deprecated on the recent versions of Linux. 'ifconfig' command has been replaced with ' **ip** ' command.
|
||||
|
||||
'ip' command is somewhat similar to 'ifconfig' command but it's much more powerful with much more functionalities attached to it. 'ip' command is able to perform several tasks which were not possible to perform with 'ifconfig' command.
|
||||
|
||||
[![IP-command-examples-Linux][1]![IP-command-examples-Linux][2]][3]
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial, we are going to discuss 12 most common uses for 'ip' command, so let's get going,
|
||||
|
||||
#### Example 1: Checking network information for interfaces ( LAN Cards )
|
||||
|
||||
To check the network information like IP address, Subnet etc for the interfaces, use 'ip addr show' command
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip addr show
|
||||
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip a s
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This will show network information related to all interfaces available on our system, but if we want to view same information for single interface, command is
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip addr show enp0s3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
where enp0s3 is the name of the interface.
|
||||
|
||||
[![IP-addr-show-commant-output][1]![IP-addr-show-commant-output][4]][5]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Example 2: Enabling & disabling a network interface
|
||||
|
||||
To enable a disable network interface, 'ip' command used is
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip link set enp0s3 up
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
& to disable the network interface we will use 'down' trigger,
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip link set enp0s3 down
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Example 3: Assigning IP address & other network information to an interface
|
||||
|
||||
To assign IP address to interface, we will use
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.50/255.255.255.0 dev enp0s3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
We can also set broadcast address to interface with 'ip' command. By default no broadcast address is set, so to set a broadcast address command is
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr add broadcast 192.168.0.255 dev enp0s3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
We can also set standard broadcast address along with IP address by using the following command,
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.10/24 brd + dev enp0s3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
As shown in the above example, we can also use 'brd' in place on 'broadcast' to set broadcast ip address.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Example 4: Removing IP address from interface
|
||||
|
||||
If we want to flush or remove the assigned IP from interface, then the beneath ip command
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr del 192.168.0.10/24 dev enp0s3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Example 5: Adding an Alias for an interface (enp0s3)
|
||||
|
||||
To add an alias i.e. assign more than one IP to an interface, execute below command
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.20/24 dev enp0s3 label enp0s3:1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[![ip-command-add-alias-linux][1]![ip-command-add-alias-linux][6]][7]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Example 6: Checking route or default gateway information
|
||||
|
||||
Checking routing information shows us the route a packet will take to reach the destination. To check the network routing information, execute the following command,
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip route show
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[![ip-route-command-output][1]![ip-route-command-output][8]][9]
|
||||
|
||||
In the output we will see the routing information for packets for all the network interfaces. We can also get the routing information to a particular ip using,
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route get 192.168.0.1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Example 7: Adding a static route
|
||||
|
||||
If we want to change the default route taken by packets, we can do so with IP command. To assign a default gateway, use following 'ip route' command
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.0.150/24
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
So now all network packets will travel via 192.168.0.150 as opposed to old default route. For changing the default route for a single interface & to make change route further, execute
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route add 172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Example 8: Removing a static route
|
||||
|
||||
To remove the a previously changes default route, open terminal & run,
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route del 192.168.0.150/24
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Note:-** Changes made to default route using the above mentioned commands are only temporary & all changes will be lost after a system has been restarted. To make a persistence route change, we need to modify / create route-enp0s3 file . Add the following line to it, demonstration is shown below
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-enp0s3
|
||||
|
||||
172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Save and Exit the file.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using Ubuntu or debian based OS, than the location of the file is ' **/etc/network/interfaces** ' and add the line "ip route add 172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3" to the bottom of the file.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Example 9: Checking all ARP entries
|
||||
|
||||
ARP, short for ' **Address Resolution Protocol** ' , is used to convert an IP address to physical address (also known as MAC address) & all the IP and their corresponding MAC details are stored in a table known as ARP cache.
|
||||
|
||||
To view entries in ARP cache i.e. MAC addresses of the devices connected in LAN, the IP command used is
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip neigh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[![ip-neigh-command-linux][1]![ip-neigh-command-linux][10]][11]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Example 10: Modifying ARP entries
|
||||
|
||||
To delete an ARP entry, the command used is
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip neigh del 192.168.0.106 dev enp0s3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
or if we want to add a new entry to ARP cache, the command is
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip neigh add 192.168.0.150 lladdr 33:1g:75:37:r3:84 dev enp0s3 nud perm
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
where **nud** means **neighbour state** , it can be
|
||||
|
||||
* **perm** - permanent & can only be removed by administrator,
|
||||
* **noarp** - entry is valid but can be removed after lifetime expires,
|
||||
* **stale** - entry is valid but suspicious,
|
||||
* **reachable** - entry is valid until timeout expires.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Example 11: Checking network statistics
|
||||
|
||||
With 'ip' command we can also view the network statistics like bytes and packets transferred, errors or dropped packets etc for all the network interfaces. To view network statistics, use ' **ip -s link** ' command
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip -s link
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
[![ip-s-command-linux][1]![ip-s-command-linux][12]][13]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Example 12: How to get help
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to find a option which is not listed in above examples, then you can look for help. In Fact you can use help for all the commands. To list all available options that can be used with 'ip' command, use
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip help
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Remember that 'ip' command is very important command for Linux admins and it should be learned and mastered to configure network with ease. That's it for now, please do provide your suggestions & leave your queries in the comment box below.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/ip-command-examples-for-linux-users/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif
|
||||
[2]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/IP-command-examples-Linux.jpg
|
||||
[3]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/IP-command-examples-Linux.jpg ()
|
||||
[4]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/IP-addr-show-commant-output.jpg
|
||||
[5]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/IP-addr-show-commant-output.jpg ()
|
||||
[6]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-command-add-alias-linux.jpg
|
||||
[7]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-command-add-alias-linux.jpg ()
|
||||
[8]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-route-command-output.jpg
|
||||
[9]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-route-command-output.jpg ()
|
||||
[10]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-neigh-command-linux.jpg
|
||||
[11]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-neigh-command-linux.jpg ()
|
||||
[12]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-s-command-linux.jpg
|
||||
[13]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-s-command-linux.jpg ()
|
||||
@ -1,72 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Fake A Hollywood Hacker Screen in Linux Terminal
|
||||
======
|
||||
**Brief: This tiny tool turns your Linux terminal into a Hollywood style real time hacking scene.**
|
||||
|
||||
![Hollywood hacking terminal in Linux][1]
|
||||
|
||||
I am in!
|
||||
|
||||
You might have heard this dialogue in almost every Hollywood movie that shows a hacking scene. There will be a dark terminal with ascii text, diagrams and hex code changing continuously and a hacker who is hitting the keyboards as if he/she is typing an angry forum response.
|
||||
|
||||
But that's Hollywood! Hackers break into a network system in minutes whereas it takes months of research to actually do that. But I'll put the Hollywood hacking criticism aside for the moment.
|
||||
|
||||
Because we are going to do the same. We are going to pretend like a hacker in Hollywood style.
|
||||
|
||||
There's this tiny tool that runs a script turning your Linux terminal into a Hollywood style real time hacking terminal:
|
||||
|
||||
Like what you see? It even plays Mission Impossible theme music in the background. Moreover, you get a new, random generated hacking terminal each time you run this tool.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's see how to become a Hollywood hacker in 30 seconds.
|
||||
|
||||
### How to install Hollywood hacking terminal in Linux
|
||||
|
||||
The tool is quite aptly called Hollywood. Basically, it runs in Byobu, a text based Window Manager and it creates a random number of random sized split windows and runs a noisy text app in each of them.
|
||||
|
||||
[Byobu][2] is an interesting tool developed by Dustin Kirkland of Ubuntu. More about it in some other article. Let's focus on installing this tool.
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu users can install Hollywood using this simple command:
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt install hollywood
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If the above command doesn't work in your Ubuntu or other Ubuntu based Linux distributions such as Linux Mint, elementary OS, Zorin OS, Linux Lite etc, you may use the below PPA:
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-add-repository ppa:hollywood/ppa
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get install byobu hollywood
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can also get the source code of Hollywood from its GitHub repository:
|
||||
|
||||
[Hollywood on GitHub][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Once installed, you can run it using the command below, no sudo required:
|
||||
|
||||
`hollywood`
|
||||
|
||||
As it runs Byobu first, you'll have to use Ctrl+C twice and then use `exit` command to stop the hacking terminal script.
|
||||
|
||||
Here's a video of the fake Hollywood hacking. Do [subscribe to our YouTube channel][4] for more Linux fun videos.
|
||||
|
||||
It's a fun little tool that you can use to amaze your friends, family, and colleagues. Maybe you can even impress girls in the bar though I don't think it is going to help you a lot in that field.
|
||||
|
||||
And if you liked Hollywood hacking terminal, perhaps you would like to check another tool that gives [Sneaker movie effect in Linux terminal][5].
|
||||
|
||||
If you know more such fun utilities, do share with us in the comment section below.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/hollywood-hacker-screen/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/hollywood-hacking-linux-terminal.jpg
|
||||
[2]:http://byobu.co/
|
||||
[3]:https://github.com/dustinkirkland/hollywood
|
||||
[4]:https://www.youtube.com/c/itsfoss?sub_confirmation=1
|
||||
[5]:https://itsfoss.com/sneakers-movie-effect-linux/
|
||||
@ -1,135 +0,0 @@
|
||||
translating by lujun9972
|
||||
How To Auto Logout Inactive Users After A Period Of Time In Linux
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Let us picture this scenario. You have a shared server which is regularly being accessed by many users from all systems in the network. There are chances that some user may forget to logout his session and left the session open. As we all know, leaving an user session open is dangerous. Some users may do some damage intentionally. Would you, as a system admin, go and check each and every system to verify whether the users have logged out or not? Not necessary. Also, It's quite time consuming process if you have hundreds of machines in your network. Instead, you can make an user to auto logout from a local or SSH session after a particular period of inactivity. This brief tutorial describes how to auto logout inactive users after a particular period of time in Unix-like systems. It's not that difficult. Follow me.
|
||||
|
||||
### Auto Logout Inactive Users After A Period Of Time In Linux
|
||||
|
||||
We can do it in three ways. Let us see the first method.
|
||||
|
||||
**Method 1:**
|
||||
|
||||
Edit **~/.bashrc** or **~/.bash_profile** file:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ vi ~/.bashrc
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Or,
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ vi ~/.bash_profile
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Add the following lines in it.
|
||||
```
|
||||
TMOUT=100
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This makes the user to logout automatically after an inactivity of 100 seconds. You can define this value as per your convenient. Save and close the file.
|
||||
|
||||
Apply the changes by running the following command:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ source ~/.bashrc
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Or,
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ source ~/.bash_profile
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Now, leave the session idle for 100 seconds. After an inactivity of 100 seconds, you will see the following message and the user will automatically logged out from the session.
|
||||
```
|
||||
timed out waiting for input: auto-logout
|
||||
Connection to 192.168.43.2 closed.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This setting can be easily modified by the user. Because, ~/.bashrc file is owned by the user himself.
|
||||
|
||||
To modify or delete this timeout settings, simply delete the lines added above and apply the changes by running "source ~/.bashrc" command.
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively, the user can disable this by running the following commands:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ export TMOUT=0
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Or,
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ unset TMOUT
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to prevent the user from changing the settings, follow second method instead.
|
||||
|
||||
**Method 2:**
|
||||
|
||||
Log in as root user.
|
||||
|
||||
Create a new file called **" autologout.sh"**.
|
||||
```
|
||||
# vi /etc/profile.d/autologout.sh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Add the following lines:
|
||||
```
|
||||
TMOUT=100
|
||||
readonly TMOUT
|
||||
export TMOUT
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Save and close the file.
|
||||
|
||||
Make it as executable using command:
|
||||
```
|
||||
# chmod +x /etc/profile.d/autologout.sh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Now, logout or reboot your system. The inactive user will automatically be logged out after 100 seconds. The normal user can't change this settings even if he/she wanted to stay in the session. They will be thrown out exactly after 100 seconds.
|
||||
|
||||
These two methods are are applicable for both local session and remote session i.e the locally logged-in users or and/or the users logged-in from a remote system via SSH. Next we are going to see how to automatically logout only the inactive SSH sessions, not local sessions.
|
||||
|
||||
**Method 3:**
|
||||
|
||||
In this method, we will only making the SSH session users to log out after a particular period of inactivity.
|
||||
|
||||
Edit **/etc/ssh/sshd_config** file:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Add/modify the following lines:
|
||||
```
|
||||
ClientAliveInterval 100
|
||||
ClientAliveCountMax 0
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Save and close this file. Restart sshd service to take effect the changes.
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl restart sshd
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Now, ssh to this system from a remote system. After 100 seconds, the ssh session will be automatically closed and you will see the following message:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ Connection to 192.168.43.2 closed by remote host.
|
||||
Connection to 192.168.43.2 closed.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Now, whoever access this system from a remote system via SSH will automatically be logged out after an inactivity of 100 seconds.
|
||||
|
||||
Hope this helps. I will be soon here with another useful guide. If you find our guides helpful, please share them on your social, professional networks and support OSTechNix!
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.ostechnix.com/auto-logout-inactive-users-period-time-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[SK][a]
|
||||
译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
Translating by jessie-pang
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Free Command Explained for Beginners (6 Examples)
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
|
||||
SoftMaker for Linux Is a Solid Microsoft Office Alternative
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[SoftMaker Office][6] could be a first-class professional-strength replacement for Microsoft Office on the Linux desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
The Linux OS has its share of lightweight word processors and a few nearly worthy standalone spreadsheet apps, but very few high-end integrated office suites exist for Linux users. Generally, Linux office suites lack a really solid slide presentation creation tool.
|
||||
|
||||
![PlanMaker Presentations][7]
|
||||
|
||||
PlanMaker Presentations is a near-perfect Microsoft Powerpoint clone.
|
||||
|
||||
Most Linux users opt for [LibreOffice][9] -- or maybe the withering [OpenOffice][10] -- or online subscriptions to Microsoft Office through Web browser apps.
|
||||
|
||||
However, high-performing options for Linux office suites exist. The SoftMaker office suite product line is one such contender to replace Microsoft Office.
|
||||
|
||||
The latest beta release of SoftMaker Office 2018 is fully compatible with Microsoft Office. It offers a completely redesigned user interface that allows users to work with either classic or ribbon menus.
|
||||
|
||||
![SoftMaker UI Panel][11]
|
||||
|
||||
On first use, you choose the user interface you prefer. You can change your default option at any time from the UI Panel in Settings.
|
||||
|
||||
SoftMaker offers a complete line of free and paid office suite products that run on Android devices, Linux distros, and Windows or macOS PCs.
|
||||
|
||||
![][12]
|
||||
|
||||
### Rethinking Options
|
||||
|
||||
The beta version of this commercial Linux office suite is free. When the final version is released, two Linux commercial versions will be available. The licenses for both let you run SoftMaker Office on five computers. It will be priced at US$69.95, or $99.95 if you want a few dictionary add-on tools included.
|
||||
|
||||
Check out the free beta of the commercial version. A completely free open source-licensed version called "SoftMaker FreeOffice 2018," will be available soon. Switching is seamless. The FreeOffice line is distributed under the Mozilla Public License.
|
||||
|
||||
The FreeOffice 2018 release will have the same ribbon interface option as SoftMaker Office 2018. The exact feature list is not finalized yet, according to Sales Manager Jordan Popov. Both the free and the paid versions will contain fully functional TextMaker, PlanMaker, and Presentations, just like the paid Linux SoftMaker Office 2018 release. The Linux edition has the Thunderbird email management client.
|
||||
|
||||
When I reviewed SoftMaker FreeOffice 2016 and SoftMaker Office 2016, I found the paid and free versions to be almost identical in functionality and features. So opting for the free versus paid versions of the 2018 office suites might be a no-brainer.
|
||||
|
||||
The value here is that the free open source and both commercial versions of the 2018 releases are true 64-bit products. Previous releases required some 32-bit dependencies to run on 64-bit architecture.
|
||||
|
||||
### First Look Impressive
|
||||
|
||||
The free version (FreeOffice 2018 for Linux) is not yet available for review. SoftMaker expects to release FreeOffice 2018 for Linux it at the end of the first quarter of 2018.
|
||||
|
||||
So I took the free beta release of Office 2018 for a spin to check out the performance of the ribbon user interface. Its performance was impressive.
|
||||
|
||||
I regularly use the latest version of LibreOffice and earlier versions of FreeOffice. Their user interfaces mimic standard drop-down menus.
|
||||
|
||||
It took me some time to gegt used to the ribbon menu, since I was unfamiliar with using it on Microsoft Office, but I came to like it.
|
||||
|
||||
### How It Works
|
||||
|
||||
The process is a bit different than scrolling down drop-down menus. You click on a category in the toolbar row at the top of the application window and then scan across the lateral display of boxed lists of functions.
|
||||
|
||||
The lateral array of clickable menu choices changes with each toolbar category selected. Once I learned what was where, my appreciation for the "ribbon effect" grew.
|
||||
|
||||
![TextMaker screen shot][13]
|
||||
|
||||
The ribbon interface gives users a different look and feel when creating or editing documents on the Linux desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
The labels are: File, Home, Insert, Layout, References, Mailings, Review and View. Click the action you want and instantly see it applied. There are no cascading menus.
|
||||
|
||||
At first, I did not like not having any customizations available for things like often-used actions. Then I right-clicked on an item in the ribbon and discovered a pop-up menu.
|
||||
|
||||
This provides a way to customize a Quick Action Bar, customize the ribbon display choices, and show the Quick Action toolbar as a separate toolbar. That prompted me to sit up straight and dig in with eyes wide open.
|
||||
|
||||
### Great User Experience
|
||||
|
||||
I process a significant number of graphics-heavy documents each week that are produced with Microsoft Office. I edit many of these documents and create many more.
|
||||
|
||||
Much of my work goes to users of Microsoft Office. LibreOffice and SoftMaker Office applications have little to no trouble handling native Microsoft file formats such as DOCX, XLSX and PPTX.
|
||||
|
||||
LibreOffice formatting -- both on screen and printed versions -- are well-done most times. SoftMaker's document renderings are even more exact.
|
||||
|
||||
The beta release of SoftMaker Office 2018 for Linux is even better. Especially with SoftMaker Office 2018, I can exchange files directly with Microsoft Office users without conversion. This obviates the need to import or export documents.
|
||||
|
||||
Given the nearly indistinguishable performance between previous paid and free versions of SoftMaker products, it seems safe to expect the same type of performance from FreeOffice 2018 when it arrives.
|
||||
|
||||
### Expanding Office Reach
|
||||
|
||||
SoftOffice products can give you a complete cross-platform continuity for your office suite needs.
|
||||
|
||||
Four Android editions are available:
|
||||
|
||||
* SoftMaker Office Mobile is the paid or commercial version for Android phones. You can find it in Google Play as TextMaker Mobile, PlanMaker Mobile and Presentations Mobile.
|
||||
* SoftMaker FreeOffice Mobile is the free version for Android phones. You can find it in Google Play as the FREE OFFICE version of TextMaker Mobile, PlanMaker Mobile, Presentations Mobile.
|
||||
* SoftMaker Office HD is the paid or commercial version for Android tablets. You can find it in Google Play as TextMaker HD, PlanMaker HD and Presentations HD.
|
||||
* SoftMaker Office HD Basic is the free version for Android tablets. You can find it in Google Play as TextMaker HD Basic, PlanMaker HD Basic and Presentations HD Basic.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Also available are TextMaker HD Trial, PlanMaker HD Trial and Presentations HD Trial in Google Play. These apps work only for 30 days but have all the features of the full version (Office HD).
|
||||
|
||||
### Bottom Line
|
||||
|
||||
The easy access to the free download of SoftMaker Office 2018 gives you nothing to lose in checking out its suitability as a Microsoft Office replacement. If you decide to upgrade to the paid Linux release, you will pay $69.95 for a proprietary license. That is the same price as the Home and Student editions of Microsoft Office 365.
|
||||
|
||||
If you opt for the free open source version, FreeOffice 2018, when it is released, you still could have a top-of-the-line alternative to other Linux tools that play well with Microsoft Office.
|
||||
|
||||
Download the [SoftMaker Office 2018 beta][15].
|
||||
|
||||
### Want to Suggest a Review?
|
||||
|
||||
Is there a Linux software application or distro you'd like to suggest for review? Something you love or would like to get to know? Please [email your ideas to me][16], and I'll consider them for a future Linux Picks and Pans column. And use the Reader Comments feature below to provide your input! ![][17]
|
||||
|
||||
### about the author
|
||||
|
||||
![][18] **Jack M. Germain** has been an ECT News Network reporter since 2003. His main areas of focus are enterprise IT, Linux and open source technologies. He has written numerous reviews of Linux distros and other open source software. [Email Jack.][19]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linuxinsider.com/story/SoftMaker-for-Linux-Is-a-Solid-Microsoft-Office-Alternative-85018.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jack M. Germain][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.linuxinsider.com
|
||||
[1]:https://www.linuxinsider.com/images/2008/atab.gif
|
||||
[2]:https://www.linuxinsider.com/images/sda/all_ec_134x30.png
|
||||
[4]:https://www.linuxinsider.com/adsys/count/10019/?nm=1-allec-ci-lin-1&ENN_rnd=15154948085323&ign=0/ign.gif
|
||||
[5]:https://www.linuxinsider.com/images/article_images/linux5stars_580x24.jpg
|
||||
[6]:http://www.softmaker.com/en/softmaker-office-linux
|
||||
[7]:https://www.linuxinsider.com/article_images/2017/85018_620x358-small.jpg
|
||||
[8]:https://www.linuxinsider.com/article_images/2017/85018_990x572.jpg (::::topclose:true)
|
||||
[9]:http://www.libreoffice.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.openoffice.org/
|
||||
[11]:https://www.linuxinsider.com/article_images/2017/85018_620x439.jpg
|
||||
[12]:https://www.linuxinsider.com/adsys/count/10087/?nm=1i-lin_160-1&ENN_rnd=15154948084583&ign=0/ign.gif
|
||||
[13]:https://www.linuxinsider.com/article_images/2017/85018_620x264-small.jpg
|
||||
[14]:https://www.linuxinsider.com/article_images/2017/85018_990x421.jpg (::::topclose:true)
|
||||
[15]:http://www.softmaker.com/en/softmaker-office-linux-
|
||||
[16]:mailto:jack.germain@
|
||||
[17]:https://www.ectnews.com/images/end-enn.gif
|
||||
[18]:https://www.linuxinsider.com/images/rws572389/Jack%20M.%20Germain.jpg
|
||||
[19]:mailto:jack.germain@newsroom.ectnews.comm
|
||||
131
sources/tech/20171229 Forgotten FOSS Games- Boson.md
Normal file
131
sources/tech/20171229 Forgotten FOSS Games- Boson.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
|
||||
Forgotten FOSS Games: Boson
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Back in September of 1999, just about a year after the KDE project had shipped its first release ever, Thomas Capricelli announced "our attempt to make a Real Time Strategy game (RTS) for the KDE project" on the [kde-announce][1] mailing list. Boson 0.1, as the attempt was called, was based on Qt 1.4, the KDE 1.x libraries, and described as being "Warcraft-like".
|
||||
|
||||
Development continued at a fast pace over the following year. 3D artists and sound designers were invited to contribute, and basic game play (e.g. collecting oil and minerals) started working. The core engine gained much-needed features. A map editor was already part of the package. Four releases later, on October 30, 2000, the release of version 0.5 was celebrated as a major milestone, also because Boson had been ported to Qt 2.2.1 & KDE 2.0 to match the development of the projects it was based on. Then the project suddenly went into hiatus, as it happens so often with ambitious open source game projects. A new set of developers revived Boson one year later, in 2001, and decided to port the game to Qt 3, the KDE 3 libraries and the recently introduced libkdegames library.
|
||||
|
||||
![][2]
|
||||
|
||||
By version 0.6 (released in June of 2002) the project was on a very good path again, having been extended with all the features players were used to from similar RTS titles, e.g. fog of war, path-finding, units defending themselves automatically, the destruction of a radar/satellite station leading to the disappearance of the minimap, and so on. The game came with its own soundtrack (you had the choice between "Jungle" and "Progressive), although the tracks did sound a bit… similar to each other, and Techno hadn't been a thing in game soundtracks since Command and Conquer: Tiberian Sun. More maps and sound effects tightened the atmosphere, but there was no computer opponent with artificial intelligence, so you absolutely had to play over a local network or online.
|
||||
|
||||
Sadly the old websites at <http://aquila.rezel.enst.fr/boson/> and <http://boson.eu.org> are no longer online, and YouTube was not a thing back then, so most of the old artwork, videos and roadmaps are lost. But the [Sourceforce page][3] has survived, and the [Subversion repository][4] contains screenshots from version 0.7 on and some older ones from unknown version numbers.
|
||||
|
||||
### From 2D to 3D
|
||||
|
||||
It might be hard to believe nowadays, but Boson was a 2D game until the release of version 0.7 in January of 2003. So it didn't look like Warcraft 3 (released in 2002), but much more like Warcraft 2 or the first five Command & Conquer titles. The engine was extended with OpenGL support and now "just" loaded the existing 3D models instead of forcing the developers to pre-render them into 2D sprites. Why so late? Because your average Linux installation simply didn't have OpenGL support when Boson was created back in 1999. The first XFree86 release to include GLX (OpenGL Extension to the X Window System) was version 4.0, published in 2000. And then it took a while to get OpenGL acceleration working in the major Linux graphics drivers (Matrox G200/G400, NVIDIA Riva TNT, ATI RagePro, S3 ViRGE and Intel 810). I can't say it was trivial to set up a Linux Desktop with hardware accelerated 3D until Ubuntu 7.04 put all the bits together for the first time and made it easy to install the proprietary NVIDIA drivers through the "Additional Drivers" settings dialogue.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
So when Boson switched to OpenGL in January of 2003, that sucked. You now absolutely needed hardware acceleration to be able play it, and well, it was January of 2003. GPUs still used [AGP][5] slots back then, ATI was still an independent company, the Athlon64 would not be released before September 2003, and you were happy if you even owned a GeForce FX or a Radeon 9000 card. Luckily I did, and when I came across Boson, I immediately downloaded it, built it on my Gentoo machine and ran it on my three-monitor setup (two 15″ TFTs and one 21″ CRT). After debugging 3D hardware acceleration for a day or two, naturally…
|
||||
|
||||
![][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Boson wasn't finished or even really playable back then (still no computer opponent, only a few units working, no good maps etc.), but it showed promise, especially in light of the recent release of Command & Conquer: Generals in February of 2003. The thought of having an actual open source alternative to a recently released AAA video game title was so encouraging that I started to make small contributions, mainly by [reporting bugs][7]. The cursor icon theme I created using Cinema 4D never made it into a release.
|
||||
|
||||
### Development hell
|
||||
|
||||
Boson went through four releases in 2003 alone, all the way up to version 0.10. Performance was improved, the engine was extended with support for Python scripts, adaptive level of detail, smoke, lighting, day/night switches, and flying units. The 3D models started to look nice, an elementary Artificial Intelligence opponent was added (!), and the list of dependencies grew longer. Release notices like "Don't crash when using proprietary NVidia drivers and no usable font was found (reported to NVidia nearly a year ago)" are a kind reminder that proprietary graphics drivers already were a pain to work with back then, in case anybody forgot.
|
||||
|
||||
![][8]
|
||||
|
||||
An important task from version 0.10 on was to remove (or at least weaken) the dependencies on Qt and KDE. To be honest I never really got why the whole game, or for that matter any application ever, had to be based on Qt and KDE to begin with. Qt is a very, very intrusive thing. It's not just a library full of cool stuff, it's a framework. It locks you into its concept of what an application is and how it is supposed to work, and what your code should look like and how it is supposed to be structured. You need a whole toolchain with a metacompiler because your code isn't even standard C++.
|
||||
|
||||
Every time the Qt/KDE developers decide to break the ABI, deprecate a component or come up with a new and (supposedly) better solution to an existing solution, you have to follow - and that has happened way too often. Just ask the KDE developers how many times they had to port KDE just because Qt decided to change everything for the umpteenth time, and now imagine you depend on both Qt **and** KDE. Pretty much everything Qt offers can be solved in a less intrusive way nowadays.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Maybe the original Boson developers just wanted to take advantage of Qt's 2D graphics subsystem to make development easier. Or make sure the game can run on more than one platform (at least one release was known to work on FreeBSD). Or they hoped to become a part of the official KDE family to keep the project visible and attract more developers. Whatever the reason might have been, the cleanup was in full swing. aRts (the audio subsystem used by KDE 2 and 3) was replaced by the more standard OpenAL library. [libUFO][9] (which is one of the very few projects relying on the XUL language Mozilla uses to design UIs for Firefox and other application, BTW) was used to draw the on-screen menus.
|
||||
|
||||
The release of version 0.11 was delayed for 16 months due to the two main developers being busy with other stuff, but the changelog was very long and exciting. "Realistic" water and environmental objects like trees were added to the maps, the engine learned how to handle wind. The path-finding algorithm and the artificial intelligence opponent became smarter, and everything seemed to slowly come together.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
By the time version 0.12 was released eight months later, Boson had working power plants, animated turrets, a new radar system and much more. Version 0.13, the last one to ever be officially released, again shipped an impressive amount of new features and improvements, but most of the changes were not really visible.
|
||||
|
||||
Version 0.13 had been released in October of 2006, and after December of the same year the commit rate suddenly dropped to zero. There were only two commits in the whole year of 2007, followed by an unsucessful attempt to revive the project in 2008. In 2011 the "Help wanted" text was finally removed from the (broken) website and Boson was officially declared dead.
|
||||
|
||||
### Let's Play Boson!
|
||||
|
||||
The game no longer even builds on modern GNU/Linux distributions, mostly due to the unavailability of Qt 3 and the KDE 3 libraries and some other oddities. I managed to install Ubuntu 11.04 LTS in a VirtualBox, which was the last Ubuntu release to have Boson in its repositories. Don't be surprised by how bad the performance is, as far as I can tell it's not the fault of VirtualBox. Boson never ran fast on any kind of hardware and did everything in a single thread, probably losing a lot of performance when synchronizing with various subsystems.
|
||||
|
||||
Here's a video of me trying to play. First I enable the eye candy (the shaders) and start one of the maps in the official "campaign" in which I am immediately attacked by the enemy and don't really have time to concentrate on resource collection, only to have the game crash on me before I loose to the enemy. Then I start a map without an enemy (there is supposed to be one, but my units never find it) so I have more time to actually explore all the options, buildings and units.
|
||||
|
||||
Sound didn't work in this release, so I added some tracks of the official soundtrack to the audio track of the video.
|
||||
|
||||
https://www.youtube.com/embed/18sqwNjlBow?feature=oembed
|
||||
|
||||
You can clearly see that the whole codebase was still in full developer mode back in 2006. There are multiple checkboxes for debugging information at the top of the screen, some debugging text scrolls over the actual text of the game UI. Everything can be configured in the Options dialogue, and you can easily break the game by fiddling with internal settings like the OpenGL update interval. Set it too low (the default is 50 Hz), and the internal logic will get confused. Clearly this is because the OpenGL renderer and the game logic run in the same thread, something one would probably no longer do nowadays.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The game menu has all the standard options. There are three available campaigns, each one with its own missions. The mission overview hints that each map could have different conditions for winning and loosing, e.g. in the "Lost Village" mission you are not supposed to destroy the houses in the occupied village. There are ten available colours for the players and three different species: Human, Neutral and "Smackware". No idea where that Name comes from, judging from the unit models it looks like it was just another human player with different units.
|
||||
|
||||
There is only a single type of artificial intelligence for the computer opponent. Pretty much all other RTS games offer multiple different opponent AIs. These are either following completely different strategies or are based on a few basic types of AIs which are limited by some external influences, e.g. limiting the rate of resources they get/can collect, or limiting them to certain unit types.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The game itself does not look very attractive, even with the "realistic-looking" water. Smoke looks okay, but smoke is easy. There is nothing going on on the maps: The ground has only a single texture, the shoreline is very edgy at many points, there is no vegetation except for some lonely trees. Shadows look "wrong"(but enabling them seemed to cause crashes anyways). All the standard mouse and keyboard bindings (assign the selected units to a group, select group, move, attack, etc.) are there and working.
|
||||
|
||||
One of the lesser common features is that you can zoom out of the map completely and the engine marks all units with a coloured rectangle. This is something Command & Conquer never had, but games like Supreme Commander did too.
|
||||
|
||||
![][10]
|
||||
|
||||
![][12]
|
||||
|
||||
The game logic is identical to all the other "traditional" Base Building RTS games. You start with a base (Boson calls it the Command Bunker) and optionally some additional buildings and units. The Command Bunker builds all buildings, factory buildings produce units, electrical power or can fight units. Some buildings change the game, e.g. the existence of a Radar will show enemy units on the mini-map even if they are currently inside the fog of war. Some units can gather resources (Minerals and Oil in case of Boson) and bring them to refineries, each unit and building comes at the cost of a defined amount of these resources. Buildings require electrical power. Since war is mostly a game of logistics, finding and securing resources and destroying the opponent before the resources run out is key. There is a "Tech Tree" with dependencies, which prevents you from being able to build everything right from the start. For example advanced units require the existence of a Tech Center or something similar.
|
||||
|
||||
There are basically two types of user interfaces for RTS games: In the first one building units and buildings is part of the UI itself. There is a central menu, often at the left or at the right of the screen, which shows all options and when you click one production starts regardless of whether your base or factory buildings are visible on the screen right now or not. In the second one you have to select the your Command Bunker or each of the factories manually and choose from their individual menus. Boson uses the second type. The menu items are not very clear and not easily visible, but I guess once you're accustomed to them the item locations move to muscle memory.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In total the game could probably already look quiet nice if somebody made a couple of nice maps and cleaned up the user interface. But there is a long list of annoying bugs. Units often simply stop if they encounter an obstacle. Mineral and Oil Harvesters are supposed to shuttle between the location of the resource and a refinery automatically, but their internal state machine seems to fail a lot. Send the collector to a Mineral Mine, it doesn't start to collect. Click around a lot, it suddenly starts to collect. When it it full, it doesn't go back to the refinery or goes there and doesn't unload. Sometimes the whole cycle works for a while and then breaks while you're not looking. Frustrating.
|
||||
|
||||
Vehicles also sometimes go through water when they're not supposed to, or even go through the map geometry (!). This points at some major problem with collision detection.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The win/loose message does look a bit… beta as well 😉
|
||||
|
||||
[![][14]][14]
|
||||
|
||||
### Why was it never finished?
|
||||
|
||||
I think there were many reasons why Boson died. The engine was completely home-grown and lacking a lot in features, testing and performance. The less important subsystems, like audio output, were broken more often than not. There was no "real" focus on getting the basic parts (collecting resources, producing units, fighting battles) fully (!) working before time was spent on less important details like water, smoke, wind etc. Also there were many technical challenges. Most users wouldn't even have been able to enjoy the game even in 2006 due to the missing 3D acceleration on many Linux distributions (Ubuntu pretty much solved that in 2007, not earlier). Qt 4 had been released in 2006, and porting from Qt 3 to Qt 4 was not exactly easy. The KDE project decided to take this as an opportunity to overhaul pretty much every bit of code, leading to the KDE 4 Desktop. Boson didn't really need any of the functionality in either Qt or KDE, but it would have had been necessary to port everything anyways for no good reason.
|
||||
|
||||
Also the competition became much stronger after 2004. The full source code for [Warzone 2100][15], an actual commercial RTS game with much more complicated game play, had been released under an open source license in 2004 and is still being maintained today. Fans of Total Annihilation started to work on 3D viewers for the game, leading to [Total Annihilation 3D][16] and the [Spring RTS][17] engine.
|
||||
|
||||
Boson never had a big community of active players, so there was no pool new developers could have been recruited from. Obviously it died when the last few developers carrying it along no longer felt it was worth the time, and I think it is clear that the amount of work required to turn the game into something playable would still have been very high.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.lieberbiber.de/2017/12/29/forgotten-foss-games-boson/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[sturmflut][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:
|
||||
[1]:https://marc.info/?l=kde-announce&r=1&w=2
|
||||
[2]:http://www.lieberbiber.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/client8.jpg
|
||||
[3]:http://boson.sourceforge.net
|
||||
[4]:https://sourceforge.net/p/boson/code/HEAD/tree/
|
||||
[5]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port
|
||||
[6]:http://www.lieberbiber.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/0.8-1-1024x768.jpg
|
||||
[7]:https://sourceforge.net/p/boson/code/3888/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.lieberbiber.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/0.9-1.jpg
|
||||
[9]:http://libufo.sourceforge.net/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.lieberbiber.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/boson_game_1.png.wm-1024x510.jpg
|
||||
[11]:http://www.lieberbiber.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/boson_game_1.png.wm.jpg
|
||||
[12]:http://www.lieberbiber.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/boson_maximum_zoom_out.png.wm-1024x511.jpg
|
||||
[13]:http://www.lieberbiber.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/boson_maximum_zoom_out.png.wm.jpg
|
||||
[14]:http://www.lieberbiber.de/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/boson_game_end.png.85.jpg
|
||||
[15]:http://wz2100.net/
|
||||
[16]:https://github.com/zuzuf/TA3D
|
||||
[17]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_Engine
|
||||
@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Making Vim Even More Awesome With These Cool Features
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Vim** is quite an integral part of Every [Linux Distribution][1] and the most useful tool (of course after the terminal) for Linux Users. At least, this theory holds for me. People might argue that for programming, Vim might not be a good choice as there are different IDEs or other sophisticated text editors like Sublime Text 3, Atom etc. which make the programming job pretty easier.
|
||||
|
||||
#### My Thoughts
|
||||
|
||||
But what I think is that Vim works the way we want it to right from the very start, while other editors make us work the way they have been designed, not the way we actually want them to work. I can’t say much about other editors cause I haven’t used them much ( I’m biased with Vim ).
|
||||
|
||||
Anyway, Let’s make something out of Vim, that really does the Job god damn well.
|
||||
|
||||
### Vim for Programming
|
||||
|
||||
#### Executing the Code
|
||||
|
||||
Consider a scenario, What we do when we are working on a C++ code on Vim and we need to compile and run it.
|
||||
|
||||
(a). We get back to the terminal either through (Ctrl + Z) thing or we just save and quit it (:wq).
|
||||
|
||||
(b). And the trouble’s ain’t over, we now need to type on something on terminal like this { g++ fileName.cxx }.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(c). And after that execute it by typing { ./a.out } .
|
||||
|
||||
Certainly a lot of things needed to be done in order to get our C++ code running over the shell. But it doesn’t seem to be a Vim way of doing this (as Vim always tends to keep almost everything under one/two keypresses). So, What is the Vim way of doing this stuff?
|
||||
|
||||
#### The Vim Way
|
||||
|
||||
Vim isn’t just a Text Editor, It is sort of a Programming Language for Editing Text. And that programming language that helps us extending the features of Vim is “VimScript”.
|
||||
|
||||
So, with the help of VimScript, we can easily automate our task of Compiling and Running code with just a KeyPress.
|
||||
|
||||
[][2]
|
||||
|
||||
Above is a snippet out of my .vimrc configuration file where i created a function called CPP().
|
||||
|
||||
#### Creating Functions in VimScript
|
||||
|
||||
The syntax for creating a function in VimScript is pretty easy. It starts with keyword “
|
||||
|
||||
**func**
|
||||
|
||||
” and is followed by the name of Function [Function Name must start with a capital letter in VimScript, otherwise Vim will give an error]. And the end of the function is denoted by keyword “
|
||||
|
||||
**endfunc**
|
||||
|
||||
”.
|
||||
|
||||
In the function’s body, you can see an
|
||||
|
||||
**exec**
|
||||
|
||||
statement, whatever you write after the exec keyword is executed over the Vim’s Command Mode (remember the thing starting with: at the bottom of Vim’s window). Now, the string that I passed to the exec is -
|
||||
|
||||
[][3]
|
||||
|
||||
What happens is when this function is called, it first clears the Terminal Screen, so that only you will be viewing is your output, then it executes g++ over the filename you are working on and after that executes the a.out file formed due to compilation.
|
||||
|
||||
Mapping Ctrl+r to run C++ code
|
||||
|
||||
-------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
I mapped the statement :call CPP() to the key-combination (Ctrl+r) so that I could now press Ctrl+r to execute my C++ Code without manually typing :call CPP() and then pressing Enter.
|
||||
|
||||
#### End Result
|
||||
|
||||
We finally managed to find the Vim Way of doing that stuff. So now, You just hit a button and the output of your C++ code is on your screen, you don’t need to type all that lengthy thing. It sort of saves your time too.
|
||||
|
||||
We can achieve this sort of functionality for other languages too.
|
||||
|
||||
[][4]
|
||||
|
||||
So For Python: Now you could press to interpret your code.
|
||||
|
||||
[][5]
|
||||
|
||||
For Java: You could now press , it will first Compile your Java Code then interpret your java class file and show you the output.
|
||||
|
||||
### Picture ain’t over, Marching a level deep
|
||||
|
||||
So, this was all about how you could manipulate things to work your way in Vim. Now, it comes to how we implement all this in Vim. We can use these Code Snippets directly in Vim and the other way around is by using the AutoCommands in Vim (autocmd’s). The beauty of autocmd is these commands need not be called by users, they execute by themselves at any certain condition which is provided by the user.
|
||||
|
||||
What I want to do with this [autocmd] thing is that, instead of using different mappings to perform execution of codes in different Programming Languages, I would like a single mapping for execution for every language.
|
||||
|
||||
[][6]
|
||||
|
||||
What we did here is that I wrote autocommands for all the File Types for which I had functions for Executing the code.
|
||||
|
||||
What’s going to happen is as soon as I open any buffer of any of the above-mentioned file types, Vim will automatically map my (Ctrl + r) to the function call and represents Enter Key, so that I don’t need to press “Enter key” everytime I press and alone does the job.
|
||||
|
||||
To achieve this Functionality, you just need to add the function snippets to your [dot]vimrc and after that just put all those autocmds . And with that, the next time you open Vim, Vim will have all the Functionalities to execute all the Codes with the very same KeyBindings.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
That’s all for now. Hope this thing makes you love your Vim even more. I am currently exploring things in Vim, reading Documentations etc. and doing additions in [.vimrc] file and I will reach to you again when I will have something wonderful to share with you all.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to have a look at my current [.vimrc] file, here is the link to my Github account: [MyVimrc][7]
|
||||
|
||||
.
|
||||
|
||||
Please do Comment on how you liked the article.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/making-vim-even-more-awesome-with-these-cool-features
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[LINUXANDUBUNTU][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/category/distros
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/vim_orig.png
|
||||
[3]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/vim_1_orig.png
|
||||
[4]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/vim_2_orig.png
|
||||
[5]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/vim_3_orig.png
|
||||
[6]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/vim_4_orig.png
|
||||
[7]:https://github.com/phenomenal-ab/VIm-Configurations/blob/master/.vimrc
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
|
||||
Tlog - A Tool to Record / Play Terminal IO and Sessions
|
||||
======
|
||||
Tlog is a terminal I/O recording and playback package for Linux Distros. It's suitable for implementing centralized user session recording. It logs everything that passes through as JSON messages. The primary purpose of logging in JSON format is to eventually deliver the recorded data to a storage service such as Elasticsearch, where it can be searched and queried, and from where it can be played back. At the same time, they retain all the passed data and timing.
|
||||
|
||||
Tlog contains three tools namely tlog-rec, tlog-rec-session and tlog-play.
|
||||
|
||||
* `Tlog-rec tool` is used for recording terminal input or output of programs or shells in general.
|
||||
* `Tlog-rec-session tool` is used for recording I/O of whole terminal sessions, with protection from recorded users.
|
||||
* `Tlog-play tool` for playing back the recordings.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, I'll explain how to install Tlog on a CentOS 7.4 server.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installation
|
||||
|
||||
Before proceeding with the install, we need to ensure that our system meets all the software requirements for compiling and installing the application. On the first step, update your system repositories and software packages by using the below command.
|
||||
```
|
||||
#yum update
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
We need to install the required dependencies for this software installation. I've installed all dependency packages with these commands prior to the installation.
|
||||
```
|
||||
#yum install wget gcc
|
||||
#yum install systemd-devel json-c-devel libcurl-devel m4
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
After completing these installations, we can download the [source package][1] for this tool and extract it on your server as required:
|
||||
```
|
||||
#wget https://github.com/Scribery/tlog/releases/download/v3/tlog-3.tar.gz
|
||||
#tar -xvf tlog-3.tar.gz
|
||||
# cd tlog-3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Now you can start building this tool using our usual configure and make approach.
|
||||
```
|
||||
#./configure --prefix=/usr --sysconfdir=/etc && make
|
||||
#make install
|
||||
#ldconfig
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, you need to run `ldconfig`. It creates the necessary links and cache to the most recent shared libraries found in the directories specified on the command line, in the file /etc/ld.so.conf, and in the trusted directories (/lib and /usr/lib).
|
||||
|
||||
### Tlog workflow chart
|
||||
|
||||
![Tlog working process][2]
|
||||
|
||||
Firstly, a user authenticates to login via PAM. The Name Service Switch (NSS) provides the information as `tlog` is a shell to the user. This initiates the tlog section and it collects the information from the Env/config files about the actual shell and starts the actual shell in a PTY. Then it starts logging everything passing between the terminal and the PTY via syslog or sd-journal.
|
||||
|
||||
### Usage
|
||||
|
||||
You can test if session recording and playback work in general with a freshly installed tlog, by recording a session into a file with `tlog-rec` and then playing it back with `tlog-play`.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Recording to a file
|
||||
|
||||
To record a session into a file, execute `tlog-rec` on the command line as such:
|
||||
```
|
||||
tlog-rec --writer=file --file-path=tlog.log
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This command will record our terminal session to a file named tlog.log and save it in the path specified in the command.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Playing back from a file
|
||||
|
||||
You can playback the recorded session during or after recording using `tlog-play` command.
|
||||
```
|
||||
tlog-play --reader=file --file-path=tlog.log
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This command reads the previously recorded file tlog.log from the file path mentioned in the command line.
|
||||
|
||||
### Wrapping up
|
||||
|
||||
Tlog is an open-source package which can be used for implementing centralized user session recording. This is mainly intended to be used as part of a larger user session recording solution but is designed to be independent and reusable.This tool can be a great help for recording everything users do and store it somewhere on the server side safe for the future reference. You can get more details about this package usage in this [documentation][3]. I hope this article is useful to you. Please post your valuable suggestions and comments on this.
|
||||
|
||||
### About Saheetha Shameer(the author)
|
||||
I'm working as a Senior System Administrator. I'm a quick learner and have a slight inclination towards following the current and emerging trends in the industry. My hobbies include hearing music, playing strategy computer games, reading and gardening. I also have a high passion for experimenting with various culinary delights :-)
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/tlog-tool-record-play-terminal-io-sessions/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Saheetha Shameer][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://linoxide.com/author/saheethas/
|
||||
[1]:https://github.com/Scribery/tlog/releases/download/v3/tlog-3.tar.gz
|
||||
[2]:https://linoxide.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Tlog-working-process.png
|
||||
[3]:https://github.com/Scribery/tlog/blob/master/README.md
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
|
||||
5 arcade-style games in your Linux repository
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Gaming has traditionally been one of Linux's weak points. That has changed somewhat in recent years thanks to [Steam][1], [GOG][2], and other efforts to bring commercial games to multiple operating systems, but those games often are not open source. Sure, the games can be played on an open source operating system, but that is not good enough for an open source purist.
|
||||
|
||||
So, can someone who uses only free and open source software find games that are polished enough to present a solid gaming experience without compromising their open source ideals? Absolutely! While most open source games are unlikely to rival some of the AAA commercial games developed with massive budgets, there are plenty of open source games, in many genres, that are fun to play and can be installed from the repositories of most major Linux distributions.
|
||||
|
||||
I am starting this series of articles on open source games for Linux by looking at arcade-style games. In future articles, I plan to cover board & card, puzzle, racing, role-playing, and strategy & simulation games.
|
||||
|
||||
### AstroMenace
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[AstroMenace][3] is a scrolling space shooter for the modern era. It began as a closed source game, but the code and art assets have since been released under open licenses. Gameplay is fairly typical for the style of game, but it features nice, modern 3D graphics. Ship and weapon upgrades can be purchased using the points earned from shooting down enemies. The difficulty level can be tweaked by changing a wide variety of options, so the game is approachable to new players while still offering a challenge to experienced ones.
|
||||
|
||||
To install AstroMenace, run the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
* On Fedora: `dnf install astromenace`
|
||||
* On Debian/Ubuntu: `apt install astromenace`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Battle Tanks
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Battle Tanks][4] is a fast-paced tank battle game with an overhead perspective. Players maneuver one of three different vehicle types around a map, collecting power-ups and trying to blow up their opponents. It has deathmatch, team deathmatch, capture the flag, and cooperative game modes. There are nine maps for the deathmatch and capture the flag modes and four maps for cooperative mode. The game supports split-screen local multiplayer for two players and local area network multiplayer for larger matches. Gameplay is fast-paced, and the default match length of five minutes is short, which makes Battle Tanks a nice choice for gamers who want something quick to play.
|
||||
|
||||
To install Battle Tanks, run the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
* On Fedora: `dnf install btanks`
|
||||
* On Debian/Ubuntu: `apt install btanks`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### M.A.R.S.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[M.A.R.S.][5] is a top-down space shooter with physics similar to the classic Asteroids arcade game. Players control a spaceship while shooting at their opponents, maneuvering around the screen, and avoiding planets and opponents' incoming fire. The standard death match and team death match modes are available, but there are other modes, like one that requires pushing a ball into the opposing team's home planet, that provide some variety to the gameplay options. It supports local multiplayer, but unfortunately network multiplayer has not been implemented. Since development on the game appears to have stalled, network multiplayer is not likely to appear at any point in the near future, but the game is still fun and playable without it.
|
||||
|
||||
To install M.A.R.S., run the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
* On Fedora: `dnf install marsshooter`
|
||||
* On Debian/Ubuntu: `apt install marsshooter`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Neverball
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
With gameplay inspired by Sega's Super Monkey Ball, [Neverball][6] challenges the player to move a ball through a 3D playing field by moving the playing field, not the ball. The objective is to collect enough coins to open a level's exit and maneuver the ball to the exit before time runs out. There are seven different sets of levels, which range in difficulty from easy to impossible. The game can be played using the keyboard, mouse, or joystick.
|
||||
|
||||
To install Neverball, run the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
* On Fedora: `dnf install neverball`
|
||||
* On Debian/Ubuntu: `apt install neverball`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### SuperTux
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[SuperTux][7] is a 2D platformer modeled after Nintendo's Super Mario Bros. games. Linux's mascot, Tux the Penguin, takes the place of Mario with eggs serving as the equivalent of Super Mario Bros.'s mushroom power-ups. When Tux is powered up with an egg, he can collect flowers that grant him extra abilities. The fire flower, which lets Tux throw fireballs, is the most common in the game's levels, but ice, air, and earth flowers are included in the game's code. Collecting star power-ups makes Tux temporarily invincible, just like in the Super Mario games. The default level set, Icy Island, is 30 levels, making the game approximately the same length as the original Super Mario Bros., but SuperTux also comes with several contributed level sets, including three bonus islands, a forest island, a Halloween island, and incubator and test levels. SuperTux has a built-in level editor, so users can create their own.
|
||||
|
||||
To install SuperTux, run the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
* On Fedora: `dnf install supertux`
|
||||
* On Debian/Ubuntu: `apt install supertux`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Did I miss one of your favorite open source arcade games? Share it in the comments below.
|
||||
### About the author
|
||||
Joshua Allen Holm - Joshua Allen Holm, MLIS, MEd, is one of Opensource.com's Community Moderators. Joshua's main interests are digital humanities, open access, and open educational resources. You can find Joshua on GitHub, GitLab, LinkedIn, and Zotero. He can reached at holmja@opensource.com.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/1/arcade-games-linux
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Joshua Allen Holm][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/holmja
|
||||
[1]:http://store.steampowered.com/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.gog.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.viewizard.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://btanks.sourceforge.net/blog/about-game
|
||||
[5]:http://mars-game.sourceforge.net/?page_id=10
|
||||
[6]:https://neverball.org/index.php
|
||||
[7]:http://supertux.org/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
|
||||
SuperTux: A Linux Take on Super Mario Game
|
||||
======
|
||||
When people usually think of PC games, they think of big titles, like Call of Duty, which often cost millions of dollars to create. While those games may be enjoyable, there are many games created by amateur programmers that are just as fun.
|
||||
|
||||
I am going to review one such game that I love to play. It's called SuperTux.
|
||||
|
||||
[video](https://www.youtube.com/embed/pTax8-cdiZU?enablejsapi=1&autoplay=0&cc_load_policy=0&iv_load_policy=1&loop=0&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&fs=1&theme=dark&color=red&autohide=2&controls=2&playsinline=0&)
|
||||
|
||||
### What is SuperTux
|
||||
|
||||
Today, we will take a look at [SuperTux][1]. According to the description on the project's website, SuperTux "is a free classic 2D jump'n run sidescroller game in a style similar to the original [Super Mario games][2] covered under the GNU GPL."
|
||||
|
||||
[Suggested read: 30 Best Linux Games On Steam You Should Play in 2018][11]
|
||||
|
||||
As you would expect from the title of the game, you play as [Tux][3], the beloved penguin mascot of the Linux kernel. In the opening sequence, Tux is having a picnic with his girlfriend Penny. While Tux dances to some funky beats from the radio, an evil monster named Nolok appears and kidnaps Penny. It's up to Tux to rescue her. (Currently, you are not able to rescue Penny because the game is not finished, but you can still have a lot of fun working your way through the levels.)
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Gameplay
|
||||
|
||||
Playing SuperTux is very similar to Super Mario. You play through different levels to complete a world. Along the way, you are confronted by a whole slew of enemies. The most common enemies are Mr. and Mrs. Snowball, Mr. Iceblock and Mr. Bomb. The Snowballs are this game's version of the Goombas from Super Mario. Mr. Iceblock is the Koopa Troopa of the game. You can defeat him by stomping on him, but if you stomp on him again he will fly across the level taking out other enemies. Be careful because on the way back he'll hit Tux and take a life away. You jump on Mr. Bomb to stun him, but be sure to move on quickly because he will explode. You can find a list of more of Tux's enemies [here][5].
|
||||
|
||||
Just like in Super Mario, Tux can jump and hit special blocks to get stuff. Most of the time, these blocks contain coins. You can also find powerups, such as eggs, which will allow you to become BigTux. The other [powerups][6] include Fireflowers, Iceflowers, Airflowers, and Earthflowers. According to the [SuperTux wiki][7]:
|
||||
|
||||
* Fireflowers will allow you to kill most badguys by pressing the action key, which makes Tux throw a fireball
|
||||
* Iceflowers will allow you to freeze some badguys and kill some others by pressing the action key, which makes Tux throw a ball of ice. If they are frozen, you can kill most badguys by butt-jumping on them.
|
||||
* Airflowers will allow you to jump further, sometimes even run faster. However, it can be difficult to do certain jumps as Air Tux.
|
||||
* Earthflowers give you a light. Also, pressing the action key then down will turn you into a rock for a few seconds, which means Tux is completely invulnerable.
|
||||
|
||||
Occasionally, you will see a bell. That is a checkpoint. If you touch it, you will respawn at that point when you die, instead of having to go back to the beginning. You are limited to three respawns at the checkpoint before you are sent to the beginning of the level.
|
||||
|
||||
You are not limited to the main Iceworld map that comes with the game. You can download several extra maps from the developers and the players. The game includes a map editor.
|
||||
|
||||
![][8]
|
||||
|
||||
### Where to Get SuperTux
|
||||
|
||||
The most recent version of SuperTux is 0.5.1 and is available from the [project's website][9]. Interestingly, you can download installers for Windows or Mac or the source code. They don't have any Linux packages to download.
|
||||
|
||||
However, I'm pretty sure that SuperTux is in all the repos. I've never had trouble installing it on any distro I've tried.
|
||||
|
||||
[Suggested read: Top 10 Command Line Games For Linux][10]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Thoughts
|
||||
|
||||
I quite enjoyed playing SuperTux. I never played proper Mario, so I can't really compare it. But, I think SuperTux does a good job of being its own creation.
|
||||
|
||||
Tux can move pretty quickly for a penguin. He also tends to slide if he changes direction too quickly. After all, he's moving on ice.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want a simple platformer to keep your mind off your troubles for while, this is the game for you.
|
||||
|
||||
Have you ever played SuperTux? What is your favorite Tux-based or Linux game? Please let us know in the comments below. If you found this article interesting, please take a minute to share it on social media.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/supertux-game/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[John Paul][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://itsfoss.com/author/john/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.supertux.org/index.html
|
||||
[2]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros.
|
||||
[3]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tux
|
||||
[4]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/supertux-home.png
|
||||
[5]:https://github.com/SuperTux/supertux/wiki/Badguys
|
||||
[6]:https://github.com/SuperTux/supertux/wiki/User-Manual#powerups
|
||||
[7]:https://github.com/SuperTux/supertux/wiki/User-Manual
|
||||
[8]:https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/supertux-map.png
|
||||
[9]:https://www.supertux.org/download.html
|
||||
[10]:https://itsfoss.com/best-command-line-games-linux/
|
||||
[11]:https://itsfoss.com/best-linux-games-steam/
|
||||
@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
|
||||
translating by lujun9972
|
||||
30 Handy Bash Shell Aliases For Linux / Unix / Mac OS X
|
||||
Linux / Unix / Mac OS X 中的 30 个方便的 Bash shell 别名
|
||||
======
|
||||
An bash alias is nothing but the shortcut to commands. The alias command allows the user to launch any command or group of commands (including options and filenames) by entering a single word. Use alias command to display a list of all defined aliases. You can add user-defined aliases to [~/.bashrc][1] file. You can cut down typing time with these aliases, work smartly, and increase productivity at the command prompt.
|
||||
bash 别名不是把别的，只不过是指向命令的快捷方式而已。`alias` 命令允许用户只输入一个单词就运行任意一个命令或一组命令(包括命令选项和文件名)。执行 `alias` 命令会显示一个所有已定义别名的列表。你可以在 [~/.bashrc][1] 文件中自定义别名。使用别名可以在命令行中减少输入的时间，使工作更流畅，同时增加生产率。
|
||||
|
||||
This post shows how to create and use aliases including 30 practical examples of bash shell aliases.
|
||||
[![30 Useful Bash Shell Aliase For Linux/Unix Users][2]][2]
|
||||
本文通过 30 个 bash shell 别名的实际案例演示了如何创建和使用别名。
|
||||
|
||||
## More about bash alias
|
||||
![30 Useful Bash Shell Aliase For Linux/Unix Users][2]
|
||||
|
||||
The general syntax for the alias command for the bash shell is as follows:
|
||||
## bash alias 的那些事
|
||||
|
||||
### How to list bash aliases
|
||||
bash shell 中的 alias 命令的语法是这样的：
|
||||
|
||||
Type the following [alias command][3]:
|
||||
`alias`
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
### 如何列出 bash 别名
|
||||
|
||||
输入下面的 [alias 命令 ][3]：
|
||||
```
|
||||
alias
|
||||
```
|
||||
结果为：
|
||||
```
|
||||
alias ..='cd ..'
|
||||
alias amazonbackup='s3backup'
|
||||
@ -23,11 +25,11 @@ alias apt-get='sudo apt-get'
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
By default alias command shows a list of aliases that are defined for the current user.
|
||||
默认 alias 命令会列出当前用户定义好的别名。
|
||||
|
||||
### How to define or create a bash shell alias
|
||||
### 如何定义或者说创建一个 bash shell 别名
|
||||
|
||||
To [create the alias][4] use the following syntax:
|
||||
使用下面语法 [创建别名 ][4]：
|
||||
```
|
||||
alias name =value
|
||||
alias name = 'command'
|
||||
@ -36,22 +38,19 @@ alias name = '/path/to/script'
|
||||
alias name = '/path/to/script.pl arg1'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
alias name=value alias name='command' alias name='command arg1 arg2' alias name='/path/to/script' alias name='/path/to/script.pl arg1'
|
||||
|
||||
In this example, create the alias **c** for the commonly used clear command, which clears the screen, by typing the following command and then pressing the ENTER key:
|
||||
举个例子，输入下面命令并回车就会为常用的 `clear`( 清除屏幕)命令创建一个别名 **c**：
|
||||
```
|
||||
alias c = 'clear'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Then, to clear the screen, instead of typing clear, you would only have to type the letter 'c' and press the [ENTER] key:
|
||||
然后输入字母 `c` 而不是 `clear` 后回车就会清除屏幕了：
|
||||
```
|
||||
c
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### How to disable a bash alias temporarily
|
||||
### 如何临时性地禁用 bash 别名
|
||||
|
||||
An [alias can be disabled temporarily][5] using the following syntax:
|
||||
下面语法可以[临时性地禁用别名 ][5]：
|
||||
```
|
||||
## path/to/full/command
|
||||
/usr/bin/clear
|
||||
@ -61,37 +60,37 @@ An [alias can be disabled temporarily][5] using the following syntax:
|
||||
command ls
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### How to delete/remove a bash alias
|
||||
### 如何删除 bash 别名
|
||||
|
||||
You need to use the command [called unalias to remove aliases][6]. Its syntax is as follows:
|
||||
使用 [unalias 命令来删除别名 ][6]。其语法为：
|
||||
```
|
||||
unalias aliasname
|
||||
unalias foo
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
In this example, remove the alias c which was created in an earlier example:
|
||||
例如，删除我们之前创建的别名 `c`：
|
||||
```
|
||||
unalias c
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You also need to delete the alias from the [~/.bashrc file][1] using a text editor (see next section).
|
||||
你还需要用文本编辑器删掉 [~/.bashrc 文件 ][1] 中的别名定义(参见下一部分内容)。
|
||||
|
||||
The alias c remains in effect only during the current login session. Once you logs out or reboot the system the alias c will be gone. To avoid this problem, add alias to your [~/.bashrc file][1], enter:
|
||||
### 如何让 bash shell 别名永久生效
|
||||
|
||||
别名 `c` 在当前登录会话中依然有效。但当你登出或重启系统后，别名 `c` 就没有了。为了防止出现这个问题，将别名定义写入 [~/.bashrc file][1] 中，输入：
|
||||
```
|
||||
vi ~/.bashrc
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The alias c for the current user can be made permanent by entering the following line:
|
||||
输入下行内容让别名 `c` 对当前用户永久有效：
|
||||
```
|
||||
alias c = 'clear'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Save and close the file. System-wide aliases (i.e. aliases for all users) can be put in the /etc/bashrc file. Please note that the alias command is built into a various shells including ksh, tcsh/csh, ash, bash and others.
|
||||
保存并关闭文件就行了。系统级的别名(也就是对所有用户都生效的别名) 可以放在 `/etc/bashrc` 文件中。请注意，alias 命令内建于各种 shell 中，包括 ksh，tcsh/csh，ash，bash 以及其他 shell。
|
||||
|
||||
### A note about privileged access
|
||||
### 关于特权权限判断
|
||||
|
||||
You can add code as follows in ~/.bashrc:
|
||||
可以将下面代码加入 `~/.bashrc`：
|
||||
```
|
||||
# if user is not root, pass all commands via sudo #
|
||||
if [ $UID -ne 0 ]; then
|
||||
@ -100,9 +99,9 @@ if [ $UID -ne 0 ]; then
|
||||
fi
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### A note about os specific aliases
|
||||
### 定义与操作系统类型相关的别名
|
||||
|
||||
You can add code as follows in ~/.bashrc [using the case statement][7]:
|
||||
可以将下面代码加入 `~/.bashrc` [使用 case 语句 ][7]：
|
||||
```
|
||||
### Get os name via uname ###
|
||||
_myos="$(uname)"
|
||||
@ -116,13 +115,13 @@ case $_myos in
|
||||
esac
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## 30 bash shell aliases examples
|
||||
## 30 个 bash shell 别名的案例
|
||||
|
||||
You can define various types aliases as follows to save time and increase productivity.
|
||||
你可以定义各种类型的别名来节省时间并提高生产率。
|
||||
|
||||
### #1: Control ls command output
|
||||
### #1：控制 ls 命令的输出
|
||||
|
||||
The [ls command lists directory contents][8] and you can colorize the output:
|
||||
[ls 命令列出目录中的内容 ][8] 而你可以对输出进行着色：
|
||||
```
|
||||
## Colorize the ls output ##
|
||||
alias ls = 'ls --color=auto'
|
||||
@ -134,7 +133,7 @@ alias ll = 'ls -la'
|
||||
alias l.= 'ls -d . .. .git .gitignore .gitmodules .travis.yml --color=auto'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #2: Control cd command behavior
|
||||
### #2：控制 cd 命令的行为
|
||||
```
|
||||
## get rid of command not found ##
|
||||
alias cd..= 'cd ..'
|
||||
@ -148,9 +147,9 @@ alias .4= 'cd ../../../../'
|
||||
alias .5= 'cd ../../../../..'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #3: Control grep command output
|
||||
### #3：控制 grep 命令的输出
|
||||
|
||||
[grep command is a command-line utility for searching][9] plain-text files for lines matching a regular expression:
|
||||
[grep 命令是一个用于在纯文本文件中搜索匹配正则表达式的行的命令行工具 ][9]：
|
||||
```
|
||||
## Colorize the grep command output for ease of use (good for log files)##
|
||||
alias grep = 'grep --color=auto'
|
||||
@ -158,44 +157,44 @@ alias egrep = 'egrep --color=auto'
|
||||
alias fgrep = 'fgrep --color=auto'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #4: Start calculator with math support
|
||||
### #4：让计算器默认开启 math 库
|
||||
```
|
||||
alias bc = 'bc -l'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #4: Generate sha1 digest
|
||||
### #4：生成 sha1 数字签名
|
||||
```
|
||||
alias sha1 = 'openssl sha1'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #5: Create parent directories on demand
|
||||
### #5：自动创建父目录
|
||||
|
||||
[mkdir command][10] is used to create a directory:
|
||||
[mkdir 命令 ][10] 用于创建目录：
|
||||
```
|
||||
alias mkdir = 'mkdir -pv'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #6: Colorize diff output
|
||||
### #6：为 diff 输出着色
|
||||
|
||||
You can [compare files line by line using diff][11] and use a tool called colordiff to colorize diff output:
|
||||
你可以[使用 diff 来一行行第比较文件 ][11] 而一个名为 colordiff 的工具可以为 diff 输出着色：
|
||||
```
|
||||
# install colordiff package :)
|
||||
alias diff = 'colordiff'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #7: Make mount command output pretty and human readable format
|
||||
### #7：让 mount 命令的输出更漂亮，更方便人类阅读
|
||||
```
|
||||
alias mount = 'mount |column -t'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #8: Command short cuts to save time
|
||||
### #8：简化命令以节省时间
|
||||
```
|
||||
# handy short cuts #
|
||||
alias h = 'history'
|
||||
alias j = 'jobs -l'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #9: Create a new set of commands
|
||||
### #9：创建一系列新命令
|
||||
```
|
||||
alias path = 'echo -e ${PATH//:/\\n}'
|
||||
alias now = 'date +"%T"'
|
||||
@ -203,7 +202,7 @@ alias nowtime =now
|
||||
alias nowdate = 'date +"%d-%m-%Y"'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #10: Set vim as default
|
||||
### #10：设置 vim 为默认编辑器
|
||||
```
|
||||
alias vi = vim
|
||||
alias svi = 'sudo vi'
|
||||
@ -211,7 +210,7 @@ alias vis = 'vim "+set si"'
|
||||
alias edit = 'vim'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #11: Control output of networking tool called ping
|
||||
### #11：控制网络工具 ping 的输出
|
||||
```
|
||||
# Stop after sending count ECHO_REQUEST packets #
|
||||
alias ping = 'ping -c 5'
|
||||
@ -220,16 +219,16 @@ alias ping = 'ping -c 5'
|
||||
alias fastping = 'ping -c 100 -s.2'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #12: Show open ports
|
||||
### #12：显示打开的端口
|
||||
|
||||
Use [netstat command][12] to quickly list all TCP/UDP port on the server:
|
||||
使用 [netstat 命令 ][12] 可以快速列出服务区中所有的 TCP/UDP 端口：
|
||||
```
|
||||
alias ports = 'netstat -tulanp'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #13: Wakeup sleeping servers
|
||||
### #13：唤醒休眠额服务器
|
||||
|
||||
[Wake-on-LAN (WOL) is an Ethernet networking][13] standard that allows a server to be turned on by a network message. You can [quickly wakeup nas devices][14] and server using the following aliases:
|
||||
[Wake-on-LAN (WOL) 是一个以太网标准 ][13]，可以通过网络消息来开启服务器。你可以使用下面别名来[快速激活 nas 设备 ][14] 以及服务器：
|
||||
```
|
||||
## replace mac with your actual server mac address #
|
||||
alias wakeupnas01 = '/usr/bin/wakeonlan 00:11:32:11:15:FC'
|
||||
@ -237,9 +236,9 @@ alias wakeupnas02 = '/usr/bin/wakeonlan 00:11:32:11:15:FD'
|
||||
alias wakeupnas03 = '/usr/bin/wakeonlan 00:11:32:11:15:FE'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #14: Control firewall (iptables) output
|
||||
### #14：控制防火墙 (iptables) 的输出
|
||||
|
||||
[Netfilter is a host-based firewall][15] for Linux operating systems. It is included as part of the Linux distribution and it is activated by default. This [post list most common iptables solutions][16] required by a new Linux user to secure his or her Linux operating system from intruders.
|
||||
[Netfilter 是一款 Linux 操作系统上的主机防火墙 ][15]。它是 Linux 发行版中的一部分，且默认情况下是激活状态。[这里列出了大多数 Liux 新手防护入侵者最常用的 iptables 方法 ][16]。
|
||||
```
|
||||
## shortcut for iptables and pass it via sudo#
|
||||
alias ipt = 'sudo /sbin/iptables'
|
||||
@ -252,7 +251,7 @@ alias iptlistfw = 'sudo /sbin/iptables -L FORWARD -n -v --line-numbers'
|
||||
alias firewall =iptlist
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #15: Debug web server / cdn problems with curl
|
||||
### #15：使用 curl 调试 web 服务器 /cdn 上的问题
|
||||
```
|
||||
# get web server headers #
|
||||
alias header = 'curl -I'
|
||||
@ -261,7 +260,7 @@ alias header = 'curl -I'
|
||||
alias headerc = 'curl -I --compress'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #16: Add safety nets
|
||||
### #16：增加安全性
|
||||
```
|
||||
# do not delete / or prompt if deleting more than 3 files at a time #
|
||||
alias rm = 'rm -I --preserve-root'
|
||||
@ -277,9 +276,9 @@ alias chmod = 'chmod --preserve-root'
|
||||
alias chgrp = 'chgrp --preserve-root'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #17: Update Debian Linux server
|
||||
### #17：更新 Debian Linux 服务器
|
||||
|
||||
[apt-get command][17] is used for installing packages over the internet (ftp or http). You can also upgrade all packages in a single operations:
|
||||
[apt-get 命令 ][17] 用于通过因特网安装软件包 (ftp 或 http)。你也可以一次性升级所有软件包：
|
||||
```
|
||||
# distro specific - Debian / Ubuntu and friends #
|
||||
# install with apt-get
|
||||
@ -290,25 +289,25 @@ alias updatey = "sudo apt-get --yes"
|
||||
alias update = 'sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #18: Update RHEL / CentOS / Fedora Linux server
|
||||
### #18：更新 RHEL / CentOS / Fedora Linux 服务器
|
||||
|
||||
[yum command][18] is a package management tool for RHEL / CentOS / Fedora Linux and friends:
|
||||
[yum 命令 ][18] 是 RHEL / CentOS / Fedora Linux 以及其他基于这些发行版的 Linux 上的软件包管理工具：
|
||||
```
|
||||
## distrp specifc RHEL/CentOS ##
|
||||
alias update = 'yum update'
|
||||
alias updatey = 'yum -y update'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #19: Tune sudo and su
|
||||
### #19：优化 sudo 和 su 命令
|
||||
```
|
||||
# become root #
|
||||
alias root = 'sudo -i'
|
||||
alias su = 'sudo -i'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #20: Pass halt/reboot via sudo
|
||||
### #20：使用 sudo 执行 halt/reboot 命令
|
||||
|
||||
[shutdown command][19] bring the Linux / Unix system down:
|
||||
[shutdown 命令 ][19] 会让 Linux / Unix 系统关机：
|
||||
```
|
||||
# reboot / halt / poweroff
|
||||
alias reboot = 'sudo /sbin/reboot'
|
||||
@ -317,7 +316,7 @@ alias halt = 'sudo /sbin/halt'
|
||||
alias shutdown = 'sudo /sbin/shutdown'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #21: Control web servers
|
||||
### #21：控制 web 服务器
|
||||
```
|
||||
# also pass it via sudo so whoever is admin can reload it without calling you #
|
||||
alias nginxreload = 'sudo /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload'
|
||||
@ -328,7 +327,7 @@ alias httpdreload = 'sudo /usr/sbin/apachectl -k graceful'
|
||||
alias httpdtest = 'sudo /usr/sbin/apachectl -t && /usr/sbin/apachectl -t -D DUMP_VHOSTS'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #22: Alias into our backup stuff
|
||||
### #22：与备份相关的别名
|
||||
```
|
||||
# if cron fails or if you want backup on demand just run these commands #
|
||||
# again pass it via sudo so whoever is in admin group can start the job #
|
||||
@ -343,7 +342,7 @@ alias rsnapshotmonthly = 'sudo /home/scripts/admin/scripts/backup/wrapper.rsnaps
|
||||
alias amazonbackup =s3backup
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #23: Desktop specific - play avi/mp3 files on demand
|
||||
### #23：桌面应用相关的别名 - 按需播放的 avi/mp3 文件
|
||||
```
|
||||
## play video files in a current directory ##
|
||||
# cd ~/Download/movie-name
|
||||
@ -366,9 +365,9 @@ alias music = 'mplayer --shuffle *'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### #24: Set default interfaces for sys admin related commands
|
||||
### #24：设置系统管理相关命令的默认网卡
|
||||
|
||||
[vnstat is console-based network][20] traffic monitor. [dnstop is console tool][21] to analyze DNS traffic. [tcptrack and iftop commands displays][22] information about TCP/UDP connections it sees on a network interface and display bandwidth usage on an interface by host respectively.
|
||||
[vnstat 一款基于终端的网络流量检测器 ][20]。[dnstop 是一款分析 DNS 流量的终端工具 ][21]。[tcptrack 和 iftop 命令显示 ][22] TCP/UDP 连接方面的信息，它监控网卡并显示其消耗的带宽。
|
||||
```
|
||||
## All of our servers eth1 is connected to the Internets via vlan / router etc ##
|
||||
alias dnstop = 'dnstop -l 5 eth1'
|
||||
@ -382,7 +381,7 @@ alias ethtool = 'ethtool eth1'
|
||||
alias iwconfig = 'iwconfig wlan0'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #25: Get system memory, cpu usage, and gpu memory info quickly
|
||||
### #25：快速获取系统内存，cpu 使用，和 gpu 内存相关信息
|
||||
```
|
||||
## pass options to free ##
|
||||
alias meminfo = 'free -m -l -t'
|
||||
@ -405,9 +404,9 @@ alias cpuinfo = 'lscpu'
|
||||
alias gpumeminfo = 'grep -i --color memory /var/log/Xorg.0.log'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #26: Control Home Router
|
||||
### #26：控制家用路由器
|
||||
|
||||
The curl command can be used to [reboot Linksys routers][23].
|
||||
curl 命令可以用来 [重启 Linksys 路由器 ][23]。
|
||||
```
|
||||
# Reboot my home Linksys WAG160N / WAG54 / WAG320 / WAG120N Router / Gateway from *nix.
|
||||
alias rebootlinksys = "curl -u 'admin:my-super-password' 'http://192.168.1.2/setup.cgi?todo=reboot'"
|
||||
@ -416,15 +415,15 @@ alias rebootlinksys = "curl -u 'admin:my-super-password' 'http://192.168.1.2/set
|
||||
alias reboottomato = "ssh admin@192.168.1.1 /sbin/reboot"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #27 Resume wget by default
|
||||
### #27 wget 默认断点续传
|
||||
|
||||
The [GNU Wget is a free utility for non-interactive download][25] of files from the Web. It supports HTTP, HTTPS, and FTP protocols, and it can resume downloads too:
|
||||
[GNU Wget 是一款用来从 web 下载文件的自由软件 ][25]。它支持 HTTP，HTTPS，以及 FTP 协议，而且它页支持断点续传：
|
||||
```
|
||||
## this one saved by butt so many times ##
|
||||
alias wget = 'wget -c'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #28 Use different browser for testing website
|
||||
### #28 使用不同浏览器来测试网站
|
||||
```
|
||||
## this one saved by butt so many times ##
|
||||
alias ff4 = '/opt/firefox4/firefox'
|
||||
@ -439,9 +438,9 @@ alias ff =ff13
|
||||
alias browser =chrome
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### #29: A note about ssh alias
|
||||
### #29：关于 ssh 别名的注意事项
|
||||
|
||||
Do not create ssh alias, instead use ~/.ssh/config OpenSSH SSH client configuration files. It offers more option. An example:
|
||||
不要创建 ssh 别名，代之以 `~/.ssh/config` 这个 OpenSSH SSH 客户端配置文件。它的选项更加丰富。下面是一个例子：
|
||||
```
|
||||
Host server10
|
||||
Hostname 1.2.3.4
|
||||
@ -452,12 +451,12 @@ Host server10
|
||||
TCPKeepAlive yes
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Host server10 Hostname 1.2.3.4 IdentityFile ~/backups/.ssh/id_dsa user foobar Port 30000 ForwardX11Trusted yes TCPKeepAlive yes
|
||||
然后你就可以使用下面语句连接 peer1 了：
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ ssh server10
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can now connect to peer1 using the following syntax:
|
||||
`$ ssh server10`
|
||||
|
||||
### #30: It's your turn to share…
|
||||
### #30：现在该分享你的别名了
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
## set some other defaults ##
|
||||
@ -487,20 +486,18 @@ alias cdnmdel = '/home/scripts/admin/cdn/purge_cdn_cache --profile akamai --stdi
|
||||
alias amzcdnmdel = '/home/scripts/admin/cdn/purge_cdn_cache --profile amazon --stdin'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
## Conclusion
|
||||
## 结论
|
||||
|
||||
This post summarizes several types of uses for *nix bash aliases:
|
||||
本文总结了 *nix bash 别名的多种用法：
|
||||
|
||||
1. Setting default options for a command (e.g. set eth0 as default option for ethtool command via alias ethtool='ethtool eth0' ).
|
||||
2. Correcting typos (cd.. will act as cd .. via alias cd..='cd ..').
|
||||
3. Reducing the amount of typing.
|
||||
4. Setting the default path of a command that exists in several versions on a system (e.g. GNU/grep is located at /usr/local/bin/grep and Unix grep is located at /bin/grep. To use GNU grep use alias grep='/usr/local/bin/grep' ).
|
||||
5. Adding the safety nets to Unix by making commands interactive by setting default options. (e.g. rm, mv, and other commands).
|
||||
6. Compatibility by creating commands for older operating systems such as MS-DOS or other Unix like operating systems (e.g. alias del=rm ).
|
||||
1。为命令设置默认的参数(例如通过 `alias ethtool='ethtool eth0'` 设置 ethtool 命令的默认参数为 eth0)。
|
||||
2。修正错误的拼写(通过 `alias cd。.='cd .。'`让 `cd。.` 变成 `cd .。`)。
|
||||
3。缩减输入。
|
||||
4。设置系统中多版本命令的默认路径(例如 GNU/grep 位于 /usr/local/bin/grep 中而 Unix grep 位于 /bin/grep 中。若想默认使用 GNU grep 则设置别名 `grep='/usr/local/bin/grep'` )。
|
||||
5。通过默认开启命令(例如 rm，mv 等其他命令)的交互参数来增加 Unix 的安全性。
|
||||
6。为老旧的操作系统(比如 MS-DOS 或者其他类似 Unix 的操作系统)创建命令以增加兼容性(比如 `alias del=rm` )。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
I've shared my aliases that I used over the years to reduce the need for repetitive command line typing. If you know and use any other bash/ksh/csh aliases that can reduce typing, share below in the comments.
|
||||
我已经分享了多年来为了减少重复输入命令而使用的别名。若你知道或使用的哪些 bash/ksh/csh 别名能够减少输入，请在留言框中分享。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
@ -516,26 +513,26 @@ via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/bash-aliases-mac-centos-linux-unix.html
|
||||
[a]:https://www.cyberciti.biz
|
||||
[1]:https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/~/.bashrc
|
||||
[2]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Getting-Started-With-Bash-Shell-Aliases-For-Linux-Unix.jpg
|
||||
[3]://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/bash-aliases-mac-centos-linux-unix.html (See Linux/Unix alias command examples for more info)
|
||||
[3]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/bash-aliases-mac-centos-linux-unix.html (See Linux/Unix alias command examples for more info)
|
||||
[4]:https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Create_and_use_aliases
|
||||
[5]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/bash-shell-temporarily-disable-an-alias/
|
||||
[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/bash-shell-temporarily-disable-an-alias/
|
||||
[6]:https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/Create_and_use_aliases#How_do_I_remove_the_alias.3F
|
||||
[7]:https://bash.cyberciti.biz/guide/The_case_statement
|
||||
[8]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/ls-command-to-examining-the-filesystem/
|
||||
[9]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-use-grep-command-in-linux-unix/
|
||||
[10]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-make-directory-command/
|
||||
[11]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-do-i-compare-two-files-under-linux-or-unix/
|
||||
[12]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-do-i-find-out-what-ports-are-listeningopen-on-my-linuxfreebsd-server/
|
||||
[13]://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-send-wake-on-lan-wol-magic-packets.html
|
||||
[8]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/ls-command-to-examining-the-filesystem/
|
||||
[9]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-use-grep-command-in-linux-unix/
|
||||
[10]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-make-directory-command/
|
||||
[11]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-do-i-compare-two-files-under-linux-or-unix/
|
||||
[12]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/how-do-i-find-out-what-ports-are-listeningopen-on-my-linuxfreebsd-server/
|
||||
[13]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-send-wake-on-lan-wol-magic-packets.html
|
||||
[14]:https://bash.cyberciti.biz/misc-shell/simple-shell-script-to-wake-up-nas-devices-computers/
|
||||
[15]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-fedorta-linux-iptables-firewall-configuration-tutorial/ (iptables CentOS/RHEL/Fedora tutorial)
|
||||
[16]://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-iptables-examples.html
|
||||
[17]://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-debian-package-management-cheat-sheet.html
|
||||
[18]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/
|
||||
[19]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-shutdown-linux/
|
||||
[20]://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/keeping-a-log-of-daily-network-traffic-for-adsl-or-dedicated-remote-linux-box.html
|
||||
[21]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/dnstop-monitor-bind-dns-server-dns-network-traffic-from-a-shell-prompt/
|
||||
[22]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/check-network-connection-linux/
|
||||
[23]://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/reboot-linksys-wag160n-wag54-wag320-wag120n-router-gateway/
|
||||
[24]:/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection
|
||||
[25]://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/wget-resume-broken-download.html
|
||||
[15]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-fedorta-linux-iptables-firewall-configuration-tutorial/ (iptables CentOS/RHEL/Fedora tutorial)
|
||||
[16]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-iptables-examples.html
|
||||
[17]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-debian-package-management-cheat-sheet.html
|
||||
[18]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/
|
||||
[19]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-shutdown-linux/
|
||||
[20]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/keeping-a-log-of-daily-network-traffic-for-adsl-or-dedicated-remote-linux-box.html
|
||||
[21]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/dnstop-monitor-bind-dns-server-dns-network-traffic-from-a-shell-prompt/
|
||||
[22]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/check-network-connection-linux/
|
||||
[23]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/reboot-linksys-wag160n-wag54-wag320-wag120n-router-gateway/
|
||||
[24]:https:/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection
|
||||
[25]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/wget-resume-broken-download.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
|
||||
为小白准备的重要 Docker 命令说明
|
||||
======
|
||||
在早先的教程中，我们学过了[在 RHEL\ CentOS 7 上安装 Docker 并创建 docker 容器 .][1] 在本教程中，我们会学习管理 docker 容器的其他命令。
|
||||
|
||||
### Docker 命令语法
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ docker [option] [command] [arguments]
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
要列出 docker 支持的所有命令，运行
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ docker
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
我们会看到如下结果，
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
attach Attach to a running container
|
||||
build Build an image from a Dockerfile
|
||||
commit Create a new image from a container's changes
|
||||
cp Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem
|
||||
create Create a new container
|
||||
diff Inspect changes on a container's filesystem
|
||||
events Get real time events from the server
|
||||
exec Run a command in a running container
|
||||
export Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive
|
||||
history Show the history of an image
|
||||
images List images
|
||||
import Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image
|
||||
info Display system-wide information
|
||||
inspect Return low-level information on a container or image
|
||||
kill Kill a running container
|
||||
load Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN
|
||||
login Log in to a Docker registry
|
||||
logout Log out from a Docker registry
|
||||
logs Fetch the logs of a container
|
||||
network Manage Docker networks
|
||||
pause Pause all processes within a container
|
||||
port List port mappings or a specific mapping for the CONTAINER
|
||||
ps List containers
|
||||
pull Pull an image or a repository from a registry
|
||||
push Push an image or a repository to a registry
|
||||
rename Rename a container
|
||||
restart Restart a container
|
||||
rm Remove one or more containers
|
||||
rmi Remove one or more images
|
||||
run Run a command in a new container
|
||||
save Save one or more images to a tar archive
|
||||
search Search the Docker Hub for images
|
||||
start Start one or more stopped containers
|
||||
stats Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics
|
||||
stop Stop a running container
|
||||
tag Tag an image into a repository
|
||||
top Display the running processes of a container
|
||||
unpause Unpause all processes within a container
|
||||
update Update configuration of one or more containers
|
||||
version Show the Docker version information
|
||||
volume Manage Docker volumes
|
||||
wait Block until a container stops, then print its exit code
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
要进一步查看某个 command 支持的选项，运行
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ docker docker-subcommand info
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
就会列出 docker 子命令所支持的选项了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 测试与 Docker Hub 的连接
|
||||
|
||||
默认，所有镜像都是从 Docker Hub 中拉取下来的。我们可以从 Docker Hub 上传或下载操作系统镜像。为了检查我们是否能够正常地通过 Docker Hub 上传/下载镜像，运行
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ docker run hello-world
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
结果应该是，
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Hello from Docker.
|
||||
This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.
|
||||
…
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
输出结果表示你可以访问 Docker Hub 而且也能从 Docker Hub 下载 docker 镜像。
|
||||
|
||||
### 搜索镜像
|
||||
|
||||
搜索容器的镜像，运行
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ docker search Ubuntu
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
我们应该会得到 age 可用的 Ubuntu 镜像的列表。记住，如果你想要的是官方的镜像，经检查 `official` 这一列上是否为 `[OK]`。
|
||||
|
||||
### 下载镜像
|
||||
|
||||
一旦搜索并找到了我们想要的镜像，我们可以运行下面语句来下载它，
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ docker pull Ubuntu
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
要查看所有已下载的镜像，运行
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ docker images
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 运行容器
|
||||
|
||||
使用已下载镜像来运行容器，使用下面命令
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ docker run -it Ubuntu
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这里，使用 '-it' 会打开一个 shell 与容器交互。容器启动并运行后，我们就可以像普通机器那样来使用它了，我们可以在容器中执行任何命令。
|
||||
|
||||
### 显示所有的 docker 容器
|
||||
|
||||
要列出所有 docker 容器，运行
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ docker ps
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
会输出一个容器列表，每个容器都有一个容器 id 标识。
|
||||
|
||||
### 停止 docker 容器
|
||||
|
||||
要停止 docker 容器，运行
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ docker stop container-id
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 从容器中退出
|
||||
|
||||
要从容器中退出，执行
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ exit
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 保存容器状态
|
||||
|
||||
容器运行并更改后后(比如安装了 apache 服务器)，我们可以保存容器状态。这会在本地系统上保存新创建镜像。
|
||||
|
||||
运行下面语句来提交并保存容器状态
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ docker commit 85475ef774 repository/image_name
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这里，**commit** 会保存容器状态
|
||||
|
||||
**85475ef774**，是容器的容器 id，
|
||||
|
||||
**repository**，通常为 docker hub 上的用户名 (或者新加的仓库名称)
|
||||
|
||||
**image_name**，新镜像的名称
|
||||
|
||||
我们还可以使用 `-m` 和 `-a` 来添加更多信息。通过 `-m`，我们可以留个信息说 apache 服务器已经安装好了，而 `-a` 可以添加作者名称。
|
||||
|
||||
**像这样**
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
docker commit -m "apache server installed"-a "Dan Daniels" 85475ef774 daniels_dan/Cent_container
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
我们的教程至此就结束了，本教程讲解了一下 Docker 中的那些重要的命令，如有疑问，欢迎留言。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linuxtechlab.com/important-docker-commands-beginners/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Shusain][a]
|
||||
译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linuxtechlab.com/author/shsuain/
|
||||
[1]:http://linuxtechlab.com/create-first-docker-container-beginners-guide/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
|
||||
Linux 用户的 12 个 ip 案例
|
||||
======
|
||||
多年来我们一直使用 `ifconfig` 命令来执行网络相关的任务，比如检查和配置网卡信息。但是 `ifconfig` 已经不再被维护并且在最近版本的 Linux 中被废除了。`ifconfig` 命令已经被 `ip` 命令所替代了。
|
||||
|
||||
`ip` 命令跟 `ifconfig` 命令有些类似，但要强力的多，它有许多新功能。`ip` 命令完成很多 `ifconfig` 命令无法完成的任务。
|
||||
|
||||
![IP-command-examples-Linux][2]
|
||||
|
||||
本教程将会讨论 `ip` 命令的 12 中最常用法，让我们开始吧。
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 1：检查网卡信息
|
||||
|
||||
检查网卡的诸如 IP 地址，子网等网络信息，使用 `ip addr show` 命令
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip addr show
|
||||
|
||||
or
|
||||
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip a s
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这会显示系统中所有可用网卡额相关网络信息，不过如果你想查看某块网卡的信息，则命令为
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip addr show enp0s3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这里 `enp0s3` 是网卡的名字。
|
||||
|
||||
![IP-addr-show-commant-output][4]
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 2：启用/禁用网卡
|
||||
|
||||
使用 `ip` 命令来启用一个被禁用的网卡
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip link set enp0s3 up
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
而要禁用网卡则使用 `down` 触发器，
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip link set enp0s3 down
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 3：为网卡分配 IP 地址以及其他网络信息
|
||||
|
||||
要为网卡分配 IP 地址，我们使用下面命令
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.50/255.255.255.0 dev enp0s3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
也可以使用 `ip` 命令来设置广播地址。默认是没有设置广播地址的，设置广播地址的命令为
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr add broadcast 192.168.0.255 dev enp0s3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
我们也可以使用下面命令来根据 IP 地址设置标准的广播地址，
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.10/24 brd + dev enp0s3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
若上面例子所示，我们可以使用 `brd` 代替 `broadcast` 来设置广播地址。
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 4：删除网卡中配置的 IP 地址
|
||||
|
||||
若想从网卡中删掉某个 IP，使用如下 ip 命令
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr del 192.168.0.10/24 dev enp0s3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 5：为网卡添加别名(假设网卡名为 enp0s3)
|
||||
|
||||
添加别名，即为玩卡添加不止一个 IP，执行下面命令
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.20/24 dev enp0s3 label enp0s3:1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![ip-command-add-alias-linux][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 6：检查路由/默认网关的信息
|
||||
|
||||
查看路由信息会给我们显示数据包到达目的地的路由路径。要查看网络路由信息，执行下面命令，
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip route show
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![ip-route-command-output][8]
|
||||
|
||||
在上面输出结果中，我们能够看到所有网卡上数据包的路由信息。我们也可以获取特定 ip 的路由信息，方法是，
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route get 192.168.0.1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 7：添加静态路由
|
||||
|
||||
我们也可以使用 IP 来修改数据包的默认路由。方法是使用 `ip route` 命令
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.0.150/24
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这样所有的网络数据包通过 `192.168.0.150` 来转发，而不是以前的默认路由了。若要修改某个网卡的默认路由，执行
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route add 172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 8：删除默认路由
|
||||
|
||||
要删除之前设置的默认路由，打开终端然后运行，
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route del 192.168.0.150/24
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**注意：-** 用上面方法修改的默认路由只是临时有效的，在系统重启后所有的改动都会丢失。要永久修改路由，需要修改/创建 `route-enp0s3` 文件。将下面这行加入其中
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-enp0s3
|
||||
|
||||
172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
保存并退出该文件。
|
||||
|
||||
若你使用的是基于 Ubuntu 或 debian 的操作系统，则该要修改的文件为 `/etc/network/interfaces`，然后添加 `ip route add 172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3` 这行到文件末尾。
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 9：检查所有的 ARP 记录
|
||||
|
||||
ARP，是的 `Address Resolution Protocol` 缩写，用于将 IP 地址转换为物理地址(也就是 MAC 地址)。所有的 IP 和其对应的 MAC 明细都存储在一张表中，这张表叫做 ARP 缓存。
|
||||
|
||||
要查看 ARP 缓存中的记录，即连接到局域网中设备的 MAC 地址，则使用如下 ip 命令
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip neigh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![ip-neigh-command-linux][10]
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 10：修改 ARP 记录
|
||||
|
||||
删除 ARP 记录的命令为
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip neigh del 192.168.0.106 dev enp0s3
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
若想往 ARP 缓存中添加新记录，则命令为
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip neigh add 192.168.0.150 lladdr 33:1g:75:37:r3:84 dev enp0s3 nud perm
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这里 **nud** 的意思是 **neghbour state( 邻居状态)**，它的值可以是
|
||||
|
||||
* **perm** - 永久有效并且只能被管理员删除
|
||||
* **noarp** - 记录有效，但在生命周期过期后就允许被删除了
|
||||
* **stale** - 记录有效，但可能已经过期，
|
||||
* **reachable** - 记录有效，但超时后就失效了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 11：查看网络统计信息
|
||||
|
||||
通过 `ip` 命令还能查看网络的统计信息，比如所有网卡上传输的字节数和报文数，错误或丢弃的报文数等。使用 `ip -s link` 命令来查看
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip -s link
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![ip-s-command-linux][12]
|
||||
|
||||
### 案例 12：获取帮助
|
||||
|
||||
若你想查看某个上面例子中没有的选项，那么你可以查看帮助。事实上对任何命令你都可以寻求帮助。要列出 `ip` 命令的所有可选项，执行
|
||||
```
|
||||
[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip help
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
记住，`ip` 命令是一个对 Linux 系统管理来说特别重要的命令，学习并掌握它能够让配置网络变得容易。本教程就此结束了，若有任何建议欢迎在下面留言框中留言。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linuxtechi.com/ip-command-examples-for-linux-users/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Pradeep Kumar][a]
|
||||
译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/author/pradeep/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/plugins/lazy-load/images/1x1.trans.gif
|
||||
[2]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/IP-command-examples-Linux.jpg
|
||||
[3]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/IP-command-examples-Linux.jpg ()
|
||||
[4]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/IP-addr-show-commant-output.jpg
|
||||
[5]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/IP-addr-show-commant-output.jpg ()
|
||||
[6]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-command-add-alias-linux.jpg
|
||||
[7]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-command-add-alias-linux.jpg ()
|
||||
[8]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-route-command-output.jpg
|
||||
[9]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-route-command-output.jpg ()
|
||||
[10]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-neigh-command-linux.jpg
|
||||
[11]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-neigh-command-linux.jpg ()
|
||||
[12]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-s-command-linux.jpg
|
||||
[13]:https://www.linuxtechi.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/ip-s-command-linux.jpg ()
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
# 在 Linux 的终端上伪造一个好莱坞黑客的屏幕
|
||||
|
||||
摘要：这是一个简单的小工具，可以把你的 Linux 终端变为好莱坞风格的黑客入侵的实时画面。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我进去了！
|
||||
|
||||
你可能会几乎在所有的好莱坞电影里面会听说过这句话，此时的荧幕正在显示着一个入侵的画面。那可能是一个黑色的终端伴随着 ASCII 码、图标和连续不断变化的十六进制编码以及一个黑客正在击打着键盘，仿佛他/她正在打一段愤怒的论坛回复。
|
||||
|
||||
但是那是好莱坞大片！黑客们想要在几分钟之内破解进入一个网络系统除非他花费了几个月的时间来研究它。但是一会儿我将会在旁边留下好莱坞黑客的指责。
|
||||
|
||||
因为我们将会做相同的事情，我们将会伪装成为一个好莱坞风格的黑客。
|
||||
|
||||
这个小工具运行一个脚本在你的 Linux 终端上，就可以把它变为好莱坞风格的实时入侵终端：
|
||||
|
||||
![在 Linux 上的Hollywood 入侵终端][1]
|
||||
|
||||
看到了吗？就像这样，它甚至在后台播放了一个 Mission Impossible 主题的音乐。此外每次运行这个工具，你都可以获得一个全新且随机的入侵终端
|
||||
|
||||
让我们看看如何在 30 秒之内成为一个好莱坞黑客。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何安装 Hollywood 入侵终端在 Linux 之上
|
||||
|
||||
这个工具非常适合叫做 Hollywood 。从根本上说，它运行在 Byobu ——一个基于 Window Manager 的文本，而且它会创建随机数量随机尺寸的分屏，并在上面运行混乱的文字应用。
|
||||
|
||||
Byobu 是一个在 Ubuntu 上由Dustin Kirkland 开发的有趣工具。在其他文章之中还有更多关于它的有趣之处，让我们专心的安装这个工具。
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 用户可以使用简单的命令安装 Hollywood：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt install hollywood
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果上面的命令不能在你的 Ubuntu 或其他例如 Linux Mint, elementary OS, Zorin OS, Linux Lite 等等基于 Ubuntu 的 Linux 发行版上运行，你可以使用下面的 PPA 来安装：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-add-repository ppa:hollywood/ppa
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get install byobu hollywood
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以在它的 GitHub 仓库之中获得其源代码：
|
||||
|
||||
[Hollywood 在 GitHub][3]
|
||||
|
||||
一旦安装好，你可以使用下面的命令运行它，不需要使用 sudo ：
|
||||
|
||||
`hollywood`
|
||||
|
||||
因为它会先运行 Byosu ，你将不得不使用 Ctrl+C 两次并再使用 `exit` 命令来停止显示入侵终端的脚本。
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个伪装好莱坞入侵的视频。订阅我们的 YouTube 频道看更多关于 Linux 的有趣视频。
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个让你朋友、家人和同事感到吃惊的有趣小工具，甚至你可以在酒吧里给女孩们留下深刻的印象，尽管我不认为这对你在那方面有任何的帮助，
|
||||
|
||||
并且如果你喜欢 Hollywood 入侵终端，或许你也会喜欢另一个可以[让 Linux 终端产生 Sneaker 电影效果的工具][5]。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你知道更多有趣的工具，可以在下面的评论栏里分享给我们。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/hollywood-hacker-screen/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
译者：[Drshu](https://github.com/Drshu)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[1]: https://4bds6hergc-flywheel.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/hollywood-hacking-linux-terminal.jpg
|
||||
[2]: http://byobu.co/
|
||||
[3]: https://github.com/dustinkirkland/hollywood
|
||||
[4]: https://www.youtube.com/c/itsfoss?sub_confirmation=1
|
||||
[5]: https://itsfoss.com/sneakers-movie-effect-linux/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
|
||||
如何在 Linux 上让一段时间不活动的用户自动登出
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
让我们想象这么一个场景。你有一台服务器经常被网络中各系统的很多个用户访问。有可能出现某些用户忘记登出会话让会话保持会话处于连接状态。我们都知道留下一个处于连接状态的用户会话是一件多么危险的事情。有些用户可能会借此故意做一些损坏系统的事情。而你，作为一名系统管理员，会去每个系统上都检查一遍用户是否有登出吗？其实这完全没必要的。而且若网络中有成百上千台机器，这也太耗时了。不过，你可以让用户在本机或 SSH 会话上超过一定时间不活跃的情况下自动登出。本教程就将教你如何在类 Unix 系统上实现这一点。一点都不难。跟我做。
|
||||
|
||||
### 在 Linux 上实现一段时间后自动登出非活动用户
|
||||
|
||||
有三种实现方法。让我们先来看第一种方法。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 方法 1：
|
||||
|
||||
编辑 **~/.bashrc** 或 **~/.bash_profile** 文件：
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ vi ~/.bashrc
|
||||
```
|
||||
或，
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ vi ~/.bash_profile
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
将下面行加入其中。
|
||||
```
|
||||
TMOUT=100
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这回让用户在停止动作 100 秒后自动登出。你可以根据需要定义这个值。保存并关闭文件。
|
||||
|
||||
运行下面命令让更改生效：
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ source ~/.bashrc
|
||||
```
|
||||
或，
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ source ~/.bash_profile
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在让会话闲置 100 秒。100 秒不活动后，你会看到下面这段信息，并且用户会自动退出会话。
|
||||
```
|
||||
timed out waiting for input: auto-logout
|
||||
Connection to 192.168.43.2 closed.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
该设置可以轻易地被用户所修改。因为，`~/.bashrc` 文件被用户自己所拥有。
|
||||
|
||||
要修改或者删除超时设置，只需要删掉上面添加的行然后执行 "source ~/.bashrc" 命令让修改生效。
|
||||
|
||||
此啊玩 i，用户也可以运行下面命令来禁止超时：
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ export TMOUT=0
|
||||
```
|
||||
或，
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ unset TMOUT
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
若你想阻止用户修改该设置，使用下面方法代替。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 方法 2：
|
||||
|
||||
以 root 用户登陆
|
||||
|
||||
创建一个名为 `autologout.sh` 的新文件。
|
||||
```
|
||||
# vi /etc/profile.d/autologout.sh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
加入下面内容：
|
||||
```
|
||||
TMOUT=100
|
||||
readonly TMOUT
|
||||
export TMOUT
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
保存并退出该文件。
|
||||
|
||||
为它添加可执行权限：
|
||||
```
|
||||
# chmod +x /etc/profile.d/autologout.sh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在，登出或者重启系统。非活动用户就会在 100 秒后自动登出了。普通用户即使想保留会话连接但也无法修改该配置了。他们会在 100 秒后强制退出。
|
||||
|
||||
这两种方法对本地会话和远程会话都适用(即本地登陆的用户和远程系统上通过 SSH 登陆的用户)。下面让我们来看看如何实现只自动登出非活动的 SSH 会话，而不自动登出本地会话。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 方法 3：
|
||||
|
||||
这种方法，我们智慧让 SSH 会话用户在一段时间不活动后自动登出。
|
||||
|
||||
编辑 `/etc/ssh/sshd_config` 文件：
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
添加/修改下面行：
|
||||
```
|
||||
ClientAliveInterval 100
|
||||
ClientAliveCountMax 0
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
保存并退出该文件。重启 sshd 服务让改动生效。
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl restart sshd
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在，在远程系统通过 ssh 登陆该系统。100 秒后，ssh 会话就会自动关闭了，你也会看到下面消息：
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ Connection to 192.168.43.2 closed by remote host.
|
||||
Connection to 192.168.43.2 closed.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在，任何人从远程系统通过 SSH 登陆本系统，都会在 100 秒不活动后自动登出了。
|
||||
|
||||
希望本文能对你有所帮助。我马上还会写另一篇实用指南。如果你觉得我们的指南有用，请在您的社交网络上分享，支持 OSTechNix！
|
||||
|
||||
祝您好运！
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.ostechnix.com/auto-logout-inactive-users-period-time-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[SK][a]
|
||||
译者：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
|
||||
@ -1,78 +0,0 @@
|
||||
|
||||
# 直接保存文件至 Google Drive 并用十倍的速度下载回来
|
||||
![][image-1]
|
||||
|
||||
最近我不得不给我的手机下载更新包，但是当我开始下载的时候，我发现安装包过于庞大。大约有 1.5 GB
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
考虑到这个下载速度至少需要花费 1 至 1.5 小时来下载，并且说实话我并没有这么多时间。现在我下载速度可能会很慢，但是我的 ISP 有 Google Peering （Google 对等操作）。这意味着我可以在所有的 Google 产品，例如Google Drive, YouTube 和 PlayStore 中获得一个惊人的速度。
|
||||
|
||||
所以我找到一个网络服务叫做[savetodrive](https://savetodrive.net/)。这个网站可以从网页上直接保存文件到你的 Google Drive 文件夹之中。之后你就可以从你的 Google Drive 上面下载它，这样的下载速度会快很多。
|
||||
|
||||
现在让我们来看看如何操作。
|
||||
|
||||
### *第一步*
|
||||
获得文件的下载链接，将它复制到你的剪贴板。
|
||||
|
||||
### *第二步*
|
||||
前往链接[savetodrive](http://www.savetodrive.net) 并且点击相应位置以验证身份。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这将会请求获得使用你 Google Drive 的权限，点击 “Allow”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### *第三步*
|
||||
你将会再一次看到下面的页面，此时仅仅需要输入下载链接在链接框中，并且点击 “Upload”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你将会开始看到上传进度条，可以看到上传速度达到了 48 Mbps，所以上传我这个 1.5 GB 的文件需要 30 至 35 秒。一旦这里完成了，进入你的 Google Drive 你就可以看到刚才上传的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这里的文件中，文件名开头是 *miui* 的就是我刚才上传的，现在我可以用一个很快的速度下载下来。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
可以看到我的下载速度大概是 5 Mbps ，所以我下载这个文件只需要 5 到 6 分钟。
|
||||
|
||||
所以就是这样的，我经常用这样的方法下载文件，最令人惊讶的是，这个服务是完全免费的。
|
||||
|
||||
----
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.theitstuff.com/save-files-directly-google-drive-download-10-times-faster
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Rishabh Kandari](http://www.theitstuff.com/author/reevkandari)
|
||||
译者：[Drshu][10]
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID]((null))
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[1]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/1-2-e1508771706462.png
|
||||
[2]: https://savetodrive.net/
|
||||
[3]: http://www.savetodrive.net
|
||||
[4]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/3-1.png
|
||||
[5]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/authenticate-google-account.jpg
|
||||
[6]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/6-2.png
|
||||
[7]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/7-2-e1508772046583.png
|
||||
[8]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/8-e1508772110385.png
|
||||
[9]: http://www.theitstuff.com/author/reevkandari
|
||||
[10]: https://github.com/Drshu
|
||||
[11]: https://github.com/%E6%A0%A1%E5%AF%B9%E8%80%85ID
|
||||
[12]: https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject
|
||||
[13]: https://linux.cn/
|
||||
|
||||
[image-1]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Save-Files-Directly-To-Google-Drive-And-Download-10-Times-Faster.jpg
|
||||
[image-2]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/1-2-e1508771706462.png
|
||||
[image-3]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/3-1.png
|
||||
[image-4]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/authenticate-google-account.jpg
|
||||
[image-5]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/6-2.png
|
||||
[image-6]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/7-2-e1508772046583.png
|
||||
[image-7]: http://www.theitstuff.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/8-e1508772110385.png
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
|
||||
用一些超酷的功能使 Vim 变得更强大
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Vim** 是每个 [Linux 发行版][1] 中不可或缺的一部分，也是 Linux 用户最常用的工具(当然是基于终端的)。至少，这个说法对我来说是成立的。人们可能会在利用什么工具进行程序设计更好产生争议，的确 Vim 可能不是一个好的选择，因为有很多不同的 IDE 或其他高性能的类似于 `Sublime Text 3`，`Atom` 等使程序设计变得更加容易的文本编辑器。
|
||||
#### 我的感想
|
||||
|
||||
但我认为，Vim 应该从一开始就以我们想要的方式运作，而其他编辑器让我们按照已经设计好的方式工作，实际上不是我们想要的工作方式。我不能过多地谈论其他编辑器，因为我没有过多地使用它们(我对 Vim 有偏见` Linux 中国注：我对 Vim 情有独钟`)。
|
||||
|
||||
不管怎样，让我们用 Vim 来做一些事情吧，它完全可以胜任。
|
||||
### 利用 Vim 进行程序设计
|
||||
|
||||
#### 执行代码
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
考虑一个场景，当我们使用 Vim 设计 C++ 代码并需要编译和运行它时，该怎么做呢。
|
||||
|
||||
(a). 我们通过 `(Ctrl + Z)` 返回到终端，或者利用 `(:wq)` 保存并退出。
|
||||
|
||||
(b). 但是任务还没有结束，接下来需要在终端上输入类似于 `g++ fileName.cxx` 的命令进行编译。
|
||||
|
||||
(c). 接下来需要键入 `./a.out` 执行它。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
为了让我们的 C++ 代码在 shell 中运行，需要做很多事情。但这似乎并不是利用 Vim 操作的方法( Vim 总是倾向于把几乎所有操作方法利用一个/两个按键实现)。那么，做这些事情的 Vim 的方式究竟是什么?
|
||||
#### Vim 方式
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Vim 不仅仅是一个文本编辑器，它是一种编辑文本的编程语言。这种帮助我们扩展 Vim 功能的编程语言是 `“VimScript”（Linux 中国注： Vim 脚本）`。
|
||||
|
||||
因此，在 `VimScript` 的帮助下，我们可以只需一个按键轻松地将编译和运行代码的任务自动化。
|
||||
[][2]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
以上是在我的 `.vimrc` 配置文件里创建的一个名为 CPP() 函数的片段。
|
||||
#### 利用 VimScript 创建函数
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在VimScript中创建函数的语法非常简单。它以关键字“
|
||||
**func**
|
||||
”开头，然后是函数名[在 VimScript 中函数名必须以大写字母开头，否则 Vim 将提示错误]。在函数的结尾用关键词
|
||||
“**endfunc**
|
||||
”。
|
||||
在函数的主体中，可以看到
|
||||
**exec**
|
||||
声明,无论您在 **exec** 关键字之后写什么，都要在 Vim 的命令模式上执行(记住，在 Vim 窗口的底部以 `：` 开始)。现在，传递给 **exec** 的字符串是（Linux 中国注： ``:!clear && g++ % && ./a.out``） -
|
||||
[][3]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当这个函数被调用时，它首先清除终端屏幕，因此只能看到输出，接着利用 `g++` 执行正在处理的文件，然后运行由前一步编译而形成的 `a.out` 文件。
|
||||
|
||||
将 `Ctrl+r` 映射为运行 C++ 代码。
|
||||
-------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
映射语句: `call CPP()` 到键组合 `Ctrl+r`，以便我现在可以按 `Ctrl+r` 来执行我的 C++ 代码，无需手动输入: `call CPP()`，然后按 `Enter` 键。
|
||||
#### 最终结果
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我们终于找到了 Vim Way 操作的方法。现在，你只需点击一个按钮，你编写的 C++ 代码就输出在你的屏幕上，你不需要键入所有冗长的命令了。这也节省了你的时间。
|
||||
|
||||
我们也可以为其他语言实现这类功能。
|
||||
[][4]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
对于Python:您可以按下映射键执行您的代码。
|
||||
[][5]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
对于Java:您现在可以按下映射健，它将首先编译您的 Java 代码，然后执行您的 Java 类文件并显示输出。
|
||||
### 进一步提高
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
所以，这就是如何在 Vim 中操作的方法。现在，我们来看看如何在 Vim 中实现所有这些。我们可以直接在 Vim 中使用这些代码片段，而另一种方法是使用 Vim 中的自动命令 `autocmd`。`autocmd` 的优点是这些命令无需用户调用，它们在用户所提供的任何特定条件下自动执行。
|
||||
|
||||
我想用 [autocmd] 实现类似于单一的映射来执行每种语言替代使用不同的映射执行不同程序设计语言编译出的代码，。
|
||||
[][6]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在这里做的是，为所有的定义了执行相应文件类型代码的函数编写了自动命令。
|
||||
|
||||
会发生什么当我打开任何上述提到的文件类型的缓冲区, Vim 会自动将 `Ctrl + r` 映射到函数调用和表示 Enter Key （Linux 中国注：回车键）,这样就不需要每完成一个独立的任务就按一次 “Enter key” 了。
|
||||
|
||||
为了实现这个功能，您只需将函数片段添加到[dot]vimrc（Linux 中国注： `.vimrc` 文件）文件中，然后将所有这些 `autocmds` 也一并添加进去。这样，当您下一次打开 Vim 时，Vim 将拥有所有相应的功能来执行所有具有相同绑定键的代码。
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
就这些了。希望这些能让你更爱 Vim 。我目前正在探究 Vim 中的一些内容，正阅读文档，补充 [.vimrc] 文件，当我研究出一些成果后我会再次与你分享。
|
||||
如果你想看一下我现在的 [.vimrc] 文件，这是我的 Github 账户的链接: [MyVimrc][7]。
|
||||
|
||||
期待你的好评。
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/making-vim-even-more-awesome-with-these-cool-features
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[LINUXANDUBUNTU][a]
|
||||
译者：[stevenzdg988](https://github.com/stevenzdg988)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/category/distros
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/vim_orig.png
|
||||
[3]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/vim_1_orig.png
|
||||
[4]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/vim_2_orig.png
|
||||
[5]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/vim_3_orig.png
|
||||
[6]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/vim_4_orig.png
|
||||
[7]:https://github.com/phenomenal-ab/VIm-Configurations/blob/master/.vimrc
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user