Merge branch 'LCTT/master'

README.md

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
 简介
 -------------------------------
 
-LCTT是Linux中国社区（[http://linux.cn/](http://linux.cn/)）的翻译组，负责从国外优秀媒体翻译Linux相关的技术、资讯、杂文等内容。
+LCTT是“Linux中国”（[http://linux.cn/](http://linux.cn/)）的翻译组，负责从国外优秀媒体翻译Linux相关的技术、资讯、杂文等内容。
 
 LCTT已经拥有近百余名活跃成员，并欢迎更多的Linux志愿者加入我们的团队。
 
-![logo](http://img.linux.net.cn/static/image/common/linuxcn_qqq_lctt.gif)
+![logo](http://img.linux.net.cn/static/image/common/lctt_logo.png)
 
 LCTT的组成
 -------------------------------
@@ -18,11 +18,10 @@ LCTT的组成
 
 **发布**，负责将校对后的文章，排版进行发布。
 
-
 加入我们
 -------------------------------
 
-请首先加入翻译组的QQ群，群号是：198889102，加群时请说明是志愿者。加入后记得修改您的群名片为您的github的ID。
+请首先加入翻译组的QQ群，群号是：198889102，加群时请说明是“志愿者”。加入后记得修改您的群名片为您的github的ID。
 
 加入的成员，请先阅读[WIKI 如何开始](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject/wiki/01-如何开始)。
 
@@ -39,62 +38,75 @@ LCTT的组成
 - CORE [carolinewuyan](https://github.com/carolinewuyan),
 - CORE [DeadFire](https://github.com/DeadFire),
 - CORE [geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi),
-- CORE [tinyeyeser](https://github.com/tinyeyeser),
-- CORE [vito-L](https://github.com/vito-L),
-- CORE [jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng),
-- CORE [willqian](https://github.com/willqian),
-- CORE [vizv](https://github.com/vizv),
 - CORE [GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux),
-- [luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat),
+- CORE [reinoir](https://github.com/reinoir),
+- Senior [tinyeyeser](https://github.com/tinyeyeser),
+- Senior [vito-L](https://github.com/vito-L),
+- Senior [jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng),
+- Senior [willqian](https://github.com/willqian),
+- Senior [vizv](https://github.com/vizv),
 - [runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater),
+- [luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat),
 - [bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2),
 - [Vic020](https://github.com/Vic020),
-- [flsf](https://github.com/flsf),
 - [alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x),
+- [KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu),
+- [zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025),
+- [blueabysm](https://github.com/blueabysm),
+- [flsf](https://github.com/flsf),
 - [crowner](https://github.com/crowner),
 - [Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz),
-- [KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu),
 - [Linchenguang](https://github.com/Linchenguang),
-- [woodboow](https://github.com/woodboow),
-- [zpl1025](https://github.com/zpl1025),
-- [yechunxiao19](https://github.com/yechunxiao19),
-- [blueabysm](https://github.com/blueabysm),
 - [linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap),
+- [2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007),
+- [yechunxiao19](https://github.com/yechunxiao19),
+- [woodboow](https://github.com/woodboow),
+- [su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao),
 - [scusjs](https://github.com/scusjs),
 - [hyaocuk](https://github.com/hyaocuk),
-- [theo-l](https://github.com/theo-l),
-- [NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan),
-- [l3b2w1](https://github.com/l3b2w1),
-- [ThomazL](https://github.com/ThomazL),
 - [MikeCoder](https://github.com/MikeCoder),
-- [shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw),
-- [boredivan](https://github.com/boredivan),
+- [ThomazL](https://github.com/ThomazL),
+- [theo-l](https://github.com/theo-l),
 - [jiajia9linuxer](https://github.com/jiajia9linuxer),
+- [SteveArcher](https://github.com/SteveArcher),
+- [l3b2w1](https://github.com/l3b2w1),
+- [NearTan](https://github.com/NearTan),
+- [shipsw](https://github.com/shipsw),
+- [disylee](https://github.com/disylee),
+- [Love-xuan](https://github.com/Love-xuan),
+- [boredivan](https://github.com/boredivan),
+- [cvsher](https://github.com/cvsher),
+- [owen-carter](https://github.com/owen-carter),
+- [JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang),
+- [tenght](https://github.com/tenght),
 - [icybreaker](https://github.com/icybreaker),
 - [liuaiping](https://github.com/liuaiping),
-- [tenght](https://github.com/tenght),
 - [rogetfan](https://github.com/rogetfan),
+- [nd0104](https://github.com/nd0104),
 - [whatever1992](https://github.com/whatever1992),
-- [2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007),
-- [disylee](https://github.com/disylee),
-- [SteveArcher](https://github.com/SteveArcher),
-- [JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang),
-- [zzlyzq](https://github.com/zzlyzq),
-- [FineFan](https://github.com/FineFan),
-- [ailurus1991](https://github.com/ailurus1991),
+- [lfzark](https://github.com/lfzark),
+- [CNprober](https://github.com/CNprober),
+- [213edu](https://github.com/213edu),
+- [johnhoow](https://github.com/johnhoow),
 - [yujianxuechuan](https://github.com/yujianxuechuan),
+- [ggaaooppeenngg](https://github.com/ggaaooppeenngg),
+- [zzlyzq](https://github.com/zzlyzq),
+- [ailurus1991](https://github.com/ailurus1991),
+- [FineFan](https://github.com/FineFan),
 - [tomatoKiller](https://github.com/tomatoKiller),
 - [stduolc](https://github.com/stduolc),
 - [Maclauring](https://github.com/Maclauring),
-- [Hao-Ding](https://github.com/Hao-Ding),
-- [small-Wood](https://github.com/small-Wood),
 - [zsJacky](https://github.com/zsJacky),
+- [Hao-Ding](https://github.com/Hao-Ding),
+- [luoyutiantang](https://github.com/luoyutiantang),
+- [small-Wood](https://github.com/small-Wood),
 - [CHINAANSHE](https://github.com/CHINAANSHE),
-- [ggaaooppeenngg](https://github.com/ggaaooppeenngg),
+- [guodongxiaren](https://github.com/guodongxiaren),
+- [cereuz](https://github.com/cereuz),
 - [lijhg](https://github.com/lijhg),
 
 
-（更新于2014/06/18）
+（更新于2014/09/09）
 
 谢谢大家的支持！
 
@@ -112,4 +124,5 @@ LCTT的组成
 * 2014/01/02 增加了Core Translators 成员: geekpi。
 * 2014/05/04 更换了新的QQ群：198889102
 * 2014/05/16 增加了Core Translators 成员: will.qian、vizv。
-* 2014/06/18 由于GOLinux令人惊叹的翻译速度和不错的翻译质量，升级为Core Translators 成员。
+* 2014/06/18 由于GOLinux令人惊叹的翻译速度和不错的翻译质量，升级为Core Translators 成员。
+* 2014/09/09 LCTT 一周年，做一年[总结](http://linux.cn/article-3784-1.html)。并将曾任 CORE 的成员分组为 Senior，以表彰他们的贡献。

lctt2014.md

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+LCTT 2014 ： LCTT 成立一年总结
+============================
+
+### 缘起 ###
+
+一年前，我因为开发 Linux 中国的微信公众号，想着在公众号里面提供 Linux 的 man 手册应该是个不错的主意，因此在网上遍寻中文 man 手册。虽然我之前也寻找过中文的 man 手册，知道颇多不全和错漏，但是这次仔细搜寻之下，却发现还远较我预计的还差。
+
+无奈之下，只能先使用了英文版本作为 man 的内容，并因此萌发了组织一个翻译 man 手册的活动或组织的想法。说干就干，当时我就在 Linux 中国的 QQ 群里面发起了倡议，还真得到了大家响应。
+
+于是，2013 年 9 月 10日，草草而就的 LCTT 就成立了，很快就创建了一个 QQ 群作为交流，并确定了名称为“Linux.CN Translate Team”，简称 LCTT。考虑到需要多人协作，几乎没有多想，就决定了采用 GITHUB 作为翻译平台——虽然现在看起来，GITHUB 作为主要工作平台，有利也有弊，但是，总体来说还是不错的。LCTT 就这样启动了。
+
+### 发展 ###
+
+次日，我们就组织起来了翻译，并初步拟定了翻译流程、分工之类的内容。
+
+LCTT 草创，各种方面都没有经验，也出现过一些失误。比如说，开始时对于 GITHUB 以及 GIT，大部分人，包括我，都不是很熟悉，因此并未采用 Pull-Request 模式，而是共同控制的方式，也由于一些协调和经验的原因，出现过版本错误和回滚，甚至回滚得更乱。还有，初期还要求 LINUX 中国网站 的注册身份，但是后来发现这完全不必要。
+
+本来成立 LCTT 的目标是为了 man 手册的翻译，但是经过研究，我发现翻译 man 手册还有一些困难：
+
+1. man 手册是二进制的 groff 格式，因此生成和解析需要一些额外的过程，甚至需要一些特定的环境；
+2. man 手册对翻译的能力要求较高，并且应该对 man 手册所对应的命令有足够的了解，才能翻译得当，因为一字之差就可能导致很多误解。
+
+所以，当时商量决定，先期启动普通的 Linux 方面、开源方面的文章翻译，以此来摸索翻译流程和锻炼协作，并作为翻译 man 手册的人员筛选环节。
+
+我安排 Linux 中国站长，原本经常独自翻译发表来自国外文章的 DeadFire 来做选题。他负责将选题从英文的页面，转换成 Markdown 格式。我又找了朋友 jasminepeng 和 carolinewuyan 帮忙做校对，我自己则主要承担发布的工作。
+
+初期，很快就涌现出了一些积极参与的人员，如 tinyeyeser、vito-L、boredivanivan等等，不一一列举了，他们不但积极参与翻译，而且还帮助撰写了第一批的翻译组 Wiki 文档，对引导新人起到了很大作用。
+
+伴随着 LCTT 的逐步运作，一个月之后，我和大家感觉时间比较成熟了，就启动了 man 翻译计划。
+
+### man 翻译计划的夭折 ###
+
+_写下这个标题时，我也颇感觉惭愧的，这也算是我正视这个结果吧。不管怎么说，现在还是深夜，未过零点，我终究是在 LCTT 一周年之前正视了失败。_
+
+其实，前面提到过，我检索过各种可以找到的中文 man 翻译项目的结果，但种种结果让人无法满意，因此我觉得，我应该能吸取其中的教训，为 Linux、为开源做点实事出来。
+
+我总结的之前的 man 翻译项目失败的原因大概如下：
+
+1. 缺乏足够的驱动力，翻译者无论从利益还是荣誉，都得不到鼓励，因此往往难以为继。
+2. 由于依赖个人热情，没有形成流动机制，因此，当某个人热情耗尽之后，就没有人继续接手维护。
+3. 翻译流程简单，没有形成初译、校对、发布等流程，无法保证质量，也没有保持同步更新的流程。
+
+因此，我觉得，通过建立一个翻译的公益组织（即 LCTT）、建立翻译流程、翻译后保留翻译和校对等人员的署名，可以解决一些以上的问题。
+
+但是，其实我还忽视了一点，翻译 man 手册，其实无论是环境还是流程，比较复杂，因此限制了参与者。参与门槛高，导致发展不能持续。
+
+因此，实际上，man 翻译项目，在大概运作了一个月之后，就逐渐停滞下来了，虽然后期，willqian 独立完成了很多篇，但是总体来说，man 翻译项目算是失败了。
+
+### 总结这一年 ###
+
+抛开 man 翻译项目的失败不说，其实，LCTT 还是成果累累。
+
+这一年，我们完成了 5820 次提交，发起了 1482 个 PR，翻译了 805 篇文章。
+
+这一年，我们有了 98 个贡献者，得到了 162 个 fork。
+
+我使用了一个工具，根据这一年来我们 LCTT 翻译项目的 git 日志，生成了一段[视频](http://img.linux.net.cn/static/video/lctt2014.mp4)。看着视频中如辛勤的工蜂一样忙忙碌碌的志愿者们；看着如穿花蝴蝶一样，承担了更多工作量的选题、校对们；看着归档时如同施展魔法一样，瞬间变出了一朵朵花，我感觉我们这一年是有收获的一年！
+
+请大家观赏我们这一年： http://img.linux.net.cn/static/video/lctt2014.mp4 （213M，720p）
+
+这是我用 kdenlive 合成配音的。虽然我的乐感很差，只能选择一首自己觉得还算配的音乐；虽然我根本不会用 kdenlive，连配音淡出都琢磨半天；虽然我编译用于生成这个视频的 gource 都花费了几个小时来解决问题；但是，看到这份视频，我为我们 LCTT 这一年来的工作感到骄傲。
+
+### 感谢你们 ###
+
+虽然很俗套，但是此刻，已经是 2014 年 9 月 10 日凌晨00:50了，我心情很激动，真心感谢所有的参与者、贡献者。几乎每个 LCTT 的成员我都知道，也有几个我特别熟悉；LCTT 的成员有新来的，也有逐渐淡出的，但是不论是那种，我都记得你们。
+
+名单太长，我就不一一列举了： https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject/graphs/contributors 
+
+### 接下来 ###
+
+我会说，man 计划我不会放弃么？
+
+是的，man 计划是 LCTT 之所以发起的原因，也是 LCTT 能够持久发展的基础，而 man 翻译也是真正对国内的 Linux 、开源发展有实在意义的事情，所以，我不会放弃。
+
+我会投入精力开发一个翻译平台，用于 man 项目的翻译、校对和发布，将复杂的翻译环境配置和使用方法隐藏在后面；并增加可视化的图表和进度显示，明了的体现翻译工作进展；对接 man7.org 的最新更新，保持 man 内容的及时更新等等。
+
+期待 LCTT 的下一个年度的发展吧！
+
+----
+
+LCTT wxy
+
+2014 年 9 月 10 日

published/20140716 Linux FAQs with Answers--How to define PATH environment variable for sudo commands.md

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 
-Linux有问必答——如何为sudo命令定义PATH环境变量
+Linux有问必答——如何为sudo命令定义PATH环境变量 
 ================================================================================
 >**问题**:我安装了一个程序到/usr/local/bin目录下，这个程序需要root权限才能执行，当我用sudo去执行它时，收到"sudo: XXXXX: command not found"的错误提示，不知道为什么/usr/local/bin没有被包含到PATH环境变量下面来，我该如何解决这个问题？
 

published/20140722 How to manage DigitalOcean VPS droplets from the command line on Linux.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 使用Linux命令行管理DigitalOcean VPS水滴
 ================================================================================
-[DigitalOcean][1]是云VPS主机市场中最炙手可热的新生儿。虽然没有提供像Amazon之类一样的综合服务业务，DigitalOcean已经成为定位于中小型企业和开发者的基于Linux的最佳云VPS服务的强有力的竞争者，这都得归功于他们具有竞争力的价格和对用户友好的管理界面。
+[DigitalOcean][1]是云VPS主机市场中最炙手可热的新生儿。虽然没有提供像Amazon之类一样的综合服务业务，但DigitalOcean定位于中小型企业和开发者，已经成为基于Linux的最佳云VPS服务的强有力竞争者，这都得归功于它们具有竞争力的价格和用户友好的管理界面。
 
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3841/14501627500_2ef275ac1c_z.jpg)
 
@@ -20,13 +20,13 @@
     $ sudo yum install ruby-devel
     $ sudo gem install tugboat 
 
-要在CentOS上安装tugboat，首先[安装或升级到最新的Ruby][5]，因为在CentOS 6.5以及更早的版本上，默认的Ruby不满足拖船所需的最小版本（1.9及更高版本）。安装Ruby 1.9及更高版本后，请按如下方式安装tugboat。
+要在CentOS上安装tugboat，首先[安装或升级到最新的Ruby][5]，因为在CentOS 6.5以及更早的版本上，默认的Ruby不满足Tugboat所需的最小版本（1.9及更高版本）。安装Ruby 1.9及更高版本后，请按如下方式安装tugboat。
 
     $ sudo gem install tugboat 
 
 ### tugboat首次使用配置 ###
 
-在安装完后，就该实行一次配置，配置涉及了授权tugboat访问DigitalOcean帐号。
+在安装完后，就该进行一次配置，其中包括授权tugboat访问DigitalOcean帐号。
 
 转到[https://cloud.digitalocean.com/api_access][6]，并创建新的API密钥，记录客户ID和API密钥。
 
@@ -36,11 +36,11 @@
 
     $ tugboat authorize 
 
-在提示你输入客户ID和API密钥时，请输入。它会询问几个其它问题，目前你可以接受默认的回答。我们打算在今后自定义默认设置。
+在提示你输入客户ID和API密钥时，请输入。它会询问几个其它问题，目前你可以接受默认的回答。我们将会在后面自定义默认设置。
 
 [![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5596/14685122101_dba50fc86b_z.jpg)][7]
 
-现在，让我们自定义默认水滴设置，以反映你典型的使用状况。要那么做，首先检查水滴提供的可用的东西（如，可用的镜像、区域、大小）。
+现在，让我们自定义默认水滴设置，以反映你典型的使用状况。要做到这一点，首先检查水滴提供的可用设置项（如，可用的镜像、区域、大小）。
 
 运行以下命令，它会列出可用的水滴镜像。选取使用一个默认镜像，并记录相关的ID。
 
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
       private_networking: 'false'
       backups_enabled: 'false'
 
-### 创建并添加SSH密钥到数字海洋 ###
+### 创建并添加SSH密钥到DigitalOcean ###
 
 要访问水滴实例，一个安全的方式是通过[密钥验证][8]的SSH连接到该实例。
 
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
 
     ssh_key: '182710'
 
-### 拖船的基本用法 ###
+### Tugboat的基本用法 ###
 
 这里列出了tugboat命令行的一些基本使用情况。
 
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@
 
     $ tugboat resize <name-of-droplet> -s <image-id> 
 
-如果你想要知道特定命令的更多选项，运行：
+如果你想要了解特定命令的更多选项，运行：
 
     $ tugboat help <command> 
 
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
 
 ### 排障 ###
 
-1. 当我运行tugboat命令时，它出错了，并出现以下错误。
+1. 当我运行tugboat命令时，它出现以下错误。
 
     /usr/lib/ruby/site_ruby/1.8/rubygems/custom_require.rb:31:in `gem_original_require': /usr/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/tugboat-0.2.0/lib/tugboat/cli.rb:12: syntax error, unexpected ':', expecting kEND (SyntaxError)
 
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ Tugboat要求Ruby 1.9及更高版本，你需要升级Ruby来解决该问题。
 
 /usr/local/share/ruby/site_ruby/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb:55:in `require': cannot load such file -- json/pure (LoadError)
 
-安装以下gem来修复该问题。
+安装以下gem来修复该问题。 
 
     $ sudo gem install json_pure 
 
@@ -166,7 +166,7 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/manage-digitalocean-vps-droplets-command-line-li
 
 原文作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
 
-译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/20140723 How to access SoundCloud from the command line in Linux.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 如何在Linux命令行下访问SoundCloud
 ================================================================================
-如果你喜欢流媒体音乐和原创音乐，你不能错过[SoundCloud][1]。这家云流媒体服务总部设在德国，这对任何音乐爱好者都非常有名且完善。自然，作为一个Linux爱好者，你可能想知道如何在Linux中加入你对音乐的热情。作为一个解决方案，我建议你使用Soundcloud2000，**SoundCloud的命令行客户端**脱胎于[Music Hack Day Stockholm '13][2]。
+如果你喜欢流媒体音乐和原创音乐，你不能错过[SoundCloud][1]。这家云流媒体服务总部设在德国，这对任何音乐爱好者都非常有名，且功能完善。自然，作为一个Linux爱好者，你可能想知道如何在Linux中体现你对音乐的热情。作为一个解决方案，我建议你使用Soundcloud2000，这是一个脱胎于[Music Hack Day Stockholm '13][2]的**SoundCloud的命令行客户端**。
 
 ### 安装 ###
 
@@ -43,24 +43,24 @@ Soundcloud2000非常容易使用。有些人甚至会说简单。我喜欢它的
 
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3861/14494436719_b5536f7b67_z.jpg)
 
-这可能是Soundcloud2000的主要默认之一。而导航没有优化过，我寄予厚望的改善和支持的软件还是很年轻的。
+这可能是Soundcloud2000的主要缺陷之一。虽然导航没有优化过，但是我对这个很年轻的软件的改善和支持还是寄予厚望的。
 
-### 红利 ###
+### 奖励 ###
 
-另外一个额外的红利：如果你喜欢在终端上使用SoundCloud的想法，但不想安装任何额外的软件（也许你不能），我劝你去[cmd.fm][6]。该网站是一个伪装的SoundCloud，因为它隐藏在一个shell接口后。
+另外一个额外的奖励：如果你喜欢在终端上使用SoundCloud的想法，但不想安装任何额外的软件（也许你不能），我劝你去[cmd.fm][6]。该网站是一个伪装的SoundCloud，它隐藏在一个shell界面后。
 
 [![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5580/14494448218_a16b05e3ee_z.jpg)][7]
 
 输入“help”可以得到命令列表，这比Soundcloud2000长很多。比如，我看到：
 
-- _genres to list all genres
-- _play random to play a random track
-- _pause to pause the current track
-- _playlist new to make a new playlist
-- _loop to loop current track
-- _cinema to watch and ASCII version of Star Wars which completely blew my mind. 
+- _genres 列出所有流派
+- _play random 随机播放
+- _pause 暂停播放
+- _playlist new 建立新的播放节目单
+- _loop 循环播放
+- _cinema 如同星球大战一样的字幕
 
-它甚至支持通过tab键自动完成流派
+它甚至支持通过tab键自动补完流派名称
 
 最后，Soundcloud2000的确是一个整洁的程序。我们可以原谅其目前的缺陷，因为它还年轻。我真的希望它会成长，并包含更多的功能（并从潜在的cmd.fm得到的灵感）。
 
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/access-soundcloud-command-line-linux.html
 
 原文作者：[Adrien Brochard][a]
 
-译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/20140723 Top 10 Fun On The Command Line.md

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+用命令行去发掘有趣的“前十”
+================================================================================
+
+**如果你喜欢做‘排名前10’之类的列表但又有点不好意思这样说，那么告诉人们你热爱数据的探索。为了进一步打动他们，向他们解释你在命令行间的数据探索。但是不要告诉他们这其实很容易，以免你的好形象就这样被毁灭了哦！**
+
+在这篇文章中，我将基于GNU/Linux工具和'单列表格'（也就是我所说的简单列表）来做一些数据探索。如若想在这里通过命令行查看更多的信息，请查看'man'页，或者在“注释”部分求解。
+
+### 密码 ###
+
+在第一个列表里探讨的是马克.伯内特2011著的关于[10000 个最常用的密码][1]汇编。这个列表是有序的、使用最频繁的，也是广为人知的阶乘“密码”的最常用来源之一，与“123456”并列排名第二。在这里，我把该列表放到一个名为“passwords”的文件中，并且使用head命令把排名前10的列出来了：
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/1.png)
+
+（伯内特解释他是如何收集这些密码的[这里][2]。你会注意到在列表中他把所有大写字母都转换成小写的。)
+
+OK，所以'password'是伯内特列表的顶部。那么每个数字呢？
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/2.png)
+
+非常有趣的是！数字'1'出现在密码列表中的次数多于第二个最常用数字'2'的两倍，而且，除了0和9之外，这十个数字出现的次数以其数字顺序排列。而排名前10的字母呢？
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/3.png)
+
+在 passwords 文件中出现最频繁的字母依次是EARONISTLC，类似于EAIRTONSLC，这是至少[一个出版的表格][3]中提到的常用英文单词中出现的字频。这是否意味着，大部分密码其实是一些常见的英语单词呢，也许会参杂一些数字呢？
+
+为了找到答案，我先把密码转换成一个纯字母的字符串列表，然后看看有多少字符串是可以在英语词典中找到的。
+
+首先我将通过 **sed** 命令删除所有密码中的数字，然后删除所有的标点符号，再删除所有的空行。这将创建出一个纯字母的密码列表。然后我通过**sort** 和 **uniq**来修剪列表的排序，将重复项取出。（例如，'abc1234def'和'abc1!2!3!def!'都剔除剩下'abcdef'.) 。根据wc命令，我把1000个密码减至成8583个纯字母的字符串：
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/4.png)
+
+我经常使用一本便携式的英语字典，我通常会使用`usr/share/dict/american-english`，这个文件是来自Debian Linux的一个发行版本。它包含了99171个单词。我会先通过**tr**命令将这个词表转换为纯小写的，然后使用**sort** 和 **uniq**删除掉任何重复的条目排序（例如'A' 和 'a' 都将成为 'a'）。这样就将词表的数量减至97723项了：
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/5.png)
+
+我现在可以用comm命令及'-23'的参数来比较两个列表，并报告纯字母文件中而没有出现在字典中的单词：
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/6.png)
+
+总数是3137，所以至少有8583 -3137 = 5446个'核心'密码在伯纳特的纯小写字母列表中（大约63%）是简单的英语单词，或者是简单的单词附加一些数字或者标点符号。我之所以说“至少”，是因为在3137个字符串中有很大比例是只有经过轻微修改的纯英语单词、名称、或者在/usr/share字典中未能找到的名称修改而成的。在LA项中，例如，'labtec', 'ladyboy', 'lakeside', 'lalakers', 'lalala', 'laserjet', 'lasvegas', 'lavalamp' 和 'lawman'.
+
+### 地名 ###
+
+在之前的一篇[Linux Rain article][4]，我描述了如何建立一张37万项澳大利亚的地名表。有了它，我现在可以回答一些类似这样的关键问题“Round Hill是澳大利亚山脉中最流行的名字吗？”和“桑迪是沙滩之最，而岩溪峡谷呢？”
+
+在地名表中地名字段的排名第2，所以这里有：
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/7.png)
+
+哇。我当时甚至没有关闭这个终端。（但是请注意到我是如何通过**\^string1\^string2**命令保存打印的内容。它重复着最后一个命令，但是用第2个字符串代替了第1个字符串。这是多么有用的BASH绝招！）
+
+另一个亟待解决的问题是有多少地名有'Mile'在其中，例如'Six Mile Creek',而他们的排名又是如何：
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/8.png)
+
+我在我的澳洲之旅发现有很多Dead Horse Creeks，因此有这些地名：
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/9.png)
+
+
+### 种类 ###
+
+第三个列表是探索我今年出版的1961-2010年期间澳大利亚新种类昆虫名。从这个列表中，我去掉所有“物种的绰号”，就是种群组合的第二部分，比如像智人（你和我）和西方蜜蜂（欧洲蜜蜂）。
+
+（科技小贴士：这个昆虫表，可以从开发数据Zenodo库中[https://zenodo.org/record/10481][5]取得，包括亚种。在我的‘top 10’练习中，我首先分离出所有独特的种群组合，这样避免了重复的，例如蜜蜂iberica的亚种，以避免蜜蜂的绰号intermissa，等等。最后一个物种文件有18155个绰号。）
+
+大多数人讲科学名称带玩笑式地用'-us'结局，如'Biggus buggus'。那么昆虫学家呢？有几个不错的，用命令行的方式获取字符串的最后2个字母，在这里我都会用到这2个：
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/10.png)
+
+耶！昆虫学家喜欢也‘-us’结尾。接下来，我不知道有多少物种是以我的家乡Tasmania州来命名的？（下面我想看看前100行，来确保我得到的所有'tasman'组合.)
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/11.png)
+
+那么昆士兰呢？
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/12.png)
+
+一般来说，昆虫物种名单中的前10名分别是什么呢？
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/13.png)
+
+嗯，除了明显的'australis'和'australiensis'，而地理方面的'occidentalis'（西部），另外昆虫学家创建7个在10个最流行列表中的绰号已经履行了其它昆虫学家的意愿。(绰号'commoni'是给澳大利亚蝴蝶和蛾专家Ian F.B. Common[1917-2006]的荣誉。)
+
+### 演变 ###
+
+上面的这些命令用在简单列表上。要从简单的列表变成文本块，那就再次需要我们的命令行朋友了。例如，我把澳大利亚参议院于2014年7月16日的[演讲][6]保存成文本文件hansard。将hansard分割成一个单词列表：
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/14.png)
+
+
+现在看看讲话中的单词使用频率：
+
+![](http://thelinuxrain.com/content/01-articles/67-top-10-fun-on-the-command-line/15.png)
+
+### 即将推出... ###
+
+从多列的表中做'top 10'等排名，需要更多些的命令行工具。我将会在未来的文章中证明他们的用处。
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://thelinuxrain.com/articles/top-10-fun-on-the-command-line
+
+原文作者：Bob Mesibov(Bob Mesibov is Tasmanian, retired and a keen Linux tinkerer.)
+
+译者：[disylee](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:https://xato.net/passwords/more-top-worst-passwords/#.U8eD13AvDy0
+[2]:https://xato.net/passwords/how-i-collect-passwords/#.U8eEdnAvDy0
+[3]:http://www.rinkworks.com/words/letterfreq.shtml
+[4]:http://www.thelinuxrain.com/articles/building-a-gazetteer-table-from-kml-files
+[5]:https://zenodo.org/record/10481
+[6]:http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;db=CHAMBER;id=chamber%2Fhansards%2F232fa1a8-d7e8-4b22-9018-1a99b5a96812%2F0025;query=Id%3A%22chamber%2Fhansards%2F232fa1a8-d7e8-4b22-9018-1a99b5a96812%2F0000%22

published/201408/20140702 Wine 1.7.21 (Development Version) Released--Install in RedHat and Debian Based Systems.md

@@ -1,45 +1,27 @@
-2q1w2007翻译中
-Wine 1.7.21 (开发者版本) 发布 – 在基于RedHat或Debian的系统上安装
+在基于RedHat或Debian的系统上安装 Wine 1.7
 ================================================================================
-Wine,Linux上最流行也是最有力的软件, 用来不出问题的在Linux平台上运行Windows程序和游戏。
+Wine,Linux上最流行也是最有力的软件, 可以顺利地在Linux平台上运行Windows程序和游戏。
 
-![安装Wine(开发者版本)](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-Wine-Development-Version.png)
+![安装Wine ](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/Install-Wine-Development-Version.png)
 
-在Linux上安装Wine(开发者版本)
+这篇文章教你怎么在像CentOS, Fedora, Ubuntu, Linux Mint一样基于**Red Hat**和**Debian**的系统上安装最新的**Wine 1.7**。
 
-**WineHQ** 团队, 最近发布了一个新的开发者版本**Wine 1.7.21**，带来了许多新特性和几个修正。
+### 在Linux安装 Wine 1.7 ###
 
-Wine的团队, 坚持每周更新开发者版本并带来了许多新特性和修正。 每个新版本都带来对新程序和游戏的支持,这让Wine成为最流行的也是想在Linux平台运行基于Windows的软件的用户的必备工具.
-
-根据changelog, 该版本有如下关键的新特性:
-
-- C runtime中添加临界区的支持.
-- Unicode 升级到 Unicode 7.
-- 新增交错 PNG 编码支持.
-- Packager 库初始化 stub
-- 修改了几个bug.
-
-更多深度的改变信息在 [changelog][1] .
-
-这篇文章教你怎么在像CentOS, Fedora, Ubuntu, Linux Mint一样基于**Red Hat**和**Debian**的系统上安装最新的**Wine 1.7.21**。
-
-### 在Linux安装 Wine 1.7.21 开发者版本 ###
-
-不幸的, 在基于**Red Hat**的系统上没有官方的 Wine 仓库，所以唯一的安装方式是从源码编译。你需要安装一些依赖的包比如gcc, flex, bison, libX11-devel freetype-devel 和 Development Tools，这些包用来从源码编译Wine。我们可以用**YUM**命令安装他们。
+不幸的, 在基于**Red Hat**的系统上没有官方的 Wine 仓库，所以唯一的安装方式是从源码编译。你需要安装一些依赖的包比如gcc, flex, bison, libX11-devel freetype-devel 和 Development Tools，这些包用来从源码编译Wine。我们可以用**yum**命令安装他们。
 
 #### 在 RedHat, Fedora 和 CentOS 上 ####
 
     # yum -y groupinstall 'Development Tools'
     # yum -y install flex bison libX11-devel freetype-devel
 
-接下来，下载最新的开发者版本(即**1.7.21**)并用下面的命令提取出来。
+接下来，下载最新的开发版本(如**1.7.21**)并用下面的命令解压。
 
     $ cd /tmp
     $ wget http://citylan.dl.sourceforge.net/project/wine/Source/wine-1.7.21.tar.bz2
     $ tar -xvf wine-1.7.21.tar.bz2 -C /tmp/
 
-现在，是时候以普通用户身份编译并搭建Wine的安装程序了。(**注意**: 根据机器性能和网络速度的不同，安装过程需要 **15-20** 分钟，安装过程中会要求输入 **root** 密码。)
-
+现在，要以普通用户身份编译并搭建Wine的安装程序。(**注意**: 根据机器性能和网络速度的不同，安装过程需要 **15-20** 分钟，安装过程中会要求输入 **root** 密码。)
 
 **32位系统上**
 
@@ -61,15 +43,13 @@ Wine的团队, 坚持每周更新开发者版本并带来了许多新特性和
     $ sudo apt-get update
     $ sudo apt-get install wine 1.7 winetricks
 
-**注意**: 写这篇文章的时候版本是 **1.7.20** 新版本还没上传到仓库,但当新版本可用时上面的命令将安装 **1.7.21** 。
-
 一旦装完了，你可以以如下方式运行基于Windows的软件和游戏。
 
     $ wine notepad
     $ wine notepad.exe 
     $ wine c:\\windows\\notepad.exe
 
-**注意**: 请记住，这是个开发者版本，不要用在生产环境。 建议此版本只用在测试用途
+**注意**: 请记住，如果是开发版本不要用在生产环境。 建议只用在测试用途
 
 如果你想安装最近的稳定版Wine, 请看下面的文章, 在文章里介绍了在几乎所以Linux系统中安装Wine的方法
 
@@ -80,21 +60,11 @@ Wine的团队, 坚持每周更新开发者版本并带来了许多新特性和
 
 - [WineHQ Homepage][4]
 
-----------
-
-![](http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/7badddbc53297b2e8ed7011cf45df0c0?s=80&d=blank&r=G)
-
-#### Ravi Saive ####
-
-Owner at [TecMint.com][5]
-
-Simple Word a Computer Geek and Linux Guru who loves to share tricks and tips on Internet. Most Of My Servers runs on Open Source Platform called Linux.
-
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 via: http://www.tecmint.com/install-wine-in-linux/
 
-译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[2q1w2007](https://github.com/2q1w2007) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/201408/20140709 How to set up two-factor authentication for SSH login on Linux.md

@@ -1,37 +1,111 @@
 如何为Linux系统中的SSH添加双重认证
 ================================================================================
 近来很多知名企业都出现了密码泄露，业内对多重认证的呼声也越来越高。在这种多重认证的系统中，用户需要通过两种不同的认证程序：提供他们知道的信息（如 用户名/密码），再借助其他工具提供用户所不知道的信息（如 用手机生成的一次性密码）。这种组合方式常叫做双因子认证或者两阶段验证。
+
 为了鼓励广泛采用双因子认证的方式，Google公司发布了[Google Authenticator][1]，一款开源的，可基于开放规则（如 HMAP/基于时间）生成一次性密码的软件。这是一款跨平台软件，可运行在Linux, [Android][2], [iOS][3]。Google公司同时也支持插件式鉴别模块PAM(pluggable authentication module)，使其能和其他也适用PAM进行验证的工具（如OpenSSH）协同工作。
-在本教程中，我们将叙述集成OpenSSH和Google提供的认证器实现**如何为SSH服务设置双因子认证**。我将使用一款[Android][4]设备来生成一次性密码，本教程中需要两样兵器：(1)一台运行着OpenSSH服务的Linux终端，(2)一台安卓设备。
+
+在本教程中，我们将叙述集成OpenSSH和Google提供的认证器实现**如何为SSH服务设置双因子认证**。我将使用一款[Android][4]设备来生成一次性密码，本教程中需要两样武器：(1)一台运行着OpenSSH服务的Linux终端，(2)一台安卓设备。
+
 ### 在Linux系统中安装Google Authenticator ###
 
-第一步需要在运行着OpenSSH服务的Linux主机上安装Google认证器。按照[安装指南] [5]的步骤安装Google认证器及其PAM模块。
+第一步需要在运行着OpenSSH服务的Linux主机上安装Google认证器。按照如下步骤安装Google认证器及其PAM模块。
+
+#### 用安装包安装 Google Authenticator ####
+
+如果你不想自己构建  Google Authenticator，在几个 Linux 发行版上有已经编译好的安装包。安装包里面包含 Google Authenticator 二进制程序和 PAM 模块。
+
+在 Ubuntu 上安装  Google Authenticator：
+
+	$ sudo apt-get install libpam-google-authenticator
+
+在 Fedora 上安装 Google Authenticator：
+
+	$ sudo yum install google-authenticator
+
+在 CentOS 上安装 Google Authenticator ，需要首先启用 EPEL 软件库，然后运行如下命令：
+
+	$ sudo yum install google-authenticator
+
+如果不想使用已经编译好的安装包，或者你的 Linux 发行版不在此列，可以自行编译：
+
+#### 在 Linux 上 Google Authenticator ####
+
+首先，安装构建 Google Authenticator 所需的软件包。
+
+在 Debian、 Ubuntu 或 Linux Mint 上：
+
+	$ sudo apt-get install wget make gcc libpam0g-dev
+
+在 CentOS、 Fedora 或 RHEL上：
+
+	$ sudo yum install wget make gcc pam-devel
+
+然后下载 Google Authenticator 的源代码，并按如下命令编译。
+
+	$ wget https://google-authenticator.googlecode.com/files/libpam-google-authenticator-1.0-source.tar.bz2
+	$ tar xvfvj libpam-google-authenticator-1.0-source.tar.bz2
+	$ cd libpam-google-authenticator-1.0
+	$ make
+
+如果构建成功，你会在目录中看到 pam_google_authenticator.so 和 google-authenticator 两个文件。
+
+最后，将  Google Authenticator 安装到合适位置
+
+	$ sudo make install
+
+
+#### 排错 ####
+
+当编译  Google Authenticator 时出现如下错误：
+
+	fatal error: security/pam_appl.h: No such file or directory
+
+要修复这个问题，请安装如下依赖包。
+
+在 Debian、 Ubuntu 或 Linux Mint 上：
+
+	$ sudo apt-get install libpam0g-dev
+
+在 CentOS、 Fedora 或 RHEL 上：
+
+	$ sudo yum install pam-devel
+
+
 当Google认证器安装好后，你需要在Linux主机上创建验证密钥，并且在安卓设备上注册，注意这项配置操作是一次性的。我们将详细叙述如何完成这些操作：
+
 ### 生成验证密钥 ###
 
 在Linux主机上运行Google认证器
+
     $ google-authenticator 
 
-你将看到一个QR码，它使用图形保存了我们数字形态的密钥。一会我们要用到它在安卓设备上完成配置。
+你将看到一个QR码，它使用如下图形表示我们数字形态的密钥。一会我们要用到它在安卓设备上完成配置。
+
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3843/14573264401_d3f5a2f247_z.jpg)
 ![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3848/14390010599_18dfc23d76_z.jpg)
 
-Google认证器会问一些问题，如果你不确定，就回答"Yes"。这个应急备用验证码(图中 emergency scratch codes）可以在你丢失被绑定的安卓设备的情况下恢复访问，并且设备也不再生成一次性密码。所以最好将应急备用验证码妥善保存。
+Google认证器会问一些问题，如果你不确定，就回答"Yes"。这个应急备用验证码(图中 emergency scratch codes）可以在你由于丢失了绑定的安卓设备的情况下（所以不能得到生成的一次性密码）恢复访问。最好将应急备用验证码妥善保存。
+
 ### 在安卓设备上运行Google认证器 ###
 
 我们需要在安卓设备上安装[Google Authenticator app][6]才能完成双因子认证，到Google Play下载并安装一个。在安卓设备上运行Google认证器，找到下图所示中的配置菜单。
+
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5574/14554094476_bfc070d242_z.jpg)
 
 你可以选择"Scan a barcode" 或者"Enter provided key"选项。"Scan a barcode"允许你扫描QR码来完成密钥的输入，在此可能需要先安装扫描软件[Barcode Scanner app][7]。如果选择"Enter provided key"选项，你可以使用键盘输入验证密钥，如下图所示：
+
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5535/14596723603_d510dbe48d_z.jpg)
 
 无论采用上述两种选项的任何方式，一旦成功，你将看到注册成功提示和一次性密码，如下图所示：
+
 ![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5586/14390009579_5ba109bf5b_z.jpg)
 
 ### 为SSH服务器用Google认证器 ###
 
 最终我们需要修改两个文件来完成集成Google认证器和OpenSSH服务这临门一脚。
+
 首先，修改PAM配置文件，命令和需添加的内容如下：
+
     $ sudo vi /etc/pam.d/sshd 
 
 ----------
@@ -39,6 +113,7 @@ Google认证器会问一些问题，如果你不确定，就回答"Yes"。这个
     auth required pam_google_authenticator.so
 
 然后打开SSH配置文件，找到参数ChallengeResponseAuthentication，并启用它。
+
     $ sudo vi /etc/ssh/sshd_config 
 
 ----------
@@ -47,35 +122,40 @@ ChallengeResponseAuthentication yes
 
 
 最后，重启SSH服务。
-在 Ubuntu, Debian, Linux Mint:
+
+在 Ubuntu、 Debian 和 Linux Mint 上：
 
     $ sudo service ssh restart 
 
-在Fedora:
+在Fedora （或 CentOS/RHEL 7）上：
 
     $ sudo systemctl restart sshd 
 
-在CentOS 或 RHEL:
+在CentOS 6.x或 RHEL 6.x上：
 
     $ sudo service sshd restart 
 
 ### 验证双因子认证 ###
 
 在绑定的安卓设备上运行Google认证器，获得一个一次性验证码，该验证码30秒内有效，一旦过期，将重新生成一个新的验证码。
+
 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2937/14389989618_d9355dcbb2_z.jpg)
 
 现在和往常一样，使用SSH登录终端
+
     $ ssh user@ssh_server 
 
 当提示你输入验证码的时候，输入我们刚获得的验证码。验证成功后，再输入SSH的登录密码。
+
 ![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2938/14389952480_93351f12a4_z.jpg)
 
 双因子认证通过在用户密码前新增一层来有效的保护我们脆弱的用户密码。你可以使用Google认证器来保护我们其他的密码，如Google账户, WordPress.com, Dropbox.com, Outlook.com等等。是否使用这项技术，取决于我们自己，但采用双因子认证已经是行业的大趋势了。
+
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/two-factor-authentication-ssh-login-linux.html
 
-译者：[nd0104](https://github.com/nd0104) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[nd0104](https://github.com/nd0104) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/201408/20140711 How to simulate key press and mouse movement in Linux.md

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 在Linux中模拟击键和鼠标移动
 ================================================================================
+<pre><code>
 你是否曾经拥有一个梦
-    ——你的计算机
+    ——你的计算机`
          可以自动为你干活？
 或许，并非因为
     你刚看了终结者。
@@ -27,9 +28,10 @@
     xdotool可以通过读取文本文件
        模拟击键的旋律
            以及鼠标的曼舞
-
+</code></pre>
             
 ### 让Xdotool在Linux定居 ###
+
 对于Ubuntu，Debian或者Linux Mint，你能够只做：
 
     $ sudo apt-get install xdotool 
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@
 
     $ xdotool type '' 
 
-这些对于基本的击键而言已经足够了。但是，xdotool的众多长处之一，就是它可以获取特定窗口的焦点。它可以获取右边的窗口，然后在里面输入，同时阻止所有你记录的按键，让那些动作随风而逝吧。要获得该功能，一个简单的命令可以搞定：
+这些对于基本的击键而言已经足够了。但是，xdotool的众多长处之一，就是它可以获取特定窗口的焦点。它可以获取右边的窗口，然后在里面输入，所有你记录下的按键都不会人间蒸发，而是老老实实的如你所愿的出现在那里。要获得该功能，一个简单的命令可以搞定：
 
     $ xdotool search --name [name of the window] key [keys to press]
 
@@ -80,7 +82,7 @@
 
 这会让鼠标移动到（x，y），然后点击鼠标左键。“1”代表鼠标左键，“2”则是滚轮，“3”则是右键。
 
-最后，一旦你这些命令根植于你脑海，你也许想要实际转储于文件来编辑并试着玩玩。鉴于此，就会有超过一个语句以上的内容了。你可以写的就是一个bash脚本了：
+最后，一旦你这些命令根植于你脑海，你也许想要实际转储于文件来编辑并试着玩玩。鉴于此，就会有超过一个语句以上的内容了。你需要的就是写一个bash脚本了：
 
     #!/bin/bash
     
@@ -96,7 +98,7 @@
 
 ### 意外收获 ###
 
-作为本文的一个意外收获，这里是xdotool的一个具体实例。你可能听说过，也可能没听说过Bing，微软的搜索引擎。在后面的实例中，你从没听过Bing奖励吧：一个程序，可以让你用Bing积分兑取亚马逊的礼物卡和其它的一些礼物卡。要赚取这些积分，你可以每天在Bing上搜索累计达30次，每次搜索你都会获得0.5个积分。换句话说，你必须把Bing设为默认搜索引擎，并每天使用它。
+作为本文的一个意外收获，这里是xdotool的一个具体实例。你可能听说过，也可能没听说过Bing —— 微软的搜索引擎。在后面的实例中，你会看到你可能从没听过Bing奖励：一个程序，可以让你用Bing积分兑取亚马逊的礼物卡和其它的一些礼物卡。要赚取这些积分，你可以每天在Bing上搜索累计达30次，每次搜索你都会获得0.5个积分。换句话说，你必须把Bing设为默认搜索引擎，并每天使用它。
 
 或者，你可以使用xdotool脚本，在这个脚本中，会自动聚焦到Firefox（你可以用你喜欢的浏览器来取代它），并使用fortune命令生成一些随机单词来实施搜索。大约30秒之内，你的日常搜索任务就完成了。
 
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@
     done
 
 
-下面来个小结吧：我真的很喜欢xdotool，即便它完整功能超越了本文涵盖的范围。这对于脚本和任务自动化而言，确实是种平易的方式。负面的问题是，它可能不是最有效率的一个。但我要再说一遍，它忠于职守了，而且学习起来也不是那么麻烦。
+下面来个小结吧：我真的很喜欢xdotool，即便它的完整功能超越了本文涵盖的范围。这对于脚本和任务自动化而言，确实是种平易的方式。负面的问题是，它可能不是最有效率的一个。但我要再说一遍，它忠于职守了，而且学习起来也不是那么麻烦。
 
 你对xdotool怎么看呢？你是否更喜欢另外一个自动化工具，而不是它呢？为什么呢？请在评论中告诉我们吧。
 
@@ -123,7 +125,7 @@
 
 via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/07/simulate-key-press-mouse-movement-linux.html
 
-译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux) 校对：[ wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/201408/20140811 StuntRally 2.4 Is the Most Advanced Free Racing Game on Linux.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+Linux上最先进的免费赛车游戏：StuntRally 2.4
+================================================================================
+![StuntRally](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/StuntRally-2-4-Is-the-Most-Advance-Free-Racing-Game-on-Linux-454345-2.jpg)
+StuntRally
+
+**StuntRally，免费的赛车游戏，拥有超过150个赛道和大量的车型，刚刚发布2.4版本，并带来大量的更新和新功能。**
+
+这个游戏使用了多项技术， 例如 Vdrift、物理引擎 bullet、面向对象图形渲染引擎 OGRE、 网格的渲染优化 PagedGeometry 和 MyGUI 等等，不一一列举，开发者将其全部整合在一起构造了一个非常复杂和有趣的赛车游戏.
+
+玩家可以在147个赛道和26个不同的场景中游戏，总计有四个小时的车程时间。在如此多的选择下，你要知道，而StuntRally是完全免费的！
+
+其他功能包括在幽灵驾驶（可以跟踪你的车子在赛道上的最佳瞬间），赛道幽灵（赛道上的最佳驾驶，一个绿幽灵赛车，可以出现在所有轨道），回放（记录你的驾驶过程，并可以从其它的摄像头角度查看），许多的教程，几个总冠军杯赛，一些挑战赛，分屏赛车，和多人游戏。
+
+最重要的是，开发商还提供了一个轨道编辑器，允许用户实时编辑道路节点及其参数，改变所有的赛道参数，调整地形生成器，甚至修改驾驶中的汽车的属性。
+
+根据更新日志，添加了6个新的地图，删除了12个旧关卡，更新了一些赛道，增加了两个名为Crystals 和 GreeceWhite的场景，实现了太空飞船式气垫船，一半的赛道添加了新的天空纹理贴图，一些赛道上的静态景物现在可以用了，汽车属性页有了状态条、速度图，并添加了一个短列表视图。
+
+同时，字体现在他们已重新调整得更大了，增加了包括胜利、失败、过圈最佳时间和故障检测排除等声音，已修复了多人游戏中用户昵称出现两次的问题，在一些赛道实现了地形、浓雾、水体的影响，关卡编辑器已经做了一些改进，汽车转向控制进行了改进，修复了游戏中的汽车表面调整窗口。
+
+关于StuntRally更多最新消息可以参考 [通告][1]。
+
+下载 StuntRally 2.4:
+
+- [Stunt Rally 2.4 tar.xz][2][binary] [735 MB]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/StuntRally-2-4-Is-the-Most-Advance-Free-Racing-Game-on-Linux-454345.shtml
+
+作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
+译者：[fbigun](https://github.com/fbigun)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
+[1]:https://code.google.com/p/vdrift-ogre/wiki/VersionHistory
+[2]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/stuntrally/files/2.4/StuntRally-2.4-linux64.tar.xz/download

published/20140801 How To Install Java On Ubuntu 14.04.md

@@ -3,17 +3,17 @@
 
 ![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Install_Java_Ubuntu_Linux_Mint.jpeg)
 
-想知道**如何在Ubuntu 14.04中安装Java**？安装Java肯定是[安装Ubuntu 14.04后首先要做的几件事情之一](1)，而且这也很简单
+想知道**如何在Ubuntu 14.04中安装Java**？安装Java肯定是[安装Ubuntu 14.04后首先要做的几件事情之一](1)，而且这也很简单。
 
-许多人比较厌恶Java，但是很有可能因为某些原因，你需要安装Java，尽管你很讨厌它。在这篇文章中，我们将展示如何在Ubuntu 14.04安装Java（也可能在Linux Mint 17同样适用）
+许多人比较厌恶Java，但是很有可能因为某些原因你需要安装Java，尽管你很讨厌它。在这篇文章中，我们将展示如何在Ubuntu 14.04安装Java（也可能在Linux Mint 17同样适用）。
 
 ### JRE vs OpenJDK vs Oracle JDK ###
 
-在我们继续了解如何安装Java之前，让我们快速地了解JRE,OpenJDK和Oracle JDK之间的不同之处
+在我们继续了解如何安装Java之前，让我们快速地了解JRE、OpenJDK和Oracle JDK之间的不同之处。
 
-- JRE（Java Runtime Environment），它是你运行一个基于Java语言应用程序的所正常需要的环境。如果你不是一个程序员的话，这些足够你的需要
-- JDK代表Java开发工具包，如果你想做一些有关Java的开发（阅读程序），这正是你所需要的
-- OpenJDK是Java开发工具包的开源实现，Oracle JDK是Java开发工具包的官方Oracle版本。尽管OpenJDK已经足够满足大多数的案例，但是许多程序比如[Android Studio](2)建议使用Oracle JDK，以避免UI/性能问题
+- JRE（Java Runtime Environment），它是你运行一个基于Java语言应用程序的所正常需要的环境。如果你不是一个程序员的话，这些足够你的需要。
+- JDK代表Java开发工具包，如果你想做一些有关Java的开发（阅读程序），这正是你所需要的。
+- OpenJDK是Java开发工具包的开源实现，Oracle JDK是Java开发工具包的官方Oracle版本。尽管OpenJDK已经足够满足大多数的案例，但是许多程序比如[Android Studio](2)建议使用Oracle JDK，以避免UI/性能问题。
 
 ### 检查Java是否已经安装在Ubuntu上 ###
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@
 
 ### 在Ubuntu和Linux Mint上安装Java ###
 
-看了各种类型‘Java’的不同之后，让我们看如何安装他们
+看了各种类型‘Java’的不同之后，让我们看如何安装他们。
 
 #### 在Ubuntu和Linux Mint上安装JRE ####
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 
 	sudo apt-get install default-jdk
 
-特殊地，如果你想要安装Java 7或者Java 6等等，你可以使用openjdk-7-jdk/openjdk-6jdk，但是记住在此之前安装openjdk-7-jre/openjdk-6-jre
+特殊地，如果你想要安装Java 7或者Java 6等等，你可以使用openjdk-7-jdk/openjdk-6jdk，但是记住在此之前安装openjdk-7-jre/openjdk-6-jre。
 
 #### 在Ubuntu和Linux Mint上安装Oracle JDK ####
 
@@ -58,17 +58,17 @@
 	sudo apt-get install oracle-java8-installer
 	sudo apt-get install oracle-java8-set-default
 
-如果你想安装Java 7(i.e Java 1.7)，在上面的命令中用java7代替java8
+如果你想安装Java 7(i.e Java 1.7)，在上面的命令中用java7代替java8。
 
-我希望这篇文章能够帮助你学会在Ubuntu,Linux Mint和其它基于Ubuntu的Linux发行版本上安装Java，我们欢迎所有问题或者建议
+我希望这篇文章能够帮助你学会在Ubuntu,Linux Mint和其它基于Ubuntu的Linux发行版本上安装Java，我们欢迎所有问题或者建议。
 
 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-via:
+via: http://itsfoss.com/install-java-ubuntu-1404/
 
 作者：[Abhishek][a]
 译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
  
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
  

published/20140801 How to Create an Ubuntu Kiosk Computer.md

@@ -1,29 +1,30 @@
-如何创建Ubuntu信息端计算机
+如何创建Ubuntu 信息亭（kiosk）
 ================================================================================
 
-**Linux发行版可以作为全功能打包，也可以按需分解，驱动了从市内标示牌到市议会桌面系统在内的所有设备。**
+**Linux发行版可以作为全功能打包，也可以按需分解，它驱动了从市内标示牌到市议会桌面系统在内的所有设备。**
 
 正是这种多样化，几乎可塑的质量，让Linux发行版，包括Ubuntu在内，在众多不同领域如此成功。
-### 信息端和单功能计算机 ###
 
-Ubuntu更为流行的使用之一，是在**信息端类计算机**中。这些设备趋向于运行功能剥离的，或者功能有限的OS版本，只允许**一个单一应用运行**。
+### 信息亭和单功能计算机 ###
 
-信息端计算机可以设置提供短暂的或者被动的访问，对于网吧或者对于任何要求只有特定功能——如网页浏览器——可以让用户访问的机器十分理想。
+Ubuntu更为流行的使用之一，是在**信息亭（kiosk）类计算机**中。这些设备趋向于运行功能剥离的，或者功能有限的OS版本，只允许**一个单一应用运行**。
+
+信息亭计算机可以设置提供短时的或者被动的访问，适用于网吧或只能让用户访问特定功能时（如网页浏览器）。
 
 ### 构建Ubuntu信息端 ###
 
-但你会怎样来创建这样一台计算机？好吧，保存你的Google。Linux开发者Oli Warner最近发布了两篇文章，介绍了使用Ubuntu 14.04和Google Chrome来创建单一功能的设备。
+但你会怎样来创建这样一台计算机？好吧，不用去Google了。Linux开发者Oli Warner最近发布了两篇文章，介绍了使用Ubuntu 14.04和Google Chrome来创建单一功能的设备。
 
 他的第一篇指南从零开始，使用Ubuntu Server和少量的软件包来创建一个轻量级的X和Openbox的组合，开机启动Chrome。该安装需要最多2GB的磁盘空间和仅仅512MB的内存来运行。
 
-- [从零开始构建信息端计算机][1]
+- [从零开始构建信息亭计算机][1]
 
 第二篇教程反其道而行，一步一步介绍了将一个现存的Ubuntu桌面安装转变为一个更轻巧的单一功能的变形版本。
 
-- [将Ubuntu转换成信息端计算机][2]
+- [将Ubuntu转换成信息亭计算机][2]
 
-Neither guide is for the faint-hearted, but are simple enough for most intermediate-level users to follow. Follow the guides to get a functional setup, but don’t be afraid to strip out further packages and processes or double down on security, especially if intending to use an instance in a public space.
-两个指南都不是给那些胆小的新手的，而对于大多数中级水平的用户而言却是简单易行的。跟着指南来获得一次实用的安装体验，不要畏首畏尾，大胆去剥离一些深层次的包和进程，或者加固安全吧，特别是如果想要在公共空间中使用一个实例。
+
+两个指南都不是给那些胆小的新手的，而对于大多数中级水平的用户而言却是简单易行的。跟着指南来获得一次实用的安装体验，不要畏首畏尾，大胆去剥离一些深层次的包和进程，或者加固安全吧，特别是如果想要在公共环境中使用时。
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@ via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/create-ubuntu-kiosk
 
 作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
 译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/20140804 Cheat--An Ultimate Command Line 'Cheat-Sheet' for Linux Beginners and Administrators.md

@@ -1,32 +1,32 @@
-Cheat - 一个给Linux初学者和管理员的终极命令行‘备忘单’
+Cheat—— 给Linux初学者和管理员一个终极命令行‘备忘单’
 ==============================================================================================
-当你不确定你所运行的命令，尤其是那些使用了许多选项的复杂命令的时候，你怎么做？在这种情况下，我们使用man pages来获取帮助。还有一些其它的选择可能包括像‘**help**’，‘**whereis**’和‘**whatis**’这样的命令。但是所有的这些既有优点，也有缺点
-
-当我们浏览**man pages**来查看选项和帮助的时候，man pages里面的描述实在太冗长了，我们无法在很短的时间里理解它的意思
+当你不确定你所运行的命令，尤其是那些使用了许多选项的复杂命令时，你会怎么做？在这种情况下，我们使用man pages来获取帮助。还有一些其它的选择可能包括像‘**help**’，‘**whereis**’和‘**whatis**’这样的命令。但是所有的这些既有优点，也有缺点。
+ 
+当我们浏览**man pages**来查看选项和帮助的时候，里面的描述实在太冗长了，我们无法在短的时间里理解它的意思。
 
 ![Linux Man Pages](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Linux-Man-Pages.jpeg)
 Linux Man Pages
 
-同样，‘**help**’命令可能不会给你想要的答案
+同样，‘**help**’命令可能也不会给你期待的答案。
 
 ![Help Command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/help-command.jpeg)
 Help Command
 
-‘**whereis**’命令几乎不给你任何信息，除了安装的二进制文件的位置（有些时候可能非常重要）
+‘**whereis**’命令几乎不给你任何信息，除了安装二进制文件的位置（有些时候可能是重要的）
 
 ![Whereis Command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/whereis-command.jpeg)
 Whereis Command
 
-‘**whatis**’命令给出一套很严格的答案---仅仅说出了所查询命令的作用，但，它并没有什么太大帮助。而且， 它从来不提及所查询命令所拥有的选项
+‘**whatis**’命令给出一套很严格的答案，它除了说出所查询命令的作用，并没有什么太大帮助。而且，它从来不说明可用的选项。
 
 ![Whatis Command](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/whatis-command.jpeg)
 Whatis Command
 
-我们使用这些选项直到在困境中解决问题，但是现在来了一个交互式的备忘录应用程序‘**cheat**’，它将带领其余的命令查询命令
+直到在困难中解决问题前，我们已经使用了以上全部选项，但是现在来了一个交互式的备忘录应用程序‘**cheat**’，它将在其余的命令中脱颖而出。
 
 ### 什么是cheat? ###
 
-**cheat**是在GNU通用公共许可证下，为Linux命令行使用者发行的交互式备忘单应用程序。它提供显示Linux命令使用案例，包括该命令所有的选项和简短但尚可理解的功能介绍
+**cheat**是在GNU通用公共许可证下，为Linux命令行用户发行的交互式备忘单应用程序。它提供显示Linux命令使用案例，包括该命令所有的选项和简短但尚可理解的功能。
 
 ![Cheat: Provides Easy Command Options](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/cheat-sheet.jpeg)
 
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ Cheat：提供简单命令选项
 
 ### 在Linux系统中安装‘Cheat’ ###
 
-‘**Cheat**’有两个主要的依赖 - ‘**python**’ 和 ‘**pip**’，在安装‘**cheat**’之前，确保你的系统安装了python和pip
+‘**Cheat**’有两个主要的依赖——‘**python**’ 和 ‘**pip**’，在安装‘**cheat**’之前，确保你的系统安装了python和pip。
 
 ### Install Python ###
 
@@ -46,29 +46,29 @@ Install Pip
 	# apt-get install python-pip (基于Debian的系统)
 	# yum install python-pip (基于小红帽的系统)
 
-**Note**：pip是一个简单的安装替代，是一个有极大改进的Python第三方包安装器
+**Note**：pip是一个简单的安装替代，是一个有极大改进的Python第三方包安装器。
 
 ### 下载并安装Cheat ###
 
-我们将通过Git下载‘Cheat’，确保你安装了‘git’包，如果没有最好安装下
+我们将通过Git下载‘Cheat’，确保你安装了‘git’包，如果没有最好安装一下。
 
 	# apt-get install git (基于Debian的系统)
 	# yum install git (基于小红帽的系统)
 
-接下来，通过运行下面的命令来安装所需要的python依赖包
+接下来，通过运行下面的命令来安装所需要的python依赖包。
 
 	# pip install docopt pygments
 
-现在，clone cheat的[Git repository][1]
+现在，复制cheat的[Git库][1]
 
 	# git clone https://github.com/chrisallenlane/cheat.git
 
-进入cheat目录，运行‘**setup.py**’（一个python脚本）
+进入cheat目录，运行‘**setup.py**’（一个python脚本）。
 
 	# cd cheat
 	# python setup.py install
 
-如果安装很顺利，你就能够看到安装在系统上的cheat版本了
+如果安装很顺利，你就能够看到安装在系统上的cheat版本了。
 
 	# cheat -v
 	cheat 2.0.9
@@ -79,9 +79,9 @@ Install Pip
 
 	export EDITOR = /usr/bin/nano
 
-你可以使用你喜欢的编辑器来替代‘**nano**’。保存文件然后退出，再次登录以确保修改生效
+你可以使用你喜欢的编辑器来替代‘**nano**’。保存文件然后退出，再次登录以确保修改生效。
 
-接下来，添加cheat的自动补全特性，来确保不同解释器下命令行的自动补全。为了到达该功能要求，简单地将‘**cheat.bash**’脚本clone下来，然后复制到你系统正确的路径下
+接下来，添加cheat的自动补全特性，来确保不同解释器下命令行的自动补全。为了到达该功能要求，简单地将‘**cheat.bash**’脚本clone下来，然后复制到你系统正确的路径下。
 
 	# wget https://github.com/chrisallenlane/cheat/raw/master/cheat/autocompletion/cheat.bash 
 	# mv cheat.bash /etc/bash_completion.d/
@@ -90,15 +90,15 @@ Install Pip
 
 - [Auto Completion Script for Various Shells][2]
 
-不仅如此，如果需要的话，你也可以使用语法高亮。要想达到次功能，在你的‘**.bashrc**’文件中添加‘**CHEATCOLORS**’环境变量
+不仅如此，如果需要的话，你也可以使用语法高亮。要想做到这一点，在你的‘**.bashrc**’文件中添加‘**CHEATCOLORS**’环境变量。
 
 	export CHEATCOLOR=true
 
-Cheat应用默认只提供最基本和最常用的命令。cheat备忘单的内容保存在**~/.cheat/.**目录里，我们可以手动在这个目录添加备忘单里面的内容，这样，我们的cheat应用将更强大
+Cheat应用默认只提供最基本和最常用的命令。cheat备忘单的内容保存在**~/.cheat/.**目录里，我们可以手动在这个目录添加备忘单里面的内容，这样，我们的cheat应用将更强大。
 
 	# cheat -xyz
 
-这将打开xyz备忘单，如果没有的话就会创建一个。备忘单将使用**.bashrc**里设置的默认**编辑器**打开，默认编辑器就是上面内容所提及到的
+这将打开xyz备忘单，如果没有的话就会创建一个。备忘单将使用**.bashrc**里设置的默认**编辑器**打开，默认编辑器就是在上面**.bashrc**所设置的。
 
 ### 一些Cheat命令的使用 ###
 
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ Cheat应用默认只提供最基本和最常用的命令。cheat备忘单的内
 ![tar command options](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/cheat-tar.jpeg)
 tar命令选项
 
-除非在不同的地方咨询和核对后，我才使用**dd**命令，在此之前，无论我对这个命令多么的确定，我从不使用它。现在，事情就变得简单多了
+除非在不同的地方咨询和核对后，我才使用**dd**命令，在此之前，无论我对这个命令多么的肯定，我从不使用它。现在，事情就变得简单多了。
 
 ![dd command options](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/cheat-dd.jpeg)
 dd命令选项
@@ -122,42 +122,42 @@ uname命令选择
 ![ifconfig command options](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/ifconfig-command.jpeg)
 ifconfig命令选项
 
-‘top‘命令，一个对管理员和正常用户来说，最重要的命令之一
+‘top’命令，对管理员和普通用户来说，是最重要的命令之一。
 
 ![top command options](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/top-command.jpeg)
 top命令选项
 
-我们来骗骗cheat命令，如何（尽管别有意义）？得到可用命令的的列表，其实就是安装在你系统里的cheat备忘录
+我们来骗骗cheat命令，如何（尽管别有意义）？得到一个可用命令的列表，其实就是安装在你系统里的cheat备忘录。
 
 ![List All Linux Commands](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/linux-commands.jpeg)
 列出所有Linux命令
 
-使用关键字搜索备忘单
+使用关键字搜索备忘单。
 
 ![Search Cheat Sheet](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/search-cheat-sheet.jpeg)
 搜索备忘单
 
-来看看包含所有命令的内置备忘单
+来看看包含所有命令的内置备忘单。
 
 	$ cheat -d
 
 	/home/avi/.cheat
 	/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/cheat/cheatsheets
 
-复制内置的备忘单到你的本地目录
+复制内置的备忘单到你的本地目录。
 
 	# cp /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/cheat/cheatsheets/* /home/avi/.cheat/
 
 ### 结论 ###
 
-这个有趣的工程在许多情况下担任救世主的角色，它给予你需要的信息，信息不冗余，不模糊，相反地，却击中要点。这是每个人都会需要的工具，很简单就能创建，安装，使用和理解，这个项目前途无量
+这个超棒的工具在许多情况下担任“救世主”的角色，它给予你需要的信息，信息不冗余，不模糊，相反地，却击中要点。这是每个人都会需要的工具，很简单就能创建、安装，使用和理解，这个工具前途无量。
 
-这个Git仓库已经添加了一个精彩的**gag**，这里我不打算去解释它，而留给你去解释
+这个Git仓库已经添加了一个精彩的**gag**，这里我不打算去解释它，而留给各位来解释。
 
 ![Linux Gag](http://www.tecmint.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/linux-gag.jpeg)
 Linux Gag
 
-好了，文章就要结束了，我会带着下一个你们爱读的有趣文章回到这里的，在此之前，时刻关注Tecmint。别忘了在下面的评论部分给我们提供你们有价值的反馈
+好了，文章就要结束了，我会带着下一篇你们喜欢的有趣文章回到这里的，在此之前，要时刻关注我们。别忘了在下面的评论部分给我们留下您宝贵的反馈信息。
 
 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ via: http://www.tecmint.com/cheat-command-line-cheat-sheet-for-linux-users/
  
 作者：[Avishek Kumar][a]
 译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan) 
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 

published/20140811 Disable or Password Protect Single User Mode or RHEL ro CentOS ro 5.x ro 6.x.md

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+在RHEL / CentOS / 5.x / 6.x上用密码保护单用户模式
+================================================================================
+大家好，如果您还没有使用密码保护单用户模式，这对你的Linux服务器会是一个很大的风险，所以在涉及到安全性时，使用密码保护单用户模式是非常重要的。
+
+今天这篇文章我会向你展示如何在RHEL / CentOS 5.x 和 RHEL / CentOS 6.x上使用密码保护你的单用户模式。
+
+请仔细地执行所给出的命令，不然你的系统将会无法正常启动。首先，我会请你先完整地读完，然后在尝试。请自己承担相应的后果:-) 
+
+![Password Protect](http://www.tejasbarot.com/wp-content/uploads//password-300x140.jpg)
+
+<small>Password Protect</small>
+
+### 1. 对于 RHEL / CentOS 5.x ###
+
+#### 1.1 开始之前请先备份你的 /etc/inittab ####
+
+    cp /etc/inittab /etc/inittab.backup
+
+**要使单用户模式受到密码保护，用root执行下面的命令 :-**
+
+    [root@tejas-barot-linux ~]# sed -i '1i  su:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin' /etc/inittab
+
+**这样你会看到像下面这样的**
+
+    su:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin
+    # Default runlevel. The runlevels used by RHS are:
+    # 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
+    # 1 - Single user mode
+    # 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking)
+    # 3 - Full multiuser mode
+    # 4 - unused
+    # 5 - X11
+    # 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this)
+    #
+    id:3:initdefault:
+
+*NOTE: 如果你不想使用sed命令你可以在/etc/inittab 顶部加入 “su:S:wait:/sbin/sulogin”*
+
+### 2. 对于 RHEL / CentOS 6.x ###
+
+#### 2.1 开始之前请先备份你的 /etc/inittab####
+
+    cp /etc/sysconfig/init /etc/sysconfig/init.backup
+
+#### 2.2 要使单用户模式受到密码保护，用root执行下面的命令 :- ####
+
+    [root@tejas-barot-linux ~]# sed -i 's/SINGLE=\/sbin\/sushell/SINGLE=\/sbin\/sulogin/' /etc/sysconfig/init
+
+**这样你会看到像下面这样的**
+
+    SINGLE=/sbin/sulogin
+
+*注意 :- 如果你不想使用sed你可以在 /etc/sysconfig/init 中直接改成 “SINGLE=/sbin/sulogin”*
+
+享受Linux :) 享受开源
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.tejasbarot.com/2014/05/05/disable-password-protect-single-user-mode-rhel-centos-5-x-6-x/
+
+作者：[Tejas Barot][a]
+译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://plus.google.com/+TejasBarot

published/20140819 KDE Plasma 5--For those Linux users undecided on the kernel' s future.md

@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+KDE Plasma 5 —— 给尚未确定桌面环境的 Linux 用户指明道路
+================================================================================
+> 点评 ———— 新的KDE 5版本既满足了传统桌面环境的需求，也兼顾了多设备长期支持计划
+
+KDE 项目终于发布了备受瞩目的 KDE 桌面环境的最新主版本 ———— KDE Plasma 5。
+
+Plasma 5 站在了一场正在进行的未来 Linux 桌面环境的争夺战中间。
+
+一方面，有着 GNOME 和 Unity 这样的新生桌面代表。二者均通过某种重要方法打破了传统桌面模式的垄断，并且都不只是满足于桌面型计算机，而将其界面延伸到了备受期待的新型平板电脑（[也许不久后就会面世][1]）。
+
+另一方面，Linux 桌面环境，如 KDE、XFCE、LXDE、Mate 甚至 Cinnamon，都是桌面环境的另一种类型 ———— 自发布以来没有什么大的变化，继续向用户提供传统的桌面环境体验，但这并不能表明这些项目没有成长和进步。这些发行版全部持续更新，并且根据成熟桌面应有的模式进行了不断的调整。
+
+![Ubuntu 下的 Unity 桌面环境](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot-unity.png)
+
+Ubuntu 下的 Unity 桌面环境
+
+![GNOME 3 桌面环境](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot-gnome.png)
+
+GNOME 3 桌面环境
+
+GNOME 和 Unity 暂时在这场正在进行的争夺战中赢得了最大的优势。二者均新颖非凡，固执并极端。有的 Linux 用户对他们情有所钟，也有的 Linux 用户对他们恨之入骨。这使得在 Linux 世界里，没有哪条关于这两个桌面环境的评论或帖子是轻松活泼的。同时两大 Linux 阵营之间的差异不仅仅关乎于你未来桌面的样子，更决定了未来计算机会如何运作。
+
+GNOME 和 Unity 相信未来的计算机运作方式，是由多台设备同时运行着相同的软件互相合作而成的 ———— 因此这两个项目发行的新版桌面只朝着这个方向努力。这些新版桌面并不是真正意义上作为未来桌面打造的，而是同时囊括了现在意义上的桌面，以及会出现在未来设备上的桌面的混合桌面。而另一派 Linux 桌面环境似乎完全忽视了这些。
+
+与闭源操作系统的世界不同 ———— 那里所有变化都遗传了下来，与之仿效还是以之为戒？Linux 世界正在这两种对立的观点中徘徊着。
+
+对用户群体来说，这也许很令他们沮丧。试想你正在努力完成工作，但此时你必须完成一个会彻底改变你现有桌面环境的更新，陌生的工作方式使你不得不花费时间来学习。即便最好的情况是，当你曾经最喜爱的桌面环境更新得面目全非的时候，你选择迁移到了其他桌面去。但你长久以来的使用习惯以及那种熟悉的感觉，却再也无法找回了。
+
+幸运的是，有一个简单的方法去避免这种糟糕的情况并为你找到合适的桌面。简而言之：你想被桌面牵制，还是想控制桌面？
+
+如果你是第一派阵营的，并且乐于学习新的工作方式，那么 Unity 和 GNOME 3 将会是你最好的选择。如果你是后一派阵营的，XFCE、Cinnamon、Mate，还有许多其他的桌面环境，都将很好的满足你的需求。甚至如果你想尝试和 Unity 还有 GNOME 3 都不相同的新生桌面时，也有 Xmonad、Ratpoison 等其他非常小众的桌面环境供你选择。（说来惭愧，自从 Linus 说了“呃，嘿，这有个内核非常适合你的 GNU 操作系统”以来，Xmonad 可能是 Linux 里最好的东西了。）
+
+![KDE Plasma 5's new boot screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot01.png)
+
+KDE Plasma 5 的启动界面
+
+那么对于犹豫不决的 Linux 用户呢，让他们随便选一种吗？他们喜欢传统桌面环境的带来体验，但也不想因此放弃新生桌面的菜单、快捷方式还有任务栏，同时他们还担心着平板电脑等其他问题，想着是否会有某个桌面能在所有设备上工作。假如你正在这么想，那么我的朋友，你绝对有必要尝试下 KDE 的最新版 Plasma 5。
+
+KDE 正在尝试做其他 Linux 桌面都没有做过的事 ———— 向平板电脑及移动设备桌面前进的同时，继续向用户提供传统的、多功能的、高度定制化的桌面体验。
+
+### KDE Plasma 5 与“通用”世界 ###
+
+经历过 KDE 3.5 升级至 KDE 4 的用户似乎仍然避免任何有关 KDE 的重要更新，但对 KDE 粉丝而言，Plasma 5 还是带来了一些好消息。确实这是一个重要更新，没错，但这只是极少数情况下出现的例外（因此我得花费点时间来解释一下，因为你还不太了解）。
+
+事实证明，难以置信且艰难万分的 KDE 4 更新确实为一个更加美好的未来打下了坚实的基础 ———— 我们现在刚刚抵达这美好的未来。
+
+通过这次更新，KDE 核心今后出现变化的可能性大大减小。我们确实提及了正迈向平板电脑以及其他设备的一步，这令人难以置信，但不要害怕。KDE 似乎准备去做 GNOME 和 Unity 无法做到的事 ———— 在不改变传统桌面模式的前提下，移植到其他设备上去。换言之，这一版本极力避免了所有因某些新技术的出现而随意尝试所导致的混乱结果。
+
+（说点其他的：如果你没记住也没关系，但你认同 Canonical 继续通过 Unity 的更新来实现桌面通用这件事吗？早在 Canonical 让用户测试 GNOME 2 菜单中的阴影棕色以调配出最佳效果时，KDE 就开始决定实施桌面统一计划了）
+
+通过 KDE Frameworks 5、Qt5 还有其他一系列随同 Plasma 5 进行的更新，通用版本的 KDE 得以实现。KDE 将出现在任何需要它的地方。
+
+因此当所有因素出现时，KDE 项目及其开发者打造出了全新的界面 ———— KDE 称这种新框架为“通用等离子壳层”（converged Plasma shell），在 Plasma 5 中作为支撑桌面环境的框架基础 ———— Plasma 5 桌面截至目前，是唯一的界面。KDE 计划打造出其他的界面，但针对 Plasma 5 的[官方声明][2]中提到“一个平板中心及用户体验媒体中心正在开发中”。
+
+从这点来看，KDE 的通用版本和和 Ubuntu 所预想的并不相同；用户界面将基于设备和硬件进行改变。例如，当你在长椅上浏览网页的时候，你也许有台平板电脑正在管理着进行中的工作。然后你起身，走回办公室，连接无线键盘，平板电脑又变成了拥有键盘的友好操作界面。
+
+这种情况下有些潜在的问题，部分 Win 8 用户也许已经习以为常了。比方说，假如键盘正在进行输入，而你仍然想通过触屏进行交互，会发生些什么？试想你正在操纵鼠标，但你同时却想活动活动手指。
+
+我们提及这些并不是说 KDE 没有考虑过这些问题（希望他们已经考虑过了），而是指这个“通用”所有设备用户界面的想法将很难做到完美。并且 KDE 一直在做一件事 ———— 暗示用户这项计划的成功是遥遥无期的。
+
+假如 KDE 能运行在平板设备上，那么用户将获得可以订制任何细节部分的体验。简单来说，会有一种方法让你决定当系统检测到键盘时进行什么操作，而不是让系统自己决定。
+
+### Plasma 5 桌面 ###
+
+KDE Plasma 5 是由 KDE 4 演化来的，而不是任何一种意义上的界面革新。
+
+![KDE Plasma 5 的桌面。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot02.png)
+
+KDE Plasma 5 的桌面。
+
+我们早就用这个版本了 ———— 早在不太稳定的测试期时就开始了，尽管大部分错误提示已图形化，而不仅仅是文字警告 ———— 截至目前已在虚拟机上运行了超过一个月的时间。我们已经在 Retina 屏的 MacBook Pro 上进行过了双重启动测试，并且验证了 KDE 在更旧的硬件，一台古老的东芝笔记本上，表现如何。测试 KDE Plasma 5 期间我们使用了 Kubuntu（虚拟机和东芝笔记本）以及新安装的  Arch Linux（MacBook 上的双重启动）。
+
+如果你想试试 Plasma 5，最简单的方法是下载[KDE 的官方 Neon live CD][3]。这样可以使你得到在 Ubuntu 上运行的 Plasma。如果你想在一个已经安装了 Kubuntu 的操作系统上安装测试，你可以使用以下命令：
+
+    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:neon/kf5
+    sudo apt-get update
+    sudo apt-get install project-neon5-session project-neon5-utils project-neon5-konsole project-neon5-breeze project-neon5-plasma-workspace-wallpapers
+
+重启你的机器，你将会在登录界面下找到启动 Neon 的新启动项。
+
+当你安装完 Plasma 5 并且启动时，首先你将会注意到的是叫做 Breeze 全新 KDE 默认主题。
+
+### Plasma 5 的全新外观 Breezy ###
+
+Breezy 主题是 KDE 所要呈现出的一种现代化界面，同时“减少了工作区的视觉混乱”。也就是说，很长时间以来一直作为 KDE 默认外观一部分的，那种给人以忙碌混乱的感觉已经成为了过去。
+
+![KDE Plasma 5 的 Breeze 桌面主题最大程度上完善了开始菜单。每个标签下都有注释，方便搜索。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot03.png)
+
+KDE Plasma 5 的 Breeze 桌面主题最大程度上完善了开始菜单。每个标签下都有注释，方便搜索。
+
+全部界面发生了极大的变化 ———— 更大的字体，更好的对比度，以及一种全新的平面布局，其“磨砂”外观有点类似并且介于 OS X Yosemite、Android L 还有 KDE 4.x 的风格。这并不是说 KDE 抄袭了苹果或者谷歌。这不可能是抄袭，因为 Plasma 5 和 Breeze 主题发布了很长时间之后苹果核谷歌那里才透漏出些许 Yosemite 还有 Android L 的信息出来。
+
+当然，说 KDE 抄袭了任何产品都是不对的，从 Breeze 的视觉设计和整体审美性来看，其更偏向于长时间沉淀的作品。从这种角度看，它看起来很“现代化”，只要你把现代化定义为较多的尖锐元素，较少的纹理和轮廓，更多的半透感，以及单色图形。
+
+KDE 的设计者将大量的工作放在了 Breeze 主题还有其外观上。这不仅仅是外观上的变化。Breeze 主题借由清爽的菜单、更有条理的通知中心以及全新的开始菜单，使 KDE 变得更加友好。
+
+![清爽、有条理的通知中心。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot04.png)
+
+清爽、有条理的通知中心。
+
+Breeze 出现了多少问题取决于你是否使用过它。KDE 更倾向于那些喜欢定制自己系统的用户，他们大概也喜欢定制主题。有件期待的事，有什么发行版会大幅修改默认 KDE 主题？ ———— 显然是 OpenSUSE ———— 将会提供一个比 Breeze 所提供的更高的开始菜单栏。
+
+目前而言，大多数发行版应该不会直接过渡到 Breeze 上去，因为其仍处于测试阶段。而且巧合的是，Breeze 将会是你注意到 Plasma 5 不完美的第一个标志。开始菜单上有许多很棒的新图标了，但其他界面上却没有。并且作为 Kubuntu PPA 可用的最新更新，Breeze 并未使用新版的窗口装饰。新版窗口装饰是已经安装了的，但默认并未被使用。你可以去系统设置中打开该选项以获得更完整的，但也更有可能出 bug 的 Breeze 体验。
+
+![图片上半部分是默认的 Oxygen 窗口装饰，下半部分是最新的 Breeze 主题中的窗口装饰。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot05.png)
+
+图片上半部分是默认的 Oxygen 窗口装饰，下半部分是最新的 Breeze 主题中的窗口装饰。
+
+并非所有都是理想的，有时很难分辨什么是 bug 或者什么地方是不完善的，以及哪里的设计不够好。比如，Breeze 下有很多窗口的时候会呈半透明覆盖状，其中一些看起来非常好看。但某些时候，这会成为一种妨碍。堆叠窗口与覆盖预览之后的是什么，在后台时很难看到这些。可以通过将之拉至前台来解决问题，但这样一来则很难评价透明的意义在哪里。
+
+![透明... 意义何在？](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot06.png)
+
+透明... 意义何在？
+
+是的，Breeze 主题仍然处于测试中，不仅仅是功能和设计；工作重点放在了真正 bug 还有缺陷上。同时我们还遇到了一些意料之外的情况，特别是关于屏幕刷新的问题。这些问题频繁发生，很长时间才引起我们的注意。窗口时常消失，并且有时菜单栏只显示一半。
+
+Plasma 5 在我们的测试期间从未崩溃过，并且从未遗失任何数据。但注意 ———— 经常会有一些图像方面的小 bug 出现。我们建议你在稳定版发布前不要尝试进行更新。
+
+### Plasma 的垂直菜单 ###
+
+Breeze 给 Plasma 5 带来一种新外观，同时也带来了许多细节方面的变化。例如，窗口小部件和 ALT-TAB 窗口切换均呈现垂直显示，并且默认都具有相同的启动位置 ———— 当前屏幕的左侧。
+
+![ALT-TAB 窗口切换的默认外观。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot07.png)
+
+ALT-TAB 窗口切换的默认外观。
+
+共通性也许对于 KDE 的新特点是有利的，当需要帮助时所需资料会出现在屏幕的左侧，但这也许会对那些期待点其他东西的老用户感到失望。有些变化看上去不太合情理。
+
+![窗口小部件。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot08.png)
+窗口小部件。
+
+KDE 项目称在像窗口小部件和窗口切换器等菜单中，垂直菜单将取代水平菜单，“提供更好的使用体验”。但并未提及会具体如何。发行文档称挪动窗口切换器至屏幕一端“使用户的注意力更加集中于应用和文档，以完成手头上的工作”。可是当你启用了窗口切换器，嗯，准备切换窗口时，你的注意力更可能是在不同的任务间而不是集中在某一个任务上面。
+
+![KDE 依旧偏向于提供不同选择。注意右侧的暗灰色选择条，那是拖动窗口时的阴影选项。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot09.png)
+
+KDE 依旧偏向于提供不同选择。注意右侧的暗灰色选择条，那是拖动窗口时的阴影选项。
+
+这就是 KDE，当然，不是 Unity；高度可定制化是其一大特色，而不是 bug。进入系统设置你可以调回旧版风格的窗口切换器，并且在 Plasma 5 中有 10 种不同的窗口切换器效果可供选择。如果默认风格并不是你最喜欢的，那么换一个吧。
+
+### 告别 Nepomuk 语义桌面的时间，感谢长久以来支持着我们的粉丝 ###
+
+如果你是 KDE 重度用户，并且经历了 KDE 的顶峰和低谷，并仍抱有期待，那么你肯定已经知道了 Plasma 5 中的最大看点。没错，KDE 替换了 Nepomuk 语义桌面，取而代之的是称作 Baloo 的新搜索引擎。
+
+Nepomuk 语义桌面最初是一个由欧盟赞助的搜索项目，高调宣称其目的是创建一个“使用网络环境提供个性化服务的，基于本地的知识库管理(Networked Environment for Personalized, Ontology-based Management of Unified Knowledge)”。当项目被引用到 KDE 上的时候，Nepomuk 成为了一个更加通用的桌面搜索工具，在辉煌与疯狂之间徘徊着。
+
+![在 Plasma 5 中搜索文件。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot10.png)
+
+在 Plasma 5 中搜索文件。
+
+Baloo 沿用了 Nepomuk 的大部分功能，全文字文件搜索和一种不可思议的文件衔接功能，比如，知晓与一个特定文件相关的其他文件并[予之改进][4]。实际上这使用于 Plasma 5 中的搜索功能，并且你可以在搜索栏的右边注意到两点：更快的速度以及每次索引更新时你的风扇并未发疯般狂转。
+
+Baloo 大幅减少了搜索记录的资源，并且，根据 KDE 上的测试，其准确度更高了。我们不能保证后一点，因为我们从未在旧版 KDE 中使用大量搜索（参见风扇运转注释），但在计算精度上，Plasma 5 中的简单文件搜索达到了你使用 Ubuntu、OS X 等其他文件搜索方式的平均速度。涉及更复杂的搜索关系或复杂元数据的成功将更大程度上取决于你使用默认 KDE 应用的频率。比方说，如果你想利用基于 Baloo 的搜索引擎的优势进行涉及文件间关联的搜索时，你需要使用 Kontact 套件。
+
+尽管这肯能会随着时间而改变，因为与 Nepomuk 相比另一个比较大的变化是新的、改进的开发者 API。搜索 API 意味着第三方应用可以配合 Plasma 5 中的语义搜索基础，并发挥默认应用所使用的相同工具的优势。
+
+奇怪的是，其他可见的和 Baloo 具有相同任务量的搜索工具，其可见度与发掘性已经落后一步了。点燃 Plasma 5 的开始菜单 ———— KDE 对窗口开始菜单的回应 ———— 并且无法找到搜索栏。如果你仔细寻找，你将会找到一个非常小的提醒样式的“点击以进行搜索”，这是初版以来的第一步改变（没有你可以进行搜索的指示）。然而，可以发现这并不是一个专门的搜索框。
+
+### Kickoff 开始菜单与他的新表弟 Kicker ###
+
+KDE 提交的关于窗口开始菜单的答案一直是过度包装的、狭小空间内拥挤的视觉外观，但在 Breeze 主题中开始菜单开始变得清爽，并更具有视觉观赏性。
+
+![默认主题下的开始菜单。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot11.png)
+
+默认主题下的开始菜单。
+
+如果这样对你的需求来说还是有点多，Plasma 5 提供了一个全新的、更加传统的菜单 ———— 称为 Kicker，基于原启动器。Kicker 所需完成的任务更少 ———— 它更接近于 XP 中的开始菜单，在需要提供扩展菜单的地方提供一种单一的、狭窄的面板 ———— 并且在你如果只是想启动应用或打开文件时，提供一种更加轻量级的选择。它也有一个非常显眼的搜索框。
+
+![另一个选择 ———— 全新的 Kicker 菜单。](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot12.png)
+
+另一个选择 ———— 全新的 Kicker 菜单。
+
+菜单的另一侧得到了更新，变得更加清爽。最显著的变化是通知中心，减少了弹出次数，并且通过更好、更迅速方式来显示通知。
+
+### OpenGL、QtQuick 以及 HiDPI 显示 ###
+
+Plasma 5 完成了 KDE 至 Qt 5 和 QtQuick 的迁移，后者使用硬件加速的 OpenGL 场景图进行图形渲染。OpenGL 的大部分更新都和任何可用的 GPU 图形卸载有关。这意味着，如果你拥有被支持的硬件，Plasma 5 将利用现今强劲的 GPU 充分发挥显卡优势。
+
+事实上，在最新的硬件上（例如我们测试所用的 MacBook 的 NVIDIA GeForce GT 显卡）Plasma 5 的反应速度很迅捷，远比其老版本要快。也许更令人印象深刻的是，即使把 Plasma 5 相比 KDE 4.x 在 GPU 上的优势去除，其反应速度仍然很快。也就是说，虽然在老旧硬件上运行仍然不是 KDE 的强项，但其表现与之前相比已有所改观。不过，如果你想在老旧硬件上得到更多支持，请务必使用 Xfce、LXDE 或者某些像 Openbox 那样简单的桌面环境吧。
+
+有趣的是，弥补 Plasma 5 图形叠加的修改过后的框架也向 KDE 切换至 Wayland 显示服务协议提供了道路。尽管 KDE 并没有急着切换到 Wayland，但注意全面支持技术将在“某个未来版本”实现。
+
+这一版本也声称改进了对 HDPI 显示的支持。然而，结合 GNOME 和 Unity 对 HDPI 的支持，实际经验是忧喜参半的。特别是字体渲染远不及 OS X 所提供的渲染平滑。对我来说，即使安装 了 Infinality 并进行调整，也从来没有出现令我满意的结果。我们仍然不确定问题是否是在安装过程中出现的，并且我们也未亲眼见到 HDPI 的新功能。或许，KDE 对于究竟是什么构成了 HDPI 支持有一个完全不同的定义。但愿问题是出在安装过程中。
+
+### 有哪些缺陷 ###
+
+在本文的前半部分，我们曾提到由 KDE 4 向 Plasma 5 的转变将不会像从 KDE 3 向 KDE 4 的转变那样艰难。对大多数人来说，这是真的，但是，对于某些人来说，也许会出现例外。
+
+KDE 项目称这一版本的焦点已经“集中在了弥补核心工作流的工具上”，并表明“并不是所有 Plasma 4 系列中的功能都可以使用了”。这给那些经历了 KDE 3 向 KDE 4 转变的人敲响了警钟。
+
+在测试期间，我们并未遇到任何性能上的差距或者功能上的显著缺失，除了提到：Breeze 主题的不完善、某些图形故障，以及某些可疑的设计方面的问题。也就是说，请查阅[已知问题列表][5]，特别是性能方面的警示。
+
+同时我们在此建议在你完全迁移至 Plasma 5 之前请提前测试，以确保你所必需的都已具备。
+
+### 结论 ###
+
+KDE Plasma 5 版本缺乏使 Unity 和 GNOME 一跃成名的那种吸引人的代表性变化。与之相反，KDE 项目致力于改善其核心桌面体验。从任何意义上讲 Plasma 5 都不是完美的，但与 Unity 和 GNOME 不同，你可以随意改变那些你所不喜欢的地方。
+
+这一版本最激动人心的地方在于 KDE 已经在完全没有弄乱现有桌面的情况下，为交互界面做出了大量铺垫。另一个好消息是速度方面的改善。如果你此前曾经尝试过 KDE 并觉得它过于“庞大”，那么你应该重新审视以下 Plasma 5 了。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/08/kde-plasma-5-for-those-linux-users-undecided-on-the-kernels-future/
+
+作者：Scott Gilbertson
+译者：[SteveArcher](https://github.com/SteveArcher)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/08/op-ed-tables-really-are-pcsbecause-theres-no-point-in-buying-new-ones/
+[2]:http://www.kde.org/announcements/plasma5.0/
+[3]:http://files.kde.org/snapshots/neon5-latest.iso.mirrorlist
+[4]:https://dot.kde.org/2014/02/24/kdes-next-generation-semantic-search
+[5]:https://community.kde.org/Plasma/5.0_Errata

published/20140825 Linux Terminal--speedtest_cli checks your real bandwidth speed.md

@@ -3,15 +3,15 @@ Linux终端：speedtest_cli检测你的实时带宽速度
 
 ![](http://www.speedtest.net/result/3700218352.png)
 
-什么是你在家（或者办公室）的上传和下载速度？你能保证，你支付费用给ISP的同时，你得到了等价的回报？
+你在家（或者办公室）的上传和下载速度如何？你能保证，你支付费用给ISP的同时得到了等价的回报？
 
-为了测试我们因特网连接的速度，当下存在着一些因特网服务，比如说SpeedTest，这是一种可以通过Web浏览器和手机应用程序浏览的web服务
+要想测试我们因特网连接的速度，当下存在着一些因特网服务，比如说SpeedTest，这是一种可以通过Web浏览器和手机应用程序浏览的web服务。
 
-现在，你可以很容易地检测你的网速，使用speedtest_cli同样很简单，它是一个使用[speedtest.net][2]来测试因特网[带宽][1]的命令行界面。通过这种方式，你也可以在没有浏览器或者图形化界面的服务器上做带宽测试
+现在，你可以很容易地检测你的网速，使用speedtest_cli同样很简单，它是一个使用[speedtest.net][2]来测试因特网[带宽][1]的命令行界面。通过这种方式，你也可以在没有浏览器或者图形化界面的服务器上做带宽测试。
 
 ### 安装 ###
 
-speedtest_cli是一个python脚本，所以它真的很容易安装和使用，你拥有许多方式安装它：
+speedtest_cli是一个python脚本，所以它真的很容易安装和使用，你可以通过许多方式安装它：
 
 #### 1）pip / easy_install ####
 
@@ -39,8 +39,11 @@ speedtest_cli是一个python脚本，所以它真的很容易安装和使用，
 getdeb仓库给我们提供了[安装包][3]，按照下面的步骤，就可以轻松安装：
 
 - 安装[getdeb包][4]
+
 或者
-- 手动地配置仓库：
+
+- 手动配置仓库：
+
 进入系统管理软件源，第三方软件选项，加上：
 
 	deb http://archive.getdeb.net/ubuntu trusty-getdeb apps
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ getdeb仓库给我们提供了[安装包][3]，按照下面的步骤，就可以
 
 #### 4）下载（和以前的方式一样） ####
 
-作为最后的选择，只需要下载python脚本，然后在你想运行的地方运行脚本：
+最后一个选择，只需要下载python脚本，然后在你想运行的地方运行脚本：
 
 	wget -O speedtest-cli https://raw.github.com/sivel/speedtest-cli/master/speedtest_cli.py
 	chmod +x speedtest-cli
@@ -68,7 +71,7 @@ getdeb仓库给我们提供了[安装包][3]，按照下面的步骤，就可以
 
 ### 基本用法 ###
 
-你可以不带任何选项地运行speedtest_cli.py，然后你会在终端获得关于你带宽速度的报告，这就是我蹩脚的意大利Adsl输出：
+你可以不带任何选项地运行speedtest_cli.py，然后你会在终端获得关于你带宽速度的报告，这就是我那糟糕的意大利Adsl输出： 
 
 	$ ./speedtest_cli.py
 	Retrieving speedtest.net configuration...
@@ -81,7 +84,7 @@ getdeb仓库给我们提供了[安装包][3]，按照下面的步骤，就可以
 	Testing upload speed...............................................
 	Upload: 0.34 Mbits/s
 
-这就是简简单单的基本用法，这足以让你知道你因特网连接的好坏，但是有可能，你需要和朋友分享这条信息，为了到达此目的，只需要-share选项
+这就是基本用法，这足以让你知道你因特网连接的好坏，但是可能你想要和朋友分享这条信息，那么，只需要-share选项就可以
 
 	./speedtest_cli.py --share
 	Retrieving speedtest.net configuration...
@@ -119,7 +122,7 @@ getdeb仓库给我们提供了[安装包][3]，按照下面的步骤，就可以
 	2918) ReteIVO by D.t.s. Srl (Arezzo, Italy) [129.79 km]
 	...
 
-现在，我知道围绕在我周围的服务器的ID，我可以使用-server选项选择一个特定的服务器，所以，为了选择位于Florence（ID 2710）的服务器，我使用下面的命令：
+既然我知道了围绕在我周围的服务器的ID，我可以使用-server选项选择一个特定的服务器，所以，要想选择位于佛罗伦萨（ID 2710）的服务器，我使用下面的命令：
 
 	./speedtest_cli.py --server 2710
 	Retrieving speedtest.net configuration...
@@ -135,18 +138,16 @@ getdeb仓库给我们提供了[安装包][3]，按照下面的步骤，就可以
 
 ---
 
-via: http://linuxaria.com/howto/linux-terminal-speedtest_cli-checks-you
-r-real-bandwidth-speed
+via: http://linuxaria.com/howto/linux-terminal-speedtest_cli-checks-your-real-bandwidth-speed
 
 译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
 
 本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
 
 [1]:http://linuxaria.com/article/tool-command-line-bandwidth-linux 
 [2]:http://linuxaria.com/howto/speedtest.net
 [3]:http://www.getdeb.net/
-[4]:http://archive.getdeb.net/install_deb/getdeb-repository_0.1-1~getde
-b1_all.deb
+[4]:http://archive.getdeb.net/install_deb/getdeb-repository_0.1-1~getdeb1_all.deb
 [5]:http://www.asapy.com/
 

published/20140826 Linus Torvalds is my hero, says 13 year old Zachary DuPont.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+“林纳斯·托瓦兹是我的英雄”13岁的扎卡里杜邦说
+================================================================================
+
+Zachary DuPon是一名6年级的学生，他马上年满13岁。他过去是Arch liunx的用户，并期待着尽快安装Gentoo Linux。
+
+Zachary DuPon的故事是这样的-他的学校组织了一个活动，要求学生们给他们的英雄写一封信，大多数孩子写给社会名流，而Zachary DuPon写给了现代科技世界的“真”英雄-林纳斯·托瓦兹。
+
+由于林纳斯在家工作，他没有透露自己的办公地点，Zach的信送到了Linux基金会，工作人员会在发送给林纳斯之前浏览全部的信件内容。当基金会看到了这封信，他们联系了扎克的学校，慷慨地邀请他做客LinuxCon，这样他就能见到他的英雄本人。
+
+linux的执行董事长Jim Zemlin在主题小组讨论过后，引领Zach来到人群中。Zach见到了林纳斯并得到了linux之父签名的《linux圣经》；他也得到了林纳斯签名自传[《只为了好玩：一次偶然的革命》][1]
+
+![Linus Torvalds signing a book for Zachary DuPont](http://www.themukt.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Linus_torvalds_zach_1.jpg)
+林纳斯·托瓦兹为扎克里杜邦签名
+
+![The DuPont family](http://www.themukt.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/zachary_dupont_family.jpg)
+扎克里杜邦一家
+
+![Swapnil Bhartiya with Zachary DuPont](http://www.themukt.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/swapnil_zach.jpg)
+本文作者 Swapnil Bhartiya和扎克里杜邦
+
+我不想失去这个机会，所以他们和林纳斯交谈一结束，我就走向这个家庭，安排了这次视频采访。我是一个两岁孩子的父亲，而作为一名父亲，我着实对Zach自信、清晰，明确的思想所感到惊讶。
+
+我提供给你这次视屏采访的细节
+
+- 他使用Arch linux。
+- 他打算一旦他擅长编程就做出自己的贡献。
+- 他没有提交任何漏洞报告，并且他认为他应该这样做。他也表示他没有发现任何漏洞。
+- 他对WINE没太大的兴趣。
+- 他喜欢KDE的原始桌面，但是它在他的网关机器上工作不是很好。
+- 他是一个装有XFCE桌面环境的Debian GNU/linux用户。
+
+林纳斯也许是扎克的英雄，但是扎克是整个GNU/linux和自由软件社区的英雄，他不断地提醒我们，未来尽在我们掌握中。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.themukt.com/2014/08/24/linus-torvalds-hero-says-13-years-old-zachary-dupont/
+
+作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
+译者：[luoyutiantang](https://github.com/luoyutiantang)
+校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.themukt.com/author/swapnil_bhartiya/
+[1]:http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0066620732/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0066620732&linkCode=as2&tag=muktware-20&linkId=HBKEBIFVZQC35GGK

published/20140828 GIMP 2.8.12 Released--Here' s How to Install it on Ubuntu.md

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+GIMP 2.8.12 发布了，来看看如何在Ubuntu上安装
+================================================================================
+**GIMP是深受欢迎的开源Photoshop替代软件，它的[新版本][1]现在可以下载了。**
+
+![GIMP is a Free Photoshop Alternative](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/screen-shot-2012-05-03-at-10.38.40.jpg)
+GIMP是一款免费的可替代Photoshop的软件
+
+正如在GIMP 2.8.x 系列中的最新条目——[自2012年起开始发布][2]并着重介绍长期追求的“单窗口模式”——版本2.8.12并没有重新去做它而是继续改进。如其所说，软件并没有发现面向用户的新特点。
+
+然而，开发人员修复了一批新的漏洞，旨在提高整体的稳定性，安全性以及这款著名软件的风格。
+
+- 插件的笔刷大小不再变形。
+- .XCF 文件的加载更稳固。
+- 小部件的方向现在匹配界面语言（例如 RTL）。
+- script-fu-server 的安全性提高。
+
+文档，帮助以及翻译的更新也包括在其中。想了解在版本 2.8.10 和 2.8.12 之间所有修复完整更改日志，可以看[GNOME Git日志][2]。
+
+### 在Ubuntu上安装最新的GIMP ###
+
+最新发布的源代码可以从官方网站上或者从[官方种子文件][3]下载。
+
+在Ubuntu上呢？在Ubuntu 12.04 和14.04 LTS 上你可以通过添加[以下第三方PPA][4]软件源来安装GIMP 2.8.12： 
+
+    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:otto-kesselgulasch/gimp
+
+    sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install gimp
+
+在安装完成后，你可以从Unity Dash（或者类似途径）来启动GIMP 2.8.12。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/whats-new-in-gimp-2-8-12-plus-install-ubuntu
+
+作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
+译者：[linuhap](https://github.com/linuhap)
+校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
+[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2012/05/gimp-2-8-released
+[2]:https://git.gnome.org/browse/gimp/plain/NEWS?h=gimp-2-8
+[3]:http://download.gimp.org/pub/gimp/v2.8/gimp-2.8.12.tar.bz2.torrent
+[4]:https://launchpad.net/~otto-kesselgulasch/+archive/ubuntu/gimp

published/20140901 Remarkable--A New MarkDown Editor For Linux.md

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+Remarkable：Linux平台下一个新的MarkDown编辑器
+===
+
+![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/remarkable-about.png)
+
+[Remarkable][1]是一个全新，免费，功能齐全的Linux发行版Markdown编辑器。它拥有许多特性，比如：在线预览，这让你的Markdown编辑变得更加容易。它是一个轻量级的编辑器，而且它还有一个简洁的用户界面(UI)。
+
+下面是Remarkable的主要特性：
+
+- 实时预览
+- 支持Github Markdown 语法
+- 支持导出为PDF和HTML
+- 自定义CSS
+- 语法高亮
+- 高度可定制
+- 字数实时计数
+- 键盘快捷键
+
+![](http://180016988.r.cdn77.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/remarkable-full.png)
+
+你可以观看[这部YouTube视频][2]（请自备梯子:-]）了解Linux下的Remakable。
+
+### 安装 ###
+
+根据不同的Linux发行版本，Remarkable拥有许多可供使用的安装源，下面是不同Linux发行版以及它们对应的安装文件
+
+#### Ubuntu / Linux Mint: ####
+
+- [Dowbnload .DEB][3]
+
+#### Fedora: ####
+
+- [Download .RPM][4]
+
+#### Arch Linux (AUR): ####
+
+	sudo yaourt -S remarkable
+
+喜欢吗？
+
+---
+
+via: http://www.unixmen.com/remarkable-new-markdown-editor-linux/
+
+作者：[Enock Seth Nyamador][a]
+译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao)
+校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/seth/
+[1]:http://remarkableapp.net/
+[2]:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpjAIcXti9s
+[3]:http://remarkableapp.net/files/remarkable_0.965_all.deb
+[4]:http://remarkableapp.net/files/remarkable-0.965.rpm

published/20140901 Ubuntu Wallpaper Contest Closes, These Are Our 8 Faves.md

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+Ubuntu壁纸大赛落幕，推荐八张我们喜欢的
+================================================================================
+
+**盖上你的镜头，放下你的笔，拔掉手绘板的电源，从你的GIMP前离开，[Ubuntu 14.10 壁纸大赛][1] 现在结束了**
+
+为 Ubuntu 发行版的配套的一年两次的社区壁纸大赛总是会带来人们的激动、热情和争议的讨论。*太单调了！太亮了！植物在哪里？ 你为什么没有猫？？！！* —— 他们总是这样吵吵。
+
+随着终结时间的到来。。好吧，这就是最后期限了，现在不再接收任何新的提交了。
+
+在接下来的一周，为了评选出最喜爱的作品，会由上一年获胜的艺术家组成的评委会将会对每一个作品进行筛选。**获胜的壁纸将会在2014年9月9日宣布**. 
+
+###  我们最喜爱的仅仅意味着：这是属于我们的。 ###
+
+我们从[大约400张][2]中搜罗了一些我们最喜爱的，如同以往，这是一个非常苦难的任务，如此多的杰作，但我们的磁盘空间却如此的小...
+
+**否认声明**：我们不属于评委会，我们也没有直接或间接影响评委会的决定。每个提交作品都会根据他们的价值进行判断和展示。
+
+如果喜欢下列作品，你可以点击进入艺术家作者在Flickr上的主页
+
+#### Glden leaves ####
+
+[![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5577/14919901295_ec1cdd13cb_c.jpg)][3]
+
+#### Reminiscent Rain ####
+
+[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3888/14858973848_30124e2360_c.jpg)][4]
+
+#### Bamboo Mat ####
+
+[![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2940/14222953450_5a63b591ee_z.jpg)][5]
+
+#### LSC_0440 ####
+
+[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3864/14698997457_ca5aba49c1_c.jpg)][6]
+
+#### Ubuntu Wallpaper ####
+
+[![](https://farm3.staticflickr.com/2933/14573905897_ae415fe00b_c.jpg)][7]
+
+#### Ubur ####
+
+[![](https://farm9.staticflickr.com/8044/8423532123_a739bbfb49_c.jpg)][8]
+
+#### Abstract ####
+
+[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3875/14969203701_f9a318da6f_c.jpg)][9]
+
+#### 500 ####
+
+[![](https://farm4.staticflickr.com/3848/14660376638_bd26a4b2ab_c.jpg)][10]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/best-ubuntu-wallpaper-contest-entries-1410
+
+作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
+译者：[lfzark](https://github.com/lfzark)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
+[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/ubuntu-14-10-wallpaper-contest
+[2]:https://www.flickr.com/groups/1410wallpapersubmissions/
+[3]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/mauro_campanelli/14919901295
+[4]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/fixem/14858973848
+[5]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/havaxinhua/14222953450
+[6]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/laurentschenkel/14698997457
+[7]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/57135082@N05/14573905897
+[8]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/anomalous_saga/8423532123
+[9]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/el_nando/14969203701
+[10]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/e4v/14660376638

published/20140902 Use SearchMonkey To Search Text In All Files Within A Directory In Ubuntu.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+Ubuntu文本检索神器——SearchMonkey
+================================================================================
+有时候，我们需要搜索包含有某些特定文本或单词的文件。如果你是个开发者或者程序员，经常会碰到这样的问题。现在，我们总是能够使用[Linux命令来查找包含有指定文本的所有文件][1]，但不是每个人都热衷于命令行。我见过那些优秀的程序员，他们更多的是依赖于图形化工具，而不是命令行。
+
+如果你也更喜欢图形化工具，那么[SearchMonkey][2]对于你而言是个十分完美的应用。
+
+### SearchMonkey是你的桌面搜索引擎 ###
+
+SearchMonkey递归搜索目录，因此你可以在它工作的时候坐下放松一下。用户可以使用强大的正则表达式来搜索文件名和内容，这使得SearchMonky返回结果时更为精确。
+
+此外，SearchMonkey不仅仅给你列出可能包含有你正在查找的内容的文件，它也高亮显示匹配的内容。
+
+### 在Ubuntu 14.04中安装SearchMonkey ###
+
+SearchMonkey可以在Ubuntu 14.04的软件仓库中找到，你只需要通过Ubuntu软件中心或者通过以下命令来安装：
+
+    sudo apt-get install searchmonkey
+
+安装完毕后，你可以从Unity Dash中启动SearchMonkey。界面简明直观，易于使用。
+
+![](http://itsfoss.itsfoss.netdna-cdn.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/SearchMonkey_Ubuntu.jpeg)
+
+SearchMonkey帮助你快速查找到你所需要的文件，不需要先构建一个驱动映射。每次搜索都是实时的，结果也会在找到后立即在上下文中显示！尤，其，它还是一个免费又开源的软件。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://itsfoss.com/searchmonkey-search-text-files-linux/
+
+作者：[Amit Asthana][a]
+译者：[GOLinux](https://github.com/GOLinux )
+校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/amit/
+[1]:http://www.computerandyou.net/2011/06/how-to-find-all-files-containing-specific-text-in-linux/
+[2]:http://searchmonkey.embeddediq.com/

published/20140910 Colourful systemd vs sysVinit Linux Cheatsheet.md

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+systemd 与 sysVinit 彩版对照表
+================================================================================
+
+**systemd** 是一种新型init系统「译者注：每个操作系统都有一个启动程序，而Linux init是Linux系统操作中不可缺少的程序之一。所谓的init进程，它是一个由内核启动的用户级进程。内核自行启动（已经被载入内存，开始运行，并已初始化所有的设备驱动程序和数据结构等）之后，就通过启动一个用户级程序init的方式，完成引导进程。所以init始终是第一个进程（其进程编号始终为1）」，最早在Fedora中使用「译者注：真的吗？不是Arch？」，经过调整适应了其它许多发行版，例如RedHat、Suse和CentOS。
+
+历史上，我们大部分人用过传统的SysV init 初始化脚本，它通常情况下在/etc/rc.d/init.d/文件夹下。这些脚本调用守护进程二进制代码，在后台fork一个进程。
+
+尽管shell脚本非常的灵活，但是很难实现像superviseing（监管）进程和并行执行命令这样的任务。
+
+通过对systemd的新式守护进程的介绍，我们发现systemd可以在runtime（运行时）更加简单的监管和控制守护进程，并且简化了监控的实现方式（implementation）。
+
+**systemctl**命令是systemd团队一个非常好的首创。
+
+这个命令能够显示更多的详细错误信息和包括启动错误在内的服务运行时错误。systemd引入了一个新术语：**cgroups**（控制组），它基本上是可被分层次安排的进程任务组。「译者注：这里简单介绍一下cgroup（control group）称为Containers，Containers着眼于资源的分配，利用configfs作配置。它有两个重要概念：第一是subsystem，内核可以给进程提供的服务/资源；第二是container，一个进程组，成员共享同样的一个或多个子系统分配限制。Containers是分层次的，一个container可以hold多个container。它的可取之处是创建了一个资源分配的框架，其它开发者可以利用这个框架去开发自己的资源分配patch，比如磁盘设备。」
+
+如果仅仅通过原来的初始化系统，决定哪个进程是做什么的、属于哪个用户的变得越来越困难。
+
+但是通过systemd，当一个进程派生其它进程时，这些子进程会被自动变成父进程控制组的成员，这样一来就可以避免继承的混乱。
+
+
+![](http://images.linoxide.com/systemd-vs-sysVinit-cheatsheet.jpg)
+
+有许多新的运行[在 rhel / centos 7.0 上的 systemd 命令][1]可以替代 sysvinit 的对应命令。你也可以下载 [本文的 PDF 版本][2]。
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/systemd-vs-sysvinit-cheatsheet/
+
+作者：[Bobbin Zachariah][a]
+译者：[szrlee](https://github.com/szrlee)
+校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/bobbin/
+[1]:http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-systemd-commands/
+[2]:http://images.linoxide.com/systemd-vs-sysVinit-cheatsheet.pdf

published/How to listen to Internet radio from the command line on Linux.md

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+如何在Linux命令行下收听网络电台
+========================================================================
+
+对于花大量时间在Linux屏幕前的系统管理员和Linux爱好者来说，网络/本地电台上的音乐可以极大提高生产力，你们知道吗？不管你们相信与否，，在工作环境中有适当的声音，如音乐或者闲聊声包围，都可以提高我们的创造力。如果你喜欢在音乐环境中工作，这个教程也许会对你有用。我将会向你展示**如何在命令行中收听潘多拉（Pandora）在线电台**（LCTT译注：Pandora Internet Radio是一个仅为美国、澳大利亚和新西兰提供自动音乐推荐的系统。详细介绍[Prandoea电台][1]）
+
+正如你已经知道的，Pandora是最有名的在线电台服务之一，它包含无数的不同种类的免费音乐流，同时它还有一个强大的音乐推荐引擎。Pandora可以通过不同的方式访问，如：浏览器，桌面客户端或者手机Apps，开源社区还给出了另一种访问Pandora音乐服务的方法：Linux命令行。
+
+[pianobar][2]是一个播放Pandora在线电台音乐的开源命令行音乐播放器。它有一个简单的终端接口，用于播放和管理音乐电台。同时还有其他包括歌曲评价，即将上线音乐列表，播放历史，自定义快捷键绑定，远程控制等功能。对于那些居住在不可访问Pandora音乐服务区域的用户（即美国、澳大利亚和新西兰以外的用户），Pianobar还配置了代理服务的支持。
+
+###在Linux中安装Pianobar###
+
+在Debian或者其他Debian的衍生品中，如Ubuntu或LinuxMint，Pianobar是一个已经编译好的软件包，因此安装Pianobar只是简单的输入如下命令：
+        $ sudo apt-get install pianobar
+
+在Fedora中，Pianobar并不包含在基础的软件库中。因此，你需要通过源代码编译安装Pianobar。整个安装过程会有点麻烦，但是下面的教程将会实现Pianobar在Frdora系统中编译安装。该教程在Fedora20版本中测试通过。
+
+首先，根据[FFmpeg安装教程][3]编译并安装FFmpeg。
+
+然后，[启用RPM Fusion源][4]，并安装其他依赖软件：
+
+	 $ sudo yum install wget gcc-c++ pkgconfig gnutls-devel json-c-devel libgcrypt-devel make libao-devel faad2-devel libmad-devel libao faad2-libs 
+
+编译并安装Pianobar
+
+	$ wget http://6xq.net/projects/pianobar/pianobar-2014.06.08.tar.bz2
+    $ tar xvfvj pianobar-2014.06.08.tar.bz2
+    $ cd pianobar-2014.06.08
+    $ PKG_CONFIG_PATH=/usr/local/lib/pkgconfig:$PKG_CONFIG_PATH make
+    $ sudo make install 
+
+最后允许Paniobar加载安装在/usr/local/lib目录下的FFmpeg共享库，在/etc/ld.so.conf配置文件中添加下面一行：
+
+>/usr/local/lib
+
+重载所有的共享库 
+
+就这样，Pianobar已经在Fedora系统中安装完成。
+
+###在命令行中收听Pandora音乐###
+
+paniobar的基本用法是输入如下命令：
+
+>	$ pianobar
+
+该命令将会要求你登录到Pandora并从你的个性化电台列表中选择要收听的电台。在你选择电台后，音乐就开始自动播放。
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5552/14993320301_58e58b5810_z.jpg)
+
+按‘？’按键pianobar会列出一系列可用个命令，其中一些如下：
+
+>- s: 更换电台
+- u: 查看即将上线音乐列表
+- h: 查看播放历史
+- n: 播放下一首
+- b: 收藏歌曲或艺术家
+- ( 或者 ): 减少或增加播放音量
+- S: 暂停播放
+- P: 恢复播放
+- V：为当前收听的歌曲或者艺术家创建一个电台
+- +或者-：查看上一首或者下一首歌曲
+- a：添加音乐到电台
+- q：退出pianobar
+
+![](https://farm6.staticflickr.com/5559/14993326991_ccdffd0fa6_z.jpg)
+
+###将Pianobar配置为自动安装###
+
+你可以在一个单独的配置文件中配置Pianobar的各项默认配置。例如：你可以将你的登录信息放到配置文件中，这样你就不用每次都要手动输入。下面是如何创建一个配置文件的示例：
+
+>  $ mkdir -p ~/.config/pianobar
+
+----------
+
+>    $ vi ~/.config/pianobar/config 
+
+----------
+
+>    # Example pianobar configuration file
+>     
+>    # Pandora login info
+    user = your@email_address
+    password = plaintext_password
+>     
+>    # Users who cannot access Pandora in their region can set a proxy.
+    control_proxy = http://user:password@host:port/
+>     
+>    # Initial volume in dB: between -30 and +5
+    volume = 0
+>     
+>    # Audio quality: high, medium or low
+    audio_quality = high
+
+如需了解完整的配置选项，请参阅其man手册页。
+
+	$ man pianobar
+
+###远程控制Pianobar###
+
+Pianobar的另一个优秀特性是支持远程控制，你可以通过命令管道（FIFO）为Pianobar的一个运行实例发送命令。下面是远程控制Pianobar的示例：
+
+首先在目录~/.config/pianobar下创建一个FIFO命令管道
+
+>	$ mkfifo ~/.config/pianobar/ctl
+
+然后运行Pianobar
+
+现在，你可以通过使用echo命令发送任何的单字符命令键到Pianobar中，例如：播放下一首歌曲：
+
+>	 $ echo -n 'n' > ~/.config/pianobar/ctl 
+
+你可以很容易的将此配置扩展到远程计算机中，当Pianobar在主机X上运行，你可以从远程主机Y中通过SSH控制Pianobar,如下所示：
+
+在主机Y中，运行：
+
+>	$ ssh user@host_X "echo -n 'n' > ~/.config/pianobar/ctl" 
+
+当然，你希望为登录到主机X的SSH登录认证[启用秘钥认证][5]，这样你就不用每次都输入SSH密码。
+
+当你想在[树莓Pi][6]上设置一个可以远程控制的在线电台播放器时，Pianobar的远程控制特性将会让你非常方便地实现该需求。
+
+希望你和我一样喜欢Pianobar，若有什么想法，请在评论中告诉我。
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://xmodulo.com/2014/08/listen-to-internet-radio-command-line-linux.html
+
+作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
+译者：[cvsher](https://github.com/cvsher)
+校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/nanni
+[1]:http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora%E7%94%B5%E5%8F%B0
+[2]:http://6xq.net/projects/pianobar/
+[3]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/compile-ffmpeg-centos-fedora-rhel.html
+[4]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/06/how-to-install-rpm-fusion-on-fedora.html
+[5]:http://xmodulo.com/2012/04/how-to-enable-ssh-login-without.html
+[6]:http://xmodulo.com/go/raspberrypi

sources/news/20140828 GIMP 2.8.12 Released--Here' s How to Install it on Ubuntu.md

@@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
-linuhap翻译中
-GIMP 2.8.12 Released — Here’s How to Install it on Ubuntu
-================================================================================
-**A [new update][1] to the popular open-source Photoshop alternative The GIMP is now available for download.**
-
-![GIMP is a Free Photoshop Alternative](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/screen-shot-2012-05-03-at-10.38.40.jpg)
-GIMP is a Free Photoshop Alternative
-
-As the latest entry in the GIMP 2.8.x series — [released back in 2012][2] and notable for introducing the long-sought ‘single window mode’ — version 2.8.12 continues to refine rather than reinvent. As such there are no new user-facing features to be found.
-
-Instead, developers bring a fresh batch of bug fixes to the table aimed at improving the overall stability, security and style of the famous app.
-
-- Brush sizes from plugins are no longer distorted 
-- ‘More robust’ loading of .XCF files
-- Widget direction now matches interface language (e.g. RTL)
-- Security improvements to the script-fu-server 
-
-Documentation, help and translation updates are also included. For a complete change log of everything fixed between 2.8.10 and 2.8.12, see [the GNOME Git notes][2]. 
-
-### Install Latest GIMP in Ubuntu ###
-
-Source for the latest release can be downloaded from the official website or via [an official torrent][3].
-
-On Ubuntu? You can install GIMP 2.8.12 in Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and 14.04 LTS by adding the [following third-party PPA][4] to Software Sources:
-
-    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:otto-kesselgulasch/gimp
-
-    sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install gimp
-
-After installation has complete you can proceed to open GIMP 2.8.12 from the Unity Dash (or equivalent).
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/whats-new-in-gimp-2-8-12-plus-install-ubuntu
-
-作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
-[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2012/05/gimp-2-8-released
-[2]:https://git.gnome.org/browse/gimp/plain/NEWS?h=gimp-2-8
-[3]:http://download.gimp.org/pub/gimp/v2.8/gimp-2.8.12.tar.bz2.torrent
-[4]:https://launchpad.net/~otto-kesselgulasch/+archive/ubuntu/gimp

sources/news/20140901 LibreOffice 4.3.1 Has More than 100 Fixes and DOCX Embedded Objects Support.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+LibreOffice 4.3.1 Has More than 100 Fixes and DOCX Embedded Objects Support
+================================================================================
+![LibreOffice selection menu](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/LibreOffice-4-3-1-Has-More-Than-100-Fixes-and-DOCX-Embedded-Objects-Support-456916-2.jpg)
+LibreOffice selection menu
+
+**The Document Foundation announces that the stable version of LibreOffice 4.3.1 has been released and is now available for download.**
+
+The developers from The Document Foundation have released a new update for the 4.3 branch of LibreOffice and they have implemented quite a few fixes and other various changes. The development cycle for this latest update has been rather short and the devs managed to repair most of the issues that have been found.
+
+LibreOffice 4.3.1 is just maintenance release, which means that the focus has been about the bugs found so far. Don't expect to find anything extraordinary, but you should upgrade the software nonetheless.
+
+"The Document Foundation announces LibreOffice 4.3.1, the first minor release of LibreOffice 4.3 'fresh' family, with over 100 fixes (including patches for two CVEs, backported to LibreOffice 4.2.6-secfix, which is also available for download now)."
+
+"All LibreOffice users are invited to update their installation as soon as possible to avoid security issues. This includes users who are running LibreOffice 4.2.6 as originally released on August, 5th 2014. LibreOffice 4.3.1 and LibreOffice 4.2.6 will be shown on stage at the LibreOffice Conference in Bern, from September 3 to September 5, with a large number of sessions about development, community, marketing and migrations," reads the announcement made by The Linux Foundation.
+
+According to the changelog, editing the text search with expanded fields is now working properly, the static value array for OOXML chart is now handled correctly, bullets now have the color as the following text by default, ww8import no longer creates a pagedesc if a continuous section changes margins, the 0 font height is now handled just like outdev, it's now possible to import OLE objects in the header with background wrapping, the XLSX export of revisions has been fixed in order to get it to work in Excel, and borders around data labels are now supported.
+
+Also, the table style for lastRow is now correctly applied, the rulers now have app-background by default, the graphics are now swapped in on DrawingML::WriteImage, the redundant 'Preferences' label has been removed in order to save some space, page breaks in tables are now ignored during the RTF import, some of the style hierarchy has been reworked, Data Statistics no longer crashes with any entry, DOCX embedded objects are now supported, and numerous other improvements have been made.
+
+More details about this release can be found in the official [announcement][1].
+
+- [Download LibreOffice 4.3.1 for Linux][2]
+
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/LibreOffice-4-3-1-Has-More-Than-100-Fixes-and-DOCX-Embedded-Objects-Support-456916.shtml
+
+作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
+[1]:http://blog.documentfoundation.org/2014/08/28/libreoffice-4-3-1-fresh-announced/
+[2]:http://www.libreoffice.org/download/libreoffice-fresh/

sources/news/20140905 Ubuntu Touch Now Has a Torrent Client in the Ubuntu Store.md

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+disylee占个坑！来翻译了！
+Ubuntu Touch Now Has a Torrent Client in the Ubuntu Store
+================================================================================
+![DowNow](http://i1-news.softpedia-static.com/images/news2/Ubuntu-Touch-Now-Has-a-Torrent-Clinent-in-the-Ubuntu-Store-457538-2.jpg)
+
+**The Ubuntu Touch platform is already the host of many interesting applications, and it looks like the developers have started to implement software that goes beyond what you might expect, like a torrent client for example.**
+
+The app store for Ubuntu Touch has been growing steadily over the past few months and interesting applications are added all the time. Most of them are covering some of the basic needs of the operating system, but there are quite a few that go well beyond regular users’ needs.
+
+A torrent client is not something that you will find on most phones. Android and Windows Phone already have this kind of apps and it looks like Ubuntu is now one of those platforms. Ubuntu developer [Alan Pope][1] posted a screenshot with a new application that's being developed for the Ubuntu platforms called DowNow.
+
+This is a relatively new application and it's still under development. You can find the click package for DowNow 0.3 in Launchpad, if you want to take a closer look, or you can download from Ubuntu Software Center.
+
+For now, the only supported devices are Nexus 4 and Nexus 7, if you want to test Ubuntu for phones, but that might change in the coming months.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Ubuntu-Touch-Now-Has-a-Torrent-Clinent-in-the-Ubuntu-Store-457538.shtml
+
+作者：[Silviu Stahie][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://news.softpedia.com/editors/browse/silviu-stahie
+[1]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/+AlanPope/posts/Ej3vKVxBum8

sources/news/20140910 Jelly Conky Adds Simple, Stylish Stats To Your Linux Desktop.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+Jelly Conky Adds Simple, Stylish Stats To Your Linux Desktop
+================================================================================
+**I treat Conky setups a bit like wallpapers: I’ll find one I love, only to change it the next week because I’m bored of it and want a change.**
+
+Part of the impatience is fuelled by the ever-growing catalog of designs available. One of my most recent favourites is Jelly Conky.
+
+![](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/jelly-conky.png)
+
+Jelly Conky sports the minimal design many of the Conky’s we’ve highlighted recently have followed. It’s not trying to be a kitchen sink. It won’t win favour with those who need constant at-a-glance data on their HDD temperatures and IP addresses.
+
+It comes with three distinct modes that can all add personality to an otherwise static background image:
+
+- Clock
+- Clock plus date
+- Clock plus date and weather
+
+Some people don’t understand the point of having a duplicate clock on show on the desktop. That’s understandable. For me, it’s more about form than function (though, personally, I find Conky clocks easier to see than the minuscule digits nestled in my upper panel).
+
+Chances are if you have a home screen widget on Android with the time, you won’t mind having one on your desktop, either!
+
+You can download Jelly Conky from the link below. The .zip archive contains a readme with instructions on how to install. For a guided walkthrough, [revisit one of our previous articles][1].
+
+- [Download Jelly Conky on Deviant Art][2]
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/09/jelly-conky-for-linux-desktop
+
+作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
+[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/07/conky-circle-theme-nod-lg-quick-cover
+[2]:http://zagortenay333.deviantart.com/art/Jelly-Conky-442559003

sources/news/Munich Council- LiMux Demise Has Been Greatly Exaggerated.md

@@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
-慕尼黑市议会称： LiMux 项目的死讯被过分夸大了
-================================================================================
-![LiMux – 慕尼黑市议会的官方操作系统](http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/limux-4-kde-desktop.jpg)
-
-LiMux - 慕尼黑市议会的官方操作系统
-
-慕尼黑市议会的新闻发言人试图澄清其[计划重新审视当地政府 IT 系统使用的所有开源软件][1]的背后原因。
-
-大量德国媒体披露，“慕尼黑市新任市长要求提交一份关于 LiMux 使用率的报告”，LiMux是一个在该市超过 80% 的市政府部门中使用的开源 Linux 发行版 ，慕尼黑市议会新闻发言人正是针对这条新闻所做的反应。
-
-该报告引用了一位不愿透露姓名的市政府官员的话，他声称政府雇员在使用开源软件时“非常痛苦”，还有人人称其为“昂贵的失败”。副市长 Josef Schmid 说，（更换到开源系统）这件事是“意识形态驱使的”，并非理性的财务行为。
-
-过去被看成是大规模迁移 Linux 的典范的慕尼黑市，如今这个背道而驰的新闻迅速像病毒一样扩散开来。现在市议会的新闻发言人 Stefan Hauf 正试着澄清这件事。
-
-### “未来计划” ###
-
-Hauf 确认了新任市长要求重新审查城市 IT 系统以及操作系统选择的事，但这份报告的目的并不像之前报道中暗示的那样仅仅是为了决定什么时候退回到 Microsoft Windows。
-
-**“这是有关机构、经费、性能和可用性以及用户满意度的事，”** [Techrepublic][2] 引用了他的言辞。
-
-**“（这仅仅是在收集）现实情况，为我们决定市议会今后该如何处理提供依据。”**
-
-Hauf 同时也确认了市议会员工的确抱怨过 LiMux，但是主要集中在 OpenOffice 的兼容性问题上，有些问题只要换到 LibreOffice 就能解决。
-
-那么，慕尼黑市会用回 Windows 吗？正如我们在之前的报道中所说：不能排除这种可能，但是现在下结论还太早。
-
-目前该报告所建议的截止日期还没定，任何和慕尼黑 IT 基础设施相关的决定都需要由他们自己投票决定，主流选民目前抱有“支持” LiMux 的态度。
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/munich-council-say-talk-limux-demise-greatly-exaggerated
-
-作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
-译者：[sailing](https://github.com/sailing)
-校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
-[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/08/munich-city-linux-switching-back-windows
-[2]:http://www.techrepublic.com/article/no-munich-isnt-about-to-ditch-free-software-and-move-back-to-windows/

sources/talk/20140624 Staying free--should GCC allow non-free plug ins.md

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+CNprober translating..
+
 Staying free – should GCC allow non-free plug ins?
 ================================================================================
 > Arguments in favour of the use of non-free plug-ins in GCC have again been raised on GCC mailing-lists, but are trumped by the arguments for GCC as a vehicle for free software development

sources/talk/20140626 Linux Administration--A Smart Career Choice.md

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+CNprober translating...
+
 Linux Administration: A Smart Career Choice
 ================================================================================
 ![](http://www.opensourceforu.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/linux.jpeg)

sources/talk/20140818 Where And How To Code--Choosing The Best Free Code Editor.md

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+zpl1025
 Where And How To Code: Choosing The Best Free Code Editor
 ================================================================================
 A close look at Cloud9, Koding and Nitrous.IO.
@@ -101,4 +102,4 @@ via: http://readwrite.com/2014/08/14/cloud9-koding-nitrousio-integrated-developm
 [8]:https://www.nitrous.io/desktop
 [9]:https://www.nitrous.io/desktop
 [10]:https://koding.com/Activity/steps-clone-projects-github-koding-1-create-account-github-2-open-your-terminal-3
-[11]:http://www.shutterstock.com/
+[11]:http://www.shutterstock.com/

sources/talk/20140819 KDE Plasma 5--For those Linux users undecided on the kernel' s future.md

@@ -1,200 +0,0 @@
-[Translating by SteveArcher]
-KDE Plasma 5—For those Linux users undecided on the kernel’s future
-================================================================================
-> Review—new release straddles traditional desktop needs, long term multi-device plans.
-
-Finally, the KDE project has released KDE Plasma 5, a major new version of the venerable K Desktop Environment.
-
-Plasma 5 arrives in the middle of an ongoing debate about the future of the Linux desktop. On one hand there are the brand new desktop paradigms represented by GNOME and Unity. Both break from the traditional desktop model in significant ways, and both attempt to create interfaces that will work on the desktop and the much-anticipated, tablet-based future (which [may or may not ever arrive][1]).
-
-Linux desktops like KDE, XFCE, LXDE, Mate, and even Cinnamon are the other side of the fence. None has re-invented itself too much. They continue to offer users a traditional desktop experience, which is not to say these projects aren't growing and refining. All of them continue to turn out incremental releases that fine tune what is a well-proven desktop model.
-
-![Ubuntu's Unity desktop](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot-unity.png)
-Ubuntu's Unity desktop
-
-![GNOME 3 desktop](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot-gnome.png)
-GNOME 3 desktop
-
-GNOME and Unity end up getting the lion's share of attention in this ongoing debate. They're both new and different. They're both opinionated and polarizing. For every Linux user that loves them, there's another that loves to hate them. It makes for, if nothing else, lively comments and forum posts in the Linux world. But the difference between these two Linux camps is about more than just how your desktop looks and behaves. It's about what the future of computing looks like.
-
-GNOME and Unity believe that the future of computing consists of multiple devices all running the same software—the new desktop these two create only makes sense within this vision. These new versions aren't really built as desktops for the future, but they include a hybrid desktop fallback mode for now and appear to believe in devices going forward. The other side of the Linux schism largely seems to ignore those.
-
-And unlike the world of closed source OSes—where changes are handed down, like them or leave them—the Linux world is in the middle of a conversation about these two opposite ideas.
-
-For users, it can be frustrating. The last thing you need when you're trying to get work done is an update that completely changes your desktop, forcing you to learn new ways of working. Even the best case scenario, moving to another desktop when your old favorite suddenly veers off in a new direction, usually means jettisoning years of muscle memory and familiarity.
-
-Luckily, there's a simple way to navigate this mess and find the right desktop for you. Here it is in a nutshell: do you want to bend your will to your desktop or do you want to bend your desktop to your will?
-
-If you fall in the first camp and don't mind learning new ways of working, Unity and GNOME 3 will be your best bets. If you fall in the latter camp, XFCE, Cinnamon, Mate, and a host of others will all likely prove a good fit. And even if you want to go non-traditional in a different direction from GNOME 3 and Unity, there's always Xmonad, Ratpoison, and others that very few Linux users will ever try. (This is a small shame, as Xmonad may be the best thing in Linux since Linus said, uh, hey, here's a kernel for your GNU system.)
-
-![KDE Plasma 5's new boot screen.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot01.png)
-KDE Plasma 5's new boot screen.
-
-So what about the undecided Linux users, all those people in the middle? You like the traditional desktop experience, and you're not ready to give up your menu and shortcuts for HUDs and other new tools. But at the same time, you're curious about tablets and other form factors, and you want something that will work across them all. You, my hypothetical friend, are an excellent candidate for the brand new KDE Plasma 5.
-
-KDE is attempting to do something no other desktop in Linux has tried to date—move toward the tablet and mobile device future while still producing a desktop experience that's familiar, functional, and infinitely customizable.
-
-### KDE Plasma 5 and the world of "convergence" ###
-
-KDE users who made it through the transition from KDE 3.5 to 4 likely still flinch at the mention of a major upgrade to any part of KDE, but there's good news for KDE fans in Plasma 5. This is a major update, yes, but it comes with a handful of exceptions (which I'll get into in a minute because you'd never know it).
-
-It turns out that the incredibly bumpy move to KDE 4 really did lay the groundwork for a better future—we are now in that future.
-
-With this update, KDE is laying future groundwork in a less disruptive way. We're referring to an inevitable move to tablets and other form factors, but fear not. KDE seems poised to do what GNOME and Unity could not—branch out to other form factors without abandoning the traditional desktop. In other words, this release resisted the urge to mess with the tried and true just because something new is on the horizon.
-
-(As a quick aside: You'd be forgiven for not remembering this, but the whole convergence thing that Canonical goes on about with each new Unity update? KDE started using the word "convergence" way back when Canonical was still running user tests to determine the optimal shade of brown for GNOME 2 menus.)
-
-With KDE Frameworks 5, Qt5, and some other updates to the plumbing that come along with Plasma 5, KDE's version of convergence is here. It's simply under the hood where it belongs.
-
-So while the components are there to allow the KDE project and its developers to build different interfaces—KDE calls these new frameworks the "converged Plasma shell," which is what loads up the desktop in Plasma 5—the Plasma 5 desktop is, thus far, the only interface. KDE plans to build out others, but the [official release announcement][2] for Plasma 5 says that "a tablet-centric and media center user experience are under development."
-
-In this sense, KDE's vision of convergence is not unlike what Ubuntu envisions; the user interface will change based on the device and hardware. For example, you might have the "tablet-centric" interface that's in the works running while you're reading the Web on the couch. But get up, walk back to your office, connect to your wireless keyboard, and the interface shifts to something more keyboard-friendly.
-
-This scenario has some potential problems, some of which Windows 8 users are likely already familiar with. For example, what will happen when a keyboard is plugged in, but you still want to interact with the screen via touch? What happens if you plug in a mouse, but you still want to scroll with your fingers?
-
-We mention these small points not to say that KDE hasn't thought them through (here's hoping they have), but because this idea of "convergence" of adaptive user interfaces will be very difficult to get right. And one thing KDE has long had that gives users hope for the project's success is limitless configurability.
-
-The hope for KDE on a tablet is that any user would be able to configure every last detail of the experience. Simply put, there would be a way for you to determine what you want to happen when a keyboard is detected rather than letting the OS determine it.
-
-### The Plasma 5 desktop ###
-
-KDE Plasma 5 is KDE 4 evolved rather than any kind of revolutionary new interface.
-
-![The KDE Plasma 5 desktop.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot02.png)
-The KDE Plasma 5 desktop.
-
-We've been using this release—still not completely stable during testing, though most of the glitches have been graphical, not data threatening—for over a month now in virtual machines. We've been dual booting on a Retina MacBook Pro and, to see how well it holds up on older hardware, an aging, underpowered Toshiba laptop. KDE Plasma 5 was tested using Kubuntu (virtual machine and the Toshiba) and atop a fresh install of Arch Linux (dual boot MacBook).
-
-If you'd like to try out Plasma 5, the simplest way is to grab the [Neon live CD available from KDE][3]. That will get you Plasma with Ubuntu under the hood. If you want to commit and test it on an existing Kubuntu install, here are the commands for that:
-
-    sudo add-apt-repository ppa:neon/kf5
-    sudo apt-get update
-    sudo apt-get install project-neon5-session project-neon5-utils project-neon5-konsole project-neon5-breeze project-neon5-plasma-workspace-wallpapers
-
-Restart your machine and you should see a new option at the login screen offering to start up a Neon session.
-
-Once you have Plasma 5 up and running, the first thing you'll notice is the new default KDE theme, known as Breeze.
-
-### Plasma 5's Breezy new look ###
-
-Breeze is what KDE refers to as a modernized interface, with "reduced visual clutter throughout the workspace." Sure enough, the busy, somewhat cluttered feel that has long been a part of the default KDE look is gone.
-
-![The KDE Plasma 5 desktop's Breeze theme is most complete in the Kickoff menu. Note the type to search message.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot03.png)
-The KDE Plasma 5 desktop's Breeze theme is most complete in the Kickoff menu. Note the type to search message.
-
-The entire interface has been flattened out, with bigger fonts, better contrast, and a sort of flat, "frosted" look that's somewhere between OS X Yosemite, Android L, and KDE 4.x. That's not to say KDE ripped off Apple or Google. They couldn't have, since Plasma 5 and the Breeze theme were well on their way before Apple revealed Yosemite or Google announced Android L.
-
-Still, while it would be incorrect to say KDE has ripped anyone off, Breeze's visual design and overall aesthetic are very much a product of its time. In that sense it looks "modern," so long as you define modern to mean lots of strong type, few textures or outlines, lots of translucency, and monochrome iconography.
-
-KDE's designers have put a lot of work into Breeze and it shows. This isn't just a new coat of paint. Breeze makes KDE more approachable out of the box with cleaned up menus, a less cluttered notification center, and a revamped Kickoff start menu.
-
-![A cleaner, less nagging notification center.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot04.png)
-A cleaner, less nagging notification center.
-
-How much Breeze matters depends on whether or not you'll ever even use it. KDE tends to attract users that like customizing their systems, which, presumably, includes customizing the theme. One thing to look forward to is what distros that heavily customize the default KDE theme—notably OpenSUSE—will do now that Breeze provides a somewhat higher starting bar.
-
-Currently, most distros will likely not jump on Breeze, since it is very much a work in progress. And coincidently, Breeze is where you'll notice some of the first signs of incompleteness in Plasma 5. While the Kickoff menu has some nice new icons, much of the rest of the interface does not. And as of the latest updates available in the Kubuntu ppa, Breeze does not use its new Window Decorations. The Window Decorations are installed, but they aren't turned on by default. You can head to the System Settings app and turn them on for a more complete, though possibly buggier, Breeze experience.
-
-![Top is the default Oxygen Window Decorations, bottom the new Breeze theme.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot05.png)
-Top is the default Oxygen Window Decorations, bottom the new Breeze theme.
-
-Not everything is ideal, and sometimes it's hard to tell what's a bug or incomplete feature and what is just poorly designed. For example, there's quite a bit of window and overlay translucency in Breeze, some of which looks nice. At other times, this gets in the way. Stacked windows and preview overlays bleed into what's behind them and become hard to read in the background. Pulling them to the foreground solves the problem, but it's hard to say what the value of the transparency is in this case.
-
-![Transparency... why?](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot06.png)
-Transparency... why?
-
-So yes, Breeze is still a work in progress, and not just in terms of features and design; things are still being worked out in terms of genuine bugs and glitches. We have encountered some unexpected behavior accordingly, particularly with regard to screen redraws. Those happen frequently and slow enough to notice. Windows disappear at times, and the menu bar occasionally only draws half of itself.
-
-Plasma 5 has never crashed during our testing, nor has it lost any data. But be warned—little visual glitches abound. We would suggest waiting for things to stabilize and for the distro of your choice to integrate it before jumping in with both feet.
-
-### Plasma menus go vertical ###
-
-Breeze gives Plasma 5 a new look, but there are also a number of changes in behavior. For example, both the widget explorer and the alt-tab window switcher are now vertically oriented and located in the same place by default—the far left side of the screen.
-
-![The default look for the alt-tab switcher menu.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot07.png)
-The default look for the alt-tab switcher menu.
-
-While that consistency is probably good for KDE newcomers, who need to learn to expect that various stuff will appear to the left of the screen, it can be a little frustrating for long-time users anticipating something else. Some of these changes seem somewhat arbitrary.
-
-![The widget explorer menu.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot08.png)
-The widget explorer menu.
-
-The KDE project claims the shift to vertical instead of horizontal lists, in things like the widget explorer and window switcher, "provide better usability." It stops short of saying how exactly. The release docs claim that moving the window switcher to the side of the screen "shifts the user's focus towards the applications and documents, clearing the stage for the task at hand." But if you only call up the window switcher when you're, ahem, switching windows, then it seems more likely that the user is between tasks rather than involved in one.
-
-![KDE still loves offering options. Notice the dark gray bar to the right that's an artifact (glitch) from dragging the window.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot09.png)
-KDE still loves offering options. Notice the dark gray bar to the right that's an artifact (glitch) from dragging the window.
-
-This is KDE, though, not Unity; infinite customization is a feature, not a bug. A trip to the System Settings will get your old style window switcher back, and there are some 10 different visual possibilities for the window switcher in Plasma 5. If the default is not to your liking, customize away.
-
-### So long Nepomuk, thanks for all the spinning fans ###
-
-If you're a heavy user of KDE's sometimes awesome, sometimes not, search features, this may be the biggest news in Plasma 5. It's true, KDE has ditched Nepomuk in favor of a new search engine known as Baloo.
-
-Nepomuk started life as an EU-funded metadata search project, with the lofty-sounding goal of creating a "Networked Environment for Personalized, Ontology-based Management of Unified Knowledge." By the time it trickled down to the KDE project, Nepomuk became a somewhat more mundane desktop search tool that alternated between brilliant and maddening.
-
-![Searching for files in Plasma 5.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot10.png)
-Searching for files in Plasma 5.
-
-Baloo takes much of what made Nepomuk great—namely, full text file search and an uncanny ability to pick up on relationships between files, for example, knowing that particular document is related to a contact—and [improves it][4]. Actually use the search features in Plasma 5 and you'll notice two things right off the bat: it's faster and your fan doesn't go haywire every time something new is indexed.
-
-Baloo significantly reduces the resource footprint of searching and, according to KDE, is more accurate. We can't vouch for the latter, since we never used search much in older versions of KDE (see fan spinning comments), but in terms of accuracy, simple file searches in Plasma 5 are on par with what you'll find in Ubuntu, OS X, and elsewhere. The success of more complex searches involving relationships or complex metadata will vary depending on how much you use the default KDE apps. For example, you need to use the Kontact Suite if you want to take advantage of Baloo-based searches involving relationships between contacts and files.
-
-That will likely change as time goes on, though, because another big change from Nepomuk is the new, improved developer API. The API for searching means third-party apps can tie in Plasma 5's Semantic Search infrastructure and take advantage of the same tools the default apps use.
-
-Curiously, for something that has seen as much work as Baloo has, the visibility and discoverability of the search feature has taken a step backward. Fire up Plasma 5's Kickoff menu—KDE's answer to the Windows Start menu—and search is nowhere to be found. If you look closely, you'll see a tiny little reminder to "type to search," which is a step up from the first release (which had no indication that you could search). Still, this isn't as discoverable as a dedicated search box.
-
-### Kickoff and its new cousin, Kicker ###
-
-KDE's answer to the Windows Start button has always been overkill in these eyes, packing too much in too little space, but with Breeze the menu has been cleaned up a bit and feels less visually overwhelming.
-
-![The Kickoff menu in the default theme.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot11.png)
-The Kickoff menu in the default theme.
-
-If it's still a bit too much for your needs, Plasma 5 offers a new, more traditional menu-based launcher called Kicker. Kicker does less—it's much closer to the Start menu in XP, a single, narrower pane that offers expanding menus where needed—and makes a lightweight alternative if all you want to do is launch applications and files. It also has a very obvious search box.
-
-![The new Kicker menu option.](http://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/screenshot12.png)
-The new Kicker menu option.
-
-The other side of the menu bar has been revamped and cleaned up a bit as well. The most notable change is the notification app, which seems to kick up fewer notifications and does a better job of displaying them and quickly getting them out of the way.
-
-### OpenGL, QtQuick, and HiDPI Screens ###
-
-Plasma 5 finishes up KDE's migration to Qt 5 and QtQuick, the latter of which uses a hardware-accelerated OpenGL scenegraph to render graphics. Most of what's new with OpenGL pertains to offloading graphics to any available GPU. That means, provided you've got the hardware for it, Plasma 5 can take full advantage of today's powerful GPUs.
-
-Indeed, on newish hardware (our test MacBook's NVIDIA GeForce GT graphics card, for example) Plasma 5 is snappy, considerably snappier than its predecessor. Perhaps even more impressive, take away whatever GPU advantage Plasma 5 might gain over KDE 4.x systems, and it still feels faster. That is, running on older hardware still isn't KDE's strong point, but the story is better than it used to be. Still, if you're looking to get some extra mileage out of older hardware, stick with Xfce, LXDE or something even simpler like Openbox.
-
-Interestingly, the revamped Frameworks that make up Plasma 5's graphics stack also pave the way for KDE to switch to the Wayland display server protocol. KDE doesn't seem to be in a hurry to make the switch to Wayland though, noting only that full support will be available in "a future release."
-
-This release also claims improved support for HDPI displays. But, as with the HDPI support in GNOME and Unity, the actual experience is a very mixed bag. Font rendering in particular is nowhere near as smooth as what OS X offers. Even installing and fiddling with Infinality has never produced satisfactory results for me. We're still not sure if the problem is in setup, and we're not in fact seeing the new HDPI features. Or, possibly the KDE project just has a very different definition of what constitutes HDPI support. Hopefully it's the former.
-
-### What's missing ###
-
-Earlier in this review, we said that the transition from KDE 4 to the Plasma 5 desktop would not be as bumpy as the move from KDE 3.x to 4.x. For the most part, that's true, but, for some people, there may be exceptions.
-
-The KDE project says the focus for this release has been "concentrated on tools that make up the central workflows" and notes that "not all features from the Plasma 4.x series are available yet." That might ring a bell for those who made it through the KDE 3 to 4 transition.
-
-In testing, we didn't run across any noticeable gaps in functionality or obvious missing features, save what was mentioned: the incomplete Breeze theme, some graphical glitches, and some questionable design choices. That said, have a look at the [list of known issues][5], in particular the note about performance.
-
-And we suggest trying Plasma 5 first to make sure all your must-haves are there before you jump in with both feet.
-
-### Conclusion ###
-
-KDE's Plasma 5 release lacks the attention-grabbing, paradigm-shifting changes that keep Unity and GNOME in the spotlight. Instead, the KDE project has been focused on improving its core desktop experience. Plasma 5 is not perfect by any means, but, unlike Unity and GNOME, it's easy to change the things you don't like.
-
-What's perhaps most heartening about this release is that KDE has managed to get a lot of the groundwork done for alternate interfaces without messing with their desktop interface much at all. The speed improvements are also good news. If you've tried KDE in the past and found it too "heavy," you might want to give Plasma 5 a fresh look.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/08/kde-plasma-5-for-those-linux-users-undecided-on-the-kernels-future/
-
-作者：Scott Gilbertson
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/08/op-ed-tables-really-are-pcsbecause-theres-no-point-in-buying-new-ones/
-[2]:http://www.kde.org/announcements/plasma5.0/
-[3]:http://files.kde.org/snapshots/neon5-latest.iso.mirrorlist
-[4]:https://dot.kde.org/2014/02/24/kdes-next-generation-semantic-search
-[5]:https://community.kde.org/Plasma/5.0_Errata

sources/talk/20140825 China Will Change The Way All Software Is Bought And Sold.md

@@ -1,69 +0,0 @@
-chi1shi2 is translating.
-
-China Will Change The Way All Software Is Bought And Sold
-================================================================================
-![](http://a5.files.readwrite.com/image/upload/c_fill,h_900,q_70,w_1600/MTE5NDg0MDYyMzQ4MzE0MTI3.jpg)
-
-> It's all about open source.
-
-**China doesn't need you. Not your software. Not your** programmers. Not anything you have to offer.
-
-China mints over 100,000 new software engineers each year. Those engineers are writing an incredible volume of great software. What software China doesn't develop, it pirates, to the tune of 77% of all software used in China as of 2012. For Western technology vendors already struggling to meet the challenges of open source and cloud, China just made things harder.
-
-Much harder. 
-
-China is challenging the way Western firms make money in China and everywhere else. For those companies that manage to figure out how to do business in China, their future looks very, very bright.
-
-### Resisting China ###
-
-Not everyone wants to play along, of course. Microsoft, for example, has opted to [use U.S. state attorneys general to block Chinese firms][1] from doing business in their states unless they pay for their Microsoft licenses. It's clever, and it may generate billions of dollars for Microsoft, but it ultimately feels like Microsoft is trying to fit a square peg in a round hole. 
-
-China, quite simply, doesn't think about IP in the same way that Microsoft does. 
-
-As [I've noted][2], "like their Indian counterparts, Chinese enterprises seem inclined to pay for complex, proprietary enterprise software that's more advanced than domestic firms have yet developed." But this won't last, as China's software industry is in warp speed and showing no signs of slowing. China pirates until it can build its own.
-
-But even then, it charges for software differently than in the U.S. Software is either delivered in appliances, the cloud or firms simply charge for support. None of these things can be pirated. 
-
-And each, not surprisingly, is how companies make money with open source.
-
-### Open Sourcing China ###
-
-As captured in [J. Aaron Farr's report][3] on open source in China, Hu Ke, an analyst for CCID, notes that "China's open source communities are relatively small and don't have much influence. There is a lack of big projects, few participants, and little money."
-
-That's the bad news.
-
-The good news is that companies like Huawei view open source as a strategic priority. For example, while [Huawei's open source page][4] is outdated and weak, it belies what's actually going on in the technology behemoth. In conversations with the company and with consultants engaged with it, they cite a great deal of knowledge about open source within Huawei, though still a decided lack of know-how when it comes to engaging with open-source communities.
-
-That isn't likely to last.
-
-For one thing, Chinese biggest Web companies actively embrace open source, a sign of what's to come. Talk to anyone at Baidu, Alibaba, Weibo and you'll discover that their software stacks are open source, top to bottom, running on homegrown hardware, not Western name brands. 
-
-In other words, exactly like in the United States and Western Europe.
-
-Take a look at [what software the industry's hottest startups use today][5] and you'll get a good sense of what China's mainstream enterprises will use tomorrow, just as is happening in the Western world. And, not surprisingly, much of it is open source.
-
-### Selling To China ###
-
-All of which means the future of China's software industry will necessarily look nothing like the history of the U.S. software industry. There won't be companies making billions of dollars selling proprietary shelfware. Intellectual property, in the Western sense, simply won't factor into China's tech economy.
-
-Instead, vendors will need to find a way to sell something other than software. Cloud services will succeed. Hardware appliances will, too. Ditto support and consulting services (though at lower margins). Basically, China's software industry will look like an industry filled with open source and no easy, proprietary crutches. 
-
-Lead image by [hackNY.org][6]
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-via: http://readwrite.com/2014/08/12/china-opensource-software-ip-programmers-united-states
-
-作者：[Matt Asay][a]
-译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
-校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
-
-本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
-
-[a]:http://readwrite.com/author/matt-asay
-[1]:http://readwrite.com/2014/03/17/microsoft-anti-piracy-strategy-china
-[2]:http://readwrite.com/2014/04/11/india-starts-paying-for-software-china-it
-[3]:http://cdn.oreillystatic.com/en/assets/1/event/12/Open%20Source%20in%20China%20Presentation%201.pdf
-[4]:http://huawei.com/en/about-huawei/Partner/openathuawei/index.htm
-[5]:http://codingvc.com/which-technologies-do-startups-use-an-exploration-of-angellist-data
-[6]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/hackny/8675057448/

sources/talk/20140902 Happy Birthday Email.md

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Happy Birthday Email
+================================================================================
+**An Indian American had the brain to invent electronic mail without which we cannot figure out a single day in this era.**
+
+![](http://1-ps.googleusercontent.com/h/www.efytimes.com/admin/useradmin/photo/150x150xDbOx104130AM8312014.jpg.pagespeed.ic.QJJxt_P8uE.jpg)
+
+30 August, email turned 32. Now we wonder how this fast and quick method of message transfer came into existence. The credit goes to an Indian American, Shiva Ayyadurai. Shiva developed a full-scale software of the interoffice mail system and it was named email.
+
+He was officially acknowledged as the inventor of the computer programme on 30 August, 1982, by the US government. Born to Tamil family in Bombay, Shiva was just 14 years old when he invented the email system. He was studying at Livingston High School in New Jersey and he began working on this system for the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. A copyright was given to the email system as no other way was known to protect software inventions at that time.
+
+Ayyadurai got the idea of the email system from the way mail was transported internally in offices. He tried to make a copy of ‘Pneumatic Tube System’ which was mostly used to send interoffice mails across offices. This system used a physical network of tubes which used to transport typed mails to secretaries. Each secretary used to have inbox, outbox, drafts, carbon copy paper, folders, address book, paper clips or attachments etc. All these were used to create and process incoming and outgoing mails.
+
+Shiva also took a note of the common templates like “To”, “From”, “Subject”, “Date”, “Body”, “CC”, “BCC” and so on. All these templates were incorporated in the version of the electronic mail too. Mail was written FORTRAN programming language and Shiva discovered an electronic version of the same. Shiva received many accolades for his extraordinary work and also won a Westinghouse Science Talent Search Award for high school seniors in 1981. Now Smithsonian Institution National Museum of American History (SINMAH) has the official US copyright for “Email”. But there is a controversy that not Ayyadurai but some other people have invented email. 
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=147170
+
+作者：Sanchari Banerjee
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出

sources/talk/20140902 The awesomely epic guide to KDE.md

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+The awesomely epic guide to KDE
+================================================================================
+**Everything you ever wanted to know about KDE (but were too afraid of the number of possible solutions to ask).**
+
+Desktops on Linux. They’re a concept completely alien to users of other operating systems because they never having to think about them. Desktops must feel like the abstract idea of time to the Amondawa tribe, a thought that doesn’t have any use until you’re in a different environment. But here it is – on Linux you don’t have to use the graphical environment lurking beneath your mouse cursor. You can change it for something completely different. If you don’t like windows, switch to xmonad. If you like full-screen apps, try Gnome. And if you’re after the most powerful and configurable point-and-click desktop, there’s KDE.
+
+KDE is wonderful, as they all are in their own way. But in our opinion, KDE in particular suffers from poor default configuration and a rather allusive learning curve. This is doubly frustrating, firstly because it has been quietly growing more brilliant over the last couple of years, and secondly, because KDE should be the first choice for users unhappy with their old desktop – in particular, Windows 8 users pining for an interface that makes sense.
+
+But fear not. We’re going to use a decade’s worth of KDE firefighting to bring you the definitive guide to making KDE look good and function slightly more like how you might expect it to. We’re not going to look at KDE’s applications, other than perhaps Dolphin; we’re instead going to look at the functionality in the desktop environment itself. And while our guinea pig distribution is going to be Mageia, this guide will be equally applicable to any recent KDE desktop running from almost any distribution, so don’t let the default Mageia background put you off.
+
+### Fonts ###
+
+A great first target for getting your system looking good is its selection of fonts. It used to be the case that many of us would routinely copy fonts across from a Windows installation, getting the professional Ariel and Helvetica font rendering that was missing from Linux at the time. But thanks to generic quality fonts such as DejaVu and Nimbus Sans/Roman, this isn’t a problem any more. But it’s still worth finding a font you prefer, as there are now so many great alternatives to choose between.
+
+The best source of free fonts we’ve found is [www.fontsquirrel.com][1] – it hosts the Roboto, Roboto Slab (Hello!) and Roboto Condensed (Hello!) typefaces used throughout our magazine, and also on the Nexus 5 smartphone (Roboto was developed for use in the Ice Cream Sandwich version of the Android mobile operating system). 
+
+TrueType fonts, with their **.ttf** file extensions, are incredibly easy to install from KDE. Download the zip file, right-click and select something from the Extract menu. Now all you need to do is drag a selection across the TrueType fonts you want to install and select ‘Install’ from the right-click Actions menu. KDE will take care of the rest. 
+
+Another brilliant thing about KDE is that you can change all the fonts at once. Open the System Settings panel and click on Application Appearances, followed by the fonts tab, and click on Adjust All Fonts. Now just select a font from the requester. Most KDE applications will update with your choice immediately, while other applications, such as Firefox, will require a restart. Either way, it’s a quick and effective way of experimenting with your desktop’s usability and appearance. We’d recommend either Open Sans or the thinner Aller fonts. 
+
+![Most distributions don’t include decent fonts. But KDE enables you to quickly install new ones and apply them to your desktop.](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/kde-4.png)
+Most distributions don’t include decent fonts. But KDE enables you to quickly install new ones and apply them to your desktop.
+
+### Eye candy ###
+
+One of KDE’s most secret features is that backgrounds can be dynamic. We don’t find much use for this when it comes to the desktops that tells us the weather outside the window, but we do like backgrounds that dynamically grab images from the internet. With most distributions you’ll need to install something for this to work. Just search for **plasma-wallpaper** in your distribution’s package manager. Our favourite is **plasma-wallpaper-potd**, as this installs easy access to update-able wallpaper images from a variety of sources. 
+
+Changing a desktop background is easy with KDE, but it’s not intuitive. Mageia, for example, defaults to using ‘Folder’ view, as this is closer to the traditional desktop where files from the Desktop folder in your home directory are displayed on the background, and the whole desktop works like a file manager. Right-click and select ‘Folder Settings’ if this is the view you’re using. Alternatively, KDE defaults to ‘Desktop’, where the background is clear apart from any widgets you add yourself, and files and folders are considered links to the sources. The menu item in this mode is labelled Desktop Settings. The View Configuration panel that changes the background is the same, however, and you need to make your changes in the Wallpaper drop-down menu. We’d recommend Picture Of The Day as the wallpaper, and the Astronomy Picture Of The Day as the image source.
+
+Another default option we think is crazy is the blue glow that surrounds the active window. While every other desktop uses a slightly deeper drop-shadow, KDE’s active window looks like it’s bathed in radioactive light. The solution to this lies in the default theme, and this can be changed by going to KDE’s System Settings control panel and selecting Workspace Appearance. On the first page, which is labelled Window Decorations, you’ll find that Oxygen is nearly always selected, and it’s this theme that contains the option to change the blue glow. Just click on the Configure Decoration button, flip to the Shadows tab and disable Active Window Glow’. Alternatively, if you’d like active windows to have a more pronounced shadow, change the inner and outer colours to black.
+
+You may have seen the option to download wallpapers, for example, from within a KDE window, and you can see this now by clicking on the Get New Decorations button. Themes are subjective, but our favourite combination is currently the Chrome window decoration (it looks identical to Google’s default theme for its browser) with the Aya desktop theme. The term ‘desktop theme’ is a bit of a misnomer, as it doesn’t encapsulate every setting as you might expect. Instead it controls how generic desktop elements are rendered. The most visible of these elements is the launch panel, and changing the desktop theme will usually have a dramatic effect on its appearance, but you’ll also notice a difference in the widgets system.
+
+The final graphical flourish we’d suggest is to change the icon set that KDE uses. There’s nothing wrong with the default Oxygen set, but there are better options. Unfortunately, this is where the ‘Get New Themes’ download option often fails, probably because icon packages are large and can overwhelm the personal storage space often reserved for projects like these. We’d suggest going to [kde-look.org][2] and browsing its icon collections. Open up the Icons panel from KDE’s System Settings, click on the Icons tab followed by Install Theme File and point the requester at the location of the archive you just downloaded. KDE will take it from there and add the icon set to the list in the panel. Try Kotenza for a flat theme, or keep an eye on Nitrux development.
+
+![Remove the blue glow and change a few of the display options, and KDE starts to look pretty good in our opinion.](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/kde-5.png)
+Remove the blue glow and change a few of the display options, and KDE starts to look pretty good in our opinion.
+
+### The panel ###
+
+Our next target is going to be the panel at the bottom of the screen. This has become a little dated, especially if you’re using KDE on a large or high-resolution display, so our first suggestion is to re-scale and centre it for your screen. The key to moving screen components in KDE is making sure they’re unlocked, and this accomplished by right-clicking on the ‘plasma’ cashew in the top-right of the display where the current activity is listed. Only when widgets are unlocked can you re-size the panel, and even add new applications from the launch menu.
+
+With widgets unlocked, click on the cashew on the side of the panel followed by More Settings and select Centre for panel alignment. With this enabled you can re-size the panel using the sliders on either side and the panel itself will always stay in the middle of your screen. Just pretend you’re working on indentation on a word processor and you’ll get the idea. You can also change its height when the sliders are visible by dragging the central height widget, and to the left of this, you can drag the panel to a different edge on your screen. The top edge works quite well, but many of KDE’s applets don’t work well when stacked vertically on the left or right edges of the display.
+
+There are two different kinds of task manager applets that come with KDE. The default displays each running application as a title bar in the panel, but this takes up quite a bit of space. The alternative task manager displays only the icon of the application, which we think is much more useful. Mageia defaults to the icon version, but most others – and KDE itself – prefer the title bar applet. To change this, click on the cashew again and hover over the old applet so that the ‘X’ appears, then click on this ‘X’ to remove the applet from the panel. Now click on Add Widgets, find the two task managers and drag the icon version on to your panel. You can re-arrange any other applets in this mode by dragging them to the left and right.
+
+By default, the Icon-Only task manager will only display icons for tasks running on the current desktop, which we think is counterintuitive, as it’s more convenient to see all of the applications you may have running and to quickly switch between whatever desktops on which they may be running with a simple click. To change this behaviour, right-click on the applet and select the Settings menu option and the Behaviour tab in the next window. Deselect ‘Only Show Tasks From The Current Desktop’, and perhaps ‘Only Show Tasks From The Current Activity’ if you use KDE’s activities.
+
+Another alteration we like to make is to reconfigure the virtual desktops applet from showing four desktops as a 2×2, which doesn’t look too good on a small panel, to 4×1. This can be done by right-clicking on the applet, selecting Pager Settings and then clicking on the Virtual Desktops tabs and changing the number of rows to ‘1’.
+
+Finally, there’s the launch menu. Mageia has switched this from the new style of application launcher to the old style originally seen in Microsoft Windows. We prefer the former because of its search field, but the two can be switched by right-clicking the icon and selecting the Switch To… menu option.
+
+If you find the hover-select action of this mode annoying, where moving the mouse over one of the categories automatically selects it, you can disable it by right-clicking on the launcher, selecting Launcher Settings from the menu and disabling ‘Switch Tabs On Hover’ from the General settings page. It’s worth reiterating that many of these menu options are only available when widgets are unlocked, so don’t despair if you don’t see the correct menu entry at first.
+
+> ### Activities ###
+> 
+> No article on KDE would be complete without some discussion of what KDE calls Activities. In many ways, Activities are a solution waiting for a problem. They’re meta-virtual desktops that allow you to group desktop configuration and applications together. You may have an activity for photo editing, for example, or one for working and another for the internet. If you’ve got a touchscreen laptop, activities could be used to switch between an Android-style app launcher (the Search and Launch mode from the Desktop Settings panel), and the regular desktop mode. We use a single activity as a default for screenshots, for instance, while another activity switches everything to the file manager desktop mode. But the truth is that you have to understand what they are before you can find a way of using them.
+> 
+> Some installations of KDE will include the Activity applet in the toolbar. Its red, blue and green dots can be clicked on to open the activity manager, or you can click on the Plasma cashew in the top-right and select Activities. This will open the bar at the bottom of the screen, which lists activities installed and primed on your system. Clicking on any will switch between them; as will pressing the meta key (usually the Windows key) and Tab.
+> 
+> We’d suggest that finding a fast way to switch between activities, such as with a keyboard shortcut or with the Activity Bar widget is the key to using them more. With the Activity Manager open, clicking on Create Activity lets you either clone the current desktop, add a blank desktop or create a new activity from a list of templates. Clone works well if you want to add some default applications to the desktop for your current setup. To remove an activity, switch to another one and press the Stop and Delete buttons from the Activity Manager.
+
+### Upgraded launch menu ###
+
+You may want to look into replacing the default launch menu entirely. If you open the Add Widgets view, for instance, and search for menus, you’ll see several results. Our current favourite is called Application Launcher (QML). It provides the same kind of functionality as the default menu, but has a cleaner interface after you’ve enlarged the initial window. But if we’re being honest, we don’t use the launcher that much. We prefer to do most launching through KRunner, which is the seemingly simple requester that appears when you hold Alt+F2.
+
+KRunner is better than the default launcher, because you can type this shortcut from anywhere, regardless of which applications are running or where your mouse is located. When you start to type the name of the application you want to run into KRunner, you’ll see the results filtered in real time beneath the entry field – press Enter to launch the top choice.
+
+KRunner is capable of so much more. You can type in calculations like **=sin(90)**, for example, and see the result in real time. You can search Google with **gg**: or Wikipedia with **wp**: followed by the search terms, and add many other operations through installable modules. To make best use of this awesome KDE feature, make sure you’ve got the **plasma-addons** package installed, and search for **runner** on your distribution’s package manager. When you next launch KRunner and click on the tool icon to the left of the search bar, you’ll see a wide variety of plugins that can do all kinds of things with the text you type in. In classic KDE style, many don’t include instructions on how to use them, so here’s our breakdown of the most useful things you can do with KRunner:
+
+![](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/kde-3.png)
+
+### File management ###
+
+File management may not be the most exciting subject in Linux, but it is one we all seem to spend a lot of time doing, whether that’s moving a download into a better folder, or copying photos from a camera. The old file manager, Konqueror, was one of the best reasons for using KDE in the first place, and while Konqueror has been superseded by Dolphin in KDE 4.x, it’s still knocking around – even if it is labelled a web browser. 
+
+If you open Konqueror and enter the URL as **file:/**, it turns back into that file manager of old, with many of its best features intact. You can click on the lower status bar, for example, and split the view vertically or horizontally, into other views. You can fill the view with proportionally sized blocks by selecting Preview File Size View from the right-click menu, and preview many other file types without ever leaving Konqueror. 
+
+Mageia uses a double-click for most options, whereas we prefer a single click. This can be changed from the System-Settings panel by opening Input Devices, clicking on Mouse and enabling ‘Single-click To Open Files And Folders’. If you’ve become used to Apple’s reverse scroll, you’ll also find an option here to reverse the scroll direction on Linux.
+
+Konqueror is a great application, but it hasn’t been a focus of KDE development for a considerable period of time. Dolphin has replaced it, and while this is a much simplified file manager, it does inherit some of Konqueror’s best features. You can still split the view, for instance, albeit one only once, and only horizontally, from the toolbar. You can also view lots of metadata. Select the Details View and right-click on the column headings for the files, and you can add columns that list the word counts in text files, or an image’s size and orientation, or the artist, title and duration of an audio file, all from within the contents of the data. This is KDE’s semantic desktop in action, and it’s been growing in functionality for the last couple of years. Apple’s OS X, for example, has only just started pushing its ability to tag files and applications – we’ve been able to do this from KDE for a long time. We don’t know any other desktop that comes close to providing that level of control.
+
+### Window management ###
+
+KDE has a comprehensive set of windowing functions as well as graphical effects. They’re all part of the window manager, KWin, rather than the desktop, which is what we’ve been dealing with so far. It’s the window manager’s job to handle the positioning, moving and rendering of your windows, which is why they can be replaced without switching the whole desktop. You might want to try KWin on the RazorQt desktop, for example, to get the best of both the minimal environment RazorQt offers and the power of KDE’s window manager.
+
+The easiest way to get to KWin’s configuration settings is to right-click on the title bar of any window (this is usually the most visible element of any window manager), and select Window Manager Settings from the More Actions menu.
+
+The Task Switcher is the tool that appears when you press Alt+Tab, and continually pressing those two keys will switch between all running applications on the current desktop. You can also use cursor keys to move left and right through the list. These settings are mostly sensibly configured, but you may want to include All Other Desktops in the Filter Windows By section, as that will allow you to quickly switch to applications running on other desktops. We also like the Cover Switch visualisation rather than the Thumbnails view, and you can even configure the perceived distance of the windows by clicking on the toolbar icon.
+
+The next page on the window manager control module handles what happens at the edges of your screen. At the very least, we prefer to enable Switch Desktop On Edge by selecting Only When Moving Windows from the drop-down list. This means that when you drag a window to one edge, the virtual desktop will switch beneath, effectively dragging the window on to a new virtual desktop.
+
+The great thing about enabling this only for dragged windows is that it doesn’t interfere with KDE’s fantastic window snapping feature. When you drag a window close to the left or right edge, for instance, KDE displays a ghosted window where your window will snap to if you release the mouse. This is a great way of turning KDE into a tiling window manager, where you can easily have two windows split down the middle of the screen area. Moving a window into any of the corners will also give you the ability to neatly arrange your windows to occupy a quarter of the screen, which is ideal for large displays.
+
+We also enable a mode similar to Mission Control on OS X when the cursor is in the region of the top-left corner of the screen. On the screen edge layout, click on the dot in the top-right of the screen (or any other point you’d prefer) and select Desktop Grid from the drop-down menu that appears. Now when you move to the top-right of your display, you’ll get an overview of all your virtual desktops, any of which can be chosen with a click.
+
+Two pages down in the configuration module, there’s a page called Focus. This is an old idea where you can change whether a window becomes active when you click on it, or when you roll your mouse cursor over it. KDE adds another twist to this by providing a slider that progresses from click to a strict hover policy, where the window under the cursor always becomes active. We prefer to use one of the middle options – Focus Follows Mouse – as this chooses the most obvious window to activate for us without making too many mistakes, and it means we seldom click to focus. We also reduce the focus delay to 200ms, but this will depend on how you feel about the feature after using it for a while.
+
+KDE has so many features, many of which only come to light when you start to use the desktop. It really is a case of developers often adding things and then telling no one. But we feel KDE is worth the effort, and unlikely some other desktops, is unlikely to change too much in the transition from 4.x to 5. That means the time you spend learning how to use KDE now is an investment. Dive in!. 
+
+![KDE visual effects (click for larger)](http://www.linuxvoice.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/kde-1.png)
+KDE visual effects (click for larger)
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/desktops/
+
+作者：[Ben Everard][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/author/ben_everard/
+[1]:http://www.fontsquirrel.com/
+[2]:http://kde-look.org/

sources/talk/20140904 Making MySQL Better at GitHub.md

@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+Making MySQL Better at GitHub
+================================================================================
+> At GitHub we say, "it's not fully shipped until it's fast." We've talked before about some of the ways we keep our [frontend experience speedy][1], but that's only part of the story. Our MySQL database infrastructure dramatically affects the performance of GitHub.com. Here's a look at how our infrastructure team seamlessly conducted a major MySQL improvement last August and made GitHub even faster.
+
+### The mission ###
+
+Last year we moved the bulk of GitHub.com's infrastructure into a new datacenter with world-class hardware and networking. Since MySQL forms the foundation of our backend systems, we expected database performance to benefit tremendously from an improved setup. But creating a brand-new cluster with brand-new hardware in a new datacenter is no small task, so we had to plan and test carefully to ensure a smooth transition. 
+
+### Preparation ###
+
+A major infrastructure change like this requires measurement and metrics gathering every step of the way. After installing base operating systems on our new machines, it was time to test out our new setup with various configurations. To get a realistic test workload, we used tcpdump to extract SELECT queries from the old cluster that was serving production and replayed them onto the new cluster.
+
+MySQL tuning is very workload specific, and well-known configuration settings like innodb_buffer_pool_size often make the most difference in MySQL's performance. But on a major change like this, we wanted to make sure we covered everything, so we took a look at settings like innodb_thread_concurrency, innodb_io_capacity, and innodb_buffer_pool_instances, among others.
+
+We were careful to only make one test configuration change at a time, and to run tests for at least 12 hours. We looked for query response time changes, stalls in queries per second, and signs of reduced concurrency. We observed the output of SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS, particularly the SEMAPHORES section, which provides information on work load contention.
+
+Once we were relatively comfortable with configuration settings, we started migrating one of our largest tables onto an isolated cluster. This served as an early test of the process, gave us more space in the buffer pools of our core cluster and provided greater flexibility for failover and storage. This initial migration introduced an interesting application challenge, as we had to make sure we could maintain multiple connections and direct queries to the correct cluster.
+
+In addition to all our raw hardware improvements, we also made process and topology improvements: we added delayed replicas, faster and more frequent backups, and more read replica capacity. These were all built out and ready for go-live day.
+
+### Making a list; checking it twice ###
+
+With millions of people using GitHub.com on a daily basis, we did not want to take any chances with the actual switchover. We came up with a thorough [checklist][2] before the transition:
+
+![](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/1155781/4116929/13fc6f50-328b-11e4-837b-922aad3055a8.png)
+
+We also planned a maintenance window and [announced it on our blog][3] to give our users plenty of notice.
+
+### Migration day ###
+
+At 5am Pacific Time on a Saturday, the migration team assembled online in chat and the process began:
+
+![](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/1155781/4060850/39f52cd4-2df3-11e4-9aca-1f54a4870d24.png)
+
+We put the site in maintenance mode, made an announcement on Twitter, and set out to work through the list above:
+
+![](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/1155781/4060864/54ff6bac-2df3-11e4-95da-b059c0ec668f.png)
+
+**13 minutes** later, we were able to confirm operations of the new cluster:
+
+![](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/1155781/4060870/6a4c0060-2df3-11e4-8dab-654562fe628d.png)
+
+Then we flipped GitHub.com out of maintenance mode, and let the world know that we were in the clear.
+
+![](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/1155781/4060878/79b9884c-2df3-11e4-98ed-d11818c8915a.png)
+
+Lots of up front testing and preparation meant that we kept the work we needed on go-live day to a minimum.
+
+### Measuring the final results ###
+
+In the weeks following the migration, we closely monitored performance and response times on GitHub.com. We found that our cluster migration cut the average GitHub.com page load time by half and the 99th percentile by *two-thirds*:
+
+![](https://cloud.githubusercontent.com/assets/1155781/4060886/9106e54e-2df3-11e4-8fda-a4c64c229ba1.png)
+
+### What we learned ###
+
+#### Functional partitioning ####
+
+During this process we decided that moving larger tables that mostly store historic data to separate cluster was a good way to free up disk and buffer pool space. This allowed us to leave more resources for our "hot" data, splitting some connection logic to enable the application to query multiple clusters. This proved to be a big win for us and we are working to reuse this pattern.
+
+#### Always be testing ####
+
+You can never do too much acceptance and regression testing for your application. Replicating data from the old cluster to the new cluster while running acceptance tests and replaying queries were invaluable for tracing out issues and preventing surprises during the migration.
+
+#### The power of collaboration ####
+
+Large changes to infrastructure like this mean a lot of people need to be involved, so pull requests functioned as our primary point of coordination as a team. We had people all over the world jumping in to help.
+
+Deploy day team map:
+
+<iframe width="620" height="420" frameborder="0" src="https://render.githubusercontent.com/view/geojson?url=https://gist.githubusercontent.com/anonymous/5fa29a7ccbd0101630da/raw/map.geojson"></iframe>
+
+This created a workflow where we could open a pull request to try out changes, get real-time feedback, and see commits that fixed regressions or errors -- all without phone calls or face-to-face meetings. When everything has a URL that can provide context, it's easy to involve a diverse range of people and make it simple for them give feedback.
+
+### One year later.. ###
+
+A full year later, we are happy to call this migration a success — MySQL performance and reliability continue to meet our expectations. And as an added bonus, the new cluster enabled us to make further improvements towards greater availability and query response times. I'll be writing more about those improvements here soon.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+via: https://github.com/blog/1880-making-mysql-better-at-github
+
+作者：[samlambert][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:https://github.com/samlambert
+[1]:https://github.com/blog/1756-optimizing-large-selector-sets
+[2]:https://help.github.com/articles/writing-on-github#task-lists
+[3]:https://github.com/blog/1603-site-maintenance-august-31st-2013

sources/talk/20140904 The Masked Avengers.md

@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+[Translating by SteveArcher]
+The Masked Avengers
+================================================================================
+> How Anonymous incited online vigilantism from Tunisia to Ferguson.
+
+![](http://www.newyorker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/140908_r25419-690.jpg)
+
+Anyone can join Anonymous simply by claiming affiliation. An anthropologist says that participants “remain subordinate to a focus on the epic win—and, especially, the lulz.”
+
+Paper Sculpture by Jeff Nishinaka / Photograph by Scott Dunbar 
+
+----------
+
+In the mid-nineteen-seventies, when Christopher Doyon was a child in rural Maine, he spent hours chatting with strangers on CB radio. His handle was Big Red, for his hair. Transmitters lined the walls of his bedroom, and he persuaded his father to attach two directional antennas to the roof of their house. CB radio was associated primarily with truck drivers, but Doyon and others used it to form the sort of virtual community that later appeared on the Internet, with self-selected nicknames, inside jokes, and an earnest desire to effect change.
+
+Doyon’s mother died when he was a child, and he and his younger sister were reared by their father, who they both say was physically abusive. Doyon found solace, and a sense of purpose, in the CB-radio community. He and his friends took turns monitoring the local emergency channel. One friend’s father bought a bubble light and affixed it to the roof of his car; when the boys heard a distress call from a stranded motorist, he’d drive them to the side of the highway. There wasn’t much they could do beyond offering to call 911, but the adventure made them feel heroic.
+
+Small and wiry, with a thick New England accent, Doyon was fascinated by “Star Trek” and Isaac Asimov novels. When he saw an ad in Popular Mechanics for a build-your-own personal-computer kit, he asked his grandmother to buy it for him, and he spent months figuring out how to put it together and hook it up to the Internet. Compared with the sparsely populated CB airwaves, online chat rooms were a revelation. “I just click a button, hit this guy’s name, and I’m talking to him,” Doyon recalled recently. “It was just breathtaking.”
+
+At the age of fourteen, he ran away from home, and two years later he moved to Cambridge, Massachusetts, a hub of the emerging computer counterculture. The Tech Model Railroad Club, which had been founded thirty-four years earlier by train hobbyists at M.I.T., had evolved into “hackers”—the first group to popularize the term. Richard Stallman, a computer scientist who worked in M.I.T.’s Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the time, says that these early hackers were more likely to pass around copies of “Gödel, Escher, Bach” than to incite technological warfare. “We didn’t have tenets,” Stallman said. “It wasn’t a movement. It was just a thing that people did to impress each other.” Some of their “hacks” were fun (coding video games); others were functional (improving computer-processing speeds); and some were pranks that took place in the real world (placing mock street signs near campus). Michael Patton, who helped run the T.M.R.C. in the seventies, told me that the original hackers had unwritten rules and that the first one was “Do no damage.”
+
+In Cambridge, Doyon supported himself through odd jobs and panhandling, preferring the freedom of sleeping on park benches to the monotony of a regular job. In 1985, he and a half-dozen other activists formed an electronic “militia.” Echoing the Animal Liberation Front, they called themselves the Peoples Liberation Front. They adopted aliases: the founder, a towering middle-aged man who claimed to be a military veteran, called himself Commander Adama; Doyon went by Commander X. Inspired by the Merry Pranksters, they sold LSD at Grateful Dead shows and used some of the cash to outfit an old school bus with bullhorns, cameras, and battery chargers. They also rented a basement apartment in Cambridge, where Doyon occasionally slept.
+
+Doyon was drawn to computers, but he was not an expert coder. In a series of conversations over the past year, he told me that he saw himself as an activist, in the radical tradition of Abbie Hoffman and Eldridge Cleaver; technology was merely his medium of dissent. In the eighties, students at Harvard and M.I.T. held rallies urging their schools to divest from South Africa. To help the protesters communicate over a secure channel, the P.L.F. built radio kits: mobile FM transmitters, retractable antennas, and microphones, all stuffed inside backpacks. Willard Johnson, an activist and a political scientist at M.I.T., said that hackers were not a transformative presence at rallies. “Most of our work was still done using a bullhorn,” he said.
+
+In 1992, at a Grateful Dead concert in Indiana, Doyon sold three hundred hits of acid to an undercover narcotics agent. He was sentenced to twelve years in Pendleton Correctional Facility, of which he served five. While there, he developed an interest in religion and philosophy and took classes from Ball State University.
+
+Netscape Navigator, the first commercial Web browser, was released in 1994, while Doyon was incarcerated. When he returned to Cambridge, the P.L.F. was still active, and their tools had a much wider reach. The change, Doyon recalls, “was gigantic—it was the difference between sending up smoke signals and being able to telegraph someone.” Hackers defaced an Indian military Web site with the words “Save Kashmir.” In Serbia, hackers took down an Albanian site. Stefan Wray, an early online activist, defended such tactics at an “anti-Columbus Day” rally in New York. “We see this as a form of electronic civil disobedience,” he told the crowd.
+
+In 1999, the Recording Industry Association of America sued Napster, the file-sharing service, for copyright infringement. As a result, Napster was shut down in 2001. Doyon and other hackers disabled the R.I.A.A. site for a weekend, using a Distributed Denial of Service, or DDoS, attack, which floods a site with so much data that it slows down or crashes. Doyon defended his actions, employing the heightened rhetoric of other “hacktivists.” “We quickly came to understand that the battle to defend Napster was symbolic of the battle to preserve a free internet,” he later wrote.
+
+One day in 2008, Doyon and Commander Adama met at the P.L.F.’s basement apartment in Cambridge. Adama showed Doyon the Web site of the Epilepsy Foundation, on which a link, instead of leading to a discussion forum, triggered a series of flashing colored lights. Some epileptics are sensitive to strobes; out of sheer malice, someone was trying to induce seizures in innocent people. There had been at least one victim already.
+
+Doyon was incensed. He asked Adama who would do such a thing.
+
+“Ever hear of a group called Anonymous?” Adama said.
+
+----------
+
+In 2003, Christopher Poole, a fifteen-year-old insomniac from New York City, launched 4chan, a discussion board where fans of anime could post photographs and snarky comments. The focus quickly widened to include many of the Internet’s earliest memes: LOLcats, Chocolate Rain, RickRolls. Users who did not enter a screen name were given the default handle Anonymous.
+
+![](http://www.newyorker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/140908_a18505-600.jpg)
+
+“I need to talk about my inner life.”
+
+Poole hoped that anonymity would keep things irreverent. “We have no intention of partaking in intelligent discussions concerning foreign affairs,” he wrote on the site. One of the highest values within the 4chan community was the pursuit of “lulz,” a term derived from the acronym LOL. Lulz were often achieved by sharing puerile jokes or images, many of them pornographic or scatological. The most shocking of these were posted on a part of the site labelled /b/, whose users called themselves /b/tards. Doyon was aware of 4chan, but considered its users “a bunch of stupid little pranksters.” Around 2004, some people on /b/ started referring to “Anonymous” as an independent entity.
+
+It was a new kind of hacker collective. “It’s not a group,” Mikko Hypponen, a leading computer-security researcher, told me—rather, it could be thought of as a shape-shifting subculture. Barrett Brown, a Texas journalist and a well-known champion of Anonymous, has described it as “a series of relationships.” There was no membership fee or initiation. Anyone who wanted to be a part of Anonymous—an Anon—could simply claim allegiance.
+
+Despite 4chan’s focus on trivial topics, many Anons considered themselves crusaders for justice. They launched vigilante campaigns that were purposeful, if sometimes misguided. More than once, they posed as underage girls in order to entrap pedophiles, whose personal information they sent to the police. Other Anons were apolitical and sowed chaos for the lulz. One of them posted images on /b/ of what looked like pipe bombs; another threatened to blow up several football stadiums and was arrested by the F.B.I. In 2007, a local news affiliate in Los Angeles called Anonymous “an Internet hate machine.”
+
+In January, 2008, Gawker Media posted a video in which Tom Cruise enthusiastically touted the benefits of Scientology. The video was copyright-protected, and the Church of Scientology sent a cease-and-desist letter to Gawker, asking that the video be removed. Anonymous viewed the church’s demands as attempts at censorship. “I think it’s time for /b/ to do something big,” someone posted on 4chan. “I’m talking about ‘hacking’ or ‘taking down’ the official Scientology Web site.” An Anon used YouTube to issue a “press release,” which included stock footage of storm clouds and a computerized voice-over. “We shall proceed to expel you from the Internet and systematically dismantle the Church of Scientology in its present form,” the voice said. “You have nowhere to hide.” Within a few weeks, the YouTube video had been viewed more than two million times.
+
+Anonymous had outgrown 4chan. The hackers met in dedicated Internet Relay Chat channels, or I.R.C.s, to coördinate tactics. Using DDoS attacks, they caused the main Scientology Web site to crash intermittently for several days. Anons created a “Google bomb,” so that a search for “dangerous cult” would yield the main Scientology site at the top of the results page. Others sent hundreds of pizzas to Scientology centers in Europe, and overwhelmed the church’s Los Angeles headquarters with all-black faxes, draining the machines of ink. The Church of Scientology, an organization that reportedly has more than a billion dollars in assets, could withstand the depletion of its ink cartridges. But its leaders, who had also received death threats, contacted the F.B.I. to request an investigation into Anonymous.
+
+On March 15, 2008, several thousand Anons marched past Scientology churches in more than a hundred cities, from London to Sydney. In keeping with the theme of anonymity, the organizers decided that all the protesters should wear versions of the same mask. After considering Batman, they settled on the Guy Fawkes mask worn in “V for Vendetta,” a dystopian movie from 2005. “It was available in every major city, in large quantities, for cheap,” Gregg Housh, one of the organizers of the protests and a well-known Anon, told me. The mask was a caricature of a man with rosy cheeks, a handlebar mustache, and a wide grin.
+
+Anonymous did not “dismantle” the Church of Scientology. Still, the Tom Cruise video remained online. Anonymous had proved its tenacity. The collective adopted a bombastic slogan: “We are Legion. We do not forgive. We do not forget. Expect us.”
+
+----------
+
+In 2010, Doyon moved to Santa Cruz, California, to join a local movement called Peace Camp. Using wood that he stole from a lumberyard, he built a shack in the mountains. He borrowed WiFi from a nearby mansion, drew power from salvaged solar panels, and harvested marijuana, which he sold for cash.
+
+At the time, the Peace Camp activists were sleeping on city property as a protest against a Santa Cruz anti-homelessness law that they considered extreme. Doyon appeared at Peace Camp meetings and offered to promote their cause online. He had an unkempt red beard and wore a floppy beige hat and quasi-military fatigues. Some of the activists called him Curbhugger Chris.
+
+Kelley Landaker, a member of Peace Camp, spoke with Doyon several times about hacking. Doyon sometimes bragged about his technical aptitude, but Landaker, an expert programmer, was unimpressed. “He was more of a spokesman than a hands-on-the-keyboard type of person,” Landaker told me. But the movement needed a passionate leader more than it needed a coder. “He was very enthusiastic and very outspoken,” Robert Norse, also a member of Peace Camp, told me. “He created more media attention for the issue than anyone I’ve seen, and I’ve been doing this for twenty years.”
+
+Commander Adama, Doyon’s superior in the P.L.F., who still lived in Cambridge and communicated with him via e-mail, had ordered Doyon to monitor Anonymous. Doyon’s brief was to observe their methods and to recruit members to the P.L.F. Recalling his revulsion at the Epilepsy Foundation hack, Doyon initially balked. Adama argued that the malicious hackers were a minority within Anonymous, and that the collective might inspire powerful new forms of activism. Doyon was skeptical. “The biggest movement in the world is going to come from 4chan?” he said. But, out of loyalty to the P.L.F., he obeyed Adama.
+
+Doyon spent much of his time at the Santa Cruz Coffee Roasting Company, a café downtown, hunched over an Acer laptop. The main Anonymous I.R.C. did not require a password. Doyon logged in using the name PLF and followed along. Over time, he discovered back channels where smaller, more dedicated groups of Anons had dozens of overlapping conversations. To participate, you had to know the names of the back channels, which could be changed to deflect intruders. It was not a highly secure system, but it was adaptable. “These simultaneous cabals keep centralization from happening,” Gabriella Coleman, an anthropologist at McGill University, told me.
+
+Some Anons proposed an action called Operation Payback. As the journalist Parmy Olson wrote in a 2012 book, “We Are Anonymous,” Operation Payback started as another campaign in support of file-sharing sites like the Pirate Bay, a successor to Napster, but the focus soon broadened to include political speech. In late 2010, at the behest of the State Department, several companies, including MasterCard, Visa, and PayPal, stopped facilitating donations to WikiLeaks, the vigilante organization that had released hundreds of thousands of diplomatic cables. In an online video, Anonymous called for revenge, promising to lash out at the companies that had impeded WikiLeaks. Doyon, attracted by the anti-corporate spirit of the project, decided to participate.
+
+![](http://www.newyorker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/140908_a18473-600.jpg)
+
+During Operation Payback, in early December, Anonymous directed new recruits, or noobs, to a flyer headed “How to Join the Fucking Hive,” in which participants were instructed to “FIX YOUR GODDAMN INTERNET. THIS IS VERY FUCKING IMPORTANT.” They were also asked to download Low Orbit Ion Cannon, an easy-to-use tool that is publicly available. Doyon downloaded the software and watched the chat rooms, waiting for a cue. When the signal came, thousands of Anons fired at once. Doyon entered a target URL—say, www.visa.com—and, in the upper-right corner, clicked a button that said “IMMA CHARGIN MAH LAZER.” (The operation also relied on more sophisticated hacking.) Over several days, Operation Payback disabled the home pages of Visa, MasterCard, and PayPal. In court filings, PayPal claimed that the attack had cost the company five and a half million dollars.
+
+To Doyon, this was activism made tangible. In Cambridge, protesting against apartheid, he could not see immediate results; now, with the tap of a button, he could help sabotage a major corporation’s site. A banner headline on the Huffington Post read “MasterCard DOWN.” One gloating Anon tweeted, “There are some things WikiLeaks can’t do. For everything else, there’s Operation Payback.”
+
+----------
+
+In the fall of 2010, the Peace Camp protests ended. With slight concessions, the anti-homelessness law remained in effect. Doyon hoped to use the tactics of Anonymous to reinvigorate the movement. He recalls thinking, “I could wield Anonymous against this tiny little city government and they would just be fucking wrecked. Plan was we were finally going to solve this homelessness problem, once and for all.”
+
+Joshua Covelli, a twenty-five-year-old Anon who went by the nickname Absolem, admired Doyon’s decisiveness. “Anonymous had been this clusterfuck of chaos,” Covelli told me. With Commander X, “there seemed to be a structure set up.” Covelli worked as a receptionist at a college in Fairborn, Ohio, and knew nothing about Santa Cruz politics. But when Doyon asked for help with Operation Peace Camp, Covelli e-mailed back immediately: “I’ve been waiting to join something like that my entire life.”
+
+Doyon, under the name PLF, invited Covelli into a private I.R.C.:
+
+> Absolem: Sorry to be so rude . . . Is PLF part of Anonymous or separate?
+> 
+> Absolem: I was just asking because you all seem very organized in chat.
+> 
+> PLF: You are not in the least rude. I am pleased to meet you. PLF is 22 year old hacker group originally from Boston. I started hacking in 81, not with computers but PBX (telephones).
+> 
+> PLF: We are all older 40 or over. Some of us are former military or intelligence. One of us, Commander Adama is currently sought by an alphabet soup of cops and spooks and in hiding.
+> 
+> Absolem: Wow that’s legit. I am really interested in helping this out in some way and Anonymous just seems too chaotic. I have some computer skills but very noob in hacking. I have some tools but no Idea how to use them.
+
+With ritual solemnity, Doyon accepted Covelli’s request to join the P.L.F.:
+
+> PLF: Encrypt the fuck out of all sensitive material that might incriminate you.
+> 
+> PLF: Yep, work with any PLFer to get a message to me. Call me . . . Commander X for now.
+
+In 2012, the Associated Press called Anonymous “a group of expert hackers”; Quinn Norton, in Wired, wrote that “Anonymous had figured out how to infiltrate anything,” resulting in “a wild string of brilliant hacks.” In fact some Anons are gifted coders, but the vast majority possess little technical skill. Coleman, the anthropologist, told me that only a fifth of Anons are hackers—the rest are “geeks and protesters.”
+
+On December 16, 2010, Doyon, as Commander X, sent an e-mail to several reporters. “At exactly noon local time tomorrow, the Peoples Liberation Front and Anonymous will remove from the Internet the Web site of the Santa Cruz County government,” he wrote. “And exactly 30 minutes later, we will return it to normal function.”
+
+The data-center staff for Santa Cruz County saw the warning and scrambled to prepare for the attack. They ran security scans on the servers and contacted A.T. & T., the county’s Internet provider, which suggested that they alert the F.B.I.
+
+The next day, Doyon entered a Starbucks and booted up his laptop. Even for a surfing town, he was notably eccentric: a homeless-looking man wearing fatigues and typing furiously. Covelli met him in a private chat room.
+
+> PLF: Go to Forum, sign in—and look at top right menu bar “chat.” Thats Ops for today. Thank you for standing with us.
+> 
+> Absolem: Anything for PLF, sir.
+
+They both opened DDoS software. Though only a handful of people were participating in Operation Peace Camp, Doyon gave orders as if he were addressing legions of troops:
+
+> PLF: ATTENTION: Everyone who supports the PLF or considers us their friend—or who cares about defeating evil and protecting the innocent: Operation Peace Camp is LIVE and an action is underway. TARGET: www.co.santa-cruz.ca.us. Fire At Will. Repeat: FIRE!
+> 
+> Absolem: got it, sir.
+
+The data-center staff watched their servers, which showed a flurry of denial-of-service requests. Despite their best efforts, the site crashed. Twenty-five minutes later, Doyon decided that he had made his point. He typed “CEASE FIRE,” and the county’s site flickered back to life. (Despite the attack, the city’s anti-homelessness law did not change.)
+
+Doyon hardly had time to celebrate before he grew anxious. “I got to leave,” he typed to Covelli. He fled to his shack in the mountains. Doyon was right to be wary: an F.B.I. agent had been snooping in the I.R.C. The F.B.I. obtained a warrant to search Doyon’s laptop.
+
+A few weeks later, Doyon’s food ran out, and he returned to town. While he was at the Santa Cruz Coffee Roasting Company, two federal agents entered the shop. They brought him to the county police station. Doyon called Ed Frey, a lawyer and the founder of Peace Camp, who met him at the station. Doyon told Frey about his alter ego as Commander X.
+
+Doyon was released, but the F.B.I. kept his laptop, which was full of incriminating evidence. Frey, a civil-rights lawyer who knew little about cybersecurity, drove Doyon back to his hillside encampment. “What are you going to do?” Frey asked.
+
+![](http://www.newyorker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/140908_a18447-600.jpg)
+
+“Zach is in the gifted-and-talented-and-you’re-not class.”
+
+He spoke in cinematic terms. “Run like hell,” he said. “I will go underground, try to stay free as long as I can, and keep fighting the bastards any way possible.” Frey gave him two twenty-dollar bills and wished him luck.
+
+----------
+
+Doyon hitchhiked to San Francisco and stayed there for three months. He spent his days at Coffee to the People, a quirky café in the Haight-Ashbury district, where he would sit for hours in front of his computer, interrupted only by outdoor cigarette breaks.
+
+In January, 2011, Doyon contacted Barrett Brown, the journalist and Anon. “What are we going to do next?” Doyon asked.
+
+“Tunisia,” Brown said.
+
+“Yeah, it’s a country in the Middle East,” Doyon said. “What about it?”
+
+“We’re gonna take down its dictator,” Brown said.
+
+“Oh, they have a dictator?” Doyon said.
+
+A couple of days later, Operation Tunisia began. Doyon volunteered to spam Tunisian government e-mail addresses in an attempt to clog their servers. “I would take the text of the press release for that op and just keep sending it over and over again,” he said. “Sometimes, I was so busy that I would just put ‘fuck you’ and send it.” In one day, the Anons brought down the Web sites of the Tunisian Stock Exchange, the Ministry of Industry, the President, and the Prime Minister. They replaced the Web page of the President’s office with an image of a pirate ship and the message “Payback is a bitch, isn’t it?”
+
+Doyon often spoke of his online battles as if he had just crawled out of a foxhole. “Dude, I turned black from doing it,” he told me. “My face, from all the smoke—it would cling to me. I would look up and I would literally be like a raccoon.” Most nights, he camped out in Golden Gate Park. “I would look at myself in the mirror and I’d be like, O.K., it’s been four days—maybe I should eat, bathe.”
+
+Anonymous-affiliated operations continued to be announced on YouTube: Operation Libya, Operation Bahrain, Operation Morocco. As protesters filled Tahrir Square, Doyon participated in Operation Egypt. A Facebook page disseminated information, including links to a “care package” for protesters on the ground. The package, distributed through the file-sharing site Megaupload, contained encryption software and a primer on defending against tear gas. Later, when the Egyptian government disabled Internet and cellular networks within the country, Anonymous helped the protesters find alternative ways to get online.
+
+In the summer of 2011, Doyon succeeded Adama as Supreme Commander of the P.L.F. Doyon recruited roughly half a dozen new members and attempted to position the P.L.F. as an élite squad within Anonymous. Covelli became one of his technical advisers. Another hacker, Crypt0nymous, made YouTube videos; others did research or assembled electronic care packages. Unlike Anonymous, the P.L.F. had a strict command structure. “X always called the shots on everything,” Covelli said. “It was his way or no way.” A hacker who founded a blog called AnonInsiders told me over encrypted chat that Doyon was willing to act unilaterally—a rare thing within Anonymous. “When we wanted to start an op, he didn’t mind if anyone would agree or not,” he said. “He would just write the press release by himself, list all the targets, open the I.R.C. channel, tell everyone to go in there, and start the DDoSing.”
+
+Some Anons viewed the P.L.F. as a vanity project and Doyon as a laughingstock. “He’s known for his exaggeration,” Mustafa Al-Bassam, an Anon who went by Tflow, told me. Others, even those who disapproved of Doyon’s egotism, grudgingly acknowledged his importance to the Anonymous movement. “He walks that tough line of sometimes being effective and sometimes being in the way,” Gregg Housh said, adding that he and other prominent Anons had faced similar challenges.
+
+Publicly, Anonymous persists in claiming to be non-hierarchical. In “We Are Legion,” a 2012 documentary about Anonymous by Brian Knappenberger, one activist uses the metaphor of a flock of birds, with various individuals taking turns drifting toward the front. Gabriella Coleman told me that, despite such claims, something resembling an informal leadership class did emerge within Anonymous. “The organizer is really important,” she said. “There are four or five individuals who are really good at it.” She counted Doyon among them. Still, Anons tend to rebel against institutional structure. In a forthcoming book about Anonymous, “Hacker, Hoaxer, Whistleblower, Spy,” Coleman writes that, among Anons, “personal identity and the individual remain subordinate to a focus on the epic win—and, especially, the lulz.”
+
+Anons who seek individual attention are often dismissed as “egofags” or “namefags.” (Many Anons have yet to outgrow their penchant for offensive epithets.) “There are surprisingly few people who violate the rule” against attention-seeking, Coleman says. “Those who do, like X, are marginalized.” Last year, in an online discussion forum, a commenter wrote, “I stopped reading his BS when he started comparing himself to Batman.”
+
+Peter Fein, an online activist known by the nickname n0pants, was among the many Anons who were put off by Doyon’s self-aggrandizing rhetoric. Fein browsed the P.L.F. Web site, which featured a coat of arms and a manifesto about the group’s “epic battle for the very soul of humanity.” Fein was dismayed to find that Doyon had registered the site using his real name, leaving himself and possibly other Anons vulnerable to prosecution. “I’m basically okay with people DDoSing,” Fein recalls telling Doyon over private chat. “But if you’re going to do it, you’ve got to cover your ass.”
+
+On February 5, 2011, the Financial Times reported that Aaron Barr, the C.E.O. of a cybersecurity firm called HBGary Federal, had identified the “most senior” members of Anonymous. Barr’s research suggested that one of the top three was Commander X, a hacker based in California, who could “manage some significant firepower.” Barr contacted the F.B.I. and offered to share his work with them.
+
+Like Fein, Barr had seen that the P.L.F. site was registered to Christopher Doyon at an address on Haight Street. Based on Facebook and I.R.C. activity, Barr concluded that Commander X was Benjamin Spock de Vries, an online activist who had lived near the Haight Street address. Barr approached de Vries on Facebook. “Please tell the folks there that I am not out to get you guys,” Barr wrote. “Just want the ‘leadership’ to know what my intent is.”
+
+“ ‘Leadership’ lmao,” de Vries responded.
+
+Days after the Financial Times story appeared, Anonymous struck back. HBGary Federal’s Web site was defaced. Barr’s personal Twitter account was hijacked, thousands of his e-mails were leaked online, and Anons released his address and other personal information—a punishment known as doxing. Barr resigned from HBGary Federal within the month.
+
+----------
+
+In April, 2011, Doyon left San Francisco and hitchhiked around the West, camping in parks at night and spending his days at Starbucks outlets. In his backpack he kept his laptop, his Guy Fawkes mask, and several packs of Pall Malls.
+
+![](http://www.newyorker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/140908_a18563-600.jpg)
+
+“This is what I learned during my summer at TED camp.”
+
+He followed internal Anonymous news. That spring, six élite Anons, all of whom had been instrumental in deflecting Barr’s investigation, formed a group called Lulz Security, or LulzSec. As their name indicated, they felt that Anonymous had become too self-serious; they aimed to bring the lulz back. While Anonymous continued supporting Arab Spring protesters, LulzSec hacked the Web site of PBS and posted a fake story claiming that the late rapper Tupac Shakur was alive in New Zealand.
+
+Anons often share text through the Web site Pastebin.com. On the site, LulzSec issued a statement that read, “It has come to our unfortunate attention that NATO and our good friend Barrack Osama-Llama 24th-century Obama have recently upped the stakes with regard to hacking. They now treat hacking as an act of war.” The loftier the target, the greater the lulz. On June 15th, LulzSec took credit for crashing the C.I.A.’s Web site, tweeting, “Tango down—cia.gov—for the lulz.”
+
+On June 20, 2011, Ryan Cleary, a nineteen-year-old member of LulzSec, was arrested for the DDoS attacks on the C.I.A. site. The next month, F.B.I. agents arrested fourteen other hackers for DDoS attacks on PayPal seven months earlier. Each of the PayPal Fourteen, as they became known, faced fifteen years in prison and a five-hundred-thousand-dollar fine. They were charged with conspiracy and intentional damage to protected computers under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. (The law allows for wide prosecutorial discretion and was widely criticized after Aaron Swartz, an Internet activist who was facing thirty-five years in prison, committed suicide last year.)
+
+A petition was circulated on behalf of Jake (Topiary) Davis, a member of LulzSec, who needed help paying his legal fees. Doyon entered an I.R.C. to promote Davis’s cause:
+
+> CommanderX: Please sign the petition and help Topiary…
+> 
+> toad: you are an attention whore
+> 
+> toad: so you get attention
+> 
+> CommanderX: Toad your an asshole.
+> 
+> katanon: sigh
+
+Doyon had grown increasingly brazen. He DDoS’ed the Web site of the Chamber of Commerce of Orlando, Florida, after activists there were arrested for feeding the homeless. He launched the attacks from public WiFi networks, using his personal laptop, without making much effort to cover his tracks. “That’s brave but stupid,” a senior member of the P.L.F. who asked to be called Kalli told me. “He didn’t seem to care if he was caught. He was a suicide hacker.”
+
+Two months later, Doyon participated in a DDoS strike against San Francisco’s Bay Area Rapid Transit, protesting an incident in which a BART police officer had killed a homeless man named Charles Hill. Doyon appeared on the “CBS Evening News” to defend the action, his voice disguised and his face obscured by a bandanna. He compared DDoS attacks to civil disobedience. “It’s no different, really, than taking up seats at the Woolworth lunch counters,” he said. Bob Schieffer, the CBS anchor, snickered and said, “It’s not quite the civil-rights movement, as I see it.”
+
+On September 22, 2011, in a coffee shop in Mountain View, California, Doyon was arrested and charged with causing intentional damage to a protected computer. He was detained for a week and released on bond. Two days later, against his lawyer’s advice, he called a press conference on the steps of the Santa Cruz County Courthouse. His hair in a ponytail, he wore dark sunglasses, a black pirate hat, and a camouflage bandanna around his neck.
+
+In characteristically melodramatic fashion, Doyon revealed his identity. “I am Commander X,” he told reporters. He raised his fist. “I am immensely proud, and humbled to the core, to be a part of the idea called Anonymous.” He told a journalist, “All you need to be a world-class hacker is a computer and a cool pair of sunglasses. And the computer is optional.”
+
+Kalli worried that Doyon was placing his ego above the safety of other Anons. “It’s the weakest link in the chain that ends up taking everyone down,” he told me. Josh Covelli, the Anon who had been eager to help Doyon with Operation Peace Camp, told me that his “jaw dropped” when he saw a video of Doyon’s press conference online. “The way he presented himself and the way he acted had become more unhinged,” Covelli said.
+
+Three months later, Doyon’s pro-bono lawyer, Jay Leiderman, was in a federal court in San Jose. Leiderman had not heard from Doyon in a couple of weeks. “I’m inquiring as to whether there’s a reason for that,” the judge said. Leiderman had no answer. Doyon was absent from another hearing two weeks later. The prosecutor stated the obvious: “It appears as though the defendant has fled.”
+
+----------
+
+Operation Xport was the first Anonymous operation of its kind. The goal was to smuggle Doyon, now a fugitive wanted for two felonies, out of the country. The coördinators were Kalli and a veteran Anon who had met Doyon at an acid party in Cambridge during the eighties. A retired software executive, he was widely respected within Anonymous.
+
+Doyon’s ultimate destination was the software executive’s house, deep in rural Canada. In December, 2011, he hitchhiked to San Francisco and made his way to an Occupy encampment downtown. He found his designated contact, who helped him get to a pizzeria in Oakland. At 2 A.M., Doyon, using the pizzeria’s WiFi, received a message on encrypted chat.
+
+“Are you near a window?” the message read.
+
+“Yeah,” Doyon typed.
+
+“Look across the street. Do you see the green mailbox? In exactly fifteen minutes, go and stand next to that mailbox and set your backpack down, and lay your mask on top of it.”
+
+For a few weeks, Doyon shuttled among safe houses in the Bay Area, following instructions through encrypted chat. Eventually, he took a Greyhound bus to Seattle, where he stayed with a friend of the software executive. The friend, a wealthy retiree, spent hours using Google Earth to help Doyon plot a route to Canada. They went to a camping-supplies store, and the friend spent fifteen hundred dollars on gear for Doyon, including hiking boots and a new backpack. Then he drove Doyon two hours north and dropped him off in a remote area, several hundred miles from the border, where Doyon met up with Amber Lyon.
+
+Months earlier, Lyon, a broadcast journalist, had interviewed Doyon for a CNN segment about Anonymous. He liked her report, and they stayed in touch. Lyon asked to join Doyon on his escape, to shoot footage for a possible documentary. The software executive thought that it was “nuts” to take the risk, but Doyon invited her anyway. “I think he wanted to make himself a face of the movement,” Lyon told me. For four days, she filmed him as he hiked north, camping in the woods. “It wasn’t very organized,” Lyon recalls. “He was functionally homeless, so he just kind of wandered out of the country.”
+
+![](http://www.newyorker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/140908_a18506-600.jpg)
+
+“This is the barn where we keep our feelings. If a feeling comes to you, bring it out here and lock it up.”
+
+On February 11, 2012, a press release appeared on Pastebin. “The PLF is delighted to announce that Commander X, aka Christopher Mark Doyon, has fled the jurisdiction of the USA and entered the relative safety of the nation of Canada,” it read. “The PLF calls upon the government of the USA to come to its senses and cease the harassment, surveillance—and arrest of not only Anonymous, but all activists.”
+
+----------
+
+In Canada, Doyon spent a few days with the software executive in a small house in the woods. In a chat with Barrett Brown, Doyon was effusive.
+
+> BarrettBrown: you have enough safe houses, etc? . . .
+> 
+> CommanderX: Yes I am good here, money and houses a plenty in Canada.
+> 
+> CommanderX: Amber Lyon asked me on camera about you.
+> 
+> CommanderX: I think you will like my reply, and fuck the trolls Barrett. I have always loved you and always will.
+> 
+> CommanderX: :-)
+> 
+> CommanderX: I told her you were a hero.
+> 
+> BarrettBrown: you’re a hero . . .
+> 
+> BarrettBrown: glad you’re safe for now
+> 
+> BarrettBrown: let me know if you need anything
+> 
+> CommanderX: I am, and if this works we can get others out to . . . .
+> 
+> BarrettBrown: good, we’re going to need that
+
+Ten days after Doyon’s escape, the Wall Street Journal reported that Keith Alexander, then the N.S.A. and U.S. Cyber Command director, had held classified meetings in the White House and elsewhere during which he expressed concern about Anonymous. Within two years, Alexander warned, the group might be capable of destabilizing national power grids. General Martin Dempsey, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, told the Journal that an enemy of the U.S. “could give cyber malware capability to some fringe group,” adding, “We have to get after this.”
+
+On March 8th, a briefing on cybersecurity was held for members of Congress at a Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility near the Capitol Building. Many of the country’s top security officials attended the briefing, including Alexander, Dempsey, Robert Mueller, the head of the F.B.I., and Janet Napolitano, the Secretary of Homeland Security. Attendees were shown a computer simulation of what a cyberattack on the Eastern Seaboard’s electrical supply might look like. Anonymous was not yet capable of mounting an attack on this scale, but security officials worried that they might join forces with other, more sophisticated groups. “As we were dealing with this ever-increasing presence on the Net and ever-increasing risk, the government nuts and bolts were still being worked out,” Napolitano told me. When discussing potential cybersecurity threats, she added, “We often used Anonymous as Exhibit A.”
+
+Anonymous might be the most powerful nongovernmental hacking collective in the world. Even so, it has never demonstrated an ability or desire to damage any key elements of public infrastructure. To some cybersecurity experts, the dire warnings about Anonymous sounded like fearmongering. “There’s a big gap between declaring war on Orlando and pulling off a Stuxnet attack,” James Andrew Lewis, a senior fellow at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, told me, referring to the elaborate cyberstrike carried out by the U.S. and Israel against Iranian nuclear sites in 2007. Yochai Benkler, a professor at Harvard Law School, told me, “What we’ve seen is the use of drumbeating as justification for major defense spending of a form that would otherwise be hard to justify.”
+
+Keith Alexander, who recently retired from the government, declined to comment for this story, as did representatives from the N.S.A., the F.B.I., the C.I.A., and the D.H.S. Although Anons have never seriously compromised government computer networks, they have a record of seeking revenge against individuals who anger them. Andy Purdy, the former head of the national-cybersecurity division of the D.H.S., told me that “a fear of retaliation,” both institutional and personal, prevents government representatives from speaking out against Anonymous. “Everyone is vulnerable,” he said.
+
+----------
+
+On March 6, 2012, Hector Xavier Monsegur, a key member of LulzSec with the screen name Sabu, was revealed to be an F.B.I. informant. In exchange for a reduced sentence, Monsegur had spent several months undercover, helping to gather evidence against other LulzSec members. The same day, five leading Anons were arrested and charged with several crimes, including computer conspiracy. An F.B.I. official told Fox News, “This is devastating to the organization. We’re chopping off the head of LulzSec.” Over the next ten months, Barrett Brown was indicted on seventeen federal charges, most of which were later dropped. (He will be sentenced in October.)
+
+Doyon was distraught, but he continued to hack—and to seek attention. He appeared, masked, at a Toronto screening of a documentary about Anonymous. He gave an interview to a reporter from the National Post and boasted, without substantiation, “We have access to every classified database in the U.S. government. It’s a matter of when we leak the contents of those databases, not if.”
+
+In January, 2013, after another Anon started an operation about the rape of a teen-age girl in Steubenville, Ohio, Doyon repurposed LocalLeaks, a site he had created two years earlier, as a clearinghouse for information about the rape. Like many Anonymous efforts, LocalLeaks was both influential and irresponsible. It was the first site to widely disseminate the twelve-minute video of a Steubenville High School graduate joking about the rape, which inflamed public outrage about the story. But the site also perpetuated several false rumors about the case and it failed to redact a court document, thus accidentally revealing the rape victim’s name. Doyon admitted to me that his strategy of releasing unexpurgated materials was controversial, but he recalled thinking, “We could either gut the Steubenville Files . . . or we could release everything we know, basically, with the caveat, Hey, you’ve got to trust us.”
+
+In May, 2013, the Rustle League, a group of online trolls who often provoke Anonymous, hacked Doyon’s Twitter account. Shm00p, one of the leaders of Rustle League, told me, “We’re not trying to cause harm to the guy, but, just, the shit he was saying—it was comical to me.” The Rustle League implanted racist and anti-Semitic messages into Doyon’s account, such as a link to www.jewsdid911.org.
+
+On August 27, 2013, Doyon posted a note announcing his retirement from Anonymous. “My entire life has been dedicated to fighting for justice and freedom,” he wrote. “ ‘Commander X’ may be invincible, but I am extremely ill from the exhaustion and stress of fighting in this epic global cyber war.” Reactions varied from compassion (“you deserve a rest”) to ridicule (“poor crazy old gnoll. Maybe he has some time for bathing now”). Covelli told me, “The persona has consumed him to the point where he can’t handle it anymore.”
+
+![](http://www.newyorker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/140908_roberts-1998-08-17-600.jpg)
+
+August 17, 1998 “We still have Paris? Just thought I’d check.”
+
+----------
+
+The first Million Mask March took place on November 5, 2013. Several thousand people marched in support of Anonymous, in four hundred and fifty cities around the world. In a sign of how deeply Anonymous had penetrated popular culture, one protester in London removed his Guy Fawkes mask to reveal that he was the actor Russell Brand.
+
+While I attended the rally in Washington, D.C., Doyon watched a livestream in Canada. I exchanged e-mails with him on my phone. “It is so surreal to sit here, sidelined and out of the game—and watch something that you helped create turn into this,” he wrote. “At least it all made a difference.”
+
+We arranged a face-to-face meeting. Doyon insisted that I submit to elaborate plans made over encrypted chat. I was to fly to an airport several hours away, rent a car, drive to a remote location in Canada, and disable my phone.
+
+I found him in a small, run-down apartment building in a quiet residential neighborhood. He wore a green Army-style jacket and a T-shirt featuring one of Anonymous’s logos: a black-suited man with a question mark instead of a face. The apartment was sparsely furnished and smelled of cigarette smoke. He discussed U.S. politics (“I have not voted in many elections—it’s all a rigged game”), militant Islam (“I believe that people in the Nigerian government essentially colluded to create a completely phony Al Qaeda affiliate called Boko Haram”), and his tenuous position within Anonymous (“These people who call themselves trolls are really just rotten, mean, evil people”).
+
+Doyon had shaved his beard, and he looked gaunt. He told me that he was ill and that he rarely went outside. On his small desk were two laptops, a stack of books about Buddhism, and an overflowing ashtray. A Guy Fawkes mask hung on an otherwise bare yellow wall. He told me, “Underneath the whole X persona is a little old man who is in absolute agony at times.”
+
+This past Christmas, the founder of the news site AnonInsiders visited him, bearing pie and cigarettes. Doyon asked the friend to succeed him as Supreme Commander of the P.L.F., offering “the keys to the kingdom”—all his passwords, as well as secret files relating to several Anonymous operations. The friend gently declined. “I have a life,” he told me.
+
+----------
+
+On August 9, 2014, at 5:09 P.M. local time, Kareem (Tef Poe) Jackson, a rapper and activist from Dellwood, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis, tweeted about a crisis unfolding in a neighboring town. “Basically martial law is taking place in Ferguson all perimeters blocked coming and going,” he wrote. “National and international friends Help!!!” Five hours earlier in Ferguson, an unarmed eighteen-year-old African-American, Michael Brown, had been shot to death by a white police officer. The police claimed that Brown had reached for the officer’s gun. Brown’s friend Dorian Johnson, who was with him at the time, said that Brown’s only offense was refusing to leave the middle of the street.
+
+Within two hours, Jackson received a reply from a Twitter account called CommanderXanon. “You can certainly expect us,” the message read. “See if you can get us some live streams going, that would be useful.” In recent weeks, Doyon, still in Canada, had come out of retirement. In June, two months before his fiftieth birthday, he quit smoking (“#hacktheaddiction #ecigaretteswork #old,” he later tweeted). The following month, after fighting broke out in Gaza, he tweeted in support of Anonymous’s Operation Save Gaza, a series of DDoS strikes against Israeli Web sites. Doyon found the events in Ferguson even more compelling. Despite his idiosyncrasies, he had a knack for being early to a cause.
+
+“Start collecting URLs for cops, city government,” Doyon tweeted. Within ten minutes, he had created an I.R.C. channel. “Anonymous Operation Ferguson is engaged,” he tweeted. Only two people retweeted the message.
+
+The next morning, Doyon posted a link to a rudimentary Web site, which included a message to the people of Ferguson—“You are not alone, we will support you in every way possible”—and an ultimatum to the police: “If you abuse, harass or harm in any way the protesters in Ferguson, we will take every Web based asset of your departments and governments off line. That is not a threat, it is a promise.” Doyon appealed to the most visible Anonymous Twitter account, YourAnonNews, which has 1.3 million followers. “Please support Operation Ferguson,” he wrote. A minute later, YourAnonNews complied. That day, the hashtag #OpFerguson was tweeted more than six thousand times.
+
+The crisis became a top news story, and Anons rallied around Operation Ferguson. As with the Arab Spring operations, Anonymous sent electronic care packages to protesters on the ground, including a riot guide (“Pick up the gas emitter and lob it back at the police”) and printable Guy Fawkes masks. As Jackson and other protesters marched through Ferguson, the police attempted to subdue them with rubber bullets and tear gas. “It looked like a scene from a Bruce Willis movie,” Jackson told me. “Barack Obama hasn’t supported us to the degree Anonymous has,” he said. “It’s comforting to know that someone out there has your back.”
+
+One site, www.opferguson.com, turned out to be a honeypot—a trap designed to collect the Internet Protocol addresses of visitors and turn them over to law-enforcement agencies. Some suspected Commander X of being a government informant. In the #OpFerguson I.R.C., someone named Sherlock wrote, “Everyone got me scared clicking links. Unless it’s from a name I’ve seen a lot, I just avoid them.”
+
+Protesters in Ferguson asked the police to reveal the name of the officer who had shot Brown. Several times, Anons echoed this demand. Someone tweeted, “Ferguson police better release the shooter’s name before Anonymous does the work for them.” In a community meeting on August 12th, Jon Belmar, the Chief of the St. Louis Police Department, refused. “We do not do that until they’re charged with an offense,” he said.
+
+In retaliation, a hacker with the handle TheAnonMessage tweeted a link to what he claimed was a two-hour audio file of a police radio scanner, recorded around the time of Brown’s death. TheAnonMessage also doxed Belmar, tweeting what he purported to be the police chief’s home address, phone number, and photographs of his family—one of his son sleeping on a couch, another of Belmar posing with his wife. “Nice photo, Jon,” TheAnonMessage tweeted. “Your wife actually looks good for her age. Have you had enough?” An hour later, TheAnonMessage threatened to dox Belmar’s daughter.
+
+Richard Stallman, the first-generation hacker from M.I.T., told me that though he supports many of Anonymous’s causes, he considered these dox attacks reprehensible. Even internally, TheAnonMessage’s actions were divisive. “Why bother doxing people who weren’t involved?” one Anon asked over I.R.C., adding that threatening Belmar’s family was “beyond stupid.” But TheAnonMessage and other Anons continued to seek information that could be used in future dox attacks. The names of Ferguson Police Department employees were available online, and Anons scoured the Internet, trying to suss out which of the officers had killed Brown.
+
+![](http://www.newyorker.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/140908_steig-1999-04-12-600.jpg)
+
+April 12, 1999“Which thing do I press?”
+
+In the early morning of August 14th, a few Anons became convinced, based on Facebook photos and other disparate clues, that Brown’s shooter was a thirty-two-year-old man named Bryan Willman. According to a transcript of an I.R.C., one Anon posted a photo of Willman with a swollen face; another noted, “The shooter claimed to have been hit in the face.” Another user, Anonymous|11057, acknowledged that his suspicion of Willman involved “a leap of probably bad logic.” Still, he wrote, “i just can’t shake it. i really truly honestly and without a shred of hard evidence think it’s him.”
+
+TheAnonMessage seemed amused by the conversation, writing, “#RIPBryanWillman.” Other Anons urged caution. “Please be sure,” Anonymous|2252 wrote. “It’s not just about a man’s life, Anon can easily be turned on by the public if something truly unjust comes of this.”
+
+The debate went on for more than an hour. Several Anons pointed out that there was no way to confirm that Willman had ever been a Ferguson police officer.
+
+> Anonymous|3549: @gs we still don’t have a confirmation that bry is even on PD
+> 
+> Intangir: tensions are high enough right now where there is a slim chance someone might care enough to kill him
+> 
+> Anonymous|11057: the only real way to get a confirmation would be an eyewitness report from the scene of the crime. otherwise it’s hearsay and shillery
+> 
+> Anonymous|11057: the fastest way to eliminate a suspect is to call him a suspect . . . we are all terrified of being unjust, but the pegs keep fitting in the holes . . .
+
+Many Anons remained uncomfortable with the idea of a dox. But around 7 A.M. a vote was taken. According to chat logs, of the eighty or so people in the I.R.C., fewer than ten participated. They decided to release Willman’s personal information.
+
+> Anonymous|2252: is this going on twitter?
+> 
+> anondepp: lol
+> 
+> Anonymous|2252: via @theanonmessage ?
+> 
+> TheAnonMessage: yup
+> 
+> TheAnonMessage: just did
+> 
+> anondepp: its up
+> 
+> Anonymous|2252: shit
+> 
+> TheAnonMessage: Lord in heaven…
+> 
+> Anonymous|3549: . . .have mercy on our souls
+> 
+> anondepp: lol
+
+At 9:45 A.M., the St. Louis Police Department responded to TheAnonMessage. “Bryan Willman is not even an officer with Ferguson or St. Louis County PD,” the tweet read. “Do not release more info on this random citizen.” (The F.B.I. later opened an investigation into the hacking of police computers in Ferguson.) Twitter quickly suspended TheAnonMessage, but Willman’s name and address had been reported widely.
+
+Willman is the head police dispatcher in St. Ann, a suburb west of Ferguson. When the St. Louis Police Department’s Intelligence Unit called to tell him that he had been named as the killer, Willman told me, “I thought it was the weirdest joke.” Within hours, he received hundreds of death threats on his social-media accounts. He stayed in his house for nearly a week, alone, under police protection. “I just want it all to go away,” he told me. He thinks that Anonymous has irreparably harmed his reputation. “I don’t see how they can ever think they can be trusted again,” he said.
+
+“We are not perfect,” OpFerguson tweeted. “Anonymous makes mistakes, and we’ve made a few in the chaos of the past few days. For those, we apologize.” Though Doyon was not responsible for the errant dox attack, other Anons took the opportunity to shame him for having launched an operation that spiralled out of control. A Pastebin message, distributed by YourAnonNews, read, “You may notice contradictory tweets and information about #Ferguson and #OpFerguson from various Anonymous twitter accounts. Part of why there is dissension about this particular #op is that CommanderX is considered a ‘namefag/facefag’—a known entity who enjoys or at least doesn’t shun publicity—which is considered by most Anonymous to be bad form, for some probably fairly obvious reasons.”
+
+On his personal Twitter account, Doyon denied any involvement with Op Ferguson and wrote, “I hate this shit. I don’t want drama and I don’t want to fight with people I thought were friends.” Within a couple of days, he was sounding hopeful again. He recently retweeted messages reading, “You call them rioters, we call them voices of the oppressed” and “Free Tibet.”
+
+Doyon is still in hiding. Even Jay Leiderman, his attorney, does not know where he is. Leiderman says that, in addition to the charges in Santa Cruz, Doyon may face indictment for his role in the PayPal and Orlando attacks. If he is arrested and convicted on all counts, he could spend the rest of his life in prison. Following the example of Edward Snowden, he hopes to apply for asylum with the Russians. When we spoke, he used a lit cigarette to gesture around his apartment. “How is this better than a fucking jail cell? I never go out,” he said. “I will never speak with my family again. . . . It’s an incredibly high price to pay to do everything you can to keep people alive and free and informed.” 
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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+via: http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/09/08/masked-avengers
+
+作者：[David Kushner][a]
+译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
+校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
+
+本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
+
+[a]:http://www.newyorker.com/contributors/david-kushner