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如何在 Linux 上使用 BackupPC 来设置一个跨平台的备份服务器
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如何在 Linux 上使用 BackupPC 来架设跨平台的备份服务器
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================================================================================
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为了防止你不能分辨这篇教程和我先前关于[backupninja][1] 和 [backup-manager][2] 的帖子，=== 我是一个积极的备份迷。当提到备份，我宁愿备份的太多而不希望备份不足，因为如果我们有需要的话，你将会感激你花费了时间和精力来为你的重要数据生成额外的拷贝。
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也许你没有从我先前关于 [backupninja][1] 和 [backup-manager][2] 的两篇文章中发现，我是一个超级备“粉”。当提到备份，我宁愿备份的太多而不希望备份不足，因为如果我们有需要的话，你将会感激你为重要数据生成额外的拷贝所付出的时间和精力。
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在这篇帖子中，我将向你介绍 [BackupPC][3]，一个跨平台的备份服务器软件，它可以通过网络为 Linux，Windows 和 MacOS 等系统上的客户端主机拉取备份。BackupPC 添加了一系列的特点使得管理备份变为一件快乐的事。
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在这篇文章中，我将向你介绍 [BackupPC][3]，一个跨平台的备份服务器软件，它可以通过网络为 Linux，Windows 和 MacOS 等系统上的客户端主机拉取备份。BackupPC 添加了一系列的特点使得管理备份变为一件快乐的事。
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### BackupPC 的特点 ###
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BackupPC 自带有一个健壮的 Web 界面，允许你以集中的方式来收集和管理其他远程客户端主机上的备份。通过使用它的 Web 界面，你可以检查日志和配置文件、为其他远程主机启动/取消/安排备份任务以及可视化备份任务的当前状态。你也可以非常容易地浏览归档的文件以及从备份的归档中恢复个人文件或整个作业。为了恢复单一的个人文件，你可以直接通过 Web 界面来下载任何先前备份的文件。若如这还不够，针对客户端主机，没有特别的客户端软件需要安装。在 Windows 客户端上， 本机 SMB 协议将被使用，而对于 *nix 客户端，你将使用 `rsync` 或 通过 SSH, RSH 或 NFS 来使用 `tar` 。
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BackupPC 自带有一个健壮的 Web 界面，允许你以集中化的方式来收集和管理其他远程客户端主机上的备份。通过使用它的 Web 界面，你可以检查日志和配置文件、为其他远程主机启动/取消/安排备份任务以及可视化备份任务的当前状态。你也可以非常容易地浏览归档的文件以及从备份的归档中恢复单个文件或整个备份。要恢复单个文件，你可以直接通过 Web 界面来下载任何先前备份的文件。不仅如此，客户端主机并不需要安装特别的客户端软件。在 Windows 客户端上， 使用的是原生的 SMB 协议，而对于 *nix 客户端，你将使用 `rsync` 或 通过 SSH, RSH 或 NFS 来使用 `tar` 。
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### 安装 BackupPC ###
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@ -20,13 +20,13 @@ BackupPC 自带有一个健壮的 Web 界面，允许你以集中的方式来收
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# yum install BackupPC
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同往常一样，这两种包管理系统都会自动地对依赖问题进行解决。另外，作为安装过程中的一部分，你可能会被要求去配置或重新配置用于图形用户界面的 Web 服务器。下面的截图来自于 Debian 系统：
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同往常一样，这两种包管理系统都会自动解决依赖问题。另外，作为安装过程中的一部分，你可能需要新配置或修改配置用于图形用户界面的 Web 服务器。下面的截图来自于 Debian 系统：
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通过空格键来确定你的选择，然后使用 tab 键移动到 Ok 选项并敲回车键。
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接着类似于下面的截屏将会呈现在你眼前，通知你一个用来管理 BackupPC 的名为 ‘backuppc’的管理员用户以及相应的密码(这个密码可以在以后被更改，如果你希望的话)已经被创建。这里需要注意的是：同样名为 ‘backuppc’的一个 HTTP 账户和一个常规的 Linux 账户将会被创建，它们使用同一个密码。需要前者的目的是来访问受保护的 BackupPC 的 Web 界面，而后者则是为了通过 SSH 来使用 `rsync` 来执行备份任务。
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接着类似于下面的截屏将会呈现在你眼前，通知你创建了一个用来管理 BackupPC 的名为 ‘backuppc’的管理员用户以及相应的密码（如果你需要，这个密码以后可以更改）。这里需要注意的是：这里创建了同样名为 ‘backuppc’的 HTTP 账户和常规的 Linux 账户，它们使用相同的密码。需要前者的目的是来访问受保护的 BackupPC 的 Web 界面，而后者则是为了通过 SSH 来使用 `rsync` 来执行备份任务。
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@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ BackupPC 自带有一个健壮的 Web 界面，允许你以集中的方式来收
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### 启动 BackupPC 并设置备份 ###
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首先，打开一个浏览器窗口并指向 http://<server's FQDN or IP address>/backuppc/ 。当弹出提示框时，输入先前向你提供的默认 HTTP 用户凭据(注：即用户名 backuppc 和相应的默认密码)。假如认证成功，你就会被带入到 Web 界面的主页：
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首先，打开一个浏览器窗口并指向 http://\<服务器名称或 IP 地址>/backuppc/ 。当弹出提示框时，输入先前向你创建的默认 HTTP 用户凭据（注：即用户名 backuppc 和相应的默认密码）。假如认证成功，你就会被带入到 Web 界面的主页：
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@ -51,9 +51,9 @@ BackupPC 自带有一个健壮的 Web 界面，允许你以集中的方式来收
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- Host #1: CentOS 7 [IP 192.168.0.17]
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- Host #2: Windows 7 [IP 192.168.0.103]
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我们将通过 SSH 使用 `rsync`来备份 CentOS 主机，使用 SMB 来备份 Windows 主机。在执行备份之前，我们需要向我们的 CentOS 主机设置 [基于密码认证][7](注：这里我不知如何翻译，根据链接，感觉是无需密码来连接主机)以及在我们的 Windows 主机中设置一个共享目录。
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我们将通过 SSH 使用 `rsync`来备份 CentOS 主机，使用 SMB 来备份 Windows 主机。在执行备份之前，我们需要向我们的 CentOS 主机设置 [基于密钥认证][7] 以及在我们的 Windows 主机中设置一个共享目录。
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下面是关于如何为一个远程 CentOS 主机设置 key-based authentication 的指导。我们创建 ‘backuppc’ 用户的 RSA 密钥对，并向 CentOS 主机上的 root 账户传递它的公共密钥。
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下面是关于如何为一个远程 CentOS 主机设置基于密钥认证的指导。我们创建 ‘backuppc’ 用户的 RSA 密钥对，并将其公钥传输给 CentOS 主机上的 root 账户。
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# usermod -s /bin/bash backuppc
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# su - backuppc
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@ -64,13 +64,13 @@ BackupPC 自带有一个健壮的 Web 界面，允许你以集中的方式来收
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你需要一个远程的 CentOS 主机的 root 权限来在该主机中的文件系统中发放写权限，以防要恢复的备份文件或目录的所有者为 root 账户。
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你需要一个远程的 CentOS 主机的 root 权限，以获得在该主机中的文件系统中写权限，以防要恢复的备份文件或目录的所有者为 root 账户。
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一旦 CentOS 和 Windows 主机都准备完毕，使用 Web 界面将它们添加到 BackupPC：
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下一步的内容由更改每个主机的备份设置组成：
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下一步更改每个主机的备份设置：
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@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ BackupPC 自带有一个健壮的 Web 界面，允许你以集中的方式来收
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在任何时候，你都可以通过点击如上图展示的每个主机的备份主页来查看备份任务的状态。假如因为某些原因备份失败，在主机菜单中将会出现一个指向包含错误信息的网页的链接。当一个备份任务被成功地完成，一个被命名为主机名或 IP 地址的目录将会在服务器的 /var/lib/backuppc/pc 目录下被创建。
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在任何时候，你都可以通过点击如上图展示的每个主机的备份主页来查看备份任务的状态。假如因为某些原因备份失败，在主机菜单中将会出现一个指向包含错误信息的网页的链接。当一个备份任务成功完成后，在服务器的 /var/lib/backuppc/pc 目录下会创建一个命名为主机名或 IP 地址的目录。
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@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ BackupPC 自带有一个健壮的 Web 界面，允许你以集中的方式来收
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### 恢复备份 ###
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为了浏览已经保存过的文件。进入每个主机的主菜单下的 “浏览备份”选项，你可以一目了然地看到目录和文件，并选择那些你想恢复的文件。另外，你还可以通过点击文件来使用默认程序打开文件或右击文件并选择“另存为”来下载该文件到你正在工作的机器上：
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要浏览这些保存的文件，进入每个主机的主菜单下的 “浏览备份”选项，你可以一目了然地看到目录和文件，并选择那些你想恢复的文件。另外，你还可以通过点击文件来使用默认程序打开文件或右击文件并选择“另存为”来下载该文件到你当前的机器上：
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@ -113,21 +113,22 @@ BackupPC 自带有一个健壮的 Web 界面，允许你以集中的方式来收
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有句俗话说，"越简单，越好"，而这正是 BackupPC 所提供的东西。在 BackupPC 中，你将不仅找到了一个备份工具，而且还找到了一个无需任何客户端应用来在几个不同的操作系统中管理你的备份的方法。我相信这就有足够的理由让你去尝试一下。
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欢迎使用下面的评论框来留下你的评论和问题，假如你有的话。我总是乐于听取读者想说的话！
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://xmodulo.com/backuppc-cross-platform-backup-server-linux.html
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作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
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译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/gabriel
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[1]:http://xmodulo.com/backup-debian-system-backupninja.html
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[2]:http://xmodulo.com/linux-backup-manager.html
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[1]:http://linux.cn/article-5096-1.html
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[2]:http://linux.cn/article-4586-1.html
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[3]:http://backuppc.sourceforge.net/
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[4]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-set-up-epel-repository-on-centos.html
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[5]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/enable-nux-dextop-repository-centos-rhel.html
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[4]:http://linux.cn/article-2324-1.html
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[5]:http://linux.cn/article-3889-1.html
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[6]:http://xmodulo.com/recommend/linuxguide
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[7]:http://xmodulo.com/how-to-enable-ssh-login-without.html
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
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如何在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS安装网络爬虫工具
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如何在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS安装网络爬虫工具：Scrapy
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================================================================================
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这是一款提取网站数据的开源工具。Scrapy框架用Python开发而成，它使抓取工作又快又简单，且可扩展。我们已经在virtual box中创建一台虚拟机（VM）并且在上面安装了Ubuntu 14.04 LTS。
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@ -6,13 +6,13 @@
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Scrapy依赖于Python、开发库和pip。Python最新的版本已经在Ubuntu上预装了。因此我们在安装Scrapy之前只需安装pip和python开发库就可以了。
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pip是作为python包索引器easy_install的替代品。用于安装和管理Python包。pip包的安装可见图 1。
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pip是作为python包索引器easy_install的替代品，用于安装和管理Python包。pip包的安装可见图 1。
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sudo apt-get install python-pip
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图:1 pip安装
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*图:1 pip安装*
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我们必须要用下面的命令安装python开发库。如果包没有安装那么就会在安装scrapy框架的时候报关于python.h头文件的错误。
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@ -20,42 +20,41 @@ pip是作为python包索引器easy_install的替代品。用于安装和管理Py
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图:2 Python 开发库
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*图:2 Python 开发库*
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scrapy框架即可从deb包安装也可以从源码安装。然而在图3中我们已经用pip（Python 包管理器）安装了deb包了。
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scrapy框架既可从deb包安装也可以从源码安装。在图3中我们用pip（Python 包管理器）安装了deb包了。
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sudo pip install scrapy
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图:3 Scrapy 安装
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*图:3 Scrapy 安装*
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图4中scrapy的成功安装需要一些时间。
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图:4 成功安装Scrapy框架
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*图:4 成功安装Scrapy框架*
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### 使用scrapy框架提取数据 ###
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**(基础教程)**
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####基础教程####
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我们将用scrapy从fatwallet.com上提取店名（提供卡的店）。首先，我们使用下面的命令新建一个scrapy项目“store name”， 见图5。
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我们将用scrapy从fatwallet.com上提取商店名称（卖卡的店）。首先，我们使用下面的命令新建一个scrapy项目“store name”， 见图5。
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$sudo scrapy startproject store_name
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图:5 Scrapy框架新建项目
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*图:5 Scrapy框架新建项目*
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Above command creates a directory with title “store_name” at current path. This main directory of the project contains files/folders which are shown in the following Figure 6.
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上面的命令在当前路径创建了一个“store_name”的目录。项目主目录下包含的文件/文件夹见图6。
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$sudo ls –lR store_name
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图:6 store_name项目的内容
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*图:6 store_name项目的内容*
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每个文件/文件夹的概要如下：
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- store_name/settings.py 是项目的配置文件
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- store_name/spiders/， 包含了用于爬取的蜘蛛
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由于我们要从fatwallet.com上如提取店名，因此我们如下修改文件。
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由于我们要从fatwallet.com上如提取店名，因此我们如下修改文件（LCTT 译注：这里没说明是哪个文件，译者认为应该是 items.py）。
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import scrapy
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class StoreNameItem(scrapy.Item):
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name = scrapy.Field() # extract the names of Cards store
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name = scrapy.Field() # 取出卡片商店的名称
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之后我们要在项目的store_name/spiders/文件夹下写一个新的蜘蛛。蜘蛛是一个python类，它包含了下面几个必须的属性：
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2. 爬取起点url (start_urls)
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3. 包含了从响应中提取需要内容相应的正则表达式的解析方法。解析方法对爬虫而言很重要。
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我们在store_name/spiders/目录下创建了“store_name.py”爬虫，并添加如下的代码来从fatwallet.com上提取点名。爬虫的输出到文件（**StoreName.txt**）中，见图7。
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我们在store_name/spiders/目录下创建了“store_name.py”爬虫，并添加如下的代码来从fatwallet.com上提取店名。爬虫的输出写到文件（**StoreName.txt**）中，见图7。
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from scrapy.selector import Selector
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from scrapy.spider import BaseSpider
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图:7 爬虫的输出
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*图:7 爬虫的输出*
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*注意: 本教程的目的仅用于理解scrapy框架*
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@ -123,7 +122,7 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/scrapy-install-ubuntu/
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作者：[nido][a]
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
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@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
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Linux上有哪些比较好的C/C++ IDE？
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Linux 上的最佳 C/C++ IDE
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||||
================================================================================
|
||||
"一个真正的程序员是不用IDE（译者注：集成开发环境）的，他们都是用带着某某插件的文本编辑器来写代码。"我们总能在某些地方听到此类观点。然而，尽管越来越多的人同意这样的观点，但是一个IDE仍然非常有用，它设置简单，使用起来也很方便，因此没有更好办法能像这样来编写一个项目了。所以鉴于这点，在这里我想给大家列一份在linux平台上比较好的C/C++ IDE清单。为什么特地说C/C++呢？因为C语言是我最喜欢的编程语言而且我们总要找个切入点来开始。另外要注意的是，通常有很多种编写C代码的方法，所以为了消减清单的篇幅，我只选择了"真正好用的IDE"，而不是诸如Gedit或Vim这种注入[插件][1]的文本编辑器。并不是说这些编辑器在任何情况下都不好，只是如果我将文本编辑器包含进去那这份清单就将永无止境了。
|
||||
"一个真正的程序员是不用IDE（译者注：集成开发环境）的，他们都是用带着某某插件的文本编辑器来写代码。"我们总能在某些地方听到此类观点。然而，尽管越来越多的人同意这样的观点，但是一个IDE仍然非常有用，它设置简单，使用起来也很方便，因此不能比这样更合适编写一个项目了。所以鉴于这点，在这里我想给大家列一份在Linux平台上比较好的C/C++ IDE清单。为什么特地说C/C++呢？因为C语言是我最喜欢的编程语言，而且我们总要找个切入点来开始。另外要注意的是，通常有很多种编写C代码的方法，所以为了消减清单的篇幅，我只选择了"真正好用的IDE"，而不是诸如Gedit或Vim这种注入[插件][1]的文本编辑器。并不是说这些编辑器不好，只是如果我将文本编辑器包含进去那这份清单就将永无止境了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Code::Blocks ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
用我个人的最爱来开篇，[Code::Blocks][2]是一款简单快速的专有C/C++ IDE。就像任何一款强大的IDE一样, 它集成了语法高亮、书签功能、自动补全功能、项目管理和一个调试器。它闪耀的地方在于它简单的插件系统，里面添加了不可缺少的工具，像Valgrind和CppCheck，还有不太重要的比如像俄罗斯方块这样的小游戏。但是我特别喜欢它的理由是它连贯方便的快捷键设定和大量的却感受不到受压迫的选项设置。
|
||||
用我个人的最爱来开篇，[Code::Blocks][2]是一款简单快速的专有C/C++ IDE。就像任何一款强大的IDE一样, 它集成了语法高亮、书签功能、自动补全功能、项目管理和一个调试器。它最闪亮的地方在于它简单的插件系统，里面添加了不可缺少的工具，像Valgrind和CppCheck，还有不太重要的比如像俄罗斯方块这样的小游戏。但是我特别喜欢它的理由是它连贯方便的快捷键设定和大量的却感受不到拥挤的选项设置。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Eclipse ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我知道我只说"真正好用的IDE"而不是带着插件的文本编辑器，但是，[Eclipse][3]的确是一款"真正好用的IDE"，只是Eclipse需要一些[plugin][4]（或经过一些改装）来编写C程序，所以严格来说我无法反驳我自己。而且，做一份IDE清单不提到Eclipse这个“巨人”是不可能的事情。无论喜欢它与否，Eclipse仍然是一款强大的Java编程工具。这里要感谢[CDT 项目][5]，让Eclipse编写C程序变得可能。你同样可以体验到Eclipse的强大功能包括它的一些传统功能特点比如自动补全、代码大纲、代码生成器和先进的重构功能。照我话说，它的不足之处在于它不如Code::Blocks那么轻量级，它仍然很臃肿，要花费很多时间去载入。但是如果你的电脑可以驾驭它，或者你是个忠实的Eclipse粉，那么它一定是你的不二选择。
|
||||
我知道我只说"真正好用的IDE"而不是带着插件的文本编辑器，但是，[Eclipse][3]的确是一款"真正好用的IDE"，只是Eclipse需要一些[插件][4]（或经过一些改装）来编写C程序，所以严格来说我无法反驳我自己。而且，做一份IDE清单不提到Eclipse这个“巨人”是不可能的事情。无论喜欢它与否，Eclipse仍然是一款强大的Java编程工具。这里要感谢[CDT 项目][5]，让Eclipse编写C程序变得可能。你同样可以体验到Eclipse的强大功能，包括它的一些传统功能特点比如自动补全、代码大纲、代码生成器和先进的重构功能。照我话说，它的不足之处在于它不如Code::Blocks那么轻量级，它仍然很臃肿，要花费很多时间去载入。但是如果你的电脑可以驾驭它，或者你是个忠实的Eclipse粉，那么它一定是你的不二选择。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Geany ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
牺牲了很多特色功能但是增加了很多灵活性，[Geany][6]就是这样一款与Eclipse对立的软件。但是对于它所缺乏的地方（比如说没有调试器）, Geany用一些漂亮小巧的特色功能弥补了它们:一个可以做笔记的区域、基于模板创作、代码大纲、自定义快捷键和插件管理。相比于现在的IDE，Geany仍然是一款作用广泛的文本编辑器，然而，因为它的功能亮点和它的界面设计，所以我把它放在这份列表里。
|
||||
牺牲了很多特色功能但是增加了很多灵活性，[Geany][6]就是这样一款与Eclipse对立的软件。但是对于它所缺乏的地方（比如说没有调试器）, Geany用一些漂亮小巧的特色功能弥补了它们：一个可以做笔记的区域、基于模板创作、代码大纲、自定义快捷键和插件管理。相比于现在的IDE，Geany仍然是一款作用广泛的文本编辑器，然而，因为它的功能亮点和它的界面设计，所以我把它放在这份列表里。
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. MonoDevelop ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -30,19 +30,19 @@ Linux上有哪些比较好的C/C++ IDE？
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
它身上有着强烈的“GNOME感”，[Anjuta][8]的外观很具争议。我倾向于把它看作是带着调试器的Geany升级版，但是它的界面实际上要复杂得多。我确实很享受能在项目、文件夹和代码大纲视图之间来回切换的标签系统，我本想用诸如更多的快捷方法来移动文件，然而，这是一个很好的提供了显著编译功能和构建选项的工具，它能够支持哪些很有特点的需求。
|
||||
它身上有着强烈的“GNOME即视感”，[Anjuta][8]的外观很具争议。我倾向于把它看作是带着调试器的Geany升级版，但是它的界面实际上要复杂得多。我确实很享受能在项目、文件夹和代码大纲视图之间来回切换的标签系统，我本想用诸如更多的快捷方法来移动文件，然而，这是一个很好的提供了显著编译功能和构建选项的工具，它能够支持哪些很有特点的需求。
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Komodo Edit ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我不是非常熟悉[Komodo Edit][9]，但是在试用了一段时间之后，我被它很多很多的优点给惊喜到了。首先，基于标签的导航功能很有很强的可预见性。其次它奇特的代码大纲让我想到了Sublime Text。此外，它的宏系统和文件比较器使得Komodo Edit非常实用。它的插件库让它几乎是完美的，说“几乎”是因为在其它IDE里我的确找不到能与之相媲美的快捷方法了。而且我们能享受到更多特别的C/C++工具，这往往是普通IDE的不足之处。然而，Komodo Edit就能做到。
|
||||
我不是非常熟悉[Komodo Edit][9]，但是在试用了一段时间之后，我被它很多很多的优点给惊喜到了。首先，基于标签的导航功能有很强的可预见性。其次它奇特的代码大纲让我想到了Sublime Text。此外，它的宏系统和文件比较器使得Komodo Edit非常实用。它的插件库让它几乎是完美的，说“几乎”是因为在其它IDE里我的确找不到能与之相媲美的快捷方法了。而且我们能享受到更多特别的C/C++工具，这往往是普通IDE的不足之处。然而，Komodo Edit就能做到。
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. NetBeans ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
就好像Eclipse一样，这又是一款不得不提的“巨人级”软件。拥有的功能包括通过标签进行导航、项目管理、代码大纲、更改历史追踪和大量工具，[NetBeans][10]可能是最完整的IDE了，我能用半页来列出它所有让人震惊的特色功能。但是这同时也很容易地向你透露了它的主要缺点，它太臃肿了。比起它的强大，我更喜欢基于插件的软件因为我觉得不太会有人为了一个同样的项目同时需要Git和Mercurial相结合来工作，我是不是很疯狂。但是如果你有耐心去掌握它所有的选项，那你差不多无论到哪里都是IDE大师了。
|
||||
就好像Eclipse一样，这又是一款不得不提的“巨人级”软件。拥有的功能包括通过标签进行导航、项目管理、代码大纲、更改历史追踪和大量工具，[NetBeans][10]可能是最完整的IDE了，我能用半页来列出它所有让人震惊的特色功能。但是这同时也很容易地向你透露了它的主要缺点，它太臃肿了。比起它的强大，我更喜欢基于插件的软件，因为我觉得不太会有人为了一个同样的项目同时需要Git和Mercurial相结合来工作，我是不是很疯狂？但是如果你有耐心去掌握它所有的选项，那你差不多无论到哪里都是IDE大师了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. KDevelop ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ Linux上有哪些比较好的C/C++ IDE？
|
||||
|
||||
留在最后的不代表是最差的，[CodeLite][12]展现给你一种传统的编程规则却仍然能让你从它身上那特有的感觉上有所收获，即使它的界面一开始的确让我想到了Code::Blocks和Anjuta，只是不包括大量的插件库。无论你想要比较文件、插入一条版权块、定义缩略语或者用Git来工作，总有一款插件适合你。如果我不得不挑点毛病，我想说它缺乏一些符合我口味的导航快捷键，但这是真的。
|
||||
|
||||
最后，我希望这份清单能让你给自己最喜欢的语言探索到更多新的IDE。虽然Code::Blocks仍然是我的最爱，不过它有一些很强大的对手。当然我们也可以远离Linux上的IDE用文本编辑器去编写C/C++代码。所以如果你有什么其它的建议想法，在评论中让我们获悉。或者如果你想要我再说说关于一些其它语言的IDE，也可以评论里提出。
|
||||
最后，我希望这份清单能让你给自己最喜欢的语言探索到更多新的IDE。虽然Code::Blocks仍然是我的最爱，不过它有一些很强大的对手。当然我们也可以远离Linux上的IDE，而用文本编辑器去编写C/C++代码。所以如果你有什么其它的建议想法，在评论中让我们获悉。或者如果你想要我再说说关于一些其它语言的IDE，也可以评论里提出。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/good-ide-for-c-cpp-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Adrien Brochard][a]
|
||||
译者：[ZTinoZ](https://github.com/ZTinoZ)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
20个Unix命令技巧 - 第一部分
|
||||
20个 Unix/Linux 命令技巧（一）
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
让我们用**这些Unix命令技巧**开启新的一年，提高在终端下的生产力。我已经找了很久了，现在就与你们分享。
|
||||
让我们用**这些Unix/Linux命令技巧**开启新的一年，提高在终端下的生产力。我已经找了很久了，现在就与你们分享。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -9,16 +9,15 @@
|
||||
我在生产服务器上有一个很大的200GB的日志文件需要删除。我的rm和ls命令已经崩溃，我担心这是由于巨大的磁盘IO造成的，要删除这个大文件，输入：
|
||||
|
||||
> /path/to/file.log
|
||||
# or use the following syntax
|
||||
# 或使用如下格式
|
||||
: > /path/to/file.log
|
||||
|
||||
# finally delete it
|
||||
# 然后删除它
|
||||
rm /path/to/file.log
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何缓存终端输出？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
尝试使用script命令行工具来为你的终端输出创建typescript。
|
||||
### 如何记录终端输出？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
试试使用script命令行工具来为你的终端输出创建输出记录。
|
||||
|
||||
script my.terminal.sessio
|
||||
|
||||
@ -28,7 +27,7 @@
|
||||
date
|
||||
sudo service foo stop
|
||||
|
||||
要退出（结束script绘画），输入*exit* 或者 *logout* 或者按下 *control-D*
|
||||
要退出（结束script会话），输入 *exit* 或者 *logout* 或者按下 *control-D*。
|
||||
|
||||
exit
|
||||
|
||||
@ -38,11 +37,10 @@
|
||||
less my.terminal.session
|
||||
cat my.terminal.session
|
||||
|
||||
### 还原删除的 /tmp 文件夹 ###
|
||||
### 还原被删除的 /tmp 文件夹 ###
|
||||
|
||||
我在文章[Linux和Unix shell，我犯了一些错误][1]。我意外地删除了/tmp文件夹。要还原它，我需要这么做：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
mkdir /tmp
|
||||
chmod 1777 /tmp
|
||||
chown root:root /tmp
|
||||
@ -50,11 +48,11 @@
|
||||
|
||||
### 锁定一个文件夹 ###
|
||||
|
||||
为了我的数据隐私，我想要锁定我文件服务器下的/downloads文件夹。因此我运行：
|
||||
为了我的数据隐私，我想要锁定我文件服务器下的/downloads文件夹。因此我运行了：
|
||||
|
||||
chmod 0000 /downloads
|
||||
|
||||
root用户仍旧可以访问，但是ls和cd命令还不可用。要还原它用：
|
||||
root用户仍旧可以访问，而ls和cd命令则不工作。要还原它用：
|
||||
|
||||
chmod 0755 /downloads
|
||||
|
||||
@ -66,40 +64,40 @@ root用户仍旧可以访问，但是ls和cd命令还不可用。要还原它用
|
||||
|
||||
或者，在退出vim之前使用:X 命令来加密你的文件，vim会提示你输入一个密码。
|
||||
|
||||
### 清除屏幕上的输出 ###
|
||||
### 清除屏幕上的乱码 ###
|
||||
|
||||
只要输入：
|
||||
|
||||
reset
|
||||
|
||||
### 成为人类 ###
|
||||
### 易读格式 ###
|
||||
|
||||
传递*-h*或者*-H*（和其他选项）选项给GNU或者BSD工具来获取像ls、df、du等命令以人类可读的格式输出：
|
||||
传递*-h*或者*-H*（和其他选项）选项给GNU或者BSD工具来获取像ls、df、du等命令以易读的格式输出：
|
||||
|
||||
ls -lh
|
||||
# 以人类可读的格式 (比如： 1K 234M 2G)
|
||||
# 以易读的格式 (比如： 1K 234M 2G)
|
||||
df -h
|
||||
df -k
|
||||
# 已字节输出如： KB, MB, or GB
|
||||
# 以字节、KB、MB 或 GB 输出：
|
||||
free -b
|
||||
free -k
|
||||
free -m
|
||||
free -g
|
||||
# 以人类可读的格式打印 (比如 1K 234M 2G)
|
||||
# 以易读的格式输出 (比如 1K 234M 2G)
|
||||
du -h
|
||||
# 以人类可读的格式获取系统perms
|
||||
# 以易读的格式显示文件系统权限
|
||||
stat -c %A /boot
|
||||
# 比较人类可读的数字
|
||||
# 比较易读的数字
|
||||
sort -h -a file
|
||||
# 在Linux上以人类可读的形式显示cpu信息
|
||||
# 在Linux上以易读的形式显示cpu信息
|
||||
lscpu
|
||||
lscpu -e
|
||||
lscpu -e=cpu,node
|
||||
# 以人类可读的形式显示每个文件的大小
|
||||
# 以易读的形式显示每个文件的大小
|
||||
tree -h
|
||||
tree -h /boot
|
||||
|
||||
### 在Linux系统中显示已知用户的信息 ###
|
||||
### 在Linux系统中显示已知的用户信息 ###
|
||||
|
||||
只要输入：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -143,7 +141,7 @@ root用户仍旧可以访问，但是ls和cd命令还不可用。要还原它用
|
||||
|
||||
### 我如何删除意外在当前文件夹下解压的文件？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
我意外在/var/www/html/而不是/home/projects/www/current下解压了一个tarball。它混乱了/var/www/html下的文件。最简单修复这个问题的方法是：
|
||||
我意外在/var/www/html/而不是/home/projects/www/current下解压了一个tarball。它搞乱了/var/www/html下的文件，你甚至不知道哪些是误解压出来的。最简单修复这个问题的方法是：
|
||||
|
||||
cd /var/www/html/
|
||||
/bin/rm -f "$(tar ztf /path/to/file.tar.gz)"
|
||||
@ -166,7 +164,7 @@ root用户仍旧可以访问，但是ls和cd命令还不可用。要还原它用
|
||||
## 以root用户运行最后运行的命令
|
||||
sudo !!
|
||||
|
||||
!!会运行最近使用的命令。要运行最近运行的“foo”命令：
|
||||
!!会运行最近使用的命令。要运行最近运行的以“foo”开头命令：
|
||||
|
||||
!foo
|
||||
# 以root用户运行上一次以“service”开头的命令
|
||||
@ -180,12 +178,11 @@ root用户仍旧可以访问，但是ls和cd命令还不可用。要还原它用
|
||||
# 测试 nginx.conf
|
||||
/sbin/nginx -t -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
|
||||
|
||||
# 测试完 "/sbin/nginx -t -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf"你可以用vi编辑了
|
||||
# 测试完 "/sbin/nginx -t -c /etc/nginx/nginx.conf"你可以用vi再次编辑这个文件了
|
||||
sudo vi !$
|
||||
|
||||
### 在你要离开的时候留下一个提醒 ###
|
||||
### 在终端上提醒你必须得走了 ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you need a reminder to leave your terminal, type the following command:
|
||||
如果你需要提醒离开你的终端，输入下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
leave +hhmm
|
||||
@ -200,26 +197,26 @@ If you need a reminder to leave your terminal, type the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
cd -
|
||||
|
||||
需要快速地回到家目录？输入：
|
||||
需要快速地回到你的家目录？输入：
|
||||
|
||||
cd
|
||||
|
||||
变量*CDPATH*定义了含有这个目录的搜索目录路径：
|
||||
变量*CDPATH*定义了目录的搜索路径：
|
||||
|
||||
export CDPATH=/var/www:/nas10
|
||||
|
||||
现在，不用输入cd */var/www/html/ ，我可以直接输入下面的命令进入/var/www/html：
|
||||
现在，不用输入cd */var/www/html/ 这样长了，我可以直接输入下面的命令进入 /var/www/html：
|
||||
|
||||
cd html
|
||||
|
||||
### 编辑一个用less浏览的文件 ###
|
||||
### 在less浏览时编辑文件 ###
|
||||
|
||||
要编辑一个用less浏览的文件，按下v。你就可以用变量$EDITOR下的编辑器来编辑了：
|
||||
要编辑一个正在用less浏览的文件，可以按下v。你就可以用变量$EDITOR所指定的编辑器来编辑了：
|
||||
|
||||
less *.c
|
||||
less foo.html
|
||||
## 下载v编辑文件 ##
|
||||
## 退出编辑器，你可以继续用less浏览了 ##
|
||||
## 按下v键来编辑文件 ##
|
||||
## 退出编辑器后，你可以继续用less浏览了 ##
|
||||
|
||||
### 列出你系统中的所有文件和目录 ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -237,14 +234,14 @@ If you need a reminder to leave your terminal, type the following command:
|
||||
# 列出 $HOME 中所有的文件
|
||||
find $HOME -type f -ls | less
|
||||
|
||||
### 用一条命令构造命令树 ###
|
||||
### 用一条命令构造目录树 ###
|
||||
|
||||
你可以用mkdir加上-p选项一次创建目录树：
|
||||
你可以用mkdir加上-p选项一次创建一颗目录树：
|
||||
|
||||
mkdir -p /jail/{dev,bin,sbin,etc,usr,lib,lib64}
|
||||
ls -l /jail/
|
||||
|
||||
### 复制文件到多个目录中 ###
|
||||
### 将文件复制到多个目录中 ###
|
||||
|
||||
不必运行：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -260,16 +257,16 @@ If you need a reminder to leave your terminal, type the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
### 快速找出两个目录的不同 ###
|
||||
|
||||
diff命令会按行比较文件。它也可以比较两个目录：
|
||||
diff命令会按行比较文件。但是它也可以比较两个目录：
|
||||
|
||||
ls -l /tmp/r
|
||||
ls -l /tmp/s
|
||||
# Compare two folders using diff ##
|
||||
# 使用 diff 比较两个文件夹
|
||||
diff /tmp/r/ /tmp/s/
|
||||
|
||||
[][3]
|
||||
|
||||
图片： 找出目录之间的不同
|
||||
*图片： 找出目录之间的不同*
|
||||
|
||||
### 文本格式化 ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -281,13 +278,13 @@ diff命令会按行比较文件。它也可以比较两个目录：
|
||||
|
||||
fmt -s file.txt
|
||||
|
||||
### 看见输出并写入到一个文件中 ###
|
||||
### 可以看见输出并将其写入到一个文件中 ###
|
||||
|
||||
如下使用tee命令在屏幕上看见输出并同样写入到日志文件my.log中：
|
||||
|
||||
mycoolapp arg1 arg2 input.file | tee my.log
|
||||
|
||||
tee可以保证你同时在屏幕上看到mycoolapp的输出和写入文件。
|
||||
tee可以保证你同时在屏幕上看到mycoolapp的输出并写入文件 my.log。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -295,7 +292,7 @@ via: http://www.cyberciti.biz/open-source/command-line-hacks/20-unix-command-lin
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[nixCraft][a]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu 15.04 终于可以让你将菜单设置为 ‘始终可见’
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**如果你不喜欢 Unity 的全局菜单在你的鼠标离开后就淡出你的视野，在 Ubuntu 15.04 稍微做点工作就可以留住菜单。**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
最新的Ubuntu 15.04的Unity界面通过在“提议（Proposed）”通道提供了一个选项，**使应用程序菜单在Ubuntu中始终可见**。
|
||||
|
||||
这是个不会淡出，也不会过段时间就消失的菜单。
|
||||
|
||||
最大的缺点是它目前只能通过`dconf`来控制，而不是常规的面向用户的选项设置。
|
||||
|
||||
我希望（如果预计没有的话）在之后的开发中，能有一个设置这个特性的选项被加入到Ubuntu的【系统设置】>【外观】部分。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，如果你使用的是 Ubuntu 15.04，并启用了“提议（Proposed）”的更新通道后，你可以在dconf 的com>canonical>Unity>‘always show menus’ 中找到这个开关。
|
||||
|
||||
### 迟到总比没有要好? ###
|
||||
|
||||
开发者们计划在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS的下一个SRU中反向移植这个选项（假设在测试阶段没有任何意外发生）。
|
||||
|
||||
本地集成菜单（LIM）在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 中的首次亮相就赢得了赞誉，其被广泛认为在那些喜欢隐藏方式的与那些不喜欢必须使用鼠标和触摸板的人之间的最佳的折衷方案。
|
||||
|
||||
虽然在Unity方面本地集成菜单减少了不少批评，不过默认的“淡入/淡出”行为总是还让人不爽。
|
||||
|
||||
在Ubuntu 过去的几个版本中已经能够看到他们在积极解决早期的用户体验中的几个痛点。经过了几年，在TODO列表中[我们去年终于看到了本地集成菜单][1]，以及通过[点击应用图标来实现Unity 启动器中应用的最小化及恢复的选项][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
一年以来我们终于看到了一个使应用程序菜单始终显示的选项，无论我们的鼠标在哪里。迟来总比没有好，对不对？
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/01/ubuntu-15-04-always-show-menu-bar-option
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
|
||||
译者：[JeffDing](https://github.com/JeffDing)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
|
||||
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/02/locally-integrated-menus-ubuntu-14-04
|
||||
[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/03/minimize-click-launcher-option-ubuntu-14-04
|
||||
@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu With XFCE vs Xubuntu Linux
|
||||
Ubuntu & XFCE vs Xubuntu
|
||||
=========================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu vs Xubuntu。Ubuntu拥有漂亮的桌面体验以及强大的应用程序。Xubuntu轻量、快速并且可定制，哪个更适合你？
|
||||
Ubuntu拥有漂亮的桌面体验以及强大的应用程序。Xubuntu轻量、快速并且可定制，哪个更适合你？
|
||||
|
||||
---------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -10,11 +11,11 @@ Ubuntu vs Xubuntu。Ubuntu拥有漂亮的桌面体验以及强大的应用程序
|
||||
|
||||
并且，我同时也会在这篇文章中介绍Ubuntu用户如何获取基本的XFCE桌面，以及如何安装完整的Xubuntu桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
[Ubuntu][1]以及[Xubuntu][2]是针对不同目的开发的操作系统，为什么我会强调这一点，是为了说明什么时候或者为什么你应该使用Ubuntu以及什么时候应该使用Xubuntu。
|
||||
[Ubuntu][1]以及[Xubuntu][2]是针对不同目的开发的操作系统，为什么我会强调这一点，是为了说明什么时候或者为什么你应该使用Ubuntu或Xubuntu。
|
||||
|
||||
比较这两个操作系统就像比较[劳斯莱斯][3]与[保时捷][4]。这两个都是很棒的车，但是如果把劳斯莱斯给一个赛车迷，他们也许会卖掉它买个其他的车，同样，如果把保时捷给舒格勋爵或者休·海夫纳这类人可能也不那么合适。
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu拥有一个适用性很强的桌面环境，叫做Unity，并且默认会安装一些很棒的Linux应用程序，包括Rhythmbox以及[LibreOffic][5]。Ubuntu就像是劳斯莱斯。它为舒适而生，并且尽可能的提供从A到B的最时髦的方法。
|
||||
Ubuntu拥有一个适用性很强的桌面环境，叫做Unity，并且默认会安装一些很棒的Linux应用程序，包括Rhythmbox以及[LibreOffic][5]。Ubuntu就像是劳斯莱斯。它为舒适而生，并且尽可能的提供满足需要的漂亮的解决方案。
|
||||
|
||||
作为一个Ubuntu用户，就像汽车里面的乘客。你在到达目的地的过程中就可以同时把事情搞定，并且所有的事看起来都很漂亮并且很简单。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ Xubuntu就像一个改装过的跑车。你可以把它改装成任何你想要
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，我会使用命令行工具[apt-get][7]介绍在Ubuntu安装XFCE桌面的方法。
|
||||
|
||||
打开一个终端窗口，在Unity环境，你可以在[Dash][8]中搜索“TERM”，或者使用组合键 CTRL+ALT+T。
|
||||
打开一个终端窗口，在Unity环境，你可以在[Dash][8]中搜索“TERM”，或者使用组合键 `CTRL+ALT+T`。
|
||||
|
||||
安装XFCE桌面十分简单，输入下列命令就可以了：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -105,7 +106,7 @@ Xubuntu就像一个改装过的跑车。你可以把它改装成任何你想要
|
||||
|
||||
系统会显示一个消息，提示你是否使用默认的面板布局或者使用单独的面板。
|
||||
|
||||
[最新版本的Xubuntu][10]在顶部包含一个单独的面板，不过我更喜欢两个面板，顶部一个标准面板，底部一个常用程序的停靠面板。
|
||||
[最新版本的Xubuntu][10]在顶部包含一个单独的面板，不过我更喜欢双面板，顶部一个标准面板，底部一个常用程序的停靠面板。
|
||||
|
||||
需要注意的是，XFCE桌面菜单系统和Xubuntu的菜单有些差异，除非你安装[一个更好的菜单系统][11]，设置两个面板或许是个更好的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -117,7 +118,7 @@ Xubuntu就像一个改装过的跑车。你可以把它改装成任何你想要
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想全都使用Xubuntu的东西，但是又不想按照那些介绍重新安装系统的话，看看下面的东西。
|
||||
|
||||
通过搜索“TERM”，或者组合键CTRL+ALT+T，打开一个终端窗口。
|
||||
通过搜索“TERM”，或者组合键`CTRL+ALT+T`，打开一个终端窗口。
|
||||
|
||||
在终端输入如下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -132,16 +133,17 @@ Xubuntu就像一个改装过的跑车。你可以把它改装成任何你想要
|
||||
|
||||
Xubuntu桌面就会显示出来啦。
|
||||
|
||||
这里会有一些差异。菜单仍然是XFCE菜单，而不是Xubuntu菜单。某些图标也不会出现在顶部面板中。但是这些问题都不足以让我们花时间卸载Ubuntu然后重装Xubuntu。
|
||||
这里会有一些差异。菜单仍然是XFCE菜单，而不是Xubuntu菜单。某些图标也不会出现在顶部面板中。但是这些小问题都不足以让我们花时间卸载Ubuntu然后重装Xubuntu。
|
||||
|
||||
下一篇文章中，我会介绍如何自定义Xubuntu以及XFCE桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
-----
|
||||
|
||||
via : http://linux.about.com/od/dist/fl/Ubuntu-With-XFCE-vs-Xubuntu-Linux.htm
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gary Newell][a]
|
||||
译者：[zhouj-sh](https://github.com/Zhouj-sh)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
|
||||
Linux有问必答时间--如何查看Linux系统的CPU信息
|
||||
Linux有问必答：如何查看Linux系统的CPU信息
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **问题**: 我想要了解我的电脑关于CPU处理器的详细信息，查看CPU信息比较有效地方法是什么？
|
||||
|
||||
根据你的需要，有各种各样的关于你的CPU处理器信息你需要了解，比如CPU供应商名、模型名、时钟频率、套接字/内核的数量, L1/L2/L3缓存配置、可用的处理器能力(比如：硬件虚拟化、AES, MMX, SSE)等等。在Linux中，有许多命令行或基于GUI的工具就能来展示你的CPU硬件的相关具体信息。
|
||||
根据你的需要，有各种各样的关于你的CPU处理器信息你需要了解，比如CPU供应商名、模型名、时钟频率、插槽/内核的数量, L1/L2/L3缓存配置、可用的处理器能力(比如：硬件虚拟化、AES, MMX, SSE)等等。在Linux中，有许多命令行或基于GUI的工具就能来展示你的CPU硬件的相关具体信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. /proc/cpuinfo ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Linux有问必答时间--如何查看Linux系统的CPU信息
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
通过查看这个文件，你能[识别出][1]物理处理器数、每个CPU核心数、可用的CPU标志寄存器以及其它东西的数量。
|
||||
通过查看这个文件，你能[识别出][1]物理处理器数（插槽）、每个CPU核心数、可用的CPU标志寄存器以及其它东西的数量。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. cpufreq-info ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ cpuid命令的功能就相当于一个专用的CPU信息工具，它能通过使
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. dmidecode ###
|
||||
|
||||
dmidecode命令直接从BIOS的DMI（译者注：桌面管理接口）数据收集关于系统硬件的具体信息。CPU信息报告包括CPU供应商、版本、CPU标志寄存器、最大/最近的时钟速度、(所允许的)核心总数、L1/L2/L3缓存配置等等。
|
||||
dmidecode命令直接从BIOS的DMI（桌面管理接口）数据收集关于系统硬件的具体信息。CPU信息报告包括CPU供应商、版本、CPU标志寄存器、最大/当前的时钟速度、(启用的)核心总数、L1/L2/L3缓存配置等等。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo dmidecode
|
||||
|
||||
@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ i7z是一个专供英特尔酷睿i3、i5和i7 CPU的实时CPU报告工具。它
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. likwid-topology ###
|
||||
### 8. likwid拓扑 ###
|
||||
|
||||
[likwid][3] (Like I Knew What I'm Doing) 是一个用来测量、配置并显示硬件相关特性的命令行收集工具。其中的likwid拓扑结构能显示CPU硬件(线程/缓存/NUMA)的拓扑结构信息，还能识别处理器家族(比如：Intel Core 2, AMD Shanghai)。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ lscpu命令用一个更加用户友好的格式统计了 /etc/cpuinfo 的内容
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. lshw ###
|
||||
|
||||
**lshw**命令是一个综合性硬件查询工具。不同于其它工具，lshw需要root特权才能运行因为它是在BIOS系统里查询DMI（译者注：桌面管理接口）信息。它能报告总核心数和可用核心数，但是会遗漏掉一些信息比如L1/L2/L3缓存配置。GTK版本的lshw-gtk也是可用的。
|
||||
**lshw**命令是一个综合性硬件查询工具。不同于其它工具，lshw需要root特权才能运行，因为它是在BIOS系统里查询DMI（桌面管理接口）信息。它能报告总核心数和可用核心数，但是会遗漏掉一些信息比如L1/L2/L3缓存配置。GTK版本的lshw-gtk也是可用的。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo lshw -class processor
|
||||
|
||||
@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ lscpu命令用一个更加用户友好的格式统计了 /etc/cpuinfo 的内容
|
||||
|
||||
### 11. lstopo ###
|
||||
|
||||
lstopo命令 (包括 [hwloc][4] 包) 使由CPU、缓存、内存和I/O设备组成的拓扑结构可见。这个命令用来识别处理器结构和系统的NUMA拓扑结构。
|
||||
lstopo命令 (包括在 [hwloc][4] 包中) 以可视化的方式组成 CPU、缓存、内存和I/O设备的拓扑结构。这个命令用来识别处理器结构和系统的NUMA拓扑结构。
|
||||
|
||||
$ lstopo
|
||||
|
||||
@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ lstopo命令 (包括 [hwloc][4] 包) 使由CPU、缓存、内存和I/O设备组
|
||||
|
||||
### 12. numactl ###
|
||||
|
||||
其被开发的起初是为了设置NUMA的时序安排和Linux处理器的内存布局策略，numactl命令也能通过命令行来展示关于CPU硬件的NUMA拓扑结构信息。
|
||||
最初其被开发的目的是为了设置NUMA的时序安排和Linux处理器的内存布局策略，numactl命令也能通过命令行来展示关于CPU硬件的NUMA拓扑结构信息。
|
||||
|
||||
$ numactl --hardware
|
||||
|
||||
@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ lstopo命令 (包括 [hwloc][4] 包) 使由CPU、缓存、内存和I/O设备组
|
||||
|
||||
### 13. x86info ###
|
||||
|
||||
x86info是一个为了展示基于x86架构的CPU信息的命令行工具。信息报告包括CPU型号、线程/核心数、时钟速度、TLB（译者注：传输后备缓冲器）缓存配置、支持的特征标志寄存器等等。
|
||||
x86info是一个为了展示基于x86架构的CPU信息的命令行工具。信息报告包括CPU型号、线程/核心数、时钟速度、TLB（传输后备缓冲器）缓存配置、支持的特征标志寄存器等等。
|
||||
|
||||
$ x86info --all
|
||||
|
||||
@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ x86info是一个为了展示基于x86架构的CPU信息的命令行工具。信
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/check-cpu-info-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[ZTinoZ](https://github.com/ZTinoZ)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
|
||||
Linux 有问必答：如何使用yum来下载RPM包而不进行安装
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **问题**:我想从Red Hat 的标准仓库中下载一个RPM包，我能使用yum命令来下载一个RPM包但是不进行安装吗？
|
||||
|
||||
yum是基于Red Hat的系统(如CentOS、Fedora、RHEl)上的默认包管理器。使用yum，你可以安装或者更新一个RPM包，并且他会自动解决包依赖关系。但是如果你只想将一个RPM包下载到你的系统上该怎么办呢? 例如，你可能想要获取一些RPM包在以后使用，或者将他们安装在另外的机器上。
|
||||
|
||||
这里说明了如何从yum仓库上下载一个RPM包。
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法一:yum###
|
||||
|
||||
yum命令本身就可以用来下载一个RPM包，标准的yum命令提供了`--downloadonly(只下载)`的选项来达到这个目的。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install --downloadonly <package-name>
|
||||
|
||||
默认情况下，一个下载的RPM包会保存在下面的目录中:
|
||||
|
||||
/var/cache/yum/x86_64/[centos/fedora-version]/[repository]/packages
|
||||
|
||||
以上的[repository]表示下载包的来源仓库的名称(例如：base、fedora、updates)
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想要将一个包下载到一个指定的目录(如/tmp)：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install --downloadonly --downloaddir=/tmp <package-name>
|
||||
|
||||
注意，如果下载的包包含了任何没有满足的依赖关系，yum将会把所有的依赖关系包下载，但是都不会被安装。
|
||||
|
||||
另外一个重要的事情是，在CentOS/RHEL 6或更早期的版本中，你需要安装一个单独yum插件(名称为 yum-plugin-downloadonly)才能使用`--downloadonly`命令选项：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install yum-plugin-downloadonly
|
||||
|
||||
如果没有该插件，你会在使用yum时得到以下错误：
|
||||
|
||||
Command line error: no such option: --downloadonly
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法二: Yumdownloader###
|
||||
|
||||
另外一个下载RPM包的方法就是通过一个专门的包下载工具--yumdownloader。 这个工具是yum工具包(包含了用来进行yum包管理的帮助工具套件)的子集。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install yum-utils
|
||||
|
||||
下载一个RPM包：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yumdownloader <package-name>
|
||||
|
||||
下载的包会被保存在当前目录中。你需要使用root权限，因为yumdownloader会在下载过程中更新包索引文件。与yum命令不同的是，任何依赖包不会被下载。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/yum-download-rpm-package.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[theo-l](https://github.com/theo-l)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
如何用‘slay’杀掉指定用户的所有进程
|
||||
用‘slay’干掉某个用户的所有进程
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**slay** 是**Chris Ausbrooks**写的一款用于杀掉指定用户所有运行进程的命令行工具。slay对系统管理员而言在找出那些不应该运行进程的用户是很有用的。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -31,19 +31,19 @@ slay在大多数发行版中都有官方仓库。
|
||||
~ sudo slay amitooo
|
||||
slay: Done.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当slay运行完成后，你应该就可以看到反馈了。
|
||||
|
||||
享受吧。
|
||||
爽吧？！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/kill-processes-specific-user-slay/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[ Enock Seth Nyamador][a]
|
||||
作者：[Enock Seth Nyamador][a]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
|
||||
如何用wifi-linux检测AP信号强度
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
作为一名python极客，我喜欢在github上发现新的针对linux用户的python工具。今天我发现了一款用python写成的用于检测AP信号强度的工具。
|
||||
作为一名python极客，我喜欢在github上挖掘新的用于linux用户的python工具。今天我发现了一款用python写成的用于检测AP信号强度的工具：wifi-linux。
|
||||
|
||||
我已经在**wifi-linux**上实验了大约两个小时，并且它工作的很好但是我希望在不久的将来在作者那里看到一些单元测试，因为命令**plot**无法在我的电脑上工作，并且会导致一些问题。
|
||||
|
||||
### 什么是wifi-linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
根据github作者账号的官方的offical readme.md文件， wifi-linux是一个简单的收集你周围AP的RSSI信息的python脚本，它还会画出RSSI活动图形。
|
||||
根据github上作者账号的官方的 readme.md文件， wifi-linux是一个简单的收集你周围AP的RSSI信息的python脚本，它还会画出RSSI活动图形。
|
||||
|
||||
，这同样可以用命令plot生成，但是不幸的是，这对我不可行。wifi-linux支持其他的命令，比如**bp** 来加入一个断点，**print**会打印一些统计和**启动开关**。
|
||||
作者说可以在该程序中可以使用plot命令绘制RSSI 活动图形，但是不幸的是，这对我不可行。wifi-linux也支持其他的命令，比如**bp** 来加入一个断点，**print**会打印一些统计和**启动开关**。
|
||||
|
||||
wifi-linux程序有下面这些依赖：
|
||||
|
||||
@ -19,15 +19,15 @@ wifi-linux程序有下面这些依赖：
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装wifi-linux需要的包 ###
|
||||
|
||||
我怕尝试使用python包管理工具pip安装python-dbus但是失败了，因为pip会查找setup.py，但是python-dbus中没有。因此下面的命令不工作。
|
||||
我尝试使用python包管理工具pip安装python-dbus但是失败了，因为pip会查找setup.py，但是python-dbus中没有。因此下面的命令不工作。
|
||||
|
||||
pip install dbus-python
|
||||
|
||||
你可以试一下但是很有可能会在终端中下面的错误。
|
||||
你可以试一下但是很有可能会在终端中出现下面的错误。
|
||||
|
||||
IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: '/tmp/pip_build_oltjano/dbus-python/setup.py'
|
||||
|
||||
我该怎么解决这个问题呢？很简单，用下面命令中的系统包管理工具安装Python DBUS。
|
||||
我该怎么解决这个问题呢？很简单，用下面命令中的系统包管理工具来安装Python DBUS。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install python-dbus
|
||||
|
||||
@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ wifi-linux程序有下面这些依赖：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
命令**print**可以用于显示你机器的状态。下面就是一个例子。
|
||||
命令**print**可以用于在终端上显示你机器的状态。下面就是一个例子。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ via: http://linoxide.com/linux-how-to/monitor-access-point-signal-strength-wifi-
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Oltjano Terpollari][a]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
|
||||
如何使用 backupninja 来备份一个 Debian 系统
|
||||
如何使用 backupninja 来备份 Debian 系统
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
面临灾难时的小心谨慎或体验可以教会每一个系统管理采取频繁的系统备份的重要性。你可以通过编写存在已久的管用的 shell 脚本，或使用一个(或多个) 适合这项工作的备份工具来完成备份任务。因此，当你要实施一个备份解决方案时，你了解的备份工具越多，你做出的决策就会越明智。
|
||||
小心谨慎或灾难体验会让每一个系统管理都认识到频繁的系统备份的重要性。你可以通过编写管用的旧式 shell 脚本，或使用一个（或几个）适合这项工作的备份工具来完成备份任务。因此，当你要实施一个备份解决方案时，你了解的备份工具越多，你做出的决策就会越明智。
|
||||
|
||||
在这篇文章中，我们将为你介绍 [backupninja][2] ，一个轻量且易于配置的系统备份工具。在诸如 **rdiff-backup**, **duplicity**, **mysqlhotcopy** 和 **mysqldump** 等程序的帮助下， Backupninja 可以提供常用的备份功能，如执行远程的、安全的和增量式的文件系统备份，加密备份以及 MySQL/MariaDB 数据库备份。你可以选择性地开启使用 email 进行状态报告功能，也可以对一般的硬件和系统的信息进行备份。 backupninja 的一个关键功能是它拥有一个内建的基于控制台的向导程序(被称为 **ninjahelper**)，而后者允许你为不同的备份情景轻松地创建配置文件。
|
||||
在这篇文章中，我们将为你介绍 [backupninja][2] ，这是一个轻量且易于配置的系统备份工具。在诸如 **rdiff-backup**, **duplicity**, **mysqlhotcopy** 和 **mysqldump** 等程序的帮助下， Backupninja 可以提供常用的备份功能，如执行远程的、安全的和增量式的文件系统备份，加密备份以及 MySQL/MariaDB 数据库备份。你可以选择性地开启使用 Email 状态报告功能，也可以对一般的硬件和系统的信息进行备份。 backupninja 的一个关键功能是它拥有一个内建的基于控制台的向导程序（被称为 **ninjahelper**），而后者允许你为不同的备份情景轻松地创建配置文件。
|
||||
|
||||
如果非要说的话，backupninja 的缺点是：为了充分使用其所有的功能，它要求一些其他“助手”程序已经被安装在了计算机中。尽管 backupninja 有针对基于 Red Hat(红帽) 的发行版本的 RPM 安装包，但 backupninja 针对 Debian 和它的衍生发行版本的依赖进行了优化。所以不建议在基于 Red Hat 的系统上尝试 backupninja 。
|
||||
如果非要说的话，backupninja 的缺点是：为了充分使用其所有的功能，它要求安装一些其他“助手”程序。尽管 backupninja 有针对基于 Red Hat（红帽）的发行版本的 RPM 安装包，但 backupninja 针对 Debian 及其衍生发行版本的依赖进行了优化。所以不建议在基于 Red Hat 的系统上尝试 backupninja 。
|
||||
|
||||
在这篇教程中，我们将介绍如何在基于 Debian 的发行版本上安装 backupninja 。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -16,17 +16,17 @@
|
||||
|
||||
在安装的过程中，有几个文件和目录将被创建：
|
||||
|
||||
- **/usr/sbin/backupninja** 是 bash shell 主脚本；
|
||||
- **/etc/cron.d/backupninja**， 默认情况下,构建 cron 任务来每隔一个小时运行上面的主脚本；
|
||||
- **/etc/logrotate.d/backupninja** 处理由 backupninja 程序产生的日志；(注：我不知道这里的 rotate 该如何翻译)
|
||||
- **/usr/sbin/backupninja** 是个 bash shell 的主脚本；
|
||||
- **/etc/cron.d/backupninja**， 默认情况下，设置 cron 任务来每隔一个小时运行上面的主脚本；
|
||||
- **/etc/logrotate.d/backupninja** 截断由 backupninja 程序产生的日志；
|
||||
- **/etc/backup.d/** 是备份操作的配置文件驻留的目录；
|
||||
- **/etc/backupninja.conf** 是包含一般选项的主配置文件。这个文件带有良好的注释且详细解释了每个选项的含义；
|
||||
- **/usr/share/backupninja** 是那些被 backupninja 使用的脚本所处的目录。这些脚本文件负责执行实际的工作。在这个目录中，你还可以找到 `.helper` 文件，它们可以被用来配置和设定 ninjahelper 的菜单；
|
||||
- **/usr/share/doc/backupninja/examples** 含有操作配置文件(即通过 ninjahelper 产生的文件)的模板。
|
||||
- **/usr/share/backupninja** 是那些 backupninja 所使用的脚本所处的目录。这些脚本文件负责执行实际的工作。在这个目录中，你还可以找到 `.helper` 文件，它们可以被用来配置和设定 ninjahelper 的菜单；
|
||||
- **/usr/share/doc/backupninja/examples** 含有操作配置文件（即通过 ninjahelper 产生的文件）的模板。
|
||||
|
||||
### 首次运行 Ninjahelper ###
|
||||
|
||||
当我们尝试启动 ninjahelper 时，我们可以看到一个内部依赖可能会被需要。假如系统进行了提示，请输入 “yes” 并敲下回车键来安装 dialog(一个用于从 shell 脚本中显示友好对话框的工具)。
|
||||
当我们尝试启动 ninjahelper 时，我们可以看到可能需要一个内部依赖程序。假如系统进行了提示，请输入 “yes” 并敲下回车键来安装 dialog（一个用于从 shell 脚本中显示友好对话框的工具）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -44,11 +44,11 @@
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
接下来的一步需要你选取相关条目来作为此次备份任务的一部分。前四个条目已经默认被选上了，但你可以通过按空格键来撤消选择。
|
||||
接下来的一步需要你选取相关条目来作为此次备份任务的一部分。前四个条目已经默认被选上了，但你可以通过在条目上按空格键来撤消选择。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
一旦你完成了上面的步骤，按 OK 选项来继续。接着你将能够选择 是愿意使用默认的配置文件(/etc/backup.d/10.sys)来完成这次备份操作，还是创建一个新的配置文件。若为后者，一个含有与默认配置文件内容相同的文件将会在相同的目录下被创建，但它被命名为 11.sys，后续的备份操作将会创建类似的文件(注：只不过命名的序号不同)。需要说明的是一旦这个新的配置文件被创建，你便可以使用你喜爱的文本编辑器来编辑该文件。
|
||||
一旦你完成了上面的步骤，按 OK 选项来继续。接着你将能够选择是愿意使用默认的配置文件(/etc/backup.d/10.sys)来完成这次备份操作，还是创建一个新的配置文件。若为后者，一个含有与默认配置文件内容相同的文件将会在相同的目录下被创建，但它被命名为 11.sys，后续的备份操作将会创建类似的文件（注：只不过命名的序号不同）。需要说明的是一旦这个新的配置文件被创建，你便可以使用你喜爱的文本编辑器来编辑该文件。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -56,7 +56,7 @@
|
||||
|
||||
正如你最有可能知道的那样， rsync 被广泛地用于通过网络同步文件或文件夹。在接下来的例子中，我们将讨论一个使用硬链接来为一个远程目录做增量式拉取备份的方法，它被用来保存历史数据以及在我们本地的文件服务器中恢复这些历史数据。这个方法将帮助我们节省空间并增强位于服务器端的安全性。
|
||||
|
||||
**步骤 1**：编写一个位于 `/etc/backup.d`的带有如下内容的自定义脚本，并将它的权限设置为 600 。需要说明的是，除了一般的配置文件，这个目录可能还包含当 backupninja 被执行时你想运行的一些脚本文件，它们可以发挥出位于主配置文件中的变量的优势。
|
||||
**步骤 1**：编写一个带有如下内容的自定义脚本，放在 `/etc/backup.d`，并将它的权限设置为 600 。需要说明的是，除了一般的配置文件，这个目录可能还包含当 backupninja 执行时你想运行的一些脚本文件，它们可以发挥出位于主配置文件中的变量的优势。
|
||||
|
||||
# REMOTE USER
|
||||
user=root
|
||||
@ -72,36 +72,37 @@
|
||||
# RSYNC
|
||||
rsync -av --delete --recursive --link-dest=$localdirold $user@$host:$remotedir $localdir
|
||||
|
||||
在上面的配置中， rsync 的 ‘--link-dest’ 选项的作用是为位于 $localdir-old 目录中那些没有改变的文件(包含所有属性) 硬链接到目标目录 ($localdir)。
|
||||
在上面的配置中， rsync 的 ‘--link-dest’ 选项的作用是为位于 $localdir-old 目录中那些没有改变的文件(包含所有属性) 硬链接到目标目录（$localdir）。
|
||||
|
||||
**步骤 2**：在 backupninja 第一次运行之前，上层目录(这个例子中指的是 /home/gacanepa) 是空的。第一次我们执行下面的命令：
|
||||
**步骤 2**：在 backupninja 第一次运行之前，上层目录（这个例子中指的是 /home/gacanepa） 是空的。第一次我们执行下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
# backupninja -n
|
||||
|
||||
backup.0 目录就被创建了，并在接下来的过程中，它的名称将会被更改为 backup.1。
|
||||
|
||||
当我们第二次运行 backupninja 时， backup.0 将会被重新创建，而 backup.1 被保留。
|
||||
当我们第二次运行 backupninja 时， backup.0 将会被重新创建，而 backup.1 保持不动。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**步骤 3**： 确保 backup.1 里面的文件硬链接到 backup.0 里的文件，我们可以通过比较文件的 inode( i 节点) 数和目录的大小来达到此目的。
|
||||
**步骤 3**： 确保 backup.1 里面的文件硬链接到 backup.0 里的文件，我们可以通过比较文件的 inode（i 节点）数和目录的大小来达到此目的。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Backupninja 不仅是一个经典的备份工具，它也是一个易于配置的实用程序。你可以通过编写你自己的 handler(注：我不知道该如何翻译 handler 这个单词) 来运行 backupninja 并将它们作为位于 `/etc.backup.d` 的个人配置文件。甚至你还可以为 ninjahelper 编写助手程序，以达到将它们包括在 ninjahelper 的主界面上。
|
||||
Backupninja 不仅是一个经典的备份工具，它也是一个易于配置的实用程序。你可以通过编写你自己的控制脚本，用放在 `/etc.backup.d` 中的不同的配置文件来运行 backupninja 。甚至你还可以为 ninjahelper 编写助手程序，并将其包括在 ninjahelper 的主界面上。
|
||||
|
||||
例如，假如你在 `/usr/share/backupninja`目录中创建了一个名为 modulo 的 handler，它将自动运行那些位于 `/etc/backup.d` 目录中以 .xmodulo 为后缀的每个文件。如果你决定添加你的 xmodulo handler 到 ninjahelper 中， 你可以编写相应的助手程序，即 xmodulo.helper 。另外，假如你想 让 backupninja 运行任意一个脚本，只需把它添加到 `/etc/backup.d` 目录中，这样你的目的便可以达到了。
|
||||
例如，假如你在 `/usr/share/backupninja`目录中创建了一个名为 xmodulo 的控制脚本，它将自动运行那些位于 `/etc/backup.d` 目录中以 .xmodulo 为后缀的每个文件。如果你决定添加你的 xmodulo 控制脚本到 ninjahelper 中， 你可以编写相应的助手程序，即 xmodulo.helper 。另外，假如你想 让 backupninja 运行其它的脚本，只需把它添加到 `/etc/backup.d` 目录中就可以了。
|
||||
|
||||
欢迎使用下面的评论框来留下你的评论、问题或建议。听到你的回应将会使我们很高兴。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/backup-debian-system-backupninja.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gabriel Cánepa][a]
|
||||
译者：[FSSlc](https://github.com/FSSlc)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,85 +1,100 @@
|
||||
预见我们将会在2015年及之后的Linux游戏
|
||||
================================================================================他们说Linux游戏开发已经死了，已经变得毫无意义．．．随他们说去吧．一起看看2015甚至以后会为我们带来什么游戏．
|
||||
Linux 游戏之 2015 动向
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
他们说Linux游戏开发已经死了，已经变得毫无意义…… 随他们说去吧。一起看看2015甚至以后会为我们带来什么Linux游戏。
|
||||
|
||||
真的很难跟上为我们出现的每一样事物，但是可以快速浏览一下我们将会看到的变化．
|
||||
真的很难跟得上扑面而来的各种形形色色的新事物，但是可以快速浏览一下我们将会看到的变化。
|
||||
|
||||
### 已确认的游戏 ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### 冒险游戏 ####
|
||||
|
||||
- [看火人][1]
|
||||
- [失落的天堂：初探][2]
|
||||
- [蒸汽世界:浩劫][3]
|
||||
- [看火人（Firewatch）][1]
|
||||
- [失落的天堂：初探（Paradise Lost: First Contact）][2]
|
||||
- [时空英豪 1.1（Outcast 1.1）][42]
|
||||
- [蒸汽世界:浩劫（SteamWorld Heist）][3]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 动作游戏 ####
|
||||
|
||||
- [暗黑血统][4]
|
||||
- [暗黑血统２][5]
|
||||
- [尸人的世界][6]
|
||||
- [骷髅女孩][7]
|
||||
- [暗黑血统（Darksiders）][4]
|
||||
- [暗黑血统 2（Darksiders 2）][5]
|
||||
- [尸人的世界（Ray's The Dead）][6]
|
||||
- [骷髅女孩（Skullgirls）][7]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 第一人称游戏 ####
|
||||
|
||||
- [生化奇兵：永恒][8]
|
||||
- 半条命 3 /troll #此处troll不知道如何翻译
|
||||
- [烽火家园:革命][9]
|
||||
- [杀戮空间 2][10]
|
||||
- 英雄萨姆 4(目前无官方站点）
|
||||
- [联合风暴][11]
|
||||
- [烈火击杀][12]
|
||||
- [生化奇兵：永恒（Bioshock Infinite）][8]
|
||||
- 半条命 3 /troll （Half Life 3 /troll）
|
||||
- [烽火家园:革命（Homefront: The Revolution）][9]
|
||||
- [叛变（Insurgency）][43]
|
||||
- [杀戮空间 2（Killing Floor 2）][10]
|
||||
- 英雄萨姆 4（Serious Sam 4）（目前无官方站点）
|
||||
- [联合风暴（Storm United）][11]
|
||||
- [烈火击杀（SUPERHOT）][12]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 平台游戏 ####
|
||||
|
||||
- [武装原型][13]
|
||||
- [峡谷][14] #此处游戏名尚不确定
|
||||
- [吉安娜姐妹][15]
|
||||
- [心之所向：Alicia][16]
|
||||
- [ ][17] #此处游戏名未知
|
||||
- [无限工厂][18]
|
||||
- [无敌９号][19]
|
||||
- [林中之夜][20]
|
||||
- [夜][21]
|
||||
- [奇异的世界：新鲜可口][22]
|
||||
- [真红女神][23]
|
||||
- [武装原型（Broforce）][13]
|
||||
- [峡谷（Chasm）][14] #此处游戏中文名尚不确定
|
||||
- [吉安娜姐妹（Giana Sisters）][15]
|
||||
- [心之所向：Alicia（Heart Forth, Alicia）][16]
|
||||
- [热铁皮屋顶（Hot Tin Roof）][17]
|
||||
- [无限工厂（Infinifactory）][18]
|
||||
- [无敌９号（Mighty No. 9）][19]
|
||||
- [林中之夜（Night in the Woods）][20]
|
||||
- [夜（Noct）][21]
|
||||
- [奇异的世界：新鲜可口（Oddworld: New 'N' Tasty）][22]
|
||||
- [真红女神（Red Goddess）][23]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 赛车游戏 ####
|
||||
|
||||
- [赛车计划（Project Cars）][44]
|
||||
- [死亡赛车：再生（Carmageddon: Reincarnation）][45]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 角色扮演游戏 ####
|
||||
|
||||
- [神界:原罪][24]
|
||||
- [永恒之柱][25]
|
||||
- [暗影狂奔：香港][26]
|
||||
- [旗帜的传说][27]
|
||||
- [神界:原罪（Divinity: Original Sin）][24]
|
||||
- [永恒之柱（Pillars Of Eternity）][25]
|
||||
- [暗影狂奔：香港（Shadowrun: Hong Kong）][26]
|
||||
- [旗帜的传说（The Banner Saga）][27]
|
||||
- [镇魂曲:遗器之潮（Torment: Tides of Numenera）][46]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 策略游戏 ####
|
||||
|
||||
- [奇迹时代３][28]
|
||||
- [放逐之城][29]
|
||||
- [城：天际][30]
|
||||
- [发条帝国][31]
|
||||
- [][32]
|
||||
- [卷轴][33]
|
||||
- [太空海盗和僵尸 2][34]
|
||||
- [奇迹时代３（Age of Wonders III）][28]
|
||||
- [At The Gates][47] # 尚无中文名
|
||||
- [放逐之城（Banished）][29]
|
||||
- [城：天际（Cities: Skylines）][30]
|
||||
- [发条帝国（Clockwork Empires）][31]
|
||||
- [Parkitect][32] # 尚无中文名
|
||||
- [卷轴（Scrolls）][33]
|
||||
- [太空海盗和僵尸 2（Space Pirates And Zombies 2）][34]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 沙盒游戏 ####
|
||||
|
||||
- [泰拉瑞亚][35]
|
||||
- [X 重生][36]
|
||||
- [泰拉瑞亚（Terraria）][35]
|
||||
- [X 重生（X Rebirth）][36]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 不太确认，不过可能性高 ####
|
||||
#### 体育游戏 ####
|
||||
|
||||
- [英雄连][37]
|
||||
- [逃生][38]
|
||||
- [影子武士][39]
|
||||
- [火炬之光 2][40]
|
||||
- [惊爆美国棒球16（Out of the Park Baseball 16）][48]
|
||||
|
||||
然而有两个来自Feral Interactive的，由于不知道他们是什么，所以没有列举出来．
|
||||
### 不太确认，不过可能性高 ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们猜测Aspyr也在准备新的大制作，但是他们仅仅发布了他们最新的游戏，所以可能要等上几个月我们才能看到些什么．
|
||||
- [英雄连 2（Company of Heroes 2）][37]
|
||||
- [逃生（Outlast）][38]
|
||||
- [影子武士（Shadow Warrior）][39]
|
||||
- 无光之海 - 其开发商试验性地构建 Linux 版本，不过这要取决于他们的 Windows 版本的销售情况（据邮件沟通信息）
|
||||
- [火炬之光 2（Torchlight II）][40]
|
||||
|
||||
当然，** 这不是完整的列表 **，我们会轻易忘记巨量的游戏正在走向我们，哇，如此丰富的列表．
|
||||
然而有[两个来自Feral Interactive的移植大作][49]，由于不知道他们是什么，所以没有列举出来。
|
||||
|
||||
下个月就是游戏开发者大会，我们也期待一些改变发生．然而，我们没有什么确切的东西，对于Valve与Steam Machines的合作，我们期待至少会增加一些Linux游戏，否则，如我们担心，炫耀一些过时的游戏会让Valve脸上无光．
|
||||
我们猜测Aspyr也在准备新的大制作，但是他们仅仅发布了他们最新的游戏，所以可能要等上几个月我们才能看到些什么。
|
||||
|
||||
你怀念Linux的哪些地方曾让你兴奋？
|
||||
当然，** 这不是完整的列表 **，我们会轻易忘记如此多的游戏正在走向我们，哇，如此丰富的列表。
|
||||
|
||||
我们也期待 GDC 2015 上有一些改变，然而，我们没有什么确切的东西，对于Valve与Steam Machines的合作，我们期待至少会增加一些Linux游戏，否则，如我们担心，炫耀一些过时的游戏会让Valve脸上无光。
|
||||
|
||||
希望我们没有错过那些 Linux 中让你感到兴奋的东西！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -87,7 +102,7 @@ via: http://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/a-look-at-what-linux-games-we-will-se
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[liamdawe][a]
|
||||
译者：[wi-cuckoo](https://github.com/wi-cuckoo)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -132,5 +147,12 @@ via: http://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/a-look-at-what-linux-games-we-will-se
|
||||
[38]:https://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/outlast-that-really-scary-game-looks-like-its-still-heading-to-linux.4896
|
||||
[39]:https://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/shadow-warrior-looks-like-it-will-come-to-linux.4859
|
||||
[40]:https://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/torchlight-ii-has-even-more-positive-signs-for-linux.4817
|
||||
[41]:http://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/feralinteractive.com/en/upcoming/
|
||||
|
||||
[41]:https://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/feralinteractive.com/en/upcoming/
|
||||
[42]:https://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/outcast-a-real-classic-has-been-revamped-and-linux-is-planned.4736
|
||||
[43]:https://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/insurgency-fps-is-waiting-on-valve-so-it-can-come-to-linux-updated.4564
|
||||
[44]:http://projectcarsgame.com/
|
||||
[45]:https://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/carmageddon-reincarnations-jason-garber-answers-our-questions-on-their-linux-support.3380
|
||||
[46]:https://www.gamingonlinux.com/articles/torment-tides-of-numenera-new-video-looks-absolutely-stunning.4320
|
||||
[47]:http://www.atthegatesgame.com/info
|
||||
[48]:http://www.ootpdevelopments.com/newsletters/nl0154/
|
||||
[49]:http://feralinteractive.com/en/upcoming/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
|
||||
10种将开源用于商业的最佳途径
|
||||
===============================================================================
|
||||
> 开源为大大小小的商业带来了一些显著的效益 -- 但是你可能会对某些用途感到惊讶。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
技术上已经发生了一些必然性的改变。举个例子，开源软件以它的方式进入到了你的工作之中。10 年前，这也许还能称为一个问题。现在呢？则已经无法避免开源技术的使用 -- 也没有理由要去避免。有如此多强大（和必需的）的方方面面技术，开源在许多方面已经成为了技术的救世主。但是你哪一块的工作最适合开源软件呢？当然，这个问题的答案会因公司而异。然而许多的应用几乎可以适用于每个场景中。
|
||||
|
||||
让我们来看看这10种可能是最佳的使用方法，它们可以帮助你的公司成长，带给你从未体验过的灵活性与可靠性，或者仅仅是帮你节省一笔可观的预算。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1: 服务器软件 ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果你还在微软的 IIS 平台苦苦挣扎，那么你需要体验一下 Apache。这款旗舰级开源软件是这个星球上使用最广泛的网页服务器软件之一。Apache 免费、极其可靠、易于管理，而且不像 IIS 一样需要大量的资源。然而，开源并不局限于网页服务器。如果你需要在公司内使用 SMB 来共享资源，可以试试 Samba， Samba 4甚至集成了活动目录（AD），所以你不需要担心在Samba服务器上建立单独的用户账号。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2: 开发 ###
|
||||
|
||||
用开源开发是很简单的事。PHP，Rails，Perl -- 开源上面的开发语言和开发的工具（从集成开发环境到调试）都很多。为开源或者开源工具做开发可以有很多种选择（如同使用商业软件开发一样）。开源软件与商业软件最大的不同之处在于开源可以接触到软件源代码。在自由开源软件（FOSS，free open source software）的世界里，代码都是公开的。对许多开发者来说，Linux操作系统有他们开发和构建所需要的一切（特别那些没有一个成熟环境来写代码的人而言）。如果你需要图形用户界面（GUI）的开发工具，开源也能满足你。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3: 安全 ###
|
||||
|
||||
通往安全的道路是充满挑战的，但还是很多途径可以达到。你可以选择“安全盒子”的解决方案，跟随Cisco（一个可靠的解决方案）的节奏，或者你可以借助iptables打造最适合你需求的安全。是的，开源的安全之路会需要更多的时间去配置（有很高的学习壁垒），但是结果通常是不错的。这里甚至不强调一种观点，就一般来说，在桌面上使用开源比起大多数封闭的系统而言是一个更安全的平台。在桌面上部署Linux，你的安全痛点会大大降低。
|
||||
|
||||
### 4: 桌面 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Linux 桌面是大多数人不认可的地方。尽管如此，你必须考虑一个事实，那就是你每天的工作流程已经经历了一个主要的思维模式的转换。我们现在做的大部分事情都是通过网络浏览器。那么为什么不将Linux部署到桌面上呢？不但可以能做如今要做的许多工作，而且不用遭受病毒，恶意软件和能破坏系统的更新。它不完美 -- 但哪个平台敢说完美？但是它很强大，最后，还可以节省你的开支。这是一个双赢的结局。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5: 工作流程 ###
|
||||
|
||||
每一种工作都依赖于工作流程。对于某些工作来说，一个流畅的工作流程又取决于所用的工具。开源已经登上这个舞台了。CRM（客户关系管理），HRM（人力资源管理），ERP（企业资源计划），BI（商业智能），BPM（业务流程管理） …… 只要你叫得出名字，开源就可以做到几乎你能想到的每一种可能 -- 并且干得不错。借助于[Pentaho][1], [Collabtive][2]和[SugarCRM][3], 开源可以在任何时候与最新的源工具保持同步。
|
||||
|
||||
### 6: 协作 ###
|
||||
|
||||
没有一起合作项目的能力，你的员工就不能干好工作。所以你选择的协作工具是十分重要的。你会在开源的世界里发现大量的优质协作工具。[Cyn.in 社区版][4], [Zimbra 开源版][5]和[Kolab][6]都是不错的协作工具，但这仅仅是开源世界里的三个代表而已。
|
||||
|
||||
### 7: 大数据 ###
|
||||
|
||||
以前说到大数据的时候，往往不会想到开源。多亏了[SUSE][7]的努力，大数据和开源现在可以携手共进了。许多如内存数据和内核热补丁的发明创建，使得开源成为大数据一个理想的解决方案。它可以完美地满足大数据在平台上所需的大量要求，而封闭的软件则达不到如此灵活的水平。
|
||||
|
||||
### 8: 云 ###
|
||||
|
||||
云的主要玩家都是开源的。[Red Hat][8], [Ubuntu][9], [SUSE][10], [Amazon][11], [Rackspace][12] -- 他们都提供云服务，而且认为开源是云配置的最好解决方案。但是，如果你不想用大公司的服务，仍然有很多后起之秀如[OwnCloud][13]，你可以选择OwnCloud的托管云方案，或者建立自己的一套。
|
||||
|
||||
### 9: 多媒体 ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果你的公司做播客或为产品发布制作视频，开源可以为你提供服务。借助像[Audacity][14]和[OpenShot][15]这样的工具，你可以对音频和视频做你需要的任何处理 -- 而且十分的廉价。实际上，你会感觉到很难再去找到比Audacity更好的播客工具，或者比OpenShot更易用的视频编辑器。没有太大的学习壁垒，或者闭源软件工具所要求的高额费用，开源的软件在帮助你创造专业水准的作品方面已经做得很好了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 10: 电子商务 ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果你做在线销售，如果不尝试一下像[PrestaShop][16]之类的工具，你就太懈怠了。PrestaShop是最强大的电子商务解决方案之一，易于获取 -- 不需要许可证。 PrestaShop有你可能想要的所有功能（而且有些你可能都没有想过），这个开源平台已经在任何水平上超出了电子商务的范畴。
|
||||
|
||||
### FOSS 之于商业 ###
|
||||
|
||||
开源已经不再局限于商业交流的范围了。在许多情况下，FOSS已经主导这种交流。如果你已经在寻找将开源解决方案运用的领域，看上面的10条就行了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 该你了 ###
|
||||
|
||||
你已经将开源用到你的工作中了吗？如果是，属于哪一条方法呢？
|
||||
|
||||
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/10-things/10-best-uses-for-open-source-software-in-the-business-world/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jack Wallen][a]
|
||||
译者：[wi-cuckoo](https://github.com/wi-cuckoo)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.techrepublic.com/search/?a=jack+wallen
|
||||
[1]:http://community.pentaho.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://collabtive.o-dyn.de/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.sugarcrm.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://cynapse.com/cyn-in/
|
||||
[5]:https://www.zimbra.com/open-source
|
||||
[6]:http://kolab.org/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.suse.org/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.redhat.com/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.suse.com/
|
||||
[11]:http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/
|
||||
[12]:http://www.rackspace.com/cloud
|
||||
[13]:https://owncloud.org/
|
||||
[14]:http://audacity.sourceforge.net/
|
||||
[15]:http://www.openshot.org/
|
||||
[16]:https://www.prestashop.com/
|
||||
@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
|
||||
4 Linux Based Mini PC You Can Buy In 2015
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Mini PCs, in my opinion, will takeover the traditional desktop computers in near future. Traditional desktop has a bulky CPU which takes a lot of space with its fan running like a blower. The mini PCs, on the other hand, are tiny and compact. With hardly 4″ or 5″ in size, they can be easily placed on a table.
|
||||
|
||||
Moreover, these mini PCs are fanless which is an added virtue. Of course, you can buy fanless regular desktops but the space consumption is still an issue. Personally, I find the mini PC cute in looks. If you are not a gamer and thinking of buying a new desktop PC, I’ll highly recommend you to **buy a Linux based mini PC**.
|
||||
|
||||
If you go by my recommendation and consider buying it, you might wonder what options do you have. Worry not. In this post we shall see four **Linux based Mini PC that you can buy in 2015**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux based mini PCs ###
|
||||
|
||||
Please do note that some of these gadgets might not be available to order just yet. Some of these have been just announced and will be released to public in near future.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. Meerkat by System76 ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[System76][1] is a computer manufacturer exclusively dealing with only Ubuntu based desktop, laptops and servers. [System76 announced an Ubuntu based mini PC Meerkat][2] last week. Let’s take a quick look at its specification:
|
||||
|
||||
**Specification**
|
||||
|
||||
- Intel 5th Generation processors, available options i3-5010U and i5-5250U
|
||||
- up to 2 TB of storage (M.2 SATA SSD)
|
||||
- 16 GB DDR3 RAM
|
||||
- Graphics Intel HD 5500 and Intel HD 6000 for i3 and i5 respectively
|
||||
- 4″ x 4″ in size
|
||||
- WiFi
|
||||
- 1 Gb NIC
|
||||
- 2 USB 3.0 ports
|
||||
|
||||
**Price**
|
||||
|
||||
In the range of $500 (yet to be confirmed).
|
||||
|
||||
**Availability**
|
||||
|
||||
US release by the end of March 2015.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. Mintbox Mini by Compulab ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Compulab][3] shrunk its flagship Linux Mint based PC devices, Mintbox into [Mintbox Mini][4]. The compact version is around 4″ in size. More details are as following:
|
||||
|
||||
**Specifications**
|
||||
|
||||
- AMD A4-6400T processor
|
||||
- Radeon R3 graphics processor
|
||||
- 4 GB RAM
|
||||
- 64 GB SSD
|
||||
- 2 USB 3.0 ports, 3 USB 2.0 ports
|
||||
- 2 HDMI out ports
|
||||
- 802.11 b/g/n Wifi
|
||||
- Gigabit Ethernet
|
||||
- MicroSD reader
|
||||
|
||||
**Price**
|
||||
|
||||
Staring around $300
|
||||
|
||||
**Availability**
|
||||
|
||||
Second quarter of 2015
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. Utilite2 by Compulab ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
It’s not that Compulab has stuck with Linux Mint only. It announced an ARM desktop PC running Ubuntu in last December. With a size of 3.4″x2.3″, [Utilite2][5] has modest feature and modest price.
|
||||
|
||||
**Specifications**
|
||||
|
||||
- Qualcomm Snapdragon 600 (APQ8064) quad-core CPU 1.7GHz
|
||||
- 2GB RAM, eMMC with optional 32 GB mSATA storage
|
||||
- Graphics with Qualcomm Adreno™ GPU
|
||||
- 1080p video playback and capture
|
||||
- Dual-antenna WiFi 802.11 and Bluetooth 4.0
|
||||
- Gigabit Ethernet, 4x USB2, USB OTG
|
||||
- Cellular modem support
|
||||
|
||||
**Price**
|
||||
|
||||
$192 for regular model, $229 with SSD storage. Shipping charges extra.
|
||||
|
||||
**Availability**
|
||||
|
||||
Available to purchase now. It will take four weeks in shipping.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Penguin Pocket Wee by Think Penguin ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Think Penguin][6] is a Open Source focused hardware manufacturer. In the mini PC category, it has [Penguin Pocket Wee][7] to offer. With 4.6″x 4.4″x 1.4″ in size, Penguin Pocket Wee provides a number of configuration to you. You can choose between the processors, storage, network adapters and what not. You can choose to buy it pre-installed with your favorite Linux distribution, default OS is Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
The general configuration is as following:
|
||||
|
||||
- Intel Core i3 or i5 processor with support for up to 1080p HD video
|
||||
- Expandable up to 16GB of DDR3 RAM
|
||||
- Intel HD graphics
|
||||
- Wireless N
|
||||
- Up to 250GB of SSD
|
||||
- 4 USB 3.0
|
||||
- Intel 10/100/1000 Gigabit Ethernet Controller
|
||||
|
||||
**Price**
|
||||
|
||||
Basic model starts at $499 and it can go up to $1000 based on the configuration you select.
|
||||
|
||||
**Availability**
|
||||
|
||||
Available to order now. There are offices in UK and USA so it should be shipping to North America and Europe.
|
||||
|
||||
### What’s your pick? ###
|
||||
|
||||
I have deliberately not included [Raspberry Pi 2][8] or other Linux microcomputer such as [Intel’s Compute Stick][9]. The reason is that I do not think that micro-computers fall in the same categories as mini PCs.
|
||||
|
||||
What do you think? Are you tempted to replace your desktop with a mini PC? Is there another player which I missed in this list of **best Linux based mini PCs**? Do share your views.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/4-linux-based-mini-pc-buy-2015/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:https://system76.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/system76-unveils-ubuntu-based-mini-pc-meerkat/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.compulab.co.il/
|
||||
[4]:http://itsfoss.com/mintbox-mini-compact-linux-mint-powered-pc-unveiled/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.compulab.co.il/utilite-computer/web/utilite2-overview
|
||||
[6]:https://www.thinkpenguin.com/
|
||||
[7]:https://www.thinkpenguin.com/gnu-linux/penguin-pocket-wee-gnu-linux-desktop
|
||||
[8]:http://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-2-specs/
|
||||
[9]:http://itsfoss.com/intels-compute-stick/
|
||||
@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
|
||||
translating wi-cuckoo LLAP
|
||||
10 best uses for open source software in the business world
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Open source offers some compelling benefits for businesses large and small -- but you might be surprised at some of the ways it's being used.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Certain inevitabilities occur in technology. For instance, open source software will make its way into your business. Ten years ago, this could easily have been called into question. Now? There's no way to avoid it -- and there's no reason to. With so many powerful (and necessary) pieces of technology, open source has become, in various cases, the savior of tech. But what areas of your business are best suited for open source? The answer to that question is, of course, will be different from one company to the next. But some applications can apply in almost every circumstance.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's take a look at 10 possible best-case uses for open source software that can help make your business grow, bring you a level of flexibility and reliability you haven't experienced, or just save you a welcome percentage of your budget.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1: Server software ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you're still battling Microsoft's IIS platform, you need to experience Apache. The flagship open source web server software is one of the most widely used on the planet. It's free, incredibly reliable, easy to manage, and doesn't require the enormous overhead needed for IIS. But open source isn't limited to just web servers. If you need SMB sharing across your company, consider Samba. Samba 4 even integrates with Active Directory, so you don't have to worry about setting up separate user accounts on the Samba server.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2: Development ###
|
||||
|
||||
Developing with open source is a no-brainer. PHP, Rails, Perl -- there are as many languages to develop with as there are tools (from IDEs to bug tracking). There are a lot of options for developing for open source or with open source tools (as are there with proprietary development). The biggest difference between open source and proprietary is the access you have to the software code. Within the world of FOSS (free open source software) the code is readily available. For many developers, the Linux operating system has everything they need to develop, built right in (especially those who code without a full-blown IDE). If you do require GUI development tools, open source has you covered.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3: Security ###
|
||||
|
||||
The route to security is a challenging one, but there are many paths to success. You can opt for the "security in a box" solution and go with the likes of Cisco (a solid solution) or you can craft your security to perfectly fit your needs with the likes of iptables. Yes, the open source security route will take a bit more time to deploy (with a much higher learning curve), but the end results are generally incredible. This doesn't even address the idea that using open source on the desktop is, generally speaking, a more secure platform than most proprietary systems. Deploy Linux on the desktops and your security woes will drop dramatically.
|
||||
|
||||
### 4: Desktops ###
|
||||
|
||||
This area is where most of the pushback happens. However, you must take into consideration the fact that the daily workflow has undergone a major paradigm shift. Most of what we do now is done via a web browser. So why not deploy Linux on the desktop? Not only does it work with the majority of today's tasks, it will do so without suffering from viruses, malware, and updates that cripple a system. It's not perfect -- what platform is? But it's solid, and in the end, it can save you money. That's a win-win.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5: Workflow ###
|
||||
|
||||
Every business depends upon workflow. For some businesses, a smooth workflow depends upon tools. Open source has this arena covered. CRM, HRM, ERP, BI, BPM... you name it, open source handles just about every possible acronym you can think of -- and it does it very well. With the likes of [Pentaho][1], [Collabtive][2], and [SugarCRM][3], open source can keep up with closed source tools any day.
|
||||
|
||||
### 6: Collaboration ###
|
||||
|
||||
Without the ability to work together on projects, your staff wouldn't be able to get the job done. So the collaboration tools you choose are crucial. You'll find plenty of quality collaboration tools within the world of open source. [Cyn.in community edition][4], [Zimbra Open Source Edition][5], and [Kolab][6] are just three examples of the excellent collaboration tools that exist within the open source world.
|
||||
|
||||
### 7: Big data ###
|
||||
|
||||
When it comes to big data, open source can't be matched. Thanks to the likes of [SUSE][7], big data and open source now go hand in hand. Innovations like in-memory data and live kernel patching make open source an ideal solution for big data. It can be perfectly tuned to meet the massive demands big data places on the platform. Closed source software can't touch this level of flexibility.
|
||||
|
||||
### 8: Cloud ###
|
||||
|
||||
The major players in the cloud are open source. [Red Hat][8], [Ubuntu][9], [SUSE][10], [Amazon][11], [Rackspace][12] -- they all get it and know that open source is the best solution for cloud deployments. But if you don't want to go with the larger companies, there are always up and coming tools like [ownCloud][12], where you can either take advantage of its hosted cloud solutions or build your own.
|
||||
|
||||
### 9: Multimedia ###
|
||||
|
||||
If your company does podcasting or video for PR, open source has you covered. With tools like [Audacity][14] and [OpenShot][15], you can do just about anything with audio or video you need -- and do so on the cheap. In fact, you'll be hard-pressed to find a better podcasting tool than Audacity or an easier-to-use video editor than OpenShot. Both pieces of software do an outstanding job of creating professional-quality results without the steep learning curves or the high prices often associated with closed source tools
|
||||
|
||||
### 10: E-commerce ###
|
||||
|
||||
If your business sells products online, you'd be remiss not to give a tool like [PrestaShop][16] a try. PrestaShop is, hands down, one of the most powerful e-commerce solutions available -- regardless of license. With just about every feature you could possible want (and some you probably haven't even thought of), the open source platform excels at e-commerce on every level.
|
||||
|
||||
### FOSS for business ###
|
||||
|
||||
Open source is no longer hanging around the periphery of the business conversation. In many instances, FOSS leads and dominates that conversation. If you've been looking for areas to consider deploying open source solutions, look no further than these 10.
|
||||
|
||||
### Your turn ###
|
||||
|
||||
Have you added open source software to your business? If so, in what way?
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/10-things/10-best-uses-for-open-source-software-in-the-business-world/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jack Wallen][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.techrepublic.com/search/?a=jack+wallen
|
||||
[1]:http://community.pentaho.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://collabtive.o-dyn.de/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.sugarcrm.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://cynapse.com/cyn-in/
|
||||
[5]:https://www.zimbra.com/open-source
|
||||
[6]:http://kolab.org/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.suse.org/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.redhat.com/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.suse.com/
|
||||
[11]:http://aws.amazon.com/ec2/
|
||||
[12]:http://www.rackspace.com/cloud
|
||||
[13]:https://owncloud.org/
|
||||
[14]:http://audacity.sourceforge.net/
|
||||
[15]:http://www.openshot.org/
|
||||
[16]:https://www.prestashop.com/
|
||||
82
sources/talk/20150318 The future of Linux storage.md
Normal file
82
sources/talk/20150318 The future of Linux storage.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
|
||||
[translating by KayGuoWhu]
|
||||
The future of Linux storage
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Summary**:Linux software developers are working hard on expanding Linux's file and storage options.
|
||||
|
||||
BOSTON - At the [Linux Foundation's][1] new [Vault][2] show, it's all about file systems and storage. You might think that there's nothing new to say about either topic, but you'd be wrong.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux file systems, such as Btrfs, and storage support options are constantly evolving. -- Facebook
|
||||
|
||||
Storage technology has come a long way from the days of, as Linus Torvalds put it, "[nasty platters of spinning rust][3]" and Linux has had to keep up. In recent years, for example, [flash memory has arrived as enterprise server primary storage][4] and [persistent memory][5] is bringing us storage that works at DRAM speeds. At the same time, Big Data, cloud computing, and containers are all bringing new use cases to Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
To deal with this, Linux developers are both expanding their existing file and storage programs and working on new ones.
|
||||
|
||||
### Btrfs ###
|
||||
|
||||
For instance, Chris Mason, a Facebook software engineer and one of the [Btrfs][6] (pronounced Butter FS) maintainers, explained how Facebook uses this file system. Btrfs has many advantages as a file system such as the ability to handle both numerous small files and single files as large as 16 exabytes; baked in RAID; built-in file-system compression; and integrated multi-storage device support.
|
||||
|
||||
Facebook, of course, runs on Linux. To be exact, Facebook runs the 3.10 and 3.18 Linux kernels on an internal distribution, which is based on [CentOS][7]. For Facebook, the real win is that Btrfs is stable and fast under the endless input/output operations per second (IOPS) pounding from Facebook's constantly updating users.
|
||||
|
||||
That's the good news. The bad news is that Btrfs is still much too slow for traditional DBMSs such as MySQL. For those, Facebook uses [XFS][8]. To co-ordinate the two file systems, Facebook uses [Gluster][9], the open-source distributed file system.
|
||||
|
||||
Facebook, which works hand-in-glove with the upstream Btrfs Linux kernel developers, is working on improving Btrfs's DBMS speed. Mason, and his companions, are doing this by using Btrfs with the [RocksDB][10] database. This is a persistent key-value store for fast storage, which can be used as the foundation for a client-server database.
|
||||
|
||||
Btrfs also still has some bugs. For example, if you're foolish enough to fill a disk almost to bursting, Btrfs will stop you from writing to storage before the disk is completely stuffed. For some projects, such as [CoreOS][12], the enterprise Linux that relies on containers, that's a showstopper. [CoreOS has since switched to using xt4 and overlayfs][11].
|
||||
|
||||
The Btrfs crew is also working on data deduplication. In this, when a file system has more than one identical file, you automatically delete the duplicate. As Mason said, "Not everyone needs this, but if you need it, you really need it!"
|
||||
|
||||
Btrfs isn't the only file system that's both very important and getting worked on. John Spray, a senior software engineer at [Red Hat][13], talked about the distributed [Ceph][14] file system.
|
||||
|
||||
### Ceph FS ###
|
||||
|
||||
Ceph provides a distributed object store and file system which, in turn, relies on a resilient and scalable storage model (RADOS) using clusters of commodity hardware. Along with the RADOS block device (RBD), and the RADOS object gateway (RGW), Ceph provides a [POSIX][15] file-system interface -- Ceph FS. While RBD and RGW have been in use for production workloads for some time, efforts to make Ceph FS ready for production are now underway.
|
||||
|
||||
[Red Hat, after acquiring Inktank][16], Ceph's parent company, in 2014 has been working hard on making CephFS production ready. For better or worse, Spray said, "Some people are already using it in production; we're terrified of this. It's really not ready yet." Still, Spray added, that this "is a mixed blessing because while it's a bit scary, we get really useful feedback and testing from those users."
|
||||
|
||||
That's because while Ceph object stores scale out well, Ceph FS, as a POSIX compliant file-system, are hard to scale out. For example, as a distributed file system, Ceph FS has to deal with multiple writes from multiple clients. This can lead to all or nothing situations where one client can write and others must wait. This can result in file-locking situations that are more complicated than those in ordinary file systems.
|
||||
|
||||
Still, Ceph FS is worth doing, Spray said, "since POSIX file-systems are an operating system lingua franca." That's not to say that Ceph FS doesn't work. "It's not horribly broken. It works. What's missing is the repair and monitoring tools."
|
||||
|
||||
Red Hat is currently hard at work on getting [fsck][17] and journal repair tools, snapshot hardening, better client access control, and cloud and container integration. For now, though, Ceph FS is a file system that only the very brave, or foolish, should use in production.
|
||||
|
||||
### File and storage odds and ends ###
|
||||
|
||||
As for larger issues of file-systems and storage, Jeff Layton, senior software engineer at [Primary Data][18], explained that there are efforts under way to to create "tests for catastrophic power failure, without actually pulling the plug." These tests will soon be integrated with [xfstests][19], the gold standard for Linux file-system testing.
|
||||
|
||||
Rik van Riel, a Red Hat principal software engineer, spoke about the problem of dealing with persistent memory products. You can treat them as storage or as memory. But, you can't currently take snapshots for backups if you use them as memory. The real problem: van Riel is certain that people will try to use persistent memory as both, which will lead to such as situations as "Without back up, how do you deal with a 200GB persistent memory database?" Adding insult to injury, logging systems don't currently work with persistent memory.
|
||||
|
||||
What's the right answer? Linux doesn't have one yet, but programmers are working on it.
|
||||
|
||||
So, while Linux has many file systems and can use any kind of storage out there that can hold a byte, there's still a lot of work to be done. Technology never stands still. Linux, which runs on everything from devices to desktops to servers to clouds to supercomputers, has to keep up with storage advances no matter where they appear.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-storage-futures/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/us/sjvn/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/events/vault
|
||||
[3]:http://www.wired.com/2012/10/linus-torvalds-hard-disks/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/sandisk-launches-infiniflash-aims-to-bring-flash-array-costs-down/
|
||||
[5]:http://events.linuxfoundation.org/sites/events/files/eeus13_wheeler.pdf
|
||||
[6]:https://btrfs.wiki.kernel.org/index.php/Main_Page
|
||||
[7]:http://www.centos.org/
|
||||
[8]:http://oss.sgi.com/projects/xfs/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.gluster.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://rocksdb.org/
|
||||
[11]:http://lwn.net/Articles/627232/
|
||||
[12]:https://coreos.com/
|
||||
[13]:http://www.redhat.com/
|
||||
[14]:http://ceph.com/
|
||||
[15]:http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/
|
||||
[16]:http://www.zdnet.com/article/red-hat-acquires-inktank-for-175m/
|
||||
[17]:http://linux.die.net/man/8/fsck
|
||||
[18]:http://primarydata.com/
|
||||
[19]:http://oss.sgi.com/cgi-bin/gitweb.cgi?p=xfs/cmds/xfstests.git;a=summary
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
|
||||
Revealed: The best and worst of Docker
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Credit: [Shutterstock][1]
|
||||
|
||||
> Docker experts talk about the good, the bad, and the ugly of the ubiquitous application container system
|
||||
|
||||
No question about it: Docker's app container system has made its mark and become a staple in many IT environments. With its accelerating adoption, it's bound to stick around for a good long time.
|
||||
|
||||
But there's no end to the debate about what Docker's best for, where it falls short, or how to most sensibly move it forward without alienating its existing users or damaging its utility. Here, we've turned to a few of the folks who have made Docker their business to get their takes on Docker's good, bad, and ugly sides.
|
||||
|
||||
### The good ###
|
||||
|
||||
One hardly expects Steve Francia, chief of operations of the Docker open source project, to speak of Docker in anything less than glowing terms. When asked by email about Docker's best attributes, he didn't disappoint: "I think the best thing about Docker is that it enables people, enables developers, enables users to very easily run an application anywhere," he said. "It's almost like the Holy Grail of development in that you can run an application on your desktop, and the exact same application without any changes can run on the server. That's never been done before."
|
||||
|
||||
Alexis Richardson of [Weaveworks][2], a virtual networking product, praised Docker for enabling simplicity. "Docker offers immense potential to radically simplify and speed up how software gets built," he replied in an email. "This is why it has delivered record-breaking initial mind share and traction."
|
||||
|
||||
Bob Quillin, CEO of [StackEngine][3], which makes Docker management and automation solutions, noted in an email that Docker (the company) has done a fine job of maintaining Docker's (the product) appeal to its audience. "Docker has been best at delivering strong developer support and focused investment in its product," he wrote. "Clearly, they know they have to keep the momentum, and they are doing that by putting intense effort into product functionality." He also mentioned that Docker's commitment to open source has accelerated adoption by "[allowing] people to build around their features as they are being built."
|
||||
|
||||
Though containerization itself isn't new, as Rob Markovich of IT monitoring-service makers [Moogsoft][4] pointed out, Docker's implementation makes it new. "Docker is considered a next-generation virtualization technology given its more modern, lightweight form [of containerization]," he wrote in an email. "[It] brings an opportunity for an order-of-magnitude leap forward for software development teams seeking to deploy code faster."
|
||||
|
||||
### The bad ###
|
||||
|
||||
What's less appealing about Docker boils down to two issues: the complexity of using the product, and the direction of the company behind it.
|
||||
|
||||
Samir Ghosh, CEO of enterprise PaaS outfit [WaveMaker][5], gave Docker a thumbs-up for simplifying the complex scripting typically needed for continuous delivery. That said, he added, "That doesn't mean Docker is simple. Implementing Docker is complicated. There are a lot of supporting technologies needed for things like container management, orchestration, app stack packaging, intercontainer networking, data snapshots, and so on."
|
||||
|
||||
Ghosh noted the ones who feel the most of that pain are enterprises that want to leverage Docker for continuous delivery, but "it's even more complicated for enterprises that have diverse workloads, various app stacks, heterogenous infrastructures, and limited resources, not to mention unique IT needs for visibility, control and security."
|
||||
|
||||
Complexity also becomes an issue in troubleshooting and analysis, and Markovich cited the fact that Docker provides application abstraction as the reason why. "It is nearly impossible to relate problems with application performance running on Docker to the performance of the underlying infrastructure domains," he said in an email. "IT teams are going to need visibility -- a new class of monitoring and analysis tools that can correlate across and relate how everything is working up and down the Docker stack, from the applications down to the private or public infrastructure."
|
||||
|
||||
Quillin is most concerned about Docker's direction vis-à-vis its partner community: "Where will Docker make money, and where will their partners? If [Docker] wants to be the next VMware, it will need to take a page out of VMware's playbook in how to build and support a thriving partner ecosystem.
|
||||
|
||||
"Additionally, to drive broader adoption, especially in the enterprise, Docker needs to start acting like a market leader by releasing more fully formed capabilities that organizations can count on, versus announcements of features with 'some assembly required,' that don't exist yet, or that require you to 'submit a pull request' to fix it yourself."
|
||||
|
||||
Francia pointed to Docker's rapid ascent for creating its own difficulties. "[Docker] caught on so quickly that there's definitely places that we're focused on to add some features that a lot of users are looking forward to."
|
||||
|
||||
One such feature, he noted, was having a GUI. "Right now to use Docker," he said, "you have to be comfortable with the command line. There's no visual interface to using Docker. Right now it's all command line-based. And we know if we want to really be as successful as we think we can be, we need to be more approachable and a lot of people when they see a command line, it's a bit intimidating for a lot of users."
|
||||
|
||||
### The future ###
|
||||
|
||||
In that last respect, Docker recently started to make advances. Last week it [bought the startup Kitematic][6], whose product gave Docker a convenient GUI on Mac OS X (and will eventually do the same for Windows). Another acqui-hire, [SocketPlane][7], is being spun in to work on Docker's networking.
|
||||
|
||||
What remains to be seen is whether Docker's proposed solutions to its problems will be adopted, or whether another party -- say, [Red Hat][8] -- will provide a more immediately useful solution for enterprise customers who can't wait around for the chips to stop falling.
|
||||
|
||||
"Good technology is hard and takes time to build," said Richardson. "The big risk is that expectations spin wildly out of control and customers are disappointed."
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.infoworld.com/article/2896895/application-virtualization/best-and-worst-about-docker.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Serdar Yegulalp][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.infoworld.com/author/Serdar-Yegulalp/
|
||||
[1]:http://shutterstock.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://weave.works/
|
||||
[3]:http://stackengine.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.moogsoft.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.wavemaker.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2896099/application-virtualization/dockers-new-acquisition-does-containers-on-the-desktop.html
|
||||
[7]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2892916/application-virtualization/docker-snaps-up-socketplane-to-fix-networking-flaws.html
|
||||
[8]:http://www.infoworld.com/article/2895804/application-virtualization/red-hat-wants-to-do-for-containers-what-its-done-for-linux.html
|
||||
@ -1,61 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Linux FAQs with Answers--How to convert between local time and UNIX timestamp in Perl
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **Question**: I need to convert readable date and time to a corresponding UNIX timestamp (i.e., Epoch time), or vice versa in a Perl program. Can you show me Perl code examples of converting date/time to UNIX timestamp, or conversely, converting UNIX timestamp to human-readable date and time?
|
||||
|
||||
When your Perl script needs to deal with time information, there are two different ways to represent and manipulate date and time in the script. One way is a human-readable string representation of time (e.g., "Sat Mar 14 10:14:05 EDT 2015"), and the other is via UNIX timestamp (also known as "Epoch time") which is the number of elapsed seconds since 00:00:00 UTC, 1 Jaunary 1970. Either method has its own pros and cons, and depending on your requirements you may want to convert one format to the other.
|
||||
|
||||
### Convert Local Time to UNIX Timestamp in Perl ###
|
||||
|
||||
To obtain UNIX time from a date string, you can use str2time() in Date::Parse module. It can handle a variety of date formats, such as:
|
||||
|
||||
- Sat Mar 14 10:14:05 EDT 2015
|
||||
- 3/14/2015 10:14:05 -0400
|
||||
- 14/Mar/15 10:14:05
|
||||
- 14 Mar 15 10:14:05
|
||||
|
||||
use Date::Parse;
|
||||
|
||||
my $local_time = "Sat Mar 14 10:14:05 EDT 2015";
|
||||
|
||||
# 1426342445 will be stored in $unix_time
|
||||
my $unix_time = str2time($local_time);
|
||||
|
||||
Date:Parse module supports multiple languages (English, French, German and Italian) and timezones. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
use Date::Parse;
|
||||
use Date::Language;
|
||||
|
||||
my $lang = Date::Language->new('French');
|
||||
my $unix_time = $lang->str2time("12:14:05, Ago 16, 2014 (CEST)");
|
||||
|
||||
### Convert UNIX Timestmp to Human-Readable Date and Time in Perl ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to show a UNIX timestamp in a human-readable format, you can use localtime() function which converts a UNIX timestamp into a 9-element list. You can use the returned list to construct any kind of human-readable date/time string as you want. Here is a code snippet.
|
||||
|
||||
# $sec, $min, $hour: seconds, minutes and hours
|
||||
# $mday: the day of the month (0-31)
|
||||
# $mon: month in the range of 0 (Jaunary) and 11 (December)
|
||||
# $year: the number of years that have elapsed since 1900
|
||||
# $wday: the day of the week in the range of 0 (Sunday) and 6 (Saturday)
|
||||
# $yday: the day of the year in the range of 0 and 364 (or 365 in leap years)
|
||||
# $isdst: whether or not it's in daylight saving time
|
||||
|
||||
my ($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year, $wday, $yday, $isdst) = localtime($unix_timestamp);
|
||||
|
||||
# necessary conversion of $mon and $year
|
||||
$mon += 1;
|
||||
$year += 1900;
|
||||
|
||||
print "Current time: $year-$mon-$mday $hour:$min:$sec\n";
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/convert-local-time-unix-timestamp-perl.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
|
||||
11 Linux Terminal Commands That Will Rock Your World
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
I have been using Linux for about 10 years and what I am going to show you in this article is a list of Linux commands, tools and clever little tricks that I wish somebody had shown me from the outset instead of stumbling upon them as I went along.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Keyboard Shortcuts.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Useful Command Line Keyboard Shortcuts ###
|
||||
|
||||
The following keyboard shortcuts are incredibly useful and will save you loads of time:
|
||||
|
||||
- CTRL + U - Cuts text up until the cursor.
|
||||
- CTRL + K - Cuts text from the cursor until the end of the line
|
||||
- CTRL + Y - Pastes text
|
||||
- CTRL + E - Move cursor to end of line
|
||||
- CTRL + A - Move cursor to the beginning of the line
|
||||
- ALT + F - Jump forward to next space
|
||||
- ALT + B - Skip back to previous space
|
||||
- ALT + Backspace - Delete previous word
|
||||
- CTRL + W - Cut word behind cursor
|
||||
- Shift + Insert - Pastes text into terminal
|
||||
|
||||
Just so that the commands above make sense look at the next line of text.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get intall programname
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see I have a spelling error and for the command to work I would need to change "intall" to "install".
|
||||
|
||||
Imagine the cursor is at the end of the line. There are various ways to get back to the word install to change it.
|
||||
|
||||
I could press ALT + B twice which would put the cursor in the following position (denoted by the ^ symbol):
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get^intall programname
|
||||
|
||||
Now you could press the cursor key and insert the ''s' into install.
|
||||
|
||||
Another useful command is "shift + insert" especially If you need to copy text from a browser into the terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. SUDO !! ###
|
||||
|
||||
You are going to really thank me for the next command if you don't already know it because until you know this exists you curse yourself every time you enter a command and the words "permission denied" appear.
|
||||
|
||||
- sudo !!
|
||||
|
||||
How do you use sudo !!? Simply. Imagine you have entered the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
apt-get install ranger
|
||||
|
||||
The words "Permission denied" will appear unless you are logged in with elevated privileges.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo !! runs the previous command as sudo. So the previous command now becomes:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install ranger
|
||||
|
||||
If you don't know what sudo is [start here][1].
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Pause Terminal Applications.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Pausing Commands And Running Commands In The Background ###
|
||||
|
||||
I have already written a guide showing how to run terminal commands in the background.
|
||||
|
||||
- CTRL + Z - Pauses an application
|
||||
- fg - Returns you to the application
|
||||
|
||||
So what is this tip about?
|
||||
|
||||
Imagine you have opened a file in nano as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo nano abc.txt
|
||||
|
||||
Halfway through typing text into the file you realise that you quickly want to type another command into the terminal but you can't because you opened nano in foreground mode.
|
||||
|
||||
You may think your only option is to save the file, exit nano, run the command and then re-open nano.
|
||||
|
||||
All you have to do is press CTRL + Z and the foreground application will pause and you will be returned to the command line. You can then run any command you like and when you have finished return to your previously paused session by entering "fg" into the terminal window and pressing return.
|
||||
|
||||
An interesting thing to try out is to open a file in nano, enter some text and pause the session. Now open another file in nano, enter some text and pause the session. If you now enter "fg" you return to the second file you opened in nano. If you exit nano and enter "fg" again you return to the first file you opened within nano.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
nohup.
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Use nohup To Run Commands After You Log Out Of An SSH Session ###
|
||||
|
||||
The [nohup command][2] is really useful if you use the ssh command to log onto other machines.
|
||||
|
||||
So what does nohup do?
|
||||
|
||||
Imagine you are logged on to another computer remotely using ssh and you want to run a command that takes a long time and then exit the ssh session but leave the command running even though you are no longer connected then nohup lets you do just that.
|
||||
|
||||
For instance I use my [Raspberry PI][3] to download distributions for review purposes.
|
||||
|
||||
I never have my Raspberry PI connected to a display nor do I have a keyboard and mouse connected to it.
|
||||
|
||||
I always connect to the Raspberry PI via [ssh][4] from a laptop. If I started downloading a large file on the Raspberry PI without using the nohup command then I would have to wait for the download to finish before logging off the ssh session and before shutting down the laptop. If I did this then I may as well have not used the Raspberry PI to download the file at all.
|
||||
|
||||
To use nohup all I have to type is nohup followed by the command as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
nohup wget http://mirror.is.co.za/mirrors/linuxmint.com/iso//stable/17.1/linuxmint-17.1-cinnamon-64bit.iso &
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Schedule tasks with at.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Running A Linux Command 'AT' A Specific Time ###
|
||||
|
||||
The 'nohup' command is good if you are connected to an SSH server and you want the command to remain running after logging out of the SSH session.
|
||||
|
||||
Imagine you want to run that same command at a specific point in time.
|
||||
|
||||
The 'at' command allows you to do just that. 'at' can be used as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
at 10:38 PM Fri
|
||||
at> cowsay 'hello'
|
||||
at> CTRL + D
|
||||
|
||||
The above command will run the program [cowsay][5] at 10:38 PM on Friday evening.
|
||||
|
||||
The syntax is 'at' followed by the date and time to run.
|
||||
|
||||
When the at> prompt appears enter the command you want to run at the specified time.
|
||||
|
||||
The CTRL + D returns you to the cursor.
|
||||
|
||||
There are lots of different date and time formats and it is worth checking the man pages for more ways to use 'at'.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Man Pages ###
|
||||
|
||||
Man pages give you an outline of what commands are supposed to do and the switches that can be used with them.
|
||||
|
||||
The man pages are kind of dull on their own. (I guess they weren't designed to excite us).
|
||||
|
||||
You can however do things to make your usage of man more appealing.
|
||||
|
||||
export PAGER=most
|
||||
|
||||
You will need to install 'most; for this to work but when you do it makes your man pages more colourful.
|
||||
|
||||
You can limit the width of the man page to a certain number of columns using the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
export MANWIDTH=80
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, if you have a browser available you can open any man page in the default browser by using the -H switch as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
man -H <command>
|
||||
|
||||
Note this only works if you have a default browser set up within the $BROWSER environment variable.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
View Processes With htop.
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Use htop To View And Manage Processes ###
|
||||
|
||||
Which command do you currently use to find out which processes are running on your computer? My bet is that you are using '[ps][6]' and that you are using various switches to get the output you desire.
|
||||
|
||||
Install '[htop][7]'. It is definitely a tool you will wish that you installed earlier.
|
||||
|
||||
htop provides a list of all running processes in the terminal much like the file manager in Windows.
|
||||
|
||||
You can use a mixture of function keys to change the sort order and the columns that are displayed. You can also kill processes from within htop.
|
||||
|
||||
To run htop simply type the following into the terminal window:
|
||||
|
||||
htop
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Command Line File Manager - Ranger.
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Navigate The File System Using ranger ###
|
||||
|
||||
If htop is immensely useful for controlling the processes running via the command line then [ranger][8] is immensely useful for navigating the file system using the command line.
|
||||
|
||||
You will probably need to install ranger to be able to use it but once installed you can run it simply by typing the following into the terminal:
|
||||
|
||||
ranger
|
||||
|
||||
The command line window will be much like any other file manager but it works left to right rather than top to bottom meaning that if you use the left arrow key you work your way up the folder structure and the right arrow key works down the folder structure.
|
||||
|
||||
It is worth reading the man pages before using ranger so that you can get used to all keyboard switches that are available.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Cancel Linux Shutdown.
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Cancel A Shutdown ###
|
||||
|
||||
So you started the [shutdown][9] either via the command line or from the GUI and you realised that you really didn't want to do that.
|
||||
|
||||
shutdown -c
|
||||
|
||||
Note that if the shutdown has already started then it may be too late to stop the shutdown.
|
||||
|
||||
Another command to try is as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
- [pkill][10] shutdown
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Kill Hung Processes With XKill.
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Killing Hung Processes The Easy Way ###
|
||||
|
||||
Imagine you are running an application and for whatever reason it hangs.
|
||||
|
||||
You could use 'ps -ef' to find the process and then kill the process or you could use 'htop'.
|
||||
|
||||
There is a quicker and easier command that you will love called [xkill][11].
|
||||
|
||||
Simply type the following into a terminal and then click on the window of the application you want to kill.
|
||||
|
||||
xkill
|
||||
|
||||
What happens though if the whole system is hanging?
|
||||
|
||||
Hold down the 'alt' and 'sysrq' keys on your keyboard and whilst they are held down type the following slowly:
|
||||
|
||||
- [REISUB][12]
|
||||
|
||||
This will restart your computer without having to hold in the power button.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
youtube-dl.
|
||||
|
||||
### 11. Download Youtube Videos ###
|
||||
|
||||
Generally speaking most of us are quite happy for Youtube to host the videos and we watch them by streaming them through our chosen media player.
|
||||
|
||||
If you know you are going to be offline for a while (i.e. due to a plane journey or travelling between the south of Scotland and the north of England) then you may wish to download a few videos onto a pen drive and watch them at your leisure.
|
||||
|
||||
All you have to do is install youtube-dl from your package manager.
|
||||
|
||||
You can use youtube-dl as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
youtube-dl url-to-video
|
||||
|
||||
You can get the url to any video on Youtube by clicking the share link on the video's page. Simply copy the link and paste it into the command line (using the shift + insert shortcut).
|
||||
|
||||
### Summary ###
|
||||
|
||||
I hope that you found this list useful and that you are thinking "i didn't know you could do that" for at least 1 of the 11 items listed.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linux.about.com/od/commands/tp/11-Linux-Terminal-Commands-That-Will-Rock-Your-World.htm
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gary Newell][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linux.about.com/bio/Gary-Newell-132058.htm
|
||||
[1]:http://linux.about.com/cs/linux101/g/sudo.htm
|
||||
[2]:http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl1_nohup.htm
|
||||
[3]:http://linux.about.com/od/mobiledevicesother/a/Raspberry-Pi-Computer-Running-Linux.htm
|
||||
[4]:http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl1_ssh.htm
|
||||
[5]:http://linux.about.com/cs/linux101/g/cowsay.htm
|
||||
[6]:http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl1_ps.htm
|
||||
[7]:http://www.linux.com/community/blogs/133-general-linux/745323-5-commands-to-check-memory-usage-on-linux
|
||||
[8]:http://ranger.nongnu.org/
|
||||
[9]:http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl8_shutdow.htm
|
||||
[10]:http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl1_pkill.htm
|
||||
[11]:http://linux.about.com/od/funnymanpages/a/funman_xkill.htm
|
||||
[12]:http://blog.kember.net/articles/reisub-the-gentle-linux-restart/
|
||||
213
sources/tech/20150318 Fedora GNOME Keyboard Shortcuts.md
Normal file
213
sources/tech/20150318 Fedora GNOME Keyboard Shortcuts.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
|
||||
tanslating by martin.
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora GNOME Keyboard Shortcuts
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
To get the very best out of the [GNOME desktop environment][1], within Fedora, you need to learn and remember the keyboard shortcuts required to navigate the system.
|
||||
|
||||
This article lists the most useful keyboard shortcuts and how they are used.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME Keyboard Shortcuts - The Super Key.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. The Super Key ####
|
||||
|
||||
[The "super" key][2] is your best friend when navigating modern operating systems.
|
||||
|
||||
On a standard laptop the "super" key sits on the bottom row next to the "alt" key.
|
||||
|
||||
When you press the "super" key the "activities" overview will be displayed and you will be able to see all of the open applications zoomed out.
|
||||
|
||||
Pressing "ALT" and "F1" together will show the same display.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME Run Command.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. How To Run A Command Quickly ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you need to run a command quickly, you can press "ALT" and "F2" which displays a "Run Command" dialog.
|
||||
|
||||
You can now enter your command into that window and press return.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
TAB Through Applications.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Quickly Switch To Other Open Applications ###
|
||||
|
||||
As with Microsoft Windows you can switch applications using the "ALT" and "TAB" keys.
|
||||
|
||||
On some keyboards the tab key looks like this: **|<- ->|** and on others it simply spells the word "TAB".
|
||||
|
||||
The GNOME application switcher simply shows the icons and names of the applications as you tab through them.
|
||||
|
||||
If you hold down the "shift" and "tab" keys, the application switcher rotates around the icons in reverse order.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Switch Windows In The Same Application.
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Quickly Switch To Another Window In The Same Application ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you are anything like me then you will end up with half a dozen instances of Firefox open.
|
||||
|
||||
You now know that "Alt" and "Tab" switch between applications.
|
||||
|
||||
There are two ways to cycle through all of the open instances of the same application.
|
||||
|
||||
The first is to press "Alt" and "Tab" until the cursor sits over the icon of the application with many windows that you wish to cycle through. After a pause a dropdown will appear and you can select the Window with the mouse.
|
||||
|
||||
The second and preferred option is to press "Alt" and "Tab" until the cursor sits over the icon of the application you want to cycle through and then press the "super" and "`" keys to toggle through the open instances.
|
||||
|
||||
**Note that the "`" key is the one just above the tab key. The key for cycling through the open instances is always the key above the tab key regardless of your keyboard layout, therefore it isn't always guaranteed to be the "`" key.**
|
||||
|
||||
If you have nimble fingers (or as I like to call them ninja fingers) then you can hold the "shift", "`" and "super" key to cycle backwards through the open instances of an application.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Switch Keyboard Focus.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Switch Keyboard Focus ###
|
||||
|
||||
This keyboard shortcut isn't essential but a nice to know.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to switch the keyboard focus to the search bar or to an application window you can press "CTRL", "ALT" and "TAB". to show a list of possible areas to switch to.
|
||||
|
||||
You can then use the arrow keys to cycle through the possible options.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Show All Applications.
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Show A List Of All The Applications ###
|
||||
|
||||
If the last one was a nice to have then this one is a real time saver.
|
||||
|
||||
To quickly navigate to a full list of all the applications on your system press the "super" key and "A".
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Switch Workspaces.
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Switch Workspaces ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you have been using Linux for a while you will appreciate the fact that you [can use multiple workspaces][3].
|
||||
|
||||
For instance in one workspace you might have development environments open, in another web browsers and in a third your email client.
|
||||
|
||||
To toggle between workspaces press the "super" and the "Page Up" (PGUP) keys to toggle in one direction and the "super", "Page Down" (PGDN) keys to toggle in the other direction.
|
||||
|
||||
The alternative but more longwinded away to switch to another workspace is to press the "super" key to show a list of applications and then select the workspace you wish to switch to on the right side of the screen.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Move Application To Another Workspace.
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Move Items To A New Workspace ###
|
||||
|
||||
If the workspace you are using is getting cluttered and you wish to move the current application to a new workspace press the "super", "shift" and "page up" button or "super", "shift" and "page down" key.
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively press the "super" key to bring up the list of applications and drag the application you wish to move to one of the workspaces on the right of the screen.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Show The Message Tray.
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Show The Message Tray ###
|
||||
|
||||
The message tray provides a list of notifications.
|
||||
|
||||
To bring up the message tray press the "super" and "M" key on the keyboard.
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively move the mouse to the bottom right corner of the screen.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lock The Screen.
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Lock The Screen ###
|
||||
|
||||
Need to a comfort break or a cup of coffee? Don't want sticky paws all over your keyboard?
|
||||
|
||||
Whenever you leave your computer alone get in the habit of pressing "super" and L to lock the screen.
|
||||
|
||||
To unlock the screen drag up from the bottom and enter your password.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Control Alt Delete Within Fedora.
|
||||
|
||||
### 11. Power Off ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you used to be a Windows user then you will remember the three finger salute known as CTRL, ALT and DELETE.
|
||||
|
||||
If you press "CTRL", "ALT" and "DEL" on your keyboard within Fedora a message will appear telling you that your computer will shut down in 60 seconds.
|
||||
|
||||
### 12. Editing Shortcuts ###
|
||||
|
||||
The editing keyboard shortcuts are pretty much universal across every operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
- CTRL + A - Select All
|
||||
- CTRL + X - Cut
|
||||
- CTRL + C - Copy
|
||||
- CTRL + V - Paste
|
||||
- CTRL + Z - Undo
|
||||
|
||||
### 13. Screen Capturing ###
|
||||
|
||||
As with the editing shortcuts, the screencapturing keys are fairly standard
|
||||
|
||||
- PRTSC (Print Screen) - Take screenshot
|
||||
- Alt + PRTSC - Take screenshot of current window
|
||||
- Shift + PRTSC - Take screenshot of an area of the screen
|
||||
|
||||
Here is one that is fairly unique but great for people making tutorial videos.
|
||||
|
||||
- CTRL + ALT + SHIFT + R - Record Screencast
|
||||
- CTRL + ALT + SHIFT + R again - Stop Screencast
|
||||
|
||||
The [screencasts][4] will be stored in the videos folder under your home directory in the [webm][5] format.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Put Windows Side By Side.
|
||||
|
||||
### 14. Put Windows Side By Side ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can put windows side by side so that one uses up the left side of the screen and the other uses the right side of the screen.
|
||||
|
||||
Press the "Super" and "Left Arrow" key on the keyboard to shift the current application to the left.
|
||||
|
||||
Press the "Super" and "Right Arrow" key on the keyboard to shift the current application to the right.
|
||||
|
||||
### 15. Maximise, Minimise And Restore Windows ###
|
||||
|
||||
To maximise a window double click on the title bar.
|
||||
|
||||
To restore a window to its original size double click on the maximised window.
|
||||
|
||||
To minimise a window, right click and select "minimise" from the menu.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME Keyboard Shortcut Cheat Sheet.
|
||||
|
||||
### 16. Summary ###
|
||||
|
||||
To help you learn these keyboard shortcuts I have created a cheat sheet which you can print out and stick to your wall.
|
||||
|
||||
When you have learned these shortcuts you will begin to appreciate how modern desktop environments work.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Click here to view the Fedora Linux GNOME Desktop Environment cheat sheet.][6]
|
||||
- [Click here for the GNOME WIKI][7]
|
||||
- [The other GNOME WIKI][8]
|
||||
- [An alternative GNOME 3 Cheat Sheet][9]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linux.about.com/od/howtos/tp/Fedora-GNOME-Keyboard-Shortcuts.htm
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gary Newell][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linux.about.com/bio/Gary-Newell-132058.htm
|
||||
[1]:https://www.gnome.org/gnome-3/
|
||||
[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_key_%28keyboard_button%29
|
||||
[3]:http://linux.about.com/library/gnome/blgnome2n4.htm
|
||||
[4]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screencast
|
||||
[5]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebM
|
||||
[6]:https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/d5/f4/a4/d5f4a42c0940fae6653ee9a17294d450.jpg
|
||||
[7]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME
|
||||
[8]:https://wiki.gnome.org/
|
||||
[9]:https://wiki.gnome.org/Gnome3CheatSheet
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,268 @@
|
||||
How to Manage and Use LVM (Logical Volume Management) in Ubuntu
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In our [previous article we told you what LVM is and what you may want to use it for][1], and today we are going to walk you through some of the key management tools of LVM so you will be confident when setting up or expanding your installation.
|
||||
|
||||
As stated before, LVM is a abstraction layer between your operating system and physical hard drives. What that means is your physical hard drives and partitions are no longer tied to the hard drives and partitions they reside on. Rather, the hard drives and partitions that your operating system sees can be any number of separate hard drives pooled together or in a software RAID.
|
||||
|
||||
To manage LVM there are GUI tools available but to really understand what is happening with your LVM configuration it is probably best to know what the command line tools are. This will be especially useful if you are managing LVM on a server or distribution that does not offer GUI tools.
|
||||
|
||||
Most of the commands in LVM are very similar to each other. Each valid command is preceded by one of the following:
|
||||
|
||||
- Physical Volume = pv
|
||||
- Volume Group = vg
|
||||
- Logical Volume = lv
|
||||
|
||||
The physical volume commands are for adding or removing hard drives in volume groups. Volume group commands are for changing what abstracted set of physical partitions are presented to your operating in logical volumes. Logical volume commands will present the volume groups as partitions so that your operating system can use the designated space.
|
||||
|
||||
### Downloadable LVM Cheat Sheet ###
|
||||
|
||||
To help you understand what commands are available for each prefix we made a LVM cheat sheet. We will cover some of the commands in this article, but there is still a lot you can do that won’t be covered here.
|
||||
|
||||
All commands on this list will need to be run as root because you are changing system wide settings that will affect the entire machine.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### How to View Current LVM Information ###
|
||||
|
||||
The first thing you may need to do is check how your LVM is set up. The s and display commands work with physical volumes (pv), volume groups (vg), and logical volumes (lv) so it is a good place to start when trying to figure out the current settings.
|
||||
|
||||
The display command will format the information so it’s easier to understand than the s command. For each command you will see the name and path of the pv/vg and it should also give information about free and used space.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The most important information will be the PV name and VG name. With those two pieces of information we can continue working on the LVM setup.
|
||||
|
||||
### Creating a Logical Volume ###
|
||||
|
||||
Logical volumes are the partitions that your operating system uses in LVM. To create a logical volume we first need to have a physical volume and volume group. Here are all of the steps necessary to create a new logical volume.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Create physical volume ####
|
||||
|
||||
We will start from scratch with a brand new hard drive with no partitions or information on it. Start by finding which disk you will be working with. (/dev/sda, sdb, etc.)
|
||||
|
||||
> Note: Remember all of the commands will need to be run as root or by adding ‘sudo’ to the beginning of the command.
|
||||
|
||||
fdisk -l
|
||||
|
||||
If your hard drive has never been formatted or partitioned before you will probably see something like this in the fdisk output. This is completely fine because we are going to create the needed partitions in the next steps.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Our new disk is located at /dev/sdb so lets use fdisk to create a new partition on the drive.
|
||||
|
||||
There are a plethora of tools that can create a new partition with a GUI, [including Gparted][2], but since we have the terminal open already, we will use fdisk to create the needed partition.
|
||||
|
||||
From a terminal type the following commands:
|
||||
|
||||
fdisk /dev/sdb
|
||||
|
||||
This will put you in a special fdisk prompt.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enter the commands in the order given to create a new primary partition that uses 100% of the new hard drive and is ready for LVM. If you need to change the partition size or want multiple partions I suggest using GParted or reading about fdisk on your own.
|
||||
|
||||
**Warning: The following steps will format your hard drive. Make sure you don’t have any information on this hard drive before following these steps.**
|
||||
|
||||
- n = create new partition
|
||||
- p = creates primary partition
|
||||
- 1 = makes partition the first on the disk
|
||||
|
||||
Push enter twice to accept the default first cylinder and last cylinder.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To prepare the partition to be used by LVM use the following two commands.
|
||||
|
||||
- t = change partition type
|
||||
- 8e = changes to LVM partition type
|
||||
|
||||
Verify and write the information to the hard drive.
|
||||
|
||||
- p = view partition setup so we can review before writing changes to disk
|
||||
- w = write changes to disk
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After those commands, the fdisk prompt should exit and you will be back to the bash prompt of your terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
Enter pvcreate /dev/sdb1 to create a LVM physical volume on the partition we just created.
|
||||
|
||||
You may be asking why we didn’t format the partition with a file system but don’t worry, that step comes later.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Create volume Group ####
|
||||
|
||||
Now that we have a partition designated and physical volume created we need to create the volume group. Luckily this only takes one command.
|
||||
|
||||
vgcreate vgpool /dev/sdb1
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Vgpool is the name of the new volume group we created. You can name it whatever you’d like but it is recommended to put vg at the front of the label so if you reference it later you will know it is a volume group.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Create logical volume ####
|
||||
|
||||
To create the logical volume that LVM will use:
|
||||
|
||||
lvcreate -L 3G -n lvstuff vgpool
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The -L command designates the size of the logical volume, in this case 3 GB, and the -n command names the volume. Vgpool is referenced so that the lvcreate command knows what volume to get the space from.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Format and Mount the Logical Volume ####
|
||||
|
||||
One final step is to format the new logical volume with a file system. If you want help choosing a Linux file system, read our [how to that can help you choose the best file system for your needs][3].
|
||||
|
||||
mkfs -t ext3 /dev/vgpool/lvstuff
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Create a mount point and then mount the volume somewhere you can use it.
|
||||
|
||||
mkdir /mnt/stuff
|
||||
mount -t ext3 /dev/vgpool/lvstuff /mnt/stuff
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Resizing a Logical Volume ####
|
||||
|
||||
One of the benefits of logical volumes is you can make your shares physically bigger or smaller without having to move everything to a bigger hard drive. Instead, you can add a new hard drive and extend your volume group on the fly. Or if you have a hard drive that isn’t used you can remove it from the volume group to shrink your logical volume.
|
||||
|
||||
There are three basic tools for making physical volumes, volume groups, and logical volumes bigger or smaller.
|
||||
|
||||
Note: Each of these commands will need to be preceded by pv, vg, or lv depending on what you are working with.
|
||||
|
||||
- resize – can shrink or expand physical volumes and logical volumes but not volume groups
|
||||
- extend – can make volume groups and logical volumes bigger but not smaller
|
||||
- reduce – can make volume groups and logical volumes smaller but not bigger
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s walk through an example of how to add a new hard drive to the logical volume “lvstuff” we just created.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Install and Format new Hard Drive ####
|
||||
|
||||
To install a new hard drive follow the steps above to create a new partition and add change it’s partition type to LVM (8e). Then use pvcreate to create a physical volume that LVM can recognize.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Add New Hard Drive to Volume Group ####
|
||||
|
||||
To add the new hard drive to a volume group you just need to know what your new partition is, /dev/sdc1 in our case, and the name of the volume group you want to add it to.
|
||||
|
||||
This will add the new physical volume to the existing volume group.
|
||||
|
||||
vgextend vgpool /dev/sdc1
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Extend Logical Volume ####
|
||||
|
||||
To resize the logical volume we need to say how much we want to extend by size instead of by device. In our example we just added a 8 GB hard drive to our 3 GB vgpool. To make that space usable we can use lvextend or lvresize.
|
||||
|
||||
lvextend -L8G /dev/vgpool/lvstuff
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
While this command will work you will see that it will actually resize our logical volume to 8 GB instead of adding 8 GB to the existing volume like we wanted. To add the last 3 available gigabytes you need to use the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
lvextend -L+3G /dev/vgpool/lvstuff
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now our logical volume is 11 GB in size.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Extend File System ####
|
||||
|
||||
The logical volume is 11 GB but the file system on that volume is still only 3 GB. To make the file system use the entire 11 GB available you have to use the command resize2fs. Just point resize2fs to the 11 GB logical volume and it will do the magic for you.
|
||||
|
||||
resize2fs /dev/vgpool/lvstuff
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Note: If you are using a different file system besides ext3/4 please see your file systems resize tools.**
|
||||
|
||||
#### Shrink Logical Volume ####
|
||||
|
||||
If you wanted to remove a hard drive from a volume group you would need to follow the above steps in reverse order and use lvreduce and vgreduce instead.
|
||||
|
||||
1. resize file system (make sure to move files to a safe area of the hard drive before resizing)
|
||||
1. reduce logical volume (instead of + to extend you can also use – to reduce by size)
|
||||
1. remove hard drive from volume group with vgreduce
|
||||
|
||||
#### Backing up a Logical Volume ####
|
||||
|
||||
Snapshots is a feature that some newer advanced file systems come with but ext3/4 lacks the ability to do snapshots on the fly. One of the coolest things about LVM snapshots is your file system is never taken offline and you can have as many as you want without taking up extra hard drive space.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When LVM takes a snapshot, a picture is taken of exactly how the logical volume looks and that picture can be used to make a copy on a different hard drive. While a copy is being made, any new information that needs to be added to the logical volume is written to the disk just like normal, but changes are tracked so that the original picture never gets destroyed.
|
||||
|
||||
To create a snapshot we need to create a new logical volume with enough free space to hold any new information that will be written to the logical volume while we make a backup. If the drive is not actively being written to you can use a very small amount of storage. Once we are done with our backup we just remove the temporary logical volume and the original logical volume will continue on as normal.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Create New Snapshot ####
|
||||
|
||||
To create a snapshot of lvstuff use the lvcreate command like before but use the -s flag.
|
||||
|
||||
lvcreate -L512M -s -n lvstuffbackup /dev/vgpool/lvstuff
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Here we created a logical volume with only 512 MB because the drive isn’t being actively used. The 512 MB will store any new writes while we make our backup.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Mount New Snapshot ####
|
||||
|
||||
Just like before we need to create a mount point and mount the new snapshot so we can copy files from it.
|
||||
|
||||
mkdir /mnt/lvstuffbackup
|
||||
mount /dev/vgpool/lvstuffbackup /mnt/lvstuffbackup
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Copy Snapshot and Delete Logical Volume ####
|
||||
|
||||
All you have left to do is copy all of the files from /mnt/lvstuffbackup/ to an external hard drive or tar it up so it is all in one file.
|
||||
|
||||
**Note: tar -c will create an archive and -f will say the location and file name of the archive. For help with the tar command use man tar in the terminal.**
|
||||
|
||||
tar -cf /home/rothgar/Backup/lvstuff-ss /mnt/lvstuffbackup/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Remember that while the backup is taking place all of the files that would be written to lvstuff are being tracked in the temporary logical volume we created earlier. Make sure you have enough free space while the backup is happening.
|
||||
|
||||
Once the backup finishes, unmount the volume and remove the temporary snapshot.
|
||||
|
||||
umount /mnt/lvstuffbackup
|
||||
lvremove /dev/vgpool/lvstuffbackup/
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Deleting a Logical Volume ####
|
||||
|
||||
To delete a logical volume you need to first make sure the volume is unmounted, and then you can use lvremove to delete it. You can also remove a volume group once the logical volumes have been deleted and a physical volume after the volume group is deleted.
|
||||
|
||||
Here are all the commands using the volumes and groups we’ve created.
|
||||
|
||||
umount /mnt/lvstuff
|
||||
lvremove /dev/vgpool/lvstuff
|
||||
vgremove vgpool
|
||||
pvremove /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
That should cover most of what you need to know to use LVM. If you’ve got some experience on the topic, be sure to share your wisdom in the comments.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/40702/how-to-manage-and-use-lvm-logical-volume-management-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/36568/what-is-logical-volume-management-and-how-do-you-enable-it-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/17001/how-to-format-a-usb-drive-in-ubuntu-using-gparted/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/33552/htg-explains-which-linux-file-system-should-you-choose/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
|
||||
How to Use LVM on Ubuntu for Easy Partition Resizing and Snapshots
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu’s installer offers an easy “Use LVM” checkbox. The description says it enables Logical Volume Management so you can take snapshots and more easily resize your hard disk partitions — here’s how to do that.
|
||||
|
||||
LVM is a technology that’s similar to [RAID arrays][1] or [Storage Spaces on Windows][2] in some ways. While this technology is particularly useful on servers, it can be used on desktop PCs, too.
|
||||
|
||||
### Should You Use LVM With Your New Ubuntu Installation? ###
|
||||
|
||||
The first question is whether you even want to use LVM with your Ubuntu installation. Ubuntu makes this easy to enable with a quick click, but this option isn’t enabled by default. As the installer says, this allows you to resize partitions, create snapshots, merge multiple disks into a single logical volume, and so on — all while the system is running. Unlike with typical partitions, you don’t have to shut down your system, boot from a live CD or USB drive, and [resize your partitions while they aren’t in use][3].
|
||||
|
||||
To be perfectly honest, the average Ubuntu desktop user probably won’t realize whether they’re using LVM or not. But, if you want to do more advanced things later, LVM can help. LVM is potentially more complex, which could cause problems if you need to recover your data later — especially if you’re not that experienced with it. There shouldn’t be a noticeable performance penalty here — LVM is implemented right down in the Linux kernel.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Logical Volume Management Explained ###
|
||||
|
||||
We’re previously [explained what LVM is][4]. In a nutshell, it provides a layer of abstraction between your physical disks and the partitions presented to your operating system. For example, your computer might have two hard drives inside it, each 1 TB in size. You’d have to have at least two partitions on these disks, and each of these partitions would be 1 TB in size.
|
||||
|
||||
LVM provides a layer of abstraction over this. Instead of the traditional partition on a disk, LVM would treat the disks as two separate “physical volumes” after you initialize them. You could then create “logical volumes” based on these physical volumes. For example, you could combine those two 1 TB disks into a single 2 TB partition. Your operating system would just see a 2 TB volume, and LVM would deal with everything in the background. A group of physical volumes and logical volumes is known as a “volume group.” A typical system will just have a single volume group.
|
||||
|
||||
This layer of abstraction makes it possibly to easily resize partitions, combine multiple disks into a single volume, and even take “snapshots” of a partition’s file system while it’s running, all without unmounting it.
|
||||
|
||||
Note that merging multiple disks into a single volume can be a bad idea if you’re not creating backups. It’s like with RAID 0 — if you combine two 1 TB volumes into a single 2 TB volume, you could lose important data on the volume if just one of your hard disks fails. Backups are crucial if you go this route.
|
||||
|
||||
### Graphical Utilities for Managing Your LVM Volumes ###
|
||||
|
||||
Traditionally, [LVM volumes are managed with Linux terminal commands][5].These will work for you on Ubuntu, but there’s an easier, graphical method anyone can take advantage of. If you’re a Linux user used to using GParted or a similar partition manager, don’t bother — GParted doesn’t have support for LVM disks.
|
||||
|
||||
Instead, you can use the Disks utility included along with Ubuntu for this. This utility is also known as GNOME Disk Utility, or Palimpsest. Launch it by clicking the icon on the dash, searching for Disks, and pressing Enter. Unlike GParted, the Disks utility will display your LVM partitions under “Other Devices,” so you can format them and adjust other options if you need to. This utility will also work from a live CD or USB drive, too.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Unfortunately, the Disks utility doesn’t include support for taking advantage of LVM’s most powerful features. There’s no options for managing your volume groups, extending partitions, or taking snapshots. You could do that from the terminal, but you don’t have to. Instead, you can open the Ubuntu Software Center, search for LVM, and install the Logical Volume Management tool. You could also just run the **sudo apt-get install system-config-lvm** command in a terminal window. After it’s installed, you can open the Logical Volume Management utility from the dash.
|
||||
|
||||
This graphical configuration tool was made by Red Hat. It’s a bit dated, but it’s the only graphical way to do this stuff without resorting to terminal commands.
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s say you wanted to add a new physical volume to your volume group. You’d open the tool, select the new disk under Uninitialized Entries, and click the “Initialize Entry” button. You’d then find the new physical volume under Unallocated Volumes, and you could use the “Add to existing Volume Group” button to add it to the “ubuntu-vg” volume group Ubuntu created during the installation process.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The volume group view shows you a visual overview of your physical volumes and logical volumes. Here, we have two physical partitions across two separate hard drives. We have a swap partition and a root partition, just as Ubuntu sets up its partitioning scheme by default. Because we’ve added a second physical partition from another drive, there’s now a good chunk of unused space.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To expand a logical partition into the physical space, you could select it under Logical View, click Edit Properties, and modify the size to grow the partition. You could also shrink it from here.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The other options in system-config-lvm allow you to set up snapshots and mirroring. You probably won’t need these features on a typical desktop, but they’re available graphically here. Remember, you can also [do all of this with terminal commands][6].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.howtogeek.com/211937/how-to-use-lvm-on-ubuntu-for-easy-partition-resizing-and-snapshots/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.howtogeek.com/162676/how-to-use-multiple-disks-intelligently-an-introduction-to-raid/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.howtogeek.com/109380/how-to-use-windows-8s-storage-spaces-to-mirror-combine-drives/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.howtogeek.com/114503/how-to-resize-your-ubuntu-partitions/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/40702/how-to-manage-and-use-lvm-logical-volume-management-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/40702/how-to-manage-and-use-lvm-logical-volume-management-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.howtogeek.com/howto/40702/how-to-manage-and-use-lvm-logical-volume-management-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
|
||||
How to share a directory with Samba on Fedora or CentOS
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Nowadays sharing data across different computers is not something new at home or many work places. Riding on this trend, modern operating systems make it easy to share and exchange data transparently across computers via network file systems. If your work environment involves a mix of Microsoft Windows and Linux computers, one way to share files and folders among them is via SMB/CIFS, a cross-platform network file sharing protocol. Windows Microsoft natively supports SMB/CIFS, while Linux offers free software implementation of SMB/CIFS network protocol in Samba.
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, we will demonstrate **how to share a directory using Samba**. The Linux platform we will use is **Fedora or CentOS**. This article is dividied into four parts. First, we will install Samba under Fedora/CentOS environment. Next, we discuss how to adjust SELinux and firewall configurations to allow file sharing with Samba. Finally, we cover how to enable Samba to share a directory.
|
||||
|
||||
### Step One: Install Samba on Fedora or CentOS ###
|
||||
|
||||
First thing first. Let's install Samba and configure basic settings.
|
||||
|
||||
Check whether Samba application is already installed on your system by running:
|
||||
|
||||
$ rpm -q samba samba-common samba-client
|
||||
|
||||
If the above command doesn't show anything at all, it means that Samba is not installed. In that case, install Samba using the command below.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install samba samba-common samba-client
|
||||
|
||||
Next, creates a local directory which will share data over network. This directory will be exported to remote users as a Samba share. In this tutorial, we will create this directory in the top-level directory '/', so make sure that you have the privileges to do it.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo mkdir /shared
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to create a shared directory inside your home directory (e.g., ~/shared), you must activate Samba home directory sharing in the SELinux options, which will be described below in more detail.
|
||||
|
||||
After creating /shared directory, set the privileges of the directory so other users can access it.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo chmod o+rw /shared
|
||||
|
||||
If you don't want other users to be able to have write to the directory, just remove the 'w' option in chmod command as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo chmod o+r /shared
|
||||
|
||||
Next, create one empty file as a test. This file will be used to verify that he Samba share is mounted properly.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo touch /shared/file1
|
||||
|
||||
### Step Two: Configure SELinux for Samba ###
|
||||
|
||||
Next, we need to re-configure SELinux which is enabled by default in Fedora and CentOS distributions. SELinux allows Samba to read and modify files or directories only when they have the right security context (e.g., labeled with the 'samba_share_t' attribute).
|
||||
|
||||
The following command adds the necessary label to file-context configuration:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo semanage fcontext -a -t samba_share_t "<directory>(/.*)?"
|
||||
|
||||
Replace the <directory> with the local directory we created earlier for Samba share (e.g., /shared):
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo semanage fcontext -a -t samba_share_t "/shared(/.*)?"
|
||||
|
||||
To activate the label change, we then must run the restorecon command like below.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo restorecon -R -v /shared
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To share a directory inside our home directory via Samba, we must enable sharing home directory option in SELinux because it is disabled by default. The following command achieves the desired effect. Skip this step if you are not sharing your home directory.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo setsebool -P samba_enable_home_dirs 1
|
||||
|
||||
### Step Three: Configure Firewall for Samba ###
|
||||
|
||||
The next step is to open necessary TCP/UDP ports in the firewall settings for Samba to operate.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using firewalld (e.g., on Fedora or CentOS 7), the following command will take care of permanent firewall rule change for Samba service.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=samba
|
||||
|
||||
If you are using iptables for your firewall (e.g., CentOS 6 or earlier), use the following commands to open up necessary Samba ports to the world.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/iptables
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 445 -j ACCEPT
|
||||
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m udp -p udp --dport 445 -j ACCEPT
|
||||
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m udp -p udp --dport 137 -j ACCEPT
|
||||
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m udp -p udp --dport 138 -j ACCEPT
|
||||
-A RH-Firewall-1-INPUT -m state --state NEW -m tcp -p tcp --dport 139 -j ACCEPT
|
||||
|
||||
Then restart iptables service:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo service iptables restart
|
||||
|
||||
### Step Four: Change Samba Configuration ###
|
||||
|
||||
The last step is to configure Samba to export a created local directory as a Samba-share.
|
||||
|
||||
Open the Samba configuration file with a text editor, and add the following lines at the bottom of the file.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo nano /etc/samba/smb.conf
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
[myshare]
|
||||
comment=my shared files
|
||||
path=/shared
|
||||
public=yes
|
||||
writeable=yes
|
||||
|
||||
In the above the text inside a pair of brackets (e.g., "myshare") is the name of the Samba-shared resource, which will be used to access the Samba share from a remote host.
|
||||
|
||||
Create a Samba user account which is required to mount and export the Samba file system. To create a Samba user, use the smbpasswd tool. Note that the Samba user account must be the same as any existing Linux user. If you try to add a non-existing user with smbpasswd, it will give an error message.
|
||||
|
||||
If you don't want to use any existing Linux user as a Samba user, you can create a new dedicated user in your system. For safety, set the new user's login shell to /sbin/nologin, and do not create its home directory.
|
||||
|
||||
In this example, we are creating a new user named "sambaguest" as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin sambaguest
|
||||
$ sudo passwd sambaguest
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After creating a new user, add the user as a Samba user using smbpasswd command. When this command asks a password, you can type a different password than the user's password.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo smbpasswd -a sambaguest
|
||||
|
||||
4. Activate the Samba service, and check whether the Samba service is running or not.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl enable smb.service
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl start smb.service
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl is-active smb
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To see the list of shared directories in Samba, type the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ smbclient -U sambaguest -L localhost
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The following is a screenshot of accessing the Samba-shared directory on Thunar file manager, and doing copy-paste of file1. Note that the Samba share is accessible via "smb://<samba-server-IP-address>/myshare" address on Thunar.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/share-directory-samba-fedora-centos.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Kristophorus Hadiono][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://xmodulo.com/author/kristophorus
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
|
||||
translating wi-cuckoo LLAP
|
||||
Install And Use ‘Go For It!’ To Do App In Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
How do you manage tasks and remember things in desktop Linux? I preferred [using sticky notes in Ubuntu][1] for a long time. But the problem I faced was syncing it with other devices, especially with my smartphone. This is the reason why went on with [Google Keep][2].
|
||||
|
||||
Now, Google Keep is feature rich app and I really like it, and like it to the extent of calling it [Linux alternative of Evernote][3]. But not everyone may like a feature rich todo list app. Minmalist is the current trend and liked by many. And if you are one of the minimalist lover, who is looking for an open source to do list app, you should give [Go For It!][4] a try.
|
||||
|
||||
### Go For It! productivity desktop app for Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
Go For It! is a simple to do list app that comes with a timer to keep you focused on the work. So, you add a task to the list and can attach a timer to it. It will keep remind you to work on the task. You can watch the video by its developer, [Manuel Kehl][5]:
|
||||
|
||||
注释：youtube视频，发布的时候可做成一个链接
|
||||
<iframe width="640" height="390" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="true" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/mnw556C9FZQ?version=3&rel=1&fs=1&showsearch=0&showinfo=1&iv_load_policy=1&wmode=transparent" type="text/html" class="youtube-player"></iframe>
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Go For It! ###
|
||||
|
||||
To install Go For It! in Ubuntu 15.04, 14.10, 14.04 and other Ubuntu based Linux distributions such as Linux Mint, elementary OS Freya etc, use the official PPA of this app:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:mank319/go-for-it
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get install go-for-it
|
||||
|
||||
You can download the .deb binaries, binaries for Windows and source code from the respective links below:
|
||||
|
||||
- [Download source code][6]
|
||||
- [Download .deb binaries][7]
|
||||
- [Download for Windows][8]
|
||||
|
||||
### Using Go For It! in desktop Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
Using Go For It! is really simple. You add tasks in the list. The tasks are saved in todo.txt file.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
By default a timer of 25 minutes will be set on each task.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once done, task is automatically archived to done.txt. Based on preferences, it will send desktop notifications at regular time interval and few minutes before the task is supposed to be over:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can change all these preferences from configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
So far so good. But what about using it on a smartphone. A productivity app is not complete if you cannot keep it synced across various devices. Good thing is that Go For It! is based on [todo.txt][9], which means you can use it in smartphones using third party apps and a cloud service like Dropbox.
|
||||
|
||||
### Using Go For It! in Android smartphones and tablets ###
|
||||
|
||||
You need to do couple of things here. First thing first, install Dropbox in Linux as well as in your Android phone, if you haven’t installed it already. The next thing you need to do is to change the configuration of Go For It! and **change the todo.txt directory to Dropbox location**.
|
||||
|
||||
Next, you will have to download [Simpletask Android app][10]. It’s a free app. Install this app. When you run Simpletask for the first time, you will ask to link your account with Dropbox:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have linked Simpletask with Dropbox, open the app. If you have change the configuration of Go For It! to save the files in Dropbox, you should be able to see it in Simpletask. If you do not see it, click on the settings from the bottom and use the option of Open Todo file:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now you should be able to see your tasks synced with Simpletask.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
With Simpletask, you can use it in similar fashion as a [markup language tool][11]. For minimal and focused usage Go For It! is a nice to do app. A clean interface is another plus point. It could have been better to have its own smartphone app but we already saw the workarounds.
|
||||
|
||||
On the down side, Go For It! doesn’t run in background. Which means, you’ll have to keep it running always. It doesn’t even has a minimize button, a tiny annoyance. What I would like to see is an indicator applet for it. Running in the background and quick access in the panel will definitely improve its usability.
|
||||
|
||||
Do try Go For It! and share your experience with it. What other to-do app do you use on desktop Linux? How does Go For It! compare with your other favorite productivity app?
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/go-for-it-to-do-app-in-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://itsfoss.com/indicator-stickynotes-windows-like-sticky-note-app-for-ubuntu/
|
||||
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/install-google-keep-ubuntu-1310/
|
||||
[3]:http://itsfoss.com/5-evernote-alternatives-linux/
|
||||
[4]:http://manuel-kehl.de/projects/go-for-it/
|
||||
[5]:http://manuel-kehl.de/about-me/
|
||||
[6]:https://github.com/mank319/Go-For-It
|
||||
[7]:https://launchpad.net/~mank319/+archive/ubuntu/go-for-it
|
||||
[8]:http://manuel-kehl.de/projects/go-for-it/download-windows-version/
|
||||
[9]:http://todotxt.com/
|
||||
[10]:https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=nl.mpcjanssen.todotxtholo&hl=en
|
||||
[11]:http://itsfoss.com/install-latex-ubuntu-1404/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
|
||||
Locate Stolen laptops and Smart phones Using Prey Tool in Ubuntu
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Prey is an open source, cross platform tool which helps recover your stolen laptops, desktops, tablet computers and smart phones. It has gained vast popularity and has claimed to help recover hundreds of missing laptops and smart phones. The working of this tool is pretty simple, install it on your Laptop or smart phone, and if your device goes missing, login the Prey website with your credentials and mark your device as “Missing” there. As soon as the thief connects your device with internet, it will immediately send you the Geo location of your device. If your laptop is having webcam, it will also capture the screenshot of the thief.
|
||||
|
||||
Prey consumes minimum system resources; it does not affect your device’s performance in any way. You can also use it alongside any other anti-theft application you had installed on your device. It uses secure and encrypted channels to communicate your device data with Prey servers.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing and configuring Prey on Ubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s see how we can install and configure Prey on ubuntu, note that during configuration process, we will have to register an account at Prey official website. Once done, it will be able to monitor your devices. Its free account monitors up-to 3 devices, if you need to add more devices to its watch list, you need to purchase appropriate plan.
|
||||
|
||||
Considering the popularity and use of Prey, it has been added to the official ubuntu repository now. That means you don’t need to add any additional PPA to the package manager. Simply launch your terminal application and run the following command to install it:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install prey
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
It is a very lightweight application, uses only few MB of space on the system, once installation is completed, launch it from Applications >> Prey and it will ask you for the configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
Choose “New user” if you are using this app for first time.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
This second step is actually the process to sign you up on Prey official website. Please provide your username, email address and password for free account.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Hit “Apply” once done, that’s all, your computer is now protected by Prey.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Login your newly created [Prey account][1] and you should be able to see your device information there under “Devices” menu.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As soon as your laptop or any other device goes missing, simply login your Prey web account and change the device status to “missing” by clicking “Set Device to Missing” option.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Choose report frequency from here and hit “Yes, my device is missing”. Report Frequency option is the time interval after which this app will send you status updates for your device location. It will email you as soon as the device status is changed from web interface.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As soon as your stolen device is connected to the internet, it will immediately send you report, containing your device's Geo whereabouts and IP address.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Click the report link and you should be able to see your device’s Geo location and IP address.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
There is one known drawback in Prey , It needs your device to be connected to internet for sending Geo location, if thief is smart enough to format your device hard disk before connecting it to the network, then you’ll never get report of its recovery. But there is still a work around to overcome this drawback, make sure to add a BIOS password and disable booting the system from removable devices.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
It is a small, very useful security application which lets you track all of your devices on a single place, although not perfect, but still provides good level of recovery chances for your stolen devices. It runs seamlessly on Linux, Windows and Mac operating system. Here are details about Prey Pro plans.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/anti-theft-application-prey-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Aun Raza][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/arunrz/
|
||||
[1]:https://preyproject.com/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
|
||||
Sleuth Kit - Open Source Forensic Tool to Analyze Disk Images and Recover Files
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
SIFT is a Ubuntu based forensics distribution provided by SANS Inc. It consist of many forensics tools such as Sleuth kit / Autopsy etc . However, Sleuth kit/Autopsy tools can be installed on Ubuntu/Fedora distribution instead of downloading complete distribution of SIFT.
|
||||
|
||||
Sleuth Kit /Autopsy is open source digital forensics investigation tool which is used for recovering the lost files from disk image and analysis of images for incident response. Autopsy tool is a web interface of sleuth kit which supports all features of sleuth kit. This tool is available for both Windows and Linux Platforms.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Sleuth kit ###
|
||||
|
||||
First of all, download Sleuth kit software from [sleuthkit][1] website. Use wget command to download it in terminal which is shown in the figure.
|
||||
|
||||
# wget http://cznic.dl.sourceforge.net/project/sleuthkit/sleuthkit/4.1.3/sleuthkit-4.1.3.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Extract the sleuthkit-4.1.3.tar.gz using following command and go inside the extracted directory
|
||||
|
||||
# tar -xvzf sleuthkit-4.1.3.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Run following command which perform the requirement check before sleuth kit installation
|
||||
|
||||
#./configure
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Make command compile the sleuth kit code.
|
||||
|
||||
#make
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Finally following command install it under **/usr/local** path.
|
||||
|
||||
#make install
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Autopsy Tool ###
|
||||
|
||||
Sleuth kit installation is complete and now we will install autopsy interface. Download Autopsy software from [sleuthkit's autopsy page][2] . Use wget command to download it in terminal which is shown in the figure.
|
||||
|
||||
# wget http://kaz.dl.sourceforge.net/project/autopsy/autopsy/2.24/autopsy-2.24.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Extract the autopsy-2.24.tar.gz using following command and go inside the extracted directory
|
||||
|
||||
# tar -xvzf autopsy-2.24.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Configuration script of autopsy asks for NSRL (National Software Reference Library) and path of **Evidence_Locker** folder.
|
||||
|
||||
Enter "n" for NSRL prompt and create Evidence_Locker folder under **/usr/local** directory. Autopsy stores the configuration files, audit logs and output under Evidence_Locker folder.
|
||||
|
||||
#mkdir /usr/local/Evidence_Locker
|
||||
|
||||
#cd autopsy-2.24
|
||||
|
||||
#./configure
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After adding Evidence_Locker path in installation process , autopsy stores configuration files in it and shows a following message to run the autopsy program.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Type **./autopsy** command in terminal to start the graphical interface of Sleuth kit tool.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Type following address in the web browser to access the interface of autopsy .
|
||||
|
||||
http://localhost:9999/autopsy
|
||||
|
||||
Main web page of autopsy plugin is shown int the following figure.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Click on the **New Case** button to start analysis in autopsy tool. Enter the case name, description about the investigation and name of agent which is shown in the following figure.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Following web page will appear after entering the details in the above page. Click on **Add Host** button to add details for the analyst machine.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enter host name, description and time zone setting of analyst machine on the next page.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Click on the **Add Image** button to add image file for forensics analysis.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Click on the **Add Image File** button on the following web page. It opens new web page which require Path of image file and select type & importing method.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As shown in the following figure, we have entered path of Linux image file. In our case, image file is partition of disk.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Click on the next button and select **Calculate hash** option in the next page which is shown in the following figure. It also detect the file system type of the given image.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Following window shows the MD5 hash of the image file before static analysis .
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
On the next web page, autopsy shows following information about the image file.
|
||||
|
||||
- mount point for the image
|
||||
- name of image
|
||||
- file system type of given image
|
||||
|
||||
Click on the **details** button to get more information about the given image file. It also offer extraction of unallocated fragments and strings from the volume of image file which is shown in the following figure.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Click on **Analyze** button which is shown in the below figure to start analysis on given image . It opens another page which shows the multiple options for image analysis.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Autopsy offer following features during image analysis process.
|
||||
|
||||
- File Analysis
|
||||
- Keyword Search
|
||||
- File Type
|
||||
- Image Details
|
||||
- Data Unit
|
||||
|
||||
File Analysis on given image of Linux partition is shown in the following figure.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
It extracts all files and folders from the given image . Extraction of deleted files are shown int he figure.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
Hopefully this article will be useful for the beginner in static forensics analysis of disk image. Autopsy is web interface for sleuth kit which provides features such as extraction of strings , recovery of deleted files, timeline analysis, extraction of web surfing history, keyword search and email analysis on windows and linux disk images.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/ubuntu-how-to/autopsy-sleuth-kit-installation-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[nido][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linoxide.com/author/naveeda/
|
||||
[1]:http://www.sleuthkit.org/sleuthkit/download.php
|
||||
[2]:http://www.sleuthkit.org/autopsy/download.php
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
|
||||
2015你可以买的一款基于Linux的迷你PC
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在我看来迷你PC将在不久的将来会替代传统桌面电脑。传统桌面的有一个像送风机那样占据大量空间的风扇。迷你PC，在另一方面说很小巧和紧凑。通常是4″或者5″大小，可以轻易地放在桌子上。
|
||||
|
||||
不仅如此，这些迷你PC的无风扇设计是一个好处。当然，你可以购买无风扇的常规电脑，但是空间占用仍然是一个问题。对我个人来说，我觉得迷你PC外观上看着很可爱。如果你不是一个游戏玩家也不想买新的桌面PC，我强烈建议你**购买一个基于Linux的迷你PC**。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你考虑我的建议买一个，那么你或许想知道该买哪款。不要担心，这篇文章我们会介绍**四款你可以在2015购买的基于Linux的迷你PC**。
|
||||
|
||||
### 基于Linux的迷你PC ###
|
||||
|
||||
请注意这些PC可能还不能下单。它们中有些还刚刚公布，在不久的将来才会面向公众出售。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. System76出品的Meerkat ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[System76][1] is a computer manufacturer exclusively dealing with only Ubuntu based desktop, laptops and servers. [System76 announced an Ubuntu based mini PC Meerkat][2] last week. Let’s take a quick look at its specification:
|
||||
[System76][1] 是一家仅出品基于Ubuntu电脑、笔记本、服务器的电脑生产商。[System76在上周宣布了一款基于Ubuntu的迷你PC][2]。让我看一下它的规格：
|
||||
|
||||
**规格**
|
||||
|
||||
- Intel第五代处理器，共有两种选择 i3-5010U 和 i5-5250U
|
||||
- 最高2TB存储 (M.2 SATA SSD)
|
||||
- 16 GB DDR3 内存
|
||||
- i3和i5处理器下相应的Intel HD 5500 和 Intel HD 6000显卡
|
||||
- 4″ x 4″ 大小
|
||||
- WiFi
|
||||
- 1 Gb 网卡
|
||||
- 2个USB 3.0端口
|
||||
|
||||
**价格**
|
||||
|
||||
在$500之内（还没确定）。
|
||||
|
||||
**发售日期**
|
||||
|
||||
美国地区在2015年3月底
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.Compulab出品的Mintbox Mini ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Compulab][3]将它的旗舰产品基于Linux Mint的桌面设备成了[Mintbox Mini][4]。紧凑的版本在4″大小。更多的细节如下：
|
||||
|
||||
**规格**
|
||||
|
||||
- AMD A4-6400T 处理器
|
||||
- Radeon R3 显卡
|
||||
- 4 GB 内存
|
||||
- 64 GB SSD
|
||||
- 2个USB 3.0端口, 3个USB 2.0端口
|
||||
- 2个HDMI输出端
|
||||
- 802.11 b/g/n Wifi
|
||||
- 千兆网卡
|
||||
- MicroSD读卡器
|
||||
|
||||
**价格**
|
||||
|
||||
$300起售
|
||||
|
||||
**发售日期**
|
||||
|
||||
2015第二季度
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. Compulab出品的Utilite2 ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
It’s not that Compulab has stuck with Linux Mint only. It announced an ARM desktop PC running Ubuntu in last December. With a size of 3.4″x2.3″, [Utilite2][5] has modest feature and modest price.
|
||||
Compulab并不是坚持用Linux Mint的。它在去年12月宣布了一款运行Ubuntu的ARM桌面PC。大小是3.4″x2.3″，[Utilite2][5]有最现代的特性和价格
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**规格**
|
||||
|
||||
- 高通Snapdragon 600 (APQ8064) 四核 CPU 1.7GHz
|
||||
- 2GB 内存, 可选32 GB的eMMC mSATA 存储
|
||||
- 高通 Adreno™ GPU显卡
|
||||
- 1080p 视频回放和捕捉
|
||||
- 双天线 WiFi 802.11 和 Bluetooth 4.0
|
||||
- 千兆网卡, 4个USB2端口和USB OTG
|
||||
- 蜂窝调制解调器支持
|
||||
|
||||
**价格**
|
||||
|
||||
常规版售价$192、带硬盘售价$229。邮费另付。
|
||||
|
||||
**发售日期**
|
||||
|
||||
现在就可购买。运送将花费4周。
|
||||
|
||||
#### Think Penguin出品的Penguin Pocket Wee ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Think Penguin][6]是一家开源硬件生产商。在迷你PC领域，它提供了[Penguin Pocket Wee][7]。大小是4.6″x 4.4″x 1.4″ ，, Penguin Pocket Wee提供了大量的配置。你可以选择处理器、存储、网卡等。你可以选择购买预装你喜欢的Linux发行版，默认系统是Ubuntu。
|
||||
|
||||
The general configuration is as following:
|
||||
下面的默认的配置
|
||||
|
||||
- Intel Core i3 或者 i5处理器，最高支持1080p视频
|
||||
- 最高扩展至 16GB 的 DDR3内存
|
||||
- Intel HD 显卡
|
||||
- Wireless N
|
||||
- 最大250GB的SSD
|
||||
- 4个USB 3.0接口
|
||||
- Intel 10/100/1000 千兆网卡
|
||||
|
||||
**价格**
|
||||
|
||||
Basic model starts at $499 and it can go up to $1000 based on the configuration you select.
|
||||
基础版本$499起售，根据你的配置最大是$1000。
|
||||
|
||||
**发售日期**
|
||||
|
||||
现在就可下订单。该公司在美国和英国也有办公司，所以应也可以运送到南美和欧洲。
|
||||
|
||||
### 你会选哪种？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
我故意没有介绍[Raspberry Pi 2][8]或者其他Linux微电脑如[Intel的电脑棒][9]。原因是我不认为这些微电脑属于迷你PC的范畴。
|
||||
|
||||
你怎么看？你想用迷你PC代替你的桌面PC么？是不是还有我没有在**最好的基于Linux的迷你PC**列出的PC？分享你们的观点吧。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/4-linux-based-mini-pc-buy-2015/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:https://system76.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/system76-unveils-ubuntu-based-mini-pc-meerkat/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.compulab.co.il/
|
||||
[4]:http://itsfoss.com/mintbox-mini-compact-linux-mint-powered-pc-unveiled/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.compulab.co.il/utilite-computer/web/utilite2-overview
|
||||
[6]:https://www.thinkpenguin.com/
|
||||
[7]:https://www.thinkpenguin.com/gnu-linux/penguin-pocket-wee-gnu-linux-desktop
|
||||
[8]:http://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-2-specs/
|
||||
[9]:http://itsfoss.com/intels-compute-stick/
|
||||
@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu 15.04 最终实现你可以设置你的菜单 ‘始终可见’
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**如果你不喜欢 Unity 的全局菜单在你的鼠标离开后就淡出你的视野, Ubuntu 15.04 有一些额外附加去实现这点.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
最新的Ubuntu 15.04的Unity界面通过在提议通道提供了一个选项**使应用程序菜单在Ubuntu中可见**.
|
||||
|
||||
不时尚, 不过时, 没有丢失的菜单.
|
||||
|
||||
最大的缺点是它目前只能通过dconf来控制，而不是常规的面向用户的选项设置。
|
||||
|
||||
我希望（如果不是期望）能有一个设置这个特性的选项被加入到Ubuntu的【系统设置】>【外观】部分的开发仍在继续。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，如果你使用的是Ubuntu15.04，并启用“建议”的更新通道后，你会发现这个开关存在于在COM>规范>Unity>“始终显示菜单”。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 迟到总比没有要好? ###
|
||||
|
||||
开发者计划在Ubuntu14.04 LTS的下一个SRU中反向移植这个选项（假设在测试阶段没有任何意外发生）。
|
||||
|
||||
本地集成菜单（LIM）在Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 首次获得了欣赏,被广泛认为在那些喜欢隐藏方式的和那些不喜欢必须使用鼠标和触摸板的人之间的最佳的折衷方法
|
||||
|
||||
虽然本地集成菜单给我们带来了半路上沉默的批评在统一方面，默认的“淡入/淡出”行为给我们留下了令人发痒的伤痕
|
||||
|
||||
在Ubuntu 过去的几个版本中已经能够看到积极的去解决早期UX的经历过的关切的问题。在经过几年“打算去做”的列表[我们去年终于得到了本地集成菜单][1]，以及不支持的通过点击图标实现[减少和恢复Unity启动程序中不支持的应用程序的选项]。
|
||||
|
||||
一年以来我们终于得到一个选项以使应用程序菜单始终显示，无论我们的鼠标在哪里。迟来总比没有好，对不对？
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2015/01/ubuntu-15-04-always-show-menu-bar-option
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
|
||||
译者：[JeffDing](https://github.com/JeffDing)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
|
||||
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/02/locally-integrated-menus-ubuntu-14-04
|
||||
[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/03/minimize-click-launcher-option-ubuntu-14-04
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
|
||||
translated by haimingfg
|
||||
|
||||
Torvalds: 参加linux内核贡献更加容易找工作
|
||||
========================================
|
||||
|
||||
相比起以往，linux内核的发展变是一个专业性的问题，作为一个无偿贡献者去贡献的项目今天在"谁写linux"被低调报道出来了。
|
||||
|
||||
这个报道由linux基金会编写，基金会说自愿者有逐年下降的趋势，上年有11.8%的内核开发是由无偿自愿者完成，从2012年起由14.6%下滑了19%。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
即使是这样，在最新的谁写linux里面报道，无偿贡献者还是主要的共享来源，共有11,968改变，整体来说有12.4%是好的，企业贡献者共同占比越来越多，有超过80%的内核贡献是有有尝的专业开发者来完成，linux基金会说。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
根据 linus Torvalds 说，这个有偿开发者趋势不会改变太多这个内核发展的本身。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
他向全世界人说，我认为不会改变太多的一个原因是不会有更多的无偿自愿者因为编写内核就会更加快找到工作而离开。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Torvalds讲到，linux发展改变有很多其他原因，很自然的，新的贡献者会经常冒出来，有很多都是原来的开发者，有着10年的经验，被很多对linux感兴趣的公司抢着去做。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
他说：“开始我们是自愿者，但我们这几天很开心被请去开发linux”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Torvalds 开始抽离了他的开发角色，根据报道在3.10的内核版本里面他个人发布329补丁,占04% 逐渐地，子系统维护人员自己会检查与合并他们的代码。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.infoworld.com/article/2885339/application-development/torvalds-people-who-start-writing-kernel-code-get-hired-really-quickly.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jon Gold][a]
|
||||
译者：[haimingfg](https://github.com/haimingfg)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.infoworld.com/author/Jon-Gold/
|
||||
@ -1,55 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Linux 常见问题解答--如何使用yum来下载RPM包而不进行安装.
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **问题**:我想从Red Hat's的标准仓库中下载一个RPM包,我能使用yum命令来下载一个RPM包但是不进行安装吗?
|
||||
|
||||
yum是基于Red Hat的系统(如CentOS,Fedora,RHEl)上的默认包管理器.使用yum,你可以安装或者更新一个RPM包,并且他会自动解决包依赖关系.但是如果你只想将一个RPM包下载到你的系统上该怎么办呢? 例如,你可能想要获取一些RPM包在以后使用,或者将他们安装在另外的机器上.
|
||||
|
||||
这里说明了如何从yum仓库上下载一个RPM包.
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法一:yum###
|
||||
|
||||
yum命令本身就可以用来下载一个RPM包,标准的yum命令提供了`--downloadonly(只下载)`的选项来达到这个目的.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install --downloadonly <package-name>
|
||||
|
||||
默认情况下,一个下载的RPM包会保存在下面的目录中:
|
||||
|
||||
/var/cache/yum/x86_64/[centos/fedora-version]/[repository]/packages
|
||||
|
||||
以上的[repository]表示下载包的来源仓库的名称(例如,base,fedora,updates)
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想要讲一个包下载到一个指定的目录(如/tmp):
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install --downloadonly --downloaddir=/tmp <package-name>
|
||||
|
||||
注意,如果下载的包包含了任意没有满足的依赖关系,yum将会把所有的依赖关系包下载,但是都不会被安装.
|
||||
|
||||
另外一个重要的事情时,在CentOS/RHEL 6或更早期的版本中,你需要安装一个单独yum插件(名称为 yum-plugin-downloadonly)才能使用`--downloadonly`命令选项:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install yum-plugin-downloadonly
|
||||
|
||||
如果没有该插件,你会在使用yum时得到以下错误:
|
||||
|
||||
Command line error: no such option: --downloadonly
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 方法二: Yumdownloader###
|
||||
另外一个下载RPM包的方法就是通过一个专门的包下载工具--yumdownloader. 这个工具时yum工具包(包含了用来进行yum包管理的帮助工具套件)的子集.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install yum-utils
|
||||
|
||||
下载一个RPM包:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yumdownloader <package-name>
|
||||
|
||||
下载的包会被保存在当前目录中.你需要使用root权限,因为yumdownloader会在下载过程中更新包索引文件.与yum命令不同的是,任何依赖包不会被下载.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/yum-download-rpm-package.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[theo-l](https://github.com/theo-l)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,59 +1,59 @@
|
||||
Install Mate desktop in FreeBSD 10.1
|
||||
在FreeBSD 10.1中安装Mate桌面
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
FreeBSD is fully text mode system, however some times new users might want to use GUI desktop environment. This tutorial will help you to install Mate Desktop in Freebsd 10.1.
|
||||
FreeBSD是全文本模式的系统，然而有些新用户想要使用GUI桌面环境。这个教程就是帮助你在Freebsd 10.1中安装Mate桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
Here is my test system details:
|
||||
下面是我的系统细节：
|
||||
|
||||
root@Freebsd-unixmen:~ # uname -a
|
||||
FreeBSD Freebsd-unixmen 10.1-RELEASE FreeBSD 10.1-RELEASE #0 r274401: Tue Nov 11 21:02:49 UTC 2014 root@releng1.nyi.freebsd.org:/usr/obj/usr/src/sys/GENERIC amd64
|
||||
root@Freebsd-unixmen:~
|
||||
|
||||
To start installing Mate desktop in FreeBSD 10.1, the following steps can be used.
|
||||
要在FreeBSD 10.1 中开始安装Mate桌面，按照下面的步骤。
|
||||
|
||||
pkg install xf86-video-fbdev mate-desktop mate xorg
|
||||
|
||||
### Add the following lines to /etc/rc.conf ###
|
||||
### 在 /etc/rc.conf 中加入下面的行 ###
|
||||
|
||||
moused_enable="YES"
|
||||
dbus_enable="YES"
|
||||
hald_enable="YES"
|
||||
|
||||
### Test the installation. ###
|
||||
### 测试安装 ###
|
||||
|
||||
xinit mate-session
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Mate doesn’t have a display manager of its own. Hence we can use any other display managers like XDM, GDM, slim etc to use the login manager. Here let’s see how to configure Slim DM with Mate desktop.
|
||||
Mate本身没有显示管理器。因此我们会使用其他的显示管理器如XDM、GDM、slim等等来作为登录管理器。这里让我们看看如何在Mate桌面中配置Slim DM
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Slim ###
|
||||
### 安装 Slim ###
|
||||
|
||||
pkg install slim
|
||||
|
||||
Add the following line to **/etc/rc.conf**:
|
||||
在**/etc/rc.conf**中加入下面的行：
|
||||
|
||||
slim_enable="YES"
|
||||
|
||||
Add the following line to .xinitrc file in the user’s home directory
|
||||
在用户的家目录下的.xinitrc文件加入下面的行。
|
||||
|
||||
exec mate-session
|
||||
|
||||
Reboot the machine. Now the machine will boot into Slim login where you can login to Mate session.
|
||||
重启电脑。现在在你登录Mate时就会进入Slim登录界面了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it. Cheers!
|
||||
就是这样。干杯！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-mate-desktop-freebsd-10-1/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[M.el Khamlichi][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
|
||||
Linux有问必答：Perl中本地时间和UNIX时间戳间相互转换
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> **问题**: 在Perl语言中，我需要转换易读的日期和时间到对应的UNIX时间戳，反之亦然。你可以给我一些Perl代码例子吗？关于日期及时间转换到UNIX时间戳，或者相反，转换UNIX时间戳到可读的日期和时间。
|
||||
|
||||
当你的Perl脚本需要解决时间信息，这里有两种方法来表示和处理日期和时间。一种方法是易读的时间表示（例，"Sat Mar 14 10:14:05 EDT 2015"），另外一种是使用UNIX时间戳（也叫“新纪元时间”），这是从1970年1月1日到今所消耗的时间秒数。每一种方法都有它自己的优劣势，取决于你的需要，也许也就需要转换一种格式到另一种。
|
||||
|
||||
### Perl中转换本地时间到UNIX时间戳 ###
|
||||
|
||||
为了从日期字符串中获得UNIX时间，可以使用Date::Parse模块中str2time()函数。此函数可以处理多种格式，例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- Sat Mar 14 10:14:05 EDT 2015
|
||||
- 3/14/2015 10:14:05 -0400
|
||||
- 14/Mar/15 10:14:05
|
||||
- 14 Mar 15 10:14:05
|
||||
|
||||
use Date::Parse;
|
||||
|
||||
my $local_time = "Sat Mar 14 10:14:05 EDT 2015";
|
||||
|
||||
# 1426342445 will be stored in $unix_time
|
||||
my $unix_time = str2time($local_time);
|
||||
|
||||
Date:Parse 模块支持多种语言（英语，法语，德语和意大利语）和时区。例如:
|
||||
|
||||
use Date::Parse;
|
||||
use Date::Language;
|
||||
|
||||
my $lang = Date::Language->new('French');
|
||||
my $unix_time = $lang->str2time("12:14:05, Ago 16, 2014 (CEST)");
|
||||
|
||||
### Perl中UNIX时间戳到可读的日期和时间 ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想要转换UNIX时间戳到可读的格式，可以使用localtime()函数，此函数可以转换UNIX时间戳为一个9元素列表。然后你可以使用返回的list构造任何你需要的可读格式。这里有一个代码片段：
|
||||
|
||||
# $sec, $min, $hour: 秒,分,时
|
||||
# $mday: 月中的某天 (0-31)
|
||||
# $mon: 月份，范围 0 (一月) 至 11 (十二月)
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# $year: 年份，与1900年的差值(2015年为2015-1900=115)
|
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# $wday: 星期，范围 0 (星期天) 至 6 (星期六)
|
||||
# $yday: 年中的某天，范围 0 至 364 (或 365 闰年)
|
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# $isdst: 是否是夏令时
|
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|
||||
my ($sec, $min, $hour, $mday, $mon, $year, $wday, $yday, $isdst) = localtime($unix_timestamp);
|
||||
|
||||
# necessary conversion of $mon and $year
|
||||
$mon += 1;
|
||||
$year += 1900;
|
||||
|
||||
print "Current time: $year-$mon-$mday $hour:$min:$sec\n";
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/convert-local-time-unix-timestamp-perl.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
|
||||
译者：[VicYu/Vic020](http://vicyu.net)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://ask.xmodulo.com/author/nanni
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user