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[Translated] 19 The Linux Kernel--Configuring the Kernel Part 15
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19 The Linux Kernel: Configuring the Kernel Part 15
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Aloha! In this article of the Linux kernel series, we are still configuring drivers for USB networking. Then, we will move on to input devices.
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First, we can enable/disable the "Multi-purpose USB Networking Framework" which allows connecting laptops to desktop systems.
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Next, the ASIX USB-to-Ethernet adapter driver can be enabled/disabled (ASIX AX88xxx Based USB 2.0 Ethernet Adapters).
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Then, there is another ASIX adaptor driver (ASIX AX88179/178A USB 3.0/2.0 to Gigabit Ethernet).
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NOTE: Generally, it is best to add adapter drivers as modules.
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The Communication Device Class specification is offered in the driver (CDC Ethernet support (smart devices such as cable modems)). This specification is for USB modems. The Linux system recognizes this USB networking interface as an Ethernet interface and will be designated as "ethX" where "X" is the Ethernet device number.
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Next is a specification similar to the above (CDC EEM support). CDC EEM stands for Communication Device Class Ethernet Emulation Model.
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The CDC Network Control Model (NCM) also has a driver that offers the specification (CDC NCM support).
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The driver providing the CDC MBIM (Mobile Broadband Interface Model) specification is also available for the Linux kernel (CDC MBIM support).
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Next, there are several vendor/device specific drivers for various USB networking devices and chipsets.
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After those, there is a generic driver for USB network devices that do not require any special drivers (Simple USB Network Links (CDC Ethernet subset)).
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Again, there are some more drivers for device/vendor specific devices.
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FUN FACT: Linux was used to make the special effects for the movie "Titanic" by James Cameron.
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"CDC Phonet support" is for USB Nokia modems that use Phonet.
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Now, we can move on to Wireless LAN drivers which use the 802.11 specification.
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Mainly, there is a list of vendor/device specific drivers.
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"SoftLED Support" controls the LEDs that are associated with the Wifi cards/devices.
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Some chipsets support SDIO as seen by this driver (Atheros ath6kl SDIO support). SDIO is an extension of the Secure Digital specification for wireless SD cards. SDIO stands for Secure Digital Input/Output.
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Kernel developers may also notice that some wireless devices can support QoS. QoS stands for Quality of Service. This feature gives network transmissions priority. Assume two sets of data need to be sent over a network. Only one can go first. QoS will send the most important data first.
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FUN FACT: Technically, Linux is not an operating system. Linux is the kernel while GNU/Linux is the operating system.
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The "Generic HDLC layer" is needed for WAN cards. HDLC stands for High-Level Data Link Control. This is a data link layer protocol.
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Raw HDLC can be used with the "Raw HDLC support" driver enabled.
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The "Raw HDLC Ethernet device support" driver allows the HDLC layer to emulate Ethernet.
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The cHDLC driver offers a HDLC extension also called Cisco HDLC (Cisco HDLC support).
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The Linux kernel also has a driver for "Frame Relay support" for HDLC. Frame Relay is a Layer 2 protocol.
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HDLC can also support PPP (Synchronous Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) support) and X.25 (X.25 protocol support).
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Next, this driver offers Frame Relay the ability to use DLCI (Frame Relay DLCI support).
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The "LAPB over Ethernet driver" creates a device file that permits the user to make a LAPB point-to-point connection to another computer via Ethernet. The device file is usually /dev/lapb0 for the first of such device.
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X.25 frames can be sent over telephone lines with this driver (X.25 async driver). Specifically, this driver allows X.25 to use asynchronous serial lines.
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A special driver is needed for ISA SBNI12-xx cards (Granch SBNI12 Leased Line adapter support). These cards are inexpensive substitutes for leased line modems.
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The next driver allows parallel connections to carry scheduled traffic (Multiple line feature support). This allows the Linux system to more efficiently manage parallel connection on SBNI12 adapters. Some Linux users claim this driver doubles their speed. However, I have never tested this to know for myself.
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Next, "IEEE 802.15.4 drivers" can be configured. This is for slow WAN devices. This is a standard that controls the media and physical layers of the wireless network. This specification uses different frequencies in different continents. For example, in Europe, such wireless devices will use the 868.0-868.6MHz frequency.
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The first setting in this category is for a fake LR-WPAN driver (Fake LR-WPAN driver with several interconnected devices). LR-WPAN stand for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network.
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FUN FACT: Only about 2% of the current kernel was written by Linus Torvalds.
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The vmxnet3 virtual Ethernet used by VMware requires this driver (VMware VMXNET3 ethernet driver). When making a kernel for a large number of users, it is best to enable this as a module because someone may want to use the Ethernet on VMware.
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The Hyper-V virtual network needs this driver (Microsoft Hyper-V virtual network driver). You may be wondering if this is the same Hyper-V virtual network by Microsoft. It is and yes, Linux supports Hyper-V.
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The digital telephone service, ISDN, is supported by this driver (ISDN support). ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. In France, ISDN is known as RNIS which stands for Réseau numérique à intégration de services. With an ISDN adapter, a computer can start and accept voice calls. This allows computers to be used as answering machines or some other telephone service device. ISDN can also carry video information.
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Now, we can move on to input devices (Input device support). These are devices that give the computer information. Mice and keyboards are the most commonly used and known input devices. Scanners are another example of input devices.
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First, there is a driver that supports various haptic/tactile feed-back devices (Support for memoryless force-feedback devices). For instance, many game controllers vibrate which is haptic/tactile feed-back.
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Some input devices check on the status of the hardware (Polled input device skeleton). Such behavior requires this driver.
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Input devices that use sparse keymaps need this driver (Sparse keymap support library). A keymap is the layout information for keyboards.
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Next, this is another keymap (Matrix keymap support library).
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NOTE: When making a kernel for a broad user group, include most or all input devices as modules because the developer usually does not know what type of devices the users may plugin to the computer.
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FUN FACT: A Vanilla Kernel is a Linux kernel in its original, unchanged state.
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The "Mouse interface" makes two different device files for the mouse. The two device files are /dev/input/mouseX and /dev/input/mice.
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This next driver makes a psaux device file that is an alias to /dev/input/mice (Provide legacy /dev/psaux device). The psaux device file is /dev/psaux.
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If the system has a digitizer, then the horizontal resolution needs to be set (Horizontal screen resolution) and then the vertical resolution (Vertical screen resolution). A digitizer is the type of touch-screen that supports touch-pens that allow users to draw. Other touch-screens cannot support such complex input.
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The next driver supports joysticks and gamepads (Joystick interface). This driver creates the /dev/input/jsX files.
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The "Event interface" driver allows input devices to be accessible via /dev/input/eventX.
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The "Event debugging" driver outputs all input events to the system's log. Do not enable this for any reason other than debugging systems. Obviously, for performance reasons, but the main reason I recommend this be disabled is for security purposes. All key-presses are plainly logged including passwords.
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Next, a list of various keyboard drivers are listed for configuration (Keyboards) followed by mouse drivers (Mice) and then joystick/gamepad drivers (Joysticks/Gamepads).
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After that, various drivers for specific tablet hardware/vendors are listed (Tablets). After that is the driver list for "Touchscreens".
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The last set of input device drivers is a list of miscellaneous drivers for specific hardware and vendors (Miscellaneous devices).
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The next article of this series will discuss input ports. Do not forget to read the other articles of this series and this website. Mahalo!
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**NOTE TO FANS: Thank you** for all of your kind emails telling me how much you all love these articles.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-configuring-the-kernel-part-15.4793/
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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Translating------------geekpi
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20 The Linux Kernel: Configuring the Kernel Part 16
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戴文的Linux内核专题：19 配置内核 (15)
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你好！在这篇Linux系列文章中，我们将继续配置USB网络驱动。接着我们将进入输入设备。
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首先，我们可以启用/禁用"Multi-purpose USB Networking Framework"，这允许连接笔记本到桌面系统上。
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下面，可以启用/禁用ASIX USB-to-Ethernet适配器驱动(ASIX AX88xxx Based USB 2.0 Ethernet Adapters)。
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那么，还有一个ASIX适配器驱动(ASIX AX88179/178A USB 3.0/2.0 to Gigabit Ethernet)。
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注意：通常地，最好将适配器驱动作为模块加入。
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通信设备类规范(Communication Device Class specification)在这个驱动中提供(CDC Ethernet support (smart devices such as cable modems))。这个规范用于USB调制解调器。Linux系统可以将USB网络接口识别为以太网网络接口并且指定为"ethX",这里的"X"是以太设备编号。
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下面是一个与上面类似的规范(CDC EEM support)。CDC EEM代表的是"Communication Device Class Ethernet Emulation Model"(通信设备类以太网仿真模型)。
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CDC网络控制模型(NCM)同样有一个驱动提供了规范(CDC NCM support)。
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这个驱动提供了"CDC MBIM (Mobile Broadband Interface Model)"规范同样也在Linux内核中(CDC MBIM support)。
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下面，有一些供货商/设备特定驱动用于不同的USB网络设备和芯片组。
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在这之后，有一个用于USB网络设备的通用驱动，它不需要任何特殊的驱动(Simple USB Network Links (CDC Ethernet subset))。
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再说一次，还有更多的驱动用于供货商特定设备。
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有趣的事实：Linux被用于制作James Cameron的电影"泰坦尼克"的特效。
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"CDC Phonet support"是用于使用Phonet的Nokia USB调制解调器。(译注：Phonet是Nokia开发的面向数据包的通信协议,仅用于Nokia maemo/meego产品)
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现在，我们可以进入使用802.11规范的无线局域网驱动了。
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主要地，这里有一个供货商/设备特定驱动列表。
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"SoftLED Support"控制着关于Wifi卡/设备的LED灯。
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一些芯片组支持的SDIO在这个驱动中(Atheros ath6kl SDIO support)。SDIO是用于无线SD卡的SD(Secure Digital)规范的扩展。SDIO代表的是"Secure Digital Input/Output"
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内核开发者可能注意到一些无线设备可以支持QoS。QoS代表"Quality of Service"(服务质量)。这个特性给予网络传输优先级。假设需要通过网络传输两组数据。只有一个可以先发送。QoS会先发送最重要的数据。
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有趣的事实：技术上来说，Linux并不是一个操作系统。Linux是一种内核而GNU/Linux是操作系统。。
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WAN卡需要"Generic HDLC layer"。HDLC代表"High-Level Data Link Control"(高级数据链路控制)。这是一个数据链路层协议。
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原生HDLC可以通过"Raw HDLC support"驱动启用。
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"Raw HDLC Ethernet device support"驱动允许HDLC层模拟以太网。
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cHDLC驱动提供了一个HDLC的扩展，同样也称作Cisco HDLC(Cisco HDLC support)。
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Linux内核同样也提供了一个HDLC的"Frame Relay support"(帧中继)驱动。帧中继是2层协议。
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HDLC同样支持PPP(Synchronous Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) support)和X.25(X.25 protocol support)。
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接下来，这个驱动提供了DLCI下的帧中继(Frame Relay DLCI support)。
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"LAPB over Ethernet driver"创建一个允许用户在以太网上使用LAPB的点到点连接到另一台计算机的设备文件。这个设备文件对于第一个此类设备通常是/dev/lapb0。
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用这个驱动，X.25帧可以通过电话线发送(X.25 async driver)。特别地，这个驱动允许X.25使用异步串行。
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对于ISA SBNI12-xx有一种特殊的驱动(Granch SBNI12 Leased Line adapter support)。这种卡对于租用线路的调制解调器是一种便宜的替代。
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下一个驱动允许使用并行连接携带已安排的流量(Multiple line feature support)。这允许Linux系统更加有效地在SBNI12适配器上管理并行连接。一些Linux用户声称这个驱动双倍加速了他们的速度。然而，这个我没有亲身测试了解。
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接下来，可以配置"IEEE 802.15.4 drivers"。这个是对于慢速WAN设备。这是一个控制媒体和无线网络物理层的标准。这个规范在不同的大洲使用不同的频率。不如，在欧洲，这类无线设备会使用868.0-868.6MHz的频率。
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这个目录中的第一个设定是fake LR-WPAN驱动(Fake LR-WPAN driver with several interconnected devices)。LR-WPAN代表"Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network"(低速无线个人网络)。
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有趣的事实：目前内核中只有大约2%的代码是由Linus Torvalds写的。
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VMware使用vmxnet3虚拟以太网需要这个驱动(VMware VMXNET3 ethernet driver)。当在为大量用户编译内核时，最好将这个启用为一个模块，因为一些人可能并不希望在VMware上使用以太网。
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Hyper-V虚拟网络需要这个驱动(Microsoft Hyper-V virtual network driver)。你可能想知道这个是否与微软的Hyper-V相同。使得，Linux支持Hyper-V。
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数字电话服务ISDN由这个驱动提供(ISDN support)。ISDN代表"Integrated Services Digital Network"(综合业务数字网)。在法国，ISDN被称为RNIS，代表" Réseau numérique à intégration de services"。有一台ISDN适配器，计算机可以开始并接收语音呼叫。这允许计算机用来做因待机或者其他一些电话服务设备。ISDN同样也可以携带视频信息。
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现在，我们可以进入输入设备了(Input device support)。这些是给计算机信息的设备。鼠标和键盘是最常被使用和了解的输入设备。扫描仪是另外一种输入设备的例子。
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首先是一个支持不同触觉反馈设备的驱动(Support for memoryless force-feedback devices)。比如，许多游戏控制器的震动就是一种触觉反馈。
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一些输入设备会检测硬件的状态(Polled input device skeleton)。这类行为需要这个驱动。
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使用稀疏键盘映射的输入设备需要这个驱动(Sparse keymap support library)。键盘映射是键盘的布局信息。
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下面，是另外一种键盘映射(Matrix keymap support library)。
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注意：当为广泛的用户组编译内核时，包含大多数或者全部输入设备作为模块，因为通常不知道用户可能插到计算机上的设备类型。
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有趣的事实：Vanilla内核就是Linux自己的原始内核，是未改变的状态。
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"Mouse interface"对于鼠标创建了两个不同的设备文件。这两个设备文件是/dev/input/mouseX 和 /dev/input/mice。
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下一个驱动创建了一个psaux设备文件并且它是/dev/input/mice的别名 (Provide legacy /dev/psaux device)。psaux设备文件是/dev/psaux。
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如果系统有一块数位板，那么需要设置水平分辨率(Horizontal screen resolution)和垂直分辨率(Vertical screen resolution)。数位板是一种支持允许用户绘画的触控笔的触摸屏。另外的触摸屏无法支持如此复杂的输入。
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下一个驱动支持操纵杆和游戏手柄(Joystick interface)。这个驱动会创建/dev/input/jsX文件。
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"Event interface"驱动允许输入设备通过dev/input/eventX访问。
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"Event debugging"驱动会输出所有的输入事件到系统日志中。除了要调试系统否则不要以任何理由启用它。显然地，这么做为了性能原因，但是我这么建议禁用的主要原因是安全目的。所有的按键都会被明文记录下来包括密码。
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下面，列出了不同的键盘(Keyboards)配置驱动，接下来是鼠标(Mice)驱动和操纵杆和游戏手柄(joystick/gamepad)驱动。
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在这之后，列出了不同特定的平板硬件/供货商的不同驱动(Tablets)。在这之后是触摸屏的驱动列表。
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最后一组输入设备驱动是对于特定硬件和供货商的杂项驱动列表(Miscellaneous devices)。
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这个系列的下一篇文章会讨论输入端口。不要忘记阅读这个系列的其他文章和这个网站。谢谢！
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**致粉丝: 谢谢**你们的邮件告诉我你们对这些文章的喜爱。
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.linux.org/threads/the-linux-kernel-configuring-the-kernel-part-15.4793/
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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