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开源硬件起步的 8 个步骤
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============================================================
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> 制造自己的硬件比以往任何时候都更容易，更便宜。以下是你设计、构建和测试你的第一块板子所需的事情。
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著名的计算机科学家阿伦凯（Alan Kay）曾经说过：“认真对待软件的人应该制造他们自己的硬件。” 我认为如今就如 同 1982 年他所说的一样。然而，现在和那时之间的不同是硬件变得越来越快、越来越小，最重要的是：更便宜。 现在可以用 5 美元购买一台完整的电脑。
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随着大公司降低自己产品的价格，能够生产生产级硬件的制造业生态系统得以增长，这些硬件的成本足够便宜，并且达到了普通人都可以接受的程度。这种可用性以及可负担性正在帮助推动诸如众筹和创客运动之类的事情，但同时它们也让更多的个人能够通过开源硬件参与到开源当中。
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> 探索开源硬件
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> * [什么是开源硬件？][1]
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> * [什么是树莓派？][2]
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> * [什么是 Arduino？][3]
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开源硬件和非开源硬件有很多区别，但是开源硬件联盟（OSHWA）定义了一个大多数人同意的定义，如果你熟悉开源软件，这不会听上去太奇怪：
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> “开源硬件（OSHW）是一个指有形的造物：机器、设备或者其它物理东西的术语——其设计向公众发布，任何人可以制造、修改、分发并使用那些造物。”
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我们身边已经有很多开源硬件了。你可能没有注意到你在使用的主板实际上可能是开源硬件。从低调而多能的 [Arduino][13]，一直到像 [BeagleBone][14] 系列和 [C.H.I.P.][15] 计算机这样的完整功能的电脑，有很多开源硬件的例子，还有更多的在设计中。
|
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|
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硬件可能很复杂，对初学者而言有时候不太理解为什么设计需要某些东西。但开源硬件使你不仅可以看到工作示例，还可以更改这些设计，或者在你自己的设计中剔除或复制所需的部分，就如复制和粘贴一样简单。
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### 我该如何开始？
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|
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我们先要指出硬件很“硬”，它很复杂甚至很深奥，你可能用到的工具并不总是最人性化的。任何一个玩微处理器的时间足够长的人都可以向你证实：你会烧坏一些东西，看到神奇的烟雾在某个时刻冒出来。没关系，我们都遇到过，有些人还会反复遭遇，因为我们在做一件事情的前 100 次时都不会得到教训，但不要让这些阻碍你：当做错事情时，你会学到教训，而且你将来还可以将有趣的故事告诉别人。
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|
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#### 建模
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|
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首先要做的是使用现有的电路板、跳线、面包板以及你要连接的任何设备来建模你想要做的事情。在许多情况下，最简单的事情就是在板上添加更多的 LED，并以新颖的方式让它们闪烁起来。这是一个很好的做出原型的方式，也是一个常见的做法。它看上去并不漂亮，你可能会发现你的线接错了，但这些都是原型 - 你只是想证明硬件可以工作。当硬件不工作时，一定要仔细检查一切，不要害怕寻求帮助 - 有时第二双眼睛会发现你奇怪的接地短路。
|
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|
||||
#### 设计
|
||||
|
||||
当你弄清楚你想要构建的硬件，现在是时候把你的想法从跳线和面包板变成实际的设计了。这时事情会变得让人气馁，但是从小处开始，事情上，可以从熟悉加工和处理这样非常小的地方开始，所以为什么不从制作一块带有 LED 和电池的印刷电路板开始？认真地说，这可能听起来过于简单，但在这里有很多新的基础要了解。
|
||||
|
||||
1. **找到一个电子设计自动化（EDA）工具来使用。** 有很多好的开源软件可以选择，但是它们并不总是用户友好的。[Fritzing][5]、[gEDA][6] 还有 [KiCad][7] 都是开源的，并且其可用性一个比一个好。如果你想要尝试更多的商业软件，那么还有一些其他的选择。Eagle 有个受限的免费版本可供使用，有许多的开源硬件是用它设计的。
|
||||
|
||||
2. **在 EDA 工具中设计你的电路板。** 依据你选择的工具，这可能会非常快，或者可能是学习如何设计的很好的练习。这是我建议从小的硬件开始的原因之一。一个带 LED 的电路可以如一块电池、一个电阻、一个 LED 一样简单。电路图非常简单，并且板子也会非常小、非常简单。
|
||||
|
||||
3. **为打样而导出设计。** 这与列表中的下一件事情紧密相连，但如果你以前没有这样做过，这也可能是一个令人困惑的过程。当你在导出时，你会有很多细节需要调整，并且需要以某种方式导出以便电路板工厂能确切知道你要做的。
|
||||
|
||||
4. **找到一个电路板工厂。** 有许多电路板工厂可以制作你的设计，并且一些比其他更加友好及有帮助。一个特别棒的地方是 [OSH Park][8]，这些人非常友好并支持开源硬件。他们也有一个非常扎实的流程来确认你发送给它的就是会被制造的，所以他们值得一试。还有很多其他选择；看看 [PCB Shopper][9]，它可以让你比较不同实体 PCB 商家的价格、周转时间等等。
|
||||
|
||||
5. **等待。** 这或许是在制造你自己的电路板中最难的一部分了，因为它会花费时间将数字部分变成物理产品。计划好两周时间来拿到你的电路板。这是你继续下个项目的绝好时间，买到或确保你当前制造的所有部分都有了，或者随便试试而不要担心。你的第一块电路板是艰难的 - 你现在非常想要，但是保持耐心。
|
||||
|
||||
6. **修补并提升。** 一旦拿到你的板子，是时候上电测试了。如果你是以 LED 电路开始，那么它很容易调试，并且你会得到一些可以工作起来的东西。如果你有更复杂的电路，那么需要有条理并且有耐心。有时候电路不工作，并且你需要用你的调试技能来追踪问题。
|
||||
|
||||
7. **最后，如果你做的是开源硬件，那就发布它。*** 我们谈论的是开源硬件，因此确保它包含了一个许可，发布它、共享它，把它放在人们可以看见你所做的地方。你或许会想写一篇博客并提交到如 Hackaday 上面。
|
||||
|
||||
8. **最重要的是，玩得开心。** 坦白说，如果你在做一些事但是你不开心，你应该停止这样做。开源硬件可以很有趣，虽然有时是困难而且复杂的。但是不是一切都工作：见鬼，我已经设计了一半的电路不工作；或者我（意外地）在电源和接地之间造成了 12 次短路；这些电路板是双层板：是的。我在这个过程中学到了一些东西：非常多，并且我不会再犯同样的错误。我会做出新的板子，但不是这些。（我会支持并盯着这些板子和它们的错误，悲伤的是，它们不会在我盯着它们时感到良心会痛）。
|
||||
|
||||
现在有许多的开源硬件，有许多好的例子从中可以查看、复制、衍生，并且有很多信息使制造硬件变得简单。这就是开源硬件：一个人们制造它们、共享它们的社区，每个人可以制作他们自己的东西并构建他们想要的硬件——而不是他们可以得到的硬件。
|
||||
|
||||
（题图：Thomas Hawk on [Flickr][11]. [CC BY-NC 2.0][12]. 由 Opensource.com 修改）
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
John 'Warthog9' Hawley - John 在 VMWare 的开源项目办公室为上游开源项目工作。在以前的生活中，他曾在 MinnowBoard 开源硬件项目上工作，领导了 kernel.org 的系统管理团队，并在桌面集群变得很酷之前构建了它们。为了乐趣，他构建了多个明星项目，比如一个受欢迎的英国电视节目 K-9 的复制品，在无人机的飞行计算机视觉处理中完成，设计并制作了一堆自己的硬件。
|
||||
|
||||
-------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/17/5/8-ways-get-started-open-source-hardware
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[John 'Warthog9' Hawley][a]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/article/17/5/8-ways-get-started-open-source-hardware
|
||||
[1]:https://opensource.com/resources/what-open-hardware?src=open_hardware_resources_menu
|
||||
[2]:https://opensource.com/resources/what-raspberry-pi?src=open_hardware_resources_menu
|
||||
[3]:https://opensource.com/resources/what-arduino?src=open_hardware_resources_menu
|
||||
[4]:https://opensource.com/tags/hardware?src=open_hardware_resources_menu
|
||||
[5]:http://fritzing.org/home/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.geda-project.org/
|
||||
[7]:http://kicad-pcb.org/
|
||||
[8]:https://oshpark.com/
|
||||
[9]:http://pcbshopper.com/
|
||||
[10]:https://opensource.com/article/17/5/8-ways-get-started-open-source-hardware?rate=jPBGDIa2vBXW6kb837X8JWdjI2V47hZ4KecI8-GJBjQ
|
||||
[11]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/3048157616/in/photolist-5DmB4E-BzrZ4-5aUXCN-nvBWYa-qbkwAq-fEFeDm-fuZxgC-dufA8D-oi8Npd-b6FiBp-7ChGA3-aSn7xK-7NXMyh-a9bQQr-5NG9W7-agCY7E-4QD9zm-7HLTtj-4uCiHy-bYUUtG
|
||||
[12]:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/
|
||||
[13]:https://opensource.com/node/20751
|
||||
[14]:https://opensource.com/node/35211
|
||||
[15]:https://opensource.com/node/24891
|
||||
[16]:https://opensource.com/user/130046/feed
|
||||
[17]:https://opensource.com/users/warthog9
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@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
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# Do you have what it takes to be a software developer?
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The application space is the place to be. A lot of work has been done in the low-level Linux arena, and it continues, but the growth over the last few years has been in the application space. With that being the case, which language are developers utilizing to build these apps? In short, it depends, which I know does not come as a huge surprise. But, with the data that we have, we are able to determine which languages are leading the way.
|
||||
|
||||
The language that finds itself on the top of the mountain is Java. Being around open source software for over 15 years, this was not always the case. Early on, we did not see a lot of interest in Java developers, but boy has that changed. It is the definitive leader in the application space currently. While the numbers have not grown in the last six quarters, the sheer overall number is impressive. On average, companies are asking for Java skills in over 1 in 3 job postings focused on FLOSS. Quite a feat for a language that did not register on the radar years ago. And, based on its heavy use with Android, it would not be a surprise to see this number increase in the future.
|
||||
|
||||
Another language that is used prominently in the application space is C++. While its numbers can't quite compete with that of Java, it still commands a large marketshare in this arena. Whereas Java is asked for in 1 of 3 postings, C++ is required in 1 of 4\. Much like that of Java, its numbers have remained relatively stable over the last six quarters. C++ has always been heavily utilized, and even though Java has superseded it, it remains a highly relevant language.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Moving toward the web application space, there has been a changing of the guard over the years. Early on, the clear choice was to develop most web applications utilizing PHP. As was discussed in the previous article on scripting, this has changed over the years. There appears to have been some deterioration in the usage of PHP in the last couple of years. In the last year and a half alone, there has been a precipitous decline of over 30%. That is an alarming number, and only time will tell if the trend continues.
|
||||
|
||||
Claiming some of PHP's thunder initially was that of Ruby on Rails. For a number of years, I watched companies and developers make that transition. Ruby on Rails went through a period of time where it was “the” language of choice in this space. However, from the numbers we have gathered, it appears that its luster has lost a little of its edge. While it is not experiencing any kind of decline like that of PHP, its numbers have been remained relatively flat, so the growth that it once experienced appears to have stagnated.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The king of the hill, at the moment, in the web application space appears to be Javascript. It garners the largest overall numbers. While its numbers have remained flat, much like Ruby on Rails, it has amassed a larger audience. On average over the last six quarters, companies are requiring Javascript skills in 1,500 of the 10,000 job listings analyzed. That is nearly 70% more than either PHP or Ruby on Rails.
|
||||
|
||||
With PHP in decline and Ruby on Rails and Javascript stagnate, is anyone in the web application space growing? The outlier in this group seems to be Golang. Created by a couple of developers inside Google in 2007, it appears that this language is starting to gain a wider audience. While the overall numbers pale in comparison to the other three discussed, it has seen a 50% increase in the last year and a half. It will be very interesting to watch if this trend continues. In my opinion, I expect that we will continue to see gains in Golang at the expense of the other three.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As always, we will monitor each of these languages moving forward to watch trends in the marketplace. And, a keen eye will be kept on any new entrants that enter the radar. It is an exciting and dynamic area of development; one that will provide results that are ever-changing over time.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linuxcareer.com/do-you-have-what-it-takes-to-be-a-software-developer
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Brent Marinaccio ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.linuxcareer.com/do-you-have-what-it-takes-to-be-a-software-developer
|
||||
[1]:https://www.linuxcareer.com/skills-watch
|
||||
[2]:https://www.linuxcareer.com/do-you-have-what-it-takes-to-be-a-software-developer#
|
||||
194
sources/tech/20170529 Ubuntu GamePack.md
Normal file
194
sources/tech/20170529 Ubuntu GamePack.md
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@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu GamePack
|
||||
===============
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
A lot of people who like to use their Linux system for gaming. There seems to be no shortage of gaming systems which can supply access to games. UALinux is a Ukrainian company which promotes the use of GNU/Linux. UALinux has created a Ubuntu version to fill the gap for gaming. The Operating System (OS) is called Ubuntu GamePack and is based off of Ubuntu 16.04.
|
||||
|
||||
**Contents**
|
||||
|
||||
The list of games would be quite extensive but the company claims there is access to over 22,381 games.
|
||||
|
||||
The GamePack includes Lutris and Steam to allow you access to the specific gaming services the distributer provides.
|
||||
|
||||
For Windows-based games there is PlayOnLinux, WINE and CrossOver so the games will run on Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
For DOS games you can run the games in DosBox which is a DOS emulator for Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
Sparky APTus Gamer is also installed to allow access to numerous gaming console emulators. The emulators include:
|
||||
|
||||
* AdvanceMENU – front-end for AdvanceMAME, AdvanceMESS, MAME, MESS, xmame, Raine and other emulators
|
||||
|
||||
* Atari800 - emulator for Atari 8-bit systems, XE Game System and Atari 5200 SuperSystem
|
||||
|
||||
* DeSmuME - Nintendo DS emulator
|
||||
|
||||
* Desura - digital distribution platform for Windows, Linux and X systems - OnLine installer
|
||||
|
||||
* DOSBox - DOS emulator for BeOS, Linux, Mac X, OS2, and Windows
|
||||
|
||||
* DOSEMU - DOS Emulator for Linux
|
||||
|
||||
* ePSXe - enhanced PSX emulator
|
||||
|
||||
* FCEUX - Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), Famicom and Famicom Disk System (FDS) emulator
|
||||
|
||||
* FS-UAE - Cross-platform Amiga emulator
|
||||
|
||||
* GNOME Video Arcade - Simple MAME frontend
|
||||
|
||||
* Hatari - Atari ST, STE, TT and Falcon emulator for Linux and other systems
|
||||
|
||||
* Higan - Emulator for Nintendos SNES, NES, Gameboy, Gameboy Color and Gameboy Advance
|
||||
|
||||
* Kega_Fusion - Sega SG/SC/SF, Master System, Game Gear, Genesis/Megadrive, SVP, Pico, SegaCD/MegaCD emulator
|
||||
|
||||
* MAME - Hardware emulator which faithfully reproduces the behavior of many arcade machines
|
||||
|
||||
* Mednafen - Atari Lynx, GameBoy, NES, SNES, PC-FX, Sega, Sony PlayStation and other systems
|
||||
|
||||
* MESS - Emulator for various consoles and computing systems
|
||||
|
||||
* Nestopia - Nintendo Entertainment System/Famicom emulator
|
||||
|
||||
* PCSX - Sony PlayStation emulator
|
||||
|
||||
* PlayOnLinux - Front-end for Wine
|
||||
|
||||
* PPSSPP - PPSSPP is an open source PSP emulator available for Windows, MacOS, Linux and Android
|
||||
|
||||
* Steam - launcher for the Steam software distribution service - OnLine installer
|
||||
|
||||
* Stella - Atari 2600 Emulator for SDL and the X Window System
|
||||
|
||||
* VisualBoyAdvance - Full featured Game Boy Advance emulator
|
||||
|
||||
* Virtual Jaguar - Cross-platform emulator for Atari's infamous Jaguar console
|
||||
|
||||
* Wine - Windows implementation
|
||||
|
||||
* Winetricks - a POSIX shell script 'package manager' for WINE to install some Windows software easily
|
||||
|
||||
* Yabause - Sega Saturn emulator
|
||||
|
||||
* ZSNES - Emulator for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System
|
||||
|
||||
The GamePack also includes Oracle Java and Adobe Flash which is needed by quite a few games.
|
||||
|
||||
If this seems to be an OS you are interested in then read on to find out how to download it.
|
||||
|
||||
**Download**
|
||||
|
||||
The main place to download the OS is from UALinux. The link from UALinux is [https://ualinux.com/en/download/category/25-ubuntu-gamepack][1]. Since the link is from a foreign country it is a slow download. Another option is to download the OS from a Torrent file. If you do not have a Torrent program you may want to download ‘Transmission’. Once you have a Torrent program go to [https://zooqle.com/ubuntu-gamepack-16-04-i386-amd64-январь-2017-pc-vkn99.html][2]. The Torrent will allow you to download both the 64-bit and 32-bit ISO files.
|
||||
|
||||
The file sizes vary depending on the architecture you need. The 64-bit OS ISO file is 2.27 GB, while the 32-bit OS ISO file is 2.13 GB.
|
||||
|
||||
Once downloaded you can use the ISO file to create a bootable DVD to install the GamePack or you can use a program like ‘USB Image Writer’ to place the ISO on a USB stick to install it.
|
||||
|
||||
The requirements are the same as Ubuntu 16.04:
|
||||
|
||||
* 2 GHz dual core processor or better
|
||||
|
||||
* 2 GB system memory
|
||||
|
||||
* 25 GB of free hard drive space
|
||||
|
||||
* Either a DVD drive or a USB port for the installer media
|
||||
|
||||
* Internet access is required for online gaming systems such as Steam
|
||||
|
||||
It goes without saying that for gaming you definitely want to have a system with more than these ‘minimum’ requirements. More memory would be a definite plus as well as a decent video card with a fair amount of Video RAM.
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have a system and the specific ISO file for the system, 32- or 64-bit OS, then you are ready to install the Operating System.
|
||||
|
||||
**Installation**
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have the ISO file on a media from which you can boot your system you are ready to continue.
|
||||
|
||||
Boot from the Ubuntu GamePack media and you should see a screen similar to Figure 1.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**FIGURE 1**
|
||||
|
||||
Once everything is loaded the installer can proceed with the installation. Figure 2 shows the next screen which allows you to specify your language and whether you want to install or try the GamePack. If you wish, you can click ‘Try Ubuntu’ to simply load it into memory and try it out without making changes to your drive.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**FIGURE 2**
|
||||
|
||||
Once you are ready to continue select ‘Install Ubuntu’.
|
||||
|
||||
The next screen, Figure 3, allows you to specify whether to download any updates for Ubuntu while installing it. You can also choose to install Third Party software for Graphics, WiFi, Flash, MP3 and other updates.
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have made your selections, press ‘Continue’.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**FIGURE 3**
|
||||
|
||||
Next, you must specify how the drive will be configured for use as shown in Figure 4\. If you plan on using the whole drive, then it may be easier to leave the settings as they are and click ‘Install Now’.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**FIGURE 4**
|
||||
|
||||
As shown in Figure 5 you will be prompted to verify your selection for configuring the hard drive. If you approve the changes then click ‘Continue’.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**FIGURE 5**
|
||||
|
||||
Next you will be prompted to choose your Time Zone as shown in Figure 6\. Click ‘Continue’ once you have set your Time Zone.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**FIGURE 6**
|
||||
|
||||
A window will appear, Figure 7, to allow you to set the default keyboard layout. Choose the correct layout and press ‘Continue’.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**FIGURE 7**
|
||||
|
||||
The last configuration screen is for you to set up a User account as shown in Figure 8\. Type in your name, computer name, User name, password and select if you need to type the password to log onto the system. You can also set to encrypt the Home Folder for this User.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**FIGURE 8**
|
||||
|
||||
The installation should proceed now by setting up the drive as specified. Files will be copied from the boot media to the hard drive as shown in Figure 9\. Once everything is copied to the drive and set up you will be prompted to remove the Boot Media to allow the system to restart.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**FIGURE 9**
|
||||
|
||||
After the restart, if you selected to require the User to log in, then you will be given a screen like Figure 10\. Here you enter the password you specified for the User and log onto Ubuntu GamePack.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**FIGURE 10**
|
||||
|
||||
After you log onto Ubuntu GamePack you should probably try to perform any software upgrades which may be necessary. Open a Terminal and enter the following two commands:
|
||||
|
||||
_sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get upgrade_
|
||||
|
||||
Any updates which are not installed should be installed to bring the GamePack system up-to-date.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, simply look through the menu and find the games you wish to play. Open the emulators or any of the game services like Steam.
|
||||
|
||||
Hope you enjoy the GamePack and have fun!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linux.org/threads/ubuntu-gamepack.4559/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Jarret B ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.linux.org/members/jarret-b.29858/
|
||||
[1]:https://ualinux.com/en/download/category/25-ubuntu-gamepack
|
||||
[2]:https://zooqle.com/ubuntu-gamepack-16-04-i386-amd64-%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C-2017-pc-vkn99.html
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
translating by xllc
|
||||
|
||||
ps_mem – A Simple Python Script To Report Core Memory Usage Accurately In Linux
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
|
||||
Installing Fedora 26 Beta on a MacBook Air
|
||||
======================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Since Fedora 26 Beta came out a few days ago, I decided it was a great time to throw it on my 13" MacBook Air.
|
||||
|
||||
This MacBook Air is a model number A1466 EMC 2925 which looks like a 2015ish model, 8gb mem, 2.2GHz i7, 512gb ssd.
|
||||
|
||||
First thing I did was download the beta. You can grab it from the [GetFedora][1] website. Once you have it downloaded, install it to a usb flash drive. From Linux, you can do this easily with the dd command.
|
||||
|
||||
Plug your USB drive into your computer and tail /var/log/syslog (or /var/log/messages) to see what flies by. You can also do a 'df -h' to show the storage devices to find the correct /dev/sdX.
|
||||
|
||||
In this example, we'll assume the USB flash drive is /dev/sdc
|
||||
|
||||
Code:
|
||||
```
|
||||
dd if=/home/rob/Downloads/Fedora-Workstation-Live-x86_64-26_Beta-1.4.iso of=/dev/sdc bs=8M status=progress oflag=direct
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
That may take a bit.. let it finish out.
|
||||
|
||||
Next, I shut down the macbook, counted to 5 and powered it back on. After hitting the power on button I held down the 'option' button to give me boot options. The image below shows what my choices were:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Click the arrow under 'fedora' and proceed with the install.
|
||||
|
||||
After going through the installation I noticed that I had no wifi. Luckily I had a thunderbolt-to-ethernet dongle since this laptop doesn't actually have an ethernet port. I hopped on google and found some great instructions from [this page][2].
|
||||
|
||||
To set up wifi,
|
||||
Update your kernel
|
||||
|
||||
Code:
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo dnf update kernel
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
(then reboot)
|
||||
|
||||
Install rpmfusion repo
|
||||
|
||||
Code:
|
||||
```
|
||||
su -c 'dnf install -y http://download1.rpmfusion.org/nonfree/fedora/rpmfusion-nonfree-release-$(rpm -E %fedora).noarch.rpm'
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Install akmods and kernel-devel packages
|
||||
|
||||
Code:
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo dnf install -y akmods "kernel-devel-uname-r == $(uname -r)"
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Install the broadcom-wl package from rpmfusion
|
||||
|
||||
Code:
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo dnf install -y broadcom-wl
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Rebuild kernel extensions
|
||||
|
||||
Code:
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo akmods
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Then, reboot and hop on your wifi!
|
||||
|
||||
Messing around a little bit with it so far, I'm very impressed! All of the function keys work that I care about (screen brightness, keyboard backlight, volume).
|
||||
|
||||
Then, in July when the non-beta is released, I'll just dnf my way to it!
|
||||
|
||||
Thanks Fedora!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linux.org/threads/installing-fedora-26-beta-on-a-macbook-air.12464/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Rob ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.linux.org/members/rob.1/
|
||||
[1]:https://getfedora.org/en/workstation/prerelease/
|
||||
[2]:https://gist.github.com/jamespamplin/7a803fd5be61d4f93e0c5dcdea3f99ee
|
||||
84
sources/tech/20170619 Is IoT the Future of Linux.md
Normal file
84
sources/tech/20170619 Is IoT the Future of Linux.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
|
||||
Is IoT the Future of Linux?
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
_Linux will certainly play a key role in the Internet of Things, but it likely will share the spotlight._
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
With [Canonical refocusing][8] on becoming profitable and new technologies, some among us have found ourselves pondering where Linux is headed in the future and whether or not IoT (Internet of Things) is the future of Linux? This article aims to address both issues head on.
|
||||
|
||||
### Mycroft runs Linux
|
||||
|
||||
Unknown to most of the non-tech savvy world, there is in fact a few different IoT projects out there that aren't the over-commercialized ones we keep seeing ads for on the Web. The most successful among there has to be the [Mycroft][9] project.
|
||||
|
||||
Part of what makes Mycroft interesting is that you're not required to get it as stand alone hardware. This means you can actually download it to a Raspberry Pi or even your own PC. This is an element of freedom not found in more commonly known commercialized alternatives from other players in the IoT device space. Another interesting fact about the Mycroft project is that it was initially funded with crowd funding. So from its inception, it was truly a community inspired project.
|
||||
|
||||
So what about its skills, the term used to describe recipes for its abilities? As it stands now, I've heard some mixed reviews. By taking a look into the listed skills available on Github, the overall list seems to be fairly impressive. Digging deeper, it's easy to see that many of the skills are geekier than those found with proprietary IoT devices.
|
||||
|
||||
It's also worth noting that there's a distinctive difference between an official skill for IoT devices and those developed by community members. The official skills list for Mycroft is actually pretty weak. Let's face it, as cool as it is to have Linux running an IoT device, it's mind-blowing to me that there are no official email checking skills listed on the [Mycroft Github][10] page. Okay, there is one for Gmail in the community skills section...and it's listed with a question mark as it's apparently not verified as working (or not).
|
||||
|
||||
### Google Home – It's a Linux puzzle wrapped in a riddle
|
||||
|
||||
So what about Google's IoT offering, Google Home. Surely this runs on Linux, right? Well, in a very broad sense...sort of. It turns out that Google Home is [based on the Chromecast][11]. And the Chromecast? Well, it's based on Google TV. Are we at the Linux part yet? Not exactly.
|
||||
|
||||
Apparently the Chromecast is basically running a [stripped down version of Android][12]. And as most of us know, Android does indeed utilize a customized version of the Linux kernel.
|
||||
|
||||
It's at this point, I feel like we need to ask ourselves – is Google the best representative for Linux IoT that we can come up with? I'd argue no, as I feel like they're willing to make privacy compromises we wouldn't see in a pure Linux IoT environment. But that's just my personal belief.
|
||||
|
||||
Assuming we're willing to give Google Home the benefit of the doubt and assuming that there is some Linux worth recognizing under the hood, how does it compare to the pure open source experience found with Mycroft?
|
||||
|
||||
Currently, Google is crushing it. First of all, you can indeed install the "brains" of Google Home (called Google Assistant) to a Raspberry Pi if you wish to. This is made available through the [Google Assistant SDK][13].
|
||||
|
||||
The SDK is you guessed it...available to be installed on Linux. After installing portaudio, various libs and a pip install of google-assistant-sdk, you're ready to start talking to your Pi much like you would a Google Home device.
|
||||
|
||||
Getting back to the actual Google Home device itself, you might be wondering about its available skills? Out of the box, it provides music playback with Google Play Music, Pandora, Spotify, and iHeart Radio, among other streaming music services. Not only does Google Home have more "conversation" skills available than Mycroft, it works with services like Netflix and home brands such as Philips, Nest and [IFTTT][14] for various smart home tasks. Did I mention it can also schedule stuff on Google Calendar or order pizza?
|
||||
|
||||
Comparatively, Mycroft is better for the DIY developer who is looking to create their own skills where Google Home is ready to roll now, not someday.
|
||||
|
||||
### Amazon Echo can run on Linux
|
||||
|
||||
I'll be first to admit that I have no idea if the Amazon Echo itself runs on some element of Linux or not. That said, I do know you can install the brains behind the Echo onto a Linux powered Raspberry Pi! When it was [first released for the Pi][15], it was a bit of a let down since you had to press a button to activate the Echo's listening mode.
|
||||
|
||||
Flash forward to now, Echo for the Pi now supports a programmable "hot word" to activate it. This means you can run a Pi installed with Linux that operates in a similar manner to an official Amazon Echo. Then again, if you buy an Echo Dot, you could just skip the extra work and save the geeky stuff for a Mycroft install on a Pi instead.
|
||||
|
||||
Just like Mycroft and Google Home, the Amazon Echo being available on a Pi is important as it makes the IoT technology available to anyone – not just those who opt for the official hardware. And because Amazon has had more time to develop the technology, the Echo is arguably ahead of the competition with programmable skills and overall progress.
|
||||
|
||||
So even though Google Home does a far better job answering questions with better answers, the Echo supports more third party IoT devices and some believe has a more natural voice than Google Home. Personally, I think the voices on both devices sound good. But that's just my opinion.
|
||||
|
||||
### IoT is Linux at its best
|
||||
|
||||
Assuming for a minute we continue to see these IoT devices that are compatible with Linux or projects like Mycroft that are genuinely partners with the community using Linux, one thing is for sure – Linux continues to be a part of the equation.
|
||||
|
||||
I would argue that not using a free/open source platform like Linux is just foolish. After all, these devices will often times be connected to other IoT automation components. This means security needs to be a real consideration. Running IoT with Linux under the hood means that we're able as a community to ensure that security is job one, instead of hoping the manufacturer does this for us.
|
||||
|
||||
Need an example as to why this is important? Look to any consumer router not running open source firmware. What happens when the manufacturer stops supporting that device – security risks crop up.
|
||||
|
||||
Is IoT the future of Linux? In my opinion, I think it is...but not in its entirety. I think that for many it will be a stepping ground. But in the end, I think that there will be so much proprietary "stuff" piled on top of the Linux portion that only pure projects like Mycroft will remain Linux only.
|
||||
|
||||
So what say you? Do you think that open source projects like Mycroft are proper competition with Google and Amazon offerings now? Perhaps instead, you feel that there are other Linux based offerings better suited for the job? Whatever it may be, hit the Comments and let's talk about it.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.datamation.com/open-source/is-iot-the-future-of-linux.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Matt Hartley ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.datamation.com/author/Matt-Hartley-3080.html
|
||||
[1]:http://www.datamation.com/feedback/http://www.datamation.com/open-source/is-iot-the-future-of-linux.html
|
||||
[2]:http://www.datamation.com/author/Matt-Hartley-3080.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.datamation.com/e-mail/http://www.datamation.com/open-source/is-iot-the-future-of-linux.html
|
||||
[4]:http://www.datamation.com/print/http://www.datamation.com/open-source/is-iot-the-future-of-linux.html
|
||||
[5]:http://www.datamation.com/open-source/is-iot-the-future-of-linux.html#comment_form
|
||||
[6]:http://www.datamation.com/open-source/is-iot-the-future-of-linux.html#
|
||||
[7]:http://www.datamation.com/author/Matt-Hartley-3080.html
|
||||
[8]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/2017/04/05/growing-ubuntu-for-cloud-and-iot-rather-than-phone-and-convergence/
|
||||
[9]:https://mycroft.ai/
|
||||
[10]:https://github.com/MycroftAI/mycroft-skills
|
||||
[11]:https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2016/5/31/11822032/google-home-chromecast-android
|
||||
[12]:https://www.extremetech.com/computing/162463-chromecast-hacked-its-based-on-google-tv-and-android-not-chrome-os
|
||||
[13]:https://developers.google.com/assistant/sdk/
|
||||
[14]:https://ifttt.com/google_assistant
|
||||
[15]:https://www.raspberrypi.org/blog/amazon-echo-homebrew-version/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,289 @@
|
||||
How To Patch and Protect Linux Kernel Stack Clash Vulnerability CVE-2017-1000364 [ 19/June/2017 ]
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
[][12] Avery serious security problem has been found in the Linux kernel called “The Stack Clash.” It can be exploited by attackers to corrupt memory and execute arbitrary code. An attacker could leverage this with another vulnerability to execute arbitrary code and gain administrative/root account privileges. How do I fix this problem on Linux?
|
||||
|
||||
[][22]
|
||||
The Qualys Research Labs discovered various problems in the dynamic linker of the GNU C Library (CVE-2017-1000366) which allow local privilege escalation by clashing the stack including Linux kernel. This bug affects Linux, OpenBSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD and Solaris, on i386 and amd64\. It can be exploited by attackers to corrupt memory and execute arbitrary code.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is CVE-2017-1000364 bug?
|
||||
|
||||
[From RHN][13]:
|
||||
|
||||
> A flaw was found in the way memory was being allocated on the stack for user space binaries. If heap (or different memory region) and stack memory regions were adjacent to each other, an attacker could use this flaw to jump over the stack guard gap, cause controlled memory corruption on process stack or the adjacent memory region, and thus increase their privileges on the system. This is a kernel-side mitigation which increases the stack guard gap size from one page to 1 MiB to make successful exploitation of this issue more difficult.
|
||||
|
||||
[As per the original research post][14]:
|
||||
|
||||
> Each program running on a computer uses a special memory region called the stack. This memory region is special because it grows automatically when the program needs more stack memory. But if it grows too much and gets too close to another memory region, the program may confuse the stack with the other memory region. An attacker can exploit this confusion to overwrite the stack with the other memory region, or the other way around.
|
||||
|
||||
### A list of affected Linux distros
|
||||
|
||||
1. Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 5.x
|
||||
|
||||
2. Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 6.x
|
||||
|
||||
3. Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server 7.x
|
||||
|
||||
4. CentOS Linux Server 5.x
|
||||
|
||||
5. CentOS Linux Server 6.x
|
||||
|
||||
6. CentOS Linux Server 7.x
|
||||
|
||||
7. Oracle Enterprise Linux Server 5.x
|
||||
|
||||
8. Oracle Enterprise Linux Server 6.x
|
||||
|
||||
9. Oracle Enterprise Linux Server 7.x
|
||||
|
||||
10. Ubuntu 17.10
|
||||
|
||||
11. Ubuntu 17.04
|
||||
|
||||
12. Ubuntu 16.10
|
||||
|
||||
13. Ubuntu 16.04 LTS
|
||||
|
||||
14. Ubuntu 12.04 ESM (Precise Pangolin)
|
||||
|
||||
15. Debian 9 stretch
|
||||
|
||||
16. Debian 8 jessie
|
||||
|
||||
17. Debian 7 wheezy
|
||||
|
||||
18. Debian unstable
|
||||
|
||||
19. SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop 12 SP2
|
||||
|
||||
20. SUSE Linux Enterprise High Availability 12 SP2
|
||||
|
||||
21. SUSE Linux Enterprise Live Patching 12
|
||||
|
||||
22. SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Public Cloud 12
|
||||
|
||||
23. SUSE Linux Enterprise Build System Kit 12 SP2
|
||||
|
||||
24. SUSE Openstack Cloud Magnum Orchestration 7
|
||||
|
||||
25. SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP3-LTSS
|
||||
|
||||
26. SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 11 SP4
|
||||
|
||||
27. SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP1-LTSS
|
||||
|
||||
28. SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12 SP2
|
||||
|
||||
29. SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for Raspberry Pi 12 SP2
|
||||
|
||||
### Do I need to reboot my box?
|
||||
|
||||
Yes, as most services depends upon the dynamic linker of the GNU C Library and kernel itself needs to be reloaded in memory.
|
||||
|
||||
### How do I fix CVE-2017-1000364 on Linux?
|
||||
|
||||
Type the commands as per your Linux distro. You need to reboot the box. Before you apply patch, note down your current kernel version:
|
||||
`$ uname -a
|
||||
$ uname -mrs`
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Linux 4.4.0-78-generic x86_64
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Debian or Ubuntu Linux
|
||||
|
||||
Type the following [apt command][15]/[apt-get command][16] to apply updates:
|
||||
`$ sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get upgrade && sudo apt-get dist-upgrade`
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Reading package lists... Done
|
||||
Building dependency tree
|
||||
Reading state information... Done
|
||||
Calculating upgrade... Done
|
||||
The following packages will be upgraded:
|
||||
libc-bin libc-dev-bin libc-l10n libc6 libc6-dev libc6-i386 linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86 linux-headers-4.9.0-3-amd64 linux-headers-4.9.0-3-common linux-image-4.9.0-3-amd64
|
||||
linux-kbuild-4.9 linux-libc-dev locales multiarch-support
|
||||
14 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
|
||||
Need to get 0 B/62.0 MB of archives.
|
||||
After this operation, 4,096 B of additional disk space will be used.
|
||||
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
|
||||
Reading changelogs... Done
|
||||
Preconfiguring packages ...
|
||||
(Reading database ... 115123 files and directories currently installed.)
|
||||
Preparing to unpack .../libc6-i386_2.24-11+deb9u1_amd64.deb ...
|
||||
Unpacking libc6-i386 (2.24-11+deb9u1) over (2.24-11) ...
|
||||
Preparing to unpack .../libc6-dev_2.24-11+deb9u1_amd64.deb ...
|
||||
Unpacking libc6-dev:amd64 (2.24-11+deb9u1) over (2.24-11) ...
|
||||
Preparing to unpack .../libc-dev-bin_2.24-11+deb9u1_amd64.deb ...
|
||||
Unpacking libc-dev-bin (2.24-11+deb9u1) over (2.24-11) ...
|
||||
Preparing to unpack .../linux-libc-dev_4.9.30-2+deb9u1_amd64.deb ...
|
||||
Unpacking linux-libc-dev:amd64 (4.9.30-2+deb9u1) over (4.9.30-2) ...
|
||||
Preparing to unpack .../libc6_2.24-11+deb9u1_amd64.deb ...
|
||||
Unpacking libc6:amd64 (2.24-11+deb9u1) over (2.24-11) ...
|
||||
Setting up libc6:amd64 (2.24-11+deb9u1) ...
|
||||
(Reading database ... 115123 files and directories currently installed.)
|
||||
Preparing to unpack .../libc-bin_2.24-11+deb9u1_amd64.deb ...
|
||||
Unpacking libc-bin (2.24-11+deb9u1) over (2.24-11) ...
|
||||
Setting up libc-bin (2.24-11+deb9u1) ...
|
||||
(Reading database ... 115123 files and directories currently installed.)
|
||||
Preparing to unpack .../multiarch-support_2.24-11+deb9u1_amd64.deb ...
|
||||
Unpacking multiarch-support (2.24-11+deb9u1) over (2.24-11) ...
|
||||
Setting up multiarch-support (2.24-11+deb9u1) ...
|
||||
(Reading database ... 115123 files and directories currently installed.)
|
||||
Preparing to unpack .../0-libc-l10n_2.24-11+deb9u1_all.deb ...
|
||||
Unpacking libc-l10n (2.24-11+deb9u1) over (2.24-11) ...
|
||||
Preparing to unpack .../1-locales_2.24-11+deb9u1_all.deb ...
|
||||
Unpacking locales (2.24-11+deb9u1) over (2.24-11) ...
|
||||
Preparing to unpack .../2-linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86_4.9.30-2+deb9u1_amd64.deb ...
|
||||
Unpacking linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86 (4.9.30-2+deb9u1) over (4.9.30-2) ...
|
||||
Preparing to unpack .../3-linux-headers-4.9.0-3-amd64_4.9.30-2+deb9u1_amd64.deb ...
|
||||
Unpacking linux-headers-4.9.0-3-amd64 (4.9.30-2+deb9u1) over (4.9.30-2) ...
|
||||
Preparing to unpack .../4-linux-headers-4.9.0-3-common_4.9.30-2+deb9u1_all.deb ...
|
||||
Unpacking linux-headers-4.9.0-3-common (4.9.30-2+deb9u1) over (4.9.30-2) ...
|
||||
Preparing to unpack .../5-linux-kbuild-4.9_4.9.30-2+deb9u1_amd64.deb ...
|
||||
Unpacking linux-kbuild-4.9 (4.9.30-2+deb9u1) over (4.9.30-2) ...
|
||||
Preparing to unpack .../6-linux-image-4.9.0-3-amd64_4.9.30-2+deb9u1_amd64.deb ...
|
||||
Unpacking linux-image-4.9.0-3-amd64 (4.9.30-2+deb9u1) over (4.9.30-2) ...
|
||||
Setting up linux-libc-dev:amd64 (4.9.30-2+deb9u1) ...
|
||||
Setting up linux-headers-4.9.0-3-common (4.9.30-2+deb9u1) ...
|
||||
Setting up libc6-i386 (2.24-11+deb9u1) ...
|
||||
Setting up linux-compiler-gcc-6-x86 (4.9.30-2+deb9u1) ...
|
||||
Setting up linux-kbuild-4.9 (4.9.30-2+deb9u1) ...
|
||||
Setting up libc-l10n (2.24-11+deb9u1) ...
|
||||
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.6.1-2) ...
|
||||
Setting up libc-dev-bin (2.24-11+deb9u1) ...
|
||||
Setting up linux-image-4.9.0-3-amd64 (4.9.30-2+deb9u1) ...
|
||||
/etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools:
|
||||
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.9.0-3-amd64
|
||||
cryptsetup: WARNING: failed to detect canonical device of /dev/md0
|
||||
cryptsetup: WARNING: could not determine root device from /etc/fstab
|
||||
W: initramfs-tools configuration sets RESUME=UUID=054b217a-306b-4c18-b0bf-0ed85af6c6e1
|
||||
W: but no matching swap device is available.
|
||||
I: The initramfs will attempt to resume from /dev/md1p1
|
||||
I: (UUID=bf72f3d4-3be4-4f68-8aae-4edfe5431670)
|
||||
I: Set the RESUME variable to override this.
|
||||
/etc/kernel/postinst.d/zz-update-grub:
|
||||
Searching for GRUB installation directory ... found: /boot/grub
|
||||
Searching for default file ... found: /boot/grub/default
|
||||
Testing for an existing GRUB menu.lst file ... found: /boot/grub/menu.lst
|
||||
Searching for splash image ... none found, skipping ...
|
||||
Found kernel: /boot/vmlinuz-4.9.0-3-amd64
|
||||
Found kernel: /boot/vmlinuz-3.16.0-4-amd64
|
||||
Updating /boot/grub/menu.lst ... done
|
||||
|
||||
Setting up libc6-dev:amd64 (2.24-11+deb9u1) ...
|
||||
Setting up locales (2.24-11+deb9u1) ...
|
||||
Generating locales (this might take a while)...
|
||||
en_IN.UTF-8... done
|
||||
Generation complete.
|
||||
Setting up linux-headers-4.9.0-3-amd64 (4.9.30-2+deb9u1) ...
|
||||
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.24-11+deb9u1) ...
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Reboot your server/desktop using [reboot command][17]:
|
||||
`$ sudo reboot`
|
||||
|
||||
### Oracle/RHEL/CentOS/Scientific Linux
|
||||
|
||||
Type the following [yum command][18]:
|
||||
`$ sudo yum update
|
||||
$ sudo reboot`
|
||||
|
||||
### Fedora Linux
|
||||
|
||||
Type the following dnf command:
|
||||
`$ sudo dnf update
|
||||
$ sudo reboot`
|
||||
|
||||
### Suse Enterprise Linux or Opensuse Linux
|
||||
|
||||
Type the following zypper command:
|
||||
`$ sudo zypper patch
|
||||
$ sudo reboot`
|
||||
|
||||
### SUSE OpenStack Cloud 6
|
||||
|
||||
`$ sudo zypper in -t patch SUSE-OpenStack-Cloud-6-2017-996=1
|
||||
$ sudo reboot`
|
||||
|
||||
### SUSE Linux Enterprise Server for SAP 12-SP1
|
||||
|
||||
`$ sudo zypper in -t patch SUSE-SLE-SAP-12-SP1-2017-996=1
|
||||
$ sudo reboot`
|
||||
|
||||
### SUSE Linux Enterprise Server 12-SP1-LTSS
|
||||
|
||||
`$ sudo zypper in -t patch SUSE-SLE-SERVER-12-SP1-2017-996=1
|
||||
$ sudo reboot`
|
||||
|
||||
### SUSE Linux Enterprise Module for Public Cloud 12
|
||||
|
||||
`$ sudo zypper in -t patch SUSE-SLE-Module-Public-Cloud-12-2017-996=1
|
||||
$ sudo reboot`
|
||||
|
||||
### Verification
|
||||
|
||||
You need to make sure your version number changed after issuing [reboot command][19]
|
||||
`$ uname -a
|
||||
$ uname -r
|
||||
$ uname -mrs`
|
||||
Sample outputs:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
Linux 4.4.0-81-generic x86_64
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### A note about OpenBSD users
|
||||
|
||||
See [this page][20] for more info.
|
||||
|
||||
### A note about Oracle Solaris
|
||||
|
||||
[See this page][21] for more info.
|
||||
|
||||
### References:
|
||||
|
||||
* [The Stack Clash][4]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
作者简介:
|
||||
|
||||
Vivek Gite
|
||||
|
||||
The author is the creator of nixCraft and a seasoned sysadmin and a trainer for the Linux operating system/Unix shell scripting. He has worked with global clients and in various industries, including IT, education, defense and space research, and the nonprofit sector. Follow him on [Twitter][1], [Facebook][2], [Google+][3].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-patch-linux-kernel-stack-clash-vulnerability-cve-2017-1000364/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Vivek Gite ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/+CybercitiBiz
|
||||
[1]:https://twitter.com/nixcraft
|
||||
[2]:https://facebook.com/nixcraft
|
||||
[3]:https://plus.google.com/+CybercitiBiz
|
||||
[4]:https://blog.qualys.com/securitylabs/2017/06/19/the-stack-clash
|
||||
[5]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/howto-patch-linux-kernel-stack-clash-vulnerability-cve-2017-1000364/
|
||||
[6]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/category/centos/
|
||||
[7]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/category/debian-ubuntu/
|
||||
[8]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/category/linux/
|
||||
[9]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/category/redhat-and-friends/
|
||||
[10]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/category/security/
|
||||
[11]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/category/suse/
|
||||
[12]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/category/linux/
|
||||
[13]:https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2017-1000364
|
||||
[14]:https://blog.qualys.com/securitylabs/2017/06/19/the-stack-clash
|
||||
[15]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/ubuntu-lts-debian-linux-apt-command-examples/
|
||||
[16]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-debian-package-management-cheat-sheet.html
|
||||
[17]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-reboot-command/
|
||||
[18]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/rhel-centos-fedora-linux-yum-command-howto/
|
||||
[19]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-reboot-command/
|
||||
[20]:https://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/patches/6.1/common/008_exec_subr.patch.sig
|
||||
[21]:http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/security-advisory/alert-cve-2017-3629-3757403.html
|
||||
[22]:https://www.cyberciti.biz/media/new/faq/2017/06/the-stack-clash-on-linux-openbsd-netbsd-freebsd-solaris.jpeg
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
|
||||
# [Boot Repair Tool - Repair The Most Boot Related Problems][15]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[][1] We all encounter many times the boot related problems and most of them are simply related to **GRUB**. Many people find it way too hard sometimes to enter long commands or search forums to find the way they can solve it. Today I am going to tell you how to use a simple, small software to solve most of the boot related problems. This tool is known as **Boot Repair Tool**. Now no more talk and get to work.
|
||||
|
||||
### How To Install And Use Boot Repair Tool In Linux
|
||||
|
||||
You will need a live bootable pendrive or DVD of your installed OS, so at least you can install the application and use it. Boot into your [OS][17] and open terminal and enter the following commands -
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:yannubuntu/boot-repair
|
||||
sudo apt-get update
|
||||
sudo apt-get install -y boot-repair && boot-repair
|
||||
```
|
||||
[][2] After the installation is complete, you can launch Boot Repair Tool from the apps menu or any way you launch the app in your distro. [][3] You can see Boot Repair in the menu.
|
||||
[][4] Launch it, it will do some scanning. Wait for it to finish.
|
||||
[][5] You will see this screen now which will be saying recommended repair based on the scan. There will also be an advance option in the bottom in which you can configure the aspects of the application. I will recommend inexperienced users to go with recommended repair as it is easy and in most cases does the job.
|
||||
[][6] After choosing recommended updates, it will start the repair. Wait for the further process.
|
||||
[][7] You will see an instruction screen now. Now it is time for our work. Open the terminal and copy and paste the highlighted command in terminal one by one.
|
||||
[][8] After the commands are done you will see a screen asking for confirmation like mentioned above. Select yes by using arrow keys or tab buttons and hit enter to select. Now in **Boot Repair Tool** screen hit forward. [][9] You will see this screen. Copy the command mentioned there and paste it into terminal and hit enter and let it do the job. It will take some time so be patient. It will download GRUB, [kernel][18] or whatever required to repair your boot. [][10] You may see some options to configure where to install GRUB now. Choose yes and then hit enter and you will see the above screen. Use spacebar to select an option and TAB to navigate through options. After choosing and installation of GRUB is finished, you can close Terminal. Now select the forward option in Boot Repair Tool screen.
|
||||
[][11] Now it will do some scanning. It will ask you some options regarding confirmation. Select Yes for every option.
|
||||
[][12] It will show you a successful confirmation message. If not and shows a failed message then a linked will be generated. Go on that link for more assistance.
|
||||
|
||||
After success, reboot your PC. You will see GRUB when you will reboot. You have successfully repaired your PC. Have Fun.
|
||||
|
||||
### Advance Tips For Boot Repair
|
||||
|
||||
It happened with me that on repair when my PC was on dual boot, it failed to recognize [Windows 7 installed on another partition][19]. Here is a simple tip on how to fix it.
|
||||
|
||||
Open a terminal and install os-prober. It is simple and can be found in either software center or via terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
os-prober helps you recognize other OS installed in your PC. [][13] After os-prober is installed, run it via terminal by typing os-prober. If failed then trying running it root. After that run update-grub command. That is all you will get the option to boot into Windows from GRUB.
|
||||
[][14]
|
||||
|
||||
### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
That is all. Now you have successfully repaired your PC. Go now enjoy tweaking around. I will also love to hear your experiences with <u>Boot Repair Tool</u>. Comment below, I am listening. |
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/boot-repair-tool-repair-the-most-boot-related-problems
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[www.linuxandubuntu.com ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/boot-repair-tool-repair-the-most-boot-related-problems
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/boot-repair-tool-repair-the-most-boot-related-problems
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-boot-repair-tool-in-linux_orig.jpg
|
||||
[3]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/run-boot-repair-from-apps-menu_orig.jpg
|
||||
[4]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/scan-boot-issues-with-boot-repair_orig.jpg
|
||||
[5]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/boot-repair-app-menu-to-repair-system_orig.jpg
|
||||
[6]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/apply-recommended-fixes-to-fix-grub-issues_orig.jpg
|
||||
[7]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/fix-the-grub-menu-using-boot-repair_orig.jpg
|
||||
[8]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/confirm-grub-packages-installation_orig.jpg
|
||||
[9]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-grub-menu-and-kernel-to-fix-boot-menu_orig.jpg
|
||||
[10]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-grub_orig.jpg
|
||||
[11]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/scan-for-the-boot-issues_orig.jpg
|
||||
[12]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/fixed-boot-issues-with-boot-rescue_orig.jpg
|
||||
[13]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/install-os-prober_orig.jpg
|
||||
[14]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/uploads/2/1/1/5/21152474/upgrade-grub-in-linux_orig.jpg
|
||||
[15]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/boot-repair-tool-repair-the-most-boot-related-problems
|
||||
[16]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/boot-repair-tool-repair-the-most-boot-related-problems#comments
|
||||
[17]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/category/distros
|
||||
[18]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/linux-kernel-40-codenamed-hurr-durr-im-a-sheep-released-installupgrade-in-ubuntulinux-mint
|
||||
[19]:http://www.linuxandubuntu.com/home/how-to-dual-boot-windows-7-and-ubuntu
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
|
||||
# [Open source social robot kit runs on Raspberry Pi and Arduino][22]
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Thecorpora’s Scratch-ready “Q.bo One” robot is based on the RPi 3 and Arduino, and offers stereo cams, mics, a speaker, and visual and language recognition.
|
||||
|
||||
In 2010, robotics developer Francisco Paz and his Barcelona-based Thecorpora startup introduced the first [Qbo][6] “Cue-be-oh” robot as an open source proof-of-concept and research project for exploring AI capabilities in multi-sensory, interactive robots. Now, after a preview in February at Mobile World Congress, Thecorpora has gone to Indiegogo to launch the first mass produced version of the social robot in partnership with Arrow.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[][7] [][8]
|
||||
**Q.bo One from angle (left) and top**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Like the original, the new Q.bo One has a spherical head with eyes (dual stereoscopic cameras), ears (3x mics), and mouth (speakers), and is controlled by WiFi and Bluetooth. The Q.bo One also similarly features open source Linux software and open spec hardware. Instead of using an Intel Atom-based Mini-ITX board, however, it runs Raspbian on a Raspberry Pi 3 linked to an Arduino compatible mainboard.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[][9]
|
||||
**Q.bo One side views**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The Q.bo One is available on Indiegogo through mid-July starting at $369 (early bird) or $399 in kit form including its built-in Raspberry Pi 3 and Arduino-based “Qboard” controller board. It also sells for $499 fully assembled. The Indiegogo campaign is currently about 15 percent toward its flexible $100,000 goal, and shipments are due in December.
|
||||
|
||||
More proficient roboticists and embedded developers may instead want the $99 package with just the RPi and Qboard PCBs and software, or the $249 version, which gives you the robot kit without the boards. With this package, you could replace the Qboard with your own Arduino controller, and swap out the RPi 3 for another Linux SBC. Thecorpora lists the Banana Pi, BeagleBone, Tinker Board, and [soon to be retired Intel Edison][10], as examples of compatible alternatives.
|
||||
|
||||
<center>
|
||||
[][11]
|
||||
**Q.bo One kit**
|
||||
(click image to enlarge)
|
||||
</center>
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike the 2010 Qbo, the Q.bo One is not mobile aside from its spherical head, which swivels in its base with the help of dual servos in order to track voices and motion. The Robotis Dynamixel servos, which are also found in the open source, Raspberry Pi based [TurtleBot 3][23] robot kit, can move up and down in addition to left and right.
|
||||
|
||||
<center>
|
||||
[][12] [][13]
|
||||
**Q.bo One detail view (left) and Qboard detail**
|
||||
(click images to enlarge)
|
||||
</center>
|
||||
|
||||
The Q.bo One can also be compared with the similarly stationary, Linux-based [Jibo][24] “social robot,” which launched on Indiegogo in 2014 to the tune of $3.6 million. The Jibo has yet to ship, however, with the [latest delays][25] pushing it toward a release sometime this year.
|
||||
|
||||
|
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Q.bo One** |
|
||||
|
||||
We’ll go out on a limb and predict the Q.bo One will ship closer to its Dec. 2017 target. The core technology and AI software has been proven, and so are the Raspberry Pi and Arduino technologies. The Qboard mainboard has already been built and certified for manufacturing by Arrow.
|
||||
|
||||
The open source design suggests that even a mobile version wouldn’t be out of the question. That would make it more like the rolling, humanoid [Pepper][14], a similarly AI-infused conversational robot from Softbank and Aldeberan.
|
||||
|
||||
The Q.bo One has added a few tricks since the original, such as a “mouth” formed by 20 LEDs that light up in different, programmable patterns to mimic lips moving during speech. There are also three touch sensors around head if you want to tap the bot to get its attention. But all you really need to do is speak, and the Q.bo One will swivel and gaze adoringly at you like a cocker spaniel.
|
||||
|
||||
Interfaces include everything you have on the Raspberry Pi 3, which just demolished the competition in our [2017 hacker board survey][15]. An antenna mount is provided for the RPi 3’s WiFi and Bluetooth radios.
|
||||
|
||||
<center>
|
||||
[][16] [][17]
|
||||
**Q.bo One software architecture (left) and Q.bo One with Scratch screen**
|
||||
(click images to enlarge)
|
||||
</center>
|
||||
|
||||
The Qboard (also referred to as the Q.board) runs Arduino code on an Atmel ATSAMD21 MCU, and houses the three microphones, speaker, touch sensors, Dynamixel controller, and the LED matrix for the mouth. Other features include GPIO, an I2C interface, and a micro-USB port that can connect to a desktop computer.
|
||||
|
||||
The Q.bo One can recognize faces and track movements, and the bot can even recognize itself in a mirror. With the help of a cloud connection, the robot can recognize and converse with other Q.bo One bots. The robot can respond to questions with the help of natural language processing, and read aloud with text-to-speech
|
||||
|
||||
Scratch programming is available, enabling the robot’s main function, which is to teach kids about robots and programming. The robot is also designed for educators and makers, and can act as a companion to the elderly.
|
||||
|
||||
The Raspbian based software uses OpenCV for vision processing, and can be programmed with a wide variety of languages including C++. The software also offers hooks to IBM Bluemix, NodeRED, and ROS. Presumably, you could also integrate an [Alexa][18] or [Google Assistant][19] voice agent, although Thecorpora makes no mention of this.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Further information**
|
||||
|
||||
The Q.bo One is available on Indiegogo through mid-July starting at $369 for the full kit and $499 fully assembled. Shipments are expected in Dec. 2017\. More information may be found on the [Q.bo One Indiegogo page][20] and [Thecorpora website][21].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linuxgizmos.com/open-source-social-robot-kit-runs-on-raspberry-pi-and-arduino/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[ Eric Brown][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linuxgizmos.com/open-source-social-robot-kit-runs-on-raspberry-pi-and-arduino/
|
||||
[1]:http://twitter.com/share?url=http://linuxgizmos.com/open-source-social-robot-kit-runs-on-raspberry-pi-and-arduino/&text=Open+source+social+robot+kit+runs+on+Raspberry+Pi+and+Arduino+
|
||||
[2]:https://plus.google.com/share?url=http://linuxgizmos.com/open-source-social-robot-kit-runs-on-raspberry-pi-and-arduino/
|
||||
[3]:http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http://linuxgizmos.com/open-source-social-robot-kit-runs-on-raspberry-pi-and-arduino/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=http://linuxgizmos.com/open-source-social-robot-kit-runs-on-raspberry-pi-and-arduino/
|
||||
[5]:http://reddit.com/submit?url=http://linuxgizmos.com/open-source-social-robot-kit-runs-on-raspberry-pi-and-arduino/&title=Open%20source%20social%20robot%20kit%20runs%20on%20Raspberry%20Pi%20and%20Arduino
|
||||
[6]:http://linuxdevices.linuxgizmos.com/open-source-robot-is-all-eyes/
|
||||
[7]:http://linuxgizmos.com/files/thecorpora_qboone.jpg
|
||||
[8]:http://linuxgizmos.com/files/thecorpora_qboone2.jpg
|
||||
[9]:http://linuxgizmos.com/files/thecorpora_qboone_side.jpg
|
||||
[10]:http://linuxgizmos.com/intel-pulls-the-plug-on-its-joule-edison-and-galileo-boards/
|
||||
[11]:http://linuxgizmos.com/files/thecorpora_qboone_kit.jpg
|
||||
[12]:http://linuxgizmos.com/files/thecorpora_qboone_detail.jpg
|
||||
[13]:http://linuxgizmos.com/files/thecorpora_qboone_qboard.jpg
|
||||
[14]:http://linuxgizmos.com/worlds-first-emotional-robot-runs-linux/
|
||||
[15]:http://linuxgizmos.com/2017-hacker-board-survey-raspberry-pi-still-rules-but-x86-sbcs-make-gains/
|
||||
[16]:http://linuxgizmos.com/files/thecorpora_qboone_arch.jpg
|
||||
[17]:http://linuxgizmos.com/files/thecorpora_qboone_scratch.jpg
|
||||
[18]:http://linuxgizmos.com/how-to-add-alexa-to-your-raspberry-pi-3-gizmo/
|
||||
[19]:http://linuxgizmos.com/free-raspberry-pi-voice-kit-taps-google-assistant-sdk/
|
||||
[20]:https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/q-bo-one-an-open-source-robot-for-everyone#/
|
||||
[21]:http://thecorpora.com/
|
||||
[22]:http://linuxgizmos.com/open-source-social-robot-kit-runs-on-raspberry-pi-and-arduino/
|
||||
[23]:http://linuxgizmos.com/ubuntu-driven-turtlebot-gets-a-major-rev-with-a-pi-or-joule-in-the-drivers-seat/
|
||||
[24]:http://linuxgizmos.com/cheery-social-robot-owes-it-all-to-its-inner-linux/
|
||||
[25]:https://www.slashgear.com/jibo-delayed-to-2017-as-social-robot-hits-more-hurdles-20464725/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
|
||||
|
||||
translating by xllc
|
||||
|
||||
3 mistakes to avoid when learning to code in Python
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,99 +0,0 @@
|
||||
8 种方式开始使用开源硬件
|
||||
============================================================
|
||||
|
||||
### 制造自己的硬件比以往任何时候都更容易，更便宜。以下是你需要设计，构建和测试你的第一块电路板。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
>图片提供： Thomas Hawk on [Flickr][11]. [CC BY-NC 2.0][12]. 由 Opensource.com 修改
|
||||
|
||||
著名的计算机科学家 Alan Kay 曾经说过：“认真对待软件的人应该制造它们自己的硬件。” 我认为今天就如 1982 年他所说的一样真实。然而，现在和那时之间的变化是硬件变得越来越快，越来越小，最重要的是：更便宜。 现在可以用 5 美元购买一台完整的电脑。
|
||||
|
||||
随着大公司降低自己产品的价格，它发展了一个能够生产生产级硬件的制造业生态系统，它的成本足够便宜，并且达到了普通人都可以接受的程度。这种可用性以及可负担性正在帮助推动诸如众筹和制造商运动之类的事情，但他们也让更多的个人能够通过开源硬件参与开源。
|
||||
|
||||
探索开放硬件
|
||||
|
||||
* [什么是开放硬件？][1]
|
||||
|
||||
* [什么是树莓派？][2]
|
||||
|
||||
* [什么是 Arduino？][3]
|
||||
|
||||
* [我们最新的开放硬件文章][4]
|
||||
|
||||
什么是或者不是开源硬件有很多区别，但是开源硬件联盟（OSHWA）定义了一个大多数人同意的定义，如果你熟悉开源软件，这不会听上去太奇怪：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
> “开源硬件（OSHW）是有形人工机器、设备或者其他物理东西的术语-其设计像公众发布，任何人可以制造、修改、分发并使用那些。”
|
||||
|
||||
周围已经有很多开源硬件了。你可能没有注意到你在使用的主板可能实际上是开放的硬件。从[低调]但通用的[Arduino][13]，一直到像 [BeagleBone][14] family 和 [C.H.I.P.][15] 计算机这样的完整功能的电脑，这有很多开放硬件的例子，还有更多的在设计中。
|
||||
|
||||
硬件可能很复杂，对初学者而言为什么设计需要这些有时不太明显。但开源硬件使你不仅可以看到工作示例，还可以更改这些设计，或者在你自己的设计中复制所需的部分，就如复制和粘贴一样简单。
|
||||
|
||||
### 我该如何开始？
|
||||
|
||||
我们先要指出硬件很难，它很复杂，有时是深奥的，你可能用到的工具并不总是最人性化的。任何一个玩微处理器的时间足够长的人都可以证明有一种可能：你会烧坏一些东西，看到神奇的烟雾在某个时刻冒出来。没关系，我们都做过，有些人还会反复做，因为我们在做一件事情的前 100 次时都不会得到教训，但不让让这阻碍你：当做错事情时，你会学到教训，而且你将来还会有有趣的故事告诉别人。
|
||||
|
||||
### 建模
|
||||
|
||||
首先要做的是开始使用现有的电路板，跳线、面包板以及你要连接的任何设备来建模你想要做的事情。在许多情况下，最简单的事情就是在板上添加更多的 LED，并以新颖的方式让它们闪烁。这是一个很好的出原型的方式，也是一个很常见的事情。它看上去不漂亮，你可能会发现你的线接错了，但这些都是原型 - 你只是想证明硬件可以工作。当硬件不工作时，一定要仔细检查一切，不要害怕寻求帮助 - 有时第二双眼睛会发现你奇怪的接地短路。
|
||||
|
||||
### 设计
|
||||
|
||||
当你弄清楚你想要构建的硬件，现在是时候把你的想法从跳线和面包板变成实际的设计了。这时事情会变得让人气馁，但是从小的开始，事情上，可以从熟悉加工和流程这样非常小的开始，所以为什么不制作一块带有 LED 和电池的印刷电路板？认真地说，这可能听起来过于简单，但在这里有很多新的基础要了解。
|
||||
|
||||
1. **找到一个电子设计自动化（EDA）工具来使用。** 这有很多好的开源软件可以选择，但是它们并不总是用户友好的。[Fritzing][5]、[gEDA][6] 还有 [KiCad ][7] 都是开源的，并以可用性升序排序。如果你想要尝试更多的商业软件，那么还有一些其他的选择。Eagle 有受限的免费版本使用，有许多的开源硬件是用它设计的。
|
||||
|
||||
2. **在 EDA 工具中设计你的电路板。** 依据你选择的工具，这可能会非常快，或者可能是学习如何设计的很好的练习。这是我建议从小的硬件开始的原因之一。一个带 LDED 的电路可以如一块电池、一个电阻、一个 LED 一样简单。电路图非常简单，并且布局也会非常小、非常简单。
|
||||
|
||||
3. **为制造导出设计。** 这与列表中的下一件事情紧密相连，但如果你以前没有这样做，这也可能是一个令人困惑的过程。当你在导出时，你会有很多细节需要调整，并且需要以某种方式导出以便电路板工厂能确切知道你要做的。
|
||||
|
||||
4. **找到一个电路板工厂。** 有许多电路板工厂可以制作你的设计，并且一些比其他更加友好及有帮助。一个特别棒的地方是 [OSH Park][8]，这些人非常友好并支持开源硬件。他们也有一个非常扎实的流程来确认你发送给它的就是会被制造的，所以他们值得一试。还有很多其他选择; 看看 [PCB Shopper][9]，它可以让你比较不同实体 PCB 商家的价格、周转时间等等。
|
||||
|
||||
5. **等待。** 这或许是在制造你自己的电路板中最难的一部分了，因为它会花费时间将数字部分变成物理产品。计划好两周时间来拿到你的电路板。这是你继续下个项目的绝好时间，确保或获取你当前制造的所有部分，或者通常上尝试不要担心。你的第一块电路板是艰难的 - 你现在非常想要，但是保持耐心。
|
||||
|
||||
6. **修补并提升。** 一旦拿到你的板子，是时候上电测试了。如果你是以 LED 电路开始，那么它很容易调试，并且你会得到一些可以工作的东西。如果你有更复杂的电路，那么需要有条理并且有耐心。有时候电路不会工作，并且你需要用你的调试技能来追踪问题。
|
||||
|
||||
7. **最后，如果你做的是开源硬件，那就发布它。*** 我们谈论的是开源硬件，因此确保包含了一个许可，但是发布它、共享它，把它放在人们可以看见你所做的地方。你或许会想写一篇博客并提交到如 Hackaday 上面。
|
||||
|
||||
8. **最重要的是，玩得开心。** 坦白说，如果你在说一些事但是你不开心，你应该停止这样做。开源硬件可以很有趣，虽然有时是困难而且复杂的。但是不是一切都会正常。见鬼，我已经设计了一半的电路不工作，或者我（意外地）在电源和接地之间造成了 12 次短路。这些电路板是双层板：是的。我在这个过程中学到了一些东西：非常多，并且我不会再犯同样的错误。我会做出新的板子，但不是这些。（我会支持并盯着这些板子和它们的错误，悲伤的是，它们不会在我盯着它们时感到难受）。
|
||||
|
||||
build the hardware that they want—not the hardware they can get.
|
||||
现在有许多的开源硬件，以及从中可以查看、复制、衍生，并且有很多信息使制造硬件变得简单。这就是开源硬件：一个社区的人们制造它们，共享它们，这样每个人可以制作他们自己的东西并构建他们想要的硬件 - 而不是他们可以得到的硬件。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
作者简介：
|
||||
|
||||
John 'Warthog9' Hawley - John 在 VMWare 的开源项目办公室为上游开源项目工作。在以前的生活中，他曾在 MinnowBoard 开源硬件项目上工作，领导了 kernel.org 上的系统管理团队，并在桌面集群变得很酷之前构建了它们。为了乐趣，他构建了多个明星项目，一个受欢迎的英国电视节目 K-9 的复制品，在无人机的飞行计算机视觉处理中完成，设计并制作了一堆自己的硬件。
|
||||
|
||||
-------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/17/5/8-ways-get-started-open-source-hardware
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[John 'Warthog9' Hawley ][a]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/article/17/5/8-ways-get-started-open-source-hardware
|
||||
[1]:https://opensource.com/resources/what-open-hardware?src=open_hardware_resources_menu
|
||||
[2]:https://opensource.com/resources/what-raspberry-pi?src=open_hardware_resources_menu
|
||||
[3]:https://opensource.com/resources/what-arduino?src=open_hardware_resources_menu
|
||||
[4]:https://opensource.com/tags/hardware?src=open_hardware_resources_menu
|
||||
[5]:http://fritzing.org/home/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.geda-project.org/
|
||||
[7]:http://kicad-pcb.org/
|
||||
[8]:https://oshpark.com/
|
||||
[9]:http://pcbshopper.com/
|
||||
[10]:https://opensource.com/article/17/5/8-ways-get-started-open-source-hardware?rate=jPBGDIa2vBXW6kb837X8JWdjI2V47hZ4KecI8-GJBjQ
|
||||
[11]:https://www.flickr.com/photos/thomashawk/3048157616/in/photolist-5DmB4E-BzrZ4-5aUXCN-nvBWYa-qbkwAq-fEFeDm-fuZxgC-dufA8D-oi8Npd-b6FiBp-7ChGA3-aSn7xK-7NXMyh-a9bQQr-5NG9W7-agCY7E-4QD9zm-7HLTtj-4uCiHy-bYUUtG
|
||||
[12]:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/
|
||||
[13]:https://opensource.com/node/20751
|
||||
[14]:https://opensource.com/node/35211
|
||||
[15]:https://opensource.com/node/24891
|
||||
[16]:https://opensource.com/user/130046/feed
|
||||
[17]:https://opensource.com/users/warthog9
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user