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如何在Linux上验证下载文件的可靠性和完整性
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使用 GnuPG 加密签名来验证下载文件的可靠性和完整性
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================================================================================
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当你从网上下载一个文件后（比如：安装程序、ISO镜像或者一个压缩包），文件可能在不同的情况下发生了损坏，比如：由于线路传输错误、中断的下载、存储硬件错误、文件系统错误等等。除了这些错误，文件还可能在下载前或者下载中的攻击而被有意地篡改了。比如，一个攻破证书颁发机构的攻击者可以实施一个MITM攻击（中间人攻击），欺骗你从HTTPS网站上下载隐藏恶意软件的文件。
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要保护你自己免受这些问题的困扰，建议你验证你从网上下载的文件的可靠性和完整性。特别是你下载了一个非常敏感的文件的时候）（比如：操作系统镜像、二进制应用程序、可执行安装包等等），盲目地相信下载的文件不是一个好习惯。
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要保护你自己免受这些问题的困扰，建议你去验证从网上下载的文件的可靠性和完整性。特别是你下载了一个非常敏感的文件的时候）（比如：操作系统镜像、二进制应用程序、可执行安装包等等），盲目地相信下载的文件不是一个好习惯。
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一个快速和简单地验证下载文件的完整性的方法是使用不同的校验工具（比如：md5sum、sha356sum、cksum）来计算和比较校验码（比如：MD5、SHA、CRC）。然而，然而校验容易受到[碰撞攻击][1]，而且同样不能用于验证文件的可靠性（比如：拥有者）。
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integrity by using GnuPG (GNU Privacy Guard).
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如果你想要同时验证下载文件的可靠性（拥有者）和完整性（内容），你需要依赖于加密签名。本教程中，我会描述如何使用GnuPG（GNU Privacy Guard）来检查文件的可靠性和完整性。
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本例中我会验证一个从https://onionshare.org上下载的磁盘镜像。这个网站中，发行商会提供他们的公钥，还有它用于密钥验证的指纹。
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本例中我会验证一个从 https://onionshare.org 上下载的磁盘镜像。这个网站中，发行商会提供他们的公钥，还有它用于密钥验证的指纹。
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至于下载的文件，发行上也会提供它相关的PGP签名。
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至于下载的文件，发行商也会提供它相关的PGP签名。
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@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ integrity by using GnuPG (GNU Privacy Guard).
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在生成中间，你会被要求提供你的姓名和email，还有保护你私钥的密码。你同样也可以在键对要过期的时候选择（默认不会过期）。依赖于你选择的key的大小（在1024和4096位之间），key生成会花上几分钟或者更多，这由于它要求收集来自你桌面活动的大量的随机数据。（比如键盘输入、鼠标移动、磁盘访问等等）。
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在生成键对期间，你会被要求提供你的姓名和email，还有保护你私钥的密码。你同样也可以选择键对何时过期（默认不会过期）。依赖于你选择的key的大小（在1024和4096位之间），key生成会花上几分钟或者更多，同时它要求收集来自你桌面活动的大量的随机数据。（比如键盘输入、鼠标移动、磁盘访问等等，所以这个时候随便动动鼠标键盘什么的）。
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一旦key生成完毕后，公钥和私钥会存储在~/.gnupg目录。
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@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ integrity by using GnuPG (GNU Privacy Guard).
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验证下载文件的第一步是与任何提供文件下载的人建立信任。出于此，我们下载了这个文件的公钥，并且验证公钥的拥有者是否是他或者她自称的。
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在下载玩文件拥有者的公钥后：
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在下载完文件拥有者的公钥后：
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$ wget https://onionshare.org/signing-key.asc
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@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ integrity by using GnuPG (GNU Privacy Guard).
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一旦拥有者的共要导入后，他会像下面那样打印出一个key ID（比如："EBA34B1C"）。记住这个key ID。
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一旦拥有者的公钥导入后，他会像下面那样打印出一个key ID（比如："EBA34B1C"）。记住这个key ID。
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现在，运行下面的命令检查导入的公钥的指纹：
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@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ integrity by using GnuPG (GNU Privacy Guard).
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你会看到key的指纹字符串。把这个和网站上显示的指纹做对比。如果匹配，你可以选择信任这个文件拥有者的公钥。
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一旦你决定相信这个公钥，你可以通过编辑key来标记它：
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一旦你决定相信这个公钥，你可以通过编辑key来设置信任级别：
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$ gpg --edit-key EBA34B1C
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@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ integrity by using GnuPG (GNU Privacy Guard).
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要注意的是不需要这样明确地给一个公钥指派信任，通过key的导入隐式地信任往往就够了。
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给一个key隐式地分配给“完全”的信任就是任何其他由这个完全信任签名的key X都会被认为是对你有效的。通常上，key验证依赖于一个复杂的机制称之为“[信任网][2]”
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给一个key隐式地分配给“完全”的信任就是任何其他由这个完全信任签名的key X都会被认为是对你有效的。通常上，key验证依赖于一个称之为“[信任网][2]”的复杂机制。
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回到教程，现在让我们检查导入的key列表。
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@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ integrity by using GnuPG (GNU Privacy Guard).
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一旦你建立了与文件拥有者和他的/她的公钥之间的信任关系，我们需要验证你从拥有者那边下载的文件的可靠性和完整性了。
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本例中，文件拥有者分别公布了一个文件和它相关的PGP签名（.asc）。签名的角色就是认证并且在文件中加入一个时间戳
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本例中，文件拥有者分别公布了一个文件和它相关的PGP签名（.asc）。签名所起的作用就是认证（文件）并且在其中加入一个时间戳。
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一个典型的签名（*.asc）看上去像这样。
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@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/verify-authenticity-integrity-downloaded-file.html
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作者：[Dan Nanni][a]
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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@ -46,7 +46,7 @@
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$ python -V
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$ python --version
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如果你的Python CGI脚本要用来处理用户输入的数据(从一个web输入表单)，然后你将需要导入Python cgi模块。这个模块可以处理用户通过web输入表单输入的数据。你可以在你的脚本中通过下面的语句导入该脚本：
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如果你的Python CGI脚本要用来处理用户输入的数据(从一个web输入表单)，那么你将需要导入Python cgi模块。这个模块可以处理用户通过web输入表单输入的数据。你可以在你的脚本中通过下面的语句导入该脚本：
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import cgi
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@ -110,7 +110,7 @@
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</form>
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</html>
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当"Submit"按钮点击，/var/www/cgi-bin/myscript-2.py脚本将被执行(通过action参数指定)。/var/www//html/page2.html显示在web浏览器中的图片如下所示(注意，三个输入域已经被填写了)：
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当"Submit"按钮点击，/var/www/cgi-bin/myscript-2.py脚本将被执行(通过action参数指定)。/var/www//html/page2.html显示在web浏览器中的图片如下所示(注意，三个输入域已经被填写好了)：
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@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
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print "</p>"
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print "</html>"
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正如前面提到，import cgi语句需要用来确保能够处理用户通过web输入表单输入的数据。web输入表单被封装在一个表单对象中，叫做cgi.FieldStorage对象。一旦开始，"Content-Type: text/html"是必需的，因为web服务器需要知道接受自CGI脚本的输出格式。用户输入的数据在包含form["firstName"].value，form["lastName"].value, and form["position"].value的语句中被接受。那些中括号中的名称和**/var/www/html/page2.html**文本输入域中定义的名称参数一致。
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正如前面提到，import cgi语句用来确保能够处理用户通过web输入表单输入的数据。web输入表单被封装在一个表单对象中，叫做cgi.FieldStorage对象。一旦开始输出，"Content-Type: text/html"是必需的，因为web服务器需要知道接受自CGI脚本的输出格式。用户输入的数据在包含form["firstName"].value，form["lastName"].value，和 form["position"].value的语句中可以得到。那些中括号中的名称和**/var/www/html/page2.html**文本输入域中定义的名称参数一致。
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当网页上的"Submit"按钮被点击，下面的网页将被返回。
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@ -149,7 +149,7 @@ via: http://xmodulo.com/create-use-python-cgi-scripts.html
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作者：[Joshua Reed][a]
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译者：[su-kaiyao](https://github.com/su-kaiyao)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
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||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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@ -1,9 +1,8 @@
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Linux FAQs with Answers--How to convert a text file to PDF format on Linux
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Linux 有问必答 --如何在Linux上将文本文件转换成PDF格式
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Linux 有问必答：在Linux上如何将文本文件转换成PDF格式
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================================================================================
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> **提问**： 我想要将一个纯文本文件转换成PDF文档。是否有一个简单的方法在Linux命令行下将文本文件转换成PDF文件？
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> **提问**： 我想要将一个纯文本文件转换成PDF文档。在Linux命令行下是否有一个简单的方法将文本文件转换成PDF文件？
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当你有一打文本文件要维护的时候，把它们转换成PDF文档有一些好处。比如，PDF对打印更友好因为PDF文档有预定义布局。除此之外，还可以减少文档被意外修改的风险。
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当你有一大堆文本文件要维护的时候，把它们转换成PDF文档会好一些。比如，PDF更适合打印，因为PDF文档有预定义布局。除此之外，还可以减少文档被意外修改的风险。
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要将文本文件转换成PDF格式，你要按照下面的两步。
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@ -27,7 +26,7 @@ Linux 有问必答 --如何在Linux上将文本文件转换成PDF格式
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准备工作完成之后，按照下面的两步从文本文件生成一个PDF文件
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首先，将文本文件使用enscript命令行工具转换成postscript格式。
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首先，使用enscript命令行工具将文本文件转换成postscript格式。
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$ enscript -p output.ps input.txt
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@ -40,6 +39,6 @@ Linux 有问必答 --如何在Linux上将文本文件转换成PDF格式
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via: http://ask.xmodulo.com/convert-text-to-pdf-linux.html
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译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
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||||
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||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
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@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
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如何让树莓派默认以图形界面启动
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如何让树莓派默认启动进入图形界面
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================================================================================
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我买树莓派已经有一段时间了，但是实话说我几乎还没有用它做过什么事情。自从我的Dell超级本送到Dell服务中心后（已经有数星期了），我再次开始使用树莓派作为替代。
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我之前已经写过一篇[如何在Ubuntu中在SD卡上安装Raspbian系统][1]。我也重装了一次树莓派。第一次启动的时候我漏掉了一件事情就是设置图形界面。这样当我再次启动树莓派的时候，我直接进入了命令行。我该接下来如何运行Respbian图形界面呢？
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我之前已经写过一篇[在Ubuntu中如何在SD卡上安装Raspbian系统][1]。我也重装了一次树莓派。第一次启动的时候我漏掉了一件事情就是设置图形界面。这样当我再次启动树莓派的时候，我直接进入了命令行。我该接下来如何运行Respbian图形界面呢？
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### 设置Raspbian图形启动 ###
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入Raspbian系统的命令行界面，不用失望，因为很容易设置树莓派以图形界面启动。让我们看看该如何做。
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当你第一次安装Raspbian系统时，确实有一些选项需要你来配置，由于匆忙，我没有注意到这些，只是快速完成屏幕上的选项。如果你遇到了和我一样的情况，最终只是进入到了Raspbian操作系统的命令行界面，不要失望，因为设置树莓派以图形界面启动很容易。让我们看看该如何操作。
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### 第一步: ###
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@ -24,14 +24,13 @@
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#### 第三步: ####
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在这个配置界面下， 寻找**Enable Boot to Desktop/Scratch**这个选项。用箭头、tab和/或者回车键的组合来选中它（我忘记该使用哪一个了）。
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在这个配置界面下， 寻找**Enable Boot to Desktop/Scratch**这个选项。用箭头、tab和/或者回车键的组合来选中它（我忘记使用的是哪些了）。
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#### 第四步: ####
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下一屏中，选择**Desktop Login as user ‘Pi’ at the graphical desktop.
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**
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下一屏中，选择** Desktop Login as user ‘Pi’ at the graphical desktop. **
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@ -45,7 +44,7 @@
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我希望这边教程能够帮助你设置你的树莓派默认以图形界面启动。欢迎在评论区留下你的问题和建议。
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||||
我希望这个教程能够帮助设置你的树莓派默认启动进入图形界面。欢迎在评论区留下你的问题和建议。
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||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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@ -53,9 +52,9 @@ via: http://itsfoss.com/raspberry-pi-gui-boot/
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||||
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||||
作者：[Abhishek][a]
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||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[Caroline](https://github.com/carolinewuyan)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://itsfoss.com/author/Abhishek/
|
||||
[1]:http://itsfoss.com/tutorial-how-to-install-raspberry-pi-os-raspbian-wheezy/
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||||
[1]:http://itsfoss.com/tutorial-how-to-install-raspberry-pi-os-raspbian-wheezy/
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||||
@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
|
||||
After an 18 Month Gap, Opera for Linux Returns With New Stable Release
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||||
================================================================================
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**The first stable release of Opera for Linux in more than 18 months is now available for download.**
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||||
|
||||
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||||
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Hello again, Opera!
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||||
|
||||
Opera for Computers for Linux 26 (no really, that’s its name) features a complete top-to-bottom overhaul, new features, and better performance thanks to its Aura and Blink underpinnings (yes, it’s no longer based on the proprietary Presto web engine).
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#### Features ####
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The browser [wiggled its toes in tux-friendly waters back in June with the launch of a developer preview][1], but if you last tried Opera when it looked like this, you’ll want to grab some smelling salts: things have changed.
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|
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注：youtube 视频，发布时可换成链接地址
|
||||
<iframe width="750" height="422" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/-kS10C2BUOs?feature=oembed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
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||||
|
||||
Alongside an impressive new look and blazing fast, standards-compliant rendering engine come many new and improved features.
|
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|
||||
- **Discover** — Shows articles from around the web in a range of categories
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||||
- **Speed Dial** — Supports interactive widgets, folders, and themes
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||||
- **Tab Peek** — Preview the content of an open tab without switching back to it
|
||||
- **Opera Turbo** — Data-saving mode ideal for patchy connections
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- **Rich bookmarking** — including new sharing functionality
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- **Add-ons** — compatible with Chrome extensions, too
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- **Support for HiDPI displays on Linux**
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### Download Opera for Linux 26 ###
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Opera say those running Opera 12.6 on a 64-bit version of Ubuntu still supported by Canonical will automatically receive this new update through the Ubuntu Software Center.
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But in all honesty I’m not sure anyone is in that boat! So, helpfully, a Debian installer can be downloaded from the Opera website. This will also add the Opera repository to your Software Sources to enable you to receive future updates in a timely fashion.
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|
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- [Download Opera for Computers for Linux 26][2]
|
||||
|
||||
Feel free to kit your new browser out with our nifty Opera Add-On, too:
|
||||
|
||||
- [Install OMG! Ubuntu! Opera Extension][3]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Important Notice about Linux Support ####
|
||||
|
||||
**Opera for Linux is 64-bit only**. The company say this decision was made based on ‘what most Linux desktop users have installed’. While annoying it is part of a larger overall trend away from 32-bit software, with Opera for Mac also being 64-bit exclusive, too.
|
||||
|
||||
In another case of “spending limited resources wisely”, this release is only being officially supported on Ubuntu (and ‘buntu-based derivatives, including Linux Mint).
|
||||
|
||||
Users on other distributions, from Arch to openSUSE, can still install Opera for Linux but will need to [use a (fairly simple) workaround][4] or hunt down an unofficial repository.
|
||||
|
||||
**If you give it a spin let us know what you make of it in the comments below.**
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/12/new-opera-for-linux-goes-stable-download-now
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
|
||||
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/06/opera-linux-chromium-download-released
|
||||
[2]:http://opera.com/computer/linux
|
||||
[3]:https://addons.opera.com/en/extensions/details/omg-ubuntu-for-opera/?display=en
|
||||
[4]:https://gist.github.com/ruario/99522c94838d0680633c#file-manual-install-of-opera-md
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
|
||||
Firefox 34 Arrives with Plugin-Free Video Calling and Powerful WebIDE
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**It’s been a busy few months for Mozilla, what with agreeing to a deal to switch its default search provider to Yahoo!, launching a custom version of its browser packed full of developer goodies, and launching Firefox OS handsets in new territories.**
|
||||
|
||||
Today, Mozilla has released Firefox 34 for Windows, Mac and Linux desktops, the first stable release since last month’s security n’ bug fix update.
|
||||
|
||||
### Headline Feature ###
|
||||
|
||||
Despite the rapid release cycle Mozilla once again manages to deliver some great new features.
|
||||
|
||||
Making its first appearance in a stable release is **Firefox Hello**, Mozilla’s WebRTC feature.
|
||||
|
||||
Though not enabled for all (you can manually turn it on via about:config), the feature bring plugin-free video and voice calls to the browser. No Skype, no add-ons, no hassle. You simple click the Firefox Hello icon, send your share link to the recipient to initiate a connection (assuming they’re also using a WebRTC-enabled browser, like Google Chrome or Opera).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The ‘Hello Firefox’ Popup
|
||||
|
||||
Signing in with a Firefox account will give you more features, including a contacts book with one-click calling (no need to share links).
|
||||
|
||||
#### Other Changes ####
|
||||
|
||||
Version 34 also makes it easier to **switch themes** (formerly known as ‘personas’), with live previews and a switcher menu now available on the **Customising canvas**:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ad-hoc theme switching
|
||||
|
||||
The first major search engine change arrives in this release, with Yandex shipping as default for Belarusian, Kazakh, and Russian locales. Yahoo! will be enabled for US users in the near future. But remember: [this does not affect the version of Firefox provided in Ubuntu][1].
|
||||
|
||||
US users get secure **HTTPS** Wikipedia searching from the search box:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Secure Wikipedia Searches for English US Users
|
||||
|
||||
In addition to improved HTML5 support (largely around WebCrypto features) a [**new WebIDE tool**][2] ships in this release, and is packed full of great tools for developers.
|
||||
|
||||
From Android connectivity and an in-app editor to support for deploying and testing apps in a Firefox OS simulator. If you haven’t tried Firefox OS in a while, v2.2 (unstable) has plenty to play with including edge swiping, new home screen arranging features, and some new APIs.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Download Firefox 34 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Canonical will roll out Firefox 34 to users of Ubuntu 12.04, 14.04 and 14.10 in the next 24 hours or so, so keep an eye out. If you’re super impatient the release can also be downloaded from Mozilla servers directly.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/12/firefox-34-changes-include-hello-html5-webide
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon ][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
|
||||
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/firefox-set-yahoo-default-search-engine-ubuntu-not-affected
|
||||
[2]:https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Tools/WebIDE
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
|
||||
From Mint to Trisquel: The Top Linux Distro Releases in November 2014
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**November wasn’t heavy on new Linux distribution releases, but still had more than enough to keep distro-hoppers bouncing from download server to ISO mirror and back again.**
|
||||
|
||||
From the free software ethic of **Trisquel** to the nostalgic glow of **Ubuntu MATE**, let’s take a look at the major Linux distribution releases made in November 2014.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Linux Mint 17.1 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Mint 17.1 ‘Rebecca’ is the big hitter on this list, going stable just in time to make it.
|
||||
|
||||
Based on Ubuntu 14.04 and using Linux kernel 3.13, the update also comes loaded with the **latest [Cinnamon 2.4][1] desktop environment, a customisable version of the Nemo file manager**, and improvements to the Update Manager to make package upgrades safer, saner and swifter.
|
||||
|
||||
Other changes see the ‘**Background**’, ‘**Login**’ and ‘**Theme**’ settings panes redesigned, and **‘Privacy’ and ‘Notification’ sections** added. The default **system font has been switched to Noto Sans**, while fans of customisation will enjoy new colors added to the Mint-X theme package.
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Mint 17.1 delivers a set of solid, well thought out changes and performance improvements, important for an LTS release supported until 2019.
|
||||
|
||||
More information and those all important downloads can be found on the official project website.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Visit the Linux Mint Website][2]
|
||||
|
||||
### Ubuntu Mate 14.04 LTS ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
It may have [arrived after the release of Ubuntu MATE 14.10][3] (**timey-wimey**), but as the first Long Term Support release of the flavor Ubuntu MATE 14.04 was welcomed with warm arms, especially by those who love to bask in the green-hued glow of GNOME 2 nostalgia.
|
||||
|
||||
Packed with security updates, MATE 1.8.1, and new software included out of the box, Ubuntu MATE 14.04 LTS is a notable update with plenty to tempt those on the newer (but older) 14.10 release.
|
||||
|
||||
For full hardware requirements, support information and download links, head on over to the official project website.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Download Ubuntu MATE 14.04 LTS][4]
|
||||
|
||||
### Trisquel 7.0 ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The [latest stable release of Trisquel][5], an Ubuntu-based distribution endorsed by the Free Software Foundation (FSF), arrived in the middle of November — and was met by **a lot** of interest.
|
||||
|
||||
The free (as in freedom) distribution is built on Ubuntu 14.04 LTS but ships without any of the proprietary bits and pieces. It’s a “pure” Linux experience that may require some workarounds, but serves to flag up the areas where more attention is needed in FOSS hardware support and app alternatives.
|
||||
|
||||
The Libre Linux 3.13 Kernel, GNOME 3.12 ‘Flashback’ desktop and the Firefox-based Abrowser 33 are among the changes to be found in Trisquel 7.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Download Trisquel 7][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### Other Notable Releases ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Outside of the Ubuntu-based bubble November 2014 saw releases of other popular Linux distributions, including beta milestones of Mageia 5 and Fedora 21, and a new stable release of Scientific Linux 6.6.
|
||||
|
||||
Joining them is openSUSE 13.2 (stable) — the first release to follow a change in the way openSUSE development takes place, the first to adopt the new openSUSE design guidelines and the first to ship with a streamlined (if still unwieldy) installer.
|
||||
|
||||
The release has been getting great reviews from the geek press, who gave particular praise for the GNOME 3.14 implementation.
|
||||
|
||||
Coming from Ubuntu, where “everything just works”, the cultural and technical gulf can be daunting at first. But if you have some free time, like the color green and relish a challenge, the official openSUSE 13.2 [release announcement][7] should be your starting point.
|
||||
|
||||
**Have you tried any of these releases above? Let us know what you made of them in the space down below .**
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/linux-distro-releases-round-november-2014
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
|
||||
[1]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/install-cinnamon-2-4-ubuntu-14-04-lts
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linuxmint.com/download.php
|
||||
[3]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/ubuntu-mate-14-04-download-released
|
||||
[4]:https://ubuntu-mate.org/longterm/
|
||||
[5]:http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/11/download-trisquel-7-0-kernel-3-13
|
||||
[6]:https://trisquel.info/en/download
|
||||
[7]:https://news.opensuse.org/2014/11/04/opensuse-13-2-green-light-to-freedom/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
|
||||
Official Ubuntu 14.10 ‘Utopic Unicorn’ T-Shirts Now Available to Buy
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**For a while it looked like an official mascot t-shirt to accompany the release of Ubuntu 14.10 would be as rare as the Unicorn fronting it. But, today, the Canonical Store was finally furnished with the fan-favourite merch item.**
|
||||
|
||||
The shirt is available to buy in either ‘dusk blue’ (men’s fit) or ‘hot pink’ (women’s fit), but aesthetic and form aside the design is the same. Each shirt is emblazoned with the custom origami ‘Utopic Unicorn’ emblem designed by Canonical. On the reverse of each shirt is the Ubuntu logotype and the words “Utopic Unicorn 14.10“, helping you promote the OS from the back as well as the front — I like it!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Available in small to XX-Large for men’s, and women’s sizes spanning 8-10 through 14-16, each t-shirt is priced at £11 in the UK, $17.45 in the US and €13.42 in Europe. A little higher than previous years and, as ever, minus postage/shipping and packaging.
|
||||
|
||||
- [Buy Men’s Ubuntu 14.10 T-Shirt][1]
|
||||
|
||||
- [Buy Women’s Ubuntu 14.10 T-Shirt][2]
|
||||
|
||||
Mascot t-shirts have been a staple of each Ubuntu release since as far back as version 8.04 Hardy Heron though they typically see release prior to the OS itself.
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re not a fan of this particular release you’ll find a limited number of older mascot-matched merchandise still available to buy and at a reduced price. So if you’d rather strut your stuff with a Salamander, promote a Pangolin or look tahr-iffic in a Trusty design, be sure to check out [the Sale section][3].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/12/last-ubuntu-14-10-unicorn-t-shirts-now-available
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
|
||||
[1]:http://shop.canonical.com/product_info.php?products_id=1153
|
||||
[2]:http://shop.canonical.com/product_info.php?products_id=1159
|
||||
[3]:http://shop.canonical.com/index.php?cPath=29
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,537 @@
|
||||
Readers' Choice Awards 2014--Linux Journal
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
It's time for another Readers' Choice issue of Linux Journal! The format last year was well received, so we've followed suit making your voices heard loud again. I couldn't help but add some commentary in a few places, but for the most part, we just reported results. Please enjoy this year's Readers' Choice Awards!
|
||||
|
||||
We'd like to make Readers' Choice Awards even better next year. Please send ideas for new categories and any comments or feedback via [http://www.linuxjournal.com/contact][1].
|
||||
|
||||
Please see the December 2014 issue of Linux Journal for the complete list of winners.
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Linux Distribution ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Although this year the Debian/Ubuntu-based distros took the lion's share of the votes, the "Best Linux Distribution" category is a bit like "Best Kind of Pizza"—even the bottom of the list is still pizza. It's hard to go wrong with Linux, and the wide variety of votes only proves how many different choices exist in our wonderful Open Source world.
|
||||
|
||||
- Ubuntu 16.5%
|
||||
- Debian 16.4%
|
||||
- Linux Mint 11%
|
||||
- Arch Linux 8.5%
|
||||
- Fedora 8.3%
|
||||
- CentOS 6%
|
||||
- openSUSE 5.3%
|
||||
- Kubuntu 4.1%
|
||||
- Gentoo 2.9%
|
||||
- Slackware 2.7%
|
||||
- Xubuntu 2.5%
|
||||
- Other 2.3%
|
||||
- Red Hat Enterprise Linux 1.6%
|
||||
- NixOS 1.4%
|
||||
- elementary OS 1.3%
|
||||
- Lubuntu 1.2%
|
||||
- CrunchBang 1%
|
||||
- Mageia .7%
|
||||
- LXLE .4%
|
||||
- Tails .4%
|
||||
- Android-x86 .3%
|
||||
- Bodhi Linux .3%
|
||||
- Chakra .3%
|
||||
- Kali Linux .3%
|
||||
- PCLinuxOS .3%
|
||||
- SolydK .3%
|
||||
- Mandriva .1%
|
||||
- Oracle Linux .1%
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Mobile Linux OS ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Android is such a dominant force in the mobile world, we decided to allow Android variants to be counted separately. So although the underlying system on some of these are indeed Android, it seems far more informative this way.
|
||||
|
||||
- Stock Android 37.1%
|
||||
- Sailfish OS 27.6%
|
||||
- CyanogenMod 20.2%
|
||||
- Other 3%
|
||||
- Ubuntu Phone 3%
|
||||
- Amazon Fire OS 1.5%
|
||||
- Ubuntu for Android 1.4%
|
||||
- Replicant .8%
|
||||
- Tizen .8%
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Linux Smartphone Manufacturer ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Samsung 29%
|
||||
- Jolla 26.7%
|
||||
- Nexus 16.5%
|
||||
- Other 7.1%*
|
||||
- HTC 7%
|
||||
- LG 5.3%
|
||||
- Sony 3.7%
|
||||
- Nokia 1.8%
|
||||
- Huawei 1.4%
|
||||
- GeeksPhone 1%
|
||||
- Amazon .6%
|
||||
|
||||
*Under "Other", Motorola got many write-ins, followed by OnePlus.
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Linux Tablet ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Google Nexus 7 35.3%
|
||||
- Google Nexus 10 14.8%
|
||||
- Samsung Galaxy Tab 14%
|
||||
- Samsung Galaxy Note 9.8%
|
||||
- ASUS Transformer Pad 8.4%
|
||||
- Other 6.4%
|
||||
- Kindle Fire HD 4.7%
|
||||
- ASUS MeMO Pad 2%
|
||||
- Dell Venue 1.6%
|
||||
- Acer Iconia One 1.4%
|
||||
- Samsung Galaxy Note Edge .9%
|
||||
- Ekoore Python S3 .7%
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Other Linux-Based Gadget (not including smartphones or tablets) ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We are a Raspberry Pi-loving bunch, that's for sure! But really, who can blame us? With the new B+ model, the already awesome RPi is getting sleeker and more useful. I'm no fortune teller, but I suspect I know next year's winner already.
|
||||
|
||||
- Raspberry Pi 71.4%
|
||||
- BeagleBone Black 8.1%
|
||||
- Other 4.3%*
|
||||
- Lego Mindstorms Ev3 3.7%
|
||||
- Moto 360 3.4%
|
||||
- Cubieboard 1.7%
|
||||
- Parrot A.R Drone 1.7%
|
||||
- Samsung Gear S 1.4%
|
||||
- Yamaha Motif XF8 1.1%
|
||||
- Nvidia Jetson-K1 Development System .8%
|
||||
- Cloudsto EVO Ubuntu Linux Mini PC .5%
|
||||
- VoCore Open Hardware Computer .5%
|
||||
- LG G Watch .4%
|
||||
- RaZberry .4%
|
||||
- VolksPC .4%
|
||||
- IFC6410 Pico-ITX Board .2%
|
||||
- JetBox 5300 .1%
|
||||
|
||||
*Under "Other", the most popular write-ins were Odroid and CuBox.
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Laptop Vendor ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
This category used to be a rating of which vendors worked the best with Linux, but thankfully, now most laptops work fairly well. So, we truly get to see the cream rise to the top and focus on things other than "it works with Linux". It's awesome living in the future.
|
||||
|
||||
- Lenovo 32%
|
||||
- ASUS 19.3%
|
||||
- Dell 18.5%
|
||||
- System76 10.6%
|
||||
- Other 7.9%*
|
||||
- Acer 4.5%
|
||||
- ThinkPenguin 1.9%
|
||||
- LinuxCertified 1.8%
|
||||
- ZaReason 1.6%
|
||||
- EmperorLinux 1.5%
|
||||
- CyberPower .3%
|
||||
- Eurocom .1%
|
||||
|
||||
*Under "Other", the most popular write-ins were (in this order) Apple running Linux, HP, Toshiba and Samsung.
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Content Management System ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- WordPress 34.7%
|
||||
- Drupal 25.3%
|
||||
- Joomla! 11.1%
|
||||
- MediaWiki 10.5%
|
||||
- Other 10%*
|
||||
- Alfresco 4.3%
|
||||
- WebGUI 1.3%
|
||||
- ikiwiki 1.1%
|
||||
- eZ publish .7%
|
||||
- Wolf CMS .4%
|
||||
- Elgg .3%
|
||||
- Blosxom .2%
|
||||
|
||||
*Under "Other", the most popular write-ins were (in this order) DokuWiki, Plone, Django and Typo3.
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Linux-Friendly Web Hosting Company ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
When it comes to Web hosting, it's hard to find a company that isn't Linux-friendly these days. In fact, finding a hosting provider running Windows is more of a challenge. As is obvious by our winner ("Other"), the options are amazing. Perhaps a "Worst Web Hosting" category would be more useful!
|
||||
|
||||
- Other 22.8%*
|
||||
- Amazon 22.5%
|
||||
- Rackspace 13.1%
|
||||
- Linode 10.4%
|
||||
- GoDaddy.com 6.5%
|
||||
- OVH 5.6%
|
||||
- DreamHost 5.4%
|
||||
- 1&1 4.8%
|
||||
- LAMP Host 2.9%
|
||||
- Hurricane Electric 2.6%
|
||||
- Liquid Web .6%
|
||||
- RimuHosting .6%
|
||||
- Host Media .5%
|
||||
- Savvis .5%
|
||||
- Blacknight Solutions .4%
|
||||
- Netfirms .4%
|
||||
- Prgmr .4%
|
||||
|
||||
*Under "Other", the most write-ins went to (in this order) Digital Ocean (by a landslide), followed by Hetzner, BlueHost and WebFaction.
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Web Browser ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Firefox takes the gold this year by a significant margin. Even if you combine Chrome and Chromium, Firefox still takes the top spot. There was a time when we worried that the faithful Firefox would fade away, but thankfully, it's remained strong and continues to be a fast, viable, compatible browser.
|
||||
|
||||
- Firefox 53.8%
|
||||
- Chrome 26.9%
|
||||
- Chromium 8.1%
|
||||
- Iceweasel 4%
|
||||
- Opera 3%
|
||||
- Other 2%
|
||||
- SeaMonkey .8%
|
||||
- rekonq .5%
|
||||
- dwb .4%
|
||||
- QupZill .4%
|
||||
- Dillo .2%
|
||||
|
||||
### Best E-mail Client ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If I didn't know firsthand how many hard-core geeks live among us, I might accuse Kyle Rankin of voting fraud. His beloved Mutt e-mail client doesn't take top spot, but for a program without any graphical interface, third place is impressive!
|
||||
|
||||
- Mozilla Thunderbird 44.4%
|
||||
- Gmail 24.7%
|
||||
- Mutt 6.8%
|
||||
- Evolution 5.5%
|
||||
- KMail 5.3%
|
||||
- Other 3.2%
|
||||
- Claws Mail 2.2%
|
||||
- Zimbra 2%
|
||||
- Alpine 1.8%
|
||||
- Geary 1.7%
|
||||
- SeaMonkey 1%
|
||||
- Opera Mail .9%
|
||||
- Sylpheed .4%
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Audio Editing Tool ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Audacity 69.1%
|
||||
- FFmpeg 10.8%
|
||||
- VLC 9.7%
|
||||
- Ardour 4.9%
|
||||
- Other 1.9%
|
||||
- SoX 1.3%
|
||||
- Mixxx 1.1%
|
||||
- LMMS .7%
|
||||
- Format Junkie .5%
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Audio Player ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We figured VLC would take top spot in the video player category (see below), but it was a bit of a surprise to see how many folks prefer it as an audio player as well. Perhaps it's become the one-stop shop for media playback. Either way, we're thrilled to see VLC on the top.
|
||||
|
||||
- VLC 25.2%
|
||||
- Amarok 15.3%
|
||||
- Rhythmbox 10.4%
|
||||
- Clementine 8.6%
|
||||
- MPlayer 6.1%
|
||||
- Spotify 5.9%
|
||||
- Audacious 5.5%
|
||||
- Banshee 4.6%
|
||||
- Other 4%*
|
||||
- XBMC 3.1%
|
||||
- foobar2000 3%
|
||||
- Xmms 2.4%
|
||||
- DeaDBeeF 1.2%
|
||||
- MOC .9%
|
||||
- cmus .8%
|
||||
- Ncmpcpp .8%
|
||||
- Guayadeque .6%
|
||||
- Mixxx .4%
|
||||
- MPC-HC .4%
|
||||
- Subsonic .4%
|
||||
- Nightingale .3%
|
||||
- Decibel Audio Player .2%
|
||||
|
||||
*Under "Other", Quod Libet had the most write-ins.
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Video Player ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- VLC 64.7%
|
||||
- MPlayer 14.5%
|
||||
- XBMC 6.4%
|
||||
- Totem 2.7%
|
||||
- Other 2.7%*
|
||||
- Plex 2%
|
||||
- Kaffeine 1.9%
|
||||
- mpv 1.6%
|
||||
- MythTV 1.6%
|
||||
- Amarok 1.4%
|
||||
- Xmms .3%
|
||||
- Daum Potplayer .2%
|
||||
- Clementine .1%
|
||||
|
||||
*Under "Other", most write-ins were for SMPlayer.
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Video Editor ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
This is another testament to the geek factor when it comes to our readers. We didn't specify "non-linear editor", so by a transcoding technicality, VLC eked out a win in the video editing category. Well played, VLC, well played.
|
||||
|
||||
- VLC 17.5%
|
||||
- Kdenlive 16.4%
|
||||
- Blender 15.1%
|
||||
- Avidemux 13.2%
|
||||
- OpenShot 13.2%
|
||||
- Cinelerra 7.5%
|
||||
- PiTiVi 4.9%
|
||||
- LightWorks 4.8%
|
||||
- Other 4.7%
|
||||
- LiVES 1.4%
|
||||
- Shotcut .6%
|
||||
- Jahshaka .4%
|
||||
- Flowblade .4%
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Cloud-Based File Storage ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
In a category that used to have few options, Dropbox still takes top spot, but the margin is closing. It's hard to argue against Dropbox's convenience and stability, but hosting your own data on ownCloud gives it quite a boost into the second-place spot.
|
||||
|
||||
- Dropbox 30.5%
|
||||
- ownCloud 23.6%
|
||||
- Google Drive 16%
|
||||
- rsync 8.3%
|
||||
- Other 7.5%*
|
||||
- Amazon S3 6.6%
|
||||
- SpiderOak 4.4%
|
||||
- Box 1.8%
|
||||
- Copy 1%
|
||||
- AjaXplorer .3%
|
||||
|
||||
*Under "Other", the most write-ins went to Younited and MEGA. Many also said things like "no cloud is the best choice/my files stay on my storage/local only".
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Linux Game ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
I rarely play games, so every year I look forward to this category to find the most popular options for those few times I do. I'm personally tickled to see NetHack so high on the list, especially considering the opposition. There's just something about wandering around random tunnels that appeals to the old-school DnD player in all of us.
|
||||
|
||||
- Civilization 5 26.5%
|
||||
- Other 23.5%*
|
||||
- Team Fortress 2 8.7%
|
||||
- NetHack 8.4%
|
||||
- X-Plane 10 7.1%
|
||||
- Dota 6.1%
|
||||
- Bastion 5.4%
|
||||
- Scorched 3D 3.7%
|
||||
- Destiny 3.6%
|
||||
- Ultima IV 1.9%
|
||||
- FreeCol 1.8%
|
||||
- Kpat 1.4%
|
||||
- FreeOrion 1.1%
|
||||
- Ryzom .9%
|
||||
|
||||
*Under "Other", the most write-ins were (in this order) Minecraft, 0 A.D., Frozen Bubble, Battle for Wesnoth, Portal and Counter Strike.
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Virtualization Solution ###
|
||||
|
||||
I think the relationship with Vagrant has helped Oracle's VirtualBox significantly in popularity. Yes, Vagrant works with other virtualization platforms, but since it so seamlessly integrates with VirtualBox, I think it gets quite a boost. Virtualization is such an efficient and reliable way to implement systems, bare-metal solutions are almost a thing of the past!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Oracle VM VirtualBox 33.4%
|
||||
- VMware 22.3%
|
||||
- KVM 21.1%
|
||||
- XEN 5.7%
|
||||
- QEMU 5.3%
|
||||
- OpenStack 4.9%
|
||||
- Other 4.2%*
|
||||
- OpenVZ 1.7%
|
||||
- Linux-VServer 1.3%
|
||||
- Symantec Workspace Virtualization .1%
|
||||
|
||||
*Under "Other", the most write-ins went to Docker, ProxMox and LXC, in that order.
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Monitoring Application ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Nagios 27.1%
|
||||
- Wireshark 20.7%
|
||||
- htop 12.3%
|
||||
- Zabbix 10.5%
|
||||
- Other 8.6%*
|
||||
- Zenoss 6.2%
|
||||
- Munin 3.4%
|
||||
- PC Monitor 2.8%
|
||||
- New Relic 1.9%
|
||||
- Opsview 1.2%
|
||||
- SaltStack 1%
|
||||
- NTM (Network Traffic Monitor) .7%
|
||||
- xosview .7%
|
||||
- Manage Engine .5%
|
||||
- FlowViewer .3%
|
||||
- Circonus .2%
|
||||
- SysPeek .2%
|
||||
|
||||
*Under "Other", most write-ins went to Icinga and OpenNMS.
|
||||
|
||||
### Best DevOps Configuration Management Tool ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
It was interesting to see Git take top spot in this category, because although it certainly would work to use standard version control on configuration files, I always assumed it would be used alongside tools like Chef or Puppet. If nothing else, the DevOps movement has taught crusty old system administrators like myself to treat configuration files like code. Version control is incredible, and it seems as though most readers agree.
|
||||
|
||||
- Git 39.4%
|
||||
- Puppet 17.2%
|
||||
- Ansible 8.9%
|
||||
- cron jobs 8.8%
|
||||
- Subversion 7.6%
|
||||
- Chef 5%
|
||||
- SaltStack 5.4%
|
||||
- Other 4.6%*
|
||||
- CFEngine 3%
|
||||
|
||||
*Under "Other", most write-ins went to NixOps.
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Programming Language ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Python 30.2%
|
||||
- C++ 17.8%
|
||||
- C 16.7%
|
||||
- Perl 7.1%
|
||||
- Java 6.9%
|
||||
- Other 4.6%
|
||||
- Ruby 4.3%
|
||||
- Go 2.4%
|
||||
- JavaScript 2.4%
|
||||
- QML 2.2%
|
||||
- Fortran 1.4%
|
||||
- Haskell 1.4%
|
||||
- Lisp 1.2%
|
||||
- Erlang .6%
|
||||
- Rust .6%
|
||||
- D .4%
|
||||
- Hack .1%
|
||||
|
||||
*Under "Other", most write-ins went to Scala, PHP and Clojure (in that order).
|
||||
|
||||
### Best Scripting Language ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Python is incredibly powerful, and it appears to be a favorite in both the scripting and programming categories. As someone who knows Bash and a little PHP, I think it's clear what I need to focus on as I delve into the world of development. Meaningful whitespace, here I come!
|
||||
|
||||
- Python 37.1%
|
||||
- Bash/Shell scripts 27%
|
||||
- Perl 11.8%
|
||||
- PHP 8.4%
|
||||
- JavaScript 6.7%
|
||||
- Ruby 4.9%
|
||||
- Other 2.1%
|
||||
- Lua 2%
|
||||
|
||||
### Best New Linux/Open-Source Product/Project ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Docker is clearly our winner here, and rightly so—what a game-changing technology. It's nice to see Jolla/Sailfish get some love as well. We love Android, but having a choice is a vital part of who we are as Open Source advocates.
|
||||
|
||||
- Docker 28%
|
||||
- Jolla and Sailfish OS 19%
|
||||
- LibreOffice 7%
|
||||
- ownCloud 5%
|
||||
- Steam 5%
|
||||
- Zenoss Control Center 5%
|
||||
- Raspberry Pi 4%
|
||||
- Git 4%
|
||||
- Apache Cordova/OpenOffice/Spark/Tika 3%
|
||||
- Ansible 2%
|
||||
- Elementary OS 2%
|
||||
- OpenStack 2%
|
||||
- Zabbix 2%
|
||||
- CoreOS 2%
|
||||
- Firefox OS 2%
|
||||
- KDE Connect 1%
|
||||
- NixOS and NixOps 1%
|
||||
- Open Media Vault 1%
|
||||
|
||||
### Coolest Thing You've Ever Done with Linux ###
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
This is my favorite new category for the Readers' Choice Awards. Imagine attending a Linux conference and asking everyone the coolest thing they've done with Linux. That's basically what happened here! We've listed a handful of our favorites, but for the entire list, check out: [http://www.linuxjournal.com/rc2014/coolest][2].
|
||||
|
||||
Note: the most common answers were "use it"; "rescue data/photos/whatever off broken Windows machines"; "convert friends/family/businesses to Linux"; "learn"; "teach"; "get a job"; "home automation"; and "build a home media server". The following list is of our favorite more-specific and unique answers, not the most common ones.
|
||||
|
||||
- Building my procmail pre-spam spam filter back in the mid-late 1990s.
|
||||
- 450-node compute cluster.
|
||||
- 7.1 channel preamp with integrated mopidy music player.
|
||||
- A robot running Linux (for the Eurobot annual competition).
|
||||
- Accidentally printing on the wrong continent.
|
||||
- Adding an audio channel to a video while also syncing it.
|
||||
- Analyzed NASA satellite data with self-written code.
|
||||
- Annoyed the cat remotely.
|
||||
- Automated my entire lighting setup in my house to respond to voice and my mobile apps.
|
||||
- Automatic window plant irrigation system.
|
||||
- Bathroom radio.
|
||||
- Brewing beer.
|
||||
- Built an application that runs on the International Space Station.
|
||||
- Built a system for real-time toll collection for a major toll highway system.
|
||||
- Built our own smartphone.
|
||||
- Built Web-based home alarm system on Raspberry Pi.
|
||||
- Cluster of Raspberry Pis to crack encrypted office documents.
|
||||
- Controlled my Parrot drone.
|
||||
- Controlled the comms for 186 Wind turbines.
|
||||
- Controlling my Meade Telescope with Stellarium under Linux.
|
||||
- Converted my old VHS family videos, using a laptop more than ten years old.
|
||||
- Created a mesh network in the subarctic.
|
||||
- Created an ocean environmental sensor buoy with radio data transmitter.
|
||||
- Discovered new planets.
|
||||
- Fixed a jabber server in Denver, USA, while in a hotel lobby in Amman, Jordan.
|
||||
- Got Linus' autograph on a Red Hat 5.0 CD.
|
||||
- Hacked my coffee machine to send me a text message when the coffee is ready.
|
||||
- Introduced my daughter to Lego Mindstorm EV3.
|
||||
- Monitor the temp and humidity of my wine cellar and open the doors when too hot or humid.
|
||||
- Replaced the controller in my hot tub with a Raspberry Pi.
|
||||
- Scripted opening and closing of a co-worker's CD tray every 15 seconds for four days.
|
||||
- Used an LFS system to move ACH transfers for a national gas company.
|
||||
- Flushed my toilet from another city.
|
||||
- Remote chicken door.
|
||||
- Web-based sprinkler controller for 16 stations on a Raspberry PI (also control the pool and yard lights).
|
||||
- Chaining SSH tunnels together to get from work to home via three hops due to restrictive network settings.
|
||||
- Built a system that monitors a renewable energy installation with two fixed solar arrays, a two axis sun tracking solar array and a wind turbine. Production and weather data are displayed on a Web site in real time.
|
||||
- Back in the days of modems, I had my computer call up my girlfriend every morning, so she would wake up and go to work.
|
||||
- Used a Wii controller, through Bluetooth with my Linux computer as an Infrared Camera, to detect the movement of my daughter's Fisher Price Sit and Spin Pony, and to control a video game.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxjournal.com/rc2014
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Shawn Powers][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/users/shawn-powers
|
||||
[1]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/contact
|
||||
[2]:http://www.linuxjournal.com/rc2014/coolest
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
|
||||
Intense Gameplay? Try these 13 Roguelike games
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Roguelike is a sub-genre of role-playing games. It literally means "a game like Rogue". Rogue is a dungeon crawling video game first released in 1980, standing out for being fiendishly addictive. Its goal was to retrieve the Amulet of Yendor, hidden deep in the 26th level, and ascend back to the top.
|
||||
|
||||
There is no exact definition of a roguelike, but this type of game typically has the following characteristics:
|
||||
|
||||
- High fantasy narrative background
|
||||
- Procedural level generation. Most of the game world is generated by the game for every new gameplay session. This is meant to encourage replayability
|
||||
- Turn-based dungeon exploration and combat
|
||||
- Tile-based graphics that are randomly generated
|
||||
- Random conflict outcomes
|
||||
- Permanent death death works realistically, once you're gone, you're gone
|
||||
- High difficulty
|
||||
|
||||
This article compiles a good selection of roguelike games available for Linux. If you enjoy intense, addictive gameplay, try these 13 games. Don't be put off by the primitive graphics, you'll soon forget the visuals once you get immersed. All of them are available to download without charge, and almost all are released under an open source license.
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Dungeon Crawl Stone Soup is an open-source, single-player, role-playing roguelike game of exploration and treasure-hunting in dungeons filled with dangerous and unfriendly monsters in a quest to rescue the mystifyingly fabulous Orb of Zot.
|
||||
|
||||
Dungeon Crawl Stone Soup is a continuation of Linley's Dungeon Crawl. It is openly developed and invites participation from the Crawl community.
|
||||
|
||||
Dungeon Crawl has superb, deep tactical gameplay, innovative magic and religion systems, and a grand variety of monsters to fight. Crawl is also one of the hardest roguelikes to beat. When you finally beat the game and write your victory post on rec.games.roguelike.misc, you know you have achieved something.
|
||||
|
||||
Features include:
|
||||
|
||||
- Well-rounded, deep tactically rich roguelike
|
||||
- Hand-drawn maps
|
||||
- Numerous portal vaults
|
||||
- Slick interface
|
||||
- Innovative magic and religion systems
|
||||
- Wide range of Gods, Characters, Items, and Smart Monsters
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [crawl.develz.org][1]
|
||||
- Developer: Stone Soup devteam
|
||||
- License: Crawl General Public License
|
||||
- Version Number: 0.15.2
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Dwarf Fortress is a single-player fantasy game, similar to NetHack. You can control a dwarven outpost or an adventurer in a randomly generated, persistent world.
|
||||
|
||||
The game features three modes of play (Dwarf Fortress, Adventurer and Legends modes), a distinct, randomly-generated world (complete with terrain, wildlife and legends), gruesome combat mechanics and vicious schools of carp.
|
||||
|
||||
Features include:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- The world persists as long as you like, over many games, recording historical events and tracking changes
|
||||
- Command your dwarves as they search for wealth in the mountain
|
||||
- Craft treasures and furniture from many materials and improve these objects with precious metals, jewels and more
|
||||
- Defend yourself against attacks from hostile civilizations, the wilderness and the depths
|
||||
- Support the nobility as they make demands of your populace
|
||||
- Keep your dwarves happy and read their thoughts as they work and relax
|
||||
- Z coordinate allows you to dig out fortresses with multiple levels. Build towers or conquer the depths
|
||||
- Build floodgates to divert water for farming or to drown your adversaries
|
||||
- Play an adventurer and explore, quest for glory or seek vengeance
|
||||
- Meet adversaries from previous games
|
||||
- Recruit people in towns to come with you on your journey
|
||||
- Explore without cumbersome plot restrictions
|
||||
- Seamlessly wander the world -up to 197376 x 197376 squares total -or travel more rapidly on the region map
|
||||
- Accept quests from the town and civilization leaders
|
||||
- Retire and meet your old characters. Bring them along on an adventure with a new character or reactivate them and play directly
|
||||
- Z coordinate allows you to move seamlessly between dungeon levels and scale structures fighting adversaries above and below
|
||||
- The combat model uses skills, body parts, wrestling, charging and dodging between squares, bleeding, pain, nausea, and much more
|
||||
- A dynamic weather model tracks wind, humidity and air masses to create fronts, clouds, rain storms and blizzards
|
||||
- Over two hundred rock and mineral types are incorporated into the world, placed in their proper geological environments
|
||||
- Add new creatures, weapons, plants, metals and other objects via modifiable text files
|
||||
- Extended ASCII character set rendered in 16 colors (including black) as well as 8 background colors (including black)
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [www.bay12games.com/dwarves/][2]
|
||||
- Developer: Tarn Adams
|
||||
- License: Freeware
|
||||
- Version Number: 0.40.19
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ancient Domains of Mystery (ADOM) is a rogue-like game which has been in development since 1994.
|
||||
|
||||
It is a single-user game featuring the exploration of a dungeon complex. You control a fictional character described by race, class, attributes, skills, and equipment. This fictional character is trying to achieve a specific goal (see below) and succeed in a difficult quest. To fulfill the quest, you have to explore previously undiscovered tunnels and dungeons, fight hideous monsters, uncover long forgotten secrets, and find treasures of all kind.
|
||||
|
||||
During the game, you explore dungeon levels which are randomly generated each game. You might also encounter certain special levels, which present a particular challenge or are built around a certain theme.
|
||||
|
||||
Features include:
|
||||
|
||||
- Huge game world with hundreds of locations such as towns, randomized dungeons, elemental temples, graveyards, ancient ruins, towers and other secrets
|
||||
- Loads of races (dwarves, drakelings, mist elves, hurthlings, orcs, trolls, ratlings and many others) and even more classes (fighters, elementalists, assassins, chaos knights, duelists and much more) allowing for infinite play styles
|
||||
- Hundreds of monsters and items, many with enhanced random features
|
||||
- A corruption system forcing you to balance lust for power with fear of damnation
|
||||
- Spells, prayers, mindcraft, alchemy, crafting and more
|
||||
- Dozens of quests and branching story lines
|
||||
- Numerous wildly different endings that might alter reality itself
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [www.adom.de][3]
|
||||
- Developer: Thomas Biskup
|
||||
- License: Postcardware
|
||||
- Version Number: 1.20 Prelease 20
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Tales of Maj’Eyal (ToME) is a free, open source roguelike RPG, featuring tactical turn-based combat and advanced character building. It is written as a module that runs in T-Engine 4.0.
|
||||
|
||||
This is the Age of Ascendancy, after over ten thousand years of strife, pain and chaos the known world is at last at relative peace. The Spellblaze last effects are now tamed, the land slowly heals itself and the civilisations rebuild themselves after the Age of Pyre.
|
||||
|
||||
Features include:
|
||||
|
||||
- Suitable for gamers without any rogueline experience
|
||||
- Supports both graphical tiles and ASCII mode
|
||||
- Over 40 abilities available on some characters
|
||||
- Talent system
|
||||
- Combat engine
|
||||
- Online persistent stat/achievement tracking
|
||||
- IRC chat client
|
||||
- Expandable and moddable
|
||||
- Atmospheric music
|
||||
- Unlock new races, classes, starting points, playmodes and features
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [te4.org][4]
|
||||
- Developer: ToME Development Team
|
||||
- License: GNU GPL v3.0
|
||||
- Version Number: 1.2.5
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Cataclysm is an open source post-apocalyptic roguelike, set in the countryside of fictional New England after a devastating plague of monsters and zombies. It is a continuation of Whale's original Cataclysm, which expands it with numerous new creatures, buildings, gameplay mechanics and many other features.
|
||||
|
||||
While some have described it as a "zombie game", there's far more to Cataclysm than that. Struggle to survive in a harsh, persistent, procedurally generated world. Scavenge the remnants of a dead civilization for for food, equipment, or, if you're lucky, a vehicle with a full tank of gas to get you the hell out of Dodge. Fight to defeat or escape from a wide variety of powerful monstrosities, from zombies to giant insects to killer robots and things far stranger and deadlier, and against the others like yourself, that want what you have...
|
||||
|
||||
Cataclysm is very different from most roguelikes in many ways. Rather than being set in a vertical, linear dungeon, it is set in an unbounded, 3D world. This means that exploration plays a much bigger role than in most roguelikes, and the game is much less linear. As the map is so huge, it is actually completely persistant between games. If you die, and start a new character, your new game will be set in the same game world as your last. Like in many roguelikes, you will be able to loot the dead bodies of previous characters; unlike most roguelikes, you will also be able to retrace their steps completely, and any dramatic changes made to the world will persist into your next game.
|
||||
|
||||
Features include:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Detailed character creation, with a plethora of traits to choose
|
||||
- Defense mode, a coffeebreak mode with fast-paced combat
|
||||
- Bionics; Similar to the magic system in many games
|
||||
- Mutations, both positive and negative
|
||||
- Unbounded, fully randomized world map that is persistent between characters
|
||||
- Item crafting
|
||||
- New recipes may be acquired by honing your knowledge through practice or learning from books
|
||||
- Realistic fire, smoke, and other dynamic map effects
|
||||
- A day/night cycle with the need to sleep. Use caffeine to stay awake longer if you must but be aware this is not healthy
|
||||
- Over 300 item types, including a multitude of real-world guns, drugs, and tools
|
||||
- Many drugs are addictive, and will require continuous use to avoid withdrawal effects.
|
||||
- Ability to board doors and windows, construct traps and fortify your home base to prevent a rude awakening by a zombie
|
||||
- Ability to construct your own wooden constructions, including walls and a roof
|
||||
- Ability to drive around in vehicles found in the post-apocalyptic landscape
|
||||
- These can be modified to your needs, or you could even build one from scratch
|
||||
- A temperature system, being too cold or too hot is quite hazardous
|
||||
- Preliminary tile support
|
||||
- WorldGen options, and versatile editing methods
|
||||
-
|
||||
- Website: [en.cataclysmdda.com][5]
|
||||
- Authors: Kevin Granade and others
|
||||
- License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
|
||||
- Version Number: 0.B
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Goblin Hack is an open source roguelike OpenGL-based smooth-scrolling ASCII graphics game. The game is inspired by the likes of NetHack, but faster with fewer keys.
|
||||
|
||||
Goblin Hack has a simple interface that appears to appeal to players of all ages, and fires their imagination in today's world of over-rendered games.
|
||||
|
||||
Players can choose one of several classes before being thrown into the first floor of a randomized, ongoing dungeon.
|
||||
|
||||
Features include:
|
||||
|
||||
- Impressive graphics (compared with many other roguelike games)
|
||||
- Simple interface
|
||||
- Choose one of several classes before being thrown into the first floor of a randomized, ongoing dungeon
|
||||
- Manually save the game
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [goblinhack.sourceforge.net][6], [github.com/goblinhack/goblinhack][7]
|
||||
- Authors: Neil McGill
|
||||
- License: GNU GPL v2
|
||||
- Version Number: 1.19
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Super Lotsa Added Stuff Hack - Extended Magic (SLASH'EM) is a role-playing game where you control a single character. SLASH'EM is a variant of NetHack. It also has an interface and gameplay similar to Rogue, ADOM, Anghand and NetHack. You control the actions through the keyboard and view the world from an overhead perspective.
|
||||
|
||||
The problem: The Amulet of Yendor has been stolen. Not only that but it appears that the Wizard of Yendor (not a nice person), who took the amulet, is hiding in the Dungeons of Doom (not a friendly place).
|
||||
|
||||
Features include:
|
||||
|
||||
- Offers extra features, monsters, and items
|
||||
- Novel features inlude the Monk class and Sokoban levels
|
||||
- The main dungeon is much larger than in NetHack
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [www.slashem.org][8]
|
||||
- Developer: The Slash'EM development team
|
||||
- License: MIT License, NetHack General Public License
|
||||
- Version Number: 0.0.7E7F3
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
NetHack is a wonderfully silly, yet quite addictive Dungeons and Dragons-style adventure game. The "net" element references that its development has been coordinated through the Internet. The "hack" element refers to a genre of role-playing games known as hack and slash for their focus on combat.
|
||||
|
||||
In NetHack you play the part of a fierce fighter, wizard, or any of many other classes, fighting your way down to retrieve the Amulet of Yendor (try saying THAT one backwards!) for your god. On the way, you might encounter a quantum mechanic or two, or perhaps a microscopic space fleet, or -- if you're REALLY lucky -- the Ravenous Bugblatter Beast of Traal.
|
||||
|
||||
Features include:
|
||||
|
||||
- 45-50 levels, most of which are randomly generated
|
||||
- Variety of items: weapons, armour, scrolls, potions, rings, gems, and an assortment of tools such as keys and lamps
|
||||
- Blessings and curses
|
||||
- Permadeath: expired characters cannot be revived without having made backup copies of the actual save files
|
||||
- Interfaces:
|
||||
- Console
|
||||
- Graphical, using X, Qt toolkit or GNOME libraries
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [www.nethack.org][9]
|
||||
- Developer: The NetHack DevTeam
|
||||
- License: NetHack General Public License
|
||||
- Version Number: 3.4.3
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ascii Sector is a free space combat/exploration/trading game which is based on the classic computer game Wing Commander: Privateer released by Origin Systems in 1993.
|
||||
|
||||
In Ascii Sector, you start with a simple spaceship and can then accept missions or trade goods to earn enough money to upgrade your ship or buy a new one. You can engage in deadly fights both in space, on the ground and on board spaceships, and using the Ascii Sector scripting language, you can create your own quests for the game or have fun with other players' quests.
|
||||
|
||||
Features include:
|
||||
|
||||
- Uses the ANSI character set for the graphics
|
||||
- Real depth to the gameplay
|
||||
- Offers a wide variety of bases, missions, commodities and ships
|
||||
- Ships include: Broadsword, Centurion, Demon, Dralthi, Drayman, Galaxy, Gladius, Gothri, Kamekh, Nexus, Orion, Paradign, Stileto, Talon, Tarsus, and Ulysses
|
||||
- Four quadrants: Alizarin, Crimson, Mauve, and Viridian
|
||||
- Downloadable quests
|
||||
- Scripting of quests
|
||||
- Ascii Sector quest language, create your own stories in the Ascii Sector universe
|
||||
- NPCs on planets can be attacked and robbed
|
||||
- Persistent fleets that can move around, change control of systems, engage enemy fleets, head back for repairs and rebuilds
|
||||
- Ships whose systems have been disabled can be boarded
|
||||
- Download high quality music files
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [www.asciisector.net][10]
|
||||
- Developer: Christian Knudsen
|
||||
- License: Freeware
|
||||
- Version Number: 0.7.1.4
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Angband is a free, single-player graphical dungeon exploration game that uses ASCII characters where you take the role of an adventurer, exploring a deep dungeon, fighting monsters, and acquiring the best weaponry you can, in preparation for a final battle with Morgoth, the Lord of Darkness. It has been in development since the 1990s.
|
||||
|
||||
Angband is along the lines of Rogue and NetHack. It is derived from the games Moria and Umoria, which were in turn based on Rogue. It is often described as a "roguelike" game because the look and feel of the game is still quite similar to Rogue. Many of these new creatures and objects are drawn from the writings of J.R.R Tolkien, although some of the monsters come straight from classical mythology, Dungeons & Dragons, Rolemaster, or the minds of the orginal Angband coders.
|
||||
|
||||
Features include:
|
||||
|
||||
- 100 level dungeon
|
||||
- New levels are randomly generated
|
||||
- Choose to be a human, half-elf, elf, hobbit, gnome, dwarf, half-orc, half-troll, dunadan, high-elf, or kobold
|
||||
- Artifacts
|
||||
- Spellcasting
|
||||
- Monsters
|
||||
- Monster pits
|
||||
- Monster nests
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [rephial.org][11]
|
||||
- Developer: Angband Development Team
|
||||
- License: GNU GPL v2
|
||||
- Version Number: 3.5.0
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
UnNetHack is a fork of NetHack. NetHack was first released in 1987, and is considered by many gamers to be one of the best gaming experiences the computing world offers.
|
||||
|
||||
Features include:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
- Adds a number of enhancements to NetHack such as additional monsters, more levels, a few new objects, additional dangers, more challenging gameplay, and most importantly more entertainment than vanilla NetHack
|
||||
- Tutorial to help new players get started
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [sourceforge.net/apps/trac/unnethack][12]
|
||||
- Authors: Patric Mueller
|
||||
- License: Nethack General Public License
|
||||
- Version Number: 5.1.0
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Hydra Slayer is an open source Roguelike game focused on slaying Hydras. It is inspired by Greek mythology, Dungeon Crawl, MathRL seven day roguelike, and some mathematical puzzles about brave heroes slaying many headed beasts.
|
||||
|
||||
Features include:
|
||||
|
||||
- Unique gameplay mechanics
|
||||
- A theme which mixes Greek mythology and mathematics
|
||||
- Traditional roguelike ASCII graphics, or tiles/3D display
|
||||
- 5 player character races with very distinct tactics, strengths and weaknesses
|
||||
- 28 enemy types:
|
||||
- 10 basic types of elemental hydras (each of them has two special variations)
|
||||
- 8 types of special enemies
|
||||
- Harmless mushrooms for strategic advantage
|
||||
- 28 types of equipment (not counting material and size/power variations)
|
||||
- 15 weapon materials
|
||||
- 18 types of non-equipment items
|
||||
- 3 game geometries to choose
|
||||
- 8 level topologies (including the Mobius strip and Klein bottle)
|
||||
- 11 level generators
|
||||
- 2 endings
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [www.roguetemple.com/z/hydra][13]
|
||||
- Developer: Zeno Rogue
|
||||
- License: GNU GPL v2
|
||||
- Version Number: 16.1
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Brogue is an open source Roguelike game for Mac OS X, Windows, Linux, iOS and Android.
|
||||
|
||||
Brogue is a direct descendant of Rogue, a dungeon crawling video game first developed by Michael Toy and Glenn Wichman around 1980. Unlike other popular modern roguelikes, Brogue favors simplicity over complexity, while trying to ensure that the interactions between components are interesting and varied.
|
||||
|
||||
The goal of the game is to travel to the 26th subterranean floor of the dungeon, retrieve the Amulet of Yendor and return with it to the surface. For the truly skillful who desire further challenge, depths below 26 contain three lumenstones each, items which confer an increased score upon victory.
|
||||
|
||||
Brogue is a challenging game, but still great fun to play. Try not to be disheartened by the difficulty of the game; with some application, Brogue will become very addictive.
|
||||
|
||||
Features include:
|
||||
|
||||
- Favors simplicity over complexity
|
||||
- User-friendly features
|
||||
- Compared with Rogue, Brogue has a more sophisticated level generation
|
||||
- XP and levelling system removed
|
||||
- Traps, protecting items
|
||||
- Additional monster types and magical items
|
||||
|
||||
- Website: [sites.google.com/site/broguegame][14]
|
||||
- Authors: Brian Walker
|
||||
- License: GNU Affero GPL
|
||||
- Version Number: 1.7.3
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.linuxlinks.com/article/201412031524381/RoguelikeGames.html
|
||||
|
||||
作者：Frazer Kline
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://crawl.develz.org/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.bay12games.com/dwarves/index.html
|
||||
[3]:http://www.adom.de/
|
||||
[4]:http://te4.org/
|
||||
[5]:http://en.cataclysmdda.com/
|
||||
[6]:http://goblinhack.sourceforge.net/
|
||||
[7]:https://github.com/goblinhack/goblinhack
|
||||
[8]:http://www.slashem.org/
|
||||
[9]:http://www.nethack.org/
|
||||
[10]:http://www.asciisector.net/
|
||||
[11]:http://rephial.org/
|
||||
[12]:http://sourceforge.net/apps/trac/unnethack/
|
||||
[13]:http://www.roguetemple.com/z/hydra/
|
||||
[14]:https://sites.google.com/site/broguegame/
|
||||
48
sources/talk/20141204 CoreOS breaks with Docker.md
Normal file
48
sources/talk/20141204 CoreOS breaks with Docker.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
|
||||
CoreOS breaks with Docker
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> Summary: CoreOS, a new enterprise Linux company and a Docker partner, is now proposing its own alternative to Docker's container technology.
|
||||
|
||||
[Docker][1] exploded out of nowhere in 2014 to make container technology white hot in cloud and datacenter technical circles. Even [Microsoft joined its open-source virtualization revolution][2]. Now, however, early Docker supporter [CoreOS][3], a new large-scale Linux distributor vendor, is turning its back on it and developing its own container technology: [Rocket][4].
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
While [CoreOS][5] is relatively unknown outside of Linux circles and Silicon Valley, it's seen by those in the know as an up and coming Linux distribution for datacenters and clouds. It's not an insignificant company crying foul, because [Docker's take on virtualization has proven to be so popular][6]. Indeed, CoreOS currently requires Docker to work well, and Brandon Philips, CoreOS' co-founder and CTO, has been a top Docker contributor and was serving on the Docker governance board.
|
||||
|
||||
So, why is CoreOS breaking with Docker? First, because "We believe strongly in the Unix philosophy: Tools should be independently useful, but have clean integration points." However, it also said that "Docker now is building tools for launching cloud servers, systems for clustering, and a wide range of functions: Building images, running images, uploading, downloading, and eventually even overlay networking, all compiled into one monolithic binary running primarily as root on your server."
|
||||
|
||||
In short, instead of Docker being a Unix-style, simple reusable component, CoreOS sees Docker becoming a platform. And CoreOS has no interest in that.
|
||||
|
||||
Instead, with Rocket, they propose going back to the [original Docker proposal][7] for what a container should be.
|
||||
|
||||
CoreOS spells out that Rocket will be:
|
||||
|
||||
- **Composable**: All tools for downloading, installing, and running containers should be well integrated, but independent and composable.
|
||||
- **Secure**: Isolation should be pluggable, and the crypto primitives for strong trust, image auditing, and application identity should exist from day one.
|
||||
- **Image distribution**: Discovery of container images should be simple and facilitate a federated namespace and distributed retrieval. This opens the possibility of alternative protocols, such as BitTorrent, and deployments to private environments without the requirement of a registry.
|
||||
- **Open**: The format and runtime should be well specified and developed by a community. We want independent implementations of tools to be able to run the same container consistently.
|
||||
|
||||
To do this, CoreOS is not forking Docker. Alex Polvi, CoreOS' CEO, wrote, "From a security and composability perspective, the Docker process model — where everything runs through a central daemon — is fundamentally flawed. To 'fix' Docker would essentially mean a rewrite of the project, while inheriting all the baggage of the existing implementation."
|
||||
|
||||
CoreOS already has an [alpha version of Rocket on GitHub][8], but it's still open to other ideas on how to build a Docker alternative. At the same time, however, CoreOS states that it won't be leaving Docker behind. "We will continue to make sure CoreOS is the best place to run Docker ... [and] expect Docker to continue to be fully integrated with CoreOS as it is today."
|
||||
|
||||
While I can understand CoreOS' concerns, I find it hard to imagine that its attempt to come up with a successful alternative to Docker will come to anything. Docker certainly isn't perfect, but in a matter of mere months, it gathered support from almost everyone in the enterprise operating system business. The only way I can see CoreOS' Rocket launching successfully will be if Docker falls flat on its face, and I just don't see that happening.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.zdnet.com/coreos-breaks-with-docker-7000036331/#ftag=RSS06bb67b
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.zdnet.com/meet-the-team/us/steven-j-vaughan-nichols/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.docker.com/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.zdnet.com/docker-container-support-coming-to-microsofts-next-windows-server-release-7000034708
|
||||
[3]:https://coreos.com/
|
||||
[4]:https://coreos.com/blog/rocket
|
||||
[5]:http://www.zdnet.com/coreos-linux-for-the-cloud-and-the-datacenter-7000031137/
|
||||
[6]:http://www.zdnet.com/what-is-docker-and-why-is-it-so-darn-popular-7000032269/
|
||||
[7]:https://github.com/docker/docker/commit/0db56e6c519b19ec16c6fbd12e3cee7dfa6018c5
|
||||
[8]:https://github.com/coreos/rocket
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
|
||||
Vic020
|
||||
|
||||
How To Drop Database In Oracle 11 Without Using DBCA
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
In this small tutorial, I want to show you how to drop the database without using the GUI tool DBCA
|
||||
|
||||
#### 1- Export database SID if not yet Already defined ####
|
||||
|
||||
export ORACLE_SID=database
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2- Connect as sysdba ####
|
||||
|
||||
[oracle@Oracle11 ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.1.0 Production on Mon Dec 1 17:38:02 2014
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
Copyright (c) 1982, 2009, Oracle. All rights reserved.
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
Connected to an idle instance.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3- Start The database ####
|
||||
|
||||
SQL> startup
|
||||
ORACLE instance started.
|
||||
Total System Global Area 3340451840 bytes
|
||||
Fixed Size 2217952 bytes
|
||||
Variable Size 1828718624 bytes
|
||||
Database Buffers 1493172224 bytes
|
||||
Redo Buffers 16343040 bytes
|
||||
Database mounted.
|
||||
Database opened.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 4- Shutdown the database ####
|
||||
|
||||
SQL> shutdown immediate;
|
||||
Database closed.
|
||||
Database dismounted.
|
||||
ORACLE instance shut down.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 5- Start in Exclusive mode ####
|
||||
|
||||
SQL> startup mount exclusive restrict
|
||||
ORACLE instance started.
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
Total System Global Area 3340451840 bytes
|
||||
Fixed Size 2217952 bytes
|
||||
Variable Size 1828718624 bytes
|
||||
Database Buffers 1493172224 bytes
|
||||
Redo Buffers 16343040 bytes
|
||||
Database mounted.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 6- Drop the database ####
|
||||
|
||||
SQL> drop database;
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
Database dropped.
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
Disconnected from Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
|
||||
With the Partitioning, OLAP, Data Mining and Real Application Testing options
|
||||
SQL>
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/drop-database-oracle-11-without-using-dcba/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[M.el Khamlichi][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/pirat9/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
|
||||
How To Run Linux Programs From The Terminal In Background Mode
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux Terminal Window.
|
||||
|
||||
This is a short but useful guide to show how to run Linux applications from the terminal whilst allowing the terminal to retain control.
|
||||
|
||||
There are various ways of opening a terminal window in Linux and it largely depends on your choice of distribution and the desktop environment.
|
||||
|
||||
Using Ubuntu you can open a terminal by using the CTRL + ALT + T key combination. You can also open a terminal window by pressing the super key (Windows Key), on the keyboard, to [bring up the Dash][1] and search for "TERM". Clicking on the "Term" icon will open a terminal window.
|
||||
|
||||
For other desktop environments such as XFCE, KDE, LXDE, Cinnamon and MATE you will find the terminal within the menu. Some distributions will have a terminal icon in a dock or as a launcher on a panel.
|
||||
|
||||
You can generally start an application from the terminal by simply entering the name of the program. For instance you can start Firefox by typing "firefox".
|
||||
|
||||
The benefit of running an application from the terminal is that you can include additional options.
|
||||
|
||||
For instance if you type the following a new Firefox browser window will open and the default search engine will be used to search for the term between quotes:
|
||||
|
||||
firefox -search "Linux.About.Com"
|
||||
|
||||
You will notice that if you run Firefox, the application will open and the control will be returned to the terminal which means you can continue working within the terminal.
|
||||
|
||||
Generally if you run an application from within the terminal, the application will open and you won't regain control of the terminal until the application is closed. This is because you opened the program in the foreground.
|
||||
|
||||
To be able to open a program in the Linux terminal and return control to the terminal you need to open the application as a background process,
|
||||
|
||||
In order to open a program as a background process simply add the ampersand (&) symbol to the command as shown below:
|
||||
|
||||
libreoffice &
|
||||
|
||||
An application might not run just by providing the program's name in the terminal. If the program doesn't reside in one of the folders set within the PATH variable then you will need to specify the whole path name in order to run the program.
|
||||
|
||||
/path/to/yourprogram &
|
||||
|
||||
If you aren't sure where a program resides within the Linux folder structure use the find or [locate][2] command to find the application.
|
||||
|
||||
The syntax for finding a file is as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
find /path/to/start/from -name programname
|
||||
|
||||
For instance if you wanted to find the location of Firefox use the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
find / -name firefox
|
||||
|
||||
The output will whizz past quite quickly and so you will want to pipe the output to either [less][3] or [more][4] as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
find / -name firefox | more
|
||||
|
||||
find / -name firefox | less
|
||||
|
||||
The find command will return a number of permission denied errors for folders that you don't have permissions to search.
|
||||
|
||||
You can alway provide the [sudo command to elevate your permissions][5]. If sudo isn't installed you will need to switch to a user that has permissions.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo find / -name firefox | more
|
||||
|
||||
If you know that the file you are looking for is within the folder structure in which you are currently located then you can replace the forward slash with a period as follows:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo find . -name firefox | more
|
||||
|
||||
You may or may not need the elevated permissions provided by sudo. If you are looking for something within your home folder structure then it won't be required.
|
||||
|
||||
Some applications require elevated permissions to run and you may get a lack of permissions error unless you use either a user with adequate permissions or elevate those permissions using sudo.
|
||||
|
||||
Here is a neat trick. If you run an application and it requires elevated permissions to run, type the following:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo !!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linux.about.com/od/commands/fl/How-To-Run-Linux-Programs-From-The-Terminal-In-Background-Mode.htm
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Gary Newell][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://linux.about.com/bio/Gary-Newell-132058.htm
|
||||
[1]:http://linux.about.com/od/howtos/fl/Learn-Ubuntu-The-Unity-Dash.htm
|
||||
[2]:http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl1_locate.htm
|
||||
[3]:http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl1_less.htm
|
||||
[4]:http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl1_more.htm
|
||||
[5]:http://linux.about.com/od/commands/l/blcmdl8_sudo.htm
|
||||
238
sources/tech/20141204 Linux Namespaces.md
Normal file
238
sources/tech/20141204 Linux Namespaces.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
|
||||
[bazz2222222222]
|
||||
Linux Namespaces
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
### Background ###
|
||||
|
||||
Starting from kernel 2.6.24, Linux supports 6 different types of namespaces. Namespaces are useful in creating processes that are more isolated from the rest of the system, without needing to use full low level virtualization technology.
|
||||
|
||||
- **CLONE_NEWIPC**: IPC Namespaces: SystemV IPC and POSIX Message Queues can be isolated.
|
||||
- **CLONE_NEWPID**: PID Namespaces: PIDs are isolated, meaning that a virtual PID inside of the namespace can conflict with a PID outside of the namespace. PIDs inside the namespace will be mapped to other PIDs outside of the namespace. The first PID inside the namespace will be '1' which outside of the namespace is assigned to init
|
||||
- **CLONE_NEWNET**: Network Namespaces: Networking (/proc/net, IPs, interfaces and routes) are isolated. Services can be run on the same ports within namespaces, and "duplicate" virtual interfaces can be created.
|
||||
- **CLONE_NEWNS**: Mount Namespaces. We have the ability to isolate mount points as they appear to processes. Using mount namespaces, we can achieve similar functionality to chroot() however with improved security.
|
||||
- **CLONE_NEWUTS**: UTS Namespaces. This namespaces primary purpose is to isolate the hostname and NIS name.
|
||||
- **CLONE_NEWUSER**: User Namespaces. Here, user and group IDs are different inside and outside of namespaces and can be duplicated.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's look first at the structure of a C program, required to demonstrate process namespaces. The following has been tested on Debian 6 and 7. First, we need to allocate a page of memory on the stack, and set a pointer to the end of that memory page. We use **alloca** to allocate stack memory rather than malloc which would allocate memory on the heap.
|
||||
|
||||
void *mem = alloca(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)) + sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
|
||||
|
||||
Next, we use **clone** to create a child process, passing the location of our child stack 'mem', as well as the required flags to specify a new namespace. We specify 'callee' as the function to execute within the child space:
|
||||
|
||||
mypid = clone(callee, mem, SIGCHLD | CLONE_NEWIPC | CLONE_NEWPID | CLONE_NEWNS | CLONE_FILES, NULL);
|
||||
|
||||
After calling **clone** we then wait for the child process to finish, before terminating the parent. If not, the parent execution flow will continue and terminate immediately after, clearing up the child with it:
|
||||
|
||||
while (waitpid(mypid, &r, 0) < 0 && errno == EINTR)
|
||||
{
|
||||
continue;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Lastly, we'll return to the shell with the exit code of the child:
|
||||
|
||||
if (WIFEXITED(r))
|
||||
{
|
||||
return WEXITSTATUS(r);
|
||||
}
|
||||
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
||||
|
||||
Now, let's look at the **callee** function:
|
||||
|
||||
static int callee()
|
||||
{
|
||||
int ret;
|
||||
mount("proc", "/proc", "proc", 0, "");
|
||||
setgid(u);
|
||||
setgroups(0, NULL);
|
||||
setuid(u);
|
||||
ret = execl("/bin/bash", "/bin/bash", NULL);
|
||||
return ret;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
Here, we mount a **/proc** filesystem, and then set the uid (User ID) and gid (Group ID) to the value of 'u' before spawning the **/bin/bash** shell. [LXC][1] is an OS level virtualization tool utilizing cgroups and namespaces for resource isolation. Let's put it all together, setting 'u' to 65534 which is user "nobody" and group "nogroup" on Debian:
|
||||
|
||||
#define _GNU_SOURCE
|
||||
#include <unistd.h>
|
||||
#include <stdio.h>
|
||||
#include <stdlib.h>
|
||||
#include <sys/types.h>
|
||||
#include <sys/wait.h>
|
||||
#include <sys/mount.h>
|
||||
#include <grp.h>
|
||||
#include <alloca.h>
|
||||
#include <errno.h>
|
||||
#include <sched.h>
|
||||
static int callee();
|
||||
const int u = 65534;
|
||||
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
|
||||
{
|
||||
int r;
|
||||
pid_t mypid;
|
||||
void *mem = alloca(sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE)) + sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
|
||||
mypid = clone(callee, mem, SIGCHLD | CLONE_NEWIPC | CLONE_NEWPID | CLONE_NEWNS | CLONE_FILES, NULL);
|
||||
while (waitpid(mypid, &r, 0) < 0 && errno == EINTR)
|
||||
{
|
||||
continue;
|
||||
}
|
||||
if (WIFEXITED(r))
|
||||
{
|
||||
return WEXITSTATUS(r);
|
||||
}
|
||||
return EXIT_FAILURE;
|
||||
}
|
||||
static int callee()
|
||||
{
|
||||
int ret;
|
||||
mount("proc", "/proc", "proc", 0, "");
|
||||
setgid(u);
|
||||
setgroups(0, NULL);
|
||||
setuid(u);
|
||||
ret = execl("/bin/bash", "/bin/bash", NULL);
|
||||
return ret;
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
To execute the code produces the following:
|
||||
|
||||
root@w:~/pen/tmp# gcc -O -o ns.c -Wall -Werror -ansi -c89 ns.c
|
||||
root@w:~/pen/tmp# ./ns
|
||||
nobody@w:~/pen/tmp$ id
|
||||
uid=65534(nobody) gid=65534(nogroup)
|
||||
nobody@w:~/pen/tmp$ ps auxw
|
||||
USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND
|
||||
nobody 1 0.0 0.0 4620 1816 pts/1 S 21:21 0:00 /bin/bash
|
||||
nobody 5 0.0 0.0 2784 1064 pts/1 R+ 21:21 0:00 ps auxw
|
||||
nobody@w:~/pen/tmp$
|
||||
|
||||
Notice that the UID and GID are set to that of nobody and nogroup. Specifically notice that the full ps output shows only two running processes and that their PIDs are 1 and 5 respectively. Now, let's move on to using ip netns to work with network namespaces. First, let's confirm that no namespaces exist currently:
|
||||
|
||||
root@w:~# ip netns list
|
||||
Object "netns" is unknown, try "ip help".
|
||||
|
||||
In this case, either ip needs an upgrade, or the kernel does. Assuming you have a kernel newer than 2.6.24, it's most likely **ip**. After upgrading, **ip netns list** should by default return nothing. Let's add a new namespace called 'ns1':
|
||||
|
||||
root@w:~# ip netns add ns1
|
||||
root@w:~# ip netns list
|
||||
ns1
|
||||
|
||||
First, let's list the current interfaces:
|
||||
|
||||
root@w:~# ip link list
|
||||
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT
|
||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||
2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether 00:0c:29:65:25:9e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
|
||||
Now to create a new virtual interface, and add it to our new namespace. Virtual interfaces are created in pairs, and are linked to each other - imagine a virtual crossover cable:
|
||||
|
||||
root@w:~# ip link add veth0 type veth peer name veth1
|
||||
root@w:~# ip link list
|
||||
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT
|
||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||
2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UNKNOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether 00:0c:29:65:25:9e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
3: veth1: mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether d2:e9:52:18:19:ab brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
4: veth0: mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether f2:f7:5e:e2:22:ac brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
|
||||
**ifconfig** -a will also now show the addition of both veth0 and veth1.
|
||||
|
||||
Great, now to assign our new interfaces to the namespace. Note that ip **netns exec** is used to execute commands within the namespace:
|
||||
|
||||
root@w:~# ip link set veth1 netns ns1
|
||||
root@w:~# ip netns exec ns1 ip link list
|
||||
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT
|
||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||
3: veth1: mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN mode DEFAULT qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether d2:e9:52:18:19:ab brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
|
||||
**ifconfig** -a will now only show veth0, as veth1 is in the ns1 namespace.
|
||||
|
||||
Should we want to delete veth0/veth1:
|
||||
|
||||
ip netns exec ns1 ip link del veth1
|
||||
|
||||
We can now assign IP address 192.168.5.5/24 to veth0 on our host:
|
||||
|
||||
ifconfig veth0 192.168.5.5/24
|
||||
|
||||
And assign veth1 192.168.5.10/24 within ns1:
|
||||
|
||||
ip netns exec ns1 ifconfig veth1 192.168.5.10/24 up
|
||||
|
||||
To execute ip addr **list** on both our host and within our namespace:
|
||||
|
||||
root@w:~# ip addr list
|
||||
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN
|
||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||
inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
|
||||
inet6 ::1/128 scope host
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UNKNOWN qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether 00:0c:29:65:25:9e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
inet 192.168.3.122/24 brd 192.168.3.255 scope global eth0
|
||||
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe65:259e/64 scope link
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
6: veth0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether 86:b2:c7:bd:c9:11 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
inet 192.168.5.5/24 brd 192.168.5.255 scope global veth0
|
||||
inet6 fe80::84b2:c7ff:febd:c911/64 scope link
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
root@w:~# ip netns exec ns1 ip addr list
|
||||
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noop state DOWN
|
||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||
5: veth1: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether 12:bd:b6:76:a6:eb brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
inet 192.168.5.10/24 brd 192.168.5.255 scope global veth1
|
||||
inet6 fe80::10bd:b6ff:fe76:a6eb/64 scope link
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
|
||||
To view routing tables inside and outside of the namespace:
|
||||
|
||||
root@w:~# ip route list
|
||||
default via 192.168.3.1 dev eth0 proto static
|
||||
192.168.3.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.3.122
|
||||
192.168.5.0/24 dev veth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.5.5
|
||||
root@w:~# ip netns exec ns1 ip route list
|
||||
192.168.5.0/24 dev veth1 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.5.10
|
||||
|
||||
Lastly, to connect our physical and virtual interfaces, we'll require a bridge. Let's bridge eth0 and veth0 on the host, and then use DHCP to gain an IP within the ns1 namespace:
|
||||
|
||||
root@w:~# brctl addbr br0
|
||||
root@w:~# brctl addif br0 eth0
|
||||
root@w:~# brctl addif br0 veth0
|
||||
root@w:~# ifconfig eth0 0.0.0.0
|
||||
root@w:~# ifconfig veth0 0.0.0.0
|
||||
root@w:~# dhclient br0
|
||||
root@w:~# ip addr list br0
|
||||
7: br0: mtu 1500 qdisc noqueue state UP
|
||||
link/ether 00:0c:29:65:25:9e brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
inet 192.168.3.122/24 brd 192.168.3.255 scope global br0
|
||||
inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fe65:259e/64 scope link
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
|
||||
br0 has been assigned an IP of 192.168.3.122/24. Now for the namespace:
|
||||
|
||||
root@w:~# ip netns exec ns1 dhclient veth1
|
||||
root@w:~# ip netns exec ns1 ip addr list
|
||||
1: lo: mtu 65536 qdisc noop state DOWN
|
||||
link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
|
||||
5: veth1: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
|
||||
link/ether 12:bd:b6:76:a6:eb brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
|
||||
inet 192.168.3.248/24 brd 192.168.3.255 scope global veth1
|
||||
inet6 fe80::10bd:b6ff:fe76:a6eb/64 scope link
|
||||
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
|
||||
|
||||
Excellent! veth1 has been assigned 192.168.3.248/24
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.howtoforge.com/linux-namespaces
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[aziods][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.howtoforge.com/forums/private.php?do=newpm&u=138952
|
||||
[1]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LXC
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
|
||||
The Easy Way to Keep Track of Multiple Time Zones in Ubuntu
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Whether I’m making sure that a tweet about a Chromebook sale in Australia hits those down under when awake or scheduling a Skype call with *Sam Tran*, the ‘developer’ half of Ohso, I work with multiple time zones in mind.**
|
||||
|
||||
And therein lies a problem. If you know me you’ll know that I have the memory capacity of a goldfish running Windows Vista (i.e., not very good). I can barely recall what I got up to yesterday, much less remember the time differential between my door and the foot of Golden Gate bridge!
|
||||
|
||||
To help, I use widgets and menu items to keep me in sync. I move across multiple operating systems in the space of a regular working day, mobile and desktop, but only one lets me set up ‘world clocks’ the quickest and easiest.
|
||||
|
||||
**And it happens to be the one whose name is above the door.**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Add World Clocks to Ubuntu Date/Time Applet ###
|
||||
|
||||
The default date-time indicator in Unity comes with supports for adding and viewing multiple time zones. No add-ons, no extra packages required.
|
||||
|
||||
1. Click on the clock applet and select the ‘**Time & Date Settings**’ entry
|
||||
1. In the ‘**Clock**’ tab, check the box next to ‘**Time in Other Locations**’
|
||||
1. Click the ‘**Choose Locations**‘ button
|
||||
1. Tap ‘**+**’ and enter the name of the location
|
||||
|
||||
#### Other Desktop Environments ####
|
||||
|
||||
The default clock applet in **KDE Plasma** has a similar feature and flow:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Right-click on the digital clock widget and select ‘**Digital Clock Settings**’
|
||||
1. Click the ‘**Time Zones**’ section
|
||||
1. Enter the name of a city in the search field
|
||||
1. Click ‘**Ok**’
|
||||
|
||||
The extensible nature of **GNOME Shell** sees a slew of World Clock options available to fill the gap left by its default time ticker, with ‘[multi clock][1]’ being my personal favourite. The same goes again for **Cinnamon**, whose ‘panel applet’ repository has ample choices, like the super slick “**World Clock Calendar**” .
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
World Clock Calendar in Cinnamon 2.4
|
||||
|
||||
**XFCE** and **LXDE** aren’t quite as generous, with the only out-of-the-box “workarounds” being **multiple clocks** added to the panel, each manually configured to a given locale. Both do support ‘indicator applets’, so if you’re not dependent on Unity you can install/add the standalone date/time indicator.
|
||||
|
||||
**Budgie** is a little too young to make corner case demands of, while Pantheon I haven’t tried — I’ll let you fill me in on that score in the comments.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Desktop Apps, Widgets & Conky Themes ####
|
||||
|
||||
Of course, panel applets are just one way to keep tabs of the time in other countries’ multiple time zones. If you’re not fussed about panel access there are various **desktop apps** available, many of which work cross-distro and/or cross-platform.
|
||||
|
||||
**GNOME Clocks** is one such app and is available to install straight from the Ubuntu Software Center in 14.04 LTS+. **Conky** is a potential alternative (though I haven’t yet found a pre-made theme designed for the purpose) and lightweight Chrome Apps like [Calendar Clock][2] will work anywhere Chrome does, free of the browser.
|
||||
|
||||
**Do you keep tabs on time zones? If so, what app, method or widget do you use to stay on top? **
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2014/12/add-time-zones-world-clock-ubuntu
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Joey-Elijah Sneddon][a]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://plus.google.com/117485690627814051450/?rel=author
|
||||
[1]:https://extensions.gnome.org/extension/605/multiclock/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.omgchrome.com/calendar-clock-chrome-app/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
|
||||
如何手动删除Oracle 11g数？据库
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
下面的步骤会家你如何在Linux环境下手动删除Oracle 11g数据库。
|
||||
|
||||
我在Centos 6上安装了Oralce 11G数据库。
|
||||
|
||||
使用SQL*Plus或者其他你喜欢的命令行工具登录数据库，登录用户是**sysdba**
|
||||
|
||||
输入下面的命令的到不同文件的路径：
|
||||
|
||||
select name from v$datafile;
|
||||
select member from v$logfile;
|
||||
select name from v$controlfile;
|
||||
select name from v$tempfile;
|
||||
|
||||
**在SQL*Plus中关闭数据库，接着退出SQL*Plus**
|
||||
|
||||
sqlplus " / as sysdba'
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
shutdown immediate;
|
||||
quit;
|
||||
|
||||
**在命令行中输入下面的命令停止监听服务：**
|
||||
|
||||
在Oralce Linux账户中：
|
||||
|
||||
lsnrctl stop
|
||||
|
||||
回忆一下之前的文件路径;在删除这些文件的时候作为一个检查项。记住：你备份了数据库了么？当准备好之后，就删除你的数据文件吧，同样还有你的日志文件、控制文件和临时文件。
|
||||
|
||||
- 进入 **$ORACLE_HOME/network/admin** 目录并删除 **tnsnames.ora** 和 **listener.ora** 文件;
|
||||
- 进入 **$ORACLE_HOME/dbs** 目录并删除 **init[db_name].ora**、 **orapw[db_name]**和 **spfile[db_name].ora** 文件;
|
||||
- 进入 **$ORACLE_HOME/admin/[db_name]/pfile** 目录并删除 **init[db_name].ora** 文件;
|
||||
- 进入 **$ORACLE_HOME/admin/[db_name]/adump** 目录并删除所有文件;
|
||||
- 编辑**/etc/oratab** 并移除以你数据库名字开头的行.
|
||||
|
||||
这样就好了。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/manually-delete-oracle-11g-database/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[M.el Khamlichi][a]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:http://www.unixmen.com/author/pirat9/
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user