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Merge remote-tracking branch 'LCTT/master'
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commit
ba8842afc5
@ -1,15 +1,17 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to Reduce/Shrink LVM’s (Logical Volume Resize) in Linux)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12740-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to Reduce/Shrink LVM’s \(Logical Volume Resize\) in Linux)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://www.2daygeek.com/reduce-shrink-decrease-resize-lvm-logical-volume-in-linux/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Magesh Maruthamuthu https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/)
|
||||
|
||||
如何在 Linux 中减少/缩 LVM 大小（逻辑卷调整）？
|
||||
如何在 Linux 中减少/缩小 LVM 大小（逻辑卷调整）
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
减少/缩小逻辑卷是数据损坏的最高风险。
|
||||
|
||||
所以，如果可能的话，尽量避免这种情况，但如果没有其他选择的话，那就继续。
|
||||
@ -18,18 +20,16 @@
|
||||
|
||||
当你在 LVM 中的磁盘空间耗尽时，你可以通过缩小现有的没有使用全部空间的 LVM，而不是增加一个新的物理磁盘，在卷组上腾出一些空闲空间。
|
||||
|
||||
**需要注意的是：**在 `GFS2` 或者 `XFS` 文件系统上不支持收缩。
|
||||
**需要注意的是：** 在 GFS2 或者 XFS 文件系统上不支持缩小。
|
||||
|
||||
如果你是逻辑卷管理 （LVM） 的新手，我建议你从我们之前的文章开始学习。
|
||||
|
||||
* **第一部分：[如何在 Linux 中创建/配置 LVM（逻辑卷管理）][1]**
|
||||
* **第二部分：[如何在 Linux 中扩展/增加 LVM（逻辑卷调整）][2]**
|
||||
* **第一部分：[如何在 Linux 中创建/配置 LVM（逻辑卷管理）][1]**
|
||||
* **第二部分：[如何在 Linux 中扩展/增加 LVM（逻辑卷调整）][2]**
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
![][3]
|
||||
|
||||
减少逻辑卷涉及以下步骤。
|
||||
减少逻辑卷涉及以下步骤：
|
||||
|
||||
* 卸载文件系统
|
||||
* 检查文件系统是否有任何错误
|
||||
@ -39,9 +39,7 @@
|
||||
* 挂载文件系统
|
||||
* 检查减少后的文件系统大小
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**比如：**你有一个 **100GB** 的不再使用全部空间的 LVM，你想把它减少到 **80GB**，这样 **20GB** 可以用于其他用途。
|
||||
**比如：** 你有一个 **100GB** 的没有使用全部空间的 LVM，你想把它减少到 **80GB**，这样 **20GB** 可以用于其他用途。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# df -h /testlvm1
|
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@ -50,17 +48,17 @@ Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
|
||||
/dev/mapper/vg01-lv002 100G 15G 85G 12% /testlvm1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 1）卸载文件系统
|
||||
### 卸载文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
使用 umount 命令卸载文件系统。
|
||||
使用 `umount` 命令卸载文件系统：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# umount /testlvm1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 2）检查文件系统是否有任何错误
|
||||
### 检查文件系统是否有任何错误
|
||||
|
||||
使用 e2fsck 命令检查文件系统是否有错误。
|
||||
使用 `e2fsck` 命令检查文件系统是否有错误：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# e2fsck -f /dev/mapper/vg01-lv002
|
||||
@ -74,11 +72,11 @@ Pass 5: Checking group summary information
|
||||
/dev/mapper/vg01-lv002: 13/6553600 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 12231854/26212352 blocks
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 3）缩小文件系统
|
||||
### 缩小文件系统
|
||||
|
||||
下面的命令将把 **“testlvm1”** 文件系统从 **100GB** 缩小到 **80GB**。
|
||||
下面的命令将把 `testlvm1` 文件系统从 **100GB** 缩小到 **80GB**。
|
||||
|
||||
**文件系统大小调整的常用语法（resize2fs）**。
|
||||
**文件系统大小调整的常用语法（`resize2fs`）**：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
resize2fs [现有逻辑卷名] [新的文件系统大小]
|
||||
@ -94,11 +92,11 @@ Resizing the filesystem on /dev/mapper/vg01-lv002 to 28321400 (4k) blocks.
|
||||
The filesystem on /dev/mapper/vg01-lv002 is now 28321400 blocks long.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 4）减少逻辑卷 （LVM） 容量
|
||||
### 减少逻辑卷 （LVM） 容量
|
||||
|
||||
现在使用 lvreduce 命令缩小逻辑卷 （LVM） 的大小。下面的命令 **”/dev/mapper/vg01-lv002”** 将把逻辑卷 （LVM） 从 100GB 缩小到 80GB。
|
||||
现在使用 `lvreduce` 命令缩小逻辑卷（LVM） 的大小。通过下面的命令， `/dev/mapper/vg01-lv002` 将把逻辑卷 （LVM） 从 100GB 缩小到 80GB。
|
||||
|
||||
**LVM 缩减 （lvreduce） 的常用语法**。
|
||||
**LVM 缩减 （`lvreduce`） 的常用语法**：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
lvreduce [新的 LVM 大小] [现有逻辑卷名称]
|
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@ -116,9 +114,9 @@ Reducing logical volume lv002 to 80.00 GiB
|
||||
Logical volume lv002 successfully resized
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 5）可选：检查文件系统是否有错误
|
||||
### 可选：检查文件系统是否有错误
|
||||
|
||||
缩减 LVM 后再次检查文件系统是否有错误。
|
||||
缩减 LVM 后再次检查文件系统是否有错误：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# e2fsck -f /dev/mapper/vg01-lv002
|
||||
@ -132,17 +130,17 @@ Pass 5: Checking group summary information
|
||||
/dev/mapper/vg01-lv002: 13/4853600 files (0.0% non-contiguous), 1023185/2021235 blocks
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 6）挂载文件系统并检查缩小后的大小
|
||||
### 挂载文件系统并检查缩小后的大小
|
||||
|
||||
最后挂载文件系统，并检查缩小后的文件系统大小。
|
||||
|
||||
使用挂载命令**[挂载逻辑卷][4]**。
|
||||
使用 `mount` 命令[挂载逻辑卷][4]：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# mount /testlvm1
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用 **[df 命令][5]**检查挂载的卷。
|
||||
使用 [df 命令][5]检查挂载的卷。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# df -h /testlvm1
|
||||
@ -158,14 +156,14 @@ via: https://www.2daygeek.com/reduce-shrink-decrease-resize-lvm-logical-volume-i
|
||||
作者：[Magesh Maruthamuthu][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://www.2daygeek.com/author/magesh/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://www.2daygeek.com/create-lvm-storage-logical-volume-manager-in-linux/
|
||||
[2]: https://www.2daygeek.com/extend-increase-resize-lvm-logical-volume-in-linux/
|
||||
[3]: data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7
|
||||
[1]: https://linux.cn/article-12670-1.html
|
||||
[2]: https://linux.cn/article-12673-1.html
|
||||
[3]: https://www.2daygeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/reduce-shrink-decrease-resize-lvm-logical-volume-in-linux-1.png
|
||||
[4]: https://www.2daygeek.com/mount-unmount-file-system-partition-in-linux/
|
||||
[5]: https://www.2daygeek.com/linux-check-disk-space-usage-df-command/
|
||||
@ -1,55 +1,54 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12743-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Install MariaDB or MySQL on Linux)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/10/mariadb-mysql-linux)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Seth Kenlon https://opensource.com/users/seth)
|
||||
|
||||
在 Linux 上安装 MariaDB 或 MySQL
|
||||
======
|
||||
开始在 Linux 系统上使用开源的 SQL 数据库。
|
||||
![Person standing in front of a giant computer screen with numbers, data][1]
|
||||
|
||||
[MariaDB][2] 和 [MySQL][3] 都是使用 SQL 的开源数据库，并且共享相同的原始代码库。MariaDB 是 MySQL 的替代品，因此你可以使用相同的命令 （`mysql`） 与 MySQL 和 MariaDB 数据库进行交互。因此，本文同时适用于 MariaDB 和 MySQL。
|
||||
> 开始在 Linux 系统上使用开源的 SQL 数据库吧。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[MariaDB][2] 和 [MySQL][3] 都是使用 SQL 的开源数据库，并且共享相同的初始代码库。MariaDB 是 MySQL 的替代品，你可以使用相同的命令（`mysql`）与 MySQL 和 MariaDB 数据库进行交互。因此，本文同时适用于 MariaDB 和 MySQL。
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装 MariaDB
|
||||
|
||||
你可以使用你的 Linux 发行版的包管理器安装 MariaDB。在大多数发行版上，MariaDB 分为服务器包和客户端包。服务器包提供了数据库”引擎“，即 MariaDB 在后台运行（通常在物理服务器上）的部分，它监听数据输入或数据输出请求。客户端包提供了 `mysql` 命令，你可以用它来与服务器通信。
|
||||
你可以使用你的 Linux 发行版的包管理器安装 MariaDB。在大多数发行版上，MariaDB 分为服务器包和客户端包。服务器包提供了数据库“引擎”，即 MariaDB 在后台运行（通常在物理服务器上）的部分，它监听数据输入或数据输出请求。客户端包提供了 `mysql` 命令，你可以用它来与服务器通信。
|
||||
|
||||
在 RHEL、Fedora、CentOS 或类似的发行版上：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ sudo dnf install mariadb mariadb-server`
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install mariadb mariadb-server
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在 Debian、Ubuntu、Elementary 或类似的发行版上：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ sudo apt install mariadb-client mariadb-server`
|
||||
$ sudo apt install mariadb-client mariadb-server
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
其他系统可能会以不同的系统打包 MariaDB，所以你可能需要搜索你的软件仓库来了解你的发行版的维护者是如何提供它的。
|
||||
其他操作系统可能会以不同的打包系统封装 MariaDB，所以你可能需要搜索你的软件仓库来了解你的发行版的维护者是如何提供它的。
|
||||
|
||||
### 启动 MariaDB
|
||||
|
||||
因为 MariaDB 被设计成一部分作为数据库服务器的功能，它可以在一台计算机上运行，并从另一台计算机上进行管理。只要你能访问运行它的计算机，你就可以使用 `mysql` 命令来管理数据库。在写这篇文章时，我在本地计算机上运行了 MariaDB，但你同样可能会与远程系统上托管的 MariaDB 数据库进行交互。
|
||||
因为 MariaDB 被设计为部分作为数据库服务器，它可以在一台计算机上运行，并从另一台计算机上进行管理。只要你能访问运行它的计算机，你就可以使用 `mysql` 命令来管理数据库。在写这篇文章时，我在本地计算机上运行了 MariaDB，但你同样可与远程系统上托管的 MariaDB 数据库进行交互。
|
||||
|
||||
在启动 MariaDB 之前，你必须创建一个初始数据库。在初始化其文件结构时，你应该定义你希望 MariaDB 使用的用户。默认情况下，MariaDB 使用当前用户，但你可能希望它使用一个专用的用户帐户。你的包管理器可能为你配置了一个系统用户和组。使用 `grep` 查找是否有一个 `mysql` 组：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ grep mysql /etc/group
|
||||
mysql❌27:
|
||||
mysql:x:27:
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以在 `/etc/passwd` 中寻找这个专门的用户，但通常情况下，有组的地方就有用户。如果没有专门的 `mysql` 用户和组，可以在 `/etc/group` 中寻找一个明显的替代（比如 `mariadb`）。如果没有，请阅读你的发行版文档来了解 MariaDB 是如何运行的。
|
||||
你也可以在 `/etc/passwd` 中寻找这个专门的用户，但通常情况下，有组就会有用户。如果没有专门的 `mysql` 用户和组，可以在 `/etc/group` 中寻找一个明显的替代品（比如 `mariadb`）。如果没有，请阅读你的发行版文档来了解 MariaDB 是如何运行的。
|
||||
|
||||
假设你的安装使用 `mysql`，初始化数据库环境：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo mysql_install_db --user=mysql
|
||||
Installing MariaDB/MySQL system tables in '/var/lib/mysql'...
|
||||
@ -59,7 +58,6 @@ OK
|
||||
|
||||
这一步的结果显示了接下来你必须执行的配置 MariaDB 的任务：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
PLEASE REMEMBER TO SET A PASSWORD FOR THE MariaDB root USER !
|
||||
To do so, start the server, then issue the following commands:
|
||||
@ -75,23 +73,20 @@ databases and anonymous user created by default. This is
|
||||
strongly recommended for production servers.
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
使用你的发行版的 init 系统启动 MariaDB：
|
||||
|
||||
使用你的发行版的初始化系统启动 MariaDB：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ sudo systemctl start mariadb`
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl start mariadb
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在启动时启用 MariaDB 服务器：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`$ sudo systemctl enable --now mariadb`
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl enable --now mariadb
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在你已经有了一个 MariaDB 服务器，为它设置一个密码：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
mysqladmin -u root password 'myreallysecurepassphrase'
|
||||
mysqladmin -u root -h $(hostname) password 'myreallysecurepassphrase'
|
||||
@ -106,7 +101,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/10/mariadb-mysql-linux
|
||||
作者：[Seth Kenlon][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,123 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to Clear Apt Cache and Reclaim Precious Disk Space)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/clear-apt-cache/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
|
||||
|
||||
How to Clear Apt Cache and Reclaim Precious Disk Space
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
How do you clear the apt cache? You simply use this [apt-get command][1] option:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get clean
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
But there is more to cleaning apt cache than just running the above command.
|
||||
|
||||
In this tutorial, I’ll explain what is apt cache, why is it used, why you would want to clean it and what other things you should know about purging apt cache.
|
||||
|
||||
I am going to use Ubuntu here for reference but since this is about apt, it is applicable to [Debian][2] and other Debian and Ubuntu-based distributions like Linux Mint, Deepin and more.
|
||||
|
||||
### What is apt cache? Why is it used?
|
||||
|
||||
When you install a package using apt-get or [apt command][3] (or DEB packages in the software center), the apt [package manager][4] downloads the package and its dependencies in .deb format and keeps it in /var/cache/apt/archives folder.
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
While downloading, apt keeps the deb package in /var/cache/apt/archives/partial directory. When the deb package is downloaded completely, it is moved out to /var/cache/apt/archives directory.
|
||||
|
||||
Once the deb files for the package and its dependencies are downloaded, your system [installs the package from these deb files][6].
|
||||
|
||||
Now you see the use of cache? The system needs a place to keep the package files somewhere before installing them. If you are aware of the [Linux directory structure][7], you would understand that /var/cache is the appropriate here.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Why keep the cache after installing the package?
|
||||
|
||||
The downloaded deb files are not removed from the directory immediately after the installation is completed. If you remove a package and reinstall it, your system will look for the package in the cache and get it from here instead of downloading it again (as long as the package version in the cache is the same as the version in remote repository).
|
||||
|
||||
This is much quicker. You can try this on your own and see how long a program takes to install the first time, remove it and install it again. You can [use the time command to find out how long does it take to complete a command][8]: _**time sudo apt install package_name**_.
|
||||
|
||||
I couldn’t find anything concrete on the cache retention policy so I cannot say how long does Ubuntu keep the downloaded packages in the cache.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Should you clean apt cache?
|
||||
|
||||
It depends on you. If you are running out of disk space on root, you could clean apt cache and reclaim the disk space. It is one of the [several ways to free up disk space on Ubuntu][9].
|
||||
|
||||
Check how much space the cache takes with the [du command][10]:
|
||||
|
||||
![][11]
|
||||
|
||||
Sometime this could go in 100s of MB and this space could be crucial if you are running a server.
|
||||
|
||||
#### How to clean apt cache?
|
||||
|
||||
If you want to clear the apt cache, there is a dedicated command to do that. So don’t go about manually deleting the cache directory. Simply use this command:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get clean
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This will remove the content of the /var/cache/apt/archives directory (except the lock file). Here’s a dry run (simulation) of what the apt-get clean command deletes:
|
||||
|
||||
![][12]
|
||||
|
||||
There is another command that deals with cleaning the apt cache:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get autoclean
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike clean, autoclean only removes the packages that are not possible to download from the repositories.
|
||||
|
||||
Suppose you installed package xyz. Its deb files remain in the cache. If there is now a new version of xyz package available in the repository, this existing xyz package in the cache is now outdated and useless. The autoclean option will delete such useless packages that cannot be downloaded anymore.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Is it safe to delete apt cache?
|
||||
|
||||
![][13]
|
||||
|
||||
Yes. It is completely safe to clear the cache created by apt. It won’t negatively impact the performance of the system. Maybe if you reinstall the package it will take a bit longer to download but that’s about it.
|
||||
|
||||
Again, use the apt-get clean command. It is quicker and easier than manually deleting cache directory.
|
||||
|
||||
You may also use graphical tools like [Stacer][14] or [Bleachbit][15] for this purpose.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Conclusion
|
||||
|
||||
At the time of writing this article, there is no built-in option with the newer apt command. However, keeping backward compatibility, _**apt clean**_ can still be run (which should be running apt-get clean underneath it). Please refer to this article to [know the difference between apt and apt-get][16].
|
||||
|
||||
I hope you find this explanation about apt cache interesting. It is not something essential but knowing this little things make you more knowledgeable about your Linux system.
|
||||
|
||||
I welcome your feedback and suggestions in the comment section.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/clear-apt-cache/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/apt-get-linux-guide/
|
||||
[2]: https://www.debian.org/
|
||||
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/apt-command-guide/
|
||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/package-manager/
|
||||
[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/apt-get-clean-cache.png?resize=800%2C470&ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-ubuntu/
|
||||
[7]: https://linuxhandbook.com/linux-directory-structure/
|
||||
[8]: https://linuxhandbook.com/time-command/
|
||||
[9]: https://itsfoss.com/free-up-space-ubuntu-linux/
|
||||
[10]: https://linuxhandbook.com/find-directory-size-du-command/
|
||||
[11]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/apt-cache-archive-size.png?resize=800%2C233&ssl=1
|
||||
[12]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/apt-get-clean-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C339&ssl=1
|
||||
[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Clear-Apt-Cache.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[14]: https://itsfoss.com/optimize-ubuntu-stacer/
|
||||
[15]: https://itsfoss.com/use-bleachbit-ubuntu/
|
||||
[16]: https://itsfoss.com/apt-vs-apt-get-difference/
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,132 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Set up ZFS on Linux with yum)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/10/zfs-dnf)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Sheng Mao https://opensource.com/users/ivzhh)
|
||||
|
||||
Set up ZFS on Linux with yum
|
||||
======
|
||||
Use a yum repo to take advantage of the latest ZFS features on Fedora.
|
||||
![Puzzle pieces coming together to form a computer screen][1]
|
||||
|
||||
I am a Fedora Linux user who runs `yum upgrade` daily. While this habit enables me to run all the latest software (one of [Fedora's four foundations][2] is "first," and it lives up to that), it also highlights any incompatibilities between the [ZFS][3] storage platform and a new kernel.
|
||||
|
||||
As a developer, sometimes I need new features from the latest ZFS branch. For example, ZFS 2.0.0 contains an exciting new feature greatly [improving ZVOL sync performance][4], which is critical to me as a KVM user. But this means that if I want to use the 2.0.0 branch, I have to build ZFS myself.
|
||||
|
||||
At first, I just compiled ZFS manually from its Git repo after every kernel update. If I forgot, ZFS would fail to be recognized on the next boot. Luckily, I quickly learned how to set up dynamic kernel module support ([DKMS][5]) for ZFS. However, this solution isn't perfect. For one thing, it doesn't utilize the powerful [yum][6] system, which can help with resolving dependencies and upgrading. In addition, switching between your own package and an upstream package is pretty easy with yum.
|
||||
|
||||
In this article, I will demonstrate how to set up a yum repo for packaging ZFS. The solution has two steps:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Create RPM packages from the ZFS Git repository
|
||||
2. Set up a yum repo to host the packages
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Create RPM packages
|
||||
|
||||
To create RPM packages, you need to install the RPM toolchain. Yum provides groups to bundle installing the tools:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`sudo dnf group install 'C Development Tools and Libraries' 'RPM Development Tools'`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
After these have been installed, you must install all the packages necessary to build ZFS from the ZFS Git repo. The packages belong to three groups:
|
||||
|
||||
1. [Autotools][7] to generate build files from platform configurations
|
||||
2. Libraries for building ZFS kernel and userland tools
|
||||
3. Libraries for building RPM packages
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo dnf install libtool autoconf automake gettext createrepo \
|
||||
libuuid-devel libblkid-devel openssl-devel libtirpc-devel \
|
||||
lz4-devel libzstd-devel zlib-devel \
|
||||
kernel-devel elfutils-libelf-devel \
|
||||
libaio-devel libattr-devel libudev-devel \
|
||||
python3-devel libffi-devel
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Now you are ready to create your own packages.
|
||||
|
||||
### Build OpenZFS
|
||||
|
||||
[OpenZFS][8] provides excellent infrastructure. To build it:
|
||||
|
||||
1. Clone the repository with `git` and switch to the branch/tag that you hope to use.
|
||||
2. Run Autotools to generate a makefile.
|
||||
3. Run `make rpm` and, if everything works, RPM files will be placed in the build folder.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ git clone --branch=zfs-2.0.0-rc3 <https://github.com/openzfs/zfs.git> zfs
|
||||
$ cd zfs
|
||||
$ ./autogen.sh
|
||||
$ ./configure
|
||||
$ make rpm
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Set up a yum repo
|
||||
|
||||
In yum, a repo is a server or local path that includes metadata and RPM files. A consumer sets up an INI configuration file, and the `yum` command automatically resolves the metadata and downloads the corresponding packages.
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora provides the `createrepo` tool to set up a yum repo. First, create the repo and copy all RPM files from the ZFS folder to the repo. Then run `createrepo --update` to include all packages in the metadata:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/zfs.repo
|
||||
$ sudo createrepo /var/lib/zfs.repo
|
||||
$ sudo cp *.rpm /var/lib/zfs.repo/
|
||||
$ sudo createrepo --update /var/lib/zfs.repo
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Create a new configuration file in `/etc/yum.repos.d` to include the repo path:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo \
|
||||
"[zfs-local]\\\nname=ZFS Local\\\nbaseurl=file:///var/lib/zfs.repo\\\nenabled=1\\\ngpgcheck=0" |\
|
||||
sudo tee /etc/yum.repos.d/zfs-local.repo
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo dnf --repo=zfs-local list available --refresh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, you have reached the end of the journey! You have a working yum repo and ZFS packages. Now you just need to install them:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install zfs
|
||||
$ sudo /sbin/modprobe zfs
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Run `sudo zfs version` to see the version of your userland and kernel tools. Congratulations! You have [ZFS for Fedora][9].
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/20/10/zfs-dnf
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sheng Mao][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ivzhh
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/puzzle_computer_solve_fix_tool.png?itok=U0pH1uwj (Puzzle pieces coming together to form a computer screen)
|
||||
[2]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/project/#_what_is_fedora_all_about
|
||||
[3]: https://zfsonlinux.org/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=OpenZFS-3x-Boost-Sync-ZVOL
|
||||
[5]: https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6896
|
||||
[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yum_%28software%29
|
||||
[7]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/introduction-gnu-autotools
|
||||
[8]: https://openzfs.org/wiki/Main_Page
|
||||
[9]: https://openzfs.github.io/openzfs-docs/Getting%20Started/Fedora.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (How to Clear Apt Cache and Reclaim Precious Disk Space)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://itsfoss.com/clear-apt-cache/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Abhishek Prakash https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/)
|
||||
|
||||
如何清除 apt 缓存来回收宝贵的磁盘空间
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
如何清除 apt 缓存？你只需使用这个 [apt-get 命令][1]选项：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get clean
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
但是，清理 apt 缓存不仅仅是运行上面的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
在本教程中，我将解释什么是 apt 缓存、为什么会使用它、为什么你要清理它，以及关于清理 apt 缓存你应该知道的其他事情。
|
||||
|
||||
我将在这里使用 Ubuntu 作为参考，但由于这是关于 apt 的，因此它也适用于 [Debian][2] 和其他基于 Debian 和 Ubuntu 的发行版，比如 Linux Mint、Deepin 等等。
|
||||
|
||||
### 什么是 apt 缓存？为什么要使用它？
|
||||
|
||||
当你使用 apt-get 或 [apt 命令][3]安装一个软件包时(或在软件中心安装 DEB 包)，apt [包管理器][4]会以 .deb 格式下载软件包及其依赖关系，并将其保存在 /var/cache/apt/archives 文件夹中。
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
下载时，apt 将 deb 包保存在 /var/cache/apt/archives/partial 目录下。当 deb 包完全下载完毕后，它会被移到 /var/cache/apt/archives 目录下。
|
||||
|
||||
下载完包的 deb 文件及其依赖关系后，你的系统就会[从这些 deb 文件中安装包][6]。
|
||||
|
||||
现在你明白缓存的用途了吧？系统在安装软件包之前，需要一个地方把软件包文件存放在某个地方。如果你了解 [Linux 目录结构][7]，你就会明白，/var/cache 是合适的地方。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 为什么安装包后要保留缓存？
|
||||
|
||||
下载的 deb 文件在安装完成后并不会立即从目录中删除。如果你删除了一个软件包，然后重新安装，你的系统会在缓存中查找这个软件包，并从这里获取它，而不是重新下载（只要缓存中的软件包版本与远程仓库中的版本相同）。
|
||||
|
||||
这样就快多了。你可以自己尝试一下，看看一个程序第一次安装，删除后再安装需要多长时间。你可以[使用 time 命令来了解完成一个命令需要多长时间][8]：_**time sudo apt install package_name**_
|
||||
|
||||
我找不到任何关于缓存保留策略的内容，所以我无法说明 Ubuntu 会在缓存中保留下载的包多长时间。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 你应该清理 apt 缓存吗？
|
||||
|
||||
这取决于你。如果你的根目录下的磁盘空间用完了，你可以清理 apt cache 来回收磁盘空间。这是 [Ubuntu 上释放磁盘空间的几种方法][9]之一。
|
||||
|
||||
使用 [du 命令][10]检查缓存占用了多少空间：
|
||||
|
||||
![][11]
|
||||
|
||||
有的时候，这可能会占用几百兆，如果你正在运行一个服务器，这些空间可能是至关重要的。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 如何清理 apt 缓存？
|
||||
|
||||
如果你想清除 apt 缓存，有一个专门的命令来做。所以不要去手动删除缓存目录。只要使用这个命令就可以了：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get clean
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
这将删除 /var/cache/apt/archives 目录的内容（除了锁文件）。以下是 apt-get clean 命令模拟删除内容：
|
||||
|
||||
![][12]
|
||||
|
||||
还有一个命令是关于清理 apt 缓存的：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo apt-get autoclean
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
与 clean 不同的是，autoclean 只删除那些无法从仓库中下载的包。
|
||||
|
||||
假设你安装了包 xyz。它的 deb 文件仍然保留在缓存中。如果现在仓库中有新的 xyz 包，那么缓存中现有的这个 xyz 包就已经过时了，没有用了。autoclean 选项会删除这种不能再下载的无用包。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 删除 apt 缓存安全吗？
|
||||
|
||||
![][13]
|
||||
|
||||
是的，清除 apt 创建的缓存是完全安全的。它不会对系统的性能产生负面影响。也许如果你重新安装软件包，下载时间会更长一些，但也仅此而已。
|
||||
|
||||
再说一次，使用 apt-get clean 命令。它比手动删除缓存目录更快、更简单。
|
||||
|
||||
你也可以使用像 [Stacer][14] 或 [Bleachbit][15] 这样的图形工具来实现这个目的。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
在写这篇文章的时候，新的 apt 命令没有内置选项。不过，为了保持向后的兼容性，仍然可以运行 _**apt clean**_ （内部应该是运行 apt-get clean）。请参考这篇文章来[了解 apt 和 apt-get 的区别][16]。
|
||||
|
||||
我希望你觉得这个关于 apt 缓存的解释很有趣。虽然这不是什么必要的东西，但了解这些小东西会让你对你的 Linux 系统更加了解。
|
||||
|
||||
欢迎你在评论区提出反馈和建议。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://itsfoss.com/clear-apt-cache/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Abhishek Prakash][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://itsfoss.com/author/abhishek/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://itsfoss.com/apt-get-linux-guide/
|
||||
[2]: https://www.debian.org/
|
||||
[3]: https://itsfoss.com/apt-command-guide/
|
||||
[4]: https://itsfoss.com/package-manager/
|
||||
[5]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/apt-get-clean-cache.png?resize=800%2C470&ssl=1
|
||||
[6]: https://itsfoss.com/install-deb-files-ubuntu/
|
||||
[7]: https://linuxhandbook.com/linux-directory-structure/
|
||||
[8]: https://linuxhandbook.com/time-command/
|
||||
[9]: https://itsfoss.com/free-up-space-ubuntu-linux/
|
||||
[10]: https://linuxhandbook.com/find-directory-size-du-command/
|
||||
[11]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/apt-cache-archive-size.png?resize=800%2C233&ssl=1
|
||||
[12]: https://i2.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/apt-get-clean-ubuntu.png?resize=800%2C339&ssl=1
|
||||
[13]: https://i1.wp.com/itsfoss.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Clear-Apt-Cache.png?resize=800%2C450&ssl=1
|
||||
[14]: https://itsfoss.com/optimize-ubuntu-stacer/
|
||||
[15]: https://itsfoss.com/use-bleachbit-ubuntu/
|
||||
[16]: https://itsfoss.com/apt-vs-apt-get-difference/
|
||||
132
translated/tech/20201016 Set up ZFS on Linux with yum.md
Normal file
132
translated/tech/20201016 Set up ZFS on Linux with yum.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Set up ZFS on Linux with yum)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/10/zfs-dnf)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Sheng Mao https://opensource.com/users/ivzhh)
|
||||
|
||||
在 Linux 上使用 yum 设置 ZFS
|
||||
======
|
||||
在 Fedora 上使用 yum 仓库里来使用最新的 ZFS 特性。
|
||||
![Puzzle pieces coming together to form a computer screen][1]
|
||||
|
||||
我是一名 Fedora Linux 用户，我每天都会运行 `yum upgrade`。虽然这个习惯使我能够运行所有最新的软件([Fedora 的四个基础][2]之一的 “First” （第一），它也做到了)，但它也会提醒 [ZFS][3] 存储平台和新内核之间的任何不兼容。
|
||||
|
||||
作为一名开发者，有时我需要最新的 ZFS 分支的新特性。例如，ZFS 2.0.0 包含了一个令人兴奋的新功能，它大大[提高了 ZVOL 同步性能][4]，这对我这个 KVM 用户来说至关重要。但这意味着，如果我想使用 2.0.0 分支，我必须自己构建 ZFS。
|
||||
|
||||
起初，我只是在每次内核更新后从它的 Git 仓库中手动编译 ZFS。如果我忘记了，ZFS 就会在下次启动时无法被识别。幸运的是，我很快就学会了如何为 ZFS 设置动态内核模块支持 （[DKMS][5]）。然而，这个解决方案并不完美。首先，它没有利用强大的 [yum][6] 系统，而这个系统可以帮助解决依赖关系和升级。此外，使用 yum 在你自己的包和上游包之间进行切换是非常容易的。
|
||||
|
||||
在本文中，我将演示如何设置 yum 仓库来打包 ZFS。这个方案有两个步骤：
|
||||
|
||||
1. 从 ZFS 的 Git 仓库中创建 RPM 包。
|
||||
2. 建立一个 yum 仓库来托管这些包。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 创建 RPM 包
|
||||
|
||||
要创建 RPM 包，你需要安装 RPM 工具链。yum 提供了组来捆绑安装工具：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`sudo dnf group install 'C Development Tools and Libraries' 'RPM Development Tools'`
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
安装完这些之后，你必须从 ZFS Git 仓库中安装构建 ZFS 所需的所有包。这些包属于三个组：
|
||||
|
||||
1. [Autotools][7]，用于从平台配置中生成构建文件。
|
||||
2. 用于构建 ZFS 内核和用户态工具的库。
|
||||
3. 构建 RPM 包的库。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo dnf install libtool autoconf automake gettext createrepo \
|
||||
libuuid-devel libblkid-devel openssl-devel libtirpc-devel \
|
||||
lz4-devel libzstd-devel zlib-devel \
|
||||
kernel-devel elfutils-libelf-devel \
|
||||
libaio-devel libattr-devel libudev-devel \
|
||||
python3-devel libffi-devel
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在你已经准备好创建你自己的包了。
|
||||
|
||||
### 构建 OpenZFS
|
||||
|
||||
[OpenZFS][8] 提供了优秀的基础设施。要构建它:
|
||||
|
||||
1. 用 `git` 克隆仓库，并切换到你希望使用的分支/标签。
|
||||
2. 运行 Autotools 生成一个 makefile。
|
||||
3. 运行 `make rpm`，如果一切正常，RPM 文件将被放置在构建文件夹中。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ git clone --branch=zfs-2.0.0-rc3 <https://github.com/openzfs/zfs.git> zfs
|
||||
$ cd zfs
|
||||
$ ./autogen.sh
|
||||
$ ./configure
|
||||
$ make rpm
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 建立一个 yum 仓库
|
||||
|
||||
在 yum 中，仓库是一个服务器或本地路径，包括元数据和 RPM 文件。用户设置一个 INI 配置文件，`yum` 命令会自动解析元数据并下载相应的软件包。
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora 提供了 `createrepo` 工具来设置 yum 仓库。首先，创建仓库，并将 ZFS 文件夹中的所有 RPM 文件复制到仓库中。然后运行 `createrepo --update` 将所有的包加入到元数据中。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo mkdir -p /var/lib/zfs.repo
|
||||
$ sudo createrepo /var/lib/zfs.repo
|
||||
$ sudo cp *.rpm /var/lib/zfs.repo/
|
||||
$ sudo createrepo --update /var/lib/zfs.repo
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在 `/etc/yum.repos.d` 中创建一个新的配置文件来包含仓库路径：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ echo \
|
||||
"[zfs-local]\\\nname=ZFS Local\\\nbaseurl=file:///var/lib/zfs.repo\\\nenabled=1\\\ngpgcheck=0" |\
|
||||
sudo tee /etc/yum.repos.d/zfs-local.repo
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo dnf --repo=zfs-local list available --refresh
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
终于完成了！你已经有了一个可以使用的 yum 仓库和 ZFS 包。现在你只需要安装它们。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install zfs
|
||||
$ sudo /sbin/modprobe zfs
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
运行 `sudo zfs version` 来查看你的用户态和内核工具的版本。恭喜！你拥有了 [Fedora 中的 ZFS][9]。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/20/10/zfs-dnf
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Sheng Mao][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/ivzhh
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/styles/image-full-size/public/lead-images/puzzle_computer_solve_fix_tool.png?itok=U0pH1uwj (Puzzle pieces coming together to form a computer screen)
|
||||
[2]: https://docs.fedoraproject.org/en-US/project/#_what_is_fedora_all_about
|
||||
[3]: https://zfsonlinux.org/
|
||||
[4]: https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=OpenZFS-3x-Boost-Sync-ZVOL
|
||||
[5]: https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/6896
|
||||
[6]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yum_%28software%29
|
||||
[7]: https://opensource.com/article/19/7/introduction-gnu-autotools
|
||||
[8]: https://openzfs.org/wiki/Main_Page
|
||||
[9]: https://openzfs.github.io/openzfs-docs/Getting%20Started/Fedora.html
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user