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Merge remote-tracking branch 'LCTT/master'
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Xingyu Wang
commit
b93d058a4f
@ -1,56 +1,58 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (messon007)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: publisher: (wxy)
|
||||
[#]: url: (https://linux.cn/article-12199-1.html)
|
||||
[#]: subject: (Create a SDN on Linux with open source)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://opensource.com/article/20/4/quagga-linux)
|
||||
[#]: author: (M Umer https://opensource.com/users/noisybotnet)
|
||||
|
||||
在Linux上使用开源代码创建SDN
|
||||
在 Linux 上使用开源软件创建 SDN
|
||||
======
|
||||
使用开源路由协议栈Quagga，使您的Linux系统成为一台路由器。
|
||||
![Coding on a computer][1]
|
||||
|
||||
网络路由协议分为两大类：内部网关协议和外部网关协议。路由器使用内部网关协议在单个自治系统内共享信息。如果您用的是Linux，则可以通过开源（GPLv2）路由协议栈[Quagga][2]使其表现得像一台路由器。
|
||||
> 使用开源路由协议栈 Quagga，使你的 Linux 系统成为一台路由器。
|
||||
|
||||
### Quagga是什么？
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Quagga是[路由软件包][3]，并且是[GNU Zebra][4]的一个分支。它为类Unix平台提供了所有主流路由协议的实现，例如开放最短路径优先（OSPF），路由信息协议（RIP），边界网关协议（BGP）和中间系统到中间系统协议（IS-IS）。
|
||||
网络路由协议分为两大类：内部网关协议和外部网关协议。路由器使用内部网关协议在单个自治系统内共享信息。如果你用的是 Linux，则可以通过开源（GPLv2）路由协议栈 [Quagga][2] 使其表现得像一台路由器。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管Quagga为IPv4和IPv6都实现了路由协议，但它却不是一个完整的路由器。真正的路由器不仅实现了所有路由协议，而且还有转发网络流量的能力。 Quagga仅仅实现了路由协议栈，而转发网络流量的工作由Linux内核处理。
|
||||
### Quagga 是什么？
|
||||
|
||||
Quagga 是一个[路由软件包][3]，并且是 [GNU Zebra][4] 的一个分支。它为类 Unix 平台提供了所有主流路由协议的实现，例如开放最短路径优先（OSPF），路由信息协议（RIP），边界网关协议（BGP）和中间系统到中间系统协议（IS-IS）。
|
||||
|
||||
尽管 Quagga 实现了 IPv4 和 IPv6 的路由协议，但它并不是一个完整的路由器。一个真正的路由器不仅实现了所有路由协议，而且还有转发网络流量的能力。 Quagga 仅仅实现了路由协议栈，而转发网络流量的工作由 Linux 内核处理。
|
||||
|
||||
### 架构
|
||||
|
||||
Quagga通过协议特定的守护程序实现不同的路由协议。守护程序名称与路由协议相同，加了字母“d”作为后缀。Zebra是核心的协议无关的守护进程，它为内核提供了一个[抽象层][5]，并通过TCP套接字向Quagga客户端提供Zserv API。每个协议特定的守护程序负责运行相关的协议并基于交换的信息来建立路由表。
|
||||
Quagga 通过特定协议的守护程序实现不同的路由协议。守护程序名称与路由协议相同，加了字母“d”作为后缀。Zebra 是核心，也是与协议无关的守护进程，它为内核提供了一个[抽象层][5]，并通过 TCP 套接字向 Quagga 客户端提供 Zserv API。每个特定协议的守护程序负责运行相关的协议，并基于交换的信息来建立路由表。
|
||||
|
||||
![Quagga architecture][6]
|
||||
|
||||
### 环境
|
||||
|
||||
本教程通过Quagga实现的OSPF协议来配置动态路由。该环境包括两个名为Alpha和Beta的CentOS 7.7主机。两台主机共享访问 **192.168.122.0/24** 网络。
|
||||
本教程通过 Quagga 实现的 OSPF 协议来配置动态路由。该环境包括两个名为 Alpha 和 Beta 的 CentOS 7.7 主机。两台主机共享访问 **192.168.122.0/24** 网络。
|
||||
|
||||
**主机Alpha**
|
||||
**主机 Alpha：**
|
||||
|
||||
IP：192.168.122.100/24
|
||||
网关：192.168.122.1
|
||||
|
||||
**主机Beta**
|
||||
**主机 Beta：**
|
||||
|
||||
IP：192.168.122.50/24
|
||||
网关：192.168.122.1
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装软件包
|
||||
|
||||
首先，在两台主机上安装Quagga软件包。它存在于CentOS基础仓库中：
|
||||
首先，在两台主机上安装 Quagga 软件包。它存在于 CentOS 基础仓库中：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
`yum install quagga -y`
|
||||
yum install quagga -y
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 使能IP转发
|
||||
### 启用 IP 转发
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，在两台主机上使能IP转发，因为它将由Linux内核来执行：
|
||||
接下来，在两台主机上启用 IP 转发，因为它将由 Linux 内核来执行：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
|
||||
@ -59,14 +61,13 @@ sysctl -p
|
||||
|
||||
### 配置
|
||||
|
||||
现在，进入 **/etc/quagga** 目录并为您的设置创建配置文件。您需要三个文件：
|
||||
现在，进入 `/etc/quagga` 目录并为你的设置创建配置文件。你需要三个文件：
|
||||
|
||||
* **zebra.conf**：Quagga的守护程序配置文件，您可以在其中定义接口及其IP地址和IP转发
|
||||
* **ospfd.conf**：协议配置文件，您可以在其中定义将通过OSPF协议提供的网络
|
||||
* **守护程序**：您将在其中指定需要运行的相关的协议守护程序
|
||||
* `zebra.conf`：Quagga 守护程序的配置文件，你可以在其中定义接口及其 IP 地址和 IP 转发
|
||||
* `ospfd.conf`：协议配置文件，你可以在其中定义将通过 OSPF 协议提供的网络
|
||||
* `daemons`：你将在其中指定需要运行的相关的协议守护程序
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
在主机Alpha上，
|
||||
在主机 Alpha 上，
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[root@alpha]# cat /etc/quagga/zebra.conf
|
||||
@ -94,7 +95,7 @@ zebra=yes
|
||||
ospfd=yes
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在主机Beta上，
|
||||
在主机 Beta 上，
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[root@beta quagga]# cat zebra.conf
|
||||
@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ ospfd=yes
|
||||
|
||||
### 配置防火墙
|
||||
|
||||
要使用OSPF协议，必须允许它通过防火墙：
|
||||
要使用 OSPF 协议，必须允许它通过防火墙：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
firewall-cmd --add-protocol=ospf –permanent
|
||||
@ -132,7 +133,7 @@ firewall-cmd --add-protocol=ospf –permanent
|
||||
firewall-cmd –reload
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
现在，启动zebra和ospfd守护程序。
|
||||
现在，启动 `zebra` 和 `ospfd` 守护程序。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
# systemctl start zebra
|
||||
@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ default via 192.168.122.1 dev eth0 proto static metric 100
|
||||
192.168.122.0/24 dev eth0 proto kernel scope link src 192.168.122.100 metric 100
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
您可以看到Alpha上的路由表包含通过 **192.168.122.50** 到达 **10.10.10.0/24** 的条目，它是通过协议 **zebra** 获取的。同样，在主机Beta上，该表包含通过 **192.168.122.100** 到达网络 **10.12.13.0/24** 的条目。
|
||||
你可以看到 Alpha 上的路由表包含通过 **192.168.122.50** 到达 **10.10.10.0/24** 的路由项，它是通过协议 zebra 获取的。同样，在主机 Beta 上，该表包含通过 **192.168.122.100** 到达网络 **10.12.13.0/24** 的路由项。
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
[root@beta ~]# ip route show
|
||||
@ -161,7 +162,7 @@ default via 192.168.122.1 dev eth0 proto static metric 100
|
||||
|
||||
### 结论
|
||||
|
||||
如您所见，环境和配置相对简单。要增加复杂性，您可以向路由器添加更多网络接口，以为更多网络提供路由。您也可以使用相同的方法来实现BGP和RIP协议。
|
||||
如你所见，环境和配置相对简单。要增加复杂性，你可以向路由器添加更多网络接口，以为更多网络提供路由。你也可以使用相同的方法来实现 BGP 和 RIP 协议。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -170,7 +171,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/20/4/quagga-linux
|
||||
作者：[M Umer][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[messon007](https://github.com/messon007)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,89 +0,0 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (What’s new in Fedora 32 Workstation)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/whats-new-fedora-32-workstation/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Ryan Lerch https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ryanlerch/)
|
||||
|
||||
What’s new in Fedora 32 Workstation
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora 32 Workstation is the [latest release][2] of our free, leading-edge operating system. You can download it from [the official website here][3] right now. There are several new and noteworthy changes in Fedora 32 Workstation. Read more details below.
|
||||
|
||||
### GNOME 3.36
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora 32 Workstation includes the latest release of GNOME Desktop Environment for users of all types. GNOME 3.36 in Fedora 32 Workstation includes many updates and improvements, including:
|
||||
|
||||
#### Redesigned Lock Screen
|
||||
|
||||
The lock screen in Fedora 32 is a totally new experience. The new design removes the “window shade” metaphor used in previous releases, and focuses on ease and speed of use.
|
||||
|
||||
![Unlock screen in Fedora 32][4]
|
||||
|
||||
#### New Extensions Application
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora 32 features the new Extensions application, to easily manage your GNOME Extensions. In the past, extensions were installed, configured, and enabled using either the Software application and / or the Tweak Tool.
|
||||
|
||||
![The new Extensions application in Fedora 32][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Note that the Extensions application is not installed by default on Fedora 32. To either use the Software application to search and install, or use the following command in the terminal:
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo dnf install gnome-extensions-app
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### Reorganized Settings
|
||||
|
||||
Eagle-eyed Fedora users will notice that the Settings application has been re-organized. The structure of the settings categories is a lot flatter, resulting in more settings being visible at a glance.
|
||||
|
||||
Additionally, the **About** category now has a more information about your system, including which windowing system you are running (e.g. Wayland)
|
||||
|
||||
![The reorganized settings application in Fedora 32][6]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Redesigned Notifications / Calendar popover
|
||||
|
||||
The Notifications / Calendar popover — toggled by clicking on the Date and Time at the top of your desktop — has had numerous small style tweaks. Additionally, the popover now has a **Do Not Disturb** switch to quickly disable all notifications. This quick access is useful when presenting your screen, and not wanting your personal notifications appearing.
|
||||
|
||||
![The new Notification / Calendar popover in Fedora 32 ][7]
|
||||
|
||||
#### Redesigned Clocks Application
|
||||
|
||||
The Clocks application is totally redesigned in Fedora 32. It features a design that works better on smaller windows.
|
||||
|
||||
![The Clocks application in Fedora 32][8]
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 3.36 also provides many additional features and enhancements. Check out the [GNOME 3.36 Release Notes][9] for further information
|
||||
|
||||
* * *
|
||||
|
||||
### Improved Out of Memory handling
|
||||
|
||||
Previously, if a system encountered a low-memory situation, it may have encountered heavy swap usage (aka [swap thrashing][10])– sometimes resulting in the Workstation UI slowing down, or becoming unresponsive for periods of time. Fedora 32 Workstation now ships and enables EarlyOOM by default. EarlyOOM enables users to more quickly recover and regain control over their system in low-memory situations with heavy swap usage.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/whats-new-fedora-32-workstation/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ryan Lerch][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ryanlerch/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/fedora32workstation-816x345.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/announcing-fedora-32/
|
||||
[3]: https://getfedora.org/workstation
|
||||
[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/unlock.gif
|
||||
[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/extensions.png
|
||||
[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/settings.png
|
||||
[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/donotdisturb.png
|
||||
[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/clocks.png
|
||||
[9]: https://help.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/3.36/
|
||||
[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrashing_(computer_science)
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (HankChow)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: ( )
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
|
||||
[#]: collector: (lujun9972)
|
||||
[#]: translator: (geekpi)
|
||||
[#]: reviewer: ( )
|
||||
[#]: publisher: ( )
|
||||
[#]: url: ( )
|
||||
[#]: subject: (What’s new in Fedora 32 Workstation)
|
||||
[#]: via: (https://fedoramagazine.org/whats-new-fedora-32-workstation/)
|
||||
[#]: author: (Ryan Lerch https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ryanlerch/)
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora 32 Workstation 的新功能
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
![][1]
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora 32 Workstation 是我们免费的领先操作系统的[最新版本][2]。你现在可以从[官方网站][3]下载它。Fedora 32 Workstation 中有几个新的且值得注意的更改。请阅读下面的详情。
|
||||
|
||||
### GNOME 3.36
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora 32 Workstation 包含了适合所有用户的 GNOME 桌面环境的最新版本。Fedora 32 Workstation 中的 GNOME 3.36 包含了许多更新和改进，包括：
|
||||
|
||||
#### 重新设计的锁屏界面
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora 32 中的锁屏是一种全新的体验。新设计消除了以前版本中使用的“窗口阴影”，并着重于易用性和速度。
|
||||
|
||||
![Unlock screen in Fedora 32][4]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 新的扩展程序
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora 32 有新的“扩展”应用，它可轻松管理你的 GNOME 扩展。过去，扩展是使用“软件”和/或“调整工具”来安装、配置和启用的。
|
||||
|
||||
![The new Extensions application in Fedora 32][5]
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，默认情况下，Fedora 32 上未安装“扩展”应用。需要使用“软件”进行搜索和安装，或在终端中使用以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
sudo dnf install gnome-extensions-app
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
#### 重新组织的设置
|
||||
|
||||
敏锐的 Fedora 用户会注意到“设置”应用已重新组织。设置类别的结构更加平坦，因此可以一次看到更多设置。
|
||||
|
||||
此外，“关于”中现在有有关系统的更多信息，包括正在运行的窗口系统（例如 Wayland）
|
||||
|
||||
![The reorganized settings application in Fedora 32][6]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 重新设计的通知/日历弹出框
|
||||
|
||||
单击桌面顶部的“日期和时间”可切换“通知/日历”弹出窗口，其中有许多小的样式调整项。此外，弹出窗口现在有“请勿打扰”开关，可快速禁用所有通知。这在希望只显示屏幕不显示个人通知时很有用。
|
||||
|
||||
![The new Notification / Calendar popover in Fedora 32 ][7]
|
||||
|
||||
#### 重新设计的时钟应用
|
||||
|
||||
Fedora 32 完全重新设计了时钟。该设计在较小的窗口中效果更好。
|
||||
|
||||
![The Clocks application in Fedora 32][8]
|
||||
|
||||
GNOME 3.36 还提供了许多其他功能和增强。有关更多信息，请查看 [GNOME 3.36 的发布说明][9]。
|
||||
|
||||
* * *
|
||||
|
||||
### 改进的内存不足处理
|
||||
|
||||
以前，如果系统内存不足，那么可能会遇到大量 swap 使用（也称为 [swap thrashing][10]）–有时会导致 Workstation UI 变慢或在一段时间内无响应。Fedora 32 Workstation 现在默认启用 EarlyOOM。EarlyOOM 使用户可以在低内存情况下通过大量 swap 使用来更快地恢复并重新获得对系统的控制。
|
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|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://fedoramagazine.org/whats-new-fedora-32-workstation/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Ryan Lerch][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972][b]
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
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|
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[a]: https://fedoramagazine.org/author/ryanlerch/
|
||||
[b]: https://github.com/lujun9972
|
||||
[1]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/fedora32workstation-816x345.jpg
|
||||
[2]: https://fedoramagazine.org/announcing-fedora-32/
|
||||
[3]: https://getfedora.org/workstation
|
||||
[4]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/unlock.gif
|
||||
[5]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/extensions.png
|
||||
[6]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/settings.png
|
||||
[7]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/donotdisturb.png
|
||||
[8]: https://fedoramagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/clocks.png
|
||||
[9]: https://help.gnome.org/misc/release-notes/3.36/
|
||||
[10]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrashing_(computer_science)
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user