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[translated]10 - The history of Android.md
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The history of Android
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注：youtube视频地址
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<iframe width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" src="http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/e52TSXwj774?start=0&wmode=transparent" type="text/html" style="display:block"></iframe>
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### Android 2.0, Éclair—blowing up the GPS industry ###
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Forty-one days—that was how much time passed between Android 1.6 and 2.0. The first big version number bump for Android launched in October 2009 [on the Motorola Droid][1], the first "second generation" Android device. The Droid offered huge hardware upgrades over the G1, starting with the massive (at the time) 3.7 inch, 854×480 LCD. It brought a lot more power, too: a (still single-core) 600Mhz TI OMAP Cortex A8 with 256MB of RAM.
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The Motorola Droid stares into your soul.
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The most important part of the Droid, though, was the large advertising campaign around it. The Droid was the flagship device for Verizon Wireless in the US, and with that title came a ton of ad money from America's biggest carrier. Verizon licensed the word "droid" from Lucasfilm and started up the ["Droid Does" campaign][2]—a shouty, explosion-filled set of commercials that positioned the device (and by extension, Android) as the violent, ass-kicking alternative to the iPhone. The press frequently declared the T-Mobile G1 as trying to be an “iPhone Killer," but the Droid came out and owned it.
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Like the G1, the Droid had a hardware keyboard that slid out from the side of the phone. The trackball was gone, but some kind of d-pad was still mandatory, so Motorola placed a five-way d-pad on the right side of the keyboard. On the front, the Droid switched from hardware buttons to capacitive touch buttons, which were just paint on the glass touchscreen. Android 2.0 also finally allowed devices to do away with the “Call" and “End" buttons. So together with the demotion of the d-pad to the keyboard tray, the front buttons could all fit in a nice, neat strip. The result of all this streamlining was the best-looking Android device yet. The T-Mobile G1 looked like a Fisher-Price toy, but the Motorola Droid looked like an industrial tool that you could cut someone with.
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The lock and home screens from 2.0 and 1.6.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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Some of Verizon's grungy ad campaign leaked over to the software, where the default wallpaper was changed from a calm, watery vista to a picture of dirty concrete. The boot animation used a pulsing, red, Hal 9000 eyeball and the default notification tone shouted "[DRRRRROOOOIIIIDDDD][3]" every time you received an e-mail. Éclair was Android’s angsty teenager phase.
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One of the first things Android 2.0 presented to the user was a new lock screen. Slide-to-unlock was patented by Apple, so Google went with a rotary-phone-inspired arc unlock gesture. Putting your finger on the lock icon and sliding right would unlock the device, and sliding left from the volume icon would silence the phone. A thumb naturally moves in an arc, so this felt like an even more natural gesture than sliding in a straight line.
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The default homescreen layout scrapped the redundant analog clock widget and introduced what is now an Android staple: a search bar at the top of the home screen. SMS Messaging and the Android Market were also given top billing in the new layout. The app drawer tab was given a sharp redesign, too.
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The app drawers and pictures of the “Add to Home" menus.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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Android was developed at such a breakneck pace in the early days that the Android Team could never really plan for future devices when making interface art. The Motorola Droid—with its 854×480 LCD—was a huge bump up in resolution over the 320×480 G1-era devices. Nearly everything needed to be redrawn. Starting from scratch with interface art would pretty much be the main theme of Android 2.0.
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Google took this opportunity to redesign almost every icon in Android, going from a cartoony look with an isometric perspective to straight-on icons done in a more serious style. The only set of icons that weren't redrawn were the status bar icons, which now look very out of place compared to the rest of the OS. These icons would hang around from Android 0.9 until 2.3.
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There were a few changes to the app lineup as well. Camcorder was merged into the camera, the IM app was killed, and two new Google-made apps were added: Car Home, a launcher with big buttons designed for use while driving, and Corporate Calendar, which is identical to the regular calendar except it supports Exchange instead of Google Calendar. Weirdly, Google also included two third-party apps out of the box: Facebook and Verizon's Visual VM app. (Neither works today.) The second set of pictures displays the “Add to Home screen" menu, and it received all new art, too.
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A Places page, showing the “Navigate" option, the Navigation disclaimer, the actual Navigation screen, and the traffic info screen.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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Beyond a redesign, the clear headline feature of Android 2.0 was Google Maps Navigation. Google updated Maps to allow for free turn-by-turn navigation, complete with a point of interest search and text to speech, which could read the names of streets aloud just like a standalone GPS unit. Turning GPS navigation from a separate product into a free smartphone feature pretty much [destroyed][4] the standalone GPS market overnight. TomTom’s stock dropped almost 40 percent during the week of Android 2.0’s launch.
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But navigation was pretty hard to get to at first. You had to open the search box, type in a place or address, and tap on the search result. Next, after tapping on the "Navigate" button, Google showed a warning stating that Navigation was in beta and should not be trusted. After tapping on "accept," you could jump in a car, and a harsh-sounding robot voice would guide you to your destination. Hidden behind the menu button was an option to check out the traffic and accidents for the entire route. This design of Navigation hung around forever. Even when the main Google Maps interface was updated in Android 4.0, the Android 2.0 stylings in the Navigation section hung around until almost Android 4.3.
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Maps would also show a route overview, which contained traffic data for your route. At first it was just licensed by the usual traffic data provider, but later, Google would use information from Android and iOS phones running Google Maps to [crowd source traffic data][5]. It was the first step in Google's dominance of the mobile map game. After all, real-time traffic monitoring is really just a matter of how many points of data you have. Today, with hundreds of millions of Google Maps users across iOS and Android, Google has become the best provider of traffic data in the world.
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With Maps Navigation, Android finally found its killer app. Google was offering something no one else could. There was finally an answer to the "Why should I buy this over an iPhone?" question. Google Maps didn't require PC-based updating like many GPS units did, either. It was always up-to-date thanks to the cloud, and all of those updates were free. The only downside was that you needed an Internet connection to use Google Maps.
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As was greatly publicized during the [Apple Maps fiasco][6], accurate maps have become one of the most important features of a smartphone, even if no one really appreciates them when they work. Mapping the world is really only solvable with tons of person power, and today, Google’s “Geo" division is the largest in the company with more than [7,000 employees][7]. For most of these people, their job is to literally drive down every road in the world with the company’s camera-filled Street View cars. After eight years of data collection, Google has more than [five million miles][8] of 360-degree Street View imagery, and Google Maps is one of the biggest, most untouchable pillars of the company.
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The Car Home screen, and, because we have room, a horizontal version of Navigation.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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Along with Google Maps Navigation came "Car Home," a large-buttoned home screen designed to help you use your phone while driving. It wasn't customizable, and each button was just a shortcut to a standard app. The Motorola Droid and its official [car dock accessory][9] had special magnets that would automatically trigger Car Home. While docked, pressing the hardware home button on the Droid would open Car Home instead of the normal home screen, and an on-screen home button led to the normal home screen.
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Car Home, while useful, didn’t last long—it was cut in Android 3.0 and never came back. GPS systems are almost entirely used in cars while driving, but encouraging users to do so with options like “search," which would bring up a keyboard, is something that Google’s lawyers probably weren’t very fond of. With [Apple’s CarPlay][10] and Google’s [Open Automotive Alliance][11], car computers are seeing a resurgence these days. This time, though, there is more of a focus on safety, and government organizations like the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration are on board to help out.
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[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work.
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[@RonAmadeo][t]
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via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/10/
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/12/review-of-the-motorola-droid/
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[2]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e52TSXwj774
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[3]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBL47tHrvMA
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[4]:http://techcrunch.com/2009/10/28/googles-new-mobile-app-cuts-gps-nav-companies-at-the-knees/
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[5]:http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/08/bright-side-of-sitting-in-traffic.html
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[6]:http://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/09/apple-ceo-tim-cook-apologizes-for-ios-6-maps-promises-improvements/
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[7]:http://www.businessinsider.com/apple-has-7000-fewer-people-working-on-maps-than-google-2012-9
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[8]:https://developers.google.com/events/io/sessions/383278298
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[9]:http://www.amazon.com/Motorola-Generation-Vehicle-Charger-Packaging/dp/B002Y3BYQA
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[10]:http://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/03/ios-in-the-car-becomes-carplay-coming-to-select-dashboards-this-year/
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[11]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/01/open-automotive-alliance-aims-to-bring-android-inside-the-car/
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[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
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[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
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安卓编年史
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注：youtube视频地址
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<iframe width="640" height="360" frameborder="0" src="http://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/e52TSXwj774?start=0&wmode=transparent" type="text/html" style="display:block"></iframe>
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### Android 2.0, Éclair——带动GPS产业 ###
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41天——这是从安卓1.6到安卓2.0所经历的时间。安卓的第一个大的版本号更迭发生在2009年10月的[摩托罗拉Droid][1]身上，它是第一部“第二代”安卓设备。相对于G1而言，Droid进行了大幅的硬件升级，拥有巨大的3.7英寸（在当时而言），分辨率854×480的LCD屏幕。它同样带来了更强劲的性能：一个600Mhz的德州仪器TI OMAP Cortex A8处理器（还是单核），以及256MB的RAM内存。
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摩托罗拉Droid凝视着你的灵魂。
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但Droid最重要的部分是围绕它的大型广告活动。Droid是美国运营商威瑞森Verizon的旗舰设备，这个头衔给它从美国最大运营商那里带来了不少收入。威瑞森从卢卡斯影业那获得了单词“droid”的授权，并且开始了[“Droid Does”运动][2]——通过广告将设备定位成一个敢于发声，充满突破的（由此也延伸到安卓身上）强力iPhone替代品。媒体常常说T-Mobile G1想要成为一个“iPhone杀手”，但是Droid走了出来，并拥有了这个称号。
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就和G1一样，Droid有个侧滑实体键盘。轨迹球已经不见了，但是还是强制性要求有类似十字方向键的东西，所以摩托罗拉把一个五键十字方向键放在了键盘右侧。Droid正面按键从实体按键变成了电容式触摸按键，它们只是被印在了玻璃触摸屏上。安卓2.0同样最终取消了必须有“呼叫”和“结束”按钮的强制要求。所以连同十字方向键移到键盘那里的变动，正面的按键可以排成漂亮又整洁的一行。所有这些精简结果带来的是有史以来最好看的安卓设备。T-Mobile G1看起来像是费雪牌的玩具，但摩托罗拉Droid看起来像个可以用来削人的工业工具。
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安卓2.0和1.6的锁屏和主屏幕。
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Ron Amadeo供图
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威瑞森的一些差劲的广告活动泄漏了这个软件，原本平静，水汪汪的远景默认壁纸变成了脏兮兮的混凝土。开机动画用了红色脉动的哈儿（HAL 9000）的眼球（译注：哈儿是英国小说家亚瑟·克拉克所著《太空漫游》小说中出现的一部拥有强人工智能的超级电脑），每当你收到邮件的时候，默认通知铃声还会高喊“[DRRRRROOOOIIIIDDDD][3]”。Éclair泡芙就像是安卓的忧郁少年阶段。
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安卓2.0中最先呈现给用户的事情之一就是新的锁屏。滑动解锁是苹果的专利，因此谷歌就采用了来自旋转手机的灵感，使用了弧线解锁手势。把你的手指放在锁定图标上并且向右滑动可以解锁设备，从音量图标向左滑动可以让手机静音。手指自然移动是圆弧状的，所以这手势感觉比按直线滑动更加自然。
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默认主屏幕布局取消了多余的模拟时钟小部件，引入了现如今安卓的一个主要部分：主屏幕顶端的一个搜索栏。短信和安卓市场同样花了大功夫在新布局上。应用抽屉页同样被经过了明显的重新设计。
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应用抽屉和“添加到主屏幕”菜单截图。
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Ron Amadeo供图
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安卓在早期的阶段以极快的步伐开发前进，而安卓团队在考虑界面设计时也从来没有对未来的设备有过真正的规划。摩托罗拉Droid——拥有854×480分辨率的LCD显示屏——相对于320×480分辨率的G1时代设备在分辨率上是个巨大的提升。几乎所有的东西都需要重绘。界面设计的“从头开始”就几乎成为了安卓2.0的主要课题。
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谷歌借此机会几乎重新设计了安卓的所有图标，从带有等距轴线的卡通风格图标转变为风格更为正式直观的图标。唯一一套没有重绘的图标是状态栏图标，和经过修改的系统其它部分相比显得格格不入。这些图标会从安卓0.9一直使用到安卓2.3。
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应用阵容上同样也有一些改变。摄像机被合并到相机中，IM应用被去除，并增加了两个新的谷歌应用：Car Home，一个被设计为在驾驶时使用的带有大按钮的启动器，还有企业日历，除了它支持Exchange而不是谷歌日历以外，它和常规的日历没什么不一样。奇怪的是，谷歌还预装了两个第三方应用程序：Facebook和Verizon的Visual VM应用 （现在都不能用了）。第二组图片显示的是“添加到主屏幕”菜单，它同样经过了全新的设计。
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一个地点页面，显示“导航”选项，导航免责声明，实际的导航画面，以及交通信息。
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Ron Amadeo供图
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除了新的设计以外，安卓2.0最突出的亮点是谷歌地图导航。谷歌更新了地图，以支持免费的逐向导航，配有兴趣点搜索和文本到语音引擎，这使得它可以像一个独立的GPS设备一样大声读出街道名称。把GPS导航从一个单独的产品变成免费的智能手机功能，这几乎一夜之间[摧毁][4]了独立GPS市场。TomTom的股票在安卓2.0推出的一周内下跌了近40％。
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但一开始导航非常难以找到。你必须打开搜索框，键入一个地点或地址，并点击搜索结果。接下来，点击了“导航”按钮后，谷歌会显示一个警告，声明导航正处于beta测试阶段，不应该被信任。点击“接受”后，你可以跳上车，一个粗糙的合成语音会引导你到达目的地。菜单按钮背后隐藏着一个选项，可以查看整个路线上的交通状况和突发事件。导航的设计一直徘徊不前。甚至连谷歌地图主界面都在安卓4.0时更新了，安卓2.0风格的导航部分还是那么放着，这几乎持续到了安卓4.3才有所改观。
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地图还会显示路线的概览，其中包含你的路线的交通数据。起初数据只是由常规的交通数据提供商授权，但后来，谷歌使用运行谷歌地图的安卓和iOS手机[收集原始交通数据][5]。这是在移动设备地图游戏中谷歌迈向霸主地位的第一步。毕竟，实时交通流量的监控确实仅仅取决于你有多少数据点来源。现在，伴随着数以亿计的iOS和安卓的谷歌地图的用户，谷歌已经成为世界上最好的交通数据提供商。
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地图导航，安卓终于找到了自己的杀手级应用。谷歌公司那时提供了其他人提供不了的东西。“为什么我应该买这个而不是买个iPhone？”问题终于有了个答案。谷歌地图也不需要像许多GPS设备一样通过PC更新。有了云，地图能够始终保持最新状态，所有这些更新都是免费的。唯一的缺点是，你需要一个互联网连接来使用谷歌地图。
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精确的地图在[苹果地图的惨败][6]中被大大宣传，它已经成为了智能手机的最重要的功能之一，即使没有人真正在它们工作的时候赞赏它们。绘制世界真的只借助无数人的力量，今天，谷歌的“地球”部门是公司最大的部门，拥有超过[7000名员工][7]。对于这里的大多数人来说，他们的工作是驾驶着公司充满相机的街景车驶过世界上的每一条道路。经过八年的数据收集，谷歌拥有超过[五百万英里][8]的360度街景视图，谷歌地图成为了公司不可撼动的支柱之一。
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Car Home主屏幕，并且因为有空间，加入了一个横版的导航。
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Ron Amadeo供图
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随着和谷歌地图导航一起到来的还有“Car Home”，一个大按钮设计的主屏幕，旨在帮助你在驾驶时使用手机。这不是定制的，每一个按钮只是一个独立应用的快捷方式。摩托罗拉Droid和其官方的[车载dock配件][9]有特殊的磁铁，二者接触将自动触发Car Home。在手机接入dock时，按压Droid的实体home键会打开Car Home主屏而不是正常的主屏幕，屏幕上的触摸Home键可以打开正常的主屏幕。
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Car Home，虽然很有用，但并没有存在多久——它在安卓3.0中被去掉了，再也没有回来过。GPS系统几乎全部用在汽车驾驶时，但它鼓励用户使用如“搜索”这样的功能，它会弹出一个键盘，谷歌的律师可能并不是很喜欢这种功能。随着[苹果的CarPlay][10]和谷歌的[开放汽车联盟][11]的到来，车载电脑看到了复苏的希望。这一次，重点更多的是在安全上，政府机构（如美国国家公路交通安全管理局）也在协助着这一方面的发展。
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[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron是Ars Technica的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。
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[@RonAmadeo][t]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/10/
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译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2009/12/review-of-the-motorola-droid/
|
||||
[2]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e52TSXwj774
|
||||
[3]:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBL47tHrvMA
|
||||
[4]:http://techcrunch.com/2009/10/28/googles-new-mobile-app-cuts-gps-nav-companies-at-the-knees/
|
||||
[5]:http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/08/bright-side-of-sitting-in-traffic.html
|
||||
[6]:http://arstechnica.com/apple/2012/09/apple-ceo-tim-cook-apologizes-for-ios-6-maps-promises-improvements/
|
||||
[7]:http://www.businessinsider.com/apple-has-7000-fewer-people-working-on-maps-than-google-2012-9
|
||||
[8]:https://developers.google.com/events/io/sessions/383278298
|
||||
[9]:http://www.amazon.com/Motorola-Generation-Vehicle-Charger-Packaging/dp/B002Y3BYQA
|
||||
[10]:http://arstechnica.com/apple/2014/03/ios-in-the-car-becomes-carplay-coming-to-select-dashboards-this-year/
|
||||
[11]:http://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/01/open-automotive-alliance-aims-to-bring-android-inside-the-car/
|
||||
[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
|
||||
[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user