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20140624 Open Source Multimedia Converter Curlew 0.1.22.3 Is Out.md20140625 Create A '.deb Pacakge Repository' at Sourceforge.net Using 'Reprepro' Tool in Ubuntu.md20140625 Keep an eye on these 5 new features in RHEL 7.md20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md
sources
news
20140714 Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products.md20140714 IPFire 2.13 Core 77 Linux Firewall Distro Brings Major OpenVPN Improvements.md20140714 LFTP 4.5.3 File Transfer Software Is for People Who Love the Terminal.md
talk
tech
20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md20140711 How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh.md20140711 How to use systemd for system administration on Debian.md20140711 Linux Basics--How To Find Size of Directory Commands.md20140714 Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default.md20140714 Linux slabtop command--Display Kernel Slab Cache Information.md20140714 Set Default Browser on Debian or Ubuntu Using Terminal.md20140714 Test read or write speed of usb and ssd drives with dd command on Linux.md
translated
@ -7,11 +7,11 @@
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Curlew可以转换超过100种不同的格式、显示文件的详细信息、转换预览、插入字幕等等。
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||||
|
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根据变更日志，转换前后实例的最后大小和位置会被记住、加入了一些失去对话图标、文件系统会在挂起前同步。
|
||||
此次更新包括：该软件打开时会记住上次的窗口大小和位置、增加了丢失了的对话框图标、在系统挂起前会主动同步文件系统。
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||||
|
||||
这个程序有一些依赖：至少Python 2.7 （小于3.0）、python-gobject 3.0、gir1.2-gtk 3.0、 ffmpeg 0.8、libav-tools 0.8、 mencoder、libavcodec-extra、xdg-utils、mediainfo。
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这个程序需要的依赖环境包括：Python 2.7及其以上 （但是不兼容3.x）、python-gobject 3.0、gir1.2-gtk 3.0、 ffmpeg 0.8、libav-tools 0.8、 mencoder、libavcodec-extra、xdg-utils和mediainfo等。
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||||
|
||||
来自noobslab.com的人提供一种通过PPA来简单地安装这个应用的方法。你要做的是在命令行下输入少量的命令（你需要使用root权限来生效）
|
||||
来自noobslab.com的兄弟们提供一种通过PPA来简单地安装这个应用的方法。你要做的是在命令行下输入少量的命令（你需要有root权限才行）
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||||
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||||
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:noobslab/apps
|
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sudo apt-get update
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@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Curlew可以转换超过100种不同的格式、显示文件的详细信息、
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Open-Source-Multimedia-Converter-Curlew-0-1-22-3-Is-Out-448028.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
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|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
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||||
在Ubuntu下使用“Reprepro”工具在Sourceforge.net中创建".deb"包仓库
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在Ubuntu下如何创建远程".deb"包仓库
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================================================================================
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||||
**Reprepro**是一款小巧的命令行工具来方便地创建并管理**.deb**仓库。今天我们会战士如何人使用reprepro简单地创建一个Debian包仓库，并使用**rsync**上传到Sourceforge.net。
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||||
**Reprepro**是一款小巧的命令行工具来方便地创建并管理**.deb**仓库。今天我们会展示给你如何使用reprepro简单地创建一个Debian包仓库，并使用**rsync**上传到Sourceforge.net。
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||||
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@ -10,11 +10,11 @@
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$ sudo apt-get install reprepro gnupg
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||||
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现在你需要使用hnupg生成一个gpg key，这里使用下面的命令。
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||||
现在你需要使用gnupg生成一个gpg key，这里使用下面的命令。
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$ gpg --gen-key
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它会询问你一些问题，比如你想要哪种key、key的有效期、如果你不知道如何回答，只需点击**Enter** 来选择默认选项（建议）
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它会询问你一些问题，比如你想要哪种key、key的有效期、如果你不知道如何回答，只需点击**回车** 来选择默认选项（建议）
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|
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当然，它会询问你用户名和密码，在脑海中记住这些，因为我们会在之后需要它。
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@ -85,7 +85,7 @@
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### 步骤 2: 创建一个包仓库并导出key ###
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||||
我们现在要开始创建仓库，首先你需要创建一些文件夹，我们的仓库会在**/var/www/apt**目录，让我们先创建这些目录。
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我们现在要开始创建仓库，首先你需要创建一些文件夹，我们的仓库会放在**/var/www/apt**目录，让我们先创建这些目录。
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$ sudo su
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# cd /var/www
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@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
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# gpg --armor --export username yourmail@mail.com >> /var/www/apt/key/deb.gpg.key
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注意：用你之前步骤中输入的用户名代替username，用你的email代替yourmail@mail.com。
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注意：用你之前步骤中输入的用户名代替username，用你的email代替上面的yourmail@mail.com。
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我们需要在**/var/www/apt/conf**创建一个文件“**distributions**”。
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@ -106,14 +106,14 @@
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加入下面这几行到distributions这个文件中并保存。
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Origin: (yourname)
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Label: (name of repository)
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Suite: (stable or unstable)
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Codename: (the codename for the distribution you are using, like trusty)
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Version: (the version for the distribution you are using, like 14.04)
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Architectures: (the repository packages architecture, like i386 or amd64)
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Components: (main restricted universe multiverse)
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Description: (Some information about the repository)
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Origin: (你的名字)
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Label: (库的名字)
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Suite: (stable 或 unstable)
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Codename: (发布的代码名，比如 trusty)
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Version: (发布的版本，比如 14.04)
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Architectures: (软件包所支持的架构， 比如 i386 或 amd64)
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Components: (包含的部件，比如 main restricted universe multiverse)
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Description: (描述)
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SignWith: yes
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接下来我们会创建仓库树，运行这些命令：
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@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
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### 步骤 3: 在新创建的仓库中加入包 ###
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||||
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现在准备你的**.deb**包来加入到仓库中。进入 **/var/www/apt**目录，你每次要加包的时候都不得不这么做。
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现在准备你的**.deb**包来加入到仓库中。进入 **/var/www/apt**目录，你每次要加包的时候都必须这么做。
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# cd /var/www/apt
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# reprepro --ask-passphrase -Vb . includedeb Trusty /home/ravisaive/packages.deb
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||||
@ -159,7 +159,7 @@
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Please enter passphrase:
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||||
Successfully created './dists/Trusty/InRelease.new'
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||||
你的包已经加入了仓库，要移除它：
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你的包已经加入了仓库，如果要移除它的话采用如下命令：
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||||
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||||
# reprepro --ask-passphrase -Vb /var/www/apt remove trusty package.deb
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@ -167,13 +167,15 @@
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||||
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### 步骤 4: 上传仓库到Sourceforge.net ###
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||||
要上传仓库到**Sourceforge.net**，你当然需要一个活跃账号与一个活跃项目，让我假设你想要上传仓库到**http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository**，这里的myfoo是项目名（UNIX名称，不是URL，不是标题），testrepository是你想要上传文件到这上面的目录，这里我们会使用[rsync 命令][1]
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要上传仓库到**Sourceforge.net**，你当然需要一个可用的账号与一个可用的项目，让我假设你想要上传仓库到**http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository**，这里的myfoo是项目名（UNIX上的名称，不是URL，不是标题），testrepository是你想要上传文件到这上面的目录，这里我们会使用[rsync 命令][1]。（LCTT译注：当然你也可以上传到其它的支持Http/Rsync的服务器上，以提供远程软件库的服务。）
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# rsync -avP -e ssh /var/www/apt/ username@frs.sourceforge.net:/home/frs/project/myfoo/testrepository/
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**注意**：用你在sourceforge.net上的用户名代替username，用你的项目的UNIX类型名称代替myfoo，用你想要存储的文件夹代替testrepository。
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**注意**：用你在sourceforge.net上的用户名代替username，用你的项目的UNIX名称代替myfoo，用你想要存储的文件夹代替testrepository。
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||||
现在你的仓库上传到了**http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository**，要把它加入到已安装的系统，首先你需要导入仓库key，它会在**/var/www/apt/key/deb.gpg.key**，但是这是一个本地路径，并且你仓库的用户不能添加到他们的系统中，这就是为什么我们要导入来自sourceforge.net的key的原因。
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现在你的仓库（包括设置和key等等）上传到了**http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository**。
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||||
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要把它加入到一个已装好的系统，首先你需要导入仓库key，它实际上就是**/var/www/apt/key/deb.gpg.key**，但是这是一个本地路径，使用你的仓库的其它用户不能添加到他们的系统中，这就是为什么我们要导入来自sourceforge.net的key的原因。
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$ sudo su
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# wget -O - http://sourceforge.net/projects/myfoo/testrepository/apt/key/deb.gpg.key | apt-key add -
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@ -194,7 +196,7 @@
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||||
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||||
via: http://www.tecmint.com/create-deb-pacakge-repository-in-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
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||||
RHEL 7值得注意的5个新特性
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||||
================================================================================
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||||
> RHEL 7 支持Docker容器，systemd，兼容微软的身份管理和支持高达500TB的XFS文件系统。
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在前一个主版本发布3年之后，经过至少6个月的[公开测试][1]，RHEL（Red Hat Enterprise Linux）版本7终于发布了。这次更新表明了红帽子公司对于在RHEL中添加最新的以企业和数据为中心的特性的兴趣。这里列举了其中5个最吸引人眼球的新特性。
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### 1. Docker ###
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RHEL 7中最大的新特性就是[紧密集成][2]了广受欢迎的应用程序虚拟化技术[Docker][3]。随着[Docker 1.0发布][4]，把它集成到RHEL 7里正是恰逢其时。
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用Docker包装的应用程序可以独立于操作系统，所以它们可以在操作系统之间移植并且正常运行。RHEL 7打算尽可能高效地使用Docker，以防止应用程序竞争资源或者为使用哪种运行时环境而困惑。
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从RHEL的Docker路线图上的长期计划表来看，这可能会超越操作系统本身，发展成一系列的Docker容器，它可以支持用最小的开销部署一个系统。这个被称为"[Atomic项目][5]"的计划还处于早期阶段，红帽公司准备首先将它部署在他的Fedora Linux发行版，仅仅当做对前沿技术的测试。
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### 2. Systemd ###
|
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|
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引入systemd进程管理器可能引起系统管理员和Linux专家之间激烈的争论。systemd就被开发用于替代自专用Unix出现以来就在使用的init系统，它使得启动过程中装载服务更加高效。
|
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|
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因为systemd可能会带来一些不适，红帽公司没有马上在RHEL上使用systemd。早在2010发布的Fedora版本15就已经包含了systemd作为默认项目，这给了红帽公司一次很好的了解systemd在真实世界的运行的经验。同样，systemd也没有孤立地加入RHEL 7，而是作为这个OS大计划的一部分。例如，红帽公司希望通过使用systemd加强对RHEL 7中Docker容器的支持。
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### 3. 默认使用 XFS ###
|
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|
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第3个主要的改变是使XFS成为RHEL默认的文件系统，尽管这可能不那么引人瞩目。
|
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|
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最初由Silicon Graphics International（硅谷图形公司）创建的XFS在Linux系统上用做生产环境已经很长时间了。在RHEL 7上它将支持高达500TB的文件系统。RHEL 6默认使用ext4，尽管它有XFS选项。红帽子的竞争对手Suse Linux [也支持XFS][6]，尽管它安装时[默认使用ext3][7]。
|
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|
||||
非常不幸的是，没有真正的方法可以将RHEL目前使用的其他文件系统，比如ext4或者btrfs移植到XFS。只能备份然后重建（来进行移植）。
|
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|
||||
### 4. 兼容微软的身份管理 ###
|
||||
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就算是那些不是微软系统粉丝的管理员也对微软目录服务保持一定的尊重。RHEL 7添加了两个关键的特性以优化处理微软目录服务（AD）的方式。跨域认证现在可以在RHEL 7和微软目录服务之间建立，所以目录服务用户可以直接访问Linux侧的资源，不需要再进行一次登录。RHEL 7另一个目录服务相关的附加特性，是基于DNS信息自动发现和加入目录服务（或者其他红帽子认证服务）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. 性能监控（PCP：Performance Co-Pilot） ###
|
||||
|
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进行性能调整的时候看不到实时数据就像是开着一辆挡风玻璃被刷上了油漆的车，所以RHEL 7添加了一个新的性能监控系统PCP([Performance Co-Pilot][8])，PCP最初由Silicon Graphics International（硅谷图形）[创建][9]，但是现在它是RHEL 7的一部分。除了监控和记录系统状态，PCP还为其他子系统提供获取数据的API和工具集，比如正如你猜到的，刚刚介绍的systemd。
|
||||
|
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遵循这个思路，另一个次要的附加特性：新的性能配置文件。RHEL 6已经有符合特殊应用场景的调整RHEL的配置文件。RHEL 7不仅默认有一个新的性能最大化的配置文件，而且包含另一个新的平衡性能表现和能源消耗的配置文件。
|
||||
|
||||
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via:http://www.infoworld.com/t/linux/keep-eye-these-5-new-features-in-rhel-7-244023
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[love\_daisy\_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/linux/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-beta-now-available-232520
|
||||
[2]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/application-virtualization/red-hat-fast-tracks-docker-apps-enterprise-linux-238122
|
||||
[3]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/application-virtualization/docker-unleashed-app-portability-gets-boost-231716
|
||||
[4]:http://www.infoworld.com/d/application-development/review-docker-10-ready-prime-time-243935
|
||||
[5]:http://www.projectatomic.io/
|
||||
[6]:https://www.suse.com/products/server/technical-information/
|
||||
[7]:https://www.suse.com/products/server/technical-information/
|
||||
[8]:http://developerblog.redhat.com/2013/11/19/exploratory-performance-pcp/
|
||||
[9]:http://oss.sgi.com/projects/pcp/index.html
|
||||
83
published/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md
Normal file
83
published/20140702 Command Line Tuesdays--Part Three.md
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
|
||||
命令行星期二 —— 第三篇
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
今天，肖茨先生将带领我们游历文件系统的第一部分。我们将学到如何访问、列出目录内的文件，以及首次介绍一些选项的运用。OK，让我们开始学习这周的第一个命令。
|
||||
|
||||
### ls ###
|
||||
|
||||
ls 是一个用来列出目录内文件的命令。通过添加**选项**来实现多种不同的用途。简单起见，你可以只需键入 ls 。但是，你也可以在命令后面添加一个选项，它会帮助你修饰你的命令。如果你想要随意摆弄一些信息时，这会帮到你的。举例来说，当你要从一个命令的大量输出中找寻指定信息，你可以用选项缩小范围来实现。
|
||||
|
||||
这就是选项的基础概念。我们可以用下面书写格式表示：
|
||||
|
||||
command(命令) -option(选项) argument(参数)
|
||||
|
||||
命令，恩...，我们可以输入 pwd、 ls， 或者我们到目前为止所有学过的命令。
|
||||
|
||||
以上我们已经阐述了选项的目的。但是我们需要注意一下书写格式：在前头添加一个破折号。所以，如果选项为 l, 你需要在命令后键入**-l**。
|
||||
|
||||
**参数**是一个命令的操作对象（在这个例子中，它是一个目录，我们将会学到如何浏览它们）。
|
||||
|
||||
接着，让我们尝试在主目录里尝试用 ls 命令列出 /etc 目录内容。这次我们先不添加选项。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
就这样，列出了一大堆的文件。它们还根据颜色进行了分类。蓝色的是目录，白色的为普通文件，绿色的似乎是某种 shell 脚本文件。除此之外，还有其他不同的颜色来代表不同的文件类型。
|
||||
|
||||
接下来，你可以在刚才的命令里添加 -l 选项。添加选项 -l 后也会列出同样的文件和目录，但是以长格式方式输出。如果你需要查看更多信息的话，这个选项将是不错的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 长格式 ###
|
||||
|
||||
这样，用了长格式后，你可以看到更详细的信息，以及在每行开头类似-rw-r--r-- 令人抓狂的标示。实际上，这只是一种组合，代表了各种意义的信息。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
(File Name)就是文件的名称。（Modification time）是文件最后修改的时间。(Size) 用 byte 计量的文件大小。(Group) 是组的名称，和拥有者一起构成文件权限。(Owner) 是文件拥有者的名称。最最重要的…
|
||||
|
||||
###…文件权限 ###
|
||||
|
||||
文件权限在长格式每一行的开端都显得非常的杂乱。第一个字符代表文件类型。如果是 'd' , 意味着它是一个目录。如果是 '-' , 意味着它是一个一般文件。接下来的三个字符分别代表拥有者的可读， 可写 ，可执行的权限。再接着三个字符表示组成员的享有的文件权限，而最后三个字符表示其他人（既不是拥有者也不是同组）对文件的享有权限。
|
||||
|
||||
例如，如果有个文件在长格式下显示为：-rw-r--r--, 这说明这是个普通文件（首字符 '-'），拥有者享有可读可写权限，但是没有可执行权限，导致拥有者无法执行该文件（首字符'-'后'rw-'），用户组和其他用户只享有可读权限（你不难发现'r--'字段在后面出现了两次 。如果用户组是 'rwx' 而不是 'r-'，则意味着它们可读，可写，可执行）。
|
||||
|
||||
ls 的下个选项是 ls -la .. ，-a 它会列出所有的文件，包括隐藏文件。在通常情况下，隐藏文件是不可见的。用长格式列出当前工作目录下的父目录的所有文件。
|
||||
|
||||
### less ###
|
||||
|
||||
less 是一个可以显示你的文本文件的命令。举例来说，你要在 /etc 下找寻名为 os-release 的文本文件。你可以使用 ls /etc 成功实现，而现在你想要阅读它的内容。
|
||||
|
||||
你只需要使用 less /etc/os-release。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
..就这样了。
|
||||
|
||||
你要如何控制 less 呢?
|
||||
|
||||
简单的， 你只需要动动键盘就行了！
|
||||
|
||||
less 一次只会显示一个页面的文本。往前翻页你需要按 **Page Up**, 或者 **'b'**。往后翻页你可以按**Page Down**, 或者 **空格**。大写的**G**会跳转到文本的末尾，**1G**会跳转到文本的开端。**/字符**会在文本内搜索指定字符（例如，如果你输入 /suse ，它会找寻所有文本含有的 suse 并标记出来）。n 会重复执行你的搜索，**h**会显示所有的选项（h，即帮助的意思）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
按q退出 less 命令。
|
||||
|
||||
### file ###
|
||||
|
||||
file 会显示文件的类型，是否是你要找的 ASCII 文本，还是 jpg 图片，bash 脚本等。让我们用 /etc/os-release 执行练习。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
这样，如你所见，os-release 是一个 ASCII 文本文件。 请尝试其他文件，并观察结果。
|
||||
|
||||
下回见了，记住…
|
||||
|
||||
…一定要玩的开心啊！
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/01/command-line-tuesdays-part-three/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Luoxcat](https://github.com/Luoxcat) 校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
|
||||
[su-kaiyao]翻译中
|
||||
|
||||
Canonical and Ubuntu Helped Munich Save Millions of Dollars by Ditching Microsoft Products
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**The City of Munich has become one of the most prominent examples of a city administration that switched from Microsoft products to open source, and it looks like Canonical and Ubuntu were an instrumental part of that change.**
|
||||
|
||||
The City of Munich managed to shake off the Microsoft dependency, but it took a lot of work and it wasn't cheap. The benefits of moving from Microsoft products to open source might look expensive, but the costs are significantly lower than an upgrade, and it will prove to be a lot cheaper in the future.
|
||||
|
||||
Moving from a proprietary solution to an open source one is not all that simple when you have a city the size of Munich. It has 22 organizational units and each of those units has its own IT department, not to mention different versions of the applications.
|
||||
|
||||
The local authorities couldn't just adopt a Linux distribution on the fly. The first try was made with Debian back in 2006, but that particular OS didn't have a predictable release schedule. This is how the new LiMux was born, an operating system based on Ubuntu.
|
||||
|
||||
“The LiMux/open source project was a long and iterative one, but after a few years of running such a large Linux base, we realized Ubuntu was the platform that could satisfy our requirements best. By combining the low costs and freedom of open source software with ongoing support for the hardware and applications we need, it was one of the critical elements to the success of this project. Most important was the backing of our politicians throughout the project,” [said][1] Peter Hofmann, project manager for the City of Munich.
|
||||
|
||||
This tremendous project helped Munich save €10 million ($13.6 million) by 2013, but that is if we take into consideration only the upgrade costs. That sum might be a lot bigger if we could quantify the official support for the software and other hidden costs.
|
||||
|
||||
Right now, in Munich, there are 14,000 PCs that are running LiMux and that number is still increasing. It's very likely that other German cities will do the same in the future, especially the ones neighboring Munich.
|
||||
|
||||
It took the authorities of Munich 13 years to finish the transition, but in the end they managed to save a lot of money and prove that Linux is actually a very good and free solution for the IT infrastructure of an entire city.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Canonical-and-Ubuntu-Helped-Munich-Save-Millions-of-Dollars-By-Ditching-Microsoft-Products-450571.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://insights.ubuntu.com/2014/07/07/ubuntu-and-open-source-help-the-city-of-munich-save-millions/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
|
||||
IPFire 2.13 Core 77 Linux Firewall Distro Brings Major OpenVPN Improvements
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Michael Tremer, a developer for the ipfire.org team, has announced that IPFire 2.13 Core 79, a new stable build of the popular Linux-based firewall distribution, is now out with some exciting new features.**
|
||||
|
||||
IPFire is a modular Linux distribution, which means that it can be deployed as a firewall, a proxy server, or a VPN gateway. The main concern of the developers is security and every step has been taken in order to ensure that users can feel really safe when using this operation system.
|
||||
|
||||
The developers are saying in the official [announcement][1] that the “Core Update 79 is finally arriving with many bug fixes and enhancements. Among the big changes with this update are lots feature enhancements that massively increase the security level of OpenVPN connections, some enhancements of the web user interface and a lot more awesome stuff under the hood.”
|
||||
|
||||
The IPFire devs had another huge release a few months ago and it looks like they have made another one, this time focusing on the improvement of the OpenVPN features and a few other aspects.
|
||||
|
||||
“The certificate authority that can be created on the OpenVPN page now uses much better hashes to protect the integrity of itself. The CA root certificate uses a SHA512 hash and a RSA key with length of 4096 bit. All new created host certificates use a RSA key with 2048 bit length and a SHA256 hash. Additionally, a set of Diffie-Hellman parameters can be generated for better protection of the session keys. The length of the pregenerated DH parameters can be chosen in the web interface,” also noted the devs.
|
||||
|
||||
According to the changelog, the cipher that is used for each net-to-net connection can now be changed, the hash function is now configurable with a few options like SHA2 (512, 384, and 256-bit), Whirpool (512 bit), and SHA1 (160 bit), and the tls-auth option can be enabled, which uses a HMAC function.
|
||||
|
||||
The Linux kernel used by the distribution has also been updated in this release and the OS now packs the 3.10.44 version. This should bring support for new hardware, a number of security fixes, and more stability.
|
||||
|
||||
Also, snort (the Intrusion Detection System) has been updated to version 2.9.6.1, the new firewall GUI now supports blocking access to the GREEN firewall interface, the PIE packet scheduler has been added, and the default size of the root partition has been increased.
|
||||
|
||||
The developers recommend all users of IPFire to upgrade their distributions. More details can be found on the official website.
|
||||
|
||||
Download IPFire 2.13 Core 79:
|
||||
|
||||
- [IPFire 2.15 Core 79][1] (ISO)[iso] [126 MB]
|
||||
- [IPFire 3.0 Alpha 1][2] (ISO)[iso] [76 MB]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/IPFire-2-13-Core-77-Linux-Firewall-Distro-Brings-Major-OpenVPN-Improvements-450605.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.ipfire.org/news/ipfire-2-15-core-update-79-released
|
||||
[2]:http://downloads.ipfire.org/releases/ipfire-2.x/2.15-core79/ipfire-2.15.i586-full-core79.iso
|
||||
[3]:http://www.rowie.at/ipfire/iso/ipfire-3.0-alpha1.i686.iso
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
|
||||
LFTP 4.5.3 File Transfer Software Is for People Who Love the Terminal
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**LFTP 4.5.3, a sophisticated file transfer program with a command-line interface that supports FTP, HTTP, FISH, SFTP, HTTPS, and FTPS protocols, has been released and is ready for download.**
|
||||
|
||||
Every operation made with LFTP is reliable, which means that, if any non-fatal error occurs, the operation is retried automatically. The software supports numerous protocols, but it can also handle a few other tasks, such as BitTorrent downloads, SRV DNS records, job queuing, bookmarks, aliases, and many more.
|
||||
|
||||
“lftp has shell-like command syntax allowing you to launch several commands in parallel in background (&). It is also possible to group commands within () and execute them in background. All background jobs are executed in the same single process. You can bring a foreground job to background with ^Z (c-z) and back with command ‘wait’ (or ‘fg’ which is alias to ‘wait’),” reads the official website.
|
||||
|
||||
According to the changelog, a new setting ftp:site has been added, the http body is not uncompressed when the Contrent-Type is compressed, the source address of DHT replies is now checked, and the disconnected torrent peers are now discarded after only a timeout.
|
||||
|
||||
A complete list of changes and improvements can be found in the official [announcement][1].
|
||||
|
||||
Download LFTP 4.5.3:
|
||||
|
||||
- [LFTP 4.5.3 tar.xz][2][sources] [1.40 MB]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/LFTP-4-5-3-File-Transfer-Software-Is-for-People-Who-Love-the-Terminal-450596.shtml
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://lftp.yar.ru/news.html
|
||||
[2]:http://lftp.yar.ru/ftp/lftp-4.4.15.tar.xz
|
||||
@ -1,63 +0,0 @@
|
||||
Love-xuan翻译中
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: Customizing Unity
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Although the Unity Desktop Manager has made HUGE performance and usability strides since the initial release in Ubuntu 11.10, some people are still put off by a number of the limitations in customizing the look and behavior of the window manager. We are going to take a look at how to customize Unity and bring back a sense of control to your desktop.
|
||||
|
||||
### Unity Customizations Available ###
|
||||
|
||||
In Ubuntu 14.04, Unity has several customizations that are available that were not previously. If you log into Unity, go the the “Settings” and choose “Display”, you will see the following screen:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Display and Unity Settings
|
||||
|
||||
Most of what you see is new since the Ubuntu 11.10 Unity introduction and several are new since just the latest version of Ubuntu 13.10. New since 13.10 are the ability to scale the menu and title bars. This is useful in very high resolution screens OR as a visual impairment option. Everything scales equally.
|
||||
|
||||
Specific to Unity we can also turn on or off that “sticky edges” option. This is the somewhat annoying “pause” your mouse does on the edge of each screen of a multi-monitor setup. It stops the mouse momentarily at the edge, like it gets stuck. Finally, we have to option to turn that off.
|
||||
|
||||
In the “Settings” screen still, choose the “Appearance” option to see the following:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Appearance and Unity Settings
|
||||
|
||||
Here we have one of the most requested options for the Unity Dock, the ability to change the Launcher size. Although it could be done in multiple ways in various versions of Ubuntu since 11.10, including it in the Appearance setting just makes it all official. I like that it allows you to change the icon size all the way down to 16 (even the tool we will talk about next only supports 24).
|
||||
|
||||
### Unity Tweak Tool – Now Repo Strong! ###
|
||||
|
||||
This tool has been around since the early days of Ubuntu 11.10 when Unity was first introduced, although you had to jump through a large number of hoops (and progressively smaller as the versions went on) to get it installed and it would be broken by Unity updates.
|
||||
|
||||
Now however, it has officially been added to the default Ubuntu repositories and gets updated when Unity gets updated. There are a large number of customizations, so let’s get it installed:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install unity-tweak-tool
|
||||
|
||||
After installation, start it up and you will see the following screen:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS Official Unity Tweak Tool
|
||||
|
||||
This tool encapsulates a large number of Unity Desktop customizations all in once convenient location. Most of these options can be had in the default Unity settings, at the command line or by editing sometimes hard to find configuration files.
|
||||
|
||||
We can change the behavior of the dock, the panel, web applet integration, search within the Unity menu, etc. all within this one tool. Take the time to explore the options available to you – Unity Tweak Tool – learn it, live it, love it (at least if you use Unity).
|
||||
|
||||
### Final Thoughts ###
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS is shaping up more and more to be the Linux Desktop (sorry Canonical, you are still Linux) of choice for both the casual Linux user (is there such a thing) as well as the die hard professional.
|
||||
|
||||
We now have more control than every over the Unity Desktop without resorting to tools, utilities or configuration file edits that may break with each subsequent Unity update. The desktop performance is pretty rock solid and, by adding some flavor with the Unity Tweak Tool, looks pretty cool as well! Drop us your thoughts or post links to your Unity Desktop set up in the comments below, we would be interested to see how you are using Ubuntu 14.04 LTS.
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
#### Terrence T. Cox ####
|
||||
|
||||
Developer, Linux Advocate, Open Source Junkie. Been at this whole tech thing long enough to be considered 'very experienced' but not so long as to be bored of it.
|
||||
|
||||
[Twitter][1]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-lts-customizing-unity/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://twitter.com/mourngrymtc/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
zpl1025
|
||||
Here Are 5 Amazing Ascii Art Generators!
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
@ -36,4 +37,4 @@ via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=142480
|
||||
[2]:http://www.ascii-art-generator.org/
|
||||
[3]:http://ascii.mastervb.net/
|
||||
[4]:http://www.degraeve.com/img2txt.php
|
||||
[5]:http://picascii.com/
|
||||
[5]:http://picascii.com/
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,84 +0,0 @@
|
||||
暑假 先来一发 Luoxcat 翻译
|
||||
Command Line Tuesdays – Part Three
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Today, mr Shotts takes us on a first part of a guided tour through our file system. We’ll learn how to visit, list files within directories and we’ll learn to use some options for the first time. So let’s begin with the first command of the week.
|
||||
|
||||
### ls ###
|
||||
|
||||
ls is a command used to list files in a directory. It can be used in various ways. These various ways come with using a form of adding an **option** to our command. To make things clearer; You can type only ls. But, you can also add an option, which will modify your command. It can come in useful when you want to sandbox some of the information, when looking for something specific, and the command issues a very long output, you can, for example, narrow it down to only specific information.
|
||||
|
||||
That’s what an option is. And formally we can write it down like this:
|
||||
|
||||
command -option argument
|
||||
|
||||
Command is, well, a command we write in (like pwd, ls or anything else we have learned by now).
|
||||
|
||||
We already stated above the purpose of an option. But let me note it should be written exactly as it’s in the form; With a dash in front of it. So, if the option is l, you should put **-l** after the command.
|
||||
|
||||
An **argument** is an object upon which the command operates (in this case, it will be directories, as we’ll learning how to navigate through them).
|
||||
|
||||
So, let’s try out ls, and use it on the /etc directory in our home folder. This time, without any options.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
There you go, a whole bunch of files. It also sorts them by colours. The blue ones are directories, the white ones are files, the green one seems like a shell script of some sort. There are more colors, as they represent different file types.
|
||||
|
||||
Next, you can use the same command, but with an option -l added. Option -l will list the same files and directories, but in a long format. In case you need more information:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### The Long Format ###
|
||||
|
||||
So, using the long format, you see much more information, and some crazy looking signs like -rw-r–r– at the beginning of all lines. Actually, here’s a scheme, representing what all of the given information actually means.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
File Name is the name of the file. Modification time is the last time the file has been modified. Size is the size of the file in bytes. Group is the name of the group that has file permissions along with the owner, and Owner is the user who owns the file. The most important one is…
|
||||
|
||||
### …File Permissions ###
|
||||
|
||||
That’s the gibberish at the beginning of every line in long format. The first character is the file type. If it’s a ‘d’, it means the file’s a directory. If it’s ‘-’, it means it’s an ordinary file. The next three characters represent the read, write and execution rights of the file’s owner. The next three are the same rights of the group that also has access to the file, and the last three characters represent rights of everyone else trying to use the file.
|
||||
|
||||
So for example, if we have a file which in long format displays: -rw-r–r–, it means it’s an ordinary file (the first ‘-’), the owner of the file can read and write the file, but he can’t execute it, as it’s not an executable file (the ‘rw-’ characters after the initial ‘-’), and the user group and everyone else can only read the file (you can see ‘r–’ sequence repeating twice. If the user group had ‘rwx’ instead of ‘r–’, it would mean they could read, write and execute the file).
|
||||
|
||||
Next option for ls is ls -la .. – this will list all of the files, as in a usual command, hidden files are not shown. It will list all files in the parent of the working directory in long format.
|
||||
|
||||
### less ###
|
||||
|
||||
Less is a command which will display your text file. For example, you’re looking for text file os-release in /etc. You have succesfully found it there with ls /etc, and now you want to read it.
|
||||
|
||||
You just use less /etc/os-release.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
..and there you go.
|
||||
|
||||
How do you control less?
|
||||
|
||||
Easy, with your keyboard!
|
||||
|
||||
less will display only one page of your text at a time. To go forward one page, you can press **Page Up, or ‘b’**. To go back one page, you can use **Page Down, or space**. Capital **G** will take you to the end of the text file, while ‘**1G**‘ will take you to the beginning of the text. **/characters** will search for characters inside the text (for example, if you write /suse, it will search for occurances of suse inside your text and mark them). n will repeat the last search you performed, and **h** will display all your options (h, as in haalp!).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You quit less with the letter q.
|
||||
|
||||
### file ###
|
||||
|
||||
The file command will show what kind of file is that you’re looking for, be it ASCII text, a jpg image, a bash script etc. As we performed our exercise with /etc/os-release, let’s use it here also.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
There you go, os-release is an ASCII text file. Please, do try it out with something else, and see the output.
|
||||
|
||||
And until next time, remember to…
|
||||
|
||||
…have a lot of fun!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://news.opensuse.org/2014/07/01/command-line-tuesdays-part-three/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
|
||||
JonathanKang is translating
|
||||
|
||||
How To Enable Tab Complete Heroku Commands In Oh-My-Zsh
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Heroku** Client is the (Command Line Interface) CLI tool for creating and managing Heroku apps.
|
||||
|
||||
Requirements:
|
||||
|
||||
- Heroku toolbelt
|
||||
- Oh-My-Zsh ([How to Install][1])
|
||||
|
||||
Note this post is not talk about heroku, it’s just to show users how they can ease typing of commands with oh-my-zsh, so am NOT going to talk into detail on doing things. Also you should have [heroku toolbelt][2] installed to make this work. Is simple for Ubuntu and Debian derivatives,Install by running the command below:
|
||||
|
||||
wget -qO- https://toolbelt.heroku.com/install-ubuntu.sh | sh
|
||||
|
||||
Open Terminal and login into heroku with you account created [here][3]:
|
||||
|
||||
heroku login
|
||||
Enter your Heroku credentials.
|
||||
Email: enockseth@unixmen.com
|
||||
Password (typing will be hidden):
|
||||
Authentication successful.
|
||||
|
||||
That shows heroku is up and running.
|
||||
|
||||
Open **.zshrc** in your favourite text editor
|
||||
|
||||
vim .zshrc
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
By default git is the only plugin enabled.
|
||||
|
||||
Add **heroku** to the plugins section as shown below:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Restart teminal, type **heroku** press tab and you’re good to go:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/enable-tab-complete-heroku-commands-oh-zsh/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-oh-zsh-ubuntu-arch-linux-fedora/
|
||||
[2]:https://toolbelt.heroku.com/
|
||||
[3]:https://www.heroku.com/
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
|
||||
Love-xuan翻译中
|
||||
How to use systemd for system administration on Debian
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Soon enough, hardly any Linux user will be able to escape the ever growing grasp that systemd imposes on Linux, unless they manually opt out. systemd has created more technical, emotional, and social issues than any other piece of software as of late. This predominantly came to show in the [heated discussions][1] also dubbed as the 'Init Wars', that occupied parts of the Debian developer body for months. While the Debian Technical Comittee finally decided to include systemd in Debian 8 "Jessie", there were efforts to [supersede the decision][2] by a General Resolution, and even threats to the health of developers in favor of systemd.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
|
||||
cvsher翻译中
|
||||
Linux Basics: How To Find Size of Directory Commands
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
This is the first in a series of posts in coming where I’ll be writing about some **basic commands** that that will be of good use to new users.
|
||||
|
||||
**Note**: This is targeted at people little or no command line experience..
|
||||
|
||||
> How can I as a new user to Linux display directory properties from the terminal?
|
||||
|
||||
### Requirements ###
|
||||
|
||||
The only requirement is the **du** command line tool. du comes with almost every Linux distro by default.
|
||||
|
||||
Check if du it’s on your system by running the command below in the terminal:
|
||||
|
||||
man du
|
||||
|
||||
**du** command estimates file space usage
|
||||
|
||||
### Using du ###
|
||||
|
||||
Running du with no flag displays names of all directories including sub-directories and sizes in bytes.
|
||||
|
||||
du
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Using the **-h** flag displays the sizes in human readable format, that is **K, M** and **G** representing **Kilobyte, Megabyte** and **Gigabyte** respectively.
|
||||
|
||||
du - h
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To view a specific directory indicate that after du and flag as shown below:
|
||||
|
||||
du -h Mapmaker
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Use -c to see grand **total** displayed:
|
||||
|
||||
du -ch
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Use **-s** flag to display only grand total / disk space used for specific directories:
|
||||
|
||||
du -sh Mapmaker Sandbox
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
See man du for more flags and there uses
|
||||
|
||||
man du
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Knows other combinations of du? Share with myself and others here too.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-find-size-directory-commands/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
|
||||
Fix No Sound In Ubuntu 14.04 As HDMI Enabled BY Default
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
Sound problem is not new in Ubuntu. I have previously written on various ways to [fix “no sound” issue in Ubuntu][1]. But the soud issue I am going to discuss here is different than those mentioned in the other article.
|
||||
|
||||
So I installed Ubuntu 14.04, actually re-installed it. As always, I did all those [things to do after a fresh install of Ubuntu 14.04][2]. And than I realized that the system had no sound. While investigating the issue I found one strange thing. I checked [alsamixer][3] and it was in a weird state:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see, **HDMI is set by default in alsamixer**. Which means by default HDMI output has been selected instead of the built in speakers. This is why I get no sound from the built in speakers in my system.
|
||||
|
||||
Use the following command to check the state of alsamixer:
|
||||
|
||||
alsamixer
|
||||
|
||||
If alsamixer is set by default to HDMI or some other audio output, continue this article to see how can we fix it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Fixing no sound in Ubuntu when HDMI is set as default ###
|
||||
|
||||
Now to force Ubuntu to use analog output instead of HDMI by default, we need a little information. Open a terminal and use the following command:
|
||||
|
||||
aplay -l
|
||||
|
||||
This will list the devices, card number etc. Note down the card and device number for analog output. For me the output was like this:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Once you have the required card and device number, make a new configuration file like this:
|
||||
|
||||
sudo gedit /etc/asound.conf
|
||||
|
||||
The above command will also open the file. Add the following lines to it, replacing with your card and device number of course:
|
||||
|
||||
defaults.pcm.card 1
|
||||
defaults.pcm.device 0
|
||||
|
||||
Save the file and restart the computer. You should hear the sound now. Just to mention, this will work for all the Linux distributions such as Linux Mint, Elementary OS, Fedora, Arch Linux etc. As I said previously, this “no sound fix” only works with the case where HDMI is set by default. For other cases, you can read [this article about fixing no sound issue in Ubuntu and Linux Mint][4].
|
||||
|
||||
Feel free to use the comment section to let me know if it worked or not or if you have some better trick to handle this such issue. Ciao 
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
About Abhishek
|
||||
|
||||
I am Abhishek Prakash, 'creator' of It's F.O.S.S. I have a Masters in Communication System Engineering. I am an avid Linux lover and Open Source enthusiast. I use Ubuntu and believe in sharing knowledge. Apart from Linux, I love classic detective mystery. Huge fan of Agatha Christie work. Feel free to circle me on [Google Plus][g] and Follow [@abhishek_pc][t]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1404/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1304-quick-tip/
|
||||
[2]:http://itsfoss.com/things-to-do-after-installing-ubuntu-14-04/
|
||||
[3]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsamixer
|
||||
[4]:http://itsfoss.com/fix-sound-ubuntu-1304-quick-tip/
|
||||
[g]:https://plus.google.com/u/0/110180944531110746460
|
||||
[t]:https://twitter.com/abhishek_pc
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
|
||||
Linux slabtop command - Display Kernel Slab Cache Information
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
The Linux kernel needs to allocate memory for temporary objects such as task or device structures and inodes. The caching memory allocator manages caches of these types of objects. The modern Linux kernel implements this caching memory allocator to hold the caches called the slabs. Different types of slab caches are maintained by the slab allocator. This article concentrates on the slabtop command which shows real-time kernel slab cache information.
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Command Usage: ###
|
||||
|
||||
The command is simple to use. Default execution does not mandate any arguments to the command. But it does require root privileges to access the kernel slab information. Executing the command as normal user gives following error:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
You can run it by prepending “sudo” with slabtop. The default output looks like:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
To quit from slabtop, just hit ‘q’ like you do for top command.
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Slabtop options: ###
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.1 Display Interval: ####
|
||||
|
||||
By default slabtop refreshes every 3 seconds. But if you want, you can provide the refreshing interval in seconds with -d or --delay=N option:
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.2 Sort criteria: ####
|
||||
|
||||
There are many fields in slabtop output. The -s or --sort=S option sorts the output according to the mentioned sort criteria. This option will be discussed in detail in the next section.
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.3 Output once: ####
|
||||
|
||||
The -o or --once option does not refresh the output, instead it just throws the output once on STDOUT and exits.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.4 Version info: ####
|
||||
|
||||
The -V or --version displays the version of the command and exits.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 2.5 Help: ####
|
||||
|
||||
The common option, -h or --help displays usage of the command.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. Sort Criteria: ###
|
||||
|
||||
The sort criteria determines which slab caches are displayed on top. Following are the sort criteria for slabtop:
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.1 ACTIVE: ####
|
||||
|
||||
Caches can be sorted by number of active objects with “a”.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.2 OBJ/SLAB: ####
|
||||
|
||||
The Objects per Slab can be selected with “b”.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.3 CACHE SIZE: ####
|
||||
|
||||
For selecting cache size, you need to provide “c”.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.4 SLABS: ####
|
||||
|
||||
The number of slabs. Select it with “l”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.5 Active Slabs: ####
|
||||
|
||||
The number of Active Slabs. (Note that this is different from number of Active Objects described above.) Use “v” to sort according to this criteria.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.6 NAME: ####
|
||||
|
||||
Name of cache. Corresponding character is “n”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.7 OBJS: ####
|
||||
|
||||
To sort by number of objects, use “o”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.8 Pages Per Slab: ####
|
||||
|
||||
“p” will sort by pages per slab
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.9 OBJ SIZE: ####
|
||||
|
||||
The object size is sorted by “s”
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### 3.10 USE: ####
|
||||
|
||||
“u” sorts by the cache utilization.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://linoxide.com/linux-command/kernel-slab-cache-information/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
|
||||
[Quick Tip] Set Default Browser on Debian/Ubuntu Using Terminal
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Hey Guys,
|
||||
|
||||
In this post, we are going to use the terminal to make a browser default.
|
||||
|
||||
Even though, this can easily be done using the browser’s main interface, is handy sometimes if you need to do this remotely.
|
||||
|
||||
To do this you simply open up the terminal and run the line of code below:
|
||||
|
||||
Enter the number beside the browser you wish to make default and you are done.
|
||||
|
||||
sudo update-alternatives --config x-www-browser
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Enjoy!
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/quick-tip-set-default-browser-debianubuntu-using-terminal/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
|
||||
Test read/write speed of usb and ssd drives with dd command on Linux
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
### Drive speed ###
|
||||
|
||||
The speed of a drive is measured in terms of how much data it can read or write in unit time. The dd command is a simple command line tool that can be used to read and write arbitrary blocks of data to a drive and measure the speed at which the data transfer took place.
|
||||
|
||||
In this post we shall use the dd command to test and read and write speed of usb and ssd drives using the dd command.
|
||||
|
||||
The data transfer speed does not depend solely on the drive, but also on the interface it is connected to. For example a usb 2.0 port has a maximum operational speed limit of 35 Mbytes/s, so even if you were to plug a high speed usb 3 pen drive into a usb 2 port, the speed would be capped to the lower limit.
|
||||
|
||||
The same applies to SSD. SSD connect via SATA ports which have different versions. Sata 2.0 has a maximum theoretical speed limit of 3Gbits/s which is roughly 375 Mbytes/s. Whereas Sata 3.0 supports twice that speed.
|
||||
|
||||
### Test Method ###
|
||||
|
||||
Mount the drive and navigate into it from the terminal. Then use the dd command to first write a file using fixed sized blocks. Then read the same file out using the same block site.
|
||||
|
||||
The general syntax of the dd command looks like this
|
||||
|
||||
dd if=path/to/input_file of=/path/to/output_file bs=block_size count=number_of_blocks
|
||||
|
||||
When writing to the drive, we simply read from /dev/zero which is a source of infinite useless bytes. And when read from the drive, we read the file written earlier and send it to /dev/null which is nowhere. In the whole process, dd keeps track of the speed with which the transfer takes place and reports it.
|
||||
|
||||
### SSD ###
|
||||
|
||||
The SSD that we are using is a "Samsung Evo 120GB" ssd. It is a beginner level ssd that comes within a decent budget and is also my first SSD. It is also one of the best performing ssds, in the market.
|
||||
|
||||
In this test the ssd is connected to a sata 2.0 port.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Write speed ####
|
||||
|
||||
Lets first write to the ssd
|
||||
|
||||
$ dd if=/dev/zero of=./largefile bs=1M count=1024
|
||||
1024+0 records in
|
||||
1024+0 records out
|
||||
1073741824 bytes (1.1 GB) copied, 4.82364 s, 223 MB/s
|
||||
|
||||
Block size is actually quite large. You can try with smaller sizes like 64k or even 4k.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Read speed ####
|
||||
|
||||
Now read back the same file. However, first clear the memory cache to ensure that the file is actually read from drive.
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to clear the memory cache
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo sh -c "sync && echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"
|
||||
|
||||
Now read the file
|
||||
|
||||
$ dd if=./largefile of=/dev/null bs=4k
|
||||
165118+0 records in
|
||||
165118+0 records out
|
||||
676323328 bytes (676 MB) copied, 3.0114 s, 225 MB/s
|
||||
|
||||
The Arch Linux wiki has a page full of information about the read/write speed of various SSDs from different vendors like Intel, Samsung, Sandisk etc. Check it out at the following url.
|
||||
|
||||
[https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/SSD_Benchmarking][1]
|
||||
|
||||
### USB ###
|
||||
|
||||
In this test we shall measure the read and write speed of ordinary usb/pen drives. The drives are plugged to standard usb 2 ports. The first one is a sony 4gb usb drive and the second is a strontium 16gb drive.
|
||||
|
||||
First plug the drive into the port and mount it, so that it is readable. Then navigate into the mount directory from the command line.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Sony 4GB - Write ####
|
||||
|
||||
In this test, the dd command is used to write 10,000 chunks of 8 Kbyte each to a single file on the drive.
|
||||
|
||||
# dd if=/dev/zero of=./largefile bs=8k count=10000
|
||||
10000+0 records in
|
||||
10000+0 records out
|
||||
81920000 bytes (82 MB) copied, 11.0626 s, 7.4 MB/s
|
||||
|
||||
So the write speed is around 7.5 MBytes/s. This is a low figure.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Sony 4GB - Read ####
|
||||
|
||||
The same file is read back to test the read speed. Run the following command to clear the memory cache
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo sh -c "sync && echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"
|
||||
|
||||
Now read the file using the dd command
|
||||
|
||||
# dd if=./largefile of=/dev/null bs=8k
|
||||
8000+0 records in
|
||||
8000+0 records out
|
||||
65536000 bytes (66 MB) copied, 2.65218 s, 24.7 MB/s
|
||||
|
||||
The read speed comes out around 25 Mbytes/s which is a more or less the standard for cheap usb drives.
|
||||
|
||||
> USB 2.0 has a theoretical maximum signaling rate of 480 Mbits/s or 60 Mbytes/s. However due to various constraints the maximum throughput is restricted to around 280 Mbit/s or 35 Mbytes/s. Beyond this the actual speed achieved depends on the quality of the pen drives and other factors too.
|
||||
|
||||
And the above usb drive was plugged inside a USB 2.0 port and it achieved a read speed of 24.7 Mbytes/s which is not very bad. But the write speed lags much behind
|
||||
|
||||
Now lets do the same test with a Strontium 16gb drive. Strontium is another very cheapy brand, although usb drives are reliable.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Strontium 16gb write speed ####
|
||||
|
||||
# dd if=/dev/zero of=./largefile bs=64k count=1000
|
||||
1000+0 records in
|
||||
1000+0 records out
|
||||
65536000 bytes (66 MB) copied, 8.3834 s, 7.8 MB/s
|
||||
|
||||
Strontium 16gb read speed
|
||||
|
||||
# sudo sh -c "sync && echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"
|
||||
|
||||
# dd if=./largefile of=/dev/null bs=8k
|
||||
8000+0 records in
|
||||
8000+0 records out
|
||||
65536000 bytes (66 MB) copied, 2.90366 s, 22.6 MB/s
|
||||
|
||||
The read speed is lower than the Sony drive.
|
||||
|
||||
### Resources ###
|
||||
|
||||
- [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB][2]
|
||||
- [https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/SSD_Benchmarking][1]
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
About Silver Moon
|
||||
|
||||
Php developer, blogger and Linux enthusiast. He can be reached at [m00n.silv3r@gmail.com][e]. Or find him on [Google+][g]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.binarytides.com/linux-test-drive-speed/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/SSD_Benchmarking
|
||||
[2]:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB
|
||||
[e]:m00n.silv3r@gmail.com
|
||||
[g]:http://plus.google.com/117145272367995638274/posts
|
||||
@ -1,60 +0,0 @@
|
||||
CNprober translatinged... 619913541
|
||||
|
||||
RHEL 7值得注意的5个新特性
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
> RHEL 7 支持Docker容器，systemd，兼容微软的身份管理和支持500TB的XFS文件系统。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
After six-plus months of [public beta testing][1] and more than three years after its previous major point release, RHEL (Red Hat Enterprise Linux) version 7 is out. The update speaks to Red Hat's interests in outfitting RHEL with many of the latest enterprise and data center features. Here are the five top-of-the-line new additions to RHEL 7 that caught our eyes.
|
||||
在前一个主版本发布3年之后，经过至少6个月的[公开测试][1]，RHEL（Red Hat Enterprise Linux）版本7终于发布了。这次更新表明了红帽子公司对于在RHEL中添加最新的以企业和数据为中心的特性的兴趣。这里列举了其中5个最吸引人眼球的新特性。
|
||||
|
||||
### 1. Docker ###
|
||||
|
||||
RHEL 7中最大的新特性就是[紧密集成][2]了巨受欢迎的应用程序虚拟化技术[Docker][3]。随着[Docker 1.0发布][4]，把它集成到RHEL 7的时机是最合适不过了。
|
||||
|
||||
用Docker包装的应用程序可以独立于操作系统，所以他们可以在操作系统之间移植并且正常运行。RHEL 7打算尽可能高效地使用Docker，以防止应用程序竞争资源或者为使用哪种运行时环境而困惑。
|
||||
|
||||
从RHEL的Docker地图上的长期计划表来看，这可能会超越操作系统本身，发展成一系列的Docker容器，它可以支持用最小的开销部署一个系统。这个被称为"[Atomic项目][5]"的计划还处于早期阶段，红帽子公司准备首先将它首先部署在他的Fedora Linux发行版，仅仅当做对前沿技术的测试。
|
||||
|
||||
### 2. Systemd ###
|
||||
|
||||
包含systemd进程管理器可能引起系统管理员和Linux专家之间激烈的争论。自专用Unix出现以来，systemd就被开发用于替代init系统，它使得启动过程中装载服务更加高效。
|
||||
|
||||
因为systemd的这个潜在的痛处，红帽子公司没有立刻添加systemd（到RHEL）。早在2010发布的Fedora版本15就已经包含了systemd作为默认项目，这给了红帽子公司一次很好的了解systemd在真实世界的运行的经验。同样，systemd也没有武断地加入RHEL 7，只是作为这个OS大计划的一部分。例如，红帽子公司希望通过使用systemd加强对RHEL 7中Docker容器的支持。
|
||||
|
||||
### 3. XFS by default ###
|
||||
|
||||
第3个主要的改变是使XFS成为RHEL默认的文件系统，尽管这可能不那么引人瞩目。
|
||||
|
||||
最初由Silicon Graphics International（硅谷图形公司）创建的XFS在Linux系统上用做生产环境已经很长时间了。在RHEL 7上它将支持高达500TB的文件系统。RHEL 6默认使用ext4，尽管它有XFS选项。红帽子的竞争对手Suse Linux [也支持XFS][6],尽管它安装时[默认使用ext3][7]。
|
||||
|
||||
非常不幸的是，没有真正的方法可以将RHEL目前使用的其他文件系统，比如ext4或者btrfs移植到XFS。只能备份然后重建（来进行移植）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 4. 兼容微软的身份管理 ###
|
||||
|
||||
就算是那些不是微软系统粉丝的管理员也对微软目录服务保持勉强的尊重。RHEL 7添加了两个关键的特性以优化处理微软目录服务的方式。跨域认证现在可以在RHEL 7和微软目录服务之间建立，所以目录服务用户可以直接访问Linux侧的资源，不需要再进行一次登录。RHEL 7另一个目录服务相关的附加特性，是基于DNS信息自动发现和加入目录服务（或者其他红帽子认证服务）。
|
||||
|
||||
### 5. Performance Co-Pilot ###
|
||||
|
||||
进行性能调整的时候看不到实时数据就像是开着挡风玻璃被刷上了油漆的车，所以RHEL 7添加了一个新的性能监控系统PCP([Performance Co-Pilot][8])，PCP最初由Silicon Graphics International（硅谷图形）[创建][9]，但是现在它是RHEL 7的一部分。除了监控和记录系统状态，PCP还为其他子系统提供获取数据的API和工具集，比如正如你猜到的，刚刚介绍的systemd。
|
||||
|
||||
遵循这个思路，另一个次要的附加特性：新的性能配置文件。RHEL 6已经有符合特殊应用场景的调整RHEL的配置文件。RHEL 7不仅默认有一个新的着重使产量最大化的配置文件，而且包含另一个新的平衡性能表现和能源消耗的配置文件。
|
||||
|
||||
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via:http://www.infoworld.com/t/linux/keep-eye-these-5-new-features-in-rhel-7-244023
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[love_daisy_love](https://github.com/CNprober) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/linux/red-hat-enterprise-linux-7-beta-now-available-232520
|
||||
[2]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/application-virtualization/red-hat-fast-tracks-docker-apps-enterprise-linux-238122
|
||||
[3]:http://www.infoworld.com/t/application-virtualization/docker-unleashed-app-portability-gets-boost-231716
|
||||
[4]:http://www.infoworld.com/d/application-development/review-docker-10-ready-prime-time-243935
|
||||
[5]:http://www.projectatomic.io/
|
||||
[6]:https://www.suse.com/products/server/technical-information/
|
||||
[7]:https://www.suse.com/products/server/technical-information/
|
||||
[8]:http://developerblog.redhat.com/2013/11/19/exploratory-performance-pcp/
|
||||
[9]:http://oss.sgi.com/projects/pcp/index.html
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS: 定制 Unity
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
虽然Unity桌面管理器自从伴随 Ubuntu 11.01首次发布以来表现出了强劲的性能，并在可用性上迈进了一大步，但是有人对自定义其外观和行为所带的限制感到反感。我们马上就去看看如何自定义Unity，让你重拾自己掌控桌面的感觉。
|
||||
### Unity中的可用定制项目 ###
|
||||
|
||||
在ubuntu 14.04中，Unity 有一些以前没有的可定制项。登入你的 Unity，进入“设置”并选择“显示”，你将看到以下画面：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 显示和 Unity 设置
|
||||
|
||||
你看到的大多数项目相比Ubuntu 11.01 中所采用的都是新的，而且一些相比较最近的Ubuntu 版本Ubuntu13.10也是新的。从Ubuntu13.10开始，Ubuntu加入了可以改变菜单栏和标题栏大小的新特性。
|
||||
Unity中所特有的一个特性是我们能够打开或者关闭的“粘性边缘”功能，它能让你的鼠标停止在多显示器组的每个屏幕的边缘，它使光标暂时停在边缘，仿佛是鼠标卡住了一样，我们可以选择关闭它。
|
||||
在“设置”中选择“外观”选项，可以看到如下画面。
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 显示和Unity设置
|
||||
这里我们可以看到对于 Unity 启动器栏被要求最多的选项-能够改变启动器大小的特性。虽然在Ubuntu 11.10及以后的各种版本中可以通过多种方法实现这个特性，但将其放入外观设置中使其显得更加正式。我喜欢它能将启动器图标缩小直至16号的功能（我们接下来所要谈论的工具仅能支持最小调至24号）。
|
||||
### Unity Tweak Tool-强大! ###
|
||||
|
||||
在Unity首次伴随Ubuntu 11.10发布的几天之内这款工具就跟着出现了，只是你得大费周折去自己把它安装好而且在Unity升级时它可能会损坏。
|
||||
|
||||
然而现在它被正式添加进了Ubuntu的默认软件仓库并且会在Unity更新时同时更新。它附带大量的定制项，那么我们就来安装它吧：
|
||||
|
||||
sudo apt-get install unity-tweak-tool
|
||||
|
||||
安装好，启动后你将看到如下画面：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
正式的Unity Tweak Tool
|
||||
|
||||
这款工具集中大量的Unity桌面定制项目于一体。这些定制项大多能通过默认的Unity设置，命令行操作或者是编辑有时候很难寻找的配置文件来实现。
|
||||
|
||||
我们可以改变启动器栏，网页小程序和面板的行为，可以在Unity菜单中搜索等等。所有的都通过着一个工具来实现。花些时间去挖掘适合你的选项-Unity Tweak Tool-学习它，和它一起生活，爱上它（如果你使用Unity，这是起码的）
|
||||
|
||||
### 结尾的一些想法 ###
|
||||
|
||||
Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 越来越向成为Linux Desktop迈进，（Canonical，对不起，你还是Linux），Linux Desktop不仅可以作为非正式的Linux使用者（的确有这样的事）的选择，也适用于骨灰级linux专家。
|
||||
那现在相比较于不借助工具，公共程序或是进行在随后的更新中可能损坏的配置文件编辑的Unity桌面我们就拥有了更多的控制权，Unity桌面性能强劲可靠，又通过Unity Tweak Tool加入一些风味元素，使得它的外观也酷极了!!!请给我们你的想法或者点击链接发表你对Unity桌面的评论，我们将有兴趣知道你是如何使用Ubuntu 14.04 LTS 的。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
----------
|
||||
|
||||
#### Terrence T. Cox ####
|
||||
开发者，Linux倡导者，开源爱好者。 进入这个技术领域很久，被认为经验丰富，但从未感到厌倦。
|
||||
[Twitter][1]
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://linuxacademy.com/blog/linux/ubuntu-14-04-lts-customizing-unity/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[Love-xuan](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:https://twitter.com/mourngrymtc/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
||||
如何在Oh-My-Zsh中启用Heroku命令tab按键补全功能
|
||||
================================================================================
|
||||
**Heroku**客户端是创建和管理Heroku应用的命令行界面工具。
|
||||
|
||||
需求:
|
||||
|
||||
- Heroku toolbelt
|
||||
- Oh-My-Zsh ([如何安装][1])
|
||||
|
||||
本文不是讲关于hereku的知识，也不是讲关于heroku的使用细节，而是仅仅展示给用户他们怎样可以使用oh-my-zsh来方便地敲写命令。此外你还应该安装[heroku toolbelt][2]来进行本文的相应的操作。对于Ubuntu和Debian发行版，你可以通过运行下面的命令来安装：
|
||||
|
||||
wget -qO- https://toolbelt.heroku.com/install-ubuntu.sh | sh
|
||||
|
||||
打开终端，用你在[这里]创建的用户登陆heroku：
|
||||
|
||||
heroku登陆
|
||||
输入您的Heroku认证。
|
||||
邮箱: enockseth@unixmen.com
|
||||
密码 (您的输入会被隐藏):
|
||||
认证成功。
|
||||
|
||||
这显示heroku正在运行。
|
||||
|
||||
使用你喜欢的文本编辑器打开**.zshrc**：
|
||||
|
||||
vim .zshrc
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
git是唯一默认启用的插件。
|
||||
|
||||
在下图显示的插件选择区添加**heroku**：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
重启终端，输入**heroku**，按下tab键，到此就搞定啦：
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/enable-tab-complete-heroku-commands-oh-zsh/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[JonathanKang](https://github.com/JonathanKang) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[1]:http://www.unixmen.com/install-oh-zsh-ubuntu-arch-linux-fedora/
|
||||
[2]:https://toolbelt.heroku.com/
|
||||
[3]:https://www.heroku.com/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
|
||||
Linux基础，如何在命令行中查看目录的大小
|
||||
=====================================================================
|
||||
这是写给Liunx新用户的一系列文章中的第一篇，在这系列文章我将会写一些对新用户来说非常好用的**Linux基础命令**。
|
||||
|
||||
**注意**：本文的目标读者是仅有小量甚至是没有任何Linux命令行使用经验的读者。
|
||||
|
||||
>作为一个Linux的新用户，我怎样可以在命令行终端中查看某个目录的属性？
|
||||
|
||||
###要求###
|
||||
|
||||
唯一的要求是**du**命令行工具。du基本上是所有Linux发行版本默认提供的工具。用以下的命令来检查你的系统中是否可以使用du命令：
|
||||
|
||||
man du
|
||||
|
||||
**du** 命令用于输出文件的空间使用情况。
|
||||
|
||||
###使用du###
|
||||
|
||||
不带任何参数的运行du命令会显示当前工作目录以及其子目录的文件名和所占用的空间大小(以字节为单位)。
|
||||
|
||||
du
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
使用**-h**参数以对用户友好的方式输出文件大小，即分别以**K, M**和**G**来表示**Kb,Mb**和**Gb**
|
||||
|
||||
du -h
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
若想查看某个特定目录的文件大小，则在du命令中指定要查看的目录名，如下：
|
||||
|
||||
du -h Mapmaker
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
使用 **-c** 参数来查看目录所占用磁盘空间的总大小
|
||||
|
||||
du -ch
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
使用 **-s** 参数只输出指定目录占用空间的大小
|
||||
|
||||
du -sh Mapmaker Sandbox
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
使用 man du 查看du命令更多参数的用法
|
||||
|
||||
man du
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
知道du命令更多的用法？请分享给我和其他人。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: http://www.unixmen.com/linux-basics-find-size-directory-commands/
|
||||
|
||||
译者：[cvsher](https://github.com/cvsher) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user