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[#]: subject: "12 essential Linux commands for beginners"
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/5/essential-linux-commands"
[#]: author: "Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "chai001125"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
12 essential Linux commands for beginners
======
I recommend these commands to anyone who is getting started with Linux.
![Command line prompt][1]
Image by: Opensource.com
When operating on the Linux command line, it is easy to get disoriented, which can have disastrous consequences. I once issued a remove command before realizing that I'd moved the boot directory of my computer. I learned to use the `pwd` command to know exactly which part of the file system I was in (and these days, there are command projects, like [trashy and trash-cli][2], that serve as intermediates when removing files).
When I was new to Linux, I had a cheat sheet that hung over my desk to help me remember those commands as I managed my Linux servers. It was called the *101 commands for Linux* cheat sheet. As I became more familiar with these commands, I became more proficient with server administration.
Here are 12 Linux commands I find most useful.
### 1. Print working directory (pwd)
The `pwd` command prints your working directory. In other words, it outputs the path of the directory you are currently working in. There are two options: `--logical` to display your location with any symlinks and `--physical` to display your location after resolving any symlinks.
### 2. Make directory (mkdir)
Making directories is easy with the `mkdir` command. The following command creates a directory called `example` unless `example` already exists:
```
$ mkdir example
```
You can make directories within directories:
```
$ mkdir -p example/one/two
```
If directories `example` and `one` already exist, only directory `two` is created. If none of them exist, then three nested directories are created.
### 3. List (ls)
Coming from MS-DOS, I was used to listing files with the `dir` command. I don't recall working on Linux at the time, although today, `dir` is in the GNU Core Utilities package. Most people use the `ls` command to display the files, along with all their properties, are in a directory. The `ls` command has many options, including `-l` to view a long listing of files, displaying the file owner and permissions.
### 4. Change directory (cd)
It is often necessary to change directories. That's the `cd` command's function. For instance, this example takes you from your home directory into the `Documents` directory:
```
$ cd Documents
```
You can quickly change to your home directory with `cd ~` or just `cd` on most systems. You can use `cd ..` to move up a level.
### 5. Remove a file (rm)
Removing files is inherently dangerous. Traditionally, the Linux terminal has no Trash or Bin like the desktop does, so many terminal users have the bad habit of permanently removing data they believe they no longer need. There's no "un-remove" command, though, so this habit can be problematic should you accidentally delete a directory containing important data.
A Linux system provides `rm` and `shred` for data removal. To delete file `example.txt`, type the following:
```
$ rm example.txt
```
However, it's much safer to install a trash command, such as [trashy][3] or [trash-cli][4]. Then you can send files to a staging area before deleting them forever:
```
$ trash example.txt
```
### 6. Copy a file (cp)
Copy files with the `cp` command. The syntax is copy *from-here* *to-there*. Here's an example:
```
$ cp file1.txt newfile1.txt
```
You can copy entire directories, too:
```
$ cp -r dir1 newdirectory
```
### 7. Move and rename a file (mv)
Renaming and moving a file is functionally the same process. When you move a file, you take a file from one directory and put it into a new one. When renaming a file, you take a file from one directory and put it back into the same directory or a different directory, but with a new name. Either way, you use the `mv` command:
```
$ mv file1.txt file_001.txt
```
### 8. Create an empty file (touch)
Easily create an empty file with the `touch` command:
```
$ touch one.txt
$ touch two.txt
$ touch three.md
```
### 9. Change permissions (chmod)
Change the permissions of a file with the `chmod` command. One of the most common uses of `chmod` is making a file executable:
```
$ chmod +x myfile
```
This example is how you give a file permission to be executed as a command. This is particularly handy for scripts. Try this simple exercise:
```
$ echo 'echo Hello $USER' > hello.sh
$ chmod +x hello.sh
$ ./hello.sh
Hello, Don
```
### 10. Escalate privileges (sudo)
While administering your system, it may be necessary to act as the super user (also called root). This is where the `sudo` (or *super user do*) command comes in. Assuming you're trying to do something that your computer alerts you that only an administrator (or root) user can do, just preface it with the command `sudo` :
```
$ touch /etc/os-release && echo "Success"
touch: cannot touch '/etc/os-release': Permission denied
$ sudo touch /etc/os-release && echo "Success"
Success
```
### 11. Shut down (poweroff)
The `poweroff` command does exactly what it sounds like: it powers your computer down. It requires `sudo` to succeed.
There are actually many ways to shut down your computer and some variations on the process. For instance, the `shutdown` command allows you to power down your computer after an arbitrary amount of time, such as 60 seconds:
```
$ sudo shutdown -h 60
```
Or immediately:
```
$ sudo shutdown -h now
```
You can also restart your computer with `sudo shutdown -r now` or just `reboot`.
### 12. Read the manual (man)
The `man` command could be the most important command of all. It gets you to the documentation for each of the commands on your Linux system. For instance, to read more about `mkdir` :
```
$ man mkdir
```
A related command is `info`, which provides a different set of manuals (as long as they're available) usually written more verbosely than the often terse man pages.
### What's your favorite Linux command?
There are many more commands on a Linux system—hundreds! What's your favorite command, the one you find yourself using time and time again?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/5/essential-linux-commands
作者：[Don Watkins][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/lead-images/command_line_prompt.png
[2]: https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/recover-file-deletion-linux
[3]: https://gitlab.com/trashy/trashy
[4]: https://github.com/andreafrancia/trash-cli

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[#]: subject: "12 essential Linux commands for beginners"
[#]: via: "https://opensource.com/article/22/5/essential-linux-commands"
[#]: author: "Don Watkins https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins"
[#]: collector: "lkxed"
[#]: translator: "chai001125"
[#]: reviewer: " "
[#]: publisher: " "
[#]: url: " "
新手教程：12 个重要的 Linux 命令
======
我向所有的 Linux 初学者推荐以下这些命令。
![Command line prompt][1]
在使用 Linux 命令行时，很容易就会迷失方向，这可能会导致灾难性的后果：我有一次使用 <ruby> 删除命令<rt> `rm` command </rt> </ruby> 删除文件，然而删除之后我才意识到我刚刚是删除了计算机的引导目录。后来，我学会了使用 `pwd` 命令，来知道当前在文件系统的哪个目录下；并且我使用了 [trashy 和 trash-cli][2] 这一命令行回收站工具，在删除文件时 trash-cli 会充当中间人，将文件先“删除”到桌面上的垃圾箱中，能够通过垃圾箱或通过终端的 `trash` 命令，来恢复垃圾箱中已删除的文件。
当我刚开始使用 Linux 时，我有一个放在桌子上的“作弊小抄”，它就是 <ruby> *《101 条你应该知道的 Linux 命令》*<rt> 101 commands for Linux </rt> </ruby> ，我在管理 Linux 服务器时能参考“作弊小抄”上面的这些命令。随着我越来越熟悉这些命令，我越来越精通服务器管理了。
以下是我认为最有用的 12 个 Linux 命令。
### 1. 打印工作目录（pwd）
`pwd` 命令会打印出你的工作目录。换句话来说，它输出你当前所在目录的路径。`pwd` 命令有两种选项：`-L`(即逻辑路径 logical) 用来打印当前的目录路径（不考虑符号链接），`-P` (即物理路径 physical)会解析符号链接，并打印出物理目录。你可以进一步阅读我们翻译的 [另一篇文章](https://linux.cn/article-4356-1.html)
### 2. 创建目录（mkdir）
使用 `mkdir` 命令来创建一个新目录，是非常容易的。以下命令，创建了一个名为 `example` 目录（若 `example` 已存在，则无法创建）：
```
$ mkdir example
```
你也可以在嵌套地创建目录及其子目录：
```
$ mkdir -p example/one/two
```
如果目录 `example` 和目录 `one` 都已存在，则仅会创建目录 `two`。如果上述目录都不存在，则会创建三个嵌套目录。
### 3. 列出文件（ls）
我最早使用的是 MS-DOS（微软磁盘操作系统），因此我习惯于使用 `dir` 命令，来列出文件。我不记得当时是否能在 Linux 上使用 `dir` 命令，但是如今 `dir` 命令已经包含在 <ruby> GNU 核心实用程序包 <rt> GNU Core Utilities package </rt></ruby> 中了。大多数人会使用 `ls` 命令，来显示目录中的文件及其所有的属性。`ls` 命令有许多选项，包括 `-l` 查看文件的长列表，显示文件所有者和权限等信息。
### 4. 更改当前工作目录（cd）
在 Linux 中经常要更改当前工作目录，这就是 `cd` 命令的功能。例如，以下的示例将让你从 <ruby> 主目录 <rt> home </rt></ruby>进入 `Documents` 目录：
```
$ cd Documents
```
你可以使用 `cd ~`或者`cd`，来快速转换到你的 <ruby> 主目录 <rt> home </rt></ruby>。你可以使用 `cd ..` 来返回到上一级目录。
### 5. 删除文件（rm）
删除文件是很危险的，因为在 Linux 终端上用 `rm` 命令会**彻底地**删除文件，并没有像桌面的垃圾桶那样依旧保存着删除的文件。许多终端用户有一个坏习惯，他们会永久地删除他们认为不再需要的文件。然而，因为没有“取消删除”命令，这个坏习惯可能会导致严重的问题：你会不小心删除了包含重要数据的目录。
Linux 系统为文件删除提供了 `rm` 和 `shred` 命令。要删除文件 `example.txt`，请输入以下内容：
```
$ rm example.txt
```
然而，使用 trash 命令要安全得多，例如[trashy][3] 或者 [trash-cli][4]，它会将文件先“删除”到桌面上的垃圾箱中：
```
$ trash example.txt
```
关于 Trash-Cli 的更多信息可以参考我们翻译的 [另一篇文章](https://linux.cn/article-10029-1.html)。
### 6. 复制文件（cp）
使用 `cp` 命令，来复制文件。`cp` 的语法是从*旧文件*复制到*新文件*。这里有一个例子：
```
$ cp file1.txt newfile1.txt
```
你也可以复制整个目录：
```
$ cp -r dir1 newdirectory
```
### 7. 移动并重命名文件（mv）
重命名和移动文件在功能上是相同的过程。当你移动文件时，从一个目录中取出一个文件，并将其放入一个新目录中；当你重命名文件时，将一个目录中的文件更改为新名称，并放回到同一目录或另一个目录下。无论是重命名还是移动文件，你都可以使用 `mv` 命令：
```
$ mv file1.txt file_001.txt
```
### 8. 创建一个空文件（touch）
使用 `touch` 命令可以简单地创建一个空文件：
```
$ touch one.txt
$ touch two.txt
$ touch three.md
```
### 9. 更改权限（chmod）
使用 `chmod` 命令，来更改文件的权限。`chmod` 最常见的用途是让文件能够执行：
```
$ chmod +x myfile
```
以下的示例展示了如何用 `chmod` 命令给文件赋予权限，这对于脚本来说特别方便。尝试一下这个简单的练习吧：
```
$ echo 'echo Hello $USER' > hello.sh
$ chmod +x hello.sh
$ ./hello.sh
Hello, Don
```
### 10. 提升为 root 权限（sudo）
在管理自己的 Linux 系统时，可能需要提升为超级用户（也称为 root），这就是 `sudo`（即 *super user do*）命令的来源。假设你想要做一些只有管理员（或 root 用户）才能做的事情，只需在命令前加一个 `sudo` 即可：
```
$ touch /etc/os-release && echo "Success"
touch: cannot touch '/etc/os-release': Permission denied
$ sudo touch /etc/os-release && echo "Success"
Success
```
### 11. 关机（poweroff）
`poweroff` 命令的功能和它的字面意思一样：把你的计算机关机。需要在 `poweroff` 前面加一个 `sudo` 才能成功关机。
实际上，还有很多方法可以关闭你的计算机，这些方法有略微的不同。例如，`shutdown` 命令会在指定的时间（例如 60 秒）后关闭计算机：
```
$ sudo shutdown -h 60
```
Or immediately:
或者立即关闭计算机：
```
$ sudo shutdown -h now
```
你也可以用 `sudo shutdown -r now` 或者 `reboot` 来重启计算机。
### 12. 阅读手册（man）
`man` 命令可能是 Linux 中最重要的命令了，你可以通过 `man` 命令查看 Linux 系统上每个命令的官方文档。例如，要阅读更多有关 `mkdir` 的信息，可以输入：
```
$ man mkdir
```
一个与 `man` 相关的命令是 `info` 命令，它提供了一组不同的手册，它通常会提供比简洁的 `man` 页面更详细一点的内容。
### 你最喜欢的 Linux 命令是什么？
There are many more commands on a Linux system—hundreds! What's your favorite command, the one you find yourself using time and time again?
Linux 系统上还有数百个其他命令！你最喜欢使用的 Linux 命令是什么呢？什么命令是你一直反复使用的呢？
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
via: https://opensource.com/article/22/5/essential-linux-commands
作者：[Don Watkins][a]
选题：[lkxed][b]
译者：[chai001125](https://github.com/chai001125)
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
[a]: https://opensource.com/users/don-watkins
[b]: https://github.com/lkxed
[1]: https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/lead-images/command_line_prompt.png
[2]: https://www.redhat.com/sysadmin/recover-file-deletion-linux
[3]: https://gitlab.com/trashy/trashy
[4]: https://github.com/andreafrancia/trash-cli