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[translated]25 - The history of Android
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The history of Android
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The LG-made Nexus 5, the launch device for KitKat.
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Android 4.4, KitKat—more polish; less memory usage
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Google got really cute with the launch of Android 4.4. The company [teamed up with Nestlé][1] to name the OS "KitKat," and it launched on Halloween, October 31, 2013. Nestlé produced limited-edition Android-shaped KitKat bars, and KitKat packaging in stores promoted the new OS while offering a chance to win a Nexus 7.
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KitKat launched with a new Nexus device, the Nexus 5. The new flagship had the biggest display yet: a five-inch, 1920x1080 LCD. Despite the bigger screen size, LG—again the manufacturer for the device—was able to fit the Nexus 5 into the same dimensions as a Galaxy Nexus or Nexus 4.
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The Nexus 5 was specced comparatively to the highest-end phones at the time, with a 2.3Ghz Snapdragon 800 processor and 2GB of RAM. The phone was again sold unlocked on the Play Store, but while most phones with specs like this would go for $600-$700, Google sold the Nexus 5 for only $350.
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One of the most important improvements in KitKat was one you couldn't see: significantly lower memory usage. For KitKat, Google started a concerted effort to lower memory usage across the OS and bundled apps called "Project Svelte." After tons of optimization work and a "low memory" mode that disabled expensive graphical effects, Android could now run on as little as 340MB of RAM. Lower memory requirements were a big deal, because devices in the developing world—the biggest growth markets for smartphones—often ran on only 512MB of RAM. Ice Cream Sandwich's more advanced UI significantly raised the system requirements of Android devices, which left many low-end devices—even newly released low-end devices—stuck on Gingerbread. The lower system requirements of KitKat meant to bring these cheap devices back into the fold. With KitKat, Google hoped to finally kill Gingerbread (which, at the time of writing, is around 20 percent of the market). Just in case the lower system requirements weren't enough, there have even been reports that Google will [no longer license][2] the Google apps to Gingerbread devices.
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Besides bringing low-end phones to a modern version of the OS, Project Svelte's lower memory requirements were to be a boon to wearable computers, too. Google Glass [announced][3] it was also switching to the slimmer OS, and [Android Wear][4] ran on KitKat, too. The lower memory requirements in Android 4.4 and the notification API and Bluetooth LE support in 4.3 came together nicely to support wearable computing.
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KitKat also featured a lot of polish to the core OS interfaces that couldn't be updated via the Play Store. The System UI, Dialer, Clock, and Settings all saw updates.
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KitKat's transparent bars on the Google Now Launcher.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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KitKat not only got rid of the unpopular lines to the left and right sides of the lock screen—it completely disabled lock screen widgets by default! Google obviously felt multiple lock screens and multiple home screens were a little to complicated for new users, so lock screen widgets now needed to be enabled in the settings. The lopsided time here and in the clock app was switched to a symmetrical weight, which looked a lot nicer.
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In KitKat, apps had the ability to make the system and status bars transparent, which significantly changed the look of the OS. The bars now blended into the wallpaper and any other app that chose to enable transparent bars. The bars could also be completely hidden by any app via a new feature called “immersive" mode.
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KitKat was the final nail in the “Tron" coffin, removing almost all traces of blue from the operating system. The status bar icons were changed from a blue to a neutral white. The status and system bars on the home screen weren’t completely transparent; a dark gradient was added to the top and bottom of the screen so that the white icons would still be visible on a light background.
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Tweaks to Google Now and the folders.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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The home screen that shipped with KitKat on the Nexus 5 was actually exclusive to the Nexus 5 for a few months, but it could now be on any Nexus device. The new home screen was called the "Google Now Launcher," and it was actually [the Google Search app][5]. Yes, Google Search grew from a simple search box to an entire home screen, and in KitKat, it drew the wallpaper, icons, app drawer, widgets, home screen settings, Google Now, and, of course, the search box. Thanks to Search now running the entire home screen, any time the home screen was open and the screen was on, voice commands could be activated by saying “OK Google." This was pointed out to the user with introductory “Say 'OK Google' text in the search bar, which would fade away after a few uses.
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Google Now was more integrated, too. Besides the usual swipe up from the system bar, Google Now was also the leftmost home screen. The new version brought some design tweaks as well. The Google logo was moved into the search bar, and the whole top area was compacted. A few card designs were cleaned up, and a new set of buttons at the bottom led to reminders, customization options, and an overflow button with settings, feedback, and help. Since Google Now was part of the home screen, it got transparent system and status bars, too.
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Transparency and “brightening up" certain parts of the OS were design themes in KitKat. Black was removed in the status and system bars by switching to transparent, and the black background of the folders was switched to white.
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A screenshot showing the new, cleaner app screen layout, and a composite image of the app lineup.
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Photo by Ron Amadeo
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The KitKat icon lineup changed significantly from 4.3. To be more dramatic, it was a bloodbath, with Google removing seven icons over the 4.3 loadout. Google Hangouts could handle SMS now, so the Messaging app was removed. Hangouts also took over Google+ Messenger duties, so that app shortcut was cut. Google Currents was removed as a default app, as it would soon be killed—along with Google Play Magazines—in favor of Google Play Newsstand. Google Maps was beaten back into a single icon, which meant Local and Navigation shortcuts were removed. The impossible-to-understand Movie Studio was cut, too—Google must have realized no one wants to edit movies on a phone. Thanks to the home screen “OK Google" hotword detection, the Voice Search icon was rendered redundant and removed. Depressingly, the long abandoned News & Weather app remained.
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There was a new app called “Photos"—really the Google+ app—which took over picture management duties. On the Nexus 5, the Gallery and Google+ Photos were pretty similar, but in newer builds of KitKat present on Google Play Edition devices, the Gallery was completely replaced by Google+ photos. Play Games was an interface for Google’s back-end multiplayer service—a Googly version of Xbox Live or Apple’s Game Center. Google Drive, which existed for years as a Play Store app, was finally made a default app. Google bought Quickoffice back in June 2012, now finally deeming the app acceptable for inclusion by default. While Drive opened Google Documents, Quickoffice opened Microsoft Office Documents. If keeping track, that was two document editing apps and two photo editing apps included on most KitKat loadouts.
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----------
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[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron is the Reviews Editor at Ars Technica, where he specializes in Android OS and Google products. He is always on the hunt for a new gadget and loves to rip things apart to see how they work.
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[@RonAmadeo][t]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/25/
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/official-the-next-edition-of-android-is-kitkat-version-4-4/
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[2]:http://www.androidpolice.com/2014/02/10/rumor-google-to-begin-forcing-oems-to-certify-android-devices-with-a-recent-os-version-if-they-want-google-apps/
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[3]:http://www.androidpolice.com/2014/03/01/glass-xe14-delayed-until-its-ready-promises-big-changes-and-a-move-to-kitkat/
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[4]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/03/in-depth-with-android-wear-googles-quantum-leap-of-a-smartwatch-os/
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[5]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/11/google-just-pulled-a-facebook-home-kitkats-primary-interface-is-google-search/
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[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
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[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
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alim0x translating
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The history of Android
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================================================================================
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@ -84,4 +86,4 @@ via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-histor
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[5]:http://userexperienceawards.com/uxa2012/
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[6]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/04/googles-next-design-challenge-unify-app-design-across-platforms/
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[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
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[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
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[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
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安卓编年史
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LG 制造的 Nexus 5，奇巧（KitKat）的首发设备。
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Android 4.4，奇巧——更完美；更少的内存占用
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谷歌安卓 4.4 的发布确实很讨巧。谷歌和[雀巢公司合作][1]，新版系统的代号是“奇巧（KitKat）”，并且它是在 2013 年 10 月 31 日发布的，也就是万圣节。雀巢公司推出了限量版带安卓机器人的奇巧巧克力，它的包装也帮助新版系统推广，消费者有机会赢取一台 Nexus 7。
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一部新的 Nexus 设备也随奇巧一同发布，就是 Nexus 5。新旗舰拥有迄今最大的显示屏：一块五英寸，1920x1080 分辨率的 LCD 显示屏。除了更大尺寸的屏幕，LG——Nexus 5 的制造商——还将 Nexus 5 的机器大小控制得和 Galaxy Nexus 或 Nexus 4 差不多。
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Nexus 5 相对同时期的高端手机配置算是标准了，拥有 2.3Ghz 骁龙 800 处理器和 2GB 内存。手机再次在 Play 商店销售无锁版，相同配置的大多数手机价格都在 600 到 700 美元之间，但 Nexus 5 的售价仅为 350 美元。
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奇巧最重要的改进之一你并不能看到：显著减少的内存占用。对奇巧而言，谷歌齐心协力开始了降低系统和预装应用内存占用的努力，称作“Project Svelte”。经过了无数的优化工作和通过一个“低内存模式”（禁用图形开销大的特效），安卓现在可以在 340MB 内存下运行。低内存需求是件了不起的事，因为在发展中国家的设备——智能手机增长最快的市场——许多设备的内存仅有 512MB。冰淇淋三明治更高级的 UI 显著提高了对安卓设备的系统配置要求，这使得很多低端设备——甚至是新发布的低端设备——的安卓版本停留在姜饼。奇巧更低的配置需求意味着这些廉价设备能够跟上脚步。有了奇巧，谷歌希望完全消灭姜饼（写下本文时姜饼的市场占有率还在 20% 左右）。为了防止更低的系统需求还不够有效，甚至有报道称谷歌将[不再授权][2]谷歌应用给姜饼设备。
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除了给低端设备带来更现代版本的系统，Project Svelte 更低的内存需求同样对可穿戴设备也是个好消息。Google Glass [宣布][3]它会切换到这个更精简的系统，[Android Wear][4] 同样也运行在奇巧之上。安卓 4.4 带来的更低的内存需求以及 4.3 中的通知消息 API 和低功耗蓝牙支持给了可穿戴计算漂亮的支持。
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奇巧的亮点还有无数精心打磨过的核心系统界面，它们无法通过 Play 商店升级。系统界面，拨号盘，时钟还有设置都能看到升级。
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奇巧在 Google Now 启动器下的透明系统栏。
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Ron Amadeo 供图
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奇巧不仅去掉了讨人厌的锁屏左右屏的线框——它还默认完全禁用了锁屏小部件！谷歌明显感觉到了多屏锁屏和锁屏主屏对新用户来说有点复杂，所以锁屏小部件现在需要从设置里启用。锁屏和时钟里不平衡的时间字体换成了一个对称的字重，看起来好看多了。
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在奇巧中，应用拥有将系统栏和状态栏透明的能力，显著地改变了系统的外观。系统栏和状态栏现在混合到壁纸和启用透明栏的应用中去了。这些栏还能通过新功能“沉浸”模式完全被应用隐藏。
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奇巧是“电子”科幻风格棺材上的最后一颗钉子，几乎完全移除了系统的蓝色痕迹。状态栏图标由蓝色变成中性的白色。主屏的状态栏和系统栏并不是完全透明的；它们有深色的渐变，这样在使用浅色壁纸的时候白色的图标还能轻易地识别出来。
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Google Now 和文件夹的调整。
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Ron Amadeo 供图
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在 Nexus 5 上随奇巧到来的主屏实际上由 Nexus 5 独占了几个月，但现在任何 Nexus 设备都能拥有它了。新的主屏叫做“Google Now Launcher”，它实际上是[谷歌搜索应用][5]。是的，谷歌搜索从一个简单的搜索框成长到了整个主屏幕，并且在奇巧中，它涉及了壁纸，图标，应用抽屉，小部件，主屏设置，Google Now，当然，还有搜索框。由于搜索现在运行在整个主屏幕，任何时候只要打开了主屏并且屏幕是点亮的，就可以通过说“OK Google”激活语音命令。在搜索栏有引导用户说出“OK Google”的文本，在几次使用后这个介绍会隐去。
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Google Now 的集成度现在更高了。除了通常的系统栏上滑激活，Google Now 还占据了最左侧的主屏。新版还引入了一些设计上的调整。谷歌的 logo 移到了搜索栏内，整个顶部区域更紧凑了。显示更多卡片的设计被去除了，新添加的一组底部按钮指向备忘录，自定义选项，以及一个更多操作按钮，里面由设置，反馈，以及帮助。因为 Google Now 是主屏幕的一部分，所以它也拥有透明 的系统栏和状态栏。
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透明以及让系统的特定部分“更明亮”是奇巧的设计主题。黑色调通过透明化从状态栏和系统栏移除了，文件夹的黑色背景也换为了白色。
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新的，更加清爽的应用列表，以及完整的应用阵容。
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Ron Amadeo 供图
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奇巧的图标阵容相对 4.3 有显著的变化。更戏剧化地说，这是一场大屠杀，谷歌从 4.3 的配置中移除了七个图标。谷歌 Hangouts 现在能够处理短信，所以信息应用被去除了。Hangouts 同时还接手了 Google Messenger 的职责，所以它的图标也不见了。Google Currents 不再作为默认应用预装，因为它不久后就会被终结——和它一起的还有 Google Play Magazines（Play 杂志），取代它们的是 Google Play Newsstand（Play 报刊亭）。谷歌地图被打回一个图标，这意味着本地和导航的快捷方式被去掉了。难以理解的 Movie Studio 也被去除了——谷歌肯定已经意识到了没人想在手机上剪辑电影。有了主屏的“OK Google”关键词检测，语音搜索图标的呈现就显得多余了，因而将其移除。令人沮丧的是，没人用的新闻和天气应用还在。
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有个新应用“Photos（相片）”——实际上是 Google+ 的一部分——接手了图片管理的工作。在 Nexus 5 上，相册和 Google+ 相片十分相似，但在 Google Play 版设备上更新版的奇巧中，相册已经完全被 Google+ 相片所取代。Play Games 是谷歌的后端多用户游戏服务——谷歌版的 Xbox Live 或苹果的 Game Center。Google Drive，已经在 Play 商店存在数年的应用，终于成为了内置应用。谷歌 2012 年 6 月收购的 Quickoffice 也进入了内置应用阵容。Drive 可以打开 Google 文档，Quickoffice 可以打开微软 Office 文档。如果细细追究起来，在大多数奇巧中包含了两个文档编辑应用和两个相片编辑应用。
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----------
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[Ron Amadeo][a] / Ron是Ars Technica的评论编缉，专注于安卓系统和谷歌产品。他总是在追寻新鲜事物，还喜欢拆解事物看看它们到底是怎么运作的。
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[@RonAmadeo][t]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/06/building-android-a-40000-word-history-of-googles-mobile-os/25/
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译者：[alim0x](https://github.com/alim0x) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/09/official-the-next-edition-of-android-is-kitkat-version-4-4/
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[2]:http://www.androidpolice.com/2014/02/10/rumor-google-to-begin-forcing-oems-to-certify-android-devices-with-a-recent-os-version-if-they-want-google-apps/
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[3]:http://www.androidpolice.com/2014/03/01/glass-xe14-delayed-until-its-ready-promises-big-changes-and-a-move-to-kitkat/
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[4]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2014/03/in-depth-with-android-wear-googles-quantum-leap-of-a-smartwatch-os/
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[5]:http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/11/google-just-pulled-a-facebook-home-kitkats-primary-interface-is-google-search/
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[a]:http://arstechnica.com/author/ronamadeo
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[t]:https://twitter.com/RonAmadeo
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