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Linux Desktop In The Enterprise: Ubuntu Vs. Windows
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The "year of the Linux desktop" has been prophesied by Linux supporters almost every year for the last decade. This was once a lofty goal in the Microsoft-dominated enterprise, but times are changing. Linux has grown into a formidable competitor in the smartphone and cloud computing markets, which has caught Microsoft off guard. More importantly, Google, IBM, Red Hat, Facebook, and Netflix have made huge investments into Linux innovations.
Now, with shrinking technology budgets and rising Microsoft licensing fees, it's time for IT to seriously consider desktop Linux deployment as an alternative to Windows. The timing for this couldn't be better: Windows 8.1 was just released, as was the latest version of Ubuntu, 13.10. Windows XP has just five months of support left, so companies need to make the switch to something new. Ubuntu may just have what companies need to support their desktop OS needs. I'll look at various considerations for making the Linux desktop switch, including training and support, as well as potential complications.
I know that Ubuntu has lost some of the favor it once enjoyed in the open source community. Canonical, the creators of Ubuntu, have made some unpopular choices, including changing the display manager -- the base component of the graphical interface in Linux-- to the internally developed Mir instead of Wayland. However, Ubuntu remains completely open source and offers the most painless install of any Linux distribution or even Windows version, for that matter. Canonical also offers paid support, which may be needed in enterprise environments.
There has always been the argument that end users will need retraining if they switch over to a new desktop interface. Microsoft's controversial decision to overhaul the familiar interface for Windows 8.1 now requires just as much training as switching to Linux. Ubuntu's Unity desktop has evolved into a user friendly interface that is arguably more easily understood by end users than Windows 8.1.
For example, compare how a user shuts down the system in each operating system. In all recent versions of Ubuntu, it starts with one click in the right corner of the screen, where the symbol for on-off is located. A menu drops down and one more click shuts down the machine. Windows 8.1 requires a right-click on the Start button, where a menu drops down allowing for a shutdown. This was a vast improvement over Windows 8, which required a trip to the charms bar, but still not as obvious as an icon located directly on the screen.
End-user training for applications is a less complex task nowadays, thanks to the Windows versions of many popular open source applications. Users may already be familiar with Firefox, LibreOffice, Pidgin, and VLC Media Player on Windows. Commercial applications used in business, such as Skype and Adobe Acrobat, function just like their Windows equivalents. Cloud-based applications such as Google Drive or Microsoft Office 365 work well on Ubuntu.
Legacy Windows applications can be accessed through the familiar Citrix client or open source RDP clients. Companies also can use open source virtualization products such as VirtualBox to run the most stubborn legacy Windows applications.
On the support front, many technicians will remember the earlier days of Linux when hardware support was extremely limited. That simply is not the case anymore.
Linux hardware support is oftentimes better than the latest versions of Windows. Many hardware vendors have been dropping driver support for newer versions of Windows. The open source drivers in Linux can be kept up to date by anyone in the developer community, so a lot of older hardware is fully supported in the latest versions of Ubuntu. This fact, plus Ubuntu's lower system requirements, will allow companies to extend the life of hardware once destined for the recycling bin.
While there are upsides to a Linux desktop replacement program, there are some potential difficulties companies should consider. While many technicians have already been using Linux or will be motivated by the prospect of learning new skills, there also will be technicians who have spent a lot of time developing a comfort level managing Windows and may be reluctant to embrace the change.
Citing salary trends is one way to address this potential issue. The salaries of positions with Linux skills requirements are rising at nearly double the rate of other technical professionals, according to Dice.
Companies under stringent compliance requirements may have difficulties switching over to Linux. For example, HIPAA requires encryption that meets FIPS-140-2 requirements. Most open source encryption projects do not have sponsors to get them through the NIST certification to meet this requirement. Open source may actually be more secure than proprietary software because of the number of people that have reviewed the source code, but surprisingly that doesn't matter in the world of compliance.
Businesses need to understand their compliance requirements and develop a plan for training IT staff before deciding to move forward with a full conversion. But overall, Ubuntu Linux has matured into a viable alternative to proprietary operating systems in the enterprise. The effort companies put into a Linux desktop replacement program will be worth the savings in licensing fees. Next year may finally be the “year of the Linux desktop.”
> Joseph Granneman has more than 20 years of technology experience, primarily focused in health care information technology. He is CIO for Rockford Orthopedic Associates in Rockford, Ill., and an active independent author, presenter and professor in the health care information technology and information security fields. Granneman has been active in many standards groups, including developing the early frameworks for Health Information Exchange as part of the Health Information Security and Privacy Security Working Group for Illinois. He was also a volunteer for the Certification Commission for Health Information Technology (CCHIT) Security Working Group, which developed the information security standards for ARRA certification of electronic medical records.
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Linux企业级桌面版：Ubuntu Vs Windows
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过去的10年中，Linux的众多支持者几乎每年都预言当年会是“linux桌面版之年”。对微软主导的企业来说，这曾经是一个崇高的目标，但时代在变。在智能手机和云计算市场领域，Linux已经发展壮大成为一个顽强的竞争对手，打了微软一个措手不及。更重要的是，Google，IBM，Red Hat，Facebook, 还有Netflix等公司正在对linux的研发创新投入巨资。
现在， 随着技术预算缩水，微软授权费上涨，IT界是时候应该认真考虑一下了，部署桌面版Linux，替代Windows。这是个最佳时机，Windows 8.1刚发布，Ubuntu 13.10也同时发布。对Windows XP的支持也只剩下5个月时间。IT公司需要切换到新的环境。Ubuntu利用公司的需求来支持他们桌面版操作系统的需求。
我会考虑几个促成向桌面版linux转换的因素，包括培训和支持，还有一些潜在的复杂性问题。
我知道Ubuntu已经失去了它曾经在开源社区享有的青睐。Canonical，Ubuntu的开创者，做出了几个不受欢迎的决策，包括改变屏幕管理器 -- linux图形界面的基本组件 -- 用内部开发的Mir替换掉Wayland。然而，Ubuntu的仍然是完全开源的，并提供任何Linux发行版甚至Windows版本的软件，安装起来最为省事。
Canonical还提供付费支持，这可能是企业级环境所需要的。
一直存在这样的争论，如果切换到一个新的桌面的话，最终用户需要再培训。微软做出了争议性决策，针对Windows 8.1，对熟悉的界面全面整改，这种举措造成的影响就是，转向linux需要更多的培训。 Ubuntu Unity 桌面已经演变为用户友好的界面，比之Windows 8.1，更易于被终端用户所理解。
例如，比较一下用户在各个操作系统中关闭系统的方式。所有最近的Ubuntu版本，关闭系统只需点击一下屏幕右上角打开-关闭的图标。Windows 8.1则需要右击开始按钮，然后出现一个下拉菜单，从中找到关闭电源的选项。相较于Windows 8，这是个巨大的进步。Windows 8还得费劲去找相关的入口。总不如屏幕上只需一个图标来得直接。
多亏了许多流行的开源应用的Windows版本，对使用这些应用软件的终端用户的培训过也不是什么复杂的任务。用户已经熟悉了Windows上的Firefox, LibreOffice, Pidgin, 以及VLC媒体播放器。用于商业的应用，比如Skype和Adobe Acrobat，功能实现跟Windows上的基本相同。基于云的应用，比如Google Drive 和 Microsoft Office 365，在Ubuntu上都可以正常使用。
传统的Windows应用程序可以通过熟悉的Citrix或者开源RDP的客户端获取。公司可以使用开源的虚拟产品，比如VirtualBox，运行一些顽固的老掉牙的Windows应用。
On the support front, many technicians will remember the earlier days of Linux when hardware support was extremely limited. That simply is not the case anymore.
前端支持上，许多技术人员还记得，在Linux刚刚起步的那些时日，硬件支持极其有限。如今形势已经转变了。
如今对Linux的硬件支持通常比对最新的Windows版本的支持还要理想。许多硬件供应商已经放弃了对Windows新版本的驱动支持。Linux下的硬件驱动可以由开源社区的任何一个人维护更新，因此最新版Ubuntu都支持许多旧的硬件。有基于此，再加上Ubuntu较低的系统需求，公司可以延长都已经进了回收站的硬件的使用寿命。
虽然Linux的桌面替代品存在它的优势，但是企业也应该考虑到一些潜在的困难。尽管许多技术人员正在使用linux，也为学习新的技术而欢欣鼓舞，但是仍有一部分技术人员用Windows进行开发工作很长时间了，已经习惯了，再去拥抱新的变化，对他们来说,或许不是那么得情愿。
援引薪酬的走向是一个解决潜在的问题的办法。相比于其他专业技术人员，Linux技能要求的职位薪酬上涨近一倍的速度，来自Dice的说法。
对严格遵守协议的公司来说，切换到Linux可能会遇到困难。例如，HIPAA要求加密，以满足FIPS-140-2的要求。大多数开源加密项目没有赞助商帮助他们通过NIST认证以满足这一要求。开源代码实际上可能因为有许多人已审查，会比专有软件更安全，但令人惊讶的是，在协议的世界中，这一点无关紧要。
在决定全面迁移之前，企业需要了解他们的规则要求，并制定一个计划，培训IT人员。但总体而言，相比于企业级私有操作系统， 作为一个切实可行的选择，Ubuntu Linux已然成熟。考虑到版权费用的花销，公司在Linux桌面替换项目中的投入是值得的。下一年或许就是“linux桌面版之年”。
> Joseph Granneman拥有超过20年的技术经验，主要专注于医疗信息技术。他是罗克福德，伊利诺伊州罗克福德骨科协会的CIO，医疗保健信息技术和信息安全领域一个活跃的独立作家，主持人和教授。Granneman一直活跃在许多的组织群体，包括发展健康信息交换的早期框架，该框架是卫生伊利诺斯州的保健信息安全和隐私安全工作组的一部分。他也是健康信息技术认证委员会（CCHIT）安全工作组的一名志愿者，该工作组负责制定ARRA认证的电子病历信息安全标准。
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via: http://www.networkcomputing.com/data-networking-management/linux-desktop-in-the-enterprise-ubuntu-v/240163564
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/l3b2w1) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出