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translating by wwy-hust
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FAQ: BSD
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================================================================================
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### Had history been slightly different, you’d be reading FreeBSD Voice today… ###
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#### So what’s the deal with this Birsa Seva Dal then? Isn’t it a political group in India? ####
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Very funny – you looked up the “BSD” disambiguation page on Wikipedia just to make that joke, didn’t you? Here we’re talking about the Berkeley Software Distribution, a family of operating systems that are much more widely used than you might think.
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#### Sorry, I couldn’t help myself. OK, so what’s the deal with these OSes? ####
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There are three main BSD operating systems in use today. They are based on Unix, they are open source, they tend to be used in server roles, but can also make good desktops and workstations as well. They run KDE, Firefox, LibreOffice, Apache, MySQL and pretty much any open source application you can name. They’re reliable, secure and support a lot of different hardware.
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#### Congratulations – you’ve just described GNU/Linux… ####
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True. Linux has all of the things I’ve just mentioned, and that’s why a lot of people never investigate BSD. In day-to-day usage, there isn’t a lot of difference between the BSD family and Linux, largely because they all have Unix underpinnings, and also because they share a lot of software. You could be logged into a remote machine, hacking some Python code in Vim, and checking your email in Mutt, and you wouldn’t know you were running BSD. Or you could be using an internet terminal in a cafe somewhere and not know it’s BSD.
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The biggest differences are in the development model and licence, and to understand this, we need to step back in time. The B in BSD refers to the University of California, Berkeley, which was a hotbed of open source Unix development back in the 1980s. As the 90s came, x86-based PCs were becoming popular and many people were interested in having a Unix-like OS on their home computers. A project called 386BSD was released in 1992 to provide just that.
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#### And where were all the Linux distributions at this time? ####
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Good question! You might know that one year before, Linus Torvalds had announced his kernel, which, when paired with the GNU project, formed a complete open source operating system. Linus had been following GNU’s own kernel (Hurd) and 386BSD, and said that had either of them been ready for daily use, he probably wouldn’t have created Linux. So the first few years of the 90s were tremendously lively for open source operating systems, and nobody was really sure which ones would succeed.
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Then it got messy for BSD. AT&T, the original developer of Unix, was trying to monetise its work on the operating system and claimed that BSD infringed its intellectual property rights. This culminated in a lawsuit in 1992 which severely held back BSD development. In the end, various chunks of the BSD source code had to be rewritten – while all this time, GNU/Linux was gaining features, stability and popularity.
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BSD was arguably in a more mature state than GNU/Linux in the early 1990s, and without these legal complications it could have become the standard on x86 PCs. We could all be using it today instead of Linux.
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#### But you said earlier that BSD is still widely used, so things improved after that? ####
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Yes. 386BSD development stagnated, but two teams of developers working over the internet created separate successor projects. FreeBSD became the most widely used flavour of BSD, and is now the closest to Linux as a desktop and server operating system, while NetBSD focused on portability (today it runs on over 50 platforms, all built from the same codebase). The third flavour, OpenBSD, forked off from NetBSD just a few years after NetBSD started due to a developer spat, and today it’s well known for its concentration on security. Over the years, OpenBSD has created many programs that have become standard on Linux, such as OpenSSH – and now we have LibreSSL too.
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#### So these three flavours of BSD are like Linux distributions? ####
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Yes and no. Each BSD has a separate codebase and separate development teams, although there is a lot of code-flow between them (especially for hardware drivers). But they are standalone operating systems with their own features, pros and cons.
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We mentioned that the development model of the BSDs is one feature that really distinguishes them from GNU/Linux. There’s nobody in charge of GNU/Linux as a whole: some teams are working on the GNU components, some are working on the kernel, some on boot scripts, some on manual pages, some on libraries, and so forth. The development model is often called “wild west”, with a lack of central authority, and distributions do all the hard work of fitting everything together.
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The BSDs, in contrast, are developed as complete projects from centralised source code trees. The kernel, the libraries, the system utilities and the manual pages are all stored and worked on in the same place. Many BSD fans argue that this gives the operating systems more coherency and stability, and from our years of dabbling with BSD we can attest that the manual pages are largely superb.
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#### Don’t the BSDs use anything from GNU/Linux? ####
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Yes, especially GCC. The GNU Compiler Collection has been the de-facto standard compiler on free Unix systems for decades, although FreeBSD has recently moved to LLVM/Clang. It’s important to note that the BSDs also use other open source projects that aren’t specifically GNU or Linux, such as the X Window System (XFree86 and X.org), Perl and so forth. And thanks to standards such as POSIX, most programs that run on Linux can be recompiled to run on the various BSD flavours.
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So, you could replace the L in a LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL and PHP) stack with FreeBSD, and get pretty much the same environment, with a different set of features (eg variations in filesystem and driver support). And there are some mega, super, huge users of FreeBSD, such as Netflix, which serve up ridiculous amounts of data every day. While FreeBSD makes a good desktop OS, its strengths really lie in the server room, with exceptional reliability and network performance.
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OpenBSD tends to be used in smaller web serving, file hosting, firewall and gateway roles where security is imperative. NetBSD is the least popular of the main BSD flavours – it can run on almost anything though, including old Amigas and Acorn boxes, and sometimes finds itself inside closed-source network devices.
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#### Hang on – how can someone close the source code? That ain’t kosher in Linux! ####
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Correct, and here we come to the other major difference with GNU/Linux. The licence for the BSD flavours (called, funnily enough, the BSD Licence) is very different to the GPL that we know. For starters, it’s much shorter. The BSD Licence essentially says: do what you want with this code, but give the original developers credit for writing it, and don’t try to sue them if it blows up your computer.
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So there’s nothing in the licence that forces the code to stay open, unlike with the GPL, which requires that users of the code also make their modifications freely available. This crucial difference has sparked countless flame wars over the years, with BSD fans saying that their licence is more free (because it’s less restrictive), while GNU/GPL fans say that their licence is actually more free (because it preserves freedom down the road).
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#### Blimey. Anyway, now that you’ve piqued my interest, where can I try out all these lovely BSD flavours? ####
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You can probably guess the websites – [www.openbsd.org][1], [www.freebsd.org][2] and [www.netbsd.org][3] – where you can download ISO images, boot them in VirtualBox, and play around. If you’ve been using Linux for a while, you won’t find any of them too difficult, although you’re expected to know your way around the command line. If you’re looking for something more newbie-friendly, PC-BSD
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([www.pcbsd.org][4]) is a customised version of FreeBSD focused on the desktop, with a fancy graphical installer and super-simple management of software. Have fun exploring!
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/faq-bsd-2/
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作者：[Mike Saunders][a]
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/author/mike/
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[1]:http://www.openbsd.org/
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[2]:http://www.freebsd.org/
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[3]:http://www.netbsd.org/
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[4]:http://www.pcbsd.org/
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75
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BSD常见问题
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================================================================================
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### 假如历史稍有不同，您将在今天听到FreeBSD的声音... ###
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#### 那么，这个Birsa Seva Dal是怎么回事呢？难道不是一个印度的政治组织么？ ####
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真有趣，您查阅了维基百科上“BSD”的消除分歧页面是为了讲上面这个笑话，对么？这里我们在讨论伯克利软件发行版（Berkeley Software Distribution），一个比您想象中用的更广泛的操作系统家族。
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#### 抱歉，我控制不住自己。那么，这些操作系统是怎么回事呢？ ####
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今天，主要使用的BSD操作系统有三种。他们都基于Unix，他们都开源，并且大多担任服务器的角色，但也能当作优秀的桌面和工作站。他们运行KDE，Firefox，LibreOffice，Apache，MySQL和许多你能说得出名字的开源软件。它们都很稳定、安全、支持许多不同的硬件。
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#### 恭喜你！你刚才在描述GNU/Linux吧 ####
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是的，Linux拥有我刚才提到的所有东西，这也是为什么很多人从来不讨论BSD。在日常的使用中，Linux和BSD并没有太多的不同，这主要是因为他们都以Unix为基础，并共用很多软件。您可以登录进远程主机，在Vim中写一些Python代码，使用Mutt检查您的email，您可能并未意识到您在使用BSD。或许您在咖啡馆里正通过网络终端使用它，但不知道他是BSD。
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两者最大的区别在于开发模型和许可证，为了解这些，我们需要回到过去。在BSD中，B代表着加利福尼亚大学伯克利分校（University of California, Berkeley），在1980年代，那里是开源Unix软件的发源地。到了90年代，基于x86的PC变得流行，许多人对在他们的家庭电脑中安装Unix类操作系统产生了兴趣。一个叫做386BSD的项目在那时发布并可以提供上述的功能。
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#### 那么，所有的Linux发行版那个时候在哪里呢？ ####
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问得好！您也许知道一年前，Linus Torvalds已经发布了他的内核，当与GNU项目结合时，变成了完整的开源操作系统。Linus那时已经在跟进GNU的内核（Hurd）和386BSD，并且谈到，如果那时两个内核有一个可以被用于日常生活，他可能就不会创造Linux了。所以，90年代的头几年，开源操作系统生机勃勃，没有人知道哪个系统会最终胜出。
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接下来，BSD遇到了一些麻烦。Unix最初的开发方AT&T试图从他们的工作中获得一些利益，他们声称BSD侵犯了他们的知识产权。此事最终以1992年的一桩诉讼结束，它极大的抑制了BSD的开发进程。最后，许多BSD源码的分支必须被重写，而在这时，GNU/Linux已经丰富了功能，变得稳定和流行了。
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在90年代，BSD被论证比GNU/Linux更加成熟，如果没有那些法律麻烦，他可能已经成为了x86 PC的标准了。今天，我们可能都在使用它而不是Linux。
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#### 但你提到BSD仍然被广泛的使用，所以它后来有提升么？ ####
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是的。386BSD的开发停滞了，但有两只开发团队以网络的方式工作并创造了两个独立的成功的项目。FreeBSD成为了使用最广泛的BSD版本，它目前是和Linux最相似的系统，包括桌面和服务器版本。然而NetBSD聚焦于可移植性（今天它可以运行在超过50种不同平台上，均基于同样的代码版本）。另一个版本是OpenBSD，它在NetBSD开始不久就因为开发者的口角而作为NetBSD的分支诞生了，今天，它以专注于安全闻名。多年以来，OpenBSD创建了许多程序，它们都成了Linux的标准，比如说OpenSSH - 所以，现在我们有了LibreSSL。
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#### 所以，这三种版本的BSD和Linux发行版相似么？ ####
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也是也不是，每个BSD版本都有自己的代码库、不同的开发团队。尽管他们间有许多共用的代码（尤其是硬件驱动）。但他们是各自拥有其特色、优点和缺点的相互独立的操作系统。
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我们提到过，BSD的开发模型是他们真正和GNU/Linux区别的重要特点。在GNU/Linux中没有人对其整体进行负责：一些团队在GNU组件方面工作，一些团队在开发内核，一些在开发启动脚本，一些在写手册，一些在写库等等。这样的开发模型通常被称作缺少中央权利的“荒蛮的美国西部”，由发行版负责用使所有东西各自锲合。
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而BSD则相反，它们从中央化的源代码树中开发并作为一个整体。内核、库、系统组件和文档页都存在一个地方，且以同样的方式使用。许多BSD粉丝声称，这个特点给了操作系统更多的一致性和稳定性。通过我这些年使用BSD的经验来看，我们可以证明手册页已经变得非常完备。
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#### 难道BSD没有使用GNU/Linux的任何东西么？ ####
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是的，但除了GCC。几十年来，GNU Compiler Collection已经成为了实际上的Unix系统标准编译器，但FreeBSD最近已经转而使用LLVM/Clang了。值得注意的是BSD还是用了一些其他的开源项目，但它们并不是GNU或者Linux，比如说X Window System（XFree86和X.org）、Perl等等。并且幸亏有像POSIX一样的标准，许多运行在Linux上的程序可以在BSD的许多版本上编译和运行。
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因此，您可以把LAMP（Linux、Apache、MySQL和PHP）中的L改成FreeBSD，这样可以获得几乎同样的环境，以及一些不同的特性（例如，在文件系统和驱动支持方面）。FreeBSD有大量的用户，例如Netflix，每天提供极大量的数据。尽管FreeBSD可以做一个好的桌面环境，但他的长处在于服务器方面，它拥有超乎寻常的可靠性和网络性能。
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OpenBSD更倾向用于安全性十分必要的场合，如小型Web服务、文件托管、防火墙和网关。NetBSD是BSD主要发行版中最不流行的一个，它能运行在几乎所有平台上，包括古老的Amigas和Acorn boxes，有时您可以在闭源的网络设备中找到它的身影。
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#### 等等，怎么会有人将开源代码闭源呢？那在Linux中是不合适的 ####
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对的，这里我们谈到了它与GNU/Linux的主要不同。BSD版本的许可证（很有趣，叫做BSD许可证）非常不同于我们所知的GPL。对于新手来说，BSD更短。BSD许可证主要内容是：对这份代码，做你想做的事，但给它最初的开发人员开发的权利，并且在它搞坏你的电脑时不要提出诉讼。
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因此，该许可证中没有任何条款强制代码开源，不像GPL，它要求使用这份代码的用户将他们的修改也开源。这一重要的不同引起了互联网上无数的激烈讨论，BSD的粉丝们说他们的许可证更加自由（因为它不那么严格），而GNU/GPL的粉丝说他们的证书才更自由（因为它保留了真正的自由）
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#### 啊呀，不管怎么说，你已经引起了我的兴趣，我在哪里能尝试这些可爱的BSD版本呢？ ####
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您大概已经可以猜到这些网站了 – [www.openbsd.org][1]、[www.freebsd.org][2]、[www.netbsd.org][3]。在那里，您可以下载ISO镜像，在VirtualBox中启动它们，然后开始玩耍。如果您已经用了一段时间的Linux，尽管您需要了解那些命令，但这不会太难。如果您在寻找一些对新手更加友好的东西，可以试试PC-BSD，PC-BSD([www.pcbsd.org][4])是一个基于FreeBSD的个性化定制版本，它专注于桌面，有美观的图形化安装器和超级简单的软件管理器。祝你玩的愉快！
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.linuxvoice.com/faq-bsd-2/
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作者：[Mike Saunders][a]
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译者：[wwy-hust](https://github.com/wwy-hust)
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校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:http://www.linuxvoice.com/author/mike/
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[1]:http://www.openbsd.org/
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[2]:http://www.freebsd.org/
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[3]:http://www.netbsd.org/
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[4]:http://www.pcbsd.org/
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