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20140121-1 选题
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sources/10 Lesser Known Ubuntu One Features.md
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10 Lesser Known Ubuntu One Features
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================================================================================
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Even though Ubuntu One may appear to be just an Ubuntu-only file synchronization service, it’s much more as it can be used on Windows, Android, iOS, and from the web. Ubuntu One has 5GB of free storage space for all.
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As cited on howtogeek.com, Ubuntu One comes with features for sharing files or folders online, streaming music to your smartphone, synchronizing installed applications to all your devices, and much more. Let’s take a look at ten such unknown features below -
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1.**Sync Any Folder** – On a default basis, Ubuntu merely synchronizes files within the Ubuntu One folder in your home directory. But you can right-click any folder, point to the Ubuntu One menu and choose Synchronize This Folder to begin synchronizing it, too. You can manage your synchronized folders from the Ubuntu One application.
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2.**Limit Bandwidth** - Ubuntu One utilises every available bandwidth for file uploads and downloads as a default. It allows you to restrict its upload and download speeds in case you have a slow connection. The bandwidth settings can be seen on the Settings pane in the Ubuntu One window.
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3.**Using Ubuntu One on Windows** - Ubuntu One doesn’t only run on Linux but provides a Windows client with complete file synchronisation support. Ubuntu One is a cross-platform file synchronization service and you can use it if you’re a Windows user who has never used Ubuntu.
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4.**Sharing Files** – By making use of the right-click menu in your file manager or the Ubuntu One website, you can share files and folders publically on the Internet or privately with other Ubuntu One users.
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5.**Synchronisation of Installed Software** - Ubuntu One can synchronize the software installed by you from Ubuntu’s Software Center between your computers making it easy to keep track of which software that has been installed.
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6. **Using Mobile Apps** - Ubuntu One provides apps for Android, iPhone, iPad and iPod Touch. Using the app, you can access your Ubuntu One files on the go using your mobile device.
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7.**Automatically Uploading Photos Via Your Smartphone** - The mobile app can automatically upload photos using your smartphone to your personal Ubuntu One cloud. It permits easy access to your photos on all your devices.
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8.**Mobile Music Streaming** - Ubuntu One provides a Ubuntu One Music app for Android and iOS. This app permits you to stream your music to your mobile device from anywhere. You can also cache files on your device for offline listening.
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9.**Sync Contacts** - Ubuntu One is able to synchronise your contacts and store them online. At the moment, you can import contacts from Facebook on the Ubuntu One website or add them manually. Earlier versions of Ubuntu could support contacts sync with the Evolution email client, but contact sync with Thunderbird is now absent in Ubuntu 12.04.
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10.**Managing Files in Your Browser** - With Ubuntu One installed on your computer, you can access and take care of your files from the Ubuntu One website. You can download files, upload files, or manage your existing files using your browser.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=127466
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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How to visually observe the partitions' usage with Ubuntu 13.10's Disk Usage Analyzer
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================================================================================
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Movies, books, audio tracks are among the content types often populating the user's harddisk, aspect that usually generates various issues, such as lack of space and not clearly understanding its main cause.
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Ubuntu 13.10 ships by default Disk Usage Analyzer, handy utility permitting to the user to have a rapid-yet-effective look at the files and folders occupying the harddisk via graphical easily-graspable visuals.
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Launching Disk Usage Analyzer, faces the user with all harddisk partitions labeled with name, size and available space, clicking on an entry, opens the entry into a dedicated interface where the partition is scanned and exposed with its items.
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As a consequence, the user is to observe the items and their sizes via both sidebar (text based) and right-side, latter featuring a clear representation of the opened partitions; hovering the mouse pointer over the visual, reveals its size and contained items.
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Disk Usage Analyzer allows, therefore, to the user to spot potentially-faulty folders unnoticed until now, for example, the user can immediately discover a big-sized element (the bigger the element, the bigger the size) occupying a significant portion of the partition, yet, due to its name, has remain unnoticed.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://iloveubuntu.net/how-visually-observe-partitions-usage-ubuntu-1310s-disk-usage-analyzer
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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Linus Torvalds Announces Kernel 3.13, opens Linux 3.14 Merge Window
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================================================================================
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Linux Kernel 3.13 has been released. However, it must be noted that the final release doesn’t bring in anything new except for a few fixes and the patch from rc8 is fairly small in size as it has a small number of architecture updates including those for ARM, PowerPC, x86, SPARC and driver updates including GPU and networking.
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The prominent changes include: nftables, the successor of iptables, a revamp of the block layer designed for high-performance SSDs, a power capping framework to cap power consumption in Intel RAPL devices, improved squashfs performance, AMD Radeon power management enabled by default and automatic AMD Radeon GPU switching, improved NUMA and hugepage performance , TCP Fast Open enabled by default, support for NFC payments, support for the high-availability Seamless Redundancy protocol, new drivers and many other small improvements.
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### A scalable block layer for high performance SSD storage ###
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This release includes a new design for the Linux block layer, based on two levels of queues: one level of per-CPU queues for submitting IO, which then funnel down into a second level of hardware submission queues. Experiments shown that this design can achieve many millions of IOs per second, leveraging the new capabilities of NVM-Express or high-end PCI-E devices and multicore CPUs, while still providing the common interface and convenience features of the block layer.
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### nftables, the successor of iptables ###
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There are new iptables/iptables utilities that translate iptables rules to nftables bytecode, and it is also possible to use and add new xtable modules. As a bonus, these new utilities provide features that weren't possible with the old iptables design: notification for changes in tables/chains, better incremental rule update support, and the ability to enable/disable the chains per table. The new nft utility has a improved syntax.
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### Radeon: power management enabled by default, automatic GPU switching, R9 290X Hawaii support ###
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The power management support provides improved power consumption, which is critical for battery powered devices, but it is also a requirement to provide good high-end performance, as it provides the ability to reclock to GPU to higher power states in GPUs and APUs that default to slower clock speeds.
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### Power capping framework ###
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This release includes a framework designed around the Intel RAPL (Running Average Power Limit) that allow to set power consumption limits to devices that support it.
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### Support for the Intel Many Integrated Core Architecture ###
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This release adds support for the Intel Many Integrated Core Architecture or MIC, a multiprocessor computer architecture incorporating earlier work on the Larrabee many core architecture, the Teraflops Research Chip multicore chip research project, and the Intel Single-chip Cloud Computer multicore microprocessor.
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### Improved performance in NUMA systems ###
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This release includes many of such policies that attempt to put a process near its memory, and can handle cases such as shared pages between processes or transparent huge pages. New sysctls have been added to enable/disable and tune the NUMA scheduling.
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### Improved page table access scalability in hugepage workloads ###
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This release uses finer grained locking improving the page table access scalability in threaded hugepage workloads. For more details, see the recommended LWN article.
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### Squashfs performance improved ###
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Squashfs, the read-only filesystem used by most live distributions, installers, and some embedded Linux distributions, has got important improvements that dramatically increase performance in workloads with multiple parallel reads.
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### Applications can cap the rate computed by network transport layer ###
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This release adds a new socket option, SO_MAX_PACING_RATE, which offers applications the ability to cap the rate computed by transport layer. It has been designed as a bufferbloat mechanism to avoid buffers getting filled up with packets, but it can also be used to limit the transmission rate in applications.
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### TCP Fast Open enabled by default ###
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Optimisation to the process of stablishing a TCP connection that allows the elimination of one round time trip from certain kinds of TCP conversation, which can improve the load speed of web pages
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### NFC payments support ###
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This release implements support for the Secure Element. A netlink API is available to enable, disable and discover NFC attached (embedded or UICC ones) secure elements. With some userspace help, this allows to support NFC payments, used to implement financial transactions.
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Support for the High-availability Seamless Redundancy protocol
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It is suited for applications that demand high availability and very short reaction time.
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Features Courtesy [http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.13][1]
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.efytimes.com/e1/fullnews.asp?edid=127445
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.13
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Linus Torvalds Says All Contributor License Agreements Are Broken
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================================================================================
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**A controversy regarding Canonical's CLA has been going on for a couple of days, and now even Linus Torvalds has entered the discussion, although in a more peaceful manner.**
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CLA stands for Contributor License Agreement and it basically allows the distributor of your software (Canonical, Apache, and almost all the big distributors out there) to defend the application in case it needs defending, in a copyright issue for example.
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In the case of Canonical, things are a little different. This is a company that needs to make money in order to survive and its goal is not only to release the Ubuntu operating system, but also to turn a profit. In this case, the CLA will allow Canonical to release the software under a proprietary license.
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“To be fair, people just like hating on Canonical. The FSF and Apache Foundation CLA's are pretty much equally broken. And they may not be broken because of any relicencing, but because the copyright assignment paperwork ends up basically killing the community.”
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“Basically, with a CLA, you don't get the kind of ‘long tail’ that the kernel has of random drive-by patches. And since that's how lots of people try the waters, any CLA at all – changing the license or not – is fundamentally broken,” said Linus Torvalds in a Google+ post.
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Ubuntu Community Manager Jono Bacon explained why Canonical's CLA was the way it was and why it shouldn't present an obstacle for people who are trying to contribute to their project.
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“This all boils down to barriers to community contribution. There are lots of barriers...choice of programming language, VCS, governance, tone of community discussion, how decisions are made, how branches are reviewed, bug management, CI workflow, and many other things...CLAs are just one additional consideration. Some people like them, some people don't, and that's fine.”
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“I don't think Canonical has been disingenuous about the CLA or why Canonical thinks it is necessary. Has Canonical being flawless in the communication and messaging around it? Probably not. Underhanded and disingenuous? No.” said Jono Bacon in the same post.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linus-Torvalds-Says-All-Contributor-License-Agreements-Are-Broken-418978.shtml
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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Linux Top 3: Linux 3.13, System Rescue 4 and BackBox 3.13
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================================================================================
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### 1) Linux 3.13 ###
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Linus Torvalds released the first new Linux kernel of 2014 this week with the debut of Linux 3.13. As always with any given kernel release there are a lot of driver updates included in the new kernel.
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The Linux 3.13 kernel also includes nftables which is a successor to the widely used iptables packet filtering technology that has long been the standard on Linux system. According to the code commit that nftables reuses the existing netfilter hooks, the connection tracking system, the NAT subsystem, the transparent proxying engine, the logging infrastructure and the userspace packet queueing facilities.
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> "In a nutshell, nftables provides a pseudo-state machine with 4 general purpose registers of 128 bits and 1 specific purpose register to store verdicts," the commit states. "nftables also inherits the table, chain and rule objects from iptables, but in a more configurable way, and it also includes the original datatype-agnostic set infrastructure with mapping support."
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>
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> Also noteworthy is the inclusion of NFC (Near Field Communication) payment support.
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>
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> "Implementation of the NFC_CMD_SE_IO command for sending ISO7816 APDUs to NFC embedded secure elements," Intel developers Samuel Ortiz, wrote in his commit [message][1]. "The reply is forwarded to user space through NFC_CMD_SE_IO as well."
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### 2) System Rescue CD 4.0.0 ###
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While many people use Linux for server and desktop deployments, there is also a strong use-case for standalone Linux for use as a rescue for non *nix systems as well.
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One of the most popular Linux distribution of system and data rescue is the SystemRescueCd which las week advanced to version 4.0.0.
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Among the [changes][2] in the new release:
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- Standard kernels: Long-Term-Supported linux-3.10.25 (rescue32 + rescue64)
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- Alternative kernels: latest stable linux-3.12.7 (altker32 + altker64)
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- Updated XOrg graphical environment and drivers to xorg-server-1.14.3
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- Updated GParted to 0.17.0 (Add support for online resize)
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- Updated btrfs utilities to sys-fs/btrfs-progs-3.12
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### 3) BackBox 3.13 ###
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Linux also has a strong use case for security professionals, which is where BackBox Linux has gained a following. The new BackBox Linux updates multiple components in the penetration testing distribution, though confusingly it does now use a Linux 3.13 kernel, it uses a Linux 3.11 kernel.
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BackBox Linux now includes a new anonymous mode in addition to updating security tools.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.linuxplanet.com/news/linux-top-3-linux-3.13-system-rescue-4-and-backbox-3.13.html
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5ce3f32b5264b337bfd13a780452a17705307725
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[2]:http://www.sysresccd.org/Changes-x86
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Moving a city to Linux requires political backing, says Munich project leader
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================================================================================
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> Munich city authority has migrated almost 15,000 PCs from Windows NT to its own Linux distribution
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IDG News Service - This year saw the completion of the city of Munich's switch to Linux, a move that began about ten years ago. "One of the biggest lessons learned was that you can't do such a project without continued political backing," said Peter Hofmann, the leader of the LiMux project, summing up the experience.
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The Munich city authority migrated around 14,800 of the 15,000 or so PCs on its network to LiMux, its own Linux distribution based on Ubuntu, exceeding its initial goal of migrating 12,000 desktops.
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Munich decided to migrate its IT systems when Microsoft said it planned to discontinue support for the operating system the city then relied on, Windows NT 4.0. The city was forced to choose between moving to a newer version of Windows, or finding an alternative platform, as new software and new versions of existing software would not be available on Windows NT. The city council decided to go with Linux to become more independent from software vendors.
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Continued political backing was key to the success of the migration, said Hofmann.
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"We had it from the start and it never failed. We had to treat our politicians as stakeholders and keep them informed," he said.
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By doing this, the politicians never lost interest and always knew what the people involved in the project were doing, he said. "I saw a lot of other open source projects going down the sink," because they didn't have that backing, or lost it, he said.
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It took the city about 10 years from the first decision to switch through to completion of the LiMux project, which was originally scheduled for completion in 2009. However, there were several delays along the way.
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First, the migration started a year later than originally planned, said Hofmann. The second delay was caused in 2007 when the city council decided that Munich's IT department should also be responsible for the standardization of the infrastructure that is necessary for Linux clients, he said. Munich however didn't have the right processes nor the right organization for that kind of standardization, he said.
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The project was delayed for a third time in 2010, when the city council decided to enlarge the project, said Hofmann. Goals were added to develop three additional processes within the project: risk management, test management and requirement engineering.
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Despite the difficulties, Hofmann said he would do it again tomorrow.
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The heterogenous infrastructure of Munich's IT organization was one of the projects biggest problems, Hofmann said. When the project started there were 22 organizations that each had their own individual configuration, software, hardware, processes and knowledge for their Windows clients and the accompanying infrastructure they were using, he said. "We wanted to have a standardized, centrally delivered and developed Linux client," he said.
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While Hofmann expected the splintered infrastructure to cause problems, standardizing the clients proved harder than he expected, for both technical and organizational reasons.
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Luckily, he had the freedom to rebuild the whole of the city's IT infrastructure.
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"Anyone planning to switch needs to be prepared to rethink their entire IT organization. Switching to Linux is more than saving costs and using free software," he added.
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Munich's switch did save money though. In November 2012, responding to a question from a council member, the city calculated that migrating to LiMux instead of modernizing its existing Microsoft software [would save it over a!11 million][1].
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That calculation compared the LiMux option with a switch to either Windows 7 and Microsoft Office or Windows 7 and OpenOffice, the productivity suite Munich chose for LiMux. It included necessary hardware upgrades, training, external migration support and optimization processes, among other things. Both Windows options were significantly more expensive than LiMux, mainly due to Microsoft's software licensing fees.
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One expense Hofmann said he doesn't have with LiMux is support contracts. "What do you need a support contract for? You really get no support, you get new versions. The only reason you need it is because your lawyers tell you so they can have someone to blame if it is failing. We no longer blame anyone, we try to fix it," he said.
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If Munich's IT staff can't fix a bug themselves, they will find a specialist to solve the specific bug, Hofmann said. "You no longer rely on some vendor or some service that you buy. You rely on yourself and what you know," he said.
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There are still complaints though. Word and Excel documents received from external organizations sometimes have to be modified and sent back, which can lead to difficulties with interoperability, he said. The city is trying to convince its correspondents to use ODF, the file format of OpenOffice, or PDF for documents that don't need to be changed, Hofmann said, adding that the city has helped finance development of interoperability tools.
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As part of its switch to OpenOffice, however, the city implemented WollMux, an office extension for templates and forms, that was published as free software 2008 and is now used by a handful of other organizations, he said.
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There were other obstacles to the elimination of Microsoft Office -- including the city's reliance on over a thousand Microsoft Office and Visual Basic macros in its in-house applications, Hofmann said.
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Now there are around 100 such macros still in use on the few remaining Windows PCs.
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"It never was our goal to eliminate Windows as a whole," he said, although the city has gone well beyond its initial target of migrating 80 percent of its PCs.
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The financial department, for instance, still has three Windows PCs running special banking software. To switch that department to LiMux the city would have had to pay the software vendor to develop a Linux version of its application for the three PCs, Hofmann said.
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The city faced a similar problem in its dealings with the Bundesdruckerei, the German authority that prints passports. It mandates the use of a Windows application to transmit the data required to personalize the passports, he said.
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While Hofmann can look confidently to the city's future, he recognizes that switching to Linux is not for everyone. Yet even those who don't want to switch can still profit from the city's experience: "Some guy once told me, 'Since you started your project I can negotiate with Microsoft.'"
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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via: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9245353/Moving_a_city_to_Linux_requires_political_backing_says_Munich_project_leader?taxonomyId=122
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译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID) 校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
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本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创翻译，[Linux中国](http://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[1]:http://www.itworld.com/operating-systems/321474/switching-linux-saves-munich-over-11-million
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