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4 种用于构建嵌入式 Linux 系统的工具
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======
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> 了解 Yocto、Buildroot、 OpenWRT，和改造过的桌面发行版以确定哪种方式最适合你的项目。
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Linux 被部署到比 Linus Torvalds 在他的宿舍里开发时所预期的更广泛的设备。令人震惊的支持了各种芯片，使得Linux 可以应用于大大小小的设备上：从 [IBM 的巨型机][1]到不如其连接的端口大的[微型设备][2]，以及各种大小的设备。它被用于大型企业数据中心、互联网基础设施设备和个人的开发系统。它还为消费类电子产品、移动电话和许多物联网设备提供了动力。
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在为桌面和企业级设备构建 Linux 软件时，开发者通常在他们的构建机器上使用桌面发行版，如 [Ubuntu][3] 以便尽可能与被部署的机器相似。如 [VirtualBox][4] 和 [Docker][5] 这样的工具使得开发、测试和生产环境更好的保持了一致。
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### 什么是嵌入式系统？
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维基百科将[嵌入式系统][6]定义为：“在更大的机械或电气系统中具有专用功能的计算机系统，往往伴随着实时计算限制。”
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我觉得可以很简单地说，嵌入式系统是大多数人不认为是计算机的计算机。它的主要作用是作为某种设备，而不被视为通用计算平台。
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嵌入式系统编程的开发环境通常与测试和生产环境大不相同。它们可能会使用不同的芯片架构、软件堆栈甚至操作系统。开发工作流程对于嵌入式开发人员与桌面和 Web 开发人员来说是非常不同的。通常，其构建后的输出将包含目标设备的整个软件映像，包括内核、设备驱动程序、库和应用程序软件（有时也包括引导加载程序）。
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在本文中，我将对构建嵌入式 Linux 系统的四种常用方式进行纵览。我将介绍一下每种产品的工作原理，并提供足够的信息来帮助读者确定使用哪种工具进行设计。我不会教你如何使用它们中的任何一个；一旦缩小了选择范围，就有大量深入的在线学习资源。没有任何选择适用于所有情况，我希望提供足够的细节来指导您的决定。
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### Yocto
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[Yocto][7] 项目 [定义][8]为“一个开源协作项目，提供模板、工具和方法，帮助您为嵌入式产品创建定制的基于 Linux 的系统，而不管硬件架构如何。”它是用于创建定制的 Linux 运行时映像的配方、配置值和依赖关系的集合，可根据您的特定需求进行定制。
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完全公开：我在嵌入式 Linux 中的大部分工作都集中在 Yocto 项目上，而且我对这个系统的认识和偏见可能很明显。
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Yocto 使用 [Openembedded][9] 作为其构建系统。从技术上讲，这两个是独立的项目；然而，在实践中，用户不需要了解区别，项目名称经常可以互换使用。
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Yocto 项目的输出大致由三部分组成：
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* **目标运行时二进制文件：**这些包括引导加载程序、内核、内核模块、根文件系统映像。以及将 Linux 部署到目标平台所需的任何其他辅助文件。
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* **包流：**这是可以安装在目标上的软件包集合。您可以根据需要选择软件包格式（例如，deb、rpm、ipk）。其中一些可能预先安装在目标运行时二进制文件中，但可以构建用于安装到已部署系统的软件包。
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* **目标 SDK：**这些是安装在目标平台上的软件的库和头文件的集合。应用程序开发人员在构建代码时使用它们，以确保它们与适当的库链接
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#### 优点
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Yocto 项目在行业中得到广泛应用，并得到许多有影响力的公司的支持。此外，它还拥有一个庞大且充满活力的开发人员[社区][10]和[生态系统][11]。开源爱好者和企业赞助商的结合的方式有助于推动 Yocto 项目。
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获得 Yocto 的支持有很多选择。如果您想自己动手，有书籍和其他培训材料。如果您想获得专业知识，有许多有 Yocto 经验的工程师。而且许多商业组织可以为您的设计提供基于 Yocto 的 Turnkey 产品或基于服务的实施和定制。
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Yocto 项目很容易通过 [层][12] 进行扩展，层可以独立发布以添加额外的功能，或针对项目发布时尚不可用的平台，或用于保存系统特有定制功能。层可以添加到你的配置中，以添加未特别包含在市面上版本中的独特功能；例如，“[meta-browser] [13]” 层包含 Web 浏览器的清单，可以轻松为您的系统进行构建。因为它们是独立维护的，所以层可以按不同的时间发布（根据层的开发速度），而不是跟着标准的 Yocto 版本发布。
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Yocto 可以说是本文讨论的任何方式中最广泛的设备支持。由于许多半导体和电路板制造商的支持，Yocto 很可能能够支持您选择的任何目标平台。主版本 Yocto [分支][14]仅支持少数几块主板（以便达成合理的测试和发布周期），但是，标准工作模式是使用外部主板支持层。
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最后，Yocto 非常灵活和可定制。您的特定应用程序的自定义可以存储在一个层进行封装和隔离，通常将要素层特有的自定义项存储为层本身的一部分，这可以将相同的设置同时应用于多个系统配置。Yocto 还提供了一个定义良好的层优先和覆盖功能。这使您可以定义层应用和搜索元数据的顺序。它还使您可以覆盖具有更高优先级的层的设置；例如，现有清单的许多自定义功能都将保留。
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#### 缺点
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Yocto 项目最大的缺点是学习曲线陡峭。学习该系统并真正理解系统需要花费大量的时间和精力。 根据您的需求，这可能对您的应用程序不重要的技术和能力投入太大。 在这种情况下，与一家商业供应商合作可能是一个不错的选择。
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Yocto 项目的开发时间和资源相当高。 需要构建的包（包括工具链，内核和所有目标运行时组件）的数量相当不少。 Yocto 开发人员的开发工作站往往是大型系统。 不建议使用小型笔记本电脑。 这可以通过使用许多提供商提供的基于云的构建服务器来缓解。 另外，Yocto 有一个内置的缓存机制，当它确定用于构建特定包的参数没有改变时，它允许它重新使用先前构建的组件。
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#### 建议
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为您的下一个嵌入式 Linux 设计使用 Yocto 项目是一个强有力的选择。 在这里介绍的选项中，无论您的目标用例如何，它都是最广泛适用的。 广泛的行业支持，积极的社区和广泛的平台支持使其成为必须设计师的不错选择。
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### Buildroot
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[Buildroot][15] 项目定义为“通过交叉编译生成嵌入式 Linux 系统的简单、高效且易于使用的工具。”它与 Yocto 项目具有许多相同的目标，但它注重简单性和简约性。一般来说，Buildroot 会禁用所有软件包的所有可选编译时设置（有一些值得注意的例外），从而生成尽可能小的系统。系统设计人员需要启用适用于给定设备的设置。
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Buildroot 从源代码构建所有组件，但不支持按目标包管理。因此，它有时称为固件生成器，因为镜像在构建时大部分是固定的。应用程序可以更新目标文件系统，但是没有机制将新软件包安装到正在运行的系统中。
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Buildroot 输出主要由三部分组成：
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* 将 Linux 部署到目标平台所需的根文件系统映像和任何其他辅助文件
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* 适用于目标硬件的内核，引导加载程序和内核模块
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* 用于构建所有目标二进制文件的工具链。
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#### 优点
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Buildroot 对简单性的关注意味着，一般来说，它比 Yocto 更容易学习。核心构建系统用 Make 编写，并且足够短以便开发人员了解整个系统，同时可扩展到足以满足嵌入式 Linux 开发人员的需求。 Buildroot 核心通常只处理常见用例，但它可以通过脚本进行扩展。
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Buildroot 系统使用普通的 Makefile 和 Kconfig 语言来进行配置。 Kconfig 由 Linux 内核社区开发，广泛用于开源项目，使得许多开发人员都熟悉它。
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由于禁用所有可选的构建时设置的设计目标，Buildroot 通常会使用开箱即用的配置生成尽可能最小的镜像。一般来说，构建时间和构建主机资源的规模将比 Yocto 项目的规模更小。
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#### 缺点
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关注简单性和最小化启用的构建方式意味着您可能需要执行大量的自定义来为应用程序配置 Buildroot 构建。此外，所有配置选项都存储在单个文件中，这意味着如果您有多个硬件平台，则需要为每个平台进行每个定制更改。
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对系统配置文件的任何更改都需要全部重新构建所有软件包。与 Yocto 相比，这个问题通过最小的镜像大小和构建时间得到了一定的解决，但在你调整配置时可能会导致构建时间过长。
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中间软件包状态缓存默认情况下未启用，并且不像 Yocto 实施那么彻底。这意味着，虽然第一次构建可能比等效的 Yocto 构建短，但后续构建可能需要重建许多组件。
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#### 建议
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对于大多数应用程序，使用 Buildroot 进行下一个嵌入式 Linux 设计是一个不错的选择。如果您的设计需要多种硬件类型或其他差异，但由于同步多个配置的复杂性，您可能需要重新考虑，但对于由单一设置组成的系统，Buildroot 可能适合您。
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### OpenWRT/LEDE
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[OpenWRT][16] 项目开始为消费类路由器开发定制固件。您当地零售商提供的许多低成本路由器都可以运行 Linux 系统，但可能无法开箱即用。这些路由器的制造商可能无法提供频繁的更新来解决新的威胁，即使他们这样做，安装更新镜像的机制也很困难且容易出错。 OpenWRT 项目为许多已被其制造商放弃的设备生成更新的固件镜像，让这些设备焕发新生。
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OpenWRT 项目的主要交付物是可用于大量商业设备的二进制镜像。它有网络可访问的软件包存储库，允许设备最终用户将新软件添加到他们的系统中。 OpenWRT 构建系统是一个通用构建系统，它允许开发人员创建自定义版本以满足他们自己的需求并添加新软件包，但其主要重点是目标二进制文件。
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#### 优点
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如果您正在为商业设备寻找替代固件，则 OpenWRT 应位于您的选项列表中。它的维护良好，可以保护您免受制造商固件无法解决的问题。您也可以添加额外的功能，使您的设备更有用。
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如果您的嵌入式设计专注于网络，则 OpenWRT 是一个不错的选择。网络应用程序是 OpenWRT 的主要用例，您可能会发现许多可用的软件包。
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#### 缺点
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OpenWRT 对您的设计限制很多（与 Yocto 和 Buildroot 相比）。如果这些决定不符合您的设计目标，则可能需要进行大量的修改。
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在部署的设备中允许基于软件包的更新是很难管理的。按照其定义，这会导致与您的 QA 团队测试的软件负载不同。此外，很难保证大多数软件包管理器的原子安装，以及错误的电源循环可能会使您的设备处于不可预知的状态。
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#### 建议
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OpenWRT 是爱好者项目或商用硬件再利用的不错选择。它也是网络应用程序的不错选择。如果您需要从默认设置进行大量定制，您可能更喜欢 Buildroot 或 Yocto。
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### 桌面发行版
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设计嵌入式 Linux 系统的一种常见方法是从桌面发行版开始，例如 [Debian][17] 或 [Red Hat][18]，并删除不需要的组件，直到安装的镜像符合目标设备的占用空间。这是 [Raspberry Pi][20] 平台流行的 [Raspbian][19]发行版的方法。
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#### 优点
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这种方法的主要优点是熟悉。通常，嵌入式 Linux 开发人员也是桌面 Linux 用户，并且精通他们的选择发行版。在目标上使用类似的环境可能会让开发人员更快地入门。根据所选的分布，可以使用 apt 和 yum 等标准封装工具安装许多其他工具。
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可以将显示器和键盘连接到目标设备，并直接在那里进行所有的开发。对于不熟悉嵌入式空间的开发人员来说，这可能是一个更为熟悉的环境，无需配置和使用棘手的跨开发平台设置。
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大多数桌面发行版可用的软件包数量通常大于前面讨论的嵌入式特定的构建器可用软件包数量。由于较大的用户群和更广泛的用例，您可能能够找到您的应用程序所需的所有运行时包，这些包已经构建并可供使用。
|
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#### 缺点
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||||
|
||||
将目标平台作为您的主要开发环境可能会很慢。运行编译器工具是一项资源密集型操作，根据您构建的代码的多少，这可能会严重妨碍您的性能。
|
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||||
除了一些例外情况，桌面发行版的设计并不适合低资源系统，并且可能难以充分裁剪目标映像。同样，桌面环境中的预设工作流程对于大多数嵌入式设计来说都不理想。以这种方式获得可再现的环境很困难。手动添加和删除软件包很容易出错。这可以使用特定于发行版的工具进行脚本化，例如基于 Debian 系统的 [debootstrap][21]。为了进一步提高[可再现性][21]，您可以使用配置管理工具，如 [CFEngine][22]（我的雇主 [Mender.io][23] 完整披露了
|
||||
这一工具）。但是，您仍然受发行版提供商的支配，他们将更新软件包以满足他们的需求，而不是您的需求。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 建议
|
||||
|
||||
对于您打算推向市场的产品，请谨慎使用此方法。这对于爱好者应用程序来说是一个很好的模型；但是，对于需要支持的产品，这种方法很可能会遇到麻烦。虽然您可能能够获得更快的起步，但从长远来看，您可能会花费您的时间和精力。
|
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|
||||
### 其他考虑
|
||||
|
||||
这个讨论集中在构建系统的功能上，但通常有非功能性需求可能会影响您的决定。如果您已经选择了片上系统（SoC）或电路板，则您的选择很可能由供应商决定。如果您的供应商为特定系统提供板级支持包（BSP），使用它通常会节省相当多的时间，但请研究 BSP 的质量以避免在开发周期后期发生问题。
|
||||
|
||||
如果您的预算允许，您可能需要考虑为目标操作系统使用商业供应商。有些公司会为这里讨论的许多选项提供经过验证和支持的配置，除非您拥有嵌入式 Linux 构建系统方面的专业知识，否则这是一个不错的选择，可以让您专注于核心能力。
|
||||
|
||||
作为替代，您可以考虑为您的开发人员进行商业培训。这可能比商业操作系统供应商便宜，并且可以让你更加自给自足。这是快速找到您选择的构建系统基础知识的学习曲线。
|
||||
|
||||
最后，您可能已经有一些开发人员拥有一个或多个系统的经验。如果你的工程师有倾向性，当你做出决定时，肯定值得考虑。
|
||||
|
||||
### 总结
|
||||
|
||||
构建嵌入式 Linux 系统有多种选择，每种都有优点和缺点。将这部分设计放在优先位置至关重要，因为在以后的过程中切换系统的成本非常高。除了这些选择之外，还有新的系统在开发中。希望这次讨论能够为评估新的系统（以及这里提到的系统）提供一些背景，并帮助您为下一个项目做出坚实的决定。
|
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|
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/6/embedded-linux-build-tools
|
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|
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作者：[Drew Moseley][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
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译者：[LHRChina](https://github.com/LHRChina)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
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|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
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[a]:https://opensource.com/users/drewmoseley
|
||||
[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_on_z_Systems
|
||||
[2]:http://www.picotux.com/
|
||||
[3]:https://www.ubuntu.com/
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||||
[4]:https://www.virtualbox.org/
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[5]:https://www.docker.com/
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[6]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system
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[7]:https://yoctoproject.org/
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[8]:https://www.yoctoproject.org/about/
|
||||
[9]:https://www.openembedded.org/
|
||||
[10]:https://www.yoctoproject.org/community/
|
||||
[11]:https://www.yoctoproject.org/ecosystem/participants/
|
||||
[12]:https://layers.openembedded.org/layerindex/branch/master/layers/
|
||||
[13]:https://layers.openembedded.org/layerindex/branch/master/layer/meta-browser/
|
||||
[14]:https://yoctoproject.org/downloads
|
||||
[15]:https://buildroot.org/
|
||||
[16]:https://openwrt.org/
|
||||
[17]:https://www.debian.org/
|
||||
[18]:https://www.redhat.com/
|
||||
[19]:https://www.raspbian.org/
|
||||
[20]:https://www.raspberrypi.org/
|
||||
[21]:https://wiki.debian.org/Debootstrap
|
||||
[22]:https://cfengine.com/
|
||||
[23]:http://Mender.io
|
||||
@ -1,67 +1,72 @@
|
||||
Linux 上的五个开源益智游戏
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
> 用这些有趣好玩的游戏来测试你的战略能力。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
游戏一直是 Linux 的弱点之一。由于 Steam、GOG 和其他将商业游戏引入多种操作系统的努力，这种情况近年来有所改变，但这些游戏通常不是开源的。当然，这些游戏可以在开源操作系统上玩，但对于纯粹开源主义者来说还不够好。
|
||||
|
||||
那么，一个只使用开源软件的人，能否找到那些经过足够打磨的游戏，在不损害其开源理念的前提下，提供一种可靠的游戏体验呢?当然可以。虽然开源游戏历来不太可能与一些借由大量预算开发的 AAA 商业游戏相匹敌，但在多种类型的开源游戏中，有很多都很有趣，可以从大多数主要 Linux 发行版的仓库中安装。即使某个特定的游戏没有被打包成特定的发行版本，通常也很容易从项目的网站上下载该游戏以便安装和游戏。
|
||||
那么，一个只使用开源软件的人，能否找到那些经过足够打磨的游戏，在不损害其开源理念的前提下，提供一种可靠的游戏体验呢？当然可以。虽然开源游戏历来不太可能与一些借由大量预算开发的 AAA 商业游戏相匹敌，但在多种类型的开源游戏中，有很多都很有趣，可以从大多数主要 Linux 发行版的仓库中安装。即使某个特定的游戏没有被打包成特定的发行版本，通常也很容易从项目的网站上下载该游戏以便安装和游戏。
|
||||
|
||||
这篇文章着眼于益智游戏。我已经写过[街机风格游戏][1]和[棋牌游戏][2]. 在之后的文章中，我计划涉足赛车，角色扮演，战略和模拟经营游戏。
|
||||
这篇文章着眼于益智游戏。我已经写过[街机风格游戏][1]和[棋牌游戏][2]。 在之后的文章中，我计划涉足赛车，角色扮演、战略和模拟经营游戏。
|
||||
|
||||
### Atomix
|
||||
|
||||
### Atomix
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Atomix][3] 是1990年在 Amiga、Commodore 64、MS-DOS 和其他平台发布的 [Atomix][4] 益智游戏的开源克隆。Atomix 的目标是通过连接原子来构建原子分子。单个原子可以向上、向下、向左或向右移动，并一直朝这个方向移动，直到原子撞上一个障碍物——水平墙或另一个原子。这意味着需要进行规划，以确定在水平上构建分子的位置，以及移动单个部件的顺序。第一关是一个简单的水分子，它由两个氢原子和一个氧原子组成，但后来的关卡是更复杂的分子。
|
||||
[Atomix][3] 是 1990 年在 Amiga、Commodore 64、MS-DOS 和其他平台发布的 [Atomix][4] 益智游戏的开源克隆。Atomix 的目标是通过连接原子来构建原子分子。单个原子可以向上、向下、向左或向右移动，并一直朝这个方向移动，直到原子撞上一个障碍物——水平墙或另一个原子。这意味着需要进行规划，以确定在水平上构建分子的位置，以及移动单个部件的顺序。第一关是一个简单的水分子，它由两个氢原子和一个氧原子组成，但后来的关卡是更复杂的分子。
|
||||
|
||||
要安装 Atomix，请运行以下命令:
|
||||
|
||||
* 在 Fedora: `dnf`` install ``atomix`
|
||||
* 在 Debian/Ubuntu: `apt install`
|
||||
* 在 Fedora： `dnf install atomix`
|
||||
* 在 Debian/Ubuntu： `apt install atomix`
|
||||
|
||||
### Fish Fillets - Next Generation
|
||||
|
||||
### Fish Fillets - Next Generation
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Fish Fillets - Next Generation][5] 是游戏Fish fillet的Linux移植版本，它在1998年在Windows发布，源代码在2004年GPL旗下发布。游戏中，两条鱼试图将物体移出道路来通过不同的关卡。这两条鱼有不同的属性，所以玩家需要为每个任务挑选合适的鱼。较大的鱼可以移动较重的物体，但它更大，这意味着它不适合较小的空隙。较小的鱼可以适应那些较小的间隙，但它不能移动较重的物体。如果一个物体从上面掉下来，两条鱼都会被压死，所以玩家在移动棋子时要小心。
|
||||
[Fish Fillets - Next Generation][5] 是游戏 Fish fillet 的 Linux 移植版本，它于 1998 年在 Windows 发布，源代码在 2004 年以 GPL 许可证发布。游戏中，两条鱼试图将物体移出道路来通过不同的关卡。这两条鱼有不同的属性，所以玩家需要为每个任务挑选合适的鱼。较大的鱼可以移动较重的物体，但它更大，这意味着它不适合较小的空隙。较小的鱼可以适应那些较小的间隙，但它不能移动较重的物体。如果一个物体从上面掉下来，两条鱼都会被压死，所以玩家在移动棋子时要小心。
|
||||
|
||||
要安装 Fish fillet——Next Generation，请运行以下命令:
|
||||
|
||||
* 在 Fedora: `dnf`` install fillets-ng`
|
||||
* 在 Debian/Ubuntu: `apt install fillets-ng`
|
||||
* 在 Fedora：`dnf install fillets-ng`
|
||||
* 在 Debian/Ubuntu： `apt install fillets-ng`
|
||||
|
||||
### Frozen Bubble
|
||||
|
||||
### Frozen Bubble
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Frozen Bubble][6] 是一款街机风格的益智游戏，从屏幕底部向屏幕顶部的一堆泡泡射击。如果三个相同颜色的气泡连接在一起，它们就会被从屏幕上移除。任何连接在被移除的气泡下面但没有连接其他任何东西的气泡也会被移除。在拼图模式下，关卡的设计是固定的，玩家只需要在泡泡掉到屏幕底部的线以下前将泡泡从游戏区域中移除。该游戏街机模式和多人模式遵循相同的基本规则，但也有不同，这增加了多样性。Frozen Bubble是一个标志性的开源游戏，所以如果你以前没有玩过它，玩玩看。
|
||||
[Frozen Bubble][6] 是一款街机风格的益智游戏，从屏幕底部向屏幕顶部的一堆泡泡射击。如果三个相同颜色的气泡连接在一起，它们就会被从屏幕上移除。任何连接在被移除的气泡下面但没有连接其他任何东西的气泡也会被移除。在拼图模式下，关卡的设计是固定的，玩家只需要在泡泡掉到屏幕底部的线以下前将泡泡从游戏区域中移除。该游戏街机模式和多人模式遵循相同的基本规则，但也有不同，这增加了多样性。Frozen Bubble 是一个标志性的开源游戏，所以如果你以前没有玩过它，玩玩看。
|
||||
|
||||
要安装 Frozen Bubble，请运行以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
* 在 Fedora: `dnf`` install frozen-bubble`
|
||||
* 在 Fedora: `dnf install frozen-bubble`
|
||||
* 在 Debian/Ubuntu: `apt install frozen-bubble`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Hex-a-hop
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Hex-a-hop][7] 是一款基于六角形瓦片的益智游戏，玩家需要将所有的绿色瓦片从水平面上移除。瓦片通过移动被移除。由于瓦片在移动后会消失，所以有必要规划出穿过水平面的最佳路径，以便在不被卡住的情况下移除所有的瓦片。但是，如果玩家使用的是次优路径，会有撤销功能。之后的关卡增加了额外的复杂性，包括需要跨越多个时间的瓦片和使玩家跳过一定数量的六角弹跳瓦片。
|
||||
[Hex-a-hop][7] 是一款基于六角形瓦片的益智游戏，玩家需要将所有的绿色瓦片从水平面上移除。瓦片通过移动被移除。由于瓦片在移动后会消失，所以有必要规划出穿过水平面的最佳路径，以便在不被卡住的情况下移除所有的瓦片。但是，如果玩家使用的是次优路径，会有撤销功能。之后的关卡增加了额外的复杂性，包括需要跨越多次的瓦片和使玩家跳过一定数量的六角弹跳瓦片。
|
||||
|
||||
要安装 Hex-a-hop，请运行以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
* 在 Fedora: `dnf`` install hex-a-hop`
|
||||
* 在 Fedora: `dnf install hex-a-hop`
|
||||
* 在 Debian/Ubuntu: `apt install hex-a-hop`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Pingus
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
[Pingus][8] 是 [Lemmings][9] 的开源克隆。这不是一个精确的克隆，但游戏非常相似。小动物( Lemmings 里的旅鼠，Pingus 里的企鹅)通过关卡入口进入关卡，开始沿着直线行走。玩家需要使用特殊技能使小动物能够到达关卡的出口而不会被困住或者掉下悬崖。这些技能包括挖掘或建桥。如果有足够数量的小动物进入出口，这个关卡将成功完成，玩家可以进入下一个关卡。Pingus 为标准的 Lemmings 添加了一些额外的特性，包括一个世界地图和一些在原版游戏中没有的技能，但经典 Lemmings 游戏的粉丝们在这个开源版本中仍会感到自在。
|
||||
[Pingus][8] 是 [Lemmings][9] 的开源克隆。这不是一个精确的克隆，但游戏非常相似。小动物（Lemmings 里是旅鼠，Pingus 里是企鹅）通过关卡入口进入关卡，开始沿着直线行走。玩家需要使用特殊技能使小动物能够到达关卡的出口而不会被困住或者掉下悬崖。这些技能包括挖掘或建桥。如果有足够数量的小动物进入出口，这个关卡将成功完成，玩家可以进入下一个关卡。Pingus 为标准的 Lemmings 添加了一些额外的特性，包括一个世界地图和一些在原版游戏中没有的技能，但经典 Lemmings 游戏的粉丝们在这个开源版本中仍会感到自在。
|
||||
|
||||
要安装 Pingus，请运行以下命令：
|
||||
|
||||
* 在 Fedora: `dnf`` install ``pingus`
|
||||
* 在 Debian/Ubuntu: `apt install ``pingus`
|
||||
* 在 Fedora: `dnf install pingus`
|
||||
* 在 Debian/Ubuntu: `apt install pingus`
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
我漏掉你最喜欢的开源益智游戏了吗? 请在下面的评论中分享。
|
||||
@ -73,7 +78,7 @@ via: https://opensource.com/article/18/6/puzzle-games-linux
|
||||
作者：[Joshua Allen Holm][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[ZenMoore](https://github.com/ZenMoore)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
校对：[wxy](https://github.com/wxy)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
|
||||
Translating by MjSeven
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Try, learn, modify: The new IT leader's code
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,95 +0,0 @@
|
||||
翻译中 by ZenMoore
|
||||
How to build a professional network when you work in a bazaar
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Professional social networking—creating interpersonal connections between work colleagues or professionals—can take many forms and span organizations across industries. Establishing professional networks takes time and effort, and when someone either joins or departs an organization, that person's networks often need to be rebuilt in a new work environment.
|
||||
|
||||
Professional social networks perform similar functions in different organizations—information sharing, mentorship, opportunities, work interests, and more—but the methods and reasons for making particular connections in an organization can vary between conventional and open organizations. And these differences make a difference: to the way colleagues relate, to how they build trust, to the amount and kinds of diversity within the organization, and to the forces that create collaboration. All these elements are interrelated, and they contribute to and shape the social networks people form.
|
||||
|
||||
An open organization's emphasis on inclusivity can produce networks more effective at solving business problems than those that emerge in conventional, hierarchical organizations. This notion has a long history in open source thinking. For example, in [The Cathedral and the Bazaar][1], Eric Raymond writes that "Sociologists years ago discovered that the averaged opinion of a mass of equally expert (or equally ignorant) observers is quite a bit more reliable a predictor than the opinion of a single randomly-chosen one of the observers." So let's examine how the structure and purpose of social networks impact what each type of organization values.
|
||||
|
||||
### Social networks in conventional organizations
|
||||
|
||||
When I worked in conventional organizations and would describe what I do for work, the first thing people asked me was how I was related to someone else, usually a director-level leader. "Is that under Hira?" they'd say. "Do you work for Malcolm?" That makes sense considering conventional organizations function in a "top-down" way; when trying to situate work or an employee, people wanted to understand the structure of the network from that top-down perspective.
|
||||
|
||||
In other words, in conventional organizations the social network depends upon the hierarchical structure, so they track one another. In fact, even figuring out where an employee exists within a network is a very "top-down organization" kind of concern.
|
||||
|
||||
But that isn't all that the underlying hierarchy does. It also vets associates. A focus on the top-down network can determine an employee's "value" in the network because the network itself is a system of ongoing power relations that grants people placed in its different locations varying levels of value. It downplays the value of individual talents and skills. Therefore, a person's connections in the conventional organization facilitate that person's ability to be proactive, heard, influential, and supported in their careers.
|
||||
|
||||
An open organization's emphasis on inclusivity can produce networks more effective at solving business problems than those that emerge in conventional, hierarchical organizations.
|
||||
|
||||
The conventional organization's formal structure defines employees' social networks in particular ways—some of which might be benefits, some of which might be disadvantages, depending on one's context—such as:
|
||||
|
||||
* It's easier to know "who's who" and see how people are related more quickly (often this builds trusted networks within the particular hierarchy).
|
||||
* Often, this increased understanding of relationships means there's less redundancy of work (projects have a clear owner embedded in a particular network) and communication (people know who is responsible for communicating what).
|
||||
* Associates can feel "stuck" in a power structure, or like they can't "break into" power structures that sometimes (too often?) don't work, diminishing meritocracy.
|
||||
* Crossing silos of work and effort is difficult and collaboration suffers.
|
||||
* Power transfers slowly; a person's ability to engage is determined more in alignment with network created by the hierarchical structure than by other factors (like individual abilities), reducing what is considered "community" and the benefits of its membership.
|
||||
* Competition seems more clear; understanding "who is vying for what" usually occurs within a recognized and delimited hierarchical structure (and the scarcity of positions in the power network increase competition so competition can be more fierce).
|
||||
* Adaptability can suffer when a more rigid network defines the limits of flexibility; what the network "wants" and the limits of collaboration can be affected this same way.
|
||||
* Execution occurs much more easily in rigid networks, where direction is clear and often leaders manage by overdirecting.
|
||||
* Risk is decreased when the social networks are less flexible; people know what needs to happen, how, and when (but this isn't always "bad" considering the wide range of work in an organization; some job functions require less risk, such as HR, mergers and acquisitions, legal, etc.).
|
||||
* Trust within the network is greater, especially when an employee is part of the formal network (when someone is not part of the network, exclusion can be particularly difficult to manage or to rectify).
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Social networks in open organizations
|
||||
|
||||
While open organizations can certainly have hierarchical structures, they don't operate only according to that network. Their professional networking structure is more flexible (or "all over and whenever").
|
||||
|
||||
An open organization is more associate-centric than leader-centric.
|
||||
|
||||
In an open organization, when I've described what I do for work virtually no one asks "for whom?" An open organization is more associate-centric than leader-centric. Open values like inclusivity and specific governance systems like meritocracy contribute to this; it's not who you know but rather it's what you know and how you use it (e.g., "bottom-up"). In an open organization, I don't feel like I'm fighting to show my value; my ideas are inherently valuable. I sometimes have to demonstrate how using my idea is more valuable than using someone else's idea―but that means I'm vetting myself within the community of my associates (including leadership), rather than being vetted solely by top-down leadership.
|
||||
|
||||
In this way, an open organization doesn't assess employees based on the network but rather on what they know of the associate as an individual. Does this person have good ideas? Does she work toward those ideas (lead them) by using the open organization values (that is, share those ideas and work across the organization to include others and work transparently, etc.)?
|
||||
|
||||
Open organizations also structure social networks in particular ways (which, again, could be advantageous or disadvantageous depending on one's goals and desires), including:
|
||||
|
||||
* People are more responsible for their networks, reputations, skills, and careers.
|
||||
* Competition (for resources, power, promotions, etc.) decreases because these organizations are by nature more collaborative (even during a "collision," the best outcome is negotiation, not winning, and competition hones the ideas instead of creating wedges between people).
|
||||
* Power is more fluid and dynamic, flowing from person to person (but this also means there can be a misunderstanding about accountability or responsibility and activities can go undone or unfinished because there is not a clear [sense of ownership][2]).
|
||||
* Trust is created "one associate at a time," rather than through the reputation of the network in which the person is situated.
|
||||
* Networks self-configure around a variety of work and activities, rising reactively around opportunity (this aids innovation but can add to confusion because who makes decisions, and who is in "control" is less clear).
|
||||
* Rate of execution can decrease in confusing contexts because what to do and how and when to do it requires leadership skills in setting direction and creating engaged and skilled associates.
|
||||
* Flexible social networks also increase innovation and risk; ideas circulate faster and are more novel, and execution is less assured.
|
||||
* Trust is based on associate relationships (as it should be!), rather than on sheer deference to structure.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Making it work
|
||||
|
||||
If you're thinking of transitioning from one type of organizational structure to another, consider the following when building and maintaining your professional social networks.
|
||||
|
||||
#### Tips from conventional organizations
|
||||
|
||||
* Structure and control around decision-making isn't a bad thing; operational frameworks need to be clear and transparent, and decision-makers need to account for their decisions.
|
||||
* Excelling at execution requires managers to provide focus and the ability to provide sufficient context while filtering out anything that could distract or confuse.
|
||||
* Established networks help large groups of people work in concert and manage risk.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
#### Tips from open organizations
|
||||
|
||||
* Strong leaders are those who can provide different levels of clarity and guidance according to the various styles and preferences of associates and teams without creating inflexible networks.
|
||||
* Great ideas win more, not established networks.
|
||||
* People are more responsible for their reputations.
|
||||
* The circulation of ideas and information is key to innovation. Loosening the networks in your organization can help these two elements occur with increased frequency and breadth.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/6/building-professional-social-networks-openly
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Heidi Hess;von Ludewig][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/heidi-hess-von-ludewig
|
||||
[1]:http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/ar01s04.html
|
||||
[2]:https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/4/rethinking-ownership-across-organization
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
|
||||
CIP: Keeping the Lights On with Linux
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Modern civil infrastructure is all around us -- in power plants, radar systems, traffic lights, dams, weather systems, and so on. Many of these infrastructure projects exist for decades, if not longer, so security and longevity are paramount.
|
||||
|
||||
And, many of these systems are powered by Linux, which offers technology providers more control over these issues. However, if every provider is building their own solution, this can lead to fragmentation and duplication of effort. Thus, the primary goal of [Civil Infrastructure Platform (CIP)][1] is to create an open source base layer for industrial use-cases in these systems, such as embedded controllers and gateway devices.
|
||||
|
||||
“We have a very conservative culture in this area because once we create a system, it has to be supported for more than ten years; in some cases for over 60 years. That’s why this project was created, because every player in this industry had the same issue of being able to use Linux for a long time,” says Yoshitake Kobayashi is Technical Steering Committee Chair of CIP.
|
||||
|
||||
CIP’s concept is to create a very fundamental system to use open source software on controllers. This base layer comprises the Linux kernel and a small set of common open source software like libc, busybox, and so on. Because longevity of software is a primary concern, CIP chose Linux kernel 4.4, which is the LTS release of the kernel maintained by Greg Kroah-Hartman.
|
||||
|
||||
### Collaboration
|
||||
|
||||
Since CIP has an upstream first policy, the code that they want in the project must be in the upstream kernel. To create a proactive feedback loop with the kernel community, CIP hired Ben Hutchings as the official maintainer of CIP. Hutchings is known for the work he has done on Debian LTS release, which also led to an official collaboration between CIP and the Debian project.
|
||||
|
||||
Under the newly forged collaboration, CIP will use Debian LTS to build the platform. CIP will also help Debian Long Term Support (LTS) to extend the lifetime of all Debian stable releases. CIP will work closely with Freexian, a company that offers commercial services around Debian LTS. The two organizations will focus on interoperability, security, and support for open source software for embedded systems. CIP will also provide funding for some of the Debian LTS activities.
|
||||
|
||||
“We are excited about this collaboration as well as the CIP’s support of the Debian LTS project, which aims to extend the support lifetime to more than five years. Together, we are committed to long-term support for our users and laying the ‘foundation’ for the cities of the future.” said Chris Lamb, Debian Project Leader.
|
||||
|
||||
### Security
|
||||
|
||||
Security is the biggest concern, said Kobayashi. Although most of the civil infrastructure is not connected to the Internet for obvious security reasons (you definitely don’t want a nuclear power plant to be connected to the Internet), there are many other risks.
|
||||
|
||||
Just because the system itself is not connected to the Internet, that doesn’t mean it’s immune to all threats. Other systems -- like user’s laptops -- may connect to the Internet and then be plugged into the local systems. If someone receives a malicious file as an attachment with email, it can “contaminate” the internal infrastructure.
|
||||
|
||||
Thus, it’s critical to keep all software running on such controllers up to date and fully patched. To ensure security, CIP has also backported many components of the Kernel Self Protection project. CIP also follows one of the strictest cybersecurity standards -- IEC 62443 -- which defines processes and tests to ensure the system is more secure.
|
||||
|
||||
### Going forward
|
||||
|
||||
As CIP is maturing, it's extending its collaboration with providers of Linux. In addition to collaboration with Debian and freexian, CIP recently added Cybertrust Japan Co, Ltd., a supplier of enterprise Linux operating system, as a new Silver member.
|
||||
|
||||
Cybertrust joins other industry leaders, such as Siemens, Toshiba, Codethink, Hitachi, Moxa, Plat’Home, and Renesas, in their work to create a reliable and secure Linux-based embedded software platform that is sustainable for decades to come.
|
||||
|
||||
The ongoing work of these companies under the umbrella of CIP will ensure the integrity of the civil infrastructure that runs our modern society.
|
||||
|
||||
Learn more at the [Civil Infrastructure Platform][1] website.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linux.com/blog/2018/6/cip-keeping-lights-linux
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Swapnil Bhartiya][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/arnieswap
|
||||
[1]:https://www.cip-project.org/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
|
||||
Comparing Twine and Ren'Py for creating interactive fiction
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Any experienced technology educator knows engagement and motivation are key to a student's learning. Of the many techniques for stimulating engagement and motivation among learners, storytelling and game creation have good track records of success, and writing interactive fiction is a great way to combine both of those techniques.
|
||||
|
||||
Interactive fiction has a respectable history in computing, stretching back to the text-only adventure games of the early 1980s, and it's enjoyed a new popularity recently. There are many technology tools that can be used for writing interactive fiction, but the two that will be considered here, [Twine][1] and [Ren'Py][2], are ideal for the task. Each has different strengths that make it more attractive for particular types of projects.
|
||||
|
||||
### Twine
|
||||
|
||||
![Twine 2.0][4]
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Twine is a popular cross-platform open source interactive fiction system that developed out of the HTML- and JavaScript-based [TiddlyWiki][6]. If you're not familiar with Twine, multimedia artist and Opensource.com contributor Seth Kenlon's article on how he [uses Twine to create interactive adventure games][7] is a great introduction to the tool.
|
||||
|
||||
One of Twine's advantages is that it produces a single, compiled HTML file, which makes it easy to distribute and play an interactive fiction work on any system with a reasonably modern web browser. But this comes at a cost: While it will support graphics, sound files, and embedded video, Twine is somewhat limited by its roots as a primarily text-based system (even though it has developed a lot over the years).
|
||||
|
||||
This is very appealing to new learners who can rapidly produce something that looks good and is fun to play. However, when they want to add visual effects, graphics, and multimedia, learners can get lost among the different, creative ways to do this and the maze of different Twine program versions and story formats. Even so, there's an impressive amount of resources available on how to use Twine.
|
||||
|
||||
Educators often hope learners will take the skills they have gained using one tool and build on them, but this isn't a strength for Twine. While Twine is great for developing literacy and creative writing skills, the coding and programming side is weaker. The story format scripting language has what you would expect: logic commands, conditional statements, arrays/lists, and loops, but it is not closely related to any popular programming language.
|
||||
|
||||
### Ren'Py
|
||||
|
||||
![Ren'Py 7.0][9]
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Ren'Py approaches interactive fiction from a different angle; [Wikipedia][10] describes it as a "visual novel engine." This means that the integration of graphics and other multimedia elements is a lot smoother and more integrated than in Twine. In addition, as Opensource.com contributor Joshua Allen Holm explained, [you don't need much coding experience][11] to use Ren'Py.
|
||||
|
||||
Ren'Py can export finished work for Android, Linux, Mac, and Windows, which is messier than the "one file for all systems" that comes from Twine, particularly if you get into the complexity of making builds for mobile devices. Bear in mind, too, that finished Ren'Py projects with their multimedia elements are a lot bigger than Twine projects.
|
||||
|
||||
The ease of downloading graphics and multimedia files from the internet for Ren'Py projects also provides a great opportunity to teach learners about the complexities of copyright and advocate (as everyone should!) for [Creative Commons][12] licenses.
|
||||
|
||||
As its name suggests, Ren'Py's scripting languages are a mix of true Python and Python-like additions. This will be very attractive to educators who want learners to progress to Python programming. Python's syntatical rules and strict enforcement of indentation are more intimidating to use than the scripting options in Twine, but the long-term gains are worth it.
|
||||
|
||||
### Comparing Twine and Ren'Py
|
||||
|
||||
There are various reasons why Twine has become so successful, but one that will appeal to open source enthusiasts is that anyone can take a compiled Twine story or game and import it back into Twine. This means if you come across a compiled Twine story or game with a neat feature, you can look at the source code and find out how it was done. Ren'Py allows a level of obfuscation that prevents low-level attempts at hacking.
|
||||
|
||||
When it comes to my work helping people with visual impairments use technology, Ren'Py is superior to Twine. Despite claims to the contrary, Twine's HTML files can be used by screen reader users—but only with difficulty. In contrast, Ren'Py has built-in self-voicing capabilities, something that I am very pleased to see, although Linux users may need to add the [eSpeak package][13] to support it.
|
||||
|
||||
Ren'Py and Twine can be used for similar purposes. Text-based projects tend to be simpler and quicker to create than ones that require creating or sourcing graphics and multimedia elements. If your projects will be more text-based, Twine might be the best choice. And, if your projects make extensive use of graphics and multimedia elements, Ren'Py might suit you better.
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/twine-vs-renpy-interactive-fiction
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Peter Cheer][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/petercheer
|
||||
[1]:http://twinery.org/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.renpy.org/
|
||||
[3]:/file/402696
|
||||
[4]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/twine2.png (Twine 2.0)
|
||||
[5]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAPABAP///wAAACH5BAEKAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAICRAEAOw== (Click and drag to move)
|
||||
[6]:https://tiddlywiki.com/
|
||||
[7]:https://opensource.com/article/18/2/twine-gaming
|
||||
[8]:/file/402701
|
||||
[9]:https://opensource.com/sites/default/files/uploads/renpy.png (Ren'Py 7.0)
|
||||
[10]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%27Py
|
||||
[11]:https://opensource.com/life/13/8/gaming-renpy
|
||||
[12]:https://creativecommons.org/
|
||||
[13]:http://espeak.sourceforge.net/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
|
||||
New Training Options Address Demand for Blockchain Skills
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Blockchain technology is transforming industries and bringing new levels of trust to contracts, payment processing, asset protection, and supply chain management. Blockchain-related jobs are the second-fastest growing in today’s labor market, [according to TechCrunch][1]. But, as in the rapidly expanding field of artificial intelligence, there is a pronounced blockchain skills gap and a need for expert training resources.
|
||||
|
||||
### Blockchain for Business
|
||||
|
||||
A new training option was recently announced from The Linux Foundation. Enrollment is now open for a free training course called[Blockchain: Understanding Its Uses and Implications][2], as well as a [Blockchain for Business][2] professional certificate program. Delivered through the edX training platform, the new course and program provide a way to learn about the impact of blockchain technologies and a means to demonstrate that knowledge. Certification, in particular, can make a difference for anyone looking to work in the blockchain arena.
|
||||
|
||||
“In the span of only a year or two, blockchain has gone from something seen only as related to cryptocurrencies to a necessity for businesses across a wide variety of industries,” [said][3] Linux Foundation General Manager, Training & Certification Clyde Seepersad. “Providing a free introductory course designed not only for technical staff but business professionals will help improve understanding of this important technology, while offering a certificate program through edX will enable professionals from all over the world to clearly demonstrate their expertise.”
|
||||
|
||||
TechCrunch [also reports][4] that venture capital is rapidly flowing toward blockchain-focused startups. And, this new program is designed for business professionals who need to understand the potential – or threat – of blockchain to their company and industry.
|
||||
|
||||
“Professional Certificate programs on edX deliver career-relevant education in a flexible, affordable way, by focusing on the critical skills industry leaders and successful professionals are seeking today,” said Anant Agarwal, edX CEO and MIT Professor.
|
||||
|
||||
### Hyperledger Fabric
|
||||
|
||||
The Linux Foundation is steward to many valuable blockchain resources and includes some notable community members. In fact, a recent New York Times article — “[The People Leading the Blockchain Revolution][5]” — named Brian Behlendorf, Executive Director of The Linux Foundation’s [Hyperledger Project][6], one of the [top influential voices][7] in the blockchain world.
|
||||
|
||||
Hyperledger offers proven paths for gaining credibility and skills in the blockchain space. For example, the project offers a free course titled Introduction to Hyperledger Fabric for Developers. Fabric has emerged as a key open source toolset in the blockchain world. Through the Hyperledger project, you can also take the B9-lab Certified Hyperledger Fabric Developer course. More information on both courses is available [here][8].
|
||||
|
||||
“As you can imagine, someone needs to do the actual coding when companies move to experiment and replace their legacy systems with blockchain implementations,” states the Hyperledger website. “With training, you could gain serious first-mover advantage.”
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.linux.com/blog/2018/7/new-training-options-address-demand-blockchain-skills
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[SAM DEAN][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.linux.com/users/sam-dean
|
||||
[1]:https://techcrunch.com/2018/02/14/blockchain-engineers-are-in-demand/
|
||||
[2]:https://www.edx.org/course/understanding-blockchain-and-its-implications
|
||||
[3]:https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press-release/as-demand-skyrockets-for-blockchain-expertise-the-linux-foundation-and-edx-offer-new-introductory-blockchain-course-and-blockchain-for-business-professional-certificate-program/
|
||||
[4]:https://techcrunch.com/2018/05/20/with-at-least-1-3-billion-invested-globally-in-2018-vc-funding-for-blockchain-blows-past-2017-totals/
|
||||
[5]:https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/27/business/dealbook/blockchain-stars.html
|
||||
[6]:https://www.hyperledger.org/
|
||||
[7]:https://www.linuxfoundation.org/blog/hyperledgers-brian-behlendorf-named-as-top-blockchain-influencer-by-new-york-times/
|
||||
[8]:https://www.hyperledger.org/resources/training
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
translating---geekpi
|
||||
|
||||
Keeping (financial) score with Ledger –
|
||||
======
|
||||
I’ve used [Ledger CLI][1] to keep track of my finances since 2005, when I moved to Canada. I like the plain-text approach, and its support for virtual envelopes means that I can reconcile both my bank account balances and my virtual allocations to different categories. Here’s how we use those virtual envelopes to manage our finances separately.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,142 +0,0 @@
|
||||
translating---geekpi
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Sosreport – A Tool To Collect System Logs And Diagnostic Information
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
If you’re working as RHEL administrator, you might definitely heard about **Sosreport** – an extensible, portable and support data collection tool. It is a tool to collect system configuration details and diagnostic information from a Unix-like operating system. When the user raise a support ticket, he/she has to run this tool and send the resulting report generated by Sosreport tool to the Red Hat support executive. The executive will then perform an initial analysis based on the report and try to find what’s the problem in the system. Not just on RHEL system, you can use it on any Unix-like operating systems for collecting system logs and other debug information.
|
||||
|
||||
### Installing Sosreport
|
||||
|
||||
Sosreport is available on Red Hat official systems, so you can install it using Yum Or DNF package managers as shown below.
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo yum install sos
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Or,
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install sos
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
On Debian, Ubuntu and Linux Mint, run:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt install sosreport
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Usage
|
||||
|
||||
Once installed, run the following command to collect your system configuration details and other diagnostic information.
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo sosreport
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You will be asked to enter some details of your system, such as system name, case id etc. Type the details accordingly, and press ENTER key to generate the report. If you don’t want to change anything and want to use the default values, simply press ENTER.
|
||||
|
||||
Sample output from my CentOS 7 server:
|
||||
```
|
||||
sosreport (version 3.5)
|
||||
|
||||
This command will collect diagnostic and configuration information from
|
||||
this CentOS Linux system and installed applications.
|
||||
|
||||
An archive containing the collected information will be generated in
|
||||
/var/tmp/sos.DiJXi7 and may be provided to a CentOS support
|
||||
representative.
|
||||
|
||||
Any information provided to CentOS will be treated in accordance with
|
||||
the published support policies at:
|
||||
|
||||
https://wiki.centos.org/
|
||||
|
||||
The generated archive may contain data considered sensitive and its
|
||||
content should be reviewed by the originating organization before being
|
||||
passed to any third party.
|
||||
|
||||
No changes will be made to system configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
Press ENTER to continue, or CTRL-C to quit.
|
||||
|
||||
Please enter your first initial and last name [server.ostechnix.local]:
|
||||
Please enter the case id that you are generating this report for []:
|
||||
|
||||
Setting up archive ...
|
||||
Setting up plugins ...
|
||||
Running plugins. Please wait ...
|
||||
|
||||
Running 73/73: yum...
|
||||
Creating compressed archive...
|
||||
|
||||
Your sosreport has been generated and saved in:
|
||||
/var/tmp/sosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844.tar.xz
|
||||
|
||||
The checksum is: 8f08f99a1702184ec13a497eff5ce334
|
||||
|
||||
Please send this file to your support representative.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If you don’t want to be prompted for entering such details, simply use batch mode like below.
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo sosreport --batch
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
As you can see in the above output, an archived report is generated and saved in **/var/tmp/sos.DiJXi7** file. In RHEL 6/CentOS 6, the report will be generated in **/tmp** location. You can now send this report to your support executive, so that he can do initial analysis and find what’s the problem.
|
||||
|
||||
You might be concerned or wanted to know what’s in the report. If so, you can view it by running the following command:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo tar -tf /var/tmp/sosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844.tar.xz
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Or,
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo vim /var/tmp/sosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844.tar.xz
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Please note that above commands will not extract the archive, but only display the list of files and folders in the archive. If you want to view the actual contents of the files in the archive, first extract the archive using command:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo tar -xf /var/tmp/sosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844.tar.xz
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
All the contents of the archive will be extracted in a directory named “sosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844/” in the current working directory. Go to the directory and view the contents of any file using cat command or any other text viewer:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ cd sosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844/
|
||||
|
||||
$ cat uptime
|
||||
17:19:02 up 1:03, 2 users, load average: 0.50, 0.17, 0.10
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
For more details about Sosreport, refer man pages.
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ man sosreport
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
And, that’s all for now. Hope this was useful. More good stuffs to come. Stay tuned!
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.ostechnix.com/sosreport-a-tool-to-collect-system-logs-and-diagnostic-information/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[SK][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
|
||||
Setup Headless Virtualization Server Using KVM In Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
We already have covered [**setting up Oracle VirtualBox on Ubuntu 18.04**][1] headless server. In this tutorial, we will be discussing how to setup headless virtualization server using **KVM** and how to manage the guest machines from a remote client. As you may know already, KVM ( **K** ernel-based **v** irtual **m** achine) is an open source, full virtualization for Linux. Using KVM, we can easily turn any Linux server in to a complete virtualization environment in minutes and deploy different kind of VMs such as GNU/Linux, *BSD, Windows etc.
|
||||
|
||||
### Setup Headless Virtualization Server Using KVM
|
||||
|
||||
I tested this guide on Ubuntu 18.04 LTS server, however this tutorial will work on other Linux distributions such as Debian, CentOS, RHEL and Scientific Linux. This method will be perfectly suitable for those who wants to setup a simple virtualization environment in a Linux server that doesn’t have any graphical environment.
|
||||
|
||||
For the purpose of this guide, I will be using two systems.
|
||||
|
||||
**KVM virtualization server:**
|
||||
|
||||
* **Host OS** – Ubuntu 18.04 LTS minimal server (No GUI)
|
||||
* **IP Address of Host OS** : 192.168.225.22/24
|
||||
* **Guest OS** (Which we are going to host on Ubuntu 18.04) : Ubuntu 16.04 LTS server
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
**Remote desktop client :**
|
||||
|
||||
* **OS** – Arch Linux
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Install KVM
|
||||
|
||||
First, let us check if our system supports hardware virtualization. To do so, run the following command from the Terminal:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ egrep -c '(vmx|svm)' /proc/cpuinfo
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If the result is **zero (0)** , the system doesn’t support hardware virtualization or the virtualization is disabled in the Bios. Go to your bios and check for the virtualization option and enable it.
|
||||
|
||||
if the result is **1** or **more** , the system will support hardware virtualization. However, you still need to enable the virtualization option in Bios before running the above commands.
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively, you can use the following command to verify it. You need to install kvm first as described below, in order to use this command.
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ kvm-ok
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
```
|
||||
INFO: /dev/kvm exists
|
||||
KVM acceleration can be used
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
If you got the following error instead, you still can run guest machines in KVM, but the performance will be very poor.
|
||||
```
|
||||
INFO: Your CPU does not support KVM extensions
|
||||
INFO: For more detailed results, you should run this as root
|
||||
HINT: sudo /usr/sbin/kvm-ok
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Also, there are other ways to find out if your CPU supports Virtualization or not. Refer the following guide for more details.
|
||||
|
||||
Next, Install KVM and other required packages to setup a virtualization environment in Linux.
|
||||
|
||||
On Ubuntu and other DEB based systems, run:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt-get install qemu-kvm libvirt-bin virtinst bridge-utils cpu-checker
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Once KVM installed, start libvertd service (If it is not started already):
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl enable libvirtd
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo systemctl start libvirtd
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Create Virtual machines
|
||||
|
||||
All virtual machine files and other related files will be stored under **/var/lib/libvirt/**. The default path of ISO images is **/var/lib/libvirt/boot/**.
|
||||
|
||||
First, let us see if there is any virtual machines. To view the list of available virtual machines, run:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo virsh list --all
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
```
|
||||
Id Name State
|
||||
----------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![][3]
|
||||
|
||||
As you see above, there is no virtual machine available right now.
|
||||
|
||||
Now, let us crate one.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, let us create Ubuntu 16.04 Virtual machine with 512 MB RAM, 1 CPU core, 8 GB Hdd.
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo virt-install --name Ubuntu-16.04 --ram=512 --vcpus=1 --cpu host --hvm --disk path=/var/lib/libvirt/images/ubuntu-16.04-vm1,size=8 --cdrom /var/lib/libvirt/boot/ubuntu-16.04-server-amd64.iso --graphics vnc
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Please make sure you have Ubuntu 16.04 ISO image in path **/var/lib/libvirt/boot/** or any other path you have given in the above command.
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
```
|
||||
WARNING Graphics requested but DISPLAY is not set. Not running virt-viewer.
|
||||
WARNING No console to launch for the guest, defaulting to --wait -1
|
||||
|
||||
Starting install...
|
||||
Creating domain... | 0 B 00:00:01
|
||||
Domain installation still in progress. Waiting for installation to complete.
|
||||
Domain has shutdown. Continuing.
|
||||
Domain creation completed.
|
||||
Restarting guest.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![][4]
|
||||
|
||||
Let us break down the above command and see what each option do.
|
||||
|
||||
* **–name** : This option defines the name of the virtual name. In our case, the name of VM is **Ubuntu-16.04**.
|
||||
* **–ram=512** : Allocates 512MB RAM to the VM.
|
||||
* **–vcpus=1** : Indicates the number of CPU cores in the VM.
|
||||
* **–cpu host** : Optimizes the CPU properties for the VM by exposing the host’s CPU’s configuration to the guest.
|
||||
* **–hvm** : Request the full hardware virtualization.
|
||||
* **–disk path** : The location to save VM’s hdd and it’s size. In our example, I have allocated 8GB hdd size.
|
||||
* **–cdrom** : The location of installer ISO image. Please note that you must have the actual ISO image in this location.
|
||||
* **–graphics vnc** : Allows VNC access to the VM from a remote client.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### Access Virtual machines using VNC client
|
||||
|
||||
Now, go to the remote Desktop system. SSH to the Ubuntu server(Virtualization server) as shown below.
|
||||
|
||||
Here, **sk** is my Ubuntu server’s user name and **192.168.225.22** is its IP address.
|
||||
|
||||
Run the following command to find out the VNC port number. We need this to access the Vm from a remote system.
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo virsh dumpxml Ubuntu-16.04 | grep vnc
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
```
|
||||
<graphics type='vnc' port='5900' autoport='yes' listen='127.0.0.1'>
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![][5]
|
||||
|
||||
Note down the port number **5900**. Install any VNC client application. For this guide, I will be using TigerVnc. TigerVNC is available in the Arch Linux default repositories. To install it on Arch based systems, run:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo pacman -S tigervnc
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Type the following SSH port forwarding command from your remote client system that has VNC client application installed.
|
||||
|
||||
Again, **192.168.225.22** is my Ubuntu server’s (virtualization server) IP address.
|
||||
|
||||
Then, open the VNC client from your Arch Linux (client).
|
||||
|
||||
Type **localhost:5900** in the VNC server field and click **Connect** button.
|
||||
|
||||
![][6]
|
||||
|
||||
Then start installing the Ubuntu VM as the way you do in the physical system.
|
||||
|
||||
![][7]
|
||||
|
||||
![][8]
|
||||
|
||||
Similarly, you can setup as many as virtual machines depending upon server hardware specifications.
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively, you can use **virt-viewer** utility in order to install operating system in the guest machines. virt-viewer is available in the most Linux distribution’s default repositories. After installing virt-viewer, run the following command to establish VNC access to the VM.
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo virt-viewer --connect=qemu+ssh://192.168.225.22/system --name Ubuntu-16.04
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Manage virtual machines
|
||||
|
||||
Managing VMs from the command-line using virsh management user interface is very interesting and fun. The commands are very easy to remember. Let us see some examples.
|
||||
|
||||
To view the list of running VMs, run:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo virsh list
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Or,
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo virsh list --all
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
```
|
||||
Id Name State
|
||||
----------------------------------------------------
|
||||
2 Ubuntu-16.04 running
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![][9]
|
||||
|
||||
To start a VM, run:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo virsh start Ubuntu-16.04
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Alternatively, you can use the VM id to start it.
|
||||
|
||||
![][10]
|
||||
|
||||
As you see in the above output, Ubuntu 16.04 virtual machine’s Id is 2. So, in order to start it, just specify its Id like below.
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo virsh start 2
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To restart a VM, run:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo virsh reboot Ubuntu-16.04
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
```
|
||||
Domain Ubuntu-16.04 is being rebooted
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![][11]
|
||||
|
||||
To pause a running VM, run:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo virsh suspend Ubuntu-16.04
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
```
|
||||
Domain Ubuntu-16.04 suspended
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To resume the suspended VM, run:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo virsh resume Ubuntu-16.04
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
```
|
||||
Domain Ubuntu-16.04 resumed
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To shutdown a VM, run:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo virsh shutdown Ubuntu-16.04
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
```
|
||||
Domain Ubuntu-16.04 is being shutdown
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To completely remove a VM, run:
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo virsh undefine Ubuntu-16.04
|
||||
|
||||
$ sudo virsh destroy Ubuntu-16.04
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
**Sample output:**
|
||||
```
|
||||
Domain Ubuntu-16.04 destroyed
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
![][12]
|
||||
|
||||
For more options, I recommend you to look into the man pages.
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ man virsh
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
That’s all for now folks. Start playing with your new virtualization environment. KVM virtualization will be opt for research & development and testing purposes, but not limited to. If you have sufficient hardware, you can use it for large production environments. Have fun and don’t forget to leave your valuable comments in the comment section below.
|
||||
|
||||
Cheers!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.ostechnix.com/setup-headless-virtualization-server-using-kvm-ubuntu/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[SK][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
|
||||
[1]:https://www.ostechnix.com/install-oracle-virtualbox-ubuntu-16-04-headless-server/
|
||||
[2]:data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7
|
||||
[3]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_001.png
|
||||
[4]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_008-1.png
|
||||
[5]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_002.png
|
||||
[6]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/VNC-Viewer-Connection-Details_005.png
|
||||
[7]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/QEMU-Ubuntu-16.04-TigerVNC_006.png
|
||||
[8]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/QEMU-Ubuntu-16.04-TigerVNC_007.png
|
||||
[9]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_010-1.png
|
||||
[10]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_010-2.png
|
||||
[11]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_011-1.png
|
||||
[12]:http://www.ostechnix.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/sk@ubuntuserver-_012.png
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
|
||||
How to use dd in Linux without destroying your disk
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
This article is excerpted from chapter 4 of [Linux in Action][1], published by Manning.
|
||||
|
||||
Whether you're trying to rescue data from a dying storage drive, backing up archives to remote storage, or making a perfect copy of an active partition somewhere else, you'll need to know how to safely and reliably copy drives and filesystems. Fortunately, `dd` is a simple and powerful image-copying tool that's been around, well, pretty much forever. And in all that time, nothing's come along that does the job better.
|
||||
|
||||
### Making perfect copies of drives and partitions
|
||||
|
||||
`dd` if you research hard enough, but where it shines is in the ways it lets you play with partitions. You can, of course, use `tar` or even `scp` to replicate entire filesystems by copying the files from one computer and then pasting them as-is on top of a fresh Linux install on another computer. But, because those filesystem archives aren't complete images, they'll require a running host OS at both ends to serve as a base.
|
||||
|
||||
There's all kinds of stuff you can do withif you research hard enough, but where it shines is in the ways it lets you play with partitions. You can, of course, useor evento replicate entire filesystems by copying the files from one computer and then pasting them as-is on top of a fresh Linux install on another computer. But, because those filesystem archives aren't complete images, they'll require a running host OS at both ends to serve as a base.
|
||||
|
||||
Using `dd`, on the other hand, can make perfect byte-for-byte images of, well, just about anything digital. But before you start flinging partitions from one end of the earth to the other, I should mention that there's some truth to that old Unix admin joke: "dd stands for disk destroyer." If you type even one wrong character in a `dd` command, you can instantly and permanently wipe out an entire drive of valuable data. And yes, spelling counts.
|
||||
|
||||
**Remember:** Before pressing that Enter key to invoke `dd`, pause and think very carefully!
|
||||
|
||||
### Basic dd operations
|
||||
|
||||
Now that you've been suitably warned, we'll start with something straightforward. Suppose you want to create an exact image of an entire disk of data that's been designated as `/dev/``sda`. You've plugged in an empty drive (ideally having the same capacity as your `/dev/``sda` system). The syntax is simple: `if=` defines the source drive and `of=` defines the file or location where you want your data saved:
|
||||
```
|
||||
# dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
The next example will create an .img archive of the `/dev/``sda` drive and save it to the home directory of your user account:
|
||||
```
|
||||
# dd if=/dev/sda of=/home/username/sdadisk.img
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Those commands created images of entire drives. You could also focus on a single partition from a drive. The next example does that and also uses `bs` to set the number of bytes to copy at a single time (4,096, in this case). Playing with the `bs` value can have an impact on the overall speed of a `dd` operation, although the ideal setting will depend on your hardware profile and other considerations.
|
||||
```
|
||||
# dd if=/dev/sda2 of=/home/username/partition2.img bs=4096
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Restoring is simple: Effectively, you reverse the values of `if` and `of`. In this case, `if=` takes the image you want to restore, and `of=` takes the target drive to which you want to write the image:
|
||||
```
|
||||
# dd if=sdadisk.img of=/dev/sdb
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You can also perform both the create and copy operations in one command. This example, for instance, will create a compressed image of a remote drive using SSH and save the resulting archive to your local machine:
|
||||
```
|
||||
# ssh username@54.98.132.10 "dd if=/dev/sda | gzip -1 -" | dd of=backup.gz
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
You should always test your archives to confirm they're working. If it's a boot drive you've created, stick it into a computer and see if it launches as expected. If it's a normal data partition, mount it to make sure the files both exist and are appropriately accessible.
|
||||
|
||||
### Wiping disks with dd
|
||||
|
||||
Years ago, I had a friend who was responsible for security at his government's overseas embassies. He once told me that each embassy under his watch was provided with an official government-issue hammer. Why? In case the facility was ever at risk of being overrun by unfriendlies, the hammer was to be used to destroy all their hard drives.
|
||||
|
||||
What's that? Why not just delete the data? You're kidding, right? Everyone knows that deleting files containing sensitive data from storage devices doesn't actually remove the data. Given enough time and motivation, nearly anything can be retrieved from virtually any digital media, with the possible exception of the ones that have been well and properly hammered.
|
||||
|
||||
You can, however, use `dd` to make it a whole lot more difficult for the bad guys to get at your old data. This command will spend some time writing millions and millions of zeros over every nook and cranny of the `/dev/sda1` partition:
|
||||
```
|
||||
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sda1
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
But it gets better. Using `/dev/``urandom` file as your source, you can write over a disk with random characters:
|
||||
```
|
||||
# dd if=/dev/urandom of=/dev/sda1
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### Monitoring dd operations
|
||||
|
||||
Since disk or partition archiving can take a very long time, you might want to add a progress monitor to your command. Install Pipe Viewer (`sudo apt install pv` on Ubuntu) and insert it into `dd`. With `pv`, that last command might look something like this:
|
||||
```
|
||||
# dd if=/dev/urandom | pv | dd of=/dev/sda1
|
||||
|
||||
4,14MB 0:00:05 [ 98kB/s] [ <=> ]
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
Putting off backups and disk management? With dd, you aren't left with too many excuses. It's really not difficult, but be careful. Good luck!
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/7/how-use-dd-linux
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[David Clinton][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/remyd
|
||||
[1]:https://www.manning.com/books/linux-in-action?a_aid=bootstrap-it&a_bid=4ca15fc9&chan=opensource
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
|
||||
在市场工作时如何建立一个职业网络
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
职业社交网络——在同事或专业人员之间建立人际联系——可以采用多种形式、在产业内跨组织进行。建立职业网络需要花费时间和精力，并且当某位成员加入或离开一个组织时，此人的网络通常需要被在一个新的工作环境中重建。
|
||||
|
||||
职业社交网络在不同组织中起相似作用——信息共享，导师制，机会，工作利益和其他作用——然而传统组织与开放组织在组织内构建特定联系的方法和原因可能不尽相同。这些差异有其影响：同事联系方式、如何建立信任、组织内多元化的程度和种类以及建立合作的能力，所有这些因素都是相互关联的，而且他们参与并塑造了人们所建立的社交网络。
|
||||
|
||||
一个开放的组织对包容性的强调可以使社交网络在解决商业问题上比传统等级制组织更加高效。这种观念在开源的思考中有很久的历史。例如，在<ruby>[《教堂与市场》][1]<rt>The Cathedral and the Bazaar</rt></ruby>中，埃里克·雷蒙德写道：“许多年前社会学家发现, 相比一个随机选择的观察者的观点，许多同等专业的（或是同等无知的）观察家的普遍观点是可靠得多的预言。”所以让我们了解社交网络的结构和目的如何影响各类组织的价值观。
|
||||
|
||||
### 传统组织中的社交网络
|
||||
|
||||
当我在传统组织工作并要描述我为工作做了什么时，人们问我的第一件事就是我与其他人如何关联，通常是主任级的领导。“你在希拉手下吗？”他们会这么问。“你为马尔科姆工作吗？”这意味着以一种上下级的视角看待传统组织的作用；当试图安排工作或雇员时，人们想要从上下级的角度理解网络结构。
|
||||
|
||||
换言之，在传统组织中社交网络依赖于等级制结构，因此他们彼此追寻。事实上，甚至弄清一个雇员在关系网中处于怎样的位置也算得上是一种“上下级组织”式的担忧。
|
||||
|
||||
然而并非所有潜在等级制都是如此。它还视相关人员而定。对于上下级网络的关注会决定雇员在网络中的“价值”，因为网络本身是一个持续的权力关系的系统，它会根据人不同水平的价值给予他们不同的定位。它淡化了个人的能力和技能的重要性。因此，一个人在传统组织的联系促使其能力具有前瞻性，为人所知，有影响力并在其事业中起到支持作用。
|
||||
|
||||
相比传统等级制组织，一个开放的组织对包容性的强调能使网络解决商业问题更加高效。
|
||||
|
||||
传统组织的正式结构以特定方式决定着雇员的社交网络——有些可能是优点，有些可能是缺点，这取决于具体环境——例如：
|
||||
|
||||
* 要更快速地了解“谁是谁”并看到人们如何关联是较为便捷的（通常这在特定层级内建立信任网络）。
|
||||
* 通常，这种对关系的进一步的理解意味着会有更少的过剩工作（在一个特定网络中项目有清晰的相应的归属者）和过多交流（人们知道谁对交流什么负责）。
|
||||
* 相关人员会感到在一个权力结构中感到束手无策，或好像他们不能“闯入”权力结构中，这些结构有时（或更多时候）因为裁员并不起作用。
|
||||
* 完成大量的工作和努力是困难的，并且合作会很艰难。
|
||||
* 权力转让缓慢；一个人的参与能力更多地决定于等级结构所创造的网络的结盟而非其他因素（比如个人能力），减少了被看做社区和成员利益的东西。
|
||||
* 竞争似乎更加清晰；理解“谁在竞争什么”通常发生在一个公认的、被限定了的等级结构中（权力网络中职位的缺乏增进了竞争因此竞争会更激烈）。
|
||||
* 当更严格的网络决定了灵活性的限度时，适应能力会受损。网络的“夙愿”和合作的限度也会以同样的方式受影响。
|
||||
* 在严格的网络中，方向明确，并且领导人通常靠过度指导经营，在这里，破坏更容易发生。
|
||||
* 当社交网络不那么灵活时，风险下降；人们知道什么需要发生，怎样发生，何时发生（但是考虑到在一个组织中工作的广度，这不见得总是“坏事”；一些工作的职能需要较小的风险，例如：<ruby>人力资源管理<rt>H R</rt></ruby>）,企业并购和法律工作等。
|
||||
* 在网络中的信任是更大的，尤其当受雇者是正式网络的一部分的时候（当某人不是网络的一份子时，被排斥的人可能特别难管理或改正）。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 开放组织中的社交网络
|
||||
|
||||
尽管开放组织必定会有等级结构，但他们并不根据那个网络运作。他们的职业网络结构更加灵活（或者说是“随时随地”）。
|
||||
|
||||
在一个开放的组织中，当我描述我做了什么工作时，几乎没人问我“我为谁而干？”一个开放的组织更多的以伙伴为中心，而不是以领导为中心。开放的价值观比如包容和特定的治理系统比如强人治理有助于此；那并不是你了解谁而是你了解什么，你怎样使用（比如：“自底而上的设计”）。在一个开放的组织当中，我并不感觉我在为展示自己的价值而奋斗；我的想法有内在的价值。有时我必须示范说明为何使用我的观点比使用别人的更加有用——但是那意味着我正在同事的社区里面诊疗我自己（包括领导层），而不是单独被自上而下的领导层诊疗。
|
||||
|
||||
如此说来，开放的组织并不基于网络评估员工，而是基于他们对作为个人的同事的了解。这个人有想法吗？她会努力通过利用开放组织的价值实现那些想法吗（领导它们）(也就是说，在开放组织中分享那些观点并且实践以将他人囊括并透明公开的工作等等)？
|
||||
|
||||
开放组织也会以特定的方式构造社交网络（这种方式同样可能会视个人的目的性和渴望程度而很有益或很有害），这包括：
|
||||
|
||||
* 人们会对他们的网络、声望、技能和事业更加负责。
|
||||
* 竞争(为了资源、权力、晋升等)会因这些组织天性更具合作性而变得更少。最好的结果是协商，而不是单赢，并且竞争会磨练创意，而不会在人与人之间筑篱设笆。
|
||||
* 权力是更加流动和有活力的，在人与人之间流动（但这同时也意味着可能有对可说明性或者责任的误解，而且活动可能会因为没有明晰的[主人翁意识][2]而不被完成）。
|
||||
* 信任是“一次一同事”地被建立起来的而不会借助社交网络，在网络中，人是被定位着的。
|
||||
* 网络在多样的运转和事件中会自配置，一有机会便会反应性地自启（这帮助了更新但却会造成混乱，因为谁在决策、谁在“受控”是不那么明确的）。
|
||||
* 执行速度在混乱的环境中会下降，因为所做之事、做事方式和处事时间需要在制定目标和涵养好整以暇的员工方面上的领导力。
|
||||
* 灵活的社交网络同样会增加变革和风险；创意会流通得更快而且更神奇，并且执行会更加自信。
|
||||
* 信任建立在同事合作之上（它本该如此！），而不是在对架构的尊重之上。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
### 让它有效
|
||||
|
||||
如果你正在考虑从一种组织架构转变为另一种，当你在构建并维持你的职业社交网络时思考一下如下所述内容。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 来自传统组织的小建议
|
||||
|
||||
* 对决策的架构和管控不是坏事； 运作中的框架需要明晰透明，而且决策者需要考虑他们的决定。
|
||||
* 在执行上突出需要经理提供关注，还需要有在滤出任何让人分心或混乱的事务的同时仍能提供足够的来龙去脉的能力。
|
||||
* 已经确立的网络帮助了一大批人同步工作并且能管控风险。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 来自开放组织的小建议
|
||||
* 能力强的领导人是那些可以根据多样的风格和对同事、团队的不同偏好提供不同层次的透明度和指导，同时又不会构建出不灵活的网络的人。。
|
||||
* 伟大的想法比已建立的组织会赢得更多。
|
||||
* 人们对他们得名声会更加负责任。
|
||||
* 创意和信息的流转是变革的关键。松散组织中的关系网络可以使这两种元素生发的频度更高、幅度更广。
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/6/building-professional-social-networks-openly
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Heidi Hess;von Ludewig][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[ZenMoore](https://github.com/ZenMoore)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/heidi-hess-von-ludewig
|
||||
[1]:http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/ar01s04.html
|
||||
[2]:https://opensource.com/open-organization/18/4/rethinking-ownership-across-organization
|
||||
@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
|
||||
Translating by qhwdw
|
||||
JavaScript Router
|
||||
JavaScript 路由器
|
||||
======
|
||||
There are a lot of frameworks/libraries to build single page applications, but I wanted something more minimal. I’ve come with a solution and I just wanted to share it 🙂
|
||||
构建单页面应用有许多的框架/库，但是我希望它们能少一些。我有一个解决方案，我想共享给大家。🙂
|
||||
```
|
||||
class Router {
|
||||
constructor() {
|
||||
@ -52,13 +51,13 @@ console.log(router.exec('/foo')) // not found page
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
To use it you add handlers for a URL pattern. This pattern can be a simple string or a regular expression. Using a string will match exactly that, but a regular expression allows you to do fancy things like capture parts from the URL as seen with the user page or match any URL as seen with the not found page.
|
||||
使用它为一个 URL 模式添加处理程序。这个模式可能是一个简单的字符串或一个正则表达式。使用一个字符串将精确匹配它，但是如果使用一个正则表达式将允许你做一些更复杂的事情，比如，从用户页面上看到的 URL 中获取其中的一部分，或者匹配任何没有找到页面的 URL。
|
||||
|
||||
I’ll explain what does that `exec` method… As I said, the URL pattern can be a string or a regular expression, so it first checks for a string. In case the pattern is equal to the given pathname, it returns the execution of the handler. If it is a regular expression, we do a match with the given pathname. In case it matches, it returns the execution of the handler passing to it the captured parameters.
|
||||
我将详细解释这个 `exec` 方法 … 正如我前面说的，URL 模式既有可能是一个字符串，也有可能是一个正则表达式，因此，我首先来检查它是否是一个字符串。如果模式与给定的路径名相同，它返回运行处理程序。如果是一个正则表达式，我们与给定的路径名进行匹配。如果匹配成功，它将获取的参数传递给处理程序，并返回运行这个处理程序。
|
||||
|
||||
### Working Example
|
||||
### 工作示例
|
||||
|
||||
That example just logs to the console. Let’s try to integrate it to a page and see something.
|
||||
那个例子正好记录到了控制台。我们尝试将它整合到一个页面，看看它是什么样的。
|
||||
```
|
||||
<!DOCTYPE html>
|
||||
<html lang="en">
|
||||
@ -80,18 +79,18 @@ That example just logs to the console. Let’s try to integrate it to a page and
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
This is the `index.html`. For single page applications, you must do special work on the server side because all unknown paths should return this `index.html`. For development, I’m using an npm tool called [serve][1]. This tool is to serve static content. With the flag `-s`/`--single` you can serve single page applications.
|
||||
这是 `index.html`。对于单页面应用程序来说，你必须在服务器侧做一个特别的工作，因为所有未知的路径都将返回这个 `index.html`。在开发时，我们使用了一个 npm 工具调用了 [serve][1]。这个工具去提供静态内容。使用标志 `-s`/`--single`，你可以提供单页面应用程序。
|
||||
|
||||
With [Node.js][2] and npm (comes with Node) installed, run:
|
||||
使用 [Node.js][2] 和安装的 npm（它与 Node 一起安装），运行：
|
||||
```
|
||||
npm i -g serve
|
||||
serve -s
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
That HTML file loads the script `main.js` as a module. It has a simple `<header>` and a `<main>` element in which we’ll render the corresponding page.
|
||||
那个 HTML 文件将脚本 `main.js` 加载为一个模块。在我们渲染的相关页面中，它有一个简单的 `<header>` 和一个 `<main>` 元素。
|
||||
|
||||
Inside the `main.js` file:
|
||||
在 `main.js` 文件中：
|
||||
```
|
||||
const main = document.querySelector('main')
|
||||
const result = router.exec(location.pathname)
|
||||
@ -99,17 +98,17 @@ main.innerHTML = result
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
We call `router.exec()` passing the current pathname and setting the result as HTML in the main element.
|
||||
我们调用传递了当前路径名为参数的 `router.exec()`，然后将 `result` 设置为 main 中的 HTML 元素。
|
||||
|
||||
If you go to localhost and play with it you’ll see that it works, but not as you expect from a SPA. Single page applications shouldn’t refresh when you click on links.
|
||||
如果你去 `localhost` 并运行它，你将看到它能够正常工作，但不是预期中的来自一个单页面应用程序。当你点击链接时，单页面应用程序将不会被刷新。
|
||||
|
||||
We’ll have to attach event listeners to each anchor link click, prevent the default behavior and do the correct rendering. Because a single page application is something dynamic, you expect creating anchor links on the fly so to add the event listeners I’ll use a technique called [event delegation][3].
|
||||
我们将在每个点击的链接的锚点上附加事件监听器，防止出现缺省行为，并做出正确的渲染。因为一个单页面应用程序是一个动态的东西，你预期要创建的锚点链接是动态的，因此要添加事件监听器，我使用的是一个叫 [事件委托][3] 的方法。
|
||||
|
||||
I’ll attach a click event listener to the whole document and check if that click was on an anchor link (or inside one).
|
||||
我给整个文档附加一个点击事件监听器，然后去检查在锚点上（或内部）是否有点击事件。
|
||||
|
||||
In the `Router` class I’ll have a method that will register a callback that will run for every time we click on a link or a “popstate” event occurs. The popstate event is dispatched every time you use the browser back or forward buttons.
|
||||
在 `Router` 类中，我有一个注册回调的方法，在我们每次点击一个链接或者一个 “popstate” 事件发生时，这个方法将被运行。每次你使用浏览器的返回或者前进按钮时，`popstate` 事件将被发送。
|
||||
|
||||
To the callback we’ll pass that same `router.exec(location.pathname)` for convenience.
|
||||
为了方便其见，我们给回调传递与 `router.exec(location.pathname)` 相同的参数。
|
||||
```class Router {
|
||||
// ...
|
||||
install(callback) {
|
||||
@ -149,9 +148,9 @@ To the callback we’ll pass that same `router.exec(location.pathname)` for conv
|
||||
}
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
For link clicks, besides calling the callback, we update the URL with `history.pushState()`.
|
||||
对于链接的点击事件，除调用了回调之外，我们还使用 `history.pushState()` 去更新 URL。
|
||||
|
||||
We’ll move that previous render we did in the main element into the install callback.
|
||||
我们将前面的 `main` 元素中的渲染移动到 `install` 回调中。
|
||||
```
|
||||
router.install(result => {
|
||||
main.innerHTML = result
|
||||
@ -161,7 +160,7 @@ router.install(result => {
|
||||
|
||||
#### DOM
|
||||
|
||||
Those handlers you pass to the router doesn’t need to return a `string`. If you need more power you can return actual DOM. Ex:
|
||||
你传递给路由器的这些处理程序并不需要返回一个 `string`。如果你需要更多的东西，你可以返回实际的 DOM。如：
|
||||
```
|
||||
const homeTmpl = document.createElement('template')
|
||||
homeTmpl.innerHTML = `
|
||||
@ -178,7 +177,7 @@ function homePage() {
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
And now in the install callback you can check if the result is a `string` or a `Node`.
|
||||
现在，在 `install` 回调中，你可以去检查 `result` 是一个 `string` 还是一个 `Node`。
|
||||
```
|
||||
router.install(result => {
|
||||
if (typeof result === 'string') {
|
||||
@ -190,9 +189,9 @@ router.install(result => {
|
||||
})
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
That will cover the basic features. I wanted to share this because I’ll use this router in next blog posts.
|
||||
这些就是基本的功能。我希望将它共享出来，因为我将在下篇文章中使用到这个路由器。
|
||||
|
||||
I’ve published it as an [npm package][4].
|
||||
我已经以一个 [npm 包][4] 的形式将它发布了。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
@ -200,7 +199,7 @@ via: https://nicolasparada.netlify.com/posts/js-router/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Nicolás Parada][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[译者ID](https://github.com/译者ID)
|
||||
译者：[qhwdw](https://github.com/qhwdw)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
@ -1,212 +0,0 @@
|
||||
4种用于构建嵌入式Linux系统的工具
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
Linux被部署到比Linus Torvalds在他的宿舍里工作时所预期的更广泛的设备。对各种芯片的支持是令人震惊的，使得Linux应用在大大小小的设备上：
|
||||
从[IBM的巨型机][1]到[微型设备][2]，没有比他们的连接端口和其间的任何东西都大。它被用于大型企业数据中心，互联网基础设施设备和个人开发系统。
|
||||
它还为消费电子产品、移动电话和许多物联网设备提供动力。
|
||||
|
||||
在为桌面和企业级设备构建Linux软件时，开发者典型的在他们的构建机器上使用桌面发行版，如[Ubuntu][3] 以便尽可能与被部署的机器相似。工具
|
||||
如[VirtualBox][4] and [Docker][5]使得开发测试和生成环境更好的保持一致
|
||||
|
||||
### 什么是嵌入式系统？
|
||||
|
||||
维基百科将[嵌入式系统] [6]定义为：“在更大的机械或电气系统中具有专用功能的计算机系统，往往伴随着实时计算限制。
|
||||
我觉得很简单，可以说嵌入式系统是大多数人不认为是计算机的计算机。它的主要作用是作为某种设备，它不被视为通用计算平台。
|
||||
|
||||
嵌入式系统编程中的开发环境通常与测试和生产环境大不相同。他们可能会使用不同的芯片架构，软件堆栈甚至操作系统。开发工作流程对于嵌入式开发
|
||||
人员与桌面和Web开发人员来说是非常不同通常，构建输出将包含目标设备的整个软件映像，包括内核，设备驱动程序，库和应用程序软件（有时也包括引导
|
||||
加载程序）。
|
||||
|
||||
在本文中，我将对构建嵌入式Linux系统的四种常用选项进行纵览。我将介绍一下每种产品的工作原理，并提供足够的信息来帮助读者确定使用哪种工具
|
||||
进行设计。我不会教你如何使用它们中的任何一个;一旦缩小了选择范围，就有大量深入的在线学习资源。没有任何选择适用于所有用例，我希望提供足够的
|
||||
细节来指导您的决定。
|
||||
### Yocto
|
||||
|
||||
[Yocto] [7]项目[定义] [8]是：一个开源协作项目，提供模板，工具和方法，帮助您为嵌入式产品创建定制的基于Linux的系统，而不管硬件架构如何。
|
||||
它是用于创建定制的Linux运行时映像的配方，配置值和依赖关系的集合，可根据您的特定需求进行定制。
|
||||
完全公开：我在嵌入式Linux中的大部分工作都集中在Yocto项目上，而且我对这个系统的认识和偏见可能很明显。
|
||||
Yocto使用[Openembedded] [9]作为其构建系统。从技术上讲，这两个是独立的项目;然而，在实践中，用户不需要了解区别，项目名称经常可以互换使用。
|
||||
|
||||
Yocto项目的输出大致由三部分组成：
|
||||
|
||||
* **目标运行时二进制文件：**这些包括引导加载程序，内核，内核模块，根文件系统映像。以及将Linux部署到目标平台所需的任何其他辅助文件。
|
||||
* **包流：**这是可以安装在目标上的软件包集合。您可以根据需要选择软件包格式（例如，deb，rpm，ipk）。其中一些可能预先安装在目标运行时
|
||||
二进制文件中，但可以构建用于安装到已部署系统的软件包。
|
||||
* **目标SDK：**这些是表示安装在目标上的软件的库和头文件的集合。应用程序开发人员在构建代码时使用它们，以确保它们与适当的库链接
|
||||
|
||||
#### 优点
|
||||
|
||||
Yocto项目在行业中得到广泛应用，并得到许多有影响力的公司的支持。此外，它还拥有一个庞大且充满活力的开发人员[社区] [10]和[生态系统] [11]。
|
||||
开源爱好者和企业赞助商的结合有助于推动Yocto项目。
|
||||
Yocto获得支持有很多选择。如果您想自己动手，还有书籍和其他培训材料。如果您想获得专业知识，许多有Yocto经验的工程师都可以使用。许多商业组
|
||||
织为您的设计提供基于Yocto的Turnkey产品或基于服务的实施和定制。
|
||||
Yocto项目很容易通过[layer] [12]进行扩展，它可以独立发布以添加额外的功能，将目标平台定位到项目发布中不可用的平台，或存储系统特有的自定义项。
|
||||
layer可以添加到您的配置中，以添加未特别包含在市面上版本中的独特功能;例如，[meta-browser] [13] layer包含Web浏览器的清单，可以轻松为您
|
||||
的系统进行构建。因为它们是独立维护的，所以layer可以在不同的发布时间安排上（根据layer的开发速度）而不是标准的Yocto版本。
|
||||
|
||||
Yocto可以说是本文讨论的任何选项中最广泛的设备支持。由于许多半导体和电路板制造商的支持，Yocto很可能会支持您选择的任何目标平台。
|
||||
主版本Yocto [分支] [14]仅支持少数几块主板（以便进行正确的测试和发布周期），但是，标准工作模式是使用外部主板支持layer。
|
||||
|
||||
最后，Yocto非常灵活和可定制。您的特定应用程序的自定义可以存储在一个layer进行封装和隔离。通常将要素layer特有的自定义项存储为layer本身
|
||||
的一部分，这可以将相同的设置同时应用于多个系统配置。 Yocto还提供了一个定义良好的layer优先和覆盖功能。这使您可以定义layer应用和搜索元数
|
||||
据的顺序。它还使您可以覆盖具有更高优先级的layer的设置;例如，现有清单的许多自定义功能都将保留
|
||||
|
||||
#### 缺点
|
||||
|
||||
Yocto项目最大的缺点是学习曲线。 学习系统并真正理解系统需要花费大量的时间和精力。 根据您的需求，这可能对您的应用程序不重要的技术和能力
|
||||
投入太大。 在这种情况下，与其中一家商业供应商合作可能是一个不错的选择。
|
||||
|
||||
Yocto项目的开发时间和资源相当高。 需要构建的包（包括工具链，内核和所有目标运行时组件）的数量非常重要。 Yocto开发人员的开发工作站往往是
|
||||
大型系统。 不建议使用小型笔记本电脑。 这可以通过使用许多提供商提供的基于云的构建服务器来缓解。 另外，Yocto有一个内置的缓存机制，当它确定
|
||||
用于构建特定包的参数没有改变时，它允许它重新使用先前构建的组件。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 建议
|
||||
|
||||
为您的下一个嵌入式Linux设计使用Yocto项目是一个强有力的选择。 在这里介绍的选项中，无论您的目标用例如何，它都是最广泛适用的。 广泛的行业
|
||||
支持，积极的社区和广泛的平台支持使其成为必须设计师的不错选择。
|
||||
|
||||
### Buildroot
|
||||
|
||||
[Buildroot] [15]项目被定义为:通过交叉编译生成嵌入式Linux系统的简单，高效且易于使用的工具。它与Yocto项目具有许多相同的目标，但它注重
|
||||
简单性和简约性。一般来说，Buildroot会禁用所有软件包的所有可选编译时设置（有一些值得注意的例外），从而导致尽可能小的系统。系统设计人员需要
|
||||
启用适用于给定设备的设置。
|
||||
|
||||
Buildroot从源代码构建所有组件，但不支持按目标包管理。因此，它有时称为固件生成器，因为镜像在构建时大部分是固定的。应用程序可以更新目标
|
||||
文件系统，但是没有机制将新软件包安装到正在运行的系统中。
|
||||
Buildroot输出主要由三部分组成：
|
||||
|
||||
*将Linux部署到目标平台所需的根文件系统映像和任何其他辅助文件
|
||||
*适用于目标硬件的内核，引导加载程序和内核模块
|
||||
*用于构建所有目标二进制文件的工具链。
|
||||
|
||||
### 优点
|
||||
|
||||
Buildroot对简单性的关注意味着，一般来说，它比Yocto更容易学习。核心构建系统用Make编写，并且足够短以允许开发人员了解整个系统，同时可扩展
|
||||
到足以满足嵌入式Linux开发人员的需求。 Buildroot核心通常只处理常见用例，但它可以通过脚本进行扩展。Buildroot系统使用普通的Makefile和Kconfig
|
||||
语言来进行配置。 Kconfig由Linux内核社区开发，广泛用于开源项目，使得许多开发人员都熟悉它。
|
||||
由于禁用所有可选构建时间设置的设计目标，Buildroot通常会使用开箱即用的配置生成尽可能最小的镜像。一般来说，构建时间和构建主机资源的规模
|
||||
将比Yocto项目的规模更小。
|
||||
|
||||
####缺点
|
||||
|
||||
关注简单性和最小化启用的构建选项意味着您可能需要执行重要的自定义来为应用程序配置Buildroot构建。此外，所有配置选项都存储在单个文件中，
|
||||
这意味着如果您有多个硬件平台，则需要为每个平台进行每个定制更改。对系统配置文件的任何更改都需要全部重新构建所有软件包。与Yocto相比，这可以
|
||||
通过最小的镜像大小和构建时间进行缓解，但在您调整配置时可能会导致构建时间过长。
|
||||
|
||||
中间软件包状态缓存默认情况下未启用，并且不像Yocto实施那么彻底。这意味着，虽然第一次构建可能比等效的Yocto构建短，但后续构建可能需要重建
|
||||
许多组件。
|
||||
|
||||
####建议
|
||||
|
||||
对于大多数应用程序，使用Buildroot进行下一个嵌入式Linux设计是一个不错的选择。如果您的设计需要多种硬件类型或其他差异，但由于同步多个配置
|
||||
的复杂性，您可能需要重新考虑，但对于由单一设置组成的系统，Buildroot可能适合您。
|
||||
|
||||
[OpenWRT] [16]项目开始为消费者路由器开发定制固件。您当地零售商提供的许多低成本路由器都可以运行Linux系统，但可能无法使用。这些路由器的
|
||||
制造商可能无法提供频繁的更新来解决新的威胁，即使他们这样做，安装更新镜像的机制也很困难且容易出错。 OpenWRT项目为许多已被其制造商放弃的
|
||||
设备生成更新的固件镜像，并让这些设备更加有效。
|
||||
|
||||
OpenWRT项目的主要交付物是大量商业设备的二进制镜像。有网络可访问的软件包存储库，允许设备最终用户将新软件添加到他们的系统中。 OpenWRT构建
|
||||
系统是一个通用构建系统，它允许开发人员创建自定义版本以满足他们自己的需求并添加新软件包，但其主要重点是目标二进制文件。
|
||||
|
||||
#### 优点
|
||||
|
||||
如果您正在寻找商业设备的替代固件，则OpenWRT应位于您的选项列表中。它的维护良好，可以保护您免受制造商固件无法解决的问题。您也可以添加额外的功能，使您的设备更有用。
|
||||
|
||||
如果您的嵌入式设计专注于网络，则OpenWRT是一个不错的选择。网络应用程序是OpenWRT的主要用例，您可能会发现许多可用的软件包。
|
||||
|
||||
####缺点
|
||||
|
||||
OpenWRT对您的设计施加重大决策（与Yocto和Buildroot相比）。如果这些决定不符合您的设计目标，则可能需要进行非平凡的修改。
|
||||
|
||||
在部署的设备中允许基于软件包的更新很难管理。按照定义，这会导致与您的QA团队测试的软件负载不同。此外，很难保证大多数软件包管理器的原子安装，
|
||||
以及错误的电源循环可能会使您的设备处于不可预知的状态。
|
||||
|
||||
####建议
|
||||
|
||||
OpenWRT是爱好者项目或重复使用商用硬件的不错选择。它也是网络应用程序的不错选择。如果您需要从默认设置进行大量定制，您可能更喜欢Buildroot或Yocto
|
||||
|
||||
### Desktop distros
|
||||
|
||||
设计嵌入式Linux系统的一种常见方法是从桌面发行版开始，例如[Debian] [17]或[Red Hat] [18]，并在安装的镜像符合目标设备的占用空间之前删除
|
||||
不需要的组件。这是[Raspberry Pi] [20]平台流行的[Raspbian] [19]分发方法。
|
||||
|
||||
### 优点
|
||||
|
||||
这种方法的主要优点是熟悉。通常，嵌入式Linux开发人员也是桌面Linux用户，并且精通他们的选择发行版。在目标上使用类似的环境可能会让开发人员
|
||||
更快地入门。根据所选的分布，可以使用apt和yum等标准封装工具安装许多其他工具。
|
||||
|
||||
可以将显示器和键盘连接到目标设备，并直接在那里进行所有的开发。对于不熟悉嵌入式空间的开发人员来说，这可能是一个更为熟悉的环境，无需配置和
|
||||
使用棘手的跨开发设置。
|
||||
|
||||
大多数桌面发行版可用的软件包数量通常大于前面讨论的嵌入式特定的构建器可用软件包数量。由于较大的用户群和更广泛的用例，您可能能够找到您的
|
||||
应用程序所需的所有运行时包，这些包已经构建并可供使用。
|
||||
|
||||
####缺点
|
||||
|
||||
将目标作为您的主要开发环境可能会很慢。运行编译器工具是一项资源密集型操作，根据您构建的代码的多少，可能会妨碍您的性能。
|
||||
|
||||
除了一些例外情况，桌面分布的设计并不适合低资源系统，并且可能难以充分修剪目标图像。同样，桌面环境中的预期工作流程对于大多数嵌入式设计来说
|
||||
都不理想。以这种方式获得可重复的环境很困难。手动添加和删除软件包很容易出错。这可以使用特定于发行版的工具进行脚本化，例如基于Debian系统
|
||||
的[debootstrap] [21]。为了进一步提高[可重复性] [21]，您可以使用配置管理工具，如[CFEngine] [22]（我的雇主[Mender.io] [23]完整披露了
|
||||
这一工具）。但是，您仍然受分发提供商的支配，他们将更新软件包以满足他们的需求，而不是您的需求。
|
||||
|
||||
####建议
|
||||
|
||||
对于您打算推向市场的产品，请谨慎使用此方法。这对于爱好者应用程序来说是一个很好的模型;但是，对于需要支持的产品，这种方法很可能会遇到麻烦。
|
||||
虽然您可能能够获得更快的起步，但从长远来看，您可能会花费您的时间和精力。
|
||||
|
||||
###其他考虑
|
||||
|
||||
这个讨论集中在构建系统的功能上，但通常有非功能性需求可能会影响您的决定。如果您已经选择了片上系统（SoC）或电路板，则您的选择很可能由供应商
|
||||
决定。如果您的供应商为特定系统提供板级支持包（BSP），使用它通常会节省相当多的时间，但请研究BSP的质量以避免在开发周期后期发生问题。
|
||||
|
||||
如果您的预算允许，您可能需要考虑为目标操作系统使用商业供应商。有些公司会为这里讨论的许多选项提供经过验证和支持的配置，除非您拥有嵌入式
|
||||
Linux构建系统方面的专业知识，否则这是一个不错的选择，可以让您专注于核心能力。
|
||||
|
||||
作为替代，您可以考虑为您的开发人员进行商业培训。这可能比商业OS提供商便宜，并且可以让你更加自给自足。这是快速找到您选择的构建系统基础知识
|
||||
的学习曲线。
|
||||
|
||||
最后，您可能已经有一些开发人员拥有一个或多个系统的经验。如果你有工程师有偏好，当你做出决定时，肯定值得考虑。
|
||||
|
||||
###总结
|
||||
|
||||
构建嵌入式Linux系统有多种选择，每种都有优点和缺点。将这部分设计放在优先位置至关重要，因为在以后的过程中切换系统的成本非常高。除了这些
|
||||
选择之外，新系统一直在开发中。希望这次讨论能够为审查新系统（以及这里提到的系统）提供一些背景，并帮助您为下一个项目做出坚实的决定。
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://opensource.com/article/18/6/embedded-linux-build-tools
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[Drew Moseley][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[LHRChina](https://github.com/LHRChina)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://opensource.com/users/drewmoseley
|
||||
[1]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_on_z_Systems
|
||||
[2]:http://www.picotux.com/
|
||||
[3]:https://www.ubuntu.com/
|
||||
[4]:https://www.virtualbox.org/
|
||||
[5]:https://www.docker.com/
|
||||
[6]:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system
|
||||
[7]:https://yoctoproject.org/
|
||||
[8]:https://www.yoctoproject.org/about/
|
||||
[9]:https://www.openembedded.org/
|
||||
[10]:https://www.yoctoproject.org/community/
|
||||
[11]:https://www.yoctoproject.org/ecosystem/participants/
|
||||
[12]:https://layers.openembedded.org/layerindex/branch/master/layers/
|
||||
[13]:https://layers.openembedded.org/layerindex/branch/master/layer/meta-browser/
|
||||
[14]:https://yoctoproject.org/downloads
|
||||
[15]:https://buildroot.org/
|
||||
[16]:https://openwrt.org/
|
||||
[17]:https://www.debian.org/
|
||||
[18]:https://www.redhat.com/
|
||||
[19]:https://www.raspbian.org/
|
||||
[20]:https://www.raspberrypi.org/
|
||||
[21]:https://wiki.debian.org/Debootstrap
|
||||
[22]:https://cfengine.com/
|
||||
[23]:http://Mender.io
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
|
||||
Sosreport - 收集系统日志和诊断信息的工具
|
||||
======
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
如果你是 RHEL 管理员，你可能肯定听说过 **Sosreport** - 一个可扩展、可移植和支持的数据收集工具。它是一个从类 Unix 操作系统收集系统配置详细信息和诊断信息的工具。当用户提出支持服务单时，他/她必须运行此工具并将由 Sosreport 工具生成的结果报告发送给 Red Hat 支持人员。然后，执行人员将根据报告进行初步分析，并尝试找出系统中的问题。不仅在 RHEL 系统上，你可以在任何类 Unix 操作系统上使用它来收集系统日志和其他调试信息。
|
||||
|
||||
### 安装 Sosreport
|
||||
|
||||
Sosreport 在 Red Hat 官方系统仓库中，因此你可以使用 Yum 或 DNF 包管理器安装它，如下所示。
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo yum install sos
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
要么，
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo dnf install sos
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
在 Debian、Ubuntu 和 Linux Mint 上运行：
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo apt install sosreport
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
### 用法
|
||||
|
||||
安装后，运行以下命令以收集系统配置详细信息和其他诊断信息。
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo sosreport
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
系统将要求你输入系统的一些详细信息，例如系统名称、案例 ID 等。相应地输入详细信息，然后按 ENTER 键生成报告。如果你不想更改任何内容并使用默认值，只需按 ENTER 键即可。
|
||||
|
||||
我的 CentOS 7 服务器的示例输出：
|
||||
```
|
||||
sosreport (version 3.5)
|
||||
|
||||
This command will collect diagnostic and configuration information from
|
||||
this CentOS Linux system and installed applications.
|
||||
|
||||
An archive containing the collected information will be generated in
|
||||
/var/tmp/sos.DiJXi7 and may be provided to a CentOS support
|
||||
representative.
|
||||
|
||||
Any information provided to CentOS will be treated in accordance with
|
||||
the published support policies at:
|
||||
|
||||
https://wiki.centos.org/
|
||||
|
||||
The generated archive may contain data considered sensitive and its
|
||||
content should be reviewed by the originating organization before being
|
||||
passed to any third party.
|
||||
|
||||
No changes will be made to system configuration.
|
||||
|
||||
Press ENTER to continue, or CTRL-C to quit.
|
||||
|
||||
Please enter your first initial and last name [server.ostechnix.local]:
|
||||
Please enter the case id that you are generating this report for []:
|
||||
|
||||
Setting up archive ...
|
||||
Setting up plugins ...
|
||||
Running plugins. Please wait ...
|
||||
|
||||
Running 73/73: yum...
|
||||
Creating compressed archive...
|
||||
|
||||
Your sosreport has been generated and saved in:
|
||||
/var/tmp/sosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844.tar.xz
|
||||
|
||||
The checksum is: 8f08f99a1702184ec13a497eff5ce334
|
||||
|
||||
Please send this file to your support representative.
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
如果你不希望系统提示你输入此类详细信息，请如下使用批处理模式。
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo sosreport --batch
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
正如你在上面的输出中所看到的，生成了一个归档报告并保存在 **/var/tmp/sos.DiJXi7** 中。在 RHEL 6/CentOS 6 中，报告将在 **/tmp** 中生成。你现在可以将此报告发送给你的支持人员，以便他可以进行初步分析并找出问题所在。
|
||||
|
||||
你可能会担心或想知道报告中的内容。如果是这样，你可以通过运行以下命令来查看它：
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo tar -tf /var/tmp/sosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844.tar.xz
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
要么，
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo vim /var/tmp/sosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844.tar.xz
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
请注意，上述命令不会解压存档，而只显示存档中的文件和文件夹列表。如果要查看存档中文件的实际内容，请首先使用以下命令解压存档：
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ sudo tar -xf /var/tmp/sosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844.tar.xz
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
存档的所有内容都将解压当前工作目录中 “ssosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844/” 目录中。进入目录并使用 cat 命令或任何其他文本浏览器查看文件内容：
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ cd sosreport-server.ostechnix.local-20180628171844/
|
||||
|
||||
$ cat uptime
|
||||
17:19:02 up 1:03, 2 users, load average: 0.50, 0.17, 0.10
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
有关 Sosreport 的更多详细信息，请参阅手册页。
|
||||
```
|
||||
$ man sosreport
|
||||
|
||||
```
|
||||
|
||||
就是这些了。希望这些有用。还有更多好东西。敬请关注！
|
||||
|
||||
干杯!
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
via: https://www.ostechnix.com/sosreport-a-tool-to-collect-system-logs-and-diagnostic-information/
|
||||
|
||||
作者：[SK][a]
|
||||
选题：[lujun9972](https://github.com/lujun9972)
|
||||
译者：[geekpi](https://github.com/geekpi)
|
||||
校对：[校对者ID](https://github.com/校对者ID)
|
||||
|
||||
本文由 [LCTT](https://github.com/LCTT/TranslateProject) 原创编译，[Linux中国](https://linux.cn/) 荣誉推出
|
||||
|
||||
[a]:https://www.ostechnix.com/author/sk/
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user